OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eastern Ruapehu Lahar Alarm and Warning System

The Eastern Ruapehu Lahar Alarm and Warning System (ERLAWS) is a lahar warning system that was installed on Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand following volcanic eruptions in 1995–1996. The system successfully detected and warned of an imminent lahar in March 2007. The system is being expanded to detect the wider range of lahar threats now expected on Ruapehu.

## Introduction

The 1995–1996 eruptions of Ruapehu in the North Island of New Zealand left a 7-metre high dam of tephra, consisting of volcanic ash and rock, around the rim of the crater lake. It was realised that as the lake refilled and rose above the level of its normal outlet, the tephra dam would eventually collapse, causing a large lahar. Such a lahar resulted in the 1953 Tangiwai disaster when 151 people died as the lahar swept a railway bridge away, causing a passenger train to plunge into the Whangaehu River. In 2000 the government decided to plan, design and implement ERLAWS – a complex system of sensors and preventative mechanisms to warn of an impending lahar. The system began operating in 2002.

## Sensors

ERLAWS consists of three sites at which various sensors are located – these are:
* Site 1 (Crater Lake outlet)
** three geophones to detect the vibration of the collapse and from lahars
** a buried tripwire to detect collapse of the dam
** water level sensors to detect a sudden drop in lake level
* Site 2 (NZ Alpine Club hut)
** two geophones to detect the vibration from passing lahars
* Site 3 (near Tukino skifield)
** two geophones to detect the vibration from passing lahars.

## Monitoring

Signals from the sites are transmitted to the Genesis Energy power station at Tokaanu, where computers monitor the data received and upload it to an external server and the ERLAWS website. When incoming measurements meet or exceed pre-set thresholds, alarms are sent via pagers to police, district council staff, Transit New Zealand, KiwiRail Network staff, and duty scientists who will then respond following predetermined plans. This alert can be up to two hours before a lahar would reach Tangiwai.

## Transit systems

Transit New Zealand has systems installed on the State Highways surrounding the area, which alert motorists and in some cases prevent entry to the danger areas. These systems incorporate automatic barrier gates, flashing lights and electronic signs warning of flash flooding.

## Events

On 18 March 2007, the tephra dam collapsed, causing a lahar which flowed down the mountain and into the Whangaehu River. The ERLAWS system activated at 10:47am and worked as planned. Scientists estimate that 1.29 million cubic metres (1.29 billion litres) of sulphur and water went down the Whangaehu Valley, leaving 8.9 million cubic metres in the crater lake. This lahar was at least 50% larger than the 1953 lahar that caused the Tangiwai disaster.

## Expansion

Following the 2007 lahar, the risks of future lahars were reassessed and judged to affect more valleys than before. The ERLAWS system will be broadened in response to the wider threat.
# Kōki Chūma

Kōki Chūma (中馬 弘毅, Chūma Kōki, born October 8, 1936) is a former Japanese politician who served in the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature) as a member of the Liberal Democratic Party. A native of Osaka, Osaka and graduate of the University of Tokyo he was elected for the first time in 1976 as a member of the now-defunct party New Liberal Club. His father is Kaoru Chūma, former mayor of Osaka.
# Ocean Keys

Ocean Keys Shopping Centre is a shopping centre located in the Perth suburb of Clarkson, approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) from Perth CBD, in Western Australia. Ocean Keys has over 120 stores, including Coles, Kmart, City Beach, and JB Hi-Fi.
Ocean Keys is owned and managed by Dexus.

## History and development

The centre is owned and managed by AMP Capital and was last redeveloped in 2014, where the centre doubled in size to approximately 39,000 m$^2$ (420,000 sq ft).
2001 Stage 1 of the centre opened on June 25, 2001, consisting of two supermarkets (Coles & Newmart) and 35 speciality stores.
2005 Stage 2 extension of the centre opened in October 2005 introducing Kmart and an additional 42 speciality shops.
2006 AMP Capital Shopping Centres commenced management of the centre.
2007 Construction of the Stage 4 development commenced in April 2007 and was completed in November of the same year. This project consisted of a further extension of the Woolworths supermarket, and a second travelator at the western entrance leading to the undercover car park and Shell Express Service Station, increasing the centre's GLA to 22,800 m$^2$ (245,000 sq ft).
2013 Construction commenced on the Stage 5 development in January 2013 to increase the centre GLA to 39,000 m$^2$ (420,000 sq ft) through the addition of Target, approximately 50 new speciality stores and a new three level car park across a two-year program.
2014 The redevelopment was completed in two stages in 2014 – Stage 1 opened on 20 March 2014 and Stage 2 opened on 6 November 2014.
2020 After 6 years, in October 2020, Target closed down and was shortly replaced temporarily by a second Kmart store, however, this was until August 2021.

