OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sumner v. Shuman

Sumner v. Shuman, 483 U.S. 66 (1987), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a mandatory death penalty for a prison inmate who is convicted of murder while serving a life sentence without possibility of parole is unconstitutional. The decision in this case was a significant development in the Court's capital punishment jurisprudence, further clarifying the limits on the application of the death penalty in the United States.

## Background

The case of Sumner v. Shuman arose from the murder of a fellow inmate by Robert Shuman, who was already serving a life sentence without the possibility of parole in a Nevada state prison. Under Nevada law at the time, the imposition of the death penalty was mandatory for inmates convicted of murder while serving a life sentence without parole. Shuman was subsequently convicted of the murder and sentenced to death, as required by the Nevada statute. Appealing his sentence, Shuman argued that the mandatory death penalty imposed in his case violated the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, as well as the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of due process of law. The case eventually reached the Supreme Court of the United States.

## Opinion of the Court

In a 6–3 decision, the Supreme Court held that the mandatory imposition of the death penalty on inmates convicted of murder while serving a life sentence without the possibility of parole was unconstitutional. Writing for the majority, Justice Harry Blackmun reasoned that the Eighth Amendment requires individualized sentencing in capital cases, allowing for the consideration of mitigating factors related to the defendant's character or the circumstances of the crime.
The Court cited its previous decisions in Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280 (1976), and Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978), which had invalidated mandatory death penalty statutes for similar reasons. The Court reasoned that there was no compelling justification for treating inmates serving life sentences without parole differently from other defendants in capital cases. As a result, the Court held that the Nevada statute violated the Constitution by denying Shuman the opportunity to present mitigating evidence before a jury or judge to potentially avoid a death sentence.

### Dissent

Justice Antonin Scalia, joined by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist and Justice Byron White, dissented from the majority opinion. The dissent argued that the Court's decision was inconsistent with its previous decisions upholding mandatory minimum sentences in non-capital cases, as well as with the Court's prior decisions in capital cases.

## Impact

The decision in Sumner v. Shuman had a significant impact on the application of the death penalty in the United States, as it further clarified the limits on when and how the death penalty may be imposed. Following the decision, states were required to revise their death penalty statutes to ensure that they provided for individualized sentencing in all capital cases, including those involving inmates serving life sentences without the possibility of parole.
# Shen Tiantian

Shen Tiantian (born 12 June 1982) is a Chinese ice hockey player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 2002 Winter Olympics.
# Zhang Yangyang (rower)

Zhang Yangyang (simplified Chinese: 张杨杨; traditional Chinese: 張楊楊; pinyin: Zhāng Yángyáng, born 20 February 1989 in Siping, Jilin) is a female Chinese rower, who competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

## Records

* 2006/2007 National Championships – 3rd single sculls;
* 2007/2008 World Cup Austria/Munich – 4th quadruple sculls;
# Shi Meng

Shi Meng (Chinese: 史萌; pinyin: Shǐ Méng; born August 13, 1979) is an athlete from the People's Republic of China. She competes in triathlon.
Shi competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She took fortieth place with a total time of 2:16:40.73. This was the slowest time of any athlete that finished the competition, though still placed Shi higher than the eight athletes that dropped out of the race.
# NGC 490

NGC 490, also occasionally referred to as PGC 4973 or GC 277, is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It is located approximately 85 million light-years from Earth and was discovered on December 6, 1850, by Irish engineer Bindon Blood Stoney. Although John Dreyer, creator of the New General Catalogue, credits the discovery to astronomer William Parsons, he notes that many of his claimed discoveries were made by one of his assistants. In the case of NGC 490, the discovery was made by Bindon Stoney, who discovered it along with NGC 486, NGC 492 and NGC 500 during his observation of NGC 488.
The object was initially described in the New General Catalogue as "very faint, very small, round, 8 arcmin northeast of h 103 (=NGC 488)".
# Palana, Kheda

