OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2016 PGA Tour of Australasia

The 2016 PGA Tour of Australasia, titled as the 2016 ISPS Handa PGA Tour of Australasia for sponsorship reasons, was the 43rd season on the PGA Tour of Australasia, the main professional golf tour in Australia and New Zealand since it was formed in 1973.

## ISPS Handa title sponsorship

In June, it was announced that the tour had signed a title sponsorship agreement with ISPS Handa, being renamed as the ISPS Handa PGA Tour of Australasia.

## Schedule

The following table lists official events during the 2016 season.
| Date | Tournament | Location | Purse (A$) | Winner | OWGR points | Other tours | Notes |
| 7 Feb | Oates Vic Open | Victoria | 300,000 | Michael Long (3) | 7 | | |
| 12 Feb | Mercedes-Benz Truck and Bus Victorian PGA Championship | Victoria | 110,000 | Ashley Hall (3) | 6 | | |
| 28 Feb | ISPS Handa Perth International | Western Australia | 1,750,000 | Louis Oosthuizen (n/a) | 23 | ASA, EUR | |
| 6 Mar | Holden New Zealand PGA Championship | New Zealand | NZ$125,000 | Brad Kennedy (4) | 7 | | |
| 13 Mar | BMW ISPS Handa New Zealand Open | New Zealand | NZ$1,000,000 | Matthew Griffin (3) | 16 | | |
| 20 Mar | Coca-Cola Queensland PGA Championship | Queensland | 125,000 | David Klein (1) | 6 | | |
| 24 Apr | South Pacific Export Radler PNG Open | Papua New Guinea | 140,000 | Brad Moules (1) | 6 | | New to PGA Tour of Australasia |
| 1 May | Nexus Risk TSA Group WA Open | Western Australia | 100,000 | Curtis Luck (a) (1) | 6 | | |
| 15 May | TX Civil & Logistics WA PGA Championship | Western Australia | 120,000 | Stephen Dartnall (1) | 6 | | |
| 14 Aug | Northern Territory PGA Championship | Northern Territory | 150,000 | Jordan Zunic (2) | 6 | | New to PGA Tour of Australasia |
| 24 Sep | South Pacific Open Championship | New Caledonia | 140,000 | Adam Blyth (1) | 6 | | |
| 9 Oct | Fiji International | Fiji | 1,500,000 | Brandt Snedeker (n/a) | 16 | EUR | |
| 23 Oct | Isuzu Queensland Open | Queensland | 110,000 | Brett Coletta (a) (1) | 6 | | |
| 13 Nov | NSW Open | New South Wales | 400,000 | Adam Blyth (2) | 16 | | |
| 20 Nov | Emirates Australian Open | New South Wales | 1,250,000 | Jordan Spieth (n/a) | 32 | ONE | Flagship event |
| 4 Dec | Australian PGA Championship | Queensland | 1,500,000 | Harold Varner III (n/a) | 22 | EUR |

## Order of Merit

The Order of Merit was based on prize money won during the season, calculated in Australian dollars.
| Position | Player | Prize money (A$) |
| 1 | Matthew Griffin | 239,445 |
| 2 | Michael Hendry | 223,364 |
| 3 | Ashley Hall | 216,513 |
| 4 | Andrew Dodt | 168,660 |
| 5 | Jason Scrivener | 160,086 |

## Awards

| Award | Winner | Ref. |
| Player of the Year | Adam Blyth | |
# Chandrasekhar potential energy tensor

In astrophysics, Chandrasekhar potential energy tensor provides the gravitational potential of a body due to its own gravity created by the distribution of matter across the body, named after the Indian American astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. The Chandrasekhar tensor is a generalization of potential energy in other words, the trace of the Chandrasekhar tensor provides the potential energy of the body.

