OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fontaine-Notre-Dame, Nord

Fontaine-Notre-Dame is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

## Heraldry

| Arms of Fontaine-Notre-Dame | The arms of Fontaine-Notre-Dame are blazoned : Or, a madonna proper holding a Baby Jesus in her left arm, vested gules and azure, seated on a throne sable. |

## Fontaine-Notre-Dame in World War I

Fontaine-Notre-Dame was the scene of intense fighting during the Battle of Cambrai in World War I.
The battle started on 20 November 1917 when the British army made significant advances (4 miles) by virtue of its extensive use of tanks (300) for the first time. Fontaine-Notre-Dame was initially captured but, as the British advance stalled in the following days, soon lost due to "a vigorous [German] counterattack".
General Julian Byng decided to make one more effort on 27 November to try to recapture Fontaine-Notre-Dame and the neighbouring Bourlon Wood, despite the reservations of divisional commander Major-General Fielding who described the idea as, "a dangerous and impracticable undertaking for which there could be no kind of justification."
The attack commenced at 6.20 a.m. on 27 November 1917 with soldiers of the 3rd Battalion Grenadier Guards heading for Fontaine-Notre-Dame supported by just 14 (late) tanks and no heavy artillery barrage. The machine gun fire was heavier than expected: Harold Dearden, a doctor attached to the Grenadiers, describing it as sounding like, "one continuous scream". Once in Fontaine-Notre-Dame, there followed intense street fighting, one soldier describing the machine gun fire in the main street as "pouring with the volume of water from a fire hose." Nevertheless, by between 7.30 a.m.and 8.30 a.m. most of Fontaine-Notre-Dame belonged to the Guards including the church and the area around railway station.
Having sustained heavy losses, however, and in the face of a German counter-attack starting at 10.00 a.m. the British were forced to retreat to their starting lines. Of the 680 soldiers and 19 officers who attacked Fontaine-Notre-Dame, only 135 soldiers and 6 officers returned. Amongst the dead was Gavin Bowes-Lyon, a first cousin of the future Queen Elizabeth, consort to George VI. Dearden wrote in his diary a few days later, "I have never been more wretched, tired and hungry and dispirited, and at the same time feeling we had been let down somehow by somebody."
# August Isaksson

Jakob August Isaksson (16 June 1886, Uudenkaupungin maalaiskunta - 11 July 1929) was a Finnish journalist and politician. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1924 until his death in 1929, representing the Socialist Electoral Organisation of Workers and Smallholders. He was the editor of Österbottens Folkblad, Folkbladet and Nya Folkbladet.
# Apparent motion

Apparent motion may refer to:

## Astronomy

* Aberration of light, an apparent shift in position of celestial objects due to the finite speed of light and the motion of Earth in its orbit around the Sun
* Diurnal motion, the apparent motion of objects in the sky due to the Earth's rotation on its axis
* Parallax, the apparent motion of objects due to the changing angle of observation of an observer on Earth revolving around the Sun

## Perceptual illusions

* Beta movement, an illusion of movement where two or more still images are combined by the brain into surmised motion
* Illusory motion, the appearance of movement in a static image
* Phi phenomenon, an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession
* Stroboscopic effect, a phenomenon that occurs when continuous motion is represented by a series of short or instantaneous samples
** Wagon-wheel effect, temporal aliasing effect in which a spoked wheel appears to rotate differently from its true rotation

## Other uses

* Optical flow, a term used in computer science for the apparent motion of objects in a scene caused by the relative motion between an observer and the scene
* The motion of objects observed from a non-inertial reference frame
# Anonymous Ravanićanin

Anonymous Ravanićanin (fl. 1393–1398) was a writer of the Synaxarian Life of the Holy Prince Lazar, one of the earliest lives about Lazar Hrebeljanović. It is considered the oldest complete Serbian writings on the time of the Battle of Kosovo.

## Life and work

As a prince's contemporary and a resident of Ravanica, the writer gives a wealth of historical data (prince's life and reign, his sermon before the battles, Murat's deaths during the battles, siege and capture of the prince and other Serbian rulers, their execution in the Metropolitan Church in Pristina, transfer of Lazarus' relics to Ravanica three years later, a description of Ravanica, etc.), "which did not stifle any literary and artistic value of the writing" (Đorđe Trifunović).

