# International Phonetic Alphabet chart

The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.

## Vowels

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Legend: unrounded • rounded :

## Consonants
### Pulmonic consonants

| Place → | Labial | Labial | Labial | Labial | Labial | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Dorsal | Dorsal | Dorsal | Dorsal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | Laryngeal | Laryngeal | Laryngeal |
| Manner ↓ | Bi­labial | Bi­labial | Labio­dental | Labio­dental | Linguo­labial | Linguo­labial | Dental | Dental | Alveolar | Alveolar | Post­alveolar | Post­alveolar | Retro­flex | Retro­flex | Palatal | Palatal | Velar | Velar | Uvular | Uvular | Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal | Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal | Glottal | Glottal |
| Nasal | m̥ | m | ɱ̊ | ɱ | | n̼ | | | n̥ | n | | | ɳ̊ | ɳ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ̥ | ɴ | | | | |
| Plosive | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̼ | d̼ | | | t | d | | | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ | | ʔ | |
| Sibilant affricate | | | | | | | | | ts | dz | t̠ʃ | d̠ʒ | tʂ | dʐ | tɕ | dʑ | | | | | | | | |
| Non-sibilant affricate | pɸ | bβ | p̪f | b̪v | | | t̪θ | d̪ð | tɹ̝̊ | dɹ̝ | t̠ɹ̠̊˔ | d̠ɹ̠˔ | | | cç | ɟʝ | kx | ɡɣ | qχ | ɢʁ | ʡʜ | ʡʢ | ʔh | |
| Sibilant fricative | | | | | | | | | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | | | | | | | | |
| Non-sibilant fricative | ɸ | β | f | v | θ̼ | ð̼ | θ | ð | θ̠ | ð̠ | ɹ̠̊˔ | ɹ̠˔ | ɻ̊˔ | ɻ˔ | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ |
| Approximant | | | | ʋ | | | | | | ɹ | | | | ɻ | | j | | ɰ | | | | | | ʔ̞ |
| Tap/flap | | ⱱ̟ | | ⱱ | | ɾ̼ | | | ɾ̥ | ɾ | | | ɽ̊ | ɽ | | | | | | ɢ̆ | | ʡ̆ | | |
| Trill | ʙ̥ | ʙ | | | | | | | r̥ | r | | | ɽ̊r̥ | ɽr | | | | | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ʜ | ʢ | | |
| Lateral affricate | | | | | | | | | tɬ | dɮ | | | tꞎ | d𝼅 | c𝼆 | ɟʎ̝ | k𝼄 | ɡʟ̝ | | | | | | |
| Lateral fricative | | | | | | | | | ɬ | ɮ | | | ꞎ | 𝼅 | 𝼆 | ʎ̝ | 𝼄 | ʟ̝ | | | | | | |
| Lateral approximant | | | | | | | | | | l | | | | ɭ | | ʎ | | ʟ | | ʟ̠ | | | | |
| Lateral tap/flap | | | | | | | | | ɺ̥ | ɺ | | | 𝼈̥ | 𝼈 | | ʎ̆ | | ʟ̆ | | | | | | |
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Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. :

### Non-pulmonic consonants

| | | BL | LD | D | A | PA | RF | P | V | U | EG |
| Ejective | Stop | pʼ | | | tʼ | | ʈʼ | cʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ʡʼ |
| Ejective | Affricate | | p̪fʼ | t̪θʼ | tsʼ | t̠ʃʼ | tʂʼ | tɕʼ | kxʼ | qχʼ | |
| Ejective | Fricative | ɸʼ | fʼ | θʼ | sʼ | ʃʼ | ʂʼ | ɕʼ | xʼ | χʼ | |
| Ejective | Lateral affricate | | | | tɬʼ | | | c𝼆ʼ | k𝼄ʼ | q𝼄ʼ | |
| Ejective | Lateral fricative | | | | ɬʼ | | | | | | |
| Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) | Tenuis | kʘ qʘ | | kǀ qǀ | kǃ qǃ | | k𝼊 q𝼊 | kǂ qǂ | | | |
| Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) | Voiced | ɡʘ ɢʘ | | ɡǀ ɢǀ | ɡǃ ɢǃ | | ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊 | ɡǂ ɢǂ | | | |
| Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) | Nasal | ŋʘ ɴʘ | | ŋǀ ɴǀ | ŋǃ ɴǃ | | ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊 | ŋǂ ɴǂ | ʞ | | |
| Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) | Tenuis lateral | | | | kǁ qǁ | | | | | | |
| Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) | Voiced lateral | | | | ɡǁ ɢǁ | | | | | | |
| Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) | Nasal lateral | | | | ŋǁ ɴǁ | | | | | | |
| Implosive | Voiced | ɓ | | | ɗ | | ᶑ | ʄ | ɠ | ʛ | |
| Implosive | Voiceless | ɓ̥ | | | ɗ̥ | | ᶑ̊ | ʄ̊ | ɠ̊ | ʛ̥ | |
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Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. :

### Co-articulated consonants

* Nasal
* n͡m
* Labial–alveolar
* ɳ͡m
* Labial–retroflex
* ŋ͡m
* Labial–velar
* Plosive
* t͡pd͡b
* Labial–alveolar
* ʈ͡pɖ͡b
* Labial–retroflex
* k͡pɡ͡b
* Labial–velar
* q͡ʡ
* Uvular–epiglottal
* q͡p
* Labial–uvular
* Fricative/approximant
* ɥ̊ɥ
* Labial–palatal
* ʍw
* Labial–velar
* ɧ
* Sj-sound (variable)
* Lateral approximant
* ɫ
* Velarized alveolar
* Implosive
* ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
* ɠ͡ɓ
* Labial–velar
* Ejective
* t͡pʼ
* Labial–alveolar
* IPA help
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### Other consonants

* Nasal palatal approximant [j̃]
* Nasal labial–velar approximant [w̃]
* Voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]
* Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥]
* Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆]
* Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟]
* Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟̬]
* Bilabial percussive [ʬ]
* Bidental percussive [ʭ]
* Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive [¡]

## Tones

Tone registers :
| ◌̋ | ˥ | ꜒ | Extra-high (top) |
| ◌́ | ˦ | ꜓ | High |
| ◌̄ | ˧ | ꜔ | Mid |
| ◌̀ | ˨ | ꜕ | Low |
| ◌̏ | ˩ | ꜖ | Extra-low (bottom) |
| ꜜ◌ | ꜜ◌ | ꜜ◌ | Downstep |
| ꜛ◌ | ꜛ◌ | ꜛ◌ | Upstep |
Tone contours :
| ◌̌ | ˩˥ | ꜖꜒ | Rising (low to high) |
| ◌̂ | ˥˩ | ꜒꜖ | Falling (high to low) |
| ◌᷄ | ˧˥ | ꜔꜒ | High rising |
| | ˨˦ | ꜕꜓ | Mid rising |
| ◌᷅ | ˩˧ | ꜖꜔ | Low rising |
| ◌᷇ | ˥˧ | ꜒꜔ | High falling |
| | ˦˨ | ꜓꜕ | Mid falling |
| ◌᷆ | ˧˩ | ꜔꜖ | Low falling |
| ◌᷈ | ˧˥˨, ˨˦˨, ˩˧˩ | ꜔꜒꜕, ꜕꜓꜕, ꜖꜔꜖ | Rising–falling (Peaking) |
| ◌᷉ | ˥˧˥, ˦˨˦, ˧˩˧ | ꜒꜔꜒, ꜓꜕꜓, ꜔꜖꜔ | Falling–rising (Dipping) |

## Auxiliary symbols

Diacritics :
| ◌̥ | ◌̥ | ◌̥ | ◌̊ | ◌̊ | ◌̊ | Voiceless | ◌̤ | ◌̤ | ◌̤ | ◌̤ | ◌̤ | ◌̤ | Breathy voiced | ◌̪ | ◌̪ | ◌̪ | ◌͆ | ◌͆ | ◌͆ | Dental |
| ◌̬ | ◌̬ | ◌̬ | ◌̬ | ◌̬ | ◌̬ | Voiced | ◌̰ | ◌̰ | ◌̰ | ◌̰ | ◌̰ | ◌̰ | Creaky voiced | ◌̺ | ◌̺ | ◌̺ | ◌̺ | ◌̺ | ◌̺ | Apical |
| ◌ʰ | ◌ʰ | ◌ʰ | ◌ʰ | ◌ʰ | ◌ʰ | Aspirated | ◌̼ | ◌̼ | ◌̼ | ◌̼ | ◌̼ | ◌̼ | Linguolabial | ◌̻ | ◌̻ | ◌̻ | ◌̻ | ◌̻ | ◌̻ | Laminal |
| ◌̹ | ◌̹ | ◌͗ | ◌͗ | ◌˒ | ◌˒ | More rounded | ◌ʷ | ◌ʷ | ◌ʷ | ◌ʷ | ◌ʷ | ◌ʷ | Labialized | ◌̃ | ◌̃ | ◌̃ | ◌̃ | ◌̃ | ◌̃ | Nasalized |
| ◌̜ | ◌̜ | ◌͑ | ◌͑ | ◌˓ | ◌˓ | Less rounded | ◌ʲ | ◌ʲ | ◌ʲ | ◌ʲ | ◌ʲ | ◌ʲ | Palatalized | ◌ⁿ | ◌ⁿ | ◌ⁿ | ◌ⁿ | ◌ⁿ | ◌ⁿ | Nasal release |
| ◌̟ | ◌̟ | ◌̟ | ◌˖ | ◌˖ | ◌˖ | Advanced | ◌ˠ | ◌ˠ | ◌ˠ | ◌ˠ | ◌ˠ | ◌ˠ | Velarized | ◌ˡ | ◌ˡ | ◌ˡ | ◌ˡ | ◌ˡ | ◌ˡ | Lateral release |
| ◌̠ | ◌̠ | ◌̠ | ◌˗ | ◌˗ | ◌˗ | Retracted | ◌ˤ | ◌ˤ | ◌ˤ | ◌ˤ | ◌ˤ | ◌ˤ | Pharyngealized | ◌̚ | ◌̚ | ◌̚ | ◌̚ | ◌̚ | ◌̚ | No audible release |
| ◌̈ | ◌̈ | ◌̈ | ◌̈ | ◌̈ | ◌̈ | Centralized | ◌̴ | ◌̴ | ◌̴ | ◌̴ | ◌̴ | ◌̴ | Velarized or pharyngealized | ◌ᵊ | ◌ᵊ | ◌ᵊ | ◌ᵊ | ◌ᵊ | ◌ᵊ | Mid central vowel release |
| ◌̽ | ◌̽ | ◌̽ | ◌̽ | ◌̽ | ◌̽ | Mid-centralized | ◌̝ | ◌̝ | ◌̝ | ◌˔ | ◌˔ | ◌˔ | Raised | ◌ᶿ | ◌ᶿ | ◌ᶿ | ◌ᶿ | ◌ᶿ | ◌ᶿ | Voiceless dental fricative release |
| ◌̩ | ◌̩ | ◌̩ | ◌̍ | ◌̍ | ◌̍ | Syllabic | ◌̞ | ◌̞ | ◌̞ | ◌˕ | ◌˕ | ◌˕ | Lowered | ◌ˣ | ◌ˣ | ◌ˣ | ◌ˣ | ◌ˣ | ◌ˣ | Voiceless velar fricative release |
| ◌̯ | ◌̯ | ◌̯ | ◌̑ | ◌̑ | ◌̑ | Non-syllabic | ◌̘ | ◌̘ | ◌̘ | ◌꭪ | ◌꭪ | ◌꭪ | Advanced tongue root | ◌ʼ | ◌ʼ | ◌ʼ | ◌ʼ | ◌ʼ | ◌ʼ | Ejective |
| ◌˞ | ◌˞ | ◌˞ | ◌˞ | ◌˞ | ◌˞ | Rhoticity | ◌̙ | ◌̙ | ◌̙ | ◌꭫ | ◌꭫ | ◌꭫ | Retracted tongue root | ◌͡◌ ◌͜◌ | ◌͡◌ ◌͜◌ | ◌͡◌ ◌͜◌ | ◌͡◌ ◌͜◌ | ◌͡◌ ◌͜◌ | ◌͡◌ ◌͜◌ | Affricate or double articulation |
Suprasegmentals :
| ˈ | Primary stress |
| ˌ | Secondary stress |
| ː | Long |
| ˑ | Half-long |
| ◌̆ | Extra-short |
| | | Minor (foot) group |
| ‖ | Major (intonation) group |
| . | Syllable break |
| ‿ | Linking (absence of a break) |
| ↗︎ | Global rise |
| ↘︎ | Global fall |
Transcription :
| [ ] | Phonetic transcription |
| / / | Phonemic transcription |
| { } | Prosodic notation |
| ( ) | Indistinguishable utterance |
| ⸨ ⸩ | Sound obscured |