OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 539

This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 539 of the United States Reports:
| Case name | Citation | Date decided |
| Beneficial Nat'l Bank v. Anderson | 539 U.S. 1 | 2003 |
| Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. | 539 U.S. 23 | 2003 |
| Entergy Louisiana, Inc. v. Louisiana Public Service Commission | 539 U.S. 39 | 2003 |
| Citizens Bank v. Alafabco, Inc. | 539 U.S. 52 | 2003 |
| Hillside Dairy Inc. v. Lyons | 539 U.S. 59 | 2003 |
| Nguyen v. United States | 539 U.S. 69 | 2003 |
| Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa | 539 U.S. 90 | 2003 |
| Fitzgerald v. Racing Ass'n | 539 U.S. 103 | 2003 |
| Dow Chem. Co. v. Stephenson | 539 U.S. 111 | 2003 |
| Virginia v. Hicks | 539 U.S. 113 | 2003 |
| Overton v. Bazzetta | 539 U.S. 126 | 2003 |
| FEC v. Beaumont | 539 U.S. 146 | 2003 |
| Sell v. United States | 539 U.S. 166 | 2003 |
| United States v. American Library Ass'n | 539 U.S. 194 | 2003 |
| Gratz v. Bollinger | 539 U.S. 244 | 2003 |
| Grutter v. Bollinger | 539 U.S. 306 | 2003 |
| Am. Ins. Ass'n v. Garamendi | 539 U.S. 396 | 2003 |
| Green Tree Fin. Corp. v. Bazzle | 539 U.S. 444 | 2003 |
| Georgia v. Ashcroft | 539 U.S. 461 | 2003 |
| Wiggins v. Smith | 539 U.S. 510 | 2003 |
| Lawrence v. Texas | 539 U.S. 558 | 2003 |
| Stogner v. California | 539 U.S. 607 | 2003 |
| Nike, Inc. v. Kasky | 539 U.S. 654 | 2003 |
| Prato v. Vallas | 539 U.S. 1301 | 2003 |
# Alexandre Menjaud

Alexandre Menjaud (1773 – February 1832) was a French history painter in the Troubadour style. Most of his works were of very modest size.

## Biography

He was born in Paris. He received his initial training from Jean-Baptiste Regnault, who was a Neoclassical painter. His first exhibition at the Salon came in 1796 and he would continue to exhibit there until his death.
In 1802, he was awarded the Prix de Rome for his depiction of Julius Sabinus and Epponina before Vespasian. From 1802 to 1806, he is listed as a pensioner at the Academy of France in Rome, a period when young French artists were in a rather tenuous position due to the former occupation of Rome by the French Army.
By 1808, when the French had occupied Rome again, he was back in Paris and presented a painting at the Salon that showed King Henry IV having a drink with a humble miller named Michaud. It was a great success and he subsequently focused on scenes from French, rather than Classical history.
He received several commissions from the Imperial Family. After the First Restoration, he created a series of works on the lives of the great artists, such as Raphael and Tintoretto.
Menjaud died in Paris in 1832.
# Red-Tail Angels: The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen of World War II

Red-Tail Angels: The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen of World War II is a 1995 Children's picture book by Patricia and Frederick McKissack. It is about the African Americans of the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group of the USAF who were known as the Tuskegee Airmen.

## Reception

A Horn Book Magazine review wrote "Here is a piece of history that needed to be told, and the McKissacks have told it superbly." and " Impeccably documented, handsomely designed, thoughtfully executed, this book by two of our most committed and talented writers gives these pioneers' accomplishments meaning for a new generation." The School Library Journal called it a "well-crafted, thoroughly researched account" and recommended it as "A lively, compelling addition to any collection."
Red-Tail Angels has also been reviewed by Kirkus Reviews, Booklist, Publishers Weekly, and the American Book Review.

## Awards

* 1996 ALA Best Book for Young Adults
* 1997 Carter G. Woodson Book Award – honor
# UCL Centre for the History of Medicine

The UCL Centre for the History of Medicine (UCLCHM) was an academic research and teaching centre for the history of medicine at University College London (UCL) in London. It succeeded the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. The UCLCHM was founded in 2011, and from September 2011, it took over some of the former staff of the Wellcome Trust Centre at UCL, including four emeritus academic staff, six teaching staff, and associated staff in a number of other UCL departments.
The centre was based in the UCL Medical Sciences Building in the main UCL campus on Gower Street in the Bloomsbury area of Central London, close to the British Library and University College Hospital.

