OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Harbottle Castle

Harbottle Castle is a ruined medieval castle situated at the west end of the village of Harbottle, Northumberland, England, 9 miles (14 km) west-north-west of Rothbury overlooking the River Coquet. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a Grade I listed building.
It is thought that the mound on which the keep stands was a site used by the ancient Britons, and that in Anglian times, there was a stronghold on the site held by Mildred, son of Ackman. The present castle was built about 1160 by the Umfraville family at the request of King Henry II on land awarded to them following the Norman Conquest, presumably as a defence against the Scots.
Not long after its erection, in 1174, it was taken by the Scots and was then rebuilt more strongly. In 1296, it was besieged by Robert de Ros, and some 40,000 men, but the siege by the supporters of John Balliol was withstood. In the 1310s, Robert the Bruce captured the castle. It was restored in 1336, but was in ruins again by 1351. It was repaired at the end of the 14th century, and in about 1436 the castle passed into the hands of the Tailleboys. It was for a long time the residence of the Warden of the Middle Marches and used as a prison.
In 1515, Margaret Tudor, the widowed queen of King James IV of Scotland and sister of King Henry VIII of England, having been banished by the regent, John Stewart, Duke of Albany, came to the castle with her second husband, Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. There, their daughter was born, who was also called Margaret. Margaret Douglas was to become the mother of Lord Darnley, the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and grandmother of King James VI of Scotland and I of England.
Further building work took place between 1541 and 1551 and more repairs were made in 1563 and in 1585. The castle became a royal property in 1546, and repairs were supervised by Sir John Forster, warden of the Middle Marches. According to a survey made in 1596, Forster had built a new gatehouse and a tower that served as a lodging for the captain.
In 1605, King James I granted the castle and manor to George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar, Lord Treasurer of Scotland, but thereafter, the castle fell into decay and much of its masonry was used in other buildings. A survey of 1715 reported the castle to be ruinous once more. Today, only earthworks and some standing masonry remains. The site is run by the Northumberland National Park Authority and entry to it is free.
Confusingly, following the abandonment of the castle as a residence, the name Harbottle Castle was reused as follows:
Stone from the derelict medieval castle was used in the building of a 17th-century manor house. The manor was acquired by Percival Clennell in 1796, and in 1829, the house was replaced on the site with a two-storied five-bayed mansion designed by architect John Dobson for Fenwick Clennell. The house is protected with Grade II listed building status. The stable block was converted into a separate house in 1890.
# Phyllodesmium iriomotense

Phyllodesmium iriomotense is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Facelinidae.
The specific name iriomotense refers to its type locality, the island Iriomote.

## Distribution

The type locality of this species is Iriomote, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. It has also been reported from Okinawa and Sulawesi, Indonesia.

## Description

The length of the slug is 20 mm. This species does not contain zooxanthellae.

## Ecology

Phyllodesmium iriomotense was found on a thread like alcyonarian which is probably its food.
# Mohd Sharia

Mohd Sharia (born 2 February 2000) is an Indian actor who works in Hindi films. He was born and brought up in Aligarh. He made his debut with Vodka Diaries in (2018). After that Sharia work as an actor in Nirdosh (2018), Veerey Ki Wedding (2018), Nawabzaade (2018) and The Zoya Factor (2019).

## Filmography
### Films

| Year | Title |
| 2019 | The Zoya Factor |
| 2018 | Nawabzaade |
| 2018 | Veerey Ki Wedding |
| 2018 | Nirdosh |
| 2018 | Vodka Diaries |

### Music videos

| Year | Title |
| 2023 | Tum Bhi Pachtaoge |
| 2023 | Badnaam Kar Diya |
| 2022 | Mulakaatein |
# Karlo Bilić

Karlo Bilić (born 6 September 1993) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Ħamrun Spartans.

## Club career
### Železiarne Podbrezová

Bilić made his professional debut for Železiarne Podbrezová against Spartak Trnava on 29 July 2017.

### Šibenik

On 14 February 2019, Bilić signed with Šibenik.

## Honours

Šibenik
* Croatian Second League: 2019–20
# Alejandro Carrión

Alejandro Carrión Aguirre (11 March 1915 – 4 January 1992) was an Ecuadorian poet, novelist and journalist. He wrote the novel La espina (1959), the short story book La manzana dañada (1983), and numerous poetry books. As a journalist he published many of his articles under the pseudonym "Juan Sin Cielo." In 1956 he founded, along with Pedro Jorge Vera, the political magazine La Calle. He directed the literary magazine Letras del Ecuador. He received the Maria Moors Cabot prize (1961) from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism as well as the Ecuadorian National Prize Premio Eugenio Espejo (1981) for his body of work. He was the nephew of Benjamín Carrión and Clodoveo Carrión.

## Biography
### The journalist

Alejandro Carrión wrote articles and political commentary in the following periodicals and newspapers:

#### Newspapers

* El Tiempo, Bogotá, 1947
* La Tierra, Quito 1942–1948
* El Sol, Quito, 1950;
* La Razón, Guayaquil, 1968–1969
* El Universo, Guayaquil, 1948–1968
* Diario Las Américas, Miami, 1970–1979
* Diario El Comercio, Quito 1980–1992

#### Magazines

* Revista de la Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 1945–1950
* Letras del Ecuador, 1945–1950
* Sábado, Bogotá, 1947
* La Calle, Quito 1959–1969
* Vistazo, Guayaquil 1969–1992;
* Américas, Washington, D.C., 1977–1979
* Revista de la Sociedad Jurídico-Literaria, 1981–1982
# Wouter Jolie

Wouter Jolie (born 7 July 1985 in Naarden) (say "Vow-ti Yo-lee") is a Dutch field hockey player. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed for the national team in the men's tournament. Jolie is a key member of the H.C. Bloemendaal squad, which won the Euro Hockey League (EHL) in 2008-09 and are the current champions, having won the 2012-13 EHL. Jolie is a defender, but scores goals remarkably often, generally off penalty corners, where he strikes the ball very effectively.
# Aluo language

Aluo (autonym: ɑ55 lo33 pho55; Naluo) is a Loloish language spoken by the Yi people of China. It is also known by its Nasu name (Laka, Gan Yi, Yala, Lila, Niluo).

## Names

Gao (2017:31) notes that in Wuding County, Yunnan, Aluo and Naluo are equivalent terms for the same Yi subgroup. Naluo in the Wuding County Gazetteer (1990) actually refers to Aluo speakers (Gao 2017:31). Naluo is not to be confused with Naruo, a Taloid (Central Loloish) language of northern Yunnan.

## Locations

Aluo is spoken in north Wuding, Luquan, and Yuanmou counties, Yunnan, and in Huili and Miyi counties, Sichuan. Gao (2017) reports that Aluo (autonym: a55 lu33 pʰu55; also known as the Gan Yi) is spoken in northwestern Wuding County as well as in Sichuan. YYFC (1983) documents Aluo (autonym: ʔa55 lɑ̠33 pʰo55) of Dongpo Township 东坡傣族乡, Wuding County, Yunnan.
# Saurabh Singh (Chhattisgarh politician)

Saurabh Singh (born 25 July 1974) is an Indian Politician and former Member of Legislative Assembly of Akaltara. He is a member of Bharatiya Janata Party.

## Political career

Singh first contested 2008 Assembly election from Akaltara on Bahujan Samaj Party's ticket and won. In July 2013, Saurabh left Bahujan Samaj Party. He joined Indian National Congress in 2013 and left in 2014. He joined Bharatiya Janata Party in 2014 and contested 2018 Assembly election on BJP ticket and was again elected as MLA by defeating Richa Jogi (daughter in law of former CM Ajit Jogi).
# Kenneth Dion

Kenneth W. Dion is an American entrepreneur and professor of nursing. He is best known for his contributions to business start-ups in information systems to support healthcare organizations.
Dion earned his BS (1991) in nursing from the University of Central Florida. He earned his MS (1995) in nursing, his MBA (1995), and his doctorate (2011), all from the University of Texas at Austin.
Prior to joining the faculty at Johns Hopkins University, where he is currently assistant dean for business innovation and strategic relationships, Dion was vice president and chief of nursing informatics at Healthstream, Inc., based in Nashville, TN. For more than a decade, he was the founder and chief executive officer of Decision Critical, Inc., based in Austin, TX.
In 2019, Dion was inducted as a Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing.
Currently, Dion serves as treasurer and a member of the board of directors of Sigma Theta Tau, the international honorary society of nursing.
# McKinney (horse)

McKinney (1887–1917) was an American Standardbred horse. A descendant of Hambletonian 10, he is considered one of the most important sires in the development of the modern Standardbred breed. McKinney was 15.2 hands high.

## History

McKinney created a bloodline in the making of the American Standardbred through the Hambletonian 10 offspring George Wilkes. McKinney was bred by H. H. Wilson, Abdallah Park, Lexington, Kentucky. In 1887 McKinney was sold to Charles A. Durfee and taken to California to be developed by Jim Durfee and used as a sire at the same time. In the year of 1902 he changed owners twice. First he went to Bloomington, Indiana. Later William Simpson bought him, to be in service at Empire State Stud in the state of New York. All by all he would very well have produced more than 1400 foals.

### Pedigree

Tail-male pedigree: Alcyone - George Wilkes - Hambletonian. Tail-female pedigree: Rosa Sprague by Governor Sprague - Rose Kenney by Mambrino Messenger - Dame by Mambrino Chief - Dam by Napoleon - Dam by Jenkin's Potomac.

## Offspring

The blood of McKinney kept a toehold in Sweden through the sire King Bunter, who got nearly 600 offsprings.
King Bunter's tail-male pedigree: Bunter Hanover - Bunter (US) - Belwin (US) - McKinney (US).
# Werner Rackwitz

Werner Rackwitz (3 December 1929 – 14 March 2014) was a German opera director and politician. From 1963 to 1969, he was the Head of Music at the Ministry of Culture of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) and from 1969 to 1981 he was the Deputy Minister of Culture. He was born in Breslau, Weimar Republic (now Wrocław, Poland).
Rackwitz died after a short illness on 14 March 2014 in Berlin, Germany; he was 84 years old.
# Kamashasan

Kamashasan, locally known as Bagula, is a village in the district of Jagatsinghpur, Odisha, India. Bagula is famous for the vegetable cultivation and its quality and varieties of vegetables in major cities of Odisha.

## Geographical location

Bagula is in the District of Jagatsinghpur, Odisha, India. It falls under Hajipur Gram Panchyat and Biridi Block. It is situated in the river bank of Devi and Biluakhai River Bifurcation point. The south western part is surrounded by the Machagaon Canal.

## Transport

Kamashasan is located 20 km from Cuttack and Jagatsinghpur City Center on SH-43. The village is well connected to the neighborhood via road, ferry and railways. The nearest railway station is Kandarpur, which is 7 km towards Cuttack on SH-43. The nearest airport (Biju Patnaik Airport) is at Bhubaneswar nearly 60 km via Cuttack. The public transport frequency is 15-20 min for roadways (6:00 AM – 9:00 PM) and for railways every 3 to 4 Hrs.

## Education

Kamashasan has an Upper Primary School, Anganwadi Kendra. A High School, M.E Schools, Girls High Schools, and Colleges are nearby. Most of the villagers are literate. Agriculture is the primary business, few are employed in the government and private sectors. People in Kamashasan are well educated and well established in different parts of the world.

## Language

The major spoken language is Oriya (Oriya); Hindi and English are the secondary.

## Tourist places

Dhyanakuda Pitha is famous for Pancha Sakha Matha and Jagannatha Temple in the vicinity. Astasambhu Temple for Lord Shiva is nearby.

## Disasters

Floods are the major disaster for the village and Jagatsinghpur District. Daleighai embankment of Devi river flows above the danger mark every year in the months of July to September. Village comes under high alert for flood with heavy loss of crops and vegetable cultivated in the river valley. The State Government takes all major to prevent and protect the river with 24×7 patrolling. It was worst affected in the 1982 flood.
# Jaya Pala

Part of a series on the :
History of Kamarupa :
Ruling dynasties :
Varman dynasty (350–650 CE) Pushyavarman 350–374 Samudravarman 374–398 Balavarman 398–422 Kalyanavarman 422–446 Ganapativarman 446–470 Mahendravarman 470–494 Narayanavarman 494–518 Bhutivarman 518–542 Chandramukhavarman 542–566 Sthitavarman 566–590 Susthitavarman 590–595 Supratisthitavarman 595–600 Bhaskaravarman 600–650 Avantivarman Unknown :
Mlechchha dynasty (650–900 CE) Salasthamba 650–670 Vigrahastambha 670–680 Palaka 680–695 Kumara 695–710 Vajra 710–725 Harshavarman 725–745 Balavarman II 745–760 Salambha 795–815 Harjjaravarman 815–832 Vanamalavarman 832–855 Jayamala 855–860 Balavarman III 860–880 Tyagasimha 890–900 :
Pala Dynasty (900–1100 CE) Brahma Pala 900–920 Ratna Pala 920–960 Indra Pala 960–990 Go Pala 990–1015 Harsha Pala 1015–1035 Dharma Pala 1035–1060 Jaya Pala 1075–1100 :
vte :
Jaya Pala (1075-1100) was a ruler during the Pala Dynasty (900–1100) of Kamarupa Kingdom.

