OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Effective mode volume

For an optical fiber, the effective mode volume is the square of the product of the diameter of the near-field pattern and the sine of the radiation angle of the far-field pattern. The diameter of the near-field radiation pattern is defined here as the full width at half maximum and the radiation angle at half maximum radiant intensity. Effective mode volume is proportional to the breadth of the relative distribution of power amongst the modes in a multimode fiber. It is not truly a spatial volume but rather an "optical volume" equal to the product of area and solid angle. The power divided by the effective mode volume is proportional to the radiance of the light emitted by the fiber.
# Discovery High School (Georgia)

Discovery High School is a public high school in Lawrenceville, Georgia, United States. The school is operated by Gwinnett County Public Schools. Its only feeder is Richards Middle School.
It was built in 2015 for over $70 million. Its opening provided relief to over crowding at Central Gwinnett High School and Berkmar High School.
As of 2018 it had 2,716 students. That year GCPS acquired land for the Discovery High park facilities using eminent domain.
# Drifting Home

Drifting Home (Japanese: 雨を告げる漂流団地, Hepburn: Ame o Tsugeru Hyōryū Danchi, lit. 'Drifting Apartment that Announces Rain') is a 2022 Japanese animated coming-of-age fantasy adventure comedy-drama film co-written and directed by Hiroyasu Ishida. Produced by Studio Colorido, the film was released simultaneously in Japanese theaters and on Netflix on September 16, 2022.

## Synopsis

Kosuke Kumagaya and Natsume Tonai are 11-year-olds who grew up like siblings. The relationship between the two began to be strained after the death of Kosuke's grandfather, Yasuji. One day during the summer vacation, Kosuke and his classmates, Taishi, Yuzuru, Reina, and Juri, sneak into the "ghost housing complex" that has been slated for demolition. The housing complex was also a house full of memories where Kosuke and Natsume grew up. Kosuke unexpectedly encounters Natsume there and hears about the existence of a mysterious boy named Noppo in the complex. The group argues and heavy rain ensues. After the rain stops, the housing complex is suddenly drifting in the middle of the ocean.

## Voice cast

| Character | Japanese voice | English voice |
| Kosuke Kumagaya (熊谷 航祐, Kumagaya Kōsuke) | Mutsumi Tamura | Bryce Papenbrook |
| Natsume Tonai (兎内 夏芽, Tonai Natsume) | Asami Seto | Cassandra Lee Morris |
| Noppo (のっぽ) | Ayumu Murase | Elliot Fletcher |
| Taishi Koiwai (小祝 太志, Koiwai Taishi) | Yumiko Kobayashi | Alex Cazares |
| Yuzuru Tachibana (橘 譲, Tachibana Yuzuru) | Daiki Yamashita | Benjamin Diskin |
| Reina Haba (羽馬 令依菜, Haba Reina) | Inori Minase | Abby Trott |
| Juri Ando (安藤 珠理, Andō Juri) | Kana Hanazawa | Cherami Leigh |
| Satoko Tonai (兎内 里子, Tonai Satoko) | Nana Mizuki | Cherami Leigh |
| Yasuji Kumagaya (熊谷 安次, Kumagaya Yasuji) | Bin Shimada | John DiMaggio |
| Ferris Wheel Spirit | Aya Endō | Kari Wahlgren |
| Yasuko Kumagaya | Rikako Aikawa | Kari Wahlgren |
| Girl Students | Haruna Mikawa | Kate Higgins |

## Production and release

The film was first announced by Netflix in September 2021. It was announced to be produced by Studio Colorido and directed by Hiroyasu Ishida, with scripts by Ishida, as well as Hayashi Mori and Minaka Sakamoto. Akihiro Nagae designed the characters and Umitarō Abe composed the music. Zutomayo performed the film's theme song, "Blush" (消えてしまいそうです, Kiete Shimaisō Desu, lit. 'It Seems It'll Accidentally Disappear'), as well as the insert song "Summer Slack" (夏枯れ, Natsugare, lit. 'Summer Slump'). The film was released on September 16, 2022, on Netflix and in Japanese theaters.

