OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Richard FitzNeal

Richard FitzNeal (c. 1130 – 10 September 1198) was a churchman and bureaucrat in the service of Henry II of England.

## Life

In 1158 or 1159 Nigel, Bishop of Ely, paid Henry II to appoint his natural son, Richard FitzNeal, as the king's treasurer. Richard was the great nephew of Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, who had organized the exchequer under Henry I, when it was separated from the Chamberlain's office in the king's household. Henry II, who was an astute judge of character and inspired great loyalty, was well served by Richard, who held the post of Lord Treasurer at the head of Henry's exchequer for almost the next 40 years. Concurrently, Richard was Dean of Lincoln, a major administrative position in an important English diocese. In 1184 he was made Prebendary of Aylesbury. He also held the prebend of Chiswick in the diocese of London.
In 1177 Henry II asked FitzNeal to write a book about his work. The book, Dialogue Concerning the Exchequer (Dialogus de Scaccari), is the first administrative treatise of the Middle Ages, a unique source of information on royal finances and the methods of collecting them in the twelfth century. Its preface instructs the novice in governance that it is not the function of the exchequer officials to decide on the merit of royal policy, merely to execute it. The secular bureaucracy is the instrument of the king's will, and the royal power ebbs and flows according to whether his treasury is full or empty. He wrote at the end of the work that he had "laid my axe to the virgin and rough wood and cut for the royal buildings' timber that a more skilled builder may smooth with his adze". It is in the Dialogue that Richard recorded an oral story told him by Henry of Blois, grandson of William the Conqueror and Bishop of Winchester, about the origins of Domesday Book, which according to Henry of Blois's story was made so that "every man might be content with his own rights, and not encroach unpunished on those of others".
As well as being treasurer, FitzNeal was rewarded with the position of bishop of London from 1189 until his death in 1198. He was nominated on 15 September 1189 and consecrated on 31 December 1189. The Diocese of London ranks third in honour in the Church of England, after the Archdioceses of Canterbury and York.
Evidence from FitzNeal's writings shows that Richard had read the Institutes but that he seems to have not read the Digest, although he may have known of it.
FitzNeal was replaced as treasurer in 1196 by William of Ely. He died on 10 September 1198.
# The Surrogate Woman

The Surrogate Woman (Korean: 씨받이; RR: Ssibaji; also known as The Surrogate Womb or The Surrogate Mother) is a 1986 film directed by Im Kwon-taek, dealing with the love affair between a rich aristocrat and a poor servant during the Joseon Dynasty.
The film won multiple accolades at the 1987 Asian Film Festival, including Best Film, Best Director, Best Actress, and Best Supporting Actress. Lead actress Kang Soo-yeon was widely acclaimed in her role as the surrogate mother, for which she won Best Actress at the 1987 Venice Film Festival.

## Plot

Shin, a nobleman, has been trying to conceive a male heir to continue his family name. Unable to provide a male heir, Shin's wife gives her husband permission to search for a surrogate wife to bear a male heir. On the way to finding a surrogate wife, Shin runs into a 17-year-old girl, Ok-nyo (Kang Soo-yeon). She is a poor, but feisty, girl who states that she will do anything for money. The stubborn nature of Ok-nyo attracts Shin and influences him to choose her to become the mother of his child. Ok-nyo holds the social status of a servant, but the relationship changes both of them through the course of the movie. Ok-nyo has to obey rules which keep her hidden during the day and delegates her to perform the mating ritual during Shins wife's hours of choosing. No matter what is happening, Ok-nyo can not leave the building in which she is housed. With Shin's infatuation and Ok-nyo's attachment, both secretly meet for passionate affairs. Unfortunately both eventually get caught, which causes their separation. Ok-nyo's mother tries to dissuade her, and to break off the relationship, by telling her the realities of life. Even though both are punished for the infraction, they still continue to meet. Eventually Ok-nyo conceives an heir for Shin, but is burdened with not knowing whether Shin will stay by her side or leave with her child forever.

## Remake

The film inspired 1989 Malayalam film Dasharatham.
# Battle of Makwanpur (1763)

Battle of Makwanpur was fought on 20 January 1763 in Makwanpurgadhi, Gorkha Kingdom between the Gorkhas and the Nawab of Bengal. The Muslims fled Makwanpur, resulted in Gorkhali victory, and the first victory of Gorkhas against overseas soldiers.

## Background

Prithvinarayana, the ruler of Gorkha, aimed to economically isolate the Kathmandu Valley. By 1762, he controlled both the eastern and western trade routes to Lhasa from the valley. Additionally, he conquered strategic locations such as Makwanpur, Timalkot, Sindhuli, and Hariharpur on the Mahabharat range southwest of the valley, effectively blocking the southern routes to India. This blockade imposed economic restrictions on the valley, aligning with Prithvinarayana's objectives.

## Clash

Prithvinarayana's actions led to clashes with external forces. Firstly, Ali Mir Kasim, the Nawab of Bengal, was incited by Digbandhan Sena, the displaced ruler of Makwanpur and Prithvinarayana's first wife's brother, to attack the Gorkha stronghold in Makwanpur. In response, Prithvinarayana engaged Mir Kasim's general, Gurgin Khan, at Makwanpur, where he decisively defeated the advancing troops and forced them to retreat.
This event underscored Prithvinarayana's military prowess and determination to maintain control over strategic territories, thereby securing his position and objectives in the region.
# Cyanothamnus rigens

Cyanothamnus rigenss, commonly known as the stiff boronia, is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to south-eastern New South Wales in Australia. It is a low, compact shrub with mostly trifoliate, glandular leaves and white to pale pink, four-petalled flowers in the leaf axils.

## Description

Cyanothamnus rigens is a compact shrub that grows to a height of 20–40 cm (8–20 in) with more or less hairy younger stems. The leaves are trifoliate with a petiole 1–4 mm (0.04–0.2 in) long. The leaflets are thick, often warty, narrow elliptic, 3–6 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long and 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in) wide. The flowers are white to pale pink and are arranged singly in leaf axils on a pedicel 1–3 mm (0.04–0.1 in) long. The four sepals are triangular to broadly egg-shaped, 1–3 mm (0.04–0.1 in) long, 0.5–1.5 mm (0.02–0.06 in) wide and hairy. The four petals are 2.5–3.5 mm (0.098–0.14 in) long and 1–2.5 mm (0.04–0.1 in) wide. The eight stamens alternate in length with those near the sepals slightly longer than those near the petals. The stigma is about the same width as the style. Flowering occurs from July to August and the fruit is a mostly glabrous capsule 2.5–3.5 mm (0.098–0.14 in) long and 1.5–2 mm (0.06–0.08 in) wide.

## Taxonomy and naming

The stiff boronia was first formally described in 1863 by George Bentham who gave it the name Boronia polygalifolia var. robusta and published the name in Flora Australiensis. In 1929 Edwin Cheel gave it the name Boronia rigens and published the description in Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. In a 2013 paper in the journal Taxon, Marco Duretto and others changed the name to Cyanothamnus rigens on the basis of cladistic analysis. The specific epithet (rigens) possibly refers to the habit of this species compared to that of B. polygalifolia and B. nana.

## Distribution and habitat

Cyanothamnus rigens grows in heath and forest, sometimes on stabilised dunes between Bombala and Mt Coricudgy east of Rylstone.
# Jacobs, Iowa

Jacobs was an unincorporated community in Poweshiek County, in the U.S. state of Iowa.

## Geography

Jacobs was at 41°39′54″N 92°40′08″W﻿ / ﻿41.66500°N 92.66889°W﻿ / 41.66500; -92.66889 where the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway crossed what is now 60th Street.

## History

A post office was established at Jacobs in 1896. Jacobs was located in Sections 11 and 12 of Washington Township, about five miles southeast of Grinnell. The community was along the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway, which at that time was a major rail line in the American Midwest.
In addition to the rail station, Jacobs was the location of the Farmers' Cooperative Creamery and a butter factory.
The population of Jacobs was 17 in 1902.
The Jacobs post office was discontinued in 1913.
The population of the community was 21 in 1925, and was 10 in 1940.
# Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria

Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria (Vienna, 29 July 1818 – Gross Seelowitz (Židlochovice Castle), 20 November 1874) was the second son of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen (1771–1847) and Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg, and the maternal grandfather of King Alfonso XIII of Spain.
A son of the "hero of Aspern", he started his military career in Infantry Regiment 57 in Brno. Later, he received command of a brigade in Italy and fought against the insurgents in Prague in 1848.
In 1859, he was a general in Moravia and Silesia and returned to Brno in 1860. He became a lieutenant field marshal of the Austrian Army. He was also awarded as a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

## Marriage and children

In Vienna, on 18 April 1854, Karl Ferdinand married his first cousin, Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria (1831–1903), the widow of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este, the daughter of Archduke Joseph of Austria, Palatine of Hungary and the mother of Queen Maria Theresia of Bavaria.
They had six children:
* Archduke Franz Joseph of Austria (1855)
* Archduke Friedrich of Austria, Duke of Teschen (1856–1936), Supreme Commander of the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I.
* Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria (1858–1929), married King Alfonso XII of Spain
* Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria (1860–1933), Admiral
* Archduke Eugen of Austria (1863–1954), Fieldmarshal
* Archduchess Maria Eleonora of Austria (1864)

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria :
# Skip Young (actor)

Ronald Bix Plumstead (March 14, 1930 – March 17, 1993) was an American film and television character actor. He was best known for playing Wally Plumstead in the American sitcom television series The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet from 1957 to 1966. Skip Young appeared as George Allison in Father Knows Best episode "Bud Lives it Up" in 1960.

## Life and career

Young was born in San Francisco, California. He began his career at the age of four, appearing in two 1934 short films produced by Manhattan-based Van Beuren Studios: No More West with Bert Lahr. Young served in the U.S. Navy during the Korean War. In 1957, he was cast as Wally Plumstead, David's fraternity brother and best friend, on The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, and remained on the show through its final season in 1966.
After the series ended, Young guest-starred in television programs including My Three Sons, Green Acres, Custer, Adam-12, Starsky & Hutch and Growing Pains. He also appeared and co-starred in films such as A Cold Wind in August, WUSA, and Lobster Man from Mars. In 1973, Young moved to Apple Valley, California, where he lived near his daughter. 1n later life he was presenter on a local radio show, participated in various community events.

## Death

Young, who suffered from heart disease and diabetes, died in March 1993 of natural causes at his home in Apple Valley, California, at the age of 63. He was buried in Riverside National Cemetery.
# Logan Hay

Logan Hay (February 13, 1871–June 2, 1942) was an American lawyer, historian, and politician.

## Biography

Logan Hay was the son of Milton Hay (1817-1893), a Springfield, Illinois lawyer, and his wife Mary (Logan) Hay (d. 1874), daughter of Stephen T. Logan.
Hay was born in Springfield, Illinois. He went to Lawrenceville School in Lawrenceville, New Jersey. He went to Yale University and Harvard Law School. At Yale, He was a member of Skull & Bones. He was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1897. From 1903 to 1906, Hay served on the Springfield City Council. He then served in the Illinois Senate from 1906 to 1914.
Hay followed his father into the law, establishing a law practice in Springfield. He was a delegate to the 1912 Republican National Convention. He was the president of the Illinois State Bar Association for 1920–21.
Hay was deeply involved in the activities of the Abraham Lincoln Association. Following the death of John Whitfield Bunn in 1920, Hay served as president of the association from 1920 until his death. In 1967, the association created a medal known as the Logan Hay Medal that is awarded to individuals who have made noteworthy contributions to preserving and promoting the memory of Abraham Lincoln.
He died on June 2, 1942, at his home in Springfield, Illinois.
# Martin Ande

Martin Ande (born 12 April 1948) is a Nigerian long-distance runner. He competed in the marathon at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
# Essex, Montana

Essex is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Flathead County, Montana, United States. Located in the northwestern part of the state, Essex lies along the Hi-Line railroad line, near Glacier National Park, 31 miles (50 km) southwest of East Glacier and 26 miles (42 km) southeast of West Glacier. Amtrak's Empire Builder makes a flag stop at Essex station, westbound at 7:41 pm and eastbound at 8:55 am. The Izaak Walton Inn hotel is close to the Amtrak station platform. Essex also is home to a small BNSF Railway yard. Historically, it was used to provide coal and water for steam trains, and to station helper units used to push freight trains over Marias Pass. It is still used to base snow-clearing crews in wintertime.
Named for a county in England, Essex (originally known as Walton) began as a small town on the Great Northern Railway’s main line in 1890.
Essex is also home to the Glacier-Waterton hamfest, which claims to be the oldest continually running such amateur radio event in the world, beginning in 1934 and held during the third full weekend in July at an area RV park.
# Tsanko Dyustabanov

Tsanko Hristov Dyustabanov (Bulgarian: Цанко Христов Дюстабанов; (May 13, 1844 – June 15, 1876) was a Bulgarian revolutionary and participant in the April uprising of 1876.
Dyustabanov was born in Gabrovo in today's Bulgaria, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire. He attended the Gabrovo School and was fluent in French and Turkish, he later studied at Robert College in Istanbul in 1872-1873.
Though not a supporter of the revolutionary campaign in the struggle for national liberation, Dyustabanov gradually became active in the social and political life of Gabrovo. In 1875, he was elected trustee of the school and member of the District court. As such he organized a petition to the Ottoman government with demands such as the recognition of the Bulgarian language as a second official language in the empire alongside Turkish.
Dyustabanov joined the local revolutionary committee and assisted the preparation of the April Uprising of 1876. He led a cheta (detachment) when the uprising broke out and fought with Ottoman posses in the regions of Batoshevo, Kravenik and Novo Selo. He was seriously wounded and arrested. Dyustabanov was sentenced to death and hanged in Veliko Tarnovo June 15, 1876.
# Jamison, Iowa

Jamison is an unincorporated community in Fremont Township, Clarke County, Iowa, United States. Jamison is located along Pacific Street, 6.4 miles (10.3 km) north-northeast of Osceola.

## History

Founded in the 1800s, Jamison's population was 61 in 1902, and 65 in 1925.
# Giorgio Vallebuona

Giorgio Vallebuona (born 24 April 1960) is a Chilean rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
# Crotona Park Hospital

Crotona Park Hospital was a hospital in The Bronx. Today that location houses a "substance abuse treatment rehabilitation center." The building was designed by Louis Abramson.
The hospital's name comes from its location, "southeast corner of Crotona Park East and Charlotte Street" rather than "Crotona Avenue and Crotona Park South" to which location Fordham Hospital moved in 1907.
# Lura S. Tally

Lura Cowles Self Tally (December 9, 1921 – August 28, 2012) was a politician and educator from North Carolina, who served five terms in the North Carolina House of Representatives and six terms in the North Carolina Senate. She is a graduate of Duke University and holds a master's degree from North Carolina State University. The Lura S. Tally Center for Leadership Development is based at Methodist University in Fayetteville, NC.

## Life

Lura Self was born in Statesville, North Carolina, to Robert Ottis and Sarah Cowles Self on December 9, 1921, and she grew up in Raleigh, North Carolina. She attended Peace College for two years before transferring to Duke University, where she graduated with a degree in English in 1942. While at Duke, she met her future husband, J.O. Tally, Jr. of Fayetteville, North Carolina, who would go on to become that city's mayor.
After raising two sons, she returned to school at N.C. State University, where she received a master's degree in education. In 1972, she ran for a seat in the North Carolina General Assembly, and she became the first woman ever elected from Cumberland County. After five terms in the House, she ran for N.C. Senate in 1982. She served in the Senate for 12 years, serving as the chair of the Education Committee and the Committee on the Environment. She retired from the legislature in 1994, as the longest-serving female legislator in state history. Tally continued to serve the state at the N.C. Museum of Natural History until 2003.

## The Lura S. Tally Center for Leadership Development

Methodist University honored Tally by naming its Center for Leadership Development after her. Its website provides the following summary of her accomplishments:
Tally continues her lifelong leadership contribution as a mentor to students in the Leadership Program at Methodist University. Tally was the first woman elected to the North Carolina legislature from Cumberland County. She served 22 years in the North Carolina House and Senate, where she emphasized programs to serve education and young people, as well as to protect North Carolina's environment. A recipient of numerous awards and commendations for her leadership, she has initiated and supported growth of significant components of community life, such as the county's Mental Health Center and scouting. She currently holds a gubernatorial appointment with the North Carolina Museum of Science. Clearly, Tally is one of Fayetteville's special treasures, and Methodist University is proud to honor her and her leadership by naming the Leadership Program for her.
# Leo Peyton

Leo Peyton (November 4, 1899 – April 9, 1989), sometimes listed as Leo Payton, was an American football player. He played professional football a fullback for the Rochester Jeffersons in the National Football League (NFL). He grew up in Canton, New York, and appeared in six NFL games, four as a starter, during the 1923 and 1924 seasons.
# Chandhamama

Chandhamama is a 2013 Indian Tamil language comedy film written and directed by R. Radhakrishnan. The film stars Karunas, Shweta Prasad and Harish Kalyan. The film was released on 1 March 2013 to negative reviews.

## Cast

As per the film's opening credits:
* Karunas as Santhanakrishnan (Chandamama)
* Shweta Prasad as Mary
* Harish Kalyan as Yuvan
* R. Sundarrajan as Chief Editor
* G. M. Kumar as J. Kanthan
* Ilavarasu as Santhanakrishnan's father
* M. S. Bhaskar as Krishnamoorthy
* Kottachi as Santhanakrishnan's assistant
* Maran as Santhanakrishnan's assistant
* Rinson Simon as Santhanakrishnan's assistant
* Sujatha as Santhanakrishnan's mother
* Mohan Ram as Church Father
* Madhan Bob as Amudham newspaper employee
* Crane Manohar as Auto driver
* Bava Lakshmanan as Theatregoer
* Srikanth Deva as himself
* Sridhar as himself ("Narayana")
* Ragasya as an item number

## Soundtrack

Music was composed by Srikanth Deva.
| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics |
| 1 | "Koyambedu Silk Akka" | Karunas | Karunas |
| 2 | "Kandene" | Suraj Jagan | Kanniappan |
| 3 | "Yaarodi" | Aalap Raju, Srimathumitha | Vairamuthu |
| 4 | "Narayana" | T. L. Maharajan, Vicky, Akku | Vairamuthu |

## Reception

A reviewer noted "on the whole an ordinary effort, delivering nothing new or entertaining to the audience."
# Killduff, Iowa

Killduff is an unincorporated community in southeastern Jasper County, Iowa, United States. It lies along local roads southeast of the city of Newton, the county seat of Jasper County.

## History

Killduff has a post office which opened on July 2, 1883.
Killduff was once located on the Iowa Central Railway. Killduff's population was 69 in 1902, and 85 in 1925.
In 1912, Killduff contained a post office, two stores, a lumber yard, and a blacksmith shop. The population was 85 in 1940.
# Veluthodu Dam

Veluthodu dam (Malayalam: വെളുത്തോട് അണക്കെട്ട് ) is a part of Kakkad Hydro Electric Project and is located in Seethathode panchayath of Ranni Taluk in Pathanamthitta District of Kerala, India. It's a Concrete-Gravity dam built across the Veluthodu river, a tributary of Kakkad River which is again a tributary of Pamba River. The dam is built primarily for electricity.
This diversion dam diverts water to the water conductor system from Moozhiyar reservoir to Kakkad Power Station. This power station utilises the tail race water from Sabarigiri power station and flow received from moozhiyar and velluthode rivers. After power generation, water from Kakkad power station is released to the Kakkad River. Taluks through which release flow are Ranni, Konni, Kozhencherry, Thiruvalla, Chengannur, Kuttanadu, Mavelikara and Karthikappally. It is operated by Kerala State Electricity Board.

## Specifications

* Latitude : 9⁰ 18′ 10 ” N
* Longitude: 77⁰ 02′ 30” E
* Village : Seethathodu
* Panchayath : Seethathodu
* District : Pathanamthitta
* River Basin : Pamba
* River : Veluthode ar
* Release from Dam to river : Kakkad river
* Name of Project : Kakkad HEP
* Year of completion : 1990
* Type of Dam : Concrete – Gravity
* Classification : MH (Medium Height)
* Maximum Water Level (MWL)EL 195.00 m
* Full Reservoir Level ( FRL) : EL 192.00 m
* Storage at FRL : 0.67 Mm3
* Height from deepest foundation : 20.50 m
* Length : 107.00 m
* Spillway : Ungated- Overflow section
* Crest LevelEL : 192.00 m
* River Outlet : 1 No. 1.80 x 2.70 m
* Purpose of Project : Hydro Power
* Reservoir Capacity : 0.18 billion gallon / (0.67 million cubic meter)

## Reservoir

The reservoir is formed by the Veluthodu dam, constructed across Velluthode river.
* Water Spread Area : 0.0635 Sq. km.
* Full Reservoir Level (FRL) : 192 m
* Minimum Drawdown level (MDDL) : 186 m
* Effective Storage at FRL : 0.607 MCM
* Energy Equivalent at FRL : 0.187 MU

## Kakkad Hydro Electric Project

The Kakkad Hydroelectric Project generates 50 MW of electricity using 2 turbines of 25 MW each year. The annual output is 262 MU. The machine was commissioned on 16 September 1999. The Moozhiyar Dam creates the main reservoir of this project. the second reservoir is formed by the Veluthodu dam. After power generation, water from Kakkad power station is released to the Kakkad River. The prime mover is a vertical shaft francis Turbine.
The Kakkad project had a long tale of unending woes of corruption and trade union militancy.
# Guillermo Velásquez

Guillermo Velásquez (born 10 December 1944) is a Chilean boxer. He competed in the men's bantamweight event at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
# Iomys

Iomys is a small genus of rodent in the family Sciuridae. Its two species are:
* Javanese flying squirrel (Iomys horsfieldii)
* Mentawi flying squirrel (Iomys sipora)