# Kikai language

The Kikai language is spoken on Kikai Island, Kagoshima Prefecture of southwestern Japan. It is debated whether it is a single dialect cluster. Regardless, all Kikai dialects are members of the Amami–Okinawan languages, which are part of the Japonic languages.

## Classification

The classification of Kikai is disputed. Some even dispute the existence of the Kikai cluster.
The languages of the Amami Islands can be divided into the conservative northern group (Northern Amami Ōshima, Southern Amami Ōshima and Tokunoshima) and the innovative southern group (Okinoerabu and Yoron). The problem here is which Kikai belongs to.
It has been noted that northern communities of Kikai are phonologically more conservative and show some similarity to Amami Ōshima and Tokunoshima while the rest of the island is closer to Southern Amami. For example, Northern Kikai retains seven vowels, /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, /ɨ/ and /ɘ/ while South–Central Kikai only has five vowels. /k/ is palatalized into /t͡ɕ/ before /i/ in South–Central Kikai but not in Northern Kikai.
For this reason, Nakamoto (1976) disassembled Kikai into two:
By contrast, Karimata (2000) tentatively supported the Kikai cluster in consideration of other shared phonological features. Lawrence (2011) argued that lexical evidence supported the Kikai cluster although he refrained from determining its phylogenetic relationship with other Amami dialects.
Pellard (2018) presented a drastically different classification. Based on the irregular sound change *kaja>gja for thatch, he grouped Tokunoshima, Okinoerabu, and Yoron into a clade, and treated Amami Ōshima, Kikai, and the resultant clade as the primary branches of Amami.

## Internal classification

There are 33 local communities on Kikai Island. Despite being a small, flat island, Kikai shows considerable variations in lexicon, phonology and morphology. The languages on the island are mutually intelligible. The northern communities of Onotsu, Shitooke (and Sateku) are phonologically more conservative than the rest of the island.

## Folk terminology

Iwakura Ichirō (1904–1943), a folklorist from Aden, stated that a language of Kikai Island was called /simajumita/ in the language of Aden.

## Phonology

The following is the phonology of the Onotsu dialect, which is based on Shirata (2013b).
As with most Ryukyuan languages to the north of Central Okinawan, stops are described as "plain" C’ and "glottalized" C‘. Phonetically, the two series are aspirated [Cʰ] and tenuis [C˭], respectively.

### Northern Kikai
#### Consonants

Consonant phonemes :
| | Bilabial | Bilabial | Bilabial | Alveolar | Alveolar | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Post- alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Velar | Velar | Glottal |
| | LEN | FOR | VOX | LEN | FOR | VOX | LEN | FOR | VOX | Palatal | LEN | FOR | VOX | Glottal |
| Nasal | | | m | | | n | | | | | | | ŋ | |
| Stop | pʰ | (p˭) | b | tʰ | t˭ | d | | | | | kʰ | k˭ | ɡ | |
| Affricate | | | | t͡sʰ | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fricative | | | | s | | z | | | | | | | | h |
| Approximant | | | | | | | | | | j | | | w | |
| Flap | | | | | | | | | ɾ | | | | | |

#### Vowels

According to Shirata (2013b), Onotsu dialect has /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/ and /u/. In more conventional interpretations, two more vowels /ɨ/ and /ɘ/ are added. Following Hattori (1999), Shirata analyzes conventional /Ci/ and /Cɨ/ as /Cji/ and /Ci/, respectively. Similarly, /Ce/ and /Cɘ/ are interpreted as /Cje/ and /Ce/.

### South–Central Kikai

The following is the phonology of the Kamikatetsu dialect, which is based on Shirata (2013a).

#### Consonants

Consonant phonemes :
| | Bilabial | Bilabial | Bilabial | Alveolar | Alveolar | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Post- alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Palatal | Velar | Velar | Velar | Glottal |
| | LEN | FOR | VOX | LEN | FOR | VOX | LEN | FOR | VOX | Palatal | Palatal | LEN | FOR | VOX | Glottal |
| Nasal | | | m | | | n | | | | | | | | ŋ | |
| Stop | | (p˭) | b | tʰ | t˭ | d | | | | | | kʰ | k˭ | ɡ | |
| Affricate | | | | (t͡sʰ) | | | t͡ɕʰ | | | | | | | | |
| Fricative | | | | s | | z | | | (ʑ) | | | | | | h |
| Approximant | | | | | | | | | | | j | | | w | |
| Flap | | | | | | | | | ɾ | | | | | | |

#### Vowels

Kamikatetsu has /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/ and /u/.