OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Betty Fiorina

Marian Elizabeth Fiorina (October 10, 1919 – February 25, 2010) was an American politician who served three terms as Secretary of State of New Mexico. She was elected to two consecutive terms between 1959 and 1962, and succeeded Ernestine D. Evans in 1970. She left office in 1974, when Evans was reelected.

## Career

Marian Elizabeth Fiorina was a native of El Paso, Texas, born to Delphine Sauders and Jules Vicknair Sr. She moved to New Mexico, married Anthony Fiorina, and began working for the New Mexico House of Representatives by 1951 as a deputy chief clerk. First elected as secretary of state in 1958, she won a second term in 1960. During her first stint in office, she sought to end political patronage across the state. Fiorina was succeeded by Alberta Miller in 1963. Upon stepping down, Fiorina became the clerk for a state constitutional convention convened in the 1960s. Fiorina won a four-year term as secretary of state in 1970, and left office in 1974. In the following decades, she helped her son Tom win election as a municipal judge in Santa Fe. Fiorina died on February 25, 2010, of Alzheimer's disease, aged 90. A memorial was held on March 3, 2010, and she was interred at Santa Fe National Cemetery.
# Bouchot

For people with the surname, see Bouchot (surname).
The Bouchot (French pronunciation: ) is a river in the French region of Grand Est which flows in the Vosges department. It is a right tributary of the Moselotte, and thus a sub-tributary of the Rhine via the Moselotte and the Moselle. It is 18.1 km (11.2 mi) long.

## Geography

The Bouchot rises in the Massif des Vosges, on a flank of the Tête de Grouvelin, a peak located within the commune of Gérardmer in the Bas-Rupts section. The Bouchot is thus also known as the ruisseau des Hauts-Rupts from its source to its confluence with the ruisseau des Bas-Rupts. It flows through Rochesson, follows Gerbamont, then flows into Sapois where the ruisseau de Menaurupt joins its right bank. After flowing through Vagney, it joins the right bank of the Moselotte.
At Gerbamont, it cascades at the Saut du Bouchot, a waterfall that is 28 metres (92 ft) high.

## Hydrology

The hydrological discharge of the Bouchot, measured at its confluence with the Moselle, is 1.96 cubic metres per second (69 cu ft/s) for a watershed of 56.9 square kilometres (22.0 sq mi). The runoff curve number in the watershed is 1,086 millimetres (42.8 in), which is very high, a characteristic shared with other rivers in the Vosges region. It is more than three times higher than the average for France including all basins, and also larger by a wide margin than the French basin of the Moselle, which is 445 millimetres (17.5 in) at Hauconcourt downstream of Metz ). The Bouchot's specific flow rate thus comes in very high, at 34.45 litres per second per square kilometre of watershed.

## Main tributaries

* Ruisseau des Bas Rupts
* Ruisseau de Creusegoutte
* Ruisseau de Noire-goutte
* Goutte de Jossonfaing
* Goutte de Battion
* Goutte de Plainfaing
* Goutte de Frimont
* Goutte du Herray
* Ruisseau de Peute-goutte
* Goutte Mathias
* Ruisseau de Menaurupt
* Ruisseau des Naufaings
# Mark Barnett (lawyer)

Mark Barnett (born September 4, 1954) is an American attorney; the 28th attorney general of South Dakota between 1991 and 2003 and a circuit court judge between 2007 and 2019.

## Legal career

Barnett, a Republican, graduated from the University of South Dakota School of Law.

## Electoral history
### 1990 attorney general election

Barnett won the general election by defeating Michael Butler. He won with 150,109 (59.49%) votes while Butler received 102,231 votes (40.51%).

### 1994 attorney general election

Barnett was re-elected by defeating Democrat Randy Turner and Libertarian Bert Olson. Barnett received 192,147 (62.33%) votes; Randy received 106,709 (34.62%) votes and Bert received 9,410 (3.05%) votes.

### 1998 attorney general election

Barnett was elected for a third term as attorney general. He was unopposed for the first time in the history of attorney general elections in South Dakota.
As of October, 2019, Barnett is the longest-serving attorney general in South Dakota history, with 12 years of service.

## Supreme Court litigation

Barnett argued two cases before the United States Supreme Court as attorney general, winning both cases.

### South Dakota v. Bourland, 508 U.S. 679 (1993)

Barnett argued on behalf of the state, winning a 7–2 decision that the federal Flood Control and Cheyenne River Acts had abrogated the tribe's right, guaranteed under the Fort Laramie Treaty, to regulate hunting and fishing on their lands by non-Indians.

### South Dakota v. Yankton Sioux Tribe, 522 U.S. 329 (1998)

Barnett argued that an 1894 federal statute, ratifying an agreement pursuant to the Dawes Act, had diminished the boundaries of the Yankton Sioux Reservation, as they had been established in an 1858 treaty. The Court ruled unanimously for the state.

## 2002 gubernatorial election

Barnett ran for governor, but finished second in a divisive three-way primary for the 2002 Republican nomination. Mike Rounds won the nomination with 49,331 (44.34%) votes; Barnett received 32,868 (29.54%) votes and former lieutenant governor Steve T. Kirby received 29,065 (26.12%).

## State judicial service

In 2007, Barnett was appointed as a circuit court judge by Governor Mike Rounds. In 2014, he was reelected in an uncontested election. Barnett retired from the bench on March 22, 2019.
# Angus W. Thomson

Angus W. Thomson is also a British/American immunologist currently Distinguished Professor of Surgery at Starzl Institute, University of Pittsburgh.

## Education

He earned his BSc, PhD and Doctor of Science (DSc) at The University of Aberdeen, his MSc in Immunology at The University of Birmingham and a second DSc at Birmingham.

## Research

His interests are dendritic cell immunology, cell transplantation, liver research, and immunity. His highest cited paper is "Tolerogenic dendritic cells and the quest for transplant tolerance" at 780 times, according to Google Scholar.

## Publications

* Zahorchak, Alan F.; Macedo, Camila; Hamm, David E.; Butterfield, Lisa H.; Metes, Diana M.; Thomson, Angus W. (January 2018). "High PD-L1/CD86 MFI ratio and IL-10 secretion characterize human regulatory dendritic cells generated for clinical testing in organ transplantation". Cellular Immunology. 323: 9–18. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.08.008. PMC 5835175. PMID 29217299.
* Thomson, Angus W.; Humar, Abhinav; Lakkis, Fadi G.; Metes, Diana M. (May 2018). "Regulatory dendritic cells for promotion of liver transplant operational tolerance: Rationale for a clinical trial and accompanying mechanistic studies". Human Immunology. 79 (5): 314–321. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2017.10.017. PMC 5924712. PMID 29100944.
* Ono, Yoshihiro; Perez-Gutierrez, Angelica; Nakao, Toshimasa; Dai, Helong; Camirand, Geoffrey; Yoshida, Osamu; Yokota, Shinichiro; Stolz, Donna Beer; Ross, Mark A.; Morelli, Adrian E.; Geller, David A.; Thomson, Angus W. (April 2018). "Graft‐infiltrating PD‐L1$^{hi}$ cross‐dressed dendritic cells regulate antidonor T cell responses in mouse liver transplant tolerance". Hepatology. 67 (4): 1499–1515. doi:10.1002/hep.29529. PMC 5856603. PMID 28921638.
* Fantus, Daniel; Dai, Helong; Ono, Yoshihiro; Watson, Alicia; Yokota, Shinichiro; Mohib, Kanishka; Yoshida, Osamu; Ross, Mark A.; Watkins, Simon C.; Ramaswami, Bala; Valusjkikh, Anna; Rothstein, David M.; Thomson, Angus W. (December 2017). "Influence of the Novel ATP-Competitive Dual mTORC1/2 Inhibitor AZD2014 on Immune Cell Populations and Heart Allograft Rejection". Transplantation. 101 (12): 2830–2840. doi:10.1097/TP.0000000000001933. PMC 5709200. PMID 28885497.
# William N. McNair

William N. McNair (November 7, 1880 – September 13, 1948), served as the 49th Mayor of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1934 to 1936.

## Early life

Originally from Middletown, Pennsylvania, McNair graduated from Gettysburg College in 1900, earned a law degree from the University of Michigan in 1903, and became an attorney in Pittsburgh in 1904. He tried his hand at politics several times, losing successive elections before finally winning office.

## Pittsburgh politics

At the city's highest office in 1934, it was soon apparent though why McNair had never won a public office before. McNair almost from the beginning had a confrontational relationship with City Council. At first much of his antics were viewed as the actions of a man that cared about the "little guy"; soon though much of his actions just ground the city's ability to govern to a halt in heated, endless and dramatic debate over the most nuanced issues. During his fractious leadership McNair even set up his office in the ornate lobby of the City-County Building to display his "independence" from council and the city bureaucracy.
He continued to be a lightning rod during his administration, being arrested at one point for refusing to return what a judge found to be an unlawful fine he had assessed a citizen. On November 27, 1935 Governor George Earle cut off funds to the city after continued difficulty dealing with McNair. Later when he received word that the governor was considering impeachment proceedings against him he installed a bed in the mayor's office and conducted press conferences from it. In 1936, he traveled to Washington, D.C., and took part in congressional hearings on taxes. His position of repealing all federal taxes at the time was voiced so zealously that a New York Times report recounts a Capitol Police Officer was called before McNair voluntarily left the hearing.
The most fateful event for his political career took the city by force on Saint Patrick's Day 1936 when it suffered from the worst flooding in its history. The event and the chaotic nature that McNair had plunged the city into sealed his fate. Political opponents accused him of impropriety in various dealings, and he was jailed for three days in April on charges of operating a numbers game.
He resigned on a whim on October 6, 1936, promptly rescinded his resignation then demanded to once again be sworn in as mayor, but by that time the city council and the rest of the city had grown tired of his controversial leadership, choosing instead to validate his earlier resignation and let Cornelius Scully assume the mayor's office.

## Later life

McNair became a sort of political sideshow after he left office, continuing to run for offices unsuccessfully and giving political speeches and rallies for various causes. He died in St. Louis, Missouri in 1948 during a political rally and is buried in Allegheny Cemetery in Pittsburgh.
# Mary Ball (poisoner)

Mary Ball (c. 1818–1849) was a Nuneaton housewife who poisoned her husband with arsenic. She was hanged in Cuckoo Lane, outside Coventry Gaol, before a crowd of about twenty thousand. She was the last person to be publicly executed in Coventry.
A plaque on the former County Hall in Coventry marks the nearby site of her execution.
A historical account of the life, death and trail of Mary, The Life, Trial and Hanging of Mary Ball, was written by her great-great grandson Robert Muscutt. A novelised account of Mary's life, The Defiance of Mary Ball, was written by the same author.
A musical concept album presenting a fictionalised account of Mary's story called "Mary Ball - The Musical Concept Album", was released in August 2024 by composers Ben Fellows and Richard Barnfather.
# Robert B. Winkelman

Robert Bernard Winkelman, Jr., (May 12, 1923 – September 20, 2007) was a Philadelphia businessman and Democratic politician who served on the Philadelphia City Council from 1962 to 1964.
Winkelman was born in Philadelphia in 1923, the son of Robert Winkelman, Sr., and his wife Nora Devitt Winkelman. He married Pauline Petraits, with whom he had three children. After serving in World War II, Winkelman entered the insurance business.
After City Councilman John M. McDevitt resigned his seat to enter the priesthood, Democratic ward leaders in Northeast Philadelphia's 10th district selected Winkelman to run for the seat in a 1962 special election. He was successful, retaining the seat for the Democrats and defeating Republican Joseph Leo McGlynn, Jr. After taking his seat, Winkelman was assigned to chair the Labor and Civil Service Committee.
Winkelman's term was just over a year, and Democratic primary voters backed him for the nomination to a full term in 1963 over challenger Arnold Lovitz. In the general election in November, however, he lost to Republican David Silver. He remained active in politics and ran again for council in 1967, losing in the primary despite support from the party hierarchy. After the death of Francis R. Smith in December 1967, Winkelman was elected to succeed him as leader of the 58th ward. In 1971, he was one of 57 candidates for the five Democratic nominations for city council at-large, but was unsuccessful. It marked his last foray into elected politics, and he died in 2007 at the age of 84.
# George W. Freyermuth

George W. Freyermuth (May 8, 1868 – May 30, 1958) was an American politician and architect from Indiana. He served as mayor of South Bend from 1935 to 1939. He was an architect of numerous buildings in South Bend, including the Sons of Israel Synagogue, the North Pumping Station and the Remedy Company Building.

## Early life

George W. Freyermuth was born on May 8, 1868, in Philadelphia to Barbara (née Rugg) and Jacob Freyermuth. His parents emigrated from Alsace, France, in the 1860s. His father was a contractor and a builder. His family moved to South Bend, Indiana, when he was four. He attended the common and high schools in South Bend and worked as a carpenter.

## Career

In 1888, Freyermuth joined Company F of the 3rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, a National Guard unit, as a private. During the Spanish–American War, Freyermuth served as a captain and commander of Company F of the 157th Indiana Volunteers. In 1916, Freyermuth was a lieutenant colonel in the 3rd Indiana Infantry Regiment. He was colonel of the 137th Field Artillery Regiment during World War I.
Freyermuth was an architect and designed buildings in South Bend with his partner R. V. Maurer. They formed the firm Freyermuth & Maurer in 1897. They designed buildings in South Bend, including city hall, the public library, the Sons of Israel Synagogue, the North Pumping Station, the James Monroe School and the Remedy Company Building. The architects worked together until 1934.
Freyermuth was a Republican. He defeated incumbent Chester R. Montgomery in the election for mayor of South Bend, Indiana, in 1934. He served as mayor from January 1, 1935, to January 1, 1939. He was defeated for re-election in 1938 by Jesse I. Pavey.

## Personal life

Freyermuth married Anna Bilstein on November 1, 1893. They had one son, James Russell. His wife died in 1930.
Freyermuth lived at 617 Vistula Avenue in South Bend. In 1947, Freyermuth moved to Excelsior, Michigan.
Freyermuth died on May 30, 1958, in Excelsior. He was buried at Riverview Cemetery in South Bend.

## Legacy

In 1948, Freyermuth was presented with the key to the city by South Bend.
# Trond Øyen

Trond Øyen (December 26, 1929 – July 12, 1999) was a Norwegian violinist from Vardø. He was recognized as one of Norway's leading violinists of his time.
After growing up in Mosjøen, Øyen studied in Oslo under Alf Sjøen and Bjarne Brustad in 1945. He studied under Ernst Glaser until his public debut concert with Guttorm Skjerven as an accompanist in 1954. He regularly worked as a substitute violinist for the Norwegian Radio Orchestra, the National Theater orchestra (starting in 1957), and the Norwegian National Opera orchestra (starting in 1958). Over the years he performed several times on solo programs on NRK radio. He studied further in Copenhagen under Henry Holst and the royal theater musician Henrik Sachsenskjold. He studied harmony under the philharmonic member and solo cellist Karl Andersen.
Øyen's became the second concert master of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra in 1960, and the first violinist with the Oslo Philharmonic in 1964. In the Oslo Philharmonic, he spent the last twenty years of his career as the fourth member in the first violin group. with regular promotion to first chair. He joined the Hindar Quartet in 1964 as the second violinist and participated as such in several recordings. As a soloist, he distinguished himself with performances of Christian Sinding's three violin concertos (Op. 45, 60, and 119) and his Suite in A Minor for Violin and Orchestra (Op. 10).

## Awards and recognitions

* Second place in the Princess Astrid Music Award, 1956
* The first Polar Circle Festival Prize in 1961 (now the Municipality of Rana Cultural Award)
* The A. C. Houen Grant in 1962
# Krzysztof Tchórzewski

Krzysztof Józef Tchórzewski (born 19 May 1950) is a Polish engineer and politician. He serves as the Minister of Energy in the cabinet of Beata Szydło (since 1 December 2015). Prior to this, Tchórzewski was a minister without portfolio.

## Life and career

Tchórzewski was born Rzążew. In the 1980s, he was part of the anti-communist opposition. He was the chairman of the Siedlce branch of the Solidarity from 1981. From 1990 to 1992 he was the provincial governor of the Siedlce Voivodeship. He held various significant positions in the public and private sectors, including as Deputy Transport Minister (1997-2001), Deputy Economy Minister (2005), and PKP Energetyka Economic Director (2002).
He was elected to the Sejm on 25 September 2005, polling 8516 votes in 18 Siedlce district as a candidate on the Law and Justice list. He was also a member of Sejm 1991–1993 and Sejm 1997–2001. In 1974 he graduated from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the Warsaw University of Technology.

## Personal life

Tchórzewski has four children with his wife Teresa, including Karol, a councilman of the Mazovian Regional Council. Karol also ran as the PiS candidate for the President of Siedlec in 2018.

## Honours

Tchórzewski has been awarded the Silver Cross of Merit (1987), the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (2001), and the Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (2005).

## Footnotes

* ↑ "O mnie | Krzysztof J. Tchórzewski – poseł na Sejm RP" (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-09-13.
* ↑ "Kandydaci na prezydenta miasta Kandydaci, którzy wygrali wybory lub przeszli do drugiej tury prezentowani są na czele listy (in Polish)". Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
* ↑ Biernacki, Krzysztof. "Krzysztof Tchórzewski". Encyklopedia Solidarności. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
# Boratyn, Podkarpackie Voivodeship

Boratyn is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chłopice, within Jarosław County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Chłopice, 10 km (6 mi) south of Jarosław, and 49 km (30 mi) east of the regional capital Rzeszów.
# Krzemienica, Mielec County

Krzemienica is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gawłuszowice, within Mielec County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Gawłuszowice, 17 km (11 mi) north of Mielec, and 60 km (37 mi) north-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.
# Josiah Burgess

Josiah Burgess (c. 1689–1719) was an English pirate active in the Caribbean. He is best known as one of the heads of New Providence’s “Flying Gang.”

## History

Burgess was leading a pack of four ships near Panama in September 1716. Outgunned by three Royal Navy warships, he waited until the warships sent crews ashore to gather water. His crew then paddled out of hiding, taking the Navy sailors’ small boat and capturing all of them, leaving the warships undermanned.
Alongside Benjamin Hornigold and Henry Jennings, Burgess was among the most influential pirates in Nassau in early 1717. That September King George offered a pardon to all pirates who surrendered within a year. Captain Vincent Pearse of HMS Phoenix sailed to the Caribbean in March 1718 to deliver the news. The "commanders and ringleaders" of the pirates - Burgess, Hornigold, Francis Leslie, and Thomas Nichols - implored Pearse to release Charles Vane and other prisoners as an enticement to the other gathered pirates. Pearse relented, and over 200 pirates surrendered, including Burgess.
In order to receive the King's Pardon, Burgess sailed his sloop Providence to Charles Town, planning to bring trade goods back to the Bahamas. He was intercepted in May 1718 by Blackbeard, who questioned him about the harbor's resident merchants and naval defenses. Familiar with Burgess from his days sailing with Hornigold, Blackbeard bought Burgess' merchandise and let him go, after which Burgess sailed to Jamaica.
Woodes Rogers arrived in Nassau in July 1718 to re-announce and enforce the King's pardon. He was greeted by the crews of several pardoned pirates, Burgess' former crew among them. Burgess himself returned to Nassau where Rogers employed him as a Justice of the Vice-Admiralty Court and a privateer. In 1719 Burgess' ship was lost at sea off of Abaco, where he drowned. Young sailor and former pirate George Rounsivell also died trying to rescue Burgess; Rogers had pardoned the teenage Rounsivell when he first arrived in Nassau.
# Twin Peaks (Ouray County, Colorado)

Twin Peaks is a 10,970-foot-elevation (3,340-meter) double summit mountain located in Ouray County, Colorado, United States.

## Description

Twin Peaks is situated one mile west overlooking of the town of Ouray, on land managed by Uncompahgre National Forest. It is part of the Sneffels Range which is a subrange of the San Juan Mountains. Twin Peaks' summit, the West Peak, is 2.2 miles east-northeast of Whitehouse Mountain, and the lower East Peak (10,798 ft) is separated by 0.4 mile from the west summit. Topographic relief is significant as the east peak rises over 2,000 feet (610 meters) above Ouray in one mile. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into the Uncompahgre River at the eastern base of the mountain. The mountain's toponym has been officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names.

## Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Twin Peaks is located in an alpine subarctic climate zone with long, cold, snowy winters, and cool to warm summers. Due to its altitude, it receives precipitation all year, as snow in winter and as thunderstorms in summer, with a dry period in late spring.
# Altınyayla, Sivas

Altınyayla (Kurdish: Tonus) is a town in Sivas Province of Turkey. It is the seat of Altınyayla District. Its population is 4,307 (2022). The mayor is Sinan Akbulut (AKP).
# Mount Werner

Mount Werner is a mountain summit in the Park Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 10,570-foot (3,222 m) peak is located in Routt National Forest, 4.6 miles (7.4 km) east-southeast (bearing 107°) of the City of Steamboat Springs in Routt County, Colorado, United States. The mountain was renamed in 1964 in honor of skier Buddy Werner.

## Mountain

Mount Werner is 150 miles (240 km) northwest of Denver. The mountain reaches a height of 10,570 feet (3,220 m) above sea level and has a base elevation of 6,900 feet (2,100 m), for a vertical rise of 3,670 feet (1,120 m). It has five peaks (from lowest to highest), Christie Peak, Thunderhead Peak, Sunshine Peak, Storm Peak, and Mount Werner.
Formerly known as Storm Mountain, it was renamed in 1965 in honor of Buddy Werner, an Olympian from Steamboat Springs who was killed in an avalanche in Switzerland in April 1964.
Mount Werner stands within the watershed of the Yampa River, which drains into the Green River, the Colorado River, and thence into the Gulf of California in Mexico.

## Steamboat Ski Resort

The Steamboat Ski Resort operates on 3,741 acres (15.14 km$^2$) of the mountain. It is serviced by the Silver Bullet gondola lift and several chairlifts. It regularly receives some of the highest levels of snow in Colorado. The most recent ten-year snowfall average was 334 inches (8.5 m) per year. Much of the mountain and the resort are contained within the Routt National Forest.
It is the home mountain of world champion and Olympic bronze medalist snowboarder Arielle Gold.

## Historical names

* Mount Werner – 1964
* Storm Mountain