## Definition

The Chandrasekhar potential energy tensor is defined as
    $W_{ij}=-{\frac {1}{2}}\int _{V}\rho \Phi _{ij}d\mathbf {x} =\int _{V}\rho x_{i}{\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial x_{j}}}d\mathbf {x}$
where
    $\Phi _{ij}(\mathbf {x} )=G\int _{V}\rho (\mathbf {x'} ){\frac {(x_{i}-x_{i}')(x_{j}-x_{j}')}{|\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {x'} |^{3}}}d\mathbf {x'} ,\quad \Rightarrow \quad \Phi _{ii}=\Phi =G\int _{V}{\frac {\rho (\mathbf {x'} )}{|\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {x'} |}}d\mathbf {x'}$
where
* $G$ is the Gravitational constant
* $\Phi (\mathbf {x} )$ is the self-gravitating potential from Newton's law of gravity
* $\Phi _{ij}$ is the generalized version of $\Phi$
* $\rho (\mathbf {x} )$ is the matter density distribution
* $V$ is the volume of the body
It is evident that $W_{ij}$ is a symmetric tensor from its definition. The trace of the Chandrasekhar tensor $W_{ij}$ is nothing but the potential energy $W$.
    $W=W_{ii}=-{\frac {1}{2}}\int _{V}\rho \Phi d\mathbf {x} =\int _{V}\rho x_{i}{\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial x_{i}}}d\mathbf {x}$
Hence Chandrasekhar tensor can be viewed as the generalization of potential energy.

## Chandrasekhar's Proof

Consider a matter of volume $V$ with density $\rho (\mathbf {x} )$. Thus
    ${\begin{aligned}W_{ij}&=-{\frac {1}{2}}\int _{V}\rho \Phi _{ij}d\mathbf {x} \\&=-{\frac {1}{2}}G\int _{V}\int _{V}\rho (\mathbf {x} )\rho (\mathbf {x'} ){\frac {(x_{i}-x_{i}')(x_{j}-x_{j}')}{|\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {x'} |^{3}}}d\mathbf {x'} d\mathbf {x} \\&=-G\int _{V}\int _{V}\rho (\mathbf {x} )\rho (\mathbf {x'} ){\frac {x_{i}(x_{j}-x_{j}')}{|\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {x'} |^{3}}}d\mathbf {x} d\mathbf {x'} \\&=G\int _{V}d\mathbf {x} \rho (\mathbf {x} )x_{i}{\frac {\partial }{\partial x_{j}}}\int _{V}d\mathbf {x'} {\frac {\rho (\mathbf {x'} )}{|\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {x'} |}}\\&=\int _{V}\rho x_{i}{\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial x_{j}}}d\mathbf {x} \end{aligned}}$

## Chandrasekhar tensor in terms of scalar potential

The scalar potential is defined as
    $\chi (\mathbf {x} )=-G\int _{V}\rho (\mathbf {x'} )|\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {x'} |d\mathbf {x'}$
then Chandrasekhar proves that
    $W_{ij}=\delta _{ij}W+{\frac {\partial ^{2}\chi }{\partial x_{i}\partial x_{j}}}$
Setting $i=j$ we get $\nabla ^{2}\chi =-2W$, taking Laplacian again, we get $\nabla ^{4}\chi =8\pi G\rho$.
# Adam and Eve (Cranach, Besançon)

Adam and Eve is a c. 1508–1510 oil on limewood panel by Lucas Cranach the Elder, now in the Musée des Beaux-Arts et d'Archéologie de Besançon. It is one of the earliest in a series of works by the artist showing the fall of man, also including examples now in Florence and in Prague.
# Thakurdas Bang

Thakurdas Bang (1917 – 27 January 2013) was an Indian Gandhian philosopher and Gandhian economist. He was involved in the Indian independence movement. He practised Gandhism, Gandhian philosophy, Gandhian study even at the age of 95. He was also involved in Khadi and Sarvodaya movements. As an economic professor in G S College of Commerce he motivated many students like Madhukarrao Chaudhari, Justice Chandrashekhar Shankar Dharmadhikari and Ramakrushna Bajaj to participate in the freedom struggle. He is succeeded by Abhay Bang and Ashok Bang. Ashok Bang decided to work for issues related to farming and Abhay decided to work for health of villagers. Abhay and Rani Bang founded SEARCH (the Society For Education, Action and Research In Community Health) - a non-profit organization in Gadchiroli, which is involved in rural health service and research

## Early life

Thakurdas Bang was born at Ganori village in Amaravati District in Maharashtra went on to become an economics professor in a college started by one of Mahatma Gandhi's associates. He lived in Wardha district a town few miles away from Gandhi's ashram in Sevagram. He participated in the Quit India Movement in 1942 and was imprisoned for two years. During his role as a professor he conducted many lectures and organised camps to steer students to fight for freedom. He considered this as his greatest opportunity to prepare the students to fight against British Government in India.

## Meeting with Gandhi

On deciding to pursue his career as economist in the US, Bang wanted to seek blessings from Mahatma Gandhi. On conveying the reason for his visit to ashram, Gandhi uttered only one sentence "If you want to study economics, don't go to the US; go to the villages of India." This meeting with Gandhi changed his life completely and he started working along with his students in villages studying economics of farmers by living like them.

## Social and political life

After deciding to stay in India to study on village economics, he was involved in movements such as Bhoodan-land donation to landless, Gramdan-village commune movements. Being a follower of Jayaprakash Narayan he joined him in Sarvodaya movement along with other prominent leaders across the country. He was also in support with Narayan to offer a non-violent resistance in Sino-Indian War in 1962.

## Awards

* Bang was the recipient of Jamnalal Bajaj Award in 1992 under the category of constructive work. He received the award from the tenth President of India K R Narayanan.
* He was selected for the 2012 Nag Bhushan.
* He was honoured with the Maharashtra Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award For Social Work in January 2013.
# Minister for Veterans (Scotland)

The Minister for Veterans is a junior ministerial post in the Scottish Government. As a result, the Minister does not attend the Scottish Cabinet. The post was created in March 2023 after the appointment of the Humza Yousaf as First Minister of Scotland.

## Ministers

Minister for Parliamentary Business and Veterans :
| Name | Name | Portrait | Entered Office | Left Office | Party | First Minister |
| | Graeme Dey | | 27 June 2018 | 20 May 2021 | Scottish National Party | Nicola Sturgeon |
| Cabinet Secretary for Justice and Veterans |||||||
| Name | Name | Portrait | Entered Office | Left Office | Party | First Minister |
| | Keith Brown | | 20 May 2021 | 29 March 2023 | Scottish National Party | Nicola Sturgeon |
| Minister for Veterans |||||||
| Name | Name | Portrait | Entered Office | Left Office | Party | First Minister |
| | Graeme Dey | | 29 March 2023 | Incumbent | Scottish National Party | Humza Yousaf John Swinney |
# A Tale of Two Cities (1965 TV series)

A Tale of Two Cities is a British television series which first aired on BBC 1 in 1965. It is an adaptation of the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. Out of the 10 episodes produced, 8 are believed to be lost. Episodes 2 and 3 survive, and various promotional photographs and productions stills featuring the actors in costume are available online.

## Cast

* Patrick Troughton as Dr. Manette
* Nicholas Pennell as Charles Darnay
* Kika Markham as Lucie Manette
* Leslie French as Jarvis Lorry
* George Selway as Defarge
* John Wood as Sydney Carton
* Rosalie Crutchley as Madame Defarge
* Ronnie Barker as Jerry Cruncher
* Alison Leggatt as Miss Pross
* George Little as Jacques Three
* Jack May as Mr. Stryver
* Peter Bayliss as Barsad
* Diana King as Vengeance
* Artro Morris as Jacques Two
* Stephen Dartnell as Jacques One
* Rolf Lefebvre as Gabelle
* Ralph Nossek as Road-mender
* Darryl Read as Jerry Cruncher Jr.
* Nicholas Smith as Cly
* Jerome Willis as Marquis St. Evrémonde
* Janet Henfrey as Mrs. Cruncher
* Bernard Kay as President of Tribunal
# Billboard Music Award for Top R&B Female Artist

The following list shows the winners and nominees for the Billboard Music Award for Top R&B Female Artist. The award was first given in 2018 when gendered categories were added to the award show. SZA was the first winner, the most nominated artist in this category with four nominations, and has won this award the most with three wins.

