OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Appleby Matthews

Thomas Appleby Matthews (30 August 1884 – 22 June 1949) was an English conductor and organist.

## Life and career

Matthews was born in Tamworth, Staffordshire and received his musical education at the Birmingham and Midland Institute School of Music, serving as organist of St. Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham and playing viola in George Halford's Orchestra. He became an experienced choirmaster, running his own Appleby Matthews Chorus, and also conducted the Birmingham City Police band.
Leon Goossens, who played the oboe under Matthews for the City of Birmingham Orchestra, described him as "a very short man [who] always tried to walk a little bit taller than he really was".

### Appleby Matthews Orchestra

Between 1916 and 1920 Matthews ran annual series of concerts in Birmingham with an orchestra bearing his own name. The first recorded concert took place on 16 July 1916 at Birmingham Town Hall, with 40 musicians and Alex Cohen as leader. The 1917-1918 season saw twelve Monday evening concerts take place at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre in Station Street; the 1918-1919 season saw 40 Sunday evening concerts at the Scala on Smallbrook Street; and the 1919-1920 season saw 36 concerts, also on Sunday evenings, at the Futurist Cinema on John Bright Street.
The orchestra's most significant concert took place on 4 October 1917, when Matthews, his orchestra, chorus and a soprano soloist gave the first complete performance of Edward Elgar's choral trilogy The Spirit of England. The first concert of Matthews' final season on 7 September 1919 was reviewed in the Musical Times: Alex Cohen was still leading the orchestra, who played a programme featuring works by Mozart, Wagner and Dvorak, and the review recorded a "packed house" and "fine performances", concluding "evidently these excellent concerts have come to stay".

### City of Birmingham Orchestra

In 1920 Matthews became the first conductor of the City of Birmingham Orchestra, today's City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra. Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians says of this period:

### Other activities

Matthews supported Rutland Boughton at his Glastonbury Festivals (1914–1925) and conducted performances of The Immortal Hour and Bethlehem. He also acted as a chorus master for the Beecham Opera Company.
Appearances by Matthews as a guest conductor included performances with the Hallé Orchestra in Manchester in 1916; with the Berlin Philharmonic in April 1922, where his programme was adventurous and well-reviewed; and with the Orchestre Lamoureux in Paris on 31 October 1922, where he conducted the Paris premiere of Beni Mora, the first performance of any work of Gustav Holst given in that capital.
Matthews died in Birmingham on 22 June 1949.
# Francisco Vargas (athlete)

Francisco Vargas (born 12 November 1963) is a Colombian racewalker. He competed in the men's 20 kilometres walk at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
His personal best in the 20 kilometres walk is 1:23:10 set in 1987.
# Raziya Nurkenova

Raziya Tuleanova Nurkenova (4 May 1968 – 18 August 2020; Russian: Разия Нуркенова) was a football manager. Born in Kazakhstan, she was a Russia international.

## Early life

Nurkenova played handball as a child. She attended the Karaganda Pedagogical Institute in Kazakhstan.

## Career

Nurkenova started her managerial career with Russian side CSK VVS. She was described as "managed to assemble a combat-ready team from her students, which performed well in the first division". In 2018, she was appointed manager of the Kazakhstan women's national football team.

## Personal life

Nurkenova was the daughter of Nakysh Kabdollakizy. She had seven older siblings.
# Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110

Site 110 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome is a launch facility which was used by the N1 rocket during the late 1960s and early 1970s, and by the Energia rocket during the 1980s.

## Site

Site 110 consists of two launch pads: The right (or east) pad, called "110/38" or "110R", was completed first. It was followed by the left (or west) pad, called "110/37" or "110L". The complex was built in the 1960s as part of the Soviet crewed lunar programs, for use by the N1 rocket.
A total of five launches were made from the complex: Four N1 launches as well as one Energia launch, carrying the Buran spaceplane. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union the Energia and Buran programmes were cancelled, and the complex was abandoned.

