OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pär Stenbäck

Pär Stenbäck (born 12 August 1941 in Porvoo) is a Finnish politician and debater. Stenbäck was elected to the Finnish parliament at the age of 28 and functioned as the party chairman for the Swedish People's Party 1977–1985. He was Minister of Education and then Foreign Minister in two governments, 1979–1983. This was followed by significant roles within the International Red Cross, International Youth Foundation, the Nordic Council of Ministers, the Swedish Cultural Foundation in Finland and several other organisations.

## Career

Stenbäck studied political science at Helsinki University. He worked as a journalist for YLE from 1964 to 1967.
Stenbäck has been a member of the city council of Espoo, and also the Finnish parliament (1970–1985). He was the Minister of Education (1979 to 1982), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1982 to 1983) and Party Leader of the Swedish People's Party (1977 to 1985). He received an Honorary Minister title in 1999.
He has also been the general secretary for the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) in Geneva from 1988 to 1992. He received the prestigious Henry Dunant Medal of the International Red Cross in 2009.
Between 1992 and 1997 he functioned as the Secretary General of the Nordic Council of Ministers in Copenhagen. In 1991, he took part in the founding of the International Youth Foundation (IYF), now situated in Baltimore, as a director 1991–1996, thereafter as VP for Europe until 2005. In 1995, he became a founding board member of the International Crisis Group. In 2001, together with ambassador Karl-Erik Norrman [sv], he founded the European Cultural Parliament, where he is the Chairman of the Senate. In the same year, he founded the Finnish Children and Youth Foundation and acted as its board chair until 2012. In June 2017, he founded the foreign policy association Nya Utrikespolitiska Samfundet.

## Publications

Stenbäck has published two books depicting his career in politics and in the Red Cross/Red Crescent movement (2007 and 2009). He is a regular columnist in the daily Hufvudstadsbladet (Helsinki).
* 2021, All världens vägar, Reflektioner på distans ISBN 9789527224434
* 2018, Demokrati under hot? ISBN 9789525864861
* 2009, Kriser och katastrofer: politik och humanitärt arbete ISBN 9789515018908
* 2007, När världen öppnade sig: en sextiotalskrönika ISBN 9789515016935

## Awards and recognition

* 2009, Henry Dunant Medal, International Red Cross/Red Crescent
* 1999, Honorary Minister title in Finland
# Charles A. Mooney

Charles Anthony Mooney (January 5, 1879 – May 29, 1931) was an American businessman and politician who served as a five-term U.S. Representative from Ohio.

## Biography

Born in St. Marys, Auglaize County, Ohio, Mooney attended public and Jesuit schools. He was graduated from St. Marys High School in 1895 and then engaged in the local life insurance business. He moved to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1910 and continued the life insurance business.

### Political career

He served as a member of the Ohio Senate from 1915 to 1919.
Mooney was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-sixth Congress (March 4, 1919 – March 3, 1921). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1920 to the Sixty-seventh Congress. He served as a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1920, 1924, and 1928.
Mooney was elected to the Sixty-eighth and to the four succeeding Congresses and served from March 4, 1923.

### Death

He died in Cleveland, Ohio, on May 29, 1931.
He was interred in Gethsemane Cemetery, St. Marys, Ohio.
# Irakli Chubinishvili

Irakli Chubinishvili (Irakli Chubini) is a former Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Georgia to the Russian Federation.
Previously a member of Zurab Zhvania's United Democrats Party, in February 2004, he was appointed by Georgian president Mikhail Saakashvili to the position of Chief of his administration. On 20 April 2005, the Georgian parliament approved the nomination of Chubinishvili to the post of ambassador of Georgia to Russia, a post he held until his resignation in January 2008. His replacement to the post in Moscow is Erosi Kitsmarishvili. After resignation Irakli Chubinishvili has moved to the United Kingdom and is involved in the private business consultancy.
# Canary-flycatcher

The canary-flycatchers (Culicicapa) are a genus of birds in the family Stenostiridae. The genus was erected by Robert Swinhoe in 1871. It is restricted to Southeast Asia. Canary-flycatchers have a fine-tipped bill which becomes broad and flat at the base. The sexes are indistinguishable in plumage. Young birds are neither spotted nor streaked.
There are two species:
* Grey-headed canary-flycatcher, Culicicapa ceylonensis
* Citrine canary-flycatcher, Culicicapa helianthea
# Stade du Petit-Bois

The Stade du Petit-Bois (French pronunciation:) is a multi-purpose stadium located in Charleville-Mézières, France. It is the home ground of OFC Charleville.

## History

The stadium was inaugurated on 15 July 1927 during the stage of the Tour de France ranging from Metz to Charleville. In 1928, the architect Jean Grey installed the reliefs that decorate the stadium entrance.
From 1927 to 1937, a stage of the Tour de France took place annually at the velodrome of the ground.
OFC Charleville play their home games at the Stade du Petit-Bois. The club has notably played in the Division 2 from 1992 and 1997. The record attendance for the stadium occurred during a Division 2 match against CS Sedan Ardennes on 2 October 1993. 5,600 people attended the match, but the home side went on to lose 3–0 to Sedan.
The Sedan-Charleville [fr] roadrace ended for several years at the stadium.
# Bras de Bronne

The Bras de Bronne (French pronunciation:; sometimes spelled Bras de Brosne) is a small river in northern France whose 10.8 km (6.7 mi) course crosses the departement of the Pas-de-Calais. Its source is at the hamlet of Etreuille, near the village of Saint-Michel-sous-Bois. It flows through the communes of Humbert, Sempy, Aix-en-Issart, Marant, Marenla and joins the river Canche at Marles-sur-Canche. In winter, it is fed by an even smaller river at the commune of Quilen. There's an ancient watermill at Sempy.
# Cross-amputation

Cross-amputation (Arabic: قطع من خلاف) is one of the Hudud punishments prescribed under Islamic jurisprudence (Sharia law) and involves cutting off the right hand and left foot of the alleged transgressor. The scriptural authority for the double amputation procedure is in the Quran (surah 5: 33-34) which stipulates:
   "The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and strive with might for mischief through the land is execution or crucifixion, or cutting of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land. As for the thief, male or female, cut off their hands and feet from opposite ends in recompense for what they have committed."
The right hand is always amputated during administration of the punishment regardless of whether the victim is right- or left-handed. This is because the Muslim faith decrees that the right hand should be used for clean purposes such as writing or eating, while the left is reserved for unclean tasks, such as cleaning following defecation. By removing the right hand as part of the punishment, the victim is subsequently forced to use his or her 'unclean' left hand for tasks such as eating, and this added humiliation or indignity is regarded as part of the punishment.

## Practice

The punishment, typically used for highway robbery (hirabah, qat' al-tariq) and civil disturbance against Islam, is usually carried out in a single session in public, without anaesthetic and using a sword. In some countries mentioned below doctors attend the amputations to manage blood loss and pain by administering tourniquets, analgesic medication and bandaging. The punishment is practised in Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Somalia; Mauritania, the Maldives; Iran; and Yemen.
# Brigette Tapene

Brigette Tapene (born 1985) is a New Zealand netball player in the ANZ Championship, playing for the Waikato/Bay of Plenty Magic.
# Leigh Larocque

Leigh Bertrand Larocque (March 6, 1934 – March 26, 2017) was a Republican politician who served in the Vermont House of Representatives. He represented the Caledonia-1 Representative District from 1992 to 1996 and again from 1998 to 2015.

## Early life and career

Larocque was born in Brownington, Vermont, the son of dairy farmer Donald O. Larocque, Sr. (1905–1996) and Beatrice Labor (1905–1992).
Larocque received his Certificate from Saint Johnsbury Trade School in St. Johnsbury, Vermont in 1952.
From 1956 to 1961, Larocque worked on the Saint Lawrence Seaway, Niagara Falls Power Project, and Moore Dam in Waterford, Vermont as a Project Inspector for Uhl, Hall and Rich, an engineering consulting firm. After leaving the field of engineering, Larocque then became owner and operator of his own dairy farm from 1962 to 1986. After selling the family farm, he worked for Charles Fenoff Redi-Mix from 1987 to 1995 as a Concrete Mix Plant Operator, and a Concrete and Soils Technician for Ebasco Services, a construction materials testing company.
Larocque was Chair of the Barnet Selectboard from 1988 to 2002.
# Linda Evans Parlette

Linda Rae Evans Parlette (née O'Neal, born August 20, 1945) is an American politician of the Republican Party. She was a member of the Washington State Senate, representing the state's 12th Legislative District. She served three four-year Senate terms, after serving four years in the House of Representatives.
Evans did not seek re-election in 2016.
Parlette served as Senate Republican Caucus Chair, was a member of the Health and Long-Term Care; Ways and Means; and Rules committees, and was the ranking Republican on the Capital Budget. She is an honor graduate of Washington State School of Pharmacy, a former graduate and Board of Director of the Washington State Ag-Forestry Leadership Program, a former member of the North Central ESD board and a former Chair of the Lake Chelan School board. Parlette serves as a member of the William D. Ruckelshaus Center's advisory board, is active in Rotary and other community activities, and currently resides in Wenatchee with her husband, Bob. Together they have five grown children and three granddaughters.

## Awards

* 2014 Guardians of Small Business award. Presented by NFIB.
# García Sánchez of Castile

García Sánchez (died 1029) was the last independent count of Castile from 1017 to his death. Son of Sancho García and his wife Urraca, he succeeded his father when he was only a boy.
During his minority the post of regent was held by several Castilian magnates and Urraca, Abbess of Covarrubias, the young count's aunt. The county fell under the protection of his brother-in-law, King Sancho III of Pamplona (Sancho the Great).
He reached his majority in 1028 and the next year travelled to León to marry Infanta Sancha, sister of Bermudo III of León. However, as he was entering the church of John the Baptist for the ceremony, he was assassinated by a pair of exiled Castilian noblemen, the brothers Rodrigo Vela and Íñigo Vela.
The countship was assigned to his nephew Ferdinand, younger son of his sister Muniadona and her husband Sancho the Great, who then married García's intended wife, Sancha.
# William C. Irvine (politician)

William C. Irvine (March 3, 1852 – July 27, 1924) was an American politician who served as the Treasurer of Wyoming as a Republican.

## Life

William C. Irvine was born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania on March 3, 1852 to James Ross and Jane M. Irvine. In 1872 he moved to the Wyoming Territory and became active in the cattle industry with him becoming the manager of the Ogalalla Cattle Company, the largest cattle company in Wyoming.
In 1889 he was selected as one of the Democratic delegates to the Wyoming constitutional convention to draft its constitution to be submitted for statehood. During the Johnson County War he joined 23 gunmen and 4 cattle detectives from the Wyoming Stock Growers Association with Bob Tisdale, W. J. Clarke, and Hubert Teshemacher and later became involved in a shootout where he was wounded. In April 1892 he was arrested for shooting O. H. Flagg, a cattle rustler, but was found not guilty. In 1903 he was appointed as treasurer of Wyoming and won a term in his own right in 1904. During the 1910 gubernatorial election he managed Joseph M. Carey's campaign. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate by one vote and served from 1913 to 1917 in the Wyoming Senate. During World War I he served as state director of war finance for Wyoming.
On July 27, 1924 he died in Santa Monica, California. His funeral was conducted by Freemasons with Senator John B. Kendrick, whom Irvine had supported for governor in 1914 and later for senator, in attendance to praise him.
# Wyvetter H. Younge

Wyvetter H. Younge (August 23, 1930 – December 26, 2008) was a Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives, representing the 114th District from 1975 until 2008. She served as the Assistant Majority Leader later in her career. Her district included Alorton, Belleville, Brooklyn, Cahokia, Centreville, East St. Louis, Fairview Heights, Mascoutah, Millstadt, O'Fallon, Sauget, Scott Air Force Base, Shiloh, Swansea and Washington Park.

## In the legislature

Her committee assignments included: Committee of the Whole; Housing & Urban Development; Approp-Elementary & Secondary Educ; Local Government; Child Support Enforcement; Revenue; Environmental Health (Vice-Chairperson); Subcommittee on Property Tax. She also was a member of the Illinois Legislative Black Caucus.

## Background

An attorney with a B.S. from Hampton Institute, a J.D. from Saint Louis University School of Law, and a L.L.M. from Washington University School of Law, Younge was a former Assistant Circuit Attorney for the City of St. Louis. Rep. Younge received the "Best Legislator" award from the UAW in 1993. She was married to Richard G. Younge, also an attorney, and they had three children, Ruth (deceased), Torque, and Margaret, and two step-sons, Richard Younge, Jr., and Roland Younge.
On August 3, 2022, the East St. Louis Higher Education Campus in East St. Louis, Illinois was renamed in Younge's honor, becoming the Wyvetter H. Younge Higher Education Campus. The renaming ceremony was widely attended by higher education officials across the region as well as Margaret Hewitt, Younge's daughter, who spoke at the ceremony.
The Wyvetter Young School of Excellence, located in East St. Louis, Illinois, is also named in Younge's honor.

## Death

Younge was hospitalized on December 9, 2008, after suffering from a bleeding artery. She died from surgical complications on December 26, 2008, at age 78 years old. She was replaced by Representative Eddie L. Jackson, also of East St. Louis, who served from 2009 to 2017. The 114th District is now served by Representative LaToya Greenwood.
# Æthelwulf of Berkshire

Æthelwulf of Berkshire (before 825 – 4 January, 871) was a Saxon ealdorman. In 860 he and other men of Berkshire fought off a band of pirates near Winchester, Hampshire. Later he mustered a force of 1400 men against an army of Danes, won the 31 December 870 Battle of Englefield on behalf of the then kingdom of Wessex. He received a land grant in 843/44 from Brihtwulf, king of Mercia; and lost his life at the Battle of Reading.
Æthelweard, in his account of the battle, reveals a curious fact about Æthelwulf, master of the art of the ambush: he was a Mercian and not a West Saxon. Not only this, Æthelweard says:
"In fact, the body of the dux (leader) mentioned above was carried away secretly and taken into Mercia to the place called Northworthig, but Derby in the Danish tongue."
# Joseph Koziura

Joseph Koziura (born March 8, 1946) is an American Democratic politician who served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1985 to 1995 and again from 2001 until 2010.

## Life and career

A native of Lorain, Ohio, Koziura, born on March 8, 1953, first ran and won a seat in the Ohio House of Representatives in 1984. He quickly rose in the ranks, and worked as an advocate for new development and innovation for his hometown of Lorain. Notably, Koziura was an early advocate for casinos in Ohio. He also championed women's rights law early in his career, and voting rights. Koziura was also influential on education initiatives, working closely with Ohio Governor George Voinovich throughout the 1990s.
In 1995, Koziura ran for Mayor of Lorain. He campaigned on the basis of his experience in the Ohio House. He won the election, took office on January 3, 1996, resigned from his House seat, and was succeeded by Dan Metelsky. His time as mayor was marked by colorful events, including a time when a felon threatened and punched Koziura while in his office. Soon after, he was arrested for drunken driving.
When Koziura ran for re-election of Mayor, his inappropriate remarks about senior citizens and the working class allowed Craig Foltin, a Republican, to win in a Democratic (70/30) city.
Koziura lost again when he faced Republican Tom Williams, a first time candidate with no political experience, for Lorain County Commissioner.
In May 2019, Koziura lost his primary election. On June 9, 2019, at 4:30 pm Koziura asked the Democratic Precinct members to appoint him as interim Mayor, promising to unite the party.

## Return to the Ohio House of Representatives

By 2001, Metelsky had resigned to seek another office, leaving Koziura's former seat open again. Wanting out of the mayor's office, he accepted an appointment back in his old seat in the Ohio House. He was sworn into office on October 30, 2001, and won a full term in November 2002. He won reelection in 2004, and again in 2006. By 2008, Democrats had again attained control of the House, and Koziura was named to several powerful committees.
Because of term limits, he was unable to run for reelection in 2010, after nine years in the post. He ran for county commissioner in Lorain County. Koziura was the only Democrat to lose a county race in the heavily Democratic county. His Republican opponent was new to politics and never ran / held office before. Koziura’s lost continued his losing streak against Republicans and put a Republican on the board of Lorain County Commissioners, for the second time, since World War II. Joe later returned to Lorain to serve on council, until losing his primary race in May 2019.
# 51 Orionis

51 Orionis is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Orion. It has the Bayer designation b Orionis, while 51 Orionis is the Flamsteed designation. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.90. It is located approximately 299 light-years away from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +88 km/s.
This is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K1III, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and expanded to 19 times the Sun's radius. It is four billion years old with 1.11 times the mass of the Sun. The star is radiating 132 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,458 K.
# Stephen D. Canady

