# Yonaguni, Okinawa

Yonaguni (与那国町, Yonaguni-chō, Yonaguni: ドゥナン, Dunan, older ジュニ, Juni; Yaeyama: ユノーン, Yunōn; Okinawan: ユナグニ, Yunaguni) is a town located entirely on Yonaguni Island in Yaeyama District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. It is the westernmost municipality in Japan, and is known for billfish fishing and as a diving spot. In 1987, divers discovered the Yonaguni Monument, a rock formation that some believe may be man-made.
It is also home to two Ryūkyūan writing systems, pictographic "kaida-di" (also used on Ishigaki and Taketomi islands where it is called "kaida-ji") and the symbols used to indicate family names, "dāhan" (also used on Ishigaki Island where they are called "yāban").

## History

Presently, the oldest confirmed ruins are the ruins in Tuguru Beach. Due to the southern style stone tools found, it is thought that a culture influenced by Southeast Asia existed here at one time.
After this point, the history of the island of Yonaguni is unclear, but in the Gusuku Era, settlements were formed on the top of the plateau. The Shima Nakamura Ruins are one example, and it is known for being the birth village of the famous woman chief, San’ai Isoba.
From the time of the Ryūkyū Kingdom, Yonaguni prospered as a commerce center with Taiwan. Due to World War II, until it was placed under control of the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands, the number of people involved in smuggling surged in the area. The population in 1947 had reached 12,000, but although Yonaguni became incorporated as a town, a crackdown on smuggling led to a sharp decrease in the population.
Ishigaki and the surrounding towns and cities are discussing a merger, with the exception of Yonaguni which abstained, cutting the members of parliament from 12 in half, down to 6.
* 1522: Yonaguni was Invaded by the Ryūkyū army and became a territory of the Ryūkyū Kingdom.
* 1872: The Ryūkyū Kingdom is abolished; in its place, the Ryūkyū Domain is established and the island becomes a territory of the Ryūkyū Domain.
* 1879: The Ryūkyū Domain is abolished and becomes Okinawa-ken.
* 1908: The island municipal system abolishes the magiri system, and the Ishigaki-magiri, Ōhama-magiri, and Miyara-magiri join the island of Yonaguni to become Yaeyama-son.
* 1914: Through a division of Yaeyama-son, the village of Yonaguni-son is formed.
* 1948: Yonaguni-chō is incorporated as a town.

## Geography

* Yonaguni is the westernmost part of Japan and is a midpoint between the island of Ishigaki and Taiwan. At Cape Irizaki (Yonagunian language: Irinzati) on the western edge of the island, there is a monument inscribed with the words: "The westernmost point in Japan."
* The western third of the island is not part of Japan's air defense identification zone or flight information region; instead, it sits in Taiwan's air defense identification zone and flight information region. (Please refer to the article on Yonaguni Airport for more details.)
* The distance between the shoreline of Cape Irizaki on Yonaguni and that of Wushihbi Coastal Nature Reserve in Su'ao Township, Yilan County, Taiwan is 108 km (67 mi) and therefore closer than Ishigaki, which is 118 km (73 mi) away. For further comparison, Yonaguni is much closer to Taipei (the capital of Taiwan) at approximately 160 km (99 mi) than its own capital (Tokyo), which is about 2,000 km (1,243 mi) away. Due to this, it is attempting to establish closer relations with Taiwan, including attempting to set up easier access to and from cities in Taiwan, with irregular service to Hualien already established. Further cooperation has been opposed by the central government, thus the lack of further progress.

