OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Reviews of Geophysics

Reviews of Geophysics is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Geophysical Union. The current editor-in-chief is Fabio Florindo (National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology–Rome).

## History

Reviews of Geophysics (ISSN 0096-1043) was established in 1963. Between February 1970 and November 1984 it was named Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics (ISSN 0034-6853). Throughout the years its frequency varied. It was quarterly in 1970–74, five per year in 1975, quarterly again in 1976–78, eight issues in 1979, quarterly in 1980–82, and finally eight issues in 1983, before being renamed to Reviews of Geophysics in 1984.

## Aims and scope

As a review publication by invitation only, Reviews of Geophysics provides an overview of geophysics research. It integrates summations of previous scientific investigations with active research areas. Critical analysis of the progress in, and direction of, geophysics is provided. Topical coverage includes solid-earth geophysics, cryospheric science, oceans and atmospheric studies, meteorology, and oceanography), along with the physics of the solar system and its processes. For example, coverage includes processes that tend to concern the public such as rainfall rates, trends in marine fisheries, earthquake probabilities, and volcanic eruption potentials.

## Notable articles

The three most highly cited articles published in Reviews of Geophysics are:
Mellor, G. L.; Yamada, T. (1982). "Development of a turbulence closure-model for geophysical fluid problems". Reviews of Geophysics. 20 (4): 851–875. Bibcode:1982RvGSP..20..851M. doi:10.1029/RG020i004p00851.
Farr, Tom G.; Rosen, Paul A.; Caro, Edward; et al. (2007). "The shuttle radar topography mission". Reviews of Geophysics. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000183.
Stuart Ross Taylor and Scott M. McLennan (1995). "The geochemical evolution of the continental crust". Reviews of Geophysics. https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00262.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* Science Citation Index Expanded
* Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
* Chemical Abstracts
* Computer & Control Abstracts
* Electrical & Electronics Abstracts
* Physics Abstracts
* Energy Research Abstracts
* Engineering Index
* Excerpta Medica
* GeoRef
* GEOBASE
* International Aerospace Abstracts
* Mathematical Reviews
* SPIN
* Scopus
* PubMed
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 22.000.
# A Problem with Fear

A Problem with Fear, or Laurie's Anxiety Confronting the Escalator is a 2003 absurdist comedy film by Canadian film-maker Gary Burns.

## Plot

Laurie Harding (Paulo Costanzo) is a small shop clerk in the local Calgary mall. His world is full of tragic accidents - crosswalks, elevators, escalators and virtually anything associated with commercialism or technology is parodied as objects of fear and tragedy.
An elevator plunges 30 stories. A woman's scarf is caught in an escalator, strangling her to death. A man is struck by a car, right before Laurie had the premonition to not cross.
His own world is full of fear of these very events, his predictions of them, and his dependence on his less-than-sympathetic sister, Michelle (Camille Sullivan).
Michelle heads product development at the company Global Safety Inc., whose mission is to provide products to combat the "Fear Storm" which assails the city. With their "Early Warning 2 Safe System tm", the PDA-like device warns you of danger ahead of time and the "Safe Bracelet tm" senses your fear and allows you to beep for help.
Along with Laurie's prophetic powers, and the endless onslaught of accidents, the movie is full of absurd events: a mall announcer who continually requests a speaker of x foreign language - without any apparent reason; the same mall's population which slowly dwindles, being virtually empty by the film's end; an entire classroom population which is accosted simultaneously by hiccups;
Some of these are more apparently satirical of pop culture: to comfort himself, Laurie repeats commercial refrains, such "Rice-A-Roni, the San Francisco treat"; his girlfriend, Dot (Emily Hampshire), does a survey on "how the clothes you wear define you" - one she both detests and is obsessed by.
These events are framed by the pretextual plot of Laurie conquering his fears — and by extension, the fears of those around him. However, by the film's end, it is doubtful that anything has been changed or achieved.

