# Wauwatosa, Wisconsin

Wauwatosa (/ˌwɔːwəˈtoʊsə/ WAW-wə-TOH-sə; colloquially Tosa) is a city in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 48,387 at the 2020 census. Wauwatosa is a suburb located immediately west of Milwaukee and is part of the Milwaukee metropolitan area. It is named after the Potawatomi Chief Wauwataesie and the Potawatomi word for firefly.

## History

The lush Menomonee Valley of the Wauwatosa area provided a key overland gateway between the rich glacial farmland of southeastern Wisconsin and the Port of Milwaukee. In 1835, Charles Hart became the first Euro-American to settle here, followed that year by 17 other families. The following year a United States Road was built from Milwaukee through Wauwatosa, eventually reaching Madison. Charles Hart built a mill in 1845 on the Menomonee River which gave the settlement its original name of "Hart's Mill." The mill was torn down in 1914.
The Town of Wau-wau-too-sa was created by act of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature on April 30, 1840. As of the 1840 census, the population of the Town of Wau-wau-too-sa or Wauwatosa was 342. The town government was organized in 1842. The town's borders originally extended from the present-day Greenfield Avenue in the south to Hampton Avenue in the north, and from 27th Street in the east to the Waukesha County line in the west, encompassing sections of present-day Milwaukee, West Milwaukee and West Allis, plus the southern part of former North Milwaukee, which was wholly annexed into the city of Milwaukee in 1927. Most of the town was farmland through the remainder of the 19th century.
In 1849 the Watertown Plank Road was constructed through Wauwatosa, mainly following the old Madison territorial road. In 1851 Wisconsin's first railroad (later The Milwaukee Road) established Wauwatosa as its western terminus. The Village of Wauwatosa was incorporated from the central part of the Town of Wauwatosa in 1892, and was rechartered as the City of Wauwatosa on May 27, 1897.

### Expansion

On November 25, 1952, the City of Wauwatosa more than doubled its size by annexing 8.5 square miles (22 square kilometers) of land west of the Menomonee River, the entire remaining portion of the Town of Wauwatosa, which became the home to several large cold storage and regional food distribution terminals. Industrial plants owned by firms including Harley-Davidson and Briggs & Stratton were also constructed.
In the past 40 years, western Wauwatosa has become an edge city with an important commercial and retail district built up along Milwaukee's beltline Highway 100 and anchored by the Mayfair Mall.

### Removal of cross

In 1992, Wauwatosa received some national attention when the Wauwatosa Common Council, threatened with a lawsuit, decided to remove a Christian cross from the City's seal that had been adopted in 1957. The cross was replaced with the text "In God We Trust".
The seal itself had originally been designed by 9-year old Suzanne Vallier as an entry in a contest among Wauwatosa schoolchildren. The quadrants of the logo's shield represented, from top left going clockwise: an arrowhead representing the Indians who were the original inhabitants of the city; the mill representing Hart's Mill which was the original name of the city; the cross representing the "city of churches"; and the symbol used on street signs representing the "city of homes".

### 2020 shootings

On February 2, 2020, Alvin Cole, a 17-year-old African-American male, was shot and killed at Mayfair Mall by a police officer responding to a reported disturbance. According to authorities, Cole had been fleeing from police while carrying a stolen handgun. No charges were filed against the officer who fired the fatal shots, sparking protests.
On November 20, a shooting occurred at the mall, leaving eight people injured. The shooter fled the scene afterwards and remained at large for a day, until the arrest of a 15-year-old suspect.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.25 square miles (34.32 km$^2$), all land.
Eastern Wauwatosa is also known for its homes and residential streets, at one time just a short streetcar ride away from downtown Milwaukee. Prior to the arrival of Dutch elm disease, many of Wauwatosa's older residential streets had large gothic colonnades of American Elm trees. In Wauwatosa, the Menomonee Valley made it easier to quarry portions of the Niagara Escarpment, which provided the necessary materials for cream-colored bricks and limestone foundations used in many homes and public buildings throughout the region.

## Climate

Climate data for Wauwatosa, Wisconsin (Mount Mary University) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1946–present :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 60 (16) | 71 (22) | 86 (30) | 90 (32) | 95 (35) | 104 (40) | 108 (42) | 108 (42) | 100 (38) | 90 (32) | 78 (26) | 68 (20) | 108 (42) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 29.7 (−1.3) | 33.6 (0.9) | 44.3 (6.8) | 56.0 (13.3) | 67.5 (19.7) | 77.9 (25.5) | 82.8 (28.2) | 80.7 (27.1) | 73.8 (23.2) | 60.9 (16.1) | 46.8 (8.2) | 35.2 (1.8) | 57.4 (14.1) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 21.9 (−5.6) | 25.1 (−3.8) | 35.1 (1.7) | 46.1 (7.8) | 57.5 (14.2) | 67.9 (19.9) | 73.1 (22.8) | 71.2 (21.8) | 63.6 (17.6) | 51.2 (10.7) | 38.5 (3.6) | 27.9 (−2.3) | 48.3 (9.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 14.1 (−9.9) | 16.7 (−8.5) | 25.9 (−3.4) | 36.3 (2.4) | 47.5 (8.6) | 57.9 (14.4) | 63.3 (17.4) | 61.7 (16.5) | 53.3 (11.8) | 41.6 (5.3) | 30.1 (−1.1) | 20.6 (−6.3) | 39.1 (3.9) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −27 (−33) | −25 (−32) | −15 (−26) | 11 (−12) | 20 (−7) | 32 (0) | 40 (4) | 41 (5) | 27 (−3) | 16 (−9) | −8 (−22) | −22 (−30) | −27 (−33) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.48 (38) | 1.49 (38) | 1.79 (45) | 3.71 (94) | 3.73 (95) | 4.84 (123) | 3.57 (91) | 3.68 (93) | 3.02 (77) | 2.73 (69) | 2.05 (52) | 1.73 (44) | 33.82 (859) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 11.0 (28) | 9.9 (25) | 5.3 (13) | 1.5 (3.8) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 2.0 (5.1) | 9.8 (25) | 39.5 (100) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.1 | 8.6 | 8.9 | 11.7 | 13.0 | 10.9 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 8.5 | 10.6 | 9.1 | 9.9 | 120.4 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 7.3 | 6.2 | 3.4 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 5.6 | 24.7 |
| Source: NOAA ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $54,519, and the median income for a family was $68,030. Males had a median income of $46,721 versus $35,289 for females. The per capita income for the city was $28,834. About 2.3% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.9% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 46,396 people, 20,435 households, and 11,969 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,501.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,352.0/km$^2$). There were 21,520 housing units at an average density of 1,624.2 per square mile (627.1/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the city was 89.6% White, 4.5% African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.1% of the population.
There were 20,435 households, of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.2% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.4% were non-families. 34.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.92.
The median age in the city was 39.8 years. 21.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.9% were from 25 to 44; 26.7% were from 45 to 64; and 16.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.6% male and 53.4% female.

## Government

Wauwatosa has a mayor–council government. The mayor is elected to a four-year term.
The Common Council is composed of 16 aldermen, two from each of eight districts. They serve four-year terms, with one member from each district up for election every other year. The aldermen set policy and have extensive financial control, but are not engaged in daily operational management.

