OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Radiant (meteor shower)

The radiant or apparent radiant of a meteor shower is the celestial point in the sky from which (from the point of view of a terrestrial observer) the paths of meteors appear to originate. The Perseids, for example, are meteors which appear to come from a point within the constellation of Perseus.
Meteor paths appear at random locations in the sky, but the apparent paths of two or more meteors from the same shower will diverge from the radiant. The radiant is the vanishing point of the meteor paths, which are parallel lines in three-dimensional space, as seen from the perspective of the observer, who views a two-dimensional projection against the sky. The geometric effect is identical to crepuscular rays, where parallel sunbeams appear to diverge.
A meteor that does not point back to the known radiant for a given shower is known as a sporadic and is not considered part of that shower.
Shower meteors may appear a short time before the radiant has risen in the observer's eastern sky. The radiant in such cases is above the horizon at the meteor's altitude.
During the active period of most showers, the radiant moves nearly one degree eastwards, parallel to the ecliptic, against the stellar background each day. This is called the radiant's diurnal drift, and is to a large degree due to the Earth's own orbital motion around the Sun, which also proceeds at nearly one degree a day. As the radiant is determined by the superposition of the motions of Earth and meteoroid, the changing orbital direction of the Earth towards the east causes the radiant to move to the east as well.

## Cause

Meteor showers are mostly caused by the trails of dust and debris left in the wake of a comet. This dust continues to move along the comet's wake, and when the Earth moves through such debris, a meteor shower results. Because all of the debris is moving in roughly the same direction, the meteors which strike the atmosphere all "point" back to the direction of the comet's path.
As an exception, the Geminids are a shower caused by the object 3200 Phaethon, which is thought to be a Palladian asteroid.

## Observation

The radiant is an important factor in observation. If the radiant point is at or below the horizon, then few if any meteors will be observed. This is because the atmosphere shields the Earth from most of the debris, and only those meteors which happen to be travelling exactly (or very near) tangential to the Earth's surface will be viewable.
# For but not with

In military usage, fit to receive or fitting "for but not with" describes a weapon or system which is called for in a design but not installed or is only partially installed during construction, with the installation completed later as needed. This can be done to reduce the vessel's build cost by not purchasing the system at the time of construction, as a method of future-proofing a design, or for security purposes. The term is usually used in regard to ships but sometimes extends to military vehicles, aircraft and other hardware.
Provision is made physically with power supply and data wiring to a hardpoint or through software for the installation of a weapon or system which is marked for purchase at a later date, with installation during the vehicle's modernisation or refit. Part of the justification for this design concept is the implicit assumption that in the event of the system being required (such as a war), there should be enough warning time to purchase the system, install it in the vehicle, and train operators in its use.
Fitting for but not with can range anywhere between leaving sufficient space for any future upgrades, to installing a weapon system during construction but not purchasing ammunition until it is needed.
# Fort Duurstede

Fort Duurstede is a 17th-century colonial Dutch fort in Saparua, Indonesia The fort originally protected Saparoea village. A navigation guide from 1878 advises: "There is good anchorage near this fort in the westerly monsoon in about 12 fathoms."
The fort is open to the public and has been heavily restored.
# Glasgow Skeptics

Glasgow Skeptics is a skeptical organisation based in Glasgow, Scotland. It aims to promote public understanding of science, critical thinking, and freedom of expression.

## History

Founded by Ian Scott, Glasgow Skeptics, aided by the Glasgow Brights, held their inaugural "Glasgow Skeptics in the Pub" Meetup on 10 November 2009.

## Activities
### Skeptics in the Pub

Since the foundation of the Glasgow Skeptics in November 2009, its Skeptics in the Pub events have become increasingly popular. In March 2010, when Simon Singh lectured about his book Trick or Treatment and the British Chiropractic Association v Singh case, about 65 people attended the monthly meeting. In October 2014, Professor Helen Sang from The Roslin Institute of the University of Edinburgh gave a presentation titled "Would You Eat a GM Chicken?" on the ethics and hazards of genetically modified food in feeding a growing population. During the 5th anniversary of Glasgow Skeptics in the Pub on 10 November 2014, LGBT, atheist and secularist activist Nate Phelps talked about his past experience in the Westboro Baptist Church, his escape from it and his efforts for Recovering from Religion.
In recent years they have stepped up the frequency of their events, with the aim of filling as many Monday nights as possible throughout the year. They have been assisted in this endeavour with an increasingly close relationship with Edinburgh Skeptics, and other Scottish Skeptics in the Pub groups.

