OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Holmegaard bow

The Holmegaard bows are a series of self bows found in the bogs of Northern Europe dating from c. 7000 BC in the Mesolithic period. They are named after the Holmegaard area of Denmark in which the first and oldest specimens were found, and are the oldest bows discovered anywhere in the world.

## Description

The shape of the Holmegaard bows is their distinctive feature, having wide, parallel limbs and a biconvex midsection with the tips ending in a point. The handle is deep, narrow and remains stiff while the bow is drawn. The bows are generally between 170 and 180 cm in length and less than 6 cm wide. It has been suggested that only the inner limbs of a Holmegaard style bow bend in use, but this is incorrect, they bend to their tips.
All Mesolithic bows from this area are made of elm, the best European bow wood apart from yew. (Yew spread to modern Denmark only in about the third millennium BCE.)
| An example of a Holmegaard type bow. | A closeup of the handle. |

## Use

Initially, the Holmegaard bows were believed to have been made "backwards", that is with wood removed from the back and the belly made convex. This may be the result of a comparison with the English longbow that has a flat back and a convex belly. Many successful replicas were made in this fashion even though working the back of the bow cuts the wood fibres and endangers the bow.
Subsequent analysis suggested the back may have instead been convex with the flattened surface being the belly. This is far more efficient for woods like elm which are relatively strong in tension. The compression strain on the belly is evenly distributed on the flat surface which reduces string follow. Later yew bows are generally narrower, yew being better suited for narrow bows than elm.

## Efficiency

The Holmegaard design, under the previous interpretation of a bow that bends only in the broad inner part of the limbs, may be able to shoot an arrow faster and farther due to the light, long and stiff outer limbs that act as levers when propelling the arrow. This is the same principle that explains why a dart can be propelled faster from an Atlatl than from throwing alone.
Such "Holmegaard style" bows are used in flight archery competitions. For flight bows, an optimum between the length of the stiff tips and the draw force of the bow is desired. If the outer limbs are too long, their weight exceeds the capacity of the energy stored in inner limbs. The outer limbs can also become unstable if made too thin. In modern Holmegaard-style bows, the outer limbs are much thicker than the inner limbs to prevent the outer limbs from bending excessively.
The original specimens were not finished for such high performance. There is even doubt as to whether the biconvex shape of the mid-limbs is due to poor preservation in the bogs. The more recent Holmegaards do not have well defined "shoulders" at all and have more semblance to the American flatbow.
Because of the wide working limbs, Holmegaard bows can be made from more common, lower density woods such as maple, ash, and oak, as well as elm.
# Myrmecocystus mendax

Myrmecocystus mendax is a species of honeypot ant native to Mexico and Southwestern United States.
# Jeong Seung-hwa

Jeong Seung-hwa (Korean: 정승화; 27 February 1929 – 12 June 2002) was a South Korean general officer, and the 22nd Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Army. He was present at the Blue House presidential compound, site of the assassination of President Park Chung-hee, when it took place on 26 October 1979.

## Biography

Born on 27 February 1929 in Gimcheon, Jeong Seung-hwa joined the South Korean Army as a conscript in the 17th Regiment and fought at the Battle of Busan Perimeter. He later went to the Korea Military Academy and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the 26th Infantry Regiment in 1950, which he later commanded in the early 1960s. He then commanded a mechanized brigade and an infantry division, before being appointed as commander of II Corps in 1976.
In 1978, Jeong was appointed Army Chief of Staff, the most dominant role in the South Korean military. On the evening of 26 October 1979, while Jeong was dining at the Blue House presidential compound, South Korean President Park Chung Hee was assassinated at another facility nearby. The assassin, Kim Jae-gyu, immediately sought out Jeong with a view to having him take over the presidency. Instead, an emergency cabinet meeting was convened at which Choi Kyu-hah, the prime minister, was declared acting president with Jeong implementing martial law. He plotted to exclude political soldiers such as the Hanahoe, an influential group of South Korean military officers. The group later instigated the Coup d'état of December Twelfth. As a result, key members of the Hanahoe, such as Chun Doo-hwan and Roh Tae-woo, arrested Jeong on suspicion of involvement in the assassination of Park.
As a punishment, Jeong was reduced in rank to private and sentenced to life imprisonment. In 1997, 17 years after the coup d'état, Jeong was cleared of any involvement in the death of Park by the Seoul District Court. He was restored to his general officer rank and received pay that had been forfeited at the time of his sentencing. He died on 12 June 2002 in Seoul.

## In popular culture

Jeong is portrayed in the 2023 South Korean movie 12.12: The Day under the pseudonym "Jeong Sang Ho".
# Krokocie

Krokocie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ełk, within Ełk County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Ełk and 127 km (79 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
As of 2010, there was only one remaining ethnic German living there, nonagenarian Martha Piwak, who was born in the final days of the German Empire.
# Kronowo, Olsztyn County

Kronowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Barczewo, within Olsztyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
# Zona Rental station

Zona Rental is a Caracas Metro station on Lines 4 and 5. It is a terminus of both lines. Line 4 station was opened on 19 July 2006 as part of the inaugural section of the line between Capuchinos and Zona Rental. The adjacent station is station is Parque Central. On 3 November 2015 the first section of Line 5 was opened. It consists of only two stations, Zona Rental and Bello Monte.
# Rawlins County Courthouse

The Rawlins County Courthouse is a courthouse in Atwood, Kansas, serving Rawlins County, which is in the 15th judicial district of Kansas. It was designed by the Eisentraut-Colby-Pottenger Company, architects from Sioux City, Iowa.
# Joe Matthews (politician)

Vincent Joseph Gaobakwe Matthews (17 June 1929 – 19 August 2010) was a South African activist and politician.
Matthews was the son of Z. K. Matthews, an early leader of the African National Congress (ANC). He was born on 17 June 1929 in the port city of Durban. Matthews completed his primary education at Lovedale Mission Station in the Eastern Cape while his father was a lecturer at the nearby University of Fort Hare. At the age of 15, he joined the African National Congress Youth League in 1944. Matthews matriculated in Johannesburg in 1947 and earned a BA from the University of Fort Hare in 1952 and an LL.B. from the University of London in the United Kingdom in 1956. Both he and his father were charged with treason in 1956 along with 154 other anti-apartheid activists, all of whom including the Matthews, were acquitted. He passed the advocates' admission exam in 1957 and became an attorney of the Supreme Court a year later. In 1960, he set up a practice in Durban before moving to neighboring Lesotho. While in exile due to apartheid policies in South Africa, Matthews became an assistant Attorney General of neighboring Botswana. From 1986 to 1991, Matthews lived in the Netherlands. He returned to South Africa a year later. He was active with the African National Congress from 1944 to 1992, when he left it to join the opposition Inkatha Freedom Party.
Matthews was a member of the Parliament of South Africa with the Inkatha Freedom Party from the first democratic elections in 1994 until the 2004 elections, when he chose not to stand. During the Government of National Unity period from 1994 to 1999, he was the Deputy Minister of Safety and Security, while the ANC's Sydney Mufamadi was head of the ministry.
Matthews died on 19 August 2010 at the Milpark Hospital in Johannesburg.
# 1999 FIM Long Track World Championship

The 1999 Individual Long Track/Grasstrack World Championship was the 29th edition of the FIM speedway Individual Long Track World Championship.
The world title was won by Gerd Riss of Germany.

## Venues

| Round | Date | Venue |
| 1 | 4 Jul | Jübek |
| 2 | 13 Jul | Marmande |
| 3 | 22 Aug | Eenrum |
| 4 | 5 Sep | Berghaupten |
| 5 | 26 Sep | Mühldorf |

## Final Classification

| Pos | Rider | Round 1 | Round 2 | Round 3 | Round 4 | Round 5 | Total Pts |
| 1 | Gerd Riss | 25 | 20 | 20 | 25 | 25 | 115 |
| 2 | Robert Barth | 9 | 12 | 18 | 20 | 20 | 79 |
| 3 | Kelvin Tatum | 20 | 16 | 25 | 18 | x | 79 |
| 4 | Steve Schofield | 18 | 18 | 12 | 10 | 18 | 76 |
| 5 | Paul Hurry | 10 | 25 | 10 | 11 | 16 | 72 |
| 6 | Zdenek Schneiderwind | 5 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 57 |
| 7 | Bernd Diener | 6 | 10 | 14 | 16 | 10 | 56 |
| 8 | Andre Pollehn | 12 | 8 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 55 |
| 9 | Matthias Kröger | 8 | 11 | 16 | 8 | 7 | 50 |
| 10 | Glenn Cunningham | 13 | 14 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 47 |
| 11 | Jeremy Doncaster | 11 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 1 | 42 |
| 12 | Ralf Loding | 16 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 13 | 39 |
| 13 | Shane Parker | 7 | 4 | 3 | x | 11 | 25 |
| 14 | Theo Pijper | 14 | 9 | x | x | x | 23 |
| 15 | Maik Groen | 4 | 1 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 23 |
| 16 | Mitch Godden | x | 3 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 18 |
| 17 | Maik Edensing | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 16 |
| 18 | Mikko Rahko | 2 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 14 |
| 19 | Jason Bunyan | 1 | 6 | x | x | x | 7 |
| 20 | Uppie Bos | x | x | 7 | x | x | 7 |
| 21 | Herbert Rudolph | x | x | x | 7 | x | 7 |
| 22 | Jaroslav Ptak | x | x | x | x | 6 | 6 |
| 23 | Josef Franc | x | x | x | x | 4 | 4 |
| 24 | Sirg Schutzbach | x | x | x | 3 | x | 3 |
# Jujubinus bullula

Jujubinus bullula is a species of extinct sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, which are the top snails.
# Neville Welch

William Neville Welch (30 April 1906 – 3 February 1999) was the first Bishop of Bradwell in Essex from 1968 to 1973.
Born on 30 April 1906, he was educated at Dean Close School, Cheltenham and Keble College, Oxford and studied for ordination at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford before a curacy in Kidderminster. From 1934, he was Secretary to the Mission to Seamen. Following this he was Vicar of Grays then Ilford; Rural Dean of Barking; and finally, before his elevation to the episcopate, Archdeacon of Southend. He retired to Witham.
# K. G. Marar

Kuruvannil Govindan Marar (17 September 1934 – 25 April 1995) was an Indian social worker and politician, who served as the State president of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in Kerala, India. He was also known as Mararji. He was the third son among four children of Narayana Marar and Nayan Marsyar. By profession, he was a teacher at Government School Parassinikadavu, located near the famous Parassinikadavu Muthappan Temple in Kannur. He left his profession to become a full-time social worker. Arrested during the Indian Emergency from 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977, he was imprisoned for 18 months. After his release, Marar became the leader of the Janata party and the District President of Kannur. In 1980, Marar became the State Secretary of the BJP. He was very active in Kerala politics and held various positions, including State General Secretary and State President of the BJP. He actively represented the BJP in various elections, the last one being in 1991 where he was defeated by a margin of 1000 votes from the Manjeshwar constituency. His body was cremated at Payyambalam beach, Kannur.
Kummanam Rajashekharan became the second full-time worker for the RSS after Marar to hold the party state president portfolio. The state committee office of the Kerala BJP is named after K G Marar as Mararji Smruthi Mandiram.
# Hansraj Patel

Hansraj Patel is an Indian politician currently serving as a member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, representing the Kotputli Assembly constituency. He was elected in the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly elections. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
# Skorupki, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship

Skorupki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ryn, within Giżycko County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south of Ryn, 23 km (14 mi) south-west of Giżycko, and 69 km (43 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
# Gilberto Velásquez

Gilberto Ariel Velázquez Gómez (born 11 March 1983) is a former Paraguayan footballer who played as a centre-back.

## Club career

Velásquez began his career at Guaraní and was promoted to the first team in January 2002, aged 19, in where he played more than 50 games and scored three goals. In January 2007, he was loaned out to Chilean Primera División club Colo-Colo along with his countrymen Edison Giménez, team that had a very successful season, being runner-up of the Copa Sudamericana. However, he only played four games in the Apertura Tournament, but was champion of that tournament.
In June 2007, he leave the Chilean club to return to his country to play on loan for Olimpia, another successful team in where he has played. Two seasons later, he joined to Nacional and shortly after he signed for 3 de Febrero.
After ending his contract with Guaraní, Velázquez signed with Nacional.
In 2012, Velázquez signed with Colombian club Real Cartagena.
His last clubs were Sport Boys Warnes and Royal Pari in Bolivia. He retired in 2017.

## International career

He represented to the Paraguay national under-20 football team in the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship held in United Arab Emirates, playing only three games in that tournament. The next year, he played two friendly games with his national team against South Korea and Mexico.

## Honours
### Colo-Colo

* Primera División de Chile (1): 2007 Apertura
# Matej Gorelka

Matej Gorelka (3 April 1989) is a Slovak footballer who plays as a striker for FK Beluša.
# Gerard Fernández

Gerard Fernández Castellano (born 4 October 2002), sometimes known as Peque, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward for La Liga club Sevilla.

## Club career

Born in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Fernández joined the youth setup of UE Cornellà in 2011. in 2014, he departed for FC Barcelona, however after two years he returned to Cornellà.
Aged 16, Fernández made his senior debut for Cornellà in the Copa Federación de España and later in the Segunda División B. On 5 September 2019, Fernández returned to La Masia, signing a three-year contract, with an option for a further two. On 9 February 2020, Fernández was included in García Pimienta's squad for a match against Villarreal B. He scored on his Barcelona B debut, playing as a starter in the 3–2 loss at home.
On 7 July 2022, Fernández signed with newly promoted Segunda División side Racing de Santander on a two-year deal, following the expiration of his Barcelona contract. In the 2023–24 campaign, he was the club's top scorer with 18 goals as they narrowly missed out a play-off spot.
On 10 July 2024, La Liga side Sevilla FC announced they had reached an agreement with Racing for the signing of Fernández, who agreed to a four-year contract.

## International career

In February 2020, Fernández received a call up to Spain's under-18 team from Pablo Amo for a friendly against Denmark. He made his debut on 26 February as a starter in a 2–1 win.
# County of Rodez

The County of Rodez was a fief of the County of Toulouse formed out of part of the old County of Rouergue in what is today Aveyron, France. Its capital was Rodez. At its height, it was a centre of troubadour culture.
On the death of Hugh of Rouergue in 1053, Bertha, his heiress, disputed the Rouergue with William IV of Toulouse and Raymond of Saint-Gilles, distant relations. A decade of war ensued, but Bertha died in 1065 and William and Raymond took to fighting each other for the Rouergue. Since William was already count of Toulouse an agreement was reached whereby Raymond was recognised in the Rouerge. When Raymond succeeded William in 1094, Rouergue became an appanage for the younger sons of the counts of Toulouse. When Raymond left on the First Crusade at the end of October 1096, however, he left Richard III of Millau, a younger son of Viscount Berengar of Millau and Rodez, in charge of the citadel of Rodez and several castles. Taking advantage of the war between Raymond's successor, Alfonso Jordan, and William IX of Aquitaine, Richard made himself count in 1112. Rodez remained with the house of Millau until 1304, when it passed to Bernard VI of Armagnac, husband of Cecilia, heiress of the last Millau count, Henry II.

## Viscounts of Millau and Rodez

* Richard I (died 1013/1025)
* Richard II (died 1050)
* Berengar (from 1051)
* Richard III (until 1112)

## Counts of the house of Millau

* Richard III (1112–1135)
* Hugh I (1135–1159)
* Hugh II (1159–1208)
* Hugh III (1195–1196)
* William (1196–1208)
* Henry I (1208–1221)
* Hugh IV (1221–1274)
* Henry II (1274–1304)
* Cecilia (1304–1313)
    United to Armagnac.
# Hiroshi Nohara

Hiroshi Nohara (野原弘司, Nohara Hiroshi) is a Japanese traveler who lived for almost four months in Mexico City's Mexico City International Airport. He arrived at the airport on September 2, 2008, and left on December 29, 2008 to live in a Mexico City apartment with a woman identified as Oyuki.

## Biography

Nohara (born c. 1967) worked in Tokyo cleaning office buildings prior to his arrival in Mexico. During his stay at the airport, he lived off food given to him by airport fast food establishments, and blankets, clothing and other miscellaneous items brought to him by curious people who visited him. Later, owing to Nohara's acquired celebrity status, the fast food chains also started to give him branded shirts, caps, and mugs, with the expectation that the items would appear on the frequent nationwide television interviews. Nohara learned some Spanish and apparently knew some English as well. The local media did conduct an interview with him with an interpreter, yet he refused to explain his long stay at the airport, even though he did not have any documentation problems. An airport waitress suggested this was due to some relationship matter.
# Rajkumar Chahar

Rajkumar Chahar (Hindi pronunciation:) is an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India from Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh in the 2019 Indian general election as member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Chahar is from Jat community.
# Los Incas - Parque Chas (Buenos Aires Underground)

Los Incas - Parque Chas is a station on Line B of the Buenos Aires Underground. The station was opened on 9 August 2003 as the western terminus of the extension of the line from Federico Lacroze. It remained the terminus of the line until the opening of Juan Manuel de Rosas station on 26 July 2013.
It is located between the Villa Ortuzar and Parque Chas barrios, at the intersection of Avenida Triunvirato and Avenida de Los Incas.
# 2004 Copa Petrobras Santiago – Doubles

Enzo Artoni and Ignacio González King defeated Brian Dabul and Damián Patriarca 6–3, 6–0 in the final.

## Seeds

* André Sá / Flávio Saretta (first round)
* Sebastián Prieto / Fernando Vicente (semifinals)
* Juan Pablo Brzezicki / Óscar Hernández (semifinals)
* Enzo Artoni / Ignacio González King (champions)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | A Sá F Saretta | 4 | 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | V Ioniță G Moraru | 6 | 7 | | | V Ioniță G Moraru | 4 | 3 | | | | | | | | | |
| | B Dabul D Patriarca | 6 | 6 | | | B Dabul D Patriarca | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | P Harboe F Parada | 4 | 3 | | | | | | | | B Dabul D Patriarca | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | |
| 3 | JP Brzezicki Ó Hernández | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 3 | JP Brzezicki Ó Hernández | 4 | 6$^3$ | | | | |
| WC | Pedro Graber H Podlipnik | 0 | 2 | | 3 | JP Brzezicki Ó Hernández | 6$^6$ | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | |
| WC | J Aguilar G Hormazábal | 3 | 2 | | | A Dellatorre O Marach | 7$^8$ | 3 | 2 | | | | | | | | |
| | A Dellatorre O Marach | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | B Dabul D Patriarca | 3 | 0 |
| | H Gamonal A García | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | E Artoni I González King | 6 | 6 |
| | F Ferreiro JP Guzmán | 4 | 2 | | | H Gamonal A García | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | J Pospíšil J Vaněk | 2 | 6 | 4 | 4 | E Artoni I González King | w/o | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | E Artoni I González King | 6 | 3 | 6 | | | | | | 4 | E Artoni I González King | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | |
| | C Berlocq C Villagrán | 2 | 3 | | | | | | | 2 | S Prieto F Vicente | 4 | 6$^3$ | | | | |
| | M Daniel M Puerta | 6 | 6 | | | M Daniel M Puerta | 6 | 3 | 4 | | | | | | | | |
| | P Capdeville D Moyano | 4 | 6 | 3 | 2 | S Prieto F Vicente | 3 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | S Prieto F Vicente | 6 | 3 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# The Indian Coinage Act, 1906

The 1906 Coinage Act, is a law that authorises the India Government Mints to strike all legal coinage in India. Newly minted coins are placed into circulation by the Reserve Bank of India. At the time the Act was enacted during the British Raj, the Act mandated standards for the fineness of silver coins, but subsequent amendments lowered the silver content required for the coins.
# John Hunter (Third Lanark footballer)

John Hunter (1854 – 2 November 1881) was a Scottish footballer who played for Third Lanark, Glasgow Eastern and Scotland (four caps). He played on the losing side in the Scottish Cup finals of 1876 and 1878, and made several representative appearances for Glasgow. After retiring as a player, Hunter coached Linthouse.
His younger brothers Archie and Andy both played for Aston Villa, Archie being one of the club's most noted early players.
# Harrison Keller (academic)

Harrison Keller is an American academic, former education commissioner, and university president who is the current president of the University of North Texas, in Denton, Texas. He assumed office on August 1, 2024, succeeding outgoing president Neal Smatresk. He was officially installed as UNT President on November 13, 2024.
Prior to his tenure as president, Keller served in numerous leadership roles at the University of Texas at Austin, and served as commissioner of the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board for 5 years.