OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ampullary cupula

The ampullary cupula, or cupula, is a structure in the vestibular system, providing the sense of spatial orientation.
The cupula is located within the ampullae of each of the three semicircular canals. Part of the crista ampullaris, the cupula has embedded within it hair cells that have several stereocilia associated with each kinocilium. The cupula itself is the gelatinous component of the crista ampullaris that extends from the crista to the roof of the ampullae. When the head rotates, the endolymph filling the semicircular ducts initially lags behind due to inertia. As a result, the cupula is deflected opposite the direction of head movement. As the endolymph pushes the cupula, the stereocilia is bent as well, stimulating the hair cells within the crista ampullaris. After a short time of continual rotation however, the endolymph's acceleration normalizes with the rate of rotation of the semicircular ducts. As a result, the cupula returns to its resting position and the hair cells cease to be stimulated. This continues until the head stops rotating which simultaneously halts semicircular duct rotation. Due to inertia, however, the endolymph continues on. As the endolymph continues to move, the cupula is once again deflected resulting in the compensatory movements of the body when spun.
With each rotation, the hair cells undergo either depolarization or hyperpolarization, depending on whether the endolymph moves them toward or away from their adjacent kinocilia, respectively. When the endolymph moves in the opposite direction, the direction of stimulation is reversed accordingly, from depolarization to hyperpolarization or vice versa. The corresponding signal is transmitted to the brain by the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).
In their natural orientation within the head, the cupulae are located on the medial aspect of the semicircular canals. In this orientation, the kinocilia rest on the posterior aspect of the cupula.

## Effects of alcohol

The Buoyancy Hypothesis posits that alcohol causes vertigo by affecting the neutral buoyancy of the cupula within the surrounding fluid called the endolymph. Linear accelerations (such as that of gravity) should not in theory effect a movement of the cupula when it is neutrally buoyant. The Buoyancy Hypothesis assumes that alcohol, with a different specific gravity from that of the cupula/endolymph, diffuses at different rates into the cupula and the surrounding endolymph. The result is a temporary density gradient between the cupula and endolymph, and a consequent (erroneous) sensitivity to linear accelerations such as that of gravity by a system normally signalling rotational accelerations. This sensation is commonly referred to as "the spins".
# Age stratification

In sociology, age stratification refers to the hierarchical ranking of people into age groups within a society. Age stratification could also be defined as a system of inequalities linked to age. In Western societies, for example, both the old and the young are perceived and treated as relatively incompetent and excluded from much social life. Age stratification based on an ascribed status is a major source inequality, and thus may lead to ageism. Ageism is a social inequality resulting from age stratification. This is a sociological concept that comes with studying aging population. Age stratification within a population can have major implications, affecting things such as workforce trends, social norms, family structures, government policies, and even health outcomes.

## Age structure

Age stratification is not a fixed phenomenon, but rather varies with the passage of time and between cultures and populations. Shifting age structure of a population changes the age stratification. As life expectancy has increased dramatically in the last two centuries, the age strata by which people are characterized has changed. With people living longer lives than ever before in more developed areas of the world, there is now a category of "old-old" people which refers to persons ages 85+. Changes in the age structure of populations affects the way in which they distribute resources, along with a shift in expectations from different age strata. For example, as Japan's population has dramatically aged - with individuals aged 65+ accounting for approximately 25% of the population - the country has found itself with an unfavorable dependency ratio. In an effort to avoid economic downfall, the expectations of young-old and middle-old people have changed. Elderly citizens are encouraged to put off retirement, and the elderly tech market is booming.

## Age discrimination

Age is a major component of entry and exit for many parts of life – school, starting a family, retirement, etc. Shifting social status with age can lead to ageism. Discrimination by a person's age can have profound impacts on the way a society operates – including behavioral expectations, the distribution of resources, and even policies and laws.

### Workplace

In the United States, discrimination on the basis of one's age is prohibited in the workplace by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. Enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the act is meant to keep employers unbiased in regards to age when dealing with hiring, promotions, terms, etc. The law also makes it illegal for employees to be harassed due to their age. Emergence of new occupations can lead to a polarization of age cohorts by workforce. As a result, a quick shift of the occupational distribution increases occupational age discrimination.

### Health outcomes

The unequal distribution of resources and social support between age strata can lead to health disparities in the population. In the U.S., evidence indicates older adults face higher risk of experiencing depression and other mental health issues.
# Jules of the Strong Heart

Jules of the Strong Heart is a lost 1918 American silent drama film directed by Donald Crisp and written by William Merriam Rouse, Frank X. Finnegan' and Harvey F. Thew. The film stars George Beban, Helen Jerome Eddy, Charles Ogle, Raymond Hatton, Guy Oliver, and Ernest Joy. The film was released on January 14, 1918, by Paramount Pictures.

## Plot

As described in a film magazine, Jules Lemaire (Beban) comes to the lumbering country with an infant. He secures a position logging and the interest of Joy Farnsworth (Eddy), daughter of foreman Tom Farnsworth (Ogle). Big Jim Burgess (Oliver) becomes jealous of Jules and spreads false stories regarding the baby. A storm prevents the foreman from going to get the pay. This arouses the men and some want to attack Farnsworth. Jules offers to go get the money and Burgess goes along. Burgess leads Jules astray, and demands the note for the money, but Jules refuses to give it up. Burgess then tortures Jules, but is interrupted by the arrival of Joy and Herbert Sommerville (Neill), the latter having come for his baby. Burgess is captured, the money needed for the pay is secured, and the trio arrive just in time to save Farnsworth and his assistant from the wrath of the men. Sommerville takes his baby with him and Joy declares her love for Jules.

## Cast

* George Beban as Jules Lemaire
* Helen Jerome Eddy as Joy Farnsworth
* Charles Stanton Ogle as Tom Farnsworth
* Raymond Hatton as Ted Kendall
* Guy Oliver as Big Jim Burgess
* Ernest Joy as Jack Liggitt
* Horace B. Carpenter as Louis the 'Red Fox'
* Edward Martin as Head of the Trapping Company
* James Neill as Herbert Sommerville

## Reception

Like many American films of the time, Jules of the Strong Heart was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. For example, the Chicago Board of Censors required, in Reel 4, a cut of the slugging of Jules and, in Reel 5, two scenes of tortured man's side streaked with blood and two riot scenes.
# Jules Verne's Mysterious Island (2012 film)

Jules Verne's Mysterious Island is a 2012 adventure film directed by Mark Sheppard, very loosely based on Jules Verne's 1875 novel of the same name (L'Île mystérieuse). It premiered on Syfy on February 11, 2012. The film was released on DVD on May 29, 2012.

## Plot summary

During the American Civil War, five northern POWs escape by hijacking a gas balloon. Drifting through the night, they awaken to find themselves marooned on a desert island, but they are not alone.

## Cast

* Gina Holden as Julia "Jules" Fogg
* Lochlyn Munro as Captain Cyrus Harding
* Pruitt Taylor Vince as Gideon Spillett
* Susie Abromeit as Abby Fogg
* W. Morgan Sheppard as Captain Nemo
** Mark Sheppard as young Captain Nemo
* J. D. Evermore as Bonaventure Pencroft
* Caleb Michaelson as Hebert Brown
* Edrick Browne as Neb Nugent
* Lawrence Turner as Tom Ayrton
# Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.

Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc., 327 U.S. 146 (1946), was a U.S. Supreme Court case argued between the United States Postal Service and Esquire magazine. In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the USPS was without statutory authority to revoke a periodical's second class permit on the basis of objectionable material that was not obscene.

