OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Takbirut Tashreeq

Takbir at-Tashreeq is the recitation of Takbir during the period of tashriq. It is practiced by Muslims from the time of the morning prayer on the 9th day of the month of Dhul Hijjah until after the afternoon prayer on the 13th day of Dhul Hijjah (before entrance of the dusk prayer). The 9th is the day of Arafah, the 10th is the first day of Eid al-Adha, and the period from the 11th to the 13th of Dhul Hijjah are the 2nd to 4th days of Eid referred to as days of tashriq. During the period of Eid fasting is not permitted. Scholars differ whether Takbir at-Tashreeq is compulsory or highly encouraged, there is also disagreement over the wording to be used.

## Origin

Ibrahim was ordered by Allah to sacrifice what is most beloved to him, his only son Ismail. So he prepared his own heart to sacrifice Ismail and told him of this. The son readily agreed to submit to Allah's wish. When Ibrahim began moving the knife on Ismail, the angels were sent with a ram from Jannah to replace Ismail. The angels exclaimed: Allahu Akbar Allahu Akbar (Allah is the Greatest, Allah is the Greatest). ‘Ibrahim heard the voice of the angels and said: "La 'ilaha 'ill-allahu wa Allahu Akbar" (There is none worthy of worship besides Allah and Allah is the Greatest).
Ismail heard this conversation and realized that Allah had relieved him from this great trial and so he said: "Allahu akbar wa lillahil hamd" (Allah is the Greatest and to Allah belongs all praise).
# Reality pedagogy

Reality pedagogy is a teaching and learning approach which is introduced by Christopher Emdin, professor in the Department of Mathematics, Science and Technology at Teachers College, Columbia University. This approach focuses on the understanding of students by the teacher. Here the teaching and learning is based on the reality of the student's experience. The teacher recognizes each student and from where he/she has come, it can be their culture or the community they belong to. Based on the information got by the teacher of the student, he/she uses that in the classroom as a point for instruction.
This approach also points out the need to create a space or environment where reality is brought into the classroom. The students should be able to relate to what the teacher teaches in class. The student's reality is the determinant of his/her behavior in the classroom. Therefore, the teacher needs to know the students, in order to have effective teaching and learning experience. Reality Pedagogy also brings to light critical thinking, where the role of the teacher is to create situations and engage students in critical thinking. This also allows them to express their views and voice out their opinion or ideas.

## The 7 C's

To have effective teaching and learning, there needs to be exchange of knowledge and skills between the teacher and students. This is done by tools called "5 C's", which allows the exchange of expertise.
* Cogenerative dialogue- Here the students and teacher discuss the class environment, whether the classes are helpful or not, and if not, what can be done to improve it.
* Co-teaching- Learning is more effective when one teaches. In this context, the teacher let's students make lesson plan and teach in the class. The teacher takes the place of the student, and the student takes place of the teacher. As a student knows the way in which they learn better, they know how to deliver or convey the information better and effectively. The student is allowed to teach from his/her own experiences.
* Cosmopolitanism- This tool focuses on equal distribution of classroom responsibility, so that the class benefits and progresses.
* Context- It is the use of certain behaviors of outside of the classroom, in the classroom. This makes learning effective as the students are as comfortable as they would be outside of the classroom environment.
* Content- The teacher needs to focus on the content that is more relevant and which can be easy to relate to the student's real experiences. The teacher needs to also know the level of students capabilities and transact the content.
* Competition - Students are given the space to engage in "coopetition" around academic content they are learning
* Curation - Archives from the classroom are studied with students (video recordings of instruction and or previous class/course work) with goal of improving teaching practice based on critical study of recorded and collected data
# Safa Giray of Crimea

Safa Giray of Crimea (1637–1703) was briefly khan of the Crimean Khanate (1691–92), between the second and third reigns of his cousin Selim I Giray. His father was Safa Giray (died 1637), one of the many sons of Khan Selâmet I Giray.
In 1691 Selim I resigned and was replaced by Saadet III Giray who, after less than a year, was removed by the Turks for military incompetence and replaced by Safa (December 1691). As Kalga and Nureddin he retained Devlet and Shahin Giray. He quickly became unpopular. He was accused of drunkenness, extortion, trading in soap and fish and tax farming. When the Ottomans called him to fight the Habsburgs most of the boys refused to go with him and the few who did gradually drifted away. The Crimeans requested that Selim I be restored, which was done. (October 1692). Safa settled on the isle of Rhodes, where he continued to trade. In 1703 he died in Karnobat in modern Bulgaria and was buried in the courtyard of the local mosque.
# Island City, Indiana

