OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sodium tetrapropylborate

Sodium tetrapropylborate is an ionic organoboron compound used as a derivatization reagent for chromatography of organometallic pollutants. It is a white hygroscopic powder. It is stable in aqueous solution, but pyrophoric in air; it can be stored as a solution in tetrahydrofuran for multiple weeks.

## Synthesis

Synthesis begins with the propylation of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate with propylmagnesium bromide, yielding tripropylborane:
    BF$_3$·(C$_2$H$_5$)$_2$O + 3 C$_3$H$_7$MgBr → B(C$_3$H$_7$)$_3$ + 3 MgBrF + (C$_2$H$_5$)$_2$O
Tripropylborane can then react with propylsodium or with 1-chloropropane and sodium metal to yield the tetrapropylborate.

## Applications

The tetrapropylboranuide anion is a reagent for the propylation of organometallic compounds, including organotin, organomercury, and organolead compounds of interest to environmental and public health research. As environmental organometallic contaminants often occur as ions, peralkylation is needed to render them volatile for gas chromatography. This reaction can be performed with Grignard reagents such as propylmagnesium bromide, but their reactivity with water greatly complicates the process for environmental samples.
For any organyl(s) R, the reactions of interest for derivatization proceed as follows:
    R$_{4−n}$(Sn,Pb)$^{n+}$ + n NaB(C$_3$H$_7$)$_4$ ⇌ R$_{4−n}$(Sn,Pb)(C$_3$H$_7$)$_n$ + n B(C$_3$H$_7$)$_3$ + n Na$^+$
    RHg$^+$ + NaB(C$_3$H$_7$)$_4$ ⇌ RHgC$_3$H$_7$ + B(C$_3$H$_7$)$_3$ + Na$^+$
As many organometallic pollutants contain methyl, ethyl, or butyl groups, alkylation with any of these groups would render the pollutants indistinguishable from inorganic material present in the sample: triethyl lead is 100 times as toxic as inorganic lead, but after perethylation, both would yield tetraethyllead.
By introducing propyl groups, less common in pollutants of interest, sodium tetrapropylborate allows the analysis of methyl, ethyl, and butyl compounds in a single process.
# Jean-Baptiste Darlan

Jean-Baptiste Darlan (10 June 1848 – 8 December 1912) was a French politician who was Minister of Justice in 1896–97.

## Early years (1848–80)

Jean-Baptiste Darlan was born on 10 June 1848 in Podensac, Gironde, son of a sea captain. A distant cousin of his had been a sailor on the ship that killed Nelson during the Battle of Trafalgar. His grandfather was a master mariner. His father owned two ships that sailed between France and Mexico, and was mayor of Podensac. Darlan studied at the lycée in Bordeaux, then obtained his law degree at the faculty of Paris. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 he was a non-commissioned officer in the forces of Lot-et-Garonne.
When his father died in 1872 Darlan had to sell the two ships, and with the proceeds bought the position of notary in Marmande. In 1877 he married Marie Marguerite Espagnac, daughter of a Nérac doctor, who brought a substantial dowry. Darlan sold his practice as a notary and set up as an attorney in Nérac. They had two children. Hélène married a ship's captain and François Darlan later became an admiral. François was born on 7 August 1881. Marie Marguerite died in 1885 at the age of 34.

## Political career (1880–98)

In 1878 Darlan joined the Association from Propagation of Republican Ideas, and became a freemason. As a member of the Grand Lodge he progressed through the ranks to become Vénérable in the lodge L'Auguste amitié in Condom. He became a friend of Armand Fallières and of Georges Leygues, who would many years later make his son chief of staff of the Ministry of Marine. In 1880 he became municipal councilor of Nérac, and was mayor of Nérac from 1880–82 and 1888–96. From 1886 to 1898 he was a member of the general council of the Lot-et-Garonne department.
Darlan was elected deputy for Lot-et-Garonne in a by-election on 27 July 1890 by a landslide, and was easily reelected in the general election of 20 August 1893. On 29 April 1896 he was appointed Minister of Justice in the cabinet of Jules Méline, and on 26 September 1896 was also appointed Minister of Religious Affairs. When he was in office there was growing public debate over the Dreyfus affair. Darlan was opposed to reviewing the trial of 1894. Auguste Scheurer-Kestner, vice-president of the Senate, became convinced that Dreyfus was innocent and came to see Darlan on 5 November 1896. Darlan said he could not support a premature investigation.
On 30 November 1897 Darlan was challenged over the appointment of two magistrates, said to have been made for political reasons, and was censured by the Senate. He resigned the next day. He lost his seat in the general elections of 8–22 May 1898.

