OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# María del Carmen Árraga

María del Carmen Árraga (born 14 May 1840, Montevideo, Uruguay) was a distinguished Uruguayan painter known for her portraits and still-life compositions, as well as for her role as one of the first notable female artists in 19th-century Uruguay. Árraga was a disciple of the celebrated artist Juan Manuel Blanes, who greatly influenced her work.

## Early life and artistic beginnings

Árraga began her career focusing on landscape painting but soon transitioned to portraiture and still-life compositions. In 1869, she exhibited her artwork publicly, marking an important milestone in her career and establishing her as an artist of repute in Uruguay.

## Scholarship and challenges

In 1870, Árraga became the first female artist in Uruguay to receive a government scholarship for studies in Europe. However, due to family obligations, she was unable to take advantage of this opportunity.

## Notable works

Among Árraga's most significant works are portraits of prominent Uruguayan political figures such as Venancio Flores, Tomás Gomensoro, Alejandro Chucarro, and Joaquín Suárez. A standout piece in her oeuvre is a portrait of José Gervasio Artigas, created around 1863, which is regarded as one of the earliest known depictions of the national hero. This portrait remains an important part of the collection at the Museo Histórico Nacional in Montevideo.
In 1869, Árraga painted a portrait of Joaquín Suárez, which she dedicated to the General Assembly of Uruguay. For this, she was awarded a prize of 1,000 pesos by the Senate. She later petitioned that this prize be converted into a scholarship for further studies in Europe. Although initially approved, Árraga was unable to travel due to personal reasons. In 1882, she petitioned the Senate to receive the original monetary award instead, which was granted the following year.

## Legacy

The exact date and circumstances of María del Carmen Árraga's death remain unknown. However, her pioneering contributions to Uruguayan art and her role in paving the way for female artists in her country continue to be celebrated.
# 1925 in philosophy

1925 in philosophy

## Events

* Royal Institute of Philosophy was founded in 1925.

## Publications

* Alfred North Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (1925)
* G. E. Moore, "A Defence of Common Sense" (1925)
* Marcel Mauss, The Gift (1925)

## Births

* January 18 - Gilles Deleuze (died 1995)
* January 20 - Ernesto Cardenal (died 2020)
* May 17 - Michel de Certeau (died 1986)
* May 19 - Malcolm X (died 1965)
* June 16 - Jean d'Ormesson (died 2017)
* June 27 - Michael Dummett (died 2011)
* July 20 - Frantz Fanon (died 1961)
* October 13 - Lenny Bruce (died 1966)
* November 19 - Zygmunt Bauman (died 2017)
* December 4 - Albert Bandura (died 2021)
* December 9 - Ernest Gellner (died 1995)

## Deaths

* March 30 - Rudolf Steiner (born 1861)
* July 26 - Gottlob Frege (born 1848)
# Erin Bethea

Erin Bethea (born August 12, 1982) is an American actress. She is known for appearing in Sherwood Pictures' films, Facing the Giants and Fireproof. She wrote, produced, and starred in the film New Life, directed by her husband Drew Waters.

## Background

Bethea is the daughter of Michael Catt and Terri Catt. Her father, Dr. Michael Catt, was the senior pastor at Sherwood Baptist Church, which owns Sherwood Pictures. Her mother, Terri Catt, was the wardrobe coordinator for both Facing the Giants and Fireproof. Her sister, Hayley Catt, was a still photographer, production secretary, and website coordinator for Fireproof and Courageous.
In 2004, she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Theatre at the University of Mobile.
On July 17, 2020, Bethea married Drew Waters, whom she met in 2013 on the set of The Redemption of Henry Myers.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role |
| 2006 | Facing the Giants | Alicia Houston |
| 2008 | Fireproof | Catherine Holt |
| 2011 | The Heart of Christmas | Trish |
| 2012 | Amazing Love | Beth |
| 2012 | Laughing at the Moon | Natalie Maclay |
| 2012 | This Is Our Time | Alexandria Taylor |
| 2014 | The Redemption of Henry Myers | Marilyn |
| 2014 | Virtuous | Diane Landers |
| 2014 | Christian Mingle | Jennifer |
| 2015 | Grace of God | Julie |
| 2015 | New Life | Ava |
| 2016 | God's Compass | Debra Carr |
| 2019 | Sunrise in Heaven | Michele |
| 2020 | Miracle On Christmas | Mary Boyce |
# Wendy Benson

Wendy Benson-Landes (born July 8, 1971) is an American actress, known for her roles on television. She played the role of Julie Harris in the 2001 biographical television movie James Dean. Benson also starred in the sitcoms Muscle (1995) and Secret Service Guy (1996) and was a regular cast member on Unhappily Ever After from 1997 to 1999.
Benson starred in the 1997 slasher film Wishmaster. She had a recurring roles on I'll Fly Away and Desperate Housewives. She guest starred in many television series, including Murder, She Wrote, The X-Files, Charmed, JAG, Ugly Betty, According to Jim, Ghost Whisperer, CSI: Miami, Mad Men and Grey's Anatomy. In 2019, she had a recurring role on the CBS daytime soap opera, The Young and the Restless.
Benson was born in New York City, the daughter of Scottish photographer Harry Benson. She studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and in the National Theater Institute at the Eugene O'Neill Center in Waterford, Connecticut. She married actor Michael Landes in October 2000. They have two children together.

## Selected filmography
### Television

* As the World Turns as Meredith Delaney (1992)
* I'll Fly Away as Taylor (6 episodes, 1992–1993)
* Beverly Hills, 90210 as Darla Hansen (2 episodes, 1993)
* Muscle as Lorna Louise (13 episodes, 1995)
* Secret Service Guy as Misty (7 episodes, 1996)
* The X-Files as Margi Kleinjan (episode: "Syzygy", 1996)
* Unhappily Ever After as Barbara Caufield (24 episodes, 1997–1999)
* Ugly Betty as Veronica (2 episodes, 2007–2008)
* Desperate Housewives as Colleen Henderson (4 episodes, 2010–2011)
* Touch as Beth Friedman (2 episodes, 2013)
* The Young and the Restless Mallory (4 episodes, 2019)

### Film

* Pretty Poison (1996) as Sue Ann Stepanek
* Wishmaster (1997) as Shannon Amberson
* Still Breathing (1997) as Brigitte
* Where's Marlowe? (1998) as Heather
* Luck of the Draw (2000) as Rebecca Johnson
* James Dean (2001) (TV) as Julie Harris
* Beacon Hill (2004) as Lauren Reading
* The Inner Circle (2005) as Karen
* Burlesque (2010) as Marla
# Walter Barnes (politician)

Walter Henry Barnes (7 September 1858 – 19 February 1933) was a longtime member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

## Early years

Barnes was born in Castlemaine, Colony of Victoria, a son of Hiram Barnes, who took his family to Queensland when he was six years old.
He gained employment in the saddler business, then worked as a driver for Cobb and Co. coaches. He next worked for the Post Office, then in 1884 joined his brother's firm of Barnes and Co. Ltd., produce and general merchants. He held the position of manager of the Roma Street business for very many years, and ultimately became managing director of the company.

## Politics

For 25 years he was a member of the Coorparoo Shire Council, of which body he was five times Chairman.
He first entered Parliament in 1901 as member for Bulimba, succeeding Sir James R. Dickson, who left State politics for Federal Parliament. With the exception of a break of three years, Barnes represented Bulimba and, later, Wynnum, in the Queensland Legislative Assembly until his death.
His first office was that of Minister for Lands in the short-lived (19 November 1907 – 18 February 1908) Philp Ministry. Then, in the Kidston coalition Ministry, he served as Minister tor Public Instruction, and had the distinction of piloting the University of Queensland Bill through Parliament. In 1909 Mr. Barnes was allotted the combined portfolios of Public Works and Education, and in 1912 became Treasurer and Minister for Works in the Denham administration, and served as Acting Premier during Denham's absence in Great Britain.
He again served as Treasurer in the Moore Administration.
He was defeated in the contest for Bulimba in 1915, but was again returned at the general election of 1918, and later became the member for Wynnum.

## Later life

Barnes died at his home in Coorparoo after suffering poor health for several months. He was accorded a State Funeral and buried in South Brisbane Cemetery. A memorial was erected to him on the Wynnum foreshore near the Wynnum Wading Pool.

## Family

His brother George Powell Barnes, who founded Barnes and Co., was also in politics, as the member for Warwick.
He was married, and had one son, Cedric Barnes of Brisbane.
# Joan Dixon

Joan Dixon (June 6, 1930 – February 20, 1992) was an American film and television actress in the 1950s. She is known for her role in the film noir Roadblock (1951).

