OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Suhum

Suhum (Sūḫu, or Suhi) was an ancient geographic region around the middle course of the Euphrates River, in modern Al Anbar Governorate, Iraq.

## History

Its known history covers the period from the Middle Bronze Age (c. 2000-1700/1600 BCE) to the Iron Age (c. 1200–700 BCE).

### Middle Bronze

During the Old Babylonian period Suhum lay at the intersection between four powerful entities, Eshnunna, Ekallatum, Mari and Babylon which at various times exercise some element of control over it. A key city in Suhum during that time was Harrâdum which marked the border between Eshnunna and Mari and was founded by Eshnunna. During the Bronze Age, Suhum was divided into an Upper Suhum which stretched from Hindanum to Sapiratum, with its major city being Hanat, and a Lower Suhum. For a time Upper Suhum was controlled by Ipiq-Adad II of Eshnunna via a governor at Rapiqum. With the rise in power of Babylon, under Samsu-iluna, control shifted and Babylon governed Suhum under a governor stationed at Hanat. Suhum was under the control of Ekallatum during the reign of Shamshi-Adad I with a text reporting 1000 troops raised from there. Abi-epuḫ and Meptum were known to be governors of Suhum in that time. Several ancient letters place the Sutean people as having lived in the region of Suhum. A fragmentary text from the Old Babylonian period lists 40 workers from Suhum assigned to reaping at Sippar. There was a necropolis at Al-Ussiyeh in Suhum. Other known cities of Suhum in the Old Babylonian period were Ayyabe, Dunnum, Harbe, Hurban (in Upper Suhum), Mulhan (northernmost city of lower Suhum), Nasir, Qasa, Sapiratum (island city), and Yabliya.

### Iron Age

In this period Sūru was a fortified city of Suhum. A known governor of Suhum at that time was Kudurru. For a time Suhum paid tribute to Neo-Assyrian ruler Ashurnasirpal II (883–859 BC). In 616 BCE, Suhum subordinated themselves to the king of Babylon, Nabopolassar (ruled 626-605 BC). Three years later, in 613 BC, Suhum rebelled against him, which led Nabopolassar to send an expedition against Suhum.
# Anton Fridrichsen

Anton Johnson Fridrichsen (4 January 1888 – 16 November 1953) was a Norwegian-born Swedish theologian.

## Biography

He was born at Meråker Municipality in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. He received his cand. theol. degree in 1911 and then studied ancient Christian theology and classical philology at the University of Breslau and the University of Göttingen. In 1925 he received his theological doctorate from the University of Strasbourg. He was appointed professor of exegesis at the Uppsala University from 1928. Among his works are Hagios-Qadoš from 1916, and his thesis from 1925 Le Problème du miracle dans le christianisme primitif .
# Dressing for the Carnival

Dressing for the Carnival is an oil on canvas painting by the American painter Winslow Homer, from 1877. It is held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York.

## Description

Homer painted African Americans, completely avoiding the stereotypes with which their collective image had been flooded during the period of Reconstruction after the American Civil War. The 1870s and 1880s produced innumerable images of African Americans at carnival time, mindless, jolly, condescending. But Homer's Dressing for the Carnival is unlike all of them: a deeply nuanced and, in the end, tragic scene of preparation for festivity. A group of people is preparing for the African-American festival known in the South as Jonkonnu and in the North as Pinkster. It entailed the costuming of a Harlequin-like figure or Lord of Misrule, and this Homer depicts: a man caparisoned in bright, tatterdemalion clothes, yellow, red, and blue, with a liberty cap on his head. Two women are sewing them on him. The one on the right extends her arm, pulling the long thread right through, in a gesture of compelling and somber gravity; she is a classical Fate, seen below the Mason-Dixon line. Next to her, but apart from her, gazing at the vesting ceremony with wonder, are some children, one of whom holds a Stars and Stripes (for by Reconstruction, the rituals of the Fourth of July had been overlaid on those of Jonkonnu). Homer makes us sense how far the hopes of emancipation still are from the realities of black life in the South.
# Yata no Kagami

Yata no Kagami (八咫鏡) is a sacred bronze mirror that is part of the Imperial Regalia of Japan.

