OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jurriaan ten Doesschate

Jurriaan ten Doesschate (Utrecht, October 31, 1912 – Zeist, November 3, 1977) was a Dutch ophthalmologist and medical scientist, who specialized in physiological optics.

## Biography

The son of ophthalmologist and art historian Gezienus ten Doesschate and of linguist Amelia Hermina Henrietta Kortebosch, he attended the Municipal Gymnasium in Utrecht before studying medicine in the same city (1930–38).
Despite (or perhaps because) he lost an eye in a youthful accident, ten Doesschate followed in the footsteps of his father. He established an ophthalmological practice in Zeist in 1942, the same year in which he obtained his doctorate in medicine with a dissertation on “Physiologisch-optische beschouwingen betreffende de visueele beoordeling van Röntgenphotogrammen” (Physiological-optical aspects of the visual assessment of radiographs). Two years earlier, he had married Anna Aleida Ameling, a fellow medical student at the University of Utrecht. Together they had four children.
In 1949, he became chef de clinique of the Ooglijdersgasthuis (Netherlands Hospital for Eye Patients), which had been founded by Franciscus Cornelis Donders in 1858. Ten years later, he succeeded H.J.M. Weve as director of that hospital, a function that was coupled with a professorship in ophthalmology at the University of Utrecht medical faculty.
In 1964-65, ten Doesschate was awarded the Netherlands Visiting Professorship at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, established in 1950. Here he collaborated with Mathew Alpern, a physiologist in the Vision Research Laboratory at the university's Medical School. Together they worked on the physiology of color vision and published a number of articles (see bibliography below). A meningioma, diagnosed and removed in 1970, severely reduced his vision and eventually necessitated his early retirement. He died in 1977 in a car accident.
# Kirriemuir Town House

Kirriemuir Town House is a municipal structure in the High Street in Kirriemuir, Angus, Scotland. The structure, which was used as a museum from 2001 to 2023, is a Category B listed building.

## History

The building was commissioned during the tenure of William Douglas, 10th Earl of Angus who, as chieftain and ruler of the province of Angus, owned extensive estates across the area. The building was designed in the Scottish medieval style, built in rubble masonry and was completed in 1604. It accommodated a lock-up for petty criminals on the ground floor and an assembly room for the burgh council on the first floor. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage facing north onto The Square, with an external staircase for access to the first floor in front of the middle bay. In the mid-19th century, the town house was the place to which local weavers brought their cloth for examination by government inspectors; if the cloth met the required standard, it was stamped, the duty was taken and the weaver was paid. Weavers at that time included David Barrie, father of the novelist, J. M. Barrie.
The building was repaired in 1835 and extensively remodelled by John Carver from Forfar in 1862. The remodelling involved coating the building in red sandstone, the removal of the external staircase, the construction of a clock tower and the installation of a small clock in the clock tower. Following the remodelling, the left-hand section, which was bowed, featured a segmental headed doorway in the central bay; on the first floor, there was a cross-window flanked by pilasters supporting a pediment which was decorated with finials. On the right, there was a three-stage crenelated clock tower with a doorway in the first stage, a blind panel in the second stage and clock faces in the third stage; the clock tower was surmounted by a pyramid-shaped roof and a weather vane.
In the 1880s, the burgh council decided that the town house was too small for the administration of the burgh and they relocated to a new purpose built town hall in Reform Street in 1885. In 1896, the town house was converted for retail use; it initially operated as a post office but by the early 20th century, the bowed section was operating as a chemist and the clock tower accommodated a bookseller. During the second half of the 20th century, the condition of the building deteriorated. The council acquired the building from the then owner, the former Prime Minister, Sir Alec Douglas-Home, with the intention of improving the appearance of the High Street.
In the late 20th century the building was restored and it re-opened as the Kirriemuir Gateway to the Glens Museum in 2001. Exhibits in the museum included memorabilia associated with the novelist, J. M. Barrie, the author, Violet Jacob, and the rock singer, Bon Scott, as well as an exhibition on the work of the geologist, Sir Charles Lyell. Exhibits also included a silver casket containing the scroll which was presented to J. M. Barrie when he received the Freedom of Kirriemuir on 7 June 1930.
After the managers, Angus Alive, handed the museum back to the local council, the museum closed in October 2023.
# Bouxwiller, Haut-Rhin

Bouxwiller (French pronunciation: ; German: Buchsweiler; Alemannic German: Buxwiller, or Busswiller) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department, Alsace, Grand Est, France.

