# Independent Olympians at the Olympic Games

Athletes have competed as independent Olympians at the Olympic Games for various reasons, including political transition, international sanctions, suspensions of National Olympic Committees, and compassion. Independent athletes have come from North Macedonia, East Timor, South Sudan and Curaçao following geopolitical changes in the years before the Olympics, from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (present-day Serbia and Montenegro) as a result of international sanctions, and from India and Kuwait due to the suspensions of their National Olympic Committees. Starting from 2018, athletes from Russia have competed under a neutral designation for various reasons, mainly mass violations of anti-doping rules and since 2022, the Belarus-assisted invasion of Ukraine.
Apart from Russian athletes who won more than hundred medals under a neutral designation, medals were won by independent Olympians at the 1992 and 2016 Olympics, both times in shooting. The naming and country code conventions for these independent Olympians have not been consistent. Independent Paralympians have participated at Paralympic Games for the same reasons as independent Olympians.

## Precursors

Prior to the 1906 Intercalated Games, entry was not restricted to teams nominated by National Olympic Committees (NOCs). Mixed-nationality teams competed in some team events. Participants in individual events are retrospectively credited to their nationality of the time.
The 1940 Winter Olympics was reassigned to Garmisch-Partenkirchen in spring 1939. In concert with German claims on Czechoslovakia, the organisers refused to recognise the Czechoslovakia NOC; however, they were prepared to allow its athletes to enter under the Olympic flag. In any event, the Games were cancelled because of World War II.
During the Cold War, some athletes who emigrated from Soviet Bloc countries were unable to compete at the Olympics, as their original state's NOC neither wanted them on its own team nor gave them permission to transfer nationality. Some applied to compete as individuals in 1952 and 1956 but were refused.
When Guyana joined the 1976 Olympic boycott, its sprinter James Gilkes asked the IOC to be allowed to compete as an individual, but was refused.
The IOC first made provisions for athletes to compete under the Olympic flag in time for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Some NOCs, mostly from Western Europe, wished to attend the Games despite their governments' support for the American-led boycott in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The NOCs hesitated to use national symbols without government approval, so the IOC relaxed this requirement: 14 NOCs competed under the Olympic flag, while three, New Zealand, Spain and Portugal, competed under their respective NOCs' flag.

## 1992 Winter and Summer Olympics
### Independent Olympic Participants

During the 1992 Summer Olympics, athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Macedonia competed as Independent Olympic participants. Macedonian athletes could not appear under their own flag because their National Olympic Committee (NOC) had not yet been formed. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) was under United Nations sanctions which prevented the country from taking part in the Olympics. However, individual Yugoslav athletes were allowed to take part as independent Olympic participants. 58 athletes competed as independent Olympic participants, winning three medals.
| Medal | Name | Nationality | Games | Sport | Events |
| Silver | Jasna Šekarić | FR Yugoslavia | 1992 Barcelona | Shooting | Women's 10 m air pistol |
| Bronze | Aranka Binder | FR Yugoslavia | 1992 Barcelona | Shooting | Women's 10 m air rifle |
| Bronze | Stevan Pletikosić | FR Yugoslavia | 1992 Barcelona | Shooting | Men's 50 m rifle prone |

### Unified Team

The former Soviet Union (except the Baltic states) competed under the Olympic flag at the 1992 Winter and Summer Olympics as the Unified Team.

## 2000 Summer Olympics

At the 2000 Summer Olympics, four athletes from East Timor competed as Individual Olympic Athletes during the country's transition to independence.

## 2012 Summer Olympics

Four athletes competed as Independent Olympic Athletes at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles and subsequent withdrawal of the country's National Olympic Committee, three athletes from the country who qualified for the Games were allowed to compete independently. Several others competed for either Aruba or the Netherlands.
The National Olympic Committee for South Sudan was not established between the formation of that state and the 2012 Olympic qualifying. One athlete from South Sudan, Guor Marial, qualified for the Games and was allowed to compete as an independent.
Athletes from Kuwait were originally allowed to compete as Independent Olympic Athletes as well, because their National Olympic Committee was suspended. However, the NOC was reinstated allowing the athletes to compete under their own flag. Kuwait competed under the Olympic flag at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics and 2010 Asian Games.