## Cast

* Paulo Costanzo as Laurie
* Emily Hampshire as Dot
* Willie Garson as Erin
* Keegan Connor Tracy as Vicky
* Camille Sullivan as Michelle
* Benjamin Ratner as Alan
* Jennifer Clement as Tina
* James McBurney as Bill
* Marnie Alton as Daphne
* Melba Montgomery as The Escalator Lady
# Charles B. Mitchel

Charles Burton Mitchel (September 19, 1815 – September 20, 1864) was an American politician who served as a Confederate States senator from Arkansas from February 18, 1862 until his death in 1864. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented Arkansas as a U.S. senator in 1861.

## Biography

Mitchel was born on September 19, 1815, in Gallatin, Tennessee. He graduated from the University of Nashville, in 1833, and from the Jefferson Medical College in 1836; moved to Washington, Arkansas, and practiced medicine for 25 years. He owned slaves. He was a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives in 1848; receiver of public moneys, from 1853 to 1856; unsuccessful candidate for election in 1860 to the 37th United States Congress. Mitchel was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate, and served from March 4, 1861, until July 11, 1861, when he was expelled for support of the Confederacy. He was then elected to the Confederate States Senate at the first session of the Arkansas General Assembly and served until September 20, 1864, when he died the day after his forty-ninth birthday. He was interred in the Presbyterian Cemetery, Washington, Arkansas.
# California Coalition for Immigration Reform

California Coalition for Immigration Reform (CCIR) was a Huntington Beach, California-based political advocacy group devoted to immigration reduction, with an emphasis on combating illegal immigration to the United States. According to the organization's website, its objectives were to "promote and expand citizen and legal resident awareness by a practical, effective communication network" and to "mobilize citizens and legal residents to support elected representatives and legislation" who favor immigration reduction.
After the 2013 death of its original leader, Barbara Coe, the group renamed itself the National Council for Issue Reform.

## History

The CCIR was founded in 1994 by Barbara Coe, (1933 - 2013) who served as chairwoman of the organization until her death. Of Sioux and European American ancestry, Coe was born and raised on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. She was a police clerk who was allegedly using a department camera to photograph people she thought were illegal aliens and was fired .
The CCIR was a co-sponsor of California Proposition 187 (1994), which would have stopped public services such as education to illegal immigrants with public taxmoney. The proposition was approved by the electorate but overturned as unconstitutional by a federal court.
CCIR has sponsored billboards along the Arizona-California border that read, "Welcome to California, the Illegal Immigration State. Don't Let This Happen to Your State."
In 2006, a letter connected to Republican congressional nominee Tan D. Nguyen, was sent to 14,000 Hispanic voters in Orange County. It warned that immigrants who were citizens could not legally vote and may be deported if they did, which was untrue. It was issued on what appeared to be CCIR letterhead. The letter prompted a state and Department of Justice investigation, as it appeared to be trying to dissuade a targeted part of the population from voting. Nguyen said his office had not authorized it. Coe condemned the letter and said her organization had no part in it.
In the spring of 2010, Coe apparently sent an email that was eventually posted to an anti-immigrant list serv, where non-supporters also read it. The email advised supporters to vote for a particular candidate and to "lock and load" and prepare for "the time of reckoning".
In a July 29, 2010, email to supporters, Coe questioned whether Muslim Americans could become assimilated into U.S. society, writing, "However, since muslims subscribe to the teachings of the Koran – which is to torture/kill all non-believers – how do you suggest we ‘Americanize’ those who want us beheaded?” Coe wrote, "My efforts will be to share the TRUTH about these cold-blooded terrorists, urge others to strongly OPPOSE the building of mosques [terrorist training camps], and urge SUPPORT of all efforts to get them DEPORTED to their country of origin where they can commit their barbaric Satanic acts at will.”
Barbara Coe, the founder and chairwoman of California Coalition for Immigration Reform, died on August 31, 2013, at the age of 79. After this, the group renamed itself the National Council for Issue Reform.
# H.J.M. de Kok