## Translation into modern Serbian

* The Life of the Holy Prince Lazarus, translated by Đorđe Trifunović, in "Writings on Kosovo", Belgrade, Prosveta and SKZ, 1993, Stara srpska književnost u 24 knjige, kn. 13.

## Literature

* Dimitrije Bogdanović: Istorija stare srpske književnosti, Beograd, SKZ, 1980.
* Đorđe Trifunović: Ravaničanin I, in: "Spisi o Kosovu", Belgrade, Prosveta and SKZ, 1993, Stara srpska književnost u 24 knjige, kn. 13.
* Dejan Mihailović: Byzantine Circle (Small Dictionary of Early Christian Literature in Greek, Byzantine and Old Serbian Literature), Belgrade, "Institute for Textbooks", 2009, p. 141.
# Goodbye to You

Goodbye to You may refer to:
* "Goodbye to You" (Michelle Branch song)
* "Goodbye to You" (Roxette song)
* "Goodbye to You" (Scandal song), also covered by The Veronicas
* "Goodbye To You", by Breaking Point from Beautiful Disorder and Marvel's Fantastic Four: Original Soundtrack
* "Goodbye to You", by Screeching Weasel from You Broke My Fucking Heart
* "Goodbye to You", by Zox from Take Me Home
# Edward John Payne

Edward John Payne (22 July 1844 – 26 December 1904) was an English barrister and historian specializing in colonial history.

## Life

The elder son of Edward William Payne, of High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, Payne was educated at High Wycombe Royal Grammar School and at Magdalen Hall and Charsley's Hall, Oxford, taking a second in Honour Moderations (Latin and Greek literature) in the Trinity Term of 1869 and a first class degree in Literae Humaniores in 1871. The next year he was elected a Fellow of University College, Oxford, and in 1874 was called to the bar from Lincoln's Inn. The same year, he published the first volume of his Select Works of Burke. He was appointed as Recorder of High Wycombe in 1883. As a barrister, he was a member of the chambers at 2, Stone Buildings.
Payne was a capable viola da gamba player. In 1880 he gave a musical lecture-recital, when he played pieces by Johann Sebastian Bach, Handel, Caix and Abel.
In 1899 Payne married Emma Leonora Helena Pertz, the elder daughter of Major Pertz of Holt, Norfolk, and of Koblenz, Prussia, and they set up home at Holywell Lodge, Wendover, Buckinghamshire. His wife was a niece of the German historian Georg Heinrich Pertz and of the Swedenborgian writer James John Garth Wilkinson.
Payne died on Boxing Day, 1904, in uncertain circumstances, being found drowned in a canal at Wendover.
Despite the shortness of his marriage, he was the father of three children, the astronomer Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900–1979), the archaeologist Humfry Payne (1902–1936), who married the writer Dilys Powell (1901–1995) and Leonora Florence Mary Payne (1904-1996), who married the architectural historian Walter Ison, with whom she produced, amongst other books, 'The Georgian Buildings of Bath'.
Payne's A History of the New World called America, an ambitious attempt at a comprehensive history of the Americas, remained unfinished at his death.

## Major publications

* Select Works of Burke in three volumes (1874–1876)
* History of European Colonies (1877)
* Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to America, in two volumes (1893–1900)
* Colonies and Dependencies: India and the Colonies (1883)
* A History of the New World called America, in two volumes (1892–1899)
* The Colonies (British Citizen Series, 1902)
* 'The Age of Discovery' and 'The New World', chapters 1 & 2 of Cambridge Modern History, vol. I (1902)
* Colonies and Colonial Federations (London : Macmillan, 1904)
# Effective number of codons

Effective number of codons (abbreviated as ENC or Nc) is a measure to study the state of codon usage biases in genes and genomes. The way that ENC is computed has obvious similarities to the computation of effective population size in population genetics. Although it is easy to compute ENC values, it has been shown that this measure is one of the best measures to show codon usage bias.
Since the original suggestion of the ENC, several investigators have tried to improve the method, but it seems that there is much room to improve this measure.
# Giraulla

Giraulla is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within north western Province.
# Fluorocitric acid

