OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Znaur Gassiev

Znaur Nikolayevich Gassiyev (Ossetian: Гасситы Никъалайы фырт Знауыр / Gaššite Nikhalaye fert Znawer, Georgian: ზნაურ გასიევი, Russian: Знаур Николаевич Гассиев; 17 March 1925 – 6 March 2016) was a South Ossetian politician, who was one of the leaders of the South Ossetian independence movement in the early 1990s, which culminated in the 1991–1992 South Ossetia War.

## Early life

Gassiyev was born in Tskhinvali in 1925, but soon moved with his parents to Moscow. In 1935 the family went back to Tskhinvali, where Gassiyev finished secondary school in 1942. He enrolled in the physics and mathematics faculty of the South Ossetian State Pedagogical Institute, but was drafted into the Soviet Army to fight in World War II during the period 1942 to 1944. Upon completion of his studies in 1947, he started teaching mathematics and physics in various schools in Tskhinvali.

## Early political career

In 1951, Gassiyev moved to Tbilisi, where he worked as a teacher for four years, and at the same time studied at the Mining Department of the V. I. Lenin Georgian Polytechnical Institute, where he graduated with honours in 1955. He then started working at the Mining Department of Kvaisa, where he held several ranks.

## Political career

Gassiyev subsequently moved into politics, first working as the head of the industrial and transport committee of Dzau district. In the early 1960s, he was appointed the chairman of the Tskhinvali branch of the Georgian Communist Party, as well as the head of the administration of Tskhinvali city. In 1963, he went to the Higher Party School, from which he graduated with honours in 1965. Then, until 1972, he worked as deputy chairman of the South Ossetian executive committee.
In 1991, when armed aggression was starting, he was elected first secretary of the South Ossetian Communist Party, and also headed the Supreme Council when South Ossetia declared its independence. As chairman of parliament, Gassiyev was Head of State of South Ossetia. In early 1992, Gassiyev handed over power to Torez Kulumbegov, a former chairman of the Supreme Council, who had been imprisoned in Tbilisi by Georgian police until then.
Since 1992, Gassiyev remained active in politics, being re-elected as an MP in the 1994 election. Gassiyev was once again elected in the 2004 election, where he ran as a member of President Eduard Kokoity's Unity Party. Following the Unity Party's electoral victory, Gassiyev was once again elected chairman of Parliament.

### Later career

After the 2008 South Ossetia war, Gassiyev was appointed head of the government's commission to deal with the resulting emergencies.
Gassiyev, then 84 years old, did not run in the 2009 election, and was replaced as speaker by Stanislav Kochiev.
On 27 October 2010, Gassiyev was appointed state advisor to President Eduard Kokoity. His death was announced on 6 March 2016.
# Idlib Martyrs' Brigade

vteSyrian civil war :
Timeline
Background and causes
Casualties
Cities
map
Terrorism
Massacres :
The Idlib Martyrs' Brigade (Arabic: لواء شهداء إدلب, Liwa Shuhada Idlib) was an armed rebel group that fought against the Syrian government in the Idlib Governorate of Syria. It first operated under the name Syrian Liberation Army (Arabic: جيش التحرير السوري), but had renamed itself by the end of April 2012. It was a loose coalition of localized forces, mostly composed of armed Syrian civilians who joined the uprising.

## History

The group was based in Idlib Governorate and was primarily concerned with trying to expel government forces from the governorate, with the Idlib Martyrs' Brigade claiming that they, and not the better equipped Free Syrian Army, are doing the majority of the fighting in Idlib province. The brigade only appears to be active in Idlib province.
One of the group's primary problems was the fact that it was incredibly difficult for it to secure weapons and ammunition. This in turn severely hampered its recruitment and its ability to carry out attacks on Syrian government forces. The group has claimed that up to 7,100 people were ready to join the group but were prevented from doing so due to lack of weaponry and equipment. This shortage resulted in the group placing greater emphasis on roadside bombings using cheaper, homemade bombs, to fight the government.
The group also refused to abide by the Kofi Annan brokered ceasefire with Haitham Qudeimati, the group's spokesman, stating that any lull in the fighting on their part would only be due to a lack of weaponry.
On 5 November 2012, the head of the Idlib Martyrs' Brigade, Basil Eissa, along with at least 20 other rebels were killed in an airstrike by the Syrian Air Force.
On 9 December 2013, the Idlib Martyrs' Brigade alongside 13 other rebel groups formed the Syrian Revolutionaries Front. In September 2014 conflict erupted between the SRF and the al-Nusra Front in the Idlib Governorate. A number of fighters from the Idlib Martyrs' Brigade were killed in the fighting.
# Nikenike Vurobaravu