Palana is a village in Vaso taluka, Kheda District, Gujarat, India. It has a panchayat raj system. Two lakes are within the village boundaries, and a canal runs nearby. Communities in the village include Hindu, Rjput, Prajapati, Patel, Bhraman, Harijan, Vaishnav, and Muslim. Palana was named after Pala Patel (1222 AD).
| State | Gujarat |
| Taluka Name | vaso |
| Language | Gujarati and Hindi |
| Time zone | IST (UTC+5:30) |
| Elevation | Altitude: 37 meters. Above Sea level |
| Telephone Code | Std Code: 0268 |
| Assembly constituency | Matar assembly constituency |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Kheda parliamentary constituency |
| Pin Code | 387350 |
| Post Office Name | Palana |
# Detik.com

Detikcom (stylized in all-lowercase) is an Indonesian digital media company owned by Trans Media, a business unit of CT Corp. Detikcom is an online news portal and publishes breaking news. The portal is consistently ranked among Indonesia's 10 most-visited websites and is among the top 250 in the world. It receives approximately 180 million visits per day. A 2021 Reuters Institute survey ranked Detikcom as the most widely used online news source in Indonesia out of 16 top outlets.

## History

Detikcom has its roots in DeTIK, which was Indonesia's top-selling and most critical political tabloid in the early 1990s. DeTIK was effectively banned on 21 June 1994, when Information Minister Harmoko withdrew its publication license together with Tempo and Editor magazine. DeTIK had upset the repressive regime of long-serving president Suharto by publishing interviews with senior military officers who were critical of civilian politicians. The tabloid had also dared to speculate on who would succeed Suharto.
Following the resignation of Suharto on 21 May 1998, some journalists decided to set up an online news portal. Detikcom was originally founded by Budi Darsono (former Tempo and DeTIK journalist), Yayan Sopyan (former DeTIK journalist), Abdul Rahman (former SWA journalist), and Didi Nugrahadi. The domain name detik.com became active on 29 May 1998, however the site did not start producing content until 9 July 1998, which is considered its founding date. The founders focused on continuously updating breaking news, as well as more analytical news articles. Detikcom's first office was a small room at Lebak Bulus Stadium in South Jakarta.
On 3 August 2011, Detikcom was acquired by Trans Media under CT Corp, owned by Chairul Tanjung.
In 2019, Detikcom expanded into a media group called Detik Network, which consists of CNN Indonesia, CNBC Indonesia, Haibunda, Female Daily, Beautynesia, and insertlive.
# Pedro González (Peruvian footballer)

Pedro González Zavala (born 19 May 1943) is a Peruvian football midfielder who played for Peru in the 1970 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Universitario de Deportes.
# Ramapuram

Ramapuram ("City of Rama") may refer to several places in India:

## Andhra Pradesh

* Ramapuram mandal, Annamayya district
** Ramapuram, Annamayya district, a village in the mandal
* Ramapuram, Kanaganapalli, Anantapur district, a village
* Ramapuram, Krishna district, a village
* Ramapuram, Nellore district, a census village

## Kerala

* Ramapuram, Alappuzha, a village
* Ramapuram, Kottayam, a town
** Saint Augustine's Forane Church, Ramapuram
** Ramapuram Sree Rama Temple
* Ramapuram, Malappuram, a town

## Tamil Nadu

* Ramapuram, Chennai, a neighbourhood
* Ramapuram, Cuddalore, a revenue village
* Ramapuram, Kanyakumari, a census village
* Ramapuram, Thanjavur, a village

## Telangana

* Ramapuram, Nalgonda district, a village and Gram panchayat

## Uttar Pradesh

* Ayodhya, a city said to have been ruled by Rama
# Burning River Roller Derby

Burning River Roller Derby is a women's flat-track roller derby league based in Cleveland, Ohio. Founded in 2006, Burning River is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA).

## History and organization

Burning River Roller Derby was started as Burning River Roller Girls in 2006, and joined the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA) in December 2007. Burning River Roller Derby has three travel teams that play against other teams from other leagues. The A team, "Burning River All-Stars", plays WFTDA-sanctioned games. The B team, "Burning River Hazmat Crew", plays competitive regional games, and the C team, "Burning River Pyromaniacs", plays very close, regional games. The league also has four home teams who play each other in league play, the Cleveland Steamers, the Hard Knockers, the HellBombers, and the Rolling Pin-Ups.
In early 2015, Burning River announced the change of the league name from Burning River Roller Girls to Burning River Roller Derby, to place less emphasis on gender and better reflect its members. In August 2015, Burning River hosted a WFTDA Division 2 playoff tournament.

## WFTDA competition

In 2009 Burning River was the ninth seed at the WFTDA North Central Regional Tournament and finished in eighth place after an overtime loss to Brewcity Bruisers, 126-116. In 2013, the WFTDA changed their playoff structure, and Burning River qualified for the WFTDA Division 2 International Playoff tournament in Kalamazoo, Michigan as the ninth seed, ultimately finishing in eighth place.

### Rankings

| Season | Final ranking | Playoffs | Championship |
| 2008 | 9 NC | DNQ | DNQ |
| 2009 | 9 NC | 8 NC | DNQ |
| 2010 | 14 NC | DNQ | DNQ |
| 2011 | 15 NC | DNQ | DNQ |
| 2012 | 17 NC | DNQ | DNQ |
| 2013 | 59 WFTDA | 8 D2 | DNQ |
| 2014 | 99 WFTDA | DNQ | DNQ |
| 2015 | 72 WFTDA | DNQ | DNQ |
| 2016 | 100 WFTDA | DNQ | DNQ |
| 2017 | 128 WFTDA | DNQ | DNQ |
# Joseph A. Willard

Joseph Allen Willard (April 26, 1803, in Hubbardton, Rutland County, Vermont – August 18, 1868, in Lowville, Lewis County, New York) was an American politician from New York.

## Life

He was the son of Francis Willard (c. 1777–1856), a carpenter. Joseph A. Willard became a clothier, and about 1824 set up shop in Lowville. On October 22, 1829, he married Eusebia Eager (1818–1887), and they had several children.
He entered politics as a Whig, was a delegate to the Anti-Nebraska Party state convention in 1854, and joined the Republican Party upon its foundation. He became a brigadier general of the State Militia, and was Supervisor of the Town of Lowville in 1856 and 1857.
Willard was a member of the New York State Senate (18th D.) in 1858 and 1859.

## Ancestry

Joseph Allen Willard was a 3rd great-grandson (6th generation descendant) of the Massachusetts colonist Simon Willard (1605–1676).
New York State Senate :
| Preceded byAddison Melvin Smith | New York State Senate 18th District 1858–1859 | Succeeded byJames A. Bell |
# Thaine Morris

Thaine Morris is an American chemist, special and visual effects artist. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Visual Effects for the film Die Hard.

## Selected filmography

* Die Hard (1988; co-nominated with Richard Edlund, Al DiSarro and Brent Boates)
# Elvismar Rodríguez

Elvismar Nicanor Rodríguez Ruiz is a judoka from Venezuela. She represented her country in the 2016 Summer Olympics in the Women's 70 kg competition, but lost to Antónia Moreira of Angola in the first round via ippon. She also competed in the women's 70 kg event at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.
In 2020, Rodríguez won one of the bronze medals in the women's 70 kg event at the 2020 Pan American Judo Championships held in Guadalajara, Mexico.
# Vela X-1

Vela X-1 is a pulsing, eclipsing high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) system, associated with the Uhuru source 4U 0900-40 and the supergiant star HD 77581. The X-ray emission of the neutron star is caused by the capture and accretion of matter from the stellar wind of the supergiant companion. Vela X-1 is the prototypical detached HMXB.
The orbital period of the system is 8.964 days, with the neutron star being eclipsed for about two days of each orbit by HD 77581. It has been given the variable star designation GP Velorum, and it varies from visual magnitude 6.76 to 6.99. The spin period of the neutron star is about 283 seconds, and gives rise to strong X-ray pulsations. The mass of the pulsar is estimated to be at least 1.88±0.13 solar masses.

## Characteristics

Long term monitoring of the spin period shows small random increases and decreases over time similar to a random walk. The accreting matter causes the random spin period changes. However, a recent study has detected nearly periodic spin period reversals in Vela X-1 on long time-scales of about 5.9 years.
# Wooden bicycle

A wooden bicycle is a bicycle constructed either mostly, or entirely from wood. Wood was the material used in the earliest bicycles, and is also used by modern builders, especially in balance bicycles for children. The wood can be either solid or laminate.

## History

The first bicycles recorded, known variously as velocipedes, dandy horses, or hobby horses, were constructed from wood, starting in 1817.

## Modern

Recent technological advances in adhesives and fabrication have made wood a feasible choice in the modern cycle world.
Wooden bicycle frames are sometimes aided by steel or composite lugs to connect the wooden tubes or attach components. These frames can be made with plywood, hardwoods, or bamboo.
HTech Bikes make Wooden bicycles.
# Thomas Coop

Thomas Coop (10 March 1863 – 16 April 1929) was an English rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1890s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for England, and at club level for Leigh, as a fullback and representative level rugby League (RL) for Lancashire, and at club level for Leigh, as a goal-kicking fullback. Prior to Thursday 29 August 1895, Leigh was a rugby union club.

## Background

Tom Coop was born in Tottington, Lancashire, England, and he died aged 66 in Bucklow, Cheshire, England.

## Playing career
### International honours

Tom Coop won a cap for England (RU) while at Leigh in the 1892 Home Nations Championship against Scotland.

### County honours

Tom Coop won caps for Lancashire (RL) while at Leigh.

### Change of Code

When Leigh converted from the rugby union code to the rugby league code on Thursday 29 August 1895, Tom Coop would have been 32 years of age. Consequently, he was both a rugby union, and rugby league footballer for Leigh, and he played his last match for Leigh in the 8-11 defeat by Stockport at Mather Lane (adjacent to the Bridgewater Canal), Leigh, on Saturday 4 December 1897.
# Krzemieniewo, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship

Krzemieniewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kurzętnik, within Nowe Miasto County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-east of Kurzętnik, 4 km (2 mi) east of Nowe Miasto Lubawskie, and 71 km (44 mi) south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.
# Krzewsk

Krzewsk is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Markusy, within Elbląg County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) east of Markusy, 5 km (3 mi) south of Elbląg, and 77 km (48 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.
# Krzewno, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship

Krzewno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Braniewo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) east of Braniewo and 72 km (45 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.
# List of newspapers in the British Virgin Islands

This is a list of newspapers in the British Virgin Islands.

## Official

* The Virgin Islands Official Gazette

## Daily newspapers

* There are none, although The Virgin Islands Daily News from the neighbouring U.S. Virgin Islands has a moderate circulation in the British Virgin Islands.

## Weekly newspapers

* BVI Beacon
* The Island Sun

## Defunct newspapers

* The BVI Standpoint
# Comes and Goes

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| TuneLab Music | (6.5/10) |
Comes and Goes is the fourth studio album by Canadian hard rock band Default. It was released on September 29, 2009, in Canada and internationally on October 26, 2010. The band has released four singles from the album: "All Over Me", "Little Too Late", "Turn It On", and "Supposed to Be", all released exclusively in Canada. The music video for "All Over Me" was released on September 21, 2009. Comes and Goes debuted at No. 137 on the Billboard 200 chart.

## Content

Comes and Goes was originally going to be released on TVT Records, which went bankrupt in 2008. As a result, the band underwent several court cases before EMI Canada licensed the rights to the album. Label executives made the decision because they felt that Default was more financially viable than other TVT acts.

## Critical reception

Rating it two-and-a-half stars out of five, Christopher Tessmer of The Leader-Post thought that "Caught in the Moment" was one of the band's best songs, but otherwise found the album's sound "formulaic".

## Track listing

Bonus tracks

## Personnel

Default
* Dallas Smith – vocals
* Jeremy James Hora – guitar, backing vocals
* Dave Benedict – bass
* Danny Craig – drums
Additional personnel
* Bob Marlette – producer, engineer, mixing
* Sid Riggs – additional ProTools editing
* Keith Gretlein – assistant drum engineer
* Ted Jensen – mastering
* Leonard B. Johnson - A&R
* Alex Seif – production coordination
* Mark Maryanovich – photography
* Michelle Holtzkener – art direction
* Antoine Moonen – package design

## Charts

| Chart (2010) | Peak position |
| US Billboard 200 | 137 |
| US Independent Albums (Billboard) | 18 |
| US Top Rock Albums (Billboard) | 37 |
| US Top Alternative Albums (Billboard) | 22 |
| US Top Hard Rock Albums (Billboard) | 10 |
# Supply (Singapore Army)

Supply is the formation of the Singapore Army responsible for planning, commanding and providing supply support to the Army and ground logistical support to the Navy and Air Force. It is made up of HQ Supply and the East and West Supply Hubs, which manage Asset Management Teams (AMTs), Logistic Service Liaison Teams (LSLT), and Food & Beverage Managers at cookhouses in the various SAF military installations. They are also in charge of feeding and equipping SAF personnel, facilities management, camp maintenance, and warehouse management at the Army Logistics Base (ALB).

## History

Before 1990, the G4 branch of the Army was in charge of four logistics formations: Supply, Transport, Maintenance, and General Staff Command. In 1990, the Supply and Transport formations were integrated to form a single formation under the command of HQ Army Logistics Command (HQ ALCOM). HQ ALCOM became defunct in 1994 following a reorganisation and HQ Supply & Transport (HQ S&T) was created to replace it.
On 1 October 2006, HQ S&T separated into the Supply and Transport formations. The Supply formation consists of HQ Supply and the East and West Supply Hubs. HQ Supply took charge of the management of messing supervisors and cookhouses.
# Pedro Pablo León

Pedro Pablo León García (29 June 1943 – 9 May 2020), also known as Perico León, was a Peruvian professional footballer who played as a striker.

## Career

León made 49 appearances for the Peru national team between 1963 and 1973. He then started in the 1970 FIFA World Cup for the Peru national football team, along with Teófilo Cubillas, Roberto Challe and Hugo Sotil.
At club level, León played most of his career for Alianza Lima in Peru. He also played in Ecuador for Barcelona Sporting Club and in Venezuela for Deportivo Galicia.

## Playing style

Perico León was a strong striker of playful skills and a unique ability to effectively use the score with his head. His ability to create technical plays often allowed him to go back and aid his teammates, thus making him quite a complete player with the possibility to serve as both a good midfielder and an excellent forward. Due to this, Pedro Pablo León is often considered one of the best forwards in the history of Peruvian football.

## Personal life

He lived in Miami, Florida, and enjoyed watching his grandson Brian Jair León play soccer for the Varsity high school soccer team in Nevada. His grandson is following in his grandfather's footsteps of becoming a professional footballer.

## Honours

| Season | Club | Title |
| 1962 | Alianza Lima | Peruvian League |
| 1963 | Alianza Lima | Peruvian League |
| 1965 | Alianza Lima | Peruvian League |
| 1971 | Barcelona SC | Serie A de Ecuador |
| 1974 | Deportivo Galicia | Primera División Venezolana |

### Individual awards

* Peruvian League: Top Scorer 1963, 1967