OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ponç Hug IV, Count of Empúries

Ponç V or Ponç Hug IV (Spanish: Ponce V or Ponce Hugo IV, Occitan: Pons Uc) (c.1264 – 1313) was the Count of Empúries from 1277 until his death and viscount of Bas from 1285 to 1291. He was the son and successor of Hug V and Sibila de Palau.
His mother, widowed, purchased the viscounty of Bas from Peter III of Aragon in 1280. In 1282 Ponç Hug participated in the Aragonese Crusade against the crusaders, on the side of Peter III. In 1285 the viscounty of Bas devolved to Ponç in reward for his services in 1282 and Peter also compensated him with the rights over Fernando and Castellfollit de Riubregós.
Ponç served as admiral of the fleet to James I of Sicily and was in Sicily in 1291, when he exchanged Bas with his brother Huguet, also in Sicily that year, on the condition that it would devolve to Ponç's descendants if Huguet had none. Ponç received Castellfollit, Montros, and Montagut in the exchange. He returned with James later that year after he inherited Aragon and Catalonia, but Huguet stayed behind in Siciy.
When James signed the Treaty of Anagni with the French and the Papacy, thus putting an end to the War of the Vespers, in 1295, the people of Sicily under James' younger brother Frederick III opposed him. When Frederick heard that James was preparing to go to war with him, he sent a messenger, Mountainer Pérez de Sosa, to Catalonia in an effort to stir up the barons and cities against James in 1298. Mountainer carried with him an Occitan poem, Ges per guerra no.m chal aver consir, intended as a communication with his supporters in Catalonia. This communiqué seems to have had in mind Ponç Hug as a recipient, for the count penned a response (under the title con d'Emppuria), A l'onrat rei Frederic terz vai dir, in which he praised Frederick's tact and diplomacy, but told him bluntly that he would not abandon his sovereign. This poetic transaction is usually dated to January–March, Spring, or August 1296, but Gerónimo Zurita in the seventeenth century specifically dated the embassy of Mountainer to 1298.
In the subsequent war, Ponç and his vassals fought with James' galleys at the Battle of Cape Orlando, while Huguet his brother fought among the ships of Frederick. Many subsequent scholars have assumed that Ponç had gone over to the side of his brother, but this is unlikely.
Ponç later turned against James and rose in revolt, driving his functionaries out of Empúries. But the king proved to powerful for his most powerful baron and Ponç was ruined and forced to submit in 1306.

## Family

Ponç married (1281) the Marquesa de Cabrera, uniting Cabrera to Empúries. Between 1282 and 1313, Fra Romeu Sabruguera translated much of the Bible from Old French into 11,000 verses in Old Catalan. He dedicated the work (the "Biblia rimada") to the Countess Marquesa, whose interest was primarily in battles, of which he bragged there would be many. He had excluded the prophetic books in favour of the Books of Kings and the Maccabees.
The couple had three children:
* Hug (assassinated 1309), named heir
* Ponç VI (c.1290–1322), successor
* Blancaflor (died 1313)
# Teresa d'Entença

Teresa d'Entença (c. 1300 – 20 October 1327) was the eldest daughter of Gombau d'Entença and his wife Constança d'Antillón. She was Countess of Urgell in her own right; however, control over her estate passed to her husband, Alfonso IV of Aragon.

## Biography

Before dying childless at La Llitera, Teresa's granduncle Ermengol X of Urgell agreed to make Alfonso heir to the County of Urgell, on the condition that Alfonso marry Teresa, who was his rightful heir. Alfonso agreed to this and he married Teresa in 1314 in the Cathedral of Lerida. Alfonso is reputed to have been so liberal in the expenses during the wedding, that the local counsels imposed restrictions on how much he could spend.
Teresa died whilst giving birth to her son Sancho on 20 October 1327 at Zaragoza, only days before her husband became king of Aragon. She is buried at Zaragoza Franciscan Church. Her younger son James inherited Urgell.

## Issue

Alfonso and Teresa were married for thirteen years, and had seven children:
* Alfonso (1315–1317)
* Constance (1318–1346), married in 1336 to James III of Majorca.
* Peter IV (1319–1387), successor.
* James I, Count of Urgell (1321–1347), also inherited Entença and Antillon.
* Isabella (1323–1327).
* Fadrique (1325-died young).
* Sancho (1327), lived only a few days.
# Kayla Braxton

Kayla Becker (born June 7, 1991) is an American sports broadcaster. She is best known for her time in WWE, where she worked as a backstage interviewer under the ring name Kayla Braxton.

## Early and personal life

Becker was born in Wadley, Alabama, on June 7, 1991. She is biracial. When she was nine years old, her mother was sent to prison; she subsequently grew up in a foster home. As a teenager, she participated in public speaking competitions. She graduated from Belmont University with a degree in broadcast journalism. During her time in college, she started creating online content and had a few digital entertainment shows for her school and around Nashville, Tennessee. Six months after she graduated, she began hosting her own entertainment web and TV segment in the top-20 television market in Orlando, Florida.
On March 4, 2021, Kayla revealed that she is bisexual.

## Career
### WWE (2016–2024)

In October 2016, Becker signed with the American professional wrestling promotion WWE and was given the ring name Kayla Braxton. She debuted on the October 20, 2016 episode of NXT held in Lakeland, Florida as a host and ring announcer. She appeared on her first pay-per-view as a backstage interviewer during Backlash on May 21, 2017, and followed it up with appearances at Battleground 2017, SummerSlam 2017, Hell in a Cell 2017, and more PPVs. While working as a ring announcer on NXT, Braxton appeared on Raw, 205 Live and SmackDown where she would act as a ring announcer and backstage interviewer. She permanently left NXT on April 17, 2019, to the main roster and was replaced by Alicia Taylor the following week. Braxton was a backstage interviewer on SmackDown and co-host of The Bump. Since August 22, 2020, she has been the host of Talking Smack, which at that point was renamed to SmackDown LowDown, alongside Paul Heyman. On June 22, 2024, Braxton announced that she will be leaving WWE after the June 28 episode of SmackDown. On July 1, Braxton's profile on WWE's website was transferred to the alumni section.
# Nevermore (novel)

Nevermore is a 1994 historical mystery novel by American author William Hjortsberg. In the novel, Harry Houdini joins forces with Arthur Conan Doyle to solve a series of murders, which eerily re-enact the stories of Edgar Allan Poe.
Publishers Weekly considered the novel "droll and captivating" with "stellar characters and (an) outlandish plot". The Los Angeles Times noted Hjortsberg's "obvious delight in historical detail,; similarly, the New York Times observed that Hjorstberg "was obviously out to have a good time" in writing the novel, concluding that as a result, readers would similarly enjoy it.
# Cefn Meiriadog

Cefn Meiriadog (sometimes Cefnmeriadog) is a rural community in Denbighshire, Wales, just south-west of the city of St Asaph. The boundary of the community on three sides is the river Elwy, which here forms the county boundary with Conwy County Borough. Arguably the largest settlement in the community is the hamlet of Bontnewydd. Also in the community are the hamlets of Groesffordd Marli where Ysgol Cefn Meiriadog is situated, and Cefn.
The community is named for a small ridge of the same name (cefn in Welsh means "ridge"). It is said that the place was named for St Meiriadog, a 4th or 5th century Breton saint. Cefn Caves are nearby, where human and early Neanderthal remains dating back 250,000 years have been discovered. Visitors to the site have included Charles Darwin, in 1831. The site is known as Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site.
There is a local spring, Ffynnon Fair ("St Mary's spring"), and it was once believed to have healing properties. The poet Siôn Tudur (1522 – 1602) lived at Plas Wigfair (GR028712) nearby.

## St Mary's Church, Cefn

About 300 metres SE of the fort Bryn y Cawr ("Giant's Hill", at the SE end of the ridge) stands the small St Mary's church (Grade II listed). The stone was quarried at the site of the church; the church was opened and consecrated on 3.9.1864 by Bishop Short of St Asaph, and the new ecclesiastical parish of "Cefn" was created on 7. 2. 1865, made up of two "townships": Wigfair and Meiriadog (both in Denbighshire), previously part of St Asaph parish.