## About

A member of the Brahma Pala dynasty, Jaya Pala ruled over Kamarupa at the close of the 11th century. He is mentioned in a Silimpur stone inscription found in Bogra district concerning Prasati of a Brahmin named Prahasa who is credited with construction of a temple, creation of a garden, and excavation of a tank. The inscription states that Prahasa, though persistently pressed, refused to accept "900 gold coins and a gift of landed property from Jaya Pala, king of Kamarupa, on the occasion of "tulapurusha dana" (great gift ceremony which involved the gift of gold etc. equal to the weight of the performer) performed by the latter". This inscription confirms his rule over Varendra region.
The Belava copperplate states that the founder of the Varman dynasty of Bengal, Jatavarmana (a contemporary of Jayapala) had captured the city of Pundravardhana from the king of Kamarupa.
The Vikramankadeva-charita of Bilhana, states that the armies of the Chalukya king Someshwara I, led by his son, the future Vikramaditya VI, defeated the kings of Gauda & Kamarupa. This king of Kamarupa is commonly identified as Jayapala.
It is important to note the attribution of the conquest of Kamarupa to the Pala King Ramapala (1077-1133 AD) of Gauda by Sandhyakar Nandi in his Ramacharitam because it is supported by the Kamauli plates of Vaidyadeva.
# Single pilot operations

In aviation, Single Pilot Operations (SPO) refers to a proposal for commercial flights operated with one pilot, where previously two would be required.
Single pilot operations will require improvements in technology including aircraft and cockpit design, and changes to pilot training. Safety must be proved to win acceptance by regulators and the public.

## History

Historically, large aircraft required several personnel on the flight deck, such as a navigator, a flight engineer, and a dedicated radio operator. Improvements in automation, reliability and technology such as autopilot and satellite navigation have enabled modern large aircraft to operate safely with only two pilots on duty.
With further technological improvements, it may be possible safely to reduce crew requirements to one, providing cost savings.
The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has been investigating Extended Minimum Crew Operations (eMCO), where an aircraft could be operated by one pilot in the cruise. This would be an initial requirement before single pilot operations might be allowed at a later stage. The research project runs from 2022 to 2025. Airbus and Dassault have expressed interest in eMCO.
Airbus completed its Autonomous Taxi, Take-Off and Landing (ATTOL) project in 2020, demonstrating an autonomous flight with an A350-1000 aircraft. In 2023, Airbus project Dragonfly used a combination of normal and infrared cameras, as well as radar, to assist pilots in various situations. In 2024 Airbus began testing an autonomous aircraft taxi system called "Optimate".

## Opposition

Proposals for Single Pilot Operations are opposed by several pilots' trade unions, including the International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations (IFALPA), the American Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA), the European Cockpit Association, and the British Air Line Pilots Association.
In their white paper, ALPA argue that two-pilot operations reduces errors through cross-checking, workload sharing and better decision-making, and provides redundancy in the case of pilot incapacitation. They argue that pilots learn from each other when working together; that pilots are more versatile than aircraft equipment and sensors; and that pilots are better at autonomous decision making. They also raise concerns about cybersecurity.
# King of the Goths

The title of King of the Goths (Swedish: Götes konung; Danish: Goternes konge; Latin: gothorum rex) was for many centuries borne by both the kings of Sweden and the kings of Denmark.
In the Swedish case, the reference is to Götaland (land of the Geats); in the Danish case, to the island of Gotland (land of the Gutes).

## Migration period

Jordanes' Getica has a number of legendary kings of the Goths predating the 4th century: Berig (the leader of the original Goths during their migration from Scandza to Oium), and Filimer son of Gadaric ("about the fifth since Berig"). A Gothic leader named Cniva is recorded for the Battle of Abritus of 250.
Attila the Hun styled himself "Attila, Descendant of the Great Nimrod. Nurtured in Engaddi. By the grace of God, King of the Huns, the Goths, the Danes, and the Medes. The Dread of the World".

## Swedish title

A papal letter from about 1100 is directed to two Swedish kings—Inge the Elder and Halsten or Håkan Röde (only the initials are given)—as Kings of the Visigoths, which has been interpreted as meaning that they only ruled over Västergötland, and had lost control over the rest of the country.
In a papal letter dated 5 September 1164, King Karl Sverkersson (c. 1130–67; reigned 1161–1167) was addressed as rex Sweorum et Gothorum.
The first Swedish king to regularly use the title was King Magnus Ladulås, particularly after he had in c. 1278 had his final win over his deposed brother Valdemar who had hitherto held lands of Västergötland. First Sveriges och Götes Konung up to later decades of Gustav Vasa, then Sveriges, Götes och Vendes Konung, was used in official documentation. Between 1814 and 1905 Sveriges, Norges, Götes och Vendes Konung was used, adding Norway. Sveriges, Götes och Vendes Konung was used again from 1905 up to the accession of Carl XVI Gustaf in 1973, who was the first monarch officially proclaimed Sveriges Konung ("King of Sweden") and nothing else.

## Danish title

The first Danish king to use the title was Valdemar IV (reigned 1340 to 1375), who adopted it in 1362 after conquering Gotland the previous year. The Danish kings continued to use the title over the next six hundred years until 1972, when Queen Margrethe II succeeded. She abandoned the use of all her predecessors' titles except her title as 'Denmark's Queen', which is the royal style today.
First documented 1449, the arms of the Danish monarchs contained until 1972 a subcoat representing the title King of the Goths: on gold, a blue heraldic leopard above nine red heraldic hearts. Originally derived from the arms of the dukes of Halland which again was derived from the Danish arms. This symbol is consequently unrelated to Gotland's arms featuring the Agnus Dei, although the latter symbol was also formerly represented in the arms of Denmark.
# Chestnut munia

The chestnut munia or black-headed munia (Lonchura atricapilla) is a small passerine. It was formerly considered conspecific with the closely related tricoloured munia, but is now widely recognized as a separate species. This estrildid finch is a resident breeding bird in Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Burma, Nepal, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam and Hawaii. It also has been introduced to all the Greater Antilles and Martinique in the Caribbean.
Before 1995, it was the national bird of the Philippines, where it is known as mayang pula ("red maya") because of its brick red patch on the lower back which is visible only when it flies. (This distinguishes it from other birds locally called maya, notably the predominantly brownish "mayang simbahan" (tree sparrow) which is more common in urban areas.)

## Subspecies

The chestnut munia has several subspecies that are recognized, including:
* Lonchura atricapilla atricapilla
* Lonchura atricapilla rubroniger
* Lonchura atricapilla sinensis
* Lonchura atricapilla formosana
* Lonchura atricapilla deignani
* Lonchura atricapilla brunneiceps
* Lonchura atricapilla jagori
* Lonchura atricapilla selimbauensis
* Lonchura atricapilla obscura
* Lonchura atricapilla batakana

## Description

Small, sexes alike, races differ slightly in intensity of color. in jagori Ad whole head, breast center of belly, and undertail coverts black; back, wing, and sides of belly chestnut, brighter on underparts, duller on wings; uppertail coverts dark reddish brown, underpart buff; uppertail coverts and tail as ad. Bill silvery gray; eye chestnut; legs gray.

## Habitat

The chestnut munia is a small gregarious bird which feeds mainly on grain and other seeds. It frequents open grassland and cultivation. The nest is a large domed grass structure in a bush or tall grass into which 4–7 white eggs are laid.

## Characteristics

The chestnut munia is 11–12 cm in length. The adult has a stubby pale grey-blue bill, black head, and brown body, with a brick red patch on the lower back, visible only when it flies. Some races also have a black belly.
The sexes are similar, but immature birds have uniform pale brown upperparts, lack the dark head and have white to pale buff underparts.

## National bird of the Philippines until 1995

The black-headed munia was the national bird of the Philippines until 1995, when that honorific was transferred to the Philippine eagle. There, due to urbanization and the resulting lack of awareness of local species, it is nowadays often confused for the Eurasian tree sparrow because that species, one of several also categorized as "maya" in the Philippines, is much more common in the urban areas.