# Mayor of Frankfurt

The Mayor of Frankfurt (German: Oberbürgermeister (male) or Oberbürgermeisterin (female), sometimes translated as "Lord Mayor") is the highest-ranking member of city government in Frankfurt, Germany. The mayor was traditionally elected by the city council. This system was replaced in 1995, and the position has been directly elected. Three people have won election since then: Petra Roth (CDU), Peter Feldmann (SPD) and Mike Josef (SPD). In November 2022, following a successful recall election against Feldmann, Nargess Eskandari-Grünberg (Green) was the interim mayor of Frankfurt for six months. Current mayor Mike Josef (SPD) assumed the office in May 2023 following the election with 51.7% of the votes against the CDU candidate Uwe Becker.
The mayor is "first among equals" on the city cabinet (Magistrat), and acts as the cabinet's spokesperson. The mayor is also responsible for the policies of local government departments and oversees the city's administration.

## History

The Free City of Frankfurt, as a state in the Holy Roman Empire and later the German Confederation, had various leadership structures, the most durable of which saw the city with two mayors: Senior Mayor (Ältere Bürgermeister) and Junior Mayor (Jüngere Bürgermeister). The present position of Oberbürgermeister was introduced in 1868 following the occupation of the city by the Kingdom of Prussia. Through the second half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, Frankfurt's mayors oversaw the development of Frankfurt into a major centre for trade and culture.
In 1933 following the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany, Ludwig Landmann – Frankfurt's first Jewish mayor – was expelled from the council, and Nazi Party member Friedrich Krebs was appointed in his place. Although the left-wing SPD and Communist Party had an overall majority on the council, they were excluded from the council session that confirmed Krebs' appointment.
Krebs remained in office until the US military captured the city in March 1945. The US military governorship that followed appointed trusted democrats as mayor to oversee the immediate denazification of the city administration and the beginnings of reconstruction. Council elections resumed in July 1946, and the SPD held the mayorship for the next thirty years. The rebuilding of Frankfurt was a significant topic in these years.
Following a statewide referendum, the office of mayor in Hesse became directly elected. Frankfurt's first mayoral election was held in 1995 and saw a surprise victory for CDU candidate Petra Roth over the incumbent Andreas von Schoeler (SPD). Since then, mayoral elections have been noted as especially personality-driven, and candidates regularly defy national party trends to become increasingly popular over the course of their mayoralty. Roth increased her majority over the course of her mayorship, winning in 2007 in the first round with 60.5% of the vote. After Roth resigned in 2012, Peter Feldmann (SPD) won a surprise victory over Boris Rhein (CDU), the Hessian interior minister, and he too saw a significant increase vote increase in his second election in 2018. Following various controversies, Feldmann faced a recall election in which he was recalled with 95.1% of the vote. Deputy Mayor Nargess Eskandari-Grünberg (Green) thus assumed the office and serves in a caretaker capacity until the next election scheduled for March 2023.

## Oberbürgermeister since 1868

Since 1868 there have been 19 mayors of Frankfurt: 14 indirectly elected, 3 appointed and 2 directly elected.
| Term | Term | Name | Party | Selection method |
| 1868 | 1880 | Daniel Heinrich Mumm von Schwarzenstein [de] | Independent | Indirect election |
| 1880 | 1890 | Johannes von Miquel | NLP | Indirect election |
| 1890 | 1912 | Franz Adickes | Independent liberal | Indirect election |
| 1912 | 1924 | Georg Voigt | DDP | Indirect election |
| 1924 | 1933 | Ludwig Landmann | DDP | Indirect election |
| 1933 | 1945 | Friedrich Krebs | NSDAP | Appointed by Nazi Party |
| 1945 | 1945 | Wilhelm Hollbach [de] | Independent | Appointed by US military |
| 1945 | 1946 | Kurt Blaum | CDU | Appointed by US military |
| 1946 | 1956 | Walter Kolb | SPD | Indirect election |
| 1956 | 1964 | Werner Bockelmann | SPD | Indirect election |
| 1964 | 1970 | Willi Brundert | SPD | Indirect election |
| 1970 | 1971 | Walter Möller | SPD | Indirect election |
| 1971 | 1977 | Rudi Arndt | SPD | Indirect election |
| 1977 | 1986 | Walter Wallmann | CDU | Indirect election |
| 1986 | 1989 | Wolfram Brück | CDU | Indirect election |
| 1989 | 1991 | Volker Hauff | SPD | Indirect election |
| 1991 | 1995 | Andreas von Schoeler | SPD | Indirect election |
| 1995 | 2012 | Petra Roth | CDU | Direct election |
| 2012 | 2022 | Peter Feldmann | SPD | Direct election |
| 2022 | 2023 | Nargess Eskandari-Grünberg | Green | Acting |
| 2023 | Incumbent | Mike Josef | SPD | Direct election |

## Elections

The Mayor of Frankfurt is elected by the two-round system: if no candidate receives over 50% in the first round, a run-off is held between the top two candidates. The election is open to German and EU citizens over 18 years old who have lived in the city for at least three months. The mayor's term is 6 years – elections are brought forward if the mayor resigns or is otherwise removed from office.

### 2023

Frankfurt mayoral election, 2023 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | CDU | Uwe Becker | 70,411 | 34.5 | +11.1 |
| | SPD | Mike Josef | 49,033 | 24.0 | −22.0 |
| | Greens | Manuela Rottmann | 43,502 | 21.3 | +12.0 |
| | Independent | Peter Wirth (Bahnbabo) | 10,397 | 5.1 | – |
| | Left | Daniela Mehler-Würzbach | 7,356 | 3.6 | −5.2 |
| | Independent | Maja Wolff | 6,014 | 2.9 | – |
| | FDP | Yankı Pürsün | 5,768 | 2.8 | – |
| | AfD | Andreas Lobenstein | 4,628 | 2.3 | – |
| | Citizens for Frankfurt (BFF) | Matthias Pfeiffer | 1,565 | 0.8 | – |
| | PARTEI | Katharina Tanczos | 1,176 | 0.6 | −0.5 |
| | Team Todenhöfer | Khurrem Aktar | 858 | 0.4 | – |
| | dieBasis | Frank Großenbach | 744 | 0.4 | – |
| | Gartenpartei | Tilo Schwichtenberg | 661 | 0.3 | – |
| | Independent | Sven Junghans | 574 | 0.3 | – |
| | Independent | Niklas Pauli | 340 | 0.2 | – |
| | Independent | Peter Pawelski | 325 | 0.2 | – |
| | Independent | Feng Xu | 199 | 0.1 | – |
| | Independent | Karl-Maria Schulte | 158 | 0.1 | – |
| | Independent | Markus Eulig | 102 | 0.0 | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 205,116 | 40.3 | +2.7 |
| Runoff election |||||
| | SPD | Mike Josef | 92,371 | 51.7% |
| | CDU | Uwe Becker | 86,307 | 48.3% |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 180.442 | 35.4 |
| | SPD hold | SPD hold | SPD hold | SPD hold | SPD hold |

### 2022 recall referendum

Do you agree with the recall of the Mayor of Frankfurt am Main, Mr Peter Feldmann? :
| Choice | Votes | % |
| Yes | 201,825 | 95.1 |
| No | 10,371 | 4.9 |
| Valid votes | 212,196 | 99.7 |
| Invalid or blank votes | 667 | 0.3 |
| Total votes | 212,863 | 100.00 |
| Turnout required | 30 | 30 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 508,182 | 41.9 |
| Source: City of Frankfurt am Main |||

### 2018

Frankfurt mayoral election, 2018 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | SPD | Peter Feldmann | 86,823 | 46.0 | +6.9 |
| | CDU | Bernadette Weyland | 48,032 | 25.4 | −13.7 |
| | Greens | Nargess Eskandari-Grünberg | 17,648 | 9.3 | −4.7 |
| | Left | Janine Wissler | 16,669 | 8.8 | +5.0 |
| | Independent | Volker Stein | 11,218 | 5.9 | – |
| | FW | Michael Weingärtner | 2,832 | 1.5 | – |
| | PARTEI | Nico Wehneman | 2,097 | 1.1 | – |
| | Independent | Karsten Schloberg | 1,585 | 0.8 | – |
| | Independent | Ming Yang | 938 | 0.5 | – |
| | Independent | Juli Wünsch | 409 | 0.2 | – |
| | Independent | Felicia Herrschaft | 340 | 0.2 | – |
| | Independent | Hein Fischer | 169 | 0.1 | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 188,760 | 37.6 | +0.1 |
| Runoff election |||||
| | SPD | Peter Feldmann | 106,699 | 70.8% |
| | CDU | Bernadette Weyland | 44,080 | 29.2% |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 152,804 | 30.2 |
| | SPD hold | SPD hold | SPD hold | SPD hold | SPD hold |

