OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dazomet

Dazomet is a common soil fumigant that acts as a herbicide, fungicide, slimicide, and nematicide.

## Applications

Dazomet is a chemical used to kill pests that inhibit plant growth through gaseous degradation. Dazomet is used as a soil sterilant on a variety of sites such as golf courses, nurseries, turf sites, and potting soils. Dazomet is used for soil sterilization as an alternative to methyl bromide. Although less effective it is still used to kill pests because of its comparatively lower toxicity. Dazomet is applied to wet soil, which causes dazomet itself to decompose into a gaseous form, which is what actively controls pests. The decomposition of dazomet releases methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) a gas toxic to pests that would prevent or kill plant growth. Dazomet and other methyl isothiocyanate generators are in IRAC group 8F. Dazomet has also been proven to be effective in the prevention of Phellinus noxius, or brown root rot disease.

## Synthesis

Dazomet is synthesized from carbon disulfide (CS$_2$) and diluted methylamine (CH$_3$NH$_2$). After stirring for 1-2 hours, an oily substance is formed, which is the intermediate methyldithiocarbamic acid (HS$_2$CNHCH$_3$). Then, formaldehyde (CH$_2$O) is added to the intermediate to form and precipitate out the dazomet.

## Form, color, and smell

Dazomet takes the form of colorless crystals. Dazomet is described as having a weakly pungent smell.

## Toxicology and safety

Dazomet is irritating to the eyes and its degradation product, MITC, is a dermal sensitizer. Dazomet is very toxic to aquatic organisms, and also acutely toxic to mammals. Exposure to dazomet can occur through several means; interaction with unincorporated granules, inhalation of it decomposition product, MITC, and/or water runoff.

## Stability and shelf life

Dazomet is stable at temperatures up to 35°C; it is sensitive to temperature >50°C and to moisture. Dazomet has a shelf life of at least two years when stored below 50°C.

## Mass spectrum

The molecular ion peak of dazomet is at 162 m/z. There are two major fragment peaks, one at 89 m/z and one at 42 m/z. The fragment peak at 89 m/z represents the loss of MITC, which is the major, gaseous degrade of dazomet.

## Patents
### Patent #US5989597

    Ambrose Rajamannan was the inventor of the novel process of continuously and instantaneously sterilizing soil using a water-activated fumigant. Dazomet is one water-activated fumigant that could be used. This process ensures 100% activation of the fumigant. Therefore, less fumigant would be needed to ensure that the soil would be completely sterilized.

### Patent #CN1543787

    See under § Synthesis
# FN EVOLYS

The FN EVOLYS is a light machine gun designed by FN Herstal in 2021, chambered for 5.56×45mm NATO and 7.62×51mm NATO. The EVOLYS was designed to be lighter and more ergonomic than other machine guns, such as the FN Minimi.

## History

On 22 April 2021, FN Herstal created a teaser trailer, showcasing a new machine gun with the title "A New Chapter Begins". On 6 May 2021 FN Herstal released a 20 minute promotional video, discussing the new design, including its technical aspects, and revealing its name: the EVOLYS. In September 2021, the EVOLYS was first displayed to the public at the Defence and Security Equipment International trade show in London, and it began to enter pre-production the same month.