## 2014 Winter Olympics

The Indian Olympic Association was suspended from the IOC in December 2012, due to problems with its electoral process. New elections were scheduled for 9 February 2014, two days after the start of the 2014 Winter Olympics. Therefore, the three Indian athletes who qualified for the Games were scheduled to compete as Independent Olympic Participants.
On 8 and 9 February, Shiva Keshavan participated in the luge competition and received 38th place. He would end up being the only athlete to officially compete as an Independent Olympic Participant.
On 11 February 2014, the IOC reinstated the Indian Olympic Association after Narayana Ramachandran, the president of the World Squash Federation, was voted in as the new president of the Indian Olympic Association, allowing the two remaining athletes to compete under the Indian flag rather than as independent athletes. This was the first time such a reinstatement of a NOC occurred as the Olympic Games were underway.

## 2016 Summer Olympics

Kuwaiti athletes competed independently, as the Kuwait Olympic Committee was suspended by the International Olympic Committee due to governmental interference. This was the second suspension in five years; the first suspension resulted in Kuwaiti athletes being forced to compete under the Olympic flag as Athletes from Kuwait at the 2010 Asian Games. Fehaid Al-Deehani became the first Independent Olympic Athlete to win a gold medal. Like with some gold medals of the Unified Team at the 1992 Winter and Summer Olympics, the Olympic Hymn was played in the victory ceremony.
Refugees were allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag (one of two delegations to compete under that flag, alongside Kuwaiti IOAs) at the 2016 Summer Olympics, under the label Refugee Olympic Team. Ten athletes from four countries competed for this team.
Due to widespread state-controlled doping in Russia, the International Association of Athletics Federations suspended the All-Russia Athletic Federation in November 2015. As a result, no Russian athlete would be able to compete internationally, including the 2016 Olympics, until the suspension was lifted. The IAAF announced a path for athletes who train outside the Russian system and could prove themselves to be clean, as well as those who have helped in the fight against doping, to be eligible to compete as neutral athletes at the 2016 Olympics. Two athletes, Darya Klishina and Yuliya Stepanova were initially cleared for competition, as Independent Athletes.
Although Yulia Stepanova was cleared by IAAF because of her revelations regarding Russia's systemic doping program, and the IOC's recognition of her "contribution to the protection and promotion of clean athletes", she was banned by the IOC in line with the decision to ban all Russian athletes with previous doping convictions. The IOC also rejected the suggestion that 'neutral' athletes could compete outside of national selection. Klishina was subsequently confirmed as competing under Russian colours, the country's only competitor in athletics at the 2016 Olympics.
| Medal | Name | Nationality | Games | Sport | Events |
| Gold | Fehaid Al-Deehani | Kuwait | 2016 Rio de Janeiro | Shooting | Men's double trap |
| Bronze | Abdullah Al-Rashidi | Kuwait | 2016 Rio de Janeiro | Shooting | Men's skeet |