## Usage
### N1

Site 110 was intended as the launch site for crewed lunar landing missions using the Soyuz 7K-L3 spacecraft and the LK lander. The N1 made four flights, all of which were launched from Site 110, and all of which failed before the first stage had completed its burn.
The first launch from the complex occurred from Site 110/38 on 21 February 1969, and was followed by another launch from the same pad on 3 July 1969. During the second launch the number 8 engine exploded a quarter of a second after liftoff, starting a fire at the base of the rocket. The rocket cleared the tower but by 12 seconds into the flight the fire had caused all but one of the remaining engines to fail, and the rocket fell back onto the launch pad. The resulting explosion destroyed the right pad, shattered windows six kilometres from the pad, and could be seen 35 kilometres (22 mi) away in Leninsk. It took over eighteen months to rebuild the pad.
N1 launches resumed on 26 June 1971, with the first from the left pad. Following its failure, and the failure of another launch on 23 November 1972, the development of the N1 was abandoned.

### Energia

Both N1 pads at Site 110 were then rebuilt for launching Energia rockets and adapted for crewed flights. The two rotating service towers on both pads were reduced in height by 60 metres (200 feet) to match the shorter stack height of the Energia rocket. A third pad was constructed from the ground up at Site 250 for testing and uncrewed launches. Energia rockets only flew twice. The first flight (Energia-Polyus) on 15 May 1987 was made from Site 250, and the second flight (Energia-Buran) from Site 110/37.
The only Energia launch from Site 110 occurred at 03:00 UTC on 15 November 1988, carrying the first Buran shuttle on an uncrewed test flight.

### Later use

Today both launch pads at Site 110 are still standing, but have fallen into disrepair. Site 110 was considered as a location for the Bayterek Launch Complex, which is to be built at Baikonur for Angara launches, however Baikonur's other Energia launch complex, Site 250, was chosen instead. Site 200/40, a Proton launch complex, had also been under consideration.
# Cees Juffermans

Cees Juffermans (born 10 February 1982) is a former Olympian and Dutch Short track speed skater. However, in his recent career he is more well known as a marathon speed skater.
Juffermans is one of the most renowned short track speed skaters the Netherlands has ever produced. At the 2001 European Championships, he won the silver medal and competed in the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City where he was eliminated in the series at the 500 and 1000 meters. At the 1500 meters, he would reach the semi-finals and would eventually finish in 8th place.
His road to the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin was not the easiest. Juffermans was nominated by the Dutch Speed Skating Association for both the 1000 and 1500 metres and only had to show he was in form prior to the Olympics at the Speed Skating World Cup meeting in The Hague. He was unable to do so and his 1000 meters ticket was given to Niels Kerstholt instead, who did meet the qualifications to reach the Olympics. On 20 January 2006, he eventually did qualify for the Olympics as during the 2006 European Championships he finished in 6th position at the 1500 meters, which was good enough to qualify. As the Dutch had another starting entry left which was not taken by any other skater he was also allowed to start at the 500 meters in Turin. At the 500 meters, he reached the quarter-finals, while at the 1500 meters he was eliminated in the semi-finals, although he had the final in reach. With only one lap to go Juffermans was in second position when Belgian Pieter Gysel hit him and both fell on the ice. Gysel was disqualified and as a result Juffermans would be able to ride in the final, however, after his fall, he did not pass the finish line, and was eliminated after all. After the Olympics, he would make a surprising switch by giving up on short track speed skating, and starting to participate in marathon speed skating instead.

## Personal life

Born February 10, 1982 in Stompwijk, Netherlands. Currently he is in a relationship with short track speed skater, Liesbeth Mau Asam.
# Carlos Castro (Venezuelan footballer)

Carlos Castro (born 18 March 1968) is a Venezuelan footballer. He played in three matches for the Venezuela national football team in 1991. He was also part of Venezuela's squad for the 1991 Copa América tournament.
# Maskulińskie

Maskulińskie is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Ruciane-Nida, within Pisz County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.
# Ivan Babić (footballer, born 1981)

Ivan Babić (Serbian Cyrillic: Иван Бабић; born 2 January 1981) is a Serbian retired footballer who played as a defender.

## Career
### Club career

Babić made his debut for Borac Čačak in 1999, before moving to Napredak Kruševac in 2000. In June 2004, Babić signed a deal with Partizan. He played on loan at Obilić, Rad and Bežanija. He returned to Napredak Kruševac in the 2007–08 season. After three seasons, Babić moved to Novi Pazar in the summer of 2010. He scored first Serbian SuperLiga goal in the club's history for a 1–0 win against Smederevo.

