OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Plank of Carneades

In ethics, the plank of Carneades is a thought experiment first proposed by the Academic Skeptic philosopher Carneades of Cyrene. It explores the concept of self-defense in relation to murder.
In the thought experiment, there are two shipwrecked sailors, A and B. They both see a plank that can only support one of them and both of them swim towards it. Sailor A gets to the plank first. Sailor B, who is going to drown, pushes A off and away from the plank and, thus, proximately, causes A to drown. Sailor B gets on the plank and is later saved by a rescue team. The thought experiment poses the question of whether Sailor B can be tried for murder because if B had to kill A in order to live, then it would arguably be in self-defense.
The Case of the Speluncean Explorers by legal philosopher Lon Fuller is a similar exploration of morality and legality in extremis.
The title is also derived from a Greek legend originating from 2 B.C. The story was about two men who escaped from a sinking ship, one of them grabbed on a piece of plank which happened to be drifting along. However, when the second man tried to grab onto the plank to survive, the first man who was clutching the plank pushed him away for fear of the plank sinking if it held the weight of two people. The man who survived was later held for criminal trial, but was ruled as innocent because it was an act of self defense.
# 1989 Eastern League season

The 1989 Eastern League season began on approximately April 1 and the regular season ended on approximately September 1.
The Albany/Colonie Yankees defeated the Harrisburg Senators three games to one to win the Eastern League Championship Series.

## Regular season
### Standings

Eastern League :
| Team | Win | Loss | % | GB |
| Albany/Colonie Yankees | 92 | 48 | .657 | – |
| Canton–Akron Indians | 70 | 69 | .504 | 21.5 |
| Reading Phillies | 68 | 71 | .489 | 23.5 |
| Harrisburg Senators | 67 | 72 | .482 | 24.5 |
| Hagerstown Suns | 67 | 72 | .482 | 24.5 |
| London Tigers | 63 | 76 | .453 | 28.5 |
| Williamsport Bills | 63 | 77 | .450 | 29.0 |
| New Britain Red Sox | 60 | 76 | .441 | 30.0 |
Notes:
    Green shade indicates that team advanced to the playoffs
    Bold indicates that team advanced to ELCS
    Italics indicates that team won ELCS

## Playoffs
### Semi-finals Series

* Albany/Colonie Yankees defeated Reading Phillies 3 games to 1.
* Harrisburg Senators defeated Canton–Akron Indians 3 games to 2.

### Championship Series

* Albany/Colonie Yankees defeated Harrisburg Senators 3 games to 1.
# Atenea

Atenea is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal containing research and critical reflections on Chilean and Latin American culture including arts, literature, history, sociology, and other sciences. It is published by the University of Concepción. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Hispanic American Periodicals Index, SciELO, and Redalyc.
# Pittsfield Municipal Airport (Maine)

Pittsfield Municipal Airport (FAA LID: 2B7) is a town owned, public use airport located one nautical mile (2 km) southeast of the central business district of Pittsfield, a town in Somerset County, Maine, United States. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.

## Facilities and aircraft

Pittsfield Municipal Airport covers an area of 325 acres (132 ha) at an elevation of 197 feet (60 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 18/36 with an asphalt surface measuring 4,003 by 100 feet (1,220 x 30 m).
For the 12-month period ending August 13, 2011, the airport had 8,700 aircraft operations, an average of 23 per day: 99% general aviation and 1% air taxi. At that time there were 43 aircraft based at this airport: 77% single-engine, 14% multi-engine, and 9% glider.
# Fred Maddison

Frederick Maddison JP (17 August 1856 – 12 March 1937) was a British trade unionist leader and Liberal politician.

## Background

Born in Boston, Lincolnshire, Maddison studied at Adelaide Street Wesleyan School, Kingston upon Hull.