Island City is an unincorporated community in Stockton Township, Greene County, Indiana, United States.
Island City was the name of the Island City Coal Co.
Island City is also the Location of Island City Cemetery.
# American Remains

"American Remains" is a song written by Rivers Rutherford and originally recorded by the Highwaymen (Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings, Kris Kristofferson, and Willie Nelson) for their 1990 album Highwayman 2. The song follows the stories of 4 historically fictional men (a shotgun rider for the fictional "San Jacinto Line", a card shark, a Midwest farmer, and a Cherokee American Indian) in a similar vein to their cover of "Highwayman". Unlike in Highwayman, however, none of the characters are implied dead; their legacies are instead emphasized.
The song was chosen as the fifth track of the album and as a flip side to the lead single from it ("Silver Stallion" / "American Remains", Columbia 38-73233). In October of the same year, it was again released as a single, this time coupled with "Texas".
# Bahadır II Giray

Bahadir II Gerai (1722–1791). He came to power during the uprising of 1782. He was the eldest son of Akhmed Geray (d. 1750) and the grandson of Crimean Khan Devlet II Geray.

## Life

In 1777, Prince Bahadir Gerai became the leader of the Abaza people. In 1781, he was appointed and approved by his brother, the Crimean Khan Şahin Giray, serasker of the Edichkul horde. Ruling since 1777, Khan Shahin Gerai carried out pro-Russian radical reforms in Crimea, in particular, equalizing Muslim and non-Muslim populations. Reforms were extremely unpopular, and in 1781 led to an uprising that began in the Kuban and quickly spread to the Crimea. By July 1782, an uprising completely swept the entire peninsula, the khan was forced to flee, and his administration officials, who had not managed to escape, were killed. At the center of the uprising were the brothers Shakhin, princes Bahadir Gerai and Arslan Gerai . Bahadir Gerai was elected khan and is considered the last independent Crimean khan, since the short reign of Shakhin after him was a puppet character. Bahadir Gerai appointed his younger brother Arslan Gerai as a kalga-sultan.
The new Crimean government applied for recognition to the Ottoman and Russian empires. The first refused to recognize the new khan, and the second sent troops to crush the uprising. The troops were commanded in the Crimea by Anton Bogdanovich Balmen, and in the Kuban by Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov. By November 1782, the uprising was completely crushed, most of Bahadir's supporters through the North Caucasus went to Turkey, and Bahadir himself was captured and was imprisoned in Kherson. In 1783, he managed to escape to the Caucasus, and since 1789 he lived in Turkey. He died in Turkey on his estate in 1791 near Istanbul.
# Senna siamea

Senna siamea, also known as Siamese cassia, kassod tree, cassod tree and cassia tree, is a legume in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. It is native to South and Southeast Asia, although its exact origin is unknown.

## Description

It is a medium-size, evergreen tree growing up to 18 m (60 ft) with yellow flowers. Leaves are alternate, pinnately compound, with slender, green-reddish, tinged axis and 6 to 12 pairs of leaflets on short stalks, rounded at both ends.
It is often used as shade tree in cocoa, coffee and tea plantations. In Thailand it is the provincial tree of Chaiyaphum Province and some places in the country are named after it.

## Uses

This plant has medicinal value and it contains a compound named barakol. The leaves, tender pods and seeds are edible, but they must be previously boiled and the water discarded. They are used in Burmese and also in Thai cuisine where one of the most well-known preparations is kaeng khilek (Thai: แกงขี้เหล็ก).
In Burmese tradition, during the full moon day of Tazaungmon, Burmese families pick Siamese cassia buds and prepare it in a salad called mezali phu thoke (မယ်ဇလီဖူးသုပ်) or in a soup.
Other uses include as fodder plant, in intercropping systems, windbreaks, and shelter belts. As a hardwood, it is used for ornamentation on instruments (ukuleles and guitars) and decorative products. In this capacity it is known as pheasantwood or polohala, named for the similarity of the grain to pheasant feathers. It is sometimes used in Chinese furniture (known as jichimu) interchangeably with wood from the Ormosia species.
Scientific studies have established its medicinal potential, mainly on account of the anxyolitic properties of its main active chemical: barakol. It is sold in Asian pharmacies, mostly as a sleep aid, but also to treat constipation and as a hair balm.

