OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2013 Eskişehir Cup – Doubles

Marin Draganja and Mate Pavić won the title, defeating Sanchai and Sonchat Ratiwatana in the final, 6–3, 3–6, [10–7].

## Seeds

* Sanchai Ratiwatana / Sonchat Ratiwatana (final)
* Marin Draganja / Mate Pavić (champion)
* David Rice / Sean Thornley (semifinals)
* Chen Ti / Dzmitry Zhyrmont (semifinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | Sa Ratiwatana So Ratiwatana | 3 | 6 | [11] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Jaime Pulgar-García F Veger | 6 | 4 | [9] | | Sa Ratiwatana So Ratiwatana | 7$^7$ | 7 | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | C İlkel Efe Yurtaçan | 7$^9$ | 4 | [10] | WC | C İlkel E Yurtaçan | 6$^2$ | 5 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | S Balaji A Jakupovic | 6$^7$ | 6 | [6] | | | | | | 1 | Sa Ratiwatana So Ratiwatana | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | |
| 4 | T Chen D Zhyrmont | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 4 | T Chen D Zhyrmont | 2 | 6$^4$ | | | | | |
| WC | Durukan Durmuş A Yüksel | 1 | 1 | | 4 | T Chen D Zhyrmont | 6 | 1 | [12] | | | | | | | | | |
| | T Gabashvili U Ignatik | 7$^{11}$ | 6 | | | T Gabashvili U Ignatik | 4 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| | J Cluskey E Corrie | 6$^9$ | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | Sa Ratiwatana So Ratiwatana | 3 | 6 | [7] |
| | N Basilashvili B Klein | 6 | 5 | [5] | | | | | | | | | | 2 | M Draganja M Pavić | 6 | 3 | [10] |
| | E Karlovskiy L Zovko | 3 | 7 | [10] | | E Karlovskiy L Zovko | 2 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Alt | Luis Antonio Pérez Pérez Adrian Sikora | 3 | 1 | | 3 | D Rice S Thornley | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | D Rice S Thornley | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 3 | D Rice S Thornley | 4 | 3 | | | | | |
| | M Neuchrist H Podlipnik-Castillo | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 2 | M Draganja M Pavić | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| WC | Haluk Akkoyun B Ergüden | 4 | 4 | | | M Neuchrist H Podlipnik-Castillo | 1 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | E López-Pérez M Safwat | | | | 2 | M Draganja M Pavić | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | M Draganja M Pavić | w/o | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Parque Temático 5 de Mayo

Parque Temático 5 de Mayo is a park in the city of Puebla, in the Mexican state of Puebla.
# Ernst Vegelin

Jhr. Dr. Ernst Vegelin van Claerbergen (born 10 September 1969, Arnhem) is Head of the Courtauld Gallery, London.

## Selected publications

* David Teniers and the theatre of painting. London: Courtauld Institute of Art, 2006. (Editor) ISBN 978 1903470497
* Renoir at the theatre: looking at La loge. London: Courtauld Gallery in association with Paul Holberton Pub., 2008. (Editor) ISBN 978 1903470732
# David S. Creamer

David S. Creamer (September 3, 1858 – November 17, 1946) was an Ohio politician. He was state treasurer from 1909 to 1913, state fire marshal and Columbus City Treasurer, among other positions.

## Political career

One of David's early childhood heroes was Ross J. Alexander, and Creamer's first political experience was pulling a sleigh carrying voters at the time of Alexander's running for the United States Congress. Creamer's early political career began when he was elected School Director, as well as serving as a township clerk (for Mead Township, Belmont County), being a member of the township Democratic committee and also serving for three years as manager of the Belmont Agricultural Association. In 1892 he accepted the position of Belmont County recorder, a task that many people saw as impossible. He did an excellent job at this position and was re-elected in 1894. On June 1, 1906, Creamer accepted appointment to the position of state fire marshal, during the early part of the administration of then Gov. John M. Pattison. In April, 1908 he was nominated by the Democratic State Convention for state treasurer, the only other Democrat besides Gov. Judson Harmon on the ticket. Creamer served as state treasurer from 1909 until his second term as treasurer expired on January 13, 1913. Two years later in March 1915, he was appointed a member of the Ohio State Board of Administration by Gov. Frank Willis. This board was in charge of the twenty-two state institutions for Ohio. After his political career Creamer continued to live in Columbus, where he was involved in the real estate business and was elected City Treasurer of Columbus in 1930.

## Family life

Creamer was born David Staley Creamer on September 3, 1858, on his family's homestead in Key, Belmont County, Ohio to David Jackson (1829–1911) and Amanda Masters Creamer (1835–1867). The homestead was first purchased by his grandfather, the original David Creamer (1777–1865), an early settler of Ohio, around 1815. Besides an older brother Zadock, he had 2 younger sisters, Emma and Carrie. Creamer lost his mom when he was just 8 years old, and consequently his father remarried in 1869 to Margaret Haines.
Mr. Creamer was married to Gertrude Rebecca Fowler (1874–1944) on October 16, 1890, in Bellaire, Ohio. They had 4 kids, Lorena Verdell [Creamer] McClure, Effie Marie Creamer, David Harold Creamer and Genevieve Fowler Creamer; and six grandchildren, one of whom, Kenneth D. McClure (1921–2000), would later be Mayor of Bexley, Ohio. Creamer resided in Columbus for the rest of his life, living to be 88 years old, and died there on November 17, 1946. He was buried in his family's plot at Union Cemetery in St. Clairsville, Ohio. Source Citation: Year: 1920; Census Place: Columbus Ward 16, Franklin, Ohio; Roll: T625_1383; Page: 5B; Enumeration District: 265; Image: 835.
# 1965 Quantico Marines Devil Dogs football team

The 1965 Quantico Marines Devil Dogs football team represented the Quantico Marine Base in the 1965 college football season. The team was led by first-year head coach Joe Caprara, who had played college football for Notre Dame. The team compiled a 6–4 record, while outscoring their opponents 177–101.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 25 | | at Toledo | Glass BowlToledo, OH | L 0–9 | |
| October 2 | 8:00 p.m. | at Xavier | Xavier StadiumCincinnati, OH | L 12–28 | |
| October 9 | | at Marshall | Fairfield StadiumHuntington, WV | L 9–10 | |
| October 16 | 1:30 p.m. | at Dayton | Baujan FieldDayton, OH | W 10–0 | 12,036 |
| October 23 | 12:30 p.m. | Pensacola NAS | Butler StadiumQuantico, VA | W 37–0 | |
| October 30 | | Camp Lejeune | Butler StadiumQuantico, VA | W 36–12 | |
| November 6 | 1:30 p.m. | at Villanova | Villanova StadiumVillanova, PA | W 32–7 | 7,400 |
| November 13 | | at Camp Lejeune | Jacksonville, NC | W 14–7 | |
| November 20 | | Bradley | Butler StadiumQuantico, VA | L 7–14 | |
| November 27 | | Memphis State | Butler StadiumQuantico, VA | W 20–14 | 3,000 |
| All times are in Eastern timeSource: |||||||
# 1965 Preakness Stakes

The 1965 Preakness Stakes was the 90th running of the $200,000 Preakness Stakes thoroughbred horse race. The race took place on May 15, 1965, and was televised in the United States on the CBS television network. Tom Rolfe, who was jockeyed by Ron Turcotte, won the race by a scant neck over runner-up Dapper Dan. Approximate post time was 5:48 p.m. Eastern Time. The race was run on a fast track in a final time of 1:56-1/5. The Maryland Jockey Club reported total attendance of 38,108, this is recorded as second highest on the list of American thoroughbred racing top attended events for North America in 1965.

