OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Landed gentry in China

The "gentry", or "landed gentry" in China was the elite who held privileged status through passing the Imperial exams, which made them eligible to hold office. These literati, or scholar-officials, (shenshi 紳士 or jinshen 縉紳), also called 士紳 shishen "scholar gentry" or 鄉紳 xiangshen "local gentry", held a virtual monopoly on office holding, and overlapped with an unofficial elite of the wealthy. The Tang and Song dynasties expanded the civil service exam to replace the nine-rank system which favored hereditary and largely military aristocrats. As a social class they included retired mandarins or their families and descendants. Owning land was often their way of preserving wealth.

## Confucian classes

The Confucian ideal of the four occupations ranked the scholar-official above farmers, artisans, and merchants below them in descending order, but this ideal fell short of describing society. Unlike a caste this status was not inherited. In theory, any male child could study, pass the exams, and attain office. In practice, however, gentry families were more able to educate their sons and used their connections with local officials to protect their interests.
Members of the gentry were expected to be an example to their community as Confucian gentlemen. They often retired to landed estates, where they lived on the rent from tenant farmers. The sons of gentry aspired to pass the imperial exams and continue the family legacy. By late imperial China, merchants used their wealth to educate their sons in hopes of entering the civil service. Financially desperate gentry married into merchant families which led to a breakdown of the old class structure.
With the abolition of the exam system and the overthrow of the Qing dynasty came the end of the scholar-official as a legal group.

## 20th century attacks on landlords

The imperial government and scholar-official system ended but the landlord-tenant system did not. New Culture radicals of the 1920s used the term "gentry" to criticize land owners as "feudal". Mao Zedong led the way in attacking "bad gentry and local bullies" for collecting high rent and oppressing their tenants during the Republican period. Many local landlords organized gangs to enforce their rule. Communist organizers promised agrarian reform and land redistribution.
After the People's Republic of China was established, many landlords were executed after class struggle trials and the class as a whole was abolished. Former members were stigmatized and faced persecution which reached its heights during the Cultural Revolution. This persecution ended with the advent of Chinese economic reform under Deng Xiaoping.
# Binibining Sindangan

Binibining Sindangan is a beauty pageant based in the municipality of Sindangan, province of Zamboanga del Norte. It is an open contest that selects its winner annually, particularly in the month of December in celebration of the town’s founding anniversary
The reigning Binibining Sindangan is Jeanne Nicci Orcena, who was crowned on December 20, 2024 at the Sindangan Cultural and Sports Center (SinDome Arena).

## History

Long before the current reboot version of the pageant, Binibining Sindangan was already held annually in the municipality.

## Editions

Binibining Sindangan Editions :
| Year | Number of Entrants | Winner | First Runner-up | Second Runner-up | Prize |
| 2019 | 10 | Sheka Torres | | | Php 150,000 |
| 2020 | No pageant held due to the COVID-19 pandemic | No pageant held due to the COVID-19 pandemic | No pageant held due to the COVID-19 pandemic | No pageant held due to the COVID-19 pandemic | No pageant held due to the COVID-19 pandemic |
| 2021 | No pageant held due to the COVID-19 pandemic | No pageant held due to the COVID-19 pandemic | No pageant held due to the COVID-19 pandemic | No pageant held due to the COVID-19 pandemic | No pageant held due to the COVID-19 pandemic |
| 2022 | 20 | We’am Ahmed | Feliz Clareianne Thea Recentes | Camille Angelica Canlas | Php 500,000 + Toyota Corolla Altis |
| 2023 | 20 | Reina Kobayashi | Christine Escanilla (Tourism) | Liza Mae Ruiz (Kalikasan) | Php 500,000 + Toyota Corolla Altis + Round trip ticket to the United States |
| 2024 | 20 | Jeanne Nicci Orcena | Precious Joy Enriquez | Ybonne Ortega | Php 500,000 + Toyota Corolla Altis + Round trip ticket to the United States |
# Mutlu Onaral

Mutlu Onaral (born May 16, 1979) is an American Soul singer from Philadelphia. A first generation American of Turkish ancestry, Onaral released a five-song EP in 2004, and has served as the guitarist for Amos Lee at live shows, also providing vocal work. He released his debut album, Livin' It, on Manhattan Records in 2008, with the Philadelphia Daily News giving it an A−. The album was produced by Tom Wolk, who also provided backing vocals on two of the songs.
# Myanmar Baptist Convention

The Myanmar Baptist Convention (Burmese: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံနှစ်ခြင်း ခရစ်ယာန်အသင်းချုပ်, romanized: myanmarninengan nhaithkyinn hkaraityaran aasainnhkyaote) is an Baptist Christian denomination in Myanmar. It is affiliated with the Baptist World Alliance and the World Council of Churches. The headquarters is in Yangon.

## History

The Convention has its origins in an American mission of the American Baptist Mission (American Baptist Churches USA) in 1813 from Adoniram Judson and Ann Judson to Yangon. It was officially founded in 1865 as the Burma Baptist Missionary Convention. In 2006, it had 4,522 churches and 1,142,655 members. According to a census published by the association in 2023, it claimed 5,337 churches and 1,013,499 members.

## Member Associations

* Myanmar Baptist Churches Union
* Karen Baptist Convention
* Kachin Baptist Convention
* Lisu Baptist Convention
* Chin Baptist Convention
* Southern Shan State Baptist Home Mission Society
* Shweli Shan Baptist Convention
* Northern Shan State Baptist Convention
* Eastern Shan State Baptist Convention
* Akhar Baptist Convention
* Naga Baptist Convention
* Tedim Baptist Convention
* Asho Chin Baptist Convention
* Wa Baptist Convention
* Po Kayin Baptist Convention
* Rakhine Baptist Convention
* Mon Baptist Convention
* Lahu Baptist Convention
* Judson Church
* Immanuel Baptist Church

## Departments of Myanmar Baptist Convention

* Finance & Property
* Evangelism & Mission
* Christian Education
* Christian Communication
* Theological Education
* Christian Social and Service & Development
* Literature & Publication
* Leadership Development
* Ministers
* Men
* Women
* Youth

## Schools

It has 49 affiliated institutes of theology. The main is the Myanmar Institute of Theology, founded in 1927 and located in Insein.
# Gladiatress

Gladiatress is a 2004 British comedy film, starring Sally Phillips, Fiona Allen and Doon Mackichan. It is partly a spoof of 2000's Gladiator.

## Plot

Three unlikely heroines Worthaboutapig (Sally Phillips), Dwyfuc (Doon Mackichan) and Smirgut the Fierce (Fiona Allen) set out to thwart a Roman invasion and save Celtic Britain.

## Cast

* Worthaboutapig – Sally Phillips
* Dwyfuc – Doon Mackichan
* Smirgut the Fierce – Fiona Allen
* General Rhinus – David Hayman
* Caesar – Ronan Vibert
* Jean Marcosivellauniviromandiboule – Philippe De Groussouvre
* Dubonet Warrior – Rory MacGregor
* Mrs Goatsplitter – Pam Ferris
* Welsh Suitor – Brendan O'Hea
* Chamberlain – William Chubb

## Filming

It was filmed at various locations in the UK between 11 November and 23 December 2002. Filming locations included the Bourne Woods and Frensham Ponds near Farnham in Surrey, Butser Ancient Farm in Hampshire, and West Wittering in West Sussex.

## Critical reception

Total Film gave the DVD release of Gladiatress one star out of five and described the film as "a painfully laugh-free vehicle for the usually talented stars of TV's Smack The Pony".
# Huanghai Plutus

The Huanghai Plutus (大柴神) is a pickup truck produced and sold by Chinese automobile manufacturer SG Automotive under the Huanghai Auto brand since 2007. The first generation sold from 2007 to 2012 was a compact pickup truck, while the second generation model sold from 2012 has grown to the midsize pickup segment. The second generation model shares the platform with the Huanghai Landscape F1 SUV.

## First generation

The double-cab first generation Huanghai Plutus is available in 4X4 and 4X2 models, and is powered by an Isuzu-derived 4JB1T 2,771 cc diesel turbo engine that makes 100 hp and 230 Nm of torque at 2,200 rpm.
No automatic transmission was available for the Huanghai Plutus and the sole transmission option is a five-speed manual.
* Huanghai Plutus front end
* Huanghai Plutus rear end
A variant called the Huanghai Steed (Aojun, 傲骏) is also available featuring a restyled front fascia.
* Huanghai Steed 2.2 Crew Cab 2014
* Huanghai Steed front end
* Huanghai Steed rear end

### Markets
#### Malaysia

The standard Huanghai Plutus model in Malaysia includes ABS, EBD, driver’s airbag, MP3/CD player, fog lamps, power windows, electric wing mirrors and reverse sensor. The first generation Plutus is priced at RM61,923.60 for the 4X2 and RM70,923.60 for the 4X4 model. The warranty is at just two years or 60,000 km.