## Architectural features

The architectural design of the redevelopment was informed by both its history and surroundings. Themes from the original pre-developed shopping centre were refreshed, with the replication of motifs from the artificial environment at the nearby Mindarie Marina. The colour palette is light and clean, with a focus on blue hues and shades of white, with measured use of natural and tactile materials. The redevelopment won the Commercial Architecture prize at the Australian Institute of Architects (WA chapter) awards in 2015.
# Pedro San

Alejandro Pedro San (1895 – January 12, 1943) was a Dominican professional baseball pitcher in the Negro leagues in the 1920s. He was the first Dominican ballplayer to play in a recognized major league.
A native of Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic, San made his Negro leagues debut in 1926 with the Cuban Stars (East). He went on to play two more seasons with the Stars through 1928.
# Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

The Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988, also known as ICTA, was the foremost United Kingdom Act of Parliament concerned with taxation until the Income Tax Act 2007 and the Corporation Tax Act 2010. ICTA was enacted in order to consolidate a number of earlier legislative provisions covering taxation. Originally, ICTA primarily covered income tax (paid principally by individuals) and corporation tax (paid principally by companies). It is the longest Act of Parliament to have ever been written.

## Section 660A

In its United Kingdom Tax Bulletin 64 (April 2003), the Inland Revenue (now HM Revenue and Customs) announced new guidance on the "settlements legislation". This is a body of law which seeks to prevent someone (known as the "settlor") from avoiding tax by reclassifying income as belonging to someone else (known as the beneficiary). The income is then taxed at the beneficiary's lower rate although the settlor continues to benefit from it. The legislation targets spouses and also parents seeking to divert income via their minor children.
Section 660A of the Act (added by the Finance Act 1995) covered this issue. Using the revised (April 2003) interpretation of s.660A, UK HMRC have been targeting businesses set up by spouses where they are aware that income is split between the spouses, and only one of them directly generates that income. In theory s.660A can apply to partnerships as well as limited companies, this has yet to be tested in the UK courts. In 2007 the interpretation was finally rejected by the Law Lords, resulting in the government proposing new legalisation to tackle the perceived abuse.
This section was repealed by the Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005 with effect from 6 April 2005.

## Amendments

Following the Tax Law Rewrite Project, sections relating to income tax have been substituted by the Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003, the Income Tax (Trading and Other Income) Act 2005 and the Income Tax Act 2007. These acts have abolished the schedular system of taxation for income tax; however, the schedular system still applies for the purposes of corporation tax.
ICTA has also been frequently amended by the Finance Acts that are enacted annually in the UK.
Sections relating to the House of Commons Members' Fund were amended by the House of Commons Members' Fund Act 2016.
# Bharathidasan Engineering College

Bharathidasan Engineering College is a College of Engineering located in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.

## Departments
### Undergraduate

* Civil Engineering
* Computer Science Engineering
* Electrical & Electronics Engineering
* Electronics & Communication Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering

### Bachelors of Technology

* Information Technology
* Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

### Post Graduate

* Applied Electronics
* Computer Science & Engineering
* Structural Engineering
* Thermal Engineering
# María Inés García

María Inés García (born 28 February 1964) is a Colombian dressage rider. She competed at the 2014 World Equestrian Games in Normandy, France where she finished 96th in the field of 100 competitors in the individual dressage competition.
She won a bronze medal in team dressage at the 2011 Pan American Games and a gold medal in team dressage at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games.
# Luojiang, Quanzhou

Luojiang District (Chinese: 洛江; pinyin: Luòjiāng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lo̍k-kang) is a district of Quanzhou, southern Fujian province, People's Republic of China.

## Administrative divisions

Subdistricts:
* Wan'an Subdistrict (万安街道), Shuangyang Subdistrict (双阳街道)
Towns:
* Heshi (河市镇), Majia (马甲镇), Luoxi (罗溪镇)
The only township is Hongshan Township (虹山乡)
# Simon Vroemen

Simon Frans Vroemen (born 11 May 1969 in Delft, South Holland) is a Dutch runner, specialising in the steeplechase.

## Biography

Vroemen has a degree in molecular sciences from the Wageningen University. He wrote his dissertation on the stress physiology of grasshoppers. He has since worked as an engineer for Shell and currently resides at Vught.
Originally a 1500 metres runner, he changed his focus in 1994 to the steeplechase, in which he has been internationally successful. On 19 July 2002, he broke the nearly 20 year old European record by running 8:06.91 in Monaco. On 26 August 2005 in Brussels he broke his own European record, setting it at 8:04.95, which remained until 2009. He placed 12th in the Sydney Olympic Games (2000) and 6th in the Athens Olympic Games (2004). In July 2007, a year after his decision to quit the sport, Vroemen returned on the track at the Dutch National Championships. He started off as a pace runner, but went on to win the Dutch title. On 11 June 2008, at the age of 39, he won a race in Cottbus in 8:12.50, setting the third-best time of the year in the world and qualifying him for the Olympic Games in Beijing.
After this race, Vroemen requested a doping test and was tested positive for the banned anabolic steroid metandienone. He contested the outcome based on scientific evidence that his (legal) anti-asthma medication caused the test to report false positives. More than 1.5 years after the test and the missed opportunity to run at the Olympics, the Sports Court released Vroemen of the doping charges, based on scientific evidence that the allowed asthma medication triggered the test. During these 1.5 years, the anti-doping authorities also tried to accuse Vroemen of using an illegal infusion in 2006. Vroemen was also declared innocent in this case and all charges were dropped. He returned to racing and won the national steeple chase championship 3 more times in the years 2011, 2012 and 2013, to bring his total steeple chase championship count to 15 times. Vroemen retired from professional racing thereafter.

## Achievements

* 2000: 12th - Olympic Games in Sydney
* 2002: 2nd - European Championships in München
* 2003: 7th - World Championships in Paris
* 2004: 6th - Olympic Games in Athens
* 2005: 5th - World Championships in Helsinki
# Wu Yubiao

Wu Yubiao (born January 18, 1975) is a Chinese sprint canoer who competed in the mid-1990s. At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, he was eliminated in the repechages of both the K-2 500 m and the K-2 1000 m events.
# Gamadiel García

Gamadiel Adrián García Sánchez (Spanish pronunciation:, born 20 July 1979) is a Chilean former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.

## Club career

He debuted as professional footballer at Chilean powerhouse Universidad de Chile in 1998, in where García won his first two titles in his career, the same year: the league title and the Copa Chile. The next season, he was loaned to Coquimbo Unido for one season, he also was the top-scorer at the team of Coquimbo alongside Pascual de Gregorio. In January 2003, he moved to Mexico for play at Necaxa, in where he scored three goals in 48 appearances, and two years later, García signed a contract with Venezuelan Primera División giants Caracas, then playing the next seasons at Once Caldas and Maracaibo, and in 2006, he returned to his country for play his old club Coquimbo Unido.
In December 2006, García joined to Greek Super League side Skoda Xanthi for an undisclosed fee, returning the next season to Chile for play in Huachipato, in where he had successful spell, scoring 24 goals in 88 appearances at the team of Talcahuano. Four years later, he signed a contract with Deportes La Serena and the next season, thanks to his good campaign, García joined Deportivo Táchira, team that disputed the 2012 Copa Libertadores. In June, he returned to Chile and was signed by Primera División club Audax Italiano.

## International career

García was part of the Chilean U-20 squad that played the 1999 South American Youth Championship made in Argentina. Three years later, he debuted for the adult squad against Turkey in a friendly game, on 17 April 2002, this being his only international appearance, despite another game disputed with Chile against Aragon in 2006, that was considered a non-official FIFA match.

## Post-retirement

While he was a player of Colchagua, he became the president of SIFUP, the trade union for professional association footballers in Chile. Once he retired from football, he was elected for a second term in 2020.

## Honours
### Club
#### Universidad de Chile

* Chilean Primera División (1): 1998
* Copa Chile (1): 1998

#### Once Caldas

* Recopa Sudamericana (1): Runner-up 2005

### Individual

* Copa Chile (1): 2008–09 Top-scorer
# Muhaqqiq al-Hilli

Najm ul-Din Abul-Qasim Ja'far bin al-Hasan bin Yahya bin al-Hasan bin Sa'id, famous as al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli and al-Muhaqqiq al-Awwal (c. 1205 – 1277) was an influential Arab Shi'i Mujtahid born in the city of al-Hilla, Iraq. He played an important role in shaping Twelver Shi'ism's legal doctrines works. His legal manual, Shara'i ul-Islam, has been particularly influential, attracting more than thirty commentaries.

## Life

Muhaqqiq was born in the city of al-Hilla, Iraq, where he would spend most of his life, to a family of prominent Shi'i jurists. He studied theology, fiqh and usul al-fiqh under his father. Muhaqqiq later became the leader of the Shi'i seminary there; when Nasir al-Din al-Tusi visited the town as the representative of Hulagu, he addressed Muhaqqiq as the representative of the city's scholarly elite.

## Intellectual output

Muhaqqiq produced an impressive scholarly corpus during his life, treating subjects ranging from fiqh and usul al-fiqh to ethics, theology, philology and even a few volumes of poetry.
His most important work by far is Shara'i ul-Islam, a comprehensive manual of law. It is arguably one of the most important Shi'i legal works ever written, as shown by the large number (more than thirty) of commentaries written on it by later scholars. It has been translated into both Persian and Russian, and was used in British India as the standard statement of Shi'ite Muslim law. In the Shara'i, he divides the law into four distinct categories: acts of devotion (e.g. prayer, fasting), bilateral legal acts (e.g. marriage), unilateral legal acts (e.g. divorce) and rules (e.g. of inheritance). This classification was followed by later jurists.
Another important work of his is Ma'arij ul-Usul, written in the field of usul al-fiqh (jurisprudential methodology). In it, he stresses the centrality of the Shi'i jurist (mujtahid) during the time of the Occultation in deriving a proper understanding of the Shari'ah from the Qur'an, Hadith and statements of the Twelve Imams. In this way, Muhaqqiq's legal theory is heavily indebted to the classical Sunni approach to legal methodology. Whereas before him, it was the authority of the Hadith and not of the Mujtahid that was obeyed.
* Al-Nafi' fi mukhtasar al-sharayi'
* Al-Mu'tabar fi sharh mukhtasar al-nafi'
* Al-Ma'arij fi usul al-fiqh
* Nahj al-wusul ila ma'rifat 'ilm al-usul
* Talkhis al-fihrist, which is an abridged edition of al-Fihrist, by al-Shaykh al-Tusi.
* Istihbab al-tayasur li-'Ahl al-Iraq
* Sharh nukat al-nihaya
* Al-Kuhna fi al-mantiq
* Mukhtasar al-marasim, which is an abridged edition of al-Marasim, by Sallar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Daylami.
* Al-Masa'il al-Qarya
* Al-Masa'il al-misriyya
* Al-Maslak fi usul al-din
* Nukat al-nihaya

## Sources

* Calder et al. (2003) Classical Islam: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge.
* Kohlberg, E. ḤELLI,NAJM-AL-DIN ABU’L-QĀSEM JAʿFAR. Encyclopædia Iranica. (http://www.iranica.com/ Archived 2019-04-16 at the Wayback Machine accessed 28.09.2009)
# Mrunalini Desai

Mrunalini Desai was a Marathi writer from Maharashtra, India.

## Works

The following is a list of her books:
* Āryā Vedavatī (1989)
* Maṇibahan Paṭel (1986)
* Pūrṇāhuti (1979)
* Prītīcī Rīt (1979)
* Pūrṇāhuti (1979)
* Pragatīcyā Nikashāvar (1977)
* Pragatine Panthe (1977)
* Rusavā (1976)
* Ināmadār (1975)
* Bilvadal (1975)
* Strī (1974)
* Rājaghāṭ (1974)
* Ānandayātrā (1973)
* Niśigandha (1973)
* Yoginī (1972)
* Bhagavān Paraśurām (1970)
* Putra Mānavācā (1969)
* Virāṇī (1967)
# Cem Yiğit Üzümoğlu

Cem Yiğit Üzümoğlu (born 1 March 1994) is a Turkish actor. He came to fame by appearing in the youth series Adı Efsane as Hakan.

## Early life

Üzümoğlu was born on 1 March 1994 in Istanbul. He is a graduate of Hacettepe University Ankara State Conservatory, Department of Acting.

## Career
### TV Series

He made his debut on television with the youth series Adı Efsane as Hakan Şahin.

### Web series

In 2020, Üzümoğlu portrayed Mehmed the Conqueror in the Netflix original docuseries Rise of Empires: Ottoman. He had guest role in "Hakan: Muhafız".

### Films

He played in Yılmaz Erdoğan's crime film "Kin". He won Altın Portakal Film Festival Best Actor Award for his role in LCV (Lütfen Cevap Veriniz). He played in awarded film Karanlık Gece alongside Pınar Deniz.

### Theatre

He had previously appeared in various plays. In April 2017, at the 21st Yapı Kredi Afife Theater Awards he was awarded as the "Most Successful Young Generation Artist of the Year". In 2018, he appeared on the stage again with the plays Troas and Kalp. In 2019, he joined the cast of Evlat, a play directed by İbrahim Çiçek. He later appeared as Prince Hamlet in an adaptation of the famous play published for YouTube's Digital Sahne.

## Filmography

Web series :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2018 | Hakan: Muhafız | Emir | Guest |
| 2020-2022 | Rise of Empires: Ottoman | Mehmed the Conqueror | Leading role |
| TV series ||||
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2017 | Adı Efsane | Hakan Şahin | Leading role |
Film :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2021 | Kin | | Leading role |
| 2022 | LCV (Lütfen Cevap Veriniz) | Mert | Leading role |
| 2023 | Karanlık Gece | Ali | Leading role |
| 2024 | Aşk Mevsimi | Ali Yaman | Leading role |

## Theatre

| Theatre ||||||
| Year | Title | Writer | Director | Role | Notes |
| 2016 | Troas | Dimitris Dimitriadis | Alexandra Kazazou | Astyanax | |
| 2018 | Salto | Tadeusz Konwicki | Alexandra Kazazou | | |
| 2018 | The Normal Heart | Larry Kramer | İbrahim Çiçek | Felix | |
| 2019 | The Son | Florian Zeller | İbrahim Çiçek | Nicolas | |
| 2021 | Hamlet | William Shakespeare | İbrahim Çiçek | Prince Hamlet | Dijital Sahne |
| 2022 | The Glass Menagerie | Tennessee Williams | İbrahim Çiçek | Tom | |
# Don Ackerman

Donald D. Ackerman (September 4, 1930 – July 9, 2011) was an American professional basketball player. He was nicknamed "Buddy" and also known as "Douglas".
Ackerman played college basketball for the LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds during the 1950–51 season. He played for the Manchester British-Americans of the American Basketball League during the 1952–53 season. In 20 games for Manchester, Ackerman scored 247 points, a 12.4 game average. Ackerman was selected by the New York Knicks in the second round of the 1953 NBA draft and played in 28 games for the Knicks in the 1953–54 season. He was traded to the Boston Celtics at the end of the 1953–54 season but elected to end his playing career instead of moving his family to Boston. Ackerman started a landscaping business that he ran for more than 40 years.
Ackerman was married and had seven children. He lived in Oceanside, New York, at the time of his death.

## NBA career statistics
### Regular season

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| 1953–54 | New York | 28 | – | 7.9 | .222 | – | .536 | .5 | .8 | – | – | 1.5 |
| Career | | 28 | – | 7.9 | .222 | – | .536 | .5 | .8 | – | – | 1.5 |