OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ernest K. Warburton (physicist)

Ernest K. Warburton (26 April 1928 in Worcester, Massachusetts – 9 May 1994 in Port Jefferson, New York) was an American experimental nuclear physicist.
Warburton received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Miami University in 1949, and a Bachelor of Science degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1951. In 1957 he earned a Ph.D. in physics at the University of Pittsburgh. After being an instructor and assistance professor at Princeton University starting in 1958, he joined Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1961 and became Senior Physicist in 1968. As a Fellow of the National Science Foundation, he spent 1963-64 and 1968-69 at Oxford University.
Ernest Warburton was awarded the 1994 Tom W. Bonner Prize in Nuclear Physics by the American Physical Society for his achievements quoted in the award citation:
   For pioneering contributions to our understanding of the structure of light nuclei via the development and exploitation of experimental techniques in nuclear spectroscopy combined with theoretical analyses. In particular, his development of the gamma-gamma directional correlations measurements for extracting multipolarity information for inbeam gamma-ray spectroscopy, his pioneering measurements of nuclear lifetimes with Doppler shift methods, his development of methods of deducing multipolarities from the correlation of pairs in internal conversion, and his experimental and theoretical studies of first forbidden beta decay which show strong evidence for mesonic contributions to the weak axial current.
# 1965 Spring Trophy

The 6th Spring Trophy, was a non-championship race for Formula Two cars. It was held on the Oulton Park circuit, located near Tarporley, Cheshire, England, on 3 April 1965.

## Report
### Entry

A total of 32 F2 cars were entered for the event. However, only 21 took part in qualifying.

### Qualifying

Richard Attwood took pole position for Midland Racing Partnership, in their Lola-Cosworth T60, averaging a speed of 98.403 mph (158.364 km/h).

### Race

The race was held over 40 laps of the Oulton Park circuit. Denny Hulme took the winner's spoils for the works Brabham team, driving their Brabham-Cosworth BT16. Hulme won in a time of 1hr 08:39.6mins., averaging a speed of 96.492 mph (155.289 km/h). Approximately 19 seconds behind was the second place car of Jackie Stewart, for the Tyrrell Racing Organisation in their BRM-powered Cooper T75. The podium was completed by Alan Rees, in a Brabham-Cosworth BT16 of Roy Winkelmann Racing, a further 23.8 seconds behind Stewart.

## Classification
### Race Result

| Pos. | No | Driver | Entrant | Car - Engine | Time, Laps | Reason Out |
| 1st | 2 | Denis Hulme | Brabham Racing Developments | Brabham-Honda BT16 | 1hr 08:39.6 | |
| 2nd | 3 | Jackie Stewart | Tyrrell Racing Organisation | Cooper-BRM T75 | 1hr 08:58.6 | |
| 3rd | 24 | Alan Rees | Roy Winkelmann Racing | Brabham-Cosworth BT16 | 1hr 09:22.4 | |
| 4th | | Tony Maggs | Midland Racing Partnership | Lola-Cosworth T60 | 1hr 09:43.0 | |
| 5th | 14 | Mike Beckwith | Normand Ltd | Brabham-Cosworth BT10 | 1hr 09:47.0 | |
| 6th | 30 | Tony Hegbourne | John Willment Automobiles | Lola-Cosworth T55 | 1hr 10:23.6 | |
| 7th | 6 | Brian Hart | Ron Harris - Team Lotus | Lotus-Cosworth 35 | 39 | Wishbone |
| 8th | 22 | David Prophet | David Prophet Racing | Brabham-Cosworth BT10 | 39 | |
| 9th | 9 | Chris Irwin | Merlyn Racing | Merlyn-Cosworth Mk 9 | 39 | |
| 10th | 23 | Bill Bradley | David Prophet Racing | Brabham-Cosworth BT10 | 39 | |
| 11th | 19 | Jacques Maglia | Jacques Maglia | Lotus-Cosworth 32 | 38 | |
| 12th | 21 | Andy Wyllie | Frank Lythgoe Racing | Brabham-Cosworth BT16 | 37 | |
| NC | 5 | Peter Revson | Ron Harris - Team Lotus | Lotus-Cosworth 32 | 34 | Oil pressure |
| NC | 12 | Chris Amon | Ian Raby Racing | Merlyn-Cosworth Mk 9 | 34 | |
| NC | 11 | Trevor Taylor | Aurora Gear Racing | Brabham-Cosworth BT16 | 27 | |
| DNF | 8 | Graham Hill | John Coombs | Brabham-BRM BT16 | 17 | Engine |
| DNF | 1 | Jack Brabham | Brabham Racing Developments | Brabham-Honda BT16 | 16 | Spark plugs |
| DNF | 20 | Alan Rollinson | Frank Lythgoe Racing | Cooper-Cosworth T72 | 14 | Chassis |
| DNF | 25 | Jochen Rindt | Roy Winkelmann Racing | Brabham-Cosworth BT16 | 10 | Gears |
| DNF | 28 | Richard Attwood | Midland Racing Partnership | Lola-Cosworth T60 | 7 | Gears |
| DNS | 17 | John Taylor | Bob Gerard Racing | Cooper-Ford T73 | | |
| Source: |||||||
* Fastest lap: Graham Hill & Jochen Rindt, 1:41.4secs. (98.015 mph)
# Erzsébet Metzker Vass

