OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1947 AAA Championships

The 1947 AAA Championships was the 1947 edition of the annual outdoor track and field competition organised by the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA). It was held from 18 to 19 July 1947 at White City Stadium in London, England.

## Summary

The Championships covered two days of competition. The marathon and decathlon events were held in Loughborough during August.

## Results

| Event | Gold | Gold | Silver | Silver | Bronze | Bronze |
| 100 yards | McDonald Bailey GBR/TRI | 9.7 | John Wilkinson | 10.0 | Jack Gregory | 10.0 |
| 220 yards | McDonald Bailey GBR/TRI | 21.7 | John Fairgrieve | 5 yd | Reg Toone | 3 yd |
| 440 yards | Jim Reardon IRL | 48.3 | Peter Wallis RSA | 6 yds | Oskar Hardmeier SUI | 1 yd |
| 880 yards | Tom White | 1:53.8 | Frits de Ruyter NED | 1:53.9 | John Parlett | 1:54.0 |
| 1 mile | Sandor Garay HUN | 4:10.6 | Wim Slijkhuis NED | 4:12.2 | Bill Nankeville | 4:18.8 |
| 3 miles | Jef Lataster NED | 14:20.0 | Alec Olney | 14:23.2 | George Lucas | 14:30 |
| 6 miles | Anthony Chivers | 30:31.4 | Jim Peters | 30:49.0 | Charlie Smart | 30:51.0 |
| 10 miles | Jim Peters | 53:21.0 | Reginald Draper | 53:58.0 | Richard Towndrow | 55:46.0 |
| marathon | Jack Holden | 2:33:20.2 | Tom Richards | 2:36:07 | Donald Robertson | 2:37:45.6 |
| steeplechase | Laszlo Hires HUN | 10:39.3 | Robert Everaert BEL | 30 yd | Albert Robertson | 30 yd |
| 120y hurdles | Pol Braekman BEL | 14.9 | Donald Finlay | inches | Jan Zwaan NED | 1 yd |
| 440y hurdles | Harry Whittle | 55.0 | Werner Christen SUI | 4 yd | Ronald Ede | 8 yds |
| 2 miles walk | Lars Hindmar SWE | 13:54.4 | Harry Churcher | 13:56.0 | Giuseppe Kressevich ITA | 14:09.6 |
| 7 miles walk | Harry Churcher | 52:48.4 | Mario Di Salvo ITA | 53:13.8 | Giuseppe Kressevich ITA | 54:17.6 |
| high jump | Adegboyega Adedoyin NGR | 1.930 | Ron Pavitt | 1.905 | D.V. Nicholson | 1.854 |
| pole vault | Zoltan Zsitvay HUN | 3.81 | Cor Lamoree NED | 3.81 | Hans Moesgaard-Kjeldsen DEN | 3.58 |
| long jump | Harry Whittle | 7.25 | Adegboyega Adedoyin NGR | 7.22 | Harry Askew | 7.21 |
| triple jump | Denis Watts | 14.25 | Anthony Lethbridge AUS | 14.01 | Robert Hawkey | 13.57 |
| shot put | David Guiney IRL | 14.48 | Aad de Bruyn NED | 13.49 | Harold Moody | 13.31 |
| discus throw | Jan Brasser NED | 43.76 | James Nesbitt | 42.58 | Jack Brewer | 42.38 |
| hammer throw | Imre Nemeth HUN | 53.34 | Jerzy Kordas POL | 51.98 | Duncan Clark | 49.61 |
| javelin throw | Jan Stendzenieks LAT | 64.20 | Nico Lutkeveld NED | 58.26 | Hans Moesgaard-Kjeldsen DEN | 56.04 |
| decathlon | Hans Moesgaard-Kjeldsen DEN | 5965 | Harry Whittle | 5650 NR | Norman Dear | 4962 |
| Tug of war (catchweight) | Wimpey London Airport A | | Wimpey London Airport B | | | |
| Tug of war (100st) | Wimpey London Airport A | | Fords | | | |
# Silmala Parish

Silmala Parish (Latvian: Silmalas pagasts) is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

## Towns, villages and settlements of Silmala parish

* Gornica, Latvia [lv] - parish administrative center
# Litte

The Litte is a river of Saxony, Germany. It is a left tributary of the Großschweidnitzer Wasser, which it joins in Großschweidnitz.
# Yelken

Yelken (Turkish for "sail") is both a Turkish masculine given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:

## Surname

* Aydın Yelken (1939–2022), Turkish footballer
* Müslüm Yelken (born 1988), Turkish footballer

## Given name

* Yelken Octuri (born 1970), French industrial designer
# Jasper Jalonen

Jasper Jalonen (born 20 June 2005) is a Finnish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ykkösliiga club Salon Palloilijat (SalPa).

## Personal life

His father Jasse Jalonen is a former professional footballer who has also played for TPS. His grandfather Jouni Jalonen won four Finnish Championship titles with TPS in 1968, 1971, 1972 and 1975, and was named to the TPS Hall of Fame.

## Career statistics

    As of 26 October 2024
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Finnish Cup | Finnish Cup | League cup | League cup | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| TPS | 2021 | Ykkönen | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | – | – | 8 | 0 |
| TPS | 2022 | Ykkönen | 10 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 18 | 2 |
| TPS | Total | Total | 15 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 26 | 2 |
| TPS Akatemia | 2022 | Kolmonen | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 0 |
| Klubi 04 | 2022 | Kakkonen | 8 | 1 | — | — | — | — | 8 | 1 |
| Klubi 04 | 2023 | Kakkonen | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| Klubi 04 | Total | Total | 9 | 1 | — | — | – | – | 9 | 1 |
| SJK Akatemia | 2023 | Ykkönen | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| SJK Akatemia 2 | 2023 | Kolmonen | 9 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 9 | 1 |
| SalPa | 2024 | Ykkösliiga | 11 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 15 | 0 |
| Career Total | Career Total | Career Total | 45 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 61 | 4 |
# Aspen (disambiguation)

Aspen is a common name for several species of trees in the genus Populus and for some in the genus Acronychia.
Aspen may also refer to:

## Business

* Aspen Airways, a former airline that was based in Denver, Colorado
* Aspen Avionics, an American aircraft avionics manufacturer
* Aspen Comics, American entertainment company and comic book publisher
* Aspen Dental, a dental practice management corporation
* Aspen Education Group, a company that provides therapeutic interventions for adolescents and young adults
* Aspen Healthcare, a private medical company based in the City of London
* Aspen Medical, a global provider of health services based in Canberra, Australia
* Aspen Pharmacare, a multi-national pharmaceutical manufacturing company based in South Africa
* Aspen Publishers
* Aspen Skiing Company, known locally as "Ski Co"
* Aspen Soda, an apple-flavored soft drink sold from 1978 until 1982
* Aspen Technology, an engineering software company

## Arts and entertainment

* Aspen Art Museum, Aspen, Colorado
* Aspen Music Festival and School, a classical music festival
* Aspen Matthews, protagonist of the comic book series Fathom
* Aspen (magazine), a multimedia magazine of the arts published from 1965 to 1971

## People

* Aspen (name), a list of people with the given name or surname

## Places
### United States

* Aspen, Colorado, a ski resort town
* Aspen/Snowmass, a winter resort complex in Pitkin County, Colorado
* Aspen Mountain (ski area), on the north slopes of Aspen Mountain
* Aspen Mountain (Colorado), south of the town of Aspen
* Aspen anomaly, a geological structure in Colorado
* Aspen Brook (Colorado), a tributary of the Big Thompson River
* Aspen Mountain (Wyoming), south of Rock Springs
* Aspen Lake, west of Klamath Falls, Oregon

### Other countries

* Aspen, Nova Scotia, Canada, a community
* Queen Elizabeth II Island, formerly Aspen Island, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
* Aspen, Botkyrka, a lake in Botkyrka Municipality, Sweden
* Aspen (Julita), a lake in Katrineholm Municipality, Sweden

## Transportation

* Chrysler Aspen, a sport utility vehicle
* Dodge Aspen, a compact car
* Aspen (ship, 1947), see Boats of the Mackenzie River watershed

## Other uses

* Aspen, a brand of alkylate gasoline
* Aspen University, a for-profit, distance-learning university
* Aspen High School, Aspen, Colorado
* USCGC Aspen, a United States Coast Guard cutter
* Aspen, a type of cervical collar
# Tika Bhandari

Tika Bhandari (Nepali: टीका भण्डारी) is a Nepalese song composer and singer of Nepali music. He has composed music for over 500 Nepali modern songs and has released a total of 23 music albums. He is best known for composing songs like Goli Sishako. He received Nepal Bidhya Bhusan in 2003 for being faculty topper in M.A. in Political Science from Tribhuvan University. He is a PhD scholar in Political Science. He is also the Deputy Director of Radio Nepal. On 19 May 2016, he participated an environmental song by 365 Nepali artists lyrics and music by Nipesh Dhaka, in entitled Melancholy which set a Guinness World Records.

## Awards and recognitions

Tika Bhandari has been awarded several national honours. including Suprabal Janasewashri Chaturtha, Chhinnalata Sangeet puraskaar -2074, Natikaji Uwa Sangeet Puraskar- 2074, Best Music Composer Award Radio Nepal- 1999

### Music awards

* Narayan Gopal National Yuba Sangeet Puraskar – 2003
* Best Music Composer Award, Radio Nepal – 2000
* Ten Youth Outstanding National Award (TYON) with medal – Nepal Jaycees – 2002
* Best Music Composer Radio Nepal – Nationwide Children Song Competition – 1998 AD

### Educational awards

* Mahendra Bidhya bhusan (Now Nepal Bidhya Bhusan), State Medal by former king Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev – 2003
* Badakaji Marichman Singh Pradhan University Gold Medal – from Tribhuvan University, Nepal – 2003
* Lalitchand University Gold Medal from Tribhuvan University, Nepal – 2003

## Albums

He has worked with various lyricists and singers in more than 23 different musical albums and 4 dozen retail albums.

### As a composer

* Pratham Bhet with various artists – 2049 BS
* Nauli with singer Rekha Sharma – 2061 BS
* Abhilekh with lyricist Yubaraj Poudel – 2061 BS
* Gantabya with lyricist Prakash Kuikel – 2063 BS
* Aadha baato with Hemanat Pardeshi- 2066 BS
* Palpal with Surya Khatri Ghayal – 2070 BS
* Madan, Dedicated to people's leader Madan Bhandari (Music Composition) – 2071 BS
* Pardesh with lyricist Gyanendra Gadal – 2006 AD
* Kunai din with lyricist Shekhar Dhungel – 2008 AD
* Abhipsha with lyricist Bhupendra Mahat – 2010 AD
* Ek anjuli maya with lyricist Deepak Jadit – 2009 AD
* Parikalpana with lyricist Chandra Parsai Bibash – 2007 AD
* Itihas with lyricist Min Bahadur Thapa – 2014 AD
* Mayako Sahar with lyricist Ishwar Prabasi – 2015 AD
* Rojai with singers Narad Dahal and Teken Dahal – 2015 AD
* Best of Tika Bhandari music collection – 2015 AD
* Desh – patriotic songs collection – 2015 AD

### As a music director in Nepali films

* Madahosh – 2054 BS
* Bihani – 2055 BS
* Bahadur – 2055 BS
* Gaule – 2056 BS
* Pardeshi Kancha – 2056 BS
* Jeet – 2056 BS
* Majdur – 2057 BS
* Bhai – 2057 BS
* Lakshuman Rekha – 2057 BS
* Natedar – 2058 BS
* Pinjada – 2059 BS
* Santan Ko Maya – 2059 BS
* Jiwan Dan – 2059 BS
* Hamro Jindagi – 2059 BS
* Baksis – 2059 BS

### As a singer

* Nepal Jatra Parody – 2058 BS
* Kurshi Jatra Parody – 2059 BS
* Swar Sangeet – 2015 AD
* Madan – 2015 AD
* Parody remix – 2015 AD
* Melancholy – 19 May 2016, An environmental song by 365 Nepali Artists, Guinness World Records.
# Zhao Pengfei

Zhao Pengfei (Chinese: 赵鹏飞; February 1, 1920 – January 31, 2005) was a member of the Chinese Communist Party. He served as Chairman of the Beijing People's Congress from 1983 to 1993 and Vice Chairman of the Beijing Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) from 1979 to 1983.

## Biography

Zhao was Manchu by descent. He was born in Yi County, Hebei province. He joined the Communist party in March 1939.
# We Like to Party (Party Animals song)

"We Like to Party" is the fourth single of the Party Animals and the first release from their second album Party@worldaccess.nl. The song was released in 1997 and was their first single which was not cover of an existing song. The song peaked at number 6 in the Dutch Top 40 and a number 67 position in the end of the year list of 1997.

## Track listing

| # | Title | Length |
| 1. | "We Like To Party (Flamman & Abraxas radio mix)" | 3:08 |
| 2. | "Used & Abused (Dominion '97 remix)" | 3:57 |
| 3. | "We Like It Dark" | 4:48 |
| 4. | "C'Mon Everybody (DJ Jordens 2nd Coming)" | 4:39 |
| 5. | "Roodkapje" | 4:35 |
# Hyperscale computing

In computing, hyperscale is the ability of an architecture to scale appropriately as increased demand is added to the system.
This typically involves the ability to seamlessly provide and add compute, memory, networking, and storage resources to a given node or set of nodes that make up a larger computing, distributed computing, or grid computing environment. Hyperscale computing is necessary in order to build a robust and scalable cloud, big data, map reduce, or distributed storage system and is often associated with the infrastructure required to run large distributed sites such as Google, Facebook, Twitter, Amazon, Microsoft, IBM Cloud or Oracle Cloud.
Companies like Ericsson, AMD, and Intel provide hyperscale infrastructure kits for IT service providers.
Companies like Scaleway, Switch, Alibaba, IBM, QTS, Digital Realty Trust, Equinix, Oracle, Meta, Amazon Web Services, SAP, Microsoft and Google build data centers for hyperscale computing. Such companies are sometimes called "hyperscalers." They are recognized for their massive scale in cloud computing and data management, operating in environments that require extensive infrastructure to accommodate large-scale data processing and storage.
# Bram Stoker Award for Best Short Non-Fiction

The Bram Stoker Award for Best Short Non-Fiction, established in 2019, is an award presented by the Horror Writers Association (HWA) for "superior achievement" in horror writing for short non-fiction.

## Honorees

Bram Stoker Award for Best Short Non-Fiction winners and finalists :
| Year | Author | Title | Publication | Publisher | Result |
| 2019 | Gwendolyn Kiste | Magic, Madness, and Women Who Creep: The Power of Individuality in the Work of Charlotte Perkins Gilman | Vastarien: A Literary Journal, Vol. 2, Issue 1 | | Winner |
| 2019 | Vince A. Liaguno | Slasher Films Made Me Gay: The Queer Appeal and Subtext of the Genre | LGBTQ+ Horror Month: 9/1/2019, Ginger Nuts of Horror | | Finalist |
| 2019 | Karen J. Renner | The Evil Aging Women of American Horror Story | Elder Horror: Essays on Film’s Frightening Images of Aging | McFarland | Finalist |
| 2019 | Kelly Robinson | Film's First Lycanthrope: 1913's The Werewolf | Scary Monsters Magazine #114 | | Finalist |
| 2019 | Valerie E. Weich | Lord Byron's Whipping Boy: Dr. John William Polidori and the 200th Anniversary of The Vampyre | Famous Monsters of Filmland, Issue #291 | | Finalist |
| 2020 | Tim Waggoner | Speaking of Horror | The Writer | | Winner |
| 2020 | Rhonda Jackson Joseph | The Beloved Haunting of Hill House: An Examination of Monstrous Motherhood | The Streaming of Hill House: Essays on the Haunting Netflix Adaption | McFarland | Finalist |
| 2020 | Cynthia Pelayo | I Need to Believe | Southwest Review, Vol. 105.3 | | Finalist |
| 2020 | Kelly Robinson | Lost, Found, and Finally Unbound: The Strange History of the 1910 Edison Frankenstein | Rue Morgue, June 2020 | | Finalist |
| 2020 | Christina Sng | Final Girl: A Life in Horror | Interstellar Flight Magazine, October 2020 | | Finalist |
| 2021 | Angela Yuriko Smith | Horror Writers: Architects of Hope | The Sirens Call, Halloween 2021, Issue 55 | Sirens Call Publications | Winner |
| 2021 | Cindy O'Quinn | One and Done | Were Tales: A Shapeshifter Anthology | Brigids Gate Press | Finalist |
| 2021 | Dejan Ognjanović | The Three Paradigms of Horror | Vastarien, Vol. 4, Issue 2 | Grimscribe Press | Finalist |
| 2021 | Emily Ruth Verona | A Horror Fan’s Guide to Surviving Womanhood | thefinalgirls.co.uk | | Finalist |
| 2021 | Kevin J. Wetmore Jr. | Devil's Advocates: The Conjuring | | Auteur Publishing/Liverpool University Press | Finalist |
| 2022 | Aaron Dries | Nona Doesn't Dance | Cut to Care: A Collection of Little Hurts | IFWG Australia, IFWG International | Finalist |
| 2022 | Douglas Gwilym | Poppy's Poppy | Penumbric Speculative Fiction Magazine, Vol. V, No. 6 | | Finalist |
| 2022 | J.A.W. McCarthy | The Only Thing Different Will Be the Body | A Woman Built by Man | Cemetery Gates Media | Finalist |
# 2019–20 Women's Championship

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#REDIRECT 2019–20 FA Women's Championship
# Giant blind mole-rat

The giant blind mole-rat (Spalax giganteus) is a species of rodent in the family Spalacidae endemic to the North Caucasus region of Russia. It feeds on roots and tubers and lives underground in a burrow that it digs with its teeth.

## Distribution and habitat

The giant blind mole-rat is native to the North Caucasus, Chechnya, and southern Kalmykia located between the northern ends of the Caspian and Black Seas. It is restricted to a range of less than 50,000 km$^2$ (19,000 sq mi), and its distribution within that area is quite patchy. It lives underground in burrows in damp, sandy soils in semidesert areas, in river valleys, on plains, in shrubby or reedy areas, and in disturbed and cultivated soils.

## Behaviour

The giant blind mole-rat is active all year round. It lives a largely subterranean existence in the burrow that it digs and is believed to be monogamous. Breeding activities usually occur in December and January and females produce litters of two or three young.
Besides using its incisor teeth for gnawing its food of roots and tubers, the giant blind mole-rat uses them to dig burrows. The teeth grow continually and need to be ground down to keep them sharp and functional. This is achieved by grinding the upper and lower teeth together by raising, lowering, and protruding the mandible in a cyclical movement.

## Status

Within its range, the giant blind mole-rat has a patchy distribution and is thought to have an actual area of occupancy less than 37,000 km$^2$ (14,000 sq mi). The sandy desert areas in which it lives are of little interest for agriculture, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature, although previously listing it as vulnerable, now lists it as a "least-concern species" in its Red List of Threatened Species.
# Master of Fine Arts

A Master of Fine Arts (MFA or M.F.A.) is a terminal degree in fine arts, including visual arts, creative writing, graphic design, photography, filmmaking, dance, theatre, other performing arts and in some cases, theatre management or arts administration. It is a graduate degree that typically requires two to three years of postgraduate study after a bachelor's degree, though the term of study varies by country or university. Coursework is primarily of an applied or performing nature, with the program often culminating in a thesis exhibition or performance. The first university to admit students to the degree of Master of Fine Arts was the University of Iowa in 1940.

## Requirements

A candidate for an MFA typically holds a bachelor's degree prior to admission, but many institutions do not require that the candidate's undergraduate major conform with their proposed path of study in the MFA program. Admissions requirements often consist of a sample portfolio of artworks or a performance audition.