Fluorocitric acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula HOC(CO$_2$H)(CH$_2$CO$_2$H)(CHFCO$_2$H). It is a fluorinated carboxylic acid derived from citric acid by substitution of one methylene hydrogen by a fluorine atom. The appropriate anion is called fluorocitrate. Fluorocitrate is formed in two steps from fluoroacetate. Fluoroacetate is first converted to fluoroacetyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA synthetase in the mitochondria. Then fluoroacetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form fluorocitrate. This step is catalyzed by citrate synthase. Flurocitrate is a metabolite of fluoroacetic acid and is very toxic because it is not processable using aconitase in the citrate cycle (where fluorocitrate takes place of citrate as the substrate). The enzyme is inhibited and the cycle stops working.
# Ernie Jenkins (baseball)

Ernest Lafayette "Lefty" Jenkins (December 26, 1906 – February 12, 1978) was a minor league baseball pitcher and manager. He managed in the New York Yankees system from 1935 to 1939. He died in California, aged 71.

## Career
### Baseball player

Jenkins was born in Gastonia, North Carolina. As a pitcher, he spent 10 non-consecutive seasons playing from 1930 to 1946, going 77–51 in that time. In 1935 with the Bassett Furnituremakers, he went 21–9 in 44 appearances. He also managed for the first time that season, leading the Furnituremakers to the playoffs, though they lost the league finals. At the helm again in 1936, he led the Furnituremakers to a league championship - the first year of four in a row in which he led his team to the championship. In 1937 to 1938 it was the Butler Yankees and in 1939 it was the Augusta Tigers.

### Baseball manager

He managed the Utica Braves in 1940 and the Tigers again in 1941, getting replaced by Alton Biggs. His last managerial stint was in 1950, being replaced by Lyle Judy.
# Frederick Widmann

Frederick Widmann (1859-1925) was a German-born American architect and philanthropist.

## Early life

Frederick Widmann was born in 1859 in Germany. He emigrated to the United States in 1874, settling in St. Louis, Missouri. Widmann was an apprentice carpenter to Walsh and Jungenfeld for three years and he studied at Washington University in St. Louis.

## Career

Widmann co-founded Widmann & Walsh, an architectural firm with Robert W. Walsh. Around 1900, alongside architect Caspar D. Boisselier they designed the Orthwein Mansion for William D. Orthwein, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Meanwhile, Widmann designed "many large industrial plants, public buildings, and some of the largest breweries in the country, including the Anheuser-Busch plants in St. Louis, Omaha, San Antonio, Houston, Chicago, and New York." In 1903, he designed "The Pike" for the St. Louis World's Fair 1904.
Widmann designed his private residence at 3545 Longfellow Boulevard in Compton Heights, a German enclave of St. Louis, Missouri. It was designed in the Prairie School architectural style, with a side cupola.
Beyond architecture, Widmann was also an explorer of asphalt and oilfields in Utah from 1883 to 1923.

## Philanthropy

Widmann was a member of the Liederkranz Club, a German-American social club in St. Louis. During World War I, he served as the President of the St. Louis War Relief Bazaar. The organization raised US$100,000 for German orphans and widows. To honor his effort, Widmann was the recipient of the second degree of the Austro-Hungarian Red Cross from Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1916.

## Death and legacy

Widmann died in 1925. In his will, Widmann endowed the Frederick Widmann Prize in Architecture at the Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts of his alma mater, Washington University in St. Louis. The prize gives US$1,500 to an architecture student annually. Furthermore, Widmann Canyon in Utah was named in his honor.
# AppleTalk Remote Access

AppleTalk Remote Access (ARA) was a protocol stack that allowed AppleTalk to be run over modems. It became a fairly major product for Apple Computer in the early to mid-1990s when their first portable and laptop computers were available (and very popular). ARA slowly disappeared in the late 1990s when TCP/IP took over the vast majority of networking needs, notably remote access.
Most networking protocols have strong "layering" that separates the various jobs inside the protocol into different pieces of software. This allows them to be run on top of any hardware by replacing the lowest level of the "stack", the hardware drivers. For instance, IP can be made to run on a variety of Ethernet cards or even Token Ring with little effort. For slower speeds, like on modems, things become somewhat more difficult, as the protocols often have invisible assumptions about timing and performance that make it inefficient on links with very limited bandwidth.
AppleTalk included several protocols that made this even more difficult. In particular, AppleTalk had several internal tasks for discovery and naming that ran all the time and made the protocol "chatty". This added to the bandwidth problems, making it even less efficient in this case.
Thus ARA was considerably more complex than similar solutions for IP, replacing many parts of the AppleTalk stack and seriously modifying others. As a result, ARA was quite large, larger than the basic AppleTalk stack, and somewhat memory hungry. It was also slow, a problem it shared with IP at similar speeds. Nevertheless, ARA was the only protocol available for remote access on the Mac, and also shared the typical Apple properties of being easy to install, set up and run. It became a fairly profitable product on its own, and was sold widely in stores.
The introduction of SLIP and the increased use of IP on the Macintosh led to some infighting within Apple as the profits from ARA were reduced. This led Apple to place their IP remote access software in ARA as well, although this had the side effect of making various freeware implementations much more popular. As support for TCP/IP was added, the product line became known as Apple Remote Access. Later versions supported AppleTalk connections over ARAP and TCP/IP connections over PPP.
ARA remained important, if somewhat less so, product for Apple into the late 1990s. In Mac OS X it is no longer required, as Apple has migrated the vast majority of its networking software to IP, and includes remote access software for free.
# Francis Norreys (1609–1669)

