# C15orf62

C15orf62 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the C15orf62 gene. The protein displays high levels of expression in the esophagus and skin of human tissue. C15orf62 is a regulatory protein involved in mitochondrial function and cytoskeletal organization, playing roles in ribosomal biogenesis, Rho protein signal transduction, and protein turnover through ubiquitination. It connects mitochondrial activity to cell structure, signaling, and biogenesis through its unique amino acid composition and post-translational modifications.

## Gene

The gene is also known as chromosome 15 open reading frame 62. The human C15orf62 gene spans 2,470 base pairs, and is oriented on the plus strand of cytogenetic band 15q15.1. The C15orf62 gene contains a single exon and transcribes a protein-coding mRNA that encodes a 175 amino acid protein.

## Protein

Human C15orf62 encodes a single protein, with just a singular isoform. The protein has a molecular weight of 19.7 kD and an isoelectric point (pI) of 8.66. C15orf62 has a high abundance of arginine and significantly lower levels of valine. A dot-matrix analysis of C15orf62 revealed one prominent internal amino acid repeat, "RL-R-SS."
The protein contains eight motifs; an amidation site, an N-glycosylation site, cAMP- and a cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation sites, a casein kinase II phosphorylation site, an N-myristoylation site, a protein kinase C phosphorylation site, and a protein prenyltransferases alpha subunit repeat profile, and a domain of unknown function (DUF2437).
C15orf62 contains a histidine kinase sensor, TorS sensor domain, functioning in response to diverse signals and mediating signal transduction across the plasma membrane in all prokaryotes and certain eukaryotes.

## Gene level regulation

C15orf62 RNA expression patterns reveal tissue enhanced in the esophagus and skin. Ubiquitously moderate to low expression can be seen across other human tissues. Microarray data from normal tissue expression profiling of 24 human C15orf62 tissue samples revealed expression is moderate to low in most parts of the body based on findings in the National Center for Biotechnology Information, Gene Expression Omnibus (NCBIGeo). In-situ hybridization of the human brain from Allen Brain Atlas indicated that C15orf62 exhibits the highest expression levels throughout the myelencephalon. In contrast, expression in the cerebral cortex is exceptionally lower.
Immunohistochemical staining of the human esophagus displayed moderate cytoplasmic positivity of C15orf62 in squamous epithelial cells.

## Transcript Level Regulation

The gene contains an active enhancer region proceeding the coding sequence (CDS) and three histone H3 lysine 4 mono-methylation (H3K4me1) human embryonic stem cell (hESC) sites marking poised or active enhancers throughout C15orf62. H3K4me1 facilitates promoter-enhancer interactions and gene activation during embryonic stem cell differentiation.

## Protein level regulation

The C15orf62 gene is localized to the mitochondria with a confidence level of 78.3%.
The following post-translation modification tools revealed notable findings: YinoYang indicated several O-beta GlcNAc attachment signals. Phosphosite detected six phosphorylation sites. NetPhos - 3.1 indicated several phosphorylation sites. NetAcet - 1.0 displayed an acetylation at one sequence, position 3 T, and NetNGlyc displayed one signal at position 11, NASF.
PSORT II detected two nuclear localization signals highly conserved in orthologs (RPRR and PRRLRRQ).
PSORT II also identified a cleavage site for a mitochondrial pre-sequence in the protein, using the Gavel tool. The cleavage occurs after residue 38, at the sequence RRQ|SS. This is consistent with the R-2 motif (arginine at position -2), which is a common feature of mitochondrial targeting sequences cleaved by mitochondrial processing peptidases. This suggests that the protein is transported to the mitochondria, where its pre-sequence is removed to generate the mature form.

