OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Australian Mathematics Competition

The Australian Mathematics Competition is a mathematics competition run by the Australian Maths Trust for students from year 3 to year 12, in Australia, and their equivalent grades in other countries.

## History

The forerunner of the competition, first held in 1976, was open to students within the Australian Capital Territory, and attracted 1,200 entries. In 1976 and 1977, the outstanding entrants were awarded the Burroughs medal.
In 1978, the competition became a nationwide event, and became known as the Australian Mathematics Competition for the Wales awards, with 60,000 students from Australia and New Zealand participating.
The competition has spread to countries such as New Zealand, Singapore, Fiji, Tonga, Taiwan, China and Malaysia. A French translation of the paper has been available since 1978, with Chinese translation being made available to Hong Kong and Taiwan students in 2000. Large print and braille versions are also available.
In 2004, the competition was expanded to allow two more divisions, one for year five and six students, and another for year three and four students.

## Format

The competition paper consists of twenty-five multiple-choice questions and five integer questions, which are ordered in increasing difficulty.
Students are allowed 75 minutes (60 minutes for the two primary papers) to read and answer the questions. Calculators are not permitted for secondary-level entrants, but geometrical aids such as rulers, compasses, protractors and paper for working are permitted.
# Pseudorhaphitoma agna

Pseudorhaphitoma agna is a small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 5.5 mm, its diameter 2 mm.
(Original description) A pure milky white much attenuate species, sometimes with a pale ochraceous dorsal clouding. It contains 7 to 8 ventricose whorls. It shows longitudinally few ribs. These are decurrent and descending in the same plane from whorl to whorl, transversely very finely striolate, the striae surrounding the whole shell, including the ribs. The aperture is obliquely oblong. The sinus is inconspicuous. The outer lip is effuse, and, as well as the columella, quite simple within.

## Distribution

This marine genus occurs off New Caledonia
# Abala District

Abala is a district in the Plateaux Region of central Republic of the Congo. The capital lies at Abala.
# Arthur Jervis

Arthur Warden Jervis (26 February 1905 – 12 December 1987) was an international motorcycle speedway rider from England. He earned two international caps for the England national speedway team.

## Biography

Jervis, born in Coventry, rode in the pioneer years of British speedway, riding dirt track meetings in his home city of Coventry from the age of 14 and becoming champion of the Midlands and North in 1928. He also bought a garage in Coventry.
He began his British leagues career riding for White City Manchester during the inaugural 1929 Speedway English Dirt Track League season. His two seasons with the Manchester club were chaotic because they withdrew from the league on both occasions. He also raced a couple of times for Belle Vue Aces.
In 1931, Leicester Super team manager Alec Jackson signed Jervis as the new captain, also signing Australian international Bruce McCullum, Tommy Price, Cliff Watson, and Alf Summersby. He enjoyed a full season of league racing for Leicester Super, recording an impressive 10.14 league average for the club. This was the second best league average behind Eric Langton.
Following the amalgamation of the Southern and Northern leagues for the 1932 Speedway National League season, he moved to London to ride for the West Ham Hammers.
Jervis cut his speedway career short after the 1932 season. Despite being capped by England and still being in demand by teams, he chose to concentrate on his builder's business in Coventry.
# Faugère's F4 and F5 algorithms

In computer algebra, the Faugère F4 algorithm, by Jean-Charles Faugère, computes the Gröbner basis of an ideal of a multivariate polynomial ring. The algorithm uses the same mathematical principles as the Buchberger algorithm, but computes many normal forms in one go by forming a generally sparse matrix and using fast linear algebra to do the reductions in parallel.
The Faugère F5 algorithm first calculates the Gröbner basis of a pair of generator polynomials of the ideal. Then it uses this basis to reduce the size of the initial matrices of generators for the next larger basis:
   If G$_{prev}$ is an already computed Gröbner basis (f$_2$, …, f$_m$) and we want to compute a Gröbner basis of (f$_1$) + G$_{prev}$ then we will construct matrices whose rows are m f$_1$ such that m is a monomial not divisible by the leading term of an element of G$_{prev}$.
This strategy allows the algorithm to apply two new criteria based on what Faugère calls signatures of polynomials. Thanks to these criteria, the algorithm can compute Gröbner bases for a large class of interesting polynomial systems, called regular sequences, without ever simplifying a single polynomial to zero—the most time-consuming operation in algorithms that compute Gröbner bases. It is also very effective for a large number of non-regular sequences.

