# Generalized algebraic data type

In functional programming, a generalized algebraic data type (GADT, also first-class phantom type, guarded recursive datatype, or equality-qualified type) is a generalization of a parametric algebraic data type (ADT).

## Overview

In a GADT, the product constructors (called data constructors in Haskell) can provide an explicit instantiation of the ADT as the type instantiation of their return value. This allows defining functions with a more advanced type behaviour. For a data constructor of Haskell 2010, the return value has the type instantiation implied by the instantiation of the ADT parameters at the constructor's application.
They are currently implemented in the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC) as a non-standard extension, used by, among others, Pugs and Darcs. OCaml supports GADT natively since version 4.00.
The GHC implementation provides support for existentially quantified type parameters and for local constraints.

## History

An early version of generalized algebraic data types were described by Augustsson & Petersson (1994) and based on pattern matching in ALF.
Generalized algebraic data types were introduced independently by Cheney & Hinze (2003) and prior by Xi, Chen & Chen (2003) as extensions to the algebraic data types of ML and Haskell. Both are essentially equivalent to each other. They are similar to the inductive families of data types (or inductive datatypes) found in Coq's Calculus of Inductive Constructions and other dependently typed languages, modulo the dependent types and except that the latter have an additional positivity restriction which is not enforced in GADTs.
Sulzmann, Wazny & Stuckey (2006) introduced extended algebraic data types which combine GADTs together with the existential data types and type class constraints.
Type inference in the absence of any programmer supplied type annotation, is undecidable and functions defined over GADTs do not admit principal types in general. Type reconstruction requires several design trade-offs and is an area of active research (Peyton Jones, Washburn & Weirich 2004; Peyton Jones et al. 2006.
In spring 2021, Scala 3.0 was released. This major update of Scala introduced the possibility to write GADTs with the same syntax as algebraic data types, which is not the case in other programming languages according to Martin Odersky.

## Applications

Applications of GADTs include generic programming, modelling programming languages (higher-order abstract syntax), maintaining invariants in data structures, expressing constraints in embedded domain-specific languages, and modelling objects.

### Higher-order abstract syntax

An important application of GADTs is to embed higher-order abstract syntax in a type safe fashion. Here is an embedding of the simply typed lambda calculus with an arbitrary collection of base types, product types (tuples) and a fixed point combinator:
And a type safe evaluation function:
The factorial function can now be written as:
Problems would have occurred using regular algebraic data types. Dropping the type parameter would have made the lifted base types existentially quantified, making it impossible to write the evaluator. With a type parameter, it is still restricted to one base type. Further, ill-formed expressions such as App (Lam (\x -> Lam (\y -> App x y))) (Lift True) would have been possible to construct, while they are type incorrect using the GADT. A well-formed analogue is App (Lam (\x -> Lam (\y -> App x y))) (Lift (\z -> True)). This is because the type of x is Lam (a -> b), inferred from the type of the Lam data constructor.