## Toponymy

Puxuvilare is the earliest spelling of the town, as mentioned in 724. In 737, Buxwilari and Buxovillare were used. Eventually, Buchsweiler became the standard German spelling. The spelling of the town is Busswiller in Alsatian.
The current spelling of the town's name dates to the French Revolution. In 1792, the German spelling Buchsweiler—sometimes seen as Bouxweiler—was officially replaced with its French equivalent Bouxwiller, then Bouxviller in 1793. During the German annexation of Alsace from 1871 to 1918 and German annexation between 1940 and 1944, the town reverted to its German spelling Buchsweiler.
The name of the town is composed of two elements: Boux- and -willer. The suffix -willer is the French spelling of the German -weiler, which derives from the Medieval Old High German suffix -willer, which in turn is derived from the Low Latin word villare and means "agricultural land". The first element of the name, Boux-, is likely representative of the Germanic name Bucco, as toponyms incorporating the suffix -willer was typically combined with a personal name as the first element. The letter 'X' represents the letters 'ks', of which the 's' is the Saxon genitive that frequently appeared in toponyms in the region in the late Middle Ages. Thus, a probable meaning of the town's name is "Bucco's land". An alternative folk etymology of the town name is that the name is a combination of Buchs-, the German word for Buxus (boxwood), and -willer, thus meaning "land of boxwood". However, this origin is improbable considering the use of Puxuvilare in 724, since the Latin suffix -villare was not associated with vegetation.
# Puerto Rico at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics

Puerto Rico competed at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics from 15–23 August. A team of 5 athletes was announced in preparation for the competition. Selected athletes had achieved one of the competition's qualifying standards.

## Team selection
### Track and road events

| Event | Athletes | Athletes |
| Event | Men | Women |
| 100 metres | | Carol Rodríguez |
| 200 metres | | Carol Rodríguez |
| 400 metres | Héctor Carrasquillo | |
| 110 metre hurdles | Héctor Cotto | — |
| 400 metre hurdles | Javier Culson | |
# Jardin botanique de Marnay-sur-Seine

The Jardin botanique de Marnay-sur-Seine (2 hectares) is a botanical garden located on the Chemin des Gougins, Marnay-sur-Seine, Aube, Champagne-Ardenne, France. It is open daily in the warmer months; an admission fee is charged.
The garden was founded in 1995, construction started in 1998, in 2000 the garden opened to the public, and in 2002 it was designated a Jardin Botanique de France. Its conservatory of local flora opened in 2003, and in 2007 it published an Index Seminum.
Today the garden contains about 2500 plants organized in a rose garden, vegetable garden, herb and medicinal plant collections, a trail illustrating evolution, shade and ornamental gardens, and collections of local and Russian plants.
# Dick W. Emuchay

Dick W. Emuchay listen (5 August 1919 – 8 May 1995), also referred to as "Sir D. W. Emuchay", was a British-Nigerian medical doctor and administrator. He served as the first chairman of the Public Service Commission of the East Central State. In 1981, Samuel Onunaka Mbakwe, Governor of Imo State, appointed Emuchay as the Pro-Chancellor and Chairman Governing Council of the newly created Imo State University, later Abia State University He served in that position until 1985. He is reputed to have set up the first privately run rural hospital, when in 1961 he set up a 180-bed cottage hospital in his home town of Azumini, in Ukwa East, Abia State.
The first medical doctor from Azumini, Emuchay was unanimously elected the first national chairman of the Azumini Welfare Association during the association's inaugural meeting on 30 December 1958. He also played a role in establishing the National Secondary School, Azumini.

## Early life

Emuchay was born in Abak, Akwa Ibom State in eastern Nigeria, and he attended Government College Umuahia, 1932 - 1934 King's College, Lagos, 1935-1936 Higher College, Yaba Lagos 1937-1942 University of St Andrews, Scotland 1945-1949 Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, England (Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene). He took his examination in 1953.