## Vernacular names

* Burmese: မယ်ဇလီ, mezali
* Thai: ขี้เหล็ก, khilek
* Vietnamese: muồng đen
* Lao: ຕົ້ນຂີ້ເຫຼັກ, ton khi heak
* Twi: Nkyedua
* Ewe: Zangara gbe
* Kiswahili : mhoba
* Assamese: Xunaroo
# Kalala Ilunga

Kalala Ilunga (b. 16th century) was a Prince, King and one of the emperors of Luba Empire, the latter of which spread over the province of Katanga (before cutting) into Zambia and Zimbabwe. A mythic cultural hero who had invented much of Luba culture, Kalala is the first sacred King of the Kingdom of Luba and its most revered son.
Known as "The Warrior" and regarded as the most famous of Luba Kings for having been able to praise himself for his future exploits the same day he was born, Kalala Ilunga was the eldest son of Ilunga Mbili and nephew of King Kongolo Mwamba. From a young age, Kalala is an attractive option by his capacity warrior (like his father), his intelligence, powerful presence as well as his spiritual and mystical gifts.
Kongolo, on the other hand, already old and worried for his offspring and his empire ambitions and fearing revenge against Ilunga Mbili, will organize a plot to eliminate Kalala as well. During a ceremony at the Court, Kalala Ilunga, like all other Princes had to do a ritual dance before the king. In the dance hall had been dug a hole where there had concealed spears and fetishes so that Kalala Ilunga would fall over and die. However, priests Mbudie had echoes of the trap and alerted him. During the ceremony, Kalala Ilunga performed his dance with caution to avoid the trap. After the coup failed, Kongolo held another conspiracy with the complicity of a few soldiers.
It was expected that the slaughter Kalala Ilunga warriors on the battlefield. When the mutiny broke out, the faithful of the protected Kalala Ilunga and came out victorious. Thinking that his victory was gained, Kongolo went on the battlefield to find Kalala Ilunga living and supported by the soldiers. Kalala Ilunga went after Kongolo, caught him and killed him. He took care to take his head and his genitals with whom he returned to the capital of Mwibele. In exposing the people and the court, he was immediately proclaimed King of kings, Mulopwe (Emperor in Tshiluba).
# Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana

Vachellia nilotica subsp. kraussiana is a perennial tree native to Africa. All examples in southern Africa can be assigned to this race.

## Uses

Its uses include chemical products and wood. The bark is used to treat cough by the African Zulu.
# Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt

Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt LLP is a Canadian-based law firm founded in 1862. Osler is considered one of the Seven Sisters (law firms), a historical collection of seven law firms with offices in Toronto, Ontario.

## History

The firm was founded in 1862 by Britton Bath Osler, the eldest of three famous brothers—the other two being Sir William Osler, one of the four founding professors of Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Edmund Boyd Osler, an early president of the Dominion Bank (now, TD Bank). Osler would later join D'Alton McCarthy's Toronto partnership, subsequently known as McCarthy, Osler, Hoskin and Creelman. It was McCarthy's firm, Boulton & McCarthy, in Barrie, Ontario, which eventually became the firm now known as McCarthy Tétrault, reflecting the common heritage of the two firms.
McCarthy, Osler, Hoskin and Creelman became a leading law firm in Toronto. In 1968, Osler became the first large corporate law firm in Canada to admit a woman as a partner, Bertha Wilson, who went on to become the first female justice appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada. Osler died in 1900, and the firm would eventually, in 1916, adopt the current name of Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt.
# Shannon K. O'Neil

Shannon K. O'Neil is the senior vice president, director of studies, and Maurice R. Greenberg chair at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), a nonpartisan foreign-policy think tank and membership organization. She is an expert on global trade, supply chains, and industrial policy, as well as on Latin America, U.S.-Mexico relations, corruption, democracy, and immigration.

## Education

O'Neil holds a BA from Yale University, an MA in international relations from Yale University, and a PhD in government from Harvard University. She was a justice, welfare and economics fellow at Harvard University, and a Fulbright Scholar in Mexico and Argentina.

## Career

In addition to her work at CFR, O'Neil has taught in the political science department at Columbia University. Before turning to policy, O'Neil worked in the private sector as an equity analyst at Indosuez Capital Latin America and Credit Lyonnais Securities. She is a member of the board of directors of the Tinker Foundation. O'Neil has testified before Congress on U.S.-Mexico relations, immigration, corruption, and drug trafficking. O'Neil is a frequent guest on national broadcast and news programs. and regularly speaks at global academic, business, and policy conferences.

## Publications

O’Neil is the author of The Globalization Myth: Why Regions Matter (Yale University Press, 2022), which chronicles the rise of three main global manufacturing and supply chain hubs and what they mean for U.S. economic competitiveness. She also wrote Two Nations Indivisible: Mexico, the United States, and the Road Ahead (Oxford University Press, 2013), which analyzes the political, economic, and social transformations Mexico has undergone over the last three decades and why they matter for the United States. She is a columnist for Bloomberg Opinion, and her work has appeared in Foreign Affairs, Americas Quarterly, and Foreign Policy, among others.
# Aeghyna

Aighyna, Aeghyna, Aegyna, Aigino, or Aichina, probably a Saxon, was the duke of Gascony (Vasconia) from 626 or 627 to his death in 638. He succeeded Genial. The chief source for his reign is Fredegar.
He probably hailed from the Bessin, which contained many Saxon colonies at the time. He was mentioned as a Saxon dux in 626. He repressed the intrigues of the bishops Palladius and Sidocus of Eauze, exiling them for inciting Basque revolts, and even ordered the assassination of one of Charibert II's councillors in the palace at Clichy.
In 635, he took part in the great Frankish expedition against the Basques, which involved ten Burgundian duces and ten columns. Aeghyna was reinstated after this. He was certainly the duke of the Basques (Vascones) in 636, when he is recorded as conducting the Basque chiefs (seniores) who submitted to Dagobert I at Clichy. Though he is certainly not of Basque stock, whether he acted as a tribal leader with only tenuous ties to the Frankish monarchy or as the Frankish client duke of a vassal people is unknown.
# Aline Nistad

Aline Nistad (August 24, 1954 – September 23, 2017) was a Norwegian trombonist and music educator. As a female trombonist, she was considered a pioneer in her field.
She was born in Oslo and grew up in Aurskog-Høland. Nistad was taught to play piano at home by her mother but the trombone became her instrument of choice at school. She studied at the Østlandets Musikkonservatorium and the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. In 1979, she joined the Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra, where she was principal trombone. From 1986 to 1989, Nistad served as chairman for the orchestra. She was a member of the Oslo Sinfonietta, a contemporary classical music ensemble. Nistad retired from the Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra in August 2016. She taught trombone and chamber music at the Norwegian Academy of Music. Nistad also held master classes and was a guest instructor in Norway and internationally, particularly in the United Kingdom.
She died of cancer at the age of 63.
# Canmore (database)

Canmore is an online database or index to information on over 320,000 archaeological sites, monuments, and buildings in Scotland. It was launched by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland in 1997 as the Computer Application for National MOnuments Record Enquiries. Canmore provided access to the National Monuments Record of Scotland (NMRS), which was founded in 1966 as an amalgam of the important archive of plans and photographs held by the RCAHMS and the Ministry of Public Building and Works. The NMRS was further developed with material from the Scottish National Buildings Record, the National Art Survey, the Ordnance Survey and the Scottish Office Air Photographs Unit. Historic Environment Scotland has maintained Canmore since 2015. The Canmore website now provides access to the National Record of the Historic Environment (NRHE) formerly the National Monuments Record of Scotland (NMRS), and contains around 1.3 million catalogue entries. It includes marine monuments and designated official wreck sites (those that fall under the Protection of Wrecks Act), such as the wreck of HMS Pheasant (1916).
# Naryn (river)

The Naryn (Kyrgyz: Нарын, Uzbek: Norin) rises in the Tian Shan mountains in Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia, flowing west through the Fergana Valley into Uzbekistan. Here it merges with the Kara Darya (near Namangan) to form the Syr Darya. It is 807 kilometres (501 mi) long (together with its upper course Chong-Naryn) and drains a basin area of 59,100 square kilometres (22,800 sq mi). It has an annual flow of 13.7 cubic kilometres (11,100,000 acre⋅ft).
The river contains many reservoirs which are important in the generation of hydroelectricity. The largest of these is the Toktogul Reservoir in Kyrgyzstan containing 19.9 cubic kilometres (16,100,000 acre⋅ft) of water. Dams downstream of the Toktogul in Kyrgyzstan include: Kürpsay, Tash-Kömür, Shamaldy-Say and Üch-Korgon. Upstream of Toktogul in Kyrgyzstan are the Kambar-Ata-2 and At-Bashy Dams while the Kambar-Ata-1 Dam is in planning stages.
Some places along the river: Kyrgyzstan: Kara-Say (see Barskoon), Naryn Region, Naryn, Dostuk, Jalal-Abad Region, Kazarman, Toktogul Reservoir, Kara-Köl, Tash-Kömür.