## History

In 1966, the Wellcome Trust funded the establishment at UCL of a Sub-Department in the History of Medicine, headed by Edwin Clarke, within UCL's Department of Anatomy. The UCL staff also had office space at the Wellcome Library in Euston Road, and academic librarians participated in the teaching and research functions of the UCL department. These cross-institutional arrangements were formalized in 1976 with the creation of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, the academic staff at the library becoming honorary lecturers at UCL. The Wellcome Institute was closed in 1999, being replaced by a new Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL on the one hand, and the Wellcome Trust Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine on the other, that continued to be a private library owned by the Wellcome Trust.
In February 2010 the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL was the first history unit in the world to be nominated for centre collaborative status with the World Health Organization. In April 2010 it was announced that the Wellcome Trust would not be renewing its grant for the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, and that it would be closed within two years.
On 15 March 2011 it was announced that a new research and teaching centre would be launched as the UCL Centre for the History of Medicine for the 2011/2012 academic year, no longer being a flagship Centre funded by the Wellcome Trust. It was announced that the new UCL Centre would relocate from the Wellcome Building on Euston Road to UCL's Medical Sciences Building on Gower Street and that its research focus would be the history of neurosciences and related fields.

## Closure

The UCL Centre for the History of Medicine was wound down and closed during the 2013–2014 academic session. The teaching programmes were transferred to the administration of the UCL Department of Science and Technology Studies. No further students were accepted after the 2013–2014 academic year and Prof. Jacyna has retired from UCL.
# List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 542

This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 542 of the United States Reports:
| Case name | Citation | Date decided |
| Elk Grove Unified School Dist. v. Newdow | 542 U.S. 1 | 2004 |
| Norton v. S. Utah Wilderness Alliance | 542 U.S. 55 | 2004 |
| United States v. Dominguez Benitez | 542 U.S. 74 | 2004 |
| Hibbs v. Winn | 542 U.S. 88 | 2004 |
| Pa. State Police v. Suders | 542 U.S. 129 | 2004 |
| F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd v. Empagran S.A. | 542 U.S. 155 | 2004 |
| Hiibel v. Dist. Ct. | 542 U.S. 177 | 2004 |
| Aetna Health Inc. v. Davila | 542 U.S. 200 | 2004 |
| Pliler v. Ford | 542 U.S. 225 | 2004 |
| Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | 542 U.S. 241 | 2004 |
| Tennard v. Dretke | 542 U.S. 274 | 2004 |
| Blakely v. Washington | 542 U.S. 296 | 2004 |
| Schriro v. Summerlin | 542 U.S. 348 | 2004 |
| Cheney v. D.D.C. | 542 U.S. 367 | 2004 |
| Beard v. Banks | 542 U.S. 406 | 2004 |
| Rumsfeld v. Padilla | 542 U.S. 426 | 2004 |
| Rasul v. Bush | 542 U.S. 466 | 2004 |
| Hamdi v. Rumsfeld | 542 U.S. 507 | 2004 |
| Missouri v. Seibert | 542 U.S. 600 | 2004 |
| United States v. Patane | 542 U.S. 630 | 2004 |
| Holland v. Jackson | 542 U.S. 649 | 2004 |
| Ashcroft v. ACLU | 542 U.S. 656 | 2004 |
| Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain | 542 U.S. 692 | 2004 |
| Jackson v. Birmingham Bd. of Educ. | 542 U.S. 903 | 2004 |
# War of the Cities (1387–1389)

The War of the Cities (German: Städtekrieg) began as a war between the Swabian League of Cities and the Bavarian dukes 1387−1389. It evolved into a war of influence between the nobility and free cities.

## Background

The Free imperial cities in the south of the Holy Roman Empire aimed towards defending their liberties against the territorial expanding states of Bavaria, Austria and Württemberg. The trigger for the war was a pact between the Swabian League of Cities and the archbishop of Salzburg, Pilgrim von Puchheim, both antagonists of Bavaria. This pact would have surrounded Bavaria from two sides. Bavaria took the Bishop captive and demanded the dissolution of the pact. German king Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia declared a Reichskrieg (ger. war of the realm) against Bavaria.

## Aftermath

Originating from a regional conflict, the war developed into a decision of the future role of king, nobility and cities in the Holy Roman Empire.
After three years of brutal war, which included south Germany in its entirety, the war ended with the Landfrieden of Eger on 5. May 1389 at the expense of the cities. The Swabian League of Cities was forbidden and dissolved. The cities had to pay war reparations and take other drawbacks. The conflicts couldn't be settled by this unjust peace and 1390 a new league of cities was founded.
# Postpaid mobile phone

The postpaid mobile phone is a mobile phone for which service is provided by a prior arrangement with a mobile network operator. The user in this situation is billed after the fact according to their use of mobile services at the end of each month. Typically, the customer's contract specifies a limit or "allowance" of minutes, text messages etc., and the customer will be billed at a flat rate for any usage equal to or less than that allowance. Any usage above that limit incurs extra charges. Theoretically, a user in this situation has no limit on use of mobile services and, as a consequence, unlimited credit. This service is better for people with a secured income.
Postpaid service mobile phone typically requires two essential components in order to make the 'post-usage' model viable:
* Credit history/Contractual commitment. This is the basis on which the service provider is able to trust the customer with paying their bill when it is due and to have legal recourse in case of non-payment
* Service tenure. Most postpaid providers require customers to sign long term (1–3 year) contracts committing to use of the service. Failure to complete the term would make the customer liable for early termination fees.
The bill itself is an important component of the services which acts as an ambassador of the service provider and at times as an evidence of the service itself. The bill needs to be readable, comprehensible as well as aesthetically attractive for the subscriber to be interested enough to see details other than the bill amount.
The United States and Canada are examples of countries dominated by postpaid providers, including AT&T, T-Mobile, and Verizon in the US and Bell, Rogers, and Telus in Canada, among others. In the US a smaller market has been captured by prepaid providers such as Boost Mobile, Metro by T-Mobile, Cricket Wireless, TracFone, and Ting, which use postpaid providers networks (e.g. Cricket runs on AT&T's network).
The alternative billing method is a prepaid mobile phone, where a user pays in advance for credit that is then consumed by use of the mobile phone service.
* This article related to telecommunications is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 543

This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 543 of the United States Reports:
| Case name | Citation | Date decided |
| Leocal v. Ashcroft | 543 U.S. 1 | 2004 |
| Norfolk S. Ry. Co. v. James N. Kirby, Pty Ltd. | 543 U.S. 14 | 2004 |
| Smith v. Texas | 543 U.S. 37 | 2004 |
| Koons Buick Pontiac GMC, Inc. v. Nigh | 543 U.S. 50 | 2004 |
| City of San Diego v. Roe | 543 U.S. 77 | 2004 |
| Kansas v. Colorado | 543 U.S. 86 | 2004 |
| KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc. | 543 U.S. 111 | 2004 |
| Kowalski v. Tesmer | 543 U.S. 125 | 2004 |
| Devenpeck v. Alford | 543 U.S. 146 | 2004 |
| Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Aviall Serv., Inc. | 543 U.S. 157 | 2004 |
| Florida v. Nixon | 543 U.S. 175 | 2004 |
| Brosseau v. Haugen | 543 U.S. 194 | 2004 |
| Whitfield v. United States | 543 U.S. 209 | 2005 |
| United States v. Booker | 543 U.S. 220 | 2005 |
| Jama v. Immigration & Customs Enforcement | 543 U.S. 335 | 2005 |
| Clark v. Martinez | 543 U.S. 371 | 2005 |
| Illinois v. Caballes | 543 U.S. 405 | 2005 |
| Comm'r v. Banks | 543 U.S. 426 | 2005 |
| Howell v. Mississippi | 543 U.S. 440 | 2005 |
| Bell v. Cone | 543 U.S. 447 | 2005 |
| Smith v. Massachusetts | 543 U.S. 462 | 2005 |
| Stewart v. Dutra Constr. Co. | 543 U.S. 481 | 2005 |
| Johnson v. California | 543 U.S. 499 | 2005 |
| Roper v. Simmons | 543 U.S. 551 | 2005 |
| Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt | 543 U.S. 631 | 2005 |
| IBP, Inc. v. Alvarez | 543 U.S. 1144 | 2005 |
# Rand Morrison

Rand Morrison (born June 22, 1949) is the winner of 10 Emmy Awards, two George Foster Peabody Awards and a duPont award. He has been the executive producer of "CBS News Sunday Morning" since September 1999.

## Background

Morrison was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on June 22, 1949. He started his career with the Associated Press and United Press International from 1977 to 1982. In 1982 he joined CBS News as a writer for "Nightwatch."

## Education

Morrison graduated from Ohio State University with a BA in English and from Northwestern University with a master's degree in journalism.

## Career

Morrison has been the executive producer of the "CBS News Sunday Morning" show since September 1999. The show averaged 6.1 million viewers during the first quarter of 2014 and it won a Daytime Emmy in 2014. Before his work with "CBS Sunday Morning" he was the executive producer of CBS News Productions from 1998 to 1999. He produced the 13-part "Century of Country" series about the history of country music for The Nashville Network. Prior to this, he was in senior management for several CBS News magazines. He was the senior broadcast producer for "Public Eye with Bryant Gumbel" from 1997 to 1998 and for "48 Hours" from 1996 to 1997. From 1993 to 1996 he was a senior producer for "Eye to Eye with Connie Chung."
# I Am Cold

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| PopMatters | 6/10 |
| Q | |
I Am Cold is the second studio album by post-punk band Rip Rig + Panic, released on 18 June 1982 by Virgin Records. Like the group's first album God, it was released as two 12" 45 rpm discs; the group's subsequent album Attitude would be a conventional 12" 33rpm release. In 2013, the album was reissued by Cherry Red Records on CD with an additional tracks taken from singles.

## Track listing

All music is composed by Sean Oliver, Gareth Sager, Bruce Smith and Mark Springer

## Accolades

| Year | Publication | Country | Accolade | Rank |
| 1982 | Rockerilla | Italy | Albums of the Year | 10 |

## Personnel

Adapted from the I Am Cold liner notes.

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| United Kingdom | 1982 | Virgin | LP | V 2228 |
| United Kingdom | 2013 | Cherry Red | CD | CDMRED 573 |
# Bangkok Haunted

Bangkok Haunted (Thai: ผีสามบาท) is a 2001 Thai horror anthology film directed by Oxide Pang and Pisut Praesangeam. It consists of three ghost stories, as told by three people sitting around in a darkened Bangkok bar.

## Premise
### '"Legend of the Drum'"

An antiques dealer discovers that a dancer's musical spirit possesses an old drum in her shop.

### "Black Magic Woman"

A lonely young woman is given an aphrodisiac perfume that is extracted from corpses.

### "Revenge"

A police cadet searches for the truth behind a girl's suicide by hanging.

## Cast

* Pimsiree Pimsee as Pagar
* Pramote Seangsorn
* Dawan Singha-Wee as Pan
* Kalyanut Sriboonrueng as Kanya
* Pete Thong-Jeur as Nop

## Release

At the time of its release in Thailand, Bangkok Haunted was the second-biggest grossing Thai horror film since Nang Nak in 1999.
The film was screened at the London Thai Film Festival on October 13, 2002.

## Reception

Variety critic Derek Elley noted the film's atmospheric stylistic touches and technique, saying the first segment, Legend of the Drum was the strongest in terms of storytelling. Black Magic Woman is "largely an excuse for soft-porn sequences between some yucky shocks", Elley wrote. He said Revenge has weak plot development and had an over-reliance on "flashy effects".

## Home media

Bangkok Haunted was released on Region 2 DVD on March 24, 2003 by Tartan Video and on Region 1 DVD July 26, 2005 by Panik House Entertainment.

## Sequels

In the Philippines, the unrelated 2003 film The Unborn was released as Bangkok Haunted 2: The Unborn on August 18, 2004 but It's Nakhon Sawan . The 2009 film Haunted Universities was also released in some territories as Bangkok Haunted 3 but there are Haunted Universities 2nd Semester and Haunted Universities 3.
# Jane Cathcart

Jane, Lady Cathcart (née Hamilton; 19 August 1726 – 13 November 1771) was a Scottish aristocrat who was the wife of Lord Cathcart, the British ambassador to the Russian Empire. She was a personal friend of Catherine the Great and a patron to Josiah Wedgewood.

## Life

Cathcart was born in 1726 in London. Her mother was Lady Jane Hamilton who was said to be the mistress of Frederick, Prince of Wales and she was the second wife of Lord Archibald Hamilton governor of the Royal Naval Hospital in Greenwich and youngest son of Anne Hamilton, 3rd Duchess of Hamilton.
On 24 July 1753, at her father's Royal Naval Hospital, she married Charles Cathcart, 9th Lord Cathcart.
Her husband was offered the role of Ambassador to Russia despite his lack of diplomatic experience as it was not an attractive appointment. He is thought to have accepted it, because he needed the money. He was there for some years but he made significant mistakes. However Jean fared better and she became a personal friend of Catherine the Great. She told the Empress about the work of her brother, Sir William Hamilton, who was an antiquarian. Cathcart was a patron to Josiah Wedgewood and her influence helped to create the sale of the Wedgewood Frog Service. The service was created in 1773-4 and is considered to be one of Josiah Wedgewood's greatest achievements. The pottery was stamped with a frog and the pieces contained views of notable British buildings, gardens and antiquities. The majority of the service is now in the Hermitage Museum.