Erzsébet Vass (née Metzker; 20 March 1915 – 8 August 1980) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary between 1963 and 1967. She was the first woman who held this position in Hungary.

## Early life and education

Erzsébet Metzker was born 20 March 1915 in the Budafok neighborhood of Budapest in what at the time was Austria-Hungary to Teréz (née Berghammer) and János Metzker. Her mother was a factory worker and her father was a painter. At the age of fourteen, she became a factory worker and completed training at the Albertfalva Rubber Factory in 1930. She married Márton Andra in 1931 and had two children with him before they divorced in 1947. In 1933, Andra began working at the Lóden Post Factory, but was terminated for participating in a strike. She became a welder at the Budafoki Enamel Factory in 1934 and was promoted to do scribing in the enamel workshop in 1939. She left factory work in 1947, the same year she married stonemason, István Vass.$^{:374}$

## Political career

Vass joined the Social Democratic Party of Hungary in 1939 and during the war was politically active. In 1945, she switched her alliance to the Hungarian Communist Party and began serving on the Budafok party committee. After attending party schooling in 1946, Vass joined the leadership of the Democratic Association of Hungarian Women, becoming the organization's secretary general in 1950. That year she also became a founder of the National Peace Council, an organization she would become vice president of from 1972 until 1980. She was appointed to the Executive Council of the Women's International Democratic Federation in 1951,$^{:374}$ and re-elected in 1953, serving until 1956.$^{:374}$
Vass became a member of the Hungarian National Assembly in 1953 and was elected as its vice president in 1955, serving until 1963. She was elected as the first woman to serve as the Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary in 1963 and held that office until 1967. She was awarded the Szocialista Magyarországért Érdemrend (Socialist Hungarian Order of Merit) in 1980 and died that year on 8 August, while still serving in the National Assembly.$^{:375}$
# Partial geometry

An incidence structure $C=(P,L,I)$ consists of a set ⁠$P$⁠ of points, a set ⁠$L$⁠ of lines, and an incidence relation, or set of flags, $I\subseteq P\times L$; a point $p$ is said to be incident with a line $l$ if ⁠$(p,l)\in I$⁠. It is a (finite) partial geometry if there are integers $s,t,\alpha \geq 1$ such that:
* For any pair of distinct points $p$ and ⁠$q$⁠, there is at most one line incident with both of them.
* Each line is incident with $s+1$ points.
* Each point is incident with $t+1$ lines.
* If a point $p$ and a line $l$ are not incident, there are exactly $\alpha$ pairs ⁠$(q,m)\in I$⁠, such that $p$ is incident with $m$ and $q$ is incident with ⁠$l$⁠.
A partial geometry with these parameters is denoted by ⁠$\mathrm {pg} (s,t,\alpha )$⁠.