#### Vietnam

The PMC Premio Max is the Huanghai Plutus Classic sold in Vietnam with different badging. The truck was assembled in Vietnam by Mekong Auto, a joint venture between the Unification Church and North Korea.

#### Uruguay and Brazil

The Huanghai Plutus was also sold as the Effa Plutus by Effa Motors in Uruguay and Brazil.

### Styling controversies

Styling of the pre-facelift first generation Huanghai Plutus has been controversial as the exterior design is heavily resembling the first generation Chevrolet Colorado. The post-facelift first generation model has a revised front end that resembles the Toyota Land Cruiser Prado instead.

## Second generation

The second generation Huanghai Plutus (大柴神) is essentially the pickup version of the Huanghai Landscape F1 SUV, sharing the same platform and same front fascia design. It was launched in May 2012.

### Powertrain

The second generation Plutus is available with a 2.4 liter gasoline engine and a 3.2 liter turbo diesel engine. The 3.2 liter inline-4 turbo diesel engine is supplied by FAW Dachai and produces a maximum power of 107 hp（79 kW）at 3200rpm and a maximum torque of 245N·m at 2000rpm.

### Styling controversy

Because the second generation Huanghai Plutus is based on the Landscape F1, its styling has been controversial as the exterior cab design is heavily resembling the first generation Kia Sorento, with the lower front bumper inserts resembling those found on the Mercedes-Benz M-Class.
# Leipalingis

Leipalingis (Yiddish: לײפּון) is a small town in Alytus County in southern Lithuania. In 2011 it had a population of 1,552.

## Etymology

Leipalingis is located in the ancient lands of Baltic tribe Yotvingians, so the name contains Yotwingian form of word liepa - leipa (linden).

## History

1.5 km south of Leipalingis is Černiauskas mound, 2 km southwest - Druskininkiai mound. In the western part of Leipalingis, to the west of Seira river right bank is archeological Leipalingis cemetery. Therefore, the area, which was destroyed by crusaders before the second half of the 13th century, could have a defensive meaning.
The Leipalingis Manor is first mentioned in 1503, the town itself, later known for some time as Lepunikai - in 1516.
From the sixteenth century Leipalingis belonged to orthodox Sapieha family, who in 1520 built an orthodox church. Later they became Catholics and built the first catholic church. After Sapiehas, Leipalingis belonged to Masalskiai and from the end of the 18th century - to Plateriai families.
During 1654-1667 war the town was burned down. In 1818-1950 it became a district of the municipality. Next to the Leipalingis Manor operated an iron foundry. At the end of the 19th century, Leipalingis became an important junction between the roads connecting Seinai with Seirijai and Merkinė.
Around 1817 a parish school was established, and in 1906 a library. On 9 September 1941, on the orders of the Nazi occupation authorities, 155 people belonging to a local Jewish community were executed. The town suffered greatly during the Second World War.
After the Soviet occupation of Lithuania, the Soviet authorities deported 51 inhabitants of the town to Siberia. Leipalingis and its surroundings was one of the centers of the Lithuanian resistance movement against the Soviet occupation. Leipalingis belong to Dainava military district, Šarūnas' detachment. After restoring the independence of Lithuania, in 1991, bodies of 47 executed Lithuanian partisans were found in the yard of former NKVD headquarters of Leipalingis.
1950–1995 in Leipalingis operated a collective farm, a sewing workshop "Baltija", a rural outpatient center, a shopping center. In town currently operates a nursery-kindergarten "Liepaitė", a sewing workshop, a forest district.
Leipalingis coat of arms was approved in 2003.
# Botswana at the 2002 Commonwealth Games

Botswana competed at the 2002 Commonwealth Games. The African nation sent seventeen athletes in three sports. For the first time in their Commonwealth Games history, Botswana won multiple medals, capturing three, including two in boxing.

