# Ronald T. Raines

Ronald T. Raines is an American chemical biologist. He is the Roger and Georges Firmenich Professor of Natural Products Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is known for using ideas and methods of physical organic chemistry to solve important problems in biology.

## Education

Raines was born and raised in the New Jersey suburbs of New York City. His father was a Ph.D. chemist, having worked with Charles O. Beckman at Columbia University. Raines graduated from West Essex High School in North Caldwell, New Jersey, where he was taught by award-winning chemistry teacher, Rex T. Morrison. He received Sc.B. degrees in chemistry and biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, doing undergraduate research with Christopher T. Walsh on pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes. He earned A.M. and Ph.D. degrees in chemistry at Harvard University for work with Jeremy R. Knowles on catalysis by triosephosphate isomerase. Also on his Ph.D. thesis committee were Walter Gilbert and Martin Karplus. Raines was a Helen Hay Whitney postdoctoral fellow with William J. Rutter in the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco, where he cloned and expressed the gene encoding bovine pancreatic ribonuclease.

## Career

Raines was a member of the faculty at the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1989 until 2017. There, he was the Henry A. Lardy Professor of Biochemistry, Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Biology, and a Professor of Chemistry. In 2009, he was a Visiting Associate in Chemistry at Caltech; in 2014, he was the Givaudan–Karrer Distinguished Visiting Professor at the Universität Zürich. In 2017, he returned to Cambridge, Massachusetts to join the faculty of his alma mater, MIT. He is also an Extramural Member of the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT and an Associate Member of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard. Altogether, he has mentored more than 100 graduate students and postdoctorates.
Raines and his coworkers have made the following contributions.
* Revelation of the basis for the conformational stability of collagen, which is the most abundant protein in animals. This work led to the discovery that unappreciated chemical forces—the n→π* interaction and C5 hydrogen bond—contribute to the stability of nearly every protein. His hyperstable collagens are in preclinical trials for the detection and treatment of wounds and fibrosis.
* Discovery of how to endow an otherwise innocuous human RNA-cleaving enzyme with toxicity that is specific for cancer cells. Such a ribonuclease is in a human clinical trial as an anti-cancer agent.
* Mechanistic insight on cellular redox homeostasis and on imperatives for the uptake of cationic proteins and peptides by mammalian cells.
* Invention of chemical processes to synthesize proteins and to convert crude biomass into useful fuels and chemicals, and fluorogenic probes to image the uptake of molecules into living cells.
Raines serves on the editorial advisory boards of the journals ACS Chemical Biology; Bioconjugate Chemistry; Current Opinion in Chemical Biology; Peptide Science; Protein Engineering, Design & Selection; and Protein Science. He was the Chair of the NIH study section that evaluated grant applications in synthetic and biological chemistry.

## Awards and honors

* Helen Hay Whitney Fellow
* Searle Scholar Award
* Presidential Young Investigator Award
* Shaw Scientist Award
* Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry, ACS
* Guggenheim Fellow
* AAAS Fellow
* Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award, ACS
* Emil Thomas Kaiser Award
* Fellow, Royal Society of Chemistry
* Rao Makineni Lectureship
* Welch Lectureship
* Repligen Corporation Award in Chemistry of Biological Processes, ACS
* Jeremy Knowles Award, RSC
* Humboldt Research Award
* Ralph F. Hirschmann Award in Peptide Chemistry, ACS
* Fellow, National Academy of Inventors
* Vincent du Vigneaud Award
* Fellow, Royal Society of Biology
* Max Bergmann Medal
* Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
* Khorana Prize, RSC
* Biopolymers Murray Goodman Memorial Prize, ACS