OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Staphyloma

A staphyloma is an abnormal protrusion of the uveal tissue through a weak point in the eyeball. The protrusion is generally black in colour, due to the inner layers of the eye. It occurs due to weakening of outer layer of eye (cornea or sclera) by an inflammatory or degenerative condition. It may be of five types, depending on the location on the eyeball (bulbus oculi).

## Anterior (corneal) staphyloma

In the anterior segment of the eye, involving the cornea and the nearby sclera. It is an ectasia and outpouching of the pseudocornea ( the scar formed from organised exudates and fibrous tissue covered with epithelium over the iris) which results after total sloughing of cornea in sloughening corneal ulcer with iris plastered behind; the pseudocornea, being too weak to resist the IOP protrudes forward with the uveal tissue. This is known as anterior staphyloma.

## Intercalary staphyloma

It is the name given to the localised bulge in limbal area, lined by the root of the iris. It results due to ectasia of weak scar tissue formed at the limbus, following healing of a perforating injury or a peripheral corneal ulcer. There may be associated secondary angle closure glaucoma, may cause progression of the bulge if not treated. Defective vision occurs due to marked corneal astigmatism. Treatment consists of localised staphylectomy under heavy doses of oral steroids.

## Ciliary staphyloma

As the name implies, it is the bulge of weak sclera lined by ciliary body, which occurs about 2–3 mm away from the limbus. Its common causes are thinning of sclera following perforating injury, scleritis & absolute glaucoma. It is a part of anterior staphyloma.

## Equatorial staphyloma

On the equator of the eye (region circumferencing the largest diameter orthogonal to the visual axis). Its causes are scleritis & degeneration of sclera in pathological myopia. It occurs more commonly in the regions of sclera which are perforated by vortex veins.

## Posterior staphyloma

In the posterior segment of the eye, typically diagnosed at the region of the optic nerve or macula, deforming the eye in a way that the eye-length is extended associated with myopia (nearsightedness). It is diagnosed by ophthalmoscopy, which shows an area of retinal excavation in the region of the staphyloma.
# Ron Banfield

Ron Banfield (born 7 April 1933) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Kichan

Kichan (Armenian: Կիչան; Azerbaijani: Ballıqaya) is a village located in the Aghdara District of Azerbaijan, in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. The village had an ethnic Armenian-majority population until the exodus of the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh following the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh.

## History

During the Soviet period, the village was a part of the Mardakert District of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast.

## Historical heritage sites

Historical heritage sites in and around the village include the monastery of Anapat (Armenian: Անապատ) and a cemetery from between the 12th and 18th centuries, a 13th-century khachkar, an 18th-century chapel, and the 19th-century church of Surb Astvatsatsin (Armenian: Սուրբ Աստվածածին, lit. 'Holy Mother of God').

## Economy and culture

The population is mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. As of 2015, the village has a municipal building, a secondary school, two shops and a medical centre.

## Demographics

The village had 168 inhabitants in 2005, and 178 inhabitants in 2015.
# Jakub Plánička

Jakub Plánička (born 25 December 1984 in Ostrava) is a Czech football player who last played for the reserve team of ŠK Slovan Bratislava.
# Alfred Steen

Alfred Richard Steen (10 June 1896 – 4 March 1949) was a Norwegian freestyle swimmer. He was born in Brooklyn. He competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. He won a total of sixteen gold medals at the Norwegian championships.
# Preures

Preures (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France, crossed by the Baillons, a tributary of the Canche river, 15 km northeast of Montreuil-sur-Mer and 25 km south-east of Boulogne-sur-Mer.

## Population

The inhabitants are called Preurois or Preuroises.
# Petropavlovka, Sterlitamaksky District, Republic of Bashkortostan

Petropavlovka (Russian: Петропавловка) is a rural locality (a village) in Burikazganovsky Selsoviet, Sterlitamaksky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 12 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Petropavlovka is located 29 km northwest of Sterlitamak (the district's administrative centre) by road. Sadovka is the nearest rural locality.
# List of marine molluscs of Ireland

The list of marine molluscs of Ireland is a list of marine species that form a part of the molluscan fauna of Ireland.
Their habitats include littoral, mesopelagic, pelagic, oceanic zone, benthic, deep ocean water and deep sea.