## Reception

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 69% of 16 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.9/10.
# Podgradje

Podgradje (pronounced, German: Unterschloss) is a settlement immediately south of Ljutomer in northeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria and is now included in the Mura Statistical Region.
On a hill south of the settlement stands a three-storey mansion known as Vard Castle (Slovene: Vardov grad). It was built between 1859 and 1862 on the site of a castle that was first mentioned in written documents dating to 1242. North of the mansion is the local church, dedicated to Saint Anne. It belongs to the Parish of Ljutomer. It was mentioned in documents dating to 1545 and was extensively rebuilt in 1736 and a belfry was added in the 1930s.
# Curtis D. Menard Memorial Sports Center

61°34′21″N 149°31′8″W﻿ / ﻿61.57250°N 149.51889°W﻿ / 61.57250; -149.51889 The Curtis D. Menard Memorial Sports Center, originally Wasilla Multi-Use Sports Complex, is a 102,000 square foot multi-purpose arena in Wasilla, Alaska, designed to accommodate up to 5,000 people.
The facility consists of an NHL-size ice arena, an indoor artificial turf court, a running/walking track, three community meeting rooms, and a commercial kitchen facility.

## History

In 2002, Wasilla residents voted to add half a percentage point to their sales tax to fund construction of the $14.7 million facility. This project was significantly delayed by an eminent domain lawsuit brought by the prior landowner, Gary Lundgren.
# Lagahoo

In the folklore of Trinidad and Tobago the Lagahoo or Lugarhou is a mythical shapeshifting monster. It is cousin to the French and the Germanic werewolf .
It seems like a normal human by day, but this creature takes on the form of a man with no head, who roams the night with a wooden coffin on its neck. On top of the coffin are three lighted candles and the long loose end of a heavy iron chain, noosed around its waist, trails behind him. Often, it is seen with chains around its neck, which change size. One appendage is said to be turned backwards.
It can shapeshift into various animals, including horses, pigs or goats, and said to often take the form of a creature similar to a centaur; it is also thought to be a blood sucker which is less than particular about its food source, making do with such animals as cows and goats. The Lagahoo also possesses the ability to alter its size from tiny to gigantic in an instant.
To kill the Lagahoo one must beat the creature with a stick which has been anointed with holy water and holy oil for nine days. While beating the demon, it changes into other beasts such as a snarling dog, horse, cat, and pig, a wild bullaman and thunderous waves of water and finally will disappear into a black mist .

## In popular culture

In Wayne Gerard Trotman's science fiction novel, Veterans of the Psychic Wars, Soraya Doyle, a Trinidadian character, repeatedly refers to a shapeshifting alien as a Ligahoo.
In the novel Kaya Abaniah and the Father of the Forest by Wayne Gerard Trotman, a psychotic shapeshifter from another planet has been impersonating several of Trinidad and Tobago’s folkloric characters, including Ligahoo.
The Lagahoo of James Christopher Aboud’s 2004 poetry anthology, Lagahoo Poems, is an ageless, restless wanderer who "takes his shape from the wind" and "has no master", except his own hunger and desire.
In Escape From Silk Cotton Forest by Francis Escayg, the Lagahoo are not all evil. They actually want to be part of a peaceful society. However, due to their "different" appearance - in this case they look like canine-humanoids with totally white eyes and can replicate the traits of the species they change into - they take the forms of several local species, goans and douans being the most mentioned
Mentioned in the 2015 children's novel "The Jumbies" by Tracey Baptiste.
# Nepo Serage

Maboloke Nepo Serage (born 14 April 2000) is a South African field hockey player for the South African national team.

## International career
### Under–18

She participated at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.

### National team

Nepo participated at the 2022 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup.

## Personal life

She attended Hoërskool Witteberg. In 2022, she graduated from University of Cape Town with a bachelor of science in physiotherapy.
# Harecastle railway tunnel

The Harecastle railway tunnels are three consecutive tunnels on the North Staffordshire Railway at Kidsgrove, Staffordshire, England.
Opened to traffic in 1848, two years after being authorised, the tunnels carried the North Staffordshire Railway line between Kidsgrove and Tunstall. The older Harecastle Canal Tunnels ran so close that vibrations from the trains allegedly affected their integrity. The Middle and South tunnels have been disused since the realignment of the railway in 1965 as their limited size made them unsuitable to install overhead electrification apparatus. In 2013 it was announced that the disused tunnels, which have continued to be maintained, would be sold to a public body.

