# 1794–95 United States Senate elections

The 1794–95 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1794 and 1795, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.
This was the first election cycle with organized political parties in the United States, with the Federalist Party emerging from the Pro Administration coalition, and the Democratic-Republican Party emerging from the Anti-Administration coalition.

## Results summary

Senate party division, 4th Congress (1795–1797)
* Majority party: Federalist (20)
* Minority party: Democratic-Republican (10)
* Other parties: 0
* Total seats: 30

## Change in composition
### Before the elections

Note: There were no political parties in the 3rd Congress. Members are informally grouped here into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.
After the March 31, 1794 special election in Pennsylvania.
| A$_5$ | A$_4$ | A$_3$ | A$_2$ | A$_1$ |
| A$_6$ | A$_7$ | A$_8$ | A$_9$ Ga. Ran | A$_{10}$ Ky. Unknown | A$_{11}$ N.H. Ran | A$_{12}$ N.C. Unknown | A$_{13}$ Vt. Ran | V$_1$ Del. | P$_{16}$ S.C. Retired |
| P$_{16}$ S.C. Retired |||||
| P$_6$ | P$_7$ | P$_8$ | P$_9$ | P$_{10}$ | P$_{11}$ | P$_{12}$ Conn. Retired | P$_{13}$ Md. Ran | P$_{14}$ N.Y. Ran | P$_{15}$ Pa. Retired |
| P$_5$ | P$_4$ | P$_3$ | P$_2$ | P$_1$ |

### Results of the elections

| A$_5$ | A$_4$ | A$_3$ | A$_2$ | A$_1$ |
| A$_6$ | A$_7$ | A$_8$ | DR$_1$ N.H. Gain from A | DR$_2$ N.C. Gain from A | V$_1$ Del. | F$_8$ Vt. Gain from A | F$_7$ S.C. Gain from P | F$_6$ Pa. Gain from P | F$_5$ N.Y. Gain from P |
| | | | | F$_4$ Md. Gain from P |
| P$_6$ | P$_7$ | P$_8$ | P$_9$ | F$_4$ Md. Gain from P | P$_{10}$ | P$_{11}$ | F$_1$ Conn. Gain from P | F$_2$ Ga. Gain from A | F$_3$ Ky. Gain from A |
| P$_5$ | P$_4$ | P$_3$ | P$_2$ | P$_1$ |

### Beginning of the next Congress

Seven senators who were considered "Anti-Administration" became Democratic-Republicans and eleven "Pro-Administration" became Federalists.
| DR$_5$ Changed | DR$_4$ Changed | DR$_3$ Changed | DR$_2$ Changed | DR$_1$ Changed |
| DR$_6$ Changed | DR$_7$ Changed | DR$_8$ Changed | DR$_9$ | DR$_{10}$ | F$_{20}$ Del. Gain | F$_{19}$ | F$_{18}$ | F$_{17}$ | F$_{16}$ |
| F$_{16}$ |||||
| F$_6$ Changed | F$_7$ Changed | F$_8$ Changed | F$_9$ Changed | F$_{10}$ Changed | F$_{11}$ Changed | F$_{12}$ | F$_{13}$ | F$_{14}$ | F$_{15}$ |
| F$_5$ Changed | F$_4$ Changed | F$_3$ Changed | F$_2$ Changed | F$_1$ Changed |
| Key: | A$_#$ Anti-Administration DR$_#$ Democratic-Republican F$_#$ Federalist P$_#$ Pro-Administration V$_#$ Vacant |

## Race summaries

Except if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.

### Special elections during the 3rd Congress

In these special elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1795; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | Results | Candidates |
| State | Senator | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| Pennsylvania (Class 1) | Albert Gallatin | Anti-Administration | [[1794 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania|1793 (special)]] | Incumbent disqualified February 28, 1794. New senator elected March 31, 1794. Pro-Administration gain. Winner became a Federalist in the next Congress. | ▌Y James Ross (Pro-Admin.) 51.72% ▌Robert Coleman (Unknown) 40.23% ▌Samuel Sitgreaves (Federalist) 1.15% Not voting 6.7% |
| Virginia (Class 1) | James Monroe | Anti-Administration | [[1790 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1790 (special)]] | Incumbent resigned May 11, 1794 to become U.S. Minister to France. New senator elected November 18, 1794. Anti-Administration hold. Winner became a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress. | ▌Y Stevens Thomson Mason (Anti-Admin.) [data missing] |
| Virginia (Class 2) | John Taylor | Anti-Administration | [[1792 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1792 (special)]] | Incumbent resigned May 11, 1794. New senator elected November 18, 1794. Anti-Administration hold. Winner became a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress. | ▌Y Henry Tazewell (Anti-Admin.) [data missing] |
| Delaware (Class 1) | Vacant | Vacant | Vacant | George Read (P) resigned September 18, 1793 to become Chief Justice of Delaware. New senator elected February 7, 1795. Pro-Administration gain. Winner became a Federalist in the next Congress. | ▌Y Henry Latimer (Pro-Admin.) 15 ▌John Dickinson (Anti-Admin.) 14 |

### Races leading to the 4th Congress

In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1795; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | Results | Candidates |
| State | Senator | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| Connecticut | Stephen Mitchell | Pro-Administration | 1793 (appointed) | Incumbent appointee retired. New senator's election date unknown. Federalist gain. | ▌Y Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. (Federalist) [data missing] |
| Georgia | James Gunn | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected November 13, 1794 as a Federalist. Federalist gain. | ▌Y James Gunn (Federalist) 36 ▌Edward Telfair (Unknown) 12 ▌William Few (Unknown) 3 |
| Kentucky | John Edwards | Anti-Administration | [[1792 United States Senate elections in Kentucky|1792 (new state)]] | Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1794 on the second ballot. Federalist gain. | ▌Y Humphrey Marshall (Federalist) 28 ▌John Breckinridge (Democratic-Republican) 22 |
| Maryland | John Henry | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected in 1795 as a Federalist. Federalist gain. | ▌Y John Henry (Federalist) [data missing] |
| New Hampshire | John Langdon | Anti-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected on an unknown date as a Democratic-Republican. Democratic-Republican gain. | ▌Y John Langdon (Democratic-Republican) [data missing] |
| New York | Rufus King | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected January 27, 1795 to a new party. Federalist gain. | ▌Y Rufus King (Federalist) 47 ▌Thomas Tillotson (Federalist) 30 ▌John Lawrence (Federalist) 1 |
| North Carolina | Benjamin Hawkins | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1795 on the fifth ballot. Democratic-Republican gain. | ▌Y Timothy Bloodworth (Democratic-Republican) ▌John Leigh (Unknown) ▌Alfred Moore (Federalist) ▌Nathaniel Macon (Democratic-Republican) Withdrew ▌John Skinner (Unknown) Withdrew ▌Charles Johnson (Democratic-Republican) Withdrew ▌William Lenoir (Unknown) |
| Pennsylvania | Robert Morris | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected February 26, 1795. Federalist gain. | ▌Y William Bingham (Federalist) 58 ▌Peter Muhlenberg (Democratic-Republican) 35 |
| South Carolina | Ralph Izard | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1794 on the second ballot. Federalist gain. | ▌Y Jacob Read (Federalist) ▌John Hunter (Democratic-Republican) |
| Vermont | Stephen R. Bradley | Anti-Administration | [[1791 United States Senate elections in Vermont|1791 (new state)]] | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1794. Federalist gain. | ▌Y Elijah Paine (Federalist) [data missing] |

### Elections during the 4th Congress

There were no elections in 1795 after March 4.

## Delaware (special)

The Delaware special election was held February 7, 1795. Incumbent Senator George Read had resigned to take the position of Chief Justice of the Delaware Supreme Court. Henry Latimer defeated the former Governor of Delaware, Governor of Pennsylvania and Continental Congressmen from Delaware and Pennsylvania by one vote.
1795 United States Senate election in Delaware :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Federalist | Henry Latimer | 15 | 51.72% |
| | Democratic-Republican | John Dickinson | 14 | 48.28% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 29 | 100% |

## Maryland

John Henry won election over James Lloyd by an unknown number of votes for the Class 3 seat.

## Pennsylvania
### Pennsylvania (special)

Pennsylvania special election, March 31, 1794 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Pro-Administration | James Ross | 45 | 51.72% |
| | Unknown | Robert Coleman | 35 | 40.23% |
| | Federalist | Samuel Sitgreaves | 1 | 1.15% |
| | N/A | Not voting | 6 | 6.70% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 87 | 100% |

### Pennsylvania (regular)

Incumbent Federalist Robert Morris, who was elected in 1788, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on February 26, 1795, to elect a senator for the term beginning March 4, 1795.
Pennsylvania general election, February 26, 1795 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Pro-Administration | William Bingham | 58 | 56.86% |
| | Anti-Administration | Peter Muhlenberg | 35 | 34.31% |
| | N/A | Not voting | 9 | 8.82% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 102 | 100% |

## Virginia

Even though neither of Virginia's incumbent's terms were up, both resigned in 1794, leading to two special elections.
Future-president James Monroe resigned March 27, 1794 to become U.S. Minister to France.
Stevens Thomson Mason was elected November 18, 1794 and would become a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress.

### Virginia (special, class 2)

Incumbent John Taylor of Caroline resigned May 11, 1794.
Henry Tazewell was elected November 18, 1794 and would become a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress.