OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dan Mackinnon

Ewen Daniel Mackinnon CBE (11 February 1903 – 7 June 1983) was an Australian politician. The son of state MLA Donald Mackinnon, he was born in Melbourne and educated at Geelong Grammar School and then attended Oxford University. He returned to Australia as a grazier at Linton before becoming a company director and serving in the military 1938–43. In 1949, he was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as the Liberal for Wannon, but he was defeated in 1951. In 1953 he returned to the House as the member for Corangamite, having been elected in the by-election that followed the death of Allan McDonald. In 1966, Mackinnon retired from politics and was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).
In February 1967, Mackinnon was appointed Ambassador to Argentina; in 1968, while retaining the Argentinian position, he was also appointed Australia's first Ambassador to Peru and Uruguay. He held these positions until 1970.
Mackinnon died in 1983.
# Joyanti Chutia

Joyanti Chutia is an Indian physicist who specializes in solid-state physics and plasma physics. She was among the first women who have headed scientific institutions in India when she became the director of the Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology in Guwahati, Assam, which is the first major research institution in North East India. She is a fellow of National Academy of Sciences. She is an emeritus scientist at the Department of Science & Technology in the Government of India.

## Early life and education

Chutia was one of the first girls to take Mathematics as a main subject in her school. She later studied physics at Cotton University, Assam where she obtained a BSc in 1967. She continued teaching at Cotton College before obtaining an MSc in physics at Dibrugarh University in 1969. Following this, Chutia taught for some time as a lecturer, eventually deciding to continue with research by pursuing a PhD at Dibrugarh University on a fellowship in 1976. Her research focused on the conduction mechanism of thin polymer films and she was awarded her degree in 1981.

## Career

After her PhD, Chutia continued her research at Dibrugarh University for another year as a CSIR-postdoctoral fellow. She entered the field of plasma physics at the Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad and then joined the Institute for Plasma Research in Gandhinagar. She then returned to the Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology as a faculty member and set up the Plasma Physics Laboratory.
After finishing a fellowship awarded by the Japanese government in 1988 to work at the Plasma Laboratory of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Tokyo, in 2005 she became the director of the Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology.

## Research

Chutia's research focuses on biomedicine, material science and biotechnology. Her research has led to the development of a highly durable and degradable wound suturing material from Muga Silk.
# Ben Norris (artist)

Ben Norris (1910–2006) was an American modernist painter.

## Early life

He was born in Redlands, California, in 1910 into a middle-class Quaker family that traced its roots, on his mother's side, to the Mayflower and to combatants at the Battle of Bunker Hill. After graduating Phi Beta Kappa from Pomona College in 1930, he won a fellowship at the Fogg Art Museum at Harvard University where he spent a year and then studied at the University of Paris (Sorbonne) for 11 months. He traveled extensively throughout Europe before returning to California to pursue a career as a landscape painter.

## Career

As an active participant in the California Watercolor School, he had the opportunity to work closely with landscape artist Thomas Craig (1906–1969). They became friends and in 1936, at Craig's suggestion, Norris accepted the position of first art teacher at the Kamehameha School for Boys in Honolulu. After a year, he joined the art department at the University of Hawaiʻi as an associate professor, and also took printmaking courses from a colleague. He served as department chairman from 1945 to 1955. In 1955, he was awarded a Fulbright professorship to Japan where he was exposed to Asian techniques, motifs and forms.
Norris painted primarily landscapes, and a few still lifes, in the 1930s and 1940s. In the early 1950s, the landscapes became more abstract, and most of his work was completely abstract by the late 1950s. In the mid-1960s, he turned to semi-abstract figurative work. His paintings from the 1970s include Geometric abstraction, nudes, and lush Hawaiian landscapes. He continued painting these lush tropical landscapes into the 21st century. He is best known for his watercolor landscapes (such as The Other Edge of the Clearing) and abstract compositions with a strong Japanese influence, such as Shadow Play. Among public collections holding works by Norris are the Hawaii State Art Museum, the Honolulu Museum of Art, the Isaacs Art Center in Waimea, Hawaii, the Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington, D.C.) and the Oregon State University Memorial Union (Corvallis, Oregon)

## Death

After his retirement in 1975, Norris moved to New York, and then, in 1993, to Stapeley in Germantown, a Quaker sponsored continuing care retirement community in Philadelphia. He died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 2006.
# Malt (disambiguation)

Malt is germinated cereal grains that have been dried.
Malt may also refer to:
* Malt, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in LaRue County
* Malt Cross, a Victorian music hall in Nottingham, England
* Gawdat al-Malt (1935–2024), Egyptian judge and economist
* Malt drink, a type of beverage
* MALT (psychedelic drug), a recreational drug of the tryptamine family
* Malt whisky, a whisky made from a fermented mash produced primarily from a malted grain
* Malted milk, a powder containing barley malt and used as a flavoring
* Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, a diffuse system of lymphoid tissue found in various mucosal sites
* The wheat weevil used to be called the "malt weevil" or "malt" for short because it was once thought it played a role in malt production.
# Shakopee (Dakota leaders)

Shakopee or Chief Shakopee (Dakota language: Sakpedan, lit. 'Little Six') may refer to one of at least three Mdewakanton Dakota leaders who lived in the area that became Minnesota from the late 18th century through 1865:
* Shakopee I
* Shakopee II
* Shakopee III
The name comes from the Dakota Śakpe meaning "Six." According to tribal histories, the very first "Shakpe" was called that because he was the sixth child of a set of sextuplets.
Shakopee Lake near Mille Lacs Lake was named after one of the early Dakota chiefs named Shakpe. The city of Shakopee, Minnesota was named after Chief Shakopee II when it was first founded in 1851. The Little Six Casino operated by the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community in Shakopee, Minnesota is named after Chief Shakopee III.
Historian Doane Robinson mentioned an Ojibwe (Chippewa) attack "at the village of old Shakopee, the father of the Shakopee of 1812" which occurred in 1769, about one year after the Battle at Crow Wing.
# Yeonpo-tang

Yeonpo-tang (Korean: 연포탕; Hanja: 軟泡湯) or yeonpo-guk (연폿국) is a Korean soup made with beef, radish, tofu, and kelp stock.
In South Jeolla Province, a different soup called yeonpo-tang is made with long arm octopus. The local specialty, octopus soup, may also be called nakji-yeonpo-tang (낙지연포탕; "octopus yeonpo-tang") outside the province.

## Preparation

Nakji-yeonpo-tang can be prepared by boiling long arm octopus in kelp stock, taking the octopus out, slicing them into bite-sized pieces and putting them back into the soup. The soup is usually seasoned with salt, minced garlic, sliced tree onions, sesame oil, and ground toasted sesame seeds, and is boiled together with the slices of octopus.
# Bryant Freeman

Bryant Freeman was a retired emeritus University of Kansas professor. He was primarily known for being the founder and director of the University of Kansas Institute of Haitian Studies, one of the few such institutes in a major university in the United States. Freeman received his Ph.D. in French from Yale University, specializing in the work of Jean Racine.
He had also been an instructor for the United Nations Observers in Haiti, an advisor for U.S. and U.N. Peace-Keeping Forces in Haiti, receiving the protocol rank of Major General.
His awards include:
* Lifetime Achievement Award for Service to the Haitian People
* U.S. Department of Justice Commissioner's Special Service Award
* Kansas Humanities Council Award, Kansas French Educator of the Year
* Woodrow Wilson Fellow, Phi Beta Kappa
* Yale University Fellow, Fulbright Scholar
Among his several publications include one of the most comprehensive dictionaries of Haitian Creole to English (and later English to Haitian Creole) ever made, as well as specialty dictionaries such as medical terminology. He edited a collection of the works of Carrié Paultre, a leading Haitian novelist. He was specifically asked by the U.S. State Department in 2004 to translate a letter written by Jean-Bertrand Aristide, to determine if he had actually stated his resignation.
Among the classes he taught until his retirement in 2006 were French, Haitian Creole (6 courses: beginning to advanced) and Haitian history.
Dr. Freeman's books, including his Haitian-English Dictionary, are available from the KUbookstore. Many of his books are also available for free (along with their audio supplements) on the KU Haitian Creole Resources webpage.
Bryant C. Freeman died February 3, 2024 at age 92.
# Nova Southeastern University College of Dental Medicine

The Nova Southeastern University College of Dental Medicine is the dental school of Nova Southeastern University. It is located in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States. When it opened in 1997, it was the first new dental school to open in the United States in 24 years. It is the largest dental school in Florida. The school is accredited by the American Dental Association.

## Academics

In recent years, it has received more applications for admittance than any other dental school in the United States. There are approximately 3,500 applicants for the entering class size of 110. Entering first year students averaged in the 95th percentile nationally on the Dental Admission Test. It offers a four-year D.M.D. program, along with postdoctoral programs in Advanced Education in General Dentistry (AEGD), Endodontics, Orthodontics, Pedodontics (Pediatric Dentistry), Periodontology, Prosthodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (four-year program), and Master of Science in Craniofacial Research.

## Research

The NSU College of Dental Medicine is currently involved in biomaterials development and research in oral biology.
The Southeastern College of Dental Medicine claims to have the largest and most compete histological archive in the world, containing over 200,000 specimens of teeth, which weigh in total more than 3 tons.
# Abertijne Malcourt

Abertijne Malcourt (Albertinus and Malcort are common alternate spellings) (d. before 1519) was a Franco-Flemish priest, tenor singer, and music copyist of the Renaissance, principally active at the end of the 15th century, contemporary with Johannes Ockeghem. He is considered to be the composer most likely to have written the famous chanson Malheur me bat, used as the basis for mass settings by Jacob Obrecht, Josquin des Prez, Alexander Agricola, and Andreas Sylvanus.
Some documentation has been found for Malcourt's life. He was a singer in 1475 and 1476 in Brussels at the cathedral of Ste. Gudule, and was there again as choirmaster between 1494 and 1498; it is not clear if he was there the whole time. He received a pension from Ste. Gudule in 1513, and is mentioned as being deceased in 1519. In addition to being a singer, he was a music copyist, having copied several books of music not only for Ste. Gudule but for the church of St. Niklaus, also in Brussels. The work for St. Niklaus occurred in 1486 to 1487. The only record of his having been a composer is the attribution to "Malcort" in a Ferrarese manuscript of the textless rondeau Malheur me bat; while this Malcort may have been Hendrick Malecourt, who was a singer in Bergen op Zoom around the same time, and worked directly with Obrecht, Abertijne Malcourt is currently considered to be the most likely candidate.
# Henry Offia

Okechukwu Henry Offia (born 26 December 1999) is a Nigerian footballer who plays as a winger or forward for Västerås SK.

## Career
### Club career

Offia caught the eye of IK Sirius of Sweden in an exhibition match in Lagos and joined the club in January 2018 and was immediately loaned out to Sollentuna FK. On 23 March 2020, Offia joined Dalkurd FF.
In February 2021, Offia joined Trelleborgs FF on a deal until the end of 2023.
After the expiry of his contract at Trelleborg in November 2023, Offia joined newly-promoted Allsvenskan club Västerås SK.
# Thomas Treloar

Thomas John Treloar (1 August 1892 – 15 November 1953) was an Australian politician. Born in Tamworth, New South Wales, he was educated at Sydney Grammar School before returning to Tamworth as a shopkeeper. He eventually became a company director before serving in World War I 1915–18 and World War II 1942–46. In 1949, he was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as the Country Party member for Gwydir, defeating Labor minister William Scully. He died in 1953, necessitating a by-election for his seat.
# Alğay

Alğay (Tatar: Алгай, romanized: Alğay) is a rural locality (a selo) in Mamadış District, Tatarstan. The population was 253 as of 2010. Alğay is located 42 km from Mаmаdış, district's administrative centre, and 203 km from Ԛazаn, republic's capital, by road. The village was established in 17th century. There are 3 streets in the village.
# The Great K & A Train Robbery

The Great K & A Train Robbery is a 1926 American silent Western film directed by Lewis Seiler and starring Tom Mix and Dorothy Dwan. The film is based on the actual foiling of a train robbery by Dick Gordon as related by Paul Leicester Ford in his book The Great K & A Train Robbery originally published as a serial in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine in 1896.

## Plot

Following a series of robberies of the K & A Railroad, detective Tom Gordon is hired to uncover the mystery. Disguised as a bandit, Tom boards the train of K & A President Cullen. Cullen's daughter, Madge, senses that Tom is not a criminal and soon falls in love with him. Madge is sought after by Burton, her father's secretary, who is in league with the bandits. Tom eventually discovers his duplicity, and with the aid of Tony, his horse, rounds up the villains and wins the hand of Madge.

## Cast

* Tom Mix as Tom Gordon
* Tony the Horse as Tony, Tom's Horse
* Dorothy Dwan as Madge Cullen
* Will Walling as Eugene Cullen
* Harry Gripp as DeLuxe Harry
* Carl Miller as Burton Holt
* Edward Peil Sr. as Bill Tolfree
* Curtis 'Snowball' McHenry as Snowball
* Sammy Cohen as Man in upper berth of train (uncredited)
Future Western film icon John Wayne worked as a property assistant (props boy) on the film and appeared as an extra.

## Film locations

Much of the film was shot on location in and around Glenwood Springs, Colorado. The film is notable for its use of breathtaking locations including shots along the Colorado River. Local residents gathered every day for three weeks to watch Mix and his famous horse, Tony, perform their own stunts. Many locals were used as extras. Mix brought the fifty-five cast and crew members, along with his family, to Colorado in two Pullman train cars along with two special baggage cars.
   * Glenwood Springs, Colorado
   * Royal Gorge, Colorado
   * Shoshone Dam in Glenwood Canyon
# Trebas Institute

Trebas Institute is a for-profit private Canadian, bilingual, post-secondary college that offers music, film, business, technology and management programs, with campuses in Montreal, Quebec, and Toronto, Ontario.

## History

Trebas Institute, also known as Institut Trebas, was founded in 1979 by David P. Leonard.
In May 2020, Trebas was acquired by Netherlands-headquartered private education company Global University Systems.
Trebas was voted as one of the best institutions "where to train as an artist" at the Toronto Star 2020 Readers’ Choice Awards in October 2020.
As of January 2021, only international graduates from select programs offered at Trebas Institute’s Quebec campus in Montreal are eligible to receive a Canadian post-graduate work permit (PGWP). The institution’s programs at the Ontario campus in Toronto are not PGWP-eligible.

## Alumni

Notable Trebas alumni include Grammy Award-winning music producer, Mike Piersante; music producer, Jeremy Harding (from Sean Paul's 2009 album, Imperial Blaze); Megadeth singer and guitarist, Dave Mustaine; and singer, songwriter and producer from France, Dominique de Witte.
# The Amulet (album)

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 70/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Alternative Press | |
| Kerrang! | |
| Sputnikmusic | 4.1/5 |
The Amulet is the sixth studio album by American rock band Circa Survive, released on September 22, 2017. The Amulet is Circa Survive's first album released through Hopeless Records, after departing their previous label, Sumerian Records. As with previous Circa Survive albums, Esao Andrews created the album artwork.

## Release

In a September 2016 Reddit AMA, Anthony Green announced that a new Circa Survive album would be forthcoming. The band announced The Amulet on July 10, 2017, and the album announcement was accompanied by the first single and music video, "Lustration." The next month, they released "Rites of Investiture," with a music video made from a 1994 short film directed by Green's cousin Jonathan Michaels. The title track was released on August 30, accompanied by a video shot at a fireworks convention in Fargo, North Dakota. The last single before the album's release, "Premonition of the Hex," debuted on September 14, with a video directed by Josh Call. The video, which depicts a cult, was meant to "showcase the dangers of fundamentalism and extremism."
The band announced a co-headlining tour with Thrice, accompanied by Balance and Composure and Chon, across North America beginning in San Jose on November 2, 2017.

## Track listing

All music is composed by Circa Survive

## Charts

| Chart (2017) | Peak position |
| US Billboard 200 | 26 |
| US Independent Albums (Billboard) | 3 |
| US Top Alternative Albums (Billboard) | 5 |
| US Top Rock Albums (Billboard) | 4 |
# Bill English (computer engineer)

William Kirk English (January 27, 1929 – July 26, 2020) was an American computer engineer who contributed to the development of the computer mouse while working for Douglas Engelbart at SRI International's Augmentation Research Center. He would later work for Xerox PARC and Sun Microsystems.

