OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Postage stamps of Bushire under British occupation

Bushehr or Bushire is a city on the southwestern coast of Iran, on the Persian Gulf. It is the chief seaport of the country and the administrative centre of Bushehr Province.

## History

Bushire was used as a base by the British Royal Navy in the late 18th century. In the 19th century, Bushehr became an important commercial port. It was occupied by British forces in 1856, during the Anglo-Persian War of 1856–1857. Bushehr surrendered to the British on 9 December 1856. It was occupied again by the British in 1915, the second time due to German intrigue, most notably by Wilhelm Wassmuss and Rais Ali Delvari.

## Postage stamps

Bushire has long been of interest to stamp collectors, since, during their 1915 occupation, the British issued postage stamps. The occupation lasted from 8 August to 16 October, when it was terminated by agreement with the Persian government. The first stamps issued were overprints on Persian stamps of 1911 reading BUSHIRE / Under British / Occupation., issued on 15 August. The same overprint was applied in September, to the series of Persian stamps issued in 1915. All of these overprints are uncommon, the cheapest costing US$25 and the rarer varieties ranging up to US$6,000. As might be expected, forgeries have appeared.

## Sources

* Stanley Gibbons: various catalogues
* AskPhil – Glossary of Stamp Collecting Terms
* Encyclopaedia of Postal History
* Rossiter, Stuart & John Flower. The Stamp Atlas. London: Macdonald, 1986, p.331. ISBN 0-356-10862-7
# David M. Gates

David M. Gates (May 27, 1921 – March 4, 2016) was an American ecologist who sounded early warnings that fossil fuels, fertilizers and pesticides posed a potentially fatal threat to the global environment. He published over fifty research papers and six books. His most influential book, "Energy Exchange in the Biosphere," is often called the Rosetta Stone for biologists studying plant-environment heat exchange.
Gates began his career as an ecologist and academic at the University of Denver in 1947, where he was an associate professor working on radiation properties of the atmosphere and climate. This was key for his later work involving plant and animal interactions with their environment. While an academic, Gates also worked with General Motors as a “consulting ecologist” to discuss the company’s environmental impact. Additionally, he aided in the formation of the Clean Air Act of 1970. He was also one of the first people to speak out on greenhouse gasses warming the global climate. D
In 1964, Gates began to teach natural history at the University of Colorado. Here, Gates met mechanical engineer Dr. Frank Kreith. Together, they researched interactions on heat and mass transfer principles. Their work bridged biology and engineering, creating a new field known as biophysical ecology. Their later work together regarding "Radiation and Convection in Conifers" begged further questions involving plant-environment heat exchange, inspiring Gates to write one of his aforementioned most famous books, "Energy Exchange in the Biosphere."
After teaching and researching at a variety of institutions, he landed at the University of Michigan as a professor of botany and to direct the University of Michigan Biological Station in 1971. Here, he exercised his excellent fundraising abilities to support the Biological Station. He also educated many future generations about environmental field research, ecosystems, and sustainability in natural systems.
Gates was a physicist and ecologist, professor emeritus of biology, University of Michigan. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the University of Michigan.
# Palliser Formation

The Palliser Formation is a stratigraphic unit of Late Devonian (Famennian) age in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. It is a thick sequence of limestone and dolomitic limestone that is present in the Canadian Rockies and foothills of western Alberta. Tall cliffs formed of the Palliser Formation can be seen throughout Banff and Jasper National Parks.
The formation was named for the Palliser Range in Banff National Park (which in turn took its name from John Palliser, the leader of the 1850s Palliser Expedition), by H.H. Beach in 1943. The type locality was defined in 1994 in the "Devil's Gap" section south of Mount Costigan of the Palliser Range, north of Lake Minnewanka.

## Lithology and paleontology

The Palliser Formation was deposited in a marine environment as an extensive carbonate shelf. It is subdivided into the Morro Member (the lower part) and the Costigan Member (the upper part). The Morro Member consists of massive, fine-grained limestone and dolomitic limestone. It contains remains of brachiopods, crinoids, gastropods, ostracods and conodont elements. The Costigan Member is less dolomitic, more argillaceous, and more fossiliferous than the Morro. It contains remains of brachiopods, crinoids, conodont elements, nautiloids, bryozoans, stromatoporoids and stromatolites. Anhydrite beds can be present in both members.

## Distribution and thickness

The Palliser Formation is present throughout the main and front ranges of the Canadian Rockies, where it reaches a maximum thickness of 580 metres (1,900 ft), as well as in the subsurface in the foothills, where it is up to 240 metres (790 ft) thick.

## Relationship to other units

The Palliser Formation is disconformably overlain by the Exshaw Formation and conformably underlain by the Alexo Formation. It is equivalent to the Wabamun Group in central Alberta, to the middle part of the Three Forks Formation in Saskatchewan and Montana and to the Tetcho Formation and Kotcho Formation in the Fort Nelson area of British Columbia.

## Economic resources

Limestone quarried from the Palliser Formation is used to manufacture cement at Exshaw, Alberta.
# Anamastigona

Anamastigona is a genus of millipedes in the family Anthroleucosomatidae. There are about 20 described species in Anamastigona, found mainly in Europe and the Middle East.

## Species

These 20 species belong to the genus Anamastigona:
* Anamastigona alba (Strasser, 1960) - Bulgaria
* Anamastigona albanensis Mauriès, Golovatch & Stoev, 1997 - Albania
* Anamastigona aspromontis (Strasser, 1970) - Italy
* Anamastigona bilselii (Verhoeff, 1940) - Bulgaria, European Turkey, Greece
* Anamastigona cypria Vagalinski & Golovatch, 2016 - Cyprus
* Anamastigona delcevi (Strasser, 1973) - Bulgaria
* Anamastigona falcata (Gulicka, 1967) - Bulgaria
* Anamastigona halophila (Verhoeff, 1940) - Turkey
* Anamastigona hauseri (Strasser, 1974) - Greece
* Anamastigona hispidula (Silvestri, 1895) - Italy
* Anamastigona lepenicae (Strasser, 1975) - Bulgaria
* Anamastigona matsakisi Mauriès & Karamaouna, 1984 - Greece
* Anamastigona mediterranea Curcic, Makarov & Lymberakis, 2001 - Crete
* Anamastigona meridionalis Silvestri, 1898 - Sicily
* Anamastigona penicillata (Attems, 1902) - Crete
* Anamastigona pentelicona (Verhoeff, 1925) - Greece
* Anamastigona pulchella (Silvestri, 1894) - Europe
* Anamastigona radmani Makarov et al, 2007 - Croatia
* Anamastigona strasseri Vagalinski & Golovatch, 2016 - Cyprus
* Anamastigona terraesanctae Golovatch & Makarov, 2011 - Israel
# Pamphaios

Pamphaios was an Attic potter active around the end of the 6th century BC. Pamphaios was the successor of Nikosthenes in that artist's workshop, and thus took over from one of the most influential and creative potters of antiquity. He probably took over the workshop before 510 BC and continued the tradition of his predecessor by producing typical shapes the latter had developed, such as the Nikosthenic amphora, the Nikosthenic pyxis or the Chalkidian style cup. At times, he developed these shapes further. Unlike Nikostehenes, Pamphaios favoured painters of the red-figure style, which was at the time replacing the previously dominant technique of black-figure vase painting. He also continued to employ many of the painters that had worked for Nikosthenes, such as Oltos, Epiktetos and the Nikosthenes Painter.
Pamphaios signature survives on more than fifty vases – spelled different ways by various artists, it probably functioned as a trademark on his workshop's products.
* Attic black-figured hydria depicting Athena wearing the aegis. Signed by the potter Pamphaios and the Euphiletos Painter c. 540 BC. Cabinet des Médailles, BNF, Paris
* The centaur Chiron holding the child Achilles and a hare at the end of a stick, side B of a c. 525–515 BC red-figure Nikosthenic neck-amphora
* Interior of a red-figure kylix depicting kottabos players. Signed by Pamphaios, c. 510 BC. Louvre (CA 1585).
# Elif Köroğlu

Elif Köroğlu is a Turkish female football referee and long-distance runner.
Elif Köroğlu began her official career in the amateur league match in March 2015. She served in the role of referee in various age categories of the amateur league between 2016 and 2017. In July 2017, she was promoted to the position of professional referee. She serves as a referee in the women's and men's professional leagues.
She started her athletics by running in the 4K meters branch. When she was only 14 years old, she ran 55.02 seconds and became the third in Turkey. She then continued in the 400 meters branch. In 2013 she started running 5K, 10K, 15K, 25K, 21K and 42K. She has different championships in these branches as well.
# Erebus haunted attraction

Erebus is a four-story haunted attraction located in Pontiac, Michigan, open seasonally for Halloween. It held the Guinness World Record for largest walk-through haunted attraction from 2005 until 2009, when it lost the record to Cutting Edge Haunted House. It is not recommended for children under the age of 13.

## History

Erebus Haunted Attraction opened in 2000 in what was formerly an abandoned four-story parking garage in Pontiac, Michigan. The parking structure was abandoned for nearly 50 years and had been used as an indoor junkyard prior to Erebus moving in. The owners, Edward and Jim Terebus, had operated other haunted attractions around the Detroit area prior to Erebus, mainly portable haunts built out in trailers. In addition to Erebus, their first permanent attraction, they also publish Fear Finder, a seasonal publication, to serve as a central hub for all haunted houses in Michigan to advertise and allow the people interested to locate them easily.

## Attraction

Erebus changes the basic effects and events from year to year, but the main theme stays the same. Patrons are sent through time by a scientist where they experience many different eras in history. The actors along the walkthrough push the boundaries of privacy and how to "touch" the visitors without actually laying a hand on anyone by utilizing props, animatronics, and massive puppets. In one of the events, a 6-foot (1.8 m) dragon comes out from the gloom and eats the patron. Some of the other effects utilize mirrors, and include a moving wall pushing patrons toward a bottomless pit, as well as burying them alive.

## Features

The Metro Detroit area is home to many haunted and Halloween attractions, including Erebus. Erebus occupies 100,000 square feet (9,300 m$^2$) and uses 70,000 square feet (6,500 m$^2$) of that for storing props. The haunted attraction occupies multiple stories including an elevator. The production hires about 90 actors as well as uses animatronics resembling animals and monsters. Erebus uses these animatronics to bypass the “no-touch” safety rules, as well as other techniques such as dropping fake bugs from the ceiling and making building structures move. Erebus also uses landscape changes throughout the walk-through including inclines, stairwells, narrow passages, low ceilings and trap doors. Additionally, Erebus mounts electronic props such as lasers, lights, and mirrors to create visual obstruction and manipulation. Unique in haunted attractions, Erebus has an illuminated scoreboard tracking "wimps" and "wetters".

## Awards

* 2005–09: This four-story attraction was entered into the Guinness Book of World Records as the "World's Largest Walk-Through Haunted Attraction" (2189 linear feet).
* 2009: Click on Detroit voted Erebus the "#1 Best Haunted House in Pontiac".
* 2010: Rated Number 1 as United States' best haunted house
* 2015: #8 scariest, biggest and best haunted houses
# Erebus hieroglyphica

Erebus hieroglyphica is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from the Oriental tropical countries such as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Japan, China, Taiwan, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and Korea. The habitat consist of lowland forests.

## Description

Its wingspan is about 88 mm. Adults exhibit strong sexual dimorphism. They have been reported feeding on the juices of tropical fruit.
Male with vein 3 running to the functional apex of hindwing. The costal fold obsolete, and the small patch with gland. Male with veins 4 to 8 of hindwings moderately developed in the aborted costal area. Body rich blackish brown. Forewings with a whorl-shaped black mark beyond end of cell, bilobed and expanding at head, where it is outlined with blue. An oblique yellow bar runs from costa near apex, and very few show reaching outer margin.
Female has brown body with black stria. Forewings with white oblique bar. Both wings with traces of postmedial band of whitish marks and white spot on forewing above vein 3.
# Erbognone

The Erbognone (also: Arbogna) is an Italian stream whose sources is south of Novara in the province of Novara.

## Course

The stream has is source near Novara ; With the name Arbogna flows south past Vespolate and Borgolavezzaro before crossing into the province of Pavia. The river then flows past Mortara and enters the Agogna beyond the point where the Agogna flows past Lomello. A branch of a canal that also flows into the Terdoppio enters the Erbognone after it flows past Mortara. The stream flows mostly in a southward direction (now changes its name to Erbognone) and is roughly parallel to the Agogna until it bends and enters the Agogna.
# 1963 Manchester Openshaw by-election

The 1963 Manchester Openshaw by-election was held on 5 December 1963. It was held due to the death of the incumbent Labour MP, W. R. Williams. The by-election was won by the Labour candidate Charles Morris.
Manchester Openshaw by-election, 1963 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | Charles Morris | 16,101 | 65.9 | +5.7 |
| | Conservative | Gerald Fitzsimmons | 7,139 | 29.2 | −10.6 |
| | Communist | Eddie Marsden | 1,185 | 4.9 | New |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 8,962 | 36.7 | +16.4 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 24,425 | | |
| | Labour hold | Labour hold | Swing | | |
# Pardon My Berth Marks

Pardon My Berth Marks is the fourth short subject starring American comedian Buster Keaton made for Columbia Pictures. Keaton made a total of ten films for the studio between 1939 and 1941.

## Synopsis

Elmer (Buster) is a newspaper reporter who boards a train and innocently becomes involved with a mobster's wife.

## Production

Columbia remade this film in 1947 (with Harry Von Zell) as Rolling Down to Reno.
# David Lill

David Lill (born 17 February 1947) is an English former footballer who played in the Football League for Cambridge United, Hull City and Rotherham United.
# Eric Irons

Eric George Irons OBE (1921–2007) was Britain's first black magistrate and a campaigner for equal rights.

## Early life

Born in Spanish Town, Jamaica, he was recruited into the RAF in Jamaica in 1944 and in 1945 visited RAF Syerston but was based at Little Rissington, Bedford. From this visit, he decided he wanted to live in Nottingham. He extended his service with the RAF for a further five years, married a local girl from Nottingham, Nellie Kelham, and settled on Pennyfoot Street. Eric and Nellie went on to raise 6 children together. His mum was a cook and his father was a policeman.

## Career

His lifelong passion for racial equality inspired him to move into public life. Because of the prejudices shown towards black people in the 1950s, Irons set up the first community group, the Colonial Social and Sports Club, at his own house.
Irons began work at Chilwell Ordnance Depot in the offices in 1952. Only a handful of black workers were employed at the depot. He began to take up the issue of discrimination with the Nottingham and District Trades Council. Through his efforts of negotiation, some of the problems were resolved and more black workers were taken on, both in the depot and in other employment.
In 1955 Irons went on to the Consultative Committee for the welfare of black people, which was set up by a Council of Church/Social Services and the Colonial Social and Sports Club. The idea was to discuss prejudice and local issues. One of the problems lay in the fact that no black people were taking advantage of educational courses, particularly those held by the WEA.
He challenged and helped to lift a city transport embargo on the employment of black workers and also helped the city council to tackle problems highlighted by the 1958 race riots.
He made history in 1962 when he was appointed Britain's first black magistrate; he sat on the Nottingham bench for 29 years until his retirement in 1991.
A champion for social justice, Eric Irons was awarded an OBE in the 1978 New Year Honours list.
In 1999, the University of Nottingham awarded him an honorary Master of Arts degree for improving race relations in the City.

## Commemoration

The National Portrait Gallery, London, acquired a portrait of Eric Irons in 2017 as part of their Creative Connections: Nottingham project. The portrait was displayed as part of the exhibition by artist, Katherine Green, at Nottingham Contemporary in 2017, and then at the National Portrait Gallery until February 2017.
In October 2019, a plaque was put up in Iron's memory by Nottingham Civic Society at the National Justice Museum in Nottingham.
# Parish of Hervey

Hervey, New South Wales is a civil parish Narromine County west of Peak Hill, New South Wales. The Parish of Hervey is in Parkes Shire located at 32°42′54″S 148°17′04″E.
The only settlement in the parish is Trewilga, New South Wales, and the economy is based in broad acre agriculture. The traditional owners of the area were the Wiradjuri people.
# Parish of Hawarden

Hawarden, New South Wales is a cadastral parish of Kennedy County New South Wales, Australia. Hawarden is south of the towns of Tottenham and Albert, New South Wales.
# Alan Cooper (bishop)

William Hugh Alan Cooper (2 June 1909 – 14 October 1999) was an eminent Anglican bishop whose ecclesiastical career spanned nearly 50 years in the twentieth century.
Educated at King's College School and Christ's College, Cambridge and ordained in 1932, he began his career with curacies at St Margaret, Blackheath and Holy Trinity, Cambridge. He was a CMS Missionary in Lagos and then held incumbencies at St Giles, Ashtead and of St Andrew, Plymouth before becoming Provost of Bradford, a post he held from 1962 to 1977. He was then an Assistant Bishop in Karachi for three years.
# 2018–19 Icelandic Women's Basketball Cup

The 2018–2019 Bikarkeppni kvenna, referred to as Geysisbikarinn for sponsorship reasons, was the 45th edition of the Icelandic Women's Basketball Cup, won by Valur against Stjarnan. The competition is managed by the Icelandic Basketball Federation and the final four was held in the Laugardalshöll in Reykjavík during the days of 13–16 February 2019. Helena Sverrisdóttir was named the Cup Finals MVP after turning in 31 points, 13 rebounds and 6 assists.
Danielle Rodriguez of Stjarnan led all scorers with 104 points in 4 games.

## Participating teams

Sixteen teams signed up for the Cup tournament.

## Bracket

| Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | | Final | Final |
| 20 January | 20 January | | | |
| Keflavík | 121 | | | |
| Keflavík | 121 | 13 February | 13 February | | |
| Fjölnir | 61 | 13 February | 13 February | |
| Fjölnir | 61 | Breiðablik | 82 | |
| 20 January | 20 January | | Breiðablik | 82 | |
| 20 January | 20 January | Stjarnan | 103 | |
| Stjarnan | 71 | Stjarnan | 103 | |
| Stjarnan | 71 | | | | 16 February | 16 February |
| Skallagrímur | 49 | | | | 16 February | 16 February |
| Skallagrímur | 49 | | | | Stjarnan | 74 |
| 20 January | 20 January | | | | | Stjarnan | 74 |
| 20 January | 20 January | | | | Valur | 90 |
| Snæfell | 72 | | | | Valur | 90 |
| Snæfell | 72 | 13 February | 13 February | | | |
| Haukar | 68 | 13 February | 13 February | | | |
| Haukar | 68 | Valur | 83 | | | |
| 20 January | 20 January | | Valur | 83 | | | |
| 20 January | 20 January | Snæfell | 72 | |
| Breiðablik | 80 | Snæfell | 72 | |
| ÍR | 44 | | | |

## Cup Finals MVP

| Pos. | Player | Team |
| SF | Helena Sverrisdóttir | Valur |
# Cyperus tomaiophyllus

Cyperus tomaiophyllus is a species of sedge that is native to parts of Africa.
# Post Regiment (album)

Post Regiment is the debut album of Polish punk rock band Post Regiment. The album was recorded in Złota Skała studio in Warsaw, between December 1991 and August 1992.

## Track listing

* "Hałas" (en.: The noise)
* "Czarzły" (en.: Evil spell)
* "Znaczy wiesz" (en.: It means you know)
* "Religia" (en.: Religion)
* "Wycieczka na pustynię" (en.: A trip to the desert)
* "Numer" (en.: The number)
* "Nowy dzień" (en.: A new day)
* "Mrok" (en.: Darkness)
* "Post" (en.: Lent)
* "Jak dobrze" (en.: So good)
* "Kolory" (en.: Colours)
* "Skóra" (en.: Skin)
* "Wstyd" (en.: Shame)
* "Słowa o..." (en.: Words about...)
* "Anioł" (en.: The angel)
* "Ostatni raz" (en.: Last time)
* "Farrus (to dla Ciebie ...)" (en.: Farrus (it's for you))
* "Chory" (en.: The sick one)
* "Catch another train"
* "Konie" (en.: Horses)
* "Kurwy" (en.: Whores)
* "Awareness"
* "Now I know"

## Personnel

* Max (drums)
* Rolf (bass guitar)
* Nika (vocals)
* Janek (guitar)
* Smok (guitar)

## Resource

* http://homepages.nyu.edu/~cch223/poland/albums/postregiment_postregiment.html URL accessed at 30 August 2006
# Paris, BN, lat. 4404

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS lat. 4404 is a medieval manuscript from the 9th century containing, among other legal texts, the Breviary of Alaric, and is notable also for containing illustrations of rulers.
The earliest examples of illustrations of rulers may have been illuminations in legal manuscripts, with lat. 4404 frequently cited as an instance: its frontispiece depicts Theodosius, Valentian, Marcian, and Majorian. The Breviary of Alaric is the only text in the manuscript with annotations.
The version of the Lex Salica was called a shortened version by Georg Heinrich Pertz, but Jean Marie Pardessus and Georg Waitz referred to it as amplification. Waitz, following Pardessus, refers to the Lex Salica in 4404 as "the only manuscript where no trace of Christianity can be found", apparently neglecting the introduction to the text which speaks of the Franks as a people of God. While those authors saw in the version in 4404 "the most ancient" version of the text, Simon Stein argues that the number of mistakes alone is sufficient to prove that this is not the case.

## Provenance

The manuscript hails from Gaul, early 9th century, most likely from Tours or thereabouts. Some date and locate it more precisely—Samuel Collins dates production in 804, in the Tours scriptorium. A note by Étienne Baluze (1630-1718) explains that the manuscript came from Gallia Narbonensis and became part of the library of Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683). Before that, it was most likely owned by Julien Brodeau (1585-1653), a lawyer from Paris.

## Contents

* Breviary of Alaric (or Lex Romana Visigothorum)
* Lex Salica
* Lex Alamannorum
* Lex Ripuaria