OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Separation (statistics)

In statistics, separation is a phenomenon associated with models for dichotomous or categorical outcomes, including logistic and probit regression. Separation occurs if the predictor (or a linear combination of some subset of the predictors) is associated with only one outcome value when the predictor range is split at a certain value.

## The phenomenon

For example, if the predictor X is continuous, and the outcome y = 1 for all observed x > 2. If the outcome values are (seemingly) perfectly determined by the predictor (e.g., y = 0 when x ≤ 2) then the condition "complete separation" is said to occur. If instead there is some overlap (e.g., y = 0 when x < 2, but y has observed values of 0 and 1 when x = 2) then "quasi-complete separation" occurs. A 2 × 2 table with an empty (zero) cell is an example of quasi-complete separation.

## The problem

This observed form of the data is important because it sometimes causes problems with the estimation of regression coefficients. For example, maximum likelihood (ML) estimation relies on maximization of the likelihood function, where e.g. in case of a logistic regression with completely separated data the maximum appears at the parameter space's margin, leading to "infinite" estimates, and, along with that, to problems with providing sensible standard errors. Statistical software will often output an arbitrarily large parameter estimate with a very large standard error.

## Possible remedies

An approach to "fix" problems with ML estimation is the use of regularization (or "continuity corrections"). In particular, in case of a logistic regression problem, the use of exact logistic regression or Firth logistic regression, a bias-reduction method based on a penalized likelihood, may be an option.
Alternatively, one may avoid the problems associated with likelihood maximization by switching to a Bayesian approach to inference. Within a Bayesian framework, the pathologies arising from likelihood maximization are avoided by the use of integration rather than maximization, as well as by the use of sensible prior probability distributions.
# Edmundo Carvajal Airport

Edmundo Carvajal Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto "Coronel Edmundo Carvajal" (IATA: XMS, ICAO: SEMC), also known as Macas Airport, is an airport serving Macas, the capital of Morona-Santiago Province in Ecuador. The airport is named for Edmundo Carvajal Flores, a former commander of the Ecuadorian Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Ecuatoriana).
# María José Argaña Mateu

María José Argaña de Mateu (born 1961) is a Paraguayan politician, businesswoman and diplomat. From 2003 to 2008 she was Minister of Paraguay's Secretariat for Women's Affairs. In 2017 she was appointed Paraguay's Ambassador to Portugal.

## Life

Mateu was born in Asunción on May 19, 1961, the daughter of Col. José María Argaña and María Auxiliadora Guanes de Argaña. She joined the Colorado Party at the age of 17. She received a scholarship to study business administration at the University of Tulane in New Orleans, and worked in a bank for 17 years.
From 1999 to 2000 she was Director of International Relations for the Secretariat for Women's Affairs. From 2003 to 2008 she was Minister of the Secretariat for Women. A businesswoman, she owns a gymnasium called Pulsations.
In November 2017 she was appointed the Paraguayan Ambassador to Portugal.
# Chaudhry Mahmood Ahmed

Chaudhry Mahmood Ahmed is a Pakistani politician who has been a Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab since 2024.

## Political career

He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of the Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) from constituency PP-257 Rahim Yar Khan-III in the 2024 Pakistani general election.
# Giorgi Tsutskiridze

Giorgi Tsutskiridze (Georgian: გიორგი ცუცქირიძე; born 26 November 1996) is a Georgian Rugby Union player who plays as a Flanker for Top 14 club Stade Français.

## Biography

Trained at Soyaux Angoulême XV since 2005, Giorgi Tsutskiridze joined CA Brive in 2013 in the Crabos category.
He was selected in 2015 with the Georgia Under-20 team to compete in the World Junior Trophy. Two years later, he made his first international appearances with the first team: he wore the Georgia jersey for the first time in the match against Belgium, and made several other appearances during the year.
He joined Stade Aurillacois at the end of the 2017 off-season, and then joined the professional squad from the 2018-2019 season.
# List of Madurai Metro stations

The Madurai Metro is a planned rapid transit system serving the city of Madurai and its suburbs. Phase I of the project consisted a single corridors covering a length of 32 kilometres (20 mi). The project is planned on Tiruparankundram Road and Mattuthavani High Road in Madurai.

