# Latin diminutive

The Latin language has a robust diminutive-forming system. There are many diminutive suffixes: those in calculus, axilla, fistula, and areola to start. There is often more than one correct way to form a diminutive, and many more incorrect ones.

## Gender

The masculine, feminine, and neuter diminutives often end in -us, -a, and -um.
* later, -is (m.) > later-cul-us (m.)
* mulier, -is (f.) > mulier-cul-a (f.)
* tūber, -is (n.) > tūber-cul-um (n.)
There are exceptions. These masculine words end in -a:
* scurr-a (m.) > scurr-ul-a (m.)
* vern-a (m.) > vern-ul-a (m.)
Many have a vowel, followed by one or two ls, followed by the endings just mentioned. Here we see stem + 'ul' + ending.
Example :
| Nomative | diminutive alterius generis | diminutive eiusdem generis |
| ac-us (f.) | aculeus (m.) | |
| calx, calc-is (f.) | calc-ulus (m.) | |
| can-is, -is (m./f.) | can-īcula (f.) | |
| catēn-a (f.) | catēl-lus (m.) | catēl-la (f.) / catēn-ula (f.) |
| cicer, -is (n.) | cicer-cula (f.) | |
| convent-us, -ūs (m.) | convent-iculum (n.) | |
| curr-us, -ūs (m.) | curr-iculum (n.) | |
| diē-s (m./f.) | diē-cula (f.) | |
| galēr-us (m.) | galēr-iculum (n.) | |
| gust-us, -ūs (m.) | gust-ulum (n.) | |
| linter, lintr-is (f.) | lintr-iculus (m.) | |
| nŭx, nŭc-is (f.) | nŭc-(u)leus (m.) | nŭc-ula (f.) |
| pistrīn-um (n.) | pistrīl-la (f.) | |
| rān-a (f.) | rān-unculus (m.) | rān-ula (f.) |
| statu-a (f.) | stat-unculum (n.) | |
| ungu-is, -is (m.) | ung-ula (f.) | ungu-iculus (m.) |
| vepr-ēs, -is (m.) | vepr-ēcula (f.) | |
The rules can be a bit involved. The diminutive depends on the gender, declination (first, second, etc.) and the root's ending.

## First and second declension
### Conspectus parvus

| Stem termination | Diminutive formation | Examples | Examples | Examples | Vide : |
| Stem termination | Diminutive formation | Simplex form | Diminutive 1 | diminutive 2 | Vide : |
| - | + -ul- | hort-us | hort-ul-us | | hic |
| -e- / -i- | + -ol- | calce-us | calce-ol-us | | hic |
| -ul- | -ul- > -ell- | ocul-us | ocel-l-us | | hic |
| -ul- | -ul- > -ill- | bacul-um | bacil-l-um | | hic |
| muta + r | -r- > -ell- | umbr-a | umbel-l-a | | hic |
| -er- | -er- > -ell- | oper-a | opel-l-a | oper-ul-a | hic |
| -ēn- | -ēn- > -ēll- | catēn-a | catēl-l-a | catēn-ul-a | hic |
| -ĭn- | -ĭn- > -ell- | pāgĭn-a | pāgel-l-a | pāgĭn-ul-a | hic |
| -īn- | -īn- > -īll- | crumīn-a | crumīl-l-a | | hic |
| -īn- | -īn- > -īll- | vāgīn-a | | vāgīn-ul-a | hic |
| -ōn- | -ōn- > -ōll- | corōn-a | corōl-l-a | corōn-ul-a | hic |
| -gn- | -gn- > -gill- | pugn-us | pugil-l-us | | hic |
| -gn- | -gn- > -gill- | agn-us | | agn-ell -us | hic |
| -mn- | -mn- > -mell- | column-a | columel-l-a | | hic |
| -mn- | -mn- > -mell- | aerumn-a | | aerumn-ul-a | hic |
| -aul- -āl- -ēl- | -aul- > -auxill- -āl- > -axill- -ēl- > -exill- | paul-us | pauxil-l-us | paul-ul-us | hic |

