OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jamie Andrew

Jamie Andrew (born 3 August 1969) is a Scottish mountaineer.

## Early life

Andrew was born in Bearsden, just outside Glasgow. He attended school there, and later in Glasgow. He went on to study for a BEng in Electrical Engineering at the University of Edinburgh. He completed an MSc at Bangor in North Wales and then moved to Edinburgh where he still lives.
In 1995 he embarked on a career as an Industrial Rope Access Technician, tacking construction and maintenance projects on high buildings involving abseiling. Projects included work on oil rigs, viaducts, power stations, and painting the Forth Bridge. He became a Team Leader, Safety Supervisor and Rope Access Trainer for rope access company based in an Edinburgh.

## Accident

In January 1999 Andrew and his friend Jamie Fisher got caught in a storm after having climbed the north face of Les Droites in the Mont Blanc massif. Having made it up the north face the two men were beset by snow, winds of 90 mph and temperatures of -30 °C, for the following four nights. On the last night Fisher died of hypothermia. Despite having developed frostbite, Andrew survived the experience, being helicoptered off the mountain by the French rescue services. His ordeal was featured on the documentary series I Shouldn't Be Alive. The episode is titled Death Climb and first aired on 26 January 2011.

### After amputation

Amputation of all four limbs was necessary to save Andrew's life from septic shock. After he recovered from the surgery, he spent several months in rehabilitation. After his first walk (with no hands or feet) up Blackford Hill Andrew took part in skiing, snowboarding, paragliding, orienteering, running, hill walking, caving, rock climbing and mountaineering. He has walked up Ben Nevis, raising £15,000 for charity in the process, run the London Marathon in 2001 raising £22,000 for charity, made many ascents of 4,000 m peaks in the Alps and climbed Kilimanjaro with three other disabled mountaineers raising £5,000 for charity. In 2012 Andrew climbed the Olympic Stadium of the London 2012 games as part of Channel 4's "Meet the Superhumans" campaign to launch the Paralympic Games.
Andrew gives talks throughout the UK and in 2004 published the book Life and Limb which tells his story. According to Andrew his challenge for the future is his young daughter and twins. In April 2014 he was a guest on the BBC Radio 4 programme Midweek. Seven Summits with boparfet.
On 4 August 2016, Andrew climbed to the top of the 4,478-metre (14,692 ft) Matterhorn in Zermatt, accompanied by two local mountaineers.

## Personal life

In June 2000 he married his long-term partner, Anna Wyatt. In February 2004 the couple had a daughter and in May 2006 had twins, a girl and a boy.

## Works

* Andrew, Jamie (2005). Life and Limb. Portrait. ISBN 978-0749-9505-21.
# Inorodtsy

In the Russian Empire, inorodtsy (Russian: иноро́дцы) (singular: inorodets (Russian: инородец), literally meaning "of different descent/nation", "of alien origin") was a special ethnicity-based category of population that received a special treatment under the law. Informally, the term referred to all non-Slavic subjects of the empire.
The term is sometimes translated as allogeneous (people) (cf. "allogenes") and sometimes as "aliens". The latter translation is misleading since in most cases the term was applied to the indigenous population of Siberia, Central Asia, and Russian Far East.

## History

Initially, a legal statute was introduced for special treatment of certain peoples of Russia (including a certain degree of protection for their traditional life) for which some laws of the empire were deemed inappropriate. Over time, the term acquired a pejorative connotation. Privileges and special treatment for inorodtsy varied depending on the group, area, and time period, but often included exemption of military service, reduction or exemption of taxes, protection of grazing lands, and religious and governmental self-administration.
The 19th century Russian code of law (beginning with the 1822 Statute on the Administration of Inorodtsy [ru]) distinguished the following categories of inorodtsy:
* Siberian inorodtsy, all indigenous peoples of Siberia; some of them were in separate categories due to their "incomplete dependence on Russia":
** Chukchi of Primorskaya Oblast
** Dzhungarians (дзюнгорцы) of Tomsk Governorate
** Inorodtsy of Commander Islands
* Samoyeds of Arkhangelsk Governorate
* Kalmucks
* "Kyrgyzs" (obsolete name: see the contemporary map; now the ethnicity in this area is known as Kazakhs) of the Interior Horde
* Nomadic inorodtsy of Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk, Semirechye, Ural, and Turgay oblasts
* Turkestan Krai inorodtsy
* Transcaspian Oblast nomads (ordyntsy, "Horde people")
* Mountain people of Caucasus
* Jews
# Jodie Clatworthy

Jodie Michelle Clatworthy (born 3 April 1972), also known by her married name Jodie Housman, is an Australian former competitive swimmer and individual medley specialist.
As a 16-year-old, Clatworthy represented Australia at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. She competed in the 200-metre and 400-metre individual medley events, advanced to the final of both, and finished fourth and sixth, respectively.
Clatworthy is a three-time Commonwealth Games silver medallist. At the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland, she won her first silver in the women's 400-metre individual medley, finishing behind fellow Australian Suzie Landells. Four years later when Auckland, New Zealand hosted the 1990 Commonwealth Games, she qualified for both individual medley events. In the 200-metre individual medley, she came second behind Canadian Nancy Sweetman, and in the 400-metre individual medley event she was runner-up to Australian Hayley Lewis.
Clatworthy is married to fellow Australian Olympic swimmer Glen Housman.
# Sheila Cassidy

Sheila Anne Cassidy (born 18 August 1937) is an English doctor, known for her work in the hospice movement, as a writer and as someone who, by publicising her own history as a torture survivor, drew attention to human rights abuse in Chile in the 1970s.

## Early life and education

Born in Cranwell, Lincolnshire, to Air Vice-Marshal John Reginald Cassidy (1892–1974) and Barbara Margaret Cassidy, Cassidy grew up in Sydney and attended the Our Lady of Mercy College in Parramatta, a suburb of Sydney. She began her medical studies at the University of Sydney where she was a resident at Sancta Sophia College and completed them at Somerville College, Oxford in 1963. She wanted to become a plastic surgeon but could not keep up with the 90-hour week, so she left school.

## Career

Cassidy went to practice medicine in Chile during the government of Salvador Allende.
In 1975, Cassidy was caught up in the violence of the Pinochet regime. She gave medical care to Nelson Gutiérrez, a political opponent of the new regime who was being sought by the police. As a result, she was herself arrested on 1 November 1975 by the Chilean secret police, the DINA, and kept in custody without trial. During the early part of her custody, she was severely tortured in the notorious Villa Grimaldi near Santiago, Chile, to force her to disclose information about her patient and her other contacts.
Later in 1975, Cassidy was released from custody and returned to the UK with the assistance of the British government and Roberto Kozak. Her subsequent description of her experiences, including her account of her torture on the parrilla (electric shock device where the victim is strapped to a metal frame or "grill") and her imprisonment, did much to bring to the attention of the UK public the widespread human rights abuses that were occurring at the time in Chile. Her story appeared in news media and in her book, Audacity to Believe.

## Later life

After a period of recovery from the physical and psychological effects of her ordeal (during which she briefly became a nun), Cassidy continued to practise as a doctor. In 1982, she became Medical Director of the new St Luke's Hospice in Plymouth, a position which she held for 15 years. She then went on to set up a palliative care service for the Plymouth hospitals. Whilst at St Luke's, Cassidy sat for a life-size portrait study in 1982 by painter Robert Lenkiewicz (1941-2002).
Cassidy has written a number of books on Christian subjects and has been involved with a number of charitable organisations such as patronage of The Prison Phoenix Trust. In her book Confessions of a Lapsed Catholic she outlines her reasons that caused her to withdraw her allegiance from the Catholic Church.
Sheila Cassidy now has a Form named after her in St Joseph's Catholic & Anglican High School, Wrexham.
# NGC 1992

NGC 1992 (also known as PGC 17466) is a lenticular galaxy located in the Columba constellation. It was discovered by John Herschel on November 19, 1835. It is about 473 million light years from the Milky Way, Its apparent magnitude is 14.65 and its size is 1.0 x 0.7 arc minutes.
# Scott Kooistra

Daniel Scott Kooistra [KOO-struh] (born October 14, 1980) is an American former professional football offensive tackle. He played college football at North Carolina State and was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the seventh round of the 2003 NFL draft. Kooistra was also a member of the Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Ravens and Minnesota Vikings.

## Early life

Kooistra was born in Madison Wisconsin. He attended East Cary Middle School where he made the A/B Honor Role in eighth grade. He played high school football for Cary High School in Cary, North Carolina where he was a "crowd favorite." Koostra started for two years, playing offensive and defensive tackle. Cary Coach Jay DeJeet said, "He is a very athletic big man and his footwork is exceptional."

## College career

Kooistra attended North Carolina State University on scholarship. He started every game as a tackle as a junior and a senior. As a senior in 2002, Kooistra was starting tackle for team that posted 11–3 record, capped by a win in the Gator Bowl. He was a History major while at NC State.

## Professional career
### Cincinnati Bengals

Kooistra was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the seventh round (215th overall) of the 2003 NFL draft. He made his NFL debut versus the Denver Broncos on September 7. In his first season, he played in eight games. In 2004, he played in all 16 games and in both the 2005 and 2006 seasons he played in 15 games.
On January 30, 2007, Kooistra was tendered a 3-year deal with the Bengals keeping him in Cincinnati through the 2009 season. Kooistra was waived by the Bengals on November 3, 2009. He was re-signed on November 9, but waived again on November 24.

### Cleveland Browns

Kooistra signed with the Cleveland Browns on December 22, 2009, after quarterback Brady Quinn was placed on injured reserve. Kooistra was waived on December 26 when the team promoted practice squad linebacker Titus Brown. Kooista was re-signed on December 29 after the team waived linebacker Arnold Harrison, but waived again on January 1, 2010, after defensive end Titus Adams was claimed off waivers.
Kooistra was re-signed to a future contract by the Browns on January 5, 2010. Kooistra was cut on September 4.

### Baltimore Ravens

Kooistra signed with the Baltimore Ravens on October 5, 2010. He was waived on November 20, 2010.

### Minnesota Vikings

Kooistra was signed with the Minnesota Vikings on July 31, 2011. He was placed on injured reserve on August 22, 2011.
# NGC 495

NGC 495, also occasionally referred to as PGC 5037, UGC 920 or GC 278, is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It is located approximately 184 million light-years from the Solar System and was discovered on 12 September 1784 by astronomer William Herschel.

## Observation history

The object was discovered by Herschel along with NGC 496 and NGC 499. He initially described the discovery as "Three [NGC 495 along with NGC 496 and 499], eS and F, forming a triangle.". As he observed the trio again the next night, he was able to make out more detail: "Three, forming a [right triangle]; the [right angle] to the south NGC 499, the short leg preceding [NGC 495], the long towards the north [NGC 496]. Those in the legs [NGC 495 and 496] the faintest imaginable; that at the rectangle [NGC 499] a deal larger and brighter, but still very faint."
NGC 495 was later also observed by Heinrich d'Arrest and Herman Schultz who first noted the object's accurate position. This position is also noted in the New General Catalogue.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 495: SN 1999ej (type Ia, mag. 18.1).

## Description

John Dreyer, creator of the New General Catalogue, uses Herschel's initial notation to describe the position of NGC 495 ("very faint, small, 1st of 3").
Modern observations however call NGC 495 a bright central galaxy with an apparent size of about 1.2' by 0.8'. It also includes fainter outer extensions, about 2.6' by 1.5'. The galaxy is also classified as a barred spiral galaxy of Hubble type SB0-a.
# NGC 508

NGC 508, also occasionally referred to as PGC 5099 or UGC 939, is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It is located approximately 247 million light-years from the Solar System and was discovered on 12 September 1784 by British astronomer William Herschel.

## Observation history

Herschel discovered NGC 508 along with NGC 507 and described the objects as "Two. Both eF, S, but unequal.". His observed position was catalogued and is accurate. John Louis Emil Dreyer, creator of the New General Catalogue, described the galaxy as "very faint, small, northern of two", with the other object being NGC 507.

## Description

The galaxy has an apparent size of 1.1 × 1.1 arcmins and a recessional velocity of 5525 kilometers per second. It is thought to be a group member with NGC 507, but as there is no evidence of interaction between the objects, the two are not necessarily a physical pair. Although NGC 508 is usually treated as part of Arp 229, the description of the Arp-galaxy only applies to the larger NGC 507. Therefore, the term Arp 229 should only be used as an alternative designation for NGC 507.
# NGC 515

NGC 515, also occasionally referred to as PGC 5201 or UGC 956, is a lenticular galaxy located approximately 228 million light-years from the Solar System in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on 13 September 1784 by astronomer William Herschel.