## Career

He joined the Typographical Association and soon rose in prominence, becoming President of the Trades Union Congress in 1886. In 1887, he became the first working class member of Hull Corporation. He took a post in the Labour Department of the Board of Trade, and became a labour journalist.
Maddison stood as a Lib–Lab candidate for Parliament on several occasions, first in Kingston upon Hull Central at the 1892 and 1895 general elections. He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Sheffield Brightside at a by-election in 1897, becoming Sheffield's first working class Member of Parliament, but narrowly lost the seat at the 1900 election. A major factor in his defeat was his support for the Boers during the Boer War. Maddison was not a man of independent financial means and was seeking to represent working class constituencies which were not in a position to bank roll a candidate at election time. From 1897 onwards, he was reliant upon the Liberal Party Chief to arrange for the payment of his election expenses.
In 1906, Maddison was elected for Burnley. Dod's Parliamentary Companion in 1907 described him as a Radical, in favour of Old Age Pensions, Taxation of Land Values and Reform of the House of Lords. In June 1908 the Lib-Lab trade union group of MPs debated their relationship with the Labour Party at future elections. It was proposed that sitting members of both groups should be given support, along with any candidates endorsed by the TUC Parliamentary Committee. Maddison was a vocal part of the minority who opposed this relationship. He argued that group members should be free to support any Liberal candidates who faced Labour Party opposition, pointing out on class grounds that the proposal, in this instance, would force the group to back a middle-class candidate endorsed by the Labour Party over a working-class candidate endorsed by his Liberal Association. Even though he was returned at Burnley in 1906, Maddison was on the look out to switch constituencies for the 1910 election. Liberal Chief Whip Jack Pease was keen to find a Liberal to run against the Labour Party's Ramsay MacDonald at Leicester and Maddison's candidacy was approved by Prime Minister Asquith. However, Maddison chose to defend his seat at Burnley. He lost this seat in January 1910.
He never returned to Parliament, despite standing at Darlington in December 1910, Holderness in 1918, South Dorset in 1922 and finally Reading in 1923. He was President of the Labour Association for Promoting Co-operative Production. As a committed pacifist, he was Secretary of the International Arbitration League. He was a Justice of the peace for the County of London.
# Fancy Cherotich

Fancy Cherotich (born 10 August 1990) is a Kenyan 3000 metre steeplechase runner. At the 2009 African Junior Championships, she won medals in the 4 × 400 m, 400 m hurdles, and 1500 m. She was a regular in the 2013 and 2014 Diamond League seasons in the steeplechase.

## Biography

Cherotich's first international medal was at the 2009 African Junior Athletics Championships, where she won a bronze medal in the 1500 metres (and was later promoted to bronze medals in the 400 m hurdles and 4 × 400 m after the doping disqualification of Amaka Ogoegbunam).
After this, Cherotich began to focus primarily on the 3000 metre steeplechase, which she competed in during the 2013 and 2014 Diamond League seasons. Her best placing at a Diamond League meeting was 3rd at the 2013 Monaco Herculis meeting, finishing in a time of 9:36.82.
She ran her personal best time of 9:28.04 at the 2013 Ostrava Golden Spike meet, finishing in 5th place.

## Statistics
### Personal bests

| Event | Mark | Competition | Venue | Date |
| 3000 metres steeplechase | 9:28.04 | Ostrava Golden Spike | Ostrava, Czech Republic | 27 June 2013 |
# Pygmygoby

Pygmygoby or pygmy goby can refer to members of goby genera characterized by their small sizes. These include:
* Eviota
* Knipowitschia
* Pandaka
* Trimma
* Trimmatom
# Piershill Barracks

Piershill Barracks was a military installation in Piershill in Edinburgh.

## History

The barracks were built as part of the British response to the threat of the French Revolution and were completed in 1793. Built along three sides of a quadrangle, they were occupied by various cavalry regiments who would exercise their horses along Portobello Beach. Regiments there were the Dragoon Guards, Light Dragoons, 9th Lancers, Inniskilling Dragoons, 7th Hussars and the Royal Scots Greys.
A General Court Martial was convened at the barracks on 25 September 1820 by order of Major-General Sir Thomas Bradford, Commander in Chief, Scotland, to try all such prisoners brought before it, with Colonel Sir William Williams K.C.B. (later Major-General William Williams (1776-1832)) as presiding officer.
They became the home of the Royal Scots Greys in the late 19th century but were condemned as insanitary and unfit for occupation by cavalry regiments in the early 20th century; this gave rise to concerns that the Royal Scots Greys would be disbanded leaving Scotland without a cavalry regiment. In practice the Royal Scots Greys moved to Redford Barracks and Piershill Barracks continued to be used on a much smaller scale by the Royal Horse Artillery.
The barracks were vacated in 1934 and demolished in 1935, shortly before the start of the Second World War. The site is now occupied by the Piershill Square tenement blocks which were constructed in 1936 using stone from the old barracks. The blocks were created as Council housing by the City Architect, Ebenezer James MacRae.
# Pierre Fabre

Pierre Fabre may refer to:
* Pierre Fabre (businessman), cosmetics executive who founded Laboratoires Pierre Fabre
** Laboratoires Pierre Fabre, a multinational pharmaceutical and cosmetics company founded in France
* Pierre Fabre, president of US-based Lone Signal
* Pierre Fabre (actor) (1933–2006), French actor and screenwriter, married to Anna Karina
# Plantago debilis

Plantago debilis is a species of herb native to Australia. Common names include shade plantain and weak plantain.

## Description

It grows as an annual or perennial herb up to 20 centimetres high, with green or white flowers and a slender taproot.

## Taxonomy

This species was first published by Robert Brown in his 1810 Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae. In 1916 Joseph Maiden and Ernst Betche demoted it to a variety of P. varia, but this was not accepted.
Two varieties have been published, but it is unclear whether they are still recognised. P. debilis var. parvifolia was published as P. varia var. parvifolia by George Bentham in 1870. In 1937 Robert Pilger transferred it to P. debilis, thus implicitly publishing the autonym P. debilis var. debilis. The specific epithet, debilis, is a Latin adjective, L. debilis,-is,-e, meaning "weak", "feeble", "frail".

## Distribution and habitat

It is native to Australia, occurring in every state and territory. It favours moist sandy soils.

## Aboriginal uses

The Noongar people of south west Western Australia heated and crushed the leaves to give a liquid that was used to make poultices for sprains, ulcers, and boils.
# Arthur Herbert Young

Arthur Herbert Young (4 July 1873 – 1 July 1943) was a Pitcairn Islander. He served as Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn in four spells between 1907 and 1941.

## Biography

Young was born on Pitcairn Island on 4 July 1873, the thirteenth and final child of Simon Young and Mary Buffett Christian. He married Adella Schmidt after meeting her in the Gambier Islands, and the couple had six children.
In 1897 he was elected to the Island Council for part of the year. In 1900 he served as one of the two judges, and in 1904 he was a member of the Internal Committee. In 1907 he was appointed Chief Magistrate for the first time. The following year he served as a member of the External Committee, and in 1910 he was a member of the Internal Committee. He served as one of the two Assessors and on the Internal Committee in 1912. In 1922 he was Chairman of the Committee.
In 1930 he was appointed Chief Magistrate for a second time, serving for two years. He held the office again in 1939 and 1941, also serving as Assessor in 1938.
He died on Pitcairn on 1 July 1943.
# Pusztaradvány

Pusztaradvány is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County in northeastern Hungary.
# Pusztaszentlászló

Pusztaszentlászló is a village in Zala County, Hungary.
# Arthur Murray Cha Cha Mambos

Arthur Murray Cha Cha Mambos is an album released by Billy May in 1955 on Capitol LP record T578 and 45rpm EP sets EAP-578 and ECF-578.

## Background

This album was one of a series of records released in conjunction by Capitol Records and Arthur Murray Studios featuring various dance rhythms performed by top orchestras and bands of the mid-1950s. It features songs commonly associated with Latin America, as well as a couple of pop standards and several Billy May original compositions.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Billboard | |
In its review in 1955, Billboard Magazine gave the album a rating of 77, noting the recording was infused with warmth and humor. Although inherently marketed to dancers (included in the album was a coupon redeemable for two Arthur Murray studio lessons), the reviewer noted that it is a listenable collection for non-dancers as well.

## Track listing

* "Frenesi" (Alberto Dominguez)
* "Ain't She Sweet" (Milton Ager, Jack Yellen)
* "The Cha Cha Cha" (Billy May, Bill Olofson)
* "Adios" (Enric Madriguera)
* "Mañana" (Dave Barbour, Peggy Lee)
* "Cha Cha Bamer" (May)
* "Undecided" (Charlie Shavers, Sid Robin)
* "Ya Ya Ya Cha Cha Cha" (May)
* "The Peanut Vendor" (Moisés Simons)
* "Culiacan" (May)
* "Mama Inez" (Eliseo Grenet, L. Wolfe Gilbert)
* "Taboo" (Margarita Lecuona)
# Arthur Piaget

Arthur Piaget (25 November 1865, in Yverdon – 15 April 1952, in Neuchâtel) was a Swiss historian, archivist and Romance philologist. He was the father of psychologist Jean Piaget.
In 1888 he received his PhD from the University of Geneva, and in 1890 obtained his degree for history and philology at the École pratique des hautes études in Paris. During his stay in Paris, he was influenced by the teachings of Gaston Paris and Gabriel Monod. From 1894 to 1938 he was a professor of Romance languages and literature at the Academy of Neuchâtel (since 1909 known as the University of Neuchâtel). In 1909–11 he served as university rector.
In 1898 he founded the Seminar for Reformation History at the faculty of theology at Neuchâtel. From 1898 to 1935 he served as cantonal archivist. For many years, he was editor of the journal Musée neuchâtelois (1902–49).

