OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Perry Mason syndrome

The Perry Mason syndrome is the manner in which the television crime drama Perry Mason (1957–1966) may have affected perceptions of the United States legal system among defendants and jurors.

## Typical Perry Mason episode

In a typical episode of Perry Mason, a series involving a fictional Los Angeles defense attorney which initially ran from September 1957 to May 1966, the first half of the show usually depicted several people, including Mason's client, as having strong motivations to kill the victim. After Mason's client is charged with murder, during the preliminary hearing for the trial Mason would establish his client's innocence by dramatically demonstrating the guilt of another character. The real murderer would nearly always break down and confess to the crime in the courtroom, often while on the witness stand.

## Jurors

The Perry Mason syndrome purports that, due to the oversimplified manner in which trial proceedings were presented on the popular crime drama Perry Mason, jurors who watched the program would enter trials with misconceptions about how the legal process works. Some argue that the Perry Mason syndrome greatly reinforced the presumption of innocence of the defendant, which may have been problematic when the defendant was guilty. Others argue that, because Perry Mason was often able to cause witnesses to confess, jurors would expect similar "Perry Mason moments" to occur in real trials as well. This shifted the burden of proof from the prosecution to the defense. In one case, a juror told the defense attorney that the jury had voted to convict the defendant because the prosecution's key witness did not confess during cross-examination.

## Defendants

The Perry Mason syndrome has been cited as a reason some defendants would choose to appear pro se—representing oneself in court rather than being represented by a lawyer. The simplified portrayals of trials on the television series led some defendants to underestimate the seriousness of their predicaments. Consistent viewers of the show may have also believed that they had gained an intimate understanding of the United States legal system and would be able to represent themselves better than an attorney could. This effect may have been exacerbated by the tendency for news media to oversimplify their coverage of trial proceedings.
# Ashaig

Ashaig (Scottish Gaelic: Aiseag, referring to a ferry) is a small township, situated adjacent to Upper Breakish and Lower Breakish near Broadford on the island of Skye, Scotland. For administrative purposes, it lies in the Highland Council area.

## History
### Connection with St Maelrubha

The old burial ground at Ashaig, which is still in use, reflects the site's ancient religious associations. By tradition, it is closely connected with St. Maelrubha (c.642-722), the apostle to Skye, who is said variously to have sailed over from Applecross (on a large flat stone) and to have occupied the small island of Pabay opposite the beach. Also in the burial ground are several Commonwealth War Graves, the majority of these being Royal Navy casualties from the warship HMS Curacoa which sank in 1942 following a collision with the ocean liner Queen Mary, which it was escorting at the time. There are still to be seen the sacred spring that started when the saint tore a small tree from the ground and a rocky crag above the river, which he is said to have used as a pulpit (Creag an leabhair, "the rock of the book"). The saint's bell, which is supposed to have hung from a tree and to have pealed of its own accord in order to summon the faithful, is no longer in evidence.

### Archaeological remains

The spring is covered by a stone-built well-house. Conservation work in 1994 revealed that it was fed by a channel from an earlier stone-lined spring. One of the lintels of the linking channel bore a lozenge 75 millimetres (3 inches) long, and a cross-marked stone was found near the well-house. A neolithic axe was also found near the holy well.
Within the burial ground, the remains of a mediaeval church ("Cill Ashik") were still in existence as late as the middle of the 19th century.

## Transport

Ashaig is situated on the A87 road.

### Airfield

Ashaig is the site of Broadford Airfield which was built in 1972. It is no longer used for commercial flights, as these came to an end in 1988. It is currently used by a flying club and emergency services. There is a large and attractive sandy beach at the end of the airstrip, except at high tide.
The airfield was featured in the 1980 movie Flash Gordon.
# National Dance Week

National Dance Week (NDW) is an annual event in the United States sponsored by the United Dance Merchants of America to increase public awareness and appreciation of various forms of dance. The event is coordinated by an organization under the same name headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which operates under the sponsorship of the UDMA and currently seeks for the 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization status
The Coalition for National Dance Week was formed in 1981 by a group of dance related organizations to bring greater recognition to dance as an art form. Since 1991 the NDW is sponsored by the UDMA.
NDW volunteers host more than a thousand events nationwide during the observation.

