OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# M. D. Naidoo

Mooroogiah Dhanapathy Naidoo (1919 – 1 June 1995) was a South African Indian political activist and lawyer. He is best known for his role in the anti-apartheid movement, for which he was imprisoned on Robben Island between 1967 and 1972.

## Life and career

Naidoo was born in 1919 in Durban to a Hindu family descended from indentured Indian laborers. His father, a merchant, lost his property in the 1929 stock market crash, and Naidoo's secondary schooling was delayed as he left school to find work. In 1943 he enrolled at the University of Natal.
The president of the students' union at his university, he became politically active in leftist and Indian organisations; he was particularly active in the Non-European United Front, the South African Communist Party, and the Natal Indian Congress. He was imprisoned for six months in 1946 for his participation in the South African Indian Congress's campaign of passive resistance against the Ghetto Act, and during this period he also represented the Congress at the United Nations. After 1948, Naidoo's political activity extended to the anti-apartheid movement.
Meanwhile, in 1957, Naidoo was admitted to the bar in Durban, where he practised as a lawyer. However, after several years of persecution by the apartheid government, Naidoo was arrested in 1966 and charged with violating the Suppression of Communism Act; he was convicted and sentenced to five years' imprisonment, which he served on Robben Island between 1967 and 1972. Upon his arrival on Robben Island, he was immediately co-opted onto the African National Congress High Command – the political prisoners' informal leadership organ, led by Nelson Mandela – because of his seniority in the Congress movement.
Between 1977 and 1991, Naidoo lived in exile in Britain. Upon his return in 1991 he resumed his law practice. Ill with emphysema, he died on 1 June 1995 in Durban, aged 75.

## Personal life

In 1958 he married Phyllis Naidoo, whom he had met in the Natal Indian Congress. She had an extramarital affair during his imprisonment and they divorced in 1977. He had custody over their two sons, Sadhan and Sha, who predeceased him; they also had a daughter together, named Sukthie.
Naidoo's brother, M. J. Naidoo, was also a prominent activist, and his sister Tim Naidoo married Mac Maharaj in 1958.
# Poul Hartling

Poul Hartling (14 August 1914 – 30 April 2000) was a Danish politician and diplomat. He was leader of Venstre from 1965 to 1977, and served as Prime Minister of Denmark from 1973 to 1975. Prior to that, he served as foreign minister from 1968 to 1971 under Hilmar Baunsgaard. From 1978 to 1985, he served as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

## Career

Hartling graduated in theology 1939, became ordained as a priest, and later headed a teacher's seminary. He was a member of parliament 1957–1960, and again 1964–1977, and party leader 1965–1977. Hartling served as Foreign Minister of Denmark from 1968 until 1971 in the Cabinet of Hilmar Baunsgaard. Hartling was Prime Minister from 1973 until 1975. In the chaotic situation with many new parties after the 1973 Danish parliamentary election his single party minority government commanded only 22 out 179 seats in parliament. In social policy, Hartling's time as Prime Minister witnessed the passage of the Social Assistance Act of 1974, which instructed municipal authorities to provide day-care and recreation centres for children and young people.
Hartling then left Danish politics to work for the United Nations. He was the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) from 1978 until 1985. In 1981 Hartling accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of the UNHCR.
Hartling died 30 April 2000 in Copenhagen. He is buried with his wife Elsebeth in Hørsholm.
# Cary Mazer

Cary M. Mazer is a contemporary American playwright and academic. He is a Professor Emeritus of Theatre Arts and English at the University of Pennsylvania. He was educated at Princeton University (AB 1974) and Columbia University (MA 1976 and PhD 1980). Among his scholarly writings are Double Shakespeares: Emotional-Realist Acting and Contemporary Performance and Shakespeare Refashioned: Elizabethan Plays on Edwardian Stages. Among his plays are Wounds Invisible, Family Trust, Giraffes, and Talkback. At various times he has served as a member of the Editorial Board of the Shakespeare Bulletin and of advisory or governance bodies relating to White Pines Productions, the Mint Theatre, and the Red Heel Theatre.
# Mark Ford (footballer)

Mark Stuart Ford (born 10 October 1975) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League for Leeds United, Burnley, Torquay United and Darlington and in the Belgian First Division for Lommel. He was capped twice for the England under-21s.

## Career

Ford was born in Pontefract and attended Tadcaster Grammar School.
He began his football career as an apprentice with Leeds United, and was part of the Leeds team that won the FA Youth Cup in 1993. Ford turned professional in March 1993. A hard-tackling midfielder, once he broke into the first team he was considered as a future replacement for David Batty. However, despite playing in the 1996 League Cup final and scoring once in the league against Sunderland, he struggled to establish himself at Elland Road and moved on to Division Two club Burnley, managed by Chris Waddle, in July 1997 for a fee reported as £275,000.
He had a successful first season at Turf Moor, but broke an ankle on the opening day of the following season. After three months out he struggled to regain his place in new manager Stan Ternent's side and was released in the summer. In July 1999 he joined Belgian First Division side Lommel at the same time as Millwall's Kim Grant.
He returned to the UK at the end of the 1999–2000 season, and signed for Torquay United on a free transfer under the Bosman ruling, turning down offers from Darlington, Hull City and Rotherham United. He was made captain in the absence of the injured Brian Healy, but in February 2001 he was sold to Darlington for £15,000, helping Darlington against their battle against relegation instead of doing the same for Torquay.
After two years with Darlington he joined Conference side Leigh RMI on loan, before being released at the end of the 2002–2003 season. He then signed for Northern Premier League club Harrogate Town after a trial, and in 2006 was playing for Tadcaster Albion in the Northern Counties East League.

## Honours

Leeds United
* Football League Cup runner-up: 1995–96
# Thomas Lombe

Sir Thomas Lombe (5 September 1685 – 8 January 1739) was an English merchant and developer of machinery for silk throwing.

## Early life

Lombe was born the eldest son of Henry Lombe, a worsted weaver in Norwich who died in 1695. Thomas and his brother John, the oldest of the four sons, were cared for by his executors after his death, while their brothers, Benjamin and John, were brought up by their mother, Henry Lombe's second wife.

## Career

In the early years of the 18th century, Lombe was apprentice to Samuel Totton, a mercer, and admitted to the freedom of the Mercers' Company in 1707. In the same year, he became a freeman of the City of London. He eventually established himself as a merchant. He obtained a patent (No. 422) in 1718 for "three sorts of engines never before made or used in Great Britaine, one to winde the finest raw silk, another to spin, and the other to twist the finest Italian raw silk into organzine in great perfection, which was never before done in this country." Lombe employed his half-brother John Lombe to learn Italian silk processes.
The Lombes set up a new mill at Derby in 1719, on an island in the River Derwent, adjacent to a disused mill that had belonged to Thomas Cotchett and was built by George Sorocold. It eventually became a lucrative concern known as Lombe's Mill. The patent expired in 1732, when Lombe petitioned Parliament for an extension, a move opposed by cotton and worsted spinners. The bill was thrown out but a subsequent Act awarded Lombe £14,000, one of the conditions being that he should deposit models of his machinery in a public institution. Models were placed in the Tower of London. Lombe was an alderman of Bassishaw ward in the City of London, and was chosen sheriff of London in 1727. He was knighted on 8 July of the same year, when he attended at court to present a congratulatory address from the city to George II on his accession.
After Lombe's death in 1739, Lombe's Mill was sold to Samuel Lloyd and William Wilson. It continued to spin silk until 1890, when it partly collapsed. In the 1740s, Charles Roe built mills based on Lombe's in Macclesfield. A description of Lombe's machinery appeared in Rees's Cyclopædia.

## Personal life

Lombe married Elizabeth Turner, with whom he had two daughters, Hannah and Mary Turner. He died on 8 January 1739 at his house in Old Jewry. His fortune of £120,000, bequeathed equally to his widow and daughters. Mary Turner married James Maitland, 7th Earl of Lauderdale on 24 April 1749. Hannah married Sir Robert Clifton, 5th Baronet in 1740. Elizabeth Turner Lombe died on 18 November 1753.
# Proximal gradient method

