OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# List of political parties in Somaliland

Somaliland has a multi-party system, with a constitutional limit of three official parties at the national level (determined for a 10-year period at the beginning of each decade based on municipal election results, in which more parties are allowed) as an attempt to avoid political tribalism. A single party often does not have win power alone, so the parties must instead form coalition governments. However, despite some parties having affiliations with political internationals of a particular ideology, politics in Somaliland tend to be more clan-based rather than ideology-based. As such, the programs of parties can fluctuate depending on the issues surrounding the clan(s) that support them.

## The parties

| Party | Abbr. | Est. | Leader | Political position | Ideology | Seats |
| Somaliland National Party Somali: Xisbiga Waddani Arabic: واداني‎ | Waddani | 2012 | Hersi Ali Haji Hassan | Syncretic | Nationalism Populism Islamic democracy | 31 / 82 |
| Kulmiye Peace, Unity, and Development Party Somali: Xisbiga Kulmiye Nabad, Midnimo iyo Horumarka Arabic: حزب التضامن‎ | Kulmiye | 2002 | Muse Bihi | Centre to Centre-left | Social liberalism Islamic democracy | 30 / 82 |
| Kaah Alliance for Equality and Development Somali: Isbahaysiga Sinnaanta iyo Horumarka Kaah Arabic: تحالف كاه للمساواة والتنمية‎ | Kaah | 2022 | Mohamoud Hashi Abdi | | | 0 / 82 |

## Former parties

Dissolved parties of Somaliland :
| Party | Party | Party | Native name | Political position | Ideology | Seats |
| | | (UDUB) United Peoples' Democratic Party | Ururka Dimuqraadiga Ummadda Bahawday | Centre to Centre-left | Nationalism Islamic democracy | 0 / 82(dissolved in 2011) |
| | | (UCID) Justice and Welfare Party | Ururka Caddaalada iyo Daryeelka | Centre-left | Democratic socialism Social democracy | 0 / 82(dissolved in 2024) |
# Yesterday's Hero

Yesterday's Hero is a 1979 British drama film directed by Neil Leifer and starring Ian McShane, Suzanne Somers, Adam Faith, Paul Nicholas and Cary Elwes (in his film debut). It also features Glynis Barber and Emma Samms in their early performances. The screenplay was written by novelist Jackie Collins, but was an original work and not based on one of her books. Although it has echoes of the life of the former player George Best, the film is not biographical.

## Plot

In England in the 1970s, former star football player Rod Turner is now an alcoholic and playing in non-League football. Football League Third Division club "The Saints", owned by pop star Clint Simon, are having a successful run in the FA Cup and win their quarter-finals match. However, their star striker is injured, and, unable to find a suitable replacement player from another club, Simon has the idea of hiring Turner, his childhood idol, over the protests of team manager Jake Marsh. Simon approaches Turner and takes him on a trip to Paris, where Turner meets his old flame Cloudy, a singer who is making a record with Simon. Turner accepts the offer to play for his team and, after training with them, plays in the semi-final match, but at half-time he is caught drinking in the dressing room by Marsh and is banned from playing in the final. Turner becomes torn between his current girlfriend Susan and Cloudy, after Cloudy takes him in after another drinking episode. Turner is on the bench in the final, but is brought on as a substitute and scores the winning goal.

## Cast

* Ian McShane as Rod Turner
* Suzanne Somers as Cloudy Martin
* Adam Faith as Jake Marsh
* Paul Nicholas as Clint Simon
* Sam Kydd as Sam Turner
* Glynis Barber as Susan
* Trevor Thomas as Speed
* Sandy Ratcliff as Rita
* Alan Lake as Georgie Moore
* Matthew Long as Mack Gill
* Paul J. Medford as Marek
* Paul Desbois as Butch
* Eric Deacon as Chris
* George Moon as Changing Room Attendant
* Jack Haig as Sam's Crony
* Damian Elwes as Disco Dancer
* Cary Elwes as Disco Dancer
* John Motson as himself: TV Interviewer / Commentator
# Ernest Newman (politician)

Ernest E. Newman served as Mayor of Red Deer, Alberta from 1961 until his resignation in 1965. Before being elected as mayor in 1961 to succeed a retiring J. M. McAfee, Newman had been the city's commissioner.
Born in London in 1914, he moved to Canada in 1940. He died in 1977.
# Dąbrowa, Ostróda County

Dąbrowa is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dąbrówno, within Ostróda County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 37 kilometres (23 mi) south-east of Ostróda and 46 km (29 mi) south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.
# Sasha Pardoe

Sasha Pardoe (born 19 January 2006) is a British cyclist who competes in Freestyle BMX. She won gold at the 2024 European BMX Championships.

## Early and personal life

From Stourbridge, she is coached by her father, Gavin, a former time trial road racer for Great Britain. As a teenager she was in the Army Cadet Force. In 2023, she was completing an apprenticeship to train as a chef.

## Career

She competed in the Freestyle Park for Great Britain and Northern Ireland at the 2022 European Championships in her major championship debut, and placed sixth overall. That year, she finished second behind Charlotte Worthington at the British National Championships.
Her second competitive senior international competition was the 2023 World Championships in Glasgow, in which she also qualified for the final.
In July 2024, she became British national champion. She won gold at the 2024 European BMX Championships in Cadenazzo, Switzerland in September 2024.
# Nathaniel Kleitman

Nathaniel Kleitman (April 26, 1895 – August 13, 1999) was an American physiologist and sleep researcher who served as Professor Emeritus in Physiology at the University of Chicago. He is recognized as the father of modern sleep research, and is the author of the seminal 1939 book Sleep and Wakefulness.

## Biography
### Early life

Nathaniel Kleitman was born in Chișinău, also known as Kishinev, the capital of the province of Bessarabia (now Moldova), in 1895 to a Jewish family. He was deeply interested in consciousness and reasoned that he could get insight in consciousness by studying the unconsciousness of sleep. Pogroms drove him to Palestine, and in 1915 he emigrated to the United States as a result of World War I. At the age of twenty, he landed in New York City penniless; in 1923, at age twenty-eight, he had worked his way through City College of New York and earned a PhD from the University of Chicago's Department of Physiology. His thesis was "Studies on the physiology of sleep." Soon after, in 1925, he joined the faculty there. An early sponsor of Kleitman's sleep research was the Wander Company, which manufactured Ovaltine and hoped to promote it as a remedy for insomnia.

### REM sleep

Eugene Aserinsky, one of Kleitman's graduate students, decided to hook sleepers up to an early version of an electroencephalogram machine, which scribbled across 1⁄2 mile (800 m) of paper each night. In the process, Aserinsky noticed that several times each night the sleepers went through periods when their eyes darted wildly back and forth. Kleitman insisted that the experiment be repeated yet again, this time on his daughter, Esther. In 1953, he and Aserinsky introduced the world to "rapid-eye movement," or REM sleep. Kleitman and Aserinsky demonstrated that REM sleep was correlated with dreaming and brain activity. Another of Kleitman's graduate students, William C. Dement, who was a professor of psychiatry at the Stanford medical school, described this as the year that "the study of sleep became a true scientific field."

### Rest activity cycle

Kleitman made countless additional contributions to the field of sleep research and was especially interested in "rest-activity" cycles, leading to many fundamental findings on circadian and ultradian rhythms. Kleitman proposed the existence of a Basic rest activity cycle, or BRAC, during both sleep and wakefulness.

### Other experiments

Renowned for his personal and experimental rigor, he conducted well-known sleep studies underground in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky and lesser-known studies underwater in submarines during World War II and above the Arctic Circle.
# Shahpur Jehanian

Shahpur Jehanian, also Shahpur Jahania, is a town in Sindh, Pakistan between Daulatpur and Moro on the main N-5 National Highway. It is also the headquarters of a union council of the same name. Its population is approximately 40,000.
The town was severely impacted, leaving thousands struggling to survive in the aftermath of the unprecedented floods that devastated the area in 2022.
# Karl Aigen

Karl Josef Aigen (8 October 1684 – 22 October 1762) was a landscape painter, born at Olomouc.

## Life

Aigen was born in Olomouc on 8 October 1685, the son of a goldsmith. He was a pupil of the Olomouc painter Dominik Maier. He lived in Vienna from about 1720, where he was professor of painting at the Academy from 1751 until his death. His work consists of landscapes with figures, genre paintings and altarpieces. His style shows the influence of artists from France and the Low Countries.
He died at Vienna on 21 October 1762.
The Gallery of the Belvedere in Vienna has two works by him, both scenes with figures.
# Janier Acevedo

Janier Alexis Acevedo Calle (born 6 December 1985) is a Colombian professional road racing cyclist, who last rode for UCI Continental team EPM.

## Career
### 2013 season

While riding for Jamis–Hagens Berman in 2013, he won a mountaintop finish on Stage 2 of the Tour of California, twelve seconds ahead of eventual overall winner, Tejay van Garderen of BMC Racing Team. He subsequently finished third overall in the Tour, and briefly wore the leader's jersey before van Garderen claimed it.
In September 2013, it was announced that Acevedo would move to the Omega Pharma–Quick-Step squad for the 2014 season. However, a month later, Acevedo was said to have broken a "verbal agreement" with Omega Pharma–Quick-Step, with the intention to join Garmin–Sharp instead.

## Major results

Sources:

### 2009

    1st Overall Vuelta Ciclista a Costa Rica
       1st Stages 8 (ITT) & 10

### 2010

    1st Stage 1 (TTT) Vuelta a Colombia
    1st Stage 6 Vuelta a Guatemala

### 2011

    1st Stage 3 (TTT) Vuelta a Colombia
    1st Stage 4 Tour of Utah
    8th Road race, Pan American Road Championships

### 2012

    6th Overall Vuelta Mexico

### 2013

    1st Overall 2012–13 UCI America Tour
    3rd Overall Tour of Utah
    3rd Overall Tour of California
       1st Stage 2
    4th Overall USA Pro Cycling Challenge
       1st Stage 4
    5th Overall Tour of the Gila
       1st Stage 1
    8th Overall Tour de San Luis

### 2014

    9th Overall Tour of California
    9th Overall Tour de Suisse

### 2015

    4th GP Miguel Induráin

### 2016

    3rd Overall Joe Martin Stage Race
       1st Stage 1 (ITT)
    4th Overall Tour of the Gila
    8th Overall Tour de San Luis
# Winner Anacona

Winner Andrew Anacona Gomez (born 11 August 1988) is a Colombian road cyclist, who rides for Colombian amateur team Colombia Potencia de la Vida–Strongman.

## Career
### Lampre–ISD (2012–2014)

He impressed the Lampre–ISD team managers after getting second place of the 2011 Girobio, a smaller version of the Giro d'Italia for younger riders. The team signed him for 2012 and 2013. In December 2012, Anacona was injured in a training crash, after he collided with a dog. He suffered a broken peroneal malleolus and dislocated his ankle bone.
In the mountainous 2014 Tour of Utah, Anacona helped his leader Chris Horner obtain the second place of the race, taking the third step of the podium himself. On the mountaintop finish of Stage 9 of the 2014 Vuelta a España, Anacona almost took the leader's jersey by soloing to the line for the stage victory. He attacked from a breakaway of 31 riders and missed the top spot in the overall classification by a mere 9 seconds.

### Movistar Team (2015–2019)

In 2015, Anacona went to Movistar Team on an initial two-year contract. He was named in the start list for the 2015 Tour de France.

### Arkéa–Samsic (2020–2022)

In September 2019, it was announced that Anacona – along with Dayer Quintana and Nairo Quintana – was moving to the Arkéa–Samsic team for the 2020 season. During his three years with the team, he won the 2021 Trofeo Andratx–Mirador d'Es Colomer – held as part of the Vuelta a Mallorca – and the mountains classification at the 2022 Route d'Occitanie.

## Personal life

Anacona was named after cyclists Peter Winnen and Andrew Hampsten, but due to a mistake, his first name became Winner instead of Winnen.

## Major results

Source:

### 2006

    National Junior Track Championships
       1st Team pursuit
       1st Points race
    1st Time trial, National Junior Road Championships

### 2009

    10th Gran Premio Industrie del Marmo

### 2010

    2nd Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships
    8th Overall Girobio
    10th Trofeo Gianfranco Bianchin

### 2011

    2nd Overall Girobio
       1st Stage 5
    6th Trofeo Gianfranco Bianchin

### 2012

    10th Overall Tour of Slovenia

### 2014

    1st Stage 9 Vuelta a España
    2nd Road race, National Road Championships
    3rd Overall Tour of Utah

### 2015

    6th Overall Vuelta a Burgos

### 2016

    6th Overall Vuelta a Castilla y León
    9th Overall Abu Dhabi Tour

### 2019

    1st Overall Vuelta a San Juan
       1st Stage 5
    4th Overall Tour of Austria
    8th Circuito de Getxo

### 2020

    3rd Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia

### 2021

    1st Trofeo Andratx – Mirador d'Es Colomer

### 2022

    1st Mountains classification, Route d'Occitanie

### 2023

    10th Overall Vuelta a Boyacá

### Grand Tour general classification results timeline

| Grand Tour | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
| Giro d'Italia | — | — | 62 | — | — | 25 | — | — | — |
| Tour de France | — | — | — | 57 | 69 | — | — | — | 66 |
| Vuelta a España | 19 | 105 | 27 | — | — | — | 69 | — | — |
Legend :
| — | Did not compete |
| DNF | Did not finish |
# Benjamin T. Watson

Benjamin T. Watson (born c. 1967) is a United States Marine Corps lieutenant general who serves as the commanding general of the United States Marine Corps Training and Education Command. He previously served as the commanding general of the 1st Marine Division.

## Military career

Watson served as the commanding general of the Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory from 2019 to 2022.
In May 2024, Watson was nominated for promotion to lieutenant general and assignment as commanding general of the United States Marine Corps Training and Education Command.
# Frederick Ernest Osborne

Frederick Ernest Osborne CBE (January 20, 1878 – October 22, 1948) was a Canadian politician and businessman.

## Life and career

Frederick Ernest Osborne was born on January 10, 1879, in Belleville, Ontario to Richard Osborne (English) and Sarah Anne (née Vickers). He was educated in Belleville and attended Ontario Business College. Osborne married Florence Curlette, of Belleville, Ontario, on September 21, 1901.
In 1905, Osborne came to Calgary and founded Osborne's Book Store, a retail outlet that sold books, stationery, and school supplies. Osborne's Book Store remained in its original location, 112 8 Avenue SW, until it was destroyed by fire in 1966.
Osborne was actively involved in Calgary politics. He was a city alderman twice, and was elected the 1926 Calgary municipal election the twenty-third mayor of Calgary and served from 1927 to 1929. As Alderman he was dissatisfied with the way sinking fund loans were handled by the city, and headed a special sinking fund committee which recommended the appointment of a board of sinking fund trustees to supervise financing. Osborne would sit on the sinking fund board until his death.
Osborne also held leadership roles at many of Calgary's business, service, and social organizations. He was president and district governor of the Calgary Rotary Club from 1921 to 1922, president of the Calgary Board of Trade in 1925, and a member of the board of governors of the University of Alberta from 1923 to 1942. Osborne was a Mason and a Shriner, and a member of the Ranchman's Club, the Calgary Golf and Country Club, and the Glencoe Club.
Frederick Ernest Osborne died in Calgary on October 22, 1948.

## Awards

The University of Alberta awarded Osborne an honorary degree of Doctor of Law in 1947.
Osborne was awarded the prestigious Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1948 for his leadership role on the Provincial War Finance Committee from 1942 to 1945, a few months before his death. It was noted that the Alberta committee's quota for Victory Loans under Osborne's leadership was consistently oversubscribed.

## Legacy

The F. E. Osborne Junior High School is named after Osborne.
# Nijō Masamaro

Baron Nijō Masamaro (二条 正麿, January 9, 1872 – February 18, 1929), son of Nijō Nariyuki, was a Japanese politician who served as a member of House of Peers in the Meiji period. He was the father of Nijō Toyomoto (二条 豊基, 1909–1944) and Nijō Tamemoto (二条 弼基, 1911–1985). Tamemoto was adopted by Nijō Atsumoto.
# Charles Gray (Canadian politician)

Charles Frederick Gray (17 December 1879 – 27 June 1954) was a Canadian politician, the 27th Mayor of Winnipeg in 1919 and 1920.
Gray was born in London, England and moved to Canada, eventually settling in Winnipeg. In 1917, he joined the city's Board of Control,
He successfully sought election as mayor the next year. His first year as mayor was marked by the Winnipeg General Strike in which he replaced much of the police force with special constables in an effort to control the protests, ending with a violent confrontation with striking workers on 21 June 1919, known as "Bloody Saturday".
He was re-elected mayor in November 1919, getting more votes than his Labour opponent Seymour Farmer. presiding over a Citizen's Committee-dominated (anti-labour) city government. He did not run for re-election in 1920, the first city election held using Single Transferable Voting.
He moved to Ashland, British Columbia in 1941 and managed a salt mining operation there.
# Ahmad Ghazi

Ahmad Ghazi (28 June 1936 – 7 June 2015) was a Kurdish writer and translator. He was born in 1936 in Mahabad. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in English in Tehran Higher Institute of Languages in 1958. He played an active role in Iranian Kurdistan struggles for political sovereignty in the 1970s, because of which he was imprisoned under Shah's rule for four years. After the Iranian Revolution of 1979, he managed himself to write and translate literary and historical works both in Kurdish and Persian. He was the editor in Chief of Sirwe, a then popular cultural and literary magazine in Kurdish, from 1986 to 2006. He was also a selected member of the Kurdish Language Academy in Iran.

## Published books

- A translation of Ubayd Zakani's Moosh o Gorbe (The Mouse and the Cat) into Kurdish, Mahabad, Seyediyan, 1982.
- Desturi Zibani Kurdi (A Grammar of Kurdish Language), both in Kurdish and Persian, Urumieh, Salahadin Publishers, 1988.
- A translation of Mark Twain's Those Extraordinary Twins into Kurdish, Urumieh, Salahadin Publishers, 1990.

## Major Kurdish Essays in Sirwe Magazine

- A Criticism of Kurdish Orthography, Vol.I, No. 3, pp. 14–9.
- The Image of Woman in Kurdish Poetry, Vol. VI, No. 52, pp. 45–54.
- Blank Verse and Kurdish Poetry, Vol. VII, No. 64, pp. 41–5.
- A Comparative Study of Sorani and Laki Dialects of Kurdish, Vol. IX, No. 88, pp. 32–6.
- A journey into the Poetic World of Maref Aghaiee, Vol. XIV, No. 51, pp. 30–5.
- A New Attitude at two Poems by Mahwi, Vol. XV, No. 164, pp. 14–9.
- Mastoureh Ardalan and Kurdish Poetry, Vol. XVI, No. 168, 34-9.

## Translated works

Ahmad Ghazi has translated a large number of historical works from English and Persian into Kurdish. The frequently-referred titles of these works are Mehrdad Izadi's Genealogy of Kurdish Tribes and Jamshid Sedaghatkish's The Kurds of Pars. Ahmad Ghazi
# Sasha Krasny

Sasha Krasny (Russian: Саша Красный, literally Alexander the Red) was the pen-name of Aleksandr Davydovich Bryansky (Russian: Александр Давыдович Брянский; 28 September [O.S. 16 September] 1882 – 2 March 1995), a Russian poet and songwriter. His first book was published in Odessa in 1912 and the last in 1993. His son Boris Bryansky (1928–1972) was also a poet and songwriter.

## Biography

Bryansky said he was born in 1882 in Sevastopol, into a Jewish family. After graduating from Grekov Odessa Art school which he entered in 1908, Bryansky performed on stage under the pseudonym of Sasha Krasny. In 1914 he was drafted into Russian Army and fought in World War I. According to his own account, he was wounded and awarded with a St. George's Cross, 4th Degree.
After the October Revolution he joined the Red Army and became one of Vladimir Lenin's bodyguards. Along with fellow Odesite writers such as Ilya Ilf and Yevgeni Petrov he published his poems in the Gudok newspaper, a mouthpiece for the Soviet Ministry of Transport. He helped initiate the agitprop movement of "Blue shirts" which took its name from his 1923 collection of poetry, "The Blue Blouse" (Russian: Синяя блуза).
In the mid-1920s Krasny led a circle of amateur performers who sought to popularize Bolshevik ideology by touring the country with skits, songs, and recitations of poems. The show was called the Sasha Krasny Theatre and continued well into the 1930s. He also found time to publish several collections of songs.
Krasny was not active as a poet from that time until the 1980s. When he joined the USSR Union of Writers in 1984, he was already 102 years old. In his old age he concentrated on love themes. His collection "The Contrasts" appeared in 1990 and "Only About Love" three years later. This last collection of verse was published when he was 111.

## Death

Krasny died in 1995 at the claimed age of 112 in Moscow and was buried at the New Donskoy Cemetery there. His supercentenarian age was never independently confirmed. His final publication was a memoir about Sergei Yesenin.
# Nysson subtilis

Nysson subtilis is a species of wasp in the family Bembicidae. It is found in North America. It can be easily distinguished from other wasps in the same genus by its entirely black front.