OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Knut Lundmark

Knut Emil Lundmark (14 June 1889 in Älvsbyn, Sweden – 23 April 1958 in Lund, Sweden), was a Swedish astronomer, professor of astronomy and head of the observatory at Lund University from 1929 to 1955.
Lundmark received his astronomical education at the observatory of Uppsala University. His dissertation (1920) was titled: The relations of the globular clusters and spiral nebulae to the stellar system. During the 1920s he worked at several observatories in the USA, mainly the Lick Observatory and the Mount Wilson Observatory.
Knut Lundmark was one of the pioneers in the modern study of the galaxies and their distances. He was one of the first to suspect that the galaxies are remote stellar systems at vast distances and not nearby objects belonging to our own galaxy, the Milky Way. In 1919 he measured the distance to M31 – the Andromeda Galaxy, to 650,000 light years (about a fourth of the present day value) using magnitudes of novae found in M31 and comparing them to nearby ones with known distances. Lundmark's work contributed to the later famous Great Debate over whether nebulae were galaxies or concentrations of glowing gas.
Lundmark also studied the light distribution in the galaxies, and discovered that the distribution could only properly be explained if the galaxies contained vast amounts of light-blocking dark clouds.
He was the leading writer of popular astronomy among the professional astronomers in Sweden from the 1930s and onwards. He also often appeared in the Swedish national radio with programs on popular astronomy and the history of science. He made generations of Swedes fascinated and interested in astronomy.
The lunar crater Lundmark and the minor planet 1334 Lundmarka were named after him. The Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte Galaxy is named after Lundmark, Max Wolf and Philibert Jacques Melotte.
Lundmark is also widely known by Chinese astronomers for his great work on the catalogue of novae.

## Dark matter

A recently found publication from 1930 shows Knut Lundmark to be the first to realise that the universe must contain much more mass than we can observe, now known as dark matter.
# 63 Years On

63 Years On (Korean: 끝나지 않은 전쟁, lit. 'An unending war') is a 2008 South Korean documentary film about the comfort women who were enslaved by the Japanese military in stations across Asia during World War II.
It showed at the 2008 Jeonju International Film Festival, and went on to win Best Documentary Feature Film at the 2nd Asia Pacific Screen Awards in 2008.

## Production

The film documents the experiences of the comfort women who were enslaved by the Japanese military in stations across Asia during World War II.
It provides a historical investigation along with interviews with five victims, Jan Ruff O'Herne (Holland), Felicidad de los Reyes (Philippines), Pilar Frias (Philippines), Wei Shao Lan (China) and Lee Soo-san (Korea), who reveal their experiences as survivors of the estimated 200,000 sex slaves from 13 different countries (Korea, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, East Timor and Holland) used by the Japanese military during World War II.
# George Bowden (Australian politician)

George James Bowden MC (17 March 1888 – 8 June 1962) was an Australian soldier and politician.

## Early life

Bowden was born at Moyhu, Victoria to farmer William Henry Bowden and Catherine Christina, née McCalman. He attended the Whitfield and Benalla state schools before becoming a commission agent. He enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 6 March 1915, in which he rose to captain by 1918. Wounded at Gallipoli and the Western Front (where he was also gassed), Bowden was awarded the Military Cross in 1918 with particular reference to his daring at the Battle of Mont St Quentin.

## Party politics

On his return to Australia in 1919, Bowden farmed at Koo Wee Rup in Gippsland. He joined the Country Party in 1923, was elected to Cranbourne Shire Council in 1928 (serving until 1938) and was an unsuccessful candidate for the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Mornington in 1935 and 1937. In the conflict between the Victorian and federal branches of the Country Party over John McEwen's decision to support the United Australia Party Government, Bowden was a staunch supporter of McEwen; he also supported Albert Hocking against Premier Sir Albert Dunstan in a dispute over the attempts by the executive to influence the State party.
Although President of the Victorian United Country Party from 1940 to 1943, Bowden was not instrumental in the restoration of unity between the branches due to his military commitments during World War II. He served overseas, but was transferred to the Reserve of Officers in December and was chosen as the Country Party candidate to replace Thomas Paterson in the Australian House of Representatives seat of Gippsland.

## Federal politics

With Paterson's support, Bowden won Gippsland in 1943 by a narrow majority, and held it until his retirement in 1961, during which time the seat returned to a safe Country Party stronghold. Although never entering the cabinet, he served as chairman of committees from 1959 to 1961.
Bowden never married, and his health deteriorated in his later years, largely due to his war wounds. Cared for by his sister, he died at Heidelberg on 8 June 1962. He was buried in the Cheltenham Memorial Park (Wangara Road).
# Two-stage theory

The two-stage theory, or stagism, is a Marxist–Leninist political theory which argues that underdeveloped countries such as Tsarist Russia must first pass through a stage of capitalism via a bourgeois revolution before moving to a socialist stage.
Stagism was applied to countries worldwide that had not passed through the capitalist stage. In the Soviet Union, the two-stage theory was opposed by the Trotskyist theory of permanent revolution.
While the discussion on stagism focuses on the Russian Revolution, Maoist theories such as New Democracy tend to apply a two-stage theory to struggles elsewhere.

## Theory

In Marxist–Leninist theory under Joseph Stalin, the theory of two stages gained a revival. More recently, the South African Communist Party and the Socialist Alliance have re-elaborated the two-stage theory, although the Socialist Alliance differentiates their position from the Stalinist one.

## Criticism

The two-stage theory is often attributed to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, but critics such as David McLellan and others dispute that they envisaged the strict application of this theory outside of the actually existing Western development of capitalism.
Although all agree that Marx and Engels argue that Western capitalism provides the technological advances necessary for socialism and the "grave diggers" of the capitalist class in the form of the working class, critics of the two-stage theory, including most trends of Trotskyism, counter that Marx and Engels denied that they had laid down a formula to be applied to all countries in all circumstances. McLellan and others cite Marx's Reply to Mikhailovsky:
   [Mikhailovsky] feels he absolutely must metamorphose my historical sketch of the genesis of capitalism in Western Europe into a historico-philosophic theory of the general path every people is fated to tread, whatever the historical circumstances in which it finds itself [...] but I beg his pardon. (He is both honoring and shaming me too much.)
In the preface to the Russian edition of The Communist Manifesto of 1882, Marx and Engels specifically outline an alternative path to socialism for Russia.
In Russia, the Mensheviks believed the two-stage theory applied to Tsarist Russia. They were criticized by Leon Trotsky in what became the theory of permanent revolution in 1905. Later when the two-stage theory re-appeared in the Soviet Union after the death of Vladimir Lenin, the theory of permanent revolution was supported by the Left Opposition. The permanent revolution theory argues that the tasks allotted in the two-stage theory to the capitalist class can only be carried out by the working class with the support of the poor peasantry and that the working class will then pass on to the socialist tasks and expropriate the capitalist class. However, the revolution cannot pause here and must remain permanent in the sense that it must seek worldwide revolution to avoid isolation and move towards international socialism.
# Joe LaFleur

Harry Joseph LaFleur (March 29, 1898 – May 11, 1943) was an American football guard, fullback, center, and halfback for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He played at the collegiate level at Marquette University and St. Norbert College.

## Biography

LaFleur was born on March 29, 1898, in Cornell, Michigan, and died on May 11, 1943, in Escanaba, Michigan. He was 45 years old.
# Morehead-Patterson Bell Tower

The Morehead-Patterson Bell Tower is a functioning bell tower located on the campus of The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC). It is a 172-foot-tall tower with a Roman numeral clock built-in on each of the four sides of the tower. The top of the bell tower holds an observation area. It is topped by a conical spire structure. The area around the bell tower is surrounded by hedges and a grass lawn designed by University botany professor William Chambers Coker, who also designed the Coker Arboretum on campus. The tower is one of the most visible landmarks on campus.

## History

The idea of erecting a bell tower on the University of North Carolina campus was originally suggested by John Motley Morehead III in the 1920s, but it was denied several times by the University because of conflicts regarding the location. When the idea was finally approved, the construction began with the funding of two sponsors, Morehead and Rufus Lenoir Patterson Jr. The tower was designed by McKim, Mead & White, an architectural firm. It shares a resemblance to the North Carolina State University (NC State) Belltower that was initially built to commemorate the NC State alumni that fell during World War I.
The tower was dedicated and received by Governor Oliver Max Gardner on Thanksgiving Day of 1931 with an acceptance address.
When head football coach Mack Brown returned to Chapel Hill following the 2018 season, he brought with him the tradition of lighting the bell tower blue after every Tar Heel victory, as he had similarly done at Texas with The Tower, lighting the Tower burnt orange after every Longhorn victory.

## Belfry

The belfry originally began with 12 manually operated bells made by Meneely Bell Foundry in 1931. It is currently equipped with 14 mechanized bells with the addition of 2 bells by Petit & Fritsen in 1998. The names of prominent figures in the University history, Governor John Motley Morehead and William Lenoir, are inscribed on the two largest bells.
The bells ring every 15 minutes, chiming on the hour. In addition, the bells play other songs or the alma mater as part of University celebrations or holidays.
# The Almighty Dollar (1916 film)

The Almighty Dollar is a 1916 American silent drama film directed by Robert Thornby, to story by E. Magnus Ingleton, and starring June Elvidge, E. K. Lincoln, Frances Nelson, and George Anderson.

## Cast

* June Elvidge as Nan Lorimer
* Frances Nelson as Masie Lorimer
* George Anderson as Dr. Thornton
* E. K. Lincoln as John Harwood
* Miss Humphries
* Deborah Nanson
* Jack Meredith
# The Alpha Incident

The Alpha Incident (also known as The Alien Incident, and Gift from a Red Planet) is a 1978 American science fiction horror film directed by Bill Rebane and starring Ralph Meeker, Stafford Morgan, John F. Goff, Carol Irene Newell, and George "Buck" Flower.

## Premise

A space probe returns to Earth from Mars, carrying with it a deadly organism which has the lethal potential to destroy all life on Earth. Being transported across country by train, the micro-organism is released when a nosy train employee inspects the cargo. This results in an entire train station being quarantined along with government biologist Dr. Sorenson.
Those who are trapped wait for other government scientists to find a cure while trying not to fall asleep―—sleep triggers the microorganism. because that's when the virus strikes. While asleep, the disease causes the brain to swell to the point the skull is fractured.
Although a cure is found, government agents begin killing those who survived the disease as part of a cover up.

## Cast

* Ralph Meeker as Charlie
* Stafford Morgan as Dr. Sorensen
* John F. Goff as Jack Tiller
* Carol Irene Newell as Jenny
* George "Buck" Flower as Hank (also as Buck Flower)
* Paul Bentzen as Dr. Farrell
* John Alderman as Dr. Rogers
* Ray Szmanda as The Official
* Lawrence Ripp as The Guard
* Harry Youstos as Alvin

## Release

The Alpha Incident was released for the first time on DVD by Mill Creek Entertainment on August 30, 2005 as a part of its Chilling Classics: 50 Movie Pack. On August 15, 2006 it was released by Digital 1 Stop, as a part of its Nightmare Worlds: 50 Movie Pack. Mill Creek re-released the film on four separate occasions as a part of various multi-film packs in 2007 and 2008. On August 24, 2010, the film was released as a part of a multi-film pack by Tnt Media Group. On September 21, that same year it was released as a single-feature by Synergy Entertainment.
As of November 2021, the full movie is available on YouTube.

## Reception

The Alpha Incident received mostly negative reviews upon its release. Alan Jones from Radio Times rated the film a negative one out of five stars, calling it "[an] over-talky feeble fable". Dan Budnik from Bleeding Skull also criticized the film as being "overly talky", while also criticizing the film's underwritten and unlikable characters and sluggish pacing. On his website Fantastic Movie Musings and Ramblings, Dave Sindelar similarly criticized the film's unlikable characters, with character interactions being "repetitious and tiresome". Sindelar also criticized the film's poor acting and dialogue.
Creature Feature gave the movie one star, citing many of the same issues in the above review and noting that Ralph Meeker is wasted in the movie and his death scene the only interesting part of the film. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction noted that director Rebane is known for his low budget movies, and this is neither his best nor his worst.
# The Amateur Adventuress

The Amateur Adventuress is a lost 1919 American silent comedy film directed by Henry Otto and starring Emmy Wehlen. It is based on a short story by Thomas Edgelow that appeared in Young's Magazine (Oct. 1918). Maxwell Karger produced with release through Metro Pictures.

## Cast

* Emmy Wehlen as Norma Wood
* Allan Sears as Oliver Morley
* Eugene Pallette as George Goodie
* William V. Mong as William Claxtonbury
* Marian Skinner as Mrs. Claxtonbury
* Lucille Ward as Mrs. Sentel
* Victor Potel as Gregory Charles Sentel
* Rosemary Theby as Flossie
* Bonnie Hill as Bit Part (uncredited)
# Aphobia

Aphobia as a neologism with the meaning of "discrimination against aromantic and asexual people" may also more specifically refer to:
* Aphobia when it concerns discrimination against aromantic people—also referred to by the neologism arophobia (from aro as a clipped slang term for aromantic)
* Aphobia when it concerns discrimination against asexual people—also referred to by the neologism acephobia (from ace as a clipped slang term for asexual)
# Alliance Academy International

The Alliance Academy International is a private, co-educational, international and Christian school located in Quito, Ecuador, with there curriculum based on a United States educational System. AAI was founded in 1929 as the Alliance Academy to provide an English-language American education for the children of Christian and Missionary Alliance (C&MA) and is now an independent school that serving many nationalities in an English immersion setting with a Christian worldview. The academy is located in Iñaquito, a section of north Quito.

## History

Since 1966, AAI has been fully accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS/AdvancED/Cognia) and the Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI). The academy is a member of the Association of American Schools in South America and the Southern Association of Independent Schools. It is also a charter member of the Council of Educational Standards & Accountability (CESA). AAI is also certified by the Ecuadorian Ministry of Education, which results in graduates receiving both Ecuadorian and US diplomas; these fully accredited diplomas are recognized locally, in every university in the US, and around the world. In 2006 AAI became independent of the C&MA and is now an international school that serves both Ecuadorians and expatriates from nearly 30 different countries.

## Description

AAI enrolls 570 students in PK-3 through 12th grade, coming from over thirty nations in Asia, Europe and the Americas. There are 160 total staff members, including 85 licensed and certified teachers, many with advanced degrees, working at the Alliance Academy International.

## Christian Life

There are weekly chapel services for students. The secondary students have chapels that feature a student praise band and speakers, while the elementary students have age-level chapels. Both the Elementary and Secondary Divisions have their own dedicated chaplain.

## STUCO

The Academy runs a Student Government based on democracy, with its key members petitioning to meet the student body's needs and improve the school campus. Students are able to participate in the government from seventh grade and up, with seniors taking the most important roles. STUCO's goal is not only to be leaders, but to be servant leaders that show Christian attributes. Ranking STUCO members are required to participate in meetings every week during lunch and make themselves available to lead through service to others.
# The Attack (2012 film)

The Attack is a 2012 French/Belgian/Qatari/Egyptian drama film directed by Ziad Doueiri, who is also one of the script writers.

## Plot summary

"The Attack" is a 2012 drama film directed by Ziad Doueiri and based on the novel of the same name by Yasmina Khadra. The story is set in Tel Aviv and follows an Arab-Israeli surgeon, Dr. Amin Jaafari, who is fully assimilated into Israeli society. He has a successful career and is happily married to Siham. However, his life is turned upside down when Siham is killed in a suicide bombing, and to his shock, she is suspected of being the bomber.
Refusing to believe the accusations against his wife, Amin embarks on a personal quest to uncover the truth, which takes him to the Palestinian territories. As he delves deeper into Siham's secret life, Amin confronts disturbing revelations about her motivations, their relationship, and the complex socio-political landscape in which they lived.
The film explores themes of identity, love, betrayal, and the cultural and political tensions between Israelis and Palestinians. It provides a nuanced perspective on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by humanizing individuals on both sides and delving into the personal, emotional repercussions of political violence.

## Cast

* Ali Suliman as Amin Jaafari
* Reymond Amsalem as Siham Jaafari
* Evgenia Dodina as Kim
* Dvir Benedek as Raveed
* Uri Gavriel as Captain Moshe
* Ruba Salameh as Faten
* Karim Saleh as Adel
* Nisrin Siksik as Leila
* Bassem Lulu as Yasser
* Ezra Dagan as Ezra Benhaim
* Ramzi Maqdisi as Priest
* Arieh Worthalter as the man

## Reception

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 87% of 61 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The website's consensus reads: "Tense and suspenseful while remaining smart and understated, The Attack honors its complex subject with an intelligent script and captivating performances." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 74 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.
# Temptation (1946 film)

Temptation is a 1946 American film noir thriller film directed by Irving Pichel and starring Merle Oberon, George Brent, Charles Korvin and Paul Lukas. The film was based on Robert Smythe Hichens's 1909 novel Bella Donna. Other film adaptations of the novel were produced in 1915, 1923 and 1934.