## Design

The EVOLYS was designed from the ground up for use in urban warfare, which has become more common, and which holds specific requirements. Rather than taking the base of fire from a squad, the EVOLYS was designed to improve the amount of firepower that could be provided by a single soldier. It is select fire, with the option between semi-automatic and fully automatic fire modes. The EVOLYS uses a lateral feed mechanism with the belt at a 45° angle, and it is fully ambidextrous, with all its controls accessible on both its sides, and it can be loaded with one hand.
The firing operation is unusual as it uses an open bolt, firing with a separate hammer upside down inside the upper receiver. This prevents accidents and runaways as even if the bolt moves forward, it won't fire unless the hammer is released by a trigger pull. A single accessory rail mounted on the top of the receiver allows for the mounting of various optics, allowing for better target acquisition. Previous machine gun designs had to use multiple rails, which were not integral to the receiver, making the attachment and usage of optics more difficult. Due to the increased use of suppressors, the EVOLYS was designed to be capable of having a suppressor permanently fitted without it affecting the weapon's performance.
The EVOLYS was constructed using 3D printing and polymers, which help to reduce its weight. At 5.5 kilograms (12 lb), the EVOLYS is up to 30% lighter than competing machine guns such as the FN Minimi. The EVOLYS is chambered for 5.56×45mm and 7.62×51mm, with 6.5mm Creedmoor and .260 Remington variants in development for potential use by special forces.

## Users

* Belgium: Belgian Armed Forces: 20 EVOLYS bought for evaluation purposes.
* France: French Special Forces
* United Kingdom: British Army for test purposes
* United States: United States Army for test purposes in Next Generation Squad Weapon Program
# David G. Nicholls

David G. Nicholls is Professor Emeritus of Mitochondrial Physiology at the Buck Institute for Research on Aging in Novato, California. His research focuses on chemiosmosis proposed by Peter D. Mitchell to couple the electron transport chain to ATP synthase. His explanation of chemiosmotic theory in the textbook Bioenergetics has become the standard text in the field. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2019 for "substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge".
# Jo Yong-son

Jo Yong-son (born 23 June 1970) is a North Korean wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle 63 kg at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
# Liubov Yaskevich

Lyubov Ilyinichna Yaskevich (Russian: Любовь Ильинична Яскевич; born 17 April 1985) is a Russian female sport shooter. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she competed in the Women's 10 metre air pistol, finishing fourth, 0.6 of a point behind bronze medalist Olena Kostevych. She was born in Kemerovo, Russia (then Soviet Union).
# DOS MZ executable

The DOS MZ executable format is the executable file format used for .EXE files in DOS.
The file can be identified by the ASCII string "MZ" (hexadecimal: 4D 5A) at the beginning of the file (the "magic number"). "MZ" are the initials of Mark Zbikowski, one of the leading developers of MS-DOS.
The MZ DOS executable file is newer than the COM executable format and differs from it. The DOS executable header contains relocation information, which allows multiple segments to be loaded at arbitrary memory addresses, and it supports executables larger than 64k; however, the format still requires relatively low memory limits. These limits were later bypassed using DOS extenders.

## Segment handling

The environment of an EXE program run by DOS is found in its Program Segment Prefix.
EXE files normally have separate segments for the code, data, and stack. Program execution begins at address 0 of the code segment, and the stack pointer register is set to whatever value is contained in the header information (thus if the header specifies a 512 byte stack, the stack pointer is set to 200h). It is possible to not use a separate stack segment and simply use the code segment for the stack if desired.
The DS (data segment) register normally contains the same value as the CS (code segment) register and is not loaded with the actual segment address of the data segment when an EXE file is initialized; it is necessary for the programmer to set it themselves, generally done via the following instructions:

## Termination

In the original DOS 1.x API, it was also necessary to have the CS register pointing to the segment with the PSP at program termination; this was done via the following instructions:
Program termination would then be performed by a RETF instruction, which would retrieve the original segment address with the PSP from the stack and then jump to address 0, which contained an INT 20h instruction.
The DOS 2.x API introduced a new program termination function, INT 21h Function 4Ch which does not require saving the PSP segment address at the start of the program, and Microsoft advised against the use of the older DOS 1.x method.