### Rivers

* Tahara River (Okinawa)

### Population

Population Distribution by Age and Sex in Yonaguni :
| ■Yonaguni ■Japan (average) | ■Male ■Female |
| 1970 2,913 1975 2,155 1980 2,119 1985 2,054 1990 1,833 1995 1,801 2000 1,852 2005 1,796 2010 1,657 ||
| 2015 Census, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications - Statistics Department ||

### Climate

Climate data for Yonaguni, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1956–present :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.5 (81.5) | 27.7 (81.9) | 29.0 (84.2) | 30.4 (86.7) | 33.1 (91.6) | 34.2 (93.6) | 35.5 (95.9) | 34.6 (94.3) | 34.4 (93.9) | 33.9 (93.0) | 30.2 (86.4) | 28.0 (82.4) | 35.5 (95.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.7 (69.3) | 21.3 (70.3) | 23.0 (73.4) | 25.5 (77.9) | 28.0 (82.4) | 30.3 (86.5) | 31.7 (89.1) | 31.4 (88.5) | 30.0 (86.0) | 27.8 (82.0) | 25.3 (77.5) | 22.2 (72.0) | 26.4 (79.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.5 (65.3) | 19.0 (66.2) | 20.5 (68.9) | 23.0 (73.4) | 25.4 (77.7) | 27.9 (82.2) | 28.9 (84.0) | 28.7 (83.7) | 27.5 (81.5) | 25.4 (77.7) | 23.1 (73.6) | 20.1 (68.2) | 24.0 (75.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 16.6 (61.9) | 17.0 (62.6) | 18.3 (64.9) | 20.9 (69.6) | 23.4 (74.1) | 26.0 (78.8) | 26.8 (80.2) | 26.4 (79.5) | 25.3 (77.5) | 23.6 (74.5) | 21.3 (70.3) | 18.2 (64.8) | 22.0 (71.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 7.7 (45.9) | 8.4 (47.1) | 9.0 (48.2) | 12.1 (53.8) | 15.0 (59.0) | 17.6 (63.7) | 21.9 (71.4) | 21.7 (71.1) | 18.2 (64.8) | 16.2 (61.2) | 11.4 (52.5) | 9.1 (48.4) | 7.7 (45.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 187.2 (7.37) | 163.6 (6.44) | 163.7 (6.44) | 153.0 (6.02) | 207.3 (8.16) | 162.3 (6.39) | 125.3 (4.93) | 213.0 (8.39) | 285.7 (11.25) | 238.5 (9.39) | 222.6 (8.76) | 200.8 (7.91) | 2,323 (91.45) |
| Average rainy days | 15.8 | 13.6 | 13.4 | 11.1 | 11.3 | 9.3 | 8.4 | 10.4 | 11.7 | 10.8 | 13.6 | 15.7 | 145.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 76 | 77 | 79 | 81 | 83 | 80 | 81 | 79 | 75 | 76 | 74 | 78 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 52.8 | 60.3 | 88.1 | 104.7 | 142.3 | 182.3 | 257.9 | 227.4 | 180.9 | 132.2 | 86.0 | 59.0 | 1,573.9 |
| Source: JMA (1981-2010) JMA (extremes) ||||||||||||||

## Administration

* Mayor Kenichi Itokazu

## Transportation
### Airport

Yonaguni Airport
* Japan Transocean Air (JTA) – JAL group
** Ishigaki Airport 30 min., one round trip flight daily (Boeing 737–400)
* Ryūkyū Air Commuter (RAC) – JAL and JTA groups
** Naha Airport 80 min., four round trip flights per week (Bombardier Dash 8 DHC-8-100)
** Ishigaki Airport 30 min., four round trip flights per week (Bombardier Dash 8 DHC-8-100)

### Harbours

Kubura Harbour
* Fukuyama Maritime "Ferry Yonakuni"
** Ishigaki Harbour 4 hr. 30 min. (only two round trips per week)
** Naha Harbour (irregular schedule)
Sonai Harbour

### Roads

* Okinawa Prefectural Road 216 – Yonaguni Island Route
* Okinawa Prefectural Road 217 – Yonaguni Harbor Route
(Rental cars are available)

### Bus

* Yonaguni Transit

## Region
### Education

* Hikawa Elementary School
* Kubura Elementary School
* Kubura Junior High School – Japan's westernmost school
* Yonaguni Elementary School
* Yonaguni Junior High School
Because there are no high schools on the island, students entering high school must attend on the Okinawa mainland or on the island of Ishigaki, and 100% of junior-high schoolers continue on to high school.

## Famous places and historic sites

* Agarizaki (Eastern Cape)
* Irizaki (Western Cape)
* Tachigami-iwa (Standing God Rock)
* Gunkan-iwa (Battleship Rock)
* The open set of the TV drama series, Dr. Cotō’s Clinic
* Tōyama-jinja (Ten Mountain Shrine) – Japan's westernmost Shinto shrine

### Cultural and natural assets

Yonaguni Town hosts eighteen designated or registered tangible cultural properties and monuments, at the national, prefectural or municipal level.
* Name (Japanese) (Type of registration)

#### Cultural Properties

* Irifukuhama Family Residence (main house) (入福浜家住宅 主屋) (National)
* Kubura Family Residence (main house, stone wall) (久部良家住宅 主屋、石垣) (National)
* Tōgei Family Residence (main house, stone wall, well, stone water tank, water tank) (東迎家住宅 主屋、石垣、井戸、イチタライ、水タンク) (National)

#### Places of scenic beauty

* Kubura-bari and Kubura-furishi Sceneries (久部良バリ及び久部良フリシ) (National)
* Kubura-barii area (久部良バリ一帯) (Prefectural)
* Sanninudai Scenery (サンニヌ台) (National) (Prefectural)
* Tindabana Scenery (ティンダバナ) (National)

#### Natural Monuments

* Atlas moth habitat in Mount Urabu on Yonaguni Island (Attacus atlas ryukyuensis) (与那国島宇良部岳ヨナグニサン生息地) (Prefectural)
* Large deigo tree of Irimaka (西真嘉大デイゴ) (Municipal)
* Mitto Wetland of Kubura (久部良ミット湿地帯) (Municipal)
* Mount Kubura Natural Protected Area on Yonaguni Island (与那国島久部良岳天然保護区域) (Prefectural)

### Yonaguni Monument

* Irizaki
* Tachigami-iwa
* Gunkan-iwa
* The open set of the TV drama series, Dr. Coto's Clinic

## Animals of special significance

* Atlas moth – Called ayami habiru locally, this is the world's largest moth. In Japan, it is found only in Yonaguni.
* Yonaguni horse – One of eight traditional Japanese horses, the smallest horse in Japan. Unable to be seen anywhere other than the island of Yonaguni.

## Broadcasting

Television broadcasts consist of translator stations in Yonaguni and Uchimichi and radio broadcasts are established from the Yonaguni television translator station. It is also the only place in Japan where all three NHK Radio stations are on the FM band. In addition, Yonaguni receives Taiwanese television broadcasts (Taiwan Television (TTV), China Television (CTV), and Chinese Television System (CTS) by using the European DVB-T system), along with Taiwanese radio broadcasts.

### List of broadcast station frequencies
#### TV translator frequencies

| Location | NHK General TV | NHK Educational TV | Ryukyu Broadcasting Corporation (RBC) | Okinawa Television (OTV) |
| Yonaguni | 37 | 39 | 41 | 43 |
| Uchimichi | 49 | 51 | 53 | 55 |

#### Radio translator frequencies (MHz)

| Location | NHK1 | NHK2 | NHK3 | Ryukyu Broadcasting Corporation (RBCi) | Radio Okinawa (ROK) |
| Yonaguni | 83.5 | 80.3 | 85.8 | 84.7 | 79.5 |

## Other information

Through the cell towers on the east side of Taiwan that are geographically close to Yonaguni, it is possible depending on the weather to receive GSM phone service on Taiwanese phones from Irizaki (and it is possible that GSM phones from international carriers could use the service while roaming).