## Name and significance

The Yata no Kagami represents "wisdom" or "honesty," depending on the source. Its name literally means "The Eight Ata Mirror," a reference to its size. Mirrors in ancient Japan represented truth because they merely reflected what was shown, and were objects of mystique and reverence (being uncommon items).
According to Shinsuke Takenaka at the Institute of Moralogy, Yata no Kagami is considered the most precious of the three sacred treasures.

## History

In the year 1040 (Chōkyū 1, 9th month), the compartment which contained the Sacred Mirror was burned in a fire. The mirror was not damaged and managed to survive the incident. It is considered to be housed today in Ise Grand Shrine, in Mie Prefecture, Japan, although a lack of public access makes this difficult to verify. Concurrently, a replica is enshrined in Three Palace Sanctuaries of the Imperial Palace in Tokyo.

## Mythology

In Shinto, the mirror was forged by the deity Ishikoridome; both it and the Yasakani no magatama were hung from a tree to lure out Amaterasu from a cave. They were given to Amaterasu's grandson, Ninigi-no-Mikoto, when he went to pacify Japan along with the sword Kusanagi. From there, the treasures passed into the hands of the Imperial House of Japan.
The researcher Shinsuke Takenaka said according to the legends, Amaterasu told Ninigi: "Serve this mirror as my soul, just as you would serve me, with clean mind and body."

## Replicas in contemporary ritual

Replicas of the Imperial regalia of Japan including Yata no Kagami are included in Masakaki at Shinto shrines. Masakaki come in sets of two, with the left one containing a replica of Kusanagi no Tsurugi and the right one containing a replica of Yata no Kagami and Yasakani-no-Magatama. Mirrors in Shinto are highly significant with Yata no Kagami being seen as prototypical to them.
# William McKean

William Wister McKean (19 September 1800 – 22 April 1865) was an admiral in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. He was noted for his service in the Union blockade that effectively closed Confederate seaports in the Gulf of Mexico.

## Biography

Born in Pennsylvania, McKean was the grandson of Thomas McKean, the governor of that state.
William Wister McKean was appointed midshipman on 30 November 1814. He served in the Navy from the War of 1812 to the Civil War, when he rose to the rank of flag officer in command of the Gulf Blockading Squadron in early 1862 and later the East Gulf Blockading Squadron. McKean was relieved from active duty on 4 June 1862.
McKean died at Binghamton, New York, 22 April 1865.

## Dates of rank

* Midshipman - 30 November 1814
* Lieutenant - 13 January 1825
* Commander - 8 September 1841
* Captain - 14 September 1855
* Retired List - 27 December 1861
* Flag Officer, Retired List - 3 January 1862
* Commodore, on Retired List - 16 July 1862
* Died - 22 April 1865

## Namesakes

Two ships were named USS McKean in his honor.
# The Black Abbot (1934 film)

The Black Abbot is a 1934 British comedy crime film directed by George A. Cooper and starring John Stuart, Judy Kelly and Edgar Norfolk. It was made at Twickenham Studios as a quota quickie for release by RKO Pictures.
The film's sets were designed by the art director James A. Carter.

## Cast

* John Stuart as Frank Brooks
* Judy Kelly as Sylvia Hillcrest
* Edgar Norfolk as Brian Heslewood
* Richard Cooper as Lord Jerry Pilkdown
* Drusilla Wills as Mary Hillcrist
* Farren Soutar as John Hillcrist
* Cyril Smith as Alf Higgins
* Davina Craig as Jane, the maid
* Earl Grey as Phillips, the butler
* Ben Welden as Charlie Marsh
* John Turnbull as Inspector Lockwood
# Czelatyce

Czelatyce is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rokietnica, within Jarosław County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Jarosław and 46 km (29 mi) east of the regional capital Rzeszów.
# Cleft Peak (South Africa)

Cleft Peak is a mountain peak in the Drakensberg in KwaZulu-Natal. It forms part of an escarpment of the Drakensberg on the border between South Africa and Lesotho. Cleft Peak is the second-highest peak in the northern part of the region, after Mont-aux-Sources, several meters higher.
The easiest climb is from the Mlabonja Valley and the Organ Pipes Pass. The climb is steep to the escarpment, from which one can hike up the hillsides to the peak.
# Ramchandra Punaji Avsare

Ramchandra Punaji Avsare is a member of the 13th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. He represented the Bhandara Assembly Constituency. He belongs to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Avsare's victory was part of a clean sweep made by BJP in Bhandara district. In 2009 he was with the Shiv Sena. In June, 2015, it was reported that his election was challenged in court by one Ranjit Chavan. A special bench under Justice Prasanna Varale has been established to deal with the case.
# Radio Research Laboratory (Harvard)

The Radio Research Laboratory (RRL), located on the campus of Harvard University, was an 800-person secret research laboratory during World War II. Under the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), it was a spinoff of the Radiation Laboratory (Rad Lab) at MIT and set up to develop electronic countermeasures to enemy radars and communications, as well as electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) to circumvent enemy ECM. The RRL was directed by Frederick E. Terman and operated between 1942 and 1946.
The RRL was engaged in both analysis and hardware development. They made significant contributions to the basic understanding of methods, theories, and circuits at very-high and ultra-high frequencies for radio systems, particularly in signals intelligence gear and statistical communications techniques. However, unlike the Rad Lab, the RRL never released significant details on its accomplishments; ECM and ECCM have always been closely guarded secrets by all nations.
The RRL conducted considerable work on chaff, light-weight aluminum strips dropped in clouds from aircraft to confuse enemy radars. Fred L. Whipple, an astronomer, made detailed analytical studies of this and devised a formula giving radar cross-section at a given wavelength per kilogram of chaff.
An example of RRL hardware development was Tuba (aka 'Project Tuba'), a giant ECM system generating continuous 80-kW signals in the range of 300-600 MHz to jam German Lichtenstein radars. The power tube (called Resnatron) for Tuba was developed at the RRL by David H. Shone and Lauritsen C. Marshall. Tuba used a horn antenna built of mesh wire 150 feet long and driven through 22- by 6- inch waveguides, possibly the largest ever built. Tuba was placed in operation in mid-1944 on the south coast of England. The radiated energy was such that it lit fluorescent bulbs a mile away and jammed radars throughout Europe.
The RRL staff did document some of the general theory that they developed. After the war, this was released in a two-volume publication Very High-Frequency Techniques, edited by Herbert J. Reich (McGraw-Hill, 1947).
# Athletics at the 1987 Summer Universiade – Men's 5000 metres

The men's 5000 metres event at the 1987 Summer Universiade was held at the Stadion Maksimir in Zagreb on 18 and 19 July 1987.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Anacleto Jiménez Spain | Michael Blackmore United States | Dave Swain Great Britain |

## Results
### Heats

| Rank | Heat | Athlete | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 2 | Jay Marden | United States | 14:17.34 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | Borislav Dević | Yugoslavia | 14:17.66 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | John Halvorsen | Norway | 14:18.01 | Q |
| 4 | 2 | Gerard Ryan | Australia | 14:18.80 | Q |
| 5 | 2 | Juan Linares | Cuba | 14:21.16 | Q |
| 6 | 1 | Michael Blackmore | United States | 14:35.76 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | Panagiotis Fotiou | Greece | 14:36.22 | q |
| 8 | 1 | James Harrison | Australia | 14:36.30 | Q |
| 9 | 1 | Hugo Allan García | Guatemala | 14:36.55 | Q |
| 10 | 2 | Anacleto Jiménez | Spain | 14:37.17 | q |
| 11 | 1 | Dave Swain | Great Britain | 14:38.63 | Q |
| 12 | 1 | Edward Rendall | Canada | 14:39.78 | Q |
| 13 | 1 | Noel Richardson | Ireland | 14:41.34 | q |
| 14 | 1 | Nicos Vassiliou | Cyprus | 14:43.02 | q |
| 15 | 1 | Faiz Didin | Jordan | 14:46.94 | q |
| 16 | 2 | Lansana Touré | Guinea | 15:30.10 | |
| 17 | 2 | Byron Vargas | Honduras | 15:36.33 | |
| 18 | 1 | Modupe Jonah | Sierra Leone | 15:45.38 | |
| 19 | 1 | Saidou Hangadoumbo | Niger | 16:28.78 | |
| 20 | 2 | Mahdi Al-Oun | Jordan | 16:39.73 | |

### Final

| Rank | Athlete | Nationality | Time |
| | Anacleto Jiménez | Spain | 14:08.15 |
| | Michael Blackmore | United States | 14:08.30 |
| | Dave Swain | Great Britain | 14:09.21 |
| 4 | John Halvorsen | Norway | 14:12.11 |
| 5 | Jay Marden | United States | 14:13.60 |
| 6 | Juan Linares | Cuba | 14:15.09 |
| 7 | Gerard Ryan | Australia | 14:16.05 |
| 8 | James Harrison | Australia | 14:23.12 |
| 9 | Panagiotis Fotiou | Greece | 14:26.21 |
| 10 | Noel Richardson | Ireland | 14:27.10 |
| 11 | Borislav Dević | Yugoslavia | 14:34.03 |
| 12 | Edward Rendall | Canada | 14:38.49 |
| 13 | Hugo Allan García | Guatemala | 14:39.20 |
| 14 | Faiz Didin | Jordan | 15:37.00 |
| | Nicos Vassiliou | Cyprus | DNS |
# Rui Falcão

Rui Goethe da Costa Falcão (Brazilian Portuguese:; born 26 November 1943, in Pitangui) is a Brazilian politician, former president of the Workers' Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores) and current Federal Deputy representing the state of São Paulo. He also served as the President of the Workers' Party in 1994 and was elected again president of the party to the terms 2011–2013, 2013-2015 and 2015–2017. Preceded senator Gleisi Hoffmann, who took office on 3 June 2017. He was the Secretary of Government of São Paulo during Marta Suplicy's administration.
# Tipsy Elves

Tipsy Elves is a holiday-themed apparel company. It sells holiday sweaters and other holiday-themed items through its website and other online vendors, and donates part of each sale to charity. In December 2013, the company's owners appeared on the US television show Shark Tank, and received $100,000 in funding to help the company move into the retail market.

## History

Tipsy Elves was founded in early 2011 by Evan Mendelsohn, a lawyer working for Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton with a JD and MBA from the University of Southern California, and Nick Morton, an endodontist who graduated from the University of the Pacific in 2008.
Their first line of designs were debuted during the Christmas season of that year, featuring Ugly Christmas sweaters with a humorous twist. The company produces holiday-themed sweaters and other apparel, designed to put an alternative spin on traditional Christmas motifs. Their buck-toothed reindeer sweater design and others were described by People Magazine as "sly, sneaky and cheeky". The buck-toothed reindeer sweater was also worn by the anchors of the Today Show in their ugly Christmas sweater competition of December 2011.
The Tipsy Elves brand is split between a "naughty" line with more extreme examples of humor, and a "nice" line that features tamer comical designs, however the naughty line sells the best. In the first year of sales the company sold over one thousand sweaters reaching about $370,000 in total web sales, and in the following year it reached nearly $1 million in sales. Tipsy Elves also runs the charity Sweaters 4 Sweaters, which donates sweaters to children in need using a portion of all the company's profits. In 2013 the company partnered with Stand Up to Cancer, and donated $2 from every sweater to the charity. The company has pledged between $25,000 and $100,000.
In 2014, the company's revenues had been projected as $12 million. In 2018, the website had reportedly done over $70 million in sales and sold over two million products since its launch.

## Television

The Tipsy Elves owners appeared on the December 13, 2013, episode of Shark Tank, in which it received $100,000 in funding from investor Robert Herjavec. After showing they had made over $1 million in their first two years, the company stated it intended to move into the retail market. According to Hollywood.com, "Kevin O'Leary made an offer, $100,000 for a royalty of $2 per sweater until the money was paid back and then $1 in perpetuity—but no equity. Herjavec offered $100,000 for 10%. Daymond John thought about making an offer, but couldn't pull the trigger. They accepted Herjavec's offer." Herjavec has called Tipsy Elves his best performing investment he has made with Shark Tank. The development of Tipsy Elves since Herjavec's investment was profiled on the premiere episode of Beyond the Tank.
# Maschinenkarabiner 42(W)

The Maschinenkarabiner 42(W) (German: "machine carbine model 1942 (Walther)" ) or MKb 42(W) was an early German assault rifle designed in 1940-41 by Walther during World War II. The Mkb 42(W), and the more successful Maschinenkarabiner 42(H) designed by Haenel, were predecessors of the Sturmgewehr 44 (StG 44) assault rifle.

## History

As early as 1918 the German Army began to study the feasibility of an intermediate round and rifle. However, a combination of military orthodoxy, limited funds and the arms development restrictions of the Versailles Treaty led Germany to adopt the Mauser Karabiner 98K on 21 June 1935. From 1939 onwards the German Army gathered combat reports which were analyzed to determine combat conditions and tactical trends in order to develop new tactics and equipment requirements. One of the lessons which re-emerged was the existing 7.92x57mm rifle cartridge was more powerful and long ranged than what was needed. Since most combat took place at ranges less than 400 m (440 yd) a less powerful round could be used, which would mean a soldier could carry more ammunition, the weapon could be shorter, lighter and with less recoil the gun could be an automatic. Submachine guns had existed since the First World War, but they used pistol caliber ammunition and lacked both the range and accuracy the German Army was looking for. A new intermediate cartridge was needed and the 7.92×33mm Kurz was designed in response to this requirement. The specification called for a new weapon which was larger than a submachine gun, more accurate, longer ranged and more maneuverable than a full sized rifle.

## Design

Contracts for weapons firing the 7.92×33mm Kurz round were issued to both Haenel and Walther, who were asked to submit prototype weapons under the name Maschinenkarabiner 1942. The (H) and (W) in their titles referred to the first initial of each guns manufacturer Haenel and Walther to differentiate the two. The MKb 42(W) fired from a closed bolt and used a hammer firing system, while the MKb 42(H) fired from an open bolt and used a striker for firing. Both used a large amount of stamped parts to speed and simplify construction while keeping down costs. The parts were then riveted or spot welded together. In December 1940, a prototype rifle each from Haenel and Walther was tested by the HWA at Kummersdorf. Both designs were tested on the Eastern Front during 1942 and the Haenel design proved superior to Walther's MKb 42(W). The German Army ordered a number of changes be made to the MKb 42(H) and the designation for the new rifle was MP 43. The majority of the MP 43's features came from the MKb 42(H), with the hammer firing system and closed bolt coming from the MKb 42(W).
# Abrar Ahmed (Indian cricketer)

Abrar Ahmed (born 31 July 1971) is an Indian former cricketer. He played six first-class matches for Hyderabad between 1990 and 1991.
# Czeluśnica

Czeluśnica is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tarnowiec, within Jasło County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Tarnowiec, 6 km (4 mi) east of Jasło, and 47 km (29 mi) south-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.
# Medynia Kańczucka

Medynia Kańczucka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kańczuga, within Przeworsk County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south of Kańczuga, 18 km (11 mi) south-west of Przeworsk, and 29 km (18 mi) south-east of the regional capital Rzeszów.
# The Gaucho

The Gaucho (the official full title of the film is Douglas Fairbanks as The Gaucho) is a 1927 American silent adventure film starring Douglas Fairbanks and Lupe Vélez that is set in Argentina. The lavish adventure extravaganza, filmed at the height of Fairbanks' box office clout, was directed by F. Richard Jones with a running time of 115 minutes.
Fairbanks biographer Jeffrey Vance considers the film "a near masterwork" and "an anomaly among his [Fairbanks’] works." Vance also considers it a "daring departure, the film is an effort of unanticipated darkness in tone, setting, and character. The spirit of adolescent boyish adventure, the omnipresent characteristic of his prior films, is noticeably absent. It has been replaced by a spiritual fervor and an element of seething sexuality the likes of which has never been seen before in one of his productions.”

## Plot

The disreputable leader of a group of bandits, El Gaucho, is thrust into the role of hero after an even more cruel local strongman, Ruiz, takes over the Andean village that El Gaucho and his men have used as their base. But after regaining the town for his selfish uses, El Gaucho has a showdown with the Padre and undergoes a spiritual transformation when confronted with the holy powers of a sacred shrine.

## Cast

* Douglas Fairbanks as The Gaucho
* Lupe Vélez as The Mountain Girl
* Joan Barclay (as Geraine Greear) as The Girl of the Shrine (younger)
* Eve Southern as The Girl of the Shrine
* Gustav von Seyffertitz as Ruiz, The Usurper
* Charles Stevens as The Gaucho's First Lieutenant
* Nigel De Brulier as The Padre
* Albert MacQuarrie as Victim of the Black Doom
* Mary Pickford as Virgin Mary (cameo)

## Legacy

A new preservation print of The Gaucho, created by the Museum of Modern Art, was first shown at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2008. It has subsequently been screened at MoMA (2008), and the San Francisco Silent Film Festival (2009) to promote the new book Douglas Fairbanks with author Jeffrey Vance introducing the screenings.
The nickname for the sports teams of the University of California-Santa Barbara is The Gauchos in honor of Fairbanks' acting in the eponymous film.