OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Boulwarism

Boulwarism is the tactic of making a "take-it-or-leave-it" offer in a negotiation, with no further concessions or discussion. It was named after General Electric's former vice president Lemuel Boulware, who promoted the strategy. One example of Boulwarism is a car dealership advertising "bottom line pricing" on its cars, and enforcing that policy.
In contrast to its use in collective bargaining, Boulwarism is a lawful negotiation tactic between private parties. Nevertheless, most negotiation experts describe Boulwarism as detrimental. (Using the above example on car sales, statistics show that buyers want a discount off the advertised price.) Experts say statistics show that while those using Boulwarism may think a take-it-or-leave-it offer shows that they are negotiators or tell all concerned that "the client means business," Boulwarism may instill resentment, bitterness, or someone taking offense. It may unintentionally cut off negotiations if the offeror was bluffing about the offer being bottom line, or the tactic may result in parties walking away from the negotiations.
In 1950s negotiations with labor unions, Boulwarism was an offer which was ultimate and to which no further revisions would be made. Before making the offer, the offering party would check all relevant details of the labor dispute, such as competitors' policy on similar problems and industry standards. It was commonly used to refer to "take-it or leave-it" bargaining tactics. According to Boulware, the position would be locked in and would not be modified unless new material facts or considerations came to light. Events such as a strike were not considered to be a cause to change the rational solution that had been proposed.
It was part of a larger campaign that was formulated to undermine the authority and persuasiveness of union leadership. Boulware himself suggested that it was a comprehensive education and training path, including a constant flow of corporate messages and documents, in which the employer would try to convince both sides to avoid engaging in conduct that was contrary to their own interests. It is in concept an alternative to traditional collective bargaining.
In collective bargaining (union matters), such practices and associated tactics (Boulwarism) were found by the National Labor Relations Board to be an unfair labor practice in violation of the Wagner Act and the National Labor Relations Act on a number of different grounds, particularly by breaching of the duty to bargain in good faith, bypassing the union and appealing to the union membership directly.
# Pietro Martinelli

Pietro Martinelli was an Italian cyclist. He competed in the men's sprint event at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
# Majdan, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship

Majdan (Polish pronunciation:) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Ruciane-Nida, within Pisz County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of Ruciane-Nida, 22 km (14 mi) west of Pisz, and 67 km (42 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
# Ludovico Nogarola

Lodovico Nogarola (born August 30, 1490 - died 1558) was an Italian Renaissance humanist, politician, and man of letters.

## Biography

Lodovico Nogarola was born of an ancient noble family of Verona. He applied himself to the study of the Greek language, and acquired a high reputation by the various Latin versions of books written in that tongue. He was sent to the council of Trent, where he served as secretary at the theological discussions and gained much applause by a discourse pronounced by him on Saint Stephen's Day before the assembled legates and bishops. Nogarola's sermon is printed under the title: Oratio L. Nogarolae comitis habita in Concilio Tridentino divi Stephani celebritate MDXLV (Venice 1549). He died at Verona in 1558.

## Works

Of his many writings a large number remained unpublished. In 1549 he published at Venice, Apostolicæ Institutiones in parvum Libellum collectæ, to which he annexed his discourse delivered before the council of Trent. He also published Timotheus, sive de Nilo; Platonicæ Plutarchi Quæstiones in Latinum versæ, et Annotationibus illustratæ; a translation of a work of Ocellus Lucanus, De Universa Natura; Letter to Adamo Fumano, Canon of Verona, on the Persons of illustrious Italian Families who have written in Greek; this is given in the Supplementa et Observationes ad Vossium de Historicis Græcis et Latinis, by Johann Albert Fabricius, published at Hamburg in 1709; Scholia ad Themistii Paraphrasim in Aristotelis Librum Tertium de Anima, with a Latin translation of that work; and Disputatio super Reginæ Britannorum Divortio, a work on the divorce of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.
# I Wanna Have Some Fun (song)

"I Wanna Have Some Fun" is a pop–dance song performed by British singer Samantha Fox. It was written and produced by Full Force and was released in the last quarter of 1988 as the first American single from Fox' third album, I Wanna Have Some Fun (1988). In the US, the single was certified gold. In Europe and Australia, it was released as the album's third and final single in 1989.
The song samples Loleatta Holloway's song "Love Sensation" and Yazoo's "Situation". American drag queen, Pandora Boxx, released a cover of the song in 2012 featuring Tim Permanent.

