OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Back pressure

Back pressure (or backpressure) is the term for a resistance to the desired flow of fluid through pipes. Obstructions or tight bends create backpressure via friction loss and pressure drop.
In distributed systems in particular event-driven architecture, back pressure is a technique to regulate flow of data, ensuring that components do not become overwhelmed.

## Explanation

A common example of backpressure is that caused by the exhaust system (consisting of the exhaust manifold, catalytic converter, muffler and connecting pipes) of an automotive four-stroke engine, which has a negative effect on engine efficiency, resulting in a decrease of power output that must be compensated by increasing fuel consumption.
In a piston-ported two-stroke engine, however, the situation is more complicated, due to the need to prevent unburned fuel/air mixture from passing right through the cylinders into the exhaust. During the exhaust phase of the cycle, backpressure is even more undesirable than in a four-stroke engine, as there is less time available for exhaust and the lack of pumping action from the piston to force the exhaust out of the cylinder. However, since the exhaust port necessarily remains open for a time after scavenging is completed, unburned mixture can follow the exhaust out of the cylinder, wasting fuel and increasing pollution. This can only be prevented if the pressure at the exhaust port is greater than that in the cylinder. Since the timing of this process is determined mainly by exhaust system geometry, which is extremely difficult to make variable, correct timing and therefore optimum engine efficiency can typically only be achieved over a small part of the engine's range of operating speed.

## Liquid chromatography

Back pressure is the term used for the hydraulic pressure required to create a flow through a chromatography column in high-performance liquid chromatography, the term deriving from the fact that it is generated by the resistance of the column, and exerts its influence backwards on the pump that must supply the flow. Back-pressure is a useful diagnostic feature of problems with the chromatography column. Rapid chromatography is favoured by columns packed with very small particles, which create high back-pressures. Column designers use "kinetic plots" to show the performance of a column at a constant back-pressure, usually selected as the maximum that a system's pump can reliably produce.
# Trichopoda lanipes

Trichopoda lanipes is a species of bristle fly in the family Tachinidae.

## Distribution

Canada, United States, Mexico.

## Hosts

Acanthocephala femorata, Archimerus alternatus, Nezara viridula, Podisus maculiventris.
# Zavirre Carcereri

Zavirre Annibale Carcereri (12 April 1876 – 4 June 1951) was an Italian wrestler. He competed in the middleweight event at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
# Mauro Cichero (footballer, born 1951)

Luigi Mauro Cichero (16 October 1951 – 20 January 2019) was a footballer who played as a central defender. Born in Italy, he represented Venezuela internationally. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

## Early life

Cichero was born in Genoa, Italy and spent his early life there until he was 14, when his family moved to Venezuela.

## Playing career

Cichero played professionally in Venezuela for Deportivo Italia, Unión Deportiva Canarias, and ULA Mérida during the 1970s. He made a name for himself in Venezuela thanks to his skill, resulting in the opportunity to go to Italy and went on trial with AC Milan. While he did not make the team, he ended up moving to Serie B club Grosseto.
He also represented the Venezuela national team. His first appearances came at the seven team 1980 Olympic qualifying tournament. They came in 4th did not originally qualify for the 1980 Summer Olympics, however, Argentina was part of the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott, thereby vacating their spot, allowing Venezuela to compete in the Olympic football tournament, where he played three games and served as team captain. He also continued to represent the national team afterwards.

## Post-playing career

After retiring from professional football, he began his coaching career. He began working at the football school of the Colegio Campo Alegre de las Mercedes in Caracas, Venezuela and became a professor of Sport Sciences at a school and established a football program there. In 1999, he moved to Norman, Oklahoma to become the Director of Coaching for the Norman Youth Soccer Association. In 2003, he was named as the head coach of the St. Gregory's University men's soccer team in Oklahoma.
He died on 20 January 2019 in the United States, following a battle with cancer.

## Personal life

He is the father of professional football players Alejandro Cichero, Gabriel Cichero, and Mauro Cichero.
# Grzegrzółki

Grzegrzółki (German: Kukukswalde) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pasym, within Szczytno County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.
It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-east of Pasym, 15 km (9 mi) north-west of Szczytno, and 27 km (17 mi) south-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
# Virgile Naz

Sir Virgile Naz (1825-1901) was a Mauritian lawyer, businessman and politician who was elected in British Mauritius to the Council of the Government of Mauritius, the predecessor of modern-day National Assembly or Parliament.

## Early life

Virgile Naz was born in the Seychelles to his mother Marie Joséphine Délande and father Jean Baptiste Naz in 1825. He grew up on the island of Mauritius and studied law.

## Career

Sir Virgile Naz practiced as a lawyer. He was elected as President of the Chamber of Agriculture of Mauritius over 4 terms (1865-1865, 1869-1869, 1877-1877 and 1881-1881).
Between 1882 and 1889 Sir Virgile Naz gathered support from the inhabitants of the village of Curepipe to create the Board des Commissaires de Curepipe with the goal of solving civil problems caused by the rapid development of the new village which had been founded in 1878. When the status of the village of Curepipe was changed to that of town Governor Sir Charles Lees named Sir Virgile Naz as the first President of the Board. The Board commissioned a network of 80 asphalted roads, built a bridge, drains, public gardens, nursery at Bois et Fôret, new Carnegie Library, a slaughter house, Cité Pitot and Salaffa Shopping Centre.

## Politics

Naz formed part of the pro-Hennessy Reform Party (also known as The Oligarchs) of Sir William Newton (Mauritius). Their main rivals formed part of the anti-Hennessy party Democrats which was led by Gustave de Coriolis and Onésipho Beaugeard. Virgile Naz was a member of the Council of the Government of Mauritius for a number of years.
Virgile Naz as well as Lois Raoul and William Newton are credited with being instrumental in ushering in the radical reforms which became known as the Constitutional Reform of 1885.
At the 1886 elections Naz was elected in the constituency of Souillac. It was following Sir Virgile Naz's recommendation that Governor John Pope Hennessy nominated Gnanadicarayen Arlanda as the first Indo-Mauritian to serve as member of the Legislative Council in 1886.

## Recognition

Virgile Naz was decorated as Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1874 in recognition for his contributions to Mauritian society. In 1880 he was further honored with the title Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG).
In the town of Rose Hill a street which connects Vandermeersch Street to Julius Nyerere Street is named after him. Another street in the capital city of Port Louis also bears his name, extending from Jules Koenig Street, through China Town to Sir Edgar Laurent Street in Plaine Verte.
# Fernando Hurtado (footballer, born 1983)

Fernando Javier Hurtado Pérez (born 5 April 1983) is a Chilean footballer that currently plays for Deportes Antofagasta as a goalkeeper.

## Club career

Born in the capital city Santiago de Chile, prior to moving to Antofagasta Region, he attended to Instituto Alonso de Ercilla where did the high school. Once settled in his country's second region, he joined to Cobreloa youth ranks.
Hurtado began his career at Deportes Antofagasta, but the most part of his career was developed in Chilean powerhouse Cobreloa. In that team he was the first-choice keeper during five years (2005—2010), becoming a club's important player in the 2000s.
From 2005 to 2010, he played as first-choice keeper for Cobreloa.
In 2011, he signed for Unión San Felipe, but didn't play any game in the year due to an achilles tendon injury.
In 2012, Hurtado returned to Antofagasta. In 2022, he switched to Santiago Wanderers, spending three seasons with them. He returned again to Deportes Antofagasta for the 2025 season.

## International career

His performances in Cobreloa allowed him to be called for the Chilean national team’s 2007 Copa América 23-roster man.
On 16 May 2007, Hurtado made his international debut for Chile in a 2–0 win over Cuba at Estadio Germán Becker, being replaced for Javier di Gregorio in the 85th minute, during a friendly match played in Temuco. The scores for Chile were of the striker Roberto Gutiérrez in the 40th minute and the playmaker Daniel González — then player of O'Higgins — in the 70th minute.
After a game against Haiti on May 23, 2007, it was reported that Miguel Pinto refused the nomination from coach Nelson Acosta, because he said him that would be the third choice goalkeeper for the Copa América. In the face of that, Hurtado replaced Pinto and join of the squad, being the third choice keeper finally.
# Amman Jalmaani

Amman Jalmaani (December 15, 1948 – November 23, 2021) was a Filipino swimmer who competed in the Summer Olympics and the Asian Games.

## Career

Jalmaani competed at the 1964, 1968 and the 1972 Summer Olympics. He also participated at the 1966 Asian Games where he won two bronze medals, and the 1970 Asian Games, winning three silver medals. His last major competition was the 1974 Asian Games in Tehran where he clinched a bronze medal.

## Later life and death

After his retirement, Jalmaani resided in Zamboanga City and served in the Armed Forces of the Philippines. He died in Zamboanga City on November 23, 2021.
# Gródki, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship

Gródki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płośnica, within Działdowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Płośnica, 11 km (7 mi) west of Działdowo, and 69 km (43 mi) south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.
# Plastic film

Plastic film is a thin continuous polymeric material. Thicker plastic material is often called a "sheet". These thin plastic membranes are used to separate areas or volumes, to hold items, to act as barriers, or as printable surfaces.
Plastic films are used in a wide variety of applications. These include: packaging, plastic bags, labels, building construction, landscaping, electrical fabrication, photographic film, film stock for movies, video tape, etc.

## Materials

Almost all plastics can be formed into a thin film. Some of the primary ones are:
* Polyethylene – The most common plastic film is made of one of the varieties of polyethylene: low-density polyethylene, medium-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, or linear low-density polyethylene.
* Polypropylene – Polypropylene can be made a cast film, biaxially oriented film (BOPP), or as a uniaxially oriented film.
* Polyester – BoPET is a biaxially oriented polyester film.
* Nylon – BOPA/BON is a Biaxially Oriented Polyamide/Nylon - (Commonly known as Nylon)
* Polyvinyl chloride – film can be with or without a Plasticizer
* Cellulose acetate - an early bioplastic.
* Cellophane - made of regenerated cellulose.
* A variety of bioplastics and biodegradable plastics are available.
* Semiembossed film – Used as a liner to the calendered rubber to retain the properties of rubber and also to prevent dust and other foreign matters from sticking to the rubber while calendering and during storage.

## Processes

Plastic films are usually thermoplastics and are formed by melting for forming the film.
* Cast – Plastics extrusion can cast film which is cooled or quenched then wound up on a roll.
* Extruded film can be stretched, thinned, or oriented in one or two directions. Blown or tubular process forces air into an extruded ring to expand the film. Flat tenter frames stretch the extruded film before annealing.
* Calender rolls can be used to form film from hot polymers
* Solution deposition is another film forming process.
* Skiving is used to scrape off a film from a solid core (sometimes used to make PTFE thread seal tape)
* Coextrusion involves extruding two or more layers of dissimilar polymers into a single film
* Lamination combines two or more films (or other materials) into a sandwich.
* Extrusion coating is used to form a film onto another film or substrate.

## Further processing

Plastic films are typically formed into rolls by roll slitting. Often additional coating or printing operations are also used. Films can be modified by physical vapor deposition to make metallised films. Films can be subjected to corona treatment or plasma processing; films can have release agents applied as needed.
# Richard Snowden (judge)

Sir Richard Andrew Snowden, PC (born 22 March 1962), styled Lord Justice Snowden, is a Lord Justice of Appeal.

## Biography

Snowden was educated at Downing College, Cambridge, and Harvard Law School. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1986, and elected a Bencher in 2010. He was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 2003, a Recorder in 2006, and a Deputy High Court Judge in 2008. He was a member of the Insolvency Rules Committee between 2002 and 2012. He also edited several works on company and insolvency law.
Snowden was appointed a Justice of the High Court (Chancery Division) on 30 April 2015, following the elevation of Mr Justice Sales to the Court of Appeal, and received the customary knighthood the same year.
On 19 September 2019, Snowden took on the role of Vice-Chancellor of the County Palatine and became Supervising Judge of the Business and Property Courts for the North and North-Eastern Circuits following Mr Justice Barling's retirement.
On 31 August 2021, it was announced that Snowden would be promoted to the Court of Appeal. He was appointed to the Privy Council on 15 December 2021.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Richard Snowden :
* MottoConstantia Et Fortitudine
# Rigiolepis

Rigiolepis is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Ericaceae.
Its native range is Malesia.
Species:
* Rigiolepis adenopoda (Sleumer) Argent
* Rigiolepis andersonii (Sleumer) Argent
# William Wilson (swimmer)

William Wilson (born 19 November 1964) is a Filipino former swimmer. He competed in four events at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Father of Brock and Brodhi
# Kannamma (film)

Kannamma is a 2005 Indian Tamil language film directed by S. S. Baba Vikram, starring Meena as the titular character along with Prem Kumar and Bose Venkat. The script was written by M. Karunanidhi.

## Plot

The story is that of a rich medical student named Kannamma, who falls in love with Anandan after he saves her from an acid attack by her driver Babu. Anand's friend Madan becomes Kannamma's ever-vigilant sentinel, risking his own marriage with Mala. Kannamma learns of Anand's martyrdom through TV. Her baby is disputed, and she is brought before a village council.

## Cast

* Meena as Kannamma
* Prem Kumar as Anandan
* Bose Venkat as Madan
* Vindhya as Mala
* Karate Raja as Babu
* Vadivukkarasi
* Vaiyapuri
* Kuyili
* Chandrasekhar

## Production

The film marked the comeback of M. Karunanidhi to films as a screenwriter after Puthiya Parasakthi (1996). Abitha was initially considered for the lead role before Meena took over. Filming began in October 2004.

## Soundtrack

Music was composed by S. A. Rajkumar and released on Star Music.

## Reception

Rediff.com wrote that "It is quite obvious that the director has not updated himself on how films are made today, in 2005. This film may have worked if it were made in the early 1960s". Sify wrote "So much was expected out of the film but sadly this amateurish attempt of director SS Baba Vikram made the film look like a B grade ‘masala’ flick with item numbers devoid of any cinematic qualities. DMK cadres are sure to be disappointed that there are not enough punchline dialogues and the film is too dry and dull to absorb for nearly 150 minutes".
Malini Mannath of Chennai Online wrote, "It's amteurish [sic] work from scene one to the last scene, with hardly anything commendable about it. But one has to accept that here at least Kalaignar Karunanidhi's script and dialogue and Baba's narration move in tandem, matching perfectly well as the story moves through it's [sic] dreary journey!". Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu wrote, "FOR THOSE who savour M. Karunanidhi's proficiency in the Tamil language, as evinced in his dialogue for films for more than five decades now, Baba Cine Films' "Kalaignarin Kannamma," (U), directed by Baba Vikram should prove a nostalgic trip. The play on words, imagery and alliterations that fall in place so spontaneously are a treat for the philologist". The film bombed at the box-office.
# Issyk (river)

The Issyk (Kazakh: Есік, romanized: Esik) is a river in Kazakhstan that crosses the Issyk Lake (not to be confused with the much greater Issyk Kul Lake in Kyrgyzstan) and the town of Esik. It is a tributary of the river Ili.
One of the largest rivers on the northern slope of the Trans-Ili Alatau, its headwaters come from 32 active glaciers that cover an area of 43 square kilometres (17 sq mi). The largest glaciers are the Zharsai with an exposed length of 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi) and an area of 6.37 square kilometres (2.46 sq mi), the Grigoriev with a length of 3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi) and an area of 5.86 square kilometres (2.26 sq mi), and the Pal'gov at 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi) long with a surface of 6.95 square kilometres (2.68 sq mi). They descend from the crest of the main divide, which has an average absolute height of more than 4,000 metres (13,000 ft). Within the mountains the river is 22 kilometres (14 mi) long, the gradient of its longitudinal profile is 102 metres (335 ft) per kilometer, and the basin area is 210 square kilometres (81 sq mi).
In its upper reaches the river flows down a very steep slope (10-15°) over the deposits of a moraine overgrown with some vegetation and forms a deep (as much as 70 m) canyon; then, in front of the terminal vegetation-free moraine of the Pal'gov glacier, its longitudinal profile flattens out abruptly. Here the river forms numerous branches over an outwash plain. Below Lake Akkul' (its absolute elevation is 3,140 m), the longitudinal profile undergoes another sharp drop because of a large mountainous obstruction damming the lake and, perhaps, because of moraines buried under the obstruction.
In 1963, the overspill of Issyk Lake caused a large flood.
# Akhsarbek Galazov

Akhsarbek Khadzhimurzayevich Galazov (Russian: Ахсарбе́к Хаджимурза́евич Гала́зов; Ossetian: Галазты Хадзымырзайы фырт Æхсарбег; October 15, 1929 – April 10, 2013) was a Russian scientist and politician. Galazov was born in Pravoberezhny District, at the time part of the Soviet Union. He served as president of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania (Russia) from 1994 until 1998. In 1938 his father Hadzhimurza Ilyasovich was illegally detained by the Soviet government and several years later died in prison.

## Education and Employment

In 1952, he graduated from the State Pedagogical Institute of North Ossetia. From 1952-1958 he worked as a teacher of Russian language and literature and was director of studies at Humalagskoy Secondary School. From 1958 to 1959 he was superintendent of schools of the Ministry of Education of the Soviet Socialist Republic of North Ossetia. From 1959-1960 he served as Director of the Institute of Teachers.
From 1961 to 1975 he was Minister of Education of North Ossetia.
From 1976 to 1990 he was Rector of North Ossetian State University.
From 1990-1991 he was a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Elected deputy of the RSFSR.

## Political Activity

During the armed conflict in South Ossetia following the collapse of the Soviet Union, he authorized the delivery of humanitarian aid, and negotiated for the peaceful settlement of the situation in South Ossetia. He opposed the liberation of North Ossetia from Russia, but at the same time affirmed the possibility of its association with South Ossetia and the consequential creation of a new state, Alania.
In November 1993, he was nominated for the Federation Council. In the elections he ran as an independent candidate. The turnout was 61.26% of registered voters. Galázov won with 53.54% of the vote.
In January 1994, he was elected the first president of the Republic of North Ossetia and held the position until 1998.
# Grądy, Działdowo County

Grądy is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rybno, within Działdowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) west of Rybno, 26 km (16 mi) north-west of Działdowo, and 63 km (39 mi) south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.
# Catherine Romano

Catherine Romano (born 9 May 1972) is a French gymnast. She competed in five events at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
# Euphorbia imerina

Euphorbia imerina is a species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitat is rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Seachtain na Gaeilge

Seachtain na Gaeilge (English: Irish language week), known for sponsorship purposes as Seachtain na Gaeilge le Energia, is an annual international festival promoting the Irish language and culture, both in Ireland and all around the world. Established in 1902, it is the biggest Irish language festival in the world, reaching over 1 million people on 5 continents each year.

## Events

The festival lasts seventeen days and begins on St. David's Day on 1 March and runs until St Patrick's Day on 17 March each year, with community-organised events celebrated all over Ireland and the world, such as céilís, concerts, quizzes, competitions and parades. Many sporting events are organised during Seachtain na Gaeilge. In 2018, Seachtain na Gaeilge le Energia coincided with Rith.

## History

Seachtain na Gaeilge was founded as part of the Gaelic Revival by Conradh na Gaeilge in 1902, and has gone from strength to strength in recent years. Like its earliest Irish ancestors, the 14th-century Gairm Sgoile (Early Modern Irish: "Summoning", or "Gathering", "of the [Bardic] School") and the 18th-century Munster Cúirt ("Poetic Court), Seachtain na Gaeilge includes a contest between composers of Irish poetry in the Irish-language.
Energia has been a sponsor of the festival since 2017. "Úsáid do Theanga" (English: "Use your language") was the motto of the festival in 2020.
In 2018, the University of Galway, celebrated the 30th anniversary of Connaught Irish Modernist poet Máirtín Ó Direáin's death by making him one of the main themes of their annual celebration of Seachtain na Gaeilge. The title of the event and exhibit, which drew on university, State, and private archives, was "Máirtín Ó Direáin – Fathach File / Reluctant Modernist". Ó Direáin's daughter Niamh (née Ní Direáin) Sheridan, spoke at the event, and was joined by her daughter and her grandson.
# Boismé

Boismé (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.
# Blowering, New South Wales

Blowering, New South wales is a rural locality in the Snowy Mountains of New South wales and a civil Parish of Buccleuch County.
Blowering is on the Snowy Mountains Highway, 10 kilometres south of Tumut, New South Wales, Australia. Blowering is on the Tumut River and the site of Blowering Dam.
# Milan Mujkoš

Milan Mujkoš (born 28 May 1986) is a Slovak football defender who currently plays for the DOXXbet liga club ŠKF Sereď.