## History

Construction of the Harecastle railway tunnels was authorised by an Act of Parliament in 1846. An alternative route for the tunnels had been considered, but was discarded, partly because of objections from Thomas Kinnersley of Clough Hall but also because the alignment had gentler gradients. Another benefit of the alignment was that construction would be aided by using shafts driven from the pre-existing canal tunnels.
The North Staffordshire Railway commenced boring the tunnels almost immediately. Three tunnels were built on the alignment between Tunstall and Kidsgrove, commonly referred to as the North, Middle and South tunnels. Each carried a pair of tracks throughout, the North tunnel was the shortest at 130 yards, the Middle was 180 yards and the South tunnel, the longest, was 1,766 yards. The North tunnel was constructed using the cut-and-cover technique, unlike the other two bores. During 1848, construction of the Harecastle railway tunnels was completed.
According to Basil Jeuda, the tunnels were a key link in Britain's rail system. The arrival of the railway negatively impacted the canal tunnels. In 1914, the older of the two canal tunnels was permanently closed by a partial collapse of the bore, allegedly caused by vibrations generated by trains passing through the railway tunnels.
In the 1960s, work was undertaken to electrify the West Coast Main Line. The Harecastle railway tunnels posed a challenge. The North tunnel was opened out using flying buttresses. The South and Middle tunnels were unsuitable for electrification because of their limited size and the line was diverted onto a new alignment running to the west through the Kidsgrove Tunnel that was bored to carry the diversion. The diversion starts about 300 metres south of Kidsgrove railway station, and rejoined the original line just to the west of Tunstall (roughly where the A527 crosses the line). The last trains to use the original alignment were run in 1965.
In early 2013, the British Government directed the Department of Transport to put the disused tunnels up for sale. It was stipulated that the new owner must be a public body and that they must continue to receive appropriate maintenance. The southern bore is reportedly flooded because its drainage is not maintained.
# Clyde Edwards

Clyde Edwards is a retired Barbadian sprinter who specialized in the 400 metres.
He became Central American and Caribbean junior champion in 1976.
At the 1984 Olympic Games he finished sixth in the 4 x 400 metres relay, together with teammates Richard Louis, David Peltier and Elvis Forde. Their time of 3:01.60 minutes is still the Barbadian record. Edwards also competed in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 1984 Olympics.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Barbados ||||||
| 1976 | Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships (U20) | Xalapa, México | 1st | 400 m | 48.28 |
| 1977 | CARIFTA Games (U20) | Bridgetown, Barbados | 1st | 400 m | 47.68 |
| 1978 | Central American and Caribbean Games | Medellín, Colombia | 5th | 200 m | 21.23 |
| 1978 | Central American and Caribbean Games | Medellín, Colombia | 4th | 400 m | 46.14 |
| 1978 | Commonwealth Games | Edmonton, Canada | 27th (h) | 200 m | 21.85 |
| 1978 | Commonwealth Games | Edmonton, Canada | 11th (sf) | 400 m | 47.62 |
| 1979 | Pan American Games | San Juan, Puerto Rico | 7th | 400 m | 46.66 |
| 1979 | World Cup | Montreal, Canada | 5th | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:02.39$^1$ |
| 1984 | Olympic Games | Los Angeles, United States | 11th (sf) | 4 × 100 m relay | 40.18 |
| 1984 | Olympic Games | Los Angeles, United States | 6th | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:01.60 |
$^1$Representing the Americas
# Bednja

Bednja may refer to:
* Bednja, Varaždin County, a village and municipality in northern Croatia
* Bednja (river), a river in northern Croatia
# Arthur Barrett (cricketer)

Arthur George Barrett (4 April 1944 – 6 March 2018) was a West Indian international cricketer who played in six Test matches from 1971 to 1975.
A leg-spinner, Barrett played for Jamaica from 1966–67 to 1975–76, and then returned for another season in 1980–81. He toured England with Jamaica in 1970, and India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka with the West Indies in 1974–75.
Although he was a useful lower-order batsman, he reached 50 only once in first-class cricket, when he went on to 102 not out (and then took 5 for 39 and 5 for 43) against Combined Leeward and Windward Islands in 1969–70. A few weeks earlier he had taken his best first-class innings figures, 7 for 90 against the International Cavaliers. His best match figures came in 1973–74, again at the expense of Combined Leeward and Windward Islands, when he took 5 for 23 and 6 for 87, dismissing Viv Richards twice.
# Easy (KSI, Bugzy Malone and R3hab song)

"Easy" is a song by English YouTuber KSI, British rapper Bugzy Malone and Dutch DJ and record producer R3hab. It was released for digital download and streaming by Atlantic Records and Warner Music Group on 13 May 2023.

