OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# JWalk

JWalk is a unit testing toolkit for the Java programming language. Created by Anthony Simons, JWalk supports a testing paradigm called Lazy Systematic Unit Testing. This is based on the two notions of lazy specification, the ability to infer the evolving specification of a class on the fly by dynamic analysis, and systematic testing, the ability to explore and test the class's state space exhaustively to bounded depths.

## Using JWalk

JWalk is used to test single, compiled classes in the Java programming language (so far, the only supported language). It can be directed to explore all method protocols systematically, printing a lengthy test report, or to perform automated testing according to a state-based model of the class under test. The specification is constructed interactively, as the programmer confirms or rejects test outcomes, and adapts itself quickly to changes in the evolving code. JWalk is therefore well-suited to test-driven development, as used in the Extreme Programming approach to software development.

## Comparisons

JWalk is efficient in helping a programmer to generate unit tests that adequately cover the test class's state space. Using JWalk compares favourably against expert manual testing (using JUnit). This is because the tool explores the test class systematically, suggesting test-cases that a programmer usually forgets, and focuses the programmer's attention on the subset of unique test cases that require manual confirmation.
# Copceac, Gagauzia

Copceac (Gagauz: Kıpçak) is a commune and village in the Gagauz Autonomous Territorial Unit of the Republic of Moldova. The 2004 census listed the commune as having a population of 9,551 people. 9,068 people belong to the Gagauz ethnic group. Minorities included 110 Moldovans, 97 Russians, 71 Ukrainians, 144 Bulgarians and 33 Roma.
Its geographical coordinates are 45° 51' 6" North, 28° 41' 33" East.

## Notable people

* Vladislav Baboglo (born 1998), Moldovan-Ukrainian footballer
* Gleb Drăgan [ro] (1920–2014), Romanian engineer and academic
# 1913–14 French Ice Hockey Championship

The 1913–14 French Ice Hockey Championship was the fifth edition of the French Ice Hockey Championship, the national ice hockey championship in France. Club des Patineurs de Paris won their fourth championship.

## Final

* Chamonix Hockey Club - Club des Patineurs de Paris 0:14
# W Cygni

W Cygni is a semi-regular variable star in the constellation Cygnus, located 570 light-years from Earth. It lies less than half a degree southeast of ρ Cygni. W Cygni is, at times, a naked eye star but it was not given a Bayer or Flamsteed designation. It has been proposed as a binary star system with a hotter main sequence companion, but this has not been confirmed.
W Cygni was discovered to be variable by John Ellard Gore, and first published in 1885. It has a maximum magnitude of 5.10 and a minimum magnitude 6.83. The star is catalogued as having a primary period of 131.7 days, but shows variations with a variety of periods around 131 days as well as 234 days. It is believed to be pulsating in the first overtone. There is some evidence of additional very slow and small variations in the light curve on a time scale of 3,000–5,000 days.
This star is an aging red giant on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB). Its spectral type ranges between M4e and M6e, and it shows possible elevated levels of Technetium. The masses of AGB stars are poorly known, but using the pulsation properties of W Cygni, it mass is calculated to be slightly less than the sun's. It has expanded to 227 times the girth of the Sun and is radiating 5,888 times the Sun's luminosity from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,373 K.
# Leucostele faundezii

Leucostele faundezii is a species of columnar cactus found in Chile.

## Description

Leucostele faundezii exhibits a columnar growth pattern, attaining a height of 80 cm. The branches are decumbent, spanning 14 cm in diameter, and display a grayish-green coloration. At the apex, there are 18 tuberculate and obtuse ribs, each measuring 2 cm in width and 3 mm in height. The obovate areoles, measuring 1 mm in height and 8 mm in width, have a gray color. The acicular gray spines consist of 1–3 central spines measuring 2.5 cm in length and 9 radial spines measuring 2 cm in length and 0.5 mm in diameter. The flowers, numbering between 2 and 6, appear subapical, measuring 11 cm in length and 9 cm in diameter, with an ovary diameter of 2 cm. Initially displaying a deep pink hue in flower buds, transitioning to white with a brownish-pink apex as they mature.

## Distribution

This species is native to Coquimbo, Chile and is found growing in sand dunes sometimes with the algae Trentepohlia aurea growing on the spine.

