OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thurstone scale

In psychology and sociology, the Thurstone scale was the first formal technique to measure an attitude. It was developed by Louis Leon Thurstone in 1928, originally as a means of measuring attitudes towards religion. Today it is used to measure attitudes towards a wide variety of issues. The technique uses a number of statements about a particular issue, and each statement is given a numerical value indicating how favorable or unfavorable it is judged to be. These numerical values are prepared ahead of time by the researcher and not shown to the test subjects. The subjects then check each of the statements with which they agree, and a mean score of those statements' values is computed, indicating their attitude.

## Thurstone scale

Thurstone's method of pair comparisons can be considered a prototype of a normal distribution-based method for scaling-dominance matrices. Even though the theory behind this method is quite complex (Thurstone, 1927a), the algorithm itself is straightforward. For the basic Case V, the frequency dominance matrix is translated into proportions and interfaced with the standard scores. The scale is then obtained as a left-adjusted column marginal average of this standard score matrix (Thurstone, 1927b). The underlying rationale for the method and basis for the measurement of the "psychological scale separation between any two stimuli" derives from Thurstone's Law of comparative judgment (Thurstone, 1928). ASU
The principal difficulty with this algorithm is its indeterminacy with respect to one-zero proportions, which return z values as plus or minus infinity, respectively. The inability of the pair comparisons algorithm to handle these cases imposes considerable limits on the applicability of the method.
The most frequent recourse when the 1.00-0.00 frequencies are encountered is their omission. Thus, e.g., Guilford (1954, p. 163) has recommended not using proportions more extreme than .977 or .023, and Edwards (1957, pp. 41–42) has suggested that “if the number of judges is large, say 200 or more, then we might use pij values of .99 and .01, but with less than 200 judges, it is probably better to disregard all comparative judgments for which pij is greater than .98 or less than .02."’ Since the omission of such extreme values leaves empty cells in the Z matrix, the averaging procedure for arriving at the scale values cannot be applied, and an elaborate procedure for the estimation of unknown parameters is usually employed (Edwards, 1957, pp. 42–46). An alternative solution of this problem was suggested by Krus and Kennedy (1977).
With later developments in psychometric theory, it has become possible to employ direct methods of scaling such as application of the Rasch model or unfolding models such as the Hyperbolic Cosine Model (HCM) (Andrich & Luo, 1993). The Rasch model has a close conceptual relationship to Thurstone's law of comparative judgment (Andrich, 1978), the principal difference being that it directly incorporates a person parameter. Also, the Rasch model takes the form of a logistic function rather than a cumulative normal function.
# Gmelina lignum-vitreum

Gmelina lignum-vitreum is a species of plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia.
# Concepción Mariño

Concepción Mariño Carige Fitzgerald (1790–1854) was a woman involved in the Venezuelan War of Independence.

## Biography

Born in El Valle del Espíritu Santo, Mariño was raised in a wealthy family. She was the daughter of Santiago Mariño de Acuña, a Spaniard who had established himself in Venezuela and an Irish woman, Atanasia Carige Fitzgerald; she was the sister of Santiago Mariño. Her parents owned estates on the island of Trinidad and eastern Venezuela, including one on the islet of Chacachacare and another in Delta Amacuro. She married Jose Maria Sanda; they had five children. After marriage, she inherited the estate of Chacachacare and accumulated substantial assets in land and property.
After the capitulation of the First Republic in mid-1812, Mariño's ranch in Chacachacare became the meeting place for Republicans. Mariño played a key role, taking charge of weapons smuggling from Trinidad to the mainland to be used by the troops of Simon Bolivar, though this caused a lawsuit under the authority of British martial law.
The campaign to liberate eastern Venezuela began on January 2, 1813, on the Chacachacare estate. It included the drafting and signing of the Acta Chacachacare by Santiago Mariño, Francisco Azcue, Jose Francisco Bermudez, Manuel Piar and Manuel Valdes, which mentions Mariño as a "magnanimous woman", and started the Campaña de Oriente. In 1821, when Venezuela was facing the threat of Miguel de la Torre, Mariño was involved in shipping weapons from Jamaica for the Bolivar Army.
She died in Chacachacare in 1854.
# Jim Kirkpatrick (Northern Ireland politician)

Jim Kirkpatrick is a Northern Irish unionist politician who has represented the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) three times and the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) twice.