## Career

Dixon appeared in ten films in the early 1950s, co-starring in a number of westerns with Tim Holt. She had a starring role in a 1950 crime drama, Experiment Alcatraz. In the late 1950s, she appeared on television, including in Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1956) and in a few episodes of The Ford Television Theatre (1957).
While under contract at RKO Pictures, Dixon was managed by Howard Hughes.
In December 1960, Dixon performed as a vocalist at Dean Martin's nightclub, Dino's Lodge in Los Angeles, California.

## Personal life

In October 1952, Dixon eloped with Chicago, Illinois camera manufacturer Theodore "Ted" Briskin, the first husband of Betty Hutton. Dixon and Briskin were married in the wedding chapel of the Flamingo Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada; she was 23 and he was 35. Their marriage lasted three weeks, with Dixon leaving Briskin in early November 1952.
She married writer William Driscoll in 1958 and they divorced in 1959.
Dixon died on February 20, 1992, in Los Angeles at age 61.

## Partial filmography

* Experiment Alcatraz (1950) as Lieutenant Joan McKenna
* Bunco Squad (1950) as Grace Bradshaw
* Law of the Badlands (1951) as Velvet
* Gunplay (1951) as Terry Blake
* Hot Lead (1951) as Gail Martin
* Roadblock (1951) as Diane Morley
* Pistol Harvest (1951) as Felice Moran
* Desert Passage (1952) as Emily Bryce
* Captain John Smith and Pocahontas (1953) as Powhatan Maiden (uncredited)
* Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1956) (Season 1 Episode 35: "The Legacy") as Jealous Girl
# Gjergj Suli

Gjergj Suli (1893–1948), also referred to as At Gjergj Suli was an Albanian Orthodox cleric and martyr.

## Biography

Gjergj Suli was born in Lekël village, Vilayet of Yannina, Ottoman Empire today modern southern Albania . His surname suggests his family may have had Souliote origin and came from that region. He took his first studies in his village school, and later attended the Greek language Zosimea gymnasium in Yannina.
In 1922, he immigrated to the USA, where he spent 12 years in Boston, Massachusetts, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was ordained a priest in US after attending a religious school. Suli had close relations with Fan Noli, both being between Orthodox clerics and activists of Vatra, the Pan-Albanian Federation of America.
Suli returned to Albania in 1934, where he started working as a priest in his native village, after that in other villages as Labovë, Tërbuq, Hundkuq etc. He was an opponent of the Italian regime established in Albania after the invasion of 1939. He was also skeptical about the bolshevist ideas which spread during World War II.
As a person with a broad culture and knowledge of several foreign languages, Suli kept correspondence with many people outside Albania, many of them being Vatra activists. His vast correspondence was one of the pretexts use by the Communist authorities which accused him of being an informer of foreign Intelligences. He was arrested in 1946, and after that suffered for several months the Gjirokastër prison. He was executed by a firing squad on January 28, 1948.
Furthermore, his personal library and correspondence letters were destroyed.
The Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania commemorates his death anniversary as a cleric with a broad culture and who during all his lifetime worked with devotion for the Word of God.
# Giulio Prisco

Giulio Prisco (born in Naples in 1957) is an Italian information technology and virtual reality consultant; as well as a writer, futurist, transhumanist, and cosmist. He is an advocate of cryonics and contributes to the science and technology online magazine Tendencias21. He produced teleXLR8, an online talk program using virtual reality and video conferencing, and focused on highly imaginative science and technology. He writes and speaks on a wide range of topics, including science, information technology, emerging technologies, virtual worlds, space exploration and futurology.
Prisco's ideas on virtual realities, technological immortality, mind uploading, and new scientific religions are extensively featured in the OUP books Apocalyptic AI - Visions of Heaven in Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Virtual Reality by Robert M. Geraci and Virtually Sacred - Myth and Meaning in World of Warcraft and Second Life by the same author.
Prisco's ideas are also extensively featured in the 2017 book Dynamic Secularization - Information Technology and the Tension Between Religion and Science by William Sims Bainbridge and the 2019 book Transhumanism - Engineering the Human Condition: History, Philosophy and Current Status by Roberto Manzocco, both published by Springer.
Formerly a researcher at CERN, a staff member at the European Space Agency, and a senior manager at the European Union Satellite Centre, Prisco is a physicist and computer scientist. He served as a member on the board of directors of World Transhumanist Association, of which he was the executive director, and the board of directors of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, from which he resigned in 2021. He is currently the president of the Associazione Italiana Transumanisti. He is also a founding member of the Order of Cosmic Engineers, and the Turing Church, fledgling organizations which claim that the benefits of a technological singularity, which would come from accelerating change, should or would be viable alternatives to the promises of major religious groups.
Prisco has been repeatedly at odds with technocritic Dale Carrico who argues that transhumanism is technological utopianism turned into a new religious movement. Prisco agrees but counters that transhumanism is an “unreligion” because it offers many of the benefits of religion without its drawbacks.

## Published works
### Books

Prisco has published two books. The first, published in 2018 and again in 2020 with its second edition, is titled "Tales of the Turing Church: Hacking religion, enlightening science, awakening technology". The second book, published in 2021, is titled Futurist spaceflight meditations.

### Book chapters

Prisco has also written the chapter "Transcendent Engineering" for the 2013 book The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future and the chapter "Future Evolution of Virtual Worlds as Communication Environments" in the 2010 Springer book Online Worlds: Convergence of the Real and the Virtual.
# Minerva Mill, Ashton-under-Lyne

Minerva Mill was a cotton spinning mill in Ashton-under-Lyne, Greater Manchester, England. It was built between 1891 and 1892 for the Minerva Spinning Company which was later known as the Ashton Syndicate. Minerva Mill was next to the later Texas mill, at Whitelands. It ceased spinning cotton in the 1920s and was demolished in 1937.

## Location

Minerva mill was built in a bend in the River Tame, close to the Huddersfield Narrow Canal, at Whitelands. It was at the end of Minerva Road.

## History

The Minerva Spinning Company Limited was registered in 1891 to build the Minerva Mill at Whitelands. The directors were Messrs Barlow, Marland, Coop, Newton, Pollitt and Pownall; they were later referred to as the Ashton syndicate. The syndicate went on to build the Rock Mill, Atlas Mill, Curzon Mill, Tudor Mill, Cedar Mill and finally the adjoining Texas Mill. The Minerva Spinning Company went out of business in the 1920s.

## Architecture

It was designed by Sydney Stott. Four storeys over a basement.

### Power

The steam engine was a 1500 hp twin triple expansion engine by Daniel Adamsons, of Openshaw built in 1906. The cylinders were christened Capital and Labour. It had an 18 ft flywheel that operated at 75 rpm. The flywheel drove 40 ropes that transmitted the power to each floor. The cylinders all had Corliss valves. They had a 48in throw, the High pressure was 22 ½" in diameter, the intermediate was 34 in and the low pressure was 56in. The air pump was driven from the low pressure crosshead, there was a Saxon governor on the high pressure end of the bed.

### Equipment

The mule frames were provided by John Hetherington and Sons Ltd. On startup here were 86,868 mule spindles spinning medium counts from American cotton, that was 40's twists and 65 wefts. By 1903, this had increased to 93828, and by 1920, 22,000 doubling spindles had been added. In order to run these spindles in the spinning rooms, the cotton had to be prepared using openers, scutchers, carding engines.
Equipment in Minerva Mill :
| Number | Machines | Ratio |
| 2 | Vertical Openers and scutchers | 1 : 43,434 |
| 4 | Intermediate Scutchers | 1 :21,717 |
| 93 | Carding Engines | 1 :934 |
| 63 | finishing deliveries of drawing | 1 :1,380 |
| 792 | Slubbing spindles | 1 :109.7 |
| 1716 | Intermediate spindles | 1 :50.6 |
| 6680 | Roving spindles | 1 :13 |
| 86,868 | Mule spindles | 1 :1 |

## Usage

Minerva Mill was used for spinning fine counts of Egyptian cotton, both twists and left.

### Owners

* The Ashton syndicate
* Minerva Spinning Company
# Sara Nathan (journalist)

Sara Nathan (born 3 September 1977) is an English journalist and newspaper columnist.
She helped launch The Sun's successful TV Biz column in 2003 and was editor from 2005 to 2009. She joined the Daily Mail newspaper as showbusiness editor in October 2009 after 10 years at The Sun. She studied at the City of London School for Girls and City University.
In September 2012, she moved to New York City and was MailOnline's U.S. showbusiness editor-at-large until March 2015. She was executive editor at People, where she revamped the website, before joining the New York Post as editor-at-large in 2018.
# Rogoźnik, Silesian Voivodeship

Rogoźnik is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bobrowniki, within Będzin County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-west of Będzin and 15 km (9 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice.
# John S. D. Tory

John Stewart Donald Tory (1903 – August 28, 1965) was a Canadian lawyer and founder of the law firm Torys, based in Toronto, Ontario.

## Early life

Tory was born in Toronto to John Alexander Tory Sr. (1869–1950) and Abigail Georgina Buckley (1875–1961). Tory's father was the youngest of three children and was a company director who became the head of the Ontario division of Sun Life Assurance Company.
Tory's great-grandfather, James Tory, was a soldier in the 71st Scottish Regiment. He was captured during the American Revolution and held as a prisoner of war. He later settled in Nova Scotia during the 1780s.
J.S.D. Tory attended Upper Canada College and the University of Toronto Schools. He graduated from Osgoode Hall Law School at the top of his class, and he earned a SJD degree from Harvard University.

## Career

Tory was called to the Ontario bar and later worked at the W. N. Tilley law firm in Toronto for a few years. In 1941, he launched his own firm (now known as Torys LLP) with a focus on corporate law.
He was also a director of A.V. Roe Canada. A literary award at the University of Toronto was named in his honour.

## Personal life

Tory married Kathreen Jean Arnold. They had three children – daughter Virginia, and fraternal twin sons John A. Tory and James Marshall Tory. Both sons later joined his law firm. His grandson is John Tory, former mayor of Toronto, Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leader and member of his grandfather's firm. Tory and Arnold separated when their children were in their twenties.
# Hugh Vallance

Hugh Baird Vallance (14 June 1905 – 19 June 1973) was an English professional association footballer who played as a centre-forward.

## Career

Vallance was born in Wolverhampton, England. After serving in the army as a guardsman, he began his football career with Kidderminster Harriers. He moved to Aston Villa in 1927, but left to join Queens Park Rangers without having broken into the first team. He made just one appearance for Rangers before moving to Brighton & Hove Albion in the spring of 1929. He was given his chance by Brighton manager Charlie Webb and soon established himself in the Brighton attack alongside Dan Kirkwood. In the 1929–30 season, Vallance scored four hat-tricks before the end of the year. By the end of the season, Vallance had scored 30 league goals in 37 games, while his strike partner Kirkwood had netted 38 in 40. The following season, Vallance scored twice in the first seven games before his Brighton contract was terminated for a "serious misdemeanour" at the same time as that of Ireland international Jack Curran.
He joined Worcester City and within six months went to Evesham Town and Tunbridge Wells Rangers before returning to the league with Gillingham. Despite 7 goals in 13 league games he was released and rejoined Kidderminster Harriers. His next move was to France and Nîmes Olympique, from where he moved to FC Basel. From Switzerland he moved to the less exotic Brierley Hill Alliance before returning to Gillingham. After 3 goals in 5 league games, Vallance moved to Racing Club de Paris and subsequently played for Cork City before ending his career with Evesham Town.
After leaving professional football Vallance served in the Royal Air Force. Vallance died in Birmingham in 1973.
# The Circuit (newspaper)

The Circuit was an African American newspaper published in Catlett, Virginia, from 1937 until 1954. It was described as "Virginia's only colored paper north of Richmond." The Circuit was important to the African American communities in northern Virginia during the Jim Crow era.
As of November 2013, only ten issues are known to still exist in archives, five at the Library of Virginia and six at the archives of the Afro-American Historical Association of Fauquier County (AAHAFC) in The Plains, Virginia. Information published in those available copies was important in documenting the historic nature of some African-American communities such as the Ashville Historic District.
Surviving issues :
| Date | Held by |
| 1940 Feb | Library of Virginia |
| 1940 Mar | Library of Virginia |
| 1942 Dec | Library of Virginia |
| 1943 May | AAHAFC |
| 1945 May | Library of Virginia |
| 1945 Aug | AAHAFC |
| 1946 Jun | Library of Virginia; AAHAFC |
| 1952 Jun | AAHAFC |
| 1952 Nov | AAHAFC |
| 1953 Jan | AAHAFC |