## Medals
### Silver

Athletics:
    Gable Garenamotse — Men's Long Jump
Boxing:
    Lechedzani Luza — Men's Flyweight (– 51 kg)

### Bronze

Boxing:
    Gilbert Khunwane — Men's Lightweight (– 60 kg)

## Results by event
### Athletics

* Lulu Basinyi
* Glody Dube
* Gable Garenamotse
* Johnson Kubisa
* Otukile Lekote
* California Molefe
* Oganeditse Moseki

### Badminton

* Joyce Malebogo Arone
* Makhula Makhula
* Mmoloki Motlhala
* Oreeditse Thela
* Leungo Tshweneetsile

### Boxing

Men's Flyweight (– 51 kg)
* Lechedzani Luza
Men's Bantamweight (– 54 kg)
* Khumiso Ikgopoleng
Men's Featherweight (– 57 kg)
* Leslie Sekotswe
Men's Lightweight (– 60 kg)
* Gilbert Khunwane
Men's Light Welterweight (– 63.5 kg)
* Dintwa Sloca
# Carter Eckert

Carter J. Eckert (1945 – December 2024) was an American historian who specialized in Korean history. He was the Yoon Se Young Professor of Korean History at Harvard University.

## Early life and education

Eckert was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1945. He attended Lawrence University, where he studied Western ancient and medieval history. Eckert then undertook graduate studies, earning a Master of Arts in 1968.
After graduating from Harvard, Eckert worked as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Korea. He later returned to the U.S. to undertake doctoral study in Korean and Japanese history at the University of Washington.

## Career and death

Eckert joined Harvard in 1985. In 2004, he was named the first SBS Yoon Se Young Professor. The Yoon Se Young Professorship was established in honor of Yoon Se Young, chairman of the Seoul Broadcasting System.
Eckert also served as an advisor to the United States Department of State on North Korean politics.
Eckert's death was announced in December 2024.

## Publications

In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Carter Eckert, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly eight works in 10+ publications in five languages and 1,000+ library holdings.
* Korea, old and new: a history (1990).
* Offspring of Empire: The Koch'ang Kims and the Colonial Origins of Korean Capitalism, 1876-1945 (1991); Nihon Teikoku no mōshigo: Kōshō no Kin ichizoku to Kankoku shihon shugi no shokuminchi kigen 1876-1945 (日本帝国の申し子: 高敞の金一族と韓国資本主義の植民地起源 1876-1945) (2004). Winner of the John K. Fairbank Prize.
* Hanʼguk kŭndaehwa, kijŏk ŭi kwajŏng (한국근대화) Modernization of the Republic of Korea: a Miraculous Achievement (2005).
* Park Chung Hee and Modern Korea: The Roots of Militarism, 1866–1945 (2016).

## Awards and honours

* American Historical Association, John K. Fairbank Prize
* Association for Asian Studies, John Whitney Hall Book Prize, 1994
* Fellow, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 1996–1997
# Mentha dahurica

Mentha dahurica, or Dahurian thyme, is a mint species within the genus Mentha, native to Siberia, the Russian Far East, Japan, and northeastern China.
The epithet honors the Daur people of Inner Mongolia.
# Go Chase Yourself

Go Chase Yourself is a 1938 American comedy film directed by Edward F. Cline and written by Paul Yawitz and Bert Granet. The film stars Joe Penner, Lucille Ball, Richard Lane, June Travis, Fritz Feld and Tom Kennedy. The film was released on April 22, 1938, by RKO Pictures.

## Plot

A milquetoast bank clerk finds himself stuck in a speeding trailer towed by gangsters after a bank robbery goes awry. Unfortunately for him, the police and even his own domineering wife believe that he is the robber and so head off in hot pursuit, precipitating a fast-paced merry chase.

## Cast

* Joe Penner as Wilbur Meeley
* Lucille Ball as Carol Meeley
* Richard Lane as Nails
* June Travis as Judy Daniels
* Fritz Feld as Count Pierre Fountaine de Louis-Louis
* Tom Kennedy as Icebox
* Granville Bates as Halliday
* Bradley Page as Frank
* George Irving as Mr. Daniels
* Arthur Stone as Warden
* Jack Carson as Warren Miles
* Frank M. Thomas as Police Chief
# Cellan Jones

Cellan Jones or Cellan-Jones is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* James Cellan Jones (1931–2019), British director
* Rory Cellan-Jones (born 1958), British broadcaster and author, son of James
* Simon Cellan Jones (born 1963), British director, son of James
# Keating Building

The Keating Building, also known as the Keating Hotel, is a 35-room luxury boutique hotel in San Diego, California. Located in the center of the Gaslamp Quarter, the Keating is located near the San Diego Convention Center, Petco Park, and Balboa Theatre.
The Keating is a five-story Romanesque Revival–style building, built as an office building with then modern conveniences of steam heat and a wire cage elevator, in 1890. It was designed by George J. Keating and was completed by the Reid Brothers after Keating's death. The San Diego Savings Bank occupied the corner space in the building from 1893 to about 1912, and its old safe was still in the building in 1980.
In the 2000s its interior was redesigned by Pininfarina and in 2007 it was re-opened as the Keating Hotel.
In 2012, the hotel was featured on the FOX reality series Hotel Hell starring Gordon Ramsay.
# Karsenti

Karsenti is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Éric Karsenti (born 1948), French biologist
* Sabine Karsenti (born 1974), French Canadian actress
* Valérie Karsenti (born 1968), French actress
# Astaranga Port

Astaranga port is a deep-water, all-weather port proposed to be constructed at Astaranga in Puri district in the Indian state of Odisha.