## Comparison with related degrees

The Master of Fine Arts differs from the Master of Arts in that the MFA, while still an academic program, centers on professional artistic practice in the particular field, whereas programs leading to the MA usually center on the scholarly, academic, or critical study of the field. Additionally, in the United States, an MFA is typically recognized as a terminal degree for practitioners of visual art, design, dance, photography, theatre, film/video, new media, and creative writing—meaning that it is considered the highest degree in its field, qualifying an individual to become a professor at the university level in these disciplines.
# Mouse (nickname)

As a nickname, Mouse or The Mouse may refer to:

## People nicknamed Mouse

* Gordon Cleaver (1910–1994), British Second World War flying ace
* Mouse Davis (born 1932), American football coach and player
* William B. Evans (born 1958), Commissioner of the Boston Police Department
* Edward Fielden (RAF officer) (1903–1976), Royal Air Force air vice-marshal
* Curt Malawsky (born 1970), Canadian former box lacrosse player and current head coach
* Ed Mierkowicz (1924–2017), American former Major League Baseball player
* Mouse Morris (born 1951), Irish racehorse trainer and jockey
* Mouse Randolph (1909–1997), American swing jazz trumpeter
* Micheen Thornycroft (born 1987), Zimbabwean Olympic rower
* Ronnie Weiss (born 1942), leader of the band Mouse and the Traps

## People nicknamed The Mouse

* Pat Fischer, American football player known as "The Mouse"
* Edgar Munzel (1907–2002), American sportswriter
* Bruce Strauss (born 1952), American retired journeyman boxer
* Daniel Zaragoza (born 1957), Mexican retired boxer
# Suzanne Robert

Suzanne Robert (1948 – June 3, 2007) was a Quebec writer.
She was born in Montreal and received a BA from the Collège Jésus-Marie d'Outremont and a master's degree in biological anthropology from the Université de Montréal. From 1984 to 1999, she was a member of the management committee for the magazine Liberté. Robert was also literary commentator for Radio Canada for a number of years. She was director for the "Fictions" collection of the Éditions de l'Hexagone publishing house. Her short stories were also included in various anthologies.

## Works

* La dame morte (1973)
* Les trois soeurs de personne, novel (1980)
* Vulpera (1983), shortlisted for the Governor General's Award for French-language fiction
* À proximité, stories (1987)
* L'Autre, l'une (1987), with Diane-Monique Daviau
# Religious assimilation

Religious assimilation refers to the adoption of a majority or dominant culture's religious practices and beliefs by a minority or subordinate culture. It is an important form of cultural assimilation.
Religious assimilation includes the religious conversion of individuals from a minority faith to the dominant faith. It can also include the religious indoctrination of children into a dominant religion by their converted parents. However, religious assimilation need not involve wholesale adoption of a dominant religious belief system by a minority; the concept is broad enough to include alterations in the frequency of religious participation to match that of the dominant culture. Indeed, religious assimilation among immigrant groups most commonly involves such minor changes, rather than sweeping change in religious belief systems.$^{:134}$

## Forms of religious assimilation
### Gradual changes

In sharp contrast to other aspects of cultural assimilation such as language and nationality, dominant cultures in general tend not to expect immigrants to adopt the dominant religion.$^{:3}$ Some researchers, such as Will Herberg, have advanced a thesis of perpetual religious pluralism, to the effect that immigrants their religious affiliation even after complete cultural assimilation in other aspects of culture.$^{:368}$ Still, even those who retain their religion are still likely to become less religious over time as a result of assimilation, Herberg says. After a generation or two, formerly devout families may see their original religious identity develop into something more surface-level or symbolic.

### In response to pressure and/or persecution

Some dominant cultures may exert pressures for religious assimilation so extreme as to amount, according to some researchers, to a form of religious persecution. These pressures may be exerted by making other, more appealing forms of cultural assimilation, such as membership in secular social club activities, so time-consuming that they interfere seriously with attendance at minority religious services, and by discouraging expression of minority religious beliefs in public.
Some examples of this form of religious assimilation can be found throughout Jewish history. In the late 1300s, antisemitic violence forced many Spanish Jews to convert or leave. Then, in 1492, Spain officially ordered the Jewish population of Spain to convert to Catholicism or leave. While some Spanish Jews did leave, others stayed. Those who stayed had to convert, but not all of those who converted fully adopted Catholicism; many of these continued to practice Judaism in secrecy, becoming known as "crypto-Jews." Others converted and began gradually adopting Catholicism over subsequent generations.