# Vietnamese exonyms

Below is a list of Vietnamese exonyms for various places around the world:

## History

Historical exonyms include place names of bordering countries, namely Thailand, Laos, China, and Cambodia.
During the expansion of Vietnam (Nam tiến) some place names have become Vietnamized. Consequently, as control of different places and regions has shifted among China, Vietnam, and other Southeast Asian countries, the Vietnamese names for places can sometimes differ from the names residents of aforementioned places use, although nowadays it has become more common for the Vietnamese names of places to simply be Vietnamese transcriptions of the local placenames.
Many non-Vietnamese places may have more than one Vietnamese name, as shown below.

### Sino-Vietnamese exonyms

Before modernity, sources of names of foreign places in Vietnam came from documents that were mostly written in Classical Chinese. So many exonyms derive directly from Chinese pronunciations (see: Chinese exonyms). This in turn got transliterated into the Vietnamese, sinoxenic pronunciations of the Chinese characters (also called Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation). For example, Scotland is rendered as 蘇格蘭 in Chinese. This is pronounced as Sū-gé-lán in Mandarin Chinese, a somewhat faithful transcription of the original name. However, as applied to all Chinese characters, 蘇格蘭 can be transliterated into Vietnamese as Tô Cách Lan, which strays a bit further from the native English and Scots name. A major issue using Chinese characters to transcribe words is the fact that Chinese characters can be pronounced drastically differently among all the spoken languages and dialects that use them, which include Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese among several others, the majority of which have dramatically different phonologies and phonemes from each other. By the nature of the writing system itself, Chinese characters tend to preserve a word's syllable count, morphemes, and meanings more reliably than they do as an accurate representation of the word's pronunciation, considering that the Chinese character system itself primarily represents logograms (though some have elements of phonetic information) as opposed to phonemes of the language. The use of Sino-Vietnamese exonyms has become archaic during recent times, and only some countries, such as France, the US, Russia, Australia, India and most European countries, retain the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations. Even so, many of the aforementioned countries also have exonyms more accurate to the native pronunciations of their respective endonyms. Currently, the countries still called by their Sino-Vietnamese names are: China, Egypt, India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, England, the US and Australia. London and Pyongyang are the only two cities in Europe and Korea known by the Sino-Vietnamese name.

### Exonyms from other languages

In modern times, Vietnamese has relied less on Sino-Vietnamese-derived exonyms and it has become more common for Vietnamese exonyms to more accurately transcribe the endonym according to its native language. Thus, place names outside of East Asia can often be respelled in a way that Vietnamese can pronounce it using a transcription method called Vietnamization. For example, although Scotland can be called by its Sino-Vietnamese exonym, Tô Cách Lan, spellings such as Xcốt-len and Scôtlen are also acceptable. This method has more general patterns than steadfast rules, depending on the writer. For example, the name 'Saddam Hussein' can be spelled as Sađam Hutxen, Sátđam Hutxen, or Saddam Hudsein. This is similar to native to how English speakers spelled their own names in various and inconsistent ways before English spelling became fossilized. For example, William Shakespeare spelled his own surname at least 3 different ways.
However, it has recently become more common for the English exonym or the romanization of the endonym to be written without any changes to spelling, though Vietnamese readers may still pronounce the name using a Vietnamese accent. In some cases, the name may retain an unchanged spelling, but a footnote may appear regarding how to pronounce the name in Vietnamese. For example, in the Harry Potter series of novels, the spelling of names for characters "Marge" and "Filch" remains unchanged, but footnotes exist to help Vietnamese speakers pronounce their names, which are written as "Mạc" and "Fít" respectively.
There are a few country names borrowed from French and Russian as Vietnam's history is closely linked to France and Russia. Countries whose names borrow from French are: Morocco, Cyprus, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Czech. And the countries whose names borrowed from Russian are Georgia and Lithuania. Vienna (Viên in Vietnamese) is the only city whose name in Vietnamese is borrowed from French. Hong Kong and Macau names are borrowed from English by direct transliteration into Hồng Kông and Ma Cao instead of Hương Cảng and Áo Môn in Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation.

### Other cases

The names of Cambodia and Laos are directly transcribed from Khmer កម្ពុជា Kâmpŭchéa and Lao ລາວ Lav into Vietnamese as Campuchia and Lào. The names of Phnom Penh, Vientiane and Bangkok are directly transcribed from Khmer ភ្នំពេញ Phnum Pénh, Lao ວຽງຈັນ Viangchan and Thai บางกอก Bāngkxk into Vietnamese as Phnôm Pênh, Viêng Chăn and Băng Cốc. Ivory Coast is translated into Vietnamese as Bờ Biển Ngà, and at times it is transcribed from French as Cốt Đivoa.

## Afghanistan

Afghanistan A Phú Hãn, Áp-ga-ni-xtan :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Kabul | Ka-bun | Kābol (کابل) | Persian |
| Kabul | Ka-bun | Kābəl (کابل) | Pashto |

## Albania

Albania An-ba-ni :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Tirana | Ti-ra-na | Tiranë | Albanian | |

## Algeria

Algeria An-giê-ri :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Algiers | thủ đô nước An-giê-ri | Al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر) | Standard Arabic | |

## Argentina

Argentina Á Căn Đình, Ác-hen-ti-na :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Buenos Aires | Lương Phong, Bu-ê-nốt Ai-rết | Buenos Aires | Spanish | |

## Australia

Australia Úc Đại Lợi, Úc :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Melbourne | Miêu Bình, Mai Bình | Melbourne | English |
| Sydney | Xích-ni | Sydney | English |

## Austria

Austria Áo Địa Lợi, Áo :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Vienna | Viên | Wien | German | |

## Bangladesh

Bangladesh Băng-la-đét :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Dhaka | Đắc-ca | Dhaka (ঢাকা) | Bengali | |

## Belarus

Belarus Bê-la-rút, Bạch Nga :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Minsk | Min-xcơ | Minsk (Мінск) | Belarusian | |

## Belgium

Belgium Bỉ Lợi Thời, Biên Xích, Bỉ :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Brussels | Bức San, Brúc-xen | Brussel | Dutch |
| Brussels | Bức San, Brúc-xen | Bruxelles | French |

## Brazil

Brazil Ba Tây, Bi Lê Diên Lô, Bra-xin :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Brasilia | Ba Tây thành, Bra-xi-li-a | Brasilia | Portuguese |
| Rio de Janeiro | Ri-ô đề Gia-nây-rô | Rio de Janeiro | Portuguese |
| São Paulo | Thánh Phao Lồ | São Paulo | Portuguese |

## Bulgaria

Bulgaria Bun-ga-ri :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Sofia | Xô-phi-a | Sofija (София) | Bulgarian | |

## Cambodia

Cambodia (Giản Bộ Trại, Cao Miên, Campuchia) :
| English | Vietnamese | Endonym | Endonym |
| English | Vietnamese | Name | Language |
| Angkor | Đế Thiên Đế Thích | Ângkôr (អង្គរ) | Khmer |
| Banteay Meas | Sài Mạt | Bântéay Méas (បន្ទាយមាស) | Khmer |
| Battambang | Bát Tầm Bôn | Băt Dâmbâng (បាត់ដំបង) | Khmer |
| Bavet | Truông Cát | Bavĭt (បាវិត) | Khmer |
| Bokor | Tà Lơn | Bok Koŭ (បូកគោ) | Khmer |
| Damrei Mountains | Tượng Sơn | Phnum Dâmri (ភ្នំដំរី) | Khmer |
| Kampot | Cần Bột | Kâmpôt (កំពត) | Khmer |
| Kep | Bạch Mã | Kêb (កែប) | Khmer |
| Kiri Vong | Linh Quỳnh | Kĭrivóng (គិរីវង់) | Khmer |
| Koh Tang | Hòn Thăng | Kaôh Tang (កោះតាង) | Khmer |
| Koh Wai | Hòn Trọc, Hòn Vây | Kaôh Puluvey (កោះពូលូវៃ) | Khmer |
| Kompong Chhnang | Xà Năng | Kâmpóng Chhnăng (កំពង់ឆ្នាំង) | Khmer |
| Kratié | Cần Ché | Krâchéh (ក្រចេះ) | Khmer |
| Lavek/Longvek | La Bích | Lvêk (ល្វែក) Lôngvêk (លង្វែក) | Khmer |
| Neak Loeung | Hối Lương, Cầu Nam | 'nâk Lœăng (អ្នកលឿង) | Khmer |
| Peam Chor | Biên Chúc | Péam Chôr (ពាមជរ) | Khmer |
| Phnom Penh | Nam Vang, Nam Vinh, Kim Biên, Phnôm Pênh | Phnum Pénh (ភ្នំពេញ) | Khmer |
| Pursat | Phú Túc | Poŭthĭsăt (ពោធិ៍សាត់) | Khmer |
| Siem Reap | Xiêm Riệp | Siĕm Réab (សៀមរាប) | Khmer |
| Sihanoukville | Kâm Póng Sao, Hương Úc, Vũng Thơm | Krŏng Preăh Seihânŭ (ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ) Kâmpóng Saôm (កំពង់សោម) | Khmer |
| Svay Rieng | Tuy Lạp, Xoài Riêng | Svay Riĕng (ស្វាយរៀង) | Khmer |
| Tonlé Sap | Đồng Lê, Biển Hồ | Tônlé Sab (ទន្លេសាប) | Khmer |

## Canada

Canada Gia Nã Đại :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| British Columbia | Columbia Thuộc Anh | British Columbia | English |
| Montreal | Mông Triệu, Ngự Sơn | Montréal | French |
| Ottawa | Ốc Đa Hoa, Ốt-ta-goa | Ottawa | English |
| Quebec | Quế Bích | Québec | French |
| Toronto | Tô Luân | Toronto | English |
| Vancouver | Văn Cầu | Vancouver | English |

## China

China Trung Hoa, Trung Quốc :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Beijing | Bắc Kinh | Běijīng (北京) | Mandarin |
| Changchun | Trường Xuân | Chángchūn (长春) | Mandarin |
| Chengdu | Thành Đô | Chéngdū (成都) | Mandarin |
| Chongqing | Trùng Khánh | Chóngqìng (重庆) | Mandarin |
| Fujian | Phúc Kiến | Fújiàn (福建) | Mandarin |
| Fujian | Phúc Kiến | Hok-kiàn | Hokkien |
| Guangzhou | Quảng Châu | Guǎngzhōu (广州) | Mandarin |
| Guilin | Quế Lâm | Guìlín (桂林) | Mandarin |
| Hainan | Hải Nam | Hǎinán (海南) | Mandarin |
| Harbin | Cáp Nhĩ Tân | Hā'ĕrbīn (哈尔滨) | Mandarin |
| Hohhot | Hô Hòa Hạo Đặc, Hồi Hột | Hūhéhàotè (呼和浩特) | Mandarin |
| Hohhot | Hô Hòa Hạo Đặc, Hồi Hột | Kökeqota (ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ) | Mongolian script |
| Hong Kong | Hương Cảng, Hồng Kông | Xiānggǎng (香港) | Mandarin |
| Hong Kong | Hương Cảng, Hồng Kông | Hēunggóng | Cantonese |
| Hong Kong | Hương Cảng, Hồng Kông | Hong Kong | English |
| Inner Mongolia | Nội Mông (Cổ) | Nèi Měnggǔ (内蒙古) | Mandarin |
| Inner Mongolia | Nội Mông (Cổ) | Öbür Monggol (ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ) | Mongolian script |
| Macau | Áo Môn, Ma Cao | Àomén(澳門) | Mandarin |
| Macau | Áo Môn, Ma Cao | Ōumún | Cantonese |
| Macau | Áo Môn, Ma Cao | Macau | Portuguese |
| Nanjing | Nam Kinh | Nánjīng (南京) | Mandarin |
| Sanya | Tam Á | Sānyà (三亚) | Mandarin |
| Shanghai | Thượng Hải | Shànghǎi (上海) | Mandarin |
| Shenzhen | Thâm Quyến | Shēnzhèn (深圳) | Mandarin |
| Sichuan | Tứ Xuyên | Sìchuān (四川) | Mandarin |
| Ürümqi | U-rum-xi, Urumsi, Ô Lỗ Mộc Tề | Wūlǔmùqí (乌鲁木齐) | Mandarin |
| Ürümqi | U-rum-xi, Urumsi, Ô Lỗ Mộc Tề | Ürümchi (ئۈرۈمچی) | Uyghur |
| Wuhan | Vũ Hán | Wǔhàn (武汉) | Mandarin |
| Xiamen | Hạ Môn | Xiàmén (厦门) | Mandarin |
| Xi'an | Tây An | Xī'ān (西安) | Mandarin |
| Yangtze River | Trường Giang | Cháng Jiāng (长江) | Mandarin |
| Zhengzhou | Trịnh Châu | Zhèngzhōu (郑州) | Mandarin |

## Cyprus

Cyprus Đảo Síp :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Nicosia | Ni-cô-xi-a | Lefkosía (Λευκωσία) | Greek |
| Nicosia | Ni-cô-xi-a | Lefkoşa | Turkish |

## Czechia

Czechia Tiệp Khắc, Séc :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Prague | Thiệp Khẩu, Pra-ha | Praha | Czech | |

## Denmark

Denmark Đan Mạch :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Copenhagen | Cô-pen-ha-ghen, Cô-pen-ha-gen | København | Danish |
| Greenland | Grin-len, Thanh Đảo | Grønland | Danish |
| Nuuk | Nu-úc | Godthåb | Danish |

## East Timor

East Timor Đông Ti-mo, Đông Timor, Ti-mo Le-xte :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Dili | Đi-li | Dili | Tetum | |

## Egypt

Egypt Ai Cập, Y Diệp, Ê-díp-tô :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Alexandria | A-lếch-xan-đri-a | al-Iskandarīyya (الإسكندرية) | Standard Arabic | |
| Alexandria | A-lếch-xan-đri-a | Rakoti (Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ) | Coptic | |
| Cairo | Kê Thành | al-Qāhirah (القاهرة‎) | Standard Arabic |
| Cairo | Kê Thành | Maṣr (مَصر) | Egyptian Arabic | Maṣr is the same name as the Arabic name for the country. As Cairo is the country's primate city, the endonym can sometimes be used to identify the city as well. |
| Port Said | thành phố Cảng (Port) Said | Bor Sa3yīd(بورسعيد) | Egyptian Arabic | |

## Estonia

Estonia E-xtô-ni-a :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Tallinn | Ta-lin | Talin | Estonian |

## Ethiopia

Ethiopia Ê-thi-óp, Ê-thi-ô-bi, Ê-ti-ô-pi-a :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Addis Ababa | A-đi A-ba-ba | አዲስ አበባ (Addis Abeba) | Amharic |

## Finland

Finland Phần Lan :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Helsinki | Hiệu Sinh Kì | Helsinki | Finnish |

## France

France Pháp Lan Tây, Pháp, Phú Lãng Sa :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Lyon | Li-ông | Lyon | French |
| Marseille | Ma-xai | Marseille | French |
| Nice | Niết-xa | Nice | French |
| Nouvelle Calédonie | Tân Thế Giới | Nouvelle Calédonie | French |
| Paris | Ba Lê, Pha Lí, Pa-ri | Paris | French |
| Sète | Xét-ta | Sète | French |
| Toulon | Thu-long | Toulon | French |

## Georgia

Georgia Gruzia, Gru-di-a, Giê-oóc-gi-a :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Tbilisi | Tbi-li-xi | Tbilisi (თბილისი) | Georgian |

## Germany

Germany Đức, An-lê-mân :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Berlin | Bá Linh, Béc-lin | Berlin | German |
| Cologne | Côn, Cô-lô-nhơ | Köln / Koeln | German |
| Hamburg | Hàm Phủ | Hamburg | German |
| Hanover | An-nô-vi | Hannover | German |

## Greece

Greece Hy Lạp, Cự Liệt, Cừ Sách, Gờ-réc :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Athens | Nhã Điển, Á Thiên, A-ten | Athína (Αθήνα) | Greek |
| Ionian Islands | Y Du Nhiên | | Greek |
| Santorini | Đảo San Hô | Thíra (Θήρα) | Greek |
| Thessalonica | Salonica | Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) | Greek |
| Zakynthos | San-tê | Zákynthos (Ζάκυνθος) | Greek |

## Iceland

Iceland Băng Đảo, Ai-xơ-len :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Reykjavik | Rây-ki-a-vích | Reykjavík | Icelandic |

## India

India Ấn Độ, Thiên Trúc :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Ganges | sông Hằng | Gangā (गंगा) | Hindi |
| Goa | Cô Á | Gōvā (गोवा) | Hindi |
| New Delhi | Tân Đề Li, Niu Đê-li | Naī Dillī (नई दिल्ली) | Hindi |

## Indonesia

Indonesia Nam Dương, Vạn Đảo, In-đô-nê-xi-a :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Aceh | A Chinh | Aceh | Indonesian |
| Batavia | Ba Thiềng | | | modern-day Jakarta |
| Jakarta | Giang Lưu Ba | Jakarta | Indonesian |
| Java | Trảo Oa | Java | Indonesian |
| Palembang | Tam Phật Tề | Palembang | Indonesian |

## Iran

Iran Ba Tư :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Tehran | Tề Lan, Tê-hê-ran | Ťehrân (تهران‎) | Persian |

## Iraq

Iraq Y Lạp :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Baghdad | Bác Đạt, Bát-đa | Baghdad (بغداد‎) | Standard Arabic |

## Ireland

Ireland Ái Nhĩ Lan, Ai-len :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Dublin | Đạp Lân, Đu-blin | Baile Átha Cliath | Irish | English name also used locally |

## Israel

Israel Do Thái, I-xra-en, Y-sơ-ra-ên, Ít-ra-en :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Acre | Akko | Ako (עכו) | Hebrew | |
| Bethlehem | Bê-lem, Bết-lê-hem | Bayt Laḥm (בית לחם) | Hebrew | currently in Palestinian territories |
| Jerusalem | Gia Liêm, Giê-ru-xa-lem, Giê-ru-sa-lem | Yerushaláyim (ירושלים) | Hebrew | partially in Palestinian territories |
| Judea | Do Thái | Yehuda (יהודה) | Hebrew | currently in Palestinian territories |

## Italy

Italy Ý Đại Lợi, Ý :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Capri | Ca Pha Lí | Capri | Italian |
| Genoa | Giai Noa | Genoa | Italian |
| Naples | Nạp Bồ Lê | Napoli | Italian |
| Rome | La Mã | Roma | Italian |
| Venice | Vơ-ni-dơ | Venezia | Italian |

## Japan

Japan Nhật Bản, Nhật :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Hiroshima | Quảng Ðảo | Hiroshima (広島) | Japanese |
| Hokkaido | Bắc Hải Ðạo | Hokkaidō (北海道) | Japanese |
| Honshu | Bổn Châu | Honshū (本州) | Japanese |
| Kansai | Quan Tây | Kansai (関西) | Japanese |
| Kanto | Quan Ðông | Kantō (関東) | Japanese |
| Kobe | Thần Hộ | Kōbe (神戸) | Japanese |
| Kyoto | Kinh Ðô | Kyōto (京都) | Japanese |
| Kyushu | Cửu Châu | Kyūshū (九州) | Japanese |
| Nagasaki | Tràng Kỳ | Nagasaki (長崎) | Japanese |
| Okinawa | Xung Thằng | Okinawa (沖縄) | Japanese |
| Osaka | Đại Phản | Ōsaka (大阪) | Japanese |
| Ryukyu | Lưu Cầu | Ryūkyū (琉球) | Japanese |
| Sapporo | Trát Hoảng | Sapporo (札幌) | Japanese |
| Sendai | Tiên Ðài | Sendai (仙台) | Japanese |
| Senkaku | Tiêm Các | Senkaku Shotō (尖閣諸島) | Japanese |
| Shikoku | Tứ Quốc | Shikoku (四国) | Japanese |
| Tokyo | Đông Kinh | Tōkyō (東京) | Japanese |
While some Japanese have Sino-Japanese names, others have native Japanese names (yamato kotoba), or a combination of both, the Vietnamese names for these cities are based on the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations of the kanji used to write their names. However, using the endonym is far more common than the Vietnamese exonym.

## Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan Ca-dắc-xtan :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Nur-Sultan | A-xta-na | Nur-Sultan (Нұр-Сұлтан) | Kazakh | |

## Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan Cư-rơ-gư-dơ-xtan, Ki-rơ-ghi-zi-a :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Bishkek | Bi-sơ-kếch | Bishkek (Бишкек) | Kyrgyz |
| Bishkek | Bi-sơ-kếch | Bishkek (Бишкек) | Russian |

## Laos

Laos Ai Lao, Lào :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Champasak | Ba Thắc | Cham Pasak (ຈຳ ປາສັກ) | Lao | |
| Houaphanh | Sầm Châu | Huaphan (ຫົວພັນ) | Lao | |
| Kingdom of Luang Phrabang | Nam Chưởng | | | |
| Khamkeut | Cam Cát | Khamkoed (ຄຳເກີດ) | Lao | |
| Khammouane | Cam Môn | Kham Muan (ຄຳ ມ່ວນ) | Lao | |
| Luang Phrabang | Luông Pha Băng, Lão Qua | Luangphabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ) | Lao | |
| Samneua | Sầm Nứa | Sam Neu (ຊຳ ເໜືອ) | Lao | |
| Sam Tai | Sầm Tộ | Muang Xam Tai (ຊຳໃຕ້) | Lao | |
| Vientiane | Vạn Tượng, Viêng Chăn | Viangchan (ວຽງຈັນ) | Lao | Transcription based on native pronunciation as opposed to English spelling |
| Xiangkhoang | Trấn Ninh | Siangkhuaang (ຊຽງຂວາງ) | Lao | |
| Xiengkho | Trình Cố | Siangkho (ຊຽງຄໍ້) | Lao | |

## Latvia

Latvia Lát-vi-a :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Riga | Ri-ga | Riga | Latvian | |

## Libya

Libya Li-bi :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Tripoli | Tri-po-li | Ṭarābulus (طرابلس) | Standard Arabic | |

## Lithuania

Lithuania Lít-va :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Vilnius | Vin-ni-út | Vilnius | Lithuanian | |

## Luxembourg

Luxembourg Lục Xâm Bảo :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Luxembourg City | Thành phố Lúc-xăm-bua | Lëtzebuerg | Luxembourgish | |

## Malaysia

Malaysia Mã Lai Tây Á, Ma-lai-xi-a :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Bidong Island | Hòn Rắn | Pulau Bidong | Malay |
| Kuala Lumpur | Cát Long Pha | Kuala Lumpur | Malay |
| Penang Island | Cù lao Cau | Pulau Pinang | Malay |

## Moldova

Moldova Môn-đô-va :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Chisinau | Ki-si-nhốp | Chișinău | Moldovan | |

## Mongolia

Mongolia Mông Cổ :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Ulaanbaatar | Ulan Bato | Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар) | Mongolian Cyrillic |
| Ulaanbaatar | Ulan Bato | Ulaghanbaghator (ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ) | Mongolian script |

## Montenegro

Montenegro Môn-tê-nê-grô :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Podgorica | Pốt-gô-ri-xa | Podgorica (Подгорица) | Montenegrin | |

## Morocco

Morocco Ma-rốc :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Casablanca | Bạch Ốc | ad-Dār al-Bayḍā' (الدار البيضاء) / Kazablanka (كازابلانكا) | Arabic |
| Casablanca | Bạch Ốc | Anfa (ⴰⵏⴼⴰ) | Berber languages |
| Rabat | Ra-bát | ar-Rabat (الرباط) | Arabic |

## Mexico

Mexico Mễ Tây Cơ, Mễ Ti Cơ, Mê-hi-cô :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Mexico City | Thành phố Mễ Tây Cơ, Mê-hi-cô Xi-ti | Ciudad de México | Spanish | |

## Myanmar

Myanmar Mi-an-ma, Miến Điện, Diến Điện :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Naypyidaw | Nây-pi-tô | Nay Pyi Taw (နေပြည်တော်) | Burmese |
| Yangon | Ngưỡng Quang, Ragoon | Raankone (ရန်ကုန်) | Burmese |

## Netherlands

Netherlands Hà Lan, Hòa Lan, Hoa Lang :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Amsterdam | Am-xtéc-đam | Amsterdam | Dutch |
| Rotterdam | Luật Tước Đàm | Rotterdam | Dutch |
| The Hague | Hạc Phủ | Den Haag | Dutch |

## New Zealand

New Zealand Tân Tây Lan, Niu Di-lân :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Notes |
| Wellington | Oen-ling-tơn |

## North Korea

North Korea Bắc Triều Tiên :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Pyongyang | Bình Nhưỡng | Phyŏngyang (평양) | Korean |
| Hamhung | Hàm Hưng | Hamhǔng (함흥) | Korean |
| Rason | La Tiên | Rasŏn (라선) | Korean |
| Sinuiju | Tân Nghĩa Châu | Sinŭiju (신의주) | Korean |
| Kaesong | Khai Thành | Kaesŏng (개성) | Korean |
| Chongjin | Thanh Tân | Chŏngjin (청진) | Korean |
| Nampo | Nam Phổ | Nampho (남포) | Korean |
| Wonsan | Nguyên Sơn | Wŏnsan (원산) | Korean |

## North Macedonia

North Macedonia Bắc Macedonia :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Skopje | Xcốp-pi-ê | Скопје (Skopje) | Macedonian |

## Norway

Norway Na Uy :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Oslo | Ốt-xlô | Oslo | Norwegian |

## Pakistan

Pakistan Pa-ki-xtan :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Islamabad | I-xla-ma-bát | Islamabad (اسلام آباد) | Urdu |

## Philippines

Philippines Phi Luật Tân, Phi-líp-pin :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Manila | Ma Ní | Manila | Tagalog |
| Luzon | Lữ Tống | Luzon | Tagalog |

## Poland

Poland Ba Lan :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Warsaw | Vác-sa-va | Warszawa | Polish |

## Portugal

Portugal Bồ Đào Nha :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Lisbon | Lisboa | Lisboa | Portugal |

## Romania

Romania Ru-ma-ni :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Bucharest | Bu-ca-rét | București | Romanian |

## Russia

Russia Nga La Tư, Nga :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Kamchatka | Cam-sát-ca | Kamchatka (Камчатка) | Russian |
| Moscow | Mạc Tư Khoa, Mát-xcơ-va | Moskva (Москва) | Russian |
| Novosibirsk | Nô-vô-xi-biếc | Novosibirsk (Новосибирск) | Russian |
| Saint Petersburg | Bá Đa Phủ, Bỉ Đắc | Sankt-Peterburg (Санкт-Петербург) | Russian |
| Sevastopol | Tô Bồ Lô | Sevastopol' (Севастополь) | Russian |
| Vladivostok | Hải Sâm Uy, Thắng Đông, Viễn Đông | Vladivostok (Владивосток) | Russian |
| Volgagrad | Vôn-ga-grát | Volgagrad (Волгоград) | Russian |

## Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia Ả Rập Xê Út :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Riyadh | E-ri-át | ar-Riyadh (لرياض) | Standard Arabic |

## South Africa

South Africa Nam Phi :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Bloemfontein | Blô-phông-ten | Bloemfontein | English |
| Cape Town | Hảo Vọng Giác, Kếp-tao | Cape Town | English |
| Pretoria | Pri-tơ-ri-a | Pretoria | English |

## South Korea

South Korea Đại Hàn, Nam Triều Tiên, Hàn Quốc :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Busan | Phủ Sơn | Busan (부산) | Korean |
| Chungju | Trung Châu | Chungju (충주) | Korean |
| Daegu | Đại Khâu | Daegu (대구) | Korean |
| Gangnam | Giang Nam | Gangnam (강남) | Korean |
| Incheon | Nhân Xuyên | Inchŏn (인천) | Korean |
| Jeju | Tế Châu | Jeju (제주) | Korean |
| Seoul | Hán Thành Xơ-un | Hansŏng (한성) Sŏul (서울) | Korean |

## Spain

Spain Tây Ban Nha, Y Pha Nho :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Alicante | A Li Căn | Alicante | Spanish |
| Almansa | An-ma-gia | Almansa | Spanish |
| Barcelona | Ba Xà Luân | Barcelona | Spanish |
| Cadiz | Ca-đích | Cádiz | Spanish |
| Madrid | Ma Địch Lí, Ma Lí, Ma-đrít | Madrid | Spanish |
| Menorca | Mi-nô-ca | Menorca | Spanish |
| Valencia | Ba-linh-xa | València | Spanish |

## Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka Tích Lan, Sai Lăng, Xri Lan-ca :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Colombo | Kha Luân Bố, Cô-lôm-bô | Kolamba (කොළඹ) | Sinhala |
| Colombo | Kha Luân Bố, Cô-lôm-bô | Koḻumpu (கொழும்பு) | Tamil |

## Sweden

Sweden Thụy Điển, Xu Y Đà :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Stockholm | Tốc Hàm, Xtốc-khôm | Stockholm | Swedish |

## Switzerland

Switzerland Thụy Sĩ :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Bern | Bơn | Bern | German |
| Bern | Bơn | Bärn | Alemannic German |
| Bern | Bơn | Berne | French |
| Bern | Bơn | Berna | Italian |
| Bern | Bơn | Berna | Romansch |
| Geneva | Genève | Genève | French |

## Taiwan

Taiwan Đài Loan :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Hualien | Hoa Liên | Huālián (花蓮) | Mandarin |
| Kaohsiung | Cao Hùng | Gāoxióng (高雄) | Mandarin |
| Keelung | Cơ Long | Jīlóng (基隆) | Mandarin |
| Taichung | Đài Trung | Táizhōng (台中 / 臺中) | Mandarin |
| Tainan | Đài Nam | Táinán (台南 / 臺南) | Mandarin |
| Taipei | Đài Bắc | Táiběi (台北 / 臺北) | Mandarin |
| Taitung | Đài Đông | Táidōng (台东 / 臺東) | Mandarin |

## Thailand

Thailand (Thái Lan, Thái Quốc) :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Ayutthaya | Thượng Thành | Ayutthaya (อยุธยา) | Thai |
| Bangkok | Vọng Các, Băng Cốc | Krung Thep (กรุงเทพ) | Thai |
| Chanthaburi | Chân Bôn | Chanthaburi (จันทบุรี) | Thai |
| Chiang Mai | Chiêng Mài, Xương Mại | Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) | Thai |
| Chiang Rai | Chiềng Rai | Chiang Rai (เชียงราย) | Thai |
| Chiang Rai | Chiềng Hai | Jiang Hai (ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ) | Northern Thai |
| Ko Chang | Dương Khảm | Ko Chang (เกาะช้าง) | Thai |
| Ko Kut | Cổ Cốt | Ko Kut (เกาะกูด) | Thai |
| Lopburi | La Hộc | Lop Buri (ลพบุรี) | Thai |
| Nakhon Phanom | Na Khổng Phù Nam | Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม) | Thai |
| Nakhon Ratchasima | Cổ Lạc | Nakhon Ratchasima (นครราชสีมา) | Thai |
| Nakhon Si Thammarat | Na Khổng Tam Hoạt | Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช) | Thai |
| Nongkhai | Mường Nông | Nongkhai (หนองคาย) | Thai |
| Pattani | Tà Nê | Pattani (ปัตตานี) | Thai |
| Sukhothai | Xụ-khổ-thay | Sukhothai (สุโขทัย) | Thai |

## Tajikistan

Tajikistan :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Dushanbe | Đu-san-be | Dushanbe (Душанбе) | Tajik |

## Tunisia

Tunisia Tuy-ni-di :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Tunis | Tuy-nít | Tunis (تونس) | Standard Arabic |

## Turkey

Turkey Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ, Tu-ru-cô, Tu-ru-ky :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Ephesus | Ê-phê-sô | Efes | Turkish |
| Istanbul | Tân La Mã | İstanbul | Turkish |

## Ukraine

Ukraine U-crai-na, Ukraina :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Kyiv | Ki-ép | Kyiv (Київ) | Ukrainian |

## United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates Các Tiểu vương quốc Ả Rập Thống nhất :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Abu Dhabi | ʼAbū Ẓaby | Abu Dhabi (أبوظبي) | Arabic |
| Dubai | Đu-bai | Dubey (دبيّ) | Arabic |

## United Kingdom

United Kingdom Đại Anh, Anh Cát Lợi, Anh, Anh Quốc, Vương quốc Anh, Liên hiệp Anh :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language |
| Edinburgh | Ê-đin-brơ | Edinburgh | English |
| Edinburgh | Ê-đin-brơ | Edinburgh | Scots |
| England | Anh Cát Lợi, Hồng Mao | England | English |
| Northern Ireland | Bắc Ái Nhĩ Lan | Northern Ireland | English |
| London | Luân Đôn, Long-đôn | London | English |
| Scotland | Tô Cách Lan, Y Cốt, Xcốt-len, Scôtlen | Scotland | English |
| Wales | Uy Nhĩ Sĩ, Huệ Châu, xứ Gan, xứ Wales | Wales | English |

## United States

United States Á Mĩ Lợi Gia, Mỹ, Hoa Kỳ :
| English name | Vietnamese name |
| Arlington, VA | Ái Linh Tân |
| Arlington, TX | Ái Linh Tân |
| Baltimore | Bạt Đế Mỗ |
| Boston | Bật Tân |
| California | Ca-li, Ca-li--ni-a, Ca-li-phoóc-nha |
| Harlem | Hắc Lem |
| Hawaii | Hạ Uy Di |
| Hollywood | Hoa Lệ Ước, Hồ Ly Vọng |
| Honolulu | Hòn Lau |
| Los Angeles | Lốt, Lộc Án Gia Lê |
| Manhattan | Mã Nhật Tân |
| New Orleans | Ngọc Lân, Tân Linh |
| New York | Nữu Ước, Niu Gioóc, Tiểu bang New York |
| New York City | Thành phố New York |
| North Carolina | Bắc Carolina |
| North Dakota | Bắc Dakota |
| Orange County | Quận Cam |
| Philadelphia | Huynh Đệ thành |
| San Francisco | Cựu Kim Sơn, Xăng Phăng, Phàn thành |
| Seven Corners | Ngã Bảy |
| South Carolina | Nam Carolina |
| South Dakota | Nam Dakota |
| Washington | Hoa Thịnh Đốn, Hoa Sinh Tân |
| Washington, D.C. | Oa-xinh-tơn |
| West Virginia | Tây Virginia |
The most common name for America in Vietnamese, Hoa Kỳ, means "Flower Flag" in Vietnamese, in reference to the United States' flag.

## Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan :
| English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Endonym | Notes |
| English name | Vietnamese name | Name | Language | |
| Tashkent | Ta-sơ-ken | Toshkent | Uzbek |

## Other

| English name | Vietnamese name | Notes |
| Alps | Ân Lô Bi, An-pơ, dãy Anpơ | |
| Annamite Mountains | Dãy (núi) Trường Sơn | |
| Aral Sea | Hàm Hải, Biển Aral | |
| Atlantic Ocean | Đại Tây | |
| Dead Sea | Biển Chết | |
| East China Sea | Biển Hoa Đông | |
| Euphrates | Uông Phát, Ơ-phơ-rát, sông Euphrates | |
| Mount Everest | đỉnh Everest | |
| Himalayas | Hi Mã Lạp Sơn, dãy Himalaya | |
| Indian Ocean | Ấn Độ Dương | |
| Indus River | Sông Ấn (Độ) | |
| Issyk-Kul | Nhiệt Hải, hồ Issyk-Kul | |
| Mediterranean Sea | (Biển) Địa Trung Hải | |
| Mekong River | Mê Kông, Cửu Long | |
| Nile River | Sông Nin, sông Nhĩ Lô | |
| Pacific Ocean | Thái Bình Dương | |
| Palestine | Ba-lạc-đĩnh, vùng Palestine | |
| Persian Gulf | Vịnh Ba Tư | |
| Red Sea | Xích hải, Hồng Hải, Biển Đỏ | |
| Rocky Mountains | Thạch Sơn, dãy núi Rocky | |
| Sahara Desert | Sa mạc Lớn, Sa mạc Sahara | |
| Sea of Japan | Biển Nhật Bản | See also: Sea of Japan naming dispute |
| Sunda Strait | Cửa Song Đề, eo biển Sunda | |
| South China Sea | Hoa Nam hải, Đông hải (from East Sea), Biển Đông | |
| Tigris | Tích Giang, Ti-gơ-rơ, Tigrơ, sông Tigris | |
| Baltic Sea | Ba La Đích hải, biển Baltic | |