## Properties

* The number of points is given by ${\frac {(s+1)(st+\alpha )}{\alpha }}$ and the number of lines by ⁠${\frac {(t+1)(st+\alpha )}{\alpha }}$⁠.
* The point graph (also known as the collinearity graph) of a $\mathrm {pg} (s,t,\alpha )$ is a strongly regular graph: ⁠$\mathrm {srg} {\Big(s+1){\frac {(st+\alpha )}{\alpha }},s(t+1),s-1+t(\alpha -1),\alpha (t+1){\Big )}$⁠.
* Partial geometries are dualizable structures: the dual of a $\mathrm {pg} (s,t,\alpha )$ is simply a ⁠$\mathrm {pg} (t,s,\alpha )$⁠.

## Special cases

* The generalized quadrangles are exactly those partial geometries $\mathrm {pg} (s,t,\alpha )$ with ⁠$\alpha =1$⁠.
* The Steiner systems $S(2,s+1,ts+1)$ are precisely those partial geometries $\mathrm {pg} (s,t,\alpha )$ with ⁠$\alpha =s+1$⁠.

## Generalisations

A partial linear space $S=(P,L,I)$ of order $s,t$ is called a semipartial geometry if there are integers $\alpha \geq 1,\mu$ such that:
* If a point $p$ and a line $l$ are not incident, there are either $0$ or exactly $\alpha$ pairs ⁠$(q,m)\in I$⁠, such that $p$ is incident with $m$ and $q$ is incident with ⁠$l$⁠.
* Every pair of non-collinear points have exactly $\mu$ common neighbours.
A semipartial geometry is a partial geometry if and only if ⁠$\mu =\alpha (t+1)$⁠.
It can be easily shown that the collinearity graph of such a geometry is strongly regular with parameters ⁠$(1+s(t+1)+s(t+1)t(s-\alpha +1)/\mu ,s(t+1),s-1+t(\alpha -1),\mu )$⁠.
A nice example of such a geometry is obtained by taking the affine points of $\mathrm {PG} (3,q^{2})$ and only those lines that intersect the plane at infinity in a point of a fixed Baer subplane; it has parameters ⁠$(s,t,\alpha ,\mu )=(q^{2}-1,q^{2}+q,q,q(q+1))$⁠.
# Partial information decomposition

Partial Information Decomposition is an extension of information theory, that aims to generalize the pairwise relations described by information theory to the interaction of multiple variables.

## Motivation

Information theory can quantify the amount of information a single source variable $X_{1}$ has about a target variable $Y$ via the mutual information $I(X_{1};Y)$. If we now consider a second source variable $X_{2}$, classical information theory can only describe the mutual information of the joint variable $\{X_{1},X_{2}\}$ with $Y$, given by $I(X_{1},X_{2};Y)$. In general however, it would be interesting to know how exactly the individual variables $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ and their interactions relate to $Y$.
Consider that we are given two source variables $X_{1},X_{2}\in \{0,1\}$ and a target variable $Y=XOR(X_{1},X_{2})$. In this case the total mutual information $I(X_{1},X_{2};Y)=1$, while the individual mutual information $I(X_{1};Y)=I(X_{2};Y)=0$. That is, there is synergistic information arising from the interaction of $X_{1},X_{2}$ about $Y$, which cannot be easily captured with classical information theoretic quantities.

## Definition

Partial information decomposition further decomposes the mutual information between the source variables $\{X_{1},X_{2}\}$ with the target variable $Y$ as
$I(X_{1},X_{2};Y)={\text{Unq}}(X_{1};Y\setminus X_{2})+{\text{Unq}}(X_{2};Y\setminus X_{1})+{\text{Syn}}(X_{1},X_{2};Y)+{\text{Red}}(X_{1},X_{2};Y)$
Here the individual information atoms are defined as
* ${\text{Unq}}(X_{1};Y\setminus X_{2})$ is the unique information that $X_{1}$ has about $Y$, which is not in $X_{2}$
* ${\text{Syn}}(X_{1},X_{2};Y)$ is the synergistic information that is in the interaction of $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ about $Y$
* ${\text{Red}}(X_{1},X_{2};Y)$ is the redundant information that is in both $X_{1}$ or $X_{2}$ about $Y$
There is, thus far, no universal agreement on how these terms should be defined, with different approaches that decompose information into redundant, unique, and synergistic components appearing in the literature.

## Applications

Despite the lack of universal agreement, partial information decomposition has been applied to diverse fields, including climatology, neuroscience sociology, and machine learning Partial information decomposition has also been proposed as a possible foundation on which to build a mathematically robust definition of emergence in complex systems and may be relevant to formal theories of consciousness.
# Erluin

Erluin, also found in the forms Erluinus, Erlwin, Eorlewinus, Herluin, and Harlewin, is a medieval name, composed of the Germanic elements erl, meaning free man or noble man, and win, meaning friend.
Notable bearers of the name include:
* Erluin (nobleman), prefect of the palace at Ingelheim c. 874
* Erluin I of Gembloux, abbot of Gembloux 946–987
* Erluin II of Gembloux, abbot of Gembloux 991–1012
* Erluin of Cambrai, bishop of Cambrai 995–1012
* Herluin de Conteville (died c. 1066), step-father of William the Conqueror
* Herluin of Bec (died 1078), founder of the abbey of Bec
# De Janeiro

"De Janeiro" is the debut single by German dance music group R.I.O. The song was written by Gottfried Engels, Ramon Zenker and Airto Moreira. It was released in the Netherlands as a digital download on 19 November 2007.

## Track listing
### Digital download

* "De Janeiro" (Radio Edit) – 2:42
* "De Janeiro" (S&H Project Remix) – 6:16
* "De Janeiro" (Micha Moor Remix) – 6:13
* "De Janeiro" – 6:22

## Credits and personnel

* Producers – Yann Peifer, Manuel Reuter
* Lyrics – Gottfried Engels, Ramon Zenker, Airto Moreira
* Label: Spinnin' Records

## Charts

| Chart (2007–08) | Peak position |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 9 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 14 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| Netherlands | 19 November 2007 | Digital Download | Spinnin' Records |
# De Jalma West

De Jalma West (May 19, 1876 – November 15, 1958) was an American actor and a federal immigrant inspector.

## Early life

De Jalma West was born in Roseville, Kentucky on May 19, 1876, the son of Joseph Thomas and Elizabeth West. West grew up in Kentucky and came to New York after he reached adulthood.

## Career

West worked as an immigrant inspector at Ellis Island from about 1905 to 1915. He developed an acting career at some point, but it is uncertain when he started. He acted in silent films including The Secret Kingdom (Vitagraph, 1916), The Boy Who Cried Wolf (1916), and The Trail of the Shadow (Metro, 1917). In 1918, he worked at the New York City office of U.S. Military Intelligence. Later in his life, West retired to Florida. He died on November 15, 1958, at the age of eighty-two. He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery on November 21.

