# Rybka

Rybka is a computer chess engine designed by International Master Vasik Rajlich. Around 2011, Rybka was one of the top-rated engines on chess engine rating lists and won many computer chess tournaments.
After Rybka won four consecutive World Computer Chess Championships from 2007 to 2010, it was stripped of these titles after the International Computer Games Association concluded in June 2011 that Rybka was plagiarized from both the Crafty and the Fruit chess engines and so failed to meet their originality requirements. In 2015, FIDE Ethics Commission, following a complaint put forward by Vasik Rajlich and chess engine developer and games publisher Chris Whittington regarding ethical breaches during internal disciplinary proceedings, ruled the ICGA guilty and sanctioned ICGA with a warning. Case 2/2012.
ChessBase published a challenging two-part interview-article about the process and verdict with ICGA spokesperson David Levy. Subsequently, ChessBase recruited Rejlich to produce Fritz 15 (released in late 2015) and Fritz 16 (released in late 2017).

## Name

The word rybka, pronounced in Czech, means little fish in Czech, Polish, and in many other Slavic languages. Vasik Rajlich was once asked in an interview by Alexander Schmidt, "Did you choose the name Rybka because your program always slipped out of your hands like a little fish?" He replied, "As for the name Rybka – I am sorry but this will remain my private secret."

## Internals

Rybka is a closed-source program, but still some details have been revealed: Rybka uses a bitboard representation, and is an alpha-beta searcher with a relatively large aspiration window. It uses very aggressive pruning, leading to imbalanced search trees. The details of the evaluation function are unknown, but since version 2.3.1 it has included work by GM Larry Kaufman on material imbalances, much of which was worked out in a series of papers in the 1990s.

## Team

Several members of the Rybka team are strong chess players: Vasik Rajlich, the main author of Rybka is an International Master (IM). GM Larry Kaufman is the 2008 Senior Chess World Champion, and from version 2.3 through version 3 was in primary charge of the evaluation function. Iweta Rajlich, Vasik Rajlich's wife and the main Rybka tester is a Women's GM (WGM) and IM. Jeroen Noomen (who used to work on Rebel) and Dagh Nielsen were the authors of its opening book – the latter is one of the world's top freestyle chess players. Both are now less active, and Jiri Dufek is in charge of the book.

## History

Vasik Rajlich started working on his chess program at the beginning of 2003. The first Rybka beta was released on December 2, 2005.
The appearance of the free Rybka 1 beta and the first commercial version, Rybka 1 end of 2005 was a sensation, and Rybka soon became the dominating program leading rating lists by a huge margin.

### Tournament participations

In January 2004, Rybka participated in the 6th Programmers Computer Chess Tournament (CCT6) event, placing 53rd out of 54 competers, losing 5 games, drawing 3, and beating the last-place finisher who had 0 points (Tohno).
In April 2004, Rybka participated in Chess War V conducted by Olivier Deville, finishing 23rd in the D Division.
In April 2004, Rybka participated in the Swiss System Season 3 by Claude Dubois, scoring 6 wins, 6 losses and 6 draws in the Top 200 to finish 71st.
Rybka participated in Chess War VI finishing 42nd in the D Division. Rybka participated in Chess War VII finishing 48th in the C Division. Rybka participated in AEGT round 3, scoring 89 wins, 28 losses and 15 draws.
In December 2005, Rybka participated in the 15th International Paderborn Computer Chess Championship. Rybka won the tournament with a score of 5½ points out of 7, ahead of other engines such as Gandalf, Zappa, Spike, Shredder and Fruit.
On CCT8 in February 2006, Rybka won with a score of 8 out of 9, going undefeated. In the April 2006 PAL/CSS Freestyle main tournament, an unaided Rybka 1.1 took first place. In the final tournament, Rybka 1.1 finished in second and third place, behind Hydra. In the 6th Leiden ICT in May 2006, Rybka won with a score of 8½ out of 9, ahead of Sjeng, Gandalf and Shredder. At the 14th World Computer Chess Championship in Turin, Italy in May 2006, Rybka, playing under the name Rajlich, finished second, tied with Shredder, after Junior, the winning 2006 World champion. In the June 2006 PAL/CSS Freestyle main tournament, the Rybka team, playing under the handle Rajlich, tied for first place with Intagrand. In the final, the Rybka team took clear first place, a point ahead of the field. All 8 qualifiers for to the final were Rybka users. In the 2006 Dutch open computer chess championship, Rybka 2.2 finished in first place with a perfect score of 9 out of 9. In December 2006, Rybka participated in the 16th International Paderborn Computer Chess Championship. Rybka won the tournament with a score of 6½ points out of 7.
In February 2007, Rybka participated in the CCT9 and won with 6/7. In the 7th Leiden ICT in May 2007, Rybka won with a score of 7½ out of 9, ahead of Zappa and HIARCS. Rybka won the 15th World Computer Chess Championship in June 2007 with a score of 10 out of 11. The Rybka team, playing under the handle Rajlich, won the June 2007 PAL/CSS Freestyle final with a score of 6/9. Later that year it won again the Dutch open computer chess championship, scoring 8/9.
In January 2008, Rybka tied for first place in CCT10 with 5.5/7. In October 2008, Rybka won the 16th World Computer Chess Championship, held in Beijing, China, scoring 8/9. A month later Rybka won the 27th Open Dutch Computer Chess Championship, held in Leiden, scoring a perfect 9/9.
In March 2009, Rybka won CCT11 with 7.5/9 and the 17th World Computer Chess Championship, held in Pamplona, Spain, with a score of 8/9.
In May 2010, Rybka won the International Computer Chess Tournament in Leiden with 8/9.

### Odds matches versus grandmasters

In March 2007, Rybka played an eight-game match against GM Roman Dzindzichashvili with pawn and move odds. The result was 4–4, after two Rybka wins, four draws and two losses.
Whilst Rybka has won an 8 game match in March 2007 with GM Jaan Ehlvest which involved giving pawn odds to the human, GM Larry Kaufman of the Rybka team has pledged his own money to a human GM who can beat Rybka in a six-game match without material odds Archived December 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. GM Jaan Ehlvest was again chosen to play Rybka, getting twice the thinking time and white every match, with Rybka having only a three-move opening book, limited (512MB) hash size, and no endgame tablebases (the match being dubbed "Everything but a pawn"). The match, again played in 2007, ended 4.5–1.5 after three Rybka wins and three draws.
In September 2008, Rybka played an odds match against Vadim Milov, its strongest opponent yet in an odds match. Milov at the time had an Elo rating of 2705, ranking him 28th in the world. The result was a narrow victory to Milov: In two standard games (Milov played White, no odds), Milov lost the first game and drew the second one. Then they played two games at the classical "pawn and move" handicap (f7 removed). The first game ended in an early draw by perpetual check, while the second was won by Milov. Finally they played four games at odds of the exchange (Rybka removed a1 rook, Milov b8 knight); here Rybka drew three times and lost once. The final score was 4.5–3.5 for Milov.

### Zappa match

In September 2007, Zappa defeated Rybka in a match, 5+1⁄2–4+1⁄2. Two famous games were played in this match. The first was the 180-move fourth game, which was approaching a draw under the 50-move rule. However, due to an incorrect evaluation by the Rybka engine, at move 109 it moved a pawn to avoid a draw (even though Zappa could, and did, immediately take the pawn), thus resetting the counter for that rule. The loss of the pawn eventually allowed Zappa to whittle away Rybka's defenses and win the game. Then in game 9, Rybka was 3 pawns up with a totally won position, but played a horrific blunder on move 71, "the worst blunder in modern computer chess", as it lacked sufficient knowledge to see a draw would ensue by opposite-color bishops. Zappa had this knowledge, took advantage, and drew the game. Anthony Cozzie thanked his operator Erdogan Gunes for having the wherewithal to stay until the end in these two games, rather than agree to a draw in game 4 or resign in game 9.
The match came about after Vasik Rajlich made a $100,000 publicity challenge to the FIDE champion Fritz or Junior, even offering odds of a game in a 24-game match (13 points). But negotiations between Rybka and Junior broke down due to disputes over on-site machines. The match was changed to 10 games against Zappa, with $10,000 the amount eventually paid to the winner.

## Versions
### Version 3

Rybka 3 was released on August 6, 2008. While previous versions of Rybka were released exclusively by Convekta, Rybka 3 was released by both Chessbase and Convekta. Although still a UCI engine, Rybka 3 has extra features when run under the ChessBase and Convekta user interfaces. In an interview with Frank Quisinsky, Vasik Rajlich revealed plans for a future GUI that would "properly display chess knowledge to the user" most likely in the form of graphical evaluation of the pieces on the board. The GUI, named Aquarium, has been released by ChessOK (formerly known as Convekta).

### Version 4

Rybka 4 was released May 26, 2010. Vasik Rajlich has given the following information at the Rybka forum:
* Rybka 4 is a normal UCI engine, without copy protection.
* There are separate single-processor and multi-processor versions.
* Full chess analysis packages which include Rybka 4 will be made by ChessBase (www.chessbase.com) and Convekta/ChessOK (www.chessok.com).
* Plain Rybka 4 UCI without GUI for download only is available from RybkaChess (www.rybkachess.com).
* All of these versions of Rybka 4 will be identical and can be used in any UCI-compliant GUI.

### Remote Rybka

Vasik Rajlich has now released "Remote Rybka" which is a special version of Rybka (4+ or cluster) on very powerful hardware / clusters run by Lukas Cimiotti. This can be rented for a specific period of time, though currently not less than 2 days due to overhead costs. Upon renting one has access to the Remote Rybka from one's PC, and all details of rentals are strictly private.

### Version 4.1

This was a version swiftly produced after the ICGA investigation was announced, to ensure no infidelities in code sourcing. It was released on March 5, 2011.

### Future

Information from the last video interview by Vasik Rajlich indicated that Rybka 5 was scheduled to arrive anywhere between the end of 2011 and the first half of 2012. As of November 2024, this has not occurred.

## Allegations of derivative work
### Crafty chess engine controversy

Early private Rybka engines have been accused of being a clone of Crafty, including copying specific bugs - such as comparing the result of the EvaluateMate function to a number, 99999, that it could not possibly return - and unnecessary code ("there is no earthly reason for any program that claimed to have been started in 2003 to have such code, other than that it was mindlessly copied from Crafty without the slightest understanding of its purpose").

### Strelka controversy

In May 2007, a new chess engine called Strelka appeared on the scene, claimed to be written by Yuri Osipov. Soon, there were allegations that Strelka was a clone of Rybka 1.0 beta, in the sense that it was a reverse-engineered and slightly modified version of Rybka. Several players found Strelka to yield identical analysis to Rybka in a variety of different situations, even having the same bugs and weaknesses in some cases. Osipov, however, stated repeatedly on discussion boards that Strelka was based on Fruit, not Rybka, and that any similarities was either because Rybka also was based on Fruit, or because he had tuned the evaluation function to be as close to Rybka as possible.
With the release of Strelka 2.0 beta, source code was included. Rajlich stated that the source made it "obvious" that Strelka 2.0 beta was indeed a Rybka 1.0 beta clone, although not without some improvements in certain areas. On the basis of this, he claimed the source as his own and intended to re-release it under his own name, although he later decided not to do so. He also made allegations that "Yuri Osipov" was a pen name.
According to Victor Zakharov (Convekta company) in his review for Arena chess website: "I consider that Yuri Osipov (Ivanovich) is real name. He didn't hide it. However I can't state this with 100% assurance." And he also has some contact with Yuri Osipov for development of mobile platforms chess program.
Fruit author Fabien Letouzey expressed in the open letter mentioned above that Strelka 2.0 beta is a Fruit derivative with some minor changes.

### IPPOLIT controversy

IPPOLIT, RobboLito, Igorrit, IvanHoe, FireBird and Fire are a series of strong open source chess programs, originally developed by a team of anonymous programmers who call themselves the Decembrists, after the Decembrist revolt.
The chess engine IPPOLIT was released in May 2009 with its source code, but due to the policy of some chess forums not to publish material of "questionable legal status" (e.g. the Talkchess charter) it remained relatively unknown until October 2009. Vasik Rajlich has stated that IPPOLIT is a decompiled version of Rybka, and that the people involved kept him informed of their progress via email.

### Fruit GPL chess engine controversy

Rybka has been accused of being based on Fruit, but Rajlich has denied this categorically, saying that Rybka is 100% original at the source code level. Further allegations of violating the GPL have been brought forward by chess programmer Zach Wegner based on a new decompilation effort and a one-year study of the Rybka 1.0 executable. Rajlich has since declined to respond to these allegations. The Fruit author Fabien Letouzey has since appeared from a 5-year absence in January 2011 and published an open letter asking for more information regarding Rybka and GPL violations.
The ICGA President David Levy has addressed the situation at ChessVibes and invoked a programmers forum to decide the merits. The options include revoking all tournament victories of Rybka by Statute 3.h.iv. Fourteen well-known chess programmers have since written an open letter to David Levy, Jaap van den Herik and the ICGA board stating that there is now "overwhelming evidence" that Rybka 1.0 beta (the first strong Rybka version) was directly derived from Fruit.

### WCCC disqualification and banning

On June 28, 2011, the International Computer Games Association (ICGA) concluded their investigation and determined that Vasik Rajlich in programming Rybka had plagiarized two other chess software programs: Crafty and Fruit. According to ICGA, Vasik Rajlich failed to comply with the ICGA rule that each computer chess program must be the original work of the entering developer and those "whose code is derived from or including game-playing code written by others must name all other authors, or the source of such code, in their submission details". The ICGA regarded Vasik Rajlich's alleged violation as the most serious offence that a chess programmer and ICGA member can commit with respect to his peers and to the ICGA. The ICGA sanction for Vasik Rajlich and Rybka was the disqualification from the World Computer Chess Championship (WCCC) of 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. Vasik Rajlich was also banned for life from competing in the WCCC or any other event organized or sanctioned by the ICGA. In addition, the ICGA demanded that Vasik Rajlich return to the ICGA the four replicas of the Shannon Trophy presented at the WCCC in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 and all prize money awarded for Rybka's performances in those events.

#### Response

On publication of the ICGA verdict and sentence, extensive disagreement broke out on Computer Chess Forums, centering on correct application of Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test, the differences between copying ideas and copying code and bias in investigation.
Rajlich responded to the ICGA's allegations in a video interview with Nelson Hernandez, and answered questions about the controversy and his opinions on it.
In January 2012, ChessBase.com published an article by Dr. Søren Riis. Riis, a computer scientist at Queen Mary University of London and a Rybka forum moderator, was critical of the ICGA's decision, the investigation, the methods on which the investigation was based, and the bias of the panel members and Secretariat. Riis argued that critical portions of the ICGA panel report that appeared to show line-by-line code duplication between Rybka and Fruit were misleading or falsified, and objected to the panel's and Secretariat's composition, suggesting that it consisted almost exclusively of rival chess programmers who had a conflict of interest in seeing Rajlich banned from competition in order to interrupt his unbroken domination of competitive computer chess. ICGA President David Levy and University of Sydney research fellow in mathematics Mark Watkins responded to Riis' publication with their own statements defending the ICGA panel and findings, respectively. ChessBase published a lengthy list of Reader Comments to the Riis article, specifically pointing to the two longest comments, one for and one against which were located at the end.
In 2012, Vasik Rajlich filed a complaint against the ICGA decisions, process and bias to the FIDE Ethics Commission, as co-signed by Soren Riis, Ed Schröder and Chris Whittington. In 2015, the FIDE Ethics Commission ruled the International Computer Games Association ICGA guilty of ethical breaches during internal disciplinary proceedings and sanctioned the ICGA with a warning.

#### Rejection of the ICGA decision by the CSVN

Cock de Gorter, Chairman of Dutch Computer Chess Association (CSVN) wrote:
   I need not tell you that the ICGA made a terrible mess. On our site last August we declared we will not accept the Rybka ban. The computer chess world is split in two. At this time the CSVN board has the most serious doubts as to the rightfulness of ICGA's decision. Therefore, we have chosen not to abide by their sanctions against Rybka.
   Those who were in favour of the sanctions were severely questioned by (e.g.) Miguel A. Ballicora, George Speight and Søren Riis. Their opposition did make an impression on us, because these people can rely upon a vast expertise in the field of chess programming, law and mathematical logic. When finally dutchman Ed Schröder, former world computer chess champion, joined the aforementioned critics of ICGA, we no longer seemed to have a choice.
In response, 10 former participants of CSVN events published an open letter on September 21, 2011, accusing the CSVN of "lack of judgement", personally singling out and criticising the Chairman Cock de Gorter "your ... tournaments are not in good hands anymore" and announcing their withdrawal from CSVN events "under the current direction".
Rybka competed in the 2012 CSVN event (ICT) and won.