OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fermi and Frost

"Fermi and Frost" is a science fiction short story by American writer Frederik Pohl, first published in the January 1985 issue of Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine. It won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1986.

## Summary

The story opens with an astronomer who is at an airport when a nuclear war begins. Recognized by a fan, he is offered a seat on a plane escaping to Iceland. Though Reykjavík is destroyed by a thermonuclear warhead, the rest of the island is unharmed. The survivors take advantage of Iceland's geology and experience with cold weather to prepare for the nuclear winter that follows. Interwoven into the story is speculation about the Fermi paradox and the perspective on the possibility of alien life given the prospects of nuclear war.

## Sources, references, external links, quotations

* Fermi and Frost title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
* This article about a science fiction short story (or stories) published in the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Ryan Speedo Green

Ryan Speedo Green (born April 1, 1986) is an American bass-baritone opera singer.

## Life and career

Green was born in Suffolk, Virginia, and grew up in low-income housing and a trailer park. He has said his middle name was derived from his father: "I was born on April Fools’ Day, and my father, who considers himself quite a funny man, thought he would name me — he’s a bodybuilder — after his favorite sporting brand. I’ve kind of embraced it and made it my own." He was sent to juvenile detention at the age of 12 after he threatened to stab his mother and brother.
Green earned a Bachelor of Music degree at the Hartt School of Music and a Master of Music at Florida State University. He won several singing competitions. In March 2011, he was one of the five winners of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions. Following an article by Daniel Bergner in The New York Times about Green and his win in that competition, HarperCollins expressed interest in publishing his biography. It was published in October 2016 with the title Sing for Your Life: A Story of Race, Music, and Family. In 2014 he received the George London Foundation Award, won first prize of the Gerda Lissner Foundation, was a finalist in Palm Beach Opera's singing competition, and graduated from the Metropolitan Opera's Lindemann Young Artist Development Program.
Green sang the Commendatore in Don Giovanni at the Juilliard School in New York and at Opera Colorado in Denver where he was Resident Artist in 2010–11. There he also sang Colline in La bohème and Don Magnifico in La Cenerentola. In 2012, he sang Colline for Central City Opera. In 2014 he sang Zuniga in Carmen for the Wolf Trap Opera Company in Vienna, Virginia.
He made his Metropolitan Opera debut in 2012–13 as Mandarin in Puccini's Turandot, followed by Parsifal as a Grail Knight. The following season at the Met saw him as the Bonze in Madama Butterfly and as the Jailer in Tosca. In 2014–15 he sang Rambo in The Death of Klinghoffer at the Met. Green returned to the Met in 2016 as Colline. In 2018, he sang Oroe in Semiramide.
In 2014 Green became a member of the Vienna State Opera. His roles there included Angelotti in Tosca, Sparafucile in Rigoletto, Basilio in The Barber of Seville, a Jew in Salome, Fouquier-Tinville in Andrea Chénier, a Monk in Don Carlos, Titurel in Parsifal, the King in Aida, Timur in Turandot, and Varlaam in Boris Godunov. He appeared as guest artist in Opéra de Lille's 2016 production of in Il trovatore as Ferrando. Later that year, Green debuted at the Salzburg Festival in Die Liebe der Danae as one of the Kings.
In concerts, Green has sung in Handel's Messiah, in Mozart's Requiem and Coronation Mass, and in Verdi's Messa da Requiem. He sang several times in Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, first in 2014 with the Philadelphia Orchestra.

## Honors and awards

* 2011 - Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions - winner
* 2011 - Sara Tucker Study Grant
* 2014 - George London Foundation Award
* 2014 - Gerda Lissner Foundation - First Prize
* 2014 - Leonore Annenberg Fund for the Performing and Visual Arts Grant
* 2014 - Richard Tucker Career Grant
# Anastase Shyaka

Professor Anastase Shyaka, is a Rwandan academic, politician, and diplomat who currently serves as the Ambassador of the Republic of Rwanda to the Republic of Poland.
Originally from the region of Mutara, Shyaka was born in Rwempasha, Nyagatare District. He holds a PhD in Political Science from the University of Gdańsk in Poland. He received a Masters in Chemical Technology from Warsaw University of Technology and

## Career

Following the completion of his academic education in Poland, Anastase settled in present-day Huye (former Butare) as a Professor of Political Science and Director of Center for Conflict Management (CCM) at the University of Rwanda. Among his many contributions at CCM, he spearheaded the establishment of two Masters programs: Genocide Studies and Prevention, and Peace and Development Studies. Additionally, he was the first Rwandan recipient of a Fulbright Scholar in Residence at George Mason University and Northern Virginia Community College in the 2006-2007 academic year.
In 2011, as the founding Chief Executive Officer of the Rwandan Governance Board (RGB), Shyaka worked to develop the annual Rwanda Governance Scorecard, an annual comprehensive index aiming to spur accountability and service delivery across all governing agencies in the country.
In 2018, he was appointed the Minister of Local Government (MINALOC) in the Cabinet of RwandaHe served until his 2021 appointed as the first and founding Ambassador of the Republic of Rwanda to the Republic of Poland in 2021.

## Leadership and Service

In addition to his professional engagements, Anastase Shyaka has held various leadership roles in his career. As the chairperson of the National Consultative Committee (NCC), an institution created to fast track the East African Community (EAC) political federation, he championed the integration process and discussions. He served on the Board Member of the UNDP Global Center for Public Service Excellence (based in Singapore) between 2013 - 2016. Founding Member of the Section on African Public Administration of the American Society of Public Administration (ASPA), and subsequent Advisory Member.
# Lennon-Picasso Basin

The Lennon-Picasso Basin is an ancient (Pre-Tolstojan) impact basin on Mercury, discovered from topographic mapping of the surface by the MESSENGER spacecraft, and was originally designated b56. It is approximately 1450 km in diameter and spans the region between Picasso crater on the north rim to Lennon crater on the south rim, and the crater Holst is near the center. The basin is heavily eroded by subsequent impacts and is not obvious on the surface. A topographic low (surrounding Holst) is present near the center, and scarps representing a remnant of the eastern basin rim are intact. The scarps include the highest point on the planet.
The northern part of the basin is within the Derain quadrangle and the southern part is within the Debussy quadrangle.
# Pisarn Wattanawongkiri

Pisarn Wattanawongkiri (Thai: พิศาล วัฒนวงษ์คีรี) is a Thai former politician and military officer who served as a member of the House of Representatives from 2023 to 2024. A member of the Pheu Thai Party, Pisarn was the Fourth Army Region commander in Southern Thailand during the 25 October 2004 Tak Bai massacre, which killed 85 people.

## Trial and flight

He is one of seven defendants being sued by the families of 48 protesters who were killed. On 1 October 2024, the Narathiwat Provincial Court issued an arrest warrant for Pisarn. In October 2024, Pisarn was granted leave from Thailand for medical reasons, with the Tak Bai case set to reach its statute of limitations on 25 October.
On 14 October 2024, Pisarn resigned from the Pheu Thai Party and subsequently lost his status as a member of parliament.
On 28 October 2024, the Narathiwat Provincial Court dropped its case against Pisarn and the other officials, citing that they were unable to be arrested and brought to court before the expiry of the statute of limitations.
# Teitur Örlygsson

Teitur Örlygsson (born 9 January 1967) is an Icelandic former professional basketball player and a coach. During his career he won the Icelandic national championships ten times with Njarðvík and the Icelandic Basketball Cup seven times. He spent the 1996–1997 season with Gymnastikos S. Larissas B.C. of the Greek Basketball League.

## Icelandic national team

Between 1986 and 2000, Teitur played 118 games for the Icelandic national basketball team.

## Coaching career

Teitur started his coaching career with Njarðvík nine games into the 1992–1993 season when he finished the season as a player-coach after the firing of head coach Poul Coltin. He was again a player-coach for Njarðvík, this time along with Friðrik Ragnarsson, when the team won the national championship in 2001. Four years after retiring as a player, ee returned to Njarðvík as a head coach for the 2007–2008 season but was fired after the playoffs.
In December 2008, Teitur was hired as the head coach of Stjarnan. In 2011, he led the club to the Úrvalsdeild finals and in 2009 and 2014 led the club to victory in the Icelandic Cup. He left the club after the 2013–2014 season.

## Personal life

Teitur is the brother of former Icelandic national team player Sturla Örlygsson and former Althing member Gunnar Örn Örlygsson. He is also uncle of Örlygur Aron Sturluson and Margrét Kara Sturludóttir who both played for the Icelandic national teams.
# Mean airway pressure

Mean airway pressure typically refers to the mean pressure applied during positive-pressure mechanical ventilation. Mean airway pressure correlates with alveolar ventilation, arterial oxygenation, hemodynamic performance, and barotrauma. It can also match the alveolar pressure if there is no difference between inspiratory and expiratory resistance.

## Equations

There are several equations aimed at determining the real mean airway pressure.

### Volume control ventilation

In ventilation with a square flow waveform this equation can be used:
${\bar {P}}_{aw}=0.5\times (PIP-PEEP)\times (T_{I}/T_{tot})+PEEP$
where:
* ${\bar {P}}_{aw}$ = mean airway pressure
* $PIP$= peak inspiratory pressure
* $PEEP$= peak end expiratory pressure
* $T_{I}$= inspiratory time
* $T_{tot}$= cycle time

### Pressure control ventilation

During pressure control ventilation this variant of the equation can be used:
${\bar {P}}_{aw}=(PIP-PEEP)\times (T_{I}/T_{tot})+PEEP$ where:
* ${\bar {P}}_{aw}$ = mean airway pressure
* $PIP$= peak inspiratory pressure
* $PEEP$= peak end expiratory pressure
* $T_{I}$= inspiratory time
* $T_{tot}$= cycle time

### Airway pressure release ventilation

In airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) a variation of the previous equation must be used for the variables:
    ${\bar {P}}_{aw}={\frac {(P_{high}\times T_{high})\,+(P_{low}\times T_{low})}{T_{high}+T_{low}}}$
    where:
   * ${\bar {P}}_{aw}$= mean airway pressure
   * ${P}_{high}$= peak inspiratory pressure (PIP)
   * ${P}_{low}$= peak end expiratory pressure
   * ${T}_{high}$= time spent at ${P}_{high}$
   * ${T}_{low}$= time spent at ${P}_{low}$

### Other equations

    $M_{PAW}={\frac {f\times T_{i}}{60}}\times (P_{IP}-PEEP)+PEEP$
    $M_{PAW}={\frac {F_{1}}{F_{1}+F_{E}}}\times P_{IP}+\left(1-{\frac {F_{1}}{F_{1}+F_{E}}}\right)\times PEEP$
    $M_{PAW}={\frac {(R)(T_{i})(P_{I})+[60-(R)(T_{i})](PEEP)}{60}}$
    $M_{PAW}={\frac {f\times T_{i}}{60}}\times (P_{IP}-PEEP)+PEEP$
    $M_{PAW}={\frac {(T_{i}\times P_{IP})+(T_{e}\times PEEP)}{T_{i}+T_{e}}}$

## Clinical significance

Mean airway pressure has been shown to have a similar correlation as plateau pressure to mortality.
MAP is closely associated with mean alveolar pressure and shows the stresses exerted on the lung parenchyma on mechanical ventilation.
In high frequency oscillatory ventilation, it has been suggested to set the mean airway pressure six above the lower inflection point on the lungs P-V curve.
# Maocai

Maocai (Chinese: 冒菜; pinyin: màocài) is a stew-like dish originating from the Chinese city of Chengdu, in Sichuan. It is composed of a variety of vegetables as well as meat and/or fish in a stock made of mala sauce. Although it is similar to styles of hot pot common in this region, its chief difference lies in the fact that the ingredients are already cooked when served, and hence no simmering is done at the table.

## Common ingredients

Although there is great variation in the ingredients used in maocai, typically any of the following vegetables are included: lotus root, potato slices, Chinese cabbage, cucumber, winter melon, cauliflower, wood ear, enoki, oyster mushrooms, seaweed, bamboo shoots, tofu, yuba, beansprouts, as well as rice vermicelli and cellophane noodles made of sweet potato starch.
The meats most frequently encountered are beef, pork and lamb, although other meats and more specific cuts may be used too.

## Preparation

The name maocai is derived from the verb mao (Chinese: 冒; pinyin: mào; Chengdu dialect: /mau˨˩˧/) which in Sichuanese Mandarin refers to the blanching of the ingredients in a colander in hot water by moving the colander up and down repeatedly. This pre-cooking of the ingredients before immersion in the stock sets it apart from most types of hot pot.
# Ramla Beegum

Ramla Beegum (3 November 1944 – 27 September 2023) was an Indian Mappilappatu singer and Kadhaprasangam artist from Kerala, known for her contributions to Mappilapattu, a traditional Muslim folk music genre. She is widely regarded as one of the pioneering female artists in Kerala to break through conservative societal norms, especially within the Muslim community as she was considered the first Muslim woman from Kerala to perform on stage, despite facing significant religious opposition. Her career spanned 55 years, lasting until her retirement in 2018.

## Early life and career

Ramla Beegum was born on 3 November 1944 in Ambalappuzha, Alappuzha, Kerala. She was the daughter of Hussain Yusuf Yamana, a Pashtun-origin Malayali from Alappuzha and Mariyam Beevi, also a singer from Feroke, Kozhikode. Her family had deep cultural roots, with her grandfather being an Arab from Yemen. Due to her family's Pashtun background, Hindi was often spoken at home, and Ramla began singing Hindi songs at the age of 8. She got her start in music by singing at the Azaadi Music Club, owned by her uncle Sattar Khan, in her hometown. At the age of 18, Ramla Beegum married Abdul Salam, a tabla player and music director at the Azaadi Music Club. Salam played a pivotal role in introducing her to Mappilapattu. With his guidance, Ramla found her way into the world of Mappilapattu and gained recognition within the Muslim community.
In 1963, Beegum debuted as a Kadhaprasangam (storytelling) artist with the performance of "Jameela," written by Alappey Sharaf. Known for her unique narrative style, Ramla's Kathaprasangam performances gained wide popularity. One of her most notable performances was "Husnul Jamal Badrul Munir," a love poem written in Arabic Malayalam, which she performed at more than 10,000 venues, including her first international performance in Singapore in 1971. She continued performing until 2018.
She recorded over 35 gramophone records and 500 cassettes. Over her career, she performed in 23 Kathaprasangam works, 20 of which were based on Islamic history. She also performed in non-Islamic works, including "Odayil" by Keshavdas, "Shakuntalam" by Kalidasa, and "Nalini" by Kumaran Asan, broadening her appeal across different communities. These performances were held in a variety of settings, including temples and wedding ceremonies. Following the death of her husband in 1986, Ramla took a two-year hiatus from Kadhaprasangam. However, she returned to the art scene at the request of her fans.

## Awards and recognition

Ramla Beegum's was the recipient of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award and the Kerala Folklore Academy Award. Her most prestigious recognition was the Moinkutty Vaidyar Award, which honors outstanding contributions to the field of Mappilapattu.

## Death

Ramla Beegum died on 27 September 2023 at her residence in Paroppadi, Kozhikode, at the age of 78. She is survived by her daughter, Rasiya. Her burial took place at the Kannadikkal Juma Masjid, Kozhikode.
# Arthur Scace

Arthur Richard Andrew Scace QC CM (22 July 1938 – 3 May 2020) was a lawyer and jurist in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He was the chairman of the board of directors of the Bank of Nova Scotia and is the director of the Canadian Opera Company. After graduating from the University of Toronto Schools, he studied at the University of Toronto for a B.A., at the University of Oxford for a B.A., at Osgoode Hall Law School for an LL.B. and at Harvard University for an M.A. While at the University of Toronto, he was a leader in the Deke fraternity. He also has an honorary degree in the law, the LLD. He obtained the honor of Queen's Counsel on 26 June 1986.
Scace has been partner, managing partner, and chairman of McCarthy Tétrault, a law firm founded 11 years before Canadian Confederation.
Scace was elected treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada in 1986.
# Colpa delle favole

Colpa delle favole is the third studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Ultimo, released by Honiro Label on 5 April 2019. The album was preceded by the single "I tuoi particolari", which competed in the 69th Sanremo Music Festival, placing second in the main competition. "Fateme cantà" and "Rondini al guinzaglio" were also launched before the album was released.
It debuted at number one on the Italian FIMI Albums Chart, holding the top spot for five consecutive weeks. Colpa delle favole also became the best-selling album of 2019 in Italy.

## Track listing

Track listing adapted from iTunes.

## Charts
### Weekly charts

Weekly chart performance for Colpa delle favole :
| Chart (2019) | Peak position |
| Italian Albums (FIMI) | 1 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 21 |

### Year-end charts

Year-end chart performance for Colpa delle favole :
| Chart | Year | Position |
| Italian Albums (FIMI) | 2019 | 1 |
| Italian Albums (FIMI) | 2020 | 12 |
| Italian Albums (FIMI) | 2021 | 48 |
| Italian Albums (FIMI) | 2022 | 58 |
| Italian Albums (FIMI) | 2023 | 78 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Italy (FIMI) | 6× Platinum | 300,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# 1920 Polish Football Championship

1920 Polish Football Championship was the 1st edition of the Polish Football Championship (Non-League). It was abandoned due to the Polish–Soviet War. Winners of five regional groups were to meet in the final tournament.

## Regional A-Classes tournaments
### Cracovian Group
#### Final table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | Cracovia | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 28 | 2 | +26 | 20 |
| 2 | Wisła Kraków | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 13 | 5 | +8 | 14 |
| 3 | Makkabi Kraków | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 8 | −3 | 12 |
| 4 | Jutrzenka Kraków | 6 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 32 | −31 | 2 |

### Lvovian Group

Only two matches played: Pogoń Lwów vs. Czarni Lwów 3–1 and Czarni Lwów vs. Polonia Przemyśl 6–0. Rewera Stanisławów played no match. Games not finished.
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | Czarni Lwów | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 3 | +4 | 2 |
| 2 | Pogoń Lwów | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | +2 | 2 |
| 3 | Polonia Przemyśl | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | −6 | 0 |
| 4 | Rewera Stanisławów | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

### Lodzian Group

No matches played. Teams entered: ŁKS, Klub Turystów, ŁTSG and (ŁTG) Szturm, all from Łódź.

### Posnanian Group

Games not finished.
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | Warta Poznań | 6 | – | – | – | 30 | 4 | +26 | 10 |
| 2 | Unia Poznań | 7 | – | – | – | 10 | 17 | −7 | 9 |
| 3 | Posnania Poznań | 7 | – | – | – | 13 | 8 | +5 | 8 |
| 4 | Pogoń Poznań | 6 | – | – | – | 13 | 22 | −9 | 3 |
| 5 | Ostrovia Ostrów Wlkp. | 6 | – | – | – | 0 | 15 | −15 | 2 |

### Varsovian Group

No matches played. Teams entered: Polonia Warsaw and Korona Warsaw.

## Final tournament table

Games not started.
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| – | Cracovia | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| – | – | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| – | – | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| – | – | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| – | – | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
# Torfi Bryngeirsson

Torfi Bryngeirsson (11 November 1926 – 16 July 1995) was an Icelandic athlete who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics and in the 1952 Summer Olympics.
Torfi was born in Búastaðar on 11 November 1926. He died in Reykjavík on 16 July 1995, aged 68.
In 2015, Torfi was inducted in to the National Olympic and Sports Association of Iceland
# Michael C. Latham

Michael C. Latham (May 6, 1928 – April 1, 2011) was a Tanzanian-born professor emeritus at Cornell University.

## Life

Latham was born in Tanzania in 1928. Latham studied medicine at Trinity College Dublin in Ireland for both his undergraduate (1949) and graduate (1952) degrees. Later, he graduated with a master's degree in tropical medicine from the University of London in 1958 and a master's degree in public health and nutrition from Harvard University in 1965.
Between 1955 and 1964, Latham worked for the Ministry of Health in Tanzania and served as its director of nutrition.
In 1963, Latham began advocating for the use of breastfeeding instead of infant milk formula, and after a decade of struggle, in 1981 he was able to regulate the marketing of infant formula.
To promote breastfeeding, he co-founded the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action in 1991.

## Awards

* Order of the British Empire (1965)
* American Society of Nutritional Sciences Kellogg Prize in International Nutrition
* Gopalan Medal awarded by the Nutrition Society of India
# Göran Aijmer

Göran Aijmer (born 1936) is a Swedish social anthropologist. He is a professor at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden.

## Works

Works by Göran Aijmer include:
* Aijmer, Göran (1967). "Expansion and Extension in Hakka Society" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 7: 42–79. ISSN 1991-7295.
* Aijmer, Göran (1968). "Being Caught by a Fishnet: On Fengshui in Southeastern China" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 8: 74–81. ISSN 1991-7295.
* Aijmer, Göran (1980). Economic man in Sha Tin: vegetable gardeners in a Hong Kong valley. Curzon Press. ISBN 9780429770050.
* Aijmer, Göran (1986). Atomistic society in Sha Tin: immigrants in a Hong Kong valley. Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. ISBN 9789173461580.
* Aijmer, Göran (1990). "European Notions of Leadership and Chinese Ethnography". In Goodman, David S. G. (ed.). China and the West: Ideas and Activists. Manchester University Press. pp. 30–41. ISBN 978-0719029417.