OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Western Dani language

Western Dani, or Lani, is a Nuclear-Trans-New Guinea language. It is the Papuan language with the most speakers in Indonesian New Guinea. It is spoken by the Lani people in the province of Highland Papua.
The Baliem Valley tribes are called Oeringoep and Timorini in literature from the 1920s, but those names are no longer used.

## Phonology
### Consonants

The consonant phoneme inventory of Western Dani has been described as follows:
Consonant phonemes :
| | | Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Velar | Glottal |
| | | Bilabial | Alveolar | plain | lab. | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | | | |
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | kʷ | ʔ |
| Plosive | prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ᵑɡʷ | |
| Fricative | Fricative | β | | ɣ | ɣʷ | |
| Flap | Flap | | ɾ | | | |
| Lateral | Lateral | | l | | | |
| Approximant | Approximant | w | ɹ | | | |
At the beginning of words, oral stops have aspirated allophones [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, kʷʰ]; intervocalically, voiceless /p t k / have voiced allophones [β d ~ ɾ ɣ ~ ʁ], for instance following the prefix no-/na- meaning "my".
| | Word-initial | Intervocalic | Word-final |
| /p/ | [ pʰɐɾum ] ‘corn’ | [ nɔβɐɾum ] ‘my corn’ | [ ɐːp ] ‘men’ |
| /t/ | [ tʰowe ] ‘bird’ | [ nɐɾowe] ‘my bird’ | [ ɐɾet ] ‘certainly’ |
| /k/ | [ kʰɒm ] ‘taro’ | [ nɐɣɒm ] ‘my taro’ | [ lek ] ‘no’ |
An intervocalic /ɣ/ is pronounced as [ʁ], and a /ɹ/ before a high vowel becomes a fricative [z].

### Vowels

Vowel phonemes :
| | Front | Central | Back |
| High | i iː | | u uː |
| Mid | e eː | | ɒ ɒː |
| Low | | ɐ ɐː | ɒ ɒː |
Vowels /i, u, ɒ/ have allophones [ɪ, ʊ, ɔ].
Vowel length is contrastive in Western Dani, as illustrated by the minimal and near minimal pairs below:
| Quality | Short | Long |
| /e/ vs. /eː/ | / teʁe / ‘stick’ | / teːʁe / ‘drive away’ |
| /ɐ/ vs. /ɐː/ | / ɐɣe / ‘tail’ | / ɐːɣe / ‘steam’ |
| /ɒ/ vs. /ɒː/ | / kɒɾɒk / ‘fill’ | / kɒːɾɒk / ‘near’ |
| /u/ vs. /uː/ | / jum / ‘net bag’ | / uːm / ‘shoulder’ |
# Electrodesiccation and curettage

Electrodesiccation and curettage (EDC, ED & C, or ED+C) is a medical procedure commonly performed by dermatologists, surgeons and general practitioners for the treatment of basal cell cancers and squamous cell cancers of the skin. It provides desiccation, coagulation/cauterization, and curettage to remove lesions from the skin.

## Procedure

A round dull instrument (curette) of varying sizes (1 mm to 6 mm) is used to scrape off the cancer down to the dermis. The scraping is then paused while an electrosurgical device like a hyfrecator is used next. Electrocoagulation (electrodesiccation) is performed over the raw surgical ulcer to denature a layer of the dermis and the curette is used again over the surgical ulcer to remove denatured dermis down to living tissue. In the case of skin cancers, the cautery and electrodesiccation is usually performed three times, or until the surgeon is confident that reasonable margins have been achieved.

## Applications

* Seborrheic keratosis
* Viral warts
* Bowens disease (in situ squamous cell carcinoma)
* Pyogenic granuloma
* Actinic keratoses
* Basal cell carcinoma
* Keratoacanthoma
* Skin tags

## Cure rate

The cure rate is highly user dependent. The more aggressive the surgeon is at performing EDC, the higher the cure rate. Like standard excision, the wider the surgical margin, the higher the cure rate. Cure rate for small cancer is higher than cure rate for larger cancers. Cure rate for nodular basal cell cancer is higher than for infiltrative basal cell cancer. Essentially, all the prognostic factors that apply to Mohs surgery and standard surgical excision will also apply to EDC.