### Debates

As was as regular SITP talks, Glasgow Skeptics have hosted and organised a number of debates. Most notably discussions on Scottish independence before and after the 2014 referendum, and whilst the society itself officially remained "staunchly neutral" on the question, Guardian journalist Libby Brooks noted, and polls showed, a large majority of debate attendees was in the "Yes" camp. After "No" won, however, public commenters stressed that the referendum had "energised" the electorate, and further discussions should keep it focused on what "how, where and in what direction" Scotland should go now.
Glasgow Skeptics continue to organise and participate in debates, for events such as the EU Referendum, MSP and General Elections, and occasionally for other topics – including a debate with representatives from the Centre for Intelligent Design hosted by Glasgow University Christian Union.

### Activism

Glasgow Skeptics have participated a number of initiatives over the years. In 2010, they were involved in the UK-wide 10:23 Campaign, initiated by the Merseyside Skeptics Society, by taking a mass 'overdose' of homeopathic pills to publicly demonstrate their inefficacy. In 2013, the Glasgow Skeptics launched a petition calling on the NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde to cease funding the Glasgow Homoeopathic Hospital. In 2014 they took part in the Good Thinking Society's Psychic Awareness Month initiative.
# Gaundi

Gaundi is a village in Kalewa Township, Kale District, in the Sagaing Region of western Burma. It lies on the Chindwin River to the south of Kalewa.
# Radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution

Radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution or S$_{RN}$1 in organic chemistry is a type of substitution reaction in which a certain substituent on an aromatic compound is replaced by a nucleophile through an intermediary free radical species:
The substituent X is a halide and nucleophiles can be sodium amide, an alkoxide or a carbon nucleophile such as an enolate. In contrast to regular nucleophilic aromatic substitution, deactivating groups on the arene are not required.
This reaction type was discovered in 1970 by Bunnett and Kim and the abbreviation S$_{RN}$1 stands for substitution radical-nucleophilic unimolecular as it shares properties with an aliphatic S$_N$1 reaction. An example of this reaction type is the Sandmeyer reaction.

## Reaction mechanism

In this radical substitution the aryl halide 1 accepts an electron from a radical initiator forming a radical anion 2. This intermediate collapses into an aryl radical 3 and a halide anion. The aryl radical reacts with the nucleophile 4 to a new radical anion 5 which goes on to form the substituted product by transferring its electron to new aryl halide in the chain propagation. Alternatively the phenyl radical can abstract any loose proton from 7 forming the arene 8 in a chain termination reaction.
The involvement of a radical intermediate in a new type of nucleophilic aromatic substitution was invoked when the product distribution was compared between a certain aromatic chloride and an aromatic iodide in reaction with potassium amide. The chloride reaction proceeds through a classical aryne intermediate:
The isomers 1a and 1b form the same aryne 2 which continues to react to the anilines 3a and 3b in a 1 to 1.5 ratio. Clear-cut cine-substitution would give a 1:1 ratio, but additional steric and electronic factors come into play as well.
Replacing chlorine by iodine in the 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene moiety drastically changes the product distribution:
It now resembles ipso-substitution with 1a forming preferentially 3a and 1b forming 3b. Radical scavengers suppress ipso-substitution in favor of cine-substitution and the addition of potassium metal as an electron donor and radical initiator does exactly the opposite.
# Annan (kata)

Annan (or Anan or Ahnan (安南)) is a karate kata, which is a traditional method of recording a sequence of movements for offense and defense. The origin and the creator of this kata are unknown, but its preservation and appearance in Okinawa can be credited to Nakaima Norisato, an Okinawan martial artist that was able to fully document and record fighting techniques learned by during his study and travels in China. Nakaima, a Chinese scholar, studied with the top Chinese martial arts practitioners in the Beijing area during the mid-19th century.
The kata contains many palm heel strikes as well as evasive footwork. The open hand and crane fist techniques lend credibility to this kata having roots in Chinese kung fu. The techniques can be applied as short-distance strikes and grappling to immobilize and control the opponent.

