OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ernst Litfaß

Ernst Amandus Theodor Litfaß (or Litfass; German pronunciation:; 11 February 1816 – 27 December 1874) was a German printer and publisher. He invented the free-standing cylindrical advertising column which bears his name in German (Litfaßsäule).

## Biography

Born in Berlin, Litfaß took over his stepfather's business in 1845 and became the editor of a number of newspapers and pamphlets. As publisher, he completed, in 1858, the edition of the Oekonomische Encyklopädie (in 242 volumes), which had been started by Johann Georg Krünitz in 1773.
Litfaß gave his name to the advertising pillars he invented in 1854. These were made of concrete, 3 m high and hollow. Over 50,000 appeared in Berlin and other German cities.
Litfaß supported wounded veterans of the wars of 1864, 1866 and 1870–71 and their relatives by sponsoring concerts, fireworks, boat tours and donating the proceeds to charities.
Litfaß died during a spa treatment in Wiesbaden and was buried in an honorary grave in the Dorotheenstadt cemetery in Berlin.

## Litfaß-Säule

In 1854 Litfaß proposed putting up columns in the streets of Berlin for announcement and advertising purposes. Allegedly, he was disgusted by the unsystematic and ubiquitous posting of pamphlets, notices and other materials on walls, doors, fences and trees. In December that year he was granted permission to erect such Annoncier-Säulen columns, and on 1 July 1855 the first 100 Litfaß-Säulen were presented in Berlin. Hungarian composer Béla Kéler composed Litfass Annoncir-Polka for this occasion.
Litfaß had a monopoly on his advertising columns and grew rich fast. After his death in Wiesbaden in 1874, the idea of putting up Litfaßsäulen (Litfaß columns or Litfaß pillars) quickly spread to other German cities. Today, they can be found in other countries as well.
Later developments include the electrically powered slowly revolving column; columns that serve as vents for underground services; and columns with a hidden door, used for storage (tools for street sweeping, electrical appliances, etc.).
A famous Litfaßsäule was located in the western Berlin district of Wilmersdorf. It featured on the cover of the 1929 children's novel Emil and the Detectives by Erich Kästner. The pillar, the story goes, was used by the child investigator Emil Tischbein to hide from a suspected criminal. The site of the original pillar, long since demolished, still regularly attracts tourists.

## Cultural references

* In the movie The Third Man, Harry Lime (played by Orson Welles) uses one of these columns as an escape route to the sewer system under Vienna.
* In the movie Gremlins 2, Billy Peltzer (played by Zach Galligan) and Daniel Clamp (played by John Glover), use one of these columns as an escape route from the Gremlin-infested Clamp Building.
* In the movie Men in Black II, Agent K (played by Tommy Lee Jones) and Agent J (played by Will Smith), use a column as an escape route from an alien-infested MiB Headquarters.
# Johannes Meyer (rugby union)

Johannes Meyer (born 19 February 1981 in Bloefanter) is a Namibian rugby union prop. He is a member of the Namibia national rugby union team and participated with the squad at the 2007 Rugby World Cup.
# Casper Viviers

Casper Wilfried Viviers (born 1 June 1988) is a rugby union player for the Namibia national team and the Welwitschias in the Currie Cup and the Rugby Challenge. He was named in Namibia's squad for the 2015 Rugby World Cup.
# James Langston

James Haughton Langston (25 May 1796 – 19 October 1863) was a British landowner and Member of Parliament.

## Life

He was the son of John Langston of Sarsden House, Oxfordshire, and his wife, Sarah. He was educated at Eton College (1811). He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford in 1814, graduating DCL in 1819.
In 1812 Langston succeeded his father, inheriting the Sarsden estate. He was appointed High Sheriff of Oxfordshire for 1819–20 and verderer of Wychwood Forest.
Langston served as MP for New Woodstock from 1820 to 1826 and Oxford from 1826 to 1834 and from 1841 to 1863. He died in 1863. He had married the Hon. Julia Moreton, the daughter of Thomas Reynolds Moreton, 4th Baron Ducie. They had one daughter who survived into adulthood, Julia, to whom he bequeathed his Oxfordshire estate. In 1849 she married her cousin Lord Moreton, later 3rd Earl of Ducie.
# Clive Gerard Liddell

General Sir Clive Gerard Liddell, KCB, CMG, CBE, DSO (1 May 1883 – 9 September 1956) was a senior British Army officer who served as Adjutant-General to the Forces from 1937 to 1939. He was Governor of Gibraltar from 1939 to 1941 during the early stages of the Second World War.

## Military career

Liddell attended Uppingham School before enrolling at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He was commissioned into the British Army as a second lieutenant in the Leicestershire Regiment on 22 October 1902.
He was an adjutant from 1908 to 1911 and then became a staff captain at 6th District of Northern Command in April 1912.
He served in the First World War as assistant adjutant and quartermaster general at the War Office.
After the war Liddell became an instructor at the Staff College, Camberley. He then went to the Imperial Defence College in 1927. He became a General Staff Officer at the War Office in 1928 and then Commander 8th Infantry Brigade in 1931.
He became general officer commanding (GOC) 47th (2nd London) Division in January 1935 and then GOC 4th Division in November 1935 before becoming Adjutant-General to the Forces in 1937. He was appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Gibraltar in 1939, a post he held until 1941. During his tenure of this post he organised the evacuation of all families of British service personnel and civilians from Gibraltar. He served as Inspector General for Training from 1941 to 1942; he retired in 1943.
Liddell was also Colonel of the Royal Leicestershire Regiment from 1943 to 1948 and Governor of the Royal Hospital Chelsea from 1943 to 1949.
# 178th meridian west

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The meridian 178° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 178th meridian west forms a great ellipse with the 2nd meridian east.

## From Pole to Pole

Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 178th meridian west passes through:
    Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 178°0′W﻿ / ﻿90.000°N 178.000°W﻿ / 90.000; -178.000﻿ (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 71°27′N 178°0′W﻿ / ﻿71.450°N 178.000°W﻿ / 71.450; -178.000﻿ (Russia)  Russia Chukotka Autonomous Okrug — Wrangel Island 71°1′N 178°0′W﻿ / ﻿71.017°N 178.000°W﻿ / 71.017; -178.000﻿ (Chukchi Sea) Chukchi Sea 68°26′N 178°0′W﻿ / ﻿68.433°N 178.000°W﻿ / 68.433; -178.000﻿ (Russia)  Russia Chukotka Autonomous Okrug 65°26′N 178°0′W﻿ / ﻿65.433°N 178.000°W﻿ / 65.433; -178.000﻿ (Bering Sea) Bering Sea 51°55′N 178°0′W﻿ / ﻿51.917°N 178.000°W﻿ / 51.917; -178.000﻿ (United States)  United States Alaska — Tanaga Island 51°38′N 178°0′W﻿ / ﻿51.633°N 178.000°W﻿ / 51.633; -178.000﻿ (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean Passing just east of Kure Atoll, Hawaii, United States (at 28°23′N 178°18′W﻿ / ﻿28.383°N 178.300°W﻿ / 28.383; -178.300﻿ (Kure)) Passing just east of Futuna Island, Wallis and Futuna (at 14°19′S 178°3′W﻿ / ﻿14.317°S 178.050°W﻿ / -14.317; -178.050﻿ (Futuna)) 14°20′S 178°0′W﻿ / ﻿14.333°S 178.000°W﻿ / -14.333; -178.000﻿ (Wallis & Futuna)  Wallis and Futuna Alofi Island 14°21′S 178°0′W﻿ / ﻿14.350°S 178.000°W﻿ / -14.350; -178.000﻿ (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean Passing just east of Vatoa Island, Fiji (at 19°49′S 178°13′W﻿ / ﻿19.817°S 178.217°W﻿ / -19.817; -178.217﻿ (Vatoa)) Passing just west of Raoul Island, New Zealand (at 29°15′S 177°58′W﻿ / ﻿29.250°S 177.967°W﻿ / -29.250; -177.967﻿ (Raoul Island)) 60°0′S 178°0′W﻿ / ﻿60.000°S 178.000°W﻿ / -60.000; -178.000﻿ (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 78°24′S 178°0′W﻿ / ﻿78.400°S 178.000°W﻿ / -78.400; -178.000﻿ (Antarctica) Antarctica Ross Dependency, claimed by New Zealand
# PowerAnimator

PowerAnimator and Animator, also referred to simply as "Alias", the precursor to what is now Maya and StudioTools, is a highly integrated industrial 3D modeling, animation, and visual effects suite. It had a relatively long track record, starting with Technological Threat in 1988 and ending in Pokémon: the Movie 2000 in 1999. PowerAnimator ran natively on MIPS-based SGI IRIX and IBM AIX systems.

## History

PowerAnimator was launched in 1988.
In 1997, John Gibson, Rob Krieger, Milan Novacek, Glen Ozymok, and Dave Springer were presented with the Scientific and Engineering Award for their contributions to the geometric modeling component of the PowerAnimator system. The citation was:
   "The Alias PowerAnimator system is widely regarded in the computer animation field as one of the best commercially available software packages for digital geometric modeling. Used by many motion picture visual effects houses, it has been a benchmark for comparison of modeling tools and has had a major influence on visual effects and animation."

## Television and film

PowerAnimator was used to create the water creature in the 1989 film The Abyss, as well as the T-1000 character in Terminator 2: Judgment Day, at a cost of $460,000 per minute. It was also used heavily for the many visual effects of the 1996 film Independence Day. PowerAnimator also served as the solution used to produce South Park episodes digitally before production was moved to Maya starting with Season 5.

## Game development

PowerAnimator was also used in game development, in particular as a part of Nintendo 64's SGI-based developers kit. It saw some use for modeling, texturing, animation and realtime effects for other titles and platforms as well.
Notable titles:
* Crash Bandicoot
* Casper
* Wing Commander III: Heart of the Tiger
* Wing Commander IV: The Price of Freedom
* Quake
* Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee
# 170th meridian west

Download coordinates as:
* KML
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* GPX (primary coordinates)
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The meridian 170° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 170th meridian west forms a great ellipse with the 10th meridian east.

## From Pole to Pole

Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 170th meridian west passes through:
    Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 170°0′W﻿ / ﻿90.000°N 170.000°W﻿ / 90.000; -170.000﻿ (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 71°50′N 170°0′W﻿ / ﻿71.833°N 170.000°W﻿ / 71.833; -170.000﻿ (Chukchi Sea) Chukchi Sea 66°33′N 170°0′W﻿ / ﻿66.550°N 170.000°W﻿ / 66.550; -170.000﻿ (Bering Sea) Bering Sea 66°11′N 170°0′W﻿ / ﻿66.183°N 170.000°W﻿ / 66.183; -170.000﻿ (Russia)  Russia Chukotka Autonomous Okrug — Chukchi Peninsula 66°2′N 170°0′W﻿ / ﻿66.033°N 170.000°W﻿ / 66.033; -170.000﻿ (Bering Sea) Bering Sea 63°28′N 170°0′W﻿ / ﻿63.467°N 170.000°W﻿ / 63.467; -170.000﻿ (United States)  United States Alaska — St. Lawrence Island 63°9′N 170°0′W﻿ / ﻿63.150°N 170.000°W﻿ / 63.150; -170.000﻿ (Bering Sea) Bering Sea Passing just east of St. Paul Island, Alaska, United States (at 57°14′N 170°5′W﻿ / ﻿57.233°N 170.083°W﻿ / 57.233; -170.083﻿ (St. Paul Island)) Passing just west of St. George Island, Alaska, United States (at 56°36′N 169°46′W﻿ / ﻿56.600°N 169.767°W﻿ / 56.600; -169.767﻿ (St. George Island)) 52°54′N 170°0′W﻿ / ﻿52.900°N 170.000°W﻿ / 52.900; -170.000﻿ (United States)  United States Alaska — Carlisle Island and Chuginadak Island 52°48′N 170°0′W﻿ / ﻿52.800°N 170.000°W﻿ / 52.800; -170.000﻿ (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean Passing just west of Niue (at 19°4′S 169°57′W﻿ / ﻿19.067°S 169.950°W﻿ / -19.067; -169.950﻿ (Niue)) 60°0′S 170°0′W﻿ / ﻿60.000°S 170.000°W﻿ / -60.000; -170.000﻿ (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 78°29′S 170°0′W﻿ / ﻿78.483°S 170.000°W﻿ / -78.483; -170.000﻿ (Antarctica) Antarctica Ross Dependency, claimed by New Zealand
# Slaven Kandić

Slaven Kandić (born 2 April 1991) is a Montenegrin water polo player. He competed in the 2020 Summer Olympics.
# Đuro Radović

Đuro Radović (Serbian Cyrillic: Ђуро Радовић; born 20 February 1999) is a water polo player for Montenegro. Đuro started playing water polo at PVK Jadran, and he is a member of a first squad since 2014.Considered one of the top left-handed players in the world and is the best young player in the world.
Đuro also plays for a senior Montenegro men's national water polo team. He played at 2017 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest and won 5-th place.

## Honours
### Club
#### PVK Jardan

* LEN Euro Cup runners-up : 2018–19
* Montenegrin Championship: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2020–21, 2022–23
* Montenegrin Cup: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21

### Individual

* FINA World League Best Young Player: 2018 Budapest
* Adriatic League Young Player of the Year: 2019
* Montenegrin Championship MVP: 2020–21
* Montenegrin Championship Top Scorer: 2020–21
* Montenegrin Championship Right Wing of the Year: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2020–21
# Ashcraft

Ashcraft is a surname. Reaney and Wilson have suggested this is a place-related surname referring to "dweller at a croft with an ash-tree"; a "croft" refers to a small parcel of land used for farming.
Notable people with the surname include:
* Alan E. Ashcraft Jr. (1906–1961), American politician and judge
* Forrest Ashcraft (1922-2004), American politician
* Graham Ashcraft (born 1998), American baseball player
* Hale Ashcraft (1920-2010), American politician
* Karen Ashcraft (living), American academic
* Mark H. Ashcraft (1949–2022), American academic
* Percy Ashcraft (living), American politician and local government official
* Richard Ashcraft (1938-1995), American academic
* Tami Oldham Ashcraft (born 1960), American sailor and author
# Watch the Birdie!

Watch the Birdie! is a 1964 comedy play by Norman Krasna.

## Plot

A crack legal secretary working for an attorney specializing in divorce cases, Helen is happy in her job until a personable young man appears and offers her the chance to go to Paris as his assistant.

## Background

In October 1962 Seven Arts announced they had bought the stage rights and would co produce the play with Fred Coe. In April 1964 Ray Stark of Seven Arts announced he hoped to produce the play next.
In 1964 June it was announced Joan Blondell, Peggy Ann Garner and Alan Alda would appear in a production in Florida.
# Omnicare

Omnicare, Inc. is an American company working in the health-care industry. It was established in April 1981 as a spinoff of healthcare businesses from Chemed and W. R. Grace and Company. It is currently a pharmacy specializing in nursing homes. In 2015, Omnicare was acquired by CVS Health.

## Controversy

In 2012, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) sued Omnicare to block its hostile takeover of its rival PharMerica under federal anti-trust law. The FTC alleged that the acquisition would boost drug costs and inflate Medicare expenditures by consolidating the industry and reducing price competition. PharMerica owned 97 long-term-care pharmacies, while Omnicare owned approximately 200. The merger would have given Omnicare a 57% market share versus two percent for its nearest, non-PharMerica rival. Because of the FTC opposition, the takeover was terminated.
In November 2009, Omnicare paid US$98,000,000 to the federal government to settle five "qui tam" (whistleblower) lawsuits and government charges that the company had paid or solicited a variety of kickbacks. The company admitted no wrongdoing. The charges included allegations that Omnicare solicited and received kickbacks from a pharmaceutical manufacturer Johnson & Johnson, in exchange for agreeing to recommend that physicians prescribe Risperdal, a Johnson & Johnson antipsychotic drug, to nursing home patients.
Starting in 2006, healthcare entrepreneur Adam B. Resnick sued Omnicare, a major supplier of drugs to nursing homes, under the False Claims Act, as well as the parties to the company's illegal kickback schemes. Omnicare allegedly paid kickbacks to nursing home operators to secure business, which constitutes Medicare and Medicaid fraud. Omnicare allegedly had paid $50 million to the owners (Leonard Grunstein and Rubin Schron) of the Mariner Health Care Inc. and SavaSeniorCare Administrative Services LLC nursing home chains in exchange for the right to continue providing pharmacy services to the nursing homes.
In 2010, Omnicare settled Resnick's False Claims Act suit that had been taken up by the U.S. Department of Justice by paying $19.8 million to the federal government, while Mariner and SavaSeniorCare settled for $14 million.
A second whistleblower lawsuit filed against Omnicare by Resnick and Total Pharmacy Services V.P. Maureen Nehls related to kickbacks that had been part of its 2004 acquisition of Total Pharmacy Services was settled (circa 2013) for $17.2 million by Omnicare and $5 million by the Total Pharmacy owners. Reportedly Omnicare was set to acquire JobMinglr.com for an undisclosed sum.
# Poecilanthrax ingens