Henk de Kok was a Dutch surgeon born in 1931. While working at the Beatrix Hospital in Gorinchem, the Netherlands, he pioneered surgical laparoscopy and was the first worldwide to perform an appendectomy assisted by laparoscopy in 1975. Henk died 25 December 2020.
Henk de Kok was the second youngest of a large family in the Netherlands and the 4th doctor among his siblings. His older brother, dr J.J.M de Kok (1919-1994) was both a surgeon and a gynecologist at the Amphia Hospital in Oosterhout. He had learnt the use of the laparoscopic procedure in Paris from the groundbreaking gynecologist Professor Raoul Palmer (1904-1985). As a medical doctor in training, Henk regularly came to visit his older brother during his residency and was allowed to assist in operations. Henk became fascinated by the potential use of the procedure for other purposes besides gynecology. Settling in as surgeon in 1971 at the Beatrix hospital in Gorinchem, he initially started using the laparoscopy to inspect patients with unexplained abdominal complaints and/or take biopsies. However, following four years of research, he performed his first laparoscopic appendectomy in 1975. During the next two years, dr de Kok developed a new surgical method that was a minimally invasive procedure, leading to considerable less scarring, performing his procedure successfully on 30 patients. While the procedure was new, Dr de Kok's largest research work evolved around the question of when an appendix should be removed. Following classic theory, the appendix would only be removed when it was about to be ruptured or had ruptured. Dr de Kok's theory was that the appendix was often the cause of patients with severe bouts of abdominal pain, even if the appendix had not yet ruptured and could be taken out proactively. His first publication describing his theory around the appendix as well as the use of the laparoscopy during surgery was published in a Dutch academic journal in 1977 appendectomy. Another well known doctor, the gynecologist Dr Kurt Semm (1927-2003), also performed an early laparoscopic appendix and published his findings in 1980. Both men met strong resistance, which only ended with the introduction of the laparoscopic cholecystectomy in France and Germany. During the rest of his medical career, dr de Kok continued to research his theory, publish articles - including in the controversial and non-peer reviewed Medical Hypotheses - and speak at conferences, most notably the International Laparoscopy Congress in Miami, USA, (Feb. 1981) to popularise the use of laparoscopy in surgical practice. He has been widely quoted by colleagues.
# Krowica Sama

Krowica Sama is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubaczów, within Lubaczów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-east of Lubaczów and 87 km (54 mi) east of the regional capital Rzeszów.
# Yekaterina von Engelhardt

Yekaterina von Engelhardt (Russian: Екатерина Васильевна Энгельгардт; 1761–1829) was a Russian lady in waiting and noblewoman. She was the niece and lover of Grigory Potyomkin, and the favored lady-in-waiting of Catherine the Great. Alongside her sisters, she was given a favored position at the Russian Imperial court during the reign of Catherine, where they were described as "Almost Grand Duchesses", the jewels of the court and honorary members of the Imperial family.

## Early life

She was the daughter of Wassily von Engelhardt (1720–1794), member of the Baltic German nobility and his spouse Yelena Alexandrovna Marfa Potemkin (d. 1775), niece of Grigory Potyomkin.

## Biography

She was introduced to the Russian court with her five sisters (and her brother) in 1775. They were initially uneducated and ignorant, but were soon given a sophisticated polish and made to be the most favoured women at the Russian court; they were treated almost as if they were a part of the Imperial family, and were to be known as : "almost Grand Duchesses" and as the "jewels" and ornaments of the Russian court. Potemkin gave them large dowries and had Catherine appoint them ladies-in-waiting. They were alleged to be the lovers of their uncle, which was one of the most known gossip subjects and scandals of the age.
She became a lady in waiting in 1777, and for a time, Empress Catherine's illegitimate son Bobrinskij was in love with her. Her relationship with Bobrinskij took place after his affair with her sister Aleksandra was ended in 1779, and was to continue on and off sporadically for the rest of his life. In 1780, she spent some time in the countryside with her sister Varvara, and it is possible that she gave birth to her uncle's child.
In 1781, she married Count Paul Martynovich Skavronsky, who died 1791. In 1798, she was married for love to Count Giulio Renato Litta (1763-1839). She was described as kind, passive and indolent.
# Walter H. Jurgensen