## Origins

It is known that this kata has been passed down through an old family style of Karate called Ryūei-ryū. This style of karate still exists today, with the techniques passed down to only seven chief instructors worldwide. Norisato Nakaima is credited with bringing the kata to Naha after learning it during his study in China. The techniques learned by Nakaima were handed down only within the family until the late 1960s. Among the more renowned practitioners of Ryueiryu are the former multiple world champion T. Sakumoto, T. Arashiro, an Okinawan residing in the United States since 1979 teaching sport Karate and G. Campbell, an American practitioner of Oriental Medicine that teaches the family art privately.
# Alme (surname)

Alme is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Iselin Alme (born 1957), Norwegian singer and stage actress
* Joel Alme (born 1980), Swedish singer
* Kurt Alme, American attorney
* Øystein Alme (born 1960), Norwegian author
# Fort de Seclin

The Fort de Seclin, also known as Fort Duhoux, is located near the commune of Seclin, France, about 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi) south of Lille. Built from 1873 to 1875, it is part of the Séré de Rivières system of fortifications that France built following the defeat of the Franco-Prussian War. It was never modernized to cope with improvements in artillery technology in the late 19th century. It has been preserved and is interpreted by a local preservation association for the public.

## Description

The Fort de Seclin is trapezoidal in shape, with a central artillery position on top of barracks and support facilities, surrounded by a defended ditch and counterscarp. The ditch is covered by a double caponier and an aileron. The main entry has its own ravelin. The two-level barracks are recessed into courtyards and covered with earth and turf. The fort is constructed in brick and stone masonry and was never upgraded with concrete protection.
The fort was initially armed with about forty artillery pieces, served by between 700 and 800 men. It had two satellite batteries.

## History
### World War I

The fort did not see significant action during World War I, as it was to the rear of Lille and was among the last positions to be overrun. The Germans took over the fort and used it as a supply depot until 1918, when it was occupied by British forces from the 68th Battalion, King's Liverpool Regiment, as they advanced into Lille.

### World War II

The Fort de Seclin saw no significant action in the Battle of France in 1940. The fort was again occupied by the Germans and used as a prison for French Resistance fighters. A total of 69 people were executed at the fort. In the most notable event, seven employees of the French national railways were arrested and accused of sabotage, spying and armed resistance. The six male prisoners were executed by firing squad at the Fort de Seclin on 7 June 1944. A monument commemorates the dead.
Following the war it continued in use as an ammunition depot until the French Army abandoned it.

## Present

The Fort de Seclin was purchased by private owners in 1996. In 2003 they opened a museum on the site showing military equipment from the era of the Franco-Prussian War up to the First World War, focusing particularly on artillery and horse-drawn carriages.
# Duncan Black

Duncan Black, FBA (23 May 1908 – 14 January 1991) was a Scottish economist who laid the foundations of social choice theory. In particular he was responsible for unearthing the work of many early political scientists, including Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, and was responsible for the Black electoral system, a Condorcet method whereby, in the absence of a Condorcet winner (e.g. due to a cycle), the Borda winner is chosen.

## Biography

Black was born in Motherwell, Scotland, an industrial town south east of Glasgow, to a working-class family. He graduated from the Dalziel High School in Motherwell and then studied mathematics and physics at the University of Glasgow. He then enrolled for a degree in economics and politics which he finished with first class honours in 1932. He started teaching at the newly formed Dundee School of Economics (later part of the University of Dundee). There Black was influenced by his colleague Ronald Coase, originator of the Theory of the Firm. He later taught at the University College of North Wales (now Bangor University) and Glasgow.
Black also had visiting positions in the United States, at the universities of Rochester, Chicago, Virginia and Michigan State. These occurred after William H. Riker reviewed his work in 1961. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1980.

## Archives

The archives for Duncan Black are maintained by the Archives of the University of Glasgow (GUAS).
# Donje Novo Selo

Donje Novo Selo may refer to the following villages:
* Donje Novo Selo, Croatia
* Donje Novo Selo (Bujanovac), in Serbia
# Anonymous Ravaničanin

Anonymous Ravaničanin, also known in Serbian as Непознати Раваничанин (Nepoznati Ravaničanin), was a Serbian writer. He wrote "Žitija svetoga kneza Lazara" ("The Life of Saint Lazar"), one of the earliest biographies of Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović (reigned 1373-1389) and the oldest complete Serbian writing about the time of the Battle of Kosovo.