Sir Francis Norreys (1609–1669) was an English politician.

## Biography

Norreys was the illegitimate son of Francis Norris, 1st Earl of Berkshire and Sarah Rose. On his father's death in 1622, Norreys inherited the manors of Weston-on-the-Green and Yattendon with lands at Cherrington and Chilswell. In 1633 he was knighted at Abingdon-on-Thames and 1635–6 he served as High Sheriff of Oxfordshire.
In 1656, Norreys was elected as a Member of Parliament for Oxfordshire in the Second Protectorate Parliament. He was returned for the same seat to the Third Protectorate Parliament in 1658, but in February of that year the return was declared invalid by the House of Commons of England and Viscount Falkland was elected in his place.
By his wife Hester, daughter of Sir John Rouse, Norreys was the father of Sir Edward Norreys.
# FASat-Alfa

FASat-Alfa was to become the first Chilean satellite, and was constructed under a Technology Transfer Program between the Chilean Air Force (FACH) and Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL) of the United Kingdom. The primary goal of the Program was to obtain for Chile the basic scientific and technological experience required to continue with more advanced steps. The purposes of the FASat-Alfa mission are to create a group of engineers with aerospace experience, to have the first Chilean satellite in orbit, and to install and operate the Mission Control Station (ECM-Santiago) in Chile.
There were two satellites: FASat-Alfa and FASat-Bravo. The Alfa satellite was launched on 31 August 1995 on TSYCLON from Plesetsk. Its orbit was intended to be 682 x 651 km, inclined at 82.53 degrees; however, the spacecraft failed to separate from the failed Ukrainian satellite it was attached to.
The Bravo satellite was launched on 10 July 1998, on TSYCLON from Baikonur. Its intended orbit was 682 x 651 km, inclined at 82.53 degrees. It was to operate 13,000 orbits until 2002.

## Characteristics

* Bus: SSTL microbus, fifth generation
* Owner: Fuerza Aérea De Chile (Air Force), Chile
* Payloads: Ozone Monitoring Experiment, Remote sensing, Data Transfer Experiment, Advanced Digital Signal Processing Payload, Orbital Positioning via GPS, Educational support
# 2010 Kings XI Punjab season

Kings XI Punjab (KXIP) is a franchise cricket team based in Mohali, India, which plays in the Indian Premier League (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the 2010 Indian Premier League. They were captained by Mahela Jayawardene. Kings XI Punjab finished last in the IPL and did not qualify for the Champions League T20.

## Indian Premier League
### Season standings

Kings XI Punjab finished last in the league stage of IPL 2010.
| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | L | NR | Pts | NRR |
| 1 | Mumbai Indians (R) | 14 | 10 | 4 | 0 | 20 | 1.084 |
| 2 | Deccan Chargers(4th) | 14 | 8 | 6 | 0 | 16 | −0.297 |
| 3 | Chennai Super Kings (C) | 14 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 14 | 0.274 |
| 4 | Royal Challengers Bangalore (3rd) | 14 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 14 | 0.219 |
| 5 | Delhi Daredevils | 14 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 14 | 0.021 |
| 6 | Kolkata Knight Riders | 14 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 14 | −0.341 |
| 7 | Rajasthan Royals | 14 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 12 | −0.514 |
| 8 | Kings XI Punjab | 14 | 4 | 10 | 0 | 8 | −0.478 |
(C) = Champion; (R) = Runner-up; (3rd) = Winner of third place playoff. Note: Top four teams will qualify for the playoffs. Note: The winner, runner-up and winner of the third place playoff qualified for the 2010 Champions League Twenty20.