## Critical reception

In an ironic review of 10 June 1989, the Betty Page, observer of British music newspaper Record Mirror, came to the conclusion that the pop-up gatefold sleeve of the single that she got was much more interesting than the music of the disc itself.

## Formats and track listings

* 7" single
* "I Wanna Have Some Fun" (7" version) – 4:08
* "Out of Our Hands" – 3:05
* UK / EU 12" single
* "I Wanna Have Some Fun" (extended version) – 5:08
* "Lovin' Don't Grow on Trees" – 4:11
* "I Wanna Have Some Fun" (Have Some Fun mix) – 6:08
* "Out of Our Hands" – 3:05
* US 12" single
* "I Wanna Have Some Fun" (extended version) – 5:08
* "I Wanna Have Some Fun" (UK single edit) – 4:08
* "I Wanna Have Some Fun" (Full Force single edit) – 4:37
* "I Wanna Have Some Fun" (Have Some Fun mix) – 6:08
* "I Wanna Have Some Fun" (album version) – 5:03
* "Don't Cheat on Me" – 3:04

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000$^^$ |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# Jorge Amaya (footballer)

Jorge Enrique Amaya Villalobos (born 9 October 1952) is a Chilean football manager and former footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Career

A midfielder, Amaya played for Naval, O'Higgins and Universidad Católica in his homeland. Abroad, he played for Luis Ángel Firpo in the Salvadoran top division.
A football manager who graduated in 1989, he has mainly worked in Paraguay. As assistant, he has served in clubs such as Cerro Porteño, Libertad and Rubio Ñu. As coach, he has worked for the reserves of Club Nacional, Rubio Ñu, 12 de Octubre, Sol de América and Olimpia. As head coach, he has worked for Atlántida, Tacuary and Sport Colombia as well as the Caaguazú city team.
In his homeland, he had a stint in the Colo-Colo youth ranks in 1995 alongside Oscar Paulín.
In Mexico, he has worked as coach of Manzanillo.
In Indonesia, he had stints with Persekabpas Pasuruan in 2007, coinciding with his compatriot Francisco Rotunno as player, and PSIR Rembang in 2011.
# Juan Rojas (footballer, born 1957)

Juan Daniel Rojas Carvacho (born 7 August 1957) is a Chilean former footballer who played as a forward for clubs in Chile and Mexico.

## Playing career

With an extensive career in his homeland, he made his debut in Aviación in 1975.
In the second level, he played for Independiente de Cauquenes and Malleco Unido.
In the Chilean Primera División, he also played for Coquimbo Unido, Magallanes, Colo-Colo and Unión Española.
Abroad, he played for the Mexican club Atlético Potosino in the 1988–89 season, coinciding with his compatriot Luis Castro.
His last club was Palestino in 1989 in the second level, taking part in the final match against Universidad de Chile.

## International career

Rojas made twelve appearances for the Chile national team in 1983, including two appearances in the 1983 Copa América.

## Personal life

Rojas was nicknamed El Rápido (The Fast One).

## Honours

Colo-Colo
* Chilean Primera División: 1983
* Copa Polla Gol: 1985
Chile
* Copa del Pacífico: 1983
# Eloy Vidal

Eloy Enrique Vidal Coloma (26 September 1951 – 6 April 2004), known as Paco Vidal in Belgium, was a Chilean professional footballer. He played as a defensive midfielder for clubs in Chile, Belgium and France.

## Career

A defensive midfielder, as a youth player, Vidal was with club Carlos Vial of the Asociación Osmán Pérez Freire from his city of birth, Valparaíso, moving after to Rangers de Talca.
In his homeland, he also played for Aviación (1974–75), and Naval (1976) in the top division.
With Rangers in the second division, they got promotion to the 1978 Primera División de Chile, after being the runner-up in the 1977 Segunda División de Chile.
In 1978 he emigrated to Europe and joined Royale Union in the Belgian second level for fourteen thousand dollars. In that club, he stood out playing alongside the Luxembourgian Paul Philipp.
His last clubs were Orange FC in France and both RRC Etterbeck and VEM Tombeek in Belgium.

## Post-retirement

He graduated as a football manager in Belgium, returned to Chile at the end of the 1990s and had a stint as coach of Quintero Unido in the Chilean fourth level in the 2000 season.
In his last years, he coached amateur teams in Arica such as Esmeralda, Emelnor and the team of former footballers of Santiago Wanderers who lived in that city. At the same time, he performed as player for clubs such as Adsubliata and Asoagro.

## Personal life

In Belgium, he was known as Paco Vidal.
In Valparaíso, before emigrating to Belgium, he was in a love relationship with Patricia Lazo Pinochet, with whom he had two children, Carolina and Christopher.
In Belgium, he married a Belgian citizen. After separating from her, he fell into a depression and alcoholism, became a homeless person in Arica, having previously lived along with his aunt Egea Vidal, and suffered cirrhosis.
He died in Arica due to a bronchopneumonia. His body was found inside a car where he used to stay overnight and preserved photos of his Belgian wife and letters for her.
# Latitude 87 degrees S

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#REDIRECT Antarctica
# Víctor Pizarro

Víctor Pizarro was a Chilean footballer.

## Honours
### Club
#### Unión Española

* Primera División de Chile (1): 1977

### Individual

* Primera División de Chile Top-Scorer (1): 1975
# Luis Marcoleta

Luis Antonio Marcoleta Yáñez (born 2 February 1959) is a Chilean former footballer and manager. He is the current manager of Santiago Morning.

## Honours
### Club
#### Player
##### América de Cali

* Primera División de Colombia: 1984

### Manager
#### Naval

* Tercera División de Chile (1): 1999

#### Ñublense

* Tercera División de Chile (1): 2004

#### Curicó Unido

* Primera B de Chile (1): 2008

#### San Marcos de Arica

* Primera B de Chile (2): 2012, 2013–14
# Jean-Pierre Crovetto

Jean-Pierre Crovetto (born 20 June 1942) is a Monegasque sailor. He competed in the Dragon event at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
# David J. Barram

David J. Barram (born December 27, 1943) is an American businessman who served as the United States Deputy Secretary of Commerce from 1993 to 1996 and as Administrator of the General Services Administration from 1996 to 2000.

## Government service

Before being selected to serve as Deputy Secretary of Commerce, he was known for recruiting leaders of Silicon Valley to support Bill Clinton's presidential campaign.
He began at the GSA as Acting Administrator in March 1996 before being unanimously confirmed as Administrator by the U.S. Senate on May 23, 1997. At the time, as GSA Administrator he oversaw 14,600 employees with an annual $13 billion budget.

## Private sector experience

Before his governmental positions, he worked in a variety of tech companies, including time as the CFO for Silicon Graphics and Apple.
# Horacio Díaz Luco

Manuel Horacio Díaz Luco (born 27 July 1943), known as Horacio Díaz Luco, is a Chilean former professional footballer who played as a centre-back for clubs in Chile, Costa Rica and El Salvador.

## Career

Born in Talcahuano, Chile, Díaz played for Santiago Wanderers in 1970.
Then he moved to Costa Rica, where he played for Herediano, Limón Sprite, Cartaginés, Municipal Turrialba and Municipal Limón, with whom he was the runner-up in the 1981 season. At the same time he was player of Limón Sprite, he performed as coach.
He also had a stint in El Salvador with Águila from 1975 to 1977, with whom he won the league title in 1975–76.

## Honours

Águila
* Salvadoran Primera División (2): 1975–76, 1976–77
# Fernando Cavalleri (footballer)

Fernando Oscar Cavalleri Guerrero (8 September 1949 – 3 October 2017) was an Argentine naturalized Chilean football player and manager.

## Playing career

Born in Rosario, Argentina, Cavalleri made his professional debut with Morning Star in his city of birth and then played for Gimnasia La Plata from 1965 to 1970, where he coincided with players such as Jorge Spedaletti, Hugo Gatti and Delio Onnis. In 1970 he emigrated to Chile to join Universidad de Chile, but he finally signed with Antofagasta Portuario in the Chilean Primera División.
After a stint in Bolivia with Jorge Wilstermann and Stormers, he returned to Antofagasta Portuario in 1973 and played in Chile until his retirement in 1984, becoming a historical player of Deportes Concepción.

## Managerial career

Cavalleri began his career in his country of birth with Atlético Paraná and Quilmes. Then he returned to Chile where he worked until 2010, with a stint in Venezuela with Deportivo Italchacao in the 1998–99 season, winning the league title.
He also was the assistant of both Nelson Acosta in Unión Española (1993) and César Vaccia in the Chile national under-20 team (2002–03). He led Chile U20 in the 2003 South American Championship since Vaccia was in charge of Chile at under-17 level.
He stood out as manager of Deportes Concepción by coaching them in 313 matches in total and having won the 1994 Segunda División de Chile.

## Personal life

Cavalleri naturalized Chilean by residence in 1980 and made his home in Chile.
In Argentina, he was nicknamed Petete, like a comics character, by their teams, but he was better known as Palito Cavalleri (Thin Stick) due to his thinness.
Cavalleri was the uncle of the professional footballer Matías Cavalleri.