## Observation history

Herschel discovered the object along with NGC 517 using Beta Andromedae as a reference star. He described his discovery as "two, both stellar", indicating his misidentification of the object as a star. The position noted for NGC 515 is just 35 seconds east of UGC 956, thus the two entries are generally thought to be the same object. The object was also observed by John Herschel, son of William Herschel and later catalogued by John Louis Emil Dreyer in the New General Catalogue, where the galaxy was described as "pretty faint, very small, round, northwestern of 2" with the other one being NGC 517.

## Description

The galaxy has an apparent visual magnitude of 13.1 and can be classified as type S0 using the Hubble Sequence. The object's distance of roughly 230 million light-years from the Solar System can be estimated using its redshift and Hubble's law.
# NGC 501

NGC 501, also occasionally referred to as PGC 5082 or GC 284, is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It is located approximately 224 million light-years from the Solar System and was discovered on 28 October 1856 by Irish astronomer R. J. Mitchell.

## Observation history

Although John Dreyer, creator of the New General Catalogue, credits the discovery to astronomer William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, he notes that many of his claimed discoveries were made by one of his assistants. In the case of NGC 501, the discovery was made by R. J. Mitchell, who discovered it using Lord Rosse's 72" reflecting telescope at Birr Castle in County Offaly, Ireland. The object was described "very faint, small (E in Birr diagram)" in the New General Catalogue.
# IC 4970

IC 4970 is an unbarred lenticular galaxy of type SA0^- pec: in the constellation Pavo. It is 212 million light-years (65 Mpc) from Earth and is interacting with the barred spiral galaxy NGC 6872. It was discovered on 21 September 1900 by American astronomer DeLisle Stewart.

## Interaction with NGC 6872

IC 4970 is located a few arcseconds away from the much larger barred spiral galaxy NGC 6872, and the two are known to be interacting with each other. Horrelou and Koribalski (2007) reported on a computer simulation used to determine how the two galaxies were interacting. The study concluded that IC 4970 approached NGC 6872 nearly along the plane of its spiral disk, making a closest approach approximately 130 million years ago resulting in the latter's current highly elongated shape.
An ultraviolet-to-infrared study by Eufrasio, et al. (2013), using data from GALEX, Spitzer, and other resources found that the interaction between the two galaxies appears to have triggered significant star formation in the northeastern arm of NGC 6872 beginning about 130 thousand light-years (40 kpc) from its nucleus. The same appears to have also occurred in the southwestern arm. A bright ultraviolet source was discovered at the end of the northeastern arm, around 290 thousand light-years (90 kpc) from the nucleus, which may be a tidal dwarf galaxy formed out of the interaction between IC 4970 and NGC 6872. The bright ultraviolet nature of this cluster indicates that it contains stars less than 200 million years old, which roughly coincides with the timeframe of the collision.
# Queens Well, Arizona

Queens Well is a populated place in Pima County, Arizona. It has an estimated elevation of 2,041 feet (622 m) above sea level. Queens Well is located in the Schuk Toak District on the east side of the Tohono O’odham Nation. The area had multiple solar powered wells installed in the 1970s and 1980s.
In the 2023 Tohono O'odham Nation Election, Katrina Lopez was elected as the community representative for Queens Well.
# Coniocybaceae

The Coniocybaceae are the sole family of lichen-forming fungi in the Coniocybales, which itself is the only order in the class Coniocybomycetes.

## Taxonomy

The family was circumscribed by Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach in 1837. Both the order and the class were proposed by Maria Prieto and Mats Wedin in 2013 after molecular phylogenetics analysis of various calicioid lichens showed that the Coniocybaceae represented an early diverging lineage in the inoperculate ascomycetes.

