OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cot analysis

C$_0$t analysis, a technique based on the principles of DNA reassociation kinetics, is a biochemical technique that measures how much repetitive DNA is in a DNA sample such as a genome. It is used to study genome structure and organization and has also been used to simplify the sequencing of genomes that contain large amounts of repetitive sequence.

## Procedure

The procedure involves heating a sample of genomic DNA until it denatures into the single stranded-form, and then slowly cooling it, so the strands can pair back together. While the sample is cooling, measurements are taken of how much of the DNA is base paired at each temperature.
The amount of single and double-stranded DNA is measured by rapidly diluting the sample, which slows reassociation, and then binding the DNA to a hydroxyapatite column. The column is first washed with a low concentration of sodium phosphate buffer, which elutes the single-stranded DNA, and then with high concentrations of phosphate, which elutes the double stranded DNA. The amount of DNA in these two solutions is then measured using a spectrophotometer.

## Analysis

Since a sequence of single-stranded DNA needs to find its complementary strand to reform a double helix, common sequences renature more rapidly than rare sequences. Indeed, the rate at which a sequence will reassociate is proportional to the number of copies of that sequence in the DNA sample. A sample with a highly-repetitive sequence will renature rapidly, while complex sequences will renature slowly.
However, instead of simply measuring the percentage of double-stranded DNA versus time, the amount of renaturation is measured relative to a C$_0$t value. The C$_0$t value is the product of C$_0$ (the initial concentration of DNA), t (time in seconds), and a constant that depends on the concentration of cations in the buffer. Repetitive DNA will renature at low C$_0$t values, while complex and unique DNA sequences will renature at high C$_0$t values. The fast renaturation of the repetitive DNA is because of the availability of numerous complementary sequences.

## Application to genome sequencing

C$_0$t filtration is a technique that uses the principles of DNA renaturation kinetics to separate the repetitive DNA sequences that dominate many eukaryotic genomes from "gene-rich" single/low-copy sequences. This allows DNA sequencing to concentrate on the parts of the genome that are most informative and interesting, which will speed up the discovery of new genes and make the process more efficient.

## History

It was first developed and utilized by Roy Britten and his colleagues at the Carnegie Institution of Washington in the 1960s. Of particular note, it was through C$_0$t analysis that the redundant (repetitive) nature of eukaryotic genomes was first discovered. However, it wasn't until the breakthrough DNA reassociation kinetics experiments of Britten and his colleagues that it was shown that not all DNA coded for genes. In fact, their experiments demonstrated that the majority of eukaryotic genomic DNA is composed of repetitive, non-coding elements.
# Cristina Cornejo

Cristina Cornejo may refer to:
* Cristina Cornejo (footballer) [eu] (born 1992), Basque footballer
* Cristina Cornejo (politician) (born 1982), Salvadoran politician
* Cristina Cornejo (weightlifter) (born 1985), Peruvian weightlifter
# Pablo Hurus

Pablo Hurus (also Paul Hurus, Paul Hyrus, Paul Huros, Paulus de Constantia, born in Constance; died after 1505) was a German printer of the late 15th-century, active in Zaragoza, Aragon during the years 1484 to 1499. With his brother Juan, he established one of the important early printing shops of the Iberian peninsula, predated only by the Sevilla printing shops of Menrad Ungut and Estanislao Polono.
In 1484, he printed the Evangelios e epístolas by the Zaragozan humanist Gonzalo García de Santamaría, which included the first printed Bible translation into Spanish. No specimen of this work has survived, as it was ordered to be destroyed by the Spanish Inquisition after the ban on Bible translations issued in 1559 (the work does however survive in the reprint by Ambrosio Montesino, Toledo, 1512).
Between 1488 and 1491, Pablo Hurus returned to his native Germany, and the printing shop was under the direction of his brother Juan. This period saw the edition of Aesop's Fables (1489). and possibly the History of the Seven Sages of Rome.
Among Hurus' notable works are the Missale caesaraugustano (1484), the Exemplario contra los engaños y peligros del mundo by Juan de Capua (1493) and Boccaccio's De mulieribus claris (1494). In 1497, he printed the Aragonese fueros (compilation of laws), edited by Gonzalo García de Santamaría, and the letters of Seneca, edited by Fernán Pérez de Guzmán.
His masterpiece may be Bernhard of Breidenbach's Peregrinatio in terram sanctam of 1498, using three different blackletter types and more than seventy woodcut illustrations, decorative capital initials and eight great fold-out pages, one of them extending to the width of nine folia.
In 1499, he printed the first history of Aragon, Crónica de Aragón by Gualberto Fabricio Vagad, with the first known representation of the coat of arms of Aragon on the title page.
# Paul Gallagher

Paul Gallagher may refer to:
* Paul Gallagher (barrister) (born 1955), Attorney General of Ireland, 2007–2011
* Paul Gallagher (bishop) (born 1954), diplomat of the Holy See
* Paul Gallagher (footballer) (born 1984), Scottish football player for Preston North End
* Paul Gallagher (trade unionist) (born 1944), English trade union leader
* Paul Gallagher, older brother of Noel and Liam Gallagher
# Orcevia

Orcevia is a genus of Asian jumping spiders first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1890. Laufeia, circumscribed to include Orcevia, is placed in the tribe Euophryini in the Salticoida clade of Salticinae. It was once considered a synonym of Laufeia, but it was revalidated in 2019.

## Species

As of March 2022 it contains six species:
* O. eucola Thorell, 1890 – Indonesia (Sumatra)
* O. keyserlingi Thorell, 1890 (type) – Indonesia (Sumatra, Java)
* O. kuloni Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012 – Indonesia (Java)
* O. perakensis (Simon, 1901) – Malaysia, Indonesia (Java)
* O. proszynskii (Song, Gu & Chen, 1988) – China
* O. terrestris Logunov, 2021 – Vietnam
# Dragmacidon lunaecharta

Dragmacidon lunaecharta, also known as the red ball sponge or red boring sponge, is a species of sea sponge found in the western Atlantic Ocean. It feeds on plankton. These sponges do not attach themselves to rocks or the sea floor but drift in water currents. Its main predators are sea slugs. It has been kept in home aquariums.

## Taxonomy

It was first described in 1886 by Stuart Oliver Ridley and Arthur Dendy as Axinella lunaecharta, but in 1887, in their final report, they transferred it to the genus, Pseudaxinella. In 1917, E.F. Hallman revised some genera in the family, Axinellidae, and transferred it to the genus, Dragmacidon.
# On the Highwire

On the Highwire is a compilation album by English rock band Trapeze. Released on 2 December 2003 by Castle Communications, the album features all tracks from the band's 1979 sixth and final studio album Hold On, the 1998 live album Live: Way Back to the Bone and the 1981 live album Live in Texas: Dead Armadillos.

## Reception

AllMusic writer Greg Prato claimed that "since On the Highwire skips the group's studio work with Hughes (which is by far the group's strongest work), [it] fails to deliver as a true career overview", noting that the first disc "falls a bit flat" but adding that the second "fares much better, as it focuses on much stronger material".
# Cycle Surgery

Cycle Surgery was a British chain of bicycle shops, with 30 shops in the UK.
It was a subsidiary of Outdoor and Cycle Concepts which itself is owned by AS Adventure Group, who also own the Cotswold Outdoor, Snow and Rock and Runners Need retail chains.
In 2020 it was announced that all 14 stores would be closing down. 5 stores were due to close by May 2020 and the other 9 would be converted to other stores in the parent company's portfolio

## History

Cycle Surgery was founded in 1992, and started as a bicycle workshop in a basement in Horsell Road, Islington, London N7.
In 2007 the company was sold to Snow and Rock
Following the announcement of their King's Cross store closure on 13 February 2020, on 30 April Cycle Surgery indicated to their mailing list that they were closing down entirely. ″Since 1992, we've worked hard to provide you, our customers, with the best brands in cycling and unrivalled expert service to help keep you in the saddle. Sadly, it's almost time for us to say goodbye but whilst we might be winding down, we’re committed to offering the best service possible, right until the very end. For now, you can still shop your favourite brands online with up to 70% off in our closing down sale and gear up for your next ride, wherever it takes you.″ No further details were given.
The company announced on their website that due to effects of COVID-19 some of their stores would not be opening again. On 19 August 19 2020 Cycle Surgery closed.
# Edmonton Eagles

The Edmonton Eagles were a Canadian professional soccer team in Edmonton, Alberta that competed in the original Canadian Professional Soccer League in 1983. They finished as champions in the league's only season.

## History

After the Edmonton Drillers of the North American Soccer League folded following the 1982 season, a new professional team was founded by local business man, John Tiemessen, to play in the inaugural season of the new Canadian Professional Soccer League in 1983. Much of the Drillers fanbase carried over to support the Eagles, although they did not receive much television coverage, although some matches were carried by local radio station CKER-FM. Two local companies - Sorrento Restaurant and Lounge and 126 CFRN Radio partnered to purchase 15,000 tickets to matches to distribute to youth soccer players under the age of 14 to watch matches, as part of the Eagles Junior Fan Club.
Their first match was played on May 22 on the road against Hamilton Steelers, which they won by a score of 2–1. Their home opener came in their third game of the season, on May 29, also against Hamilton, which resulted in a 1–1 draw, in front of a crowd of 7,138 spectators at Clarke Stadium, which was their highest attendance of the season.
After two of the six league clubs folded in mid-June, the decision was made to abandon the remainder of the regular season and proceed directly to the playoffs on July 12. The Eagles were sitting in first place at the time with a record of 7 wins, 3 draws, and 0 losses, finishing five points ahead of second place Hamilton, despite having played two less games. In the first round, they defeated the lowest ranked Calgary Mustangs in the best-of-three season, winning the first two matches (the third match was not played as it was not needed). In the one-match winner-take-all championship final, they defeated Hamilton 2–0, in front of over 7000 fans, to finish as league champions and win the Tip Top Cup.
The day after the final, the league announced it was folding, ending the tenure of the Eagles. The Eagles had been in a tough financial state for much of their tenure that season, with players not being paid in the latter months of the season, including for the championship final, and some players were not paid at all.

## Season

| Season | Tier | League | Record | Rank | Playoffs | Ref |
| 1983 | 1 | Canadian Professional Soccer League | 7–3–0 | 1st | Champions | |
* ↑ The 1983 CPSL regular season was cancelled partway through the season and playoffs began immediately after it

## Notable players

The following players played for the Eagles:
* John Connor
* Hans Kraay Jr.
* Dubravko Ledić
* Norm Odinga
* Ross Ongaro
* Tony Pesznecker
* Darren Poole
* Joe Raduka
* Carlos Rivas
* Randy Samuel
# Daniel Frost Comstock

Daniel Frost Comstock (/ˈkɒmstɒk/; August 14, 1883 – March 2, 1970) was an American physicist and engineer.

## Biography

Comstock attained a B.S. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1904. He also studied in Berlin, Zürich, and Basel, where he attained his Ph.D. in 1906. At the University of Cambridge (1906–1907) he studied under J. J. Thomson. Beginning in 1904 he was a member of the faculty at MIT in theoretical physics (assistant professor 1910–1915; associate professor 1915–1917).
Comstock is most well known as the co-founder of the company Kalmus, Comstock & Westcott, and of Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation, which developed the second major color film process, after Britain's Kinemacolor, and the most widely used color motion picture process in Hollywood from 1922 to 1952.
Comstock also published some theoretical papers in the fields of electrodynamics (1908), special relativity (1910a) (see History of special relativity), and emission theory (1910b).

## Publications

* Comstock, D.F. (1908), "The Relation of Mass to Energy", Philosophical Magazine, 6, 15 (85): 1–21, doi:10.1080/14786440809463743
* —— (1910), "The Principle of Relativity", Science, 31 (803): 767–772, Bibcode:1910Sci....31..767C, doi:10.1126/science.31.803.767, PMID 17758464
* —— (1910), "A Neglected Type of Relativity" , Phys. Rev., 30 (2): 267, Bibcode:1910PhRvI..30..262., doi:10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.30.262
* ——; Troland, L.T. (1917), The nature of matter and electricity : an outline of modern views, New York: D. Van Nostrand
# European Cloud Partnership

The European Cloud Partnership (ECP) is an advisory group set up by the European Commission as part of the European Cloud Computing Strategy to provide guidance on the development of cloud computing in the European Union. The ECP is led by a steering board composed of representatives of the IT and telecom industry as well as European government policymakers.

## History

After publishing a document, "Unleashing the Potential of Cloud Computing in Europe", the European Commission set up the European Cloud Partnership in 2012, with a steering board including both government and industry representatives. The ECP's first meeting was held on 19 November 2012; it was chaired by the President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves.
In 2013 the ECP began drafting its charter. That year, as information about the PRISM scandal came to light, the ECP emphasized the need for Europe to develop its own cloud infrastructure, rather than depend on that of the United States. It completed a report titled "Trusted Cloud Europe" in February 2014 defining its policy, and outlining a process for effective public and private sector participation in cloud computing development in Europe. The report recommended that the commission identify technical, legal and operational best practices, and promote these through certifications and guidelines, and facilitate recognition across national boundaries. The report also recommended that the commission identify cloud computing stakeholders and help them work together through consultations and workshops.
In March 2014, the European Commission invited external parties to submit opinions, take part in a discussion forum and complete an online survey in response to the report.
# Orcet

Orcet (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.
# Phuwua rock agama

The Phuwua rock agama (Mantheyus phuwuanensis) is a species of lizard within the family Agamidae. Mantheyus phuwuanensis is the only species in the genus Mantheyus. The species is endemic to Southeast Asia

## Etymology

The generic name, Mantheyus, is in honor of German herpetologist Ulrich Manthey (born 1946).

## Geographic range

M. phuwuanensis is found in west-central Laos and northeastern Thailand.

## Reproduction

M. phuwuanensis is oviparous.
# Andrena edwardsi

The Edwards's miner bee (Andrena edwardsi) is a species of miner bee in the family Andrenidae. It is found in North America.
# Earth sciences graphics software

Earth sciences graphics software is a plotting and image processing software used in atmospheric sciences, meteorology, climatology, oceanography and other Earth science disciplines.
Earth Sciences graphics software includes the capability to read specialized data formats such as netCDF, HDR and GRIB. Such software is sometimes able to access the data from remote data centers. Examples of applications include satellite data processing, analysis of output from complex meteorological models and display of time series of data. Graphics capabilities range from simple line plots to complex three-dimensional visualizations.
This type of graphics software is often used to display results from earth sciences numerical models.
# Order of Rio Branco

The Order of Rio Branco (Ordem de Rio Branco) is an honorific order of Brazil instituted by decree 51.697 of February 5, 1963. It is named in honor of the Brazilian diplomat José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco.
The President of Brazil serves as the Grand Master of the Order while the Minister of Foreign Affairs is the order's Chancellor.

## Ranks

The order is composed of six ranks of merit :
* Grand Cross (unlimited)
* Grand Officer (60 members)
* Commander (50 members)
* Officer (40 members)
* Knight (30 members)
* Medal (unlimited)

## Insignia

The ribbon of the medal is blue with white borders.
Ribbon bars :
| Medal | Knight | Officer | Commander | Grand Officer | Grand Cross |

## Notable recipients

* Grand Crosses
** Ban Ki-moon
** Maria Barroso
** Abdelouahed Belkeziz
** Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland
** Olavo de Carvalho
** Pierre-François Forissier
** Frederik X of Denmark
** Édouard Guillaud
** Onno Hattinga van't Sant
** Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland
** Jean-Paul Paloméros
** Alfredo Pareja Diezcanseco
** Vasco Joaquim Rocha Vieira
** Rudolf Schuster
** Sadao Watanabe
** Mako Komuro, formerly Princess Mako of Akishino
* Grand Officers
** Benedito Antônio de Lima
** Beatriz Consuelo
** Vicente Blanco Gaspar
** Duarte de Freitas do Amaral
* Commanders
** Laurindo Almeida
** Celso Antunes
** Silvio Barbato
** Gerard Béhague
** Luiz Bevilacqua
** Augustin Buzura
** António Costa
** Richard Descoings
** Gilbert Forray
** Graciano García García
** Gilberto Gil
** Marius Haas
* Knights
** Adnan Kassar
** Maha Mamo
** Simona Miculescu
** Andrew Parsons (sports administrator)
** Mario Pavan
** Riordan Roett
** Edmond Safra
** Toots Thielemans
** Álvaro de Vasconcelos
* Officer
** Roberto Ladijanski
** Cafu
** Alexandru Inversin
** Grzegorz Hajdarowicz
** Maria da Conceição Tavares
** Julija Bal
** Pelé
** Charlie Byrd
** Ryuichi Sakamoto
* Medal
** Diego Scardone
** Ramzi Salman
* Unknown Class
** Renato Aragão
** Elizabeth Bishop
** Yeda Pessoa de Castro
** Alfredo Chiaradía
** Maria d'Apparecida
** Eli Whitney Debevoise II
** Tewolde Gebremariam
** Nahum Goldmann
** José Graziano da Silva
** Enrique V. Iglesias
** Ivan Izquierdo
** Álvaro Manzano
** Milinda Moragoda
** Airto Moreira
** Marlos Nobre
** Fayga Ostrower
** Flora Purim
** Ciro de Quadros
** Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo
** Edouard Saouma
** Mario Silva (politician)
** Peter Sutherland
** Vladimir Vasiliev (dancer)
** Inger Wikström
# Affleck (disambiguation)

Affleck is a Scottish surname.
Affleck may also refer to:
* Affleck, Aberdeenshire, a rural area in the hamlet of Whiterashes, Scotland
* Affleck, the Scots pronunciation of Auchinleck, a village in Ayrshire, Scotland
* Affleck baronets, baronetage of Great Britain
* Affleck Canal, inlet in Alaska
* Affleck Castle, a tower house in Angus, Scotland
* Affleck House, a house in Michigan designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
* HMS Affleck (K462), a World War II frigate named after Sir Edmund Affleck
# Deepdene railway station

Deepdene railway station may refer to:
* Deepdene railway station, Melbourne, Australia
* Dorking Deepdene railway station, England - formerly known (1923–1987) as Deepdene railway station
# Orcesis unicolor

Orcesis unicolor is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1954. This species of the long-horned beetle family is found in East India, particularly West Bengal.
# 1917–18 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season

Huddersfield Town's 1917–18 campaign saw Town continuing to play in the wartime football league. Town played in the Midland League and finished in 8th place, as well as 7th place in the Subsidiary Competition.