## Background

For over 40 years there was only one major port in Odisha, at Paradip with less major Gopalpur Port and Dhamra Port. That picture has changed dramatically in the past few years.
Based on a study by IIT Madras, the Government of Odisha had identified 13 locations along the state's 480 kilometres (300 mi) coast line as suitable for setting up of ports. Thereafter, in order to facilitate the setting up of new ports with participation of private parties the state government had formulated in 2004 a separate port policy.
Apart from the Dhamra port, which is set to be operational by mid-2010, progress has been achieved in setting up two other ports – Subarnarekha Port at Balasore Astaranga port in Puri. After implementation of these projects, Odisha is expected to become the vital exit point for not only the state, but other land-locked states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh.

## Port Development

Hyderabad-based Navayuga Engineering Co. will construct the Rs. 6 billion port at Astaranga. The company will implement the port project near the Devi River in three phases on a build- own-operate-share-transfer basis, with an investment of Rs. 1.50 billion in the first phase. The second and third phase of the project will comprise Rs. 2 billion and Rs. 2.50 billion, respectively. Astaranga is one of the four new ports being set up on the Odisha coast. Nineteen sites for ports have been identified on the Odisha coast. Navayug Engineering Company Limited submitted techno-feasibility report with the State government for setting up port at Astaranga in Puri district. It approached East Coast Railway to extend the project a rail link.
The Odisha government has relaxed a vital clause in its MoU with the Navayuga Engineering Company Limited (NECL) enabling the latter to sign a concession agreement with it for developing an all weather port at Astaranga.
# DIORIT

Diorit was an experimental nuclear research reactor at the Swiss Federal Institute for Reactor Research (EIR) in Würenlingen (Canton of Aargau, Switzerland)
This nuclear reactor was operated by EIR from 1960 to 1977. Heavy water (D$_2$O) was used as the moderator, as well as the coolant. The initially commissioned reactor had a thermal power of 20 MW. Natural uranium was initially used as fuel, which was later changed to enriched uranium. The 2 m (6.6 ft) long, aluminium and nickel cased fuel rods were produced by AMF Atomics Canada Ltd.

## Military background

Heavy water (deuterium) has a particularly good neutron economy, which in turn makes for good production of high-quality weapons-grade plutonium. However, Diorit was only ever used for civil research purposes and weapons-grade plutonium was never extracted from it. This didn't stop the Swiss Army from thinking of itself as an emerging nuclear power during the Cold War, as historian Jürg Stüssi-Lauterburg found in a study about previously-classified meeting notes. The army's aspirations for nuclear armament during some phases of the Cold War were at least somewhat public. For example, a major from Solothurn wrote the following in an anniversary publication, in 1957: "... military considerations therefore compel the procurement of nuclear weapons, even for a state whose army limits itself to defence only."

## 1967 incident

In 1967 the reactor produced a partially melted fuel rod, which contaminated the reactor hall. Considerably raised levels of radioactivity were also measured in the River Aare. Subsequently, the complete primary heavy water cooling system had to be decontaminated by chemical milling.

## Conversion to Diorit II

Following the Incident of 1967, the decision was made to swap out the reactor vessel. The conversion also served to transition from natural uranium fuel to enriched uranium oxide. Some workers were exposed to raised radiation levels during construction. Single doses were up to 1020 mrem, while the highest accumulated dose was 2600 mrem (26 mSv).

## Decommissioning

Operation of Diorit ceased in 1977. First plans for dismantling were made in the early 80s, while the actual decision was made in 1994. During decommissioning of the reactor the following amounts of radioactive waste accrued: 250 t steel, 120 t concrete, 5.4 t aluminium and alloys, as well as 45 t graphite.
The burnt out fuel rods were stored in a CASTOR 1c Diorit dry cask storage container until they were transported to the central interim storage site (ZZL) of Zwilag.