Poecilanthrax ingens is a species of bee fly in the family Bombyliidae.
# Bowning railway station

Bowning railway station is a heritage-listed closed railway station, located on the Main Southern railway in Bowning, in the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia. The station was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

## History

Bowning station was opened in 1876 and closed to passenger services in the 1990s.

## Description

The large two-storey station building is on the down platform, and was built in 1875. The skillion roofed timber signal box dates from circa 1913, as does the type 6, timber J2 residence. The residence was sold on 2 February 1998 and is now privately owned and not included within the heritage listing. The station building itself was used as a residence, but had to be vacated due to termite damage and the presence of asbestos. As of 2016, the exterior was in good condition, but a lot of the interior remained gutted. A timber shed is also included within the station site.
The station had two brick island platforms. The intact platform lighting forms part of the heritage listing. A 1913 steel and timber footbridge was removed c. 1990.

## Heritage listing

In April 1999, Bowning railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register, having satisfied the following criteria:
* The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
* This item is assessed as historically rare. This item is assessed as scientifically rare. This item is assessed as arch. rare. This item is assessed as socially rare.
The statement of significance accompanying the heritage listing notes:
   This is a substantial early station building from 1876 representing the enthusiasm and confidence of early station building design. It is typical of a number of buildings constructed on the southern line. The station complex also exhibits the changes that have taken place with duplication in 1913 and the addition of a platform at the rear of the building so that it became an island platform. The other buildings on the site allow the change in operation to be clearly seen. The station building is one of the few surviving combined station / residences and is of high significance in illustrating the development of the State railway system.
# Ryan Henry Ward

Ryan Henry Ward, known as henry, is an American artist recognized as Seattle's most prolific muralist. Publicly active as an artist only since 2008, Ward has painted hundreds of murals on building exteriors, school interiors, garages, and vehicles, primarily in Seattle.

## Early life and education

Born on a farm in Montana to Don and Terri Anne Ward and later transplanted to the Pacific Northwest at the age of ten, Ward was raised in a variety of places in the region, though mainly Enumclaw, Washington. He attended Fairhaven College of Interdisciplinary Studies at Western Washington University in Bellingham, Washington. After his older brother Brandon died in 1999 of heart failure at the age of 25, Ward and his younger brother Andy traveled to India, Nepal, and Thailand.

## Career

Ward remained in Bellingham after graduation, where he worked as a social worker and incorporated art therapy into his practice. By 2005, Ward was no longer a social worker. He and his younger brother worked for two years as landscapers. In early 2007 Ward had an ATV accident in Moses Lake, Washington, permanently damaging his spine. Shortly thereafter he decided to paint full time. Although he lived in a bus during his early career as a Seattle artist, Ward now rents an apartment and maintains a studio in the Ballard neighborhood of Seattle.
Ward began creating public art with his first four murals painted during a 2007 trip to the Dominican Republic. These early works depicted scenes of family life and people playing instruments, in contrast to his later Seattle murals, which often feature animals and fantastical creatures.
In contrast to many other artists in Seattle's street art scene, Ward always executes his public pieces with the permission of the property owner.

## Critical Reception

Ward's work has not received favorable reception from Seattle's art critics. Jonathan Walczak characterizes Ward's work as "whimsical", but sums up the critic's verdict on Ward's work as "gooey, meaningless, and annoyingly prevalent." Seattle Post-Intelligencer art critic Regina Hackett disparaged his "brain-dead cheer," stating that "a sense of whimsy is fine in toddlers, but by the age of reason, children are ready to move on to more substantial fare." Kevin McKouen, a former gallery owner who represented Ward's work for about a year before his gallery closed, describes it as "lighthearted… but it definitely also has a dark side."