OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Seth Wakeman

Seth Wakeman (January 15, 1811 – January 4, 1880) was an American attorney and politician from Batavia, New York. Initially a Whig, and later a Republican, he was most notable for his service in the New York State Assembly from 1856 to 1857 and the United States House of Representatives from 1871 to 1873.

## Early life

Wakeman was born in Franklin, Vermont on January 15, 1811, the son of Nathan Wakeman and Phoebe Johnston. The Wakeman family soon moved to Pembroke, New York, where Nathan Wakeman joined the New York Militia for the War of 1812. He died in Malone, New York while on military duty. Seth Wakeman attended the local schools of Pembroke and became a farmer. He served in local offices including constable and justice of the peace, and studied law.
In 1844, Wakeman was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Batavia, New York. Originally a Whig, he served as Genesee County Treasurer (1845 to 1846), and Genesee County District Attorney (1850 to 1855). He was also active in several business ventures, including serving as secretary of the Batavia and Lancaster Plank Road Company. He was also a member of the board of directors of the Batavia and Oakfield Plank Road Company. In 1852, Wakeman was appointed secretary of the Buffalo and Batavia Plank Road Company.

## Continued career

Wakeman became a Republican when the party was founded in the mid-1850s. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Genesee Co., 1st D.) in 1856 and 1857. Wakeman was also a delegate to the State constitutional convention of 1867 and 1868.
In 1868, Wakeman was a candidate for the Republican nomination for a seat in the United States House of Representatives, which was won by John Fisher, who went on to win the general election. In 1870, Wakeman was elected to the 42nd United States Congress. He served one term, March 4, 1871 to March 3, 1873.

## Later life

After leaving Congress, Wakeman resumed practicing law. In 1875 his health began to decline, and he retired from most of his legal and business interests. For the last few years of his life, Wakeman was nearly invalid and largely confined to his home.
Wakeman died in Batavia on January 4, 1880. He was interred at Elmwood Cemetery in Batavia.

## Family

In 1832, Wakeman married Demis Powers of Pembroke. They were the parents of two children, Eugene (b. 1834) and Demie (1836–1904). In 1856, Wakeman married Laura Winans of Cleveland. They were the parents of Mary Emma (1860–1919), Bryan Seth (b. 1862), Henry Clay (1864–1870), and William Sprague (1868–1954).
# Robert Glass

Robert Glass may refer to:
* Robert Glass (sound engineer) (1939–1993), American sound engineer and Academy Award winner
* Robert D. Glass (1922–2001), justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court
* Robert Frederick Glass (1951-2002), American computer analyst who killed Sharon Lopatka
* Robert L. Glass (born 1932), American software engineer and writer
* Robert W. Glass Jr. (fl. 1970s–1990s), American sound engineer
# Nossa Senhora das Dores, Sergipe

10°29′31″S 37°11′34″W﻿ / ﻿10.49194°S 37.19278°W﻿ / -10.49194; -37.19278 Nossa Senhora das Dores is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Sergipe. Its population was 26,795 (2020) and its area is 471 km$^2$.
It is named after 'Nossa Senhora das Dores', which translates to 'Our lady of Sorrows', referring to Mary, mother of Jesus.
# Kamlesh Kumari Yadav

Kamlesh Kumari was an Indian constable who served with the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and a recipient of the Ashoka Chakra, the highest possible award conferred during peacetime by the Republic of India. Kamlesh Kumari died on 13 December 2001 after successfully preventing terrorist gunmen and a terrorist suicide bomber from reaching Parliament during the 2001 Indian Parliament attack.

## Career

Constable Kamlesh Kumari joined the CRPF in 1994 and was first posted with the elite 104 Rapid Action Force (RAF) in Allahabad. Soon after, she was posted at the 88 Mahila (Women's) Battalion on 12 July 2001. Kumari became part of Bravo Company, the group tasked with securing Parliament when in session.

## 13 December 2001

Kamlesh Kumari was posted at Iron Gate No. 1, next to Building Gate No. 11, of the Parliament House. An Ambassador brand car, bearing the license plate number DL 3C J 1527, drove towards the gate from Vijay Chowk.She was the first security official to approach the car and, realising something was amiss, ran back to her post to seal the gate. The terrorists, with their cover effectively blown and unable to travel further due to Kumari's foresight, opened fire. Eleven bullets struck Kamlesh in the stomach. The attack occurred at 11:50 in the morning.
Kamlesh Kumari alertness prevented a suicide bomber among the terrorists from executing their plan; the closing of Gate No. 1 and the alarm raised gave time for other security personnel to take position and neutralize the would-be bomber.

## Family

Kamlesh Kumari was survived by two daughters, Jyoti Kumari and Shweta Kumari and her husband, Avdhesh Kumar. Kamlesh's family hails from Sikanderpur, Kannauj in Uttar Pradesh. Kamlesh and her family had earlier lived in Vikaspuri, Delhi.

## Honours

Constable Kamlesh Kumari was posthumously awarded the nation's highest peacetime Gallantry award, the Ashoka Chakra, by the President of India on Republic Day in 2002 in honour of her bravery and courage. Prime Minister A.B. Vajpayee also paid tribute to her.
Mohammad Afzal, who was determined to have played a key role as a conspirator in the attack by investigators, was convicted and sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of India. Afzal's family had "camped" in New Delhi with the hope of conveying a mercy petition to then President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. In response, Kamlesh's surviving family publicly declared that they would return the Ashok Chakra awarded to her if the President were to accept the petition. As the president neither rejected nor accepted the petition, the families of eight security officials who had been honored for their bravery during the attacks (including Kamlesh's) returned their gallantry medals on 13 December 2006, in protest against the delay in execution of Mohammad Afzal.
President Pranab Mukherjee succeeded Pratibha Patil as President on 25 July 2012. In early 2013, he rejected the petition for clemency. Mohammad Afzal was hanged on 9 February 2013 at Tihar Jail at approximately 8:00 am IST. On 30 March 2013, the martyrs' families agreed to accept back the gallantry medals which they had returned in 2006.
# Jerzy Bitter

Jerzy Bitter (Jurek Bitter; April 4, 1941, in Lviv – February 7, 2020) was a Polish-American painter, known for his works depicting the Holocaust themes.

## Biography

Jerzy Bitter was born on April 4, 1941, in Lviv. His mother, Cecylia Bitter (1912-2005), née Hirschfeld, was born on July 31, 1912, in Przemyśl. She was an economist and nutrition technologist. His father, Marek Bitter (c. 1903–1965), in the post-war period was an activist of the Central Committee of Polish Jews, and died in 1965. The family was not religious and adhered to communist and socialist ideals.
On September 1, 1939, following the German invasion of Poland, the family moved to Lviv, which was occupied by the Germans in 1941. The family relocated to the Warsaw Ghetto. In 1942, Cecylia Bitter escaped with Jerzy and initially hid him with her former teacher, Maria Strasburger, and later Zofia Czerny on Warsaw's Aryan side.
After the war, the family returned to Warsaw. Jerzy studied at the Warsaw University of Technology, earning a master's degree in chemistry in 1965. Around 1965, he moved to Israel to begin doctoral studies at the Weizmann Institute of Science (1965-1967). A tragic motorcycle accident in Israel at around the age of 25 meant he was unable to continue his chemical studies; he forgot his knowledge in chemistry. In 1968, he immigrated to the United States and began art studies at the Art Students League of New York and New York University, earning a Master of Fine Arts degree in 1975. He painted with only one hand. In 2019, he fell in his studio and had his leg amputated due to a blood clot. He died at the beginning of the COVID pandemic in 2020.

## Artistic career

Jerzy Bitter began painting as part of therapy after his accident.
He left behind a legacy of about 250 paintings, most of which depict the theme of the Holocaust, often including his daughter, with only a few depicting other themes, including several of his dog, Pinocchio. He had his studio at the corner of 52nd Street and 10th Avenue in New York City.
In 2021, the "Upstairs Gallery at Congregation Shomrei Emunah in Montclair" organized a retrospective exhibition of his paintings. His work is in the permanent collections of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (thanks to Henry and Rosa Segal Foundation) in Washington, D.C.