## Taxonomy

Originally described as Trichocereus faundezii in 2012 and named in honor of the Chilean botanist Luis Faúndez, the species was reclassified by Boris O. Schlumpberger in 2021, now belonging to the genus Leucostele.
# Theresa H. Arriola

Theresa Hill Arriola (also known as Isa Arriola) is a Northern Mariana Islander cultural anthropologist and indigenous rights activist from Saipan, who lectures in critical Indigenous studies in the department of sociology and anthropology at Concordia University. She is also the chair of Our Common Wealth 670, an organisation that advocates for demilitarisation of the Pacific territories of the United States.

## Biography

Arriola was born in Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands and is Chamorro. She attended the Northern Marianas Academy. She studied at Brown University for a BA in History, then for her MA in Anthropology from the University of Hawaiʻi. She studied for her doctorate at University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) and graduated in 2021. Her thesis explored the how militarism intersects with indigenous identities and the environment in the NMI, with a particular focus on the Chamorro and Refaluwasch peoples. In 2017 she was awarded a grant by the Wenner-Gren Foundation to explore the overlapping territorial claims made by the US military and the indigenous Chamorro people.
In 2018 she joined the Board of the Northern Marianas Humanities Research Council, and has held the positions of Vice-Chair, Secretary and Treasurer. As of 2021 she is Assistant Professor of Critical Indigenous Studies in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Concordia University. She is a member of the Association for Social Anthropologists in Oceania.
She is Chair of Our Common Wealth 670, an organisation that advocates for "demilitarisation throughout the Marianas archipelago". She has argued publicly that levels of American military involvement in the region are unsustainable. She has also voiced concern that the US military will look at the Mariana archipelago as an alternative location for its military bases on Guam. The organisation, led by Arriola, has encouraged opposition to the US Navy's plans to extend destructive military training in the region.

## Publications

* Arriola, T. (2020). "Scenes from Everyday Life in the Northern Mariana Islands during the COVID-19 Pandemic," Oceania.
* Arriola, T. (2020). "Securing Nature: Militarism, Indigeneity and the Environment in the Northern Mariana Islands". UCLA.
# William Ellsworth Dunn

William Ellsworth Dunn, or W.E. Dunn, (1861–1925) was the city attorney of Los Angeles, California, and represented various concerns of California capitalist Henry E. Huntington. He was a founder of the Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher law firm.

## Personal

Dunn was born on August 2, 1861, in Douglas, Michigan, or in Saagetuck, Maine, the son of George E. Dunn and Ellen V. Dickinson. He attended Allegan High School in Allegan, Michigan, followed by a year of preparatory school and then a year in the law department of the University of Michigan.
He was married to Nellie M. Briggs on January 3, 1883, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. In 1885 he moved to Los Angeles, where he continued his law studies, and he was admitted to the bar in 1887.
A Republican, Dunn was a member of the California Club, the Jonathan Club, the Los Angeles Country Club and the Bolsa Chica Club.
Dunn died August 22, 1925, "apparently from apoplexy." Cremation took place August 24 at Hollywood Cemetery after a Christian Science service. Survivors were his wife; a brother, George Dunn of Chicago, and a sister. Streetcars of the Los Angeles Railway, of which he was a vice president, were to stop service for one minute to mark the beginning of the funeral rite.

## Career

Dunn was appointed assistant city attorney in Los Angeles in 1890, and in 1890 he was elected as city attorney, reelected in 1892. During those years he represented the city in its legal disputes with the Los Angeles Water Co. over the amount the company should pay to the city for its water. After the end of his second elected term, the city appointed him as a special counsel to carry on the litigation.
In private practice, Dunn was a founding partner of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, specializing in corporation law. He was legal adviser to the Pacific Electric Railway, the Los Angeles Railway, the Los Angeles-Redondo Railway and various enterprises of capitalist Henry E. Huntington.
# Dangers of a Bride

Dangers of a Bride is a 1917 American silent comedy film directed by Clarence G. Badger and starring Gloria Swanson.

## Cast

* Gloria Swanson
* Bobby Vernon
* Agnes Vernon
* Fritz Schade
* Juanita Hansen
* Jay Dwiggins
* Robert Milliken
* Al McKinnon
* Martha Trick
* F.B. Cooper
# 2006 Canadian Tour

The 2006 Canadian Tour was the 21st season of the Canadian Tour, the main professional golf tour in Canada since it was formed in 1986.