## Life and work

As the prince's contemporary and an inhabitant of the Ravanica Monastery, the writer gives an abundance of historical data (prince's life and reign, his sermon before the battles, Murat's deaths during the battles, siege and capture of the prince and other Serbian rulers, their execution in the Metropolitan Church in Pristina, the transfer of Lazar's relics to Ravanica three years later, a description of Ravanica, etc.), "which did not stifle any literary and artistic value of the writings".

## Translation into modern Serbian language

* "Žitije svetoga kneza Lazara" ["The Life of the Holy Prince Lazarus"], trans. Đorđe Trifunović. In Spisi o Kosovu. Stara Srpska Književnost [Old Serbian Literature] (in Serbian). Vol. 13. Belgrade: Prosveta. 1993. ISBN 978-86-07-00720-2. OCLC 892910522.
# Glasgow Southern RFC

Glasgow Southern RFC was a former rugby union team. It was based in Giffnock, East Renfrewshire. Previously known as Clarkston RFC the Club altered its name to Glasgow Southern RFC in an AGM of May 1995. In 2002, the club merged with a Glasgow club Hutchesons Aloysians to form Glasgow Hutchesons Aloysians RFC.

## History

Clarkston RFC changed its name to Glasgow Southern in 1995. The club had successfully persuaded many Hutchesons Aloysians players and officials to join the Giffnock club; the change of name was a result of that changing character and an impetus for HA to merge with the new club. However HA refused the merger - and the Giffnock club, now laden with Hutchesons Aloysians players, continued with the new name and as a new club.
Although Southern was in existence for a mere seven years, the timespan of the club bridged the amateur and professional period of rugby union. Rugby Union professionalism in Scotland began in 1996 and the Glasgow Southern club became well placed as a development club to the professional Glasgow Warriors side.
The first batch of Glasgow Thistles picked in 1997–98, a young development side sent to New Zealand by Glasgow District Union, contained Stuart Bryce, Iain Monaghan, Euan Murray and Jan Vos; all players from Southern.
Notably Murray became a Scotland internationalist and played for the British and Irish Lions; and Iain Monaghan became a development coach at Glasgow Warriors.
A brief return for amateur inter-district rugby saw Glasgow District play Scotland U21 in December 2001. Included in the Glasgow district side were Jan Vos and Ross Armour from Southern (as well as Stuart Bryce who had then joined Dalziel).
An agreement reached with a development organisation saw the original Clarkston RFC's 1970 Clubhouse demolished to make way for a health club. A new, state of the art, Clubhouse was formally opened by S.R.U. President Ronnie Young at Braidholm in January 2002.

## Merger

The Glasgow Southern name was only to survive for seven years before the merger with Hutchesons Aloysians was again mooted. Glasgow Southern and Hutchesons Aloysians were in the same division; HA at the top, Southern sitting sixth but with better facilities. This time the model of Glasgow Hawks - a successful merged side in the north-west of Glasgow - became an impetus for the south side teams to follow.
Glasgow Southern and Hutchesons Aloysians merged in May 2002 to form Glasgow Hutchesons Aloysians Rugby Football Club.

## Notable former players

Over several years a variety of players graduated through the Club participation from both youth and senior level to achieve representative status.

### Scotland internationalists

* Gordon McIlwham
* Euan Murray

### Glasgow Warriors players

* Gordon McIlwham
* Erin Cossey
* Richard McKnight
* Gavin Blackburn
* Euan Murray
* James Eddie

### Glasgow District players

* Jan Vos
* Ross Armour
* Stuart Bryce

## Honours
### Women

* Mull Sevens
** Champions: 1998
# Gavin Kirk (priest)

Gavin John Kirk (born 8 December 1961) is a British Anglican priest. Since 2016 he has been the Archdeacon of Lincoln.
Kirk was born and raised in Lincolnshire. He was educated at the universities of Durham and Chichester, and Chichester Theological College. He was ordained in 1987, and began his curacy at St Leonard's, Seaford. He was Chaplain at Rochester Cathedral from 1989 to 1991, and Chaplain at King's School, Rochester from 1991 to 1998. He became Precentor of Portsmouth in 1998, and was Precentor of Lincoln from 2003 until 2016.

## Ordained ministry
### Early posts

He was ordained in 1987 and began his career with a curacy at St Leonard, Seaford. He was a Chaplain at Rochester Cathedral from 1989 to 1991; and a Chaplain at King's School, Rochester from 1991 to 1998.

### Senior posts

He became a Canon Residentiary at Portsmouth Cathedral in 1998; and Canon Residentiary, (Precentor) at Lincoln Cathedral in 2003.
# Eremolaena darainensis

Eremolaena darainensis is a tree in the family Sarcolaenaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar. It is named for its native commune of Daraina.

## Description

Eremolaena darainensis grows as a tree up to 12 metres (40 ft) tall. Its branches are red to gray brown and lenticellate. The bark is smooth. Its ovate to obovate leaves are chartaceous and measure up to 5.5 cm (2 in) long. They are green above and white below. The flowers are solitary with five green sepals and five white petals. Fruits are unknown.

## Distribution and habitat

Eremolaena darainensis is known only from the northern region of Sava. Its habitat is semi-deciduous forest on steep slopes from 250 m (800 ft) to 550 m (1,800 ft) altitude.

## Threats

Eremolaena darainensis is currently known only from five subpopulations in Loky-Manambato forest. The species is only temporarily protected so further habitat decline is likely. The species' conservation status is assessed as endangered.
# Postencephalitic trophic ulcer

Postencephalitic trophic ulcer is an ulceration of the nose similar to trigeminal trophic lesions, and has been reported following epidemic encephalitis and herpes zoster of the trigeminal nerve.$^{:65}$
# Ficus sumatrana

Ficus sumatrana is an Asian species of fig tree in the family Moraceae.
No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life; its native range is Indo-China to Malesia.

## Description

The species can be found in Vietnam: where it may be called đa trai nhỏ or đa quả nhỏ ("small-fruited banyan"). This refers to the many small fruit (syconia) which are only 4 mm in diameter. Trees grow to approximately 20 m (66 ft) and the leaves have a small drip point at their apex.
# Dănciulești

Dănciulești is a commune in Gorj County, Oltenia, Romania. It is composed of seven villages: Bibulești, Dănciulești, Hălăngești, Obârșia, Petrăchei, Rădinești and Zăicoiu.
# Donje Nedeljice

Donje Nedeljice is a village in the municipality of Loznica, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 566 people.
# Anonymous Smederavian

Anonymous Smederavian (Serbian: Непознати Смедеревац/Nepoznati Smederevac; from about the mid-15th century) was a Serbian medieval writer, perhaps the same Smederevo orator who held the famous speech at the deathbed of despot Đurađ Branković. In the introduction of "The Transfer of the relics of Luke the Evangelist in Smederevo 1453" (Пренос моштију апостола и јеванђелисте Луке у Смедерево 1453 године), the author introduces a motif of the mystical and miraculous protection that the holy relics give to the people appears – in this case before the fall of the Despotate.

## Literature

* Bogdanović, Dimitrije (1980). Istorija Stare Srpske Književnosti [History of Old Serbian Literature]. Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga. OCLC 890600471.
* Đorđe Trifunović: Nepoznati Smederevac: Nagrobna reč despotu Đurađu Brankoviću, Smederevo, 1980
* Dejan Mihailović: "Byzantine Circle (Small Dictionary of Early Christian Literature in Greek, Byzantine and Old Serbian Literature)", Belgrade, "Institute for Textbooks", 2009, pp. 141.
# Popůvky (Třebíč District)

Popůvky is a municipality and village in Třebíč District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 70 inhabitants.
Popůvky lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Třebíč, 48 km (30 mi) south-east of Jihlava, and 161 km (100 mi) south-east of Prague.
# Eupithecia adjemica

Eupithecia adjemica is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Iran.
# 2016–17 Scandinavian Cup

The 2016–17 Scandinavian Cup was a season of the Scandinavian Cup, a Continental Cup season in cross-country skiing for men and women. The season began on 9 December 2016 in Lillehammer, Norway and concluded with a stage event 3–5 March 2017 in Madona, Latvia.