## Advantages

The method is quick and easy to perform under local anesthetic. Used correctly, it can allow for adequate to good cosmetic result on small tumor in certain area. No sutures are used, so a follow-up visit might not be necessary. Minimal expense is required. If recurrence occur, rapid diagnosis is possible as the roots are exposed to the surface, and not buried by surgical closure methods (flaps, etc.).

## Disadvantages

As the surgical margin is not confirmed by pathology, the free surgical margin can not be confirmed by an objective pathology report. The recurrence rate for EDC is considered by many (National Comprehensive Cancer Network) to be too high for use on many facial regions, and on recurrent skin cancer. As a surgical ulcer is created and is larger than the original tumor, healing time may be delayed and subsequent scarring obvious.
# Belayneh Dinsamo

Belayneh Densamo (born 28 June 1965) is an Ethiopian former long-distance runner, and a long-period world record holder for the marathon discipline. He held the world record for 10 years (1988-1998).

## Early life

Belayneh was born in Diramo Afarrara in Sidamo, the southernmost province, and began first competing professionally at national level.

## Career

Densamo broke the world record by 22 seconds with a time of 2:06:50 at the 1988 Rotterdam Marathon, following three previous wins at major marathons 1986–1987. This record lasted the third-longest span ever recorded (and since the event was first professionally organized at the 1896 Olympics).

### Last victories

Densamo won two major international marathons in 1989 and in 1990. He was not among the three Ethiopian men who entered the marathon in the 1992 Summer Olympics. He represented Ethiopia at the marathon at the 1996 Summer Olympics, as the world record holder in the relatively humid summer Atlanta, Georgia conditions and was among 13 of a field of 130 who did not finish. Densamo's world record fell to Ronaldo da Costa at the Berlin Marathon in 1998.
As of 2009, Belayneh lives in the area of Cambridge, Massachusetts and has retired from international competition.

## Achievements

* All results regarding marathon, unless stated otherwise
| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Notes |
| Representing Ethiopia |||||
| 1986 | Tokyo Marathon | Tokyo, Japan | 2nd | 2:08:29 |
| 1986 | Rotterdam Marathon | Rotterdam, Netherlands | 2nd | 2:09:09 |
| 1986 | Moscow Marathon | Moscow, Russia | 1st | 2:14:42 |
| 1987 | All-Africa Games | Nairobi, Kenya | 1st | 2:14:47 |
| 1987 | Rotterdam Marathon | Rotterdam, Netherlands | 1st | 2:12:58 |
| 1988 | Rotterdam Marathon | Rotterdam, Netherlands | 1st | 2:06:50 |
| 1988 | Fukuoka Marathon | Fukuoka, Japan | 2nd | 2:11:09 |
| 1989 | Rotterdam Marathon | Rotterdam, Netherlands | 1st | 2:08:39 |
| 1990 | Tokyo Marathon | Tokyo, Japan | 3rd | 2:11:32 |
| 1990 | Fukuoka Marathon | Fukuoka, Japan | 1st | 2:11:35 |
| 1991 | Rotterdam Marathon | Rotterdam, Netherlands | 5th | 2:11:34 |
| 1993 | Beijing Marathon | Beijing, China | 3rd | 2:12:11 |
| 1996 | Marrakech Marathon | Marrakech, Morocco | 3rd | 2:12:27 |
| 1996 | Rotterdam Marathon | Rotterdam, Netherlands | 1st | 2:10:30 |
# Egzi Gebre-Gebre

Egzi Gebre-Gebre (born 22 June 1949) is an Ethiopian sprinter. He competed in the men's 100 metres at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Tadesse Wolde-Medhin

Tadesse Wolde-Medhin (born 2 October 1936) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner. He competed in the men's 10,000 metres at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Cave of Santo Hermano Pedro

The Cave-Shrine of Santo Hermano Pedro is a Roman Catholic cave-shrine dedicated to Saint Peter of Saint Joseph Betancur (Canary first saint). It is located in the municipality of Granadilla de Abona, near El Medano on the south of the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain), at the end of the Tenerife South Airport runway.

## Description of the cave

This cave is considered one of the most important pilgrimage spots of the Canary Islands, which annually attracts over 300.000 visitors. In this cave is where saint stood with his flock to rest to recover and walk again forces the way to his small village in the highlands of Vilaflor. In addition, the cave was also used by Peter as a place of prayer and even as a hiding place to protect himself from some pirate attack, which were abundant on the coasts of the Canary Islands at that time.
Currently inside the cave is a wooden statue of the saint, the cave has a section that is completely surrounded with votive offerings of the faithful. In addition, the cave has a relic of the Saint, specifically a part of a rib.

## Protection

Since 1999, the cave it is listed as a Site of Cultural Interest by the Government of the Canary Islands.

## Camino del Hermano Pedro

In this cave ends the so-called "Hermano Pedro's Way", which is a pastoral route that the Saint traveled to move with his flock along the Chasna region. This route starts from Vilaflor to the Santo cave. Currently during the festival of the Saint in April, hundreds of pilgrims travel this route that has a great religious-historical interest.
# Kruklanki

Kruklanki is a village in Giżycko County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Kruklanki.
It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) north-east of Giżycko and 122 km (76 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
# Ljubo Kojo

Ljubomir "Ljubo" Kojo (Serbian Cyrillic: Љубомир Којо; 3 August 1920 – 19 April 1993) was a Bosnian and Yugoslav politician who served as the 19th mayor of Sarajevo from 1955 to 1962.

## Early life

He was born into a prominent Serb family on 3 August 1920 in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was then a part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. He received his high school education in the Sarayevan academy of commerce. With the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and the formation of the NDH puppet state in 1941, he joined the Yugoslav Partisans. After being gravely wounded in battle, he was transferred to a military hospital in Bari, Italy where he recovered on the eve of the liberation of Sarajevo.

## Political career

After returning to the city he was named Administrator of the People's goods, an institution set-up after the war to ration food and basic utilities. He further held the positions of alderman, Sarajevo city committee vice-chairman and the Mayor of Sarajevo from 1955 to 1962. Between 1962 and 1966 he was a minister in the government of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1969 he was named representative of the Bosnian Chamber of Commerce in Moscow, a position he held for two years. He was one of the founders of prominent Yugoslav First League football club, FK Sarajevo and held the position of the club's 10th president of the assembly from 1962 to 1963. He spent his latter years as director of the Skenderija center.

## Death

Kojo died on 19 April 1993 in Belgrade, Serbia, FR Yugoslavia.
# Dow Breweries

Dow Breweries was a brewery based in the province of Quebec, Canada. The company was founded by William Dow (1800–1868). The Dow Brewery eventually came under the control of National Breweries of Quebec in the 1920s, which itself was bought out in 1952 by Canadian Breweries. After Canadian Breweries became Carling O'Keefe and merged with Molson Breweries, its brands were discontinued in 1997.

## History

Dow had started as an apprentice at the Montreal brewery of Thomas Dunn, established in La Prairie in 1790. Dow eventually became a partner in Dunn's brewery and took over the company upon Dunn's death, establishing William Dow & Co., later known as Dow Breweries.
Dow Breweries was purchased in the 1920s by National Breweries of Quebec, which itself was acquired by Canadian Breweries (CBL) in 1952. Under CBL ownership, it took over the Quebec City brewery of the Boswell Brewery (1843–1952). CBL was one of the "Big Three" of Canadian brewing and Dow became a national brand. The Quebec City brewery stopped its activities on March 31, 1966, and production of the Dow brands moved to other plants.
At the urging of board chair and academic Pierre Gendron, Dow Breweries supported the construction of the Dow Planetarium. It was completed in 1966 as one of many projects for the Canadian Centennial.

## Dow Beer deaths

In August 1965, a patient presented to a hospital in Quebec City with symptoms suggestive of alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Over the next eight months, 50 more cases with similar findings appeared in the same area with 20 of these being fatal. It was noted that all patients were heavy drinkers who mostly drank beer and preferred the Dow brand, 30 out of those consuming more than 200 imperial fluid ounces (10 imp pt; 5.7 L) of beer per day. Epidemiological studies found that Dow had been adding cobalt sulfate to the beer for foam stability since July 1965 and that the concentration added in the Quebec city brewery was 10 times that of the same beer brewed in Montreal where there were no reported cases.
Although Dow denied any responsibility, the Dow Brewery in Quebec City temporarily shut down and the remaining beer was dumped into the Saint Lawrence River. At the time of the incident, Dow Ale was the number one selling beer in Quebec; however, as a result of the "tainted beer scandal" sales of the brand soon dropped dramatically never to recover.
Canadian Breweries became Carling O'Keefe in 1973, which eventually merged with the Molson Brewery in 1989. The Dow brands were discontinued in the spring of 1997. Brands brewed by Dow included Dow Ale, Kingsbeer Lager and Black Horse Ale. The Molson Black Horse Ale sold today in Newfoundland is a different product.
# Kruszewo, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship

Kruszewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Biała Piska, within Pisz County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Biała Piska, 21 km (13 mi) east of Pisz, and 108 km (67 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
# KPNO-Tau 12

KPNO-Tau 12 (also called 2MASS J0419012+280248) is a low-mass brown dwarf or free-floating planetary-mass object that is surrounded by a protoplanetary disk, actively accreting material from it.

## Discovery

KPNO-Tau 12 was identified in 2003 in data from a survey of the Taurus Molecular Clouds taken with a telescope at the Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) and 2MASS. The object was observed with the MMT Observatory/Blue Channel spectrometer and with Keck/LRIS. KPNO-Tau 12 showed a spectral type of M9 and also showed strong Hydrogen-alpha emission. At the time its mass was estimated to be around 0.02 M$_☉$ (or 21 M$_J$), which would make it a brown dwarf. Since then several works found that it likely has a mass near or below the deuterium-burning limit, which makes this object a low-mass brown dwarf or planetary-mass object (e.g. 14.6 M$_J$, 13.6 M$_J$, 6-7 M$_J$, 16.5 M$_J$, 17.8+6.7 −4.6 M$_J$, 12.7+1.6 −1.8 M$_J$).
A few other free-floating planetary-mass objects are known in the Taurus Clouds. These include three other objects with possible disks around them.

## Atmosphere

Observations with Keck/LRIS showed several absorption features. These are titanium oxide, calcium hydride, vanadium oxide, sodium and potassium. A spectrum with Keck/NIRSPEC was interpreted to be consistent with very low gravity. This is typical for young sources. Several re-classifications of the spectral type were made over the years. In 2013 it was re-classified as a M9.25±0.5. In 2018 it was re-classified as a L0.7±1.1, which could make this object an early L-dwarf. A spectrum observed with VLT/SINFONI was published in 2022, estimating a spectral type of M9.8.

## Protoplanetary disk

KPNO-Tau 12 showed strongest H-alpha emission in both the MMT and Keck optical spectra. It also showed helium (He I) and calcium (Ca II IR triplet) emission in the Keck spectrum, which are usually seen in stars that undergo intense accretion of material from a surrounding protoplanetary disk. Additionally a Keck infrared spectrum shows a prominent emission line (see figure 10 of their work), which is described as Paschen β at 1.28 μm in the appendix of the paper. Paschen lines can be used as additional accretion indicators. In 2010 two works used observations with the Spitzer Space Telescope. These two works first identified infrared excess around KPNO-Tau 12 and classified it as a class II disk. A class II disk is composed of both a gaseous and a dusty part and belongs to the protoplanetary disks. Observation with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph showed that the silicate emission feature is likely missing. The dust mass of the disk was estimated to be 1.223 M$_E$ or 0.6–1.1 M$_E$, depending on the work. The total (gas+dust) mass was estimated to be 0.66 M$_J$ or 0.095 M$_J$, depending on the work. The dust temperature was estimated to be 7.0±13.8 Kelvin and the dust grains are smaller than 27.5 millimeters.
KPNO-Tau-12's protoplanetary disk :
| Disks (in order from star) | Periapsis (AU) | Apoapsis (AU) | Inclination | Mass |
| protoplanetary disk | 0.003 | 6.4–95.5 | 25.50°–26.30° | 30–210 M$_E$ |
# Krzemity

Krzemity is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Korsze, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) west of Korsze, 22 km (14 mi) north-west of Kętrzyn, and 58 km (36 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
# Partridge (surname)

Partridge is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Alan Partridge, fictional character
* Alden Partridge (1785–1854), United States Army officer, writer and politician
* Alex Partridge (born 1981), British Olympic silver medal winning rower
* Andy Partridge (born 1953), British guitarist and songwriter
* Beatrice Partridge (1866-1963), English-born New Zealand painter
* Dan Partridge (born 1992/1993), English musical theatre actor
* Dave Partridge, English footballer
* David Partridge (born 1978), Welsh footballer
* Don Partridge (1944–2010), English busker, one-man band and singer-songwriter
* Edward Partridge Sr. (1793-1840), first bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
* Eric Partridge (1894–1979), New Zealand–British lexicographer of the English language, particularly of its slang
* Frances Partridge (née Marshall, 1900–2004), English writer
* Frank Partridge (disambiguation), multiple people
* George Partridge (1740–1828), American teacher and politician
* George E. Partridge (1870–1953), American psychologist
* Haylee Partridge (born 1981), New Zealand cricketer
* Ian Partridge (born 1938), English tenor
* James Partridge (1952–2020), English health economist, founder of Changing Faces charity
* Jerry Partridge, American football coach
* John Partridge (disambiguation), multiple people
* Joseph Partridge (disambiguation), multiple people
* Josiah Partridge (1805–1897), lawyer in South Australia
* Joy Partridge (1899–1947), English international cricketer
* Kenneth Partridge (1926–2015), English interior designer
* Norman Partridge (cricketer) (1900–1982), English cricketer
* Oliver Partridge (1712-1792), military commander, politician and early American patriot
* Pat Partridge (1933–2014), English football referee
* Ralph Partridge (1894–1960), member of Bloomsbury Group
* Reg Partridge (1912–1997), English cricketer
* Reuben Partridge (1823-1900), American pioneer bridge builder
* Richard Partridge (1805–1873), British surgeon
* Roi George Partridge (1888–1984), American printmaker
* Travis Partridge (born 1990), American football player
* Wendy Partridge, Canada-based costume designer
* William Ordway Partridge (1861–1930), American sculptor
# Lamb–Chaplygin dipole

The Lamb–Chaplygin dipole model is a mathematical description for a particular inviscid and steady dipolar vortex flow. It is a non-trivial solution to the two-dimensional Euler equations. The model is named after Horace Lamb and Sergey Alexeyevich Chaplygin, who independently discovered this flow structure. This dipole is the two-dimensional analogue of Hill's spherical vortex.

## The model

A two-dimensional (2D), solenoidal vector field $\mathbf {u}$ may be described by a scalar stream function $\psi$, via $\mathbf {u} =-\mathbf {e_{z}} \times \mathbf {\nabla } \psi$, where $\mathbf {e_{z}}$ is the right-handed unit vector perpendicular to the 2D plane. By definition, the stream function is related to the vorticity $\omega$ via a Poisson equation: $-\nabla ^{2}\psi =\omega$. The Lamb–Chaplygin model follows from demanding the following characteristics:
* The dipole has a circular atmosphere/separatrix with radius $R$: $\psi \left(r=R\right)=0$.
* The dipole propages through an otherwise irrorational fluid ($\omega (r>R)=0)$ at translation velocity $U$.
* The flow is steady in the co-moving frame of reference: $\omega (r<R)=f\left(\psi \right)$.
* Inside the atmosphere, there is a linear relation between the vorticity and the stream function $\omega =k^{2}\psi$
The solution $\psi$ in cylindrical coordinates ($r,\theta$), in the co-moving frame of reference reads:
${\begin{aligned}\psi ={\begin{cases}{\frac {-2UJ_{1}(kr)}{kJ_{0}(kR)}}\mathrm {sin} (\theta ),&{\text{for }}r<R,\\U\left({\frac {R^{2}}{r}}-r\right)\mathrm {sin} (\theta ),&{\text{for }}r\geq R,\end{cases}}\end{aligned}}$
where $J_{0}{\text{ and }}J_{1}$ are the zeroth and first Bessel functions of the first kind, respectively. Further, the value of $k$ is such that $kR=3.8317...$, the first non-trivial zero of the first Bessel function of the first kind.

## Usage and considerations

Since the seminal work of P. Orlandi, the Lamb–Chaplygin vortex model has been a popular choice for numerical studies on vortex-environment interactions. The fact that it does not deform make it a prime candidate for consistent flow initialization. A less favorable property is that the second derivative of the flow field at the dipole's edge is not continuous. Further, it serves a framework for stability analysis on dipolar-vortex structures.
# Kukówko

Kukówko is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świętajno, within Olecko County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Olecko and 127 km (79 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
# Kulesze, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship

Kulesze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kalinowo, within Ełk County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Kalinowo, 16 km (10 mi) east of Ełk, and 139 km (86 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
# Kulka

Kulka (German: Kulk) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dźwierzuty, within Szczytno County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.
# Anders Henriksson (poker player)

Anders Henriksson (born 1981) is a Swedish poker player who resides in Stockholm. He won a bracelet at the World Series of Poker in 2006. As of 2011, Henriksson has career earnings exceeding $1,000,000.