# Phrack

Phrack is an e-zine written by and for hackers, first published November 17, 1985. It had a wide circulation which included both hackers and computer security professionals.
Originally covering subjects related to phreaking, anarchy and cracking, its articles also cover a wide range of topics including computer and physical security, hacking, cryptography, counter culture and international news.
Phrack has been described as having "had its finger on the pulse of hacker culture", and being "hugely influential in the early days of hacker culture".

## Publications
### E-Zine Releases

Issues of Phrack are divided in volumes, covering 1 or more years of publication.
| Volume | Year | Issues | Editors |
| 01 | 1985-86 | #1 to #9 | Taran King Cheap Shades |
| 02 | 1987-88 | #10 to #24 | Taran King Knight Lightning Shooting Shark Elric of Imrryr Crimson Death |
| 03 | 1989-91 | #25 to #36 | Taran King Crimson Death Dispater |
| 04 | 1992-93 | #37 to #44 | Dispater Erik Bloodaxe |
| 05 | 1994 | #45 to #46 | Erik Bloodaxe |
| 06 | 1995 | #47 | Erik Bloodaxe |
| 07 | 1996-97 | #48 to #51 | Voyager daemon9/route |
| 08 | 1998 | #52 to #54 | route |
| 09 | 1999 | #55 | route |
| 10 | 2000 | #56 | route |
| 11 | 2001-05 | #57 to #63 | Phrackstaff |
| 12 | 2007-08 | #64 to #65 | The Circle of Lost Hackers |
| 13 | 2009 | #66 | The Circle of Lost Hackers |
| 14 | 2010-2012 | #67 to #68 | The Phrack Staff |
| 15 | 2016 | #69 | The Phrack Staff |
| 16 | 2021 | #70 | The Phrack Staff |
| 17 | 2024 | #71 | The Phrack Staff |

### Hardcover Releases

There were 3 hardcover releases. Each hardcover release contained most (but not all) articles of the e-zine release. Both the hardcover and e-zine were released simultaneously.
| Issue | Year | Place |
| 57 | 2001 | Hackers At Large |
| 62 | 2004 | RuxCon |
| 63 | 2005 | What the Hack |

## History

Phrack, first released on November 17, 1985, takes its name from the words "phreak" and "hack". The founding editors of the magazine, known by the pseudonyms "Taran King" and "Knight Lightning", edited most of the first 30 editions. Editions were originally released onto the Metal Shop bulletin board system, where Taran King was a sysop, and widely mirrored by other boards. Its headquarters was in Austin, Texas.
During its first 10 years of publication, Phrack was largely associated with telecommunications fraud, providing material for phreakers and information about arrests in the community through its Phrack World News feature articles. Along with the release of articles such as "Smashing The Stack For Fun And Profit" and the editorship of daemon9/route in 1996, Phrack's orientation shifted toward computer security and its focus drew closer to the current definition of hacking.

### Arrest of Knight Lightning

The 24th issue of Phrack, released February 1989, included a document relating to the workings of Enhanced 911 emergency response systems. This document was an administrative document describing which parts of the organization are responsible for what parts of the E911 system. It had been copied from a BellSouth computer and played a major part in a series of Secret Service raids called Operation Sundevil and featured in Bruce Sterling's book The Hacker Crackdown. Phrack's editor, Knight Lightning, was arrested and charged with access device fraud and transportation of stolen property. The proceedings which ensued are known formally as United States v. Riggs, named for Knight Lightning's co-defendant Robert Riggs.
The Electronic Frontier Foundation filed an amicus brief supporting Knight Lightning, and helped to get the case dropped by introducing a witness who showed that Bellcore was selling more detailed documentation to the E911 system for as little as $13 to anyone who asked. The E911 document had initially been valued by the prosecution at almost $80,000. The case was then dropped.

### Pre-2000

After the arrest of Knight Lightning, and the shutdown of Phrack by the US Secret Service in late December 1989 a few weeks after issue #30 was released, some attempts were made to resurrect Phrack under the editorship of Doc Holiday and Crimson Death. However, the lack of consent from the original editor to accept this Phrack Classic led to a new editorship for issue #33 by Dispater under the name Diet Phrack until issue #41.
Issue #42 was released under the editorship of Erik Bloodaxe in 1992. In September 1994, the first Phrack website appeared with release #46, containing all the files from the previous issues.
With the growing use of the internet and interest in computer security, from 1996 Phrack became increasingly oriented toward computer security. The editorship was handed to route along with voyager until 2000 (release #56). During this period, the Phrack website was defaced several times and the magazine was often unavailable.

### Continuation after 2000

Since 2001 Phrack has been edited under the alias Phrackstaff.
In 2005, it was announced that Phrack was to come to an end, with the 63rd issue as its last. To commemorate Phrack's final appearance, the issue was to be a hardback edition, released simultaneously at the DEF CON and What the Hack conventions on July 29. An e-zine version of the release followed on August 1. The European printer for the hardcopies of Phrack to be distributed at Defcon refused to fulfil the order once they realized that they were printing a hacking book. Two University of Arizona students filled the gap and printed between 100 and 200 copies of Phrack 63 in time for release at Defcon 13. The copies of Phrack 63 distributed at Defcon 13 are each stamped with a "serial" number on the inside of the last page. It is believed that there are 100 numbered copies of Phrack 63 distributed at Defcon. All copies were hand cut and bound; unnumbered copies may be unreleased "extras", or may have cutting errors that meant they were deemed them unfit for distribution.
Issue 63 told readers to "expect a new release", and on May 27, 2007, issue 64 was released by a new board of editors referring to themselves as "The Circle of Lost Hackers" (TCLH). TCLH released issue #65 of Phrack on April 11, 2008 and issue #66 on June 11, 2009 and so on upto latest release of #71 on 2024-08-19 by Phrack Staff.

## Content

Phrack issues are released irregularly, and issues are grouped into volumes. Each issue comprises a number of Philes: stand-alone text files of technical or counter-cultural content. Philes are submitted by members of the hacker underground community, and are reviewed by the editors.
In addition to technical articles, Phrack also provided a focus for news and gossip among the hacker community.
In the 1990 National Computer Security Conference, Sheldon Zenner and Dorothy Denning suggested that Phrack articles contained the same factual content in computer and security magazines, but differed in tone.

### Notable articles

Phrack is especially popular due to the general high standard of the releases compared to other underground zines, but has made its reputation from a number of high-quality articles.
* "\/\The Conscience of a Hacker/\/ (aka the Hacker Manifesto)" by The Mentor has been an inspiration to young hackers since the 1980s, having been published in the 7th issue of Phrack.
* "Smashing The Stack For Fun And Profit" by Aleph One, published in issue 49, is the "classic paper" on stack buffer overflows, partly responsible for popularizing the vulnerability.
* "The Art of Scanning" by Fyodor, published September 1, 1997 in Issue 51 introduced the nmap Internet scanning tool.

### Regular features

Several regular columns are present in most issues of Phrack, such as:
* Prophile - a profile of an influential individual from the hacking underground.
* Loopback - answers to emails received by the phrack staff.
* Phrack World News - a compilation of reports on the latest counter-culture events.
* International Scenes - a compilation of testimonies from hackers around the world focusing on national and international activities.