OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Treaty of Münster (October 1648)

The Treaty of Münster of 24 October 1648 was a treaty signed in Münster between, on the one hand, the Kingdom of France with regent cardinal Jules Mazarin for the underage king Louis XIV of France, plus his allies, and, on the other hand, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III and his allies.

## Background

The treaty was part of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and the Eighty Years' War (c. 1566–1648).
* Peace of Münster (30 January 1648), which ended the Eighty Years' War between the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic.
* Treaty of Münster (24 October 1648), which ended the war between France and the Holy Roman Empire (since 1635).
* Treaty of Osnabrück (24 October 1648), which ended the war between Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire (since 1630).

## Contents

The treaty consists of a main act and two annexes. The main act is the peace treaty itself. The first annex is the act of cession to the King of France of the Three Bishoprics, Alsace, Brisach and Pignerol; the second is the act of cession of Alsace to the King of France.
This treaty took a long time to materialise. Indeed, the negotiations started on 25 December 1641, but the signatures were not formalised until seven years later. This delay was due to some delicate issues – including the structure of the Empire – on which the authorities did not agree.
# William S. Knox

William Shadrach Knox (September 10, 1843 – September 21, 1914) was an American lawyer and politician who served four terms as a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts who served from 1895 to 1903.

## Early life and education

Knox was the son of William Shadrach Knox Sr and Rebecca Walker, and the grandson of Samuel Knox and Mary Kimbell and Jimmy Walker and Hannah Richardson. Born in Killingly, Connecticut, he moved with his parents to Lawrence, Massachusetts, in 1852; he attended the public schools and Amherst College where he studied the law. He was admitted to the bar in 1866 and commenced practice in Lawrence.

## Political career

In 1874 he became a member of the State house of representatives in 1874 and 1875, and he was city solicitor of Lawrence in 1875, 1876, and 1887-1890.

### Congress

Knox was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1903). There he served as chairman, in the Committee on Territories (Fifty-fifth through Fifty-seventh Congresses). He was not a candidate for renomination.

## Later career and death

Later, he became president of the Arlington National Bank of Lawrence.
He died in Lawrence, Massachusetts in 1914 and was interred in Bellevue Cemetery.
# De Smet, Idaho

De Smet (also spelled Desmet) də SMET or dez-MET; is a census-designated place on the Coeur d'Alene Reservation in Benewah County, Idaho, United States.

## Description

U.S. Route 95 passes nearby and the community is located about a mile (1.6 km) south of Tensed, which was originally also to be titled Desmet before the name was ordered to be reversed and was subsequently misspelled by the post office. Latah Creek flows between the two communities. De Smet has a post office with a ZIP code of 83824. As of the 2010 census, its population was 145, and its elevation is approximately 2,600 feet (790 m) above sea level.

## History

De Smet was named for the Belgian Catholic priest Pierre De Smet, a 19th-century Jesuit missionary. He worked with the Coeur d'Alène and other native peoples of western North America for most of his life, periodically returning to his chapter based in St. Louis, Missouri.
De Smet's population was estimated at 200 in 1909, and was 100 in 1960.

## Climate

This region has warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, De Smet has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.

## Education

There is a tribal K-8 school, associated with the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE), Coeur d'Alene Tribal School.
# Lobelia inflata

Lobelia inflata, also known as Indian tobacco or puke weed, is a species of Lobelia native to eastern North America, from southeastern Canada (Nova Scotia to southeast Ontario) south through the eastern United States to Alabama and west to Kansas.

## Description

Lobelia inflata is an annual or biennial herbaceous plant growing to 15–100 cm (5.9–39.4 in) tall, with stems covered in tiny hairs. Its leaves are usually about 8 cm (3.1 in) long, and are ovate and toothed. They are alternately arranged. It has violet colored flowers that are tinted yellow on the inside, and usually appear in mid-summer and continue to bloom into fall. The seedcases are small, brown, dehiscent, and papery.

## Propagation

Propagation is usually accomplished by cuttings or seed. Seeds are sown in containers in mid spring or mid fall. The seeds take about 2 weeks to germinate.

## Traditional uses and adverse effects

Lobelia inflata has a long use as a medicinal plant as an entheogenic, emetic, and skin or respiratory aid. Native Americans used it for respiratory and muscle disorders, as a purgative, and as a ceremonial medicine. The leaves were chewed and smoked. The plant was used as a traditional medicinal plant by the Cherokee, Iroquois, Penobscot, and other indigenous peoples. The foliage was burned by the Cherokee as a natural insecticide, to smoke out gnats.
Although it may be used medicinally, consuming lobelia causes adverse effects, which may include sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, rapid heartbeat, mental confusion, convulsions, hypothermia, coma, or possibly death. The root is toxic and can be fatal if eaten.

## Chemical constituents

Lobelia inflata contains multiple alkaloid compounds, including lobeline, norlobelanine, lobelanidine, and radicamine, among other compounds, such as flavonoids, terpenes, alkynes, and coumarins. Lobeline concentration is highest in the seeds.
# Ann Leda Shapiro

Ann Leda Shapiro (born 1946) is an American artist, raised in New York City. next door to the American Museum of Natural History and across the park from the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
She attended the San Francisco Art Institute (BFA,1969) and the University of California, Davis (MFA,1971). Shapiro's work was shown in a 1973 solo exhibition at the Whitney Museum of American Art. The Whitney censored several paintings, Two Sides of Self (1971) -- two hermaphroditic mermaids and Woman Landing on Man in the Moon or One Needs a Cock to Get By (1971). The work challenged ideas of gender non-conforming bodies and questioned the division between maleness and femaleness, pointing toward a unity that surfaces throughout her work. Forty years later the Seattle Art Museum acquired the two formally censored paintings for their permanent collection.
Ann Leda Shapiro taught art at San Francisco State College, University of Arizona, University of Colorado and University of Texas where she volunteered at a Chinese medical clinic for people with AIDS. Inspired to research and illustrate east asian medical history and visual case studies she enrolled in acupuncture school, moved to Seattle to study, became a board certified acupuncturist and has been in private practice on a small island in Puget Sound since 1991.
The healing practice remains a critical influence in her lifelong contemplation of the body and environment and how our inner and outer worlds interconnect. Shapiro is also the author of a picture book "My Island," published in 2009 and "Art Notes of an Acupuncturist" published in 2015 as a comic book in the style of a graphic novel.

## Permanent collections

Her work is included in the collections of the:
* Frye Art Museum, Seattle WA (2023)
* 4Culture Seattle, WA (2021)
* Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, WA (2015)
* University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (1983)
* University of Colorado Boulder Art Museum. (1980)
* University of California, Davis, CA. (1971)
# Best science book ever

On 19 October 2006, the Royal Institution of Great Britain named the 1975 short story collection The Periodic Table, by Primo Levi, the best science book ever. After taking nominations from many scientists in various disciplines, authors, and other notable people (such as the Archbishop of Canterbury), the Royal Institution compiled a shortlist of books for consideration. This shortlist was presented to the public at an event held at Imperial College and the audience voted to determine which book was "the best."

## List of books
### Shortlist

* The Periodic Table (1975) by Primo Levi (winner)
* King Solomon's Ring (1949) by Konrad Lorenz
* Arcadia (1993) by Tom Stoppard
* The Selfish Gene (1976) by Richard Dawkins

### Other nominees

* The Double Helix by James Watson
* The Life of Galileo by Bertolt Brecht
* Pluto's Republic by Peter Medawar
* The Voyage of the Beagle by Charles Darwin
* The Blank Slate by Steven Pinker
* A Leg to Stand On by Oliver Sacks
* Consciousness Explained by Daniel Dennett
* Shadows of the Mind by Roger Penrose
* On Growth and Form by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
* Invention by Norbert Wiener
* Gödel, Escher, Bach by Douglas Hofstadter
* Mathematics, Form and Function by Saunders Mac Lane
* A Mathematician's Apology by G.H. Hardy
* The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat by Oliver Sacks
* How to Build a Time Machine by Paul Davies
* Mason & Dixon by Thomas Pynchon
* Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! by Richard Feynman
* The Strategy of Conflict by Thomas Schelling
* The Microbe Hunters by Paul de Kruif
# List of Kurdish historical sites

This article briefly introduces a list of better known Kurdish historical sites (Kurdish: Asewari mêjûyi Kurdan). Apart from Kurdish historical sites within Kurdistan, non-Kurdish sites within Kurdistan, and Kurdish sites outside of Kurdistan are also included.

## Sites in Iran and Iranian Kurdistan

* Dimdim Castle, West Azarbaijan Province

## Sites in Iraqi Kurdistan

* Pira Delal
* Tomb of the Prophet Hazkiel, Amadiya, Iraqi Kurdistan, The tomb is Considered holy to Muslims, Christians and Jews.
* Lalish Temple, Located in Nineveh, Iraq, the temple is considered a sacred place of worship for the Yezidi Kurds, According to Historians and archaeologists The site and temple is believed to date back to approximately 4,000 years
* Xarab-I Kilashin, ancient city rediscovered in 2017 near the Grand Zab River in Iraqi Kurdistan
* Hawler Citadel, Erbil is first mentioned in literary sources by the Sumerians around 2300 B.C, According to Giovanni Pettinato, author of several publications about Mesopotamian civilizations, Erbil is mentioned in two tablets as "Irbilum". The city was largely under the rule of Sumerians, however in 2200 BC, the king of the Gutians, Erridupizir, conquered the city.
* Dwin Castle, Said to have been belonged to the family of the Kurdish Sultan Saladin
* Ruins of Yassin tepe; Capital city of ancient Sharazor
* Khanzad Castle, located east of Hawler, it lies on Erbil-Shaqlawa road and is one of the archaeological sites in the city of Erbil.
* Shirwanah Castle, Kalar, Iraqi Kurdistan, The Castle was Home to the Kurdish Jaff family
* Shanidar Cave

## Sites in Turkish Kurdistan

* Hoşap Castle in Güzelsu
* Pira Dehderî Bridge, historic bridge in Diyarbakır over the river of Tigris, The bridge was commissioned by Nizam al-Din and Muyyid al-Dawla during the Kurdish-Marwanid dynasty era in Diyarbakır, and was built by architect Yusuf son of Ubeyd in 1065
* The mosque of Manuchihr, a medieval mosque built by the Kurdish emirate of Shaddadids in Ani

## Sites in Syria and Syrian Kurdistan

* Abu'l-Fida Mosque, Hama, Syria, Erected by the Kurdish Prince and Local Governor of Hama Abulfeda
* Hisn al-Akrad, originally a Kurdish military colony settled by the Mirdasids
* Bab al-Ahmar (Red gate) located in Aleppo, Syria. built during the reign of the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo al-Aziz Muhammad and renovated by the Mamluk Sultan Qansuh II al-Ghawri at the beginning of the 16th century
* Al-Adiliyah Madrasa, Damascus, Syria, 13th-century madrasah which was built by the Kurdish-Ayyubid Sultan Al-Adil I
* Citadel of Damascus, partially Modified by Sultan Saladin in 1174, re-built completely by the Ayyubid Sultan Al-Adil between the years 1203-1216.
* Nimrod Fortress, Mount Hermon, built by the Ayyubid Kurdish Sultan Al-Malik al-Aziz Uthman.
* Citadel of Aleppo, partially Ayyubid-built, greatly expanded under the Ayyubids and was Strongly fortified for protection from the Crusaders and local raiders.
# Thomas Berly

Thomas Burleigh Kurishingal (1 September 1932 – 16 December 2024), better known as Thomas Berly, was an Indian actor, director, producer, script writer, music composer in Malayalam cinema, and author in English.

## Life and career

Berly was born at Fort Cochin, Madras Presidency, British India on 1 September 1932. His parents were Kurishingal K. J. Burleigh, an independence activist, and Annie Burleigh, a leader of the pre-independence era who led a satyagraha against toddy shops in Fort Cochin. His debut movie was Thiramala in 1953 as a 21 year old perhaps becoming one of the youngest heroes in Malayalam film industry at that time. He later went to do a course on acting in University of California, Los Angeles. There he acted in a few English movies and television series in small roles. He acted in a Hollywood movie Never So Few in 1959. He produced an English movie, Maya for children. He was also interested in magic, violin, Madeleine instrumental music and painting. His painting Galiyan was selected and shown on International festivals.
Later in 1969 he came back and started seafood exporting business. In 1973 he directed a movie, Ithu Manushyano?. Popular song Sughamoru bindu dukhamoru bindu is from this movie. Then he directed Vellarikkaappattanam in 1985 with veteran actor Prem Nazir as hero. He published a collection of English writings to his credit Beyond Heart (published 2000), which is prose-poetry, Fragrant Petals (2004), in memory of his father. He has also published a cartoon book, O Kerala (2007). and Sacred Savage, a historical novel (2017). He was married to Sophy. They have three children, Tanya, Tarun and Tamina and three grandchildren Tahir, Kiara and Kayaan. He was residing at his family home in Fort Kochi, Kerala.
Berly died while undergoing treatment at a private hospital in Ernakulam, on 16 December 2024, at the age of 92.

## Filmography
### As an actor

* Thiramaala (1953)
* Double Barrel (2015)

### Direction

* Ithu Manushyano (1973)
* Vellarikkaappattanam (1985)

### Story

* Ithu Manushyano? (1973)
* Vellarikkaappattanam (1985)

### Screenplay

* Ithu Manushyano? (1973)
* Vellarikkaappattanam (1985)

### Production

* Ithu Manushyano? (1973)
* Vellarikkaappattanam (1985)

### Dialogue

* Ithu Manushyano? (1973)

### Music

* "Mangalangal"... Vellarikkaappattanam (1985)
* "Romaancham Poothirangum"... Vellarikkaappattanam
* "Hemantha Kalam" ... Vellarikkaappattanam
# ZOC (software)

ZOC is a popular computer-based terminal emulator and Telnet software client for the Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh macOS operating systems that supports telnet, modem, SSH 1 and 2, ISDN, serial, TAPI, Rlogin and other means of communication. Its terminal emulator supports Xterm emulation with full colors, meta-keys and local printing, VT102, VT220 and several types of ANSI as well as Wyse, TVI, TN3270, and Sun's CDE. It supports full keyboard remapping, scripting in REXX and other languages, and support for named pipes.
ZOC is commercial software developed by Markus Schmidt of EmTec Innovative Software in Germany, a firm which produces software for various aspects of communications via telephone, PC, ISDN and the like. Price as of 2024 is about US$80, with a free evaluation period of 30 days. ZOC can be downloaded for evaluation from EmTec or several shareware distribution sites. EmTec produces another associated but independent telecommunications programme for use over TCP/IP, an FTP package including client and server, and PyroBatchFTP, a programmable FTP tool.

## History

ZOC was first released for OS/2 in October 1993 (v0.95) and for Windows in November 1996 (v3.02). In 1997 it was selected as runner-up in the OS/2 e-Zine! Readers' Choice Awards. ZOC released version 3.11 in January 1999. Support for OS/2 was discontinued with the release of version 5. Mac OS X has been supported from version 6.

## Features

The following list describes supported communication methods, emulated terminals and other features.

### Protocols

* Secure Shell (SSH V1/V2) based on OpenSSH 8.1 with public/private key authentication, port forwarding (tunneling) and Smart Card support.
* Telnet (RFC-Telnet, pure TCP sockets, SSL-Telnet)
* Modem and serial console via serial port and TAPI (Windows modem)
* File transfer protocols: ASCII, X-Modem, Y-Modem, Z-Modem, Kermit, SCP, and SFTP

### Terminals emulated

* Linux (Xterm) console-like
* VT52, VT100, VT102, VT220, VT420, VT520
* ANSI-BBS, ANSI-SCO, Avatar
* IBM like TN3270 and TN5250
* Sun-CDE
* QNX V4
* Wyse 30, 50, 60
* TVI 9xx (Televideo-920, TVI 925, TVI 950)
* Xterm

### Automation

* Scripting
** REXX language for scripting (basic REXX with about 75 extensions to control the terminal emulator)
** AppleScript support with access to all internal script commands on macOS
** recorded login scripts, macro commands, automatic replies on incoming text
* DDE supported in Windows version, allowing ZOC to act as a communication server

### User interface

* Tabbed interface for multiple concurrent connections and overview display to show thumbnails of open sessions
* Keys for macros, remappable keyboard, user button bar
# Chapel Hill, Indiana

Chapel Hill is an unincorporated community in Polk Township, Monroe County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.

## History

Chapel Hill was platted in 1856. The community took its name from the Chapel Hill Methodist Church located there. The community ultimately would fail to grow to its founders' expectations. A post office was established at Chapel Hill in 1897, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1925.
# Gaudium lamellatum

Gaudium lamellatum is a species of shrub or small tree that is endemic to inland Queensland and has distinctive reddish, layered bark. It has narrow elliptical leaves, white flowers and small fruit that fall from the plant when mature.

## Description

Gaudium lamellatum is a shrub that typically grows to a height of about 3 m (9.8 ft) or a tree to more than 5 m (16 ft). The main stems have layers of papery, reddish bark. Younger stems are thin and covered at first with silky hairs. The leaves are narrow elliptical, 10–40 mm (0.39–1.57 in) long and 1.5–4 mm (0.059–0.157 in) wide and often slightly curved. The flowers are white and are borne singly or in pairs on short side branches, and are 5–13 mm (0.20–0.51 in) wide on a pedicel 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long. The floral cup is ridged, about 2 mm (0.079 in) long, the sepals broadly egg-shaped and about 1 mm (0.039 in) long. The petals are 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long and the stamens 0.5–1.5 mm (0.020–0.059 in) long. Flowering mainly occurs from August to November and the fruit is a capsule 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) in diameter with the remains of the sepals attached, but the fruit fall from the plant shortly after reaching maturity.

## Taxonomy

Gaudium lamellatum was first formally described in 1989 by Joy Thompson in the journal Telopea, based on plant material collected from Bedourie Station in 1963. In 2023, Peter Gordon Wilson transferred the species to the genus Gaudium as G. lamellatum in the journal Taxon. The specific epithet (lamellatum) refers to the unusual bark of this species.

## Distribution and habitat

This tea tree grows in woodland, among rocks and near watercourses in inland Queensland, from the White Mountains National Park to near Millmerran.
# Taita Hills Wildlife Sanctuary

Taita Hills Wildlife Sanctuary is a privately owned wildlife sanctuary in Kenya established in 1972 by Hilton International. It is located in Taita-Taveta County approximately 220 kilometers from Mombasa and 360 km south of Nairobi. The sanctuary covers an area of 28,000 acres (110 km$^2$), and is adjacent to Tsavo West National Park and the LUMO Community Wildlife Sanctuary.
The sanctuary hosts a diverse range of animals, including cape buffalo, African bush elephant, leopard, lion, cheetah, Masai giraffe, zebra, hartebeest, impala, waterbuck, Thomson's gazelle, lesser kudu, dik-dik, Hyena, and other smaller animals, as well as a diversity of birds and plantlife. The sanctuary claims to have recorded over 50 species of large mammal, as well as over 300 species of birds within the park.
# Newark, Indiana

Newark is an unincorporated community in Beech Creek Township, Greene County, Indiana.

## History

Newark was named after Newark, Ohio. A post office was established at Newark in 1866, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1910.
# Kemba, Estonia

Kemba is a village in Kuusalu Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia.
# Ronald Sanders (film editor)

Ronald Sanders is a Canadian film editor and television producer.

## Career

Sanders won Genie Awards for his work on Eastern Promises (2007), eXistenZ (2000), Crash (1996), and Dead Ringers (1989). He has collaborated extensively with director David Cronenberg; since 1979, he has edited most of Cronenberg's films.
Ronald Sanders is a member of the Canadian Cinema Editors.

## Filmography
### As editor

| Year | Title |
| 1979 | Fast Company |
| 1979 | Title Shot |
| 1981 | Scanners |
| 1983 | Videodrome |
| 1983 | The Dead Zone |
| 1986 | The Fly |
| 1988 | Dead Ringers |
| 1989 | Age-Old Friends |
| 1990 | Perfectly Normal |
| 1991 | Naked Lunch |
| 1993 | M. Butterfly |
| 1995 | Johnny Mnemonic |
| 1996 | Crash |
| 1997 | Keeping the Promise |
| 1997 | Dead Silence |
| 1997 | Joe Torre: Curveballs Along the Way |
| 1999 | eXistenZ |
| 2000 | The Golden Spiders: A Nero Wolfe Mystery |
| 2001 | Dinner with Friends |
| 2002 | Spider |
| 2004 | Zeyda and the Hitman |
| 2005 | A History of Violence |
| 2007 | Eastern Promises |
| 2009 | Coraline |
| 2010 | The Bang Bang Club |
| 2011 | Beat the World |
| 2011 | A Dangerous Method |
| 2012 | Cosmopolis |
| 2014 | Maps to the Stars |
| 2016 | Mean Dreams |
| 2018 | The Grizzlies |
| 2020 | Falling |

## Awards and accolades

| Year | Award | Film | Result |
| 1982 | Genie Award for Best Achievement in Film Editing | Scanners | Nominated |
| 1984 | Genie Award for Best Achievement in Film Editing | Videodrome | Nominated |
| 1989 | Genie Award for Best Achievement in Film Editing | Dead Ringers | Won |
| 1991 | Genie Award for Best Achievement in Film Editing | Perfectly Normal | Nominated |
| 1996 | Genie Award for Best Achievement in Editing | Crash | Won |
| 1998 (spring) | Gemini Award for Best Picture Editing in a Dramatic Program or Series | Dead Silence | Nominated |
| 2000 | Genie Award for Best Achievement in Editing | eXistenZ | Won |
| 2003 | Directors Guild of Canada DGC Craft Award for Outstanding Achievement in Picture Editing - Long Form | Spider | Nominated |
| 2003 | Directors Guild of Canada DGC Team Award for Outstanding Achievement in a Feature Film | Spider | Won |
| 2005 | San Diego Film Critics Society Awards SDFCS Award for Best Editing | A History of Violence | Won |
| 2006 | Online Film Critics Society Awards OFCS Award for Best Editing | A History of Violence | Nominated |
| 2006 | Directors Guild of Canada DGC Craft Award for Outstanding Picture Editing - Feature Film | A History of Violence | Won |
| 2007 | Satellite Award for Best Film Editing | Eastern Promises | Nominated |
| 2008 | Genie Award for Best Achievement in Editing | Eastern Promises | Won |