## Early life

English was born on January 27, 1929, in Lexington, Kentucky. The only son of Harry English and Caroline (Gray) English, he had two half-brothers from his father's previous marriage. Harry English was an electrical engineer who managed coal mines and Caroline was a homemaker. William, or Bill as he was known, attended a boarding school in Arizona and then studied electrical engineering at the University of Kentucky.

## Career

English served in the US Navy until the late 1950s, including postings in northern California and Japan. He then joined the Stanford Research Institute in the 1960s to work on magnets, and built one of the first all-magnetic arithmetic units with Hewitt Crane. In 1964, he was the first person to join Douglas Engelbart's lab, the Augmentation Research Center.
He and Douglas Engelbart share credit for creating the first computer mouse in 1963; English built the initial prototype, and was its first user, based on Engelbart's notes. English led a 1965 project, sponsored by NASA, which evaluated the best way to select a point on a computer display; the mouse was the winner. English was also instrumental at The Mother of All Demos in 1968, which showcased the mouse and other technologies developed as part of their NLS (oN-Line System). In particular, English figured out how to connect a terminal in the San Francisco Civic Auditorium to the host computer at SRI 30 miles (48 km) away, and also transmitted audio and video between the locations.
He left SRI in 1971 and went to Xerox PARC, where he managed the Office Systems Research Group. While working at PARC, English developed a ball mouse, in which a ball replaced the original set of wheels. It worked similarly to a moveable ball-based mouse device called Rollkugel, which had been developed by Telefunken, Germany, and was offered since 1968 as input device for their computers.
In 1989, he went to work for Sun Microsystems on internationalization efforts.
English died of respiratory failure in San Rafael, California, on July 26, 2020, aged 91.
# Feudal land tenure in England

Under the English feudal system several different forms of land tenure existed, each effectively a contract with differing rights and duties attached thereto. Such tenures could be either free-hold if they were hereditable or perpetual or non-free if they terminated on the tenant's death or at an earlier specified period.

## High medieval period

In England's ancient past large parts of the realm were unoccupied and owned as allodial titles: the landowners simply cooperated with the king out of a mutual interest instead of legal obligation. It was not until the Norman conquest, when William the Conqueror declared himself to be the sole allodial owner of the entire realm, that land tenures changed drastically. In William's kingdom the common exchange and sale of land became restricted and all landholders were made to provide a service to their lord ("no land without a lord").

### Norman reforms

William stripped the land from those who opposed him and redistributed it among his followers. He introduced a new type of feudalism, in which obligation extended right down through the hierarchy, a model informed by the military system.

### Barony and knight-service

The tenants-in-chief held their land by the tenure of barony, which required the tenant to provide a number of knights for their liege for 40 days per annum. After the served days, the liege was obliged either to begin paying the knights, or to dismiss them. However, tenants who held their land by the tenure of knight-service were not permitted to pass their lands to the heir automatically, but were required to obtain the lord's approval.
The system failed because the assessment of knight's fees became impossible to maintain. A few estates retained the same wealth and population as when first enfeoffed, with the result that the lord provided only a small number of the knights whom he was actually able to muster. Another issue was the practice of subinfeudation, by which the subtenants were able to alienate the land to tenants of their own. This became unpopular among the superior lords, and was banned by Edward I in his edict Quia Emptores. In compensation, the sale of properties was made legal.

## Late medieval period

During the course of the late medieval period, knight-service came to be replaced by the tenure of scutage, under which tenants paid tax assessed according to their knight's fee, instead of providing knights. Before the mid-13th century the fiefdoms had not been heritable owing to the uncertainty of whether the heir of the tenant would be capable of providing the required knight-service. As scutage replaced knight-service, that question fell outside consideration. Heirs were therefore able to succeed fiefs in exchange for the payment of a type of inheritance tax.
The Tenures Abolition Act 1660 declared that all land was to be held by socage tenure, ending the feudal tenure.