OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Aprilia SR50

The Aprilia SR50 is a scooter built by Aprilia.

## History

Introduced in 1992, more than 800,000 units have been sold, bucking the trend for less use of two-stroke engines. Aprilia claims several firsts for the SR50 in the scooter market, including 13 inch wheels, liquid cooling, double disc braking, and a direct injection engine.
The performance-oriented suspension, tires, and engine are consistent with its styling. Colours and graphics vary by country. The digital instrument panel gives readings for speed, clock, odometer, trip counter, fuel level, coolant temperature and battery voltage.
The SR50 has used a variety of engines, sourced from Morini, Piaggio and Minarelli. It conforms to EURO 3 emission standards. The DiTech model used an injection engine, with technology from Orbital. The current model uses a Dell'Orto carburetor. The powerful engines allow reaching very high speeds for a scooter, the SR50 can reach 90 km/h in its standard configuration after being derestricted.

## DITECH two-stroke engine

The SR50 DITECH uses the Synerject gasoline direct injection (GDI) system developed jointly by the Orbital Corporation and Siemens AG. The system uses a crank-driven air compressor to deliver air to the cylinder head at a pressure of 5 bars (500 kPa; 73 psi), thereby avoiding the use of carburation; the cylinder walls are not wet with gasoline, only with lubricating oil. After the port is closed and the air is compressed by the piston, gasoline is injected by an atomizer like a spray nozzle mixed with and propelled by the highly compressed air, into the main combustion chamber where, after the injection port closes, and the piston is still rising, it is ignited in the compressed main charge of air. The use of direct injection and stratified charge allows the DITECH engine to meet Euro 2 standards.
A small amount of crankcase oil is present in the compressed air used to atomize the fuel, but that was found to present no problems in the production of large numbers of the scooter. A problem was found with varying input humidity producing varying condensation water in the compressor system, and Aprilia deployed an oem retrofit solenoid valve to be installed near the injector which would drain the system of accumulated water each time the engine was switched off. Users complained that without this retrofit, the spark plug would accumulate carbon, and commented that with the retrofit, operation was trouble free.
# Samantha Tross

Samantha Tross (born 30 June 1968) is a British consultant surgeon. In 2005 Tross became the first black female orthopaedic surgeon in Britain and has been regularly recognized as one of Britains most influential Black Britons in the annual Powerlist.

## Personal life

Samantha Tross was born in Georgetown in Guyana in 1968 to Sammy and Gwendolin Tross. She was the second of four children and she is said to have borrowed her brother's toys. She attended primary school in Guyana. Her family moved to Britain when she was 11 years old, because her father who worked for the Commonwealth Secretariat was given a post in Britain. The secretariat is based at Marlborough House in London.$^$ Tross completed her education at private schools in Britain and then at Matthew Boulton College in Birmingham. She excelled at sport, becoming the British national long jump champion for her age, and she passed A-Levels in applied mathematics, chemistry and biology. She took medicine at University College London, where she decided to become a surgeon.

## Professional life

Tross is unsure of what caused her initial interest in medicine in medicine but thinks that the death of her grandparents when she was the young age of seven was a contribution to her interest. She also notes that while in medical school she was exposed to many different specialities in medicine, but the surgeons in orthopedics made her feel wanted and useful.
This was an unusual course for a British woman: only 11% of consultant surgeons in Britain are female. She trained at various hospitals and completed her training in orthopaedic surgery in 2004. She is a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons. She specialises in re-constructive hip and knee surgery. Although she is known for her work with hip and knee surgery, she also does work on the shoulder, elbow, hand and foot and ankle.

## Notable achievements

Tross's brief biography is included (in 2015) in the International Slavery Museum run by Liverpool Museums. She is said to be one of the 100 most influential Black Britons; and has regularly been included in the annual Powerlist, of the 100 most influential Black British people, with her most recent appearance on the Powerlist 2021. Tross was the subject of a biography by Verna Wilkins published by Tamarind Books in 2008.
# Hassan Habibi

Hassan Ebrahim Habibi (Persian: حسن حبیبی; 29 January 1937 – 31 January 2013) was an Iranian politician, lawyer, scholar and the first vice president from 1989 until 2001 under Presidents Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and Mohammad Khatami. He was also a member of the High Council of Cultural Revolution and head of Academy of Persian Language and Literature from 2004 until his death in 2013.

## Early life and education

Habibi studied sociology in France. He held a PhD in law and sociology. When he was a university student he visited Khomeini while the latter was in exile.

## Career

Habibi was tasked by Ayatollah Khomeini to draft the prospective constitution of Iran when the latter was in exile in Paris. His version was heavily modified due to criticisms and the final text was approved by the election in November 1979.
Following the Iranian revolution, Habibi was named public spokesman for the revolutionary council. He was among the main architects of the first draft of Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which was later passed for more discussion to an elected Assembly of Experts for Constitution. The assembly made significant changes in the original draft, e.g. by introducing the new position of "leader of the Islamic Republic" based on Khomeini's concept of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists, which gave almost unlimited power to the clergy. The modified version was approved in a popular referendum in 1979. In the 1980 presidential election, Habibi ran for office, but received only ten percent of the vote against Banisadr's seventy percent. Habibi was backed by Mohammad Beheshti in the election process. In the same year he won a parliamentary seat, being a representative of the Islamic Republican Party.
Habibi served as the minister of justice under Prime Minister Mousavi. He was first vice president of Iran from 1989 to 2001, eight years under President Rafsanjani and then four years under President Khatami. He was replaced by Mohammad Reza Aref in the post in Khatami's second term. He was also head of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature and a member of the Expediency Council.

## Death

Habibi died on 31 January 2013. He was buried at the mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini in Tehran on 1 February. The funeral service was attended by leading Iranian political figures, including President Ahmedinejad.

## Work

Habibi is the author of several books, including God (1981), Society, Culture, Politics (1984), Islam and the Crisis of Our Time (1984), In the Mirror Of Rights: Views Of International Rights, Comparative Rights And Sociology (1988), Seeking the Roots (editing & translation) (1994), Casework of An Ages Student (1997), One Word Out Of Thousands (2 vol.) (1998-2001) and General International Rights (2 vol.) (2003).

## Political affiliation

Habibi was director of the National Front publications in Europe during the 1960s. In the capacity, he was involved in publication and distribution of Payam-e-Daneshjou, organ of the party's student wing.
Habibi was a member of the Freedom Movement of Iran, before he defected to the Islamic Republican Party after the Iranian Revolution.
# Caitríona Ruane

Caitríona Ruane (born 1962) is a Sinn Féin politician who served as the Principal Deputy Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly from 2016 to 2017, and was a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (MLA) for South Down from 2003 to 2017.
In the first Northern Ireland Executive under First Minister Ian Paisley and deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness she was appointed Minister of Education. She faced opposition over the scrapping of the Transfer Examination (11-plus) and her subsequent plans for a replacement. She was replaced by John O'Dowd after the 2011 election.

## Background

Ruane is a former professional tennis player who represented Ireland in the Fed Cup. She now lives in Carlingford, County Louth and is married with two children. In the past Ruane has acted as director of the Féile an Phobail and chairperson of the St Patrick's Carnival Committee in Belfast.

## "Bring Them Home" campaign

Ruane was a prominent member of the Bring Them Home campaign for the Colombia Three, which sought the safe return of three Irishmen later convicted in their absence in Colombia of training FARC insurgents.

## Abolition of the 11-plus

Ruane has faced opposition for her support for abolition of the 11-plus examination, originally planned by her predecessor Martin McGuinness. She has faced opposition from the Democratic Unionist Party and Social Democratic and Labour Party as well as from 30 grammar schools in Northern Ireland, causing them to form the AQE (Association for Quality Education), which offered a replacement for the transfer examination. She was alleged to have delayed the publication of a report which showed that public opinion favoured academic selection.
In March 2011, Ruane caused controversy by claiming that all pupils should be given the opportunity to study the Irish language, that education in Northern Ireland should be made more similar to that in the Republic of Ireland, and that "the debate on academic selection is now over". Director of the Governing Bodies Association, which represents Northern Irish grammar schools, John Hart, said, "I think the minister is fooling only herself in trying to convince us that the debate surrounding academic selection is over. Some 26,000 parents last year did not think it was over. As we have said in the past, the minister washed her hands of responsibility for academic selection, so she would be better letting those with a more responsible approach get on with it, instead of petty badgering."
# Joaquín María Ferrer y Cafranga

Joaquín María de Ferrer y Cafranga (8 December 1777, in Pasajes de San Pedro, Spain – 30 September 1861, in Santa Águeda, Spain) was a Spanish politician and military who served as Prime Minister of Spain in 1841, and held other important offices such as Minister of State, Mayor of Madrid and President of the Senate. He also served as Deputy Prime Minister between 1840 and 1841. He also served as a Deputy for Guipúzcoa from 1822 to 1837.
# Uday Singh Taunque

Sergeant Uday Singh was the first U.S. Army soldier of Indian descent to die during Operation Iraqi Freedom. His death in Iraq was widely reported in Indian and American media.

## Early life

Sergeant Uday Singh was born in India on 23 April 1982. He was born to a distinguished military family. His father is Lt. Col. Preet Mahinder Singh, an Indian Army veteran who was part of the Armoured Corps. His grandfather, Wing Commander Kartar Singh Taunque, was the first member of Indian Air Force to win a gallantry award for operations in Waziristan during Waziristan campaign (1936–39). He lived with his parents at various military stations until 1994. In 1994, he moved to his grandparents' home in Chandigarh.

### Education

In Chandigarh, he enrolled in St. Stephen's School, Chandigarh. English was his favourite subject. In 1995, Singh's parents and sister also moved to Chandigarh. Singh, completing school in Chandigarh in June 2000, left for the U.S. with his father and sister.

## Service in the U.S. Army

Singh enlisted in the U.S. Army on 28 August 2000 and following completion of initial training at Fort Knox was assigned to Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 34th Armor Regiment, based at Fort Riley, Kansas.
Singh's unit was deployed to Iraq in September 2003. On, 1 December 2003, Singh was serving as the gunner in the lead Humvee of his platoon while on reconnaissance mission in Habbaniyah. The platoon took fire and Singh returned fire, pinning the insurgents down until reinforcements arrived. Sergeant Singh was shot in the head, just below his helmet, during the engagement and died while en route to the hospital. The mission led to the capture of a number of insurgents and large cache of weapons.
For his actions that day Uday received the Bronze Star and Purple Heart.
He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, making him one of the only Sikhs to be buried there.

## Memorials

* Illinois General Assembly also paid homage to him by passing a Senate resolution.
* Uday Singh memorial at St. Stephen's School Chandigarh.
# Close to the Bone (Tom Tom Club album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Robert Christgau | C+ |
Close to the Bone is the second studio album by the Tom Tom Club that was released in 1983. The Tom Tom Club's musicians were: Wally Badarou, Tyrone Downie, Chris Frantz, Roddy Frantz, Rupert Hine, Raymond Jones, Steve Scales, Steven Stanley, Alex Weir; and sisters Lani, Laura and Tina Weymouth. The album was released on compact disc for the first time on May 19, 2009, as a part of a two-CD deluxe package with the band's first album, Tom Tom Club, as part of Universal Music's deluxe editions series.

## Singles

Two tracks from the album were released as singles, "Pleasure of Love" and "The Man with the 4-Way Hips", the latter reaching number 82 on the UK Singles Chart in August 1983.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by the Tom Tom Club
* "Pleasure of Love" – 6:33
* "On the Line Again" – 4:56
* "This Is a Foxy World" – 3:39
* "Bamboo Town" – 3:56
* "The Man With the 4-Way Hips" – 5:48
* "Measure Up" – 5:05
* "Never Took a Penny" – 3:33
* "Atsababy! (Life Is Great)" – 4:02
Bonus tracks:
* "The Man with the 4-Way Hips" (extended version)
* "Pleasure of Love" (instrumental)
* "The Man With the 4-Way Hips" (dub version)
* "Yella" (Mr. Yella Version)

## Personnel
### Tom Tom Club

* Tina Weymouth – bass, vocals
* Chris Frantz – drums, vocals
* Alex Weir – guitar
* Wally Badarou – keyboards
* Tyrone Downie – keyboards
* Raymond Jones – keyboards
* Rupert Hine – keyboards
* Steve Scales – percussion
* Lani Weymouth – vocals
* Laura Weymouth – vocals
* Steven Stanley
* Roddy Frantz

### Technical personnel

* James Rizzi – cover illustration
* Steven Stanley, Benjamin Armbrister, Frank Hanna, Kendall Stubbs – recording, mixing

## Chart performance

The album spent 13 weeks on the US Billboard album charts and reached its peak position of number 73 in early September 1983.
Chart performance for Close to the Bone :
| Chart (1983) | Peak position |
| Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) | 96 |
| New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) | 31 |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 42 |
| US Billboard 200 | 79 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) | 49 |
# Canandaigua Lake State Marine Park

Canandaigua Lake State Marine Park is a New York state park and boat launch located on the north shore of Canandaigua Lake in Ontario County, New York.
The park is 1 of 80 New York State Parks that are in the path of totality for the 2024 solar eclipse, with the park experiencing 2 minutes and 51 seconds of totality.

## Facilities

The park offers three concrete boat ramps, with room for six boats to launch or be removed from the water simultaneously. A short canal allows boat access to Canandaigua Lake. Parking is available for up to 110 cars and trailers.
Between September 2011 and May 2012, the park was closed to allow for the complete reconstruction of the boat launch area.
Although the park's primary purpose is to serve as a boat launch facility, fishing from shore is also permitted at the park. A small picnic area near a duck pond is also available.
# Harry Turpin

Harry Hutton "Rags" Turpin (May 10, 1902 – December 26, 1974) was an American college football coach and athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at his alma mater, Northwestern State University in Natchitoches, Louisiana, from 1934 to 1956, compiling a record of 99–91–2. Turpin was also the athletic director at Northwestern State from 1951 to 1957.
Turpin began his playing career in 1921 to Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1921.
# Carol Henry (actor)

Carol Henry (July 14, 1918 – September 17, 1987) was an American character actor who played the parts of henchmen in Western films and television series throughout the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. He also served as a stunt man in various films although all his work in that field went uncredited.
Born in Oklahoma, he appeared in an episode of Sergeant Preston of the Yukon in 1955 as McClain, a murderer. In 1958 he appeared as a posse member in the TV western Tales of Wells Fargo in the episode titled "Butch Cassidy."
Carol Henry died in North Hollywood, aged 69.

## Selected filmography

* Gun Talk (1947)
* Courtin' Trouble (1948)
* Gunning for Justice (1948)
* Hidden Danger (1948)
* The Sheriff of Medicine Bow (1948)
* Across the Rio Grande (1949)
* Gun Law Justice (1949)
* Trails End (1949)
* Roll, Thunder, Roll! (1949)
* Range Land (1949)
* Outlaw Gold (1950)
* Gunslingers (1950)
* The Longhorn (1951)
# Egma Sinkhole

EGMA Sinkhole (Turkish: EGMA Düdeni), a.k.a. Peynirlikönü Sinkhole, is a sinkhole and the deepest cave in Turkey. It is located at Sugözü village of Anamur, Mersin. The sinkhole is 1,429 m (4,688 ft) deep and 3,118 m (10,230 ft) long. EGMA is an acronym that stands for Evren Günay - Mehmet Ali Özel.
The cave was discovered and first explored in 1993 by the Boğaziçi University Speleological Society (BÜMAK). A flash flood caused explorer Mehmet Ali Özel to lose his life inside the cave in 2001. In 2004, with the help of members of the Bulgarian Speleological Federation, the BÜMAK team recovered Mehmet Ali's body and also reached the deepest point of the cave.
# Charles Davidson (politician)

Sir Charles William Davidson KBE (14 September 1897 – 29 November 1985) was an Australian politician. He was deputy leader of the Country Party from 1956 to 1963 and represented the party in federal parliament from 1946 to 1963. He served as Postmaster-General of Australia (1956–1963) and Minister for the Navy (1956–1958) in the Menzies Government.

## Early life

Davidson was born on 14 September 1897 in Toowong, Queensland. He was the third child of Marion (née Perry) and Alexander Black Davidson. His mother born in England and his father in Scotland. Davidson attended Townsville Grammar School until 1914 and then found work as a stockman in North Queensland. He enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force in February 1916 and served on the Western Front with the 42nd Battalion. He was wounded in action in September 1918 and returned to Australia.

## Military service

He served in World War I.
During World War II, he served in the 42nd Battalion of the Australian Army in New Guinea, rising to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was twice mentioned in despatches and was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (Military) in March 1945.

## Political career

Davidson was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1946 federal election, defeating Frank Forde – the incumbent Australian Labor Party deputy leader and a former prime minister – in the Division of Capricornia. He received a dual endorsement from the Country Party and the Liberal Party (in the form of the Queensland People's Party). He joined the parliamentary Country Party after his election.
In March 1947, Davidson was one of several MPs to boycott the swearing-in of William McKell as Governor-General of Australia, in protest at the perceived partisanship of his appointment. At the 1949 election, following a redistribution, he was elected the member for the new seat of Dawson. He was Postmaster-General from 1956 to 1963 and Minister for the Navy from 1956 to 1958.
In 1958 he was elected deputy leader of the Country Party succeeding John McEwen who had become leader.
He retired at the 1963 election.
Davidson was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in June 1964. He died in 1985 and was survived by his wife, a son and two daughters.
# Akhtar Hussain (umpire)

Akhtar Hussain (date of birth unknown, died 24 August 1973) was a Pakistani cricket umpire. He stood in three Test matches between 1959 and 1969. The Second Test of Pakistan's home series against New Zealand in 1969-70 was the last Test Akhtar Hussain officiated.
# Bombay Devadasi Protection Act

Bombay Devadasi Protection Act (1934) was passed by the Bombay High Court under British India to protect existing Devadasis and prevent the dedication of women into the Devadasi system of existence. The act extended to the whole state of Maharashtra, and was part of other state laws to protect Devadasis, such as the Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act, Bombay Protection (Extension) Act, and the Andhra Pradesh Devadasi (Prohibition of Dedication) Act.
# Armen Adamjan

Armen Adamjan, also known as Creative Explained, is an American and Danish YouTuber and TikToker. He is best known for his life hack videos on subjects like plants and cleaning.

## Early life

Adamjan was born in Yerevan, Armenia in 1989. He has siblings. When he was three years old, his family fled the country due to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, and lived the next ten years in Ebeltoft, Denmark, where he went to school. His interests included martial arts and computer programming. When he was 13, the family moved to Rhode Island, US, where he started high school in 2003. Around 2005 he started to get interested in video and film making.
After high school, he majored in video production and motion graphics, traveled the US and tried to make it as a film maker.

## Social media and other work

When the COVID-19 pandemic hit the US in 2020, he got stuck in lockdown with his family in Rhode Island. One day during the lockdown, while chopping scallions, he had the idea to make a short video on how to regrow them and posted it on TikTok. To his astonishment, the next day his video had over 100 000 views. This inspired him to make more videos, generally with a sustainability theme. He says that "The nerd side of me activated and I started researching everything about plants."
Adamjan's videos, published under the handle "Creative Explained", have been noted for his high-energy and enthusiastic style, "enthusiasm bordering on hysteria" according to de Volkskrant. As of 2023, he has made over a thousand videos, and has six million followers on TikTok, four million on Instagram and three million subscribers on YouTube. His subjects include plants, cleaning, recycling and how to store vegetables. At one point, he discovered that speaking in a louder voice had a positive effect of viewership. One of his suggestions for keeping avocados fresh was criticised by the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being potentially harmful, but many others have been reported to be useful. As of 2024, his most watched YouTube video, on how to grow a cherry seedling, had around 100 million views. He has worked with singer Bryan Adams, actress Jennifer Garner and appeared on The Today Show. As of 2024, he has published two books.

## Personal life

As of 2023, he lives in Aarhus, Denmark with his fiancé.

## Recognition

He received the Sustainability Influencer of the Year Award in 2022.

## Books

* Adamjan, Armen (2020). "Don't Throw it Out": Garden & Plant : Hacks, Tips and Tricks. Armen Adamjan. ISBN 979-8-3789-8116-8.
* Adamjan, Armen (2024). Don't Throw it Out 2!. ISBN 979-8387100062.