## Class Aplacophora (worm-like molluscs)
### Subclass Solenogastres

There were recorded at least 2 species of solenogastres in Ireland.
Family Rhopalomeniidae
* Rhopalomenia aglaopheniae (Kowalewsky & Marion, 1887)
Family Neomeniidae
* Neomenia carinata Tullberg, 1875

### Subclass Caudofoveata

There was recorded at least 1 species of Caudofoveata in Ireland.
Family Chaetodermatidae
* Chaetoderma nitidulum Lovén, 1844

## Class Polyplacophora (sea cradles, loricates)

There were recorded at least 13 species of polyplacophorans in Ireland.
Family Acanthochitonidae
* Acanthochitona crinita (Pennant, 1777)
* Acanthochitona discrepans (Brown, 1827)
* Acanthochitona fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767)
Family Ischnochitonidae
* Lepidochitona cinerea (Linnaeus, 1767)
* Tonicella marmorea (Fabricius, 1780)
* Tonicella rubra (Linnaeus, 1767)
Family Leptochitonidae
* Callochiton achatinus (Brown, 1827)
* Callochiton septemvalvis (Montagu, 1803)
* Hanleya hanleyi (Bean in Thorpe, 1844)
* Lepidopleurus asellus (Gmelin, 1791)
* Lepidopleurus cancellatus (Sowerby, 1839)
* Leptochiton asellus (Gmelin, 1791)
* Leptochiton cancellatus (G. B. Sowerby II, 1840)

## Class Scaphopoda (tusk shells, tooth shells)

There were recorded at least 2 species of tusk shells in Ireland.
Family Dentaliidae
* Antalis entalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Antalis vulgaris (da Costa, 1778)

## Class Cephalopoda (inkfish)

There were recorded at least 5 species of cephalopods in Ireland.
Family Octopodidae (most octopuses)
* Eledone cirrhosa (Lamarck, 1798)
* Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797
Family Sepiolidae
* Rossia macrosoma (Delle Chiaje, 1829)
* Sepiola atlantica d'Orbigny, 1839
Family Architeuthidae (giant squid)
* Architeuthis dux Steenstrup, 1857
# Dean Chapman

Dean Cyril Chapman (2 January 1931 – 22 March 1965) was an Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He previously played for Melbourne's reserves before being cleared to St Kilda in April 1948.
Chapman was captain-coach of the Coolamon Football Club in the South West Football League (New South Wales) in 1953 and 1954., who finished eighth, with one win and thirteen losses in 1953 and 9th in 1954.
Chapman represented the SWDFL representative team against the Albury & District Football League in 1954.
# Chaharduli-ye Gharbi Rural District

Chaharduli-ye Gharbi Rural District (Persian: دهستان چهاردولي غربي) is in Chaharduli District of Qorveh County, Kurdistan province, Iran. It is administered from the city of Dezej.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 8,164 in 1,826 households. There were 8,048 inhabitants in 2,255 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 7,614 in 2,252 households. The most populous of its 30 villages was Meyham-e Sofla, with 1,422 people.
# Nzappa zap

The Nzappa zap (also referred to as zappozap, nsapo, kilonda, kasuyu) is a traditional weapon from the Congo similar to an axe or hatchet.

## Uses

It has an ornate wrought-iron blade connected to a club-like wooden handle, often clad in copper, bronze or brass.
Largely ceremonial, it can be used much like the American tomahawk, both thrown for short distances and wielded as a weapon in hand-to-hand combat. It differs from the usual axe style, in that the blade mounts to looping prongs that affix to the shaft.
This weapon is from the upper Congo region and was used in battle. It was usually crafted by the Nsapo people who thrived industrially from iron and copper. The blade is forged from iron and the handle is made of wood covered in copper. The Nzappa Zap has a club like handle that flares at the base and has a rounded head. The blade is also attached through a post extending from the handle. Nzappa Zaps sometimes has two or three human faces in the iron head. The axe is ceremonial and usually kept and carried by the chiefs of the Songye. The weapon holds power and significance among the people. The axe was used in battle, as a status symbol, and also as a form of currency in trade.
The weapon is the etymological base of the name "Zappo Zap", an infamous Songye tribal group once active in the Congo Free State.

## Gallery

* Nzappa zap, Brooklyn Museum
* Nzappa zap or Kilonda
* Nzappa zap or Kilonda with full blade
* Nsapo axe
* Nsapo with thin blade
* Ceremonial axe
# Jan Penc

Jan Penc (born 31 January 1982) is a professional Czech football player, who most recently played for FC Oberlausitz Neugersdorf
# Olav Sundal

Olav Johan Sundal (8 August 1899 – 21 January 1978) was a Norwegian gymnast who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was part of the Norwegian team, which won the gold medal in the gymnastics men's team, free system event. His interment was at Vestre gravlund.
# Adeliza Basset

Adeliza Basset (née de Dunstanville, died in or after 1210) was an English noblewoman. She was the daughter of Alan Dunstanville. She married Thomas Basset of Hedendon and their children were sons Gilbert, Thomas and Alan and daughters Alice who married William Malet, and Isabel who married Guy de Craon.
# Achyuta

In Hinduism, Achyuta (Sanskrit: अच्युत, lit. 'the infallible one', IAST: Acyuta) is an epithet of Vishnu and appears as the 100th and 318th names in the Vishnu Sahasranama. It is also often used in the Bhagavad Gita as a personal name of Krishna. According to Adi Shankara's commentary on the 1000 Names of Vishnu, Achyuta means "one who will never lose his inherent nature and powers". The name also means "immovable", "unchangeable", and as such is used for "the one who is without the six transformations, beginning with birth".

## Literature

* "Arjuna said: O infallible one (Achyuta), please draw up my chariot between the two armies so that I may see those present here desiring to fight, and know with whom I must contend in this great trial of arms." (Bhagavad Gita Chapter 1, verses 21-22)
* Arjuna speaking: "Thinking of You as my friend, I have rashly addressed You "O Krishna", "O Yadava", "O my friend", not knowing Your glories. Please forgive whatever I may have done in madness or in love. I have dishonoured You many times, jesting as we relaxed, lay on the same bed, or sat or ate together, sometimes alone and sometimes in front of many friends. O infallible one (Acyuta), please excuse me for all those offences." (Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 11, verses 41-42)
* Arjuna speaking: "Destroyed is my delusion, as I have gained my memory (knowledge) through your grace, O Achyuta. I stand firm with my doubts dispelled. I shall act according to your word." (Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 18, verse 73)
# Brian Bennett (footballer)

Brian Bennett (born 15 June 1938) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Orlando H. Garrido

Orlando H. Garrido (1 March 1931 – 24 June 2024) was a Cuban biologist and tennis player.

## Life and career

A native of Havana, Garrido was born on 1 March 1931. He was a University of Miami collegiate player, and represented Cuba in the Davis Cup from 1950 to 1959. He featured in the singles main draw at Wimbledon five times and in 1956 made the fourth round in mixed doubles. In 1959 he was beaten by his brother Reynaldo in the singles final of the Canadian championships.
Garrido, a renowned naturalist, is credited with the description of over 100 birds, insect taxa and reptiles.
Two species of Cuban lizards are named in his honor: Anolis garridoi and Diploglossus garridoi.
Garrido died on 24 June 2024, at the age of 93.
# Jiří Novotný (futsal player)

Jiří Novotný (born 12 July 1988), is a Czech futsal player who plays for Bohemians and the Czech Republic national futsal team.
# Cody Caetano

Cody Caetano is a Canadian writer from Toronto, Ontario, whose debut memoir Half-Bads in White Regalia was the winner of the Indigenous Voices Award for English prose in 2023.
Caetano, of mixed Portuguese and Anishinaabe descent, studied creative writing at the University of Toronto, where he wrote the book under the mentorship of Lee Maracle. The book is a memoir of his tumultuous childhood as the son of a Portuguese immigrant father and an indigenous mother from the Pinaymootang First Nation who was a survivor of the Sixties Scoop, after they moved to the hamlet of Happyland in Severn, Ontario, near Orillia.
Prior to its publication, excerpts from the manuscript won the Indigenous Voices Award for unpublished English prose in 2020. The book was published in 2022 by Penguin Random House Canada. It was named as one of the best Canadian non-fiction books of the year by CBC Books, and The Globe and Mail, was named to the initial longlist for the 2023 edition of Canada Reads and the 2023 Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour, and was a finalist for the 2023 Edna Staebler Award.
In 2023 he served as writer-in-residence for the Whistler Writers Festival.
# Luis Villavicencio

Luis Villavicencio (born 3 February 1950) is a Guatemalan footballer. He competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1976 Summer Olympics.
# Ray Landorf

Ray Landorf (born 24 January 1938) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Jur River

The Jur River ( Luo River) is a river in western South Sudan, flowing through the Bahr el Ghazal and Equatoria regions. About 485 kilometres (301 mi) long, it flows north and northeast, joining the Bahr el Ghazal River on the western side of the Sudd wetlands. The Jur River (Luo River) is part of the Nile basin, as the Bahr al-Ghazal flows into the White Nile.
The Luo River is a seasonal stream. Its discharge can reach 400 m$^3$/s (14,300 cu ft/s) in September.
The upper course of the Luo River is also called the Sue.

## Course

The Jur River's headwaters flow from the Congo-Nile Divide, which separates the Nile and Congo River basins, along South Sudan's border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic. The main tributaries being the Sue River (itself sometimes called the Jur), Busseri River, Wau River, and Numatinna River. The spelling and precise meaning of these river names differ among sources. The tributaries come together near Wau, the capital of the state of Western Bahr el Ghazal.
Below Wau the Jur River bends eastward, entering the swampy Sudd region. Due to the nature of the wetlands it is not always clear whether one river flows into another or merely merges in the general Sudd swamps. Some sources cite the Lol River as a tributary of the Jur while others do not. Some sources say the Jur joins the Bahr al-Arab and the confluence marks the start of the Bahr el Ghazal, but more recent sources say that the Jur joins the Bahr el Ghazal at Lake Ambadi and that the Bahr al-Arab joins the Bahr el Ghazal some distance downriver from Lake Ambadi.
According to author Mamdouh Shahin, the Lol, Jur, Tonj, Bahr al-Arab, and others streams, are all tributaries of the Bahr el Ghazal, but that their channels disappear in the wetlands before reaching any outlet.

## History

Among the ethnic groups living in the Jur basin are the Dinka, and Luo who call themselves Jo-luo. "Jur" is a Dinka word for "alien" or "non-Dinka".
The Jur River was explored by John Petherick between 1853 and 1865. In 1897–98 the Jur River was carefully surveyed throughout its course by Lieutenant A.H. Dyé and other members of a French mission under Jean-Baptiste Marchand during the Scramble for Africa.
# Orlando Lanza

Orlando Lanza (2 January 1932 – 10 December 1999) was a Cuban rower. He competed in the men's coxless four event at the 1956 Summer Olympics.
# Jaroslav Nesvadba

Jaroslav Nesvadba (born 5 May 1982) is a Czech footballer who plays for FK Přepeře.
Nesvadba previously played in the Czech Gambrinus liga with FK Jablonec 97 and FK Mladá Boleslav. He had a brief spells in the Russian Premier League with FC Zenit Saint Petersburg, where he played for their reserves, and the Croatian First League with NK Inter Zaprešić.
# Logarithmic Schrödinger equation

In theoretical physics, the logarithmic Schrödinger equation (sometimes abbreviated as LNSE or LogSE) is one of the nonlinear modifications of Schrödinger's equation, first proposed by Gerald H. Rosen in its relativistic version (with D'Alembertian instead of Laplacian and first-order time derivative) in 1969. It is a classical wave equation with applications to extensions of quantum mechanics, quantum optics, nuclear physics, transport and diffusion phenomena, open quantum systems and information theory, effective quantum gravity and physical vacuum models and theory of superfluidity and Bose–Einstein condensation. It is an example of an integrable model.

## The equation

The logarithmic Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation. In mathematics and mathematical physics one often uses its dimensionless form: $i{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial t}}+\nabla ^{2}\psi +\psi \ln |\psi |^{2}=0.$ for the complex-valued function ψ = ψ(x, t) of the particles position vector x = (x, y, z) at time t, and $\nabla ^{2}\psi ={\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial y^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial z^{2}}}$ is the Laplacian of ψ in Cartesian coordinates. The logarithmic term $\psi \ln |\psi |^{2}$ has been shown indispensable in determining the speed of sound scales as the cubic root of pressure for Helium-4 at very low temperatures. This logarithmic term is also needed for cold sodium atoms. In spite of the logarithmic term, it has been shown in the case of central potentials, that even for non-zero angular momentum, the LogSE retains certain symmetries similar to those found in its linear counterpart, making it potentially applicable to atomic and nuclear systems.
The relativistic version of this equation can be obtained by replacing the derivative operator with the D'Alembertian, similarly to the Klein–Gordon equation. Soliton-like solutions known as Gaussons figure prominently as analytical solutions to this equation for a number of cases.
# List of newspapers in Niue

This is a list of newspapers in Niue. There is only one Niuean newspaper currently in circulation: the privately owned Niue Star. Tohi Tala Niue, a government publication, is no longer in circulation.
* Niue Star (weekly)
* Tohi Tala Niue (defunct)
# Speaker of the Assembly of Kosovo

The Speaker of the Assembly of Kosovo (Albanian: Kryetari i Kuvendit të Kosovës, literally translated as President of the Assembly of Kosovo, or Albanian: Kryeparlamentari, literally translated as Speaker of the Parliament, Serbian: Председник Скупштине Косова/ Predsednik Skupštine Kosova, literally translated as President of the Assembly of Kosovo) is the presiding officer of the Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo, who is elected by the parliament during the opening session. The position also ranks first in the presidential line of succession. The current speaker of the Assembly of Kosovo is Glauk Konjufca.

## Chairmen of the Assembly of Kosovo

| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Term of office | Term of office | Political party |
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Political party |
| Act. | | Hans Hækkerup (1945–2013) | 10 December 2001 | 10 December 2001 | 0 days | Independent |
| 1 | | Nexhat Daci (born 1944) | 10 December 2001 | 10 March 2006 | 4 years, 90 days | Democratic League of Kosovo |
| 2 | | Kolë Berisha (1947–2021) | 10 March 2006 | 12 December 2007 | 1 year, 277 days | Democratic League of Kosovo |
| 3 | | Jakup Krasniqi (born 1951) | 12 December 2007 | 17 July 2014 | 6 years, 218 days | Democratic Party of Kosovo (until 2014) |
| | | Jakup Krasniqi (born 1951) | 12 December 2007 | 17 July 2014 | 6 years, 218 days | Social Democratic Initiative (from 2014) |
| Act. | | Flora Brovina (born 1949) | 17 July 2014 | 8 December 2014 | 144 days | Democratic Party of Kosovo |
| 4 | | Kadri Veseli (born 1966) | 8 December 2014 | 3 August 2017 | 2 years, 238 days | Democratic Party of Kosovo |
| Act. | | Adem Mikullovci (1937–2020) | 3 August 2017 | 7 September 2017 | 35 days | Vetëvendosje |
| (4) | | Kadri Veseli (born 1966) | 7 September 2017 | 26 December 2019 | 2 years, 110 days | Democratic Party of Kosovo |
| Act. | | Jahja Kokaj (born 1948) | 26 December 2019 | 26 December 2019 | 0 days | Vetëvendosje |
| 5 | | Glauk Konjufca (born 1981) | 26 December 2019 | 3 February 2020 | 39 days | Vetëvendosje |
| 6 | | Vjosa Osmani (born 1982) | 3 February 2020 | 22 March 2021 | 1 year, 47 days | Democratic League of Kosovo (until 2020) |
| | | Vjosa Osmani (born 1982) | 3 February 2020 | 22 March 2021 | 1 year, 47 days | Guxo (from 2020) |
| Act. | | Avni Dehari (born 1947) | 22 March 2021 | 22 March 2021 | 0 days | Vetëvendosje |
| (5) | | Glauk Konjufca (born 1981) | 22 March 2021 | Incumbent | 3 years, 279 days | Vetëvendosje |
# Robert Ssentongo (footballer)

Robert Ssentongo (born 5 June 1988) is an Ugandan international footballer who plays for Kyetume FC, as a striker.

## Club career

Born in Kampala, Ssentongo has played club football for Simba, SC Villa, Kampala City Council, Brabrand, African Lyon, URA, Saint George, Fasil Kenema, and Kyetume FC.
He scored a hat trick in the FUFA Big League promotion playoffs final in 2019 to help Kyetume FC earn promotion to the top flight for the first time.
In 2018 he signed for Kyetume FC.

## International career

He made his senior international debut for Uganda in 2004, and has appeared in FIFA World Cup qualifying matches. He was the top scorer at the 2012 Cecafa-Tusker Challenge Cup. He was a squad member at the 2016 African Nations Championship.

## Honours
### Individual

* Cecafa-Tusker Challenge Cup top scorer (1): 2012
* Uganda Premier League top scorer (4): 2004, 2011–12, 2014–15, 2015–16
* Uganda Premier League Team of the Season (1): 2015–16
# Fred Harris (Australian footballer)

Fred Harris (16 January 1937 – 13 January 2019) was an Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).