# Epilobium

Epilobium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Onagraceae, containing about 197 species. The genus has a worldwide distribution. It is most prevalent in the subarctic, temperate and subantarctic regions, whereas in the subtropics and tropics Epilobium species are restricted to the cool montane biomes, such as the New Guinea Highlands.
The taxonomy of the genus has varied between different botanists, but the modern trend is to include the previously recognised genera Boisduvalia, Chamaenerion (previously Chamerion), Pyrogennema and Zauschneria within Epilobium according to Peter H. Raven, who has extensively studied the willowherbs and merges the other segregate genera into Epilobium. Fringed willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum) is likely a cryptic species complex; apparently these plants also commonly hybridize with their congeners.
Most species are known by the common name willowherbs for their willow-like leaves. Those that were once separated in Boisduvalia are called spike-primroses or boisduvalias. Those Epilobium species previously placed in the Chamaenerion group are known as fireweeds.

## Description

Epilobiums are mostly herbaceous plants, either annual or perennial; a few are subshrubs. The leaves are opposite or rarely whorled,$^{:354}$ simple and ovate to lanceolate in shape. The flowers are actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) with four petals that may be notched. These are usually smallish and pink in most species, but red, orange or yellow in a few. The fruit is a slender cylindrical capsule containing numerous seeds embedded in fine, soft silky fluff which disperses the seeds very effectively in the wind.
The genus name derives from the Greek words "epi" meaning "upon" and "lobos" meaning "lobe", with reference to position of the petals above the ovary.
A number of Epilobium species with slightly asymmetrical (zygomorphic) magenta flowers and alternate leaves are placed in a Chamaenerion group and are further separated by some authorities into a genus Chamerion. However, Chamerion has not been universally accepted.

## Habitat and ecology

Willowherbs sensu lato are typically very quick to carpet large swathes of ground and may become key or dominant species of local ecosystems. In the United Kingdom, for example, rosebay willowherb (Chamaenerion angustifolium) is widely found on mesotrophic soils dominated by false oat-grass (Arrhenatherum elatius), cock's-foot grass (Dactylis glomerata), and red fescue (Festuca rubra), while great willowherb (Epilobium hirsutum) is found in mesotrophic grassland with stinging nettle (Urtica dioica). These two willowherb species also dominate open habitat early in ecological succession, to the virtual exclusion of other plant life. Broad-leaved willowherb (Epilobium montanum) is found characteristically, though not abundantly, in the mesotrophic grasslands with meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and sometimes the uncommon Greek valerian (Polemonium caeruleum). Most willowherbs will not tolerate shade trees and thus are limited to more recently disturbed patches, yielding to other plants over time. Consequently, though the genus contains many pioneer plants, rather few of them are invasive weeds of major importance.
Epilobium species are used as food plants by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera species, including: Geometridae
* Grey pug (Eupithecia subfuscata), recorded on several species
Noctuidae
* Mouse moth (Amphipyra tragopoginis), recorded on several species
* Small angle shades (Euplexia lucipara), recorded on several species
* Australian grapevine moth (Phalaenoides glycinae), recorded on fringed willowherb (E. ciliatum)
Sphingidae
* Elephant hawk-moth (Deilephila elpenor), recorded on several species
* Small elephant hawk-moth (Deilephila porcellus), recorded on several species
* White-lined sphinx (Hyles lineata), recorded on several species

## Use by humans

The main use of Epilobium by humans is as a herbal supplement in the treatment of prostate, bladder (incontinence) and hormone disorders. Many of the small willowherb species are nuisance weeds in gardens. Though few are regularly used as ornamental plants, the larger willowherbs may be attractive in ruderal locales. One of the most frequently recognized members of the genus is the circumboreal fireweed (E. angustifolium), known as rosebay willowherb in the United Kingdom. It rapidly colonizes burnt ground; during the bombing of London in World War II many of the derelict bomb sites were soon covered with these plants, bringing a splash of colour to what was otherwise a very grim scene. It is the floral emblem of Yukon in Canada, Hedmark in Norway and Southern Ostrobothnia in Finland.
Fireweed is used as a sweetener in north-western North America. It is put in candy, jellies, ice cream, syrup, and sxusem ("Indian ice cream"). In the late summer its flowers yield pollen and copious nectar which give a rich spicy honey. Its young leaves, roots, and shoots are edible (if somewhat bitter), and rich in provitamin A and vitamin C. The Dena’ina found them also useful as food supplement for dogs and applied sap from the stem to wounds, believing it to have antiinflammatory properties.
Several researchers have studied this taxon. Heinrich Carl Haussknecht in the late 19th century and Peter H. Raven about a century later researched the phylogeny, systematics, and taxonomy of willowherbs. Peter Michaelis' studies of this genus paved the way for understanding of extranuclear inheritance in plants.

## Species

The following species are recognised in the genus Epilobium:
* Epilobium × abortivum Hausskn.
* Epilobium × aggregatum Čelak.
* Epilobium aitchisonii P.H.Raven
* Epilobium algidum M.Bieb.
* Epilobium alpestre (Jacq.) Krock.
* Epilobium alsinifolium Vill. – chickweed willowherb
* Epilobium alsinoides A.Cunn.
* Epilobium × amphibolum Hausskn.
* Epilobium amurense Hausskn.
* Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam. – alpine willowherb, pimpernel willowherb
* Epilobium anatolicum Hausskn.
* Epilobium anglicum E.S.Marshall
* Epilobium angustifolium L.
* Epilobium angustum (Cheeseman) P.H.Raven & Engelhorn
* Epilobium arcticum Sam. – Arctic willowherb
* Epilobium × argillaceum Kitch.
* Epilobium arvernense Rouy & E.G.Camus
* Epilobium × aschersonianum Hausskn.
* Epilobium astonii (Allan) P.H.Raven & Engelhorn
* Epilobium atlanticum Litard. & Maire
* Epilobium australe Poepp. & Hausskn.
* Epilobium barbeyanum H.Lév.
* Epilobium billardiereanum Ser. – glabrous willowherb
* Epilobium blinii H.Lév.
* Epilobium × boissieri Hausskn.
* Epilobium × borbasianum Hausskn.
* Epilobium × brachiatum Čelak.
* Epilobium brachycarpum C.Presl – tall willowherb, tall annual willowherb, tall fireweed, panicled willowherb
* Epilobium brevifolium D.Don
* Epilobium brevipes Hook.f.
* Epilobium × brevipilum Hausskn.
* Epilobium brevisquamatum P.H.Raven
* Epilobium × brunnatum Kitch. & McKean
* Epilobium brunnescens (Cockayne) P.H.Raven & Engelhorn – New Zealand willowherb
* Epilobium campestre (Jeps.) Hoch & W.L.Wagner – pygmy willowherb, smooth boisduvalia
* Epilobium canum (Greene) P.H.Raven – Zauschneria, California-fuchsia, hummingbird flower, hummingbird trumpet
* Epilobium capense Buchinger ex Krauss
* Epilobium × celakovskyanum Hausskn.
* Epilobium × chateri Kitch. & McKean
* Epilobium chionanthum Hausskn.
* Epilobium chitralense P.H.Raven
* Epilobium chlorifolium Hausskn.
* Epilobium ciliatum Raf. – fringed willowherb, American willowherb
* Epilobium clarkeanum Hausskn.
* Epilobium clavatum Trel. – talus willowherb, clavatefruit willowherb
* Epilobium cleistogamum (Curran) Hoch & P.H.Raven – selfing willowherb
* Epilobium cockayneanum Petrie
* Epilobium colchicum Albov
* Epilobium collinum C.C.Gmel.
* Epilobium coloratum Biehler – purpleleaf willowherb
* Epilobium confertifolium Hook.f.
* Epilobium × confine Hausskn.
* Epilobium × confusilobum Kitch. & McKean
* Epilobium confusum Hausskn.
* Epilobium conjungens Skottsb.
* Epilobium conspersum Hausskn.
* Epilobium × cornubiense Kitch. & McKean
* Epilobium crassum Hook.f.
* Epilobium curtisiae P.H.Raven
* Epilobium cylindricum D.Don
* Epilobium × dacicum Borbás
* Epilobium × dasycarpum Fr.
* Epilobium davuricum Fisch. ex Hornem. – Daurian willowherb
* Epilobium × decipiens F.W.Schultz
* Epilobium densiflorum (Lindl.) Hoch & P.H.Raven – denseflower willowherb, dense spike-primrose, dense boisduvalia
* Epilobium densifolium Hausskn.
* Epilobium densum Raf. – downy willowherb, stiff spike-primrose
* Epilobium denticulatum Ruiz & Pav.
* Epilobium detznerianum Schltr. ex Diels
* Epilobium dodonaei Vill.
* Epilobium duriaei J.Gay ex Godr.
* Epilobium elegans Petrie
* Epilobium × erroneum Hausskn.
* Epilobium × fallacinum Hausskn.
* Epilobium fangii C.J.Chen, Hoch & P.H.Raven
* Epilobium fastigiatoramosum Nakai
* Epilobium fauriei H.Lév.
* Epilobium × finitimum Hausskn.
* Epilobium fleischeri Hochst.
* Epilobium × floridulum Smejkal
* Epilobium forbesii Allan
* Epilobium × fossicola Smejkal
* Epilobium fragile Sam.
* Epilobium fugitivum P.H.Raven & Engelhorn
* Epilobium gemmascens C.A.Mey.
* Epilobium × gemmiferum Boreau
* Epilobium × gerstlaueri Rubner
* Epilobium glabellum G.Forst. – smooth spike-primrose
* Epilobium glaberrimum Barbey – glaucous willowherb
* Epilobium glaciale P.H.Raven
* Epilobium × glanduligerum K.Knaf
* Epilobium glaucum Phil.
* Epilobium × goerzii Rubner
* Epilobium gouldii P.H.Raven
* Epilobium gracilipes Kirk
* Epilobium × grenieri Rouy & E.G.Camus
* Epilobium griffithianum Hausskn.
* Epilobium gunnianum Hausskn.
* Epilobium × gutteanum Gnüchtel
* Epilobium hallianum Hausskn. – glandular willowherb
* Epilobium × haussknechtianum Borbás
* Epilobium × haynaldianum Hausskn.
* Epilobium × hectori-leveilleanum Thell.
* Epilobium hectorii Hausskn.
* Epilobium × heterocaulon Borbás
* Epilobium hirsutum L. – great willowherb, great hairy willowherb, hairy willowherb, codlins-and-cream, apple-pie, cherry-pie
* Epilobium hirtigerum A.Cunn.
* Epilobium hohuanense S.S.Ying
* Epilobium hooglandii P.H.Raven
* Epilobium hornemannii Rchb. – Hornemann's willowherb
* Epilobium howellii Hoch – Yuba Pass willowherb, subalpine fireweed
* Epilobium × huteri Borbás ex Hausskn.
* Epilobium indicum Hausskn.
* Epilobium insulare Hausskn.
* Epilobium × interjectum Smejkal
* Epilobium × intersitum Hausskn.
* Epilobium × jinshaense P.H.Raven & H.Li
* Epilobium karsteniae Compton
* Epilobium × keredjense Bornm. & Gauba
* Epilobium kermodei P.H.Raven
* Epilobium keysseri Diels
* Epilobium kingdonii P.H.Raven
* Epilobium × kitcheneri McKean
* Epilobium komarovianum H.Lév. – bronzy willowherb
* Epilobium komarovii Ovcz.
* Epilobium korshinskyi Morozova
* Epilobium × krausei R.Uechtr. & Hausskn.
* Epilobium lactiflorum Hausskn. – milkflower willowherb, whiteflower willowherb
* Epilobium ladakhianum T.K.Paul
* Epilobium laestadii Kytöv.
* Epilobium × lamotteanum Hausskn.
* Epilobium lanceolatum Sebast. & Mauri – spear-leaved willowherb
* Epilobium × langeanum Hausskn.
* Epilobium × laschianum Hausskn.
* Epilobium latifolium L.
* Epilobium laxum Royle
* Epilobium leiophyllum Hausskn.
* Epilobium leptocarpum Hausskn. – slenderfruit willowherb
* Epilobium leptophyllum Raf. – bog willowherb, linear-leaved willowherb
* Epilobium × limosum Schur
* Epilobium lipschitzii Pachom.
* Epilobium luteum Pursh – yellow willowherb
* Epilobium macropus Hook.
* Epilobium margaretiae Brockie
* Epilobium × marshallianum Hausskn.
* Epilobium matthewsii Petrie
* Epilobium maysillesii Munz
* Epilobium melanocaulon Hook.
* Epilobium × mentiens Smejkal
* Epilobium microphyllum A.Rich.
* Epilobium minutiflorum Hausskn.
* Epilobium minutum Lindl. ex Lehm. – chaparral willowherb, desert willowherb, smallflower willowherb
* Epilobium mirabile Trel. ex Piper – Olympic Mountain willowherb
* Epilobium × montaniforme K.Knaf ex Čelak.
* Epilobium montanum L. – broad-leaved willowherb
* Epilobium nanhualpinum S.S.Ying
* Epilobium nankotaizanense Yamam. – Nankotaizan willowherb
* Epilobium × neogradiense Borbás
* Epilobium nerterioides A.Cunn.
* Epilobium nevadense Munz – Nevada willowherb
* Epilobium nivale Meyen
* Epilobium nivium Brandegee – Snow Mountain willowherb
* Epilobium × novae-civitatis Smejkal
* Epilobium nummulariifolium R.Cunn. ex A.Cunn.
* Epilobium nutans F.W.Schmidt
* Epilobium × nutantiflorum Smejkal
* Epilobium obcordatum A.Gray – rockfringe willowherb
* Epilobium × obscurescens Kitch. & McKean
* Epilobium obscurum Schreb. – dwarf willowherb, short-fruited willowherb
* Epilobium oreganum Greene – Grants Pass willowherb, Oregon fireweed
* Epilobium oregonense Hausskn. – Oregon willowherb
* Epilobium × palatinum F.W.Schultz
* Epilobium pallidiflorum Sol. ex A.Cunn.
* Epilobium pallidum (Eastw.) Hoch & P.H.Raven – largeflower spike-primrose
* Epilobium palustre L. – marsh willowherb
* Epilobium pannosum Hausskn.
* Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. – small-flowered willowherb, hoary willowherb
* Epilobium pedicellare C.Presl
* Epilobium pedunculare A.Cunn. – rockery willowherb
* Epilobium pengii C.J.Chen, Hoch & P.H.Raven
* Epilobium × percollinum Simonk.
* Epilobium pernitens Cockayne & Allan
* Epilobium perpusillum Hausskn.
* Epilobium × persicinum Rchb.
* Epilobium petraeum Heenan
* Epilobium pictum Petrie
* Epilobium platystigmatosum C.B.Rob.
* Epilobium ponticum Hausskn.
* Epilobium porphyrium G.Simpson
* Epilobium × prionophylloides Hand.-Mazz.
* Epilobium prostratum Warb.
* Epilobium pseudorubescens A.K.Skvortsov
* Epilobium × pseudotrigonum Borbás
* Epilobium psilotum Maire & Sam.
* Epilobium pubens A.Rich.
* Epilobium puberulum Hook. & Arn.
* Epilobium × pulchrum Suksd.
* Epilobium purpuratum Hook.f.
* Epilobium × purpureum Fr.
* Epilobium pycnostachyum Hausskn.
* Epilobium pyrricholophum Franch. & Sav.
* Epilobium ravenii Hoch & Gandhi – leafy willowherb, California willowherb
* Epilobium rechingeri P.H.Raven
* Epilobium × reedii H.Lév.
* Epilobium rhynchospermum Hausskn.
* Epilobium rigidum Hausskn. – stiff willowherb, Siskiyou Mountains willowherb
* Epilobium × rivulare Wahlenb.
* Epilobium × rivulicola Hausskn.
* Epilobium roseum (Schreb.) Schreb. – pale willowherb
* Epilobium rostratum Cheeseman
* Epilobium rotundifolium G.Forst.
* Epilobium royleanum Hausskn.
* Epilobium rubromarginatum Cockayne
* Epilobium salignum Hausskn.
* Epilobium sarmentaceum Hausskn.
* Epilobium saximontanum Hausskn. – Rocky Mountain willowherb
* Epilobium × schmidtianum Rostk.
* Epilobium × schulzeanum Hausskn.
* Epilobium semiamplexicaule H.J.Chowdhery & S.Singh
* Epilobium septentrionale (D.D.Keck) Bowman & Hoch – northern willowherb, Humboldt County fuchsia
* Epilobium × sericeum Bernh.
* Epilobium sikkimense Hausskn.
* Epilobium × similatum Hausskn.
* Epilobium × simulatum Hausskn.
* Epilobium sinense H.Lév.
* Epilobium siskiyouense (Munz) Hoch & P.H.Raven – Siskiyou willowherb, Siskiyou fireweed
* Epilobium smithii H.Lév.
* Epilobium speciosum Decne.
* Epilobium spitianum H.J.Chowdhery & Murti
* Epilobium staintonii P.H.Raven
* Epilobium stereophyllum Fresen.
* Epilobium stevenii Boiss.
* Epilobium stracheyanum Hausskn.
* Epilobium subalgidum Hausskn.
* Epilobium subcoriaceum Hausskn.
* Epilobium subdentatum (Meyen) Lievens & Hoch
* Epilobium suffruticosum Nutt. – shrubby willowherb
* Epilobium × surreyanum E.S.Marshall
* Epilobium taiwanianum C.J.Chen, Hoch & P.H.Raven
* Epilobium tasmanicum Hausskn.
* Epilobium tetragonum L. – square-stemmed willowherb
* Epilobium thermophilum Paulsen
* Epilobium × thuringiacum Hausskn.
* Epilobium tianschanicum Pavlov
* Epilobium tibetanum Hausskn.
* Epilobium tonkinense H.Lév.
* Epilobium torreyi (S.Watson) Hoch & P.H.Raven – Torrey's willowherb, brook spike-primrose
* Epilobium × treleaseanum H.Lév.
* Epilobium trichophyllum Hausskn.
* Epilobium tulinianum S.S.Ying
* Epilobium turkestanicum Pazij & Vved.
* Epilobium × udicola Hausskn.
* Epilobium × uechtritzianum Pax
* Epilobium ulleungensis J.Chung
* Epilobium vernicosum Cheeseman
* Epilobium vernonicum Snogerup
* Epilobium verticillatum W.X.Wang, W.Y.Guo & Y.S.Fu
* Epilobium × vicinum Smejkal
* Epilobium wallichianum Hausskn.
* Epilobium × waterfallii E.S.Marshall
* Epilobium wattianum Hausskn.
* Epilobium williamsii P.H.Raven
* Epilobium willisii P.H.Raven & Engelhorn
* Epilobium wilsonii Petrie
* Epilobium × winkleri A.Kern.
* Epilobium × wisconsinense Ugent – Wisconsin willowherb

### Formerly placed here

* Stylidium tenellum (as E. tonkinense)
It is possible to distinguish between leaves of different Epilobium species using high-accuracy FT-IR method based on attenuated total reflection (ATR) without time-consuming preparation.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Smithsonian National Museum of Natural history: Epilobium". Retrieved 22 February 2017.
* ↑ Bleeker et al. (2007)
* ↑ "willow-herb". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
* 1 2 Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521707725.
* ↑ Webb,D.A., Parnell, J. and Doogue, D. 1996. An Irish Flora. Dundaldan Press (W. Tempest) Ltd, Dundalk. ISBN 0-85221-131-7
* ↑ "Definition of EPILOBIUM". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
* ↑ "The Plant List: Chamerion". Retrieved 22 February 2017.
* ↑ "Smithsonian Onagraceae website". Retrieved 22 February 2017.
* ↑ Sennikov, Alexander N. (2011). "Chamerion or Chamaenerion (Onagraceae)? The old story in new words". Taxon. 60 (5): 1485–1488. doi:10.1002/tax.605028. JSTOR 41317556.
* ↑ "Epilobium Dill. ex L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
* ↑ Krajšek, S., Buh, P., Zega, A., Kreft, S. (2008). Identification of herbarium whole-leaf samples of Epilobium species by ATR-IR spectroscopy. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 5:310-317 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cbdv.200890028/abstract;jsessionid=46F30B7C6B30DADFBD57A4789993E047.f01t02