### 2012

Frankfurt mayoral election, 2012 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | CDU | Boris Rhein | 67,253 | 39.1 | −21.4 |
| | SPD | Peter Feldmann | 56,744 | 33.0 | +5.5 |
| | Greens | Rosemarie Heilig | 23,987 | 14.0 | – |
| | Airport Expansion Opponents (FAG) | Ursula Fechter | 6,828 | 4.0 | – |
| | Left | Janine Wissler | 6,588 | 3.8 | −2.1 |
| | Pirates | Herbert Förster | 6,519 | 3.8 | – |
| | Independent | Oliver Maria Schmitt | 3,009 | 1.8 | – |
| | Independent | Jean Jules Tatchouop | 376 | 0.2 | – |
| | Independent | Harald Frenzel | 357 | 0.2 | – |
| | Independent | Carl Maria Schulte | 219 | 0.1 | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 173,722 | 37.5 | +3.9 |
| Runoff election |||||
| | SPD | Peter Feldmann | 93,232 | 57.4 |
| | CDU | Boris Rhein | 68,569 | 42.6 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 163,076 | 35.1 |
| | SPD gain from CDU | SPD gain from CDU | SPD gain from CDU | SPD gain from CDU | SPD gain from CDU |

### 2007

Frankfurt mayoral election, 2007 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | CDU | Petra Roth | 86,785 | 60.5 | +11.9 |
| | SPD | Franz Frey | 39,410 | 27.5 | −7.1 |
| | Left | Ulrich Wilken | 8,495 | 5.9 | +4.4 |
| | Citizens for Frankfurt (BFF) | Wolfgang Hübner | 3,790 | 2.6 | – |
| | Independent | Horst Schäfer | 1,910 | 1.3 | – |
| | NPD | Doris Zutt | 1,171 | 0.8 | – |
| | REP | Rosemarie Lämmer | 1,041 | 0.7 | −1.1 |
| | Independent | Salvatore Ribaudo | 549 | 0.4 | – |
| | Independent | Pasquale Aita | 165 | 0.1 | – |
| | Independent | Kadim Sanli | 163 | 0.1 | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 146,150 | 33.6 | −13.5 |
| | CDU hold | CDU hold | CDU hold | CDU hold | CDU hold |

### 2001

Frankfurt mayoral election, 2001 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | CDU | Petra Roth | 92,313 | 48.6 | −3.3 |
| | SPD | Achim Vandreike | 65,836 | 34.6 | −9.3 |
| | Greens | Jutta Ebeling | 19,579 | 10.3 | – |
| | FDP | Hans-Joachim Otto | 3,489 | 1.8 | – |
| | REP | Klaus Sauer | 3,342 | 1.8 | – |
| | PDS | Eberhard Dähne | 2,789 | 1.5 | – |
| | ÖkoLinX-ARL | Zorica Surla | 989 | 0.5 | – |
| | fun | Claude Cazaré | 662 | 0.3 | – |
| | FdS | Reinhold Müller | 492 | 0.3 | – |
| | DMP | Harald Frenzel | 280 | 0.1 | – |
| | Independent | Karl-Maria Schulte | 269 | 0.1 | +0.0 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 193,747 | 46.1 | −9.7 |
| Runoff election |||||
| | CDU | Petra Roth | 89,149 | 53.1 |
| | SPD | Achim Vandreike | 78,823 | 46.9 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 169,310 | 40.2 |
| | CDU hold | CDU hold | CDU hold | CDU hold | CDU hold |

### 1995

Frankfurt mayoral election, 1995 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | CDU | Petra Roth | 110,087 | 51.9 |
| | SPD | Andreas von Schoeler | 97,391 | 45.9 |
| | NPD | Günter Deckert | 1,450 | 0.7 |
| | Independent | Thomas Bagatsch | 685 | 0.3 |
| | PBC | Gerhard Heinzmann | 524 | 0.2 |
| | Independent | Renate Ermel | 515 | 0.2 |
| | ÖDP | Dietrich Buroh | 511 | 0.2 |
| | Independent | Karl-Marie Schulte | 259 | 0.1 |
| | Independent | Siegfried Niebert | 249 | 0.1 |
| | Independent | Michael Weißbach | 241 | 0.1 |
| | Independent | Alfred Steininger | 91 | 0.1 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 213,974 | 55.8 |
| | CDU win (new seat) | CDU win (new seat) | CDU win (new seat) | CDU win (new seat) |