## National Dance Week 2009

Dance Week 2009 was from April 24-May 3, 2009.

## National Dance Week 2007

National Dance Week 2007 was from April 20 through the 29th. Activities scheduled for 2007 included community dance performances, free classes, an essay contest, and an attempt to break the Guinness World Record for the "Largest Ballet Class a la barre" sponsored by the Oregon Ballet Foundation.
# George B. Shaw

George Bullen Shaw (March 12, 1854 – August 27, 1894) was an American politician, businessman, and lumberman who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1893 until his death in 1894, representing the 7th congressional district of Wisconsin as a Republican in the 53rd United States Congress. Shaw previously served as the mayor of Eau Claire, Wisconsin in 1888 and 1889.

## Early life and education

Shaw was born in Alma, New York, on March 12, 1854, to Daniel Shaw and Ann Foster Hutchins. He moved to Eau Claire, Wisconsin in 1856 with his father.
Shaw attended public schools in Eau Claire and graduated from the International Business College in Chicago in 1871.

## Career

Shaw engaged in his father's lumber manufacturing business, the Daniel Shaw Lumber Company, in 1874, serving in various positions, including secretary.
Shaw served as a member of the common council of Eau Claire from 1876 to 1887. He also served as the mayor of Eau Claire in 1888 and 1889.
Shaw was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1884.
In 1892, Shaw was elected as a Republican to represent the 7th congressional district of Wisconsin in the 53rd United States Congress. Shaw's term began on March 4, 1893; he served until his death in office the following year.
Shaw missed 72% of the 325 roll call votes taken from August 1893 to August 1894.

## Personal life and death

Shaw was married to Josephine M. Bletcher, with whom he had two children.
Shaw served as Supreme Chancellor of the Knights of Pythias from July 1890 to August 1892.
Shaw died at the age of 40 in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, on August 27, 1894. He was interred in Lake View Cemetery, located in Eau Claire.
# Stanki, Silesian Voivodeship

Stanki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krzepice, within Kłobuck County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of Krzepice, 20 km (12 mi) west of Kłobuck, and 83 km (52 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice.
# Edward Blatchford

Edward Blatchford (born September 1, 1955) is an American actor best known for his role as Peter Collins from 1998 to 2000 in the sitcom Malibu, CA, produced by Peter Engel. He also worked with Engel on three other television series, guest starring in Saved by the Bell, Hang Time and City Guys. Ed was one of the founding members of Chicago's American Blues Theatre.
He also guest starred in the series Crime Story, The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. and JAG. His film credits include The Last of the Mohicans (1992) and Nowhere to Run (1993).

## Career after acting
### Saved by the Belding

In 2010, Blatchford wrote and starred in the independent short film Saved by the Belding. The film parodied his guest appearance on Saved by the Bell where he played Rod Belding, brother of Richard Belding (Dennis Haskins).

#### Rainmaker

Ed was nominated for a 2016 Joseph Jefferson (Equity) Award for Director of a Play for "The Rainmaker" at the American Blues Theater in Chicago, Illinois.

## Personal life

Blatchford currently works as a real estate agent for Surterre Properties in Newport Beach, California. He has a Bachelor of Arts from College of Santa Fe and a Master of Fine Arts from DePaul University. He is married to Laura and they have a daughter, Alexandra.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role |
| 1978 | Convoy | Roger |
| 1989 | Music Box | Young Man |
| 1991 | Son of the Morning Star | Lt. Col. William W. Cooke |
| 1992 | We're Talking Serious Money | Biker #1 |
| 1992 | The Last of the Mohicans | Jack Winthrop |
| 1993 | Nowhere to Run | Sheriff Lonnie Poole |
| 1993 | Twenty Bucks | Ex-Hippie |
# Robert Aubinière

Robert Joseph Aubinière Lippmann (September 24, 1912 – December 5, 2001) was a French military official and the inaugural director of the French Space Agency (CNES).

## Biography
### Early life

Aubinière was born in Paris and spent most of his schooling at the Lycée Condorcet. He did his hypotaupe at Condorcet and his taupe at Lycée Chaptal then at Lycée Louis-le-Grand. Robert Aubinière entered the École polytechnique in 1933.

