# Local government in Maharashtra

Local government. in Maharashtra State follows the general structure of Local Governance in India and is broadly classified into two categories: Urban Local Governance and Rural Local Governance.

## Urban Local Governance

Maharashtra is the third most urbanised state in India with 42.23% of its population living in urban areas, compared with the national average of 31.16%. The urban population grew by 23.7% in the 2001–2011 period to 50.8 million and now has the highest number of people living in urban areas. Maharashtra has 255 Statutory Towns and 279 Census Towns.

### Municipal Acts

There are three municipal acts in effect in Maharashtra;
| Name of Act | Area of Effect |
| Maharashtra Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats and Industrial Townships Act, 1965 | All Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats, and Industrial Townships in Maharashtra |
| Maharashtra Municipal Corporations Act | All Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra, except Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation |
| Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888 | Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation |
Section 3 of Maharashtra Municipal Corporations Act, and Sections 3,4, and 341A of Maharashtra Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats and Industrial Townships Act, 1965 create the following categories of urban areas based on their population.
Types of Urban Areas according to the Municipal Acts in Maharashtra :
| Type | Type | Population Criteria | Type of Local Body |
| Larger Urban Area | Larger Urban Area | Population more than 300,000 | Municipal Corporation |
| Smaller Urban Area | Type A | Population more than 100,000 | Municipal Council |
| Smaller Urban Area | Type B | Population of more than 40,000 but not more than 100,000 | Municipal Council |
| Smaller Urban Area | Type C | Population of 40,000 or less but more than 25,000 | Municipal Council |
| Transitional Area | Transitional Area | 10,000 to 25,000 | Nagar Panchayat |
Further, depending on the population size, the Acts prescribes the minimum and maximum number of councillors/wards allowed within each type of local government.
Minimum and Maximum number of Councillors Allowed in Municipalities in Maharashtra :
| Population Range | Minimum | Incremental Number | Maximum |
| Municipal Corporations ||||
| Above 2.4 million | 145 | For every additional population of 100,000, one additional councillor | 221 |
| 1.2 million – 2.4 million | 115 | For every additional population of 40,000 above 1.2 million, one additional councillor | 145 |
| 600,000 – 1.2 million | 85 | For every additional population of 20,000 above 600,000, one additional councillor | 115 |
| 300,000 – 600,000 | 65 | For every additional population of 15,000 above 300,000, one additional councillor | 85 |
| Municipal Council ||||
| Class 'A' Municipal Council | 38 | For every 8,000 of the population above 100,000, there shall be one additional elected Councillor | 65 |
| Class 'B' Municipal Council | 23 | For every 5,000 of the population above 40,000 there shall be one additional elected Councillor | 37 |
| Class 'C' Municipal Council | 17 | For every 3,000 of the population above 25,000 there shall be one additional elected Councillor | 23 |
| Nagar Panchayat ||||
| Nagar Panchayat | 126 | - | 126 |

## Municipal Corporations

There are 29 Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra, as follows:
| Rank | Name | City | District | Established | Grade | Population (2011) | Party Power |
| 1 | Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation | Mumbai | Mumbai City District, Mumbai Suburban District | 1888 | A+ | 11,914,398 | Shiv Sena |
| 2 | Pune Municipal Corporation | Pune | Pune | 1950 | A | 3,115,431 | BJP |
| 3 | Nagpur Municipal Corporation | Nagpur | Nagpur | 1951 | A | 2,405,421 | Shiv Sena |
| 4 | Thane Municipal Corporation | Thane | Thane | 1982 | B | 1,818,872 | Shiv Sena |
| 5 | Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation | Pune | Pune | 1982 | A | 1,729,359 | Shiv Sena |
| 6 | Nashik Municipal Corporation | Nashik | Nashik | 1982 | A | 1,486,973 | Shiv Sena |
| 7 | Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation | Kalyan-Dombivli | Thane | 1982 | C | 1,246,381 | Shiv Sena |
| 8 | Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation | Vasai-Virar | Palghar | 2009 | C | 1,221,233 | Shiv Sena |
| 9 | Aurangabad Municipal Corporation | Aurangabad | Aurangabad | 1982 | C | 1,171,330 | Shiv Sena |
| 10 | Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation | Navi Mumbai | Thane | 1992 | C | 1,119,477 | NCP & INC |
| 11 | Solapur Municipal Corporation | Solapur | Solapur | 1964 | D | 951,118 | BJP |
| 12 | Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation | Mira-Bhayandar | Thane | 2002 | D | 814,655 | BJP |
| 13 | Bhiwandi-Nizampur Municipal Corporation | Bhiwandi-Nizampur | Thane | 2002 | D | 711,329 | INC |
| 14 | Amravati Municipal Corporation | Amravati | Amravati | 1983 | D | 646,801 | Shiv Sena |
| 15 | Nanded-Waghala Municipal Corporation | Nanded | Nanded | 1997 | D | 550,564 | INC |
| 16 | Kolhapur Municipal Corporation | Kolhapur | Kolhapur | 1972 | D | 549,283 | INC & NCP |
| 17 | Akola Municipal Corporation | Akola | Akola | 2001 | D | 603,000 | Shiv Sena |
| 18 | Panvel Municipal Corporation | Panvel | Raigad | 2016 | D | 509,901 | Shiv Sena |
| 19 | Ulhasnagar Municipal Corporation | Ulhasnagar | Thane | 1998 | D | 506,937 | Shiv Sena |
| 20 | Sangali-Miraj-Kupwad Municipal Corporation | Sangli-Miraj & Kupwad | Sangli | 1998 | D | 502,697 | Shiv Sena |
| 21 | Malegaon Municipal Corporation | Malegaon | Nashik | 2003 | D | 471,006 | INC & Shiv Sena |
| 22 | Jalgaon Municipal Corporation | Jalgaon | Jalgaon | 2003 | D | 460,468 | Shiv Sena |
| 23 | Latur Municipal Corporation | Latur | Latur | 2011 | D | 382,754 | INC |
| 24 | Dhule Municipal Corporation | Dhule | Dhule | 2003 | D | 376,093 | BJP |
| 25 | Ahmednagar Municipal Corporation | Ahmednagar | Ahmednagar | 2003 | D | 350,905 | Shivsena |
| 26 | Chandrapur Municipal Corporation | Chandrapur | Chandrapur | 2011 | D | 321,036 | BJP |
| 27 | Parbhani Municipal Corporation | Parbhani | Parbhani | 2011 | D | 307,191 | INC & NCP |
| 28 | Ichalkaranji Municipal Corporation | Ichalkaranji | Kolhapur | 2022 | D | 377730 | New |
| 29 | Jalna Municipal Corporation | Jalna | Jalna | 2023 | D | | New |

### Municipal councils

There are 226 municipalities in Maharashtra. Some Municipal Councils are:
| Name | City | District | Established | Grade | Population (2011) | Party in Power |
| Jawhar Municipal Council | Jawhar | Palghar | 1918 | B | 50000 | |
| Sailu Municipal Council | Sailu | Parbhani | 1951 | B | 46,915 | |
| Gondia Municipal Council | Gondia | Gondia District | | A | | BJP |
| Tirora Municipal Council | Tirora | Gondia District | 1957 | C | 27,515 | BJP & INC |
| Katol Municipal Council | Katol | Nagpur District | | A | | NCP |
| Kopargaon Municipal Council | Kopargaon | Ahmednagar District | | B | | BJP |
| Chikhli Municipal Council | Chikhli | Buldhana District | | B | | BJP |
| Rahata Municipal Council | Rahata | Ahmednagar District | 1987 | B | | BJP |
| Karjat Municipal Council | Karjat | Raigad district | 1992 | C | 29,663 | Shivsena |

