# Esmail Qaani

Esmail Qaani (also spelled as Ismail Qaani; Persian: اسماعیل قاآنی; born 8 August 1957) is an Iranian brigadier general in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and commander of its Quds Force, a division primarily responsible for extraterritorial operations. The Supreme Leader of Iran, Ali Khamenei, appointed Qaani to succeed Qasem Soleimani as Commander of the Quds Force.
In October 2024, Qaani was thought to have been killed or injured along with Hashem Safieddine in the October 2024 Dahieh airstrike. IRGC-affiliated Tasnim News Agency reported that he was about to be awarded the Fath Medal. However Qaani appeared at a ceremony for Abbas Nilforoushan later that month, according to the Islamic Republic of Iran News Network.

## Early life

Qaani was born in Mashhad, a pilgrimage city and the second most populous in Iran. He joined the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) in 1980.

## Military career

During the Iran–Iraq War, Qaani led the 5th Nasr Brigade and 21st Imam Reza Armored Brigade. In 1981, he received his military training in Imam Ali Officers' Academy in Tehran. The war was where he first met the late IRGC general, Qasem Soleimani, who was the commander of the 41st Tharallah Division at the time.
After the war, he joined the IRGC's Quds Force and started his activities in Khorasan Province, which borders Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Pakistan. While Soleimani was stationed in the west, Qaani focused on Iranian priorities in the east, such as combating drug smuggling and supporting Afghanistan's Northern Alliance in its battles against the Taliban.
He tackled nuclear armed Pakistan without stirring a full-frontal encounter.
In 1997, Qaani was appointed deputy commander of the Quds Force, by chief commander Rahim Safavi, with Qasem Soleimani as commander. As Deputy, Qaani oversaw financial disbursements to paramilitary groups including Hezbollah. An arms shipment intended for the Gambia was intercepted in Nigeria in October 2010.

### War against the Taliban in Afghanistan

After joining the Quds Force and starting military operations in eastern Iran that helped facilitate support for the Northern Alliance.
In the 1990s, he fought against Afghan drug cartels on Iran's border with Afghanistan. On 9 January 2018, Qaani visited a hospital that was being built with Iranian funds in Afghanistan as the envoy of Iran.

### Syrian civil war

On 25 May 2012, two villages in the Houla region of Syria were attacked, resulting in the deaths of 108 people, including 49 children. United Nations investigators concluded that victims had been killed in "two bouts of summary executions" by pro-Assad Shabiha. U.S. State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland asserted on 29 May that Qaani alleged in an interview two days earlier that the Quds force helped train Shabiha forces responsible for the Houla attack.
On 27 May, Qaani gave an interview to Iranian Students News Agency (ISNA) stating, "Thanks to Iran's presence in Syria—physically and nonphysically—big massacres were prevented ... if the Islamic republic had not been present in Syria, the massacre of its people would have been multiplied." The interview was deleted from ISNA's site within hours, but copies remained on other news outlets.
According to Meir Javedanfar, an Iranian-Israeli expert on the Middle East, Qaani's statement was "the first time that an IRGC senior officer has admitted that the Quds force is operating in Syria." Joint Chiefs-of-Staff Chairman Hassan Firouzabadi voiced on Press TV that "[w]e do not interfere in Syria's internal affairs but we support Syria as the resistance front against Israel because one of our principles is the issue of Palestine. ... We have encouraged the country's government to implement reforms and listen to its people's demands."
Prior to his appointment as Quds Force commander, Qaani was most famous for recruiting the Liwa Fatemiyoun and Liwa Zainebiyoun Shia fighters operating in Syria.

### Escalation of Iran–United States tensions

Qaani has sharply criticized U.S. involvement in the region, at times expressing bellicose rhetoric towards President Donald Trump and American nationals.
At a ceremony commemorating martyrs on 5 July 2017, he contended that the U.S. had futilely spent $6 trillion on Iraq and Afghanistan in attempts to attack Iran. He ended saying, "America has suffered more losses from us than we have suffered losses from them."
On 13 October 2017, President Trump declined to recertify the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), less formally known as the Iran nuclear deal.
On 22 January 2020, the U.S. targeted Qaani with a death threat, "if he followed a similar path by killing Americans." Abbas Mousavi, Spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran said: "These words are an official announcement and a clear unveiling of America's targeted and governmental terrorism".
In January 2020, in the wake of the drone strike that killed his predecessor Soleimani, Qaani stated on Al-Jazeera, "We tell everyone, be patient and see the dead bodies of Americans all over the Middle East."

### Command of Quds Force

In January 2020, Leader of Iran Ali Khamenei appointed Qaani as Commander of the Quds Force after General Qasem Soleimani was killed by a targeted U.S. drone strike near Baghdad International Airport. Khamenei described him as "one of the most prominent military commanders during the Sacred Defense".
Saeid Golkar, a professor of political science at the University of Tennessee in the US and a visiting fellow for Iran policy at the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, believed that for Khamenei, it was important that the new commander had qualities such as "loyal" and "committed" to himself and the Revolutionary Guard. Also, he was familiar with the Quds Force and management of the forces and Iran's proxies. Qaani fit that bill.
Iranian expatriate and political expert, Dr. Karim Abdian Bani Saeed, expressed the view that the appointment of the subject was hasty and that Qaani's expertise falls short of the assassinated Soleimani. He noted that despite his relatively unknown figure, Qaani is a veteran with decades of overseas military experience, and signaled that his appointment is unlikely to either reduce the Quds Force influence upon Iranian foreign policy, or change Iranian influence in the region.
In early October 2024, concerns emerged regarding the whereabouts of Qaani. Speculation grew after his absence from major public events, including a prayer service led by Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in honor of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah. He was last seen assisting Hezbollah in Beirut, but no official statement has been issued by the IRGC regarding his condition. Israeli and Arab media reported that Qaani might have been injured or killed in an Israeli arirstrike in Beirut, and Iranian officials have not confirmed his status. An October report by Middle East Eye stated that he was being questioned over security breaches.

## Sanctions

In March 2012, Qaani was added to the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List by the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), freezing his presumed assets and prohibiting transactions with U.S. entities. The U.S. targeted Qaani with sanctions for overseeing the distribution of Quds Force funding to regional allies.
In October 2017, the Trump administration announced new sanctions against the Revolutionary Guard as a supporter of terrorist groups. Qaani responded, "We are not a war-mongering country. But any military action against Iran will be regretted... Trump's threats against Iran will damage America... We have buried many... like Trump and know how to fight against America."
In October 2022, Qaani was included in a Canadian sanctions list that included 9 Iranian entities, and 25 senior officials. The sanctions came in reaction to the Death of Mahsa Amini, and the persecution of protestors in the widescale protests that ensued.
On 31 May 2024, the EU Council imposed personal sanction against Qaani, citing his direct responsibility as the commander of the Quds Forces for providing Iranian weaponry to a wide web of Iran-backed militias and other proxies operating across the Middle East, including Yemen's Houthis.