Nikenike Vurobaravu (born 3 December 1951) is a Vanuatuan diplomat and politician who has served as President of Vanuatu since 23 July 2022. Previously having been employed in numerous diplomatic and government positions, including as the first resident High Commissioner to Fiji, he was elected as president during the eighth round of the 2022 Vanuatuan presidential election in July 2022. He is a member of the Vanua'aku Pati (VP) political party.

## Biography

Vurobaravu is married to Rima Vurobaravu.
He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of the South Pacific (USP) in Fiji in 1977. Vurobaravu also obtained his Master of Arts degree in diplomatic studies from the University of Westminster in the United Kingdom in 1993. He specialized in development cooperation, foreign policy analysis, and the management of diplomatic missions while studying at the University of Westminster.
Vurobaravu served as the coordinator of the Vanuatu Comprehensive Reform Program for the Asian Development Bank. He also served as a political adviser in the Prime Minister's Office from 2008 to 2010.
In February 2014, Vurobaravu was appointed as High Commissioner of Vanuatu to Fiji, becoming the country's first-ever resident High Commissioner to reside in Suva in history. However, he was recalled to Vanuatu by the then-government in 2015. On 12 October 2017, President Tallis Obed Moses appointed Vurobaravu to a second term as High Commissioner to Fiji. Vurobaravu presented his credentials to Fijian President Jioji Konrote on 14 November 2017.

## Presidency (2022–present)

At the eighth round of voting in the 2022 Vanuatuan presidential election, parliament elected Vurobaravu, the country's 12th president, earning 47 out of 58 electoral votes. The previous seven rounds saw no candidate gain a majority of votes; however, Vurobaravu negotiated with nine members of former prime minister Charlot Salwai's coalition party, who agreed to support him, thus enabling Vurobaravu to win the presidency.
On 18 August 2022, Vurobaravu dissolved parliament midway through the parliamentary term at the request of prime minister Bob Loughman, who advised the dissolution to avoid a no confidence vote. The motion sparked criticism from the opposition, and opposition leader Ralph Regenvanu announced that the opposing parties would contest the dissolution in court. A snap election was subsequently held.
# Karlo Požgajčić

Karlo Požgajčić (born 25 August 1982) is a Croatian figure skater. He is the 1999–2001 Croatian national champion.
# Frederick Snow

Sir Frederick Sidney Snow CBE (14 February 1899 – 5 June 1976) was a civil and structural engineer. He was founder and senior partner of Frederick S. Snow and Partners, which became Sir Frederick Snow and partners.
Snow was born in London. He joined the Royal Artillery at the start of the First World War. He later served with the Royal Engineers and saw active service in France and Belgium, where he was twice wounded.
After the war he began work as an engineer for a number of companies. He specialised in the construction of heavy foundations and deep underpinnings, working on constructions such as Unilever House, South Africa House and The Kingsway Underpass London. He began his own practice as a consulting engineer in 1943, working particularly for the aviation industry and was the overall designer for Gatwick Airport in the 1950s. He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 12 June 1958.
He was the president of the Institution of Structural Engineers 1947-1948, and the first president of The Concrete Society. Snow was invested as a knight bachelor on 11 November 1965. He was the father of the Quantity Surveyor, Michael Snow and the artist, Peter Snow.
# Bhim Chand (Kahlur)

Bhim Chand (born 1651) was the Rajput King of Bilaspur state (reigned 1665 – 1692) and Anandpur Sahib fell under his territorial area. He launched his first expedition against Guru Gobind Singh in 1682. In 1686 he conflicted with the armies of Guru Gobind Singh and his disciples in Battle of Bhangani. In 1692, Bhim Chand fought Battle of Nadaun against Mughals and came out victorious.

