OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sarah Kurtz

Sarah R. Kurtz is an American materials scientist known for her research on solar energy and photovoltaics, including the application of multi-junction solar cells in robotic spacecraft. Formerly a research fellow at the National Center for Photovoltaics and principal scientist at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, she is a professor of materials science and engineering at the University of California, Merced.

## Education and career

Kurtz attended public schools in her hometown of Defiance, Ohio, and graduated in 1979 from Manchester College, majoring in chemistry and physics. She earned a Ph.D. in chemical physics in 1985 from Harvard University; her dissertation was Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon, titanium nitride, and titanium dioxide thin films.
She joined the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in 1985 as a post-doctoral researcher. She moved to the University of California, Merced in 2017.

## Recognition

Kurtz and fellow NREL scientist Jerry Olson won one of the 2007 Dan David Prizes "for their exceptional and profound contributions to the field of photovoltaic energy". In 2012 the IEEE Electron Devices Society gave her their William R. Cherry Award for her work on multi-junction cells. The US Clean Energy Education & Empowerment (C3E) Initiative gave her their 2016 Lifetime Achievement Award.
She was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2020, "for contributions to the development of GaInP/GaAs photovoltaic cells and leadership in solar cell reliability and quality". She became the first faculty member at UC Merced to be elected to the academy.
# Bheja Fry 2

Bheja Fry 2 (transl. Brain fry 2) is an Indian comedy film released on 17 June 2011. It is the sequel to the 2007 film Bheja Fry.

## Plot

Ajit Talwar (Kay Kay Menon) is a business tycoon. The movie starts with an interview with Ajit Talwar on a news channel. Ajit Talwar has a broad business unit. Ajit Talwar is married to Naina Talwar (Rukshar), but still, Ajit Talwar is a womanizer who has an affair with his secretary, played by Spanta Patel (Kishwer Merchant). Ajit Talwar has a friend Kapoor (Rahul Vohra), whose wife Raveena (Aditi Govitrikar) runs a TV channel. Kapoor invites Ajit to the final episode of Aao Guess Karein, a TV reality show aired on Kapoor's TV channel. The finalist of the show is the protagonist, Bharat Bhushan (Vinay Pathak), who wins ₹ 25 lakh and a chance to journey on a luxurious cruise. The Executive Producer of the show Ranjini (Minissha Lamba) asks Bharat Bhushan how he would he utilise the prize money. Bhushan says by producing a music album.
Bhushan is an income tax officer and has a friend, M. T. Shekharan (Suresh Menon), who is also an income tax officer. Shekharan calls on Bhushan for an income tax raid. But Bhushan refuses, saying that he is leaving for a holiday on a luxurious cruise. Shekharan follows Ajit Talwar to the cruise ship and employs various disguises to collect evidence on Ajit Talwar. Ajit and Bhushan get lost on an island. Bhushan makes his way to the cruise with all preparations, and thus the hilarious journey begins.

## Cast

* Vinay Pathak as Bharat Bhushan
* Kay Kay Menon as Ajit Talwar
* Minissha Lamba as Ranjini
* Amol Gupte as Raghu Burman
* Suresh Menon as M. T. Shekharan
* Virendra Saxena as Viru Chacha
* Aditi Govitrikar as Raveena Kapoor
* Rahul Vohra as Kapoor
* Rukhsar Rehman as Naina Talwar
* Kishwer Merchant as Spanta Patel
* Amit Behl as Raviraj
* Rahul Singh as Dharam Bharti

## Sequel

Sagar Ballary, director of Bheja Fry series said in 2018 that he has some ideas for the third part. Ballary stated - "We have an idea and some concept. We would like to make it definitely, we want to do it but as I am working on other films right now so 'Bheja Fry' is not going to happen immediately".

## Soundtrack

The music of the film was composed by Ishq Bector, Sneha Khanwalkar and Sagar Desai. Lyrics were penned by Shree D., Sonny Ravan and Shakeel Mohammed.
# Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Iceland)

The Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Icelandic: Utanríkisráðuneytið) is an Icelandic cabinet-level ministry founded 18 November 1941. The ministry is responsible for foreign policy, diplomatic missions, trade, foreign aid, and interactions with international organizations among other tasks.
The current Minister for Foreign Affairs is Þorgerður Katrín Gunnarsdóttir
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is also responsible for national security and defense policy for Iceland.

## List of Ministers

The following lists the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, their party, date of assuming and leaving office, their tenure in years and days, and the cabinet they served in.
    Key
Independence Party  Progressive Party  Social Democratic Party  Social Democratic Alliance
| Name | Party | Took office | Left office | Tenure | Cabinet |
| Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson | SDP | 18 November 1941 | 17 January 1942 | 60 days | Hermann Jónasson IV |
| Ólafur Thors | IP | 16 May 1942 | 16 December 1942 | 214 days | Ólafur Thors I |
| Vilhjálmur Þór | Independent | 16 December 1942 | 21 October 1944 | 1 year, 310 days | Björn Þórðarson |
| Ólafur Thors | IP | 21 October 1944 | 4 February 1947 | 2 years, 106 days | Ólafur Thors II |
| Bjarni Benediktsson | IP | 4 February 1947 | 11 September 1953 | 6 years, 219 days | Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson Ólafur Thors III Steingrímur Steinþórsson |
| Kristinn Guðmundsson | PP | 11 September 1953 | 24 July 1956 | 2 years, 317 days | Ólafur Thors IV |
| Guðmundur Í. Guðmundsson | SDP | 24 July 1956 | 3 August 1956 | 10 days | Hermann Jónasson V |
| Emil Jónsson | SDP | 3 August 1956 | 17 October 1956 | 75 days | Hermann Jónasson V |
| Guðmundur Í. Guðmundsson | SDP | 17 October 1956 | 31 August 1965 | 8 years, 318 days | Hermann Jónasson V Emil Jónsson Ólafur Thors V Bjarni Benediktsson (1908) |
| Emil Jónsson | SDP | 31 August 1965 | 14 July 1971 | 5 years, 317 days | Bjarni Benediktsson (1908) Jóhann Hafstein |
| Einar Ágústsson | PP | 14 July 1971 | 1 September 1978 | 7 years, 49 days | Ólafur Jóhannesson I Geir Hallgrímsson |
| Benedikt Gröndal | SDP | 1 September 1978 | 8 February 1980 | 1 year, 160 days | Ólafur Jóhannesson II Benedikt Gröndal |
| Ólafur Jóhannesson | PP | 8 February 1980 | 26 May 1983 | 3 years, 107 days | Gunnar Thoroddsen |
| Geir Hallgrímsson | IP | 26 May 1983 | 24 January 1986 | 2 years, 243 days | Steingrímur Hermannsson I |
| Matthías Á. Mathiesen | IP | 24 January 1986 | 8 July 1987 | 1 year, 165 days | Steingrímur Hermannsson I |
| Steingrímur Hermannsson | PP | 8 July 1987 | 28 September 1988 | 1 year, 82 days | Þorsteinn Pálsson |
| Jón Baldvin Hannibalsson | SDP | 28 September 1988 | 23 April 1995 | 6 years, 207 days | Steingrímur Hermannsson |
| Halldór Ásgrímsson | PP | 23 April 1995 | 15 September 2004 | 9 years, 145 days | Davíð Oddsson |
| Davíð Oddsson | IP | | 15 September 2004 | 27 September 2005 | 1 year, 12 days | Halldór Ásgrímsson |
* Symbol
* Street Address
* Sign in Iceland
* Main Office
# Clare Carlson

Clare Carlson is an American politician from North Dakota who previously served as the North Dakota State Director for the United States Department of Agriculture's Office of Rural Development. Carlson was appointed to the position by President Donald Trump and previously served in the same position under President George W. Bush.
Carlson worked for U.S. Senator Mark Andrews as an Agriculture Legislative Assistant during the drafting and passage of the Food Security Act of 1985. He was later promoted to Andrews's State Agriculture Director. Carlson served on the senior staff of North Dakota Governors Ed Schafer and John Hoeven.
He served as a Republican member of the North Dakota House of Representatives from the 18th district during the 53rd General Assembly. The 18th district included part of Grand Forks. He served alongside Democratic-NPL Representative Eliot Glassheim. He served on the Committee on Industry, Business, and Labor and the Committee on Agriculture. Carlson was succeeded after a single term by Democrat Linda Christenson.
In 2000, he ran for North Dakota Agriculture Commissioner, losing to Democratic incumbent Roger Johnson.
Carlson, a longtime Republican activist, was a delegate to the 2016 Republican National Convention in Cleveland and the 2012 Republican National Convention in Tampa.
# Crosshall cross

The Crosshall Cross is a wheel-headed cross at Crosshall Farm, Eccles, in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, in historic Berwickshire.
The cross is situated in a field close to a road about 350 metres south-west of Crosshall farmhouse and is said to date from the 12th century, after the Second Crusade. It is 452 centimetres (14 ft 10 inches) in height and is thought to commemorate someone who had been to the Holy Land. The coat of arms may be that of the Soulis family.
Descriptions of this monument differ greatly as to which images are recognisable on the various faces of this structure, but some authors report a host of details. A selection of reports:
A collection of photographs, sketches, and paintings of the Cross from various angles may be viewed at canmore.org.uk: Depictions of the Crosshall, Eccles Cross.
On the opposite (northern) side of the road that passes the cross once stood a row of houses, now demolished (2024). An older painting from the above stated Canmore website depicts two entrances to adjacent, presumably thatched roof houses. A series of photographs taken years later from behind the cross display a row of at least 5, then slate-roofed houses.
Other places nearby include Fogo, Gavinton, the Greenknowe Tower, Greenlaw, Hume Castle, Leitholm, Longformacus, Polwarth, Westruther.
# Archibald Fisken

Archibald Clyde Wanliss Fisken CMG, OBE, MC (11 March 1897 – 20 June 1970) was an Australian soldier and politician. He was a member of the House of Representatives from 1934 to 1937, representing the United Australia Party (UAP).

## Early life

Fisken was born at Ballarat, Victoria, to grazier Archibald James Fisken and Beatrice Mary, née Wanliss. He attended E.N. Maryatt's Church of England Grammar School for Boys, Ballarat College and Geelong Church of England Grammar School before his 1916 commission in the Royal Field Artillery. He served on the Western Front from 1916 to 1918; in 1918 he was awarded the Military Cross and promoted to lieutenant, although he was also wounded.
Returning from the war, Fisken maintained the family property (Lal Lal, in the family since 1846) at Yendon. He was elected to the Shire of Buninyong Council in 1922 and remained a councillor until his death, being president in 1931–32, 1946–47, 1957–58 and 1966–67. He was prominent in the community, both as a sportsman and as a pastoralist. He married Elspeth Anne Cameron on 20 February 1924 at Ross, Tasmania.

## Federal politics

Fisken was elected to the federal House of Representatives in 1934, as the United Australia Party member for Ballaarat. He was notably concerned with unemployment, stating that "all the ills of the country would be rectified" if the problem was solved. Although mentioned as a possibility for promotion to the ministry, Fisken retired from parliament in 1937, stating that he wished to focus on his appointment as chairman of the Australian Meat Board.

## Later life

Fisken continued on the Meat Board for many years, serving as chairman until 1946. He expanded the market for Australian meat, notably in Britain and North America. Fisken was also appointed to the Meat Industry Commission on its creation in 1943, and acted as deputy-controller of meat supplies for Victoria from 1943 to 1945. He also held positions as chairman of Dennys, Lascelles Ltd, a director of the Commercial Union Assurance Company, and a life member and trustee of the Royal Agricultural Society of Victoria. He also contributed much time and effort towards establishing a Ballarat tertiary education institution. Appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1958 and Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1963, Fisken died at Lal Lal on 20 June 1970 and was cremated. He was survived by his wife, son, and three daughters.
# HMS Springer

HMS Springer was an S-class submarine of the Royal Navy, and part of the Third Group built of that class. She was built by Cammell Laird and launched on 14 May 1945. So far, she has been the only boat of the Royal Navy to bear the name Springer.

## History

Built as the Second World War was drawing to a close, she did not see much action. In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.
Springer was sold to the Israeli Navy in 1958 and renamed Tanin (Hebrew: תנין; Crocodile or Tannin). Tanin participated in the Six-Day War, launching naval commandos to attack the port of Alexandria. She then tried to torpedo an Egyptian sloop but was severely damaged by a depth charge counterattack. Her commander was awarded the Medal of Courage for his actions at the port of Alexandria. She received spare parts from her sister ship Rahav, formerly HMS Sanguine, when Rahav was retired in 1968. Tanin was listed for disposal in 1972.
A Gal-class submarine named Tanin served the Israeli Navy from 1977 to 2002, and the Dolphin-class submarine INS Tanin was delivered in May 2012.
# Carol Springer

Carol Springer (née Purkeypile; December 5, 1936 – August 9, 2018) was an American politician who served as the State Treasurer of Arizona from January 1999 until January 2003. A Republican, she was elected in November 1998.
During her tenure, all five of Arizona's statewide executive offices were held by women: Governor Jane Dee Hull, Secretary of State Betsey Bayless, Attorney General Janet Napolitano, Springer, and Superintendent of Public Instruction Lisa Graham Keegan.
Springer served as an Arizona State Senator for District 1 between 1990 and 1998. She ran in the 2002 gubernatorial primary election as a Republican. In 2005 she assumed the position of Yavapai County Supervisor.
# N. R. Elango

N. R. Elango is an Indian politician and a member of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). He is a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India, from Tamil Nadu in 2020.
# 1870 in Scotland

"none" is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
Events from the year 1870 in Scotland.

## Incumbents
### Law officers

* Lord Advocate – George Young
* Solicitor General for Scotland – Andrew Rutherfurd-Clark

### Judiciary

* Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice General – Lord Glencorse
* Lord Justice Clerk – Lord Moncreiff

## Events

* 6 July – Chartered Institute of Bankers in Scotland founded, the world's oldest such organisation.
* 26 September – George Watson's Hospital in Edinburgh reopens as reconstituted as a fee-paying day school, George Watson's College Schools for Boys.
* 4 October – first non-public hanging in Scotland: George Chalmers of Fraserburgh, 45, is hanged in Perth county gaol by the London hangman William Calcraft for the murder of a toll-keeper at Braco.
* November – the University of Glasgow moves from the Old College in High Street to a new campus and main building (designed by George Gilbert Scott) at Gilmorehill in the West End of Glasgow.
* 30 November – the first unofficial international Association football match, England v Scotland, takes place under the approval of the Football Association (FA) at The Oval, London. The Scotland team is selected by the FA from players in the London area with Scottish connections.
* Esplanade at Rothesay, Bute, completed.
* Mormond Hill White Stag hill figure created in Aberdeenshire.
* James Lamont & Co are established as ship repairers at Greenock.

## Births

* 14 March – Henry Gray, surgeon (died 1938 in Canada)
* 24 June – James Logan, international footballer (died 1896)
* 4 August – Harry Lauder, entertainer (died 1950)
* 18 October – J. H. Curle, mining engineer, traveller, writer, eugenicist and philatelist (died 1942 in Canada)
* William Roughead, lawyer and criminologist (died 1952)

## Deaths

* 15 February – William Burn, architect, pioneer of the Scottish Baronial style (born 1789)
* 23 February – Edward Maitland, Lord Barcaple, judge (born 1803)
* 26 February – John Duncan, theologian and Hebraist (born 1796)
* 24 April – Alexander Handyside Ritchie, sculptor (born 1804)
* 17 May – David Octavius Hill, artist and photographer (born 1802)
* 27 May – James Smart, chief constable (born 1804)
* 26 October – Thomas Anderson, botanist (born 1832)
* Uilleam Mac Dhun Lèibhe (William Livingston), Gaelic poet (born 1808)
# Cecil Shadbolt

Cecil Victor Shadbolt (1859 – 8 July 1892) was a British photographer, who pioneered aerial photography from flying balloons.

## Life

Shadbolt was born in 1859, the son of the mahogany dealer and photographer George Shadbolt.
He showed photographs of Welsh landscapes at the 1877 Photographic Society exhibition.
His first balloon ascent was in May 1882, at Alexandra Palace. He made his own device for attaching a camera to the basket below a balloon, allowing him to take pictures looking directly downwards. One of his images, taken from 2,000 feet (610 m) over Stamford Hill, is the earliest extant aerial photograph taken in the British Isles. A print of the same image, An Instantaneous Map Photograph taken from the Car of a Balloon, 2,000 feet high, was shown at the 1882 Photographic Society exhibition.
Shadbolt gave public lectures, using magic lantern slides, with the title Balloons and Ballooning, Upward and Onwards.
He was secretary of the West Kent Sunday School Union from 1886.

## Death

On 29 June 1892, he took a flight in a gas balloon owned by (or which he co-owned with; sources vary) his friend 'Captain' William D. Dale, at Crystal Palace. The balloon ripped during the initial ascent, at around 600 feet (180 m), and though those aboard dropped ballast, the basket crashed to the ground, immediately killing Dale. Shadbolt and the other passengers were taken to Norwood Cottage Hospital, but Shadbolt died on 8 July, aged 33. He was buried, alongside members of his family, in grave 1,932, square 113, at West Norwood Cemetery. His father was later buried in the adjacent plot.
An inquest at the hospital, on 12 July 1892, under coroner, Mr Jackson, returned verdicts of accidental death.

## Shadbolt Collection

The Shadbolt Collection of 76 glass lantern slides taken between 1882 and 1892 is held by Historic England, The slides were found at a car boot sale and subsequently purchased at auction by Historic England in 2015.

## Publications

* Harper, Henry Andrew (1888). Walks in Palestine. Religious Tract Society. – includes 24 photogravures by Shadbolt
** An 1894 edition was subtitled "With a Portrait and Brief Memoir of the Late Cecil V. Shadbolt".
# Maria Coleman

Maria Coleman (born 21 July 1969) is an Irish former sailor, who specialized in the Europe class. She represented her nation Ireland in two editions of the Olympic Games (2000 and 2004), and was once ranked second in the world for her signature class by the International Sailing Federation, the highest ever placement for an Irish sailor. Coleman trained throughout most of her competitive sporting career for the Royal Cork Sailing Club.
Coleman made her Olympic debut in Sydney 2000, finishing a credible twelfth in the Europe class with a satisfying net grade of 86, but narrowly falling short from the top ten spot by a two-point deficit.
At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Coleman qualified for her second Irish team, as a lone female sailor, in the Europe class by placing fifteenth and receiving a berth from the 2003 ISAF World Championships in Cadiz. Coleman endured most of the races with mediocre marks, before finding her form at the back end of the opening series with her first and only victory over a fleet of twenty-four other sailors. Coleman's triumph on the last round of the series, however, was not enough to move her towards the top of the leaderboard, ending her Olympic campaign in eighteenth overall with a net grade of 147.
# Prima (magazine)

Prima is a monthly women's magazine published in Paris, France. The magazine has been in circulation since 1982. It has editions in Spain, Germany, and the United Kingdom.

## History and profile

Prima was first published in October 1982. It was founded by Axel Ganz. The magazine is part of Prisma Press, formerly a subsidiary of the German media company Gruner + Jahr. It is published by Prisma Press on a monthly basis. The company also owns other magazines, including Femme Actuelle and VSD.
Prima has its headquarters in Paris and features articles about everyday living and fashion, beauty, decor and cuisine. Gwendoline Michaelis was one of the former editors-in-chief of the magazine which adopted a new motto, "rejoignez la communauté des créatrices" (French: Join the community of creative women) in June 2012.
Vivendi acquired Prisma Media from Bertelsmann in 2020 and later the company spun-out its publishing operation (including Prisma Media and Prima) into Louis Hachette Group in 2024.
Editions of Prima were also launched in Spain and Germany. Its another edition was started in the United Kingdom in September 1986. The British edition was sold in 2000 to Nat Mags and is published monthly.

## Circulation

In 1991, Prima had a circulation of 1,211,000 copies. Its British edition is the first monthly magazine in the United Kingdom of which circulation rose to more than one million copies. In 1999, Prima was one of ten best-selling magazines in France with a circulation of 1,030,000 copies.
During the period between 2003 and 2004 Prima sold 692,633 copies in France. Its circulation was 686,000 copies in France in 2005. In 2007, the circulation of Prima was 529,000 copies in France and 290,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The magazine had a circulation of 477,389 copies in France and 289,058 copies in the United Kingdom in 2010. The British edition sold 260,550 copies during the first six months of 2012. Its circulation was 307,012 copies in France in 2014. The circulation of the British edition was 195,556 copies in 2021.
# Zulfiqar Parkar

Zulfiqar Parkar (born 22 November 1957) is an Indian first-class cricketer who represented Mumbai (then Bombay). He made his first-class debut for Mumbai in the 1977-78 Ranji Trophy on 10 December 1977.
# Subir Bhattacharjee

Subir Bhattacharjee (born 21 December 1957) is an Indian former cricketer. He played three first-class matches for Bengal in 1981/82.
# Enith Brigitha

Enith Sijtje Maria Brigitha (born 15 April 1955) is a former leading competitive swimmer in the 1970s. She twice represented the Netherlands at the Summer Olympics, starting in 1972 (Munich, West Germany). She won two bronze medals at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in the women's 100 m and 200 m freestyle. Brigitha twice was named 'Dutch Sportswoman of the Year', in 1973 and 1974. She was the first black athlete to win a swimming medal in the Olympics.

## East Germany doping controversy

In the 100m freestyle, Brigitha finished behind two swimmers from East Germany, a country proven to have engaged in systematic doping of its athletes in the Montreal 1976 Olympic games. As a result, other athletes have called for Brigitha to be officially awarded the gold in the 100m freestyle and silver in the 200m freestyle. Brigitha has said she considers herself a gold medal winner.
American Shirley Babashoff, who would have earned three individual golds were it not for the East Germans, has been outspoken about this issue. She supports Brigitha and swimmers from other countries who were adversely affected by the East German illegal practices.