# BBC-Marconi Type A microphone

The BBC-Marconi Type A is a ribbon microphone that was produced by the BBC and Marconi between 1934 and 1959. The microphone has been described as "iconic" and a symbol of the BBC.

## History

In the early 1930s, the BBC became aware of RCA's model 44 ribbon microphone that was used in Hollywood. Each pair of microphone and amplifier would have cost the BBC £130 (approximately £6,500 in 2009. because of inflation)). As this was not within the BBC's budget, they designed their own microphone, the Type A, alongside Marconi. There were initial concerns that the new design infringed the patent of the RCA microphone, but these were overcome. The Type A was produced at a cost of £9 each (approximately £475 in 2009).
The original Type A microphone was designed by engineer F. W. Alexander under the guidance of H. L. Kirke's Research Department at the BBC.
In 1940, the Type A was used in the broadcast of Charles de Gaulle's 1940 appeals.
In the early 1950s, the BBC began to design the Type A's successor. The first model was the pressure gradient PGD design. In 1953, production began on the PGS (pressure gradient single) ribbon microphone in agreement with the company Standard Telephones and Cables (STC). In the mid-1970s, STC's manufacturing was transferred to Coles Electroacoustics, who continue to manufacture the PGS under the model number 4038.

## Technical

Four versions of the microphone were produced – the "A", "AX", "AXB", and "AXBT". The original microphone used a thick aluminium ribbon which produced a harsh resonance. This was soon replaced with a thinner ribbon, and was named Type AX. In 1943, the AXB model was launched, which featured balanced wiring. In 1944, the microphone was renamed the AXBT with the addition of a Ticonal magnet to increase sensitivity by 6 decibels. The AXBT weighed approximately 9.25 pounds (4.20 kg).
The microphone had a figure-of-eight polar pattern. The aluminium ribbon was less than one micrometre thick.

## Footnotes

* 1 2 3 4 5 Coutant (2010)
* 1 2 3 BBC (2010)
* 1 2 Science and Society (2010)
* 1 2 3 4 Miller (2010)
* ↑ Sargeant (2010)
* 1 2 3 4 5 Beckwith (2009)
* 1 2 Based on a retail price index calculation
* ↑ Fisher (2009)
* 1 2 Shaw (2008)
* ↑ Coutant (2009)
* ↑ Standard Telephones and Cables (1963, p. 2)
* 1 2 Institution of Electrical Engineers (1961, p. 285)

## Sources

* BBC (2010), "BBC Microphone", BBC Collection Archive, London: BBC Online, archived from the original on 9 July 2010, retrieved 2 December 2015 (Wayback Machine cached version of page)
* Beckwith, Roger (2009), BBC Type A (1934 onwards), Old BBC Radio Broadcasting Equipment and Memories, archived from the original on 21 June 2007, retrieved 9 November 2010
* Coutant, Stan (2009), STC Brochures, Drums, PA: Coutant.org, retrieved 14 November 2010
* Coutant, Stan (2010), The British Broadcasting Corporation Type AX Marconi Ribbon Microphone, Drums, PA: Coutant.org, retrieved 5 October 2010
* Fisher, David (2009), "1934", Chronomedia, London: Terramedia, retrieved 5 October 2010
* Institution of Electrical Engineers (1961), The Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, vol. 108, London: The Institution
* Miller, Ant (2010), BBC R&D Heritage Microphones, London: BBC, retrieved 9 November 2010
* Sargeant, Paul (2010), Looking Back at the BBC, London: BBC, retrieved 9 November 2010
* Science and Society (2010), "BBC Marconi ribbon microphone, type AXBT, 1", Science Museum Picture Library, London: Science Museum, retrieved 5 October 2010
* Shaw, Alan A (2008), BBC Monitors 1922-1960, Haywards Heath, West Sussex: Harbeth Loudspeakers, retrieved 9 November 2010
* Standard Telephones and Cables (1963), 4038 Ribbon Microphone (PDF), London: STC, retrieved 14 November 2010