### Regula Generalis

In general the diminutive of nouns of the first or second declension which end in obstruents or the semivowel /w/ (written <v>) take the suffix -ulus/-ula/-ulum (depending on gramatical gender).
| Classis | Regular | Regular | Irregular | Irregular |
| Classis | principale | deminutive | principale | deminutive |
| Regula principalis | vīc-us | vīc-ulus | | |
| Regula principalis | fīc-us (f.) | fīc-ula | | |
| Regula principalis | port-a | port-ula | | |
| Regula principalis | scurr-a (m.) | scurr-ula (m.) | | |
| Regula principalis | crust-um | crust-ulum | | |
| Regula principalis | cerv-a | cervula | | |
| Regula principalis | rīvus | rīvulus | | |

### Stems ending in Vowels

Nouns of the first or second declension whose stems end in a vowel typically take -ola, -olus, or -olum depending on if they are of the feminine, masculine, or neuter gender respectively. Words ending in the glide /w/ (written v), take -ul- like other stems ending in consonants (cf. cerva/cervula).
| Classis | Regular | Regular | Irregular | Irregular |
| Classis | stem | diminutiive | stem | diminutive |
| Regula principalis | gladi-us | gladi-olus | | |
| Regula principalis | besti-a | besti-ola | | |
| Regula principalis | palli-um | palli-olum | | |
| Regula principalis | calce-us | calce-olus | | |
| Regula principalis | āre-a | āre-ola | hirne-a | hirn-ula |
| Regula principalis | horre-um | horre-olum | | |
In the first declanation, -ia can become =illa or =ola. (Lucia → Lucilla, sed Tullia → Tulliola).

### Roots with -ul-

Nouns whose stems end in -ul- (either the root itself, or due to the noun in question being a diminutive already), when their diminutive is formed, the stem-final, -ul- changes either to -ell- or -ill-. It is difficult to find any regular correspondence between the context surrounding -ul- and whether the diminutive's stem ends in -ell- or -ill-.
In the table below, those which are diminutives already have the original stem listed under "principle". In cases where the diminutive's meaning is very different from that of the original noun, the noun in question is enclosed with parentheses.
| Stems ending in: | - (Principale) | Base single diminutive | deminutivum double-diminutive | deminutivum double-diminutive |
| Stems ending in: | - (Principale) | Base single diminutive | in -ELL- | in -ILL- |
| -B(UL)- | - | fābul-a | fābell-a | |
| -B(UL)- | - | tābul-a | tābell-a | |
| -C(UL)- | - | ancul-a | | ancill-a |
| -C(UL)- | - | bacul-um | | bacill-um |
| -C(UL)- | - | crepitācul-um | | crepitācill-um |
| -C(UL)- | cōdex | cōdicul-us | | cōdicill-us |
| -C(UL)- | mollis (adi.) | mollicul-us (adi.) | mollicell-us (adi.) | |
| -C(UL)- | (pēnis) | pēnicul-us | | pēnicill-us |
| -C(UL)- | avis | avicul-a | aucell-a | |
| -C(UL)- | locus | locul-us | locell-us | |
| -C(UL)- | - | ocul-us | ocell-us | |
| -C(UL)- | - | pōcul-um | | pōcill-um |
| -C(UL)- | bucca | buccul-a | buccell-a | |
| -C(UL)- | porcus | porcul-us | porcell-us | |
| -C(UL)- | furca | furcul-a | | furcill-a |
| -D(UL)- | haedus | haedul-us | | haedill-us |
| -F(UL)- | offa | offul-a | ŏfell-a | |
| -G(UL)- | - | angul-us | angell-us | |
| -G(UL)- | - | singul-us (adi.) | | singill-atim (adv.) |
| -G(UL)- | - | cingul-um | | cingill-um |
| -G(UL)- | (unguis) | ungul-a | ungell-a | |
| -M(UL)- | mamma | mammul-a | | mămill-a |
| -N(UL)- | āgnus) | āgnul-us | āgnell-us | |
| -N(UL)- | (ānus) | ānul-us | ānell-us | |
| -P(UL)- | - | manipul-us | manipell-us | |
| -P(UL)- | pūpus/-a | pūpul-us/-a | | pūpill-us/-a |
| -R(UL)- | murmur | murmurul-um | | murmurill-um |
| -R(UL)- | turtur | turturul-a | | turturill-a |
| -S(UL)- | caps-a | capsul-a | capsell-a | |
| -S(UL)- | pūsus | pūsul-us | | pŭsill-us |
| -T(UL)- | aries | arietul-us | | arietill-us |
| -T(UL)- | - | catul-us/-a | catell-us/-a | |
| -T(UL)- | cist-a | cistul-a | cistell-a | |
| -T(UL)- | pūtus | pūtul-us | | pŭtill-us |
| -T(UL)- | - | situl-a | sitell-a | |
The double diminutives of words ending in -er, or -in-, are usually formed by adding -ul- to the end of the existing diminutive..
Caption text :
| Context | Root | Single Diminutive | Double Diminutive |
| -in- | asin-us | asel-lus | asell-ulus |
| -er- | culter | cultel-lus | cult-ell-ulus |
| -ul- | ocul-us | ocellus | ocellulus |

### Roots with -r-

| Stems ending in: | Examples | Examples | Following the general rule | Following the general rule |
| Stems ending in: | principale | deminutivum | principale | deminutivum |
| cons. + r | libĕr, libr-i | libel-lus | | |
| cons. + r | umbr-a | umbel-la | | |
| cons. + r | fenestr-a | fenestel-la | fenestr-a | fenestr-ula |
| cons. + r | sacr-um | sacel-lum | | |
| -ĕr- | misĕr, misĕr-i (adi.) | misel-lus | misĕr, misĕr-i (adi.) | misĕr-ulus |
| -ĕr- | tenĕr, tenĕr-i (adi.) | tenel-lus | tenĕr, tenĕr-i (adi.) | tenĕr-ulus |
| -ĕr- | puĕr, puĕr-i | puel-lus | puĕr, puĕr-i | puĕr-ulus |
| -ĕr- | opĕr-a | opel-la | opĕr-a | opĕr-ula |
| -ĕr- | tessĕr-a | tessel-la | tessĕr-a | tessĕr-ula |
| -ĕr- | camĕr-a | camel-la | littĕr-a | littĕr-ula |
| -ĕr- | patĕr-a | patel-la | | |
| -ŏr- | amphŏr-a | ampul-la | | |
| -ŭr- | satŭr, satŭr-i (adi.) | satul-lus | | |

### Roots with -n-

| Stems ending in: | Examples | Examples | Following the general rule | Following the general rule |
| Stems ending in: | principale | deminutivum | principale | deminutivum |
| -ēn- | catēn-a | catēl-la /-lus (m.) | catēn-a | catēn-ula |
| -ēn- | | | cēn-a | cēn-ula |
| -ēn- | | | habēn-a | habēn-ula |
| -ēn- | | | harēn-a | harēn-ula |
| -ēn- | | | vēn-a | vēn-ula |
| -ēn- | | | ahēn-um | ahēn-ulum |
| -ĭn- | asĭn-us/-a | asel-lus/-la | domĭn-us | domĭn-ulus |
| -ĭn- | gemĭn-us | gemel-lus | | |
| -ĭn- | fēmĭn-a | fēmel-la | sarcĭn-a | sarcĭn-ula |
| -ĭn- | fiscĭn-a | fiscel-la | fuscĭn-a | fuscĭn-ula |
| -ĭn- | pāgĭn-a | pāgel-la | pāgĭn-a | pāgĭn-ula |
| -ĭn- | lāmĭn-a | lāmel-la | | |
| -ĭn- | patĭn-a | patel-la | | |
| -īn- | bovīn-us (adi.) | bovīl-lus | gallīn-a | gallīn-ula |
| -īn- | catīn-us | catīl-lus | piscīn-a | piscīn-ula |
| -īn- | lupīn-us | lupīl-lus | spīn-a | spīn-ula |
| -īn- | crumīn-a | crumīl-la | vāgīn-a | vāgīn-ula |
| -īn- | salīn-um | salīl-lum | | |
| -īn- | pulvīn-us | pulvīl-lus | | |
| -īn- | pistrīn-um | pistrīl-la (f.) | | |
| -īn- | vīn-um | vīl-lum | | |
| -ōn- | corōn-a | corōl-la | corōn-a | corōn-ula |
| -ōn- | persōn-a | persōl-la | caupōn-a | caupōn-ula |
| -ōn- | | | zōn-a | zōn-ula |
| -gn- | pugn-us | pugil-lus | agn-us | agn-ellus |
| -gn- | sign-um | sigil-lum | | |
| -gn- | tign-um | tigil-lum | | |
| -mn- | column-a | columel-la | aerumn-a | aerumn-ula |
| -mn- | lāmn-a | lāmel-la | lāmn-a | lāmn-ula |
| -mn- | scamn-um | scabel-lum scabil-lum scamil-lus (m.) | domn-a | domn-ula |

### Roots with -xill-

| Stirpes exeuntes in: | Exempla | Exempla | Excepta | Excepta |
| Stirpes exeuntes in: | principale | deminutivum | principale | deminutivum |
| -aul- -āl- -ēl- | paul-us (adi.) | pauxil-lus | paul-us (adi.) | paul-ulus |
| -aul- -āl- -ēl- | pāl-us | paxil-lus | | |
| -aul- -āl- -ēl- | tāl-us | taxil-lus | | |
| -aul- -āl- -ēl- | āl-a | axil-la | āl-a | āl-icula |
| -aul- -āl- -ēl- | māl-a | maxil-la | | |
| -aul- -āl- -ēl- | vēl-um | vexil-lum | | |

### Exceptions

| deminutiva exeuntia in: | Exempla | Exempla | Exempla |
| deminutiva exeuntia in: | principale | deminutivum irregulare | deminutivum regulare |
| -CUL- | lagoen-a / lagōna | lagun-cula | |
| -ĀCUL- | vern-a (m.) | vern-āculus (m. / adi.) | vern-ula (m.) |
| -ICUL- | āl-a | āl-icula | axil-la |
| -ICUL- | bland-us (adi.) | bland-iculus | bland-ulus |
| -ICUL- | galēr-us (m.) | galēr-iculum (n.) | |
| -ICUL- | montān-us (adi.) | montān-iculus | |
| -ICUL- | pann-us | pann-iculus | pann-ulus |
| -ICUL- | pugn-a | pugn-icula | |
| -ICUL- | thyrs-us | thyrs-iculus | |
| -ICUL- | uter-us | utr-iculus | |
| -IOL- | sigill-um | sigill-iolum | |
| -IOL- | tympan-um | tympan-iolum | |
| -UNCUL- | av-us | av-unculus | |
| -UNCUL- | lemb-us | lemb-unculus | |
| -UNCUL- | mendāci-um | mendāci-unculum | |
| -UNCUL- | petas-us | petas-unculus | |
| -UNCUL- | rān-a (f.) | rān-unculus (m.) | rān-ula (f.) |
| -UNCUL- | statu-a (f.) | stat-unculum (n.) | |
| -UNCUL- | tuguri-um | tuguri-unculum | tuguri-olum |
| -USCUL- | rām-us | rām-usculus | rām-ulus |
| -ULEUS | equ-us | ec-uleus | ec-ulus / equolus |

## Third declension

in -es, -is & -e
| Nomina exeuntia in: | Formatio deminutivi | Exempla | Exempla | Exempla | Vide : |
| Nomina exeuntia in: | Formatio deminutivi | principale | deminutivum 1 | deminutivum 2 | Vide : |
| -ēs | -ēcul- | vulp-ēs | vulp-ēcul-a | | hic |
| -is | -icul- | nāv-is | nāv-icul-a | | hic |
| -ĕ | -icul- | rēt-ĕ | rēt-icul-um | | hic |
More nouns, third declination
| Stirpes exeuntes in: | Formatio deminutivi | Exempla | Exempla | Exempla | Vide : |
| Stirpes exeuntes in: | Formatio deminutivi | principale | deminutivum 1 | deminutivum 2 | Vide : |
| -c- / -g- | + -ul- | făx, făc-is | făc-ul-a | | hic |
| -t- / -d- | + -ul- | nepōs, nepōt-is | nepōt-ul-us | | hic |
| -t- / -d- | + -icul- | anăs, anăt-is | | anăt-icul-a | hic |
| -p- / -b- | + -icul- | plēbs, plēb-is | plēb-icul-a | | hic |
| -n- | -ōn- > -uncul- | ratio, ratiōn-is | ratiun-cul-a | | hic |
| -n- | -ĭn- > -uncul- | homo, homĭn-is | homun-cul-us | | hic |
| -r(r)- / -l(l)- | + -cul- | mulier, -is | mulier-cul-a | | hic |
| -r- < -s- | + -cul- | mūs, mūr-is | mūs-cul-us | | hic |
| -r- < -s- | + -cul- | rūmor, rūmōris | rūmus-cul-us | | hic |
| plures cons. | + -icul- | venter, ventr-is | ventr-icul-us | | hic |

### Nouns in -ēs, -is

| Nomina exeuntia in: | Exempla | Exempla | Excepta | Excepta |
| Nomina exeuntia in: | principale | deminutivum | principale | deminutivum |
| -ēs, -is | vulp-ēs, -is | vulp-ēcula | saepēs, -is | saep-icula |
| -ēs, -is | nūb-ēs, -is | nūb-ēcula | | |
| -ēs, -is | vepr-ēs, -is (m.) | vepr-ēcula (f.) | | |

### Nouns in -is, -is (m./f.) or -ĕ, -is (n.)

| Nomina exeuntia in: | Exempla | Exempla | Excepta | Excepta |
| Nomina exeuntia in: | principale | deminutivum | principale | deminutivum |
| -is, -is (m./f.) -ĕ, -is (n.) | turr-is, -is | turr-icula | vall-is, -is | vall-ēcula |
| -is, -is (m./f.) -ĕ, -is (n.) | nāv-is, -is | nāv-icula | vīt-is, -is | vīt-ēcula (iuxta vīt-icula) |
| -is, -is (m./f.) -ĕ, -is (n.) | ign-is, -is | ign-iculus | corb-is | corb-ula |
| -is, -is (m./f.) -ĕ, -is (n.) | fort-is, -is (adi.) | fort-iculus | virid-is, -is (adi.) | virid-ulus |
| -is, -is (m./f.) -ĕ, -is (n.) | rēt-ĕ, -is (n.) | rēt-iculum | ass-is, -is | ass-ula |
| -is, -is (m./f.) -ĕ, -is (n.) | can-is, -is (m./f.) | can-īcula (f.) | iuven-is, -is | iuven-culus |
| -is, -is (m./f.) -ĕ, -is (n.) | cut-is, -is | cut-īcula | | |
| -is, -is (m./f.) -ĕ, -is (n.) | febr-is, -is | febr-īcula | | |

### Roots with -c- & -g-

| Stirpes exeuntes in: | Exempla | Exempla | Excepta | Excepta |
| Stirpes exeuntes in: | principale | deminutivum | principale | deminutivum |
| -c- -g- | făx, făc-is | făc-ula | | |
| -c- -g- | nŭx, nŭc-is (f.) | nŭc-ula | nŭx, nŭc-is (f.) | nŭc(u)leus (m.) |
| -c- -g- | rēx, rēg-is | rēg-ulus | | |
| -c- -g- | vōx, vōc-is | vōc-ula | | |
| -c- -g- | audāx, audāc-is (adi.) | audāc-ulus | | |
| -c- -g- | lanx, lanc-is | lanc-ula | lanx, lanc-is | lanc-icula |
| -c- -g- | falx, falc-is | falc-ula | falx, falc-is | falc-icula |
| -c- -g- | calx, calc-is (f.) | calc-ulus (m.) | | |

### Roots with -t- and -d-

| Stirpes exeuntes in: | deminutiva in -ul- | deminutiva in -ul- | deminutiva in -icul- | deminutiva in -icul- | Formae irregulares | Formae irregulares |
| Stirpes exeuntes in: | principale | deminutivum | principale | deminutivum | principale | deminutivum |
| -t- -d- | nepōs, nepōt-is | nepōt-ulus | pyxis, pyxid-is | pyxid-icula | lapis, lapid-is | lapil-lus |
| -t- -d- | aetās, aetāt-is | aetāt-ula | anăs, anăt-is | anăt-icula | cor, cordis | cor-culum |
| -t- -d- | civitās, civitāt-is | civitāt-ula | | | lucuns, lucunt-is | lucun-culus |
| -t- -d- | mercēs, mercēd-is | mercēd-ula | pēs, pĕd-is | pĕd-iculus | pēs, pĕd-is | pĕd-iolus / pĕt-iolus |
| -t- -d- | caput, capit-is | capit-ulum | sors, sort-is | sort-icula | | |
| -t- -d- | glans, gland-is | gland-ula | puls, pult-is | pult-icula | | |
| -t- -d- | valens, valent-is (adi.) | valent-ulus | dens, dent-is | dent-iculus | | |
| -t- -d- | infans, infant-is (adi.) | infant-ulus | lens, lent-is | lent-icula | | |
| -t- -d- | blandiloquens, ~nt-is (adi.) | blandiloquent-ulus | fons, font-is | font-iculus | | |
| -t- -d- | adulescens, ~nt-is (adi.) | adulescent-ulus | pons, pont-is | pont-iculus | | |
| -t- -d- | ariēs, ariĕt-is | ariĕt-illus | pars, part-is | part-icula | | |

### Roots with -p- et -b-

| Stirpes exeuntes in: | Exempla | Exempla | Excepta | Excepta |
| Stirpes exeuntes in: | principale | deminutivum | principale | deminutivum |
| -p-? -b- | plēbs, plēb-is | plēb-icula | (plēbēs, -is) | plēb-ēcula |
| -p-? -b- | scrobs, scrob-is | scrob-iculus | | |
| -p-? -b- | trabs, trab-is | trab-icula | (trabēs, -is) | trab-ēcula |

### Roots with -n-

| Stirpes exeuntes in: | Exemplars | Exemplars | Exceptions | Exceptions |
| Stirpes exeuntes in: | base | diminutive | base | diminutive |
| -n- | ratio, ratiōn-is | ratiun-cula | | |
| -n- | sermo, sermōn-is | sermun-culus | | |
| -n- | lēno, lēnōn-is | lēnun-culus | lēno, lēnōn-is | lēnul-lus |
| -n- | homo, homĭn-is | homun-culus | homo, homĭn-is | homul-lus / homun-cio, ~ōnis |
| -n- | caro, carn-is | carun-cula | | |
| -n- | pectĕn, pectĭn-is | pectun-culus | flumĕn, flumĭn-is | flum-icellum |
| -n- | sanguis, sanguĭn-is | sangun-culus | | |

### Roots with -r(r)- et -l(l)-et -s-

| Stirpes exeuntes in: | Exempla | Exempla | Excepta | Excepta |
| Stirpes exeuntes in: | principale | deminutivum | principale | deminutivum |
| -r(r)- | later, later-is | later-culus | later, later-is | later-iculus |
| -r(r)- | mulier, mulier-is | mulier-cula | fūr, fūr-is | fūr-unculus |
| -r(r)- | tūber, tūber-is | tūber-culum | turtŭr, turtŭr-is (m./f.) | turtŭr-illa |
| -r(r)- | cicer, cicer-is (n.) | cicer-cula (f.) | murmŭr, murmŭr-is (n.) | murmŭr-illum |
| -r(r)- | pauper, pauper-is (adi.) | pauper-culus | iecŭr, iecŏr-is | iecus-culum |
| -r(r)- | amātor, amātōr-is | amātor-culus | | |
| -r(r)- | soror, sorōr-is | soror-cula | | |
| -r(r)- | vēr, vēr-is | vēr-culum | | |
| -r(r)- | far, farr-is | far-culum | | |
| -l(l)- | mel, mell-is | mel-culum | | |
| -s- | vās, vās-is | vās-culum | | |

### Roots with -r- and -s-

| Stirpes exeuntes in: | Exempla | Exempla | Excepta | Excepta |
| Stirpes exeuntes in: | principale | deminutivum | principale | deminutivum |
| -r- ex -s- | mās, măr-is (m. subst.) | mās-culus (adi.) | | |
| -r- ex -s- | pulvis, pulvĕr-is | pulvis-culus | | |
| -r- ex -s- | flōs, flōr-is | flōs-culus | | |
| -r- ex -s- | ōs, ōr-is | ōs-culum | | |
| -r- ex -s- | mūs, mūr-is | mūs-culus | | |
| -r- ex -s- | mūnŭs, mūnĕr-is | mūnus-culum | vetus, vetĕr-is (adi.) | vet-ulus |
| -r- ex -s- | corpŭs, corpŏr-is | corpus-culum | | |
| -r- ex -s- | meliŏr, meliōr-is (adi.) | melius-culus | | |
| -r- ex -s- | rūmŏr, rūmōr-is | rūmus-culus | | |
| -r- ex -s- | arbŏr, arbŏr-is | arbus-cula | | |
| 'iecur' | iecŭr, iecŏr-is | iecus-culum | | |

### Roots with -u- et -v-

| Stirpes exeuntes in: | Exempla | Exempla | Excepta | Excepta |
| Stirpes exeuntes in: | principale | deminutivum | principale | deminutivum |
| -u- | sūs, sŭ-is (m./f.) | sŭ-cula (f.) | | |
| -v- | bōs, bŏv-is (m./f.) | bū-cula (f.) | | |

### Stems ending in two or more consonants

| Stems ending with: | Exempla | Exempla | Excepta | Excepta |
| Stems ending with: | principale | deminutivum | principale | deminutivum |
| two or more consonants | venter, ventr-is | ventr-iculus | păter, pătr-is | păter-culus |
| two or more consonants | linter, lintr-is (f.) | lintr-iculus (m.) | māter, mātr-is | māter-cula |
| two or more consonants | uter, utr-is | utr-iculus | frāter, frātr-is | frāter-culus / frātel-lus |
| two or more consonants | ācer, ācr-is (adi.) | ācr-iculus | | |
| two or more consonants | os, oss-is | oss-iculum | | |

## Fourth declination

| Classis | Exempla | Exempla | Excepta | Excepta |
| Classis | principale | deminutivum | principale | deminutivum |
| Regula generalis | art-us | art-iculus | lac-us | lac-usculus |
| Regula generalis | vers-us | vers-iculus | | |
| Regula generalis | convent-us (m.) | convent-iculum (n.) | gust-us (m.) | gust-ulum (n.) |
| Regula generalis | curr-us (m.) | curr-iculum (n.) | | |
| Regula generalis | an-us (f.) | an-icula | dom-us (f.) | dom-uncula /-uscula |
| Regula generalis | man-us (f.) | man-icula | ac-us (f.) | aculeus (m.) |
| Regula generalis | corn-u | corn-iculum | | |
| Regula generalis | gen-u | gen-iculum | | |

## Fifth declination

In the fifth declension, Latin nouns generally take -cula.
| Classis | Exempla | Exempla | Excepta | Excepta |
| Classis | principale | deminutivum | principale | deminutivum |
| Regula principalis | diē-s (m./f.) | diē-cula (f.) | | |
| Regula principalis | rē-s (f.) | rē-cula (f.) | rē-s (f.) | rēs-cula (f.) |
| Regula principalis | spē-s (f.) | spē-cula (f.) | | |
| Regula principalis | plēbē-s (f.) | plēbē-cula (f.) | | |