## Population

In 2011 the population of Cefnmeiriadog was 389, with 30.4% able to speak Welsh.
# Tara George

Tara George (née Coulterman; born September 15, 1973, in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario) is a Canadian curler from Thunder Bay. She formerly played third for the Krista McCarville rink.
George joined up with McCarville in 2005, when she added McCarville to her team that she skipped that included Lorraine Lang and Tiffany Stubbings.
George has won four Ontario provincial titles as a member of the McCarville rink. George took the 2010-11 season off to have a baby and was replaced by Ashley Miharija.
George's son Carter is an ice hockey goaltender, and played for Canada at the 2025 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.
# Emelia Coloma

Emelia Isabel Coloma Pardo (born 18 October 1988) is an Ecuadorian former footballer who played as a midfielder. She has been a member of the Ecuador women's national team.

## International career

Coloma capped for Ecuador at senior level during the 2006 South American Women's Football Championship.
# Society of Mexican American Engineers and Scientists

MAES: Latinos in Science and Engineering, Inc. (MAES), originally the Mexican American Engineering Society, was founded in 1974. It organizes an annual symposium and career fair.

## History

MAES was founded in Los Angeles in 1974 to increase the number of Mexican Americans and other Hispanics in the technical and scientific fields.
The idea to establish a professional society for Mexican American engineers originated with Robert Von Hatten, an aerospace electronics engineer with TRW Defense Space Systems in Redondo Beach, California. Mr. Von Hatten had for several years served as volunteer for programs directed at combating the alarming number of high school dropouts. He envisioned a national organization that would serve as a source for role models, address the needs of its members, and become a resource for industry and students.
In mid–1974, Mr. Von Hatten contacted Manuel Castro to join him in the campaign to form the professional organization. During a subsequent series of meetings, a cohort of individuals banded together to lay out the foundation for the “Mexican American Engineering Society.” The founders, listed below, drafted the articles of incorporation and the first bylaws of the society:
* Oscar Buttner – Rockwell International
* Sam Buttner – Southern California Edison
* Manuel Castro – Bechtel Power
* Clifford Maldonado – Northrop Corporation
* Sam Mendoza – California State University, Fullerton
* Frank Serna – Northrop Corporation
* Robert Von Hatten – TRW Defense Space Systems
The society filed incorporation papers as a nonprofit, tax exempt organization with the California Secretary of State in October 1974, and it received its charter on March 28, 1975. The Internal Revenue Service granted the society a federal tax–exemption letter and employer identification number on January 4, 1979. Ten years later, to reflect its broader technical membership, the organization filed to change its name to the “Society of Mexican American Engineers and Scientists, Inc.” This change was granted on July 19, 1989.
MAES is one of several membership–based organizations that represent Latinos in engineering and science. As a mature organization with over 30 years of experience addressing the concerns of Latinos, MAES is a source of expertise on barriers to and methods for improving educational access and attainment. The society recognizes the importance of encouraging more youth to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics as a means for economic advancement and workforce development.
Many of its programs, with the financial help of members, companies, and government agencies are directed at increasing the number of students at all grade levels who will study, prepare, enter, and excel in the technical professions.
# Romani people in Belgium

According to The Council of Europe, there are approximately 30,000 Romani people living in Belgium (0.29% of Belgian the population).
Around 10,000 Roma are Belgian citizens and are described as Manouches/Sinti and Roms in Belgium. These three distinct Romani groups share a nomadic culture and lifestyle. The Manouches who are the Sinti of the country are descendants of the first Romani people to settle in Belgium during the 15th century. The Roms, represent the second major wave of Roma migration to Belgium from Romania after the abolition of slavery in Moldavia and Wallachia in 1856.
Roma in Belgium were deported to Auschwitz along with Jews on December 16, 1942.
# Rednecker

"Rednecker" (stylized in all caps) is the debut single by American country music singer Hardy. It was released on March 4, 2019 as the lead single from his 2018 debut EP This Ole Boy.

## Background

In an interview with The Boot, Hardy explained the song's origin.
   Jordan Schmidt and Andy [Albert] and I were sitting off in a corner, and we were laughing about something. One of the guys said, "I'm rednecker than you". We were just going on and on about something stupid and kept saying that.
   There's a thing with songwriters, where, if somebody says something either profound or very unique, and they say it loud enough to hear -- if you're in a room with a bunch of songwriters, you'll always catch another person looking around to see if anybody heard it. It's a really funny thing. So anyway, we kinda laughed, and then we all got real serious for a second, and we were like, "Oh s--t, we need to go write that, right now".

## Music video

The music video, directed by Justin Clough, was shot on a farm in Cottontown, Tennessee and features some of Hardy's songwriting collaborators: Brett Tyler, Joe Clemmons and Benjy Davis. The group was able to relax and have a fun day just being buddies and hanging out. Their day consisted of mudding, mattress surfing via his jacked-up 4x4, shooting catfish in a lake, paintballing, shotgunning Busch Lights and putting "a little more spit in (his) chaw", contest style.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Platinum | 80,000$^‡$ |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Anton Slavchev

Anton Slavchev (Bulgarian: Антон Славчев; born 21 June 1995) is a Bulgarian footballer who plays as a defender for Minyor Pernik.
# A. Muthukrishnan

A. Muthukrishnan is a Tamil author and social activist. He was born in 1973 in Madurai of Madurai District, Tamil Nadu, India. Muthukrishnan had his schooling in NaviMumbai with a cosmopolitan background and his family settled back in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India in 1986.

## 1988

He was matriculated in 1988 and further obtained his diploma in Electronics and Communication in 1991. He worked in various trades and jobs before he started learning Tamil in 1995. He was disturbed by the caste clashes and untouchability down in and around Madurai and wanted to contribute his share for the change in social order.

## 1995

Muthukrishnan started learning Tamil in 1995 and started travelling and meeting writers of Tamil literature. His contacts grew with environmental activists and philosophers leaning towards left-libertarianism in India. He also began attending conferences and seminars at the national and international level. Muthukrishnan has written more than 300 articles in Tamil magazines and papers. He has travelled to conflict zones in India. He travelled to document the Godhra carnage in Gujarat, Vidarbha farmers' suicide in Maharashtra, the Staines killing in Kandhamal and the Posco project in Gobindpur, Jaitapur and Dhinkia in Orissa.

## 2002

He has been a part of various fact-finding missions to areas of conflict in India. He was one of the coordinators of the Asia Caravan which left from Raj Ghat, Delhi and travelled 8000 kms by road through 8 countries to reach Gaza with a humanitarian aid worth one million US$. Muthukrishnan has attended various seminars at the national and international level on developmental issues, culture, environment and human rights for the past 15 years. Muthukrishnan has translated works into Tamil: Gujarat 2002 (Tehelka Expose), Kuralin Valimay, Madhaveri and "Afzalay Thookilidathey" and "Tholargal Udan Oru Payanam" (both by Arundhati Roy). Muthukrishnan has directed a documentary on the life and works of Che Guevara in 2002, which received wide attention from the Tamil literary buffs.
He is a regular debater on Vijay TV's popular talk show Neeya Naana and Puthiya Thalaimurai's Puthu Puthu Arthangal.
Muthukrishnan is the founder of Green Walk, an informal group of people who walk on roads less travelled to learn about neglected monuments. Muthu has so far identified about two dozen historical and archaeological hotspots in and around Madurai.
# Mennonite Christian Fellowship

The Mennonite Christian Fellowship churches, or just Fellowship churches, are an Amish Mennonite constituency within the conservative Anabaptist faith and tradition. The group is theologically and historically similar to the Beachy Amish Mennonite constituency. They are somewhat closer in thought to the Conservative Mennonites in matters of doctrine and conservatism.
The constituency originated from several congregations separating from the Old Order Amish in the 1950s and 1960s. The congregations resembled the more conservative end of the Beachy Amish Mennonite constituency at that time. The two groups shared fellowship to the extent that these churches were incorporated into the Beachy affiliation. In 1977, however, some of the ordained men in these churches expressed concern about perceived worldly trends among the Beachys. They met with other ordained Beachy men, to address concerns that included members baptized without a true Christian conversion, worldly fads in clothing and lifestyle, and churches conglomerating in communities instead of spreading out. After this meeting, the concerned men decided to withdraw from the Beachys and organize the Mennonite Christian Fellowship. In 1978, these churches started holding their own annual Minister's Meetings.
In 2006, the Fellowship churches had 1,518 members in 34 congregations, located mostly in the United States. In 2010, membership in the US rose to 2,629 members in 24 churches.
The Mennonite Christian Fellowship publishes a monthly newsletter entitled The Fellowship Contributor. There are mission outreaches in Honduras and Nicaragua.
# Staircase timer

A staircase timer is an electrical switch used to control lighting on a staircase, corridor or lobby. A single action turns on the lights and they remain on for long enough to ascend or descend the stairs. The lights then turn themselves off automatically.

## Operation

In a single occupancy domestic dwelling it is usual to provide multiple switching locations. The lights may be turned on or off from either the top, bottom or intermediate floors of the staircase. They remain on until turned off manually.
In a multiple occupancy dwelling, the drawback is that the cost of shared lighting is usually paid by the landlord. Individual tenants turn lights on, but have little reason to turn them off. Particularly so in the days of incandescent lamps this could be an appreciable cost. For this reason shared dwellings favour timers for staircases instead. The lights are turned on by a push-button switch on any floor. They remain on automatically for an adequate time to climb the stairs, then turn themselves off.
To provide longer lighting times when required the button may be pressed repeatedly. For this reason any timer should be a retriggerable monostable, i.e. the off delay lasts from the time of the last button press. There may also be a switch, sometimes a key switch, that can turn the lights on indefinitely for tasks such as cleaning.

## Pneumatic timers

The first staircase timers were pneumatic pushbuttons. A large push-button, distinctly larger than a normal electrical switch, is pressed manually. An internal mechanism provides the delay. The internal piston is depressed by the button and holds the electrical contacts closed. This piston is spring-loaded to return upwards but is prevented from returning quickly by a pneumatic dashpot. This dashpot provides the timing function.

## Electronic timers

An electronic timer allow simple push-buttons to be used. One timer is installed controlling the lights and any number of push-buttons, without pneumatic timers and connected in parallel, are used to trigger it. With many push-buttons, the cost savings for equipment may be substantial.

## Occupancy detectors

PIR sensors may be used to control lighting in such areas. They avoid the need to press a push-button but otherwise operate as for electronic timers. As PIR sensors are not perfectly reliable a timer is needed to avoid the lights flashing off and on as the occupier moves out of detector range. The timer interval is short though compared to a push-button timer; it times the interval between sightings of the occupier, not the time of occupancy.
Such sensors are also used for restrooms. Owing to the variability of occupancy time in a restroom, a simple fixed timer was unworkable. This ability to cope with variably occupancy times is also useful when stairwells, lift lobbies and corridors must grant disabled access as they no longer discriminate in favour of an assumed transit time for an able-bodied person.
# Loveville, Maryland

Loveville is an unincorporated community in St. Mary's County, Maryland, United States, named for A. Kingsley Love, an attorney. It is known for its Old Order Mennonite community, who have a farmers' market/produce auction here, as well as craft shops and an annual quilt auction. Traditions of Loveville, an interior design and furniture store, occupies the Old Loveville Post Office Building. A Maryland Motor Vehicle Administration office is also located here. The postal code for Loveville is 20656
# Bounding mine

A bounding mine is an anti-personnel mine designed to be used in open areas. When it is tripped, a small propelling charge launches the body of the mine 3 to 4 feet (91 to 122 centimetres) into the air, where the main charge detonates and sprays fragmentation at roughly waist height.
The original World War II German S-mine has been widely influential. Other countries that have employed bounding mines in war include the United States, United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, Vietnam and countries of former Yugoslavia. China and Italy have also produced them. Some American mines designed for this purpose used a standard 60 mm HE mortar round with an improvised time delay fuse which is activated by the propelling charge.
Bounding mines are more expensive than typical anti-personnel blast mines, and they do not lend themselves to scatterable designs. Because they are designed to be buried, they are appropriate for command-detonated ambushes, but tripwire operation is common as well. By design, bounding mines contain a large amount of steel, which makes them comparatively easy to detect with metal detectors. However, it is often the case that minimum metal mines are also planted in the same minefield, which complicates the demining process.

## Examples

* S-mine, Germany, nicknamed the Bouncing Betty by most Allied troops, “Frog” by Soviet troops and nicknamed the "Jumping Jack" by Australian and New Zealand soldiers.
* M16 APM, United States, based on captured S-mine plans. It launches 4 feet (1.2 meters) into the air and detonates, spraying high-speed metal fragments in all directions.
* A.P. Mine E.P. No. 4, UK and Commonwealth
* OZM, Russian family of mines (OZM-3, OZM-4 and OZM-72).
* PROM-1, Yugoslavia.
* Valmara 59, Italy.