## Political career

Kirkpatrick was first elected as a UUP member of the Northern Ireland Assembly for Belfast South in 1982. Three years later he was elected to Belfast City Council, representing the Balmoral electoral area, which covered the Lisburn, Malone and Donegal Road areas of the city.
Kirkpatrick joined the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) in 1996 and lost his council seat in 1997, having moved from Balmoral to Laganbank. He subsequently rejoined the UUP and became chairman of the Drumbo branch in Lagan Valley.
He was selected to contest the elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly in 2003 by Lagan Valley UUP in a controversial selection meeting but polled fewer than 700 votes and was quickly eliminated.
Following this, in December 2004 he again defected to the DUP and was returned for that party to Belfast City Council in 2005, regaining his original seat in Balmoral. In 2007 however, Kirkpatrick was pictured at a fundraising dinner with Jim Allister MEP, held to raise funds for a new Unionist Party opposed to powersharing. On 2 June 2009 he again defected back to the UUP, accusing senior DUP members of "caring more about dynasty building and expense claims than voters." He lost his seat at the 2011 council elections to businessman and publisher Máirtín Ó Muilleoir (Sinn Féin).
Kirkpatrick served as High Sheriff before, having fulfilled the role in 1990. He was sworn in again as High Sheriff of Belfast in a traditional ceremony at Belfast City Hall in January 2007, succeeding Councillor William Humphrey. He is a member of Malone Presbyterian Church, the Masonic Order and the Orange Order.
# Reuven Adiv

Reuven Adiv (Hebrew: ראובן אדיב; 5 June 1930 – 23 December 2004) was a Jerusalem-born Israeli actor, director and drama teacher, most notable as the head of acting at the Drama Centre in London from 1984 to 2004.

## Early life

Reuven Adiv was born in Jerusalem, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel) on 5 June 1930, to a family of Ashkenazi Jewish background. He fought on the Jerusalem front against the British administration. His father was born in part of modern-day Belarus (then part of the Russian Empire), and died in a Nazi concentration camp.

## Career

His early acting experience came at the Ohel Theatre and the Cameri Theater of Tel Aviv. He studied under Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio in New York, where he also took the director's course. He also studied at the film school of New York University before returning to teach at the Lee Strasberg institute.
He returned to Tel Aviv, Israel, in 1971 and alongside stage and screen acting he was invited to teach at the Beit Zvi school of performing arts in Ramat Gan, Israel. In 1979 he was appointed principal of the theatre department of Seminar HaKibbutzim College.
In 1984, he was invited to become head of the acting department at the Drama Centre, London as a successor to Doreen Cannon, who had become head of acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA).
   "...the results emanate from within, owing nothing to make-up or setting..." – Reuven Adiv
From 1986 to 1996, he was a guest teacher at the Swedish State Theatre School, Gothenburg and from 2003 he taught at the Forum für Filmschauspiel in Berlin.

### Selected stage productions as director

* The Crucible, Drama Centre London (2003)
* Marya, Drama Centre London (2003)
* Paradise Lost, Drama Centre London (2002)
* This Happy Breed by Noël Coward, Drama Centre London (2002)
* Napoli Millionaria by Eduardo De Filippo, Drama Centre London (2001)
* Tartuffe, Drama Centre London (2000)
* The Seagull, Drama Centre London (1999)
* Six Characters in Search of an Author by Luigi Pirandello, Drama Centre London (n.d.)
* Ibsen's A Doll's House, Drama Centre London (n.d.)
* Spring Awakening, Drama Centre London (n.d.)
* Enemies, Drama Centre London (n.d.)
* Right You Are (If You Think You Are), Drama Centre London (n.d.)

## Personal life

He married the Israeli actress and broadcaster Galia Nativ in 1980. They had two children, a daughter and a son, and lived in North London. He died of a heart attack in 2004, aged 74.

## Filmography

* 1976 Giv'at Halfon Eina Ona (English: Halfon Hill Doesn't Answer), directed by Assi Dayan, Israel – Cast member
# Everett's white-eye

Everett's white-eye (Zosterops everetti) is a bird species in the disputed family Zosteropidae, which might belong with the Old World babblers (Timaliidae). The name commemorates British colonial administrator and zoological collector Alfred Hart Everett. It is only found on the Talaud Islands, Sulu Archipelago and the Philippines. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests and tropical moist montane forests.

## Description and taxonomy

EBird describes the bird as " Typical white-eye; greenish above and grayish below with broad white spectacles around the eyes. Darker gray belly and more extensive yellow on the belly than in the marginally smaller Oriental White-eye. Inhabits foothill and montane forest edges, gardens, and secondary growth, occasionally around human habitation. Gregarious, often foraging in large flocks, both single-species and mixed. Moves through the upper levels of forest, though can descend into middle and lower levels in edge. Song consists of repetitive twittering; also gives whistles and buzzy notes while in flight and when foraging."

### Subspecies

Six subspecies are recognized:
* Z. e. everetti – Found on Cebu
* Z. e. basilanicus – Found on Dinagat, Siargao, Camiguin Sur, Mindanao, and Basilan
* Z. e. boholensis – Found on Samar, Calicoan, Biliran, Leyte, and Bohol
* Z. e. siquijorensis – Found on Siquijor
* Z. e. mandibularis – Found on the Sulu Archipelago
* Z. e. babelo – Found on the Talaud Islands

## Ecology and behavior

Likely a generalist that feeds on fruit, berries, small insects and nectar. Forages in the understory and often joins mixed-species flocks with other small birds. Breeding season believed to be April to August. Nest is a typical white-eye nest, a few meters above on a small tree. Clutch size 3-4.

## Habitat and conservation status

This bird's habitat is primary and secondary forest and scrubland up to 1,000 meters above sea level.
IUCN has assessed this bird as least-concern species as it has a wide range and is fairly adapatable to degraded habitats. However, the population is still believed to be declining due to deforestation in the Philippines continues throughout the country due to slash and burn farming, mining, illegal logging and habitat conversion.
# Tonglushan mine

The Tonglushan mine is a Chinese copper mine located 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) east of the city of Daye in Hubei province. The mine is operated by China Daye Non-Ferrous Metals Mining Ltd., a subsidiary of China Nonferrous Metal Mining Group. On 12 March 2017, the open-pit mine was the site of a tailings dam failure which killed at least 2 workers. The operating company, China Daye Non-Ferrous Metals Mining reportedly incurred a 45.2M Yuan loss due to the incident after an investigation launched by the government of Huangshi city. Mining and illegal extraction of material under the dam was blamed for its failure.
# Field Manual

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Crawdaddy! | (mixed) |
| Pitchfork Media | (5.9/10) |
| Patrol Magazine | (4.6/10) |
Field Manual is the debut solo album by Death Cab for Cutie guitarist Chris Walla, released on January 29, 2008 on Barsuk Records. This is Walla's first album under his own name. It was previously speculated that Walla may use a moniker, most likely Martin Youth Auxiliary, under which to release the album.
The album was originally named It Is Unsustainable.

## Release

Walla originally announced on his Hall of Justice Recording site that the album would be released in March 2007, but Field Manual was pushed back to September 2007. The album was then set for a later release date of January 29, 2008. The record was released in Australia via Architecture, the same label that released three Death Cab for Cutie albums. Warne Livesey co-produced the album with Walla.
All tracks performed by Chris Walla, except drums on 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 10 by Kurt Dahle (of The New Pornographers); drums on songs 3, 7, and 11 by Jason McGerr (of Death Cab for Cutie)

## Track listing

Source:
* "Two-Fifty" - 3:31
* "The Score" - 2:58
* "Sing Again" - 2:31
* "A Bird Is a Song" - 3:08
* "Geometry &C" - 3:07
* "Everyone Needs a Home" - 3:06
* "Everybody On" - 3:17
* "Our Plans, Collapsing" - 3:56
* "Archer v. Light" - 3:06
* "St. Modesto" 4:27
* "It's Unsustainable" - 5:56
* "Holes" - 2:40
* "Every Tic" (Australian Bonus Track)
* "Like a Spark" (Australian Bonus Track)

