# Alvis Leonides

The Alvis Leonides is a British air-cooled nine-cylinder radial aero engine first developed by Alvis Car and Engineering Company in 1936.

## Design and development

Development of the nine-cylinder engine was led by Capt. George Thomas Smith-Clarke. The prototype engine, called 9ARS and which weighed 693 lb and developed 450 hp, was run in December 1936. In 1938 Airspeed (1934) Ltd lent their test pilot, George Errington, and their much rebuilt Bristol Bulldog (K3183), to carry out test flights. Development was continued at a reduced pace during the Second World War and following testing in an Airspeed Oxford and an Airspeed Consul (VX587). Alvis was ready to market the engine in 1947 as the Series 500 (502, 503 and sub-types) for aeroplanes and Series 520 for helicopters. (Most helicopter engines were direct drive — no reduction gearbox — with a centrifugal clutch and fan cooling). The first production use was the Percival Prince, which flew in July 1948 and the Westland Sikorsky S-51 and Westland WS-51 Dragonfly helicopters. From 1959 the stroke was increased to 4.8 inches for the Series 530 (mainly the Mk. 531 for Twin Pioneers) rated at 640 hp. It was Britain's last high-power production piston aero-engine when manufacture ceased in 1966.

## Variants

Notes: LE designations from Air Ministry system ( where known); 500 series designations from Alvis company designation system; Mark numbers for civil variants.

### Alvis 9ARS

    pre-war precursor to the Leonides – 450 hp (340 kW)/ 0.5:1

### LE.1M

    (Leonides 501/1) – 520 hp (390 kW)/3,000 rpm/+6.6 lb boost/ 0.5:1

### LE.2M

    (Leonides 501/2) – 0.625:1 reduction gearing, remote accessories

### LE.3M

    (Leonides 501/3) – 0.5:1 reduction gearing, remote accessories

### LE.4M

    (Leonides 501/4) – 0.625:1 reduction gearing

### LE.12HMH

    (Leonides 522/2) Horizontal direct-drive for helicopters

### LE.21HMV

    (Leonides 522/1) Vertical direct-drive for helicopters

### LE.23HM

    (Leonides 524/1) Vertical direct-drive for helicopters

### LE.24HMV

    (Leonides 524/1) Vertical opposite rotation reduction-geared drive for helicopters

### LE.25HMV

    (Leonides 523/1)

### Leonides 501

    500 hp (370 kW)/3,000 rpm/+6.6 lb boost/ 0.5:1

### Leonides 502

    520 / 540 hp (390 / 400 kW)

### Leonides 503

    520–560 hp (390–420 kW)

### Leonides 504

    520 / 540 hp (390 / 400 kW)

### Leonides 514

    550–560 hp (410–420 kW)

### Leonides 521

    480–540 hp (360–400 kW)

### Leonides 522

    520–570 hp (390–430 kW)

### Leonides 523

    520 / 540 hp (390 / 400 kW) Helicopter vertical drive

### Leonides 524

    500 / 520 hp (370 / 390 kW) Helicopter vertical drive

### Leonides 525

    500 / 520 hp (370 / 390 kW)

### Leonides 530

    540 hp (400 kW) Long stroke

### Leonides 531

    640 / 650 hp (480 / 480 kW) Long stroke (+ 10mm), supercharger ratio 6.5:1

### Leonides 532

    620 hp (460 kW) Long stroke (+ 10mm), supercharger ratio 7.91:1

### Leonides Mark 22

    (Leonides 503/2)

### Leonides Mark 24

    (Leonides 503/4)

### Leonides Mark 50

    (Leonides 521/2)

### Leonides Mark 70

    (Leonides 523/1)

### Leonides Mark 125

    (Leonides 504/5)

### Leonides Mark 125 01/2

    (Leonides 503/5)

### Leonides Mark 126

    (Leonides 503/6A)

### Leonides Mark 127 01/2

    (Leonides 503/7A)

### Leonides Mark 128

    (Leonides 504/8B)

### Leonides Mark 130

    (Leonides 503/7)

### Leonides Mark 138

    (Leonides 531/8B) 640 / 650 hp (480 / 480 kW) Long stroke (+ 10mm)

### Leonides Mark 173

    (Leonides 524/1 & 525/1)

## Applications

* Agusta AZ.8L 4x 503/2
* Bristol Sycamore — 1x Mk. 173, 550 hp (410 kW)
* Cunliffe-Owen Concordia — 2x LE.4M, 550 hp
* de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver Mk.2 — 1x 502/4, 520 hp, 520shp (388 kW)
* Fairchild F-11-2 Husky — 1x 550 hp
* Fairey Gyrodyne — one 525 hp to drive rotor and propeller
* Fairey Jet Gyrodyne — one 525 hp to drive air compressor and propellers
* Fiat G.49-1 — 1x 502/4 Mk 24, 550 hp
* Handley Page H.P.R.2 Basic Trainer (WE505 only) — 1 x 502/4, 550 hp
* Harker Leo-cat — 1x 560 hp (418 kW)
* Percival P.50 Prince — 2 x 501/4, 502/4, 503 or 504, 520 hp
* Percival P.57 Sea Prince — 2 x Mk. 125, 550 hp
* Percival P.66 President — 2 x 503/7A, Mk 128 01/2, 540/560 hp (400–420 kW)
* Percival P.66 Pembroke — 2 x Mk. 127, 540 hp
* Percival Provost — 1x Mk. 126, 550 hp
* Server-Aero Leo-cat — 1x 560 hp (418 kW)
* Scottish Aviation Pioneer 2 — 1 x 503/7A, Mk 128 01/2, 520 hp
* Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer CC.1 — 2 x 514/8, 550 hp
* Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer CC.2 — 2 x 531/8,Mk138, 640 hp (564 kW)
* SR.N1 Hovercraft — the first hovercraft
* Westland Dragonfly — 1x 521/1, 520shp
* Westland Widgeon — 1x 521/1, 520shp

## Survivors

* A Leonides 126-powered Hunting Percival Provost (G-KAPW) with CAA permission to fly as XF603, owned by the Shuttleworth Trust and based at Old Warden, Bedfordshire is airworthy as of 2017, and is displayed to the public at home airshows during the airshow season.
* The world's only surviving Gloster Gauntlet, formerly powered by a Bristol Mercury VI engine, is now powered by a Leonides 503.
* A privately owned, Leonides-powered Percival Pembroke remains airworthy in March 2010.
* Two privately owned Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneers are flying in Australia

## Engines on display

Preserved Alvis Leonides engines are on public display at the following museums:
* Fleet Air Arm Museum
* Gatwick Aviation Museum
* Midland Air Museum
* Museum of Science and Industry (Manchester)
* Royal Air Force Museum Cosford
* Shuttleworth Collection
* The Helicopter Museum (Weston)
* Cornwall Aviation Heritage Centre
* Solent Sky
* East Midlands Aeropark
* City of Norwich Aviation Museum in Horsham St Faith, Norfolk.

## Specifications (Leonides)
### General characteristics

* Type: 9-cylinder supercharged air-cooled radial piston engine.
* Bore: 4.8 inch (122 mm)
* Stroke: 4.41 inch (112 mm)
* Displacement: 718.6 in3 (11.8 L)
* Diameter: 41 inch (1.04 m)
* Dry weight: 815 lb (370 kg)

### Components

* Valvetrain: Two pushrod-actuated poppet valves per cylinder with sodium-cooled exhaust valve.
* Supercharger: Single speed, single stage, boost pressure automatically linked to the throttle.
* Fuel system: Hobson single-point fuel injection unit.
* Fuel type: Petrol, 115 Octane
* Oil system: Dry sump
* Cooling system: Air-cooled.

### Performance

* Power output: 550 hp (410 kW)