Stephen D. Canady (March 3, 1865–August 23, 1923) was an American businessman and politician.
Canady was born on a farm neat Litchfield, Illinois. He graduated from Litchfield High School in 1886. Canady lived in Hillsboro, Illinois with his wife and family. He was involved in the real estate and abstract businesses. He served as clerk of Hillsboro, Illinois and as deputy clerk for Montgomery County, Illinois. Canady was a Democrat. He served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1905 to 1909 and from 1911 to 1913. Canady then served in the Illinois Senate from 1913 to 1921. Canady died suddenly at the Hillsboro Hospital in Hillsboro, Illinois.
# Casey Kopua

Casey May Kopua ONZM (née Williams; born 19 June 1985) is a retired New Zealand international netball player and former captain of the New Zealand national netball team, the Silver Ferns, and the Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic.
Kopua became a member of the New Zealand national netball team (the Silver Ferns) in 2004, making her on-court debut in 2005 against Barbados. She also played in the New Zealand U21 netball team that won gold at the 2005 World Youth Netball Championships in Florida. During her career she has won gold medals at the 2006 and 2010 Commonwealth Games and the 2009 World Netball Series, and silver medals at the 2007 and 2011 World Netball Championships. In 2008, she co-captained the team with Laura Langman, stepping into the role of acting captain later that year following an injury to Julie Seymour. In July 2009, Kopua became the 23rd captain of the Silver Ferns, taking over from Seymour who retired from the game.
In domestic netball, Kopua played her entire career with the Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic, starting in 2003. During the 2008 ANZ Championship season, she was named the Holden Captiva player of the championship, winning a new car.
In the 2011 Queen's Birthday Honours, Kopua was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, alongside former Silver Ferns coach Ruth Aitken, for services to netball in New Zealand.
On 11 October 2014, Kopua became the most capped New Zealand netball captain in history, playing her 63rd test as captain of the team in the 3rd test of the 2014 Constellation Cup against Australia. In the fourth quarter of that match, Kopua suffered a suspected dislocated patella (knee injury). Scans later revealed that Kopua also ruptured her patella tendon. Three days later Kopua underwent surgery to repair her patella tendon.
In 2017, still rehabing from her surgery, Kopua announced her retirement from the Silver Ferns, stating she would return to the Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic in 2018, but would not be available for international selection. Kopua was coaxed back to the national team by Noeline Taurua for the 2019 Netball World Cup. New Zealand would go on to win the World Cup, with Kopua being named the grand final's player of the match. She retired from netball after the World Cup.

## Personal life

In December 2012, Kopua married Hamilton lawyer Terry Kopua. On 21 May 2016, the couple announced the birth of their daughter. Following the 2019 Netball World Cup, Kopua revealed that she was unknowingly pregnant during the tournament. The couple had a second child, a boy, in 2020, and another son on Christmas Eve 2021.
# Lem's law

Lem's law (Polish: Prawo Lema) is an adage suggested by the Polish science fiction writer and philosopher Stanisław Lem. It is best known from his faux review "Jedna Minuta" ("One Minute") of the non-existing book One Human Minute (1984), but he formulated it in his correspondence already in 1978.
Lem's law, as translated into English, is stated as follows:
   "No one reads; if someone does read, he doesn't understand; if he understands, he immediately forgets."
The "reviewed" fictional book One Human Minute is supposedly an ideal book that addresses the concern expressed in "Lem's law".
Lem's law follows the structure of the argument about the non-existence of the world and the impossibility of knowledge and communication about it (even if it could exist) presented by Gorgias of Leontinoi.
In an interview with Marek Oramus, who asked Lem how he came up with his law, Lem said that it resulted from his pondering upon the immense flood of publications with an inevitable repetitiveness of various conclusions. And the third part is valid because a person has to free some space in their head for yet another piece of information.
Lem's law is related to what Juliusz Łukasiewicz [pl] called the "ignorance explosion". In Poland, Lem's law is often referred to as an expression of the conviction that the overall level of literacy and general education declines. More generally, it has also been used as a humorous description of Lem's critique of the contemporary state of our civilization.