OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ernst Thälmann (TV series)

Ernst Thälmann is a two-part television miniseries by DEFA. It was first broadcast on 7 February 1986 on GDR television, DFF. It is on the life of German Communist leader, Ernst Thälmann (who during the Weimar Republic was the head of the ticket for the Communist Party of Germany, and was executed on Adolf Hitler's order, 1944).

## Plot and production

The story spans 1 May 1929, the Blutmai, on which police shot at demonstrating Berlin workers, to 7 February 1933, the day on which the meeting of the Central Committee of the party took place in Sporthaus Ziegenhals, where Thälmann appeared as a speaker for the last time. Filming began in 1984 and took place in Görlitz and Wuppertal.

## Cast

* Helmut Schellhardt: Ernst Thälmann
* Christine Schorn: Rosa Thälmann
* Günther Grabbert: Wilhelm Pieck
* Peter Sodann: John Schehr
* Marian Kociniak: Marcel Cachin
* Hartmut Beer: Maurice Thorez
* Maxi Biewer: nurse
* Jürgen Reuter: Adolf Hitler
* Hans-Joachim Hegewald: Hermann Göring
* Arno Wyzniewski: Joseph Goebbels

## Reception

The film received numerous awards from the East German authorities. Helmut Schellhardt received the First Class prize, "for his outstanding achievements as an actor, especially for his portrayal of Ernst Thälmann", for the National Prize of East Germany in 1986. The following cast members also received the First Class prize for the National Prize in 1986: Otto Bonhoff, Ursula Bonhoff, Hans-Jürgen Faschina, Georg Schiemann, Erich Seibmann. Other cast and production members, including film composer Karl-Ernst Sasse, won Second Class prizes for their contributions.
Recent reception has been more critical:
   Historically inaccurate, incomplete and already anachronistic heroic epic at the time of its creation, which was treated by the SED party leadership as a main and state action.
# William Perehudoff

William Perehudoff CM SOM RCA (April 21, 1918 – February 26, 2013) was a Canadian artist closely associated with colour field painting. He was married to the landscape painter Dorothy Knowles.

## Life and career

Perehudoff was born in St. Paul's Hospital in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, on April 21, 1918, and was raised on a farm in the Doukhobor community of Bogdanovka (Google Map), between the towns of Langham and Borden, Saskatchewan. His formal education ended at grade eleven, but he pursued art studies with French artist Jean Chariot at the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center, Colorado (1948–49), with Amédée Ozenfant at the Ozenfant School of Fine Arts, New York, New York (1949–50) and through the Emma Lake Artist's Workshops (various years, 1957 to 1990), where he became acquainted with teachers Kenneth Noland and Jules Olitski. It was at one of these workshops in 1962 that he met New York art critic Clement Greenberg, who introduced him to Post-painterly Abstraction, which had an enormous impact upon his art and career.
Perehudoff became acquainted with Jack Bush at the suggestion of Kenneth Noland in the mid 1960s. He regularly visited Bush thereafter and felt an affinity for the way Bush worked in commercial art to support his family, as did Perehudoff.
Perehudoff's work has been represented in numerous public and private collections, including the National Gallery of Canada, Remai Modern in Saskatoon, the Canada Council Art Bank, the Glenbow Museum in Calgary, the Art Gallery of Ontario, and the Montreal Museum of Fine Art.
In 1994, he was awarded the Saskatchewan Order of Merit, and in 1999, he was inducted as a Member of the Order of Canada. He was made a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Due to failing eyesight, Perehudoff gave up painting around 2003-2004.
In November 2009, several of Perehudoff's murals were successfully removed from the executive suite in the former Intercontinental Packers plant. Perehudoff painted them in 1950, and the abstract silhouettes are considered the last remaining examples of purist cubist art from that period. Appraised at $250,000, the murals had been at risk as the plant was slated for demolition. Ian Hodkinson, a retired art conservator, was brought in and used a special method to remove the acrylic paint from the plaster intact. The murals remained in storage until the Remai Modern was completed in 2017. They are now displayed in a special antechamber, built to the same dimensions as the boardroom in which they first existed. In 2010, a travelling retrospective titled The Optimism of Colour: William Perehudoff was curated by Karen Wilkin for Saskatoon’s Mendel Art Gallery.
Perehudoff died on February 26, 2013, at age 94.
# Reed reaction

The Reed reaction is a chemical reaction that utilizes light to oxidize hydrocarbons to alkylsulfonyl chlorides. This reaction is employed in modifying polyethylene to give chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE), which is noted for its toughness.

## Commercial implementations

Polyethylene is treated with a mixture of chlorine and sulfur dioxide under UV-radiation. Vinylsulfonic acid can also be prepared beginning with the sulfochlorination of chloroethane. Dehydrohalogenation of the product gives vinylsulfonyl chloride, which subsequently is hydrolyzed to give vinylsulfonic acid:
       ClCH$_2$CH$_3$ + SO$_2$ + Cl$_2$ → ClCH$_2$CH$_2$SO$_2$Cl + HCl
       ClCH$_2$CH$_2$SO$_2$Cl → H$_2$C=CHSO$_2$Cl + HCl
       CH$_2$=CHSO$_2$Cl + H$_2$O → H$_2$C=CHSO$_3$H + HCl

## Mechanism

The reaction occurs via a free radical mechanism. UV-light initiates homolysis of chlorine, producing a pair of chlorine atoms:
Chain initiation:
             ${\ce {Cl2 ->[h\nu] 2Cl.}}$
Thereafter a chlorine atom attacks the hydrocarbon chain, freeing hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride and an alkyl free radical. The resulting radical then captures SO$_2$. The resulting sulfonyl radical attacks another chlorine molecule to produce the desired sulfonyl chloride and a new chlorine atom, which continues the reaction chain. Chain propagation steps:
             ${\ce {{R-H}+ .Cl -> {R.}+ HCl}}$
             ${\ce {{R.}+{:}SO2->R-{\dot {S}}O2}}$
             ${\ce {{R-{\dot {S}}O2}+Cl2->{R-SO2-Cl}+Cl.}}$
# Oil soldiers

Oil soldiers (German Ölsoldaten) is the name given to soldiers of the Swiss Army poisoned by accident in 1940, when they were served Käseschnitten (fried bread with cheese) in which mineral oil mixed with tricresyl phosphate, intended as a coolant for machine guns, was mistakenly used for the preparation of the dish.

## Course of events

On July 29, 1940, peanut oil, used in the preparation of food for a company (Mitr Kp IV/52) in Ramiswil, canton of Solothurn, was mixed with machine gun cooling oil by mistake and used to make a cheese dish (Käseschnitten). That happened because, after a drill, the coolant was stored in cooking oil cans that weren't marked properly, and the oil was indistinguishable from cooking oil by taste or appearance.
That led to 74 soldiers and 10 to 12 civilians suffering from tricresyl phosphate poisoning, causing paralysis of the legs which in some cases was grave and irreversible. There were civilians, including children, among the victims of the poisoning because some of the soldiers had shared their rations. 32 of the cases were registered as "grave", 20 of them as "total invalidity". Later the same year, a similar incident affected the Schwyz Gebirgsmitrailleurkompanie IV/72 where at least 17 soldiers suffered permanent health damage after a salad was prepared with cooling oil.

## Impact

The case of the "oil soldiers" was widely publicised and discussed in Switzerland. In 1947, the first broadcast of Swiss Solidarity in the German-speaking part of Switzerland was used for a fundraising campaign to help them. A foundation ("Stiftung Vergiftungspatienten") was created to support the disabled. The incidents triggered a revision of the Swiss military insurance law. Swiss military insurance had paid a total of 46.1 million Swiss Francs to the "oil soldiers" by 2015. Legally, the incident was treated as an accident, and only the battalion doctor was convicted, being sentenced to 45 days in prison for negligence of duty. He had repeatedly refused to visit the sick soldiers on the evening of the poisoning because he didn't think it was a serious matter. The last surviving "oil soldier" was Christoph von Blarer, who died on April 8, 2014, in Aesch, Basel-Landschaft, aged 98.
# Maarten Hijink

Hendrik Pieter Maarten Hijink (born 24 May 1983) is a Dutch politician who has served as a Socialist Party member of the House of Representatives from 23 March 2017 until 20 April 2023.
# Julian Klaczko

Julian Klaczko (6 November 1825, Vilna (Wilno, Vilnius) – 26 November 1906, Kraków) was a Polish author, proficient in Hebrew, Polish, French, and German.
He was born Jehuda Lejb into a wealthy Jewish family. At the age of 17 he published a book of Hebrew poetry called "Duda'im" (דודאים), as well as translating Polish literary works into Hebrew.
He studied in Wilno and Königsberg (Królewiec), his interests including philosophy, history and literature. In 1847, he earned a PhD (doctorate work De rebus Franco-Gallicis saeculi XV). He then moved to Heidelberg, and published in the liberal Deutsche Zeitung.
After the failure of the Poznań uprising (1848) he emigrated to France where he lived for the following 20 years. In Paris he changed his name and converted to Roman Catholic Christianity (1856), after his father's death. He was a co-editor of Wiadomości Polskie, and published in Revue de Paris, Revue Contemporaine, and Revue des Deux Mondes (since 1862).
Klaczko was a politician who co-operated with the liberal-aristocratic Hotel Lambert faction of Polish exiles (Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski). As a Polish nationalist, he expressed an outspoken resentment and hatred of Russia and Prussia for their share in the Partition of Poland, but had a more positive attitude towards Austria-Hungary, with its relatively more tolerant policies towards the Poles under its rule.
In 1869 he moved to Vienna, and was in 1870 elected Privy Councillor ("Hofrat") at the Foreign Affairs Ministry of Austria-Hungary. He was also a member of the Galician Parliament (1870–71) and later of the Imperial Parliament, the Reichsrat. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 he agitated intensely for an Austro-Hungarian intervention on the French side. For these (unsuccessful) efforts, Bismark called him "A Jewish agent of France".
In the 1870s he lived for some years in Italy. Also when moving to Kraków, where he spent his last years, he was involved in researching on Italian literature and art. He is buried at Rakowicki Cemetery in Kraków.
# East Money

East Money Information (East Money; Chinese: 东方财富; pinyin: Dōngfāng Cáifù), is a Chinese financial data and software company headquartered in Shanghai. It also runs Guba, an investment chat forum

## Background

In 2005, Qi Shi founded Shanghai Dong Cai Information Technology, the predecessor to East Money.
In 2009, East Money started trading on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange.
In 2015, East Money acquired brokerage Tongxin East Fortune Securities.
In 2018, East Money secured a license allowing it to manage its own mutual funds.
# RNDF

The Route Network Definition File (RNDF) specifies accessible road segments and provides information such as waypoints, stop sign locations, lane widths, checkpoint locations, and parking spot locations. The route network has no implied start or end point. In addition to road segments, the RNDF specifies free-travel ‘zones’ that have a defined perimeter, but for which no waypoints are provided. Zones are used to represent parking lots and areas with moving or stationary obstacles or vehicles. It is used by DARPA for its Grand Challenge program.
# Kurdish wheatear

The Kurdish wheatear (Oenanthe xanthoprymna), also known as the Kurdistan wheatear, the chestnut-rumped wheatear or the red-rumped wheatear, is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae. The red-tailed wheatear (O. chrysopygia) was formerly considered a subspecies of this bird but is now often regarded as a separate species. The two may intergrade in Iran ("O. x. cummingi") but it is also possible that the rather differently coloured cummingi is in fact a one-year-old O. xanthoprymna with intermediate plumage.

## Description

The Kurdish wheatear is about 14 centimetres (5.5 in) in length. The top of the head and the nape of the male are pale grey, separated by a white eye stripe from the black face and throat. The back is brownish grey and the underparts white or buff. The wings are charcoal with no white streak, the flight feathers being edged with brown. The flanks and under-tail coverts are orange and the tail white at the base with a dark terminal band. The female has similar markings but the colours are more muted and the dark face and throat replaced by a grey eye patch. The orange rump and tail coverts are particularly noticeable in the winter when the male is in flight.

## Call

The call note is a harsh chack-chack-chack. The song is similar to that of the northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) and is a rather squeaky warble.

## Diet

The Kurdish wheatear mainly eats ants and other small insects.

## Reproduction

The nest is built among rocks, in a crevice, in scree or under a boulder. It is basin-shaped and lined with wool, hair and dead grasses. Four or five eggs are laid. They are bluish-white with a few chestnut brown speckles.

## Distribution and habitat

The breeding range of the Kurdish wheatear covers the Middle East, south-east Turkey, northern Iraq, western Iran, and parts of the former USSR. It moves southwards in winter to southern Iran, the Arabian Peninsula, Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea and north-east Somalia and occasionally to north west India. It is unclear whether all populations migrate or whether some birds just move down to lower altitudes for the winter. Its preferred habitat is heathland, open hillsides and scrubby, semi-desert regions. It is listed as being of "least concern" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species because of its very large range.
# 1978 Individual Ice Speedway World Championship

The 1978 Individual Ice Speedway World Championship was the 13th edition of the World Championship The Championship was held on 4/5 March 1978 in Assen in the Netherlands.
The winner was Sergey Tarabanko of the Soviet Union for the fourth successive year.

## Classification

| Pos | Rider | Pts |
| 1 | Sergey Tarabanko | 28(15+13) |
| 2 | Anatoly Bondarenko | 24(14+10) |
| 3 | Anatoly Gladyshev | 23(13+10) |
| 4 | Vladimir Subbotin | 20(12+8) |
| 5 | Conny Samuelsson | 19(10+9) |
| 6 | Hans Siegl | 19(8+11) |
| 7 | Vladimir Serbin | 18(9+9) |
| 8 | Vladimir Lioubich | 18(8+10) |
| 9 | Leonard Oswald | 13(5+8) |
| 10 | Walter Wartbichler | 11(2+9) |
| 11 | Zdeněk Kudrna | 10(4+6) |
| 12 | Jiri Jirout | 10(4+6) |
| 13 | Per-Olof Serenius | 9(6+3) |
| 14 | Hans Johnasson | 8(5+3) |
| 15 | Bo Kindgren | 5(2+3) |
| 16 | Roelof Thijs | 2(-+2) |
| 17 | Milan Špinka (res) | 2(0+2) |
| 18 | Bruce Cribb (res) | 0(0+0) |
# Pogwizdów Stary

Pogwizdów Stary is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Głogów Małopolski, within Rzeszów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. According to the 2021 census, the village has a population of 489.
# Versonnex

Versonnex may refer to the following places in France:
* Versonnex, Ain, a commune in the department of Ain
* Versonnex, Haute-Savoie, a commune in the department of Haute-Savoie
# Surana College

12°56′11.46″N 77°34′41.82″E﻿ / ﻿12.9365167°N 77.5782833°E﻿ / 12.9365167; 77.5782833
Surana College, established in 1995 by the GDA Foundation, is a private educational institution located in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. It is affiliated with Bangalore University and offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs in arts, science, commerce, management, and information technology.

## Campuses

Surana College operates multiple campuses: - **South End Campus**: Offers undergraduate programs such as BA, BSc, BCom, BBA, and BCA. - **Kengeri Campus**: Dedicated to postgraduate studies, providing programs like MBA, MCA, MCom, M.Sc in Psychology, and M.Sc in Chemistry. - **Peenya Campus**: Offers a variety of degree programs under Bangalore University affiliation.

## Accreditation and Recognition

Surana College is accredited by the **National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)** with an 'A' grade. It is also recognized under Sections 2(F) and 12(B) of the **University Grants Commission (UGC)** and holds certifications from the **International Accreditation Organization (IAO)** and **ISO 9001-2015** standards.

## Motto and Values

The college's motto, *Vidyadhanam Sarvadhanapradhaanam*, translates to "Education is the supreme of all wealth." This reflects its dedication to providing quality education and fostering the holistic development of students.

## Student Body and Faculty

Surana College serves a student body of over 2,500 students and is supported by a dedicated faculty committed to academic excellence and student development.

## Extracurricular Activities

The college encourages participation in various extracurricular activities, including the **National Cadet Corps (NCC)** and numerous student clubs, to promote overall personality development.

## Notable Events

The institution has hosted several notable events featuring prominent personalities, such as the actor Upendra, adding to its vibrant cultural environment.
# Giant (gymnastics)

A giant is an artistic gymnastics skill in which a gymnast rotates 360 degrees around an axis while in a fully extended position. It is performed on the uneven bars in women's artistic gymnastics and on the parallel bars, horizontal bar, and rings in men's artistic gymnastics.

## Technique

The gymnast begins in a handstand position. With legs together, toes pointed, and body fully extended, the feet begin to descend. The upper body hollows very slightly until the gymnast passes through horizontal. On the upswing, the abdominal muscles are engaged to slightly arch the body and prevent anterior pelvic tilt, which adversely affects the strength of the swing. The gymnast either returns to the handstand position or continues through handstand to perform another giant or other element.
The gymnast must remain in a stretched position for the entire giant, except on parallel bars where the apparatus height necessitates bended knees at the bottom of the swing.

## Variations

Some variations on the standard giant include:
* Forward or front giant - Performed with palms turned inward to face the body and heels leading the down swing instead of the front of the foot.
* Inverted, Eagle-Grip, or L-Grip giant - Performed like a forward giant but with the palms turned outward (L-Grip) to face the body
* Mixed grip giant - Performed as either a regular or forward giant with the hands held in two different grips (e.g. one hand in L-Grip, one hand in normal grip)
* One arm giant - Performed with only one arm holding the bar instead of two
* German giant - Performed with palms facing away from the gymnast's body and shoulders rotated backwards
* 3/4 giant - Performed starting in front support and casting to parallel then back down and around the bar to the front support position once again
* Skoumal giant -Performed as a back giant with the shoulders rotated forward as if doing an "inlocate" on rings. Essentially like a Manna over the top of the bar.

## Scoring

In the current Federation Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) 2017-2020 Code of Points, a giant is a B (0.2) element on uneven bars for women, and a B (0.2) element on parallel bars and an A (0.1) element on the horizontal bar for men.
# Sumaiya Akter

Sumaiya Akter (born 15 October 2005) is a Bangladeshi cricketer who plays for the Bangladesh women's national cricket team as a right-arm off-break bowler and right-hand batter.
In December 2022, she was selected to Bangladesh women's under-19 cricket team for the 2023 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup. She scored 65 runs with the average of 21.66 and scored 31* against Australia women's under-19 team in that tournament.

## International career

In October 2023, Sumaiya was earned maiden call-up for national team of Bangladesh to ODI and T20I squad for the series against Pakistan. She made her Twenty20 International (T20I) debut against Pakistan on 29 October 2023. In November 2023, she was named in ODI and T20I squad for their series against South Africa.
In March 2024, she was again selected to the national team for the ODI and T20I series against Australia. She made her One Day International (ODI) debut against Australia on 27 March 2024.
# Poraj, Podkarpackie Voivodeship

Poraj is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chorkówka, within Krosno County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Chorkówka, 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Krosno, and 54 km (34 mi) south-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.
# International House London

International House London is a language school in Covent Garden, London, United Kingdom owned by International House Trust. International Trust is a not-for-profit charitable organisation established by John Haycraft to provide English language instruction and teacher training. Each year International House London educates 8,000 students from over 150 countries.

## History

International House was founded in 1953 when John Haycraft and Brita Haycraft opened their first language school in Cordoba, Spain. In 1974 they set up a non-profit International Trust to help raise the standards of English language teaching and training worldwide. John Haycraft sought to promote international understanding through language learning and teacher training. He introduced the first training programme for teachers of English as a foreign language, which blended teaching theory and practice.
In 1957, International House London was established in premises at Endell Street and initially offered students courses to improve their English language skills. Over time it grew, offering more courses and moving to larger premises, first to Shaftsbury Avenue in 1961 and then onto 106 Piccadilly in 1977 and finally to Covent Garden in 2007. International House London added teacher training in 1962, business executive courses in 1986 and foreign language courses in 1989.

## Campus and Facilities

Since 2007, International House London has been situated in Covent Garden in purpose-built premises. It is the largest single-site language school in London.
The campus has 56 class rooms, a café and a library with over 10,000 books and journals.
More than 8,000 students from over 150 different nationalities study at International House London language school each year.

## Accreditation

International House London is accredited by the British Council and EAQUALS and is a member of English UK, the leading professional association for accrediting language schools. A founder member of the International House World Organisation (IHWO),
# He Xiangjian

He Xiangjian (Chinese: 何享健; pinyin: Hé Xiǎngjiàn; Jyutping: Ho4 Hoeng2 Gin6, born October 5, 1942) is the co-founder of Midea, one of China's largest appliance makers. In September 2021, his net worth was estimated to be $28.8 billion by Bloomberg Billionaires Index, positioning him at the 51st place in the index.

## Life

In 1968 Beijiao, Guangdong, He formed the lid production company that would become Midea.
He stepped down from operations of Midea in 2012.
He is married with three children and lives in Foshan in Junlan International Golf Life Village, a villa neighbourhood developed by Midea Real Estate Group.
He is a noted art collector and founded the He Art Museum, a privately funded non-profit museum designed by Pritzker Prize winner Tadao Ando.
It is reported that there was an attempted kidnapping of He in June 2020. Assailants are alleged to have broken in to He's villa at Foshan, He's son, He Jianfeng, escaping and alerting local police, who are said to have rescued He and arrested five suspects.