## Professional career

He taught biology at Igbobi College, Yaba, before proceeding to St. Andrews University Scotland and Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. He practised medicine briefly in the United Kingdom both as a general practitioner and house Surgeon before relocating back to Nigeria.
* Senior Science Master, Igbobi College, Lagos
* General Medical Practitioner, Lancashire, England, 1949
* House Surgeon, Lancashire, England, 1950
* Senior House Surgeon, Lancashire, England, 1952
* Medical Officer-in-charge of Rural Areas, Aba, 1955-1958
* Medical Officer-in-charge, General Hospital, Degema, Rivers State, 1958-1959
* Medical Officer-in-charge, Maternity Hospital, Aba, 1959-1961
In 1961, D. W. Emuchay became the Proprietor and Medical Superintendent, Cottage Hospital, Azumini which he founded. Years later, his son Dr. Chika O. Emuchay established the Group Medical Practice (GMP) at No. 1 Emuchay Close, Ogbor hill, Aba to provide support to Cottage Hospital, Azumini.
* Chairman, Public Service Commission, East Central State, Enugu, 1972–76
* Chairman, Public Service Commission, former Imo State, Owerri, 1976–82
* Pro-Chancellor and Chairman of the Governing Council, former Imo State University, now Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria 1982-1985
In 1986, the federal government conferred on him a national honour, the award of Member of the Federal Republic.

## Family

D. W. Emuchay married Christiana Nne Alali in 1956 at St Michael and All Angels Anglican Church Aba, Abia State. He is the father of 8 including Nigerian diplomat and former Consul-General to South Africa, Okey Emuchay, MFR.
# Papua New Guinea at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics

Papua New Guinea competes at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics from 15–23 August in Berlin.

## Team selection

| Event | Athletes | Athletes |
| Event | Men | Women |
| 400 metres | Nelson Stone | |
| 800 metres | | Salome Dell |
# Oh Julie (Shakin' Stevens song)

"Oh Julie" was a number one hit in the UK singles chart for one week for Shakin' Stevens in January 1982.
It is Stevens' third number-one single and his first as a writer. The B-side, "I'm Knockin'", was also written by Shakin' Stevens and both tracks benefit from arrangements driven by lead guitarist Mickey Gee. "Oh Julie" also has a cajun flavour courtesy of the accordion backing provided by Geraint Watkins.

## Personnel

* Shakin' Stevens – vocals
* Mickey Gee – lead guitar
* Geraint Watkins – piano, accordion
* Stuart Colman – bass guitar, producer
* Howard Tibble – drums
* Rod Houison – engineer

## Chart performance
### Certifications and sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Gold | 500,000$^^$ |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||

## Cover versions

* In September 1982, the song peaked at #38 in the US for Barry Manilow.
* Swedish dansband Lasse Stefanz released a version in Swedish in 1982 that charted on the Sverigetopplistan, the official Swedish Singles Chart reaching number 16.
# Black pleura sign

The black pleura sign is a radiological feature observed in pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM), a rare lung disorder characterized by the accumulation of tiny calcium phosphate deposits, known as microliths, within the alveoli. This sign appears as a thin, dark (lucent) line beneath the ribs on imaging studies, contrasting with the diffusely dense, calcified lung parenchyma.

## Pathophysiology

In PAM, microliths predominantly accumulate in the central portions of secondary pulmonary lobules, leading to widespread calcification of the lung tissue. However, the subpleural regions often remain relatively spared from these deposits and sometimes show subpleural cystic changes. This subpleural sparing creates a peripheral zone that appears less dense (more lucent) on imaging studies, resulting in the black pleura sign.

## Imaging characteristics

* Chest radiography: On plain chest X-rays, the black pleura sign manifests as a thin, dark line just beneath the ribs. This line stands out against the adjacent, uniformly dense lung fields caused by extensive calcifications.
* Computed Tomography (CT): CT scans provide a more detailed view, revealing a clear demarcation between the calcified lung parenchyma and the spared subpleural area. The black pleura sign is evident as a peripheral lucent rim beneath the pleura, highlighting the contrast between the dense, calcified lung tissue and the less affected subpleural region.

## Clinical significance

The black pleura sign is considered a characteristic indicator of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. Its presence on imaging studies can aid radiologists and clinicians in differentiating PAM from other interstitial lung diseases that may not exhibit subpleural sparing.
# 2005 Masters of Darts

The 2005 Masters of Darts was a unique darts tournament as it was the first televised confrontation between the darts players of the two rival organisations, the British Darts Organisation (BDO) and the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC). There had been two "champion versus champion" matches held, but this tournament was the first major event featuring players from each organisation.
This inaugural Masters of Darts took place between 7 and 13 February 13 2005 at the ExpoCenter in Hengelo, The Netherlands. The best four players from both federations were invited. The tournament was arranged by PenH Events, who managed to secure a three-year contract with Raymond van Barneveld, a BDO player at the time, taking part in the tournament. The host broadcaster was RTL5 in the Netherlands, who had also secured a three-year deal to broadcast the event. However, the tournament was not held in 2006 and by the time it was revived for 2007, SBS6 took over as Dutch broadcasters for the event.