## Honours

Deportes Concepción
* Chilean Segunda División: 1994
Deportivo Italchacao
* Venezuelan Primera División: 1998–99
# Mesosa affinis

Mesosa affinis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1936. It is known from Nepal and Bhutan.

## Subspecies

* Mesosa affinis affinis Breuning, 1936
* Mesosa affinis nepalica Holzschuh, 2003
# Zena El Khalil

Zena El Khalil (born 1976) is a Lebanese artist, writer, and activist.

## Biography

El Khalil attained her undergraduate degree from the American University in Beirut. In 2002 El Khalil received her Masters of Fine Arts from the School of Visual Arts in New York.
El Khalil works in a variety of formats ranging from painting, installation, performance, mixed media, writing, video, and collage. Themes that are central to her work include issues of violence as well as gender using materials found throughout Beirut. Photocopied images of militiamen and women, civilians and family members are embellished with plastic flowers, glitter, strings of lights, keffiyehs, plastic toy soldiers, toy AK-47s, arabesques, beads, fabrics, and other objects. She has had solo exhibitions in London, Munich, and Beirut. El Khalil currently lives and works in Beirut.
During the July War in Lebanon, El Khalil immediately began maintaining beirutupdate from her apartment in Beirut. Her blog was a personal account of the siege on Beirut that lasted for 33 days and its impact on her and the people around her. It quickly received international attention and was highly publicized on news portals such as CNN and the BBC. Excerpts were published in daily papers, including The Guardian and Der Spiegel Online. Her writing was also included in the anthology Lebanon, Lebanon published by Saqi Books. In the aftermath of that war, Zena El Khalil curated with Sandra Dagher Nafas Beirut, a multimedia exhibition including 40 artists testimonies of the war.
In 2008 El Khalil also completed her first novel, Beirut, I Love You. The book is a memoir about El Khalil's life from 1994 to the present and specifically focuses on growing up in Beirut during a period of immense turmoil. There are also rumors that the book is going to be made into a film.

## Work
### Solo exhibitions

* 2017 "Sacred Catastrophe: Healing Lebanon" - Beit Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
* 2008 "Maybe One Day Beirut Will Love Me Back." – The Flawless Gallery, Berardi-Sagharchi Projects London, UK
* 2006 "I Love You." – Espace SD, Beirut, Lebanon
* 2004 "Wahad Areese, Please!" ("A Husband, Please!") - Le Laboratoire, Espace SD, Beirut, Lebanon
* 2003 "of love and war..." – Signature Art Gallery, Lagos, Nigeria

### Selected group exhibitions

* 2013 "Arab Express: The Latest Art from the Arab World" Mori Art Museum, Tokyo, Japan
* 2013 "Art13 London" - Olympia Grand Hall, London, UK
* 2012 "Art is the Answer!" Villa Empain, Brussels, Belgium
* 2008 "But, I Can't Let Go" Galerie Tanit, Munich, Germany
* 2007 "The Resilient Landscape" – Ivan Dougherty Gallery, Sydney Australia
* "More Than Light Could Bear" – Art Lounge, Beirut, Lebanon
* "Ana "Njassa Al Fan" ("I Pear Art") – Dialogpunkt Deutsch, Tripoli, Lebanon
* 2006 "Pure Pop" – Art Lounge, Beirut, Lebanon
* "Nafas Beirut" – Espace SD Beirut, Lebanon
* "Imagining Ourselves" – International Museum of Women, San Francisco, USA
# Roberto Sinibaldi

Roberto Sinibaldi (born 2 August 1973) is an Italian former yacht racer who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics. He was born in Orbetello, Grosseto, Italy.
# Jessica Vall

Jessica Vall Montero (born 22 November 1988) is a Spanish competitive swimmer and breaststroke specialist. She has a degree in Biomedicine from the Universitat Pompeu Fabra and has worked at Barcelona's Biomedical Research Center. She swims for Club Natació Sant Andreu, where she has trained for over five years with her coach Jordi Jou, ex-elite swimmer also for C.N. Sant Andreu. Besides elite training, she is also working towards her master's degree in Bioethics from the Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM).

## Biography

Jessica Vall debuted internationally in the 2013 Mediterranean Games, where she swam the 200-meter breaststroke, 100-meter breaststroke, and 4 × 100 m medley relay. She won one gold and two silver medals.
She also took part in the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in the 50-meter and 200-meter breaststroke.
A year later, at the 2014 European Aquatics Championships, she won a bronze medal in the 200-meter breaststroke.
In the 2015 World Aquatics Championship in Kazan, Russia, Jessica took the bronze medal in the 200-meter breaststroke, setting a new Spanish record at 2:22:76. She tied for third with Danish swimmer Rikke Moller Pedersen and Chinese swimmer Shi Jinglin.
In 2016, at the Spanish Spring Open held in Sabadell from 19 to 22 March, Vall hit the Olympic minimum in the 100-meter breaststroke during her first swim, thus making her Spain's first member of the swim team going to the 2016 Summer Olympics. She also qualified for the 200-meter breaststroke later in that same meet. Her training partner at Club Natació Sant Andreu, teenage Africa Zamorano, was one of the surprises on the female Olympic squad, mainly made up of veterans: Mireia Belmonte, Melani Costa and Duane da Rocha.
Vall has been honored as Barcelona's "Female Athlete of the Year" by Barcelona's City Council in 2015.

### International Swimming League

In 2019 Vall was member of the 2019 International Swimming League representing Team Iron.
# Sdot Yam

Sdot Yam (Hebrew: שְׂדוֹת יָם, lit. Sea Fields) is a kibbutz in the Haifa District of Israel. Located on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hof HaCarmel Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 1,162.
It was founded in 1936 and moved to its present site at the southern border of the ancient city and archeological ruins of Caesarea, in 1940.

## History
### Northern location (1936–40)

Sdot Yam was established in 1936, in the region, just north of Haifa, called the Krayot. It was founded at the urging of David Ben-Gurion during the period when the British were refusing to allow Jews to enter Mandatory Palestine. It was ostensibly based on fishing, but was in reality a base for the Palmach used to smuggle clandestine immigrants, mostly Jewish refugees from Europe, into Palestine. Yossi Harel, famous for being the commander of SS Exodus and three other such ships, is buried at Sdot Yam.

### Permanent location (after 1940)

In 1940 the kibbutz was moved to its present location south of Caesarea. Its new residents were a gar'in from the Mahanot HaOlim youth group.

## Economy

The kibbutz originally based its economy on fishing, but today concentrates on land-based agriculture. It manages a banana plantation, avocado trees, and a herd of dairy cattle. The kibbutz's major source of income comes from the marketing and manufacturing of engineered quartz surfaces under the Caesarstone brand. In 2013, the kibbutz owned a 58 percent stake in the company, which makes stone counter tops for kitchens and bathrooms. It sold the majority of it in October 2012. .

## Landmarks

The Hannah Szenes house is a study center founded in the name of Hungarian-born Hannah Szenes and the other paratroopers who were sent from Mandatory Palestine to war-torn Europe in 1944 to save Hungarian Jews.

## Notable people

* Shimshon Brokman (born 1957), Olympic competitive sailor
* Nola Chilton, theatre-director, acting teacher, winner of the Israel Prize for Theater, 2013
* Gal Fridman (born 1975), Olympic gold-medal-winning windsurfer
* Aharon Megged, author and playwright
* Itzhak Nir (born 1940), Olympic competitive sailor
* Elam Rotem (born 1984 in Sdot Yam), Early music expert, especially of the Jewish-Italian Baroque composer Salamone Rossi
* Hannah Szenes, Special Operations Executive (SOE) paratrooper parachuted by the British Army into Yugoslavia during the Second World War to assist in the rescue of Hungarian Jews about to be deported to the German death camp at Auschwitz
* Gal Zukerman (born 2003), Olympic kite foiler
# Fânzeres

Fânzeres is a town and a former civil parish in the municipality of Gondomar, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Fânzeres e São Pedro da Cova. Its population is around 20,000.
Fânzeres station, the terminus of line F of the Porto Metro, is situated on Av. Prof. Dr. Anibal Cavaco Silva in the town.
# Średnie Wielkie

Średnie Wielkie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zagórz, within Sanok County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Zagórz, 17 km (11 mi) south of Sanok, and 72 km (45 mi) south of the regional capital Rzeszów.
# Świebodna

Świebodna (Polish:) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pruchnik, within Jarosław County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of Pruchnik, 20 km (12 mi) south-west of Jarosław, and 35 km (22 mi) east of the regional capital Rzeszów.
# Świerzowa Polska

Świerzowa Polska (Polish pronunciation:) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chorkówka, within Krosno County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Chorkówka, 4 km (2 mi) west of Krosno, and 45 km (28 mi) south-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.