### Match log

| No. | Date | Opponent | Venue | Result |
| 1 | 13 March | Delhi Daredevils | Mohali | Lost by 5 wickets |
| 2 | 16 March | Royal Challengers Bangalore | Bengaluru | Lost by 8 wickets |
| 3 | 19 March | Deccan Chargers | Cuttack | Lost by 6 runs |
| 4 | 21 March | Chennai Super Kings | Chennai | Match tied, Won (In The Superover), MoM - Juan Theron 2/17(4 overs),2 wkts in the Super-Over |
| 5 | 24 March | Rajasthan Royals | Mohali | Lost by 31 runs |
| 6 | 27 March | Kolkata Knight Riders | Mohali | Lost by 39 runs |
| 7 | 30 March | Mumbai Indians | Mumbai | Lost by 4 wickets |
| 8 | 2 April | Royal Challengers Bangalore | Mohali | Lost by 6 wickets |
| 9 | 4 April | Kolkata Knight Riders | Kolkata | Won by 8 wickets, MoM - Mahela Jayawardene 110* (59) |
| 10 | 7 April | Rajasthan Royals | Jaipur | Lost by 9 wickets |
| 11 | 9 April | Mumbai Indians | Mohali | Won by 6 wickets, MoM - Kumar Sangakkara 56 (42) |
| 12 | 11 April | Delhi Daredevils | Delhi | Won by 7 wickets, MoM - Piyush Chawla 2/16(4) |
| 13 | 16 April | Deccan Chargers | Dharamsala | Lost by 5 wickets |
| 14 | 18 April | Chennai Super Kings | Dharamsala | Lost by 6 wickets |
| Overall record: 4–10. Failed to advance. |||||
# Giraudi

Giraudi Group is a conglomerate based in the Principality of Monaco. Primarily known as an importer/exporter in the meat industry, the group also owns several restaurants and retail chains. It was founded by Erminio Giraudi in the 1960s and employs 340 people in Monaco and a total of 700 people worldwide.

## History

Initially, Giraudi was an import / export company in the meat industry founded by Erminio Giraudi in the 1960s. The company established in Monaco in the mid-1970s.
Subsequently, the company expanded and diversified into other activities such as hospitality and lifestyle, through Riccardo Giraudi, Erminio's son.

## Business Activities
### Meat industry

Progressively, Giraudi became one of the European leaders in meat import / export.
The Monaco based company is also the leading exporter of French beef and Dutch veal, as well as being the European leader in the import of hormone-free American Black Angus beef and Australian Black Angus beef.
Since 2014, Giraudi has become an importer of certified Japanese Kobe beef in Europe.
In 2015, Giraudi launched its own ranges of processed meats: Gourmet Boutique Burgers, Kobe Kreations. In the Kobe Kreations range, Riccardo Giraudi has, among other things, created the Kobe Jamon de Buey, a certified Japanese Kobe beef ham.

### Hospitality

The meat business and know-how allowed Riccardo Giraudi to create the first Beefbar restaurant in 2005, in Monaco. Since then, Beefbar has become an international brand with restaurants on all continents.
In 2017, Beefbar Hong Kong received its first Star in the Hong Kong & Macau Michelin Guide.
Beefbar is part of Riccardo Giraudi's brand portfolio which also gathers other hospitality concepts in Monaco (Zeffirino 1939, Cantinetta Antinori, Babek Kebab, Song Qi, Izakaya, Moshi Moshi, Grubers etc) and abroad, as well as a delivery platform called Delovery.
Riccardo Giraudi also created the famous Pantone Cafe in Monaco.
In 2017, Riccardo Giraudi bought the restaurant Anahi in Paris, whose menu is now created by Chef Mauro Colagreco.

### Lifestyle

Giraudi's lifestyle business is divided into two companies:
* Fashion Factory: since 2006, the company has specialised in the destocking of major Italian fashion brands;
* Miss Bibi: created by Brigitte Giraudi, daughter of Erminio Giraudi and sister of Riccardo Giraudi; it is a brand of jewellery and accessories whose first boutique opened in the Palais Royal in Paris.

## Human resources

Giraudi Group has, all activities combined, approximately 400 employees in Monaco, and a total of almost 1000 employees worldwide.