### Military career

After graduating from the École polytechnique in 1935, Aubinière joined the French Air Force as a lieutenant. Upon completing his training at the École de l'air et de l'espace, he was assigned to the 61st Wing, stationed in Blida, in October 1936. In September 1943, he left Algeria for London, where he was named head of air operations for northern France (Region A). In December 1943, he parachuted into Is-sur-Tille in Burgundy and later operated secretly in Lille as head of the air operations office (BOA), succeeding Pierre Deshayes. He helped coordinate the logistics of the Tortue plan, aimed at delaying German tanks ahead of the Allied landings. In February 1944, he joined the special services department. On April 14, 1944, he was arrested by the Gestapo in Lille, deported to Germany in September, and interned at a V2 factory in Neubrandenburg. He returned to France in May 1945.
By September 1945, Aubinière was second in command at the École de l'air et de l'espace, first in Paris and later in Salon-de-Provence. In January 1949, he entered the École de guerre, graduating in April 1950, and was then posted as chief of staff for the 5th Air Region in French North Africa. Promoted to colonel in 1952, he became commander of the 721 Rochefort air base, a training center for non-commissioned mechanical officers, in May 1954.
On September 7, 1957, he was appointed director of the Centre interarmées d'essais d'engins spéciaux (CIEES, English: Joint Special Equipment Testing Center) in Colomb-Béchar. On January 10, 1960, he became director of the École de l'air et de l'espace and commander of the 701 Salon-de-Provence air base. On April 4, 1960, he was named technical and industrial director of Aeronautics at the Ministère de l'Air (English: Ministry of Air). He was promoted to air brigadier general in December, 1958, and to air divisional general in June, 1961.

### Civilian career

In 1962, Aubinière was appointed director general of the brand newly established the French Space Agency (CNES), and he stayed in the position until 1972. From 1972 to 1975, he was appointed Secretary General of the European Launcher Development Organisation.

## Honors

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Textbooks from Wikibooks
* Resources from Wikiversity
Aubinière received numerous honors including the Grand-Croix of the Legion d’Honneur the Croix de Guerre, the Order of Merit, the Aeronautical Medal, the 1939–1945 Commemorative war medal, and the North Africa Security and Order Operations Commemorative Medal. He's also an honorary member of the Académie de l'air et de l'espace in France.
# Sarah Jane Murray

Sarah Jane Murray is an Irish-born academic and Emmy-nominated filmmaker who works in the United States. She teaches great books, creative writing, film making, interactive storytelling (AR, VR, XR, story for game design), and the ethics of storytelling at Baylor University as a Professor of Great Texts and Creative Writing.
Born in Ireland, she graduated from Auburn University with a BA in French and Philosophy, and studied at the École normale supérieure de lettres et sciences humaines in Lyon while also earning her MA and PhD from Princeton University. She is the author of From Plato to Lancelot: A Preface to Chrétien de Troyes (Syracuse UP, 2008). And the first translation of the 14th-century Ovide Moralisé (D.S. Brewer, 2023). She is also the author of Basics of Story Design: Twenty Steps to an Insanely Great Screenplay (AnderEd, 2017), and a children’s book, Ralph’s Christmas Quest (CatSpring, 2019). In 2014, she was nominated for an Emmy (as the writer) for Primary Concern, a documentary film about the primary care crisis in the United States, that was presented by GA Public Television and aired nationally on PBS. In 2018, she was recognized as one of the fifty women changing the entertainment and media industry, and most likely to help bring about gender parity in Hollywood. In 2023, she founded The Greats Story Lab at the intersection of film, education, and emerging technologies. Courtney Smith joined her as co-founder in 2024.
# Richard Brodhead

Richard Brodhead (January 5, 1811 – September 16, 1863) was an American lawyer and politician from Easton, Pennsylvania. He represented Pennsylvania in both the U.S. House (1843 to 1849) and Senate (1851 to 1857).
He was the father of U.S. Representative Jefferson Davis Brodhead, who also represented Pennsylvania.

## Biography

Richard Brodhead was born in Lehman Township, Pennsylvania, the son of Hannah (Drake) and Richard Brodhead, Sr. Brodhead moved to Easton, Pennsylvania in 1830. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1836 and commenced practice in Easton. He was a member of the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives from 1837 to 1839. He was appointed treasurer of Northampton County, Pennsylvania in 1841. His wife was Mary Jane Davis Bradford, a niece of Jefferson Davis of Mississippi.

### Political career

Brodhead was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, and Thirtieth Congresses. He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Revolutionary Pensions during the Twenty-ninth Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1848.
Brodhead was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate. He served as chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Claims during the Thirty-second and Thirty-third Congresses. and the United States Senate Committee on Revolutionary Claims during Thirty-second Congress. He died in Easton in 1863. He is interred in the Easton Cemetery.

## Legacy

He was the most recent resident of the Lehigh Valley area to serve as United States Senator from Pennsylvania until the election of Pat Toomey in 2010.
# Amos Ayre

Sir Amos Lowrey Ayre KBE (23 July 1885 – 13 January 1952) was a British shipbuilder and co-founder of the Burntisland Shipbuilding Company in 1918. He held senior posts related to shipping during both world wars.
Born at South Shields, Ayre grew up surrounded by shipbuilding and seafaring activity. He served an apprenticeship as a draughtsman with Wood, Skinner and Co in Newcastle-on-Tyne and graduated from Armstrong College, Newcastle in 1904. He went on to hold posts in shipyards at Belfast and Dublin, where he came to hold status and responsibility. In 1909 he accepted the position of Manager at the Employment Exchange lately opened at Govan, outside Glasgow. He was in charge of fleet coaling operations on the River Forth during the First World War, and promoted to the post of Admiralty District Director for shipyard labour in Scotland. He and his brother, Sir Wilfrid Ayre, founded the Burntisland Shipbuilding Company at Fife. In 1936, in recognition of his eminence in public service, Ayre was offered the position of Chairman of the Shipbuilding Conference, effectively placing him in charge of the entire industry. He was made Knight Bachelor in 1937 and Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1943. From 1939 to 1944, he was Director of Merchant Shipbuilding.
# Limete

Limete is one of the 24 communes that are the administrative divisions of Kinshasa, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## Location

Limete is located south of the Pool Malebo between the mouths of the Funa and Ndjili rivers. The eastern boundary is the Ndjili going south down to Boulevard Lumumba (RN1 [fr]). The western boundary from the north follows the Funa, Boulevard Lumumba, and Avenue de L'Université down to Avenue Kikwit. From there the southern boundary rejoins Boulevard Lumumba to the east via Avenue Sefu and the Limete Tower interchange.
Limete's neighboring communes going clockwise from the east are: Masina, Matete, Lemba, Ngaba, Kalamu, and Barumbu.

## Government

The administration of Limete is led by an unelected government appointed burgomaster (French: bourgmestre). As of 2023 the burgomaster is Nathalie Alamba. The reform of having burgomasters elected by communal councils awaits the inaugural election of these councils.

### Electoral district

With 295,768 on its voter rolls Limete is an electoral district for both the election of a thirteen-member communal council and that of three deputies of the Provincial Assembly of Kinshasa. Both elections are by open list. For the National Assembly Limete is part of the Kinshasa III district (Mont Amba).
Nationwide communal council elections were scheduled for 22 September 2019 but did not take place. In December of that year President Tshisekedi declared that these elections would be held sometime in 2020.
The Provincial Assembly election was held as part of the general elections on 30 December 2018. Therese Masengo Muabuanga (UDPS/Tshisekedi), Jean Désiré Mbonzi Wa Mbonzi (MLC), and Gerard Mulumba Kongolo Wa Kongolo (UDPS/Tshisekedi) are the deputies representing Limete in the new legislature.

### Administrative divisions

In 2014 Limete was divided into the following 14 quarters (French: quartiers):
* Agricole
* Industriel
* Kingabwa
* Masiala (Général Masiala)
* Mateba
* Mayulu
* Mbamu
* Mfumu-Mvula
* Mombele
* Mososo
* Ndanu
* Nzadi
* Residentiel
* Salongo
# Rondi Charleston

Rondi Charleston is a jazz vocalist and songwriter (in collaboration with Lynne Arriale). She is also an Emmy and Peabody Award-winning television journalist and investigative reporter for Primetime.

## Early life

Charleston was born in Chicago, and grew up in the Hyde Park neighborhood, the only daughter of an English professor father and voice teacher/singer mother. Her father, a jazz enthusiast, played jazz piano, and took her to a performance by Duke Ellington, where she met the man. After performing as a guest artist with the University of Chicago's theatre program, she enrolled at Juilliard as a theatre major, but soon transferred to music. She also studied journalism at New York University, desiring to work with Charles Kuralt.

## Journalism career

While in school, she discovered a Metropolitan Transportation Authority cover-up that claimed a train crash was caused by an engineer high on illegal drugs, when no illegal drugs were in his system, according to the coroner's report. ABC News hired her when she broke the story, and she worked with Diane Sawyer for the next five years. She then worked at NBC News for a year before taking time off to be a mother.

## Music career

During her time off from journalism, she studied jazz singing with Peter Eldridge of New York Voices, and began performing in Greenwich Village.
Her third album, In My Life, had a special promotion with Virgin Megastore, which sold it with an exclusive live DVD.

## Personal life and family

Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward were among her neighbors; she considers them role models for raising her family.
Her mother continues to teach voice lessons in Chicago. Her father hosts a classical music program for Philadelphia radio, and her brother plays percussion with the New York Philharmonic.

## Discography

* Love Letters (LML, 2001)
* Love Is the Thing (LML, 2004)
* In My Life (Emmamuse Productions, 2009)
* Who Knows Where the Time Goes (Motéma, 2011)
* Signs of Life (Motéma, 2013)
* Resilience (Resilience, 2017)
# RPG-22

The Soviet RPG-22 Netto is a one-shot disposable anti-tank rocket launcher first deployed in 1985, based on the RPG-18 rocket launcher, but firing a larger 72.5 mm fin stabilised projectile. The weapon fires an unguided projectile, can be prepared to fire in around 10 seconds, and can penetrate 400 mm of armour, 1.2 metres of brick or 1 metre of reinforced concrete.

## Operation

The smoothbore container is made from two fibreglass parts; a main tube containing the rocket, and a telescoping forward extension, which slides over the barrel.
In transport mode, both ends of the barrel are closed by plastic covers, which open when the weapon is extended. The firing mechanism is manually cocked by raising the rear sight. Lowering the rear sight de-cocks the weapon if there is no target.
On firing, there is a backblast danger area behind the weapon, of at least 15 metres. The solid propellant motor completely burns out while the rocket is still in the barrel tube, accelerating it to about 133 metres per second. The weapon has simple pop-up sights graduated to ranges of 50, 150 and 250 metres.
To keep training costs down, a reusable RPG-22 is available that fires a 30 mm subcalibre projectile, weighing 350g, to operational ranges. Handling is identical to that of the full calibre version, with the exception of the discharge noise and backblast.

## Real IRA use

On the evening of 20 September 2000, dissident Irish Republican group the Real IRA attacked the MI6 Building in London (the headquarters of the British Secret Intelligence Service) with a single RPG-22 round, causing superficial damage - see 2000 MI6 attack. The rocket used in London was made in Russia; a rocket found in a Real IRA cache near Dungannon came from Bulgaria. A weapons cache destined for the Real IRA, seized in Croatia in August 2000, contained a number of RPG-22s. Prices range from £150 to £220 per launcher.

## Operators
### Current operators

* Russia – Russian Ground Forces
* Bulgaria – Bulgarian Land Forces, local production at VMZ Sopot.
* Colombia – Colombian National Army
* Croatia – Croatian Army
* Georgia – Georgian Land Forces
* India – Indian Army
* Iraq: Iraqi insurgents
* Moldova – Moldovan Ground Forces
* Peru – Peruvian Army
* Syria
* Transnistria
* Turkmenistan – Turkmenistan Ground Forces
* Ukraine – Ukrainian Ground Forces, Ukrainian National Guard.

### Former operators

* Soviet Union, passed on to successor states
* Real Irish Republican Army