## Description

Coniocybomycetes lichens form symbiotic relationships with various types of green algae, including Dictyochloropsis, Stichococcus, Trentepohlia, and members of the Trebouxioid group. The most distinctive feature of these lichens is their stalked reproductive structures called apothecia. These structures have a spherical to cone-shaped head (capitulum) and contain a powdery mass of spores called a mazaedium, which can range from brown to pale in colour. The apothecia's outer protective layer (excipulum) varies in its development and appears as an extension of the stalk tissue.
The fungi reproduce through spores that develop in specialised cells called asci. These asci are cylindrical, ellipsoidal, or irregularly shaped and break down early in development. They can form either individually or in chains from specialised fungal threads (ascogenous hyphae), sometimes with hook-like structures called croziers. The spores themselves are typically simple and round or elliptical, though some rare species produce cylindrical spores with 1–5 cross-walls (septa). The spore surface can be smooth or decorated with wart-like projections or cracks, and their colour ranges from pale to brown.
Secondary reproductive structures called pycnidia have only been conclusively observed in laboratory cultures of some Chaenotheca species, appearing as simple, Asterophoma-like structures. Simple thread-like reproductive forms (hyphomycetous anamorphs) have been documented both in laboratory cultures and in natural settings.
The order is characterised by the presence of specific chemical compounds, including derivatives of pulvinic and vulpinic acids that appear as a frosting-like coating (pruina) or within the lichen body (thallus). Some species also contain other compounds such as atranorin, baeomycesic acid, squamatic acid, and in one species, pseudoplacodiolic acid.
While genetic studies suggest a relationship with the order Lichinomycetes, there are no known shared physical characteristics (morphological synapomorphies) between these groups.

## Genera

* Chaenotheca (Th.Fr.) Th.Fr. (1860) – 28 spp.
* Chaenotricha Suija, McMullin & P.Lõhmus (2023) – 2 spp.
* Coniocybe Ach. (1816) – 4 spp.
* Sclerophora Chevall. (1826) – 4 spp.
# Hexanitrostilbene

Hexanitrostilbene (HNS), also called JD-X, is an organic compound with the formula [(O$_2$N)$_3$C$_6$H$_2$CH]$_2$. It is a yellow-orange solid. It is used as a heat-resistant high explosive. It is slightly soluble (0.1 - 5 g/100 mL) in butyrolactone, DMF, DMSO, and N-methylpyrrolidone.

## Production and use

It is produced by oxidizing trinitrotoluene (TNT) with a solution of sodium hypochlorite. HNS boasts a higher insensitivity to heat than TNT, and like TNT it is insensitive to impact. When casting TNT, HNS is added at 0.5% to form erratic micro-crystals within the TNT, which prevent cracking. Because of its insensitivity but high explosive properties, HNS is used in space missions. It was the main explosive fill in the seismic source generating mortar ammunition canisters used as part of the Apollo Lunar Active Seismic Experiments.
Its heat of detonation is 4 kJ/g.
It was developed by Kathryn Grove Shipp at the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory in the 1960s and has been improved on since then.
# Baryssiniella

Baryssiniella is a genus of long-horned beetles in the family Cerambycidae. There are at least two described species in Baryssiniella, found in South America.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus Baryssiniella:
* Baryssiniella hieroglyphica Berkov & Monné, 2010 (Brazil, French Guiana, and Peru)
* Baryssiniella tavakiliani Berkov & Monné, 2010 (French Guiana)
# Frederick Victor Branford

Frederick Victor Branford (1892–1941) was a Scottish poet, known for verse of World War I and the years after.

## Biography

Born Frederick Victor Rubens Branford Powell, the son of actors Mary Branford and Joynson Powell, he was given the second name of Mary's brother Victor Branford and was known in the family as 'Freddie' Powell. After the death of his mother he was brought up by his aunt Dorothy and after her separation from Lionel Branford, they lived in Ardgay, Scotland. (Alasdair Alpin MacGregor's The Goat Wife tells the evocative story of his hard working and resourceful Aunt Dorothy, who left a comfortable existence in Edinburgh for life as a solo crofter in the Easter Ross village of Ardgay (then known locally as "High Wind"). Branford appears in the book as "Victor".) He may have felt closer to the Branfords than to his father and published his poetry under the surname of Branford.
He was educated at Edinburgh University and Leiden University. Serving as a captain in the Royal Naval Air Service during World War I, Branford was very badly wounded at the Battle of the Somme, when he was shot down over the Belgian coast and swam ashore to the Netherlands, where he was interned. Most of his poems were written in a long period of recovery from his injuries, which left him totally disabled. He lived on a disability pension for the rest of his life.
Branford stopped writing poetry in 1923, disillusioned with the prospects for future peace. He remarried in 1937, his second wife was his cousin Margaret Branford, the playwright daughter of John Branford.

## Works

* Titans and Gods (1922)
* Five Poems (1922)
* The White Stallion (1924)