## Personal life and children

On 24 July 1753 she married Charles Cathcart, 9th Lord Cathcart.
They had nine children and six survived:
* Jane (20 May 1754 – 5 December 1790), first wife of the John Murray, 4th Duke of Atholl
* William Cathcart, 1st Earl Cathcart (17 September 1755 – 16 June 1843)
* Mary (1 March 1757 – 26 June 1792), a celebrated beauty, who married Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch
* Louisa (1 June 1758 – 11 July 1843), married first, David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield (1727–1796); married second, The Hon. Robert Fulke Greville
* Charles (28 December 1759 – 10 June 1788)
* John (23 April 1761 – 00 January 1762)
* Archibald (25 July 1764 – 10 October 1841)
* [a son] (7 June 1768; stillborn)
* Catherine Charlotte (8 July 1770 – 20 October 1794), died unmarried
# Rugare Gumbo

Rugare Eleck Ngidi Gumbo (born 8 March 1940) is a Zimbabwean politician. He is a former Minister of Economic Development in the Zimbabwean government during the administration of Robert Mugabe.

## Early background

He grew up in colonial in Belingwe district (renamed Mberengwa after independence) district of Rhodesia on 8 March 1940, and was educated at a government secondary school. From his early teens he was involved in nationalist politics, and at the age of 22 was a branch chairman of the Fort Victoria (now Masvingo) ZAPU party under Joshua Nkomo.

## Political career

Gumbo was appointed as Minister of Economic Development in April 2005, following the March 2005 parliamentary election; this appointment involved splitting a new Ministry of Economic Development from the old Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. In this position, Gumbo launched the National Economic Development Priority Programme (NEDPP) on 19 April 2006, in an attempt to revive Zimbabwe's struggling economy within six to nine months. He was appointed as Minister of Agriculture in February 2007.
The Herald reported 3 January 2009, that Gumbo had been dismissed from the Cabinet earlier in the week, along with 11 other ministers, because he no longer held any seat in Parliament.
Gumbo was suspended from ZANU PF for 5 years with immediate effect on Thursday 14 November 2014. A few weeks later he was expelled from ZANU PF. Thereafter many more politicians who were said to be aligned to former Vice President Joyce Mujuru were to also be suspended and expelled. Gumbo is a founding member and elder of a political party formed in 2015, called Zimbabwe People First (ZimPF), which disbanded after differences with Mujuru.
Since 2003, Gumbo has been on the United States sanctions list, and from the following year also on the European Union sanctions list.
# John Peter Richardson III

John Peter Richardson III (September 25, 1831 – July 6, 1899) was the 83rd governor of South Carolina from 1886 to 1890.

## Family and early life

Richardson was born in Clarendon County, South Carolina, to John Peter Richardson II, a former Governor of South Carolina, and Juliana Augusta Manning. After graduating from South Carolina College in 1849, Richardson managed Elmswood Plantation in Clarendon County. He was also elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives during antebellum South Carolina.

## Service in the American Civil War

With the outbreak of the American Civil War, Richardson enlisted in the Confederate Army in 1862 and was on the staff of Brigadier General James Cantey until the end of the war. After which, he was elected in 1865 to the South Carolina House of Representatives and later that year to the South Carolina Senate. Richardson was not active in politics during the Reconstruction era, however in 1880 he returned as state Treasurer.

## Term as governor

In 1886, Richardson was endorsed by Clarendon County Democrats for the candidacy of governor. The recently formed Farmers' Association has significant influence in Richardson's nomination for candidacy. Richardson won the nomination for governorship, and subsequently went on to win the general election. He was inaugurated as governor on November 30, 1886.
During his second term as governor, Richardson established Clemson College, now known as Clemson University. Richardson initially opposed the creation of Clemson, because he thought that it would siphon funds away from the already existing University of South Carolina. However, he eventually relented in November 1889, when the college was established.

## Death

On July 6, 1899, Richardson died in Columbia.