## Biography

His family claimed descent from Chandel Rajputs of the Bundelkhand region. Prior to his accession to the throne of Bilaspur state (alternatively known as Kahlur state), there had been friendly ties between the polity and the Sikh gurus. Bhim Chand succeeded to the gaddi (throne) of Bilaspur on 27 April 1665. Hostilities between Kahlur and the Sikhs under the leadership of Guru Gobind Singh has been attributed to Bhim Chand feeling jealous over the growing influence of the Sikh guru and the regal mannerisms he practiced. Reasons for animosity has also been traced to Guru Gobind Singh rejecting Bhim Chand's request for his soldiers and others to pass through Paonta and only allowing the bridegroom and immediate members of the royal family to pass through, as part of a wedding procession of his son, the crown-prince Ajmer Chand, whom was betrothed to marry the daughter of Raja Fateh Shah of Garhwal state. The ruler of Kahlur took this rejection as a grave insult. This tension erupted in the Battle of Bhangani, in-which the alliance of Hill Rajas of Bilaspur, Garhwal, Kangra, amid others, were defeated. Later on, there was a rekindling of amiable ties between Bhim Chand and the Sikhs, ensuing with Guru Gobind Singh assisting the raja in the Battle of Nadaun against the Mughal forces led by Alif Khan, whom was sent to extract unpaid tribute from the Hill States to replenish the depleted Mughal treasury.

## Death

Various sources give different dates for his death. According to the Sikh literary work, Guru kian Sakhian, he died on 16 September 1692. Another source states he abdicated the throne to his son in 1692 to become a fakir, dying before 1701. He was killed in 1712. He was succeeded by his son, Ajmer Chand, as ruler of Bilaspur.
# DZ Bank building

The DZ Bank building (formerly DG Bank building) is an office, conference, and residential building located at Pariser Platz 3 in Berlin. It was designed by architect Frank Gehry and engineered by Hans Schober of Schlaich Bergermann & Partner. Construction began in 1998 and was completed in 2000.
The building is mixed-use. Facing the Brandenburg Gate are offices, the headquarters of Deutsche Zentral-Genossenschaftsbank. On the other side, facing Behrenstraße, are 39 residential apartments. Between the two is a large atrium, designed to be used as a conference or performance space. This is covered with a sophisticated glass-grid roof, curved in a complex form typical of Gehry's designs.
# Igor Marić

Igor Marić (born August 15, 1982 in Split) is a Croatian bobsledder who has competed since 2008. At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, he finished 20th in the four-man event.
Marić's best finish is sixth in a lesser event in Calgary in December 2009.
# NGC 655

NGC 655 is a lenticular galaxy located 400 million light-years away in the constellation Cetus. It was discovered in a sky-survey by Ormond Stone on December 12, 1885.
On July 23, 2010, supernova SN 2010gp in NGC 655 was announced, reaching magnitude 15.5 on July 22. It was offset by 22″ west and 47″ south of the nucleus. Earlier, in 2000, the type II supernova SN 2000bg had also appeared in this galaxy.
# Seigneulles

Seigneulles (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
# New Paluvayi

New Paluvayi also spelled as Kotha Paluvoi, is a hamlet of Paluvayi in Rentachintala mandal, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The village population is approximately 600. It has a Zilla Parishad High School which was established in 1997. Paluvayi village Postal Index Number (PIN) is 589836. It also has a Railway halt station.
# Bikramjit Debnath

Bikramjit Debnath (born 26 December 1998) is an Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut for Tripura in the 2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 19 September 2018. Mainly a right-handed batting and right-arm medium-fast bowling, an all-rounder player for Tripura

## Career

Debnath made his List A debut for Tripura in the 2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 19 September 2018, T20 in the 2023–24, and more recently in first-class cricket during the 2023–24 Ranji Trophy season, playing against Goa from 5 to 8 January 2024.
# Dražen Silić

Dražen Silić (Croatian pronunciation:; born 25 May 1985) is a Croatian bobsledder. He competed in the two-man event at the 2018 Winter Olympics.
# San Fernando Pioneer Memorial Cemetery

San Fernando Pioneer Memorial Cemetery, earlier known as Morningside Cemetery, is a cemetery in the Sylmar district of Los Angeles. Located on a 3.8-acre (15,000 m$^2$) site at the corner of Foothill Boulevard and Bledsoe Street, the Pioneer Cemetery was thought to be originally a 40-acre or 10-acre (400,000 m$^2$) site.

## History

The cemetery was established in 1874 when Senator Charles Maclay created the Township of San Fernando. The last burial was most likely in 1939. It was known at the time as the San Fernando Cemetery and also as the Morningside Cemetery, and is the oldest non-denominational cemetery in the San Fernando Valley, the area's oldest cemetery being the San Fernando Mission Cemetery, which began operating in approximately 1800.
Until recently it was thought that over 700 residents were buried there between approximately 1892 and 1939. Due to heavy vandalism, there are only 13 tombstones remaining. After the cemetery was determined to be legally abandoned in 1959, it was acquired by the Native Daughters of the Golden West, San Fernando Mission Chapter #280, renamed, and maintained as a pioneer memorial park. Edith Reber, a longtime resident of Sylmar and an active member of the Chamber, ran a volunteer effort to maintain the grounds with the help of local volunteer groups for many years. In 2002, the Native Daughters gave the cemetery to the San Fernando Valley Historical Society. The Society has made many improvements to the property, including installing a memorial brick entrance and opening the cemetery to the public one day a month on the third Saturday. The Society also commissioned a ground-penetrating radar survey in 2010 that located only 214 gravesites. Through volunteer researchers, nearly 200 death certificates citing Morningside Cemetery have been located.
The cemetery was listed as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 1993. As "San Fernando Cemetery", it is a California Historical Landmark.
It is listed as a filming location for the 1959 Ed Wood movie “Plan 9 From Outer Space.”
# German trawler V 404 Baden

V 404 Baden was a German fishing trawler that was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine during the Second World War for use as a vorpostenboot. She was built in 1930 as Jakob Goldschmidt and was renamed Baden in 1933. She served as V 214 Baden and V 404 Baden. Scuttled in 1944, she was raised post war and became the French cargo ship Docteur Edmond Papin. Sold to the United Kingdom in 1961, she was scrapped the next year.

## Description

The ship was 43.60 metres (143 ft 1 in) long, with a beam of 7.40 metres (24 ft 3 in). She had a depth of 4.28 metres (14 ft 1 in) and a draught of 3.28 metres (10 ft 9 in). She was assessed at 321 GRT, 126 NRT. She was powered by a triple expansion steam engine, which had cylinders of 37 centimetres (14+5⁄8 in), 57.9 centimetres (22+13⁄16 in) and 96.4 centimetres (37+15⁄16 in) diameter by 64.9 centimetres (25+9⁄16 in) stroke. The engine was built by the Ottensener Maschinenbau GmbH, Altona, Germany. It was rated at 73nhp. It drove a single screw propeller, and could propel the ship at 10 knots (19 km/h).

## History

Jakob Goldschmidt was built as yard number 286 by the Schiffswerft von Henry Koch, AG, Lübeck, Germany for the Hochseefischerei J. Wieting AG, Nordenham, Germany. She was launched in June 1930 and completed the next month. The fishing boat registration ON 145 was allocated, as were the Code Letters NKHS. She was operated under the management of the Nordsee Deutsche Hochseefischerei Bremen-Cuxhaven AG. In April 1933, she was renamed Baden. On 4 September 1930 her fishing boat registration was changed to PG 480 and on 10 November she was sold to her managers. During 1934, her Code Letters were changed to DNOV. She took part in Festungskriegsübung Swinemünde on 10 June 1937.
On 23 September 1939, Baden was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use as a vorpostenboot. She was allocated to 2 Vorpostenflotille as V 214 Baden. On 21 October, she was transferred to 4 Vorpostenflotille as V 404 Baden. On 19 February 1943, she attacked and damaged the submarine USS Blackfish, which had sunk V 408 Haltenbank in the Bay of Biscay off Bilbao, Spain. On 26 August 1944, she was scuttled at Bordeaux, Gironde, France.
Baden was raised post-war, repaired and returned to service in 1947 as the French merchant ship Docteur Edmond Papin for the Sociètè Française de Cabotage, Bordeaux. The Code Letters FPUW were allocated. In 1961, she was sold to the United Kingdom. She was scrapped the next year.
# Kitty van Haperen

Kitty van Haperen (20 April 1976) is a retired Dutch athlete and bobsledder.

