# Attorney-General of Singapore

The attorney-general of Singapore is the public prosecutor of the Republic of Singapore and legal adviser to the Government of Singapore. The attorney-general is the head of the Attorney-General's Chambers (AGC), whose staff carries out the functions of the attorney-general. The attorney-general is appointed by the president, on the advice of the prime minister, under Article 35 of the Constitution of Singapore. Unlike some countries that follow the Westminster parliamentary model, the attorney-general is not a Member of Parliament.
The Office of Attorney-General was established in 1867, when the British Crown appointed the attorney-general of the Straits Settlements, based in Singapore, to serve as legal adviser to the new Crown colony's government.

## Functions

The attorney-general of Singapore has two distinct roles: legal adviser to the Singapore Government and public prosecutor, assisted by legal officers in the four divisions of the Attorney-General's Chambers (AGC).

### Legal adviser to the government

The attorney-general's role as the Government's legal adviser is performed by the AGC's Civil Division. The functions of the attorney-general include advising ministries and organs of state on legal matters; drafting and vetting contracts and legal documents; and representing the Government in international initiatives and litigation matters, among others.
The International Affairs Division advises Government agencies on international-law issues, represents Singapore in bilateral and multilateral negotiations, and negotiates and drafts multilateral and bilateral legal instruments, among other roles.
The Legislation Division comprises four groups. The Law Drafting Group drafts legislation and advises Government agencies on development of legislation. The Legislative Editorial and Revision Group undertakes law revision. The Law Publication Group maintains Singapore Statutes Online, among other duties. The Business Services and Governance Group provides administrative support to the other groups.

### Public Prosecutor

The attorney-general's role as the public prosecutor is performed by the AGC's Crime Division. Prosecutorial discretion grants the attorney-general the power to institute, conduct or discontinue any prosecution at the attorney-general's discretion.

## History
### Pre-1867

Between the grant of the Second Charter of Justice in 1826 and the formation of the Crown colony of the Straits Settlements in 1867, the function of legal adviser to the government in Singapore was vested in various offices. From 1826 to 1855, it was the Recorder of the Prince of Wales Island, Malacca and Singapore; from 1855 to 1864, the Recorder of Singapore; and from 1864 to 1867, the Crown Counsel, Singapore.

### 1867–1942: Attorney-General of the Straits Settlements

The office of Attorney-General was created on 1 April 1867, when Sir Thomas Braddell was appointed as the first attorney-general of the Straits Settlements. He was based in Singapore while his solicitor-general, Daniel Logan, was based in Penang.

### 1942–1945: Japanese occupation of Singapore

Following the fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942, Japanese troops arrested the attorney-general, Charles Gough Howell, KC, who died in Japanese captivity. Concurrently, the civilian courts ceased to function.
Subsequently, the Japanese military administration established the office of Kensatsu-kan, or Attorney-General and Public Prosecutor, presumably on 27 May 1942 when the civilian courts were re-opened by proclamation.

### 1945–1946: British Military Administration

Following the formal surrender of Japanese forces in Southeast Asia on 12 September 1945, the responsibility of rendering legal advice to the British Military Administration of Malaya lay with its Chief Legal Officer.

### 1946–1959: Attorney-General of the Colony of Singapore

When Singapore became a Crown colony on 1 April 1946, Sir Edward John Davies, KC was appointed as the first attorney-general of the Colony of Singapore.

### 1959–1965: State Advocate-General of the State of Singapore

After the State of Singapore gained full internal self-governance in 1959, Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim was appointed State Advocate-General, becoming Singapore's first non-British legal adviser to the government.

### Post-1965: Attorney-General of the Republic of Singapore

Following the Republic of Singapore's independence on 9 August 1965, Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim became the country's first attorney-general.
The appointment of Lucien Wong, SC, as the ninth attorney-general, was debated in Parliament. He was aged 63 at the time of his appointment; the retirement age is 60 and he was older than the previous Attorney-General who retired at age 60. Minister for Law K. Shanmugam, who was a senior partner with Wong at Allen & Gledhill, argued that his appointment, being for a specified term, was “in accordance with Article 35 of the Constitution.”
Wong was previously the personal lawyer of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and also advised Lee on issues relating to Lee Kuan Yew's will.

## List of officeholders (1867–1965)
### Attorney-General of the Straits Settlements

| # | Attorney-General of the Straits Settlements | Took office | Left office |
| 1 | Thomas Braddell | 1 April 1867 | 1 January 1883 |
| – | John Augustus Harwood (acting) | 2 January 1883 | 2 October 1883 |
| 2 | John Winfield Bonser | 3 October 1883 | 6 November 1893 |
| 3 | William Robert Collyer | 7 November 1893 | 4 February 1906 |
| – | John Robert Innes (acting) | 5 February 1906 | 28 February 1907 |
| 4 | Walter John Napier | 1 March 1907 | 31 December 1909 |
| 5 | Frederick Belfield | 1 January 1910 | 20 February 1911 |
| 6 | Thomas de Multon Lee Braddell | 21 February 1911 | 24 January 1913 |
| – | Evelyn Campbell Ellis (acting) | 25 January 1913 | 24 April 1913 |
| 7 | Gerald Aubrey Goodman | 25 April 1913 | 18 November 1919 |
| 8 | James William Murison | 19 November 1919 | 9 July 1925 |
| 9 | Michael Whitley | 10 July 1925 | 12 July 1929 |
| 10 | Walter Huggard | 13 July 1929 | 20 April 1933 |
| 11 | Percy Alexander McElwaine | 21 April 1933 | 10 August 1936 |
| – | Newnham Arthur Worley (acting) | 27 October 1936 | 10 December 1936 |
| 12 | Charles Gough Howell | 11 August 1936 | 14 February 1942 |

### Kensatsu-kan of Syonan-to

| # | Kensatsu-kan of Syonan-to | Term start | Term end |
| – | – | 15 February 1942 | 26 May 1942 |
| 1 | Ichihara Kakka | 27 May 1942 | 11 September 1945 |

### Chief Legal Officer, British Military Administration of Malaya

| # | Chief Legal Officer, British Military Administration | Took office | Left office |
| 1 | Lieutenant Colonel T. C. Spencer-Wilkinson | 12 September 1945 | 31 March 1946 |

### Attorney-General of the Crown Colony of Singapore

| # | Attorney-General of the Crown Colony of Singapore | Took office | Left office |
| 1 | Sir John Davies, KC | 1 April 1946 | 5 September 1955 |
| 2 | Charles Harris Butterfield, QC | 6 September 1955 | 1 July 1957 |
| 3 | Ernest Pattison Shanks, QC | 2 July 1957 | 24 June 1959 |

### State Advocate-General of the State of Singapore

| # | State Advocate-General of the State of Singapore | Took office | Left office | Previous office | Subsequent office |
| 1 | Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim | 25 June 1959 | 8 August 1965 | Crown Counsel and Deputy Public Prosecutor | Attorney-General of Singapore |

## List of attorneys-general (1965–present)

| # | Attorney-General of the Republic of Singapore | Took office | Left office | Previous office | Subsequent office |
| 1 | Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim | 9 August 1965 | 31 January 1967 | State Advocate-General of Singapore | Ambassador to the United Arab Republic |
| – | Tan Boon Teik (acting) | 1 February 1967 | 31 December 1968 | – | – |
| 2 | Tan Boon Teik, SC | 1 January 1969 | 30 April 1992 | Solicitor-General of Singapore | Chairman, Singapore International Arbitration Centre |
| 3 | Chan Sek Keong, SC | 1 May 1992 | 10 April 2006 | Judge of the Supreme Court of Singapore | Chief Justice of Singapore |
| 4 | Chao Hick Tin, SC | 11 April 2006 | 10 April 2008 | Judge of the Court of Appeal of Singapore | Judge of the Court of Appeal of Singapore |
| 5 | Walter Woon, SC | 11 April 2008 | 10 April 2010 | Solicitor-General of Singapore | Professor, National University of Singapore Faculty of Law |
| – | Koh Juat Jong, SC (acting) | 11 April 2010 | 30 September 2010 | Solicitor-General of Singapore | Solicitor-General of Singapore |
| 6 | Sundaresh Menon, SC | 1 October 2010 | 24 June 2012 | Managing Partner, Rajah & Tann | Judge of the Court of Appeal of Singapore |
| 7 | Steven Chong, SC | 25 June 2012 | 24 June 2014 | Judge of the Supreme Court of Singapore | Judge of the Supreme Court of Singapore |
| 8 | V. K. Rajah, SC | 25 June 2014 | 13 January 2017 | Judge of the Court of Appeal of Singapore | Retired |
| 9 | Lucien Wong, SC | 14 January 2017 | Incumbent | Chairman and Senior Partner, Allen & Gledhill | – |

## Notable incidents
### Wrongful conviction

In September 2020, the AGC conducted a prosecutorial review for a wrongful conviction case of a domestic worker accused of a crime.