## Homology
### Orthologs

The C15orf62 gene has many orthologs but is found exclusively in vertebrates. The most divergent orthologs are within the class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish), which diverged approximately 462 million years ago (MYA).
This gene is present across mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and cartilaginous fish. The most evolutionarily distant ortholog of human C15orf62 is found in the smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata), which exhibits 20.7% sequence identity and 32% sequence similarity to the human gene. This pattern implies that while C15orf62 is relatively well-conserved within the vertebrate lineage, its function may have diverged or adapted significantly across different classes, particularly in more evolutionarily distant groups such as amphibians and cartilaginous fish.
Table: Orthologs of Human C15orf62 :
| C15orf62 | Genus/Species | Common Name | Taxonomic Group (Order) | Median Date of Divergence (MYA) | Accession Number | Sequence Length (aa) | Sequence Identity (%) | Sequence Similarity (%) | Sequence Divergence (%) | Corrected Divergence (%) |
| Mammalia | Homo sapiens | Human | Primates | 0 | NP_001123920.1 | 175 | 100 | 100 | (N/A) | (N/A) |
| Aves | Anas platyrhynchos | Mallard | Anseriformes | 319 | XP_012963840.1 | 176 | 42.0 | 55.9 | 58.0 | 86.8 |
| Aves | Struthio camelus australis | South African Ostrich | Struthioniformes | 319 | KFV84981.1 | 182 | 39.9 | 56.9 | 60.1 | 91.9 |
| Aves | Merops nubicus | Northern Carmine Bee-eater | Coraciiformes | 319 | XP_008942659.1 | 176 | 38.8 | 55.9 | 61.2 | 94.7 |
| Aves | Taeniopygia guttata | Zebra Finch | Passeriformes | 319 | XP_012429774.1 | 171 | 38.6 | 53.8 | 61.4 | 95.2 |
| Aves | Gallus gallus | Red Junglefowl | Galliformes | 319 | XP_001232488.1 | 176 | 38.3 | 55.3 | 61.7 | 96.0 |
| Reptillia | Chelonoidis abingdonii | Pinta Island Tortoise | Testudines | 319 | XP_032624925.1 | 169 | 41.0 | 61.2 | 59.0 | 89.2 |
| Reptillia | Pelodiscus sinensis | Chinese Softshell Turtle | Testudines | 319 | XP_014431805.1 | 169 | 42.0 | 61.3 | 38.7 | 86.8 |
| Reptillia | Caretta caretta | Loggerhead sea turtle | Testudines | 319 | XP_048708641.1 | 169 | 40.4 | 62.4 | 59.6 | 90.6 |
| Reptillia | Crocodylus porosus | Saltwater Crocodile | Crocodylia | 319 | XP_019407196.1 | 179 | 38.3 | 56.3 | 61.7 | 96.0 |
| Reptillia | Zootoca vivipara | Viviparous lizard | Squamata | 319 | XP_034967260.1 | 180 | 36.3 | 51.8 | 63.7 | 101.3 |
| Reptillia | Notechis scutatus | Eastern Tigersnake | Squamata | 319 | XP_026520364.1 | 175 | 36.0 | 55.4 | 64.0 | 102.2 |
| Reptillia | Crotalus tigris | Tiger Rattlesnake | Squamata | 319 | XP_039179775.1 | 176 | 35.9 | 52.1 | 64.1 | 102.4 |
| Reptillia | Protobothrops mucrosquamatus | Brown-Spotted Pit Viper | Squamata | 319 | XP_015670018.1 | 176 | 35.1 | 52.7 | 64.9 | 104.7 |
| Reptillia | Gekko japonicus | Schlegel's Japanese Gecko | Squamata | 319 | XP_015270831.1 | 177 | 34.7 | 53.4 | 65.3 | 105.9 |
| Reptillia | Thamnophis sirtalis | Common Gartersnake | Squamata | 319 | XP_013916913.1 | 176 | 34.0 | 52.7 | 66.0 | 107.9 |
| Amphibia | Microcaecilia unicolor | Tiny Cayenne Caecilian | Caecilians | 352 | XP_030069876.1 | 181 | 28.5 | 39.8 | 71.5 | 125.6 |
| Amphibia | Rhinatrema bivittatum | Two-lined Caecilian | Caecilians | 352 | XP_029454446.1 | 205 | 26.3 | 39.3 | 73.5 | 133.6 |
| Chondrichthyes | Heterodontus francisci | Horn Shark | Heterodontiformes | 462 | XP_067895762.1 | 195 | 23.2 | 34.8 | 76.8 | 146.1 |
| Chondrichthyes | Scyliorhinus canicula | Small-spotted Catshark | Carcharhiniformes | 462 | XP_038639367.1 | 196 | 22.5 | 30.9 | 69.1 | 149.2 |
| Chondrichthyes | Pristis pectinata | Smalltooth Sawfish | Rhinopristiformes | 462 | XP_051900207.1 | 245 | 20.7 | 32.0 | 68.0 | 157.5 |
The above table displays orthologs of human C15orf62 in organisms of various classes. The orthologs have been grouped according to the sequence identity of the human protein. Mammalia (100%), aves (38%-42%), reptilia (34%-41%), amphibia (26%-29%), and chondrichthyes (20%-23%). NCBI's Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), TimeTree, and EMBOSS Needle were utilized to collect the above data.

### Paralogs

C15orf62 has no paralogs as can be determined by a BLAST run on NCBI Protein using the human C15orf62 sequence against the non-redundant database. The lack of significant results indicated that the gene has no duplications within the species.

## Biochemistry

C15orf62 plays a key role in both mitochondrial function and cytoskeletal organization. It is involved in Rho protein signal transduction, regulating cytoskeletal dynamics and cell shape through interactions with small GTPases. In the mitochondria, it is directly involved in ribosomal biogenesis, supported by its interactions with mitochondrial ribosomal proteins such as MRPS18A and GFM2. The protein contains a mitochondrial targeting sequence that is cleaved at residue 38, confirming its role in mitochondrial processes. Additionally, C15orf62 interacts with NEDD4, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, indicating its involvement in protein turnover through ubiquitination. With its unique amino acid composition and multiple post-translational modification sites, C15orf62 acts as a regulatory protein connecting mitochondrial activity to processes like biogenesis, signaling, and cell structure.

## Interacting proteins

Human neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4 (NEDD4), an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in regulating various cellular processes such as signal transduction, cell differentiation, and apoptosis, interacts with human C15orf62, as determined by phage display. This interaction suggests a role for C15orf62 in protein turnover through ubiquitination.
Additionally, C15orf62 has an interactome involving several mitochondrial proteins, including C15orf61, C3orf33, MRPS18A, MRPL53, GFM2, MTER4, and DNAJC11, indicating its involvement in mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis and other mitochondrial functions. Interactions with proteins like DNAJC17, DNAJC4, and ZFYVE19, localized in other cellular compartments, suggest C15orf62 may also be involved in processes beyond the mitochondria, such as protein folding and cell division.

## Clinical significance

C15orf62 has been identified as a methylene-driven gene in thyroid cancer. Hypomethylation causes gene over-expression, and hypermethylation leads to low gene expression, both key factors in tumor development. C15orf62 has also been linked to breast cancer susceptibility performing a role in mitochondrial ribosomal biogenesis, assembling mitochondrial ribosomes.
Identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human C15orf62 include T75N, P83A, and S148fs.