## 2018 Winter Olympics

On 5 December 2017, the IOC announced that Russia would be banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics over its state-sponsored doping program. Russian athletes were allowed to participate under the Olympic flag as "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR) if they were cleared by a panel, which was chaired by Valerie Fourneyron and had representatives from the IOC, the World Anti-Doping Agency, and the Doping Free Sport Unit of the Global Association of International Sports Federations.
| Medal | Name | Nationality | Games | Sport | Events |
| Gold | Alina Zagitova | Russia | 2018 Pyeongchang | Figure skating | Ladies' singles |
| Gold | Russia men's national ice hockey team Sergei AndronovAlexander BarabanovPavel DatsyukVladislav GavrikovMikhail GrigorenkoNikita GusevIlya KablukovSergey KalininKirill KaprizovBogdan KiselevichVasily KoshechkinIlya KovalchukAlexey MarchenkoSergei MozyakinNikita NesterovNikolai ProkhorkinIgor ShestyorkinVadim ShipachyovSergei ShirokovIlya SorokinIvan TeleginVyacheslav VoynovEgor YakovlevArtyom ZubAndrei Zubarev | Russia | 2018 Pyeongchang | Ice hockey | Men's tournament |
| Silver | Mikhail KolyadaEvgenia MedvedevaAlina ZagitovaEvgenia TarasovaVladimir MorozovNatalia ZabiiakoAlexander EnbertEkaterina BobrovaDmitri Soloviev | Russia | 2018 Pyeongchang | Figure skating | Team event |
| Silver | Nikita Tregubov | Russia | 2018 Pyeongchang | Skeleton | Men's |
| Silver | Aleksandr BolshunovAleksey ChervotkinAndrey LarkovDenis Spitsov | Russia | 2018 Pyeongchang | Cross-country skiing | Men's 4 × 10 km relay |
| Silver | Aleksandr BolshunovDenis Spitsov | Russia | 2018 Pyeongchang | Cross-country skiing | Men's team sprint |
| Silver | Evgenia Medvedeva | Russia | 2018 Pyeongchang | Figure skating | Ladies' singles |
| Silver | Aleksandr Bolshunov | Russia | 2018 Pyeongchang | Cross-country skiing | Men's 50 km classical |
| Bronze | Semion Elistratov | Russia | 2018 Pyeongchang | Short track speed skating | Men's 1500 metres |
| Bronze | Yulia Belorukova | Russia | 2018 Pyeongchang | Cross-country skiing | Women's sprint |
| Bronze | Aleksandr Bolshunov | Russia | 2018 Pyeongchang | Cross-country skiing | Men's sprint |
| Bronze | Denis Spitsov | Russia | 2018 Pyeongchang | Cross-country skiing | Men's 15 km freestyle |
| Bronze | Natalya Voronina | Russia | 2018 Pyeongchang | Speed skating | Women's 5000 m |
| Bronze | Yulia BelorukovaAnna NechaevskayaNatalia NepryaevaAnastasia Sedova | Russia | 2018 Pyeongchang | Cross-country skiing | Women's 4 × 5 km relay |
| Bronze | Ilya Burov | Russia | 2018 Pyeongchang | Freestyle skiing | Men's aerials |
| Bronze | Sergey Ridzik | Russia | 2018 Pyeongchang | Freestyle skiing | Men's ski cross |
| Bronze | Andrey Larkov | Russia | 2018 Pyeongchang | Cross-country skiing | Men's 50 km classical |