### Coaching career

After having working as U19 head coach for his former club FK Napredak Kruševac, Babić was promoted as assistant coach for the club's first team in December 2019 under his former teammate and newly appointed head coach Ivan Stefanović.
# Kemeny's constant

In probability theory, Kemeny’s constant is the expected number of time steps required for a Markov chain to transition from a starting state i to a random destination state sampled from the Markov chain's stationary distribution. Surprisingly, this quantity does not depend on which starting state i is chosen. It is in that sense a constant, although it is different for different Markov chains. When first published by John Kemeny in 1960 a prize was offered for an intuitive explanation as to why the quantity was constant.
Beyond its theoretical importance, Kemeny’s constant is also applied in practice to evaluate the efficiency of robotic surveillance strategies. More precisely, Kemeny's constant measures how quickly a robot can navigate its environment using Markov chain-based methods.

## Definition

For a finite ergodic Markov chain with transition matrix P and invariant distribution π, write m$_{ij}$ for the mean first passage time from state i to state j (denoting the mean recurrence time for the case i = j). Then
    $K=\sum _{j}\pi _{j}m_{ij}$
is a constant and not dependent on i.

## Prize

Kemeny wrote, (for i the starting state of the Markov chain) “A prize is offered for the first person to give an intuitively plausible reason for the above sum to be independent of i.” Grinstead and Snell offer an explanation by Peter Doyle as an exercise, with solution “he got it!”
   In the course of a walk with Snell along Minnehaha Avenue in Minneapolis in the fall of 1983, Peter Doyle suggested the following explanation for the constancy of Kemeny's constant. Choose a target state according to the fixed vector w. Start from state i and wait until the time T that the target state occurs for the first time. Let K$_i$ be the expected value of T. Observe that
       $K_{i}+w_{i}\cdot 1/w_{i}=\sum _{j}P_{ij}K_{j}+1$
   and hence
       $K_{i}=\sum _{j}P_{ij}K_{j}.$
   By the maximum principle, K$_i$ is a constant. Should Peter have been given the prize?
# Tolentino Murillo

Tolentino Murillo (born 29 August 1967) is a Colombian weightlifter. He competed in the men's featherweight event at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
# White and Unmarried

White and Unmarried is a lost 1921 American comedy silent film directed by Tom Forman and written by Will M. Ritchey and John D. Swain. The film stars Thomas Meighan, Jacqueline Logan, Grace Darmond, Walter Long, Lloyd Whitlock, Frederick Vroom, and Marian Skinner. The film was released on May 29, 1921, by Paramount Pictures.

## Plot

When an underworld figure inherits a fortune, he goes straight and endeavors to become a respectable businessman. But on a trip to Paris, he encounters a few not-so-honest types who think he is ripe for picking.

## Cast

* Thomas Meighan as Billy Kane
* Jacqueline Logan as Andrée Duphot
* Grace Darmond as Dorothea Welter
* Walter Long as Chicoq
* Lloyd Whitlock as Marechal
* Frederick Vroom as Mr. Welter
* Marian Skinner as Mrs. Welter
* Georgie Stone as Victor
* Jack Herbert as Jacques
* Loretta Young as a child (uncredited)
# Davletshino

Davletshino (Russian: Давлетшино; Bashkir: Дәүләтша, Däwlätşa) is a rural locality (a village) in Ravilovsky Selsoviet, Abzelilovsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 168 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.

## Geography

Davletshino is located 31 km southeast of Askarovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Taksyrovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Archibald T. Kidd

Archibald Thomas Kidd (15 April 1873 – 15 June 1972) was a long-standing British trade union leader.
Born in Liverpool, Kidd was educated at Brunswick Wesleyan School. He completed an apprenticeship as a sheet metal worker with Bennett Brothers and Butler & Forester's. In his spare time, he took evening classes to further his education. This enabled him to enter the Liverpool School of Technology, where he studied metal plate working, taking first class honours and the Bronze Medal of the City and Guilds. Following this, he studied at the University of Liverpool on a scholarship, and also with Ruskin College and the American School of Correspondence.
In 1893, Kidd joined the Liverpool Society of Tin Plate Workers, and was elected to its committee one year later, as soon as he became eligible. The society was affiliated to the General Union of Braziers and Sheet Metal Workers, and in 1906, Kidd was elected as its assistant secretary, succeeding as its general secretary in 1913. In 1920, he took a leading role in a merger which formed the National Union of Sheet Metal Workers and Braziers, with Kidd initially serving as secretary of its number 2 district. He became the union's assistant general secretary in 1923, also serving on the Executive Committee of the Federation of Engineering and Shipbuilding Trades (FEST). Concerned that the FEST did not provide for effective action, he successfully proposed that it was transformed into the Confederation of Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions. In addition, he served on the executive of the National Council of Labour Colleges, and taught social history to workers in his spare time.
Kidd was also active in the Labour Party, and was a leading figure in the party in Clapham.
Kidd finally succeeded as the union's general secretary in 1941, but he retired two years later. In retirement, he wrote The History of the Tin Plate Workers, Sheet Metal Workers and Braziers Societies. He lived to the age of 99.
# Carlos Isturiz

Carlos Isturiz (born 2 May 1960) is a Venezuelan diver. He competed in the men's 3 metre springboard event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
# Ruthild Winkler

Ruthild Winkler-Oswatitsch (born 1941, also known as Ruthild Oswatitsch Eigen) is an Austrian biochemist associated with the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Germany, and known for two books she coauthored with Nobel prize winner Manfred Eigen. Her research has concerned fast biochemical reactions, game-theoretic models for molecular evolution, and the use of sequence analysis of DNA and RNA in studying the early history of biological evolution.

## Education and career

Winkler is the daughter of Klaus Oswatitsch [de], an Austrian physicist who worked at the Aerodynamics Research Institute in Göttingen at the time of her birth. After World War II, her father moved to Stockholm, where she grew up. She began her studies in chemistry at TU Wien in Austria in 1961, and completed her doctorate there in 1969; her dissertation was Fast complex reactions of alkali ions with biological membrane carriers.
Already before completing her doctorate she had been working with Manfred Eigen at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, and since 1971 she has been a research scientist there.

## Books

In 1975, Eigen and Winkler published Das Spiel: Naturgesetze steuern den Zufall, translated into English by Rita and Robert Kimber as The Laws of the Game: How the principles of nature govern chance (Knopf 1981 and Princeton University Press 1993). They later published Steps Towards Life: A Perspective on Evolution (Oxford University Press 1992).

## Personal life

Winkler married Eigen, as his second wife, at a time when they were already long-term research collaborators.
# Ian Palmer (soccer, born 1966)

Ian Craig Palmer (9 March 1966 – 22 July 2021) was a South African football coach.

## Biography

Palmer was born in Johannesburg, but came from Riverlea. He played as a striker for Orlando Pirates until his career was cut short by a kidney ailment. He later managed teams in both the Premier Soccer League and the National First Division, last the National First Division club Milano United.
He received a kidney transplant in 2016. He died on 22 July 2021 due to COVID-19 complications.
# Zahedan University of Medical Sciences

Zahedan University of Medical Sciences (Persian: دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی زاهدان) is a public university in Zahedan, Iran. The university has six faculties including medicine, dentistry, rehabilitation, health care, nursing, paramedicine and a satellite schools in Khash.
The university was founded in 1986 and it offers 64 fields in 6 faculties and its 378 academic members provide educational services to more than 4,400 students.
# North-Eastern Federal University

The Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, NEFU, (in Russian: Северо-Восточный федеральный университет имени Максима Кировича Аммосова; in Sakha: М. К. Аммуоhап аатынан Хотугулуу-Илиҥҥи федеральнай университет) previously known as Yakutsk State University (in Russian: Якутский государственный университет имени Максима Кировича Аммосова), is one of Russia's ten federal universities. NEFU's main campus is in Yakutsk (Sakha Republic), and it has two other campuses in Sakha (one in Mirny and one in Neryungri) as well as one in Anadyr in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.
The official name is Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education. The undergraduate student population numbers over 16,000, while more than 500 students are engaged in postgraduate work. 1,600 academic staff are employed at the university. Of these 200 hold doctor’s degree, 800 are candidate of science degree. There are 15 institutes, 9 faculties, and 3 university branches in Mirny, Neryungri and Chukotka, and 5 major research institutes. Students and staff have free access to the Ethernet and Wi-Fi.

## History

NEFU was officially established in April 2010 on the basis of Ammosov Yakutsk State University. The university holds the name of Maksim Kirovich Ammosov, a statesman of Soviet Yakutia. Recent reforms in the Russian Federation created a new network of federal universities.

## Academics
### Institutes

* of Medicine
* of Finance and Economics
* of Mathematics and Computer Science
* of Physics and Technologies
* of Sports and Physical Education
* of Foreign Languages and Regional Studies
* of Psychology
* of Languages and Cultures of the Peoples of the Russian North-East
* Teacher Training
* Technological
* of Civil Engineering
* of Natural Sciences
* Mining

### Faculties

* of History
* of Philology
* of Law
* of Road Construction
* of Geology and Survey
* Faculty of Pre-Undergraduate Education offers preparatory courses to schoolchildren

### Branches

* Neryungri Technical Institute (branch) of North-Eastern Federal University
* Mirny Polytechnic Institute (branch) of North-Eastern Federal University
* Chukotka branch of North-Eastern Federal University

## Research
### Institutes

There are five research institutions including:
* Institute of Mathematics,
* Health Institute,
* Institute of Applied Ecology of North with LAZAREV MAMMOTH museum and lab,
* Institute of Regional Economy of North,
* OLONKHO Institute,
* KULAKOVSKY Institute.

## Traditions
### Awards

* A Kate Marsden scholarship is given to the best English language program student each year at the Institute of Foreign Languages and Regional Studies.

## Community engagement

* Institute of Lifelong Professional Education
* Faculty of Pre-Undergraduate Education

## Notable alumni

* Evgeniya Mikhailova (Educator, researcher, philanthropist, and politician)
* Georgy Balakshin (Olympic boxer)
* Viktor Lebedev (Freestyle wrestler)

## Contacts

58, Belinsky Street, Yakutsk
Sakha Republic (Yakutia), RUSSIAN FEDERATION, 677891
# The Pond

The Pond is an informal term for the Atlantic Ocean, commonly used as a metaphor for transatlantic social/cultural differences.
The Pond may also refer to:
* The Pond (album), 2012 Kathryn Williams album
* The Pond (intelligence organization), a secret, unacknowledged espionage organization that operated on behalf of the U.S. government from 1942 to 1955
* nickname of the Honda Center, an indoor arena in Anaheim, California, formerly known as the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim
* A common name for Sand Pits Lake in Ottawa, Ontario.
# Yen (disambiguation)

The Japanese yen is the unit of currency in Japan (since 1871).
Yen or YEN may also refer to:

## Currency

* Japanese military currency (1937–1945), currency issued to Imperial Japanese soldiers in its occupied territories
* Korean yen, the currency of Korea from 1910–1945
* Taiwanese yen, the currency of Taiwan from 1895–1946
* Yen and yuan sign (¥), symbol for currency

## Other uses

* Yan (surname) or Yen
* Yen (band), a German rock band
* Yen (song), a song by Slipknot from the 2022 album The End, So Far
* YEN, the IATA code of Estevan Regional Aerodrome
* Yen Chia-kan (1905–1993), former President of the Republic of China
* Yen Santos (born 1992), Filipina actress
* Youth Employment Network, a joint UN-ILO-World Bank jobs program
# Tom Vermeer

Tom Vermeer (born 28 December 1985) is a Dutch cyclist, who currently rides for Belgian amateur team Shifting Gears.

## Major results
### 2011

    8th Grand Prix Impanis-Van Petegem

### 2012

    6th Overall Five Rings of Moscow
    7th Overall Tour of China II

### 2013

    1st Ronde van Overijssel
    1st Mountains classification, Czech Cycling Tour
    1st Stage 4 Tour du Loir-et-Cher
    3rd Beverbeek Classic
    4th De Kustpijl
    5th Overall Kreiz Breizh Elites

### 2014

    8th Grand Prix des Marbriers
    9th Omloop der Kempen
    10th Overall Kreiz Breizh Elites

### 2017

    6th Kernen Omloop Echt-Susteren
    7th De Kustpijl
    10th Omloop Mandel-Leie-Schelde

### 2023

    1st Road race, National Amateur Road Championships
# Martin Nosek

Martin Nosek (born 26 January 1987) is a Slovak footballer who plays as a defender for FC Hradec Králové.