## Personal life

Jerzy married during his studies at New York University and had a daughter, Eva, in 1980. He lived and worked in New York City. He wrote memoirs. Together with his mother, he wrote the book "Visions and stories of a childhood in the Holocaust." Smithsonian Institution has an archive tape with his interview.
# Teresa Trzebunia

Teresa Trzebunia (born 23 September 1934) is a Polish cross-country skier. She competed in three events at the 1964 Winter Olympics.

## Cross-country skiing results
### Olympic Games

| Year | Age | 5 km | 10 km | 3 × 5 km  relay |
| 1964 | 29 | 23 | 24 | 7 |
# Widening (computer science)

In computer science, especially model checking and abstract interpretation, widening refers to at least two different techniques in the analysis of abstract transition systems where infinite progressions of abstract states are replaced by a (computed or guessed) least fixed point. The use of the term in model checking is closely related to acceleration techniques, some authors reserving acceleration for exact computations.

## Intuition

While many computer programs can be understood in terms of machine states and transitions (see formal semantics of programming languages), their state spaces may be too large to fully represent and analyse. Modern analysis techniques therefore try to reason about abstract states, which correspond to many concrete states.
Often, the abstract states are structured in such a way that by repeatedly following the effect of program steps or by coarsening the abstraction, one obtains a chain of abstractions that is proven to terminate.

## Use in model checking

Widening techniques and the closely related acceleration techniques are used in the forward analysis of systems in the discipline of symbolic model checking. The techniques detect cycles, i.e. sequences of abstract state transitions that could be repeated. When such a sequence can be repeated over and over, yielding new states (e.g. a variable might be incremented at every repetition), the symbolic analysis of the program will not explore all of these states in finite time. For several important families of systems such as pushdown systems, channel systems or counter systems, subclasses amenable to so-called flat acceleration have been identified for which a complete analysis procedure exists that computes the whole set of reachable states. This type of forward analysis is also related to well structured transition systems, but well-structuredness alone is not sufficient for such procedures to be complete (for example, the coverability graph of a Petri net is always finite but in general, it overapproximates the true state space).

## Use in abstract interpretation

Cousot and Cousot have introduced a notion of widening while defining the framework of abstract interpretation. An example for the widening of an abstract domain that appears in abstract interpretation would be replacing the upper bound of an interval by $\infty$.
# Lists of universities and colleges by country

This is a list of lists of universities and colleges by country, sorted by continent and region. The lists represent educational institutions throughout the world which provide higher education in tertiary, quaternary, and post-secondary education.

## By continent
### Africa

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* Congo
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eswatini
* Gabon
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* Somaliland
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* South Africa
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

### Americas

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Argentina
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Cayman Islands
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Grenada
* Guatemala
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

### Asia

* Afghanistan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China (mainland)
* East Timor
* Hong Kong
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Macau
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

### Europe

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
** Faroe Islands
** Greenland
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Gibraltar
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* Northern Cyprus
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom: Universities; Colleges offering HE courses
** England
** Northern Ireland
** Scotland
** Wales
* Vatican City

### Oceania

* Australia
* Cook Islands
* Fiji
* French Polynesia
* New Zealand
* Nauru
* Niue
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tokelau
* Tonga
* Tuvalu
* Vanuatu
* Wallis and Futuna

## International

* List of international schools
# Abhik Mitra

Abhik Mitra (born 11 January 1958) is an Indian former cricketer. He played 26 first-class matches for Bengal between 1978 and 1987.
# José E. Meléndez Ortiz

José Enrique "Quique" Meléndez Ortiz is a Puerto Rican politician and former senator. He was a member of the Senate of Puerto Rico from 1992 to 2000.
Meléndez was elected to the Senate of Puerto Rico for the District of Guayama in the 1992 general elections. He was reelected in 1996. In 2000, Meléndez lost his seat at the 2000 general elections.
Meléndez is married to Elba M. Ortiz. They have two children: Elba and current representative José E. Meléndez Ortiz, Jr.
# Moza bint Hilal Al Nahyan

