# Soyot language

Soyot (or Soyot–Tsaatan) is an extinct and revitalizing Turkic language of the Siberian Sayan branch similar to the Dukhan language and closely related to the Tofa language. Two dialects/languages are spoken in Russia and Mongolia: Soyot in the Okinsky District of the Republic of Buryatia (Russia) and Tsaatan (Uriankhai Uyghur) in the Darkhad valley of Mongolia.
The language is revitalizing in primary schools. In 2002, V. I. Rassadin published a Soyot–Buryat–Russian dictionary. In 2020, he published a children's picture dictionary in the Soyot language, along with Russian, Mongolian, and English translations.

## Classification

Soyot belongs to the Turkic family of languages. Within this family, it is placed in the Sayan Turkic branch. According to some researchers, the Sayan Turkic branch has five languages:
* Sayan Turkic
** Tuvan (ISO 639:tyv)
** Tofa (ISO 639:kim)
** Soyot
** Dukhan (ISO 639:dkh, rejected)
** Tuba (extinct, not to be confused with the Tubalar dialect of Northern Altai language)
According to Glottolog, the Soyot is a dialect of the Taiga Sayan Turkic language:
* Sayan
** Taiga Sayan Turkic
*** Dukha
*** Soyot
*** Todja
*** Tofa
*** Tuha
** Tuvinian
Ragagnin similarly divides the Sayan languages into two branches: Steppe and Taiga, but makes certain distinctions not made by Glottlog:
* Sayan Turkic
** Taiga Sayan Turkic
*** Dukha
*** Tofa
*** Toju
*** Tuvan dialects of Tere-Khöl
*** Soyot
** Steppe Sayan Turkic
*** Standard Tuvan
*** Altay-Sayan varieties of China and Mongolia
*** Tuha

## Geographic distribution

Soyot has no official recognition in any of the countries where it is spoken. Until 1993, they were counted as part of the Buryat nationality in Russia. At this point, they were acknowledged as a separate nationality by the People's Khural of the Republic of Buryatia. After applying to the Russian Duma for official recognition, they were acknowledged as an ethnic minority in 2001. Most Soyots in Russia live in Buryatia's Okinsky District.

## Phonology

Rassadin reports that the Soyot and Tsaatan dialects, have very similar phonological systems. Information here is from Soyot.

### Consonants

Consonant phonemes of Soyot :
| | | Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | | | ŋ | ŋ | |
| Plosive or Affricate | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | | k | q | |
| Plosive or Affricate | voiced | b | d | dʒ | | ɡ | | |
| Affricate | Affricate | | ts | | | | | |
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | | x | x | h |
| Fricative | voiced | v | z | ʒ | | ɣ | ɣ | |
| Approximant | Approximant | | | l | j | | | |
| Trill or Tap | Trill or Tap | | | r | | | | |

### Vowels

Vowels of Soyot :
| | Front | Front | Back | Back |
| | unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded |
| Close | i | y | ɯ | u |
| Mid | e | ø | | o |
| Open | æ | | a | |
Vowels may be short, long, or short pharyngealized, e.g. /ɯt/ "send", /ɯˁt/ "dog", /ɯːt/ "sound, voice".
Soyot exhibits vowel harmony, that is, words containing front vowels take only suffixes containing front vowels, whereas words with back vowels take only suffixes with back vowels.