## Winners and nominees

| Year | Winner | Nominees |
| 2018 | SZA | Beyoncé Rihanna |
| 2019 | Ella Mai | H.E.R. Queen Naija |
| 2020 | Summer Walker | Beyoncé Lizzo |
| 2021 | Doja Cat | Jhené Aiko SZA |
| 2022 | Doja Cat | SZA Summer Walker |
| 2023 | SZA | Beyoncé Rihanna |
| 2024 | SZA | Muni Long Tyla |
# Geike River

The Geike River is a river of Chile. It originates in the glacier of the same name.
# Under color removal

In printing, under color removal (UCR) is a process of eliminating overlapping yellow, magenta, and cyan that would have added to a dark neutral (black) and leaving the black ink only, called a full black, during the color separation process. Under color removal is used in process color printing. Black ink used to add details and darkness in shadowed areas is called a skeletal black.
With current ink technology, the total CMYK ink in the shadows refuses to stick after it reaches the dark shadows (usually above a 250% total CMYK coverage), and begins to peel off. To prevent this, printers developed UCR, in which neutral shadows – which would have normally been produced by overprinting the four inks cyan, magenta, yellow and black on top of each other (high ink coverage) – are replaced with the single layer of black. UCR removes the color inks under the black, resulting in a single layer of ink which sticks to the sheet better, and saves on the consumption of ink.
There is no universal rule for UCR. The amount required will depend on the printing press, paper, and ink in use. Advantages are that it solves the ink-not-sticking problem and that using black ink is less expensive than using several colors. A disadvantage is that black ink by itself in a shadow may not be dark enough. In this case CMY colors may be added for more accurate reproduction, this process being under color addition (UCA).
UCR is generally not recommended for use in printing due to its tendency to produce dull-looking images and artwork. (This problem can often be obviated on coated paper by use of an aqueous coating or UV coating applied on the press or as post-press. A press-applied coating can also eliminate the ink-sticking problem.) The main exception to this rule is that where working in newsprint, UCR is the best way to avoid the associated ink limit and registration issues. UCR is also recommended for some specific paper stocks, depending on the coloration and texture of the paper.
# Chōtoku Kyan

Chotoku Kyan (喜屋武 朝徳, December 1870 – 20 September 1945) (also spelled Chotoku Kiyan) was an Okinawan karate master who was famous for both his karate skills and his colorful personal life. He had a large influence on the styles of karate that would become Shorin-Ryu and its related styles.

## Early life

Chotoku Kyan was born the third son of Chofu Kyan, who was a steward to the Ryukyuan King before the country's 1879 annexation by Japan as Okinawa Prefecture, and originally belonged to the Kyan clan of senior court officials having home territory in Shuri Gibu village being also a genuine member of the Shuri warrior class, a concept of which was imported from Japan.
His father (born in 1839) was the eldest son of Motonaga Chōyō and a member of the 8th generation of the Motobu Udun, a clan belonging to royalty, and had been adopted into the Kyan family at the age of 17 in order to become the head of household of Chōtoku's grandmother Manabe, the third daughter of Kyan Uēkata Chōiku. He himself studied karate under Matsumura Sōkon. Chōtoku on the other hand was adopted back into the Motonaga family in order to continue the succession of his father’s family.
Kyan was noted for being small in stature, suffering from asthma and frequently bed-ridden. He also had poor eyesight, which may have led to his early nickname Chan Migwa (squinty-eyed Chan).

## Karate legacy

Kyan's father is noted as possibly having a background in karate and even teaching Kyan tegumi in his early years.
From the age of 16 Chōtoku studied under Matsumura Sōkon for two years. Afterwards, together with his father Chōfu he moved to Tokyo where he stayed for a total of 9 years as part of the inner circle of Marquis Shō Tai, the former and last king of the Ryūkyū kingdom. According to other sources with his father he moved to Japan at the age of 12, where he stayed until he was 16.
After returning home, probably at the age of 20 he began studying Tomari-te with Kosaku Matsumora and Kokan Oyadomari from Tomari village. Due to disagreement between sources as to the chronology of his relocations it's not possible to reliably establish the age corresponding to his training under these masters.
While at 30 years of age, he was considered a master of the karate styles known as Shuri-te and Tomari-te.
The two students to have trained with Kyan the longest were Tatsuo Shimabuku and Zenryō Shimabukuro, who studied with Kyan for over 10 years each. Kyan is also noted for encouraging his students to visit brothels and to engage in alcohol consumption at various times.
Kyan was a participant in the 1936 meeting of Okinawan masters, where the term "karate" was standardized, and other far-reaching decisions were made regarding martial arts of the island at the time.
Kyan survived the Battle of Okinawa in 1945, but died from fatigue and malnutrition in September of that year.
# Chris Lanooy

Johannes Christiaan "Chris" Lanooy (16 March 1881 – 24 January 1948) was a Dutch potter and designer, who worked as ceramist, painter, draftsman and sculptor, and he produced stained-glass art.

## Life and work

Lanooy was born in Sint-Annaland i 1881 as son of Cornelis Lanooij and Janna van 't Hof. Lanooy studied at the Royal Academy of Art, The Hague and was a student of the Roermond architect and artist Pierre Cuypers and Gouda painter and art teacher Jan Lugthart. As a ceramist, he was an autodidact.
He worked at ceramic factories in The Hague, Gouda en Purmerend, and at the Royal Leerdam Crystal glass factory in Leerdam. His work has been exhibited regularly at home and abroad. The Princessehof Ceramics Museum in Leeuwarden has more than a hundred works of Lanooy in the collection. In 2002 this museum dedicated a retrospective exhibition of his work. Twenty-five years earlier, in 1977, this museum also dedicated an exhibition to his work. This exhibition was opened by the then Minister of Culture, Recreation and Social work, Harry van Doorn.
Lanooy was married to Joanna Elisabeth Schuitemaker. He died in January 1948 at the age of 66 in the province of Gelderland in Epe. In September 2008, the renewed council hall of the town hall of Epe was renamed the Lanooy lounge, and contained a stained glass window of Lanooy.

## Public collections

Among the public collections holding works by Chris Lanooy are:
* Museum de Fundatie, Zwolle, Netherlands
* Kröller-Müller Museum, Netherlands

## Gallery

* Plate with monochrome blue glaze, 1925–50
* Vase with glaze decoration, 1925–50
* Dish with polychrome decor of pomegranates, 1930
* Plastic art, head of Guanyin, 1950
# Christela Jacques

Christela Jacques is a Haitian beauty pageant titleholder was appointed by the organization of Miss Universe Haiti as the Miss Universe Haiti 2012. She was chosen from among other 20 women to take the title. Miss Haiti 2012 and represented her country at the Miss Universe 2012 pageant.
# Raye-sur-Authie

Raye-sur-Authie is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Montreuil-sur-Mer, on the river Authie, the border with the Somme department.
# Christina Olague

Christina Olague /oʊˌlɑːˈɡi/ (born June 11, 1961) is an American senior and housing rights advocate and an American politician. She served on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 2012, representing District 5, which consists of Haight-Ashbury, part of Hayes Valley, the Inner Sunset, Japantown, and the Western Addition.
Olague was appointed to the post by mayor Ed Lee in the wake of her predecessor Ross Mirkarimi's election to be sheriff of San Francisco. However, she was defeated by challenger London Breed in the San Francisco Board of Supervisors elections, 2012. She was the first openly bisexual person to serve as a San Francisco Supervisor.

