OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ergtoxin

Ergtoxin (CnErg1, CnErgTx1, ErgTx, ErgTx1, ɣ-KTx1.1) is a toxin from the venom of the Mexican scorpion Centruroides noxius. This toxin targets hERG (human Ether- à -go-go-Related Gene) potassium channels.

## Sources

The toxin is derived from the venomous gland of the Mexican scorpion Centruroides noxius,

## Chemistry

Based on primary sequence alignment, there are 27 different ɣ-KTx's, all of which belong to the larger group of scorpion short chain toxins that affect K$^+$ channels (KTx). The first member of this ɣ-KTx family, Ergtoxin (ɣ-KTx1.1), is a polypeptide composed of 42 amino acid residues. It has the following one-letter amino acid code:
DRDSCVDKSRCAKYGYYQECQDCCKNAGHNGGTCMFFKCKCA.
The Ergtoxin sequence contains four disulfide bridges between Cys5-Cys23, Cys11-Cys34, Cys20-Cys39 and Cys24-Cys41 and has a molecular mass of 4730.8 ± 0.4 Da. Ergtoxin displays two clusters of amino acids, one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic. Its structure is stabilized by five hydrogen bonds, HN15-O34, HN33-O40, HN35-O38, HN38-O35, HN40-O33. All of the above data have led to the following prediction for its 3D Structure. The tertiary structure of Ergtoxin is comparable to that of another toxin called OSK1, in spite of sharing only 35% sequence identity

## Target

Ergtoxin can decrease hERG K+ activity by 50% at a concentration of 10 nM. The binding of Ergtoxin to hERG has been suggested to be dependent on hydrophobic interactions with the channel pore, specifically with a prominently exposed hydrophobic cluster of amino acids (Tyr 14, Phe 36 and Phe 37). It has also been shown that natural oxidation of Met 35 decreases the affinity of the molecule for the hERG K$^+$ channels by three orders of magnitude, suggesting that Met35 is a critical residue for either polypeptide 3D folding or interaction of the toxin with the channel.

## Mode of action

Ergtoxin effects are a result of the toxin binding to voltage- gated K$^+$ channels containing the Kv11.1 alpha subunit encoded by ether-a-go-go-genes (hERG1, hERG2 and hERG3) in the central nervous system of humans. Two concurrent modes of action for the ɣ-KTx's have been reported: 1.) blocking channel conductance by interacting with the outer vestibule of the channel or at the extracellular surface pore domains S5-S6, and 2.) interference with channel gating through interaction with the voltage-sensing domain S1-S4.

## Toxicity

Ergtoxin blocks ERG-channels located in endocrine, nerve and heart cells in several species, and is more toxic than CsEKerg1.

## Treatment and therapeutic use

Ergtoxin may potentially have a role in treatment of patients with ovarian cancer by inhibiting the proliferation of cells and thus the progression of cancer. However, while hERG K+ channels are expressed by SK-OV-3 cancer cells, the specific mechanisms of channel function in proliferation and potential therapeutic uses for toxins targeting these channels are still not confirmed.
# I Swear (Ice Prince song)

"I Swear" is a song by Nigerian rapper Ice Prince. It was released as the fourth single from his second studio album, Fire of Zamani (2013). American rapper French Montana contributes a rap verse to it, and Nigerian singer Shaydee provides guest vocals. The song was produced by Chopstix and released by Chocolate City. It debuted at number ten on MTV Base's Official Naija Top 10 chart.

## Background and recording

"I Swear" was recorded in Nigeria except for French Montana's part, which was recorded at Big Daddy's Studio in New York City. On September 7, 2013, Ice Prince uploaded a video to YouTube highlighting he and Montana's studio session.
In an interview with HipTV, Ice Prince elaborated on his collaboration with French Montana, saying, "I got introduced to him by a Nigerian guy. We just got introduced backstage at his show and he said this cat's cool. From then on, we went together, we got in the studio, recorded the song".

## Music video

The music video for "I Swear" was filmed in the United States by J R Saint. It was released on October 8, 2013, a month after the audio release.

## Critical reception

"I Swear" received positive reviews from music critics. Ogagus, writing a review for Jaguda.com, called the song a "groovy rap tune" and said Ice Prince "can hold his own with the best of them when it comes to rap globally." Reviewing for The Guardian newspaper, Phiona Okumu praised Ice Prince for "trading rhymes" with French Montana. OkayAfrica commended both rappers for "namedropping and channeling some of their contemporaries over a syncopated beat".

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| Nigeria | September 9, 2013 | CD, Digital download | Chocolate City Music Label |
# Haraldur Benediktsson

Haraldur Benediktsson (born 23 January 1966) is an Icelandic politician from the Independence Party. He represented Northwest in the Parliament of Iceland from 2013 to 2023.
In 2023, he was elected Mayor of Akranes.
# Zarepour

Zarepour (Persian: زارع پور) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Eisa Zarepour (born 1980), Iranian conservative politician and former minister of information and communications technology
* Mohammad Saleh Zarepour, Iranian philosopher
# Rodrigo Paz

Rodrigo Paz Delgado (20 December 1933 – 17 August 2021) was an Ecuadorian politician and businessman. He was the mayor of Quito from 1988 to 1992. He ran as a presidential candidate in 1996. One of his political parties was Democracia Popular (DP).
Paz was Minister of Finance from 1980 to 1981. He had been the principal director of Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito since 1997, but had been involved with the club since 1959.
On August 17, 2021, Paz died of gastrointestinal bleeding in Tampa, Florida at the age of 87.
# Pierre Douzou

Pierre Douzou (August 25, 1926 – June 9, 2000) was a French biochemist and a pioneer in cryobiology who led parallel scientific careers in both civic and military institutions. He founded the field of cryoenzymology and developed antifreeze solvents, which found particularly use in agronomy. Douzou is recognized worldwide for his work in the physical chemistry of biological reactions at low temperatures. Besides his scientific research, he was a promoter of original research at the intersection between the inanimate and the living and participated in France's scientific policymaking for several decades.

## Education and career

Douzou was born in Millau as the son of the glover Gaston Douzou. After studying at the Rodez high school, Douzou studied pharmacy at the École de santé des armées in Toulon in 1951 and later in Lyon. In 1953, Douzou entered the University of Paris and conducted research at the Radium institute (later Curie Institute) under the supervision of Moïse Haïssinsky. He completed his doctoral thesis in 1958 and was appointed a lecturer at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle by Charles Sadron in the same year. During this period, Douzou was also a biologist since 1959 and an associate researcher (maître de recherche) at the French Armed Forces Health Service in 1965. This period saw him working at the Val-de-Grâce army hospital in Paris. Douzou left the museum in 1966 and joined the Institut de biologie physico-chimique, where he was starting to establish the biospectroscopy department. Douzou worked at the École pratique des hautes études from 1971 to 1977 as the director of the laboratory for macromolecular biology.
In 1974, Douzou joined INSERM and established the research unit 128, cryobiology applied to the study of metabolism (Cryobiologie appliquée à l'étude de métabolismes), from 1974 to 1980, which was based in Montpellier. In 1977, he was also director of the Institut de biologie physico-chimique in Paris and was appointed a professor at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle to succeed Charles Sadron, a position he held until his retirement in 1995. His monograph on cryobiochemistry, published in 1977, summarizes the efforts made in along with colleagues such as Claude Balny and Gaston Hui Bon Hoa. From 1987 to 1994, Douzou was director of the research unit on Molecular and cellular biology at low temperatures at the Curie Institute in Paris. From 1989 to 1991, Douzou was also director of INRA. From 1985 to 1993, Douzou, along with Gilbert Durand and Philippe Kourilsky, coordinated the national biotechnology program at the Ministry of Research and Technology (ministère de la Recherche et de la Technologie).
# Richard Lathim

Richard Lathim is an American politician who served as the Sheriff of Franklin County, Washington. Lathim is a veteran of the Franklin County Sheriff's Office, serving seven terms as Sheriff from 1986 to 2014, until being succeeded by James (Jim) Raymond in the 2014 elections.

## Early life and education

Lathim is a native of Franklin County, Washington. He attended Washington State University for Police Science & Administration, and he has taken several other police-oriented courses, such as Basic Law Enforcement Academy, the Law Enforcement Command College, and Executive Level Law Enforcement Certification.

## Career

Lathim retired December 31, 2014 after 37 years of law enforcement service, the last 28 years as the elected Sheriff of Franklin County. After attending Washington State University and receiving a degree in Police Science & Administration, Lathim worked from 1977 to 1978 as a Police Officer in the Connell Police Department, as a Deputy Sheriff in the Franklin County Sheriff's Office from 1978 to 1986, and as the elected Sheriff of Franklin County from 1986 to 2014. In May, 2015, he announced that he would be seeking appointment to the Washington House of Representatives after Representative Susan Fagan resigned May 1 after allegations that she falsified travel forms. Mary Dye of Pomeroy was selected by 13 of the 17 commissioners to replace Susan Fagan as the new state representative for District 9, over the other candidates Richard Lathim and Patrick Guettner. Lathim decided to run for Representative of District 9 later that year in 2015, running against Rep. Mary Dye. Richard Lathim was defeated by Mary Dye with 35.3 percent of the votes, while Dye won with 64.6 percent of the votes. Richard Lathim is the CEO of Rocking L Land and Livestock, LLC.
# Jacques Kasma

Jacques Kaszemacher, commonly credited as Jacques Kasma, was a French and Canadian actor and filmmaker. He was most noted as the winner of the Canadian Film Award for Best Editing at the 19th Canadian Film Awards in 1967 for his work on the film Ghosts of a River (Trois hommes au mille carré).
Born in 1935 in Paris, France to Polish Jewish parents Henri Kaszemacher and Chaja Sura Bajwelcwaig, he was hidden for his safety during World War II, during which his parents were both captured by the German Army and died in the Holocaust. He was rescued by the Œuvre de secours aux enfants and lived in orphanages until the age of 18; as a young adult, he studied mime under Marcel Marceau before moving to Montreal, Quebec, in 1956.
In Canada he had various acting roles, including as Ti-Bo in the children's television series La boîte à surprise, as René in the drama series Sous le signe du lion, and as an indigenous warrior in the film Mission of Fear (Astataïon, ou Le Festin des morts), and was an early faculty member of the National Theatre School of Canada, teaching improvisational acting. He worked as an editor for the National Film Board of Canada, including on the films Ghosts of a River, Entre tu et vous and 24 heures ou plus, and was credited as a codirector of Ghosts of a River.
He later left the film industry and trained as a social worker, joining the research team at the Douglas Mental Health University Institute.
# Prayer Book Society

The Prayer Book Society can refer to
* Prayer Book Society (England)
* Prayer Book Society of the USA
* Prayer Book Society of Canada
* Scottish Prayer Book Society
# Charles Sadron

Charles Louis Sadron (12 May 1902 – 5 September 1993), was a French physicist who specialized in the study of biological macromolecules.

## Biography

Sadron was born in Cluis and studied at the University of Poitiers and later obtained a teaching position at Lycée Kléber in Strasbourg. While teaching at the high school, he obtained his PhD in 1932 at the University of Strasbourg on the magnetic properties of metals under the supervision of Pierre Weiss. He obtained a Rockefeller scholarship afterwards and worked at California Institute of Technology from 1933 to 1934. Sadron returned to France and became a professor at the University of Strasbourg in 1937.
In 1945, Sadron founded the Centre for the Study of Macromolecular Physics (Centre d'Étude de Physique Macromoléculaire or CEPM), which was renamed in 1954, as the Centre for Macromolecular Research (Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolécules or CRM). He was appointed director there until 1967. In 1967, he moved to Orléans where he became head of the Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM, Center for Molecular Biophysics) at the University of Orléans. Sadron was the first laureate of the Holweck Prize, given by the British Institute of Physics in 1946.

## Institut Charles Sadron

In 1985, the CRM and the École d'Application des Hauts Polymères (EAHP, School of Application of High Polymers) were merged into the Institut Charles Sadron (ICS). The Institut Charles Sadron (UPR 22), is a research center of the CNRS (National Centre of Scientific Research), associated with the University of Strasbourg.

## Publications

* Dynamic aspect of conformation changes in biological macromolecules, Reidel, 1973.
# Gigactonine

Gigactonine is a naturally occurring diterpene alkaloid first isolated from Aconitum gigas. It occurs widely in the Ranunculaceae plant family. The polycyclic ring system of this chemical compound contains nineteen carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom, which is the same as in aconitine and this is reflected in its preferred IUPAC name.

## History

Gigactonine was reported in 1978 after its isolation from Aconitum gigas. Although a novel structure at that time, it was recognised to be related to known diterpene alkaloids including delsoline, which is methylated on its 4-hydroxymethyl primary alcohol sidechain.

## Synthesis

Although individual members of this class of alkaloids have been extensively studied, their chemical complexity has limited the number which have been individually synthesised. Similarly, their full biosynthetic pathway is only known in outline in most cases.

## Natural occurrence

Gigactonine has been reported as the main alkaloid in the flowers of Aconitum lycoctonum and has been isolated from Delphinium including Delphinium ajacis and other Consolida species in the Ranunculaceae plant family.

## Biochemistry

Compounds related to aconitine are widely studied for their properties in biological systems and these have been reviewed. For example, gigactonine has been reported to have hERG-inhibiting activity.
# Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation

The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) is a directorate under the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It is primarily concerned with offering development aid to international partners, but in matters regarding Norway's International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI), Norad reports to the Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment.
Norad's functions are laid down in the agency's terms of references and annual letters of allocation issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Climate and Environment.
Norad works to ensure effective foreign aid, with quality assurance and evaluation. Norad finances NGOs and does its own research and projects. The current director general is Bård Vegar Solhjell. Norad used to be the official development assistance organization in Norway. As of mid-2004, the responsibility for state-to-state official development assistance has been transferred to the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, while Norad continues to fund NGO activities in developing countries (particularly through its NORHED program), and contributes to the management of development funds while ensuring that Norwegian development cooperation is accurately evaluated and efficiently implemented.

## Organization

Norad consists of the following departments:
* Director General's Office
* Department for Climate, Energy, Environment and Research
* Department for Education and Global Health
* Department for Economic Development, Gender and Governance
* Civil Society Department
* Department for Quality Assurance
* Department for Communication
* Department of Human Resources and Administration
* Evaluation Department

## Finances

Norway granted NOK 36.6 billion in development assistance in 2016, corresponding to 1.11 per cent of Norway's gross national income (GNI).
According to the OECD, Norway’s total ODA (USD 5.2 billion, preliminary data) increased in 2022 due to aid to Ukraine and increased in-donor refugee costs, and represented 0.86% of GNI.

## Employees

* Director General, Bård Vegar Solhjell
* Director of Communications, Eva Bratholm
# 1917–18 Swiss International Ice Hockey Championship

The 1917–18 Swiss International Ice Hockey Championship was the third edition of the international ice hockey championship in Switzerland. HC Bellerive Vevey won the championship by defeating HC Rosey Gstaad in the final.

## Final

* HC Bellerive Vevey - HC Rosey Gstaad 2:1
# Niels de Ruiter

Niels de Ruiter (born 21 January 1983) is a Dutch former darts player and former chairman of the Dutch Darts Federation. On the darts circuit, his nickname is The Excellent Dude, which is a reference from the film Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure. He is also known for using Metallica's "Enter Sandman" as his walk-on music, which he plays air guitar as he enters the stage.

## Career

De Ruiter began playing darts in 1999, but it wasn't until 2005 de Ruiter became popular in the BDO circuit when he reached the semi-finals of the Welsh Open and the Welsh Classic. De Ruiter made his World Championship debut in the 2006 Lakeside World Championship, but lost in the first round to Shaun Greatbatch. De Ruiter was runner-up to Welshman Mark Webster in the 2006 WDF Europe Cup. In the 2007 World Championships, held at the Lakeside, De Ruiter made an excellent run by reaching the semi-finals, narrowly losing 6-4 in sets to the late Phill Nixon who would later finish runner-up to eventual champion Martin Adams. In the 2008 World Championships, De Ruiter was eliminated in the first round, losing to Englishman Glenn Moody.
De Ruiter played very few tournaments during early stages of 2008 due to vertigo and quit darts for three months until he came back to the game. He recovered and returned to the sport during the latter stages of the year to participate in the 2008 Grand Slam of Darts. De Ruiter was drawn in a tough group consisting of James Wade, Adrian Lewis and Denis Ovens. He only won a single leg during the three group matches and suffered two whitewash losses to Lewis and Ovens. De Ruiter then failed to qualify for the 2009 BDO World Darts Championship and also for the last 16 stage of the World Masters.
In 2012, De Ruiter returned to the Lakeside having failed to qualify, but having overseen a record eight Dutch players reaching the televised stages. Due to his fluent English, De Ruiter became a translator for one of these players, Christian Kist. Kist made an exceptional run by winning the tournament. De Ruiter has failed to qualify for any major tournaments since.

## World Championship results
### BDO

* 2006: 1st Round (lost to Shaun Greatbatch 2-3)
* 2007: Semi-Finals (lost to Phill Nixon 4-6)
* 2008: 1st Round (lost to Glenn Moody 1-3)

## Career finals
### WDF major finals: 1 (1 runner-up)

| Outcome | No. | Year | Championship | Opponent in the final | Score |
| Runner-up | 1. | 2006 | Europe Cup Singles | Mark Webster | 3–4 (s) |

## Performance timeline

| Tournament | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 |
| BDO World Championship | DNQ | DNQ | 1R | SF | 1R |
| International Darts League | DNQ | QF | L32G | L32G | NH |
| World Darts Trophy | DNQ | 2R | QF | 1R | NH |
| Winmau World Masters | L32 | L32 | L32 | DNP | L136 |
| Finder Darts Masters | DNQ | RR | NH | RR | DNQ |
Performance Table Legend :
| DNP | Did not play at the event | DNQ | Did not qualify for the event | NYF | Not yet founded | L# | lost in the early rounds of the tournament (WR = Wildcard round, RR = Round robin) |
| QF | lost in the quarter-finals | SF | lost in the semi-finals | F | lost in the final | W | won the tournament |
# Nikolai Slichenko

Nikolai Alekseyevich Slichenko (Russian: Никола́й Алексе́евич Сличе́нко; 27 December 1934 — 2 July 2021) was a Soviet and Russian singer, actor and chief director of the Romen Theatre in Moscow. He was the only Romani person to be awarded the title People's Artist of the USSR (1981).

## Biography

Nikolai was born in Belgorod area, Russia. Part of his childhood passed during World War II. During the war, Nikolai lost many relatives. In particular, when he was a boy, his father was shot before his eyes in 1942. After the war, the Slichenko family settled at a Romani collective farm in Voronezh Oblast. That was the time when Nikolai heard about a theater in Moscow and had dreamt of performing on its stage.
In 1951, Nikolai was accepted into the Romen Theatre. The gifted boy drew the attention of the leading theater masters. Certainly, they did not make it easy for him: he began like most, as an auxiliary staff actor.
Nikolai was first entrusted with a leading role in 1952, when he was 18 years old. This was at the time when the theater left to Zagorsk (present-day Sergiyev Posad) with the play Four Fiancées by Ivan Khrustalev. Nikolai played the role of Leksa, as a substitute for the actor Sergey Fyodorovich Shishkov (of the Shishkov gypsy dynasty) who had become ill. He then played the role of Leksa for many years, and later, as he grew older, played the role of Badi in this play as well.
After the play Slichenko received attention as a capable actor. The theater began to engage him in the current repertoire plays. In all, at the time he played more than 60 roles in his native theater, and also took part in a number of popular films, including Under the Rain and the Sun, My Island Is Blue, Wedding in Malinovka and others.
In 1977, Nikolai Slichenko became the chief director of the Romen Theatre. For this, he completed the Higher Courses for Directors at the Russian Academy of Theatre Arts in 1972, under the management of the People's Artist of the USSR Andrey Goncharov.
On 4 December 1998, a star with Nikolai Slichenko's name was placed at the Star Square in Moscow.

## Awards and honors
### Orders

* Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" 2nd class (2020)
* Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" 3rd class (2004)
* Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" 4th class (1994)
* Order of Honour (2009)
* Order of Friendship (2014)
* Order of Friendship of Peoples (1984)

### Titles

* People's Artist of the USSR (1981)
* People's Artist of the RSFSR (1975)
* Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1969)

### Awards

* USSR State Prize (1987)
* Russian Federation Government Prize in the field of culture (2013)
# Sari Anttonen

Sari Anttonen (born 15 November 1991) is a Finnish orienteering competitor. At the 2016 World Orienteering Championships in Strömstad she won a bronze medal with the Finnish relay team, along with Marika Teini and Merja Rantanen.
# Glinik Dolny

Glinik Dolny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Frysztak, within Strzyżów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) south-west of Frysztak, 15 km (9 mi) south-west of Strzyżów, and 38 km (24 mi) south-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.
# Pandanus boninensis

Pandanus boninensis is an Asian species of plant that is endemic to and common in the Distylium-Schima dry forests and Raphiolepis-Livistona dry forests of the Bonin Islands, Japan. It has aerial prop roots and grows on rocks. The beetle, Phylloplatypus pandani is a leaf miner that consumes the leaves of P. boninensis, it was first described by scientists in 1998. The fungus, Kodonospora tetracolumnaris was isolated from dead leaves of P. boninensis and described in 1993.