## Filmography

The Secret Kingdom (Vitagraph, 1916; director: Theodore Marston) - as Count Ramon; The Boy Who Cried Wolf (1917); The Trail of the Shadow (Metro, 1917) - as Sergeant Keen
# Ernest Reid

Ernest Gordon Reid was the Archdeacon of Hastings from 1938 until 1956.
Reid was from Cuckfield; educated at Harrow School, Pembroke College, Oxford; and Wells Theological College; and ordained deacon in 1909, and priest in 1910. After a curacy at St Anthony, Stepney he was Chaplain of Oxford House, Bethnal Green, 1912 then Vicar of St Peter's in the same area. He was Rector of Sedlescombe with Whatlington from 1920 to 1926; and Vicar of Holy Trinity, Hastings from 1926 to 1938. He died on Christmas Day 1966.
# Ernst Scheufele

Ernst Scheufele (died 2010) was a Luftwaffe fighter ace during World War II, attached to JG 5. He was credited with 18 victories. He flew 67 escort missions for German Bismark-class battleships and German Tirpitz-class Battleships.
# Al Khadraniyah

Al Khadraniyah is a village in Iraq. It is located west of River Tigris and north of Al-Shirqat. From 2014 until November 2016, it was under control of ISIL.

## Location

Al-Khadraniyah(Al Khaḑrānīyah) is located at 35° 36' 39" North, 43° 14' 26" East, near Sharqat, and the ruins of ancient Assur.
The town is off the Mosul to Tikrit road, on the banks of the Tigris River. The town is services by a railway station and the border between Nineveh Governorate and Al-Shirqat District of Saladin Governorate passes through the town.

## History

In 1918 the Battle of Sharqat was fought to the south of the town. In 2014 the town was captured by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, and retaken by the Iraqi Security Forces in November 2016.
# Escape to Reality

Escape to Reality is the second studio album by din fiv, released on May 23, 2000, by Metropolis Records. The album was re-issued by Metropolis Records on compact disc in June 1996 and again as music downloads in 2009 and 2019.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Kenyon Hopkin of AllMusic said if "it weren't for the coasting strings in the background of every track, Escape to Reality may have wound up as an average entry in industrial dance" and that "it functions as a cold yet soothing texture that brings a full sound to din fiv's second release. Industrial Reviews awarded the album four out of five stars and praised Din's ability to merge complex and multi-layered synthesizers created atmospheres while maintaining a strong sense of unity and melody throughout the album. Last Sigh Magazine praised the production quality and said "the music is rather simple, basslines are strong and powerful, and there are plenty of effects." Metal.de commended the music for having memorable vocal lines and samples and called the album typical for its genre. Sonic Boom criticized the album for sounding monotonous and called it "an album that remains very consistent and flat without much deviation outside the standard electro model" and "in most cases, this doesn't inherently a negative issue, but in this case it is extremely difficult to locate a track that stands out from the rest on this album." The album peaked at number fifteen on CMJ New Music Monthly's top dance releases in 2000.

## Track listing

All music is composed by David Din

## Accolades

| Year | Publication | Country | Accolade | Rank |
| 2000 | CMJ New Music Monthly | United States | "Top 25 Dance" | 15 |
| "*" denotes an unordered list. ||||||

## Personnel

Adapted from the Escape to Reality liner notes.
din_fiv
* David Din (as Da5id Din) – vocals, instruments, engineering
Additional performers
* Adam Jensen – additional production
* Jason Macierowski – guitar (10)
* Tyler Newman – remixer (10)
* Evan Sornstein – engineering and remixer (9), cover art, illustrations, design
Production and design
* Josh Greco – engineering (10)
* Susan Jennings – photography

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| United States | 2000 | Metropolis | CD | MET 146 |
| United States | 2009 | Metropolis | DL | MET 146 |
| United States | 2019 | Metropolis | DL | MET 146 |
# Alanbeuella

Alanbeuella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Bursidae, the frog shells.

## Species

* Alanbeuella corrugata (Perry, 1811)
* † Alanbeuella victrix (Dall, 1916)
# Alanbe

Alanbe is a village in the Mandalay Region of north-west Myanmar. It lies in Mahlaing Township in the Meiktila District.
# Parmenides (disambiguation)

Parmenides was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea.
Parmenides may also refer to:
* 6039 Parmenides, an outer main-belt asteroid
* Parmenides (dialogue), one of the dialogues of Plato
* Parmenides Foundation, a psychology organization
# Esmaeilius vladykovi

Esmaeilius vladykovi (Zagros toothcarp) is a species of killifish in the family Aphaniidae endemic to a restricted area of the central Zagros Mountains of Iran. It can also be found in the aquarium trade. Its specific name honours the zoologist Vadim D. Vladykov (1898-1986) who studied the fishes of the Caspian basin and the person who accepted the species author, Brian W. Coad, as a graduate student.
Its name in Persian is ماهی پرچمی (mahi-e parchami) [flagfish] or ماهی گورخری زاگرس (mahi-e gour-e khari-e Zagros) which means Zagros zebrafish or ماهی کپور دندان دار زاگرس (Mahi-e kapoor-e dandan dare zagros) [Zagros tooth carp]. Little information on this species beyond the original description and some brief biological observations is available.
The main habitats of the fish are Choghakhor Lagoon, Gandoman Lagoon, Salm Lake, Shalamzar Lake and Beheshtabad River all in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province, Iran. The native fish population is threatened by different factors including environmental pollution as well as biological threats such as parasites. The fish has been infected with a migratory parasite larvae to the extent of 100 and 68 percent, respectively in 2011 and 2018.
This species is a close relative of Esmaeilius sophiae, but characterised by a higher lateral line scale counts and by its color pattern: males have darker coloration on the dorsal fin and a lighter one on the anal fin. Females lack the typical, large, lozenge-shaped spot at the base of the caudal fin seen in A. sophiae.
The stomach content of this fish consists mostly of freshwater crustaceans and the relative length of the gut suggests a carnivorous habit. The eggs have an average diameter of 1 mm and the average absolute and relative fecundity is 415 and 110, respectively. The gonadosomatic ratio and ovary condition suggests that the reproductive season of the species is between late March and June with a peak in early April. The species is euryhaline and eurythermal and prefers neutral to basic waters. It is usually found in well-oxygenated waters, but is tolerant to hypoxia, as well.
# Dayna Vawdrey

Dayna Vawdrey (born 17 January 1982), is a New Zealand television presenter and radio announcer perhaps best known for her role co-hosting Studio 2.

## Early life

Vawdrey was born in Auckland of British (mother) and Samoan (father) descent. As a child she landed a role in a TV commercial.

## Career

Vawdrey's career really began when she secured a presenting role on Juice TV in 2003. In 2004 she was poached by TVNZ to co-host TV2's children's TV show, Studio 2. When the series ended in 2010, Vawdrey worked as a radio announcer for Rhema Media. In 2011 Vawdrey presented Operation Hero on TV2. Vawdrey has also MC'd and presented for various corporate and charity clients such as Air New Zealand and World Vision.
In 2018 Vawdrey won Best Children's Programme at the New Zealand Radio Awards and was a Bronze Radio Winner for Best Children/Young Adult Program at the New York Festivals World's Best Radio Programs for her role as a presenter on a Christmas morning children's programme on Newstalk ZB.

## Personal life

Dayna married Callum Galloway in 2014 and the couple have one son, born in 2017, and a daughter, born November 2020.
# Al Merreikh

Al Merreikh may refer to:
* Al-Merrikh SC, Sudanese football club based in Omdurman
** Al-Merrikh Stadium, their stadium
* Al-Merreikh SC (Al-Fasher), Sudanese football club based in Al-Fasher
* Al Merreikh FC (Juba), South Sudanese football club based in Juba
* Al-Merreikh Al-Thagher, Sudanese football club based in Al-Thager
* Al Merreikh SC (Egypt), Egyptian football club based in Port Said
# Esponellà

Esponellà (Catalan pronunciation:) is a village in the province of Girona and autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain. The municipality covers an area of 16 square kilometres (6.2 sq mi) and the population in 2014 was 458.