## Last years (1898–1912)

Darlan was named percepteur-receveur in Paris in 1899. He died on 8 December 1912 in Nérac, Lot-et-Garonne.
# Kitterland

Kitterland (Manx: Famman Kitterland) is an islet in the Calf Sound between the Isle of Man and the Calf of Man in the Irish Sea.
Kitterland is currently owned by the Manx National Trust and has a wealth of bird and marine wildlife. Kitterland is uninhabited and is in the parish of Rushen. It is called Famman Kitterland in Manx, which roughly translates as "Tail of the Rocky Isle." Its area is less than 4 hectares (9.9 acres).

## Background

Legend says that the islet was named after the Norwegian Baron Kitter who supposedly ruled the Isle of Man. After killing all the deer, bison and elk on the mainland, he sailed to the Calf of Man to hunt there. While on the Calf his castle at Barrule was accidentally set on fire. Seeing his house in flames across the water he rushed back, but his boat foundered and he drowned. The islet was named after this accident.
According to a Manx legend, Baron Kitter's hunting wiped out all the animals of the Calf, and the people of Mann were afraid he would begin hunting their own beasts. So, they asked the wisest witches of the island to help them. One day while Baron Kitter was on the isle of Calf, his cook Eaoch of the Loud Voice fell asleep. The witch Ada put a spell on the pot so that it boiled over, setting the castle on fire.
Kitter's friends, who had stayed on the Calf, decided that Eaoch had plotted with the witch to kill off the Norwegians and had him brought before the Norwegian-born King Olaf, who sentenced him to death. Norwegian custom allowed him to choose the manner of his own death, so Eaoch said he wished to have his head laid across the king's legs and cut off with the king's own sword, which was named Macabuin. It was made by Loan Maclibuin the Dark Smith of Drontheim, and could cut the through hardest granite just by touching it. The Norwegians begged the king to refuse, but he would not break his word and gave orders to proceed. However, the witch Ada was there, and told them to lay nine times nine toads' skins, cuirn tree twigs and adders' eggs across the king's legs. When the sword was laid gently on Eaoch's neck, it instantly cut it off and cut through the adders' eggs and the cuirn tree twigs as well - only the toads' skins saved the king's legs.
# Bernardo Ciriza

Bernardo Ciriza Pérez (born 1955) is a Navarrese politician, and Minister of Territorial Cohesion of Navarre since August 2019.
# Appointment Trader

Appointment Trader is a platform that enables individuals to exchange reservations for restaurants, hotels, bars, and some government agencies through an online marketplace. The company was founded by Jonas Frey in 2021.

## Overview

Appointment Trader was established in 2021 by Jonas Frey, a computer scientist originally from Germany who currently resides in Miami, Florida. Frey conceived the idea for Appointment Trader out of personal frustration when attempting to secure an appointment at a high-demand motor-vehicle registration government facility in Nevada. Initially, the website primarily served as a platform for swapping and selling appointments at the Department of Motor Vehicles in Las Vegas during the height of the pandemic. Subsequently, Appointment Trader expanded its scope to encompass reservations for a broader range of establishments, including restaurants, hotels, bars, clubs, and theme parks.
Appointment Trader facilitated the exchange of approximately $1.2 million in reservations between 2021 and 2022. Its website discloses the 12-month trailing volume. As of April 2023, the value of reservations exchanged on the platform in 12 months had increased to $2.4 million.

## Business model

Appointment Trader operates on a business model that caters to clients who are willing to pay for reservations that are typically difficult to obtain but would normally be available for free.
The platform, available on both its website and app, incorporates an algorithm developed by Jonas Frey. This algorithm leverages cellphone data sourced from vendors to evaluate the popularity of specific reservations on any given time of day and assigns an initial bid value for users of the platform.
Appointment Trader facilitates reservations across various establishments, including Bern's Steak House, Carbone, Polo Bar, Rao's, Don Angie in New York, Delilah in Las Vegas, and Pebble Bar, Bad Roman, and Sexy Fish in Miami, among others.
The service operates worldwide, with a significant portion of its user traffic originating from New York City.

## Controversies

Some individuals have raised concerns regarding the resemblance of Appointment Trader's business strategy to scalping, an activity prohibited by laws in many states. However, legal experts have pointed out that these laws primarily pertain to tickets within the sports and entertainment industries.
Certain users have expressed dissatisfaction with the lack of responsive customer service on the platform. Jonas Frey has acknowledged this issue and expressed plans to integrate additional features to enhance customer support and response rates.
In October 2022, Bern's Steak House publicly announced that their reservation software provider, OpenTable, was actively investigating the Appointment Trader website, as the resale of reservations is prohibited according to their policies. Appointment Trader does not use OpenTable or any similar system for the sale of reservations.
# Lee Eun-hee (judoka)

Lee Eun-hee (also Lee Eun-hui, Korean: 이 은희; born March 10, 1979) is a South Korean judoka, who competed in the women's half-lightweight category. She picked up a total of twelve medals in her career, including two golds each from the 2002 Asian Games in Busan and 2004 Asian Judo Championships in Almaty, Kazakhstan, and represented her nation South Korea in the 52-kg class at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
Lee first appeared in the international scene as part of the host nation's squad at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, where she scored a double yuko point over China's Xian Dongmei for the gold medal in the 52-kg division.
At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Lee qualified for the South Korean squad in the women's half-lightweight class (52 kg), by topping the field and receiving a berth from the Asian Championships in Almaty, Kazakhstan. She lost her opening match to Cuba's Amarilis Savón, who successfully scored an ippon and quickly subdued her on the tatami with an o goshi (full hip throw) at one minute and twenty-four seconds. In the repechage, Lee gave herself a chance for an Olympic bronze medal, but slipped it away in a defeat to Sweden's Sanna Askelöf by an ippon victory and a kosoto gari (small outer reap) throw thirty-six seconds into their first round match.
# Bernhard Sigmund Schultze

Bernhard Sigmund Schultze; sometimes spelled Bernhard Sigismund Schultze (29 December 1827 in Freiburg im Breisgau – 17 April 1919) was a German obstetrician and gynecologist. He was a younger brother to anatomist Max Schultze (1825–1874) and son of Karl August Sigismund Schultze (1795–1877).
In 1851 he received his medical doctorate from the University of Greifswald, where in 1853 he became a lecturer on anatomy and physiology. During the following year, he became an assistant to Dietrich Wilhelm Heinrich Busch (1788–1858) at the University Women's Hospital in Berlin, and in 1858 relocated to the University of Jena as chair of the gynecological clinic. In 1864/65 he served as rector of the university.

## Family

* Leonhard Schultze-Jena (son), an explorer, zoologist, and anthropologist

## Medical eponyms

His name is associated with an obstetrical term known as "Schultze's method", which is a resuscitation technique used on an apparent stillborn child. Other eponyms associated with Schultze include:
* Schultze-Chvostek sign: A sign of tetany seen in hypocalcemia, commonly referred to as Chvostek's sign.
* Schultze's fold: A crescent-shaped amniotic fold.
* Schultze's placenta: A placenta expelled with the central portion in advance of the periphery.

## Selected writings

* Lehrbuch der Hebammenkunst (Textbook of midwifery), 1860.
* Das Nabelbläschen, ein constantes Gebilde in der Nachgeburt des ausgetragenen Kindes (The umbilical vesicle, a constant entity in the post-birth of the discharged child).
* Der Scheintod Neugeborner (The apparent death of the newborn), 1871.
* Ueber die Lageveränderungen der Gebärmutter (Overall situational changes in the uterus), 1873.
* Unser Hebammenwesen und das Kindbettfieber (Midwifery care and puerperal fever), 1884.
# Helga Schneider

Helga Schneider (born in Steinberg (now Jastrzębnik in Poland), 17 November 1937) is an Italian writer of German origin. She was the recipient of the Rapallo Carige Prize 1996 for II rogo di Berlino.
The 2017 biopic Let me go, directed by Scottish director and screenwriter Polly Steele, premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival.