## Schedule

The following table lists official events during the 2006 season.
| Date | Tournament | Location | Purse (C$) | Winner | OWGR points |
| Mar 5 | Yes! Golf BCR Classic | United States | US$100,000 | Rob Oppenheim (1) | 6 |
| Mar 12 | Yes! Golf BCR Challenge | United States | US$100,000 | Brian Guetz (1) | 6 |
| Mar 26 | Northern California Classic | United States | US$100,000 | Matt Hansen (1) | 6 |
| Apr 23 | Diablo Grande California Classic | United States | US$100,000 | Lee Williamson (2) | 6 |
| May 14 | Corona Mazatlán Classic | Mexico | US$125,000 | Rob Oppenheim (2) | 6 |
| Jun 18 | Greater Vancouver Charity Classic | British Columbia | 100,000 | Lee Williamson (3) | 6 |
| Jun 25 | Times Colonist Open | British Columbia | 150,000 | Mike Grob (4) | 6 |
| Jul 2 | Telus Edmonton Open | Alberta | 150,000 | Stephen Gangluff (2) | 6 |
| Jul 16 | MTS Classic | Manitoba | 150,000 | Josh Habig (1) | 6 |
| Aug 6 | Casino de Montreal Open | Quebec | 200,000 | Wes Heffernan (1) | 6 |
| Aug 24 | Fallsview Casino Resort Pro-Am Classic | Ontario | 100,000 | Stephen Gangluff (3) | 6 |
| Sep 3 | Canadian Tour Championship | Ontario | 160,000 | Stuart Anderson (2) | 6 |

## Order of Merit

The Order of Merit was based on prize money won during the season, calculated in Canadian dollars.
| Position | Player | Prize money (C$) |
| 1 | Stephen Gangluff | 67,336 |
| 2 | Rob Oppenheim | 62,793 |
| 3 | Wes Heffernan | 55,633 |
| 4 | Lee Williamson | 46,551 |
| 5 | Darren Griff | 42,470 |
# Azat (river)

The Azat (Armenian: Ազատ) is a river in the Kotayk Province of Armenia. Its source is on the western slope of the Geghama mountains. It flows through Garni, Lanjazat and Arevshat, before reaching the Aras near Artashat. The main purpose of the Azat dam is to serve for irrigation and hydro power generation. Its hazard potential is ranked to be high.
The Azat is known in Armenia for its beauty. It flows for 55 kilometers and has a basin that occupies 572 square kilometers. The Azat passes through the Khosrov State Reserve. In its lower reaches, the river flows into the Ararat valley. The Azat is known for its numerous spectacular waterfalls and its rock choked river bed. Upper Azat Valley was listed to UNESCO world heritage site in 2000 with Geghard Monastery.

## Symphony of Stones

One section of the Azat, where it meets River Goght, is particularly fascinating. It passes through the Canyon of Garni composed of regular hexagonal prisms, with a formation so unique it almost looks artificial. Near its end, the gorge's formation has prompted the name "Symphony of Stones".

## Gallery

* Azat Reservoir
* Azat river at Garni
* The Azat River passing under an old style bridge
* Azat river at Geghard
* Azat river among the bridge IX century, and Symphony of stones
# Friedrich von Hellwald

Friedrich von Hellwald (29 March 1842, in Padua, Austrian Empire – 1 November 1892, in Cannstatt, Germany) was an Austrian writer on geography and the history of civilization.

## Biography

He was born at Padua. He entered the Austrian Army in 1858, and was a lieutenant of cavalry (1866) in the war with Prussia. In 1866 he became an editor of the Austrian military magazine, Österreichische Militärische Zeitschrift. In 1872 he moved from Vienna to Cannstatt, where he succeeded Oscar Peschel as chief editor of Das Ausland. In this capacity, he emphasized subjects associated with anthropology and the history of civilization. In 1881 he resigned as editor of Das Ausland.

## Works

His many works, which are more popular than scientific, include:
* Maximilian I, Kaiser von Mexiko (Maximilian I of Mexico, Emperor of Mexico, 1869).
* Kulturgeschichte in ihrer natürlichen Entwicklung bis zur Gegenwart (Cultural history and its geographical development up to the present; 4th edition, 1896-98).
* Die Erde und ihre Völker (Earth and its peoples; 4th edition 1897).
* Die Russen in Centralasien. Eine Studie über die neueste Geographie und Geschichte Centralasiens (1873); later translated into English by Theodore Wirgman and published as "The Russians in Central Asia; a critical examination down to the present time of the geography and history of Central Asia" (1874).
* Naturgeschichte des Menschen (Natural history of the human race; 1883-84).
* Amerika in Wort und Bild (America in words and pictures; 1883-85).
* Frankreich in Wort und Bild (France in words and pictures; 1884-87).
* Hinterindische Länder und Völker. Reisen in den Flußgebieten des Irrawaddy und Mekong; in Birma, Annam, Kambodscha und Siam. (Burmese lands and peoples, travels in the river basins of the Irrawaddy and Mekong; in Burma, Annam, Cambodia and Siam; Leipzig 1880).
* Die menschliche Familie nach ihrer Entstehung und natürlichen Entwicklung (The human family, it origins and geographical development; 1889).
* Kulturbilder (1894) A posthumous work, edited by Theodor Möller.
# Queue automaton

A queue machine, queue automaton, or pullup automaton (PUA) is a finite-state machine with the ability to store and retrieve data from an infinite-memory queue. Its design is similar to a pushdown automaton but differs by replacing the stack with this queue. A queue machine is a model of computation equivalent to a Turing machine, and therefore it can process the same class of formal languages.

## Theory

A queue machine can be defined as a six-tuple
    $M=(Q,\Sigma ,\Gamma ,\$,s,\delta )$ where
* $\,Q$ is a finite set of states;
* $\,\Sigma \subset \Gamma$ is the finite set of the input alphabet;
* $\,\Gamma$ is the finite queue alphabet;
* $\,\$\in \Gamma \setminus \Sigma$ is the initial queue symbol;
* $\,s\in Q$ is the start state;
* $\,\delta :Q\times \Gamma \rightarrow Q\times \Gamma ^{*}$ is the transition function.
A machine configuration is an ordered pair of its state and queue contents $\,(q,\gamma )\in Q\times \Gamma ^{*}$, where $\,\Gamma ^{*}$ denotes the Kleene closure of $\,\Gamma$. The starting configuration on an input string $\,x$ is defined as $\,(s,x\$)$, and the transition $\rightarrow _{M}^{1}$ from one configuration to the next is defined as:
    $\,(p,A\alpha )\rightarrow _{M}^{1}(q,\alpha \gamma )$
where $A$ is a symbol from the queue alphabet, $\alpha$ is a sequence of queue symbols ($\alpha \in \Gamma ^{*}$), and $(q,\gamma )=\delta (p,A)$. Note the "first-in-first-out" property of the queue in the relation.
The machine accepts a string $\,x\in \Sigma ^{*}$ if after a finite number of transitions the starting configuration evolves to exhaust the string (reaching the null string $\,\epsilon$), or otherwise stated, if $\,(s,x\$)\rightarrow _{M}^{*}(q,\epsilon ).$

### Turing completeness

We can prove that a queue machine is equivalent to a Turing machine by showing that a queue machine can simulate a Turing machine and vice versa.
A Turing machine can be simulated by a queue machine that keeps a copy of the Turing machine's contents in its queue at all times, with two special markers: one for the Turing machine's head position, and one for the end of the tape; its transitions simulate those of the Turing machine by running through the whole queue, popping off each of its symbols and re-enqueing either the popped symbol, or, near the head position, the equivalent of the Turing machine transition's effect.
A queue machine can be simulated by a Turing machine, but more easily by a multi-tape Turing machine, which is known to be equivalent to a normal single-tape machine. The simulating queue machine reads input on one tape and stores the queue on the second, with pushes and pops defined by simple transitions to the beginning and end symbols of the tape. A formal proof of this is often an exercise in theoretical computer science courses.

## Applications

Queue machines offer a simple model on which to base computer architectures, programming languages, or algorithms.
# Blake Converse

Blake Lamont Converse (born 1965) is a United States Navy vice admiral and submarine warfare officer serving as deputy commander of the United States Pacific Fleet since May 7, 2021. As deputy commander, he deputizes for the Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet and handles the fleet's day-to-day administration from headquarters in Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam. He previously served as commander of submarine forces of the Pacific Fleet from 21 February 2019 to 29 April 2021.
Converse's flag assignments include Director, Joint and Fleet Operations (N3), United States Fleet Forces Command and Commander, Submarine Group 9.
In September 2023, Converse was nominated for promotion to vice admiral.
# Harry Usher

Harry Lester Usher (March 6, 1939 – June 22, 2000) was an American attorney who was the second and last commissioner of the United States Football League (USFL). His legal expertise was in entertainment law.

## Early years

Usher was born on March 6, 1939, in Jersey City, New Jersey. His father died shortly after his birth. He entered Brown University on a scholarship, graduated as a Phi Beta Kappa in 1961, and later helped many California-based students attend the university. He then matriculated at Stanford Law School, where he was editor of its Law Review. He earned his law degree in 1964.

## 1984 Summer Olympics

Usher was the executive vice president and general manager of the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee (LAOOC), which oversaw the business operations of the 1984 Summer Olympics. He was second in command to Peter Ueberroth for a multi-sport event that generated a surplus of at least $215 million.

## United States Football League

Usher was named the commissioner of the United States Football League on January 15, 1985, succeeding Chet Simmons who had resigned the previous day. After signing a three-year contract, he inherited a league that continued to incur heavy financial losses. ESPN had renewed its network television deal for three years. ABC, knowing that the USFL was moving to an autumn schedule in 1986 in direct competition with the more-established National Football League (NFL), decided to televise games for only the 1985 season.

## Death

Usher had two open-heart surgeries, the first in 1975 when he was only 36. The second occurred at St. John's Hospital and Health Center on January 9, 1986. He had checked into the hospital complaining of chest pains twenty days earlier on December 20, 1985. He died at age 61 in Secaucus, New Jersey on June 22, 2000. He had suffered a heart attack while exercising at the AmeriSuites Hotel gym, also in Secaucus. He was on a consulting mission for General Electric Financial Services Corp.
# Phở Hùng

Phở Hùng is a pair of Vietnamese restaurants in Portland, Oregon, United States. The two establishments are operated by different owners but share a name, logo, and menu primarily focused on pho. Both are located in southeast Portland; the older restaurant has operated on Powell Boulevard since 1990, and the other, sometimes called Phở Hùng 82, is on 82nd Avenue. Previously, a Phở Hùng restaurant operated on Fremont Street in northeast Portland.

## Description

Phở Hùng is a pair of Vietnamese restaurants in southeast Portland. The two establishments share a name, logo, and menu, but operate under different ownership. The older restaurant is on Powell Boulevard, just north of the Richmond neighborhood's southern boundary with Creston-Kenilworth. The other restaurant, sometimes called Phở Hùng 82, is on 82nd Avenue, in the Powellhurst-Gilbert neighborhood. Phở Hùng 82 has paper lanterns, televisions, and large windows looking out to bamboo.
The menu has categories such as "Adventurer's Choice" and "For Beginners". It includes dac biet ("Special Super Bowl"), which is pho with steak, brisket, soft tendon, honeycomb tripe, and meatballs in a broth with scallions. The restaurants have also served chicken pho ga, egg rolls, a vegetarian pho with broccoli and fried tofu, and the beef noodle soup bún bò Huế. Pho is served with a side of Thai basil, bean sprouts, jalapeños, and lime. Available condiments include black pepper, chili oil, chili paste, crushed red pepper, fish sauce, hoisin, and Sriracha. Che ba mau is described as a "parfaitlike" drink with mung and red beans, coconut milk, and "ogar strip" (or jellies). Other drink options include avocado shakes, bubble tea, and Vietnamese coffee.

## History

The original restaurant has operated on Powell Boulevard since 1990. An outpost operated on Fremont Street in northeast Portland, starting in 1995. The building later housed the Vietnamese restaurant Phở Gabo.

## Reception

In 2006, writers for the Portland Mercury said Phở Hùng was "arguably the best all-around place for pho" in the city. Lance Chess and Marjorie Skinner said the restaurant "carries on tradition, with hefty portions for cheap" and is among the "more authentic" eateries, "a trait carried out in the entire menu".
In 2017, Michael Russell of The Oregonian said of Phở Hùng had friendly service but needed "sprucing up". He called the broth "fine", with "not quite enough depth of flavor". He said the noodles were "nicely cooked, but lacking flavor", and the toppings were sparse. Russell said of Phở Hùng 82: "The pho is a standout, with a balanced broth that brings the savory beef more than any individual spice, plus the most fattiest fatty brisket we've found so far." He called the broth "well balanced", the beef balls and tripe "good", the noodles "not particularly special", and the ambiance "pleasant and lively".
Nathan Williams included the Powell Street location in Eater Portland's 2023 overview of recommended restaurants in Creston-Kenilworth. The restaurant is one of politician Khanh Pham's favorites.