## Results
### Midland Division

| Date | Opponents | Home/Away | Result F - A | Scorers | Attendance |
| 1 September 1917 | Nottingham Forest | H | 2 - 1 | Hall, Elliott | 1,000 |
| 8 September 1917 | Nottingham Forest | A | 0 - 3 | | 2,000 |
| 15 September 1917 | Leicester Fosse | H | 1 - 2 | Mann | ? |
| 22 September 1917 | Leicester Fosse | A | 1 - 4 | Baker (pen) | 5,500 |
| 29 September 1917 | Hull City | H | 4 - 2 | J. Anderson (2), T. Anderson, Wooding | 3,000 |
| 6 October 1917 | Hull City | A | 1 - 3 | J. Anderson | 2,000 |
| 27 October 1917 | Barnsley | A | 1 - 2 | J. Anderson | 2,000 |
| 3 November 1917 | Barnsley | H | 5 - 0 | Baker (pen), Elliott, Wooding, Islip, Mann | ? |
| 10 November 1917 | Bradford (Park Avenue) | A | 2 - 1 | Islip, McIlvenney | 4,000 |
| 17 November 1917 | Bradford (Park Avenue) | H | 1 - 0 | McIlvenney | 3,000 |
| 24 November 1917 | Sheffield United | A | 0 - 1 | | 7,000 |
| 1 December 1917 | Sheffield United | H | 3 - 1 | Hall (2), Elliott | ? |
| 8 December 1917 | Rotherham County | H | 1 - 1 | Hall | 2,000 |
| 15 December 1917 | Rotherham County | A | 1 - 3 | L. Smelt (og) | ? |
| 25 December 1917 | Leeds City | A | 0 - 3 | | 5,000 |
| 26 December 1917 | Leeds City | H | 1 - 3 | Elliott | 4,000 |
| 29 December 1917 | Lincoln City | A | 1 - 2 | Wooding | ? |
| 5 January 1918 | Grimsby Town | H | 2 - 0 | Crowther (2, 1 pen) | ? |
| 12 January 1918 | Grimsby Town | A | 0 - 1 | | 1,000 |
| 19 January 1918 | Birmingham | H | 4 - 2 | Buchan (2), Hall, Mann | 2,000 |
| 26 January 1918 | Birmingham | A | 1 - 2 | Bell | 15,000 |
| 2 February 1918 | Notts County | A | 2 - 3 | Mann (2, 1 pen) | 2,000 |
| 9 February 1918 | Notts County | H | 0 - 0 | | ? Match abandoned at half-time due to waterlogged pitch. |
| 16 February 1918 | Bradford City | A | 2 - 0 | Mann, Elliott | 3,000 |
| 23 February 1918 | Bradford City | H | 2 - 2 | Mann (2) | 2,000 |
| 2 March 1918 | Sheffield Wednesday | H | 4 - 0 | Buchan (3), Hall | ? |
| 9 March 1918 | Sheffield Wednesday | A | 1 - 3 | Elliott (pen) | 7,000 |
| 1 April 1918 | Lincoln City | H | 4 - 0 | Crowther (2), Elliott (2) | ? |
| 2 April 1918 | Notts County | H | 2 - 1 | Moore, Mann | ? |

### Subsidiary Competition

| Date | Opponents | Home/Away | Result F - A | Scorers | Attendance |
| 16 March 1918 | Leeds City | H | 4 - 2 | Hall (3, 1 pen), Mann | 3,000 |
| 23 March 1918 | Leeds City | A | 0 - 1 | | 4,000 |
| 30 March 1918 | Bradford City | A | 3 - 5 | Mann, Etherington, Vaughan | 1,000 |
| 6 April 1918 | Bradford City | H | 1 - 1 | G.D. Chaplin (og) | ? |
| 13 April 1918 | Bradford (Park Avenue) | A | 2 - 1 | Hall, Elliott | 3,000 |
| 20 April 1918 | Bradford (Park Avenue) | H | 3 - 1 | Crowther, Etherington, Elliott | 2,000 |
# 1914 Georgia Bulldogs baseball team

The 1914 Georgia Bulldogs baseball team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia in the 1914 NCAA baseball season, winning the SIAA championship.