OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire

Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire is a 2012 non-fiction book by written by historian Victor Sebestyen. The full text is divided into three parts with 48 chapters in total. The author recounts the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the resulting consequences on its various satellite states.

## Overview

Part One: Cold War has 10 chapters. It deals with how the Soviet Union administered their satellite states over the course of the Cold War. It starts at the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 and ends at martial law in Poland during the government crackdown on the Fighting Solidarity movement in 1983.
Part Two: The Thaw has 15 chapters. It deals with the cool-down in relations between the Soviet Union and the United States. It starts at the appointment of Mikhail Gorbachev as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985 and ends with the arrival of Gorbachev in Times Square in 1988.
Part Three: Revolution has 23 chapters. It deals with the various revolutions that occurred in Soviet satellite states in 1989.

## Reception

The Daily Telegraph, The Times, and The Guardian published positive reviews.
# Pseudopodospermum libanoticum

Pseudopodospermum libanoticum, also known as Lebanese salsify and Lebanese viper's grass, is a species of perennial plant in the family Asteraceae.

## Description

Pseudopodospermum libanoticum grows to a height of 15 to 80 cm (5.9 to 31.5 in) and is covered with fluffy detersile coating. Its erect flower stems are leafy and branched in the upper part into 3-5 floral heads measuring 2 to 4 cm (0.79 to 1.57 in). The flower heads are supported by a scaly receptacles atop long pedicels. It has glabrous cylindrical involucral bracts that are truncated at the base and slightly constricted at the top. The yellow flowers turn purple-red at the base and are larger than the involucre. It blooms in June and July. The fruit is a white, thick, long and deeply furrowed achene surmounted by a small pappus. P. libanoticum leaves are whole, slightly toothed towards the base, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, more or less acute that narrow at the petiole.

## Distribution and habitat

Pseudopodospermum libanoticum is endemic to the mountainous regions of the Levant in Lebanon and Syria; it grows in elevated meadows and pastures, rocky and grassy grounds, and old wall cracks

## Uses

The plant is used in folk medicine, its aerial parts are made into a decoction used orally to treat headaches. The plant's raw young shoots and leaves are edible.
# Priscilla Ransohoff

Priscilla Burnett Johnston Ransohoff (June 16, 1912 – February 1, 1992) was an American military education specialist and advocate for women in science and federal employment. She was an education officer in the United States Army's Electronics Command, based in New Jersey, and the national president of Federally Employed Women (FEW) from 1972 to 1974.

## Early life and education

Mary Priscilla Burnett was born in Pittsburgh, the daughter of Levi Herr Burnett and Clara Amelia Brown Burnett. Her father was a steel company executive, and mayor of Sea Girt, New Jersey. She graduated from the University of Pittsburgh, and earned a master's degree and an Ed.D. from Columbia University, in educational administration and psychology.

## Career

In the 1940s and 1950s, Burnett was supervisor of the physical therapy department at Monmouth Memorial Hospital, where her second husband was a surgeon. She taught a course on human relations for nursing supervisors at Rutgers University in 1955.
Ransohoff was an education officer with the United States Army's Electronics Command (ECOM) at Fort Monmouth, beginning in 1964. She became the ECOM coordinator for the Federal Woman's Program in 1968. She was the fourth national president of Federally Employed Women (FEW), in office from 1972 to 1974, and the first leader of that organization working outside of the Washington, D.C. area. In 1975, she received the first Army Materiel Command Action Award and the Department of the Army's Equal Employment Opportunity Award, both recognizing her work on equality in the federal workplace.
Ransohoff had a private consulting business, and taught at Brookdale Community College and Ocean County College. She was the founder of the Monmouth Center for Vocational Rehabilitation, in Tinton Falls. She served on the board of directors for the Easter Seal Society of New Jersey. She was named Woman of the Year by the Business and Professional Women's Club of Monmouth County in 1976, and given the same honor in 1984 and 1990 by the Zonta Club of Monmouth County.

## Personal life and legacy

Burnett married twice. Her first husband was insurance agent James Hampton Johnston. They married in 1934 and had a daughter, also named Priscilla Burnett Johnston, born in 1936. Her second husband was orthopedic surgeon Nicholas S. Ransohoff; they married in 1947. Her second husband died in 1951, and she died in 1992, at the age of 79, at her home in Monmouth Beach, New Jersey, where she had moved in 1960 after living in Long Branch, New Jersey.
From 1992 to 2005, the CECOM Priscilla B. Ransohoff Memorial Award was awarded in her memory. She was posthumously inducted into the Army Materiel Command Hall of Fame in 2022. “It is important to recognize Dr. Ransohoff for her pioneering efforts in fostering equality and diversity in the workforce, and her actions to encourage women to have a strong voice and role in the federal workforce,” commented military historian Susan Thompson of her induction.
# Duarte de Puy

Duarte de Puy (c.1125-11?) was a Portuguese nobleman, ambassador of Pope Clement II in Rome. He served the King Sancho I in the war against the Moors.
Duarte was born in Coimbra, Kingdom of Portugal, son of Godofredo de Puy, a knight from Normandy, France. His wife was Genebra de Sousa, daughter of Álvaro de Sousa, Lord of Moncorvo .
# Estadio José Ortega Martínez

The Estadio José Ortega Martínez also known as Valley Bowl Stadium, is a stadium of football with capacity for 3,700 people located in Naucalpan, State of Mexico, campus Lomas Verdes Universidad del Valle de Mexico. The stadium is the home team american football representative of the university, the Linces Lomas Verdes.
The property had a cost of over 100 million pesos and was opened to house the major league games of the ONEFA from the 2010 season. The stadium has synthetic grass, bucket seats, dressing rooms, bathrooms, electronic scoreboard, food area, large capacity light lighting, and a press box for the height of the yard 50.
# Prazo

A prazo (or prazo da coroa) in Portuguese Africa was a large estate leased to colonists, settlers and traders to exploit the continent's resources. Prazos operated like semi-feudal entities and were most commonly found in the Zambezi River valley.

## Definition

The prazo was a land grant/lease given in exchange for an annual fixed fee based on laws promulgated by Portuguese kings, such as Afonso V and Manuel I.

## History

The leaseholder was required to live on the granted land and could not sell or rent it, although lessees frequently violated that rule. In Tete Province during the 19th century, 32 prazeiros owned 57 prazos. The land grant was not supposed to exceed 500 leagues in length, although most did. In 1677 a system was adopted to attract Portuguese settlers. Vacant prazos were to be granted to "deserving orphan girls or the daughters of crown servants", who would pass the prazo on to her eldest daughter for three generations who married to Portuguese men. At that time the government could retake control or renew the lease.
The prazeiro was allowed to employ Africans (colonos); to raise a private army (often made up of slaves); trade in all commodities; and maintain law and order. The Portuguese Crown intended the prazo to guarantee control over the land, stimulate agricultural production, facilitate European settlement, and be a source of revenue for the government, but the system failed in the objectives. Contributions to the failure were rampant absenteeism, violent rivalries between the grantees, the scarcity of Portuguese women, lack of capital, and Africans, of which the latter cause was probably the most important. The prazo system's concepts of female inheritance, three lives, and individual landownership were alien to African traditions.
The government failed in an attempt to reform the system in the mid-19th century. Another attempt was made in the 1890s without result, but the introduction of the concessionaire companies about that time, the 1890 British Ultimatum and the Portuguese Colonial Act of 1930 contributed to the end of the prazo.
# FWY

FWY may refer to:
* Five Ways railway station, in Birmingham, England
* Freeway
* FriendsWithYou, an American art collective
# Eelume

The Eelume is an autonomous underwater vehicle being developed by Eelume AS, in partnership with Kongsberg Maritime and Equinor.

## Function

The Eelume is primarily designed to inspect, maintain and repair subsea infrastructure, primarily for offshore drilling installations. It may also have military applications, including for mine countermeasures and undersea surveillance.
The Eelume is intended to be able to dive 500 meters beneath the surface.
The Eelume is designed to be either entirely autonomous, or capable of being controlled remotely by an operator. The Eelume is intended to be deployed permanently underwater, housed at subsea docking stations.

## Development

The Eelume was tested at the PREZIOSO Linjebygg Subsea Test Center near Trondheim in November and December 2016. Eelume CEO Arne Kjørsvik has said they anticipate the vehicle being available on the market in late 2019.
The company designing Eelume began in 2015 as a spinoff from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), founded by a team of entrepreneurs including NTNU professor Kristin Ytterstad Pettersen.
# Arlington Line

The Arlington Line was a series of fortifications that the Union Army erected in Alexandria County (now Arlington County), Virginia, to protect the City of Washington during the American Civil War (see Civil War Defenses of Washington and Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War).
Just across the Potomac River from the Union capital city, Confederate Virginia was a major Union concern when the war began. In May 1861, federal troops seized much the County and immediately began constructing a group of forts near Washington on the Virginia side of the River to protect the capital city.
After the Confederate Army routed the Union Army at the First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) in late July 1861, the Union Army began construction on a line of breastworks and lunettes to the west of the earlier fortifications. These and larger fortifications later constructed nearby became known as the Arlington Line. They included a lunette (Fort Cass) and Fort Whipple, which became parts of Fort Myer, later to be renamed as Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall.
The Arlington Line was never attacked, even after the federal defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) in late August 1862. The Line therefore effectively served its strategic purpose.
Major Daniel Phineas Woodbury was the Union engineer who designed and constructed the Arlington Line. One of its forts, Fort Woodbury (which once stood in what is today Arlington's Courthouse neighborhood), was named for him.
# 2005–06 Temple Owls men's basketball team

The 2005–06 Temple Owls men's basketball team represented Temple University in the 2005–06 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They were led by head coach John Chaney and played their home games at the Liacouras Center. The Owls are members of the Atlantic 10 Conference. They finished the season 17–15, 8–8 in A-10 play, and reached the 2006 National Invitation Tournament. Chaney retired at the conclusion of the season.

## Roster

| # | Name | Height | Weight (lbs.) | Position | Class | Hometown | Hometown | High School |
| 0 | Brian Shanahan | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) | 175 pounds (79 kg) | G | Fr. | Haddon Heights, New Jersey | U.S. | Episcopal Academy |
| 1 | Chris Clark | 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) | 165 pounds (75 kg) | G | So. | Narberth, Pennsylvania | U.S. | St. Joseph's Prep |
| 3 | Dustin Salisbery | 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) | 205 pounds (93 kg) | G | Jr. | Lancaster, Pennsylvania | U.S. | J.P. McCaskey HS |
| 4 | Dion Dacons | 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) | 210 pounds (95 kg) | F | Jr. | Statesville, North Carolina | U.S. | Oak Hill Academy |
| 13 | Mark Tyndale | 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) | 210 pounds (95 kg) | G | So. | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | U.S. | Simon Gratz HS |
| 15 | Semaj Inge | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) | 190 pounds (86 kg) | G | Fr. | Camden, New Jersey | U.S. | Woodrow Wilson HS |
| 22 | Dionte Christmas | 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) | 205 pounds (93 kg) | G | Fr. | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | U.S. | Lutheran Christian Academy |
| 24 | Antywane Robinson | 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) | 210 pounds (95 kg) | F | Sr. | Charlotte, North Carolina | U.S. | Oak Hill Academy |
| 25 | Mardy Collins | 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) | 205 pounds (93 kg) | G | Sr. | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | U.S. | Simon Gratz HS |
| 32 | DaShone Kirkendoll | 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) | 210 pounds (95 kg) | G | So. | Dayton, Ohio | U.S. | Stebbins HS |
| 33 | Nehemiah Ingram | 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) | 250 pounds (110 kg) | F | Sr. | Milledgeville, Georgia | U.S. | Baldwin HS |
| 40 | Nelson Broderick | 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) | 200 pounds (91 kg) | F | Fr. | Gaithersburg, Maryland | U.S. | Gaithersburg HS |
| 41 | Sergio Olmos | 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m) | 220 pounds (100 kg) | C | Fr. | Valencia | Spain | Vincente Blasco Ibanez HS |
| 43 | Orlando Miller | 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) | 190 pounds (86 kg) | F | So. | Lanham, Maryland | U.S. | High Point HS |
| 44 | Anthony Ivory | 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) | 350 pounds (160 kg) | C | Fr. | Washington, DC | U.S. | Marriott Charter School |
| 50 | Wayne Marshall | 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m) | 285 pounds (129 kg) | C | Jr. | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | U.S. | Martin Luther King HS |
# Appeal to advantage

An appeal to advantage is a rhetorical device in which the speaker encourages his or her audience to perform some action by representing that action as being in the audience's best interest.
An appeal to advantage can also be a request from someone in a position of power to someone who is in a socially subordinate position; the request is specifically for the subordinate to perform an act contrary to the subordinate's wishes, such that the subordinate is forced to commit the act in order to satisfy a more significant need. The appeal is specifically most expedient or advantageous to the person in power, but is also presented as forwarding the subordinate's interests in some significant way.

## Examples

* A client offers a government official a big amount of money, provided the official facilitates or gives a favorable decision on some transactions in which the client has some interest.
* A rich man offers to pay the hospital bills for a beautiful young girl's sick mother, provided that the girl chooses to become his mistress.
* A religious political leader offers a person a job, provided that the person joins his religion and accepts his beliefs.
# 2000 Three Days of De Panne

The 2000 Three Days of De Panne was the 24th edition of the Three Days of De Panne cycle race and was held on 28 March to 30 March 2000. The race started in Mouscron and finished in De Panne. The race was won by Viatcheslav Ekimov.

## General classification

| Rank | Rider | Time |
| 1 | Viatcheslav Ekimov (RUS) | 13h 59' 40" |
| 2 | Romāns Vainšteins (LAT) | + 3" |
| 3 | Sergei Ivanov (RUS) | + 39" |
| 4 | Andrei Tchmil (BEL) | + 47" |
| 5 | Maarten den Bakker (NED) | + 48" |
| 6 | Martin Hvastija (SLO) | + 54" |
| 7 | Zbigniew Spruch (POL) | + 59" |
| 8 | Frank Høj (DEN) | + 1' 00" |
| 9 | Marco Serpellini (ITA) | + 1' 02" |
| 10 | Geert Van Bondt (BEL) | + 1' 03" |
# Aporosa planchoniana

Aporosa planchoniana is a species of shrub in the family Phyllanthaceae.

## Taxonomy

A. planchoniana is in a clade with sisters Aporosa ficifolia, A. octandra, A. tetrapleura, and A. villosa, separated from other species within the Appendiculatae section of the Aporosa genus.

## Description

The species grows 2-4m tall, occurring in open forests. It is found in Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. It has been erroneously recorded as occurring in South-Central and Southeast Zhōngguó/China, including Hainan. At Khao Yai National Park, central Thailand, the orange dehiscent fruit grow some 9mm long, 7 mm in diameter and weighing just 0.3g. There is one seed per fruit, weighing 0.05g, 6mm long and 4mm in diameter. The fruit has been observed to be consumed by Bulbuls and squirrels (Callosciurus finlaysonii and Ratufa bicolor).
Like other species in the Appendiculatae section of the Aporosa genus, this species has: glands that are basal and adaxial; disc-like glands scattered unevenly within arches of marginal veins throughout the abaxial surface of the leaf/lamina; stigma that are papillate; and the ovary has pubescent septae and column.

## Distribution and habitat

The shrub grows on the leeward side of the Bang Boet coastal sand dune, Pak Klong sub-district, Pathio District, Chumphon Province, southern Thailand (facing east into the Gulf of Thailand.

## Vernacular names

Common names include miën préi (="wild longan", Khmer) and propech chongva (Kuy/Khmer).

## Utilization

The fruit is edible and the stems are used as firewood. Amongst Kuy- and Khmer-speaking people living in the same villages in Stung Treng and Preah Vihear provinces of north-central Cambodia, the small tree is used as source of medicine.
# Escape to the Dolomites

Escape to the Dolomites (German: Flucht in die Dolomiten, Italian: Il prigioniero della montagna) is a 1955 Italian-West German drama film directed by and starring Luis Trenker. The cast also features Marianne Hold, Robert Freitag and Yvonne Sanson. It was shot at the Icet Studios in Milan and on location around Lake Garda and the Fiemme Valley in Trentino.

## Synopsis

Giovanni Testa, a shipbuilder on Lake Garda, is accused of murdering his brother, who refused to loan him some money in order to rescue his business.

## Cast

* Luis Trenker as Giovanni Testa
* Marianne Hold as Graziella
* Robert Freitag as Sergio
* Yvonne Sanson as Teresa
* Enrico Glori as Bepo Ghezzi
* Umberto Sacripante as Padre di Graziella
* Marcello Giorda as Ragionier Massaro
* Hans Jamnig as Dolomites guide
* Vincenz Nacker as Dolomites guide
* Phillip Prinoth as Dolomites guide
* Flavio Pancherias Dolomites guide
* Hans Hammig as Hans
* Vincenzo Nocker as Enzo
* Filippo Primod as Bepi
* Alda Quinti as Figlia di Giovanni
# Adams v Lindsell

Adams v Lindsell (1818) 1 B & Ald 681, is an English contract case regarded as the first case towards the establishment of the "postal rule" for acceptance of an offer. Ordinarily, any form of acceptance must be communicated expressly to an offeror; however, it was found that where a letter of acceptance is posted, an offer is accepted "in course of post".

## Facts

The case involved two parties in the sale of wool. On 2 September, the defendants wrote to the plaintiffs offering to sell them certain fleeces of wool and requiring an answer in the course of post. The defendants misdirected the letter so that the plaintiffs did not receive it until 5 September. The plaintiffs posted their acceptance on the same day but it was not received until 9 September. Meanwhile, on 8 September, the defendants, not having received an answer by 7 September as they had expected, sold the wool to someone else.
The defendants argued that there could not be a binding contract until the answer was actually received, and until then they were free to sell the wool to another buyer.

## Judgment

Law J said that if that was true it would be impossible to complete any contract through the post; if the defendants were not bound by their offer until the answer was received, then the plaintiffs would not be bound until they had received word that the defendants had received their acceptance, and this could go on indefinitely. Instead it must be considered that the offerors were making the offer to the plaintiffs during every moment that the letter was in the post. Then when the Offeree has placed his acceptance in the post there is a meeting of minds, which concludes the offer and gives effect to the acceptance.
The acceptance did not arrive in course of post strictly speaking (all parties understood in course of post to refer to 7 September). But because the delay was the fault of the defendant it was taken that the acceptance did arrive in course of post.

## Significance

This case is the first step towards establishing the postal acceptance rule (mailbox rule). It was not until 1892 in Henthorn v Fraser [1892] 2 Ch 27 that the court determined the precise timing of the acceptance, that is the moment the letter of acceptance is posted. (See also Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation [1955] 2 QB 327).
# Airness

Airness is a footwear trademark founded in 1999 in Saint-Denis (France) by Malamine Koné. The logo includes the image of a black panther.

## Sponsorships

Teams and athletes using Airness equipment are:

### Basketball
#### Previous club teams

* SLUC Nancy

### Football
#### National teams

* Brittany (since 2013)
* Mali

#### Previous national teams

* Benin (2008–2014)
* DR Congo (2006–2009)
* Congo (2006–2007)
* Gabon (2010)

#### Previous club teams

* KRC Genk
* Fulham
* Auxerre
* Lille
* Nantes
* Rennes
* Le Havre

### Rugby Union

* Toronto Jazz

### Tennis
#### Previous tennis players

* Nikolay Davydenko
# Eeltail catfish

The eeltail catfish are a family (Plotosidae) of catfish whose tails are elongated in an eel-like fashion. These catfishes are native to the Indian Ocean and western Pacific from Japan to Australia and Fiji. The family includes about 41 species in 10 genera. About half of the species are freshwater, occurring in Australia and New Guinea.
These fish have eel-like bodies. Their tails are pointed or bluntly rounded. Most species have four pairs of barbels. The adipose fin is absent. The tail fin is formed by the joining of the second dorsal fin, the caudal fin, and the anal fin, forming a single, continuous fin.
Some of these catfishes can inflict painful wounds; stings from Plotosus lineatus may cause death, however stings from other types of eeltail catfish causes stinging which usually resides up to two weeks from when the person was penetrated by its dorsal spines. They are bottom feeders and use the barbels around their mouths to detect food.
Unlike most marine teleosts, eeltails have an extra-branchial salt-secreting dendritic organ for osmoregulation. The dendritic organ is likely a product of convergent evolution with other vertebrate salt-secreting organs. The role of this organ was discovered by its high NKA and NKCC activity in response to increasing salinity. However, the Plotosidae dendritic organ may be of limited use under extreme salinity conditions, compared to more typical gill-based ionoregulation.
# 2012 CAF Super Cup

The 2012 CAF Super Cup (also known as the 2012 Orange CAF Super Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 20th CAF Super Cup, an annual football match in Africa organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF), between the winners of the previous season's two CAF club competitions, the CAF Champions League and the CAF Confederation Cup.
The match was played between Espérance ST from Tunisia, the winner of the 2011 CAF Champions League and Maghreb de Fès from Morocco, the winner of the 2011 CAF Confederation Cup. Maghreb de Fès won 4–3 on penalties after the match finished in a 1–1 draw. Maghreb de Fès becomes the only team in CAF Super Cup to win it after they qualified throw CAF Considerations Cup

## Teams

| Team | Qualification | Previous participation (bold indicates winners) |
| Espérance ST | 2011 CAF Champions League winner | 1995, 1999 |
| Maghreb de Fès | 2011 CAF Confederation Cup winner | None |

## Rules

The CAF Super Cup is played over one match, hosted by the winner of the CAF Champions League. Since 2011, the regulations have been changed such that in case of a draw the two teams would directly move to post match penalties (no extra time is played).