Her Highness Sheikha Moza bint Hilal bin Saqer bin Zayed Al Nahyan (Arabic: الشيخة موزة بنت هلال بن صقر بن زايد آل نهيان) is a member of the royal house of Al Nahyan who rule Abu Dhabi. She is the grand-daughter of Sheikh Saqer (ruler of Abu Dhabi from 1926-1928). Sheikha Moza worked alongside Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak in setting up the Women's Union, which became the first feminist activity in the UAE.

## Career

Sheikha Moza initiated her career as being the secretary general of the Women's Union, and Vice President of the Abu Dhabi Women's Development Society. She was the official representative of Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak to receive state, local and international diplomatic figures throughout Abu Dhabi. During her career, she held symposiums, conferences and workshops for training and developing UAE women. Sheikha Moza was the first woman to represent UAE in conferences related to women all over the world. As the head of the UAE delegation, she attended international women conferences in Mexico (1975), Copenhagen (1985) and Eastern Germany. She also attended conferences around the Arab World in countries such as Egypt and Syria.

## National Honors

* UAE: Zayed the First Ribbon (1998)
* UAE: Awarded with a letter of gratitude and recommendation for recognition for her fruitful efforts and positive cooperation since the establishment of the Women's Union by Sheikha Fatima, wife of Sheikh Zayed, former President of the UAE. (February, 2001)

## Personal life

Sheikha Moza is the only child of her father, Hilal. Her mother's family is from the Al Shamsi tribal sheikhs. Sheikha Moza married Sheikh Faisal bin Sultan Al Qassimi and have the following children: Khalid, Basma, Mohammed, Sara, Hessa, Shima, Alyazia, Arwa, and Sultan.
# Begonia megaptera

Begonia megaptera, the large winged begonia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Begoniaceae, native to Nepal, the eastern Himalaya, Assam, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Very rare in its native habitat, it is cultivated as an ornamental and medicinal plant.
# Newbiggin

Newbiggin may refer to several places in England:

## in Cumbria

* Newbiggin, Ainstable
* Newbiggin, Dacre, 3 miles (5 km) west of Penrith
* Newbiggin, Furness
* Newbiggin, Hutton Roof, in the parish of Hutton Roof
* Newbiggin, Kirkby Thore, 6 miles (10 km) east of Penrith
* Newbiggin-on-Lune, near Kirkby Stephen

## in County Durham

* Newbiggin, Lanchester
* Newbiggin, Teesdale

## in North Yorkshire

* Newbiggin, Askrigg, on the north side of Wensleydale
* Newbiggin, south Wensleydale, on the south side of Wensleydale
# Mount Oklahoma

Mount Oklahoma is a high mountain summit in the Sawatch Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 13,852-foot (4,222 m) thirteener is located 5.7 miles (9.2 km) northeast by north (bearing 33°) of Independence Pass, Colorado, United States, on the Continental Divide separating the Mount Massive Wilderness in San Isabel National Forest and Lake County from the Hunter-Fryingpan Wilderness in White River National Forest and Pitkin County. The mountain was named in honor of the University of Oklahoma.

## Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Mt. Oklahoma is located in an alpine subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and cool to warm summers. Due to its altitude, it receives precipitation all year, as snow in winter, and as thunderstorms in summer, with a dry period in late spring.

## Historical names

* Mount Oklahoma – 1967
* Oklahoma Mount
# Dennis Parmenter

Dennis W. Parmenter (December 27, 1950 – December 12, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer.
Parmenter was born in Elkhart, Iowa to his parents Paul Parmenter and Kathryn, née Ault. After his mother died, his father remarried Sandra Sorenson. Dennis Parmenter attended North Polk High School, Iowa State University, and the Drake University School of Law. He married Kathy Houge in October 1970, with whom he had three children. Parmenter was an Assistant Story County Attorney, and in 1979, established his legal practice in Huxley.
Parmenter previously served as mayor of Huxley. A Democrat, he was a member of the Iowa House of Representatives from 1999 to 2001 (62nd district).
He died on December 12, 2020, in Des Moines. Parmenter's memorial service was held in June 2021.
# Byzantine–Venetian war of 1171

The Byzantine–Venetian War of 1171 was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice as a result of the Byzantine imprisonment of Venetian merchants and citizens across the Empire. 10,000 Venetians were imprisoned in the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, alone. Despite Doge Michiel's apparent will to pursue a peaceful solution, outrage in Venice itself swung popular opinion in the favour of full scale war against Byzantium. Doge Michiel had no choice but to set out for war, which he did in mid-late 1171.

## Background

Although trade was very important for the Byzantine economy, political relations with Italian merchants soured at times. Local merchants also resented the Italian merchants advantageous terms of trade. Tensions rose in 1171; Manuel I ordered attacks on Venetian merchants, property and ships.

## Aftermath

The disastrous defeat of Venice in this war was one of the greatest military blunders in the city-state's history, and permanently altered Venice's position on foreign affairs. A formal truce between the two empires would not be ratified until 1177, with minor skirmishes continuing until then.
# Catherine Ribeiro + Alpes

The French band Catherine Ribeiro + Alpes formed in 1968. It consisted of singer Catherine Ribeiro and composer Patrice Moullet [fr]. Every record featured different members. The two used to be in the band Catherine Ribeiro + 2Bis but decided to change the name after their first record. While their style was mostly folk and psychedelic rock in their first years, they also included elements of avant-garde in their music. Catherine Ribeiro, known for her chaotic and expressive singing style, often penned their lyrics that addressed political and social issues. They disbanded in 1981.

## Discography

Catherine Ribeiro + 2Bis
* Catherine Ribeiro + 2Bis (1969)
Catherine Ribeiro + Alpes
* N°2 (1970)
* Ame Debout (1971)
* Paix (1972)
* Le Rat Dèbile Et L'Homme Des Champs (1974)
* Libertes (1975)
* Le Temps De L'Autre (1977)
* Passions (1979)
* La Deboussole (1980)
# 2012 Final Four (baseball)

The 2012 European Champion Cup Final Four was an international baseball competition being held in Nettuno, Italy on August 29–30, 2012. It featured the 4 best teams of the 2012 European Cup.

## Teams

The following four teams qualified for the 2012 Final Four.
| Caffè Danesi Nettuno | Qualified as #1 in Rotterdam |
| Fortitudo Bologna | Qualified as #1 in San Marino |
| L&D Amsterdam | Qualified as #2 in San Marino |
| Rouen Huskies | Qualified as #2 in Rotterdam |

## Schedule and results

| August 29, 2012 16:00 | Fortitudo Bologna | 4 – 0 | Rouen Huskies | Stadio Steno Borghese, Nettuno, Italy Attendance: 350 |
| August 29, 2012 16:00 | | Boxscore | | Stadio Steno Borghese, Nettuno, Italy Attendance: 350 |
| August 29, 2012 21:00 | Caffè Danesi Nettuno | 1 – 0 | L&D Amsterdam | Stadio Steno Borghese, Nettuno, Italy Attendance: 3,000 |
| August 29, 2012 21:00 | | Boxscore | | Stadio Steno Borghese, Nettuno, Italy Attendance: 3,000 |
| August 30, 2012 16:00 | Rouen Huskies | 7 – 8 | L&D Amsterdam | Stadio Steno Borghese, Nettuno, Italy Attendance: 200 |
| August 30, 2012 16:00 | | Boxscore | | Stadio Steno Borghese, Nettuno, Italy Attendance: 200 |
| August 30, 2012 21:00 | Fortitudo Bologna | 4 – 3 | Caffè Danesi Nettuno | Stadio Steno Borghese, Nettuno, Italy Attendance: 4,500 |
| August 30, 2012 21:00 | | Boxscore | | Stadio Steno Borghese, Nettuno, Italy Attendance: 4,500 |