OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2006–07 CERH European League

The 2006–07 CERH European League was the 42nd edition of the CERH European League organized by CERH. Its Final Four was held in May 2007 at the PalaBassano, in Bassano del Grappa, Italy.

## Preliminary round

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Saint-Omer | 11–4 | Herne Bay United | 5–1 | 6–3 |
| Viareggio | 6–7 | Juventude Viana | 3–1 | 3–6 |
| Coutras | 7–10 | Genève | 2–4 | 5–6 |

## First round

The four eliminated teams with more points in the CERH ranking would be dropped to the 2006–07 CERS Cup.
| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Thunersten | 3–17 | Reus Deportiu | 0–8 | 3–9 |
| Porto | 13–2 | La Vendéenne | 6–1 | 7–1 |
| Uttigen | 2–15 | Prato | 1–5 | 1–10 |
| Iserlohn | 2–13 | Barcelona | 1–6 | 1–7 |
| Saint-Omer | 2–12 | Bassano | 1–2 | 1–10 |
| Follonica | 12–8 | Juventude Viana | 9–3 | 3–5 |
| Cronenberg | 6–14 | Vic | 3–6 | 3–8 |
| Genève | 7–16 | Barcelos | 3–7 | 4–9 |

## Group stage

In each group, teams played against each other home-and-away in a home-and-away round-robin format.
The two first qualified teams advanced to the Final Four.

### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | BAR | VIC | BAR | PRA |
| 1 | Barcelona | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 28 | 11 | +17 | 15 | Advance to Final Eight | — | 8–2 | 6–2 | 6–1 |
| 2 | Vic | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 13 | 17 | −4 | 9 | Advance to Final Eight | 0–2 | — | 4–0 | 2–1 |
| 3 | Barcelos | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 17 | 19 | −2 | 9 | | 4–3 | 2–3 | — | 4–2 |
| 4 | Prato | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 11 | 22 | −11 | 3 | | 2–3 | 4–2 | 1–5 | — |

### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | BAS | POR | REU | FOL |
| 1 | Bassano | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 16 | 14 | +2 | 11 | Advance to Final Eight | — | 3–3 | 4–5 | 1–5 |
| 2 | Porto | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 21 | 16 | +5 | 10 | Advance to Final Eight | 1–2 | — | 4–1 | 5–1 |
| 3 | Reus Deportiu | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 13 | 17 | −4 | 8 | | 1–1 | 3–1 | — | 4–3 |
| 4 | Follonica | 6 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 23 | 26 | −3 | 4 | | 4–5 | 6–7 | 4–4 | — |

## Final four

The Final Four was played at PalaBassano, in Bassano del Grappa, Italy.
Barcelona achieved its 17th title.

### Bracket

| Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| 31 March | 31 March |
| Barcelona | 3 |
| Barcelona | 3 | 1 April | 1 April |
| Porto | 2 | 1 April | 1 April |
| Porto | 2 | Barcelona | 5 |
| 31 March | 31 March | | Barcelona | 5 |
| 31 March | 31 March | Bassano | 2 |
| Bassano | 3 | Bassano | 2 |
| Vic | 2 | | |
# Shin Soon-ho

Shin Soon-ho (born 8 November 1959) is a South Korean former tennis player.
Shin won three gold medals for South Korea at the 1982 Asian Games in New Delhi, which came in the women's doubles, mixed doubles and team event.
She also represented South Korea in Federation Cup tennis, in both 1982 and 1983, for a total of eight ties. In 2007 she served as South Korea's Fed Cup captain.
# 1998–99 CERH European League

The 1998–99 CERH European League was the 35th edition of the CERH European League organized by CERH. Its Final Four was held on 1 and 2 May 1999 in Igualada, Spain.

## Preliminary round

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Thunerstern | 4–7 | Paço de Arcos | 0–2 | 4–5 |
| Mérignac | 4–10 | Quévert | 2–3 | 2–7 |

## First round

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Paço de Arcos | 7–5 | Amatori Vercelli | 4–2 | 3–3 |
| Genève | 3–17 | Vic | 2–8 | 1–9 |
| Benfica | 30–2 | Valkenswaardse | 19–1 | 11–1 |
| Porto | 10–1 | Quévert | 7–0 | 3–1 |
| Noia | 3–9 | Igualada | 3–4 | 0–5 |
| Uttigen | 6–18 | Barcelona | 2–9 | 4–9 |
| Prato | 4–7 | Novara | 2–3 | 2–4 |
| Quévert | 3–30 | Porto | 1–5 | 2–25 |
| Herne Bay | 14–5 | La Vendéenne | 5–4 | 9–1 |

## Group stage

In each group, teams played against each other home-and-away in a home-and-away round-robin format.
The two first qualified teams advanced to the Final Four.

### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | POR | IGU | BEN | PAR |
| 1 | Porto | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 31 | 13 | +18 | 11 | Advance to Final Four | — | 8–3 | 3–1 | 8–2 |
| 2 | Igualada | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 25 | 20 | +5 | 7 | Advance to Final Four | 2–2 | — | 6–3 | 6–1 |
| 3 | Benfica | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 24 | 25 | −1 | 4 | | 4–5 | 3–1 | — | 9–5 |
| 4 | Paço de Arcos | 6 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 17 | 39 | −22 | 2 | | 1–5 | 3–7 | 5–4 | — |

### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | BAR | NOV | VIC | HER |
| 1 | Barcelona | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 12 | +26 | 12 | Advance to Final Four | — | 3–1 | 6–1 | 9–3 |
| 2 | Novara | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 30 | 16 | +14 | 7 | Advance to Final Four | 2–5 | — | 2–2 | 16–2 |
| 3 | Vic | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 32 | 21 | +11 | 5 | | 3–6 | 2–3 | — | 9–1 |
| 4 | Herne Bay | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 13 | 64 | −51 | 0 | | 2–9 | 2–6 | 3–15 | — |

## Final four

The Final Four was played in the Poliesportiu Les Comes, Igualada, Spain.
Igualada achieved their sixth title.

### Bracket

| Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| 1 May | 1 May |
| Igualada | 3 |
| Igualada | 3 | 2 May | 2 May |
| Barcelona | 1 | 2 May | 2 May |
| Barcelona | 1 | Igualada (p) | 5 (6) |
| 1 May | 1 May | | Igualada (p) | 5 (6) |
| 1 May | 1 May | Porto | 5 (5) |
| Porto | 7 | Porto | 5 (5) |
| Novara | 4 | | |
| Novara | 4 | Third place | Third place |
| | | 2 May | 2 May |
| | | Barcelona | 5 |
| | | Novara | 2 |
# Kia Awyu

Kia River Awyu, or Jair (Djair), is a Papuan language of Papua, Indonesia, spoken along the Kia River. It is closely related to Edera River Awyu. Upper Kia River Awyu and Lower Kia River Awyu may be distinct languages, depending on one's criteria.
# Koneraw language

Koneraw is a Trans–New Guinea language spoken in West New Guinea. It was missed by classifications of Papuan languages until recently, but is clearly close to Mombum.
# Kuri language (Austronesian)

Kuri, or Nabi, is a small Austronesian language of the Bomberai Peninsula of New Guinea. Lexically it is very close to Irarutu.

## Distribution

Locations:
* Kuri District in Teluk Bintuni Regency
* Teluk Arguni District and Arguni Bawah District in Kaimana Regency: Pigo, Maskur, Tantura, Ergara, Kaimana, Tiwara, Owa, Bayeda, Moyana, Kokoroba, Nagura, Tugarni, Mahuwa, Fidumsa, Wawarsi, Tanusa, Warami, Baru, Tiwam, Mahua, Cowa, Bungsur, Weswasa, Burugrba, Sawi, Bobwer, Waho, Warmetia, Gusi, Afuafu, Burgerba, Mandiwa, Ukiara, Tuguwawa, Taner, Suga, Bufeur, Yainsei, Idoor, and Waromi villages.
# Kwinsu language

Kwinsu is a Papuan language of Indonesia. It is spoken in Ansudu village in Pantai Timur subdistrict, Sarmi Regency.
# Wubetu Abate

Wubetu Abate Wubetu (Amharic: ውበቱ አባተ; born 20 August 1978) is an Ethiopian professional football manager and former player who manages Fasil Kenema.

## Playing career

Before retiring due to injury, Abate played domestic football in Ethiopia for Pulp and Worket in the 1990s.

## Managerial career

Following retirement, Abate moved into coaching. In 2007, following success with Adama City, Abate was hired as manager of Dedebit. In 2011, Abate guided Ethiopian Coffee to the 2010–11 Ethiopian Premier League title. Abate later had stints at Sudanese club Al-Ahly Shendi, before returning to Ethiopia, managing CBE, Hawassa City, Fasil Kenema and Sebeta City. On 25 September 2020, Abate was confirmed as Ethiopia's manager, signing a two-year contract.

## Honors

Ethiopian Coffee
* Ethiopian Premier League: 2010–11
* 2021 Africa Cup of Nations
* 2022 African Nations Champions
# Molof language

Molof (Ampas, Poule, Powle-Ma) is a poorly documented Papuan language spoken by about 200 people in Molof village, Senggi District, Keerom Regency.

## Classification

Wurm (1975) placed it as an independent branch of Trans–New Guinea, but Ross (2005) could not find enough evidence to classify it. Søren Wichmann (2018) tentatively considers it to be a language isolate, as does Foley (2018). Usher (2020) tentatively suggests it may be a Pauwasi language.

## Phonology

Molof has a small consonant inventory, but a large one for vowels.
Molof consonants, quoted by Foley (2018) from Donohue (n.d.):
| | Labial | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Velar |
| | plain | labial | Alveolar | Palatal | plain | labial |
| Nasal | m | | n | | ŋ | |
| Plosive | p | | t | | k | kʷ |
| Fricative | f | fʷ | s | | | |
| Liquid | | | r | | | |
| Semivowel | | | | j | | w |
Molof vowels (8 total), quoted by Foley (2018) from Donohue (n.d.):
| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i | | u |
| Close-mid | e | ə | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ə | ɔ |
| Open | a | | |

## Basic vocabulary

Basic vocabulary of Molof from Rumaropen (2005), quoted in Foley (2018):
    Molof basic vocabulary glossMolof ‘bird’au ‘blood’mɪt ‘bone’antai ‘breast’mu ‘ear’ou ‘eat’nɪ ‘egg’li ‘eye’lum ‘fire’tombe ‘give’tui ‘go’tuɨ ‘ground’aigiman ‘hair’era ‘hear’ar/arai ‘I’məik ‘leg’vu ‘louse’əlim ‘man’lomoa ‘moon’ar ‘name’ti ‘one’kwasekak ‘road, path’mɪtnine ‘see’lokea ‘sky’mejor ‘stone’rɨ ‘sun’neman ‘tongue’aifoma ‘tooth’tɨ ‘tree’war ‘two’atati ‘water’yat ‘we’ti ‘woman’anar ‘you (sg)’in
The following basic vocabulary words are from Voorhoeve (1971, 1975), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:
    glossMolof heademi hairela earou eyelom nosetoŋga toothte tongueai legfu louselem birdau eggle bloodmat boneantai skinkant breastmu treewoar manlomo womananale sunnei moonar waterjat; yat firetombe stonele road, pathmef nameti eatne onekwasekak twoateti
# Peter Grant

Peter Grant may refer to:

## Sportspeople

* Peter Grant (athlete) (born 1954), Australian Olympic sprinter
* Peter Grant (footballer, born 1879) (1879–1937), Scottish footballer
* Peter Grant (footballer, born 1965), Scottish football player and coach, played for Celtic and Scotland, manager of Norwich City
* Peter Grant (footballer, born 1994), Scottish football player, played for Falkirk, son of footballer born 1965
* Peter Grant (rugby union) (born 1984), South African rugby union player

## Other people

* Peter Grant (1714?–1824), known as Auld Dubrach, last survivor of the Jacobite rising of 1745
* Peter Grant (abbé) (died 1784), Scottish Roman Catholic priest, agent and abbé
* Peter Grant (politician) (born 1960), SNP politician elected 2015
* Peter Grant (journalist), journalist for The Wall Street Journal
* Peter Grant (music manager) (1935–1995), English music manager
* Peter Grant (pastor) (1783–1867), Scottish pastor, poet and songwriter known as Pàdraig Grannd nan Oran
* Peter Grant (singer) (born 1987), English singer
* Peter and Rosemary Grant, evolutionary biologists at Princeton University
* Peter Grant (VC) (1824–1868), Irish Victoria Cross recipient
* Peter J. Grant (1943–1990), British ornithologist
* Peter Mitchell Grant (born 1944), Scottish academic
* Peter Grant (sculptor) (1915–2003), Irish sculptor
* Peter Grant, Canadian businessman and complainant in Grant v Torstar Corp, a leading Supreme Court of Canada case on defamation

## Other uses

* Peter Grant (book series), a series of fantasy novels by Ben Aaronovitch
# Crocus caspius

Crocus caspius is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is from Southeastern Transcaucasus to Northern Iran.
Its flowers are white and often stippled lilac on outer petals. The plant has membranous corm tunic splits at the base. The flowering season is October and November.
# Ninggerum language

Ninggerum is one of the Ok languages of Papua New Guinea and South Papua, Indonesia. In Indonesia, the language is called Ningrum and is spoken in Kampung Jetetkun (Ninati District), Kampung Binkauk, and Kampung Detaw in Boven Digoel Regency.
It is one of several related languages called Muyu.

## Phonology
### Consonants

Consonants :
| | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | |
| Plosive | p | t d | | k ɡ | |
| Fricative | β | s | | | h |
| Approximant | w | | j | |
| Tap/Flap | | ɾ | | | |
| Lateral Flap | | ɺ | | | |
Vowels :
| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i | | u |
| Mid | ɛ | | ɔ |
| Open | | ɐ | |
# North Asmat language

North Asmat is a Papuan language of West New Guinea, spoken by the Asmat people. Dialects are Momogo (Mumugu), Pupis and Irogo (Eroko).
# North Awyu

North Awyu is a Papuan language of Papua, Indonesia. Its exact position within the Awyu languages is unclear due to lack of data.
# Sangke language

Sangke is a Skou language or dialect, spoken in Sangke (Nyau Sangke) Village, East Arso District, Keerom Regency in Papua Province, Indonesia. Speakers of the Wutung language report that it is similar to their language, but it's not clear what the relationship is or if it might be a dialect. Being on opposite sides of the international border, Sangke and Wutung have been covered by different surveys (Dutch colonial and SIL International, respectively) and comparative work has not been done.
# Mari Kushibuchi

Mari Kushibuchi (櫛渕 万里, Kushibuchi Mari, born 15 October 1967) is a Japanese politician.
Kushibuchi sailed on the Peace Boat for the first time in 1990, and later joined the associated nongovernmental organization as an executive. In 2009, she contested her first House of Representatives election and won Tokyo's 23rd district for the Democratic Party of Japan. She succeeded incumbent Kōsuke Itō. Kushibuchi lost her 2012 reelection bid to Masanobu Ogura. Following the 2022 resignation of Tarō Yamamoto, Kushibuchi returned to the House of Representatives via proportional representation, this time as a member of Reiwa Shinsengumi.
On 1 June 2023, she was suspended from participating in the Diet for 10 days for "irregular behavior" in the lower chamber, which involved holding up a sheet of paper calling the no-confidence motion against Finance Minister Shun'ichi Suzuki a farce, while standing on the rostrum.
# Honduran peso

The peso was the currency of Honduras between 1862 and 1931.

## History

The peso replaced the real at a rate of 1 peso = 8 reales. Initially, the peso was subdivided into 8 reales. In 1871, the currency was decimalized, with the peso subdivided into 100 centavos. The peso was replaced in 1931 by the lempira at par.

## Coins

The first coin issues in 1862 were a provisional copper coinage in denominations of 1, 2, 4 and 8 pesos. This was followed between 1869 and 1871 by a cupro-nickel coinage in denominations of 1⁄8, 1⁄4, 1⁄2 and 1 real.
Silver 5, 10, 25 and 50 centavos and gold 1 peso coins were introduced that in 1871 following decimalization. Bronze 1 centavo coins were introduced in 1878, with bronze 2 centavos and silver 1 pesos added in 1881. Gold 5, 10 and 20 pesos coins were introduced between 1883 and 1889.

## Banknotes

In 1886, the Aguan Navigation and Improvement Company issued its first paper money. The Banco Centro-Americano began note production in 1888, followed by the Honduran government in 1889, with several more banks issuing notes later. Denominations ranged between 50 centavos and 100 pesos.
# Sukhamoy Chakraborty

Sukhamoy Chakravarty (26 July 1934 – 22 August 1990) was an Indian economist who, along with Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, was a key architect of the Five-Year plans of India. He attended Ballygunge Government High School, Calcutta and Presidency College, Kolkata when it was under University of Calcutta as an Economics major, where he was a batchmate of Amartya Sen. He later attended the Delhi School of Economics and obtained a doctorate from Erasmus University Rotterdam under Jan Tinbergen. He assumed a teaching post at Massachusetts Institute of Technology but returned to India to join the Planning Commission. He was a professor of economics at the Delhi School of Economics.
Sukhamoy was a highly creative and prodigious scholar, and a voracious reader. He was one of the most outstanding Indian economists of the 20th century with rare social awareness and commitment. His initial interest in high theory and mathematical economics gave way to practical policy analysis of issues relating to the under-privileged. He had put his phenomenal scholarship to continued application in the study of development issues. He left an indelible impression on the intellectual world. Samuelson and Tinbergen were Chakravarty's life-long admirers. When Chakravarty died his teacher Tinbergen remarked that he had learned more from Chakravarty than Chakravarty learning from him.
In 1983-1984, Sukhamoy Chakravarty was one of the seventeen members of the Independent Commission for World-Wide Telecommunications Development chaired by Donald Maitland (International Telecommunication Union/ITU).
# Vitthal Sakharam Page

Vitthal Sakharam Page was an Indian freedom fighter and politician who served as 1st Chairman of the Maharashtra Legislative Council from 11 July 1960 to 24 April 1978.

## Biography

He was born on 21 July 1910 in Satara district and he completed a Bachelor of Laws from Mumbai University.
On 16 March 1990, he passed away.

## Honors

* 2011, The president of India, Pratibha Patil, and India Post released a commemorative stamp on him.
* 2020: MP Sanjaykaka Patil, laid a statement in Indian parliament to honor him with Padma Award posthumously.
# Rothenburgsort station

Rothenburgsort is a station on the Berlin-Hamburg railway line and served by the trains of Hamburg S-Bahn line S2. The station was opened in 1907 and is located in the Hamburg district of Rothenburgsort, Germany. Rothenburgsort is part of the borough of Hamburg-Mitte.

## History

The station was opened in 1907 to serve the commuter rail in Hamburg's south-eastern quarters. From 1915 until 1943, the station was also called by trains of the Hamburger Hochbahn with its tracks and platform located directly to the north of the S-Bahn premises. In 1958 Rothenburgsort station was electrified and integrated into the Hamburg S-Bahn network.

## Station layout

Rothenburgsort station is located on the eastern side of Billhorner Deich, the elevated rail tracks cross the street on an iron bridge. The only entrance to the one island platform is located at this bridge. The station is going to be reconstructed until December 2022, including new bridges over Billhorner Deich. The historical charm will be refurbished, but be brought to the 21st century, including an elevator and a convenience store on platform.

## Service

The line S2 of Hamburg S-Bahn call at Rothenburgsort station.

## Gallery

* The socle level of the former U-Bahn station next to the remaining S-Bahn station
# Jane Turner Censer

Jane Turner Censer is a professor emeritus of history and an author in the United States. She has written about Southern women and authored a book about Amélie Rives. She appeared on C-Span discussing the book and also joined Paul D. Escott to discuss his work on Abraham Lincoln and enslaved African Americans.
Censer graduated from Johns Hopkins University and was a National Humanities Center Fellow in 1983 and 1984. She was a professor at George Mason University.
She edited and wrote an introduction for Sherwood Bonner's feminist novel Like unto Like.

## Writings

* North Carolina Planters and Their Children, 1800‑1860 Louisiana State University Press (1984)
* The Reconstruction of White Southern Womanhood, 1865-1895 (2003)
* The Princess of Albemarle: Amélie Rives, Author and Celebrity at the Fin de Siècle University of Virginia Press (2022)
# Hans Jörg Schimanek

Hans Jörg Schimanek (23 March 1940 – 22 December 2024) was an Austrian journalist and politician. He served as a member of the Landtag of Lower Austria from 1999 to 2000.
Schimanek died on 22 December 2024, at the age of 84.
# 4MLinux

4MLinux is a lightweight Linux distribution made for both the 32 bit and 64 bit architectures. It is named "4MLinux" since it has 4 main components of the OS. Maintenance (it can be used a rescue Live CD), Multimedia (There is inbuilt support for almost every multimedia format), Miniserver (It comes with a 64-bit server is included running LAMP suite), and Mystery (Includes a collection of classic Linux games). The distribution is developed in Poland, and was first released in 2010. The distribution does not include a package manager, and uses JWM (Joe's Window Manager) as its default window manager. It also comes with Conky preinstalled. When installing programs with the distribution, the distribution will retrieve the Windows version rather than the Linux version due to it coming pre-installed with Wine (A compatibility layer for Windows applications), and not having any package manager. The distribution is geared towards people who prefer a lightweight distribution. There is a version of the distribution called the "4MLinux Game Edition" which provides 90s games natively such as Doom, and Hexen.
The distribution comes in two different version, 4MServer, and 4MLinux. 4MLinux requires 128 MB of RAM when installed to an HDD, and 1024 MB of RAM when being used as a live CD/USB. Whereas, 4MServer requires 256 MB of RAM when installed to an HDD, and 2048 MB of RAM when being used as a live CD/USB.

## Resources

* ↑ DistroWatch. "DistroWatch.com: 4MLinux". distrowatch.com. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
* 1 2 "4MLinux - download". 4mlinux.com. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
* ↑ "4MLinux Revives Your Older Computer [Review] | It's FOSS". It's FOSS. 7 May 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
* ↑ "4MLinux Is So Lightweight It's Anemic | Reviews | LinuxInsider". www.linuxinsider.com. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
* ↑ "4MLinux: More Than Just Another Lightweight Distro". Linux.com | The source for Linux information. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
* ↑ Bärwaldt, Erik. "Multifunctional » Linux Magazine". Linux Magazine. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
* ↑ Lynch, Jim. "Is Linux kernel design outdated?". InfoWorld. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
* ↑ Stahie, Silviu. "4MLinux Game Edition Lets You Play Natively Games like Doom or Hexen". softpedia. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
# Buyeo language

Very little is known of the language of the Buyeo kingdom. Chapter 30 "Description of the Eastern Barbarians" in the Records of the Three Kingdoms records a survey carried out by the Chinese state of Wei after their defeat of Goguryeo in 244. The report states that the languages of Buyeo and those of its southern neighbours Goguryeo and Ye were similar, and that the language of Okjeo was only slightly different from them. Based on this text, Lee Ki-Moon grouped the four languages as the Puyŏ languages, contemporaneous with the Han languages of the Samhan confederacies in southern Korea.
The most widely cited evidence for this group is a body of placename glosses in the Samguk sagi (1154), which some authors take to represent the language of Goguryeo, but others believe reflect a mix of languages spoken by peoples conquered by Goguryeo. Scholars who take these words as representing the language of Goguryeo have come to a range of conclusions about the language, some holding that it was Koreanic, others that it was Japonic, and others that it was somehow intermediate between these families.
The same chapter of the Records of the Three Kingdoms transcribes a Buyeo word for noblemen subordinate only to the king as 加. This character was pronounced kai in Eastern Han Chinese. Beckwith identified this word with a Samguk sagi gloss 皆/皆次 (pronounced kɛj/kɛjtshij$^H$ in Middle Chinese, kay/kaycha in Sino-Korean) for 'king', and the Baekje language word for 'ruler' transcribed in the Nihon Shoki as Old Japanese ki$_1$si.