# Vitriol

Vitriol is the general chemical name encompassing a class of chemical compounds comprising sulfates of certain metals – originally, iron or copper. Those mineral substances were distinguished by their color, such as green vitriol for hydrated iron(II) sulfate and blue vitriol for hydrated copper(II) sulfate.
These materials were found originally as crystals formed by evaporation of groundwater that percolated through sulfide minerals and collected in pools on the floors of old mines. The word vitriol comes from the Latin word vitriolus, meaning "small glass", as those crystals resembled small pieces of colored glass.
Oil of vitriol was an old name for concentrated sulfuric acid, which was historically obtained through the dry distillation (pyrolysis) of vitriols. The name, abbreviated to vitriol, continued to be used for this viscous liquid long after the minerals came to be termed "sulfates". The figurative term vitriolic in the sense of "harshly condemnatory" is derived from the corrosive nature of this substance.
| Vitriol | Chemical | Comment | Formula |
| Black vitriol | | Sulfate • Heptahydrate ( Hydrated Sulfate) | [Cu,Mg,Fe,Mn,Co,Ni]SO$_4$·7H$_2$O |
| Blue vitriol/Vitriol of Cyprus/Roman vitriol | copper(II) sulfate | pentahydrate | CuSO$_4$·5H$_2$O |
| Green vitriol/Copperas | iron(II) sulfate | heptahydrate | FeSO$_4$·7H$_2$O |
| Oil of vitriol/Spirit of vitriol | sulfuric acid | acid | H$_2$SO$_4$ |
| Red vitriol | cobalt(II) sulfate | heptahydrate | CoSO$_4$·7H$_2$O |
| Sweet oil of vitriol | diethyl ether | Not a sulfate, but can be synthesized from sulfuric acid and ethanol | CH$_3$-CH$_2$-O-CH$_2$-CH$_3$ |
| Vitriol of argile/Vitriol of clay | aluminium sulfate | alum | Al$_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$ |
| Vitriol of Mars | iron(III) sulfate | Ferric sulfate | Fe$_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$ |
| White vitriol | zinc sulfate | heptahydrate | ZnSO$_4$·7H$_2$O |
* $^A$ Many websites state that black vitriol "is a mixture of iron sulfate and iron sulfite", but none give a reference of any sort. The book, Chemistry, Inorganic & Organic, with Experiments, by Bloxam is a published, reliable reference for the composition of black vitriol, and it states on page 513, "The formula of black vitriol may be written [CuMgFeMnCoNi]SO$_4$·7H$_2$O, the six isomorphous metals being interchangeable without altering the general character of the salt."
* $^B$ "Any combination of these elements may be found in black vitriol."

## History

The study of vitriol began during ancient times. Sumerians had a list of types of vitriol that they classified according to the substances' color. Some of the earliest discussions of the origin and properties of vitriol is in the works of the Greek physician Dioscorides (first century AD) and the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD). Galen also discussed its medical use. Metallurgical uses for vitriolic substances were recorded in the Hellenistic alchemical works of Zosimos of Panopolis, in the treatise Phisica et Mystica, and the Leyden papyrus X.
Medieval Islamic chemists like Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (died c. 806–816 AD, known in Latin as Geber), Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (865–925 AD, known in Latin as Rhazes), Ibn Sina (980–1037 AD, known in Latin as Avicenna), and Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Watwat (1234–1318 AD) included vitriol in their mineral classification lists.
Sulfuric acid was termed "oil of vitriol" by medieval European alchemists because it was prepared by roasting "green vitriol" (iron(II) sulfate) in an iron retort. The first vague allusions to it appear in the works of Vincent of Beauvais, in the Compositum de Compositis ascribed to Saint Albertus Magnus, and in pseudo-Geber's Summa perfectionis (all thirteenth century AD).