## 2020 Summer Olympics

The IOC Refugee Olympic Team competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, as independent Olympic participants. Twenty-nine athletes from 12 sports and 18 countries competed for this team. The IOC code was changed to the French acronym "EOR" which stands for Équipe olympique des réfugiés.
Following a decision by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), it was announced that Russia would compete under the acronym "ROC", after the name of the Russian Olympic Committee. In the aftermatch, the IOC announced that the Russian national flag would be substituted by the flag of the Russian Olympic Committee. It would also be allowed to use team uniforms featuring the Russian national colours, the logo of the Russian Olympic Committee and bearing the acronym "ROC".
| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| Gold | Vitalina Batsarashkina | Shooting | Women's 10 m air pistol | 25 July |
| Gold | Sofia Pozdniakova | Fencing | Women's sabre | 26 July |
| Gold | Denis Ablyazin David Belyavskiy Artur Dalaloyan Nikita Nagornyy | Gymnastics | Men's artistic team all-around | 26 July |
| Gold | Maksim Khramtsov | Taekwondo | Men's 80 kg | 26 July |
| Gold | Evgeny Rylov | Swimming | Men's 100 m backstroke | 27 July |
| Gold | Lilia Akhaimova Viktoria Listunova Angelina Melnikova Vladislava Urazova | Gymnastics | Women's artistic team all-around | 27 July |
| Gold | Vladislav Larin | Taekwondo | Men's +80 kg | 27 July |
| Gold | Inna Deriglazova Larisa Korobeynikova Marta Martyanova Adelina Zagidullina | Fencing | Women's team foil | 29 July |
| Gold | Evgeny Rylov | Swimming | Men's 200 m backstroke | 30 July |
| Gold | Vitalina Batsarashkina | Shooting | Women's 25 m pistol | 30 July |
| Gold | Olga Nikitina Sofia Pozdniakova Sofya Velikaya | Fencing | Women's team sabre | 31 July |
| Gold | Andrey Rublev Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova | Tennis | Mixed doubles | 1 August |
| Gold | Musa Evloev | Wrestling | Men's Greco-Roman 97 kg | 3 August |
| Gold | Svetlana Kolesnichenko Svetlana Romashina | Artistic swimming | Women's duet | 4 August |
| Gold | Albert Batyrgaziev | Boxing | Men's featherweight | 5 August |
| Gold | Zaur Uguev | Wrestling | Men's freestyle 57 kg | 5 August |
| Gold | Zaurbek Sidakov | Wrestling | Men's freestyle 74 kg | 6 August |
| Gold | Vlada Chigireva Marina Goliadkina Svetlana Kolesnichenko Polina Komar Alexandra Patskevich Svetlana Romashina Alla Shishkina Maria Shurochkina | Artistic swimming | Women's team | 7 August |
| Gold | Abdulrashid Sadulaev | Wrestling | Men's freestyle 97 kg | 7 August |
| Gold | Mariya Lasitskene | Athletics | Women's high jump | 7 August |
| Silver | Anastasiia Galashina | Shooting | Women's 10 m air rifle | 24 July |
| Silver | Svetlana Gomboeva Elena Osipova Ksenia Perova | Archery | Women's team | 25 July |
| Silver | Inna Deriglazova | Fencing | Women's foil | 25 July |
| Silver | Tatiana Minina | Taekwondo | Women's 57 kg | 25 July |
| Silver | Sofya Velikaya | Fencing | Women's sabre | 26 July |
| Silver | Kliment Kolesnikov | Swimming | Men's 100 m backstroke | 27 July |
| Silver | Vitalina Batsarashkina Artem Chernousov | Shooting | Mixed 10 m air pistol team | 27 July |
| Silver | Mikhail Dovgalyuk Ivan Girev Aleksandr Krasnykh Martin Malyutin Evgeny Rylov Mikhail Vekovishchev | Swimming | Men's 4 × 200 m freestyle relay | 28 July |
| Silver | Evgeniia Frolkina Olga Frolkina Yulia Kozik Anastasia Logunova | Basketball | Women's 3x3 tournament | 28 July |
| Silver | Ilia Karpenkov Kirill Pisklov Stanislav Sharov Alexander Zuev | Basketball | Men's 3x3 tournament | 28 July |
| Silver | Vasilisa Stepanova Elena Oriabinskaia | Rowing | Women's coxless pair | 29 July |
| Silver | Hanna Prakatsen | Rowing | Women's single sculls | 30 July |
| Silver | Elena Osipova | Archery | Women's individual | 30 July |
| Silver | Sergey Bida Nikita Glazkov Sergey Khodos Pavel Sukhov | Fencing | Men's team épée | 30 July |
| Silver | Yulia Zykova | Shooting | Women's 50 m rifle three positions | 31 July |
| Silver | Karen Khachanov | Tennis | Men's singles | 1 August |
| Silver | Anastasia Iliankova | Gymnastics | Women's uneven bars | 1 August |
| Silver | Anton Borodachev Kirill Borodachev Vladislav Mylnikov Timur Safin | Fencing | Men's team foil | 1 August |
| Silver | Aslan Karatsev Elena Vesnina | Tennis | Mixed doubles | 1 August |
| Silver | Sergey Kamenskiy | Shooting | Men's 50 m rifle three positions | 2 August |
| Silver | Denis Ablyazin | Gymnastics | Men's vault | 2 August |
| Silver | Anzhelika Sidorova | Athletics | Women's pole vault | 5 August |
| Silver | Muslim Gadzhimagomedov | Boxing | Men's heavyweight | 6 August |
| Silver | Viacheslav Krasilnikov Oleg Stoyanovskiy | Volleyball | Men's beach | 7 August |
| Silver | Dina Averina | Gymnastics | Women's rhythmic individual all-around | 7 August |
| Silver | Russia men's national volleyball team Denis BogdanValentin GolubevIvan IakovlevEgor KliukaIgor KobzarIlyas KurkaevMaksim MikhaylovPavel PankovYaroslav PodlesnykhViktor PoletaevDmitry VolkovArtem Volvich | Volleyball | Men's tournament | 7 August |
| Silver | Anastasia Bliznyuk Anastasia Maksimova Angelina Shkatova Anastasia Tatareva Alisa Tishchenko | Gymnastics | Women's rhythmic group all-around | 8 August |
| Silver | Russia women's national handball team Vladlena BobrovnikovaDaria DmitrievaOlga FominaPolina GorshkovaEkaterina IlinaVictoriya KalininaPolina KuznetsovaKseniya MakeyevaYulia ManagarovaElena MikhaylichenkoAnna SedoykinaAnna SenAntonina SkorobogatchenkoAnna VyakhirevaPolina Vedekhina | Handball | Women's tournament | 8 August |
| Bronze | Mikhail Artamonov | Taekwondo | Men's 58 kg | 24 July |
| Bronze | Larisa Korobeynikova | Fencing | Women's foil | 25 July |
| Bronze | Aleksandr Bondar Viktor Minibaev | Diving | Men's synchronized 10 m platform | 26 July |
| Bronze | Yulia Karimova Sergey Kamenskiy | Shooting | Mixed 10 m air rifle team | 27 July |
| Bronze | Madina Taimazova | Judo | Women's 70 kg | 28 July |
| Bronze | Nikita Nagornyy | Gymnastics | Men's artistic individual all-around | 28 July |
| Bronze | Kliment Kolesnikov | Swimming | Men's 100 m freestyle | 29 July |
| Bronze | Niyaz Ilyasov | Judo | Men's 100 kg | 29 July |
| Bronze | Angelina Melnikova | Gymnastics | Women's artistic individual all-around | 29 July |
| Bronze | Tamerlan Bashaev | Judo | Men's +100 kg | 30 July |
| Bronze | Yulia Karimova | Shooting | Women's 50 m rifle three positions | 31 July |
| Bronze | Imam Khataev | Boxing | Men's light heavyweight | 1 August |
| Bronze | Andrey Zamkovoy | Boxing | Men's welterweight | 1 August |
| Bronze | Daria Shmeleva Anastasia Voynova | Cycling | Women's team sprint | 2 August |
| Bronze | Angelina Melnikova | Gymnastics | Women's floor | 2 August |
| Bronze | Sergey Emelin | Wrestling | Men's Greco-Roman 60 kg | 2 August |
| Bronze | Sergey Semenov | Wrestling | Men's Greco-Roman 130 kg | 2 August |
| Bronze | Nikita Nagornyy | Gymnastics | Men's horizontal bar | 3 August |
| Bronze | Gleb Bakshi | Boxing | Men's middleweight | 5 August |
| Bronze | Artur Naifonov | Wrestling | Men's freestyle 86 kg | 5 August |
| Bronze | Zemfira Magomedalieva | Boxing | Women's middleweight | 6 August |
| Bronze | Gulnaz Khatuntseva Maria Novolodskaya | Cycling | Women's madison | 6 August |
| Bronze | Gadzhimurad Rashidov | Wrestling | Men's freestyle 65 kg | 7 August |

## 2022 Winter Olympics

Similarly to the 2020 Summer Olympics, Russia competed in the 2022 Beijing Games under the "ROC" acronym due to WADA's sanctions.
| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| Gold | Alexander Bolshunov | Cross-country skiing | Men's 30 km skiathlon | 6 February |
| Gold | Natalya Nepryayeva Tatiana Sorina Veronika Stepanova Yuliya Stupak | Cross-country skiing | Women's 4 × 5 km relay | 12 February |
| Gold | Alexander Bolshunov Aleksey Chervotkin Denis Spitsov Sergey Ustiugov | Cross-country skiing | Men's 4 × 10 km relay | 13 February |
| Gold | Anna Shcherbakova | Figure skating | Women's singles | 17 February |
| Gold | Alexander Bolshunov | Cross-country skiing | Men's 50 kilometre freestyle | 19 February |
| Silver | Natalya Nepryayeva | Cross-country skiing | Women's 15 km skiathlon | 5 February |
| Silver | Denis Spitsov | Cross-country skiing | Men's 30 km skiathlon | 6 February |
| Silver | Irina Avvakumova Evgenii Klimov Irma Makhinia Danil Sadreev | Ski jumping | Mixed team | 7 February |
| Silver | Alexander Bolshunov | Cross-country skiing | Men's 15 km classical | 11 February |
| Silver | Konstantin Ivliev | Short track speed skating | Men's 500 metres | 13 February |
| Silver | Nikita Katsalapov Victoria Sinitsina | Figure skating | Ice dance | 14 February |
| Silver | Daniil Aldoshkin Sergey Trofimov Ruslan Zakharov | Speed skating | Men's team pursuit | 15 February |
| Silver | Irina Kazakevich Svetlana Mironova Uliana Nigmatullina Kristina Reztsova | Biathlon | Women's relay | 16 February |
| Silver | Alexandra Trusova | Figure skating | Women's singles | 17 February |
| Silver | Ivan Yakimushkin | Cross-country skiing | Men's 50 kilometre freestyle | 19 February |
| Silver | Vladimir Morozov Evgenia Tarasova | Figure skating | Pair skating | 19 February |
| Silver | Russia men's national ice hockey team Sergei AndronovTimur BilyalovAndrei ChibisovIvan FedotovStanislav GalievMikhail GrigorenkoArseni GritsyukNikita GusevPavel KarnaukhovArtur KayumovArtyom MinulinNikita NesterovAlexander NikishinSergei PlotnikovAlexander SamonovKirill SemyonovDamir SharipzyanovVadim ShipachyovAnton SlepyshevSergei TeleginVladimir TkachyovDmitri VoronkovSlava VoynovEgor YakovlevAlexander Yelesin | Ice hockey | Men's tournament | 20 February |
| Bronze | Uliana Nigmatullina Kristina Reztsova Alexander Loginov Eduard Latypov | Biathlon | Mixed relay | 5 February |
| Bronze | Anastasia Smirnova | Freestyle skiing | Women's moguls | 6 February |
| Bronze | Aleksandr Galliamov Nikita Katsalapov Mark Kondratiuk Anastasia Mishina Victoria Sinitsina Kamila Valieva (DSQ) | Figure skating | Team event | 7 February |
| Bronze | Vic Wild | Snowboarding | Men's parallel giant slalom | 8 February |
| Bronze | Alexander Terentyev | Cross-country skiing | Men's sprint | 8 February |
| Bronze | Tatiana Ivanova | Luge | Women's singles | 8 February |
| Bronze | Semion Elistratov | Short track speed skating | Men's 1500 metres | 9 February |
| Bronze | Eduard Latypov | Biathlon | Men's pursuit | 13 February |
| Bronze | Angelina Golikova | Speed skating | Women's 500 metres | 13 February |
| Bronze | Said Karimulla Khalili Eduard Latypov Alexander Loginov Maxim Tsvetkov | Biathlon | Men's relay | 15 February |
| Bronze | Natalya Nepryayeva Yuliya Stupak | Cross-country skiing | Women's team sprint | 16 February |
| Bronze | Alexander Bolshunov Alexander Terentyev | Cross-country skiing | Men's team sprint | 16 February |
| Bronze | Ilya Burov | Freestyle skiing | Men's aerials | 16 February |
| Bronze | Sergey Ridzik | Freestyle skiing | Men's ski cross | 18 February |
| Bronze | Aleksandr Galliamov Anastasia Mishina | Figure skating | Pair skating | 19 February |

## 2024 Summer Olympics

| Medal | Name | Country | Sport | Event | Date |
| Gold | Ivan Litvinovich | Belarus | Gymnastics | Men's trampoline | 2 August |
| Silver | Viyaleta Bardzilouskaya | Belarus | Gymnastics | Women's trampoline | 2 August |
| Silver | Yauheni Zalaty | Belarus | Rowing | Men's single sculls | 3 August |
| Silver | Mirra Andreeva Diana Shnaider | Russia | Tennis | Women's doubles | 4 August |
| Bronze | Yauheni Tsikhantsou | Belarus | Weightlifting | Men's – 102 kg | 10 August |

## 2026 Winter Olympics

In December 2024, the International Skating Union announced that athletes from Belarus and Russia would be allowed to participate in events at the 2026 Winter Olympics; if qualified, they would compete under the Individual Neutral Athlete banner, as was done at the 2024 Summer Olympics.