### Ward Committees

Section 66A of Maharashtra Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats and Industrial Townships Act, 1965 mandates the setting up of wards committees in municipal areas with a population more than 300,000. Thus, Nagar Panchayats, and Type B and C Municipal Councils are automatically relieved of setting up Wards Committees, as well as Type A Municipal Councils with population less than 300,000. More than one ward may constitute one Wards Committee and it is left to the discretion of the municipal body to decide upon the number of such wards.
Section 29A of the Maharashtra Municipal Corporations Act mandates the setting up of wards committees in areas with Municipal Corporations. It gives more details about the number of wards committees to be formed according to population size:
Number of Wards Committees allowed according to Maharashtra Municipal Corporations Act :
| Population | Minimum Number of Ward Committees | Additional Wards Committees for Additional Population | Maximum Number of Ward Committees |
| Above 2.4 million | 13 | 600,000 | 25 |
| 1.2 million – 2.4 million | 9 | 300,000 | 13 |
| 450,000 – 1.2 million | 4 | 150,000 | 9 |
| 300,000 – 450,000 | 3 | - | 4 |
While bigger cities like Mumbai and Pune have formed Wards Committees which are active, smaller cities are yet to have active wards committees.

## Rural Local Governance

Rural governance in India is based on the Panchayati Raj system. It is a three tier system, with the Zilla Parishad at the district level, Taluka panchayat at the Taluka or sub-district level and Grampanchayat (Village Council) at the lowest level. Maharashtra was one of the first states to implement the three tier system under the Maharashtra Zilla Parishads and Panchayat Samitis Acts 1961 of Maharashtra State. That act was amended with Act XXI to bring it in line with 73rd amendment to the Indian constitution in 1994.

### Zilla parishad

Zilla Parishad (commonly known as ZP) is a local government body at the district level in India. It looks after the administration of the rural area of the district and its office is located at the district headquarters.
There are 34 Zilla Parishads in Maharashtra which are as follows.
* Thane Zilla Parishad
* Palghar Zilla Parishad
* Raigad District Council
* Ratnagiri Zilla Parishad
* Sindhudurg Zilla Parishad
* Nashik Zilla Parishad
* Dhule Zilla Parishad
* Nandurbar Zilla Parishad
* Jalgaon District Council
* Ahmednagar Zilla Parishad
* Pune Zilla Parishad
* Satara Zilla Parishad
* Sangli Zilla Parishad
* Solapur Zilla Parishad
* Kolhapur Zilla Parishad
* Aurangabad Zilla Parishad
* Jalna Zilla Parishad
* Parbhani Zilla Parishad
* Hingoli Zilla Parishad
* Beed Zilla Parishad
* Nanded Zilla Parishad
* Osmanabad Zilla Parishad
* Latur Zilla Parishad
* Amravati Zilla Parishad
* Akola Zilla Parishad
* Washim Zilla Parishad
* Buldhana Zilla Parishad
* Yavatmal Zilla Parishad
* Nagpur Zilla Parishad
* Wardha Zilla Parishad
* Bhandara District Council
* Gondia Zilla Parishad
* Chandrapur Zilla Parishad
* Gadchiroli Zilla Parishad

### Panchayat samiti

Panchayat samiti is a local government body at the Taluka (sub-district)( level in India. It works for the villages that together are called a Block. The Panchayat Samiti is the link between the Gram Panchayat and Zilla Parishad.
There are 351 panchayat samitis or block panchayats in Maharashtra.

### Gram panchayat

Gram panchayats are local self-government bodies at the village level. They are a cornerstone of the panchayati raj system. A gram panchayat can be set up in villages with a population of more than five hundred. There is a common gram panchayat for two or more villages if the population of these villages is less than five hundred, whereupon it is called a group-gram panchayat. The panchayat members are elected by the voters in the village but seats are reserved for different categories. 33% of the seats are reserved for women. The scheduled castes (SC), scheduled tribes(ST), and other backward classes (OBC) get seats allocated in proportion to their population in the village. The office holder positions (sarpanch and the deputy sarpanch positions) are rotated between different demographics such as women, SC, ST., general category etc.
There are 28,813 gram panchayats in Maharashtra.

## Elections

All elected officials in local bodies serve for five years. Elections are for the positions are conducted by the Maharashtra State Election Commission