## Background

Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc. was the culmination of a bitter legal battle between Esquire magazine and the USPS that began in 1943. Taking offense to the Varga Girl and other pin-up style imagery, Postmaster General Frank Comerford Walker convened a hearing board in October 1943 to determine whether Esquire contained obscenity. A host of national figures were called in as witnesses to offer their "expertise" on whether the Varga Girl and other Esquire content was obscene, among them H. L. Mencken and Rev. Peter Marshall. The press had a field-day covering the affair and ridiculing the Postmaster General and his department. When the hearing board ruled 2–1 in favor of Esquire, Postmaster General Walker refused to accept their decision, and revoked Esquire's second-class mailing privileges. Esquire then filed suit in federal district court to enjoin the revocation order. Visiting Judge T. Whitfield Davidson ruled in favor of the Post Office in Esquire vs. Walker. Esquire appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals where Judge Thurman Arnold reversed the decision. Postmaster General Frank Walker (who was succeeded by Robert Hannegan in June 1945) appealed the case to the Supreme Court. In 1946 the Supreme Court handed down a unanimous decision in favor of Esquire.

## Opinion of the Court

Justice William O. Douglas wrote the opinion for the court:
   To uphold the order of revocation would, therefore, grant the Postmaster General a power of censorship. Such a power is so abhorrent to our traditions that a purpose to grant it should not be easily inferred ... To withdraw the second-class rate from this publication today because its contents seemed to one official not good for the public would sanction withdrawal of the second-class rate tomorrow from another periodical whose social or economic views seemed harmful to another official ... Congress has left the Postmaster General with no power to prescribe standards for the literature or the art which a mailable periodical disseminates.
The Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc. decision had important social implications for postwar society. The decision sanctioned the pin-up as a socially acceptable cultural symbol, and helped spur an unprecedented increase in pornographic magazines during the 1950s.
# Alfa Romeo Carabo

The Alfa Romeo Carabo is a concept car first shown at the 1968 Paris Motor Show. It was designed by Marcello Gandini, working for the Bertone design studio. The Carabo name is derived from the Carabidae beetles, as evoked by the car's iridescent green and orange coloring.
The Carabo was created by Bertone in just 10 weeks and featured fiberglass bodywork. It was never intended for production but was fully functional and showcased unique features such as its scissor doors, being the first known vehicle to feature them. The Carabo was one of the first "wedge" shaped designs by Gandini, who would later go on to design cars such as the Lamborghini Countach, and helped set the trend of wedge shaped supercars and concept cars in the 1970s.
The prototype was built on the chassis of an Alfa Romeo 33 Stradale (chassis No. 750.33.109.), which features a mid-mounted 2.0 L V8 engine mated to a 6-speed Colotti manual transmission. The Carabo engine made 230 bhp (172 kW; 233 PS) at 8,800 rpm and 200 N⋅m (148 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 7,000 rpm. This allowed it to be able to reach a top speed of 250 km/h (155 mph).

## Gallery

* Carabo with doors open
* Rear side view of the Carabo at the Alfa Romeo Museum
* Nuccio Bertone next to the Carabo
# Brian Balazik

Brian Balazik is a former American football quarterback.

## College career

Balazik lettered in football at University of Southern Mississippi, only seeing action while backing-up Lee Roberts his senior season, completing 1-of-2 passes for 6 yards and rushing once for -2 yards in two games, one a 42-24 win on October 4, 1997, against Louisville and the other a 33-0 win against Houston. He inexplicably graduated, though, from University of Montevallo.

## Professional career

A part of the expansion Montgomery Maulers's inaugural 2005 season in the National Indoor Football League, where the Mauler’s won the Atlantic Conference Central Division Championship.
Balazik was the only quarterback protected by Team Alabama for the 2008 All-American Football League draft.
In July 2009, Balazik accepted the position the head football coach at Oak Mountain Middle School. This school is the feeder for Oak Mountain High School which is a Division 6a Region 6 high school near Oak Mountain, Alabama.
# Beverly McIver

Beverly McIver (born c. 1962) is a contemporary artist, mostly known for her self-portraits, who was born and raised in Greensboro, NC. She is currently the Esbenshade Professor of the Practice of Art, Art History and Visual Studies at Duke University.

## Early life and education

McIver was the youngest of three daughters and raised by a single mother who worked as a maid to support their family. Her mother’s attention and resources were mostly focused on McIver’s older sister, Renee, who was mentally disabled. Her autobiographical paintings are richly colorful and chronicles her life struggle with her African-American identity.
While attending a predominantly white, affluent high school, McIver was a member of the school’s clowning club. Performing in clown makeup and a wig empowered McIver: “As a clown…I was transformed, and in many ways more acceptable to society. No one cared that I was black or poor. I was embraced.” Considering going to clown school for a brief period of time, McIver decided to pursue a career in art, earning her Master of Fine Art at Penn State University and an honorary doctorate from North Carolina Central University. She earned her Bachelor of Arts in Painting and Drawing at North Carolina Central University.

## Career

McIver's work explores personal identity, and besides self-portraiture she is known for painting the people who surround her in everyday life. She received several honors for her work including a Guggenheim Fellowship and the Louis Comfort Tiffany Award. A documentary about McIver's life entitled Raising Renee was featured on HBO and nominated for an Emmy award. In 2011, McIver was named "top ten in painting" for Art In America magazine. McIver also has works featured in the Mint Museum of Art & the North Carolina Museum of Art. She's currently the Esbenshade Professor of the Practice of Visual Arts at Duke University. Her work is also in the Weatherspoon Art Museum in Greensboro, N.C., the Baltimore Museum of Art, the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the NCCU Museum of Art, the Asheville Museum of Art, The Crocker Art Museum, The Cameron Art Museum, The Nasher Museum and the Nelson Fine Arts Museum on the campus of Arizona State University. She won the Rome Prize in Visual Arts from the American Academy in Rome in 2017-2018.

## Awards

McIver was a 2014 Artist-in-Residence at the McColl Center for Art + Innovation in Charlotte, NC. Her work has been reviewed in Art News, Art in America The New York Times and a host of local newspapers. She has received numerous grants and awards including the Anonymous Was A Woman Foundation grant, a John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship, a Radcliffe Fellowship from Harvard University, a Marie Walsh Sharpe Foundation award, a distinguished Alumni Award from Pennsylvania State University, a Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation Award and Creative Capital grant.
# Sibolangit

Sibolangit is a district or kecamatan in the Deli Serdang Regency in the Indonesian province of North Sumatra. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 19,980 and an area of 179.96 km$^2$; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 21,725.
It is the site of the Two Colours Sibolangit Waterfall.
On 26 September 1997, Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 crashed into woodlands in Sibolangit killing all 234 people on board. On 16 May 2016, a total of 21 tourists were killed in Sibolangit when a flash flood struck them. 200 personnel were deployed by the Search and Rescue Agency.

## Villages

The 30 villages are listed with their populations as at mid 2023, all sharing the postcode of 20357.

## Sibolangit Nature Tourism Park

The district holds the Sibolangit Nature Tourism Park (Taman Wisata Alam Sibolangit), home of a natural forest with little human disruption. The park attracts tourism, and has many young people acting as tour guides, participating in activities such as tree planting and religious activities. The region around the park benefits economically from agroforestry activities, with mangosteen, Durio crassipes and garcinia being amongst the top contributors to household income.

## Notable people

* Likas Tarigan
# Pia Giancaro

Pia Giancaro (born 12 March 1950) is an Italian former actress and television personality.

## Life and career

Born Maria Pia Gianporcaro in Palermo, the daughter of a Sicilian railroad worker and a Slavic mother, Giancaro in 1968 won the Miss Sicily beauty contest and entered the Miss Italy competition. One year later she made her television debut alongside Corrado in the RAI quiz show A che gioco giochiamo?. Shorty later Giancaro started appearing in films, mainly in character roles.

## Personal life

Giancaro married the prince Lillio Sforza Marescotti Ruspoli and retired from show business.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1971 | Return of Sabata | Diane (as Maria Pia Giancaro) | Drama western film |
| 1971 | Man of the Year | Friend of Coco | Comedy film |
| 1971 | Roma Bene | L'invitata in nude-look | |
| 1972 | Boccaccio | Monna Lisa | |
| 1972 | The Red Queen Kills Seven Times | Rosemary Muller (as Maria Pia Giancaro) | Crime horror mystery film |
| 1973 | The Bloody Hands of the Law | Lilly Antonelli | Crime film |
| 1974 | Il romanzo di un giovane povero | Margherita (as Maria Pia Giancaro) | Drama film |
| 1975 | Malocchio | Tanya | Crime horror film |
| 1976 | Geometra Prinetti selvaggiamente Osvaldo | Marisa Galbusera | Comedy film |
| 1977 | L'amantide | Annalisa Santoro | Drama film |
| 2003 | Tosca and the Women | Marchesa Attavanti (as Maria Pia Ruspoli) | Italian title: Tosca e altre due |
| 2010 | The Unseen World | Lady Cavendish | Biographical film |
# Yang Soo-jin

Yang Soo-jin (born 2 September 1988) is a South Korean pentathlete. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she competed in the women's competition, and finished in 24th place with a total score of 4964.
# Christin Sørum

Christin Sørum (born 12 January 1968) is a retired Norwegian long-distance runner who specialized in 3000 metres and cross-country running. She represented IL Skjalg.
In 3000 m she won a silver medal at the 1985 European Junior Championships, finished fifth at the 1986 World Junior Championships and fourteenth at the 1986 European Championships, having established a personal best time of 9:00.13 minutes in the heats of the latter competition. Her highest place from the IAAF World Cross Country Championships was a 21st place from 1986. In the team competition there she finished ninth, which was a repeat from 1985. Later she competed at the 1987, 1988 and 1989 World Cross Country Championships without the same amount of success.

## Personal bests

* 1500 metres - 4:13.88 min (1987)
* 3000 metres - 9:00.13 min (1986) - seventh among Norwegian 3000 m runners.
# Gina Sigstad

Gina Regland-Sigstad (September 16, 1927 – October 5, 2015) was a Norwegian cross-country skier who competed in the 1950s. She finished tenth in the 10 km event at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo.

## Cross-country skiing results
### Olympic Games

| Year | Age | 10 km | 3 × 5 km  relay |
| 1952 | 24 | 10 | — |
| 1956 | 28 | 22 | 4 |

### World Championships

| Year | Age | 10 km | 3 × 5 km  relay |
| 1954 | 26 | 25 | — |
| 1958 | 30 | 29 | 7 |
# Constituency RSM-164

RSM-164 is a reserved Constituency of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh.

## General elections 2013

| Contesting Candidates | Party Affiliation | Votes Polled |

## General elections 2008

| Contesting Candidates | Party Affiliation | Votes Polled |
# Windsor Free Festival

The Windsor Free Festival was a British free festival held in Windsor Great Park from 1972 to 1974. Organised by some London commune dwellers, notably Ubi Dwyer and Sid Rawle, it was in many ways the forerunner of the Stonehenge Free Festival, particularly in the brutality of its final suppression by the police, which led to a public outcry about the tactics involved.

## History

The first Festival in 1972 was promoted as "Rent Strike: The People's Free Festival", reflecting the political concerns of the organisers (coming as they did from squatting and commune movements), with an anti-monarchist choice of site in "the Queen's back garden". Attendance was about 700 in its first year, rising to 8,000 in 1973, and an even larger crowd in its final year.
The 1974 Festival, due to last for ten days, was broken up on the sixth morning by a large number of police. Early on Wednesday 28 August 1974 the site was invaded by hundreds of officers from the Thames Valley police force with truncheons drawn, who gave the remaining participants ten minutes to leave. Those who did not were arrested or evicted with a level of force that led seven national newspapers to call for an inquiry, and Roy Jenkins, the Home Secretary, to call for a report from the Thames Valley Chief Constable. Nicholas Albery, playwright Heathcote Williams and his partner Diana Senior successfully sued David Holdsworth, the Thames Valley Chief Constable for creating a riotous situation in which the police attacked the plaintiffs.
In 1975 both Ubi Dwyer and Sid Rawle were imprisoned, for attempting to promote a 1975 Windsor Festival. A further attempt to return to Windsor in 1978 led to another arrest for Dwyer. The government provided an abandoned airfield at Watchfield in 1975, in response to the public outrage, and as a means of moving the festival away from Royal castles, but the atmosphere of this event was poor compared to Stonehenge, where the energy of the People's Free Festival continued.