## Prize Fund

Total prize money for the event was €395,000 with the tournament winner securing €150,000 making it one of the richest prizes in darts.

## Results

* Day 1
** Co Stompé 4 - Colin Lloyd 0
** Raymond van Barneveld 4 - Roland Scholten 2
** Andy Fordham 4 - Wayne Mardle 2
* Day 2
** Tony David 4 - Wayne Mardle 2
** Andy Fordham 2 - Phil Taylor 4
** Co Stompé 1 - Roland Scholten 4
* Day 3
** Tony David 0 - Phil Taylor 4
** Andy Fordham 4 - Roland Scholten 2
** Raymond van Barneveld 4 - Colin Lloyd 0
** Co Stompé 4 - Wayne Mardle 1
* Day 4
** Andy Fordham 4 - Colin Lloyd 1
** Raymond van Barneveld 0 - Phil Taylor 4
** Roland Scholten 4 - Tony David 3
* Day 5
** Tony David 4 - Colin Lloyd 3
** Raymond van Barneveld 4 - Wayne Mardle 3
** Co Stompé 0 - Phil Taylor 4

### Standings

| Rnk | Name | Won | Lost | Sets Won | Sets Lost |
| 1 | Phil Taylor | 4 | 0 | 16 | 2 |
| 2 | Roland Scholten | 2 | 2 | 12 | 12 |
| 3 | Wayne Mardle | 0 | 4 | 8 | 16 |
| 4 | Colin Lloyd | 0 | 4 | 4 | 16 |
| Rank | Name | Won | Lost | Sets Won | Sets Lost |
| 1 | Andy Fordham | 3 | 1 | 14 | 9 |
| 2 | Raymond van Barneveld | 3 | 1 | 12 | 9 |
| 3 | Co Stompé | 2 | 2 | 9 | 9 |
| 4 | Tony David | 2 | 2 | 11 | 13 |

### Knockout stage

* Semi-finals
** Raymond van Barneveld 2 - Phil Taylor 5
** Andy Fordham 5 - Roland Scholten 1
* Final
** Andy Fordham 1 - Phil Taylor 7
# South Korea at the 2023 World Athletics Championships

South Korea competed at the 2023 World Athletics Championships in Budapest, Hungary, from 19 to 27 August 2023.

## Results

South Korea entered 4 athletes.

### Key

* Q = Qualified for the next round
* q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* NR = National record
* PB = Personal best
* SB = Season best
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event

### Men
#### Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Ko Seung-hwan | 200 metres | 21.09 | 7 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |

#### Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | Qualification | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Distance | Position | Distance | Position |
| Woo Sang-hyeok | High jump | 2.28 | 4 q | 2.29 | 6 |
| Kim Jang-woo | Triple jump | 16.21 | 24 | Did not advance | Did not advance |

### Women
#### Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | Qualification | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Distance | Position | Distance | Position |
| Jeong Yu-sun | Shot put | 15.56 | 34 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
# Henri Begleiter

Henri Begleiter (September 11, 1935 in Nimes, France – April 6, 2006 in Long Island, NY) was a neurophysiologist and Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry and Neuroscience at SUNY Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn. He was a leader in the nascent field of biomedical alcohol research in the 1970s, postulating alcoholism as a brain disorder. He founded and headed the world-renowned Neurodynamics Laboratory at SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, which has been renamed in 2007 into the 'Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory'.
The highlights of Begleiter’s career include the ground breaking finding published in Science that some neurophysiological anomalies in alcoholics were already present in their young offspring before any exposure to alcohol and drugs. These seminal findings led Henri to propose a model that changed the thinking in the field: namely, that rather than being a consequence of alcoholism, this underlying neural hyperexcitability was a predisposing factor leading to the development of alcoholism and related disorders. This innovative study was replicated throughout the world and launched him on a systematic search to elucidate the genetic vulnerability underlying a predisposition toward alcoholism and related disorders.
In 1990, with his foresight and charismatic leadership, Henri Begleiter was instrumental in assembling scientists in various domains to organize the large Collaborative Studies on Genetics of Alcoholism — COGA, which he has led since its inception. Under his leadership, with a strong emphasis on novel approaches such as using brain oscillations as endophenotypes, COGA has successