OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Canal Township, Pennsylvania

Canal Township is a township in Venango County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 932 at the 2020 census, a decrease from 1,203 in 2010, which was, in turn, an increase over the figure of 1,008 tabulated as of the 2000 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 24.7 square miles (64 km$^2$), of which 24.5 square miles (63 km$^2$) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km$^2$) (0.49%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,008 people, 382 households, and 301 families residing in the township. The population density was 41.1 inhabitants per square mile (15.9/km$^2$). There were 432 housing units at an average density of 17.6/sq mi (6.8/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 99.50% White, 0.10% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.10% from other races, and 0.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.40% of the population.
There were 382 households, out of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.6% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.2% were non-families. 16.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 2.94.
In the township the population was spread out, with 24.0% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.6 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $36,484, and the median income for a family was $42,833. Males had a median income of $30,463 versus $22,109 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,612. About 4.7% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.
# Mitchell Oxborrow

Mitchell Tony Oxborrow (born 18 February 1995) is an Australian professional football (soccer) player who plays as a central midfielder for Olympic Kingsway in NPL WA.

## Early life

Oxborrow was born and raised in the East End of London until age ten, when he moved with his family to Perth. Oxborrow attended both Woodvale Primary School and Woodvale Secondary College where he competed in the football program. Oxborrow showed talent from a young age.

## Playing career

He scored his last A-League goal in a 2–2 draw against Western Sydney Wanderers on 19 December 2015 with a long-range direct free kick.
Oxborrow returned to Newcastle in June 2017, joining Broadmeadow Magic in the National Premier Leagues Northern NSW but cited his ambition to return to the A-League.
Oxborrow signed a one-year contract with Brisbane Roar in August 2017. In May 2018, Oxborrow was released along with teammate Corey Gameiro.
Oxborrow returned to Broadmeadow Magic in 2018, where he intentionally spat on an Adamstown Rosebud player. He was suspended for 6 games.
Oxborrow returned to Perth Glory for the 2021/22 A-League Season.
# National Scientist of the Republic of Korea

National Scientist of the Republic of Korea (Korean: 대한민국국가과학자) was an award bestowed between 2005 and 2012. The prize was established by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology to achieve the world's best research results by providing research funds of 1.5 billion KRW per year to a total of 10 scientists. Research prize funding ended when their affiliation changed. Envisioned as the highest scientific award of the nation, it was initially presented to Hwang Woo-suk in 2005 under the name Top Scientist (최고과학자) with an annual funding prize of 3 billion KRW given over three years. Due to his scandal, the award was withdrawn from Hwang, the name of the prize was changed and the research funding was reduced. The reformed award was given in 2006, 2007, 2010 and last bestowed in 2012. The end of the award coincided with the founding of the Institute for Basic Science with five laureates changing their affiliation to the new institute.

## Laureates

| Year | Laureate | Institution |
| 2006 | Rhee Sue-goo (이서구) Shin Hee-Sup (신희섭) | Ewha Womans University Korea Institute of Science and Technology |
| 2007 | Ryoo Ryong (유룡) | KAIST |
| 2010 | Kim V. Narry (김빛내리) Noh Tae-won (노태원) Nam Hong Gil (남홍길) Kim Kwang Soo (김광수) Hwang Jun-Muk (황준묵) | Seoul National University Seoul National University Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang University of Science and Technology Korea Institute for Advanced Study |
| 2012 | Kaang Bong-kiun (강봉균) Kim Seungu (김승우) | Seoul National University KAIST |
# Gallina (surname)

Gallina is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Antonio Gallina (born 1947), Argentine judoka
* Ernesto Gallina (1924–2002), Italian Roman Catholic prelate
* Gerardo Lagunes Gallina (born 1975), Mexican politician
* Giada Gallina (born 1973), Italian sprinter
* Giovanni Gallina (1892–1963), Italian footballer
* Mario Gallina (1889–1950), Italian actor
* Paolo Gallina, Canadian politician
* Pedro Gallina (1949–2022), Argentine footballer
* Roberto Gallina (born 1940), Italian Grand Prix motorcycle road racer and racing team owner
# Targówek

Targówek (Polish pronunciation: ) is a district in Warsaw, Poland located in the northern part of the city.
It is divided into two parts: residential and industrial. About 30% of the district's area is covered by municipal parks, such as Lasek Bródnowski, Park Bródnowski and Park Wiecha in the eastern part of the district. Between 1994 and 2002 Targówek was independent municipality.

## Borders

Targówek borders with Praga Północ from west, with Białołęka from north, with Rembertów, Ząbki and Marki from east and with Praga Południe from south.

## Neighbourhoods within the district

* Targówek Mieszkaniowy
* Targówek Fabryczny
* Bródno
* Bródno Podgrodzie
* Zacisze
* Elsnerów
* Utrata
# Waterford Regional Sports Centre

The Waterford Regional Sports Centre (or simply, the RSC) is part of Waterford Corporation's Municipal sporting facilities and home to Waterford F.C. of the League of Ireland. Waterford moved to the newly opened RSC from their former home, Kilcohan Park for the 1993-94 season and have remained there ever since.
Included on another site is an 18-hole pitch-and-putt course, an indoor hall, football pitches and tennis courts. The complex also had a Skateboard Park. The RSC comprises two stands. The Cork Road West Stand, opened in May 1996 has capacity of 1,275 seats. The new Kilbarry side East Stand which holds 1,760 opened in May 2008 and brings seating capacity to 3,035. There are future plans to extend the West Stand to bring the overall seated capacity to near 5,000.
The RSC also contains a tartan athletics track which runs around the soccer pitch. The record attendance at the RSC was at the FAI Cup Semi-final in April 1997 when a crowd of 8,500 paid in to see Waterford United lose to Shelbourne 2-1.
In June 2009 the Ireland under-21 side defeated Spain 2–1 in front of a capacity crowd of 3,400 at the RSC. In September 2009, it hosted the League of Ireland Cup Final as Bohemians beat Waterford United 3-1.
In February 2010 Munster A played Nottingham R.F.C. in the British and Irish Cup at the ground.
The Republic of Ireland U-23 team played England C in May 2010 in a 2009–11 International Challenge Trophy game.
The RSC also hosted UEFA U21 European Championship Qualifiers when the Republic of Ireland played Holland, Russia and Switzerland. These games were televised live by Sky. The Republic of Ireland U21 team also played Spain U21s in a friendly international at this venue.
It hosted games at the 2019 UEFA European Under-17 Championship.
In December 2023, Waterford F.C. announced that they had secured a 50 year lease from Waterford City and County Council on the RSC.
# Castanea Township, Pennsylvania

Castanea Township is a township in Clinton County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,095 at the 2020 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 5.9 square miles (15.2 km$^2$), of which 5.5 square miles (14.3 km$^2$) is land and 0.35 square miles (0.9 km$^2$), or 5.94%, is water. It is bordered to the north by the city of Lock Haven, the Clinton County seat.

## Community

* Castanea

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,233 people, 516 households, and 372 families residing in the township. The population density was 221.6 inhabitants per square mile (85.6/km$^2$). There were 531 housing units at an average density of 95.4 per square mile (36.8/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 98.78% White, 0.08% African American, 0.65% Asian, 0.16% from other races, and 0.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.24% of the population.
There were 516 households, out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.0% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.9% were non-families. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.77.
In the township the population was spread out, with 20.0% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $33,657, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $29,018 versus $20,721 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,448. About 6.5% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.5% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.
# Shia Islam in the United Arab Emirates

Shia Islam is practiced by a minority of Muslims in the United Arab Emirates. It is also practiced among expatriate Muslim communities living in the country, most notably Iranians, as well as some Arabs, Pakistanis, Indians, and other nationalities. Non-Twelver Shia branches such as Ismailis and the Dawoodi Bohras are also present in the UAE and account for less than 5% of the total population. Shia nationals are concentrated in the city of Dubai, belonging mostly to the latest (1920s) wave of migrants who managed to obtain citizenship.

## Background

The UAE is a Muslim-majority country. Part Seven of the UAE Constitution declares Islam as the official state religion. In Dubai, the government appoints all imams, whether Sunni or Shia, as well as regulating religious sermon content preached in mosques. Shia mosques are designated by the government as private, but are able to apply for government funding upon request. Shia Muslims are granted freedom to worship, and maintain their mosques. Shias may also pursue family law cases through a special Shia council. Most Shias are concentrated in the emirates of Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah.

## Society

Shia citizens in the UAE, a section of which are of Iranian origin, have historically been an important segment of the business community, as well as enjoying representation in the UAE's political establishment.
In recent years, a small number of Shia Muslim expatriates have been deported from the UAE. Some Lebanese Shia families in particular have complained of deportation for allegedly harbouring sympathy for Hezbollah. According to some organizations, the number of such deportees is over 4,000.

## Mosques

There are numerous Shia mosques in the country. Amongst the well-known are the Iranian Mosque in Bur Dubai and the Iranian Mosque in Satwa. In 2003, the Aga Khan announced the opening of the first Ismaili center in the Middle East in Dubai. The land it was built on was donated by then Crown Prince of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum.
# Shigatse Hotel

Shigatse Hotel is a hotel located in Samzhubzê, Xigazê, Tibet Autonomous Region.

## History

Shigatse Hotel is one of the 43 Aid Projects to Tibet identified in 1984, which was built with the aid of Shandong Province. In 1985, on the 20th anniversary of the founding of the Tibet Autonomous Region, Shigatse Hotel and Shigatse Regional Department Store Building were formally constructed.
# Symphony No. 11 (Myaskovsky)

The Russian composer Nikolai Myaskovsky wrote his Symphony No. 11 in B-flat minor in 1931/1932.
It has three movements:
* Lento – Allegro agitato
* Andante – Adagio, ma non tanto
* Precipitato – Allegro
The symphony (his opus 34) was begun three years after his 10th symphony was completed, a symphonic pause long for him. The style of this symphony is entirely different from that of its predecessor, which was still a modern-sounding work. Symphony No. 11 sounds much more conservative. That is probably a consequence of the changing art climate in the Soviet Union, although the failure of the demanding 10th Symphony, poorly-performed by the conductorless orchestra Persimfans at its premiere, may also have contributed to his adoption of a less-advanced style.
Too modern art began to be considered "formalistic", and artists were brought together under one aegis. Another cause is possible, according to some Soviet musicologists – that Myaskovsky and others had to leave the poorly functioning Association for Contemporary Music. The work's premiere was also delayed until two years after completion. By then Myaskovsky had already tinkered with/revised the symphony. A musical pointer in this symphony is two fragments in movement 2, where woodwinds turn and turn again around a fugal motif.
The work was dedicated to Maximilian Steinberg, whose third symphony and a symphonic poem, Prinses Marlene, had earlier been converted by Myaskovsky into piano reduction.
The symphony was premiered on 16 January 1933 in Moscow, conducted by Konstantin Saradzhev.

## Sources

* Ikonnikov, Alexei (1969) [First published 1946]. Myaskovsky; his life and work. Greenwood Press. OCLC 52166.
* Rijen, Onno van. "Opus by Miaskovsky". Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
# Beyond CMOS

Beyond CMOS refers to the possible future digital logic technologies beyond the scaling limits of CMOS technology. which limits device density and speeds due to heating effects.
Beyond CMOS is the name of one of the 7 focus groups in ITRS 2.0 (2013) and in its successor, the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems.
CPUs using CMOS were released from 1986 (e.g. 12 MHz Intel 80386). As CMOS transistor dimensions were shrunk the clock speeds also increased. Since about 2004 CMOS CPU clock speeds have leveled off at about 3.5 GHz.
CMOS devices sizes continue to shrink – see Intel's process–architecture–optimization model (and older tick–tock model) and ITRS:
* 22 nanometer Ivy Bridge in 2012
* first 14 nanometer processors shipped in Q4 2014.
* In May 2015, Samsung Electronics showed a 300 mm wafer of 10 nanometer FinFET chips.
It is not yet clear if CMOS transistors will still work below 3 nm. See 3 nanometer.

## Comparisons of technology

About 2010 the Nanoelectronic Research Initiative (NRI) studied various circuits in various technologies.
Nikonov benchmarked (theoretically) many technologies in 2012, and updated it in 2014. The 2014 benchmarking included 11 electronic, 8 spintronic, 3 orbitronic, 2 ferroelectric, and 1 straintronics technology.
The 2015 ITRS 2.0 report included a detailed chapter on Beyond CMOS, covering RAM and logic gates.

## Some areas of investigation

* Magneto-Electric Spin-Orbit logic
* tunnel junction devices, e.g. Tunnel field-effect transistor
* indium antimonide transistors
* carbon nanotube FET, e.g. CNT Tunnel field-effect transistor
* graphene nanoribbons
* molecular electronics
* spintronics — many variants
* future low-energy electronics technologies, ultra-low dissipation conduction paths, including
** topological materials
** exciton superfluids
* photonics and optical computing
* superconducting computing
** rapid single-flux quantum (RSFQ)

## Superconducting computing and RSFQ

Superconducting computing includes several beyond-CMOS technologies that use superconducting devices, namely Josephson junctions, for electronic signals processing and computing. One variant called rapid single-flux quantum (RSFQ) logic was considered promising by the NSA in a 2005 technology survey despite the drawback that available superconductors require cryogenic temperatures. More energy-efficient superconducting logic variants have been developed since 2005 and are being considered for use in large scale computing.
# Bloc Hotels

Bloc Hotels are a UK based hotel chain. It is noted for the innovative design of its hotel rooms, which are constructed offsite, and then installed in a hotel. The concept was created after Bloc's founders studied capsule hotels, which are commonly located in Japan.

## Overview and design

The concept is inspired by Japanese capsule hotels, which focus on creating rooms for guests in small places. The construction technique was implemented by BoxBuild a UK based construction company. Their method of implementation of the hotel was to manufacture each room individually offsite, and then stack the rooms in situ so the hotel exterior could be built around them.
The group's approach is to cut costs through effective usage of space while offering good design, quality and style. Bloc Hotels focuses on the sleep and shower experiences of its clients avoiding unnecessary elements, such as the wardrobe. The company's intention is to open its hotels in places where space is at a premium, and where local infrastructure and facilities are good.
The company opened its first hotel in the Jewellery Quarter. of Birmingham in 2011. According to the company the hotel was planned and built in 25 weeks, with the construction of the core structure finished in just 8 days. It has 73 rooms. An extension to the hotel was opened in October 2016 consisting of 35 Apartment style hotel suites.
In 2012, the group announced that it would be opening a second hotel, located at the Gatwick Airport. Rob Morgan, managing director of the Bloc Hotels, was reported to secure £7 million funding package from NatWest to start construction of the hotel. According to Morgan, the Gatwick hotel would be owned under 99-years lease from the airport. The hotel is in a renovated office block, having four floors, built above (rather than inside) the terminal. It has 245 rooms with most having external windows and opened in April 2014. Guests can control room settings from an app.
In September 2016 Birmingham City Council unanimously approved plans for Bloc Grand Central a 270 ft hotel tower to be located opposite Birmingham's Grand Central Station. Construction is due to start in 2017 and will be Bloc Hotels second property in the city.

## Locations

The hotel chain has properties based in Gatwick Airport and Birmingham in the United Kingdom, with plans for several additions.
# Hotel Nikko Düsseldorf

The Hotel Nikko Düsseldorf (ホテル・ニッコー・デュッセルドルフ, Hoteru Nikkō Dyusserudorufu) was a German-Japanese hotel prominent in Düsseldorf since 1978. Located in the heart of Little Tokyo in Stadtmitte, the hotel opened in 1978 in conjunction with the German-Japanese Center. It has undergone one major expansion in 2009 which included a renovation of all rooms and the addition of a new wing with 42 executive rooms. A renovation of the spa and conference facilities has been done in 2013. In 2018 a complete renovation of 220 guest rooms, lobby, F&B, entrance and much more has been done. The hotel ceased to operate as Hotel Nikko in 2022 after being purchased by Dalata Hotel Group.

## History

The Hotel Nikko was the biggest hotel located in the center of Düsseldorf with 393 rooms. The hotel has three restaurants on the premises. In February 2022 the Irish Dalata Hotel Group joins as operating company and further develops the brand. The hotel was one of the Top 5 Hotels in Düsseldorf for business and leisure purposes and was very popular with Japanese travellers. Guests could experience authentic Japanese food in the Lobby Restaurant and enjoy the unique high class Teppanyaki Restaurant as a live cooking show. It also had Düsseldorf's only tatami private rooms with a unique dining experience for small groups. On the top level is the famous Sky Spa with a beautiful view of the city skyline.
The Hotel Nikko Düsseldorf was licensed by Okura Nikko Hotel Management (formerly JAL Hotels International Group) since the opening in 1978 until 2022. In 2022, the Hotel Nikko was shuttered with its former property now housing the Clayton Hotel Düsseldorf.
# Trawniki, Silesian Voivodeship

Trawniki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubomia, within Wodzisław County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Lubomia, 14 km (9 mi) west of Wodzisław Śląski, and 58 km (36 mi) south-west of the regional capital Katowice.

## Etymology

The name of the village is of Polish origin and comes from the word trawnik, which means "lawn".
# Datasaurus dozen

The Datasaurus dozen comprises thirteen data sets that have nearly identical simple descriptive statistics to two decimal places, yet have very different distributions and appear very different when graphed. It was inspired by the smaller Anscombe's quartet that was created in 1973.

## Data

The following table contains summary statistics for all thirteen data sets.
| Property | Value | Accuracy |
| Number of elements | 142 | exact |
| Mean of x | 54.26 | to 2 decimal places |
| Sample variance of x: s$^2$ $_x$ | 16.76 | to 2 decimal places |
| Mean of y | 47.83 | to 2 decimal places |
| Sample variance of y: s$^2$ $_y$ | 26.93 | to 2 decimal places |
| Correlation between x and y | −0.06 | to 3 decimal places |
| Linear regression line | y = 53 − 0.1x | to 0 and 1 decimal places, respectively |
| Coefficient of determination of the linear regression: $R^{2}$ | 0.004 | to 3 decimal places |
The thirteen data sets were labeled as the following:
* away
* bullseye
* circle
* dino
* dots
* h_lines
* high_lines
* slant_down
* slant_up
* star
* v_line
* wide_lines
* x_shape
Similar to the Anscombe's quartet, the Datasaurus dozen was designed to further illustrate the importance of looking at a set of data graphically before starting to analyze according to a particular type of relationship, and the inadequacy of basic statistic properties for describing realistic data sets.

## Creation

The first data set, in the shape of a Tyrannosaurus, that inspired the rest of the "datasaurus" data set was constructed in 2016 by Alberto Cairo. It was proposed by Maarten Lambrechts that this data set also be called "Anscombosaurus".
This data set was then accompanied by twelve other data sets that were created by Justin Matejka and George Fitzmaurice at Autodesk. Unlike the Anscombe's quartet, where it is not known how the data set was generated, the authors used simulated annealing to make these data sets. They made small, random, and biased changes to each point towards the desired shape. Each shape took 200,000 iterations of perturbations to complete.
The pseudocode for this algorithm is as follows:
where
* initial_ds is the seed data set
* current_ds is the latest version of the data set
* fit is a function used to check whether moving the points gets closer to the desired shape
* temp is the temperature of the simulated annealing algorithm
* similar_enough is a function that checks whether the statistics for the two given data sets are similar enough
* move_random_points is a function that randomly moves data points