## Metro Stations

| † | Terminal station |
| * | Transfer station to other lines |
| †* | Transfer station to Indian Railways |
| ** | Terminal and transfer station to Indian Railways |
| †† | Terminal and transfer station to Transportation Hubs |
| †¤ | Transfer station to Transportation hubs |
| Sr no. | Station Name | Station Name | Line | Opened | Layout | Connections | Notes | Refs |
| Sr no. | English | Tamil | Line | Opened | Layout | Connections | Notes | Refs |
| 1 | City Police Commissioner Office | மாவட்ட காவல் கண்காணிப்பாளர் அலுவலகம் | Line 1 | NA | Elevated | NA | NA | |
| 2 | Dharmathupatti | தர்மத்துப்பட்டி | Line 1 | NA | Elevated | NA | NA | NA |
| 3 | Goripalayam | கோரிப்பாளையம் | Line 1 | NA | Underground | NA | NA | NA |
| 4 | High Court Bench | உயர்நீதிமன்ற கிளை | Line 1 | NA | Elevated | NA | NA | NA |
| 5 | K.Pudur | புதூர் | Line 1 | NA | Elevated | NA | NA | NA |
| 6 | Kappalur Toll Plaza | கப்பலூர் சுங்கச்சாவடி | Line 1 | NA | Elevated | NA | NA | NA |
| 7 | Keelavasal | கீழவாசல் | Line 1 | NA | Underground | NA | NA | NA |
| 8 | Madura College | உயர்நீதிமன்ற கிளை | Line 1 | NA | Elevated | NA | NA | NA |
| 9 | Madurai Junction†* | மதுரை சந்திப்பு | Line 1 | NA | Underground | NA | NA | NA |
| 10 | Mattuthavani†¤ | மாட்டுத்தாவணி | Line 1 | NA | Elevated | NA | NA | NA |
| 11 | Othakkadai† | ஒத்தக்கடை | Line 1 | NA | Elevated | NA | NA | NA |
| 12 | Pasumalai | பசுமலை | Line 1 | NA | Elevated | NA | NA | NA |
| 13 | Simmakkal | சிம்மக்கல் | Line 1 | NA | Underground | NA | NA | NA |
| 14 | Therkuvasal | தெற்குவாசல் | Line 1 | NA | Underground | NA | NA | NA |
| 15 | Thirunagar | திருநகர் | Line 1 | NA | Elevated | NA | NA | NA |
| 16 | Thiruparankundram†* | திருப்பரங்குன்றம் | Line 1 | NA | Elevated | NA | NA | NA |
| 17 | Thoppur | தோப்பூர் | Line 1 | NA | Elevated | NA | NA | NA |
| 18 | Tirumangalam† | திருமங்கலம் | Line 1 | NA | Elevated | NA | NA | NA |
| 19 | Uthangudi | உத்தங்குடி | Line 1 | NA | Elevated | NA | NA | NA |
| 20 | Palanganatham | பழங்காநத்தம் | Line 1 | NA | Elevated | NA | NA | NA |

## Statistics

| Total number of metro stations | 20 |
| Number of interchange stations | 0 |
| Number of Elevated stations | 15 |
| Number of underground stations | 5 |
| Number of stations At-Grade | 0 |
# Peter Christopher (Australian author)

Peter Christopher, OAM, (born 1948, Cyprus) is an Australian author and photographer who writes about shipwrecks and riverboats. He is also a Director of the not for profit organisation, Clipper Ship City of Adelaide Ltd (CSCOAL), set up to save the 1864 clipper ship, City of Adelaide.

## Career

Christopher is the author of seven books, co-author of another and co-editor of another. Australia's large collection of original operating paddle steamers has been the subject of three decades of research by him, and hence the subject of two of his seven books.
Since 1967, Christopher has been an active scuba diver and volunteer maritime archaeologist who has visited and documented wrecks in South Australia (SA) in particular, but also around Australia. Christopher's contribution to maritime archaeology was recognised by an Award presented to him by the Australian Government in 1982 and by the award of a life membership by the Society for Underwater Historical Research in 2000.
In 1973, Christopher was a member of the South Australian Government's inquiry into scuba diving deaths in fresh water sink-holes and underwater caves in the south east of SA. The Report of the Committee "appointed to investigate safety precautions for Scuba Divers in Fresh Water Sink Holes and Underwater Caves" which was presented to the Government in January 1974 essentially recommended non-legislative response to the problem. The subsequent voluntary program of regulation via diver training and certification has been carried out by the Cave Divers Association of Australia. The success of the program is evident with nearly four decades of low fatality cave diving following the implementation of the Report's recommendations.
Christopher is a Justice of the Peace for South Australia.
A 3 Dan black belt, Christopher was the judo instructor from 1970-73 of the Legacy Junior Boys Club.
He is not a full-time author; he worked as a senior Trade Union official, with his role until mid June 2015 being the Chief Industrial Officer of the Public Service Association of South Australia. He retired to focus on a volunteer role developing a seaport village for the historic 1864 clipper ship "City of Adelaide' in Port Adelaide's inner harbour.
# Donald Glaude

Donald Glaude is an American house music artist, DJ and remixer, and is consistently ranked as one of DJ Mag's top 100 DJs.

## Biography

As a child, Glaude was classically trained in the upright bass and violin. After hearing early funk records as a child, he began experimenting with tape decks and a primitive Radio Shack mixer at home in Tacoma, Washington. Glaude began playing at nightclubs by the mid-1980s and began gaining name recognition in early turntablism. He had an early residency at 6th & Proctor in Tacoma, WA. In the early 1990s when the rave scene took hold up and down the west coast Glaude had a Friday residency at the Underground nightclub in Seattle. He also frequently headlined at rave warehouse parties such as NAF Studios in West Seattle. Other early Seattle electronic music clubs Glaude played in those early days included The Power Plant, Vinylized, The Cat Walk and The Jungle. His club nights showcased many now famous DJs from around the world. Glaude, along with Funky Techno Tribe: DJ Dan in San Francisco and Ron D Core in Los Angeles helped define west-coast house music through the 1990s.
Donald Glaude is a pioneer of House Music with a very distinctive deep bass rhythm sound and occasional breaks in the music where Glaude shouts enthusiastically, getting the crowd pumped up. He has been living in the Southern California area for some time. He has put out multiple records of his own songs and vanity labels Durty Records and Eden Records targeted to professional DJs while making digital releases on Beatport. He is in demand worldwide as a DJ and as a producer and re-mixer.
Glaude also caused some stir in 2005 and 2006 with his Friday night residency at ICE Nightclub in Las Vegas called 'Thank Glaude It's Friday'. Donald and his night were showcased regularly on the Spike TV reality show 'The Club'.

## Discography
### Singles & EP's

* Sampling The Future (1997)
* Off the Hook (1999)
* Mixed Live (2001)
* Get Up (2003)
* Mixed Live 2nd Session (2003)
* This Is Me (2005)
* For The People (2006)
* Live at Ruby Skye (2007)
* BIG (2007)
* Stick Em (2008)
* Let The Bass Drop (2008)
* It Was a Party Line (2009)
* Drive Me Crazy (2009)
* Teed Off (2009)
* Break it Off (2010)
* Becky (2010)
* Kick Drum (2010)
* Climb (2010)
* Keyz of Destruction (2010)

## Remixes

* Steal Your Bike (2005)
* Madd Disco (2007)
* Get Hott (2007)
* Give it to Me (2007)
* Darke (2007)
* Ride It (2007)
* New Nation (2008)
* A Dee Jay (2008)
* The 7/10 Split (2008)
* Roller Coaster (2008)
* Hear No Evil (2009)
* This Shit is Jackin (2009)
* Knocker'd Out (2009)
* Activate (2009)
* Feel The Jam (2009)
* Cruelty (2009)
* Break it Off (2010)
* 4am in Vegas (2010)
* Carpet Muncher (2010)
* Wonderland (2010)
* Beats inside my head

## Filmography

* LA DJ (2004)
* Peace Love and Beats (2004)
* Put The Needle On The Record (2006)
# Ekaterina Bassi

Ekaterina Bassi (born 16 February 1977) is a Greek taekwondo practitioner.
She won a silver medal in middleweight at the 1993 World Taekwondo Championships, after being defeated by Park Eun-sun in the final. Her achievements at the European Taekwondo Championships include a silver medal in 1998, and a bronze medal in 1994.
# Cecil A. Cushman

Cecil Alonzo Cushman (December 15, 1890 – November 3, 1959) was an American football, basketball and baseball coach. He served as the head football coach at East Texas State Normal School—now known as Texas A&M University–Commerce—in 1920, Simpson College in Indianola, Iowa from 1921 to 1922, and the University of Redlands in Redlands, California from 1923 to 1925 and against from 1933 to 1952, compiling career college football coaching record of 90–99–15. Cushman was the head basketball coach at East Texas State in 1920–21, Simpson from 1921 to 1923, and Redlands from 1923 to 1926, amassing a career college basketball mark of 39–46. He was recognized as the inventor of the "kicking toe," a special shoe designed to aid "straight-toe" style placekickers in football. Cushman played attended Texas A&M University and was a member of the 1912 Texas A&M Aggies football team.

## Head coaching record
### Football

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| East Texas State Lions (Independent) (1920) ||||||
| 1920 | East Texas State | 2–5–1 | | | |
| East Texas State: | East Texas State: | 2–5–1 | | | |
| Simpson Red and Gold (Independent) (1921–1922) ||||||
| 1921 | Simpson | 2–5 | | | |
| 1922 | Simpson | 4–3–1 | | | |
| Simpson: | Simpson: | 6–8–1 | | | |
| Redlands Bulldogs (Southern California Conference) (1923–1924) ||||||
| 1923 | Redlands | 4–5–1 | 2–3 | T–4th | |
| 1924 | Redlands | 1–5–2 | 1–3–1 | 4th | |
| Redlands Bulldogs (Southern California Conference / Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference) (1933–1952) ||||||
| 1933 | Redlands | 7–1–1 | 6–0–1 | 1st | |
| 1934 | Redlands | 3–4–1 | 2–3 | 4th | |
| 1935 | Redlands | 8–1–1 | 3–1–1 | 2nd | |
| 1936 | Redlands | 2–6 | 2–3 | 4th | |
| 1937 | Redlands | 3–3–2 | 2–1–2 | 3rd | |
| 1938 | Redlands | 3–5 | 2–3 | 4th | |
| 1939 | Redlands | 3–7 | 2–2 | T–3rd | |
| 1940 | Redlands | 4–4–1 | 3–0–1 | 1st | |
| 1941 | Redlands | 3–3–1 | 2–1–1 | 3rd | |
| 1942 | Redlands | 4–4 | 0–3 | 4th | |
| 1943 | Redlands | 3–5 | NA | NA | |
| 1944 | Redlands | 2–5 | 1–1 | | |
| 1945 | Redlands | 5–0 | 4–0 | 1st | |
| 1946 | Redlands | 4–2–2 | 2–0–2 | 1st | |
| 1947 | Redlands | 6–3 | 4–0 | 1st | L Pineapple |
| 1948 | Redlands | 3–5 | 1–3 | 4th | |
| 1949 | Redlands | 4–3–1 | 2–2 | 3rd | |
| 1950 | Redlands | 5–3 | 3–1 | T–1st | |
| 1951 | Redlands | 3–5 | 2–2 | T–2nd | |
| 1952 | Redlands | 2–7 | 1–3 | 4th | |
| Redlands: | Redlands: | 82–86–13 | 47–35–9 | | |
| Total: | Total: | 90–99–15 | | | |
| National championship  Conference title  Conference division title or championship game berth ||||||
# Joseph Nathan Kane

Joseph Nathan Kane (January 23, 1899 – September 22, 2002) was an American non-fiction writer.

## Works

Kane wrote a total of 52 books, some of which are these below.
* Famous First Facts (1933) H. W. Wilson (New York, NY), Fifth revised edition (1997).
* More First Facts (1935) H. W. Wilson (New York, NY).
* What Dog Is That? (1942) Greenberg (New York, NY).
* Centennial History of King Solomon Lodge, Number 279, Free and Accepted Masons, 1852-1952, King Solomon Lodge, Number 279 F & A.M. (1952) (New York, NY).
* The Perma Quiz Book, (1956) Permabooks (New York, NY).
* The Second Perma Quiz Book, (1958) Permabooks (New York, NY).
* American Counties: Record of Names of 3,067 counties (1960) Scarecrow Press (New York, NY).
* Nicknames of Cities and States of the United States, Scarecrow Press (1965) (w/ Gerard L. Alexander) New York, NY.
* Nicknames and Sobriquets of United States Cities, States, and Counties (1979).
* American Counties: Origins of County Names, Including 1980 Census Figures, Historical Data, and Published Sources (1983).
* Necessity's Child: Story of Walter Hunt (1997).
* Presidential Fact Book, (1998) Random House (New York, NY).
* Facts about the Presidents: A Compilation of Biographical and Historical Data, (1959), H. W. Wilson Company (New York, NY), Seventh revised edition (2001).
# Berwick

Berwick may refer to:

## Places
### Antarctica

* Berwick Glacier

### Australia

* Berwick, Victoria
* City of Berwick, Victoria (defunct)

### Canada

* Berwick, New Brunswick
* Berwick, Nova Scotia
* Berwick, Ontario

### New Zealand

* Berwick, New Zealand

### United Kingdom
#### England

* Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland
* Berwick, East Sussex
** Berwick railway station (East Sussex)
* Berwick, Gloucestershire
* Berwick Street Market, London
* Berwick Tunnel, Shropshire
* Berwick St John, Wiltshire

#### Scotland

* North Berwick, East Lothian
** North Berwick Law, a hill situated to the south of the town
* County of Berwick, a historic county in south-east Scotland
* Berwick (Parliament of Scotland constituency)

### United States

* Berwick, Illinois
* Berwick Township, Warren County, Illinois
* Berwick, Iowa
* Berwick, Kansas
* Berwick, Louisiana
* Berwick Bay, Louisiana
* Berwick, Maine
** Berwick (CDP), Maine, a census-designated place within the town
* Berwick, Missouri
* Berwick Township, Newton County, Missouri
* Berwick, Ohio
* Berwick Hotel, Cambridge, Ohio
* Berwick (Columbus, Ohio)
* Berwick, North Dakota
* Berwick, Pennsylvania
* Berwick Area School District, Pennsylvania
* Berwick Township, Pennsylvania

## People

* Berwick (surname)
* Berwick (cricketer), English cricketer

## Facilities, structures

* Berwick Academy (disambiguation)
* Berwick Castle, in Berwick-upon-Tweed
* Berwick High School (disambiguation)
* Berwick power station (disambiguation), several station
* Berwick railway station (disambiguation), several stations
* Berwick College, a secondary college in Berwick, Victoria, Australia
* Berwick station (disambiguation)

## Groups, organizations, companies

* Berwick RFC, a rugby union team in Berwick-upon-Tweed
* Berwick Rangers F.C., a football team in Berwick-upon-Tweed

## Other uses

* Theta Nedra Berwick, a fictional character and protagonist of the Marvel Comics series Predator by Ed Brission
* Berwick (automobile), an electric car produced in 1904
* Berwick cockle, a confection from Berwick upon Tweed
* Berwick Prize, in mathematics, named for William Edward Hodgson Berwick
* HMS Berwick, several Royal Navy ships
* Treaty of Berwick (disambiguation), several treaties
# Massimo Palombella

Massimo Palombella (Turin, 25 December 1967) is an Italian Salesian priest and he was director of the Cappella Musicale Pontificia Sistina, succeeding Giuseppe Liberto, and before him Domenico Bartolucci and Lorenzo Perosi and preceding Marcos Pavan. Having run the choir for eight years, in late 2024 he was ordered to pay back €127,000 of embezzled funds he stole from the choir’s global tours. He was also sentenced for this crime to three years in prison.
# Wiha Tools

Wiha Tools is a manufacturer of hand tools for use in trade and industry, with its headquarters in Schonach im Schwarzwald in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## History

The company was founded in Wuppertal in 1939 by Willi Hahn. The region in the Bergisches Land between Remscheid, Solingen and Wuppertal was the early center of the tool industry, as metal ores were mined there and many forges were located along the rivers. The initial syllables of Willi Hahn's name form the company name. Four years later the company headquarters were relocated to Schonach. While initially only nuts and bolts were manufactured, eight years later in 1947 the production of screwdrivers commenced. The other core product groups were gradually built in the following years. In 1966 the plant in Mönchweiler/Black Forest was acquired - now housing the blades and L-keys production. In 1985 a subsidiary was founded in the United States (today's Willi Hahn Corp.) Over the years further branches were established in France, Spain, England, Denmark, Poland, China and Vietnam. Next to follow were Wiha Thailand, Canada, and Asia Pacific.
The company lists 3,500 different hand tools in its stock catalogue, including screwdrivers, torque wrenches and L-keys, bits, pliers, hammers and measuring tools. The owner managed company employs 750 staff worldwide.
Main German competitors are the manufacturer Wera Tools, Gedore, Knipex and Hazet.
Since 2010 the company is title sponsor of the regional basketball team Wiha Panthers Schwenningen.

## Awards

Wiha has repeatedly received awards for product design, innovation and social commitment – amongst these, almost 20 "iF awards" including gold for the Wiha magazine bit holder and about 10 "Red Dot Awards" including the "Red Dot Best of the Best".
# John Bromfield

John Bromfield (born Farron Bromfield; June 11, 1922 – September 19, 2005) was an American actor and commercial fisherman.

## Early years

Farron Bromfield was born in South Bend, Indiana. He played football and was a boxing champion at Saint Mary's College of California, where he also lettered in football, baseball, track and swimming. In the 1940s, he gained his first acting experience at the La Jolla Playhouse.
Bromfield served in the United States Navy in World War II.

## Film

Bromfield's screen debut came in Harpoon (1948). The same year, he was cast as a detective in Sorry, Wrong Number, starring Burt Lancaster and Barbara Stanwyck for Paramount Pictures. In 1953, Bromfield appeared with Esther Williams, Van Johnson and Tony Martin in Easy to Love.
He also starred in horror films, including the 1955 3D production Revenge of the Creature, one of the Creature from the Black Lagoon sequels.

## Television

In the middle 1950s, Bromfield appeared in westerns, such as NBC's Frontier anthology series in the role of a sheriff in the episode "The Hanging at Thunder Butte Creek".

## Later years

In 1960, Bromfield retired from acting to produce sports shows and work as a commercial fisherman off Newport Beach, California.

## Personal life

Bromfield married Grace Landis while in college. They later divorced. He married actress Corinne Calvet in Boulder, Colorado, in 1948. They were divorced March 16, 1954. He also was divorced from actress/dancer Larri Thomas. He and his fourth wife, actress/dancer and author Mary Ellen Bromfield, were married 43 years.

## Death

Bromfield died September 18, 2005, at age 83 from renal failure in Palm Desert, California.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1948 | Sorry, Wrong Number | Joe - Detective | |
| 1948 | Harpoon | Michael Shand | |
| 1949 | Rope of Sand | Thompson | |
| 1950 | Paid in Full | Dr. Clark | |
| 1950 | The Furies | Clay Jeffords | |
| 1952 | The Cimarron Kid | Tulsa Jack | Uncredited |
| 1952 | Hold That Line | Biff Wallace | |
| 1952 | Flat Top | Ens. Snakehips McKay | |
| 1952 | Easy to Love | Hank | |
| 1954 | Ring of Fear | Armand St. Dennis | |
| 1954 | The Black Dakotas | Mike Daugherty | |
| 1955 | Revenge of the Creature | Joe Hayes | |
| 1955 | The Big Bluff | Ricardo De Villa | |
| 1955 | The Tender Trap | Actor in 'Easy to Love' - Movie on TV | Uncredited |
| 1956 | Three Bad Sisters | Jim Norton | |
| 1956 | Manfish | Captain Brannigan | |
| 1956 | Crime Against Joe | Joe Manning | |
| 1956 | Quincannon, Frontier Scout | Lt. Burke | |
| 1956 | Frontier Gambler | Deputy Marshal Curt Darrow | |
| 1956 | Hot Cars | Nick Dunn | |
| 1956 | Curucu, Beast of the Amazon | Rock Dean | |
| 1961 | Morgan keibu to nazô no otoko | | (final film role) |