OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Piątek, Łódź Voivodeship

Piątek is a town in Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Piątek. It lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Łęczyca and 32 km (20 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź. It is located in the historic Łęczyca Land.
The town has a population of 1,690. It is claimed to lie at the "geometrical centre" of Poland, although it is not the true geographical centre – it is the centre determined as the intersection of the great circle diagonals of a rectangle formed by lines of latitude and longitude passing through the four extreme points of Poland.

## History

The name Piątek, Polish for "Friday", comes from the day on which the weekly market was held. Piątek was granted town rights before 1339. It was a private church town administratively located in the Łęczyca County in the Łęczyca Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. One of two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through the town in the 18th century and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland often traveled that route.
In the interwar period, it was administratively located in the Łódź Voivodeship of Poland. In the 1921 census, 69.0% of the population declared Polish nationality and 30.9% declared Jewish nationality.
During the German Invasion of Poland, which started World War II in 1939, Wehrmacht soldiers on 13 September took 50 males (43 Poles and 7 Jews) out of homes and ordered them to repair a damaged bridge. After the work was completed the German soldiers shot all of them. Another massacre took place later in which 50 Jews were executed.
Before the war around 1,300 Jews lived in Piątek. Under German occupation, already in September 1939, a few hundred fled. In late 1940, the remaining 840 Jews were confined to a ghetto and stripped of their possessions. Many Jews in the Piątek ghetto died of starvation and disease due to limited food and severe overcrowding. In 1941, hundreds were taken to forced labour camps. In 1942, German police began randomly shooting Jews and in August 1942 rounded them up and shot those who were ill and elderly in the local cemetery. Others were sent to the Lodz ghetto. Most were sent to the Chełmno extermination camp where they were immediately gassed. Only a few of Piątek's Jews survived the war.

## Points of interest

The most precious cultural heritage monument is the Gothic-Baroque church of the Holy Trinity, which dates back to the 15th century. Other historic structures include the Mariavite Church and the Park Miejski ("Municipal Park").

## Transport

The A1 motorway, connecting Gdańsk and Toruń in the north with Częstochowa, the Katowice urban area and the Czech Republic–Poland border at Gorzyczki in the south, bypasses the town in the east.
# Istra Parish

Istra Parish (Latvian: Istras pagasts) is an administrative territorial entity of Ludza Municipality, Latvia.
# Līdumnieki Parish

Līdumnieki Parish (Latvian: Līdumnieku pagasts) is an administrative unit of Ludza Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.
# James William Grant (astronomer)

James William Grant FRSE FRAS, 3rd Laird of Wester Elchies (1788–1865) was a Scottish astronomer and landowner. On 23 July 1844 he was the first person to observe and record the existence of the star Antares B.

## Life

He was born on 13 August 1788 at the family home of Wester Elchies and was baptised on 28 August 1788 at Knockando church. He was the son of Robert Grant, Laird of Elchies, Knockando and Ballintomb (1720–1803), and his wife Isobel Campbell (born 1760). His father had made a fortune as a fur trader in Canada, purchasing the estate of Wester Elchies in 1783.
From 1805 until 1849 he worked for the East India Company, beginning in the role of Writer and rising to be its official Astronomer, based in Bengal. In 1828 he inherited the estate of Wester Elchies from his elder brother. In 1849, he returned to Scotland and built a private observatory from granite at Wester Elchies, flanked by a pair of sphinx. In 1851 he purchased the Trophy Telescope which had been a centrepiece of the Great Exhibition of 1851 at the Crystal Palace in London. It was set up specifically to search for double stars. It was used by Prof Piazzi Smyth in 1862. It was sold in 1864 to a Mr Aytoun of Glenfarg. The telescope was the largest in Scotland at that time with an 11-inch aperture (280mm), 16 feet (4.88m) focal length lens.
In 1852 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being Robert Morrison. He resigned in 1854.
He died on September 13, 1865 at Wester Elchies. He is buried in the family vault at Knockando churchyard.

## Family

On 22 November 1807 he married Margaret Wilson (1791–1855) at Knockando. She was the daughter of Rev Thomas Wilson of Gamrie (1743–1830) in Banffshire. Margaret died in London and is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. Children:
* William Grant (1 August 1809, Calcutta – 8 August 1877, Strathspey, Scotland),
* Maynard Eliza Grant (m. James Thomason) (4 March 1811, Calcutta – 8 November 1839, Kensington),
* Isabella Charlotte Grant (m. Robert Grant) (28 February 1812, Calcutta – 4 August 1897, Wester Tambrick, Morayshire, Scotland),
* Lenora Margaret Hamilton Grant (7 June 1817, Knockando – 14 September 1890),
* Mary Ballard Grant (20 January 1819, Knockando – 29 April 1891, Morayshire, Scotland),
* Julia Sherer Grant (m. Rev. Frank Parks) (2 October 1820, Knockando -?),
* James William Grant (4 March 1822, Knockando -14 June 1822, Calcutta),
* Charles Thomason Petrie Grant (2 December 1824, Knockando) – prior to 1877),
* Helen Bradden Grant (26 December 1825, Malda City – 1872),
* Henry Alexander Grant (23 January 1827, Knockando – 7 July 1886, Knockando)
* Emily Forbes Grant (m. Philip Kearney MacGregor Skinner) (20 July 1829, Knockando – 18 April 1875, Cheltenham)
His grandson James W H Grant was son-in-law to Sir Archibald Levin Smith who is also buried at Knockando.

## Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions

Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh from 1852 to 1854 Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1854
# Raspe

Raspe is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Henry Raspe (1204–1247), Landgrave of Thuringia
* Jan-Carl Raspe (1944–1977), German urban guerilla
* Jeff Raspe (born 1966), American radio personality
* Rudolf Erich Raspe (1736–1794), German writer
# Edward Benthall

Sir Edward Charles Benthall, KCSI (26 November 1893 – 5 March 1961), also known as Tom Benthall, was a British businessman and public servant who spent the majority of his career in British India. He was described in an obituary in The Times as "perhaps the foremost figure in his day of the British mercantile community in India."
The son of the Rev. Charles Francis Benthall and Annie Theodosia Benthall, Edward Benthall was educated at Eton College, where he was a King's Scholar, and King's College, Cambridge. He joined the White Star Line at its Liverpool office in 1913, then went to India at the outbreak of the First World War, enlisting and serving in India in 1914–15 and Mesopotamia in 1916–18, where he was wounded. He was then transferred to the War Office staff, where he served in 1918–19.
In 1918, he married the Hon. Ruth McCarthy Cable, daughter of Ernest Cable, 1st Baron Cable, with whom he had a son, the theatre director Michael Benthall. He followed in the footsteps of his father-in-law, the chairman of the Calcutta trading firm Bird and Co., and joined the firm in India. He was a director of the Imperial Bank of India from 1926 to 1934, and was its governor from 1928 to 1930.
# Forth Canoe Club

The Forth Canoe Club, founded in 1934, is Scotland's oldest surviving canoe club. It is the only remaining club to have been a participating party in the founding of the Scottish Canoe Association. The other canoe clubs that were founding parties where Clyde, Tay and the Scottish Youth Hostellers.
The club's motto, per ventus et per artus means "by wind and by skill".
The first commodore of Forth Canoe Club was Lady Mearns and the subsequent commodore was Jack Cuthill. The club was based around the old primary school in Granton ran by Jack Cuthill which became the Compass Adventure Centre for Sailors and Soldiers during the war where those of military service could meet and go canoeing.
In 1968(ish) it moved to the Lochrin Basin at the Edinburgh end of the Union Canal following a fire that broke out in the original clubhouse down at the harbour. The fire was labelled accidental, however the club were disappointed to see their return to the Harbor was unlikely as significant redevelopment in Granton followed the clubs relocation. The Lochrin basin became the new home of the club and its 4 sheds were used for the activities from boat storage, repair and manufacture. Forth Canoe Club became the birthplace of the company Double Dutch founded by Neil Baxter one of the clubs active members. One of the buildings at the Lochrin basin was named in memory of Jack Cuthill.
In 1975, extensive dredging was required as most of the union canal had become unusable due to the incredibly shallow water and deep mud. In part due to the Collapse of the mines under the canal at Lock Gate 19 now formally the Falkirk Wheel. The club's Secretary, R.K Riddell at the time lead an entirely volunteer based dredging action in the Lochrin basin. Their willingness to re-spark the use of the canal became quite renown and as such over the course of the next 25 years thousands of volunteers joined in the effort clearing the canal from Edinburgh to Glasgow by hand, shovel and spade. The effort eventually resulted in a National Lottery (United Kingdom) Grant of £80 million to clear the Canal from Bowling to Falkirk
When the Union Canal was undergoing substantial redevelopment by British Waterways as part of the Millennium Link, Forth Canoe Club were required to relocate from the 4 buildings it owned beside the Lochrin basin in 2004, they were moved to the Old St Andrew's Boathouse further along the canal adjacent to Harrison Park shrinking the clubs operational capacity by 3/4.
Forth Canoe Club member David Florence represented Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Olympics as a member of the senior team. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing he won a silver medal in the men's C1 single slalom event on 12 August 2008.
In 2024 the club celebrated its 90th anniversary by announcing its plans at a Fundraising Ceilidh at The Canalside venue, Meggetland to redevelop its clubhouse at Harrison park due to its age and the hostility of the site to a sport which could attract many people regardless of physical ability.
# Rule of three (statistics)

In statistical analysis, the rule of three states that if a certain event did not occur in a sample with n subjects, the interval from 0 to 3/n is a 95% confidence interval for the rate of occurrences in the population. When n is greater than 30, this is a good approximation of results from more sensitive tests. For example, a pain-relief drug is tested on 1500 human subjects, and no adverse event is recorded. From the rule of three, it can be concluded with 95% confidence that fewer than 1 person in 500 (or 3/1500) will experience an adverse event. By symmetry, for only successes, the 95% confidence interval is [1−3/n,1].
The rule is useful in the interpretation of clinical trials generally, particularly in phase II and phase III where often there are limitations in duration or statistical power. The rule of three applies well beyond medical research, to any trial done n times. If 300 parachutes are randomly tested and all open successfully, then it is concluded with 95% confidence that fewer than 1 in 100 parachutes with the same characteristics (3/300) will fail.

## Derivation

A 95% confidence interval is sought for the probability p of an event occurring for any randomly selected single individual in a population, given that it has not been observed to occur in n Bernoulli trials. Denoting the number of events by X, we therefore wish to find the values of the parameter p of a binomial distribution that give Pr(X = 0) ≤ 0.05. The rule can then be derived either from the Poisson approximation to the binomial distribution, or from the formula (1−p)$^n$ for the probability of zero events in the binomial distribution. In the latter case, the edge of the confidence interval is given by Pr(X = 0) = 0.05 and hence (1−p)$^n$ = .05 so n ln(1–p) = ln .05 ≈ −2.996. Rounding the latter to −3 and using the approximation, for p close to 0, that ln(1−p) ≈ −p (Taylor's formula), we obtain the interval's boundary 3/n.
By a similar argument, the numerator values of 3.51, 4.61, and 5.3 may be used for the 97%, 99%, and 99.5% confidence intervals, respectively, and in general the upper end of the confidence interval can be given as ${\frac {-\ln(\alpha )}{n}}$, where $1-\alpha$ is the desired confidence level.

## Extension

The Vysochanskij–Petunin inequality shows that the rule of three holds for unimodal distributions with finite variance beyond just the binomial distribution, and gives a way to change the factor 3 if a different confidence is desired. Chebyshev's inequality removes the assumption of unimodality at the price of a higher multiplier (about 4.5 for 95% confidence). Cantelli's inequality is the one-tailed version of Chebyshev's inequality.
# Tochukwu (name)

Tochukwu audio is a name of Igbo origin from south-eastern Nigeria. It is a combination of two Igbo words 'to' meaning 'great' and 'chukwu' meaning 'God'. Tochukwu is a name used by Igbo families to signify a great relationship with God.

## Notable individuals with the name

* Moses Tochukwu Odo, Nigerian footballer
* Nwankwo Tochukwu, Nigerian footballer
* Simeon Tochukwu Nwankwo, Nigerian footballer
* Tochukwu Oluehi, Nigerian footballer
* Tochukwu Nnadi, Nigerian footballer
* Odumodublvk (Tochukwu Gbubemi Ojogwu), Nigerian rapper
# Franciska Gaal

Franciska Gaal (born Franciska Silberspitz, 1 February 1903 – 13 August 1972) was a Hungarian cabaret artist and film actress of Jewish heritage. Gaal starred in a popular series of European romantic comedies during the 1930s. After attracting interest in Hollywood she moved there and made three films.

## Early years

Born in Budapest, Gaal was the last of the 13 children of a Jewish family. She studied at the Stage Academy in Budapest in 1919, and by 1920, she appeared in theaters in this city.

## Early career

Gaal debuted in film in Máté gazda és a törpék (1919). She was groomed by Joe Pasternak as a singer to become a popular stage and cabaret performer in Central Europe in the 1920s and 1930s. She made her first film appearances in some Hungarian silent films of the early 1920s, but her cinema career didn't ignite until the arrival of sound film.

## Hollywood

After appearing in several films made in Hungary, Germany and Austria, two of which were directed by Henry Koster, she came to Hollywood to star in Cecil B. De Mille's epic adventure film The Buccaneer (1938). She followed this with the comedy The Girl Downstairs (also 1938) with Franchot Tone, a remake of her Austrian success Catherine the Last. In 1939, Gaal co-starred with Bing Crosby in the musical Paris Honeymoon.

## Later life

She returned to Hungary in 1940 for unknown reasons and remained there for the duration of World War II.
In 1946, she began work on the Soviet-backed Renee XIV with Johannes Heesters and Theo Lingen, but filming was halted during production and never was completed. She returned to the United States in 1947 with her husband Francis de Dajkovich (died in 1965), a Budapest-born attorney, but her return attracted little interest in Hollywood. In 1951, she replaced Eva Gabor in The Happy Time on Broadway.

## Death

Gaal died of thrombosis in New York City.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1920 | A bostonville-i kaland | | |
| 1921 | New-York express kábel | Reporter | |
| 1921 | A cornevillei harangok | Serpolette, cselédlány | |
| 1932 | Paprika | Ilona von Takacs | |
| 1933 | Greetings and Kisses, Veronika | Veronika | |
| 1933 | Scandal in Budapest | Eva Balogh | |
| 1933 | Romance in Budapest | Eva Balogh | |
| 1934 | A Precocious Girl | Lucie Carell, nicknamed Csibi | |
| 1934 | Spring Parade | Marika | |
| 1934 | Peter | 17-year old Eva | |
| 1935 | Little Mother | Marie Bonnard | |
| 1936 | Catherine the Last | Katharina, Küchenmädchen | |
| 1936 | Fräulein Lilli | Fräulein Lilli | |
| 1938 | The Buccaneer | Gretchen | |
| 1938 | The Girl Downstairs | Katerina Linz | |
| 1939 | Paris Honeymoon | Manya | |
| 1946 | Renee XIV | | uncompleted |
# Joshua Landis

Joshua M. Landis (born May 14, 1957) is an American academic who specializes in the Middle East and is an expert on Syria. He is the head of the Center for Middle East Studies at the University of Oklahoma, and since 2004, he has published the blog Syria Comment.

## Background

Landis was born on May 14, 1957, in Manhattan, New York City, New York. When he was one year old, his family moved to Saudi Arabia, where his father was sent by Citibank to open the first branch of an American bank in the country. After staying in Saudi Arabia for three years, Landis' family moved to Beirut, Lebanon, due to his father being transferred there to work as Citibank's vice-president for the Middle East. When Landis was ten years old, his family moved back to the United States.
Landis earned a BA from Swarthmore College, majoring in European History and French Literature. He spent his college sophomore year in France. After graduating, Landis then returned to Beirut in the midst of the Lebanese Civil War to teach at the International College, Beirut. According to Landis, his experience of living in Beirut during the civil war shaped his interpretation of the Syrian Civil War later on. In 1981, Landis went to Damascus University on a Fulbright Grant. During the following year, whilst Landis was still living in Damascus, the Hama uprising of 1982 took place. Landis visited Hama a week after the uprising. Later he earned an MA from Harvard University, and his PhD from Princeton University.
Fluent in Arabic and French, he has studied Turkish, Italian, and Ottoman Turkish. He has received three Fulbright grants and a Social Science Research Council award.

## Academia

He taught at Sarah Lawrence College, Wake Forest University, and Princeton University before moving to the University of Oklahoma. Since May 2004, Landis has published the Syrian Comment blog, which focuses on Syrian politics, history, and religion. Landis regularly travels to Washington, D.C., to consult with government agencies.
Landis is a frequent analyst on TV and radio, such as PBS News Hour, Charlie Rose Show, CNN and Fox News. He comments frequently for NPR and BBC Radio. He has spoken at the Brookings Institution, USIP, Middle East Institute, and Council on Foreign Relations.

## Personal life

Landis is married to Manar Kashour, who comes from an Alawite family in Syria.
# Fruita National Forest

Fruita National Forest, located in Colorado, was established as the Fruita Forest Reserve by the U.S. Forest Service on February 24, 1906 with 7,680 acres (31.1 km$^2$). It became a National Forest on March 4, 1907. On July 1, 1908, Fruita National Forest was transferred to Uncompahgre National Forest and the name was discontinued. The tract was transferred to the Grand Mesa National Forest in 1924, where it is known as the Fruita Division.
# Sylvester Maurus

Sylvester Maurus SJ (31 December 1619 – 13 January 1687) was an Italian Scholastic theologian.

## Life

Sylvester Maurus was born in Spoleto, Italy, on 31 December 1619 to a noble family. He entered the Society of Jesus, 21 April 1636. After his novitiate, he spent three years (1639-1642) studying philosophy at the Roman College, where his principal teacher was Sforza Pallavicino. Following a period in which he taught grammar, Maurus studied theology from 1644 to 1648, again at the Roman College. Having completed his theological program, he taught philosophy at the Jesuit college in Macerata from 1649 to 1652. Recalled to Rome, he served a year as regent of studies for Jesuit seminarians. He took final vows in the Order in 1654, and five years later was promoted to the Chair of Theology, which he retained until his appointment in 1684 as Rector of the Roman College. Maurus died on 13 January 1687 in Rome. Besides numerous theological works, he wrote Quaestionum Philosophicarum L. Quinque, and also a paraphrase of all the works of Aristotle. This latter embodies the results of the great thirteenth-century commentaries and is considered a model of clearness and conciseness. Maurus worked on the Greek text and the best Latin versions available in his time, namely those by Argyropoulos, Bessarion, Theodorus Gaza and Lambin.

## Works

His works include:
* Quæstionum philosophicarum Sylvestri Mauri, Soc. Jesu, in Collegio Romano Philosophiæ Professoris. This work is divided into four books, and appeared at Rome in 1658. A second edition was issued in 1670. The latest edition, in three volumes, is prefaced by a letter of Father Matteo Liberatore, and appeared in Le Mans, 1875-76.
* Aristotelis opera quæ extant omnia, brevi paraphrasi, ac litteræ perpetuo inhærente explanatione illustrata. The work appeared in six volumes, Rome, 1668. The second volume, containing Aristotle's moral philosophy, was edited anew in 1696-98. The whole work was published again in Paris, 1885–87, by Ehrle, Felchlin, and Beringer; this edition formed part of the collection entitled Bibliotheca Theologiæ et Philosophiæ scholasticæ.
* Quæstionum theologicarum, libri sex, published at Rome, 1676–79; this work contains all the principal theological treatises.
* Opus theologicum, published in three folio volumes at Rome, 1687, treats of all the main questions of theology concisely. The first volume contains some information concerning the author, and also his picture engraved by Louis Lenfant.
# Saint-Séverin-d'Estissac

Saint-Séverin-d'Estissac (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
# Himatismenida

Himatismenida is an Amoebozoa order, in the class Discosea, along with Glycostylida and Dermamoebida. It contains species such as Cochliopodium gallicum.
# Mario Crnički

Mario Daniel Crnički (born 4 February 1998) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for German Bayernliga club TSV Landsberg. Born in Germany, he represented Croatia internationally on junior levels.

## Career

At the age of 7, Crnički joined the youth academy of Bayern Munich, Germany's most successful clubs.
In 2018, he signed for Olympiakos Nicosia in the Cypriot Second Division after receiving interest from Hajduk, one of Croatia's most successful teams.
In 2019, Crnički was sent on loan to Mladost (Doboj Kakanj) in Bosnia and Herzegovina from FK Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina's most successful side, where he made 11 league appearances and scored two goals.
In 2020, he signed for Energie Cottbus in the German fourth division.
Crnički joined recently relegated Regionalliga Bayern club Türkgücü München on 3 September 2022.