## Selected works

* Martin Le Franc, prévôt de Lausanne, 1888 – Martin le Franc, provost of Lausanne.
* Oton de Granson et ses poésies, 1890 – Otton de Grandson and his poems.
* Poésies françaises sur la bataille de Marignan, 1892 – French poems on the Battle of Marignano.
* Le Miroir aux dames; poème inédit du XVe siècle, 1908 – Le Miroir aux dames; an unfinished poem of the 15th century.
* Documents inédits sur la Réformation dans le pays de Neuchâtel, 1909 – Unpublished documents on the Reformation in the lands of Neuchâtel.
* Notes sur Le livre des martyrs de Jean Crespin, 1930 – Notes on "The Book of Martyrs" by Jean Crespin.
* Pages d'histoire neuchâteloise, 1935 – Pages of Neuchâtel history.

## Archive sources

* PIAGET ARTHUR, Fonds: Arthur Piaget (1893-1942). Archives de l'État de Neuchâtel.
# Arthur Pickering

Arthur Pickering (1878 – 15 December 1939) was an English cricketer. He played for Gloucestershire between 1901 and 1908.
# 2013–14 Ukrainian Hockey Championship

The 2013–14 or XXII Ukrainian Hockey Championship was the 22nd annual edition of the Ukrainian Hockey Championship. Following the 2012–13 PHL season, national championship returned under the authority of Ice Hockey Federation of Ukraine (FHU) after two seasons were held by Professional Hockey League (PHL). The season concluded in a playoff series in March 2014.

## Regular season

| R | | GP | W | OTW | SOW | SOL | OTL | L | GF | GA | Pts |
| 1 | HC Kompanion-Naftogaz | 24 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 98 | 43 | 58 |
| 2 | Bilyi Bars | 24 | 13 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 116 | 42 | 51 |
| 3 | Sokil Kyiv | 24 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 48 | 48 | 29 |
| 4 | HC Levy | 24 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 16 | 44 | 123 | 22 |
| 5 | Generals Kiev | 24 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 15 | 51 | 101 | 20 |
| 6 | Vinnytski Haidamaky | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
* $^a$ Vinnytski Haidamaky were withdrawn because of constant failure to appear for their matches due to financial problems. All their results (six games) were canceled.
Points are awarded as follows: *3 Points for a win in regulation ("W") *2 Points for a win in overtime ("OTW") or a penalty shootout ("SOW") *1 Point for a loss in overtime ("OTL") or a penalty shootout ("SOL") *0 Points for a loss in regulation ("L")

## Playoffs
### Bracket

| Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | HC Kompanion-Naftogaz | 2 | | | |
| 4 | HC Levy | 0 | | | |
| 4 | HC Levy | 0 | 1 | HC Kompanion-Naftogaz | 3 |
| | | | 2 | Bilyi Bars | 2 |
| 2 | Bilyi Bars | 2 | 2 | Bilyi Bars | 2 |
| 3 | Sokil Kyiv | 0 | | | |

### Semifinals

* HC Levy - HC Kompanion-Naftogaz 0-2 (2:6, 1:6)
* Sokil Kyiv - Bilyi Bars 0-2 (1:2, 1:6)

### Final

* HC Kompanion-Naftogaz - Bilyi Bars 3-2 (3:1, 2:1, 1:3, 1:3, 2:1)
# Pic de Peguera

Pic de Peguera is a mountain of Catalonia, Spain. Located in the Pyrenees, it has an elevation of 2,980 metres above sea level.
# Alter Botanischer Garten Tübingen

The Alter Botanischer Garten Tübingen (English: The Old Botanic Garden) is the former botanical garden of the University of Tübingen, now a municipal park. It is located at Am Stadtgraben 9, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, and open daily without charge.

## History

The garden traces back to 1535 when medicinal plants were first grown by Leonhart Fuchs (1501-1566) beside the Nonnenhaus (House of the Nuns), which still exists. In 1663 a Hortus medicus was created by direction of Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (1614–74), with university gardener appointed in 1666. In 1681 Georg Balthasar Metzger (1623-1687) was named director, followed in 1688 by Rudolph Jacob Camerarius (1655-1721). The first greenhouse was completed in 1744, and noted botanist Johann Georg Gmelin (1709-1755) appointed director in 1751.
In 1804 a new garden was established by decree of King Frederick of Württemberg (1754-1816) under the leadership of Professor Carl Friedrich Kielmeyer (1765-1844), which grew and flourished throughout the first half of the nineteenth century. By 1809 it contained four greenhouses and a lecture hall, with its first seed catalog published in 1820, and from 1818-1825 its plants were reorganized according to the system of Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. In 1846 a substantial institute building was completed and by 1859 the garden cultivated 5,226 species. In 1866 the garden's final expansion was made with the purchase of adjacent private land. In 1878 Wilhelm Pfeffer (1845-1920) became director, who inaugurated a sizable palm house in 1886. Beginning in 1888, the garden was reorganized to the Eichler system.
In 1969, the university established a new botanical garden, the Botanischer Garten der Universität Tübingen. The old garden was then converted to today's municipal park.
# Fernando Rainieri

Fernando Rainieri Marranzini (1940 – October 6, 2015) was a tourism entrepreneur, minister and diplomat of the Dominican Republic. In 1986, the Dominican President Joaquin Balaguer appointed him Secretary of State (Minister) of Tourism of the Dominican Republic. He was director of the Institute for the Development of Tourism Infrastructure, president for the Americas of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), secretary of the Board of the Roundtable of Commonwealth countries, as well as president of the Dominican chapter of the organization Save the Children.

## Biography

Ranieri was born into a family tradition of hospitality: his paternal grandparents, Isidoro Ranieri and Bianca Franceschini, emigrated from northern Italy to the north of the Dominican Republic, and established two hotels, Ranieri Hotel in Puerto Plata and Hotel Trade in Santiago, and fathered more than 10 children.
His parents were Francisco Ranieri Franceschini (son of the people above) and Venice Margarita Marranzini Lepore (daughter of Italian immigrants Orazio Michelo Marranzini Inginio and Inmaccolatta Lepore Rodia, who had immigrated as children with their families, from Santa Lucia di Serino, in southern Italy). He was the brother of Frank Rainieri Marranzini, tourism entrepreneur and developer of Punta Cana, and half-brother Luis Manuel Machado Marranzini, a lawyer.
In April 2014, he was appointed Honorary Consul of Australia in the Dominican Republic.
He died of a heart attack on October 6, 2015 in Santo Domingo, hours after he returned from Spain.
# Gachagua

Gachagua is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Clifton Gachagua (born 1987), Kenyan poet and writer
* Nderitu Gachagua (1952–2017), Kenyan politician
* Rigathi Gachagua (born 1965), Kenyan politician
# A. Shahul Hameed

A. Shahul Hameed is an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Independent candidate from Kadayanallur constituency in 1980 election.
# 1995 Open 13 – Doubles

Jan Siemerink and Daniel Vacek were the defending champions, but did not play together this year. Siemerink partnered Martin Damm, losing in the quarterfinals. Vacek partnered Alexander Mronz, losing in the first round.
David Adams and Andrei Olhovskiy won the title, defeating Jean-Philippe Fleurian and Rodolphe Gilbert 6–1, 6–4 in the final.

## Seeds

* David Adams / Andrei Olhovskiy (champions)
* Jakob Hlasek / Yevgeny Kafelnikov (quarterfinals)
* Sergio Casal / Emilio Sánchez (quarterfinals)
* Tom Nijssen / Menno Oosting (quarterfinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | D Adams A Olhovskiy | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | P Gauthier L Roux | 4 | 4 | | 1 | D Adams A Olhovskiy | 4 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| Q | Ģ Dzelde P Wekesa | 6 | 0 | 5 | | M Damm J Siemerink | 6 | 3 | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Damm J Siemerink | 4 | 6 | 7 | | | | | | 1 | D Adams A Olhovskiy | 6 | 4 | 6 | | | | |
| 4 | T Nijssen M Oosting | 7 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | V Flégl S Noteboom | 4 | 6 | 3 | | | | |
| | C Brandi L Pimek | 5 | 7 | 4 | 4 | T Nijssen M Oosting | 4 | 7 | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
| | V Flégl S Noteboom | 7 | 6 | | | V Flégl S Noteboom | 6 | 5 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | C Ferreira J Ireland | 5 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | D Adams A Olhovskiy | 6 | 6 |
| | J-P Fleurian R Gilbert | 6 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | J-P Fleurian R Gilbert | 1 | 4 |
| | A Mronz D Vacek | 7 | 3 | 4 | | J-P Fleurian R Gilbert | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | M Bahrami F Santoro | 6 | 2 | | 3 | S Casal E Sánchez | 4 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | S Casal E Sánchez | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | J-P Fleurian R Gilbert | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| | G Raoux D Rikl | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | G Raoux D Rikl | 0 | 4 | | | | | |
| WC | J Golmard H Leconte | 6 | 4 | | | G Raoux D Rikl | 6 | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | |
| | J Garat F Mordegan | 4 | 0 | | 2 | J Hlasek Y Kafelnikov | 7 | 4 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | J Hlasek Y Kafelnikov | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |