OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# User operation prohibition

The user operation prohibition (abbreviated UOP) is a form of use restriction used on video DVD discs and Blu-ray discs. Most DVD players and Blu-ray players prohibit the viewer from performing a large majority of actions during sections of a DVD that are protected or restricted by this feature, and will display the no symbol or a message to that effect if any of these actions are attempted. It is used mainly for copyright notices or warnings, such as an FBI warning in the United States, and "protected" (i.e., unskippable) commercials.
In 2003, most, if not all, DVD Copy Control Association licensed DVD players implemented UOP. Player manufacturers were required to detect and respond to UOP commands as a condition of obtaining a license from the DVD Format/Logo Licensing Corporation.

## Countermeasures

Some DVD players ignore the UOP flag, allowing the user full control over DVD playback. Virtually all players that are not purpose-built DVD player hardware (for example, a player program running on a general purpose computer) ignore the flag. There are also modchips available for some standard DVD players for the same purpose. The UOP flag can be removed in DVD ripper software such as: DVD Decrypter, DVD Shrink, AnyDVD, AVS Video Converter, Digiarty WinX DVD Ripper Platinum, MacTheRipper, HandBrake and K9Copy. On many DVD players, pressing stop-stop-play will cause the DVD player to play the movie immediately, ignoring any UOP flags that would otherwise make advertisements, piracy warnings or trailers unskippable.
Nevertheless, removing UOP does not always provide navigation function in the restricted parts of the DVD. This is because those parts are sometimes lacking the navigation commands which allow skipping to the menu or other parts of the DVD. This has become more common in recent titles, in order to circumvent the UOP disabling that many applications or DVD players offer.
Newer DVD players (i.e. post-c. late 2010) have, however, been designed to override the aforementioned counter-countermeasures. The DVD reader software inside the DVD player automatically generates chapters for parts of the DVD lacking navigation commands, allowing them to be fast-forwarded or skipped; pressing the menu button, even in these previously restricted sections, will cause a jump to the main menu.
# Yanghwa Bridge

The Yanghwa Bridge (Korean: 양화대교), formerly known as the Second Hangang Bridge (제2한강교; lit. Second Han River Bridge), is an eight lane bridge spanning the Han River in Seoul, South Korea. The bridge connects Mapo District on the north side of the river to Yeongdeungpo District on the south side of the river. The bridge is buttressed by the eastern end of the island of Seonyudo, home to Seonyudo Park.
The bridge is a combination of two bridges: the old bridge, originally called the "Second Han River Bridge", completed in 1965; and the new bridge, completed in 1982. The old bridge was the first bridge built by Korean technology after independence in 1945 and served as the gateway from Seoul to the west coast. Due to increasing traffic, construction for an expansion started in 1979 and the new eight lane bridge was completed in February 1982.
The old bridge's upper structure has a width of 18 m (59 ft), length 1,053 m (3,455 ft), and is composed of steel plate girders and concrete box girders. The new bridge has a width of 16.2 m (53 ft), length 1,053 m (3,455 ft) and is a steel plate girder bridge. The lower structure has an open caisson well foundation.
The bridge went through repairs and renovations in 1996 and reopened in April 2002 with additional ramps. As of February 2010, the bridge is once again going through renovations by widening the space between bridge posts to allow 5000t ships to pass. Yanghwa Bridge also has a song named after it called "양화대교 Yanghwa Bridge" by R&B/soul singer Zion.T in 2014.
# Marmorofusus nicobaricus

Marmorofusus nicobaricus, common name : the Nicobar spindle, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.

## Description

The shell size varies between 75 mm and 180 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off Japan, New South Wales, Australia, New Guinea and Hawaii.
# Bidar (disambiguation)

Bidar is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka.
Bidar may also refer to the following :

## Places
### India
#### Karnataka

* Bidar railway station, in the city
* Bidar Airport, in the city
* Bidar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)
* Bidar (Lok Sabha constituency)
* Bidar district, district in the state of Karnataka
* Bidar taluka, subdistrict of the state
* Bidar Subah, a former Mughal imperial province
* Bidar Sultanate, one of the late medieval Deccan sultanates

### Iran

* Bid Darreh, also known as Bīdar, a village of Iran
* Shabandar, also known as Shab Bīdār, a village of Iran

## People

* Abdennour Bidar (born 1971), French writer and philosopher
* Martin Bidař (born 1999), Czech pair skater
* Petr Bidař (born 1991), Czech pair skater
* Rafiullah Bidar, Afghan human rights worker
* Bidar Kadınefendi (1858–1918), fourth wife of Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire
# Adesanya Kwamina Hyde

Adesanya Kwamina Hyde 1968 New Year Honours C.B.E. (born September 4, 1915; died 1993) was a Sierra Leonean ambassador to the United States of America.

## Early life

Adesanya Kwamina Hyde was born on 4 September 1915 to Sierra Leone Creole parents, Jonathan Gustavus Hyde and Christiana Fraser.

## Career

* From 1941 to 1945, during the Second World War he was enlisted in the Royal Air Force.
* In November 1944 he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.
* After demobilization he joined the Colonial Service#Colonial Administrative Service.
* From 1948 to 1951 he was Assistant District Commissioner.
* From 1951 to 1960 he was District Commissioner.
* In 1960 he was Permanent Secretary.
* In 1961 he was Provincial Secretary.
* From 1965 to 1967 he was Secretary to the Cabinet of Albert Margai.
* From 1967 to 1968 he was Secretary-General of the National Reformation Council.
* From 1968 to 1969 he was Ambassador in Washington, D C (United States)
* In 1969 he was retired from Public Service.

## The Distinguished Flying Cross

Short of navigators in WWII, the British Government began recruiting from Sierra Leone, one of the countries in the Empire with the best academic results in Maths. Seeing this opportunity, Hyde signed up and flew to England to fight for the Allies in the RAF, completing his training at an airbase in Shropshire in the West of England. On 9 August 1944, Flight Sergeant Ade Hyde and crew set out to bomb a flying bomb site at Les Chatelliers in Northern France. The weather was fair but cloudy. As Hyde's attacking plane neared the site, crew members saw dark puffs of anti-aircraft fire. A shell burst directly in front of Hyde's aircraft; it just missed the bomb-aimer but it caught Hyde in his right shoulder. In spite of being in terrible pain, Hyde did not tell his captain about his wounds until after the crew had bombed the target and continued to navigate back to base. For his bravery and commitment during this flight, Hyde was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, a third level military honour awarded for "an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying in active operations against the enemy".

## C.B.E

On 1 January 1968, in the New Years Honours, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II awarded to Adesanya Kwamina Hyde, Esq., D.F.C. the Order of the British Empire (Civil Division) C.B.E., to be an Ordinary Commander of the Civil Division of the said Most Excellent Order. At this time, Hyde was the Secretary-General of the National Reformation Council Secretariat. The National Reformation Council were a group of senior military officers who, on 23 March 1967, reversed a military coup perpetrated by the Commander of the Armed Forces, Brigadier David Lansana. Lansana had placed the newly elected President, Siaka Stevens, under house arrest and declared martial law.
# Lady's Bridge

Lady's Bridge is the oldest bridge across the River Don in the City of Sheffield, England. It is located in the central section of the city, linking the Wicker to the north with Waingate to the south.

## History
### The first bridge

The original wooden bridge at this point was constructed close to Sheffield Castle sometime after 1150 under the orders of William de Lovetot, the Norman baron who had also built the castle along with the town's first church, hospital (at Spital Hill), and corn mill (at Millsands).

### Lady's Bridge

In 1485 the Vicar of Sheffield, Sir John Plesaunce, and William Hill, who was a master mason, both agreed to build a bridge of stone "over the watyr of Dune neghe the castell of Sheffeld" at a cost of about £67. The bridge had five arches, and was 14.5 feet (4.4 m) wide. A small chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was built close to the bridge, and the bridge became known as 'Our Lady's Bridge'. When built it could only be crossed by pedestrians as there were steps at either end of the bridge. The chapel was converted for use as a wool warehouse in 1547, to prevent its demolition as part of the Dissolution of the Monasteries during the reign of Henry VIII, and was subsequently used as an Alms house.

### Modifications

In 1760 the bridge was widened on the upstream side, and the Alms House (formerly the chapel to Our Lady) was demolished to make way for the new structure. The bridge was widened on the downstream side in 1864, virtually obscuring the remaining original structure from view, and again in 1909, to allow trams to cross the bridge. It was restored in the late 20th century, and has been a Grade II listed structure since 1973.

### The Great Sheffield Flood

On the night of 11 March 1864 Lady's Bridge narrowly avoided destruction when the waters of the Great Sheffield Flood poured over it. Nearly every other bridge upstream in the path of the flood had been smashed by the waters and the debris that they carried. A contemporary account described the scene:
   When the flood was at its height the scene on the Lady's Bridge at the top of the Wicker was most extraordinary. The water came rushing down between the buildings on each side with a force that made the Lady's Bridge quake and tremble. Against the bridge were piled up trees, logs of timber, broken furniture, and debris of every description. The light from street gas lamps revealed to spectators, of whom they were a good many, some of the horrors of the scene. The arches of the bridge were nearly choked by the accumulation of rubbish, and the impeded waters rose to a fearful height, breaking over the parapets of the bridge, and rushing across Mr. White's slate yard over the broad thoroughfare of the Wicker.

### 2007 flooding

During the 2007 United Kingdom floods, Sheffield was badly hit, and Lady's Bridge and the Wicker in particular. Lady's Bridge was overwhelmed with water as it, the Wicker and the Blonk Street Bridge were flooded, and Lady's Bridge itself was at one point reported to be in danger of collapse.
# Cyrtopodium longibulbosum

Cyrtopodium longibulbosum, the cana-cana, of the Ecuadorian Amazon and adjacent Peru and possibly Colombia is the largest Orchid species in the Western Hemisphere with large clusters of pseudobulbs each up to 11 ft 6 in (3.51 meters) in length by about two inches (5.1 cm) in width, yet it remained unknown to science until 1993.
This orchid is exceeded in size only by Grammatophyllum speciosum, The Golden Orchid (Dendrobium discolor) and Bulbophyllum beccarii.
The orchid flowers twice a year with 1.75 inches (4.4 cm) fragrant flowers having three red and yellow splashed sepals, two pale yellow petals and a nearly black column arranged in inflorescences up to five feet (1.5 meters) in length.
# Helong

Helong (simplified Chinese: 和龙; traditional Chinese: 和龍; pinyin: Hélóng; Chosŏn'gŭl: 화룡; Hangul: 허룽) is a county-level city in southeastern Jilin province, Northeast China. It is under the administration of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. In January 2024, several thousand North Korean migrant workers in the city initiated a series of protests over withheld payments.

## Administrative divisions

Helong has three subdistricts and eight towns.
Subdistricts:
* Wenhua Subdistrict (文化街道 / 문화가도)
* Minhui Subdistrict (民惠街道 / 민혜가도)
* Guangming Subdistrict (光明街道 / 광명가도)
Towns:
* Toudao (头道镇 / 두도진)
* Bajiazi (八家子镇 / 팔가자진)
* Fudong (福洞镇 / 복동진)
* Xicheng (西城镇 / 서성진)
* Nanping (南坪镇 / 남평진)
* Longcheng (龙城镇 / 용성진)
* Dongcheng (东城镇 / 동성진)
* Chongshan (崇善镇 / 숭선진)

## Climate

Climate data for Helong, elevation 476 m (1,562 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 10.7 (51.3) | 16.5 (61.7) | 22.3 (72.1) | 31.4 (88.5) | 32.7 (90.9) | 35.7 (96.3) | 36.2 (97.2) | 35.9 (96.6) | 32.6 (90.7) | 29.5 (85.1) | 23.4 (74.1) | 14.0 (57.2) | 36.2 (97.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −5.9 (21.4) | −1.8 (28.8) | 5.0 (41.0) | 14.2 (57.6) | 20.6 (69.1) | 24.1 (75.4) | 26.6 (79.9) | 26.1 (79.0) | 21.6 (70.9) | 14.5 (58.1) | 4.0 (39.2) | −3.9 (25.0) | 12.1 (53.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −12.4 (9.7) | −8.3 (17.1) | −1.2 (29.8) | 7.2 (45.0) | 13.6 (56.5) | 18.0 (64.4) | 21.1 (70.0) | 20.4 (68.7) | 14.4 (57.9) | 7.1 (44.8) | −2.0 (28.4) | −9.9 (14.2) | 5.7 (42.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −17.7 (0.1) | −14.1 (6.6) | −7.0 (19.4) | 0.7 (33.3) | 7.3 (45.1) | 12.6 (54.7) | 16.5 (61.7) | 15.8 (60.4) | 8.4 (47.1) | 0.8 (33.4) | −7.2 (19.0) | −15 (5) | 0.1 (32.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −31.5 (−24.7) | −27.4 (−17.3) | −23.5 (−10.3) | −10.6 (12.9) | −3.7 (25.3) | 4.2 (39.6) | 7.2 (45.0) | 5.1 (41.2) | −3.4 (25.9) | −12.4 (9.7) | −22.9 (−9.2) | −28.5 (−19.3) | −31.5 (−24.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 3.8 (0.15) | 7.5 (0.30) | 12.0 (0.47) | 24.2 (0.95) | 66.7 (2.63) | 84.9 (3.34) | 128.3 (5.05) | 126.0 (4.96) | 58.7 (2.31) | 22.6 (0.89) | 17.4 (0.69) | 6.6 (0.26) | 558.7 (22) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.2 | 4.0 | 6.5 | 8.5 | 14.6 | 15.5 | 15.8 | 15.3 | 9.6 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 4.4 | 109.8 |
| Average snowy days | 6.6 | 6.9 | 9.1 | 4.4 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 44.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 55 | 50 | 48 | 48 | 58 | 71 | 79 | 81 | 74 | 58 | 56 | 55 | 61 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 175.4 | 182.8 | 214.2 | 203.1 | 210.0 | 191.1 | 180.3 | 191.2 | 206.3 | 201.2 | 159.7 | 153.4 | 2,268.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 60 | 61 | 58 | 51 | 46 | 42 | 39 | 45 | 56 | 59 | 55 | 55 | 52 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||
# José C. Paz

José Clemente Paz (2 October 1842 – 10 March 1912) was an Argentine politician, diplomat and journalist, founder of La Prensa.

## Life

Paz was born in Buenos Aires and started his education in that city but was forced to move to Rosario due to the civil war fought in Argentina. In July 1859 the Buenos Aires squadron of Admiral Murature was attempting to pass Rosario on the river. Paz, just 16 years old, approached the Rosario positions and shouted, "¡Viva Buenos Aires!" at which point the soldiers began to fire on him. Paz saved himself by jumping into the Paraná River and swimming to the Buenos Aires ships, thus returning to the city of his birth.
In Buenos Aires Paz enlisted in the Buenos Aires forces commanded by Bartolomé Mitre and in 1860 he distinguished himself at his young age at the Battle of Pavón. At the end of the war he decided to enter politics, and worked for the party of Adolfo Alsina and began studies in law. In 1865, during the War of the Triple Alliance, he founded the Society for the Protection of Invalids, a corps of nurses to treat the injured that arrived at the Port of Buenos Aires and move them to the Hospice for Invalids, also founded by Paz. To pay for the costs of these organisations, he set up a newspaper, El inválido argentino. On 18 October 1869 he founded La Prensa.
In 1871, Paz decided to organise a charity to help those suffering from yellow fever. That year the newspaper's chief reporter fell sick with yellow fever and Paz had him cared for at his own house.
In the 1874 revolution, Paz found himself on the side of Mitre once again. He was forced to live in exile in Montevideo, where he completed his studies in law. He returned to Argentina and became a national deputy in 1879. He resigned his seat to become diplomatic representative to Madrid 1883–85, then to Paris 1885–1893.
Paz returned to Argentina to manage the newspaper, and, though he relocated to Monte Carlo in 1900, he commissioned the building of a palace in the Retiro area of Buenos Aires. Designed by French architect Louis Sortais, the Paz Palace was begun in 1902 and completed in 1914. The Palace runs along the south west side of Plaza San Martín in downtown Buenos Aires and, housing over 6,000 m$^2$ (65,000 ft$^2$) of space, it remains the largest single house ever built in Argentina. Its construction, however, outlived Paz, who died in Monaco in 1912. He was placed in a grand mausoleum in La Recoleta Cemetery, with a sculpture by French artist Jules-Felix Coutan.
Paz was featured on an Argentinian post stamp.
# Olga Efimova

Olga Efimova (born 6 January 1990) is a Russian volleyball player, who plays as an outside hitter.
She is a member of the Russia women's national volleyball team and participated at the 2015 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup in Japan. At club level she played for VC Zarechie Odintsovo in 2015.
# Nadezhda Kharchenko

Nadezhda Kharchenko (born 27 March 1987) is a former Russian football midfielder, who played for Zorky Krasnogorsk in the Russian Championship.
She is a member of the Russian national team, and took part in the 2009 European Championship. As an Under-19 international she won the 2005 U-19 Euro.

## Titles

* 2005 Under-19 European Championship
* 2 Russian Leagues (2005, 2010)
* 4 Russian Cups (2005, 2008, 2009, 2010)
# Nadezhda Koltakova

Nadezhda Koltakova is a Russian football defender, currently playing for Ryazan-VDV in the Russian Championship.
She started her career in Zvezda Zvenigorod. When Zvezda was disbanded after the 2010 season she signed for national champion WFC Rossiyanka, with which she won her first championship in 2012 and she made her UEFA Champions League debut in the 2012-13 season.
A former under-19 international, she scored Russia's first goal in the 2011 U-19 European Championship against Italy.
# Irina Kotkina

Irina Kotkina (born 19 September 1986) is a Russian former professional tennis player.

## Biography

A right-handed player from Moscow, Kotkina was a top 10 ranked junior. At the 2004 French Open, she and Yaroslava Shvedova were runners-up in the girls' doubles, to Kateřina Böhmová and Michaëlla Krajicek.
On the professional circuit she reached a best singles ranking of 400 in the world. She featured in one WTA Tour main draw, as a wildcard at the 2006 İstanbul Cup, where she retired hurt while trailing Michaëlla Krajicek in the first round, due to an elbow injury.
In her career, Kotkina won four ITF titles, all in doubles.

## ITF finals
### Singles (0–4)

* $50,000 tournaments
* $10,000 tournaments
| Outcome | No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Opponent | Score |
| Runner-up | 1. | 17 February 2002 | ITF Kaunas, Lithuania | Hard (i) | Katrina Banderę | 6–2, 5–7, 4–6 |
| Runner-up | 2. | 15 February 2004 | ITF Albufeira, Portugal | Hard | Monica Niculescu | 1–6, 6–3, 0–6 |
| Runner-up | 3. | 15 August 2004 | ITF Albufeira, Portugal | Hard | Ana Catarina Nogueira | 5–7, 0–6 |
| Runner-up | 4. | 22 August 2004 | ITF Coimbra, Portugal | Hard | Akgul Amanmuradova | 2–6, 3–6 |

### Doubles (4–5)

| Outcome | No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| Winner | 1. | 17 February 2002 | ITF Kaunas, Lithuania | Hard (i) | Daria Chemarda | Margit Rüütel Ilona Poljakova | 6–0, 6–3 |
| Winner | 2. | 8 July 2002 | ITF İstanbul, Turkey | Clay | Anna Chakvetadze | Daniela Berček Ana Četnik | 7–5, 6–4 |
| Runner-up | 1. | 23 June 2003 | ITF Elektrostal, Russia | Hard | Daria Chemarda | Iryna Brémond Olga Savchuk | 3–6, 6–1, 3–6 |
| Runner-up | 2. | 5 July 2003 | ITF Balashikha, Russia | Clay | Iryna Brémond | Daria Chemarda Elena Vesnina | 5–7, 4–6 |
| Runner-up | 3. | 3 August 2003 | ITF İstanbul, Turkey | Hard | Olga Panova | Julia Ács Zsuzsanna Fodor | 7–6$^{(5)}$, 3–6, 4–6 |
| Winner | 3. | 22 August 2004 | ITF Coimbra, Portugal | Hard | Akgul Amanmuradova | Sarah Raab Sandra Volk | 2–6, 6–1, 6–1 |
| Runner-up | 4. | 21 September 2004 | ITF Batumi, Georgia | Hard | Anna Bastrikova | Alona Bondarenko Galina Fokina | 2–6, 2–6 |
| Runner-up | 5. | 7 March 2005 | ITF Las Palmas, Spain | Clay | Charlène Vanneste | Romina Oprandi Vanessa Wellauer | 5–7, 2–6 |
| Winner | 4. | 17 September 2005 | ITF Tbilisi, Georgia | Clay | Olga Panova | Vasilisa Davydova Pemra Özgen | 6–2, 3–6, 6–4 |
# Elena Kotulskaya

Elena Vladimirovna Kotulskaya (formerly Kofanova; Russian: Елена Владимировна Кофанова; born August 8, 1988) is a Russian runner who specializes in the 800 metres.

## International competitions

Representing  Russia :
| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| 2009 | European U23 Championships | Kaunas, Lithuania | 1st | 800 m | 1:58.94 |
| 2009 | World Championships | Berlin, Germany | 18th (sf) | 800 m | 2:02.02 |
| 2010 | DécaNation | Annecy, France | 1st | 800 m | 2:00.50 |
| 2011 | Summer Universiade | Shenzhen, China | 2nd | 800 m | 1:59.94 |
| 2012 | World Indoor Championships | Istanbul, Turkey | 5th | 800 m | 2:00.67 |
| 2013 | European Indoor Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 2nd | 800 m | 2:00.98 |
| 2013 | World Championships | Moscow, Russia | 14th (sf) | 800 m | 2:01.75 |
# Natalya Kurbatova

Natalya Kurbatova (Russian: Наталья Курбатова; born 17 October 1985) is a Russian long-distance runner who specializes in marathon races.
She finished thirteenth at the 2006 World Road Running Championships, helping the Russian team take a fifth place in the team competition.
Her personal best time in the half marathon is 1:11:05 hours, achieved in September 2006 in Saransk. In the marathon she has 2:33:43 hours, achieved in June 2006 in Saransk.
# Lina Yakupova

Lina Arbievna Yakupova (Russian: Лина Арбиевна Якупова; born 6 September 1990) is a Russian footballer who plays as a forward for Zenit and has appeared for the Russia women's national team.

## Career

Yakupova has been capped for the Russia national team, appearing for the team during the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifying cycle.

## International goals

| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1. | 30 November 2023 | National Women Training Center, Asunción, Paraguay | Paraguay | 1–0 | 3–0 | Friendly |