## Politics

Wauwatosa is mostly in the 4th house district for the United States House of Representatives, with small parts of northern Wauwatosa in the 5th Wisconsin congressional district.
Wauwatosa voters have supported Democratic, Republican, and Libertarian candidates.
United States presidential election in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, 2024 :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage |
| Democratic | Kamala Harris | 22,136 | 68.99% |
| Republican | Donald Trump | 9,312 | 29.02% |
| Others | | 637 | 1.99% |
United States Senate election in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, 2024 :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage |
| Democratic | Tammy Baldwin | 21,848 | 68.51% |
| Republican | Eric Hovde | 9,580 | 30.04% |
| Others | | 463 | 1.45% |
Wisconsin gubernatorial election in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, 2022 :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage |
| Democratic | Tony Evers | 18,544 | 69.80% |
| Republican | Tim Michels | 7,838 | 29.50% |
| Others | | 184 | 0.7% |
United States Senate election in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, 2022 :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage |
| Democratic | Mandela Barnes | 18,099 | 68.11% |
| Republican | Ron Johnson | 8,406 | 31.63% |
| Others | | 68 | 0.26% |
United States presidential election in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, 2020 :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage |
| Democratic | Joe Biden | 20,880 | 66.03% |
| Republican | Donald Trump | 10,104 | 31.95% |
| Libertarian | Jo Jorgensen | 399 | 1.26% |
| Others | | 237 | 0.76% |
Wisconsin gubernatorial election in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, 2018 :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage |
| Democratic | Tony Evers | 15,705 | 57.26% |
| Republican | Scott Walker | 11,276 | 41.11% |
| Others | | 448 | 1.63% |
United States Senate election in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, 2018 :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage |
| Democratic | Tammy Baldwin | 17,126 | 62.63% |
| Republican | Leah Vukmir | 10,162 | 37.16% |
| Others | | 57 | 0.21% |
United States presidential election in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, 2016 :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage |
| Democratic | Hillary Clinton | 16,316 | 56.87% |
| Republican | Donald Trump | 10,034 | 34.98% |
| Libertarian | Gary Johnson | 1,332 | 4.64% |
| Others | | 918 | 3.2% |
United States Senate election in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, 2016 :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage |
| Democratic | Russ Feingold | 15,038 | 52.31% |
| Republican | Ron Johnson | 13,147 | 45.73% |
| Others | | 563 | 1.96% |
Wisconsin gubernatorial election in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, 2014 :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage |
| Republican | Scott Walker | 12,875 | 51.83% |
| Democratic | Mary Burke | 11,713 | 47.16% |
| Others | | 252 | 1.01% |
United States presidential election in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, 2012 :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage |
| Democratic | Barack Obama | 15,220 | 50.61% |
| Republican | Mitt Romney | 14,511 | 48.25% |
| Others | | 344 | 1.14% |
United States Senate election in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, 2012 :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage |
| Republican | Tommy Thompson | 14,588 | 49.24% |
| Democratic | Tammy Baldwin | 14,516 | 49.00% |
| Others | | 522 | 1.76% |
Wisconsin gubernatorial recall election in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, June 2012 :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage |
| Republican | Scott Walker | 14,059 | 53.63% |
| Democratic | Tom Barrett | 12,033 | 45.90% |
| Others | | 125 | 0.47% |
Wisconsin gubernatorial election in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, 2010 :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage |
| Republican | Scott Walker | 12,579 | 51.84% |
| Democratic | Tom Barrett | 11,541 | 47.56% |
| Others | | 144 | 0.06% |

## Transportation

Wauwatosa is served by MCTS Routes 21, 22, 28, 31, 33, 66, 76 and 92. It is also served by Waukesha Metro route 1 and MCTS's BRT route, Connect 1 at the Milwaukee County Regional Center.
Interstate 41 runs on the westside of the city.
The westernmost portion of the Hank Aaron State Trail runs through the city.
The Canadian Pacific Kansas City (Milwaukee Road) Main line from Chicago to Miles City, which previously extended to Washington runs through Wauwatosa. The line had commuter service between Milwaukee and Watertown until 1972.

## Education

Wauwatosa is served by the Wauwatosa School District:
* High Schools: Wauwatosa West, Wauwatosa East
* Middle Schools: Whitman, Longfellow
* Elementary Schools: Eisenhower, Jefferson, Lincoln, Madison, McKinley, Roosevelt, Underwood, Washington, Wilson
* Additional school-district services are provided to juvenile residents of the Milwaukee County Grounds—at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and the Milwaukee County's Children and Adolescent Services Center—through the River Hills School on the Milwaukee County Mental Health Complex grounds. County juveniles in secure detention receive educational services through the Vel R. Phillips Juvenile Justice Center School within the Milwaukee County Children's Court building
Catholic elementary schools in the city include St. Bernard, St. Joseph, St. Jude and Christ King. Lutheran Schools include Our Redeemer and St. John's.

## Points of interest

Wauwatosa contains Milwaukee County's Regional Medical Center, which includes the Medical College of Wisconsin, the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, and Froedtert Hospital, one of two level-one trauma centers in the state. Other points of interest are the Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church designed by Frank Lloyd Wright; and the Memorial Center, built in 1957, which contains the public library, an auditorium, and the city hall. The Washington Highlands Historic District, a residential neighborhood designed in 1916 by renowned city planner Werner Hegemann, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, as was the Kneeland-Walker House. The Milwaukee County School of Agriculture and Domestic Economy Historic District, located on a former high school campus, was added in 1998. Other buildings on the list include Wauwatosa's oldest house, the Lowell Damon House; the Thomas B. Hart House; and the Wauwatosa Woman's Club Clubhouse.
In July 2019, the Tourism Commission of Wauwatosa sponsored the installation of several new murals by professional artists. The murals are curated by Milwaukee-based public arts agency Wallpapered City, and the artworks appear on buildings from 64th Street to 70th Street along North Avenue.'

## In popular culture

Wauwatosa is the home town of the narrator of an unrecorded song by Bob Dylan, "On, Wisconsin" (not to be confused with the University of Wisconsin fight song of the same name). The lyrics were written by Dylan in 1961, but the song remained unfinished until 2018, when local musician Trapper Schoepp wrote music to accompany Dylan's lyrics. Schoepp recorded the song at Wauwatosa's Wire & Vice studio for his album Primetime Illusion (2019).
An episode of the police procedural television show Criminal Minds, entitled "In Name and Blood" (S03 E02), was set in Wauwatosa.

## Notable people

* Matt Adamczyk, American businessman and politician
* Antler, poet
* Carole Barrowman, author and professor
* William Bast, screenwriter
* Henry S. Berninger, Wisconsin politician and businessman
* Bill Berry, musician
* Rebecca Bradley, Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court
* Fabian Bruskewitz, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lincoln
* Milton F. Burmaster, Wisconsin politician and lawyer
* Matthew Busche, cyclist
* Glenn R. Davis, U.S. Representative
* Fisk Holbrook Day, physician and geologist
* Nancy Dickerson, Peabody Award-winning journalist
* Sarah E. Dickson, first woman elected Presbyterian elder
* Jim Drake (director), American film and television director
* Anton Falch, professional baseball player
* Charles Fingado, Wisconsin politician
* Charles Thompson Fisher, Wisconsin politician and farmer
* James L. Foley Jr., Wisconsin politician and farmer
* Albert Fowler, mayor of Rockford, Illinois
* Eric E. Hagedorn, Wisconsin politician and electrical engineer
* Devin Harris, professional basketball player of the NBA
* Judson G. Hart, Wisconsin farmer and politician
* Stephen F. Hayes, author and political commentator
* Julius P. Heil, Wisconsin governor
* Michael W. Hoover, presiding judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals
* Mike Huwiler, Olympic athlete, MLS player
* John K. Iglehart, founding editor of Health Affairs and national correspondent of the New England Journal of Medicine
* Caroline Iverson Ackerman, American aviator, journalist, reporter, and educator
* Michael G. Kirby, Wisconsin politician
* Greg Koch, guitarist
* Christian A. Koenitzer, Wisconsin politician
* Mike Krol, musician
* Edwin N. Lightfoot, American chemical engineer and professor
* Joseph H. Loveland, Vermont politician
* William Martz, chess International Master
* Joseph McBride, author, film historian
* Ed McCully, Christian missionary killed during Operation Auca
* John Morgridge, former CEO and chairman of the board of Cisco Systems
* Walter Nortman, Wisconsin politician
* Nancy Olson, American actress
* Charles B. Perry, Wisconsin politician
* Roger Ream, educator
* John E. Reilly Jr., Wisconsin politician and judge
* Peggy Rosenzweig, Wisconsin politician
* Brad Rowe, actor
* Pat Ryan (executive), Insurance businessman
* Jeremy Scahill. investigative journalist, author, and director
* Richard Schickel, film critic and author
* William A. Schroeder, Wisconsin politician and lawyer
* Nevin S. Scrimshaw, American food scientist and professor
* Steve Sisolak, Governor of Nevada
* Tony Smith, retired NBA player
* Jerry Smith, professional basketball player
* Robert R. Spitzer, American agricultural researcher and President of the Milwaukee School of Engineering
* Andrew Stadler, professional soccer player
* Thomas A. Steitz, Nobel Prize-winning chemist
* Michael Torke, composer and musician
* Spencer Tracy, Hollywood actor
* Frederick D. Underwood, president of the Erie Railroad
* Scott Walker, 45th Governor of Wisconsin
* Grace Weber, singer and songwriter
* Richard S. Wheeler, American writer and newspaper editor
* David J. Wineland, Nobel Prize-winning physicist
* George Wylie, Wisconsin farmer and politician