Walter H. Jurgensen (October 1894 – 1973) was the 20th lieutenant governor of Nebraska from 1933 to 1938.
Jurgensen was born in Madison, Nebraska, in October 1894 to Peter and Sophia (Paulsen) Jurgensen. He attended high school in Spencer, Nebraska and college at the University of Nebraska, and worked in the insurance business. He married Margaret J. Carper of Cass County in 1920.
Before seeking political office, Jurgensen served as president of the Western Union Life Insurance Company in Lincoln, Nebraska. In 1928 Jurgensen, then a Republican, challenged Charles J. Warner, then an incumbent state senator, in the Republican primaries for his seat in the Nebraska Senate, but he was unsuccessful.
Jurgensen was first elected Nebraska Lieutenant Governor as a Democrat in November 1932, defeating Republican incumbent Theodore Metcalfe as part of a Democratic landslide in the state connected to Franklin D. Roosevelt's election as President. He was reelected in 1934, defeating Charles W. Johnson, and he defeated former lieutenant governor George A. Williams to win reelection to a third-term in 1936. As Lieutenant Governor, he formally opened the first session of the new unicameral Nebraska Legislature in 1937.
Jurgensen was removed from office in June 1938, after being convicted in March 1938 of embezzling $549 in a stock transaction between a co-defendant and a railroad station agent in September 1934. Jurgensen contested the conviction and sought renomination for a fourth term as lieutenant governor, but was declared ineligible to participate in the primary. His successor, Democrat Nate M. Parsons, was elected to fill out the term—and served less than two months.
He was sentenced to serve two to five years, and was freed by the state pardon board in December 1940 after making an unopposed request to be released.
# Célé

The Célé (French pronunciation:) is a 104.4 km (64.9 mi) long river in the Cantal and Lot departments in south-western France, a tributary of the Lot. Its source is near Calvinet in the Cantal. It flows generally west through the following departments and towns:
* Cantal: Saint-Constant
* Lot: Bagnac-sur-Célé, Figeac
The Célé flows into the Lot at Bouziès.
# Theodore W. Metcalfe

Theodore W. Metcalfe (August 16, 1894 – February 19, 1973) was the 19th lieutenant governor of Nebraska.
Metcalfe was born in Omaha, Nebraska in August 1894, the son of Omaha mayor and Panama Canal Zone military governor Richard Lee Metcalfe and his wife Elizabeth Buehler.
A member of the Republican Party, he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska in the 1930 election, serving with Democratic Governor Charles W. Bryan, brother of William Jennings Bryan. In his position as Lieutenant Governor, Metcalfe took advantage of Bryan's occasional absence from the state to play practical jokes, and in 1931 he established the office of Admiral in the Great Navy of the State of Nebraska, a humorous and effectively meaningless role which references the fact that Nebraska is the only triply landlocked U.S. state.
In 1934, Metcalfe ran in Nebraska's gubernatorial election, and was defeated by Dwight Griswold in the Republican primary. He again ran for office in the 1940 election for Nebraska's 2nd congressional district, and was defeated by Democrat Charles F. McLaughlin. In 1952 and 1960, he served as a delegate to the Republican National Convention from Nebraska. He died on February 19, 1973, and is interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park, in Omaha, Nebraska.
# Keith Neville

Morell Keith Neville (February 25, 1884 – December 4, 1959) was an American politician from the U.S. state of Nebraska. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 18th Governor of Nebraska.
Neville was born in North Platte, Nebraska, the son of William Neville, and attended St. John's Academy. In 1905, he graduated from St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) in Annapolis, Maryland, where he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity. He returned to manage the family ranch and served as the director of the First National Bank in North Platte. He married Mary Virginia Neill on October 21, 1908, and they had four children.

## Career

Nicknamed the "Boy Governor" for his youth, 32 years of age, Neville was elected in 1916 as governor of Nebraska, serving from 1917 to 1919. During his tenure a rigorous liquor law was sanctioned and World War I issues were dealt with.
In 1918 Neville was defeated for re-election as governor by Republican Samuel R. McKelvie and returned to North Platte, where he continued to be active in banking and ranching as well as politics. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention from Nebraska in 1920, 1932 and 1956. He was the Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Nebraska in 1954, but lost to Republican Congressman Carl Curtis. For seventeen years, Neville also was coach of the North Platte High School football team.

## Death and legacy

Neville died December 4, 1959, and is interred at North Platte Cemetery in North Platte. He was a member of the Freemasons, the Elks, the Moose, the Odd Fellows, and Phi Sigma Kappa, as well as a member of the Episcopal Church.
The Nebraska State Historical Society holds papers relating to Neville's administration.
# Robert H. Daines

Robert H. Daines (April 14, 1905–August 2,1985) was a leading plant pathologist.

## Personal life

Daines was born in Preston, Idaho. He was member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and served as a missionary for the church. He married Anna M. Daines who eventually became a teacher and community leader in Metuchen, New Jersey, where she served as a member of the YMCA board.
Daines received his bachelor's degree from Utah State University and his master's degree and Ph.D. from Rutgers University. After getting his Ph.D. in 1934 he joined the Rutgers University faculty.
In the LDS Church he served as president of the New Jersey Stake, and beginning in 1967 as the first president of the New Jersey Central Stake.
Daines served three terms as a member of the Metuchen School Board. During his initial run for the office some opposition was based on his religion.

## Career

Daines was involved in the development of Captan and Phaltan, fungicides used to protect apple crops. He also was involved in developing Mertect. He was later involved in work to protect peach crops. He was a leader in observing the detrimental effects of industrial pollutants on plants. He served as secretary of the New Jersey Air Pollution Commission that adopted the first state air pollution control law. Daines made advances in the control of diseases in sweet potato crops. He wrote multiple books on home storage and plant disease.
After leaving Rutgers at age 70, Daines moved to Utah where he actively did research as an emeritus professor at Brigham Young University.
Among the Daines' children was Robert H. Daines III, was a prominent professor of business.

## Sources

* Bio of Daines
# Harry Dudkin

Harry Dudkin (June 25, 1908 – March 5, 1987) was an American Democratic Party politician and judge who served as Clerk of the New Jersey General Assembly.

## Early life

Dudkin was born in Newark, New Jersey on June 25, 1908. He graduated in 1929 from New Jersey Law School (now Rutgers School of Law–Newark). He was a member of the McClellan Law Club, a debating society, and won the Chester Sherman Prize for legal research. He was admitted to the New Jersey State Bar Association in 1931. He was also a 1951 graduate of the New Jersey Institute of Fire, Casualty and Life Underwriters.

## Background

From 1941 to 1949, Dudkin served as an Acting Judge of the Criminal Courts for the City of Newark. From 1949 to 1956, he served as the Secretary of the Newark Insurance Fund Commission. He later served as an Assistant Essex County Prosecutor.
In 1948, Dudkin was the Democratic nominee for the U.S. House of Representatives in New Jersey's 12th district against five-term Republican Congressman Robert Kean. Kean defeated Dudkin by 4,737 votes, 63,232 (50.8%) to 58, 495 (47.0%). President Harry Truman, campaigning in Newark on October 6, endorsed Dudkin, saying: "That means that here in Newark you're going to send Peter Rodino to the Congress, and Hugh Addonizio and Harry Dudkin to the House of Representatives. Every one of these men deserves your support. They will fight your battle in Washington, and how that fight needs to be made nobody knows better than I do. They will fight your battle there, and men like them all over the Nation will be fighting that battle--and will win that battle if you're behind us--the battle for the people, a fight which started with Jefferson, continued with Jackson, was won by Franklin Roosevelt in 1934."
Dudkin ran again in 1950, and lost by 8,598 votes, 54,123(53.1% to 45,525 (44.7%).
Dudkin was married to Hanna Levitin (1910–1993) of Norfolk, Virginia. They had one daughter, Gail Elizabeth, who married Ronald Merson.

## Death

On March 5, 1987, Dudkin was murdered while working at his family stationery store in East Orange, New Jersey.
"At first, detectives theorized that he had fallen and hit his head, but an autopsy the next day uncovered a .38-caliber slug in his head," the (Newark) Star-Ledger wrote in a story about cold cases. "By the time detectives canvassed the neighborhood, the crime was two days old." Only then did investigators realize that the store's daily receipts were missing." Dudkin was 79. His murder remains unsolved.