## Plot

In the 1890s, a London courtesan snares a loving but naive Egyptologist, marries him and moves to Egypt. She quickly becomes bored and embarks on an affair with Mamhoud Baroudi. She falls in love with him, and they plot to kill her husband.

## Cast

* Merle Oberon as Ruby
* George Brent as Nigel Armine
* Charles Korvin as Mahoud Baroudi
* Paul Lukas as Sir Meyer Isaacson
* Lenore Ulric as Marie
* Arnold Moss as Ahmed Effendi
* Robert Capa as Hamza
* Aubrey Mather as Dr. Harding
* Ludwig Stössel as Dr. Mueller
* André Charlot as Prof. Dupont
* Suzanne Cloutier as Yvonne Dupont
* Gloria Lloyd as Jean McCormick

## Production

The film was the first that Edward Small produced after the termination of his long contract with United Artists, and the first to be filmed at Universal under the merger with International Pictures that formed the short-lived United World Pictures. Small bought the rights to the novel in 1941, intending it as a vehicle for Ilona Massey, who had just appeared in International Lady for him. He wished to produce the film for United Artists, but other projects took priority. Over a five-year period, there were several near-starts and postponements. Small almost managed to begin production in February 1946, but there was not enough studio space.
Photographer Robert Capa made his sole acting appearance in Temptation. On a visit to the set to see his friend Charles Korvin, Capa claimed that he could perform the role of Hamza better than could the actor who had been hired to play the part. Capa auditioned for Irving Pichel, who was convinced by Capa's accent and offered him the part.

## Reception

In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Bosley Crowther panned the film, writing: "True enough, Miss Oberon looks lovely, Mr. Korvin behaves with bold sang-froid and George Brent is sufficiently unimpressive to seem a husband that a dame would double-cross. Paul Lucas, Arnold Moss and Lenore Ulric also act as though they thought they had a script. But the whole thing is as claptrap in its nature as it was when Pola Negri played it back in 1923."
Variety magazine criticized the screenplay, writing: "Production is well-stacked with solid values in every department except for the screenplay, which falls short in its attempt to stretch an unsubstantial story line over so long a running time."
# The Audacious Mr. Squire

The Audacious Mr. Squire is a 1923 British silent comedy film directed by Edwin Greenwood and starring Jack Buchanan, Valia and Dorinea Shirley. The film was written by Eliot Stannard and produced by Edward Godal.

## Cast

* Jack Buchanan as Tom Squire
* Valia as Constance
* Dorinea Shirley as Bessie
* Russell Thorndike as Harry Smallwood
* Malcolm Tod as Edgar
* Sidney Paxton as John Howard
* Forbes Dawson as Pitt
* Fred Rains as Jupp
# The Barefoot Boy (film)

The Barefoot Boy is a 1923 American silent drama film directed by David Kirkland and starring John Bowers, Marjorie Daw, and Sylvia Breamer. The film is based upon a poem of the same name by John Greenleaf Whittier. The film was released by the CBC Film Sales Corporation, which would later become Columbia Pictures.

## Cast

* John Bowers as Dick Alden
* Marjorie Daw as Mary Truesdale
* Sylvia Breamer as Milicent Carter
* George A. McDaniel as Rodman Grant
* Raymond Hatton as Deacon Holloway
* Tully Marshall as Tom Adams
* George Periolat as Si Parker
* Virginia True Boardman as Mrs. Blake
* Brinsley Shaw as Josiah Blake
* Harry Todd as Bill Hawkins
* Otis Harlan as Wilson
* Frankie Lee as Dick Alden - as a Child
* Gertrude Messinger as Mary Truesdale - as a Child
* Lottie Williams as Mrs. Hawkins
* Spec O'Donnell as Schoolboy

## Preservation

Partial prints of The Barefoot Boy are maintained by the UCLA Film and Television Archive and George Eastman Museum Motion Picture Collection.