## Bonus tracks

Copies pre-ordered from the Barsuk shop before February 4, 2008 received three downloadable non-album MP3 bonus tracks.
* "Like a Spark" - 4:31
* "Sing Again (2006 Demo)" - 2:32
* "Our Plans, Collapsing (2006 Demo)" - 3:47
# Hell or High Water (As Cities Burn album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AbsolutePunk.net | (88%) link |
| The Album Project | |
| AllMusic | |
| EastScene | (10/10) |
| Indie Vision Music | (10/10) |
| Jesus Freak Hideout | |
| Patrol Magazine | (7.8/10) |
| PunkDisasters | |
Hell or High Water is the third full-length album by Christian indie rock band As Cities Burn. According to a MySpace post, frontman Cody Bonnette and a friend of the band, Tyler Orr, recorded the album almost entirely themselves, In the small town of Cleveland Tennessee, on first street. It was released on April 21, 2009, through Tooth & Nail Records. This album also features guest vocals from original lead vocalist of As Cities Burn, T.J. Bonnette, on the songs "84 Sheepdog" and "Gates", as well as some from Robert Chisolm of Jonezetta and Micah Boyce from So Long Forgotten on the song "Capo". The album charted at No. 109 on the Billboard 200 in its first week. The hidden track in the pregap was uploaded on the MySpace page of singer Cody under the name "Aerial".
# No. 79 Squadron RAF

No. 79 Squadron was a squadron of the Royal Air Force.

## History
### World War I

It was first formed at Gosport on 1 August 1917 as a squadron of the Royal Flying Corps. It was equipped with Sopwith Dolphin fighter aircraft in December that year, moving to France in February 1918. It specialised in low-level ground-attack operations, mainly in support of the British Second Army. Despite its lack of emphasis on air-to-air combat, by the time of the Armistice, the squadron had claimed 64 enemy aircraft and nine kite balloons. Five aces had served in it: Francis W. Gillet, future Air Commodore Ronald Bannerman, Frederic Ives Lord, John McNeaney, and Edgar Taylor.
After the end of the war, it formed part of the British Army of Occupation, before being disbanded at Bickendorf on 15 July 1919.

### Post World War I through 1942

It was reformed on 22 March 1937 by splitting off "B" Flight of No. 32 Squadron at RAF Biggin Hill, equipped with Gloster Gauntlet biplane fighters. It received more modern Hawker Hurricane fighters in November 1938, retaining these aircraft when the Second World War began. It claimed its first success on 21 November 1939, when it shot down a Dornier Do 17 over the English Channel. As the Battle of France intensified, it was deployed to Merville, operating over France for ten days, claiming 25 German aircraft. During the Battle of Britain the squadron operated from Biggin Hill and RAF Hawkinge in July, being moved to RAF Acklington in Northumberland for a rest before returning to Biggin in August.

### Far Eastern service

In 1942, it was sent to the Far East, arriving in India in May, where the squadron flew primarily ground attack missions, initially with later mark cannon armed Hurricanes. In June 1944 the squadron re-equipped with P-47 Thunderbolt IIs under SEAC command. It disbanded at Meiktila in Burma on 30 December 1945.

### Korean War era onwards

The squadron was reformed again on 15 November 1951 as a fighter-reconnaissance squadron, flying Gloster Meteor FR.9s, based at RAF Wunstorf in West Germany. It was re-equipped with Swift FR.5s in June 1956, being transferred to RAF Gutersloh (approx Sept 1956) due to the proximity of the Russian Zone to RAF Wunstorf. It was renumbered as 4 Squadron on 1 January 1961.

### Operational training role from 1967 onwards

No. 79 Squadron was reformed as part of No. 229 Operational Conversion Unit at RAF Chivenor in North Devon on 2 January 1967, tasked with training pilots to fly the Hawker Hunter until disbanded on 2 September 1974, when it was reformed as one of the component squadrons of No.1 Tactical Weapons Unit, flying first Hunters and then the Hawker Siddeley Hawk T.1 and BAC Jet Provost T4 until finally disbanded at RAF Brawdy on 31 August 1992.
# Jaintia Rajbari

Jaintia Rajbari (Bengali: জৈন্তা রাজবাড়ী) is a royal residence located in Jaintiapur, Sylhet, Bangladesh. It was the residence of the rulers of the Jaintia Kingdom.
# Rita Longa

Rita Longa Aróstegui (June 14, 1912, Havana, Cuba — May 29, 2000, Havana, Cuba) was a Cuban sculptor.
She first studied commercial art and later briefly attended the San Alejandro Academy of Fine Arts but considered herself largely self-taught. She worked in bronze, marble and tile.
"Rhythm, movement, grace, refinement and elegance are some of the qualities that define the organic quality of the pieces created by this artist."
Influenced by Art Deco, Longa created works that have become symbols of the environment to which they belong. Her Los Venados (1947), depicting a family of deer, stands at the entrance to the Havana Zoo. The marble Ballerina (1950) presides over the entrance of the internationally known Tropicana Cabaret Club. A bronze sculpture of the Indian chief Hatuey (1953) became the symbol of Hatuey beer found all over Cuba.
Perhaps Longa's best known work is her modernist sculpture Shape, Space and Light (1953), positioned at the main entrance of the National Museum of Fine Arts in Havana.

## Las Tunas “City of Sculpture”

On the initiative of Rita Longa, the city, Las Tunas, in southeast Cuba, which she considered her second home, erected more than 125 public works of art. Her bronze statue of Jose Marti, the Apostle of Cuban Independence, situated in the plaza bearing his name, doubles as a solar clock.
She also has works all over Havana—at the National Zoo (“Family Group”), the Colón Cemetery, the Museum of Fine Arts (Shape, Space and Light), the Surgical Medical Center, the Payret Theater ("The Muses" and "Illusion"), Havana Libre Hotel (Clepsydra), and the garden of National Theater ("Death of the Swan"). Other countries also hold some of her works like Madrid, Spain (an engraving of Jose Marti) and Belgrade, Serbia (Gema)

## Taino Indian village

The sculptor often visited the Zapata Peninsula home of the Taino, Cuba's indigenous people. Fascinated by their culture, she created 25 life-size sculptures from marble dust and concrete depicting their daily life. The works are now scattered about a reconstructed Taino village in Guama that she designed with architect Mario Girona. One of these sculptures of indigenous leader Hatuey has become iconic and symbolic of a beer brand of the same name

## Awards and recent exhibits

* 1935: First Prize National Salon of Painting and Sculpture from College of Architects.
* 1936: Gold Medal at XIX Salon of Fine Arts, Havana.
* 1945: First Prize at the Conquest Monument to the Soldier of Independent Wars.
* 1949: First Prize Pan-American Congress of Architects.
* 1951: Gold Medal at Exhibition of the Architectural League in New York City.
* 1982: Alejo Carpentier Medal
* 1988: Félix Varela Medal, Cuba’s highest honor for cultural merit.
* 1995: National Prize of Fine Arts, shared with Agustin Cardenas.
* 1996: Felix Varela Order
* 2012: Exhibit at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Havana (National Museum of Fine Art) featuring 29 of her works on the 100th anniversary of her birth.
# Joseph L. Chillo

Joseph L. Chillo, Jr. is an American college administrator and professor. He is the 15th president of Thomas More University. Chillo was the president of Newbury College from 2014 until its closure in 2019. He is a professor of humanities and American history.

## Education

Chillo was a first-generation college student. He earned a Bachelor of Arts at Binghamton University and a master of public administration from Long Island University. He completed a doctorate of law and policy at Northeastern University in 2014.

## Career

Chillo was the executive director of enrollment services at St. Thomas Aquinas College. He served as the vice president for enrollment and college relations at Colby–Sawyer College and the vice president for enrollment management at Wheelock College. In 2011, Chillo became the executive vice president of Newbury College. He became the fifth and final president of Newbury in June 2014. He also worked was a professor of humanities and taught courses on American history.
On May 1, 2019, Chillo was named president of Thomas More University.