## Compatibility

MZ DOS executables can be run from DOS and Windows 9x-based operating systems. 32-bit Windows NT-based operating systems can execute them using their built-in Virtual DOS machine (although some graphics modes are unsupported). 64-bit versions of Windows cannot execute them. Alternative ways to run these executables include DOSBox and DOSEMU.
MZ DOS executables can be created by linkers, like Digital Mars Optlink, MS linker, VALX or Open Watcom's WLINK; additionally, FASM can create them directly.
# Santiago Montenegro

Jimmy Santiago Montenegro Narváez (born 15 May 1998) is an Ecuadorian road cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Continental team Movistar–Best PC.
He won the Under-23 road race at the 2019 Pan American Championships held in Lima, Peru. In July 2021, he was confirmed to be on the Ecuadorian team for the time trial at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

## Major results
### 2017

    1st Road race, National Under-23 Road Championships

### 2018

    5th Time trial, National Road Championships
    10th Road race Pan American Under-23 Road Championships

### 2019

    Pan American Under-23 Road Championships
       1st Road race
       9th Time trial
    National Under-23 Road Championships
       2nd Road race
       3rd Time trial
    3rd Overall Tour de l'Espoir
    5th Overall Vuelta a Miranda
       1st Mountains classification
    9th Overall Vuelta a Venezuela

### 2020

    1st Overall Vuelta al Ecuador
       1st Young rider classification

### 2021

    1st Stage 4 Vuelta al Ecuador

### 2022

    1st Mountains classification, Vuelta a Colombia
    3rd Overall Vuelta al Ecuador
       1st Mountains classification
       1st Stages 1, 6 & 8
    3rd Overall Vuelta a Guatemala
       1st Stage 7
    4th Time trial, National Road Championships
    Pan American Road Championships
       7th Road race
       7th Time trial

### 2023

    3rd Overall Tour de Catamarca Internacional
       1st Stage 1
    5th Time trial, National Road Championships
    9th Time trial Pan American Road Championships
# San Giovanni Battista, Ravenna

San Giovanni Battista is a baroque church in the historic center of Ravenna, Italy, built in 1689 by Pietro Grossi.
The church here, a three-nave basilica, was built in the 6th century. In 1688, it was strongly damaged by an earthquake, demolished, and a new building was constructed in the same place. Parts of the apse of the old building survived, as well as the bell-tower built in the 9th-10th centuries.
# Małe Bałówki

Małe Bałówki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kurzętnik, within Nowe Miasto County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Kurzętnik, 6 km (4 mi) west of Nowe Miasto Lubawskie, and 78 km (48 mi) south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.
# Chelpark

Chelpark Company Private Limited is an Indian stationery manufacturing company based in Bangalore. Chelpark is one of the oldest manufacturers of fountain pen ink in the country. "Chelpark" is a portmanteau of "Chellaram" and "Parker".
Originally a subsidiary of the Parker Pen Company in India, the company was renamed 'Chelpark', after the Bangalore-based Chellaram family took over operations. The Moti and Sona were Chelpark's most notable fountain pens.

## History

Chelpark started as the Indian subsidiary of Parker Pen Company. Parker in partnership with TTK Group, sold fountain pen ink in India. After the Parker Pen Company discontinued its partnership with the TTK in 1943, they needed someone to handle its Indian subsidiary. The Chellaram family, who already traded in Parker products in west Africa, were asked to takeover operations in India. The Chellaram family agreed on condition that they would take no part in the company's operational management.
After Parker agreed to the terms, both companies started gaving a local identity to the Quink Parker ink by renaming it. An advertising campaign was launched that showed the Parker label being replaced by Chelpark label. Chelpark promoted its brand primarily through on-ground advertising, including school essay contests, teacher demonstrations and campus activities.
In 1969, due to changes in policies by the Indian Ministry of Finance, the partnership came to an end. Parker sold its entire share in the operation as it was deemed unprofitable. Chelpark also started expanding to other office stationery products. After the Chellaram family acquired the majority shares, the business was rebranded as "Chelpark Company Limited". In 1985, it became "Chelpark Company Private Limited" and the head office shifted from Madras to Bengaluru.
In 2010s, Chelpark stopped manufacturing pens and inks. It was due to low demand for fountain pens and inks. There is no clear date regarding when Chelpark products stopped selling fountain pens.

## Reception

According to Harish Bijoor, a brand expert, Chelpark's success is often attributed to the quality of its ink and pen nibs. Their ink was known for being anti-clogging and non-corrosive, appealing to a wide range of users, from professionals to students.
# Kwon Yong-gwang

Kwon Yong-gwang (Korean pronunciation: or; born 14 January 1996) is a North Korean weightlifter who competes in the -69 kg division. In 2016 he won a bronze medal at the Asian Championships and placed 13th at the Rio Olympics.
# Liu Zhenlai

Liu Zhenlai (1949-), Hui nationality, native of Tongzhou, Beijing, senior general of the People's Liberation Army (PLA). He joined the PLA in February 1968. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in October 1968. In 2003, he succeeded Pu Rongxiang as the political commissar of the Beijing Military Region Air Force. He was promoted to the rank of Major General in 1995 and to the rank of Lieutenant General in 2005. He served as an alternate member of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, a member of the 12th National People's Congress Standing Committee, and a member of the National People's Congress Ethnic Affairs Committee.
# Elizaveta Posadskikh

Elizaveta Posadskikh (born 10 March 1994) is a Russian BMX freestyle cyclist.
Posadskikh competed at the 2020 Olympic Games where she placed 9th in the women's BMX freestyle event.

## Competitive history

All results are sourced from the Union Cycliste Internationale.
As of August 6th, 2024

### Olympic Games

| Event | Freestyle Park |
| 2020 Tokyo | 9th |

### UCI Cycling World Championships

| Event | Freestyle Park |
| 2017 Chengdu | 9th |
| 2018 Chengdu | 8th |
| 2019 Chengdu | 19th |
| 2021 Montpellier | 9th |
# Michael Durant (cricketer)

Michael Durant (born 12 February 1983) is a South African-born Namibian cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm offbreak bowler. He was a part of the Namibian cricket team at the 2002 Under-19 Cricket World Cup.
He later represented Namibia during a tour of Zimbabwe in 2004, appearing as a tailend batsman. Durandt made his first-class debut against North West in October 2007.
# Umbrtka

Umbrtka is a metal band from Plzeň, Czech Republic. The band describe their music, which incorporates black, doom, industrial metal elements and is influenced by Czech underground, as 'grey' metal. The main themes of their lyrics are deserted industrial areas, factories, power plants, railways, dirty streets, trains, and other industrial elements.
'Umbrtka' is a name for a 'deity' which rules the grey industrial world. It is based on a working-class man called Ivo Krátký, formerly employed in Skart, Plzeň's scrapyard which, within the band's lyrics, is considered a 'temple of labor'.

## Discography
### Full albums

* Zašpinit slunce (To Pollute the Sun) (2000)
* Dělnický a bezdomovecký šedý metal (Worker's and Homeless Gray Metal ) (2001)
* Kladivo pracuje na 110% (The Hammer Works at 110%) (2001)
* Kovostroj plzeňských pánů práce (Metalmachine of Plzeň's Labour Lords) (2001)
* Hymny šedé síly (Hymns of the Grey Force) (2002)
* Ozvěny špíny (Echoes of Dirt) (2002)
* Betonová opona (The Concrete Curtain) (2002)
* Nad propastí dne (Above the Abyss of the Day) (2003)
* Melša - Frank Zappa meets Darkthrone (2003)
* Paměti špinavé lávky (Memories of the Dirty Footbridge) (2004)
* Lití podzimního asfaltu (The Casting of Autumn Asphalt) (2005)
* Páně & Uhelná pánev (The Lord & The Coal Basin) (2 cd, 2008)
* Úplná demontáž lidstva (The Complete Disassembly of Mankind) (2009)
* Kovový háj (The Metal Grove) (2010)
* IVO - Industriální Velké Obrození (The Great Industrial Renaissance) (2010)
* Spočinutí (Resting) (2011)
* KKW (2012)
* Selement (2012)
* V dešti mech (Moss in the Rain) (2014)
* Hlavní stroj (The Master Machine) (2016)
* Komíny Smrti (The Chimneys of Death) (2019)
* Přesazování strejců (The Reseating of Uncles) (2022)