## Payout

The 90th Preakness Stakes Payout Schedule
| Program Number | Horse Name | Win | Place | Show |
| 6 | Tom Rolfe | $9.20 | $5.00 | $3.80 |
| 8 | Dapper Dan | - | $7.20 | $4.60 |
| 9 | Hail To All | - | - | $5.60 |

## The full chart

| Finish Position | Margin (lengths) | Post Position | Horse name | Jockey | Trainer | Owner | Post Time Odds | Purse Earnings |
| 1st | 0 | 6 | Tom Rolfe | Ron Turcotte | Frank Whiteley | Powhatan Stable | 3.60-1 | $128,100 |
| 2nd | neck | 8 | Dapper Dan | Ismael Valenzuela | William C. Winfrey | Ogden Phipps | 7.40-1 | $30,000 |
| 3rd | 41/4 | 9 | Hail To All | John Sellers | Edward J. Yowell | Mrs. Ben Cohen | 9.30-1 | $15,000 |
| 4th | 41/2 | 4 | Native Charger | John L. Rotz | Raymond F. Metcalf | Warner Stable | 6.10-1 | $7,500 |
| 5th | 5 | 2 | Swift Ruler | Kenny Knapp | Gin L. Collins | Earl Allen | 42.30-1 | |
| 6th | 6 | 5 | Selari | Howard Grant | Harold Young | Valley Farms | 44.40-1 | |
| 7th | 15 | 7 | Lucky Debonair | Bill Shoemaker | Frank Catrone | Ada L. Rice | 1.60-1 favorite | |
| 8th | 153/4 | 3 | Needles' Count | Eldon Coffman | Les Lear | Abraham I. Savin | 85.70-1 | |
| 9th | 213/4 | 1 | Flag Raiser | Robert Ussery | Hirsch Jacobs | Isidor Bieber | 5.50-1 | |
* Winning Breeder: Raymond R. Guest; (KY)
* Winning Time: 1:56 1/5
* Track Condition: Fast
* Total Attendance: 38,108
# Ernest Kamanzi

Ernest Kamanzi is a Rwandan politician, currently a member of the Chamber of Deputies in the Parliament of Rwanda. Elected at age 28, Kamanzi has stated that one of his major goals is to tackle the youth unemployment crisis in Rwanda.
# Daýhan, Turkmenistan

Daýhan (prior to 1993 Gyzyl Daýhan) is a village in Burguçy geňeşligi, Döwletli District, Lebap Province, in eastern Turkmenistan, near the border with Afghanistan.

## Etymology

The Turkmen word daýhan means "farmer, peasant" in Turkmen, and is borrowed from Persian دهقان (dehghan). The Turkic word kyzyl (gyzyl in Turkmen) means "red" and referred in the Soviet period to the color red, the color of revolution.
# Partisan cemetery in Livno

Partisans' Memorial Cemetery in Livno was built in 1972 to honor the Yugoslav Partisans of Livno who were killed in the National Liberation Front. It is one of the largest partisan cemeteries in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It contains the remains of 171 unidentified partisans as well as the remains of all the partisans killed in the area. The names of the known partisans are carved into the four sides.
During and after the war from 1992 to 1995 it was repeatedly attacked in an attempt to destroy it. During the war it was dynamited twice, but the structure withstood the explosion. It is often defaced by graffiti.
The Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina organizes a yearly mowing and weeding of the area to help preserve the memorial.
# Partial groupoid

In abstract algebra, a partial groupoid (also called halfgroupoid, pargoid, or partial magma) is a set endowed with a partial binary operation.
A partial groupoid is a partial algebra.

## Partial semigroup

A partial groupoid $(G,\circ )$ is called a partial semigroup if the following associative law holds:
For all $x,y,z\in G$ such that $x\circ y\in G$ and $y\circ z\in G$, the following two statements hold:
* $x\circ (y\circ z)\in G$ if and only if $(x\circ y)\circ z\in G$, and
* $x\circ (y\circ z)=(x\circ y)\circ z$ if $x\circ (y\circ z)\in G$ (and, because of 1., also $(x\circ y)\circ z\in G$).
# Partial index

In databases, a partial index, also known as filtered index is an index which has some condition applied to it so that it includes a subset of rows in the table.
This allows the index to remain small, even though the table may be rather large, and have extreme selectivity.
Suppose you have a transaction table where entries start out with STATUS = 'A' (active), and then may pass through other statuses ('P' for pending, 'W' for "being worked on") before reaching a final status, 'F', at which point it is no longer likely to be processed again.
In PostgreSQL, a useful partial index might be defined as:
This index would not bother storing any of the millions of rows that have reached "final" status, 'F', and would allow queries looking for transactions that still "need work" to efficiently search via this index.
Similarly, a partial index can be used to index only those rows where a column is not null, which will be of benefit when the column usually is null.
This index would allow the following query to read only the updated tuples:
It is not necessary that the condition be the same as the index criterion; Stonebraker's paper below presents a number of examples with indexes similar to the following:

## Support

In SQL Server, this type of index is called a filtered index.
Partial indexes have been supported in PostgreSQL since version 7.2, released in February 2002.
SQLite supports partial indexes since version 3.8.0.
MongoDB supports partial indexes since version 3.2.
# Al Jafree Md Yusop

Al Jafree Md Yusop is a Malaysian writer and director of television and feature films.

## Biography

Al Jafree Md Yusop (b. 1966) studied in MARA Junior Science College Kuala Terengganu in 1979, before furthering his studies at UiTM in Arau, Perlis to secure a Diploma in Planting, Industry and Management. After a decade with International Islamic University Malaysia as an accountant and IT manager, he left full-time employment and began a 3-year period he refers to as "Proses Malas" (Malay for "lazy process") where he spent time watching films, reading, and traveling.

## Filmography
### Feature films

| Year | Title | Role |
| 2002 | Paloh | co-wrote with Adman Salleh |
| 2002 | Dukun | co-wrote with Huzir Sulaiman |
| 2017 | Mencari Rahmat | Wrote and directed |

### Telemovies

Al Jafree's involvement with telemovies:
| Year | Title | Role |
| 1999 | Sumbangsih | Writer |
| 2002 | Teman Malam | Writer |
| 2008 | Senandong Malam | Writer |
| 2009 | Joe & Faridah | Writer |
| 2015 | Melur vs Rajawali | Writer and director |
| 2016 | Tulus Ikhlas | Writer |
| 2016 | Kembara Nak Dara | Writer and director |
| 2018 | Ghahim Takut Nak Azan | Director |
| 2020 | Validasi | Director |

## Awards

His awards include:
* 2007 Boh Cameronian Awards, Best Original Script for P. Ramlee The Musical
* 2016 21st Asian Television Awards (ATA), Best Telemovie for Tulus Ikhlas
* 2016 Anugerah Tribute P. Ramlee (Special Jury Prize) for Kembara Nak Dara
* 2018 Kuala Lumpur Film Critics Circle award for Mencari Rahmat
# Al Jaghbub Oasis

The Al Jaghbub Oasis is a protected area in northeastern Libya lying close to the border with Egypt. It adjoins the desert village of Jaghbub which is inhabited by Berbers with a population of about 400.

## Geography

The Al Jaghbub Oasis is located on the northern edge of the Libyan Desert in a deep depression that is sunk about 10 m (33 ft) below sea level. To the north of the oasis are escarpments where the Al Jaghbub Formation dating to the Middle Miocene is exposed. This forms a layer largely composed of dolomite, running to the west where it is equivalent to the Marmarica Foundation and about 180 m (600 ft) thick, and to the east as far as the Moghra Oasis where it is only 5 m (16 ft) thick and has a high sand content. At Al Jaghbub it is about 120 m (400 ft) thick and consists of white to yellow limestone, clay, marl and sandstone. Fossils of echinoderms, bivalve molluscs, gastropods and bryozoans are found in this formation. The Siwa Oasis in western Egypt lies about 100 km (62 mi) to the southeast in a similar depression.

## History

The Al Jaghbub Oasis was an important staging post for trans-Saharan traders and for pilgrims going to Siwa, Cairo and on to Mecca. In 1856, Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi moved the headquarters of the Senussi movement from Bayda to here. Al Jaghbub became a fortress town with an important Islamic university, second only in prestige to the Al-Azhar University in Cairo.

## The oasis

The protected area was set up to provide a habitat in which the native wild animals and plants of the area could flourish. The governmental body overseeing the protected area is the Technical Committee of Wildlife and National Parks which was created in 1990.
The oasis is visited by birds, especially waterfowl, during their annual migrations. It is of particular interest because of the presence here of a subspecies of cockle Cardium edule rectidens, a marine bivalve mollusc.
# Erlulph

Erlulph (died 830) was a Scottish missionary and 10th Bishop of Verden who was martyred by pagans in Germany. His feast day is 10 February.

## Life

John O'Hanlon (1821–1905) wrote that very little is known of Erlulph's life and career beyond two paragraphs by the Bollandists for 2 February. John Colgan (1592–1658) classed him among the Irish saints. Dempster gives his feast day as 22 February and Camerarius says it was 10 February.
Charlemagne introduced Christianity to Saxony around 780 and founded bishoprics at Minden and Verden. Some say that Erlulph died in 815. Another account says he died at a place named Eppockstorp or Ebbeckstorp in 830, 839 or 856, killed by pagan Saxons or Norsemen. Others say that he was the 10th bishop of Verden and was living there in 876. Dempster says that Erlulph was the 9th bishop of Verden and the last of the Scottish bishops.
The relics of the bishops were found in 1630 during repair of the old cathedral of Verden and were encased in a casket. In 1659 Bishop Francis William took the relics with him to Regensburg when he fled from the Swedes.

## Butler's account

The hagiographer Alban Butler wrote in his Lives of the primitive fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints (1798),
   St. Erlulph, Bishop and Martyr, Native of Scotland
   SEVERAL Scottish missionaries passed into the North-western parts of Germany, to sow there the seeds of the faith, at the time when Charlemagne subdued the Saxons. In imitation of these apostolic men, saint Erlulph, an holy Scotchman, went thither, and after employing many years with great success in that arduous mission, was chosen the tenth bishop of Verdun. His zeal in propagating the faith enraged the barbarous infidels, and he was slain by them at a place called Eppokstorp, in 830. See Krantzius, l. 3. Metrop. c. 30. Democh. Catal. episc. Verd. Pantaleon, &c.
# 2013 Tashkent Challenger

The 2013 Tashkent Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the sixth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2013 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Tashkent, Uzbekistan between 7 and 13 October 2013.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| SVK | Lukáš Lacko | 81 | 1 |
| RUS | Evgeny Donskoy | 88 | 2 |
| ISR | Dudi Sela | 89 | 3 |
| UKR | Sergiy Stakhovsky | 94 | 4 |
| FRA | Stéphane Robert | 115 | 5 |
| RUS | Teymuraz Gabashvili | 118 | 6 |
| UKR | Oleksandr Nedovyesov | 127 | 7 |
| SUI | Marco Chiudinelli | 161 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of September 30, 2013.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Sanjar Fayziev
* Temur Ismailov
* Djurabeck Karimov
* Shonigmatjon Shofayziyev
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Sarvar Ikramov
* Lim Yong-Kyu
* Lucas Pouille
* Danai Udomchoke

## Champions
### Singles

* Dudi Sela def. Teymuraz Gabashvili 6–1, 6–2

### Doubles

* Mikhail Elgin / Teymuraz Gabashvili def. Purav Raja / Divij Sharan 6–4, 6–4
# Alanbaşı, Vezirköprü

Alanbaşı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Vezirköprü, Samsun Province, Turkey. Its population is 35 (2022).
# Alain Fauconnier

Alain Fauconnier (born 20 February 1945) is a French politician and a former member of the Senate of France. He represented the Aveyron department as a member of the Socialist Party.
# Ernst Heeger

Ernst Heeger (1783, Perchtoldsdorf – 1866, Laxenburg), was an Austrian amateur entomologist. He was a graduate of the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, a "Privatcadet" in the Napoleonic Wars, and from 1816 an employee of the Magistrat (administrative authority) of Vienna Later he founded a school of languages and drawing in Mödling. As an entomologist, he was particularly interested in the biology of insects and in the benefits and damage caused by insects. He collaborated with Vincenz Kollar.He published a series of entomology works entitled Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Insecten and he was a pioneer of micrography publishing Album microscopisch-photographischer Darstellungen aus dem Gebiete der Zoologie between 1861 and 1863.
# Dead Again (Mercyful Fate album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal | 8/10 |
| Rock Hard | 8.5/10 |
| Sputnikmusic | 3.1/5 |
Dead Again is the sixth studio album by Danish heavy metal band Mercyful Fate, released on 9 June 1998 through Metal Blade Records. It marks the first album from Mercyful Fate that Michael Denner is not present on. It also marked a new era for the band, as the production is more muddy and raw, and the guitar tone is more distorted than on the three previous albums. In addition, the album introduced a more complex and arguably progressive sound to several of its tracks.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by King Diamond

## Personnel

Mercyful Fate
* King Diamond – vocals
* Hank Shermann – guitars
* Mike Wead – guitars
* Sharlee D'Angelo – bass
* Bjarne T. Holm – drums
Production
* King Diamond – mixing, mastering
* Sterling Winfield – production, engineering, mixing
* Kol Marshall – engineering
* Chris Estes – assistant engineering
# Pat Lyons

Patrick Jerry Lyons (March 1860 – January 20, 1914) was a Major League Baseball player. Lyons played for the Cleveland Spiders in the 1890 season as a second baseman.
Lyons was born in Belleville, Ontario and died in Springfield, Ohio.

## Professional career

Before playing at the major league level, Lyons played for Springfield of the Tri-State League, Hamilton and the Dayton Reds in 1889. He played for Dayton again in 1890 before being purchased by the Spiders.
Lyons played in 11 games in his one-year career. He had a .053 batting average, with two hits in 38 at bats. He batted and threw right-handed.
He played for Meadville of the New York–Penn League in 1891, Quincy Ravens of the Illinois–Indiana League in the 1892, the Johnstown Terrors of the Pennsylvania State League in 1893, the Staunton Hayseeds/Newport News-Hampton Deckhands of the Virginia League in 1894, the Petersburg Farmers of the Virginia State League in 1895.
# Davy Tower

The Davy Tower is a feature of the York city walls in England.
The stone tower was built around 1250, probably at the end of a wall or earthwork leading to Castlegate, around the moat of York Castle. It was first recorded in 1315, and by 1424 the part of the city inside the walls was occupied by the York Franciscan Friary. Until 1553, a chain could be strung across the River Ouse from the tower to a now-demolished tower near Skeldergate. From 1607, a public toilet adjoined the tower, on the river side, known as the "Sugar House". In 1732, it was replaced by a stone arch, the Friargate Postern.
Around 1730, the tower was altered, when a summerhouse was constructed in its southern corner: the basement in stone, and the raised ground floor in brick. It was extended in about 1830, and has since filled all but the north-west corner of the tower, which has been demolished. The building was extended again in the 20th century, incorporating a coal store and a new concrete floor. In 1954, it was Grade II* listed.
The mediaeval stone wall is about 10 feet high and 1 foot 8 thick, and it retains two original windows: an arrowslit in a cross shape, and a musket loop. Some internal features survive from the 18th century, including a chimneypiece, window seats, a dado rail with panelling, and a cornice.
# Cyril Lear

Cyril James Lear (9 September 1911 – 11 March 1987) was a British newspaper editor.
Lear grew up in Plymouth, where he attended the Hoe Grammar School. He went into journalism and worked at the Western Morning News from 1928, moving to the Torquay Times in 1932, the Daily Mail in 1934 and The Daily Telegraph in 1938.
During World War II, he served as a rifleman with the Queen's Westminsters, before obtaining a commission as a major in the Royal Berkshire Regiment. After the war, he was employed by the News of the World, rising to become Features Editor, Assistant Editor and then Deputy Editor. He finally served as Editor of the newspaper from 1970 and Editorial Manager from 1973.