## Personal life

Olague grew up in a farm labor camp in California's Central Valley. The injustices she witnessed there drove her to participate in politics as a teenager, when she became involved in matters concerning immigrants, anti-war efforts, and opposition to nuclear energy.
Olague is openly bisexual.

## Political career

Olague was active in the Mission Anti-Displacement Coalition in the late 1990s fighting for low income residents of the Mission. She then worked with Senior Action Network. She worked to defeat Proposition 98 the statewide measure that would have banned rent control.
Prior to her appointment to the Board of Supervisors, she served as the president of the San Francisco Planning Commission. As planning commissioner, she worked to pass laws that would stop owner move in evictions of seniors, the disabled or the terminally ill. She lost her seat as a supervisor of a progressive district to London Breed. Her loss was due primarily to her controversial vote to allow Sheriff Ross Mirkarimi to remain in office despite his pleading guilty to a domestic violence charge.
She also served on the board of LYRIC, the Lavender Youth Recreation and Information Center for LGBT youth in the Castro, and was a member of the Harvey Milk LGBT Democratic Club, and the Transit Riders Union. Olague switched from the Green Party to the Democratic Party with the election of Barack Obama.
# Chuni Lal Bhagat

Chuni Lal Bhagat is an Indian politician and was Minister for Forest and wildlife, labour in the Punjab Government. He is member of Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP).

## Early life

He was born in Sialkot, British India on 1 December 1932. His father's name is Mehnga Ram and mother's name Rukmani Devi. He studied up to Matriculation.

## Business

He has a business of exporting sports goods.

## Political career

He contended election from Jullundur (Jalandhar) South in 1985 as an Independent candidate, but lost the elections. In 1997, he again contested from Jalandhar South as BJP candidate and became a member of Punjab Vidhan Sabha. He again won from Jalandhar South in 2007 In 2012, Jalandhar South underwent Boundary delimitation and he successfully contested from new constituency Jalandhar West. He was elected Deputy Speaker of Punjab assembly in 2011 after the resignation of Satpal Gosain. He was cabinet minister and hold portfolio of Local Government and Medical Education & Research. He was the leader of BJP legislative party in assembly from 2012 to 2017. He didn't contest election in 2017.

## Personal life

He was married to Late Sheela Devi. He has four sons and four daughters.
# Blatner

Blatner is a surname of German origin. Notable people with this surname include:
* Adam Blatner (1937–2021), American psychiatrists
* David Blatner (born 1966), American technology writer
* Dawn Jackson Blatner, American nutritionist
* Henry L. Blatner (1911–1978), American architect
# Cytherella fragum

Cytherella fragum is a species of seed shrimp in the family Cytherellidae.
# Potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide

Potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (commonly abbreviated as KHMDS, Potassium(K) HexaMethylDiSilazide) or potassium hexamethyldisilazane is the chemical compound with the formula ((CH$_3$)$_3$Si)$_2$NK. It is a strong, non-nucleophilic base with an approximate pK$_a$ of 26 (compare to lithium diisopropylamide, at 36).

## Structure

The methylsilyl groups give KHMDS good solubility in most organic solvents. Solution structures are either solvated monomers or dimers (or mixtures thereof) with this depending on the coordinating power, concentration, and temperature of the solvent. In general, weakly coordinating solvents such as toluene and N,N-dimethylethylamine give dimers, where as THF and diglyme gave monomers at high dilution. In the solid state, the unsolvated compound is dimeric, with two potassium and two nitrogen atoms forming a square. KHMDS conducts electricity poorly in solution and in the melt, which is attributed to very strong ion pairing.