OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Piper salicinum

Piper salicinum (no known common name) is a plant in the Piperaceae family that is possibly endemic to the Mariana Islands (Guam), although there is some confusion in the literature as to whether it may have been collected from Mexico and Panama. It has not been observed since its initial collection in 1792.

## Description

Piper salicinum was described in 1828 by the botanist Philipp Maximilian Opiz as having smooth branches that are striated, jointed and knotty; smooth petioles; leaves opposite and lanceolate in shape.

## Distribution and habitat

Two herbarium specimens are known to exist, both collected in 1792 by Czech botanist Thaddäus Haenke on the Malaspina Expedition, which had stopped in both Central America and on Guam. One specimen is stored at the herbarium of Charles University in Prague and the other is a fragment housed at the University of Illinois Herbarium.
In the original 1828 description of the species, Czech botanist Carl Borivoj Presl named it Piper salicinum, citing as the authority Philipp Maximillian Opiz, and localized it to Mexico and Panama. In 1844, the Dutch botanist, Miquel, also wrote that the species (which he named Artanthe saliunca), was from Mexico and Panama, but questioned the locality. The following year, Presl revised his assessment, naming the species Chavica salicina, and wrote (in Latin): "changing the place of origin to the Mariana Islands, since it does not occur in Mexico, nor in Panama, as indicated by Opiz." The same is written by Presl on the undated labels of the herbarium specimens.
In 1888, the Costa Rican naturalist, Alfaro, copied the original 1828 Pesl description in localizing Piper salicinum to Mexico and Panama.
Both specimens are catalogued by the herbaria as being from the Northern Mariana Islands, although the Malaspina Expedition was only known to have stopped on Guam, not the northern islands.
No herbarium specimens or identifications are known to have been recorded since 1792, nor is it mentioned in the 1975 review of Micronesian Piper species by Fosberg and Sachet, indicating that the species may be extinct or extremely rare in the Marianas, or else it could be a synonym of an unspecified New World Piper.
# NGC 517

NGC 517, also occasionally referred to as PGC 5214 or UGC 960, is a lenticular galaxy located approximately 188 million light-years from the Solar System in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on 13 September 1784 by astronomer William Herschel.

## Observation history

Herschel discovered the object along with NGC 515 using Beta Andromedae as a reference star. He described his discovery as "two, both stellar", indicating his misidentification of the object as a star. While Herschel only noted one position about 35" east of NGC 515, Heinrich d'Arrest made the first accurate measurement of the object, using observation data of three separate nights. The object was also observed by John Herschel, son of William Herschel and later catalogued by John Louis Emil Dreyer in the New General Catalogue, where the galaxy was described as "pretty faint, round, stellar, southeastern of 2" with the other one being NGC 515.

## Description

The galaxy has an apparent visual magnitude of 12.5 and can be classified as type S0 using the Hubble Sequence. The object's distance of roughly 190 million light-years from the Solar System can be estimated using its redshift and Hubble's law.
# 1374 in Ireland

Events from the year 1374 in Ireland.

## Incumbent

* Lord: Edward III

## Events

* William Tany, Prior of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland
# Map-based controller

In the field of control engineering, a map-based controller is a controller whose outputs are based on values derived from a pre-defined lookup table. The inputs to the controller are usually values taken from one or more sensors and are used to index the output values in the lookup table. By effectively placing the transfer function as discrete entries within a lookup table, engineers are free to modify smaller sections or update the whole list of entries as required.
# Sshhh ...

"Sshhh ..." is a science fiction short story by David Brin about humanity's first contact with an alien race. It was first published in Amazing Stories in 1988 and appears in the Brin's 1997 anthology Otherness.
The story opens with 2 Earth Survey vessels escorting Lentili starships to Earth. The Lentili are a race of tall, long-lived aliens who are far more technologically and philosophically advanced than humans, who have only recently ventured to the stars. While the Lentili are en route to Earth, Earth President Tridden makes a planetwide announcement. He reveals that an eminent psychologist has discovered that the Lentili, for all their power, lack a certain talent possessed by humans. This talent is apparently rare and almost unthinkable among galactic races. Tridden will not reveal exactly what this talent is, but describes it as "something so mundane to us that few human beings ever bother even thinking about it past the age of ten!" This talent can wreak "untold psychic harm" among the Lentili and he asks the people of Earth to join him in making a "great sacrifice."
Tridden asks the human race to remove all mention of this talent from literature and from daily life. But since lingering references and, indeed, copies of his broadcast will survive, the human race must also provide a good "cover story" to explain away this situation. Tridden announces that it will be recorded that he has gone insane. There is no talent and the chaos will be the result of Tridden's insanity. Tridden, seeing that he is about to be removed from the air, puts his finger to his lips in one final gesture of secrecy.
The story is open-ended, leaving the reader to wonder whether Tridden pulled off a marvelous scheme to help humanity weather an ego crisis when faced with the superior Lentili, or whether humanity really does have a unique talent.
# Hongshanopterus

Hongshanopterus is a genus of pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning, China.
The type species Hongshanopterus lacustris was in 2008 named and described by Wang Xiaolin, Diogenes de Almeida Campos, Zhou Zhonghe and Alexander Wilhelm Armin Kellner. The generic name combines a reference to the Hongshan culture in Lioaning with a Latinised Greek pteron, "wing". The specific name means "of the lake" in Latin, referring to the lake deposits the fossil was found in, at Dapinfang.
Hongshanopterus is based on the holotype IVPP V14582, found in a layer of the Jiufotang Formation dating from the Aptian, It consists of a skull and five neck vertebrae of a single subadult individual.
The wingspan of Hongshanopterus was estimated at 1.8 to 1.9 meters. It possessed a relatively high number of teeth, about thirty-six for both upper jaws combined. The teeth were robust and had triangular crowns which were flattened from mouth side to "lip" side, like those of other istiodactylids. The pterygoid bone had a ridge at the underside, pointing obliquely to the front and the outside.
Hongshanopterus was in 2008 placed in the Istiodactylidae, in a basal position. It was less derived than other istiodactylids by having a tooth row that extended beyond the first third of the skull, and by having some teeth that were directed backwards.

## Classification

The cladogram below follows Witton's 2012 analysis:
The cladogram below is a topology recovered by Kellner et al. (2019). In the analyses, they recovered Hongshanopterus as the sister taxon of the family Istiodactylidae, and placed within the more inclusive group Istiodactyliformes.
# NGC 525

NGC 525, also occasionally referred to as PGC 5232 or UGC 972, is a lenticular galaxy located approximately 95.6 million light-years from the Solar System in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on 25 September 1862 by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest.

## Observation history

D'Arrest discovered NGC 525 using his 11-inch refractor telescope at Copenhagen. He located the galaxy's position with a total of two observations. As he also noted the mag 11-12 star just 2' northwest, his position is fairly accurate. The galaxy was later catalogued by John Louis Emil Dreyer in the New General Catalogue, where it was described as "very faint, very small, 11th or 12th magnitude star 5 seconds of time to west".

## Description

The galaxy appears very dim in the sky as it only has an apparent visual magnitude of 13.3 and thus can only be observed with telescopes. It can be classified as type S0 using the Hubble Sequence. The object's distance of roughly 95.6 million light-years from the Solar System can be estimated using its redshift and Hubble's law.
# Ab Ayega Mazaa

Ab Ayega Mazaa (transl. Now the fun begins) is a 1984 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Pankaj Parashar and produced by actors Alok Nath and Girija Shankar. It stars Farooq Sheikh and Anita Raj . This film introduced music directors Anand–Milind who went on to make it big after the film Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak.

## Cast

* Farooq Sheikh ... Vijay
* Anita Raj ... Nupur
* Ravi Baswani ... Sidey/Siddharth
* Raja Bundela ... Ramesh
* Satish Kaushik ... Khajju
* Girja Shankar ... Chopra seth, Vijay's boss
* S M Zaheer ... Om seth, Nupur's Father
* Himani Shivpuri ... Mitthu – Chopra's lost Daughter (as Himani Bhatt)
* Vinita Malik... Imarti
* Pavan Malhotra ... Mukti
* Rajesh Puri
* Shoma Anand

## Soundtrack

Lyrics: Sameer Anjaan Music: Anand Milind
| # | Song Title | Singer |
| 1 | "Raja Tere Raste Se Hat Jaoongi" | Lata Mangeshkar |
| 2 | "Solah Baras Ki Kamsin Umariya" | Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhosle |
| 3 | "Kab Jaane Anjaane" | Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhosle |
| 4 | "440 Volt Ki Ladki" | Pankaj Mitra and Udit Narayan |
| 5 | "Becho Becho" | Mahendra Kapoor and Amit Kumar |
# William Mitchell (judge)

William Mitchell was Chief Justice of Jamaica in 1663.
# Rudolph Sternad

Rudolph Sternad (October 6, 1906 – April 23, 1963) was an American art director and production designer. He was nominated for three Academy Awards in the category Best Art Direction. He was a frequent collaborator of producer-director Stanley Kramer, working with him on virtually all of the films that Kramer directed, and many famous ones that he only produced, such as High Noon, Cyrano de Bergerac, and The Men.

## Selected filmography

Sternad was nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Art Direction:
* Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) (for which he was actually production designer; no art director was credited)
* A Thousand and One Nights (1945)
* The Talk of the Town (1942)
Only one of the nominations (Judgment at Nuremberg) was for a Stanley Kramer film.
# San Pietro, Gattinara

San Pietro is a Roman Catholic parish church located on Corso Valsesia in the town of Gattinara, province of Vercelli, region of Piedmont, Italy. The church was built adjacent to a Canons Regular of the Lateran (Augustinian) convent. Documents recall a rural parish here dating to the early 12th century. This church gained local prominence over the next centuries, and by 1298, the attached convent owned lands throughout the valley. The present church retains the late-Romanesque brick portal, but was rebuilt in the 19th century.
# Clathromangelia granum

Clathromangelia granum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Description

The shell grows to a length of 7 mm. The shell is conspicuously latticed with coarse sculpture. The aperture is large and truncate at the yellowish white base. They reproduce sexually.

## Distribution

This species occurs in European waters and in the Mediterranean Sea off Italy and Morocco.
# David Wohl (actor)

David Wohl (born September 22, 1953 in Brooklyn, New York City) is an American theater, television and film actor. He is a long time character actor.

## Selected filmography

* Terms of Endearment (1983) as Phil
* Revenge of the Nerds (1984) as Dean Ulich
* Gotcha! (1985) as Professor
* Beer (1985) as Stanley Dickler
* Turk 182 (1985) as TV producer
* D.A.R.Y.L. (1985) as Mr. Nesbit
* Brewster's Millions (1985) as Eugene Provost
* Badge of the Assassin (1985) as Ken Klein
* Armed and Dangerous (1986) as Prosecutor
* Like Father Like Son (1987) as Dr. Roger Hartwood
* The Couch Trip (1988) as Dr. Smet
* Troop Beverly Hills (1989) as Dr. Honigman
* The War of the Roses (1989) as Dr. Gordon
* Presumed Innocent (1990) as Morrie Dickerman
* Hot Shots! Part Deux (1993) as Gerou
* She Led Two Lives (1994) as Harvey Parnell
* Rear Window (1998) as Dr. Schneider
* Saving Private Ryan (1998) as Captain T.E. Sanders, Captain at the War Department
* The Wackness (2008) as Mr. Shapiro

## Television

* Family Ties (1986), episode 81 "The Disciple", as Ralph Boswell
* Brooklyn Bridge (TV series) (1991-1993) as Sid Elgart
* Hey Arnold! (1996–2004) as Principal Wartz and Jerry Berman
* Madam Secretary as Israeli Ambassador Dory

## Broadway

* The Man Who Had All the Luck (2002) as Augie Belfast
* Dinner at Eight (2002–2003) as Mr. Fitch
* Fiddler on the Roof (2004–2006) as Lazar Wolf

## Regional Theatre

* The Buddy System, Circle in the Square Downtown, New York City, 1981 as Arthur "Gruely" Gruelbacher
* The Man Who Came to Dinner, Cincinnati Playhouse, Cincinnati, OH, 1981
* Northern Lights, Cricket Theatre, Minneapolis, MN, 1981
* Awake and Sing!, Jewish Repertory Theatre, New York City, 1981
* Portrait of Jenny, New Federal Theatre, Harry DeJur Playhouse, New York City, 1982 as Gus
* Luna Park, in Delmore, Jewish Repertory Theatre, 1982 as Harry
* Shenandoah in Delmore, Jewish Repertory Theatre, 1982 as Walter
* Basement Tapes, Top of the Gate, New York City, 1983 as G. Gordon Liddy
* Isn't It Romantic?, Lucille Lortel Theatre, New York City, 1985 as Marty Sterling
* Ghetto, Center Theatre Group, Mark Taper Forum, Los Angeles, 1986
* Down the Garden Paths, George Street Playhouse, New Brunswick, NJ, 1999 as Arthur
# African giant squirrel

African giant squirrels (genus Protoxerus) form a taxon of squirrels under the subfamily Xerinae. They are only found in Africa.
The two subgenera of African giant squirrels each has a single species:
* Subgenus Protoxerus - forest giant squirrel or Stanger's squirrel, P. stangeri
* Subgenus Allosciurus - slender-tailed squirrel, P. aubinnii
# The Man from Glengarry

The Man from Glengarry is a 1922 American-Canadian silent drama film directed by Henry MacRae and starring Anders Randolf, Warner Richmond, and Pauline Garon. It is based on the 1901 novel of the same title by Ralph Connor. The film was distributed in the United States by W.W. Hodkinson in 1923. It was one of three silent films directed by MacRae based on the works of Connor.

## Plot

Heads of rival lumber camps meet in a fight. Louis Lenoir, a renegade French Canadian, causes the death of "Big" MacDonald, a hard-fighting Scotsman whose life is guided by his dogmatic religious beliefs. His son, Ranald, is left to settle the blood feud. In spite of the pleas of his sweetheart, the daughter of a minister, he participates in a gang fight on the logs in mid-river just as a log drive to Ottawa begins. Attempting to stop the fight, the girl becomes involved, falls into danger, and is carried toward a whirlpool; but MacDonald, having abandoned his attack on Lenoir, rescues her. At the finish Lenoir, grateful because his life has been spared, experiences a reformation.

## Cast

* Anders Randolf as Big MacDonald
* Warner Richmond as Ronald MacDonald
* Pauline Garon as Mamie St. Clair
* Harlan Knight as Rev. Alexander Murray
* Marian Swayne as Kate Murray
* E.L. Fernandez as Louis Lenoir
* Jack Newton as Eugene St. Clair
* Frank Badgley as Frank De Lacey
* William Colvin as Col. Thorpe
* Marion Lloyd as Kerstin McLeod

## Preservation

With no prints of The Man from Glengarry located in any film archives, it is a lost film.
# Russell Gewirtz

Russell Gewirtz (born 1967 in Great Neck, New York) is an American screenwriter, best known for writing the screenplay for Spike Lee's 2006 film Inside Man.

## Life and career

Gewirtz attended Trinity School in New York City before earning a degree in computer science from Tufts University. He then attended Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law in Manhattan, and because "one law degree wasn't enough," he earned an LL.M. in Taxation from the NYU School of Law. "I don't carry a business card. But if I did, it would say Esq., B.A., J.D., LL.M. after my name." Gewirtz spent his summers at Camp Swago in Damascus, Pennsylvania. After passing the bar exam, Gewirtz went to work for his father running a small chain of clothing stores. After brokering a lucrative real estate deal in 1999, he left New York for several years and spent time in France and Brazil. It was at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival that he originally pitched the idea for Inside Man to Daniel Rosenberg and became a Hollywood screenwriter.
He wrote two episodes for TV series Blind Justice in 2005, after penning Inside Man.
Gewirtz's second screenplay was Righteous Kill, a thriller starring Al Pacino and Robert De Niro, which received mainly negative reviews. and grossed $78.4 million.

## Filmography
### Films

* Inside Man (2006)
* Righteous Kill (2008)

### Television

* Blind Justice (2005)
# Hachée

Hachée (Dutch pronunciation: ) is a traditional Dutch stew based on diced meat, fish or poultry, and vegetables. Hachee, based on beef, onions, apple butter, breakfast bread, and acid (usually vinegar or wine), is a typical example of traditional Dutch cuisine. Clove and bay leaves are added to the thick gravy. It is usually served with potatoes.

## Origin

The word hachée in French means chopped or ground, being the past participle of the verb hacher -- to chop or grind. Hachées have been described in Medieval buffets, although the exact recipe usually is not described. The stew probably has its origin in the reuse of meat cooked in a Dutch oven together with vegetables that happened to be available. Wine or vinegar were added to make the meat more tender.
# Alina Astafei

Alina Astafei (known before 1995 as Galina Astafei; born 7 June 1969) is a Romanian-German track and field athlete who attained German citizenship in 1995. She was one of the world's leading high jumpers in the 1990s. Representing Romania, she became the 1992 Olympic silver medallist, while representing Germany, she won a silver medal at the 1995 World Championship and the 1995 world indoor title.

## Career

Astafei won the 1987 European Junior title and cleared 2.00 metres to win the 1988 World Junior title. At the 1988 Seoul Olympics, she finished equal fifth in the final with 1.93 metres. Her biggest success for her native Romania was when winning the silver medal at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona, Spain, where she cleared 2.00 m.
On 9 January 1995, Astafei left the Romania track and field association and attained German citizenship on 1 March 1995. She won the 1995 World indoor title in Barcelona with a clearance of 2.01 m, before going on to clear 1.99 m to win the silver medal at the 1995 World Championships in Gothenburg, behind Stefka Kostadinova. At her third Olympic Games in 1996, she finished equal fifth with 1.96 m. Her outdoor personal best of 2.01 metres was set in 1995, while she set her indoor best of 2.04 m, earlier the same year.
She became German champion in 1995, 1996, 1998 and 2001 as well as German indoor champion in 1995, 1996, 1997 and 1998. She represented the clubs USC Mainz and MTG Mannheim.

## Achievements

In the list the results until 1994 for Romania.
* 1986, Junior World championship: 2nd place (1.90 m)
* 1987, Junior European championship: 1st place (1.88 m)
* 1988, Olympic Games: 5th place (1.93m); Junior World championship: 1st place (2.00 m)
* 1989, World Cup final: 3rd place (1.94 m); Europa Cup final: 1st place (2.00 m)
* 1992, Olympic Games: 2nd place (2.00 m); World Cup final: 2nd place (1.91 m)
* 1993, World championship: 4th place (1.94 m); Europa Cup final: 1st place (2.00 m)
* 1995, World championship: 2nd place (1.99 m); Europa Cup final: 1st place (2.00 m)
* 1996, Olympic Games : 5th place (1.96m); Europa Cup final: 1st place (1.98 m)
* 1997, World championship: 3rd place (1.95 m)
* 1998, European championship: 3rd place (1.95 m); World Cup final: 6th place (1.90 m); Europa Cup final: 2nd place (1.95 m)
* 2001, Europa Cup final: 1st place (1.89 m)

## Personal life

Astafei’s father is the former Romanian pole vaulter Petre Astafei Sr. Her brother Petre Jr. was a rugby player; he died aged 22 during the 1989 Romanian Revolution. Astafei was married to the Romanian national volleyball player Alin Stavariu, but they divorced before 1995. On 1 March 1995 she obtained German citizenship and later changed her name from Galina to Alina. In Germany she married high jumper Wolfgang Kreißig. She has four children, three with Kreißig and one from the previous marriage.
# Chasen (surname)

Chasen is a Jewish surname. It derives from Hebrew chazan (חזן, "cantor"). Alternate spellings are Hazan and Chazan. Notable people with the surname include:
* Frederick Nutter Chasen (1896–1942), English zoologist
* Heather Chasen (1927–2020), English actress
* Ronni Chasen (1946–2010), American film publicist
* Michael Chasen, American businessman and entrepreneur, CEO of SocialRadar, and Co-Founder of Blackboard Inc.
# Dean Biasucci

Dean Biasucci (born July 25, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a placekicker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Indianapolis Colts and the St. Louis Rams. He played college football for the Western Carolina Catamounts.

## Early life

Biasucci played college football for the Western Carolina Catamounts, and was a member of the team that reached the 1983 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game.
He scored 280 points (conference record) on 57 of 93 field goal attempts and 109 of 113 extra point attempts. His longest field goal was 52 yards and 80 percent of his kickoffs landed in the end zone. He was three-time first-team All-Southern Conference selection.

## Professional career

Biasucci was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Atlanta Falcons after the 1984 NFL draft. He played in one preseason game, making a 37-yard field goal attempt against the Minnesota Vikings. He was released before the start of the season on August 14.
On September 7, he was signed by the Indianapolis Colts to replace an injured Raul Allegre. Biasucci was the team's field goal kicker for four games and would remain the rest of the season as the kickoff specialist.
In 1985, he lost the placekicking competition against Allegre. He was released before the start of the season on August 27. In 1986, he was signed to participate in training camp. He would pass Allegre on the depth chart and win the placekicker position.
Professionally, Biasucci is the third all-time leading scorer for the Colts, collecting 783 points from 1984 to 1994.

## Personal life

Biasucci became an actor after his retirement, portraying himself in Jerry Maguire and receiving roles in other smaller movies such as New Alcatraz. He also had small guest appearances on ER and The West Wing. Biasucci was also a charter guest during an episode of the Bravo network reality show Below Deck Mediterranean.