## Implementations

The Faugère F4 algorithm is implemented
* in FGb, Faugère's own implementation, which includes interfaces for using it from C/C++ or Maple,
* in Maple computer algebra system, as the option method=fgb of function Groebner[gbasis]
* in the Magma computer algebra system,
* in the SageMath computer algebra system,
Study versions of the Faugère F5 algorithm is implemented in
* the SINGULAR computer algebra system;
* the SageMath computer algebra system.
* in SymPy Python package.

## Applications

The previously intractable "cyclic 10" problem was solved by F5, as were a number of systems related to cryptography; for example HFE and C$^*$.
# Erhard Riecke

Rudolf Erhard Riecke (11 May 1869, in Aschersleben – 15 November 1939, in Leipzig) was a German dermatologist and venereologist.
He studied medicine at the universities of Munich and Halle, receiving his doctorate in 1895. In 1902 he obtained his habilitation for dermatology at the University of Leipzig, and in 1908 became an associate professor. From 1914 onward, he was a professor of dermatology at the University of Göttingen, where in 1932 he was named academic rector. In 1917 he was appointed director of the new university policlinic for skin and venereal diseases.
He is remembered for his research of ichthyosis congenita, a disease he classified into three types based on severity (ichthyosis congenita gravis, mitis and tarda). In 1900 he published Über Ichtyosis congenita regarding the disorder.

## Selected works

* Hygiene der Haut, Haare und Nägel, im gesunden und kranken Zustande, 1905 – Hygiene of the skin, hair and nails, in healthy and diseased conditions.
* Verzeichnis der periodischen Schriften medizinischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Inhalts in der Bibliothek, den medizinischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Instituten der Universität Leipzig (Based on Werner Spalteholz, continued by Erhard Riecke, 1907) – List of the periodicals of medical and natural sciences in the library, the medical and natural sciences institutes of the University of Leipzig.
* Lehrbuch der Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten (1909, 5th edition 1920) – Textbook of skin and sexual diseases.
* Creeping disease (with Johann Heinrich Rille) In: Handbuch der Hautkrankheiten, volume 4, 2, 1909 – The creeping disease.
# AMC 20

The AMC Model 20 is an automotive axle manufactured by American Motors and AM General.

## General specifications

AMC 20s have an 8 7/8" ring gear and use a 29 spline axle shaft.
The AMC 20 was most often used with V8 engines in cars and Jeeps. It was also used in the AM General Humvee.

## Ratios

There were many ratios offered over the lifetime of the AMC 20. Letter codes were stamped on the axle to indicate installed gears. AMC changed or reused letter codes during the axle's long life. There are other gear ratios available in the aftermarket.
| Letter Code Open Differential | Letter Code "Twin Grip" | Ratio:1 | Pinion:Ring Gear Teeth |
| W | - | 2.56 | 16:41 |
| AA | DD | 2.73 | 15:41 |
| C | O | 2.87 | 15:43 |
| X | Y | 3.07 | 14:43 |
| B | P | 3.15 | 13:41 |
| BB | CC | 3.31 | 13:43 |
| A | N | 3.54 | 11:39 |
| D | O | 3.91 | 11:43 |
| L | M | 4.10 | 10:41 |
# Alexander Dolgov (physicist)

Alexander Dmitriyevich Dolgov (born 1 July 1941) is a Russian physicist and a professor at Novosibirsk State University and the University of Ferrara who is known for his contribution in cosmology and astroparticle physics.

## Public position

In February 2022, he signed an open letter by Russian scientists condemning the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

## Awards

* Lenin Komsomol Prize, 1973.
* Landau-Weizmann in Theoretical Physics (Weizmann Institute of Science), 1996
* Bruno Pontecorvo Prize (JINR, Dubna, Russia), 2009
* Friedmann Prize (Russian Academy of Sciences), 2011
* Markov Prize in 2014
* Member of the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation.
* Member of the Assembly of Experts INTAS (until 2008).

## Books

* Basics of modern cosmology
* Introduction to Particle Cosmology: The Standard Model of Cosmology and its Open Problems
# Gento (son of Genseric)

Gento was the fourth and youngest son of Genseric, the founder of the Vandal Kingdom in Africa, and father of the vandal kings Gunthamund and Thrasamund. According to Procopius, at the Battle of Cape Bon during the Vandal War (461–468) the Vandals seized a Roman ship. A Roman General named John leaped off the ship to his death despite Gento, “offering pledges and holding out promises of safety.” Gento died in battle in 477.
Gunthamund (c. 450–496), King of the Vandals and Alans (484–496) was the third king of the north African Kingdom of the Vandals. He succeeded his unpopular uncle Huneric, and for that reason alone, enjoyed a rather successful reign. Gunthamund was the second son born to Gento. Because most of Genseric's immediate family was dead, his elder brothers having been murdered by Huneric, Gunthamund found himself as the eldest male member of the family when Huneric died in 484. In accordance with his grandfather's laws on succession, which decreed that the oldest member of the family will be the successor, he was proclaimed king.
Thrasamund (450–523), King of the Vandals and Alans (496–523), was the fourth king of the north African Kingdom of the Vandals, and reigned longer than any other Vandal king in Africa other than his grandfather Genseric. Thrasamund was the third son of Gento, and became king in 496 after all of Genseric's sons and his own brother, King Gunthamund, had died.
# Bideford, New Zealand

Bideford is a small rural settlement, located in the Masterton district in the Wairarapa region of the North Island of New Zealand. The town is located 35 kilometres northeast of Masterton and a similar distance southwest of Eketāhuna. Bideford had a primary school until the Wairarapa school merge of 2004.

## Name

The settlement is named after Bideford, Devon, and was previously known as Upper Taueru until 1878.

## Demographics

Bideford is part of the Whareama statistical area.

## Residents

* John Falloon, Member of Parliament lived in Bideford at the time of his death.
* Jack Williams, Member of Parliament farmed in Bideford
# Gerhard Raspé

Gerhard Raspé (born 20 January 1928 in Bucharest, died 1 September 1974 in West Berlin) was a Romanian-born German organic chemist, who served as research director at Schering AG and a member of the company's executive board.

## Education and career

Following his studies of organic chemistry at the Brunswick University of Technology and the University of Madrid, he obtained a doctorate in chemistry (Dr.rer.nat.) and worked as a researcher in the field of steroid hormones and biochemistry at the pharmaceutical company Schering AG. In 1964, he became a member of the executive board of Schering and the company's director of research. He was a board member of the Max Planck Society and a member of the German Council of Science and Humanities. He died in 1974, aged 46.
# Pseudorhaphitoma albula

Pseudorhaphitoma albula is a small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 6 mm, its diameter 2.1 mm.

## Distribution

This marine genus occurs off Sumatra, Indonesia.
# RTL Crime

RTL Crime may refer to:
* RTL Crime (Croatian TV channel), the TV channel broadcasting in Croatia
* RTL Crime (Dutch TV channel), the TV channel broadcasting in the Netherlands
* RTL Crime (German TV channel), the TV channel broadcasting in Germany
# Punthorst

Punthorst (Dutch pronunciation:) is a hamlet in the Dutch municipality of Staphorst in Overijssel. As of 2021, it had a population of 970.
Punthorst is a relatively young residential area, which mostly emerged in the 1930s. The place was first attested as de Punt in 1830–1855. Punthorst itself is most likely a compound of punt ('point') and horst ('overgrown elevated place').
# Faugères

Faugères may refer to the following places in France:
* Faugères, Ardèche, a commune in the department of Ardèche
* Faugères, Hérault, a commune in the department of Hérault
** Faugères AOC, an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) wine from Faugères, Hérault
# George Bowman (pioneer)

George Bowman (10 February 1699–2 March 1768) was an 18th-century American pioneer, landowner and a prominent Indian fighter in the early history of the Virginia Colony. He, along with his father-in-law Jost Hite, was one of the first to explore and settle Shenandoah Valley. His estate, on which Fort Bowman was founded, was one of the earliest homes to be built in Shenandoah Valley and is the site of present-day Strasburg, Virginia.
Four of his sons, Joseph, Isaac, Abraham and Johannes, also became well-known frontiersmen in Kentucky during the late 1770s. His great-grandson, John Bryan Bowman founded Kentucky University and Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentucky. Their older brother, Jacob, was also a famous American pioneer.

## Biography

Born in the Holy Roman Empire on the West bank of the Rhine in present-day Germany, he arrived aboard the ship William and Sarah in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1727 where he later met and married Mary Hite in 1731. He was one of the first to settle in the Shenandoah Valley with his father-in-law Jost Hite and brothers-in-law Jacob Chrisman and Paul Froman during the early 1730s. He and his wife, Mary Hite, later settled on the banks of Cedar Creek located 8 miles (13 km) south of Peter Stephens' Newtown settlement (present-day Stephens City, Virginia). They would eventually establish a 1,000-acre (4.0 km$^2$) tract of land on which Fort Bowman was later built. He later received a tract of land from his father-in-law, 145 acres (0.59 km$^2$) on Lenville's Creek in Frederick County.
On Cedar Creek they raised their thirteen children, including Abraham, Isaac Bowman, Joseph and John Bowman. In 1746 and 1749, he bought 2 large tracts of land amounting to over 1,000 acres (4.0 km$^2$) on Linville Creek on which he constructed and operated a grist mill later known as "Bowman's Mill"; the mill, as of 1972, was still in operation near present-day Bartonsville, Virginia. On August 14, he deeded some of his property to his widowed mother livestock and various household goods. Among his property including one horse, one mare, two cows, two yearling heifers and a slave known as Harry.
In 1752 or 1753, while living on Ceder Creek, Bowman built a colonial mansion known as Ft Bowman or Harmony Hall which is listed on the "National Register" of historic places. Following his death in 1768, his sons inherited the Estate. Part of the Estate was sold by John Bowman to an Abraham Miller in July of that year. The Bowman home, one of the first homes built in the Shenandoah Valley, still exists and remains one of the oldest historical buildings in the state. His son Isaac and his first and second wife as well as Samuel Kercheval and his daughters are buried in the family graveyard located 200 yards (180 m) West of the house.
# Aspidoscelis parvisocius

Aspidoscelis parvisocius, the Mexican pigmy whiptail, is a species of teiid lizard endemic to Mexico.
# River City Jaguars

The River City Jaguars were a USA Hockey-sanctioned Tier III Junior A ice hockey team playing in the Northern Pacific Hockey League (NorPac).

## History

The franchise joined the NorPac in 2004 when the league was a Jr. B league. They originally played at Valley Ice Arena in Beaverton, Oregon. In 2007 the league and member teams were granted Tier III Jr. A status by USA Hockey, the governing body for ice hockey in the United States.
In 2010, the Jaguars began playing out of the Mountain View Ice Arena in Vancouver, Washington. After one season in Vancouver, the Jaguars were renamed and became the Vancouver Victory. The next season the Victory renamed again to Vancouver Vipers and then in 2013 became the Fort Vancouver Vipers.
On October 14, 2014, the Fort Vancouver Vipers Hockey Club ceased all operations due to an insufficient number of players and a recent increase in player injuries.

## Alumni

The NorPac was for 16 to 20-year-old player development in a professional environment while maintaining their amateur status for college eligibility. The Jaguars franchise has had a number of alumni move on to collegiate programs and higher levels of junior ice hockey in the United States and Canada.
On November 27, 2005, Jaguars player, Jonathan Medina from California, died in an accident. In honor of Medina, the Jaguars retired his jersey and number.
On April 13, 2010, the franchise saw its first alumnus sign with an NHL team when Jake Newton signed a three-year entry-level contract with the Anaheim Ducks.

## Team affiliates

The River City Jaguars had been affiliated with the Tier II Alaska Avalanche of the North American Hockey League and the Tier I Tri-City Storm of the United States Hockey League to further player growth and development.
In 2012, the Vancouver Vipers affiliated with the Canadian Junior A Coquitlam Express of the British Columbia Hockey League which they maintained until ceasing operations in 2014.
# Bide Your Time (EP)

Bide Your Time is the debut extended play (EP) by British rock band Billy Bibby & The Wry Smiles, produced by Russ Hayes at Orange Sound Recording Studio in Penmaenmawr, North Wales. It was released on 5 February 2016 digitally and on CDs available for purchase at shows. The EP's title refers to a song that Billy Bibby has said will be released at a later date. Bibby has also stated that Bide Your Time describes the music business in that one must be patient and hardworking to succeed.

## Background

Prior to the release of Bide Your Time, the track "Waitin' for You" premiered on Adam Walton's show on BBC Radio Wales, initially in a home studio version on 25 July 2015 and in the final EP version on 7 November 2015. The world premiere of "Don't Fall" also aired on Adam Walton's show on 30 January 2016 in anticipation of the 5 February 2016 release date. Tracks have also been played by Clint Boon and Phil Clifton on Radio X, Nessi Holt on Radio Kaos Caribou, and John Rose on UIC Radio in Chicago.
In describing what he wanted to achieve musically with this debut EP, following a departure in 2014 from his first band, Catfish and the Bottlemen, Billy Bibby has stated, “I want to bring back something like Fleetwood Mac’s Rumours or Dire Straits’ Brothers in Arms where there's a bit more going on; there's a bit more depth to the songs, in the vocals, in the harmonies. It's pop-infused, but not just simple pop. It's not country, but it's got a bit of a twang to it. It's indie and it's rock. It's got a little bit of everything. I think the time is right for it.”
On his 29 December 2015 broadcast, Manchester Radio X DJ Clint Boon described Billy Bibby's music as “That classic sort of British songwriting with a strong nod to Americiana.”

## Track listing

* "Don't Fall" – 4:10
* "This Kind of Summer" – 3:49
* "Waitin' for You" – 3:31
* "Believe Me" – 2:41

## Personnel

* Billy Bibby – lead vocals, guitar
* Rob Jones – lead guitar, vocals
* Matt Thomas – bass, vocals
* Mike Pearce – drums
* Russ Hayes – producer at Orange Sound Recording Studio
# Aureochromes

Aureochromes are blue light photoreceptors as well as transcription factors found only in stramenopiles so far.

## Description

It was first discovered in Vaucheria frigida in 2007, by Takahashi et.al. Photosynthetic eukaryotes mainly convert sunlight into energy via photosynthesis, but light also is important for movement and development, regulation of biological activities. The effective wavelength for light responses in photosynthetic eukaryotes is mainly in the red light (RL) and blue light (BL) regions (Mohr 1980; Furuya 1993). The red/far-red receptor phytochrome and phytochrome-mediated responses like suppression of hypocotyl growth have been studied intensively. BL-induced responses may include phototropism and chloroplast photo-relocation movement (Christie 2007). Various BL receptors have been discovered in green plants. Takahashi et.al isolated BL receptors from the Xanthophyceae alga, Vaucheria in 2007 and named it Aureochrome (Latin meaning: aureus = gold). This new class of blue light photoreceptors is unique in a way because of the presence of a bZIP (DNA binding domain) along with LOV (light perception) domain which makes it function as transcription factor as well as photoreceptor as shown by Takahashi et al. in 2007.
Four orthologues of aureochromes have been identified in model diatom P. tricornutum, i.e. AUREO 1a, 1b, 1c and 2. Aureo1a recognizes the sequence TGACGT, which is the typical binding site for certain subfamilies of bZIP transcription factors. It was also shown that PtAUREO1a and 1c are regulated in a light-independent circadian rhythm and that they are capable of forming homodimers and heterodimers which recognize the ACGT core sequence within the aureochrome. The photoreactions of AUREO 1 protein have been studied recently by Tsuguyoshi et al (2011) and they concluded that the AUREO1-LOV exists in equilibrium between the monomer and dimer. Huysman et al. showed that Aureo1a is involved in regulation of expression of diatom-specific cyclin dsCYC2 which is involved in G1 to S phase transition after dark arrest in 2013. Aureo1a, indeed is shown to function as a repressor of high light acclimation.
# Pseudopogonatherum

Pseudopogonatherum is a genus of Asian and Australian plants in the grass family .

## Species

* Pseudopogonatherum contortum (Brongn.) A.Camus - China, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia
* Pseudopogonatherum filifolium (S.L.Chen) H.Yu, Y.F.Deng & N.X.Zhao - Anhui
* Pseudopogonatherum irritans (R.Br.) A.Camus - Myanmar, Thailand, Philippines, New Guinea, Australia
* Pseudopogonatherum quadrinerve (Hack.) Ohwi - Japan, Korea, China, Himalayas, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia
* Pseudopogonatherum speciosum (Debeaux) Ohwi - Japan, Korea, China, Himalayas, Indochina, Malaysia, Philippines
* Pseudopogonatherum trispicatum (Schult.) Ohwi - Yunnan, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia
# RTL Croatia World

RTL Croatia World is an international TV channel dedicated to Croats living outside Croatia operated by the CME Group as of 1 June 2022. The channel was launched on 11 July 2016.
RTL Croatia World focuses its programming on news and entertainment, bringing the shows and series of RTL Televizija, RTL 2 and RTL Kockica to its audience.

## Distribution

The channel is available via Euro World Network in North America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, A1 Telekom Austria in Austria, Flip TV in Australia, SBB in Serbia and via NetTV Plus.
# Richard Dawes

Richard Dawes may refer to:
* Richard Dawes (classical scholar) (1708–1766), English classical scholar
* Richard Dawes (educationalist) (1793–1867), English cleric and educationalist
* Richard Jeffries Dawes (1897–1983), Canadian World War I flying ace