Proximal gradient methods are a generalized form of projection used to solve non-differentiable convex optimization problems.
Many interesting problems can be formulated as convex optimization problems of the form
$\operatorname {min} \limits _{x\in \mathbb {R} ^{N}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}f_{i}(x)$
where $f_{i}:\mathbb {R} ^{N}\rightarrow \mathbb {R} ,\ i=1,\dots ,n$ are possibly non-differentiable convex functions. The lack of differentiability rules out conventional smooth optimization techniques like the steepest descent method and the conjugate gradient method, but proximal gradient methods can be used instead.
Proximal gradient methods starts by a splitting step, in which the functions $f_{1},...,f_{n}$ are used individually so as to yield an easily implementable algorithm. They are called proximal because each non-differentiable function among $f_{1},...,f_{n}$ is involved via its proximity operator. Iterative shrinkage thresholding algorithm, projected Landweber, projected gradient, alternating projections, alternating-direction method of multipliers, alternating split Bregman are special instances of proximal algorithms.
For the theory of proximal gradient methods from the perspective of and with applications to statistical learning theory, see proximal gradient methods for learning.

## Projection onto convex sets (POCS)

One of the widely used convex optimization algorithms is projections onto convex sets (POCS). This algorithm is employed to recover/synthesize a signal satisfying simultaneously several convex constraints. Let $f_{i}$ be the indicator function of non-empty closed convex set $C_{i}$ modeling a constraint. This reduces to convex feasibility problem, which require us to find a solution such that it lies in the intersection of all convex sets $C_{i}$. In POCS method each set $C_{i}$ is incorporated by its projection operator $P_{C_{i}}$. So in each iteration $x$ is updated as
    $x_{k+1}=P_{C_{1}}P_{C_{2}}\cdots P_{C_{n}}x_{k}$
However beyond such problems projection operators are not appropriate and more general operators are required to tackle them. Among the various generalizations of the notion of a convex projection operator that exist, proximal operators are best suited for other purposes.

## Examples

Special instances of Proximal Gradient Methods are
* Projected Landweber
* Alternating projection
* Alternating-direction method of multipliers
# Biffarius

Biffarius is a genus of ghost shrimp in the family Callianassidae, containing species formerly included in the genus Callianassa. Its members are small and generally live in the intertidal zone. In April 2020, a new species was described from the northeastern Brazilian coast. Biffarius was named in honour of Thomas A. Biffar, and includes the following species:
* Biffarius biformis (Biffar, 1971)
* Biffarius botterae (Hernáez, Miranda & Tavares, 2020)
* Biffarius delicatulus Rodrigues & Manning, 1992
* Biffarius limosus (Poore, 1975)
# Daubridgecourt Belchier

Daubridgecourt Capability Belchier (1580–1621) was an English dramatist.
The son of William Belchier, Esq., of Gillesborough, in Northamptonshire, he was admitted, in company with his brother John, a fellow-commoner of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, on 2 March 1597. He afterwards removed to Christ Church, Oxford, where, on 9 February 1600, he took the degree of B.A. A few years later he settled in the Low Countries, and in 1617, when he was residing in Utrecht, he translated from the Dutch – but it cannot now be traced from what original – a piece which he published in London in 1618, Hans Beer Pot, his Invisible Comedy of See me and See me not, which was stated to have been "acted in the Low Countries by an honest company of Health Drinkers". This play was anonymous, and was attributed to Thomas Nash by Phillips and Winstanley. The author admits that it is neither tragedy nor comedy, but a plain conference of three persons, divided into three acts. Belchier was the author of various other poems and translations, but none of them appear to have been printed. He presented to Corpus Christi College a silver cup with the family arms upon it, 'Paly of 6 or, and gul, a chief vaire.' He hanged himself at Utrecht in 1621.
# George Bennett (cricketer, born 1829)

George Bennett (12 February 1829 – 16 August 1886), sometimes known as Farmer Bennett, was an English professional cricketer, who played first-class cricket from 1853 to 1873. He was mainly associated with Kent County Cricket Club, and made more than 150 appearances in first-class matches.

## Life and career

Bennett was born in Shorne Ridgeway near Gravesend, Kent, where he was employed as a bricklayer and for 25 years at Cobham Hall by John Bligh, 6th Earl of Darnley as a cricket coach for his sons, including Edward and Ivo both of whom went on to play for Kent. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm slow roundarm bowler who played in 126 matches for Kent. He played for several of the representative travelling teams including the United All-England Eleven (1860–1862); All-England Eleven (1864) and the United South of England Eleven (1872). He represented the Players in 1865 and 1866. He was described by Lord Harris in 1907 in the History of Kent County Cricket as "one of the best all rounders Kent has produced".
Bennett took part in the first English tour of Australia as a member of HH Stephenson's XI in Australia in 1861–62. The team travelled to Australia on the SS Great Britain. During the voyage, while the team was practising on deck, one passenger received a broken nose and cut cheek when he was struck in the face by a belaying pin which Bennett was using as an improvised cricket bat. In the only first-class match on the tour, playing for "The World" against a "Surrey XI" at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in March 1862, Bennett took seven wickets in each innings and made 72 in the first innings.
He was the first player to be ever given out handled the ball. In a match for Kent against Sussex at the County Cricket Ground, Hove, in August 1872, he removed a ball that had become lodged in his clothing, and was given out before he had scored a run.
# Eidelweiss, New Hampshire

Eidelweiss is a village district in the town of Madison, Carroll County, New Hampshire, United States. It comprises a residential area in the northeastern part of Madison, surrounding three water bodies: Pea Porridge Pond, Middle Pea Porridge Pond, and Little Pea Porridge Pond. The village district is bordered to the west by New Hampshire Route 113, which leads south to the center of Madison and north into Conway.
# Park Woo-hyeok

Park Woo-hyeok is a South Korean taekwondo practitioner. He won the gold medal in the men's welterweight event at the 2022 World Taekwondo Championships held in Guadalajara, Mexico. He also won one of the bronze medals in his event at the 2019 World Taekwondo Championships held in Manchester, United Kingdom.
He won one of the bronze medals in his event at the 2021 Asian Taekwondo Championships held near Beirut, Lebanon.
# Eduardo Simián

Juan Eduardo Simián Gallet (16 November 1915 − 14 December 1995) was a Chilean footballer and politician who served as minister of State during Eduardo Frei Montalva's government. Simián is considered a historical player of Club Universidad de Chile.

## Football career
### Club career

Simián began his career at Club Universidad de Chile aged 20 while he was doing his BA in mining engineering at the University of Chile, where he graduated in 1938.
During the 1938 Primera División de Chile season, he was part of the Universidad de Chile champion team which obtained the First Division title under the orders of the player-coach Luis Tirado. Simian's impressive performances led the press to consider him as one of the best players of early Chilean football.
In 1940, Simián stopped his football career after obtaining a scholarship from the Production Development Corporation (Corfo) to research in the US on geological exploration, geophysics, and drilling of exploration wells. Once ended his spell in the US, in 1942, he returned to play in Universidad de Chile, but only for the Clásico Universitario.
In 1946, Simián definitely retired from football aged 31 after playing another Clásico Universitario with Universidad de Chile. In total, he made fifty two appearances for them between 1938 and 1946.

### International career

He played in three matches for the Chile national football team in 1939. He was also part of Chile's squad for the 1939 South American Championship.

## Political career
### Beginnings at ENAP

After his experience in the US, the Corfo hired him in the early 1940s to plan operations in southern Chile. As head of the drilling team, on 29 September 1945, Simián participated in the discovery of the first oil well in the Magallanes Region.
In 1950, the president Gabriel González Videla—from the Radical Party (PR)—appointed him as the production manager of the state-owned company Empresa Nacional del Petróleo (ENAP).

### 1958 parliamentary campaign

In 1958, Simián failed to reach a seat in the Senate after losing the elections of the 8th District of San Miguel. During his campaign, he was supported by Sergio Livingstone.

### Minister of Mining

In 1964, the elected president Eduardo Frei Montalva called him to serve as Minister of Mining, an office he accepted and served until 1966.
During Simián's administration occurred the first stage of the Chilean nationalization of copper. The official initiative—also known as 'agreed nationalization'—was sent by Frei to the National Congress in September 1965. After an arduous debate, the text was approved in January 1966, giving rise to Law N°16.425 and the creation of the Chilean Copper Corporation, the seed of Codelco (National Copper Corporation of Chile). Similarly, in 1966, was enacted Law N°16.624. It created mixed companies owned in a 51% by the Chilean State.

### Late career

In 1973, he became General Manager at ENAP (Empresa Nacional del Petróleo).
In 1988, he was one of the founders of the political movement Independientes por el Consenso Democrático.
# Guatraché

Guatraché is a town in La Pampa Province in Argentina.

## History

Guatraché was officially founded on 19 April 1908 though a settlement already existed previously. The town was settled to the east of the actual settlement, in front of the old railroad station, and due to subsequent floods the town was moved to where nowadays stands. The list of surnames found in the town reveals the presence of immigrants coming from Spain, Italy, France and Germany, among other European countries. Natives also participated in the early days of the settlement; however, their real names were hidden under a creole names and surnames. Many of them came after being expelled in previous years by the militar campaigns while others came from distant places, joining the community as rural workers.
Guatraché is also home to one of the largest Mennonite communities in the country.

## Geography
### Climate

Climate data for Guatraché, La Pampa (1941–1970) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 44.7 (112.5) | 43.5 (110.3) | 40.6 (105.1) | 36.0 (96.8) | 30.5 (86.9) | 24.5 (76.1) | 24.0 (75.2) | 29.7 (85.5) | 32.8 (91.0) | 35.7 (96.3) | 40.1 (104.2) | 42.5 (108.5) | 44.7 (112.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.5 (88.7) | 30.6 (87.1) | 26.2 (79.2) | 21.8 (71.2) | 17.1 (62.8) | 12.9 (55.2) | 13.1 (55.6) | 15.7 (60.3) | 18.4 (65.1) | 21.7 (71.1) | 26.3 (79.3) | 29.9 (85.8) | 22.1 (71.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.2 (73.8) | 22.4 (72.3) | 19.0 (66.2) | 14.8 (58.6) | 10.7 (51.3) | 7.4 (45.3) | 6.9 (44.4) | 9.0 (48.2) | 11.4 (52.5) | 14.6 (58.3) | 18.6 (65.5) | 21.5 (70.7) | 15.0 (59.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.6 (58.3) | 13.7 (56.7) | 11.3 (52.3) | 7.3 (45.1) | 4.6 (40.3) | 2.2 (36.0) | 1.1 (34.0) | 2.0 (35.6) | 4.0 (39.2) | 6.9 (44.4) | 10.7 (51.3) | 13.1 (55.6) | 7.6 (45.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) | 1.7 (35.1) | −3.4 (25.9) | −4.3 (24.3) | −7.1 (19.2) | −11.0 (12.2) | −12.8 (9.0) | −11.2 (11.8) | −8.5 (16.7) | −3.9 (25.0) | −1.3 (29.7) | 0.7 (33.3) | −12.8 (9.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 91.4 (3.60) | 75.2 (2.96) | 100.5 (3.96) | 68.4 (2.69) | 38.3 (1.51) | 22.2 (0.87) | 23.4 (0.92) | 26.8 (1.06) | 49.9 (1.96) | 79.4 (3.13) | 99.5 (3.92) | 94.0 (3.70) | 769.1 (30.28) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 47 | 51 | 62 | 67 | 74 | 80 | 76 | 66 | 63 | 64 | 59 | 50 | 63 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 72 | 72 | 66 | 61 | 53 | 45 | 44 | 53 | 51 | 58 | 62 | 66 | 59 |
| Source: Secretaria de Mineria ||||||||||||||
# Apollonius von Maltitz

Apollonius Freiherr von Maltitz (June 11, 1795 – March 2, 1870) was a German writer and diplomat.
Von Maltitz was born in Gera. He became a diplomat in the service of the Russian Empire from 1811, representing it in various cities, mostly in Germany. He was successively attache in the Russian legations in Karlsruhe, Stuttgart, Vienna, Berlin, and Rio de Janeiro; in 1836 he became a secretary (Legationsrat and Gesandtschaftssekretär) in Munich. From 1841 until his retirement in 1865, he was the main representative of Russia in Weimar. He wrote a variety of poetry, dramas, and novels as well, some of which were well known at the time.
# James Bird (cricketer)

James Waller Bird (19 November 1808 – 20 February 1876) was an English cleric and cricketer with amateur status. He was born at Little Waltham near Chelmsford in Essex and was educated at Winchester College and Wadham College, Oxford, and played first-class cricket for Oxford University 1827–29. He became a Church of England priest and was rector of Foulsham, Norfolk, from 1855 until his death.
Bird married in 1850 Laura Beauchamp-Proctor, daughter of George Edward Beauchamp-Proctor, and they had ten children. He died at Paddington, London in 1876.