# Beauvais

Beauvais (US: /boʊˈveɪ/ boh-VAY, French: ; Picard: Bieuvais) is a town and commune in northern France, and prefecture of the Oise département, in the Hauts-de-France region, 75 kilometres (47 miles) north of Paris.
The commune of Beauvais had a population of 56,020 as of 2016, making it the most populous town in the Oise department, and third most populous in Picardy. Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, the metropolitan area of Beauvais has a population of 128,020.
The region around Beauvais is called the Beauvaisis.

## History

Beauvais was known to the Romans by the Gallo-Roman name of Caesaromagus (magos is Common Celtic for "field"). The post-Renaissance Latin rendering is Bellovacum from the Belgic tribe the Bellovaci, whose capital it was. In the ninth century, it became a county (comté), which about 1013 passed to the bishops of Beauvais, who became peers of France from the twelfth century. At the coronations of kings, the Bishop of Beauvais wore the royal mantle and went, with the Bishop of Langres, to raise the king from his throne to present him to the people.
De Bello Gallico II 13 reports that as Julius Caesar was approaching a fortified town called Bratuspantium in the land of the Bellovaci, its inhabitants surrendered to him when he was about 5 Roman miles away. Its name is Gaulish for "place where judgements are made", from *bratu-spantion. Some say that Bratuspantium is Beauvais. Others theorise that it is Vendeuil-Caply or Bailleul sur Thérain.
From 1004 to 1037, the Count of Beauvais was Odo II, Count of Blois.
In a charter dated 1056/1060, Eudo of Brittany granted land "in pago Belvacensi" (Beauvais, Picardy) to the Abbey of Angers Saint-Aubin (see Albinus of Angers).
In 1346, the town had to defend itself against the English, who again besieged it in 1433. The siege that it endured in 1472 at the hands of the Duke of Burgundy was rendered famous by the heroism of the town's women, under the leadership of Jeanne Hachette, whose memory is still celebrated by a procession on 27 June (the feast of Sainte Angadrême), during which women take precedence over men.
A significant hoard of coins from the High Middle Ages became known as the Beauvais Hoard because some of the English and European coins found with the lot were from the French abbey located in Beauvais. The hoard, which contained a variety of rare and extremely rare Anglo-Norman pennies, English and foreign coins, was reputed to have been found in or near Paris.
Beauvais was extensively damaged during World War I, and again in World War II during the German advance on Paris in June 1940. Much of the older part of the city was all but destroyed, and the cathedral was badly damaged before being liberated by British forces on 30 August 1944.
Beauvais experienced significant rioting during the Nahel Merzouk protests in 2023.

## Geography

Beauvais lies at the foot of wooded hills on the left bank of the Thérain at its confluence with the Avelon. Its ancient ramparts have been destroyed, and it is now surrounded by boulevards, outside of which run branches of the Thérain. In addition, there are spacious promenades in the north-east of the town.

### Climate

Beauvais experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature is 9.9 °C (1961–1990), and the sunlight annual average of 1669 hours (1991–2010). Hills Bray is provided for the precipitation of Beauvais. The precipitation is 669 mm on average per year (1981–2010), while it is 800 mm on average per year in Bray. However, the frequency of rainfall is high. The average number of days per year above the precipitation of 1 mm is 116 days or every third day. The fog is often present, it is estimated at 55 days a year. The department is affected by 41 days of average wind year, usually, it comes from the west to the south.

## Climate

Climate data for Beauvais (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1944–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.6 (60.1) | 20.4 (68.7) | 24.8 (76.6) | 28.4 (83.1) | 31.2 (88.2) | 36.9 (98.4) | 41.6 (106.9) | 39.0 (102.2) | 34.8 (94.6) | 28.2 (82.8) | 20.2 (68.4) | 17.0 (62.6) | 41.6 (106.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.7 (44.1) | 7.8 (46.0) | 11.6 (52.9) | 15.2 (59.4) | 18.6 (65.5) | 21.8 (71.2) | 24.4 (75.9) | 24.4 (75.9) | 20.6 (69.1) | 15.7 (60.3) | 10.4 (50.7) | 7.1 (44.8) | 15.4 (59.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) | 4.5 (40.1) | 7.3 (45.1) | 9.8 (49.6) | 13.2 (55.8) | 16.4 (61.5) | 18.6 (65.5) | 18.6 (65.5) | 15.4 (59.7) | 11.7 (53.1) | 7.4 (45.3) | 4.5 (40.1) | 11.0 (51.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) | 1.2 (34.2) | 3.0 (37.4) | 4.4 (39.9) | 7.9 (46.2) | 11.0 (51.8) | 12.8 (55.0) | 12.9 (55.2) | 10.1 (50.2) | 7.6 (45.7) | 4.3 (39.7) | 1.8 (35.2) | 6.5 (43.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −19.7 (−3.5) | −16.8 (1.8) | −12.1 (10.2) | −6.9 (19.6) | −2.4 (27.7) | 1.2 (34.2) | 3.6 (38.5) | 3.9 (39.0) | −0.5 (31.1) | −5.0 (23.0) | −10.9 (12.4) | −15.7 (3.7) | −19.7 (−3.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 53.8 (2.12) | 44.9 (1.77) | 45.8 (1.80) | 44.5 (1.75) | 60.6 (2.39) | 53.0 (2.09) | 54.0 (2.13) | 57.8 (2.28) | 48.5 (1.91) | 58.1 (2.29) | 58.4 (2.30) | 76.1 (3.00) | 655.5 (25.81) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11.1 | 9.7 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 10.1 | 11.1 | 12.7 | 114.9 |
| Average snowy days | 4.7 | 4.1 | 3.3 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 17.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 89 | 85 | 82 | 81 | 76 | 74 | 74 | 72 | 81 | 86 | 88 | 90 | 81.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 59.5 | 78.5 | 127.2 | 178.8 | 203.3 | 208.9 | 219.8 | 208.1 | 163.8 | 112.2 | 67.6 | 54.6 | 1,682.2 |
| Source 1: Meteociel ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity, snowy days 1961–1990) ||||||||||||||

## Population

The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Beauvais proper in its geography at the given years. The commune of Beauvais absorbed the former communes of Marissel, Saint-Just-des-Marais and Voisinlieu and part of Notre-Dame-du-Thil in 1943.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 12,449 | — |
| 1800 | 12,392 | −0.07% |
| 1806 | 13,183 | +1.04% |
| 1821 | 12,798 | −0.20% |
| 1831 | 12,867 | +0.05% |
| 1836 | 13,082 | +0.33% |
| 1841 | 13,925 | +1.26% |
| 1846 | 14,527 | +0.85% |
| 1851 | 14,216 | −0.43% |
| 1856 | 14,286 | +0.10% |
| 1861 | 15,364 | +1.47% |
| 1866 | 13,609 | −2.40% |
| 1872 | 13,541 | −0.08% |
| 1876 | 16,600 | +5.22% |
| 1881 | 17,525 | +1.09% |
| 1886 | 18,441 | +1.02% |
| 1891 | 19,382 | +1.00% |
| 1896 | 19,906 | +0.53% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1901 | 20,300 | +0.39% |
| 1906 | 20,248 | −0.05% |
| 1911 | 19,841 | −0.41% |
| 1921 | 19,270 | −0.29% |
| 1926 | 19,387 | +0.12% |
| 1931 | 18,738 | −0.68% |
| 1936 | 18,869 | +0.14% |
| 1946 | 23,156 | +2.07% |
| 1954 | 26,756 | +1.82% |
| 1962 | 33,995 | +3.04% |
| 1968 | 46,777 | +5.46% |
| 1975 | 54,089 | +2.10% |
| 1982 | 52,365 | −0.46% |
| 1990 | 54,190 | +0.43% |
| 1999 | 55,392 | +0.24% |
| 2007 | 55,230 | −0.04% |
| 2012 | 54,289 | −0.34% |
| 2017 | 56,254 | +0.71% |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. :
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :

## Sights
### Cathedral

The city's cathedral, dedicated to Saint Peter (Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais), in some respects, the most daring achievement of Gothic architecture, consists only of a transept and quire with apse and seven apse-chapels. The vaulting in the interior exceeds 46 m or 150 feet in height. The cathedral underwent a major repair and restoration process in 2008.
The small Romanesque church of the 10th century known as the Basse Oeuvre occupies the site destined for the nave; much of its east end was demolished to make room for the new cathedral.
Begun in 1247, under Bishop William of Grès (Guillaume de Grès, Guillaume de Grez), an extra 5 metres (16 feet) were added to the height, to make it the tallest cathedral in Europe: the work was interrupted in 1284 by the collapse of the vaulting of the choir, a disaster that produced a temporary failure of nerve among the masons working in Gothic style. The transept was built from 1500 to 1548. In 1573 the fall of a too-ambitious central tower stopped work again, after which little addition was made.
Its façades, especially that on the south, exhibit all the richness of the late Gothic style. The carved wooden doors of both the north and the south portals are masterpieces respectively of Gothic and Renaissance workmanship. The church possesses an elaborate astronomical clock (1866) and tapestries of the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries; but its chief artistic treasures are stained glass windows of the thirteenth, fourteenth and sixteenth centuries, the most beautiful of them from the hand of the Renaissance artist, Engrand Le Prince, a native of Beauvais. To him also due to some of the stained glass in St. Etienne, the second church of the town, and an interesting example of the transition stage between the Romanesque and Gothic styles.
During the Middle Ages, on 14 January, the Feast of Asses was celebrated in the Beauvais Cathedral, in commemoration of the Flight into Egypt.

### Other notable sites

In the Place de l'Hôtel de Ville and the old streets near the cathedral, several houses are dating from the 12th to the 16th centuries. The Hôtel de Ville, close to which stands the statue of Jeanne Hachette, was built in 1753.
The episcopal palace, now housing the Musée départemental de l'Oise, was built in the 16th century, partly upon the Gallo-Roman fortifications. The church of Saint-Étienne is a Romanesque-Gothic building (early 12th-late 16th centuries), including, in one of its transept's portals, a sculpture of the "Wheel of fortune".

## Transport
### Rail transport

The railway station, Gare de Beauvais, opened in 1857 is currently served by several TER lines:
* Beauvais – PersanBeaumont – Paris Gare du Nord
* Beauvais – Creil
* Beauvais – Abancourt – Le Tréport

### Air transport

Beauvais–Tillé Airport, dating from the 1930s, lies in the north of the city, in Tillé. It is used as a gateway to Paris by several low-cost carriers. Traffic growth is significant: in 1997, 200,000 passengers used it annually, but by 2006, it was more than 1.8 million. Airport usage increased by 40% a year on average between 2001 and 2005. The airport is mainly used for passenger traffic (only 2 to 3 flights involve freight each month) and serves 48 destinations.
On 5 October 1930, the British airship R101 crashed just outside Beauvais on its maiden overseas voyage, killing 48 of the 54 people on board.

### Public transport

Public transport in Beauvais is provided by Corolis (formerly The Urban Transport network of Beauvaisis French: Transports Urbains du Beauvaisis or TUB). The transit bus (commuter bus) network consists of 25 regular lines which serve Beauvais and its suburbs, including:
* 12 day lines
** 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 13 14
* 3 Sunday lines
** 11A 11B 11C
* 3 summer lines
** 10 (divided into 3 sub lines)
* 7 Demand responsive transport lines
** T1 T2 T3 T5 T6 T7 T8
* 3 shuttles
** Navette Aéroport (Airport Shuttle) Navette Parking (Parking Shuttle) Navette LaSalle (Polytechnic Institute of LaSalle Shuttle)

### Environmentally friendly transportation

To promote cleaner urban transportation and protect the environment, the city began to develop a "Green Plan" (Plan vert). Ultimately, the goal is to have a network of 20 km (12 mi) bicycle paths.

## Administration

The mayor of Beauvais is Franck Pia, elected in September 2022. He succeeded Caroline Cayeux, who stepped down to become a deputy minister in the Borne government.

## Notable people

* Dominique Ansel, pastry chef and creator of the Cronut (b. 1978)
* George Auriol, born Jean-Georges Huyot, graphic designer (26 April 1863 – February 1938)
* Guillaume Brenner, footballer (b. 10 February 1986)
* Pierre Cauchon, bishop of Beauvais and judge of Joan of Arc (1371 – 18 December 1442)
* Arnaud Démare, professional cyclist (b. 26 August 1991)
* Fanny Dénoix, poet (1798–1879)
* Hubert de Givenchy, fashion designer (20 February 1927 – 10 March 2018)
* Charles Janet, engineer and biologist (1849 – 1932)
* Henri Lebesgue, mathematician (28 June 1875 – 26 July 1941)
* Jérôme Lempereur, footballer (b. 1973)
* Clément Lenglet, footballer (b. 17 June 1995)
* Pierre Louvet, historian, archivist and historiographer (1617 – 1684)
* Anthony Mfa Mezui, footballer (b. 7 March 1991)
* Milo of Nanteuil, bishop of Beauvais, builder of the Beauvais Cathedral (d. 1234)
* Alberic of Ostia, bishop of Ostia and diplomat (1080 – 20 November 1148)
* Mustapha Yatabare, footballer (b. 26 January 1986)
* Sambou Yatabare, footballer (b. 2 March 1989)

## Economy

The industry of Beauvais comprises, besides the state manufacture of tapestry, which dates from 1664, the manufacture of various kinds of cotton and woollen goods, brushes, toys, boots and shoes, and bricks and tiles. Market-gardening flourishes in the vicinity and an extensive trade is carried on in grain and wine.
The town is the seat of a bishop, a prefect and a Court of Assizes; it has Tribunals of First Instance and commerce, together with a Chamber of Commerce, a branch of the Bank of France, a higher ecclesiastical seminary, a lycée and training colleges.
Amongst the major companies operating in the town are Nestle and Agco (Massey Ferguson). Also present since 1986 is RS Components, founded by Jerry Vaughan, and now operating from a purpose-built distribution centre to the east of the town
Beauvais also has a small airport, Beauvais Tillé, which is used by several low-cost carriers and charter airlines such as Ryanair as a terminal for nearby Paris, to which frequent shuttle buses run.

## Education

Beauvais has the following schools:
Public schools:
* 20 preschools: Four in Argentine, five in Centre-Ville, one in Marissel, one in Notre Dame du Thil, five in Saint-Jean, one in Saint Just des Marais, two in Saint Lucien, and one in Voisinlieu
* 24 public elementary schools: Five in Argentine, six in Centre-Ville, two in Marissel, two in Notre Dame du Thil, five in Saint-Jean, one in Saint Just des Marais, two in Saint-Lucien, and one in Voisinlieu
* Five junior high schools: Collège Henri Baumont, Collège Charles Fauqueux, Collège Jules Michelet, Collège Jean Baptiste Pellerin, and Collège George Sand
* Four general high schools: Lycée Félix Faure, Lycée Jeanne Hachette, Lycée Paul Langevin, and Lycée François Truffaut
* Four vocational high schools: Lycée Professionnel Paul Langevin, Lycée Professionnel Jean-Baptiste Corot, Lycée Professionnel Les Jacobins, and Lycée Agricole de l'Oise
Private schools:
* Institution du Saint-Espirit (elementary, junior high, high school, and technological high school)
* Institution Notre-Dame (elementary and junior high school)
* Elementary schools: École Saint-Paul and École Sainte-Bernadette
* Lycée Saint-Vincent de Paul

## Sport

Beauvais is home to AS Beauvais Oise, a football club playing in the Championnat National (as of 2006), which is supported by a fine percussion band.

## International relations

Beauvais is twinned with:
* Maidstone, United Kingdom, since 1961
* Witten, Germany, since 1975
* Setúbal, Portugal, since 1982
* Dej, Romania, since 2003
* Tczew, Poland, since 2003