### EPs

* Jaro nevidět (2011, digital download)

### LPs

* Kovový háj (2012)
* Úplná demontáž lidstva (2013)

### Demos

* The Hand of Nothingness (2003)
# Raghupathi Raghavan Rajaram

Raghupathi Raghavan Rajaram (/rəɡʊpəθi rɑːɡəvən rɑːdʒɑːrɑːm/) is a 1977 Indian Tamil-language film directed by Durai, starring Vijayakumar, Rajinikanth and Sumithra. The film was released on 12 August 1977, and did not do well at the box office. It is considered a lost film.

## Cast

* Vijayakumar as Inspector Raghupathi
* Rajinikanth as Veeraiyan
* Sumithra
* Kutty Padmini

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Shankar–Ganesh, with lyrics written by Vaali.
# Małszewko

Małszewko (German: Malschöwen) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dźwierzuty, Szczytno County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-west of Dźwierzuty, 17 km (11 mi) north-west of Szczytno, and 27 km (17 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
The village has a population of 187.
# Darbandak

Darbandak (Persian: دربندک) is a village in Khwahan district, Badakhshan province, northeastern Afghanistan.
# Grzybowo, Giżycko County

Grzybowo (German Grzybowen (before 1929), Birkensee) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ryn, within Giżycko County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) north of Ryn, 11 km (7 mi) west of Giżycko, and 78 km (48 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
# TFAM

Mitochondrial transcription factor A, abbreviated as TFAM or mtTFA, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFAM gene.

## Function

This gene encodes a mitochondrial transcription factor that is a key activator of mitochondrial transcription as well as a participant in mitochondrial genome replication. TFAM binds mitochondrial promoter DNA to aid transcription of the mitochondrial genome. Studies in mice have demonstrated that this gene product is required to regulate the mitochondrial genome copy number and is essential for embryonic development. A mouse model for Kearns–Sayre syndrome was produced when expression of this gene was eliminated by targeted disruption in heart and muscle cells.
TFAM is a double box High-mobility group DNA-binding and bending protein. This bending action is important for mitochondrial transcription initiation in mammals, but not in yeasts with the homolog Abf2. TFAM may also participate in the packaging of the mitochondrial genome, as its binding activity is non-sequence-specific.

## Interactions

TFAM has been shown to interact with TFB1M and TFB2M.
# Pieter Grove

Pieter Grove (born March 20, 1986) is a Namibian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman. During February 2006, he played five games in the Under-19 World Cup. Generally speaking, Grove is a high middle-order batsman, batting at third throughout the entire World Cup. Attended Bishop Strachan school.
Grove made his first appearance outside of the Under-19 squad for a Namibia A team visited by Canada in October 2007, and made his List A debut in February 2008.
# Hirofumi Hirano

Hirofumi Hirano (平野 博文, Hirano Hirofumi, born March 19, 1949) is a Japanese politician of the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan and a former member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). He is a native of Katsuragi, Wakayama and he started working for Panasonic Corporation in 1971 after graduating from Chuo University. He was elected to the House of Representatives for the first time in 1996 as an independent. He was the Chief Cabinet Secretary in the Yukio Hatoyama administration. He represented the 11th District of Osaka Prefecture from 1996 until 2012, and again from 2014 to 2021.
# Cloister Mountains

Cloister Mountains is a mountain range in Alberta, Canada.
Cloister Mountains were so named on account of the shape of their outline.
# Meszno, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship

Meszno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dubeninki, within Gołdap County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Dubeninki, 12 km (7 mi) east of Gołdap, and 142 km (88 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.