# Austrosimulium

Austrosimulium is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: Austrosimulium whose species are principally from New Zealand, and Novaustrosimulium which are exclusively Australian. Austrosimulium is a sister genus to the monospecific Paraustrosimulium of South America.
Some species are known to spread the protozoan blood parasite Leucocytozoon tawaki in penguins.
In New Zealand, where they are known as sandflies or namu (in Māori from Proto-Austronesian *ñamuk "mosquito", compare with Malay: nyamuk), three species – A. australense, A. tillyardianum and A. ungulatum – bite humans.

## Species

These 30 species belong to the genus Austrosimulium:

### Subgenus Austrosimulium Tonnoir, 1925

    Austrosimulium albovelatum Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (South Island))
    Austrosimulium alveolatum Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (South Island))
    Austrosimulium australense (Schiner, 1868) (New Zealand, Stewart Island)
    Austrosimulium bicorne Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (South Island))
    Austrosimulium campbellense Dumbleton, 1973 (Campbell Island)
    Austrosimulium cornutum Tonnoir, 1925 (Australia (Victoria, NSW, Tasmania))
    Austrosimulium crassipes Tonnoir, 1925 (Australia (Victoria, NSW, Queensland))
    Austrosimulium dugdalei Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012 (New Zealand (North Island))
    Austrosimulium dumbletoni Crosby, 1976 (New Zealand (South Island))
    Austrosimulium extendorum Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012 (New Zealand (Stewart Island))
    Austrosimulium fiordense Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (South Island))
    Austrosimulium fulvicorne Mackerras & Mackerras, 1950 (Australia (Queensland))
    Austrosimulium laticorne Tonnoir, 1925 (New Zealand (South Island))
    Austrosimulium longicorne Tonnoir, 1925 (New Zealand)
    Austrosimulium mirabile Mackerras & Mackerras, 1948 (Australia (Queensland))
    Austrosimulium montanum Mackerras & Mackerras, 1952 (Australia (NSW, Victoria))
    Austrosimulium multicorne Tonnoir, 1925 (New Zealand (South Island))
    Austrosimulium stewartense Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (Stewart Island, South Island))
    Austrosimulium tillyardianum Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand)
    Austrosimulium tonnoiri Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012 (New Zealand (South Island))
    Austrosimulium ungulatum Tonnoir, 1925 (New Zealand (South Island, Stewart Island))
    Austrosimulium unicorne Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (South Island))
    Austrosimulium vailavoense Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012 (New Zealand (Stewart Island, South Island))
    Austrosimulium vexans (Mik, 1881) (Auckland Islands)

### Subgenus Novaustrosimulium Dumbleton, 1973

    Austrosimulium bancrofti (Taylor, 1918) (Australia)
    Austrosimulium furiosum (Skuse, 1889) (Australia)
    Austrosimulium magnum Mackerras & Mackerras, 1955 (Australia (Queensland))
    Austrosimulium pestilens Mackerras & Mackerras, 1948 (Australia (Queensland, NSW, Northern Territory))
    Austrosimulium torrentium Tonnoir, 1925 (Australia (Tasmania, NSW, Victoria))
    Austrosimulium victoriae (Roubaud, 1906) (Australia)

## Literature cited

* ↑ Schiner, I.R. (1868). Diptera. vi In [Wullerstorf-Urbair, B. von (in charge)], Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara. Zool. 2(1)B. Wien: K. Gerold's Sohn. pp. 388pp., 4 pls.
* ↑ Peter H. Adler & Roger W. Crosskey (2009). World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): A Comprehensive Revision of the Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory (PDF) (Report). p. 109.
* ↑ Craig, Douglas Abercrombie McBeath; Craig, Ruth E. G.; Crosby, Trevor K. (2012-06-29). "Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera)". Fauna of New Zealand. 68. doi:10.7931/J2/FNZ.68.
* ↑ Douglas A. Craig & Trevor K. Crosby (2008). "Gynandromorphs of New Zealand Austrosimulium spp. (Diptera: Simuliidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1811. New Zealand: Magnolia Press: 57–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1811.1.4. ISSN 1175-5334. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
* ↑ A. M. Fallis; S. A. Bisset; F. R. Allison (1976). "Leucocytozoon tawaki n.sp. (Eucoccida: Leucocytozoidae) from the penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, and preliminary observations on its development in Austrosimulium spp. (Diptera: Simuliidae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 3 (1). Wellington, New Zealand: The Royal Society of New Zealand: 11–16. doi:10.1080/03014223.1976.9517893.
* ↑ T. K. Crosby (1976). "Austrosimulium (Austrosimulium) dumbletoni n.sp. from New Zealand (Diptera: Simuliidae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 3 (1). Wellington, New Zealand: The Royal Society of New Zealand: 17–19. doi:10.1080/03014223.1976.9517894.
* 1 2 Walrond, Carl (24 September 2007). "Sandflies and mosquitoes - Sandflies: New Zealand's blackflies". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
* ↑ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2010). "*ñamuk: mosquito". Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
* ↑ Early, John (2009). Know your New Zealand ... native insects & spiders. New Holland. p. 120. ISBN 9781869662530.
* ↑ "Catalogue of Life, Austrosimulium Tonnoir, 1925". Retrieved 2024-10-12.
* ↑ Adler, Peter H. (2024). World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): A Comprehensive Revision of the Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory [2024] (PDF) (Report). Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University. Retrieved 2024-10-12.