## Biography

Van Haperen was born at Tilburg. She started her career in athletics and reached the national rankings in 1991 in javelin throw. Since then she always was among the best ten of her country (at first in the youth and later with the seniors), even in 2005 when she made her final decision to become a bobsledder she still was second. In total Van Haperen became a six-time Dutch national champion in javelin throw, for the first time aged 20 in 1996 and the last time in 2004. On 28 July 1999 she threw 56.31 metres, a new Dutch national record, which she held until 17 June 2007 when Bregje Crolla reached 57.57 metres. After she reached the Dutch record her development in the sport stopped and never was able to progress further, not even after switching to a new coach German Helge Zöllkau. As a result, she decided it was time for something new and after some talks with Ilse Broeders and Jeannette Pennings she started off as a bobsledder in 2004, breaking internationally through in 2005 as Broeders' back-up runner in case anything would happen with Pennings.
Later in 2005 two Dutch female bobs qualified for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, however the team line-ups were still unsure. At the qualification play-off (named bob-off) held in Oberhof, Germany four competitors fought for two seats behind Broeders and the other driver Eline Jurg. Christel Bertens, Jurg's main runner was the main victim of the qualification process and ended up in fourth position. Jeannette Pennings was teamed-up with her main driver Broeders, while Bertens was replaced by Van Haperen who finished second. Jurg's back-up runner Urta Rozenstruik became the Olympic back-up runner. At the Olympics Broeders/Pennings started off first, but crashed, causing concentration trouble for Jurg/Van Haperen who saw it all happen. This resulted in disappointing results and an eleventh position overall after four runs. Despite these happenings Van Haperen did not return to the track and field competitions, but she focusses totally on bobsledding.
# William Short (Alberta politician)

William Short (January 11, 1866 – January 27, 1926) was a politician in Alberta, Canada and a two time mayor of Edmonton.

## Biography

Short was born July 11, 1866, near Elora, Canada West and studied law at the University of Toronto before coming to Alberta in 1889. He articled to James Alexander Lougheed from 1891 until 1894, when he was called to the provincial bar. That year, he moved to Edmonton and opened a law practice before partnering with Charles Cross in 1900 to form Short & Cross (which still exists today under the name Duncan Craig LLP). He married Henrietta McMaster on February 7, 1900; the pair had one son and one daughter.
In 1899, Short was elected to sit as a public school trustee, which he did until he was acclaimed as mayor during the 1901 election. He faced no opposition to his re-election bid in 1902, and defeated his former school board colleague H. C. Taylor in the 1903 election to retain the title. This allowed him to be mayor when Edmonton's status changed from town to city in 1904, and to author the city charter. He did not seek another term in the 1904 election. During this first stint as mayor, Short oversaw the extension of the railroad to the north side of the North Saskatchewan River in 1902 (an event which occasioned the proclamation of a civic holiday by Mayor Short).
He returned to the mayoralty in December 1912 by defeating two candidates, including future mayor Joseph Clarke. His re-election bid in 1913 was foiled by William McNamara, making him the first mayor in Edmonton's history to lose a re-election bid. After this defeat, Short did not return to politics.
William Short was active with the Masons, the Edmonton Board of Trade, and the Conservative Party of Alberta. He was also an enthusiastic motorist and owned one of Edmonton's first automobiles. He died January 27, 1926.
William Short Road in Edmonton is named in his honour.

## Sources

* Edmonton Public Library biography of William Short
* City of Edmonton biography of William Short
* History of Duncan & Craig law firm
* Real Estate Weekly account of the history of the railroad in Edmonton
# Granville Straker

Granville Straker (born September 12, 1939) is a Saint Vincent-born American music businessman and record producer specializing in calypso music. He is known for his Brooklyn, New York-based record label Straker's Records, which he founded in 1971, as well as his production work for many of the artists signed to it. According to Mark Romano of AllMusic, Straker's Records "...defined major calypso and soca artists starting in the early '70s." Straker told record producer and researcher and Bill Nowlin that over a thirty year span his label released 600 to 700 albums, an excess of 1000 twelve inch records, and several thousand singles.

## Biography

Straker first moved to Brooklyn from Trinidad in 1959. In 1971, he founded the calypso-centered record label Straker's Records. Around the same time, in response to the growing popularity of Caribbean music in Brooklyn, he set up several record stores in the area. Among the dozens of noteworthy calypsonians who released albums on Straker's Records were Shadow, Chalkdust, Calypso Rose, Lord Melody, Black Stalin, Mighty Duke, Explainer, and Lord Nelson. Straker was also active as a talent scout and concert promoter, and he frequently traveled to Trinidad to look for new calypso musicians. In 1978, fellow Vincentian Frankie McIntosh began working for Straker as his musical director. In this capacity, McIntosh wrote the musical arrangements for many of Straker's artists, and oversaw hundreds of recording sessions for calypsonians backed by the studio band the Equitables. As of 1999, he was still running his record store, Straker's Records & Stereo, from the same location in Brooklyn since it was founded twenty-seven years earlier.