## Release and promotion

The single was first previewed on 14 January 2023 as KSI's ring walk against fellow YouTuber FaZe Temperrr. On 13 May, "Easy" was released on released for digital download and streaming by Atlantic Records and Warner Music Group ahead of KSI's bout with Joe Fournier, which KSI used for his ring walk.

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from Tidal.
* KSI – songwriting, vocals
* Bugzy Malone – songwriting, vocals
* R3hab – songwriting, production, engineering, mixing, mastering
* Al Shux – songwriting, production
* Diego Ave – songwriting, production
* Rico Love – songwriting

## Charts

Chart performance for "Easy" :
| Chart (2023) | Peak position |
| New Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ) | 38 |
# Tony Arefin

Abed "Tony" Arefin (April 23, 1962 – May 19, 2000), was an influential graphic designer who designed many fine-art catalogues in the 1990s. He was the chief art director of Frieze, the contemporary art magazine.

## Early life in Pakistan and Bangladesh

Arefin was born in Karachi, Pakistan in 1962. Later moving to Dhaka, Bangladesh before immigrating with his parents to London.

## Career

Arefin moved to New York to work for Bomb magazine.
# Kuprava Parish

Kuprava Parish (Latvian: Kupravas pagasts) is an administrative unit of Balvi Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.
# First Lady of Suriname

The First Lady of the Republic of Suriname, commonly known as the First Lady of Suriname (Dutch: First lady van Suriname), is the spouse of the President of Suriname.

## List of first ladies

| No | Name | Tenure | Tenure | President (husband, unless noted) |
| 1 | Edmé Vas | 1975–1980 | 5 years | Johan Ferrier (m. ????) |
| 2 | Sherlyne Chin A Sen | 1980–1982 | 2 years | Henk Chin A Sen (m. ????) |
| 3 | Hilda Doergade Deeanchand | 1982–1988 | 6 years | Fred Ramdat Misier (m. ????) |
| | Vacant | 1988–1990 | 2 years | Ramsewak Shankar (unmarried) |
| | Vacant | 1990–1991 | 1 year | Johan Kraag (unmarried) |
| 4 | Liesbeth Vanenburg [nl] | 1991–1996 | 5 years | Ronald Venetiaan (m. ????) |
| | Vacant | 1996–2000 | 4 years | Jules Wijdenbosch (unmarried) |
| (4) 5 | Liesbeth Vanenburg | 2000–2010 | 10 years | Ronald Venetiaan (m. ????) |
| 6 | Ingrid Waldring | 2010–2020 | 10 years | Dési Bouterse (m. 1990) |
| 7 | Mellisa Seenacherry | 2020–present | 4 years | Chan Santokhi (m. 2020) |
# Cho In-chul

Cho In-Chul (Korean: 조인철; born 4 March 1976) won three medals at the World Judo Championships (of which two gold and one bronze) and two olympic medals (a bronze in the 1996 Olympic Games and a silver at the Sydney Olympic Games).

## Personal life

After earning a PhD in sports psychology, Cho was named a full professor at Yong-In University.
# The Meat & Oil EP

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Gullbuy | favorable |
| Hip Hop Core | |
The Meat & Oil EP is a studio EP by American hip hop producer Jel. It was released on Mush Records in 2002.
# Lee & Shepard

Lee & Shepard (1862-1905) was a publishing and bookselling firm in Boston, Massachusetts, in the 19th century, established by William Lee (1826–1906) and Charles Augustus Billings Shepard (1829–1889) Authors published by the firm included: George Melville Baker; Sophie May; Henry Morgan; Oliver Optic; William Carey Richards; Francis Henry Underwood; Madeline Leslie and Levina Buoncuore Urbino. The business conducted its operations from offices at 149 Washington St. (ca.1872); the corner of Franklin and Hawley Street (1873–1885); and "adjoining the Old South," no. 10 Milk Street (ca.1885).
One of the first titles issued by the firm was the diary of Adam Gurowski, reviewed in 1862 by the New York Evening Post: "This work is a crabbed specimen of authorship. ... The humor of it is sometimes that of Thersites, when his thorny tongue lashed the heroes of the camp, and sometimes that of Caliban when he cursed the arts of his superiors. ... Yet it is a book to be carefully read. Under its rough and prickly burr there is a nutritive nut."
In 1905 Lee & Shepard merged with the Lothrop Company to form Lothrop, Lee & Shepard.
Lothrop, Lee & Shepard was eventually acquired by William Morrow and Company, which would be acquired by HarperCollins in 1999. Lothrop shut down its children's division soon after the acquisition. Lothrop is now an Imprint of Harpercollins.
# Prettyblack

Prettyblack is the second solo studio album by Prince Po, one half of American hip hop duo Organized Konfusion. It was released on Nasty Habits Entertainment and Traffic Entertainment Group in 2006.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Cyclic Defrost | mixed |
Lyndon of Cyclic Defrost gave the album a mixed review, stating that "[Prince Po's] gruff voice is immediately arresting on [the album's] opening tunes, but further on, the vocal stylings seem to meander into uninspiring territory, not taking the listener to anywhere new or dynamic."

## Personnel

Credits adapted from the CD edition's liner notes.
* Prince Po – vocals, production (2, 6, 9, 13)
* Finale – production (1)
* Madlib – production (3)
* 2Mex – vocals (4)
* C.J. – production (4, 11), vocals (6)
* Chas West – vocals (5)
* DJ Rhettmatic – turntables (5)
* Large Professor – production (5)
* Presto – vocals (6)
* Soulsearchin – production (7)
* Touchem Black – additional vocals (8)
* Rockwilder – production (8)
* China Black – vocals (10)
* Ammoncontact – production (10)
* Concise Kilgore – vocals (13)
* Brisk – production (14)
# Monastery station

Monastery station was a VIA Rail station in Monastery, Nova Scotia.
The station was operated by Canadian National Railway and later by VIA Rail, but has not been served by passenger trains since 1990.
# J. Arthur Reavell

James Arthur Reavell (10 June 1872—26 August 1973) M.I.Mech.E., M.I.Chem.E., F.Inst.F., F.I.M. was a British chemical engineer, who created a major company and was one of the founders and a president of the Institution of Chemical Engineers.

## Life

Reavell was born 10 June 1872 in Alnwick, the son of George and Martha Reavell. He attended Alnwick Grammar School and Silcoates School. He married Emma Mabel Clowes on 24 May 1898, and they had two sons, and one daughter. After her death, he married Winifred E. Haydon on 16 August 1941. One of his sons, Brian Noble Reavell, was also a chemical engineer, and took over as chairman when he retired from his business in 1960.
He died 26 August 1973.

## Career

He wanted to be a chemist, but instead served an apprenticeship in electrical engineering, and had several positions, rising to be manager for the European operations of an American chemical engineering company Worthington Pumps then manager of Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd., dealing with sugar refining, of which a particular aspect is evaporation. In 1907 he set up his own company Kestner Evaporator and Engineering Co., to deal with the British and Empire market of an improved design of evaporator patented by his friend, French inventor Paul Kestner. During the First World War his engineering expertise was applied to solving the shortage of explosives in a team headed by Lord Moulton. He continued as Chairman of Kestner until 1960, when he stepped down in favour of his son, Brian, but continued as president until 1963. The company made a variety of chemical plants with subsidiaries in Australia and South Africa.

## Institutions

As Chairman of the Chemical Engineering Group of the Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) he was one of the small group of enthusiasts who founded the Institution of Chemical Engineers, becoming its President 1929. He continued to be active in the SCI, being vice-president from 1931 to 1934.
He was also a Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers; a Fellow of Institute of Fuel; and a Fellow, Institute of Metals; Chairman of the British Chemical Plant Manufacturers' Association; Chairman of the chemical engineering industry section of the British Standards Institute; and President of the Combustion Appliance Manufacturer's Association from which he formed the British Coal Utilisation Research Association, and was its vice-president.
# Huang Hui-wen

Huang Hui-Wen (born February 3, 1980, in Hualien, Taiwan) is a Taiwanese softball player. She competed for Chinese Taipei at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics.