# Max Ophüls

Maximillian Oppenheimer (/ˈɒpənhaɪmər/ OP-ən-hy-mər, German:; 6 May 1902 – 26 March 1957), known as Max Ophüls (UK: /ˈɔːfəls/ AW-fəlss, US: /ˈoʊfəls/ OH-fəlss, German:) or simply Ophuls, was a German and French film director and screenwriter. He was known for his opulent and lyrical visual style, with heavy use of tracking shots, and his melancholic, romantic themes. The Harvard Film Archive referred to Ophüls as "a supreme stylist of the cinema and a master storyteller."
A refugee from Nazi Germany, Ophüls worked in Germany (1931–1933), France (1933–1940 and 1950–1957), and the United States (1947–1950). He made nearly 30 films, the latter ones being especially notable: The Reckless Moment (1949), Letter from an Unknown Woman (also 1949) La Ronde (1950), Le Plaisir (1952), The Earrings of Madame de… (1953) and Lola Montès (1955).

## Life
### Youth and early career

Max Ophüls was born in Saarbrücken, Germany, the son of Leopold Oppenheimer, a Jewish textile manufacturer and owner of several textile shops in Germany, and his wife Helene Oppenheimer (née Bamberger). He took the pseudonym Ophüls during the early part of his theatrical career so that, should he fail, it would not embarrass his father.
Initially envisioning an acting career, he started as a stage actor in 1919 and played at the Aachen Theatre from 1921 to 1923. He then worked as a theater director, becoming the first director at the city theater of Dortmund. Ophüls moved into theatre production in 1924. He became creative director of the Burgtheater in Vienna in 1926. Having had 200 plays to his credit, he turned to film production in 1929, when he became a dialogue director under Anatole Litvak at UFA in Berlin. He worked throughout Germany and directed his first film in 1931, the comedy short Dann schon lieber Lebertran (literally In This Case, Rather Cod-Liver Oil).
Of his early films, the most acclaimed is Liebelei (1933), which included a number of the characteristic elements for which he was to become known: luxurious sets, a feminist attitude, and a duel between a younger and an older man.
It was at the Burgtheater that Ophüls met the actress Hilde Wall. They were married in 1926.

### Exile and post-war career

Predicting the Nazi ascendancy, Ophüls, a Jew, fled to France in 1933 after the Reichstag fire and became a French citizen in 1938. After the fall of France to Germany, he travelled through Switzerland and Italy, where he had directed Everybody's Woman (1934). In July 1941, before leaving for the United States, he stayed in Portugal, in Estoril, at Casa Mar e Sol. Once in Hollywood, championed by director Preston Sturges, a longtime fan, he directed a number of distinguished films.
His first Hollywood film was the Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. vehicle, The Exile (1947). Ophüls' Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948), derived from a Stefan Zweig novella, is the most highly regarded of the American films. Caught (1949), and The Reckless Moment (1949) followed, before his return to Europe in 1950.
Back in France, he directed and collaborated on the adaptation of Arthur Schnitzler's La Ronde (1950), which won the 1951 BAFTA Award for Best Film, and Lola Montès (1955) starring Martine Carol and Peter Ustinov, as well as Le Plaisir and The Earrings of Madame de... (1953), the latter with Danielle Darrieux and Charles Boyer, which capped his career. Ophüls died from rheumatic heart disease on 26 March 1957 in Hamburg, while shooting interiors on The Lovers of Montparnasse, and was buried in Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. This final film was completed by his friend Jacques Becker.
Ophüls's son Marcel Ophüls became a documentary-film maker, director of The Sorrow and the Pity and other films examining the nature of political power.
The annual Filmfestival Max Ophüls Preis in Saarbrücken is named after him.

## Style

All his works feature his distinctive smooth camera movements, complex crane and dolly sweeps, and tracking shots.
Many of his films inspired filmmakers like Stanley Kubrick and Paul Thomas Anderson, who gave an introduction on the restored DVD of The Earrings of Madame de... (1953).
Some of his films are narrated from the point of view of the female protagonist. Film scholars have analyzed films such as Liebelei (1933), Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948), and Madame de... (1953) as examples of the woman's film genre. Nearly all of his female protagonists had names beginning with "L" (Leonora, Lisa, Lucia, Louise, Lola, etc.)
Actor James Mason, who worked with Ophüls on two films, wrote a short poem about the director's love for tracking shots and elaborate camera movements:
    A shot that does not call for tracks
    Is agony for poor dear Max,
    Who, separated from his dolly,
    Is wrapped in deepest melancholy.
    Once, when they took away his crane,
    I thought he'd never smile again.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | English title | Country | Notes |
| 1931 | Dann schon lieber Lebertran | I'd Rather Have Cod Liver Oil | Germany | Short film |
| 1931 | Die verliebte Firma | The Company's in Love | Germany | |
| 1932 | Die verkaufte Braut | The Bartered Bride | Germany | |
| 1933 | Liebelei | | Germany | French version Une histoire d'amour released the same year |
| 1933 | Lachende Erben | Laughing Heirs | Germany | |
| 1933 | On a volé un homme | A Man Has Been Stolen | France | Lost film |
| 1934 | La signora di tutti | Everybody's Woman | Italy | |
| 1935 | Divine | | France | |
| 1936 | Komedie om geld | The Trouble With Money | Netherlands | |
| 1936 | Ave Maria | | France | Documentary short film |
| 1936 | La Tendre Ennemie | The Tender Enemy | France | |
| 1936 | Valse brillante de Chopin | | France | Documentary short film |
| 1937 | Yoshiwara | | France | |
| 1938 | Le Roman de Werther | The Novel of Werther | France | |
| 1939 | Sans lendemain | There's No Tomorrow | France | |
| 1940 | L'École des femmes | | France | |
| 1940 | De Mayerling à Sarajevo | From Mayerling to Sarajevo | France | |
| 1946 | Vendetta | Vendetta | United States | Fired during filming |
| 1947 | The Exile | The Exile | United States | |
| 1948 | Letter from an Unknown Woman | Letter from an Unknown Woman | United States | |
| 1949 | Caught | Caught | United States | |
| 1949 | The Reckless Moment | The Reckless Moment | United States | |
| 1950 | La Ronde | Roundabout | France | |
| 1952 | Le Plaisir | | France | Nominated for an Academy Award |
| 1953 | Madame de... | The Earrings of Madame de... | France | |
| 1955 | Lola Montès | | France, West Germany | Eastmancolor film |
* Also worked on Les amants de Montparnasse (1958).