## Writing system

Soyot is not commonly written. Rassadin employs a Cyrillic-based writing system to represent Soyot in his dictionaries and grammars. Certain letters are only found in Russian loanwords.
Soyot alphabet :
| Letter | Value | Letter | Value | Letter | Value |
| Аа | /a/ | Һһ | /h/ | Хх | /x/ |
| Бб | /b/ | Лл | /l/ | Цц | /t͡s/ |
| Вв | /v/ | Мм | /m/ | Чч | /t͡ʃ/ |
| Ғғ | /ɣ/ | Нн | /n/ | Ҷҷ | /d͡ʒ/ |
| Дд | /d/ | Ңң | /ŋ/ | Шш | /ʃ/ |
| Ее | /e, ʲe/ | Оо | /o/ | Щщ | /ɕ/ |
| Ёё | /ʲo, jo/ | Өө | /ø/ | Ъъ | /◌ˤ/ |
| Жж | /ʒ/ | Пп | /p/ | Ыы | /ɯ/ |
| Зз | /z/ | Рр | /r/ | Ьь | /◌ʲ/ |
| Ии | /i/ | Сс | /s/ | Ээ | /e/ |
| Іі | /i/ | Тт | /t/ | Әә | /æ/ |
| Йй | /j/ | Уу | /u/ | Юю | /ʲu, ju/ |
| Кк | /k/ | Үү | /y/ | Яя | /ʲa, ja/ |
| Ққ | /q/ | Фф | /f/ | | |

## Grammar
### Nouns

Nouns have singular and plural forms. The plural is formed with the suffix /-LAr/, which has six possible surface variations depending on vowel harmony and the preceding sound.
Soyot plural forms :
| | Front vowel | Back vowel |
| Nasal consonant | -nær: hem-nær "rivers" | -nar: oyɯn-nar "games" |
| Voiceless consonant | -tær: eʃ-tær "friends" | -tar: baˁʃ-tar "heads" |
| Vowel or voiced consonant | -lær: øɣ-lær "houses" | -lar: barva-lar "saddle bags" |
Possession is indicated by adding a suffix to the possessed noun, e.g. ava-m "my mother", ava-ŋ "your mother". The possessive suffixes vary based on vowel harmony and whether the word they are attached to ends in a vowel or a consonant:
Soyot possessive markers :
| | Singular | Plural |
| 1st person | -(I)m | -(I)vIs |
| 2nd person | -(I)ŋ | -(I)ŋAr |
| 3rd person | -(s)I | -(s)I |
Case is indicated by adding suffixes after the plural and possessive markers, if they are present. There are seven cases in Soyot . The nominative case is not marked. The six cases that are indicated by suffixes are shown below. These vary based on vowel harmony and the final sound of the word they are attached to.
Soyot case markers :
| Accusative | -nɯ, -ni, -tɯ, -ti |
| Genitive | -nɯŋ, -niŋ, -tɯŋ, -tiŋ |
| Dative | -ɣa, -gæ, -qa, -kæ |
| Locative | -da, -dæ, -ta, -tæ |
| Ablative | -dan, -dæn, -tan, -tæn |
| Directive | -ɣɯdɯ, -gidi, -qɯdɯ, -kidi |

### Adjectives

Certain adjectives may be intensified via reduplication. The involves taking the first syllable plus /p/ and adding it to the front of the word, e.g. qap-qara "very black", sap-sarɯɣ "very yellow". Other adjectives are intensified using the adverb tuŋ "very", e.g. tuŋ ulɯɣ "very big".

### Numerals

Soyot employs a base-10 counting system.
Soyot numerals :
| 1 | biræː | 10 | on |
| 2 | iˁhi | 20 | t͡ʃeːrbi, t͡ʃeːrvi |
| 3 | yʃ | 30 | yd͡ʒøn |
| 4 | dørt | 40 | dørtøn |
| 5 | beʃ | 50 | bed͡ʒøn |
| 6 | aˁltɯ | 60 | aˁlton |
| 7 | t͡ʃedi | 70 | t͡ʃedon |
| 8 | ses | 80 | ses on |
| 9 | tos | 90 | tos on |
| 100 | t͡ʃys | 1000 | mɯŋ |
Complex numerals are created much as in English, e.g. yʃ mɯŋ tos t͡ʃys tos on tos "three thousand nine hundred ninety-nine".
Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the word duɣaːr to the cardinal numeral, e.g. iˁhi duɣaːr "second".