## Books by Helga Schneider

* Il rogo di Berlino (1995), translated from the Italian by Shaun Whiteside as: The Bonfire of Berlin: A Lost Childhood in Wartime Germany (2005)
* Lasciami andare, madre (2001), translated from the Italian by Shaun Whiteside as: Let Me Go (2001)
# Turnover number

In chemistry, the term "turnover number" has two distinct meanings.
In enzymology, the turnover number (k$_{cat}$) is defined as the limiting number of chemical conversions of substrate molecules per second that a single active site will execute for a given enzyme concentration [E$_T$] for enzymes with two or more active sites. For enzymes with a single active site, k$_{cat}$ is referred to as the catalytic constant. It can be calculated from the limiting reaction rate V$_{max}$ and catalyst site concentration e$_0$ as follows:
$k_{\mathrm {cat} }={\frac {V_{\max }}{e_{0}}}$ (See Michaelis–Menten kinetics).
In other chemical fields, such as organometallic catalysis, turnover number (TON) has a different meaning: the number of moles of substrate that a mole of catalyst can convert before becoming inactivated:
$\mathrm {TON} ={\frac {n_{\mathrm {product} }}{n_{\mathrm {cat} }}}$
An ideal catalyst would have an infinite turnover number in this sense, because it would never be consumed. The term turnover frequency (TOF) is used to refer to the turnover per unit time, equivalent to the meaning of turnover number in enzymology.
$\mathrm {TOF} ={\frac {\mathrm {TON} }{t}}$
For most relevant industrial applications, the turnover frequency is in the range of 10$^{−2}$ – 10$^2$ s$^{−1}$ (10$^3$ – 10$^7$ s$^{−1}$ for enzymes). The enzyme catalase has the largest turnover frequency, with values up to 4×10$^7$ s$^{−1}$ having been reported.

## Turnover number of diffusion-limited enzymes

Acetylcholinesterase is a serine hydrolase with a reported catalytic constant greater than 10$^4$ s$^{−1}$. This implies that this enzyme reacts with acetylcholine at close to the diffusion-limited rate.
Carbonic anhydrase is one of the fastest enzymes, and its rate is typically limited by the diffusion rate of its substrates. Typical catalytic constants for the different forms of this enzyme range between 10$^4$ s$^{−1}$ and 10$^6$ s$^{−1}$.
# Homeless (disambiguation)

Homelessness is the condition of people without a regular dwelling.
Homeless may also refer to:
* Homeless (film), a 2006 documentary on homelessness
* "Homeless" (Darin song), 2006, covered by Leona Lewis in 2007
* "Homeless" (Marina Kaye song), 2014
* "Homeless" (Paul Simon and Ladysmith Black Mambazo song), 1986
* "Homeless", a 1998 song by Love Inc.
* The Homeless, a 1974 Japanese film directed by Kōichi Saitō
* "Homeless" (Drifters), a 2016 television episode
# Euphorbia fiherenensis

Euphorbia fiherenensis is a species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, and rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Eddie Mae Steward

Eddie Mae Steward (1938–2000) was an American civil rights leader in Florida. She was the plaintiff in a school desegregation lawsuit against the Duval County School Board, which continued for decades. She served as president of the Jacksonville branch of the NAACP from 1972 to 1978, and was president of the statewide organization from 1973 to 1974.
In 1971, Ms. Steward allowed her children Jerry, Ervin, Angela, Alta, Carla and Venetia to be used as the plaintiffs in a lawsuit against the Duval County School Board. The lawsuit Mims v. Duval County School System made her a household name throughout the city due to forced busing that occur as a result.
Ms. Steward served as president of the Jacksonville NAACP from 1972-1978. During her three terms, she fought against racial discrimination in the police, fire department and city government. She organized numerous demonstration and boycotts against racial profiling of blacks by police. Under her leadership, the membership was increased to over 2,500 members, which made it the largest NAACP branch in the Southeastern region.
After not seeking reelection to the NAACP post, she served as a member of the Florida State Housing Council and Florida State Biracial monitoring Committee.
Ms. Steward ran unsuccessfully for the Jacksonville City Council twice and Florida State Senate.
Ms. Steward died in 2000 and is interred at Edgewood Cemetery in Jacksonville. A post office has been named in her honor.
# Frączki, Bartoszyce County

Frączki (German: Franken, Kreis Bartenstein) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia.
# Egypt (1991 video game)

Egypt (エジプト, Ejiputo) is a puzzle video game released for the Family Computer in 1991 by Human. It was released only in Japan. It is an object elimination type puzzle game. A player controls a spherical jewel and jumps from tile to tile. Stepping on an arrow shifts a row or column in the direction of the arrow. Placing two or more of the same object next to each other will erase them from the board, and this must be repeated until all the objects have been eliminated from the board.

## Story

An Indiana Jones style explorer is trapped inside an ancient Egyptian temple. He meets a goddess who is so low in power that she can only take the form of a large, spherical jewel. He enters the jewel to restore her power by clearing each level.

## Gameplay

The game is played on an 8x8 tiled grid. The player controls the large spherical jewel and can move around with the directional pad. The player can step on any type of tile except a wall. A tile can be either an empty space, a wall, an object, or an arrow.

### Shifting the map

When the player steps on an arrow, the row or column of the map is shifted in the direction of the arrow. For example, stepping on an up-arrow shifts the column containing the arrow, while stepping on a right-arrow shifts the row. Shifting a row or column does not move the player, so it appears that the map is shifting beneath the player. Arrows can be stepped on multiple times. When a tile is pushed off the edge of the map, it wraps around to the other side.

### Eliminating objects

When a row or column is shifted, the objects are shifted as well. If two or more objects come into contact, they are eliminated. Eliminating all the objects moves the player to the next level. If there is only one object of any type remaining, the level is unfinishable, since there is no other object with which to eliminate it.

### Items

On the two easier levels of the game, the player can use items to assist with solving the levels. Items do not exist on the Hard difficulty mode. The use of items is not necessary to complete the game, as every level is solvable without items.
* Lightning Bolt - destroys all walls within a 3x3 area surrounding the player. This does not wrap around to the opposite edges.
* Feather - the player flies up into the air and can move freely up to five times without hitting walls or activating arrows.
* Flash - destroys all walls on a level.

## Legacy

A translation group named "Dodgy Translations" has produced an English translation patch.
# Jabal Amman

Jabal Amman neighborhood is one of the seven hills that originally made up Amman, Jordan. Today, Jabal Amman is near the downtown area.

## History

Along with the rest of old Amman, Jabal Amman was first settled during the Neolithic period. But unlike nearby hills, particularly Jabal al-Qal'a, Jabal Amman was never fortified. It remained somewhat of a wooded outback until the 20th century, when Amman was declared the capital of Trans-Jordan and royalty, wealthy families, businesses, army officers, and politicians began moving into Jabal Amman. Soon, the jabal was informally established as an elite neighborhood of Amman. As Amman spread west, the 1st Circle was built and Jabal Amman became a primary east-west artery for the quickly expanding city. As the area aged, trees and greenery matured. Today, full grown trees line the streets of Jabal Amman. In 2005, the Greater Amman Municipality recognized Jabal Amman as a 'heritage attraction point' and set forth plans to preserve and develop the historic hill.

## Location

Traditionally, the 1st Circle marks the start of Jabal Amman and King Talal Street on the valley floor marks the end of it. 9th Sha'ban Street divides Jabal Amman from Jabal al-Luweibdeh in the north. Mango Street runs north-south across the slope. Rainbow Street serves as the main access up and down the mountain to the 1st circle. Jabal Al-Akhddar is on the opposite side of the valley from Jabal Amman.

## Architecture

Jabal Amman is renowned for its historic buildings and distinctive early 20th century architecture. When politicians and entrepreneurs moved into the neighborhood during the same time, they began to build houses, many of the houses featuring a single story and a large front porch running the entire front exposure of the building. Notable houses include:
* Jordan River Foundation House
* House of Chafiq Pasha Hayek
* Belbeisi palace
* Habboo and Akrawi House
* Al-Mufti House
* Jardaneh House
* Mango House
* Sammour Family House
Numerous businesses such as Books@Café, Old View Café, Jordan River Foundation, Wild Jordan, and Royal Jordan Film Commission inhabit these buildings today. The Ittihad Church, an example of Modern architecture built with reinforced concrete, is an evangelical union church situated in the neighborhood.
* Rainbow Street going through Jabal Amman
* First Circle
* A view down Mango Street
* Jordan River Foundation House
* Second Circle
* Third Circle - Jabal Amman
* Souk Jara, A Friday Summer flea market
* Ittihad Church

## Jabal Amman Residents Association

Jabal Amman Residents Association (JARA) is an organization started in 2004 to preserve the neighborhood's deep history and promote cultural events. JARA hosts many of the outdoor markets in Jabal Amman. The most famous is Souk Jara (سوق جارا) that was established in 2005.