OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Earl C. Gay

Earl C. Gay (1902–1972) was a registered pharmacist who was a member of the Los Angeles City Council between 1933 and 1945.

## Biography

Gay was born December 8, 1902, in Long Beach, California, the son of Ellsworth Gay and Elba W. Bain Gay. His siblings were Bernice Windisch, Louise Ferguson, Maude Wilmans or Williams and Robert W. Gay. He attended Florence Avenue Grammar School, Jefferson High School and Manual Arts High School, both in Los Angeles, after which he received a degree from the Henry Coleman School of Pharmacy at the University of Southern California. He managed the Thompson and Thompson Drug Company and the Morgan Drug Company. His hobbies were golf and bowling. In 1937 he was living at 5832 South Van Ness Avenue in the Chesterfield Square neighborhood.
He was married on October 8, 1926, to Irene Elizabeth Constable of Los Angeles. They had one daughter, Corinne Elizabeth (later Shero).
He was a member of the Southside, Angeles Mesa and Crenshaw chambers of commerce, the Southwest Boosters Club and the Civic Interest League, as well as the International Footprinters Association, Native Sons of the Golden West, Masons and the Shrine. He attended the Chesterfield Square Methodist Church.
He died February 6, 1972, in a Torrance convalescent hospital. Burial was in Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale.

## City Council

In 1933, Los Angeles City Council District 6 covered the southwest part of the city, with the northern boundary at Vernon Avenue, the southern at Century Boulevard, the western at La Brea Avenue and the eastern at Vermont Avenue. Gay ran that year against incumbent Council Member James G. McAllister and was elected, 12,131-11,856. He was reelected easily in 1935 over Lottie E. Barkow, the End Poverty in California candidate, and was also reelected in every biennial vote from 1937 to 1943. He lost in 1945, however, to L.E. Timberlake by a close vote, 8,841 to 8,404.
Gay survived a recall attempt in 1938, sponsored by Robert Noble, a pension advocate.
The 6th District councilman was "an archenemy of reform" and was despised by Mayor Fletcher Bowron. However, he survived repeated political assaults from Bowron and chaired the Police and Fire Committee and the Finance Committee." He was on Bowron's "purge list" in the 1939 election. After Bowron referred to himself in a radio address as the "lone wolf" of City Hall, Gay and fellow Council Member Edward L. Thrasher set a wolf trap outside the door of the mayor's suite a joke.
In 1943 he and three other council members unsuccessfully opposed granting a permit to Seaboard Oil Company for slant oil drilling under Elysian Park from a site near Riverside Drive.
# Patiram Parija

Padma Charan Parija commonly known as Patiram Parija (died 17 February 1978) was an industrialist and businessman of Eastern India. He had the sole distributorship of the Ananda Bazar Group of publications in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), India during 1960s. He was the chief patron of Nabarabi, a literary magazine in Odia language. Under his stewardship, Nabarabi started publication in July 1970 from Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) and continued till December 1976.
# NGC 174

NGC 174 is a barred spiral or lenticular galaxy around 159 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor. It was discovered on 27 September 1834 by astronomer John Herschel.

## Observation history

When Herschel discovered the galaxy, he logged "faint, small, little extended, among several bright stars". After a second and third sweep, he noted an exact position which matches PGC 2206. As of such, the two objects are generally referred to as the same. The galaxy was later catalogued by John Louis Emil Dreyer in the New General Catalogue, where Herschel's original note was largely adopted, as the object was described as "extremely faint, small, very little extended, among bright stars".

## Description

The galaxy appears very dim in the sky as it only has an apparent visual magnitude of approximately 14 and thus can only be observed with telescopes. It can be classified as type G using the Hubble Sequence. The object's distance of roughly 159 million light-years from the Solar System can be estimated using its redshift and Hubble's law.
# Clifford Sanforth

Clifford Sanforth was a film director and producer in the United States. See also Clifford S. Elfelt, his birth name and the name he used prior to the 1930s. He produced and directed under that name through 1926.
Sanforth said he got the idea to make the film The Bandit of Sherwood Forest from his young son who saw The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) asked his father whether Robin Hood had a son. Sanforth tracked down Paul Castleton, author of the 1941 novel Son of Robin Hood, and bought the film rights. In April 1944 Sanforth announced he would make a series of films about the son of Robin Hood for Republic Pictures starring archer Howard Hill.
In early 1945 the project moved to Columbia Pictures where Sanforth was to produce with Leonard Picker. MGM objected to the title The Son of Robin Hood claiming they had the rights to use the words "Robin Hood" as they had bought screen rights to an operetta of that name by Reginald de Koven. This resulted in Columbia deciding to use the title The Bandit of Sherwood Forest.

## Filmography

* Manhattan Butterfly (1935), co-producer
* Murder by Television (1935), director
* High Hat (1937), director
* Rich Relations (1937), director and producer
* I Demand Payment (1938), director
* One Dark Night (1939), producer
* Gang War (1940 film), producer, a Million Dollar Productions film
* While Thousands Cheer (1940), a football themed film featuring UCLA star Kenny Washington,
* The Bandit of Sherwood Forest (1946)
# NGC 7

NGC 7 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the Sculptor constellation. It was discovered by English astronomer John Herschel in 1834, who was using an 18.7 inch reflector telescope at the time. Astronomer Steve Gottlieb described the galaxy as faint, albeit large, and edge-on from the perspective of the Milky Way; he also noted how the galaxy could only be observed clearly with peripheral vision, not by looking directly at it.
# Sar Asiab-e Yusefi Rural District

Sar Asiab-e Yusefi Rural District (Persian: دهستان سرآسياب يوسفي) is in Sar Asiab-e Yusefi District of Bahmai County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Deh-e Bonar-e Yusefi. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Sar Asiab-e Yusefi, now a city.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 5,145 in 1,021 households. There were 4,217 inhabitants in 1,001 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 3,252 in 890 households. The most populous of its 53 villages was Sar Asiab-e Yusefi (now a city), with 984 people.
# Grace Kingsley

Grace Kingsley (August 10, 1873 – October 8, 1962) was the first motion-picture editor and columnist of the Los Angeles Times, beginning the position in 1914 and ending when she retired in 1933.

## Life

Kingsley was born in Lansing, Michigan, August 10, 1873 and was brought to California by her parents when she was six years old.
As an adult, she studied law and took classes in literature. She worked in a law office, and then at night she did drama reviews and features, first for a weekly publication, The Capitol, and then for the Los Angeles Herald. She began working for the Los Angeles City Schools as a secretary to three successive school superintendents.
Her work attracted the attention of Harry Andrews, city editor of the Los Angeles Times, and he hired her to do special features. She began working full-time for the Times in 1910, and in 1914 became the paper's motion-picture editor.
In his memoir, filmmaker Karl Brown described Kingsley's reporting style:
   She would not touch scandal in any way, no matter how juicy it might be. She reported picture doings only, not bedroom escapades, brawls, separations, or desertions. Her idea of picture news was to tell who was doing what, where, when, and for how long. This sort of information was vital to free-lance actors, cameramen, and technicians. It gave them a daily guide to where jobs were open or were about to open. Her section of the Times was a sort of trade paper, read by everyone in the business as the first thing to do every morning.
After leaving full-time employment, she continued to write movie reviews and features until she was 80. Her tenure as a film reporter included covering motion pictures' transition from silent film to "talkers" and in her significant role in the film industry, she introduced such figures as Gary Cooper to the Hollywood scene.
Kingsley died in Los Angeles on October 8, 1962, at Garden Crest Sanitarium and was survived by a sister, Dr. Mildred Mossman, and a niece, Mrs. Grace Nolan. She was buried at Rosedale Memorial Cemetery.
# Maria Rantho

Maria Rantho (1953 – July 12, 2002) was a South African disability rights activist and politician. She was the first wheelchair user elected to the National Assembly of South Africa.

## Career

Rantho was working as a nurse when she survived a spinal injury in an automobile accident; she used a wheelchair afterwards. She co-founded and became chair of Disabled People South Africa, worked for the formation of the Disabled Women's Development Programme, and was a member of the African National Congress Women's League. In the restructuring of South Africa after apartheid, she was responsible for the disability desk in the Deputy President's office; her projects were later formalized as the Office on the Status of Disabled Persons.
In 1994, Rantho was elected to the National Assembly of South Africa, the first disabled member of that body. She was part of the team that drafted the disability policy passed by the South African government in 1997. She left Parliament in 1998 and worked at the Public Service Commission afterwards, until her death.
She was deputy chair of Disabled Peoples' International, and in that role made a presentation to the United Nations' Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing in 1995:
   ...a disability can be endured, but the lack of human rights, the marginalization and exclusion, the deprivation of equal opportunities and the institutional discrimination that girls and women with disabilities are facing, cannot be endured, and can no longer be tolerated.

## Personal life and legacy

Rantho died suddenly in 2002, at Pretoria. She was survived by a son, Mpho.
The Maria Rantho Clinic in Soshanguve township near Pretoria is named for Rantho, and focuses on HIV/AIDS treatment, mental health, nutrition, and family planning.
Filmmaker Shelley Barry ends her film "Taxi Wars" (2007) with a dedication to Rantho: "Dedicated to the spirit of South African activist Maria Rantho and to all comrades who still wheel the earth continuing their fight for our liberation."
# Robert James Nicholl Streeten

Robert James Nicholl Streeten FLS (born 28 June 1800, London – 10 May 1849, Worcester) was a British physician and medical editor and secretary of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association.
The eldest of eight (or perhaps nine) children of John Mitchell Streeten and Maria Streeten (née Crane), Robert J. N. Streeten was educated at home until he matriculated at the University of Edinburgh in 1820. After studying there until 1822, Robert Streeten studied in Paris in 1822–1823 and returned in 1823 to Edinburgh, graduating in 1824 M.D. Edin. with doctoral thesis De delirio tremente. At Edinburgh he became clinical clerk to the physician and botanist Robert Graham (whom he accompanied on a walking tour to the Highlands). Soon after taking his degree, Streeten was appointed a physician to the Worcester Royal Infirmary and was soon elected a member of "Physicians to the Dispensary" (i.e. Fellow of the Royal Public Dispensary of Edinburgh). In 1836 he became a member of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. In 1846 he became a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London.
   He took an active part in the formation of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, and contributed numerous papers to the 'Midland Medical and Surgical Reporter,' and to its successor the 'Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal,' published under the auspices of the Association, of which in 1843 he became Secretary, and soon after took upon himself the duties of responsible editor of the Journal. He was also author of some papers in the 'Transactions' of the Association, and in the 'British and Foreign Medical Review.'
Streeten was the editor-in-chief of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal from 1844 until his death in 1849.

## Family life

In Worcestershire on 16 November 1829, Robert Streeten married Emily Sherwood (1811–1833), a daughter of the author Mary Martha Sherwood. With her mother at her bedside, Emily Sherwood Streeten died on 8 October 1833.

## Selected publications

* with A. W. Davis: "On the Misseltoe." The Analyst: a quarterly journal of science, literature, natural history, and the fine arts, no. 6 (1835): 381–387.
* "On the Progressive Development of the Vegetable Organization." The Analyst: a quarterly journal of science, literature, natural history, and the fine arts, vol. 2, no. 11 (1835): 287–300.
# Roseomonas ludipueritiae

Roseomonas ludipueritiae is a species of Gram negative, strictly aerobic, coccobacilli-shaped, pale yellow-colored bacteria. It was first isolated from a children's day care center in 1995. Further work on the isolate led to the proposal of a new genus and species, Teichococcus ludipueritiae in 2003. Further work on T. ludipueritiae found that the species belonged in the genus Roseomonas, and also led to Muricoccus roseus being reclassified as Roseomonas rosea. The species name is derived from Latin ludus (garden) and pueritia (boyhood), referring to the kindergarten day care from which the species was first isolated.
The optimum growth temperature for R. ludipueritiae is 30 °C, but can grow in the 15-45 °C range.
# Menno Singers

The Menno Singers are a choral group based in Waterloo Region, Ontario, Canada. They perform mainly sacred works and frequently sing a cappella. The Menno Singers frequently perform with their affiliated groups, the Inter-Mennonite Children's Choir and the Menno Youth Singers.

## History

The Menno Singers were founded in 1955 by Abner Martin, who acted as the group's first conductor. Many of the original members were graduates of Rockway Mennonite High School.
In the 1960s, the group began organizing combined concerts with other choral groups in the area, under the name Mennonite Mass Choir.
The choir is affiliated with Conrad Grebel College at the University of Waterloo; in 1990 the music director was William H. Janzen Jr.
In 1999 Peter Nikiforuk became the artistic director of the group, and remained in this position until 2017. In 2000 the choir performed in Toronto with the Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony.
In 2002 the Singers took part in the Toronto International Choral Festival.
The Menno Singers received a $15,000 grant from the Region of Waterloo in 2017 to fund a special concert on the occasion of Nikiforuk's retirement, and for the commissioning of a musical composition by composer Colin Labadie and poet Amanda Jernigan.
# NGC 939

NGC 939 is a lenticular or elliptical galaxy in the constellation Eridanus. It is estimated to be 241 million light-years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 80,000 ly. NGC 939 was discovered on October 18, 1835 by astronomer John Herschel.
NGC 939 is better seen from the southern hemisphere because of its location south of the celestial equator.
# NGC 526

NGC 526 is a pair of interacting lenticular galaxies in the constellation of Sculptor. Both the constituents are classified as S0 lenticular galaxies. This pair was first discovered by John Herschel on September 1, 1834. Dreyer, the compiler of the catalogue described the galaxy as "faint, small, a little extended, the preceding of 2", the other object being NGC 527.
# Eastern Armenia in the Last Decades of Persian Rule, 1807–1828

Eastern Armenia in the Last Decades of Persian Rule, 1807–1828: A Political and Socioeconomic Study of the Khanate of Erevan on the Eve of the Russian Conquest is a book by George Bournoutian about the history of Eastern Armenia during the final few decades of Iranian i.e. Persian rule. The book focusses on the Erivan Khanate (i.e. province) of Qajar Iran.
# Jerome Busemeyer

Jerome Robert Busemeyer is a Distinguished Professor at Indiana University Bloomington in the Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences and Cognitive Science Program.
Busemeyer completed his undergraduate degree in psychology at the University of Cincinnati in 1973, which he followed with both a masters and Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of South Carolina in 1976 and 1979 respectively. He was a NIMH post doctoral fellow in the Quantitative program at University of Illinois until 1980. Afterwards, he became a faculty member at Purdue University until 1997, and then he joined the faculty at Indiana University-Bloomington. He was president of the Society for Mathematical Psychology in 1993, and he also served as the Manager of the Cognition and Decision Program at the Air Force Office of Scientific Research in 2005–2007. He was Chief Editor of Journal of Mathematical Psychology from 2005 to 2010, and he is the inaugural Editor of the APA journal Decision.

## Research

His research investigates the cognitive processes and dynamics of human judgment and decision making using mathematical modeling. He is one of the developers of a theory of decision making called decision field theory. He is also one of the developers of the field of quantum cognition. He has authored several books and hundreds of articles over the course of his career.

## Personal History

Jerome Busemeyer was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in the year 1950. He attended Moeller High School. He married a Traditional Doctor of Chinese Medicine named Meijuan Lu. He has two sons, James and Brian, and a step son Sheng Yi. His father was Robert H. Busemeyer, who was a well known electrical contractor in Cincinnati.

## Awards

* Honorary Doctorate of the university of Basel in Psychology, 2019
* Distinguished Professor Indiana University, 2017
* Fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2017
* Fellow Cognitive Science Society, 2017
* Society of Experimental Psychologists Howard C. Warren medal, 2015
* Fellow of the Society of Experimental Psychologists, 2006
# Serape effect

The serape effect is a rotational trunk movement that increases the power output of the human body. It is trained in sports that involve rotation of the torso, such as boxing and discus throwing. The muscles involved in the serape effect are stretched and then snap-back with increased strength. It is named after a piece of clothing called the serape.

## History

The term serape originates from a piece of clothing worn by people of Latin-American countries, specifically Mexico, also known by the same name. A serape is a brightly colored blanket which hangs around the shoulders and crosses diagonally across the anterior portion of the trunk. The general direction of how a serape is worn is similar to the direction of the pull of four muscles in the same area. The serape effect is this group of four muscles working together to produce an opposition of the rib cage and pelvis in the wind-up of a motion, and finally, generate a large summation of internal forces from the snap-back. The serape effect is prevalent in ballistic motions like throwing, kicking, and swinging.

## Muscles involved

The rhomboids, serratus anterior, external obliques, and internal obliques are involved in the serape effect.

## Sport significance

The serape effect is important in throwing motions and motions that involve the rotation of the torso that have a high velocity (Northrip, Logan, McKinney, 1974). This includes ballistic motions such as with throwing a discus or javelin. The transverse rotation of the pelvic girdle prior to a ballistic throwing motion is important for creating a higher velocity in the direction of the motion. Without this pelvic girdle rotation prior to the ballistic movement then the pelvis will recoil and there will not be as a great of a velocity to the upper body during the ballistic motion because of a lack of stretching of the muscles and a lack of energy built up to contribute to the movement. The rotational movement of this larger body segment, the trunk, enables a summation of internal forces that is able to be transferred from this large area to a smaller area as such as the arm and the hand for throwing an object. The serape effect can also be applied to kicking by transferring these forces from the trunk and pelvis to the lower legs. For a throwing motion when the throwing limb is diagonally abducted and laterally rotated then the rib cage and pelvis should be at their farthest distance apart, which allows for a maximal amount of stretch in the muscles involved in the serape effect. This maximum point of stretching of the muscles lengthens the muscles so that when the throw takes place the muscles create a maximum amount of force as they shorten back to a resting length. “Muscles must be placed on their longest length in order to exert their greatest force”.
# Compensatory conductance

The compensatory root water uptake conductance (Kcomp) ($L^{3}P^{-1}T^{-1}$) characterizes how a plant compensates its water uptake under heterogeneous water potential. It controls the root water uptake in a soil where the water potential is not uniform.