## Tributaries

The main tributaries of the Naryn are, from source to mouth:
* Kichi-Naryn (right)
* On-Archa (right)
* At-Bashy (left)
* Kajyrty (right)
* Ala-Buga (left)
* Kökirim (left)
* Kökömeren (right)
* Chychkan (right)
* Uzun-Akmat (right)
* Kara-Suu (right)
# Aomori 3rd district

Aomori 3rd district is a single-member constituency of the House of Representatives in the national Diet of Japan. It is located on the island of Honshu, in Aomori Prefecture, and includes the cities of Hirosaki, Goshogawara, and Ajigasawa.
As of 2015, the district was home to 240,102 constituents.

## Areas covered
### Current district

As of 5 January 2023, the areas covered by this district are as follows:
* Hirosaki
* Kuroishi
* Goshogawara
* Tsugaru
* Hirakawa
* Nishitsugaru District
* Nakatsugaru District
* Minamitsugaru District
* Kitatsugaru District
As a result of the abolition of Aomori's 4th district in 2017, this district moved to where the 4th district used to be and gained the town of Goshogawara and the district of Kitatsugaru from Aomori's 1st district, while Aomori's 2nd district absorbed the areas formerly belonging to the 3rd district.

### Areas covered 2013–2017

From redistricting in 2013 until the redistricting in 2017, the areas covered by this district were as follows:
* Hachinohe
* Sannohe District
** Sannohe
** Takko
** Nanbu
** Hashikami
** Shingō
The only change was that the town of Gonohe in Sannohe district was moved to the 2nd district.

### Areas covered before 2013

From its formation in 1994 until its first redistricting in 2013, the areas covered by this district were as follows:
* Hachinohe
* Sannohe District

## Elected representatives

| Representative | Party | Years served | Notes |
| Tadamori Ōshima | LDP | 1996 - 2017 | Moved to the 2nd district |
| Jiro Kimura | LDP | 2017 - 2024 | |
| Hanako Okada [ja] | CDP | 2024 - | |

## Election results

2024 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | CDP | Hanako Okada | 86,593 | 49.6 | 14.6 |
| | LDP | Jiro Kimura | 73,848 | 42.3 | 22.7 |
| | Ishin | Jun'ya Nagasaka | 7,747 | 4.4 | |
| | Independent | Toshikazu Sonota | 6,531 | 3.7 | |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 332,270 | | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 53.66 | 0.37 |
| | CDP gain from LDP | CDP gain from LDP | CDP gain from LDP | CDP gain from LDP | CDP gain from LDP |
2021 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | LDP | Jiro Kimura | 118,230 | 65.0 | 0.8 |
| | CDP | Takashi Yamauchi | 63,796 | 35.0 | 9.5 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 53.29 | 2.73 |
| | LDP hold | LDP hold | LDP hold | LDP hold |
2017 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | LDP | Jiro Kimura | 128,740 | 64.2 | 13.0 |
| | Kibō no Tō | Takashi Yamauchi | 51,096 | 25.5 | |
| | JCP | Hiroaki Takayanagi | 16,510 | 8.2 | 1.9 |
| | Happiness Realization | Yūki Mikuni | 4,115 | 2.1 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 56.02 | 7.15 |
| | LDP hold | LDP hold | LDP hold | LDP hold |
# Bishop of Mauritius

The Bishop of Mauritius (French: Évêque de Maurice) has been the Ordinary of the Anglican Church in Mauritius in the Indian Ocean since its inception in 1854. The current bishop is Joseph Sténio André.

## Bishops

* 1854 Vincent William Ryan
* 1869 Thomas Goodwin Hatchard
* 1870 Henry Constantine Huxtable
* 1872 Peter Sorenson Royston
* 1891 William Walsh
* 1898–1903 Walter Ruthven Pym
* 1904 Francis Gregory
* 1919 Cyril Golding-Bird
* 1931 Hugh Otter-Barry
* 1959 Alan Rogers
* 1966 Edwin Curtis
* 1976 Ghislain Emmanuel
* 1978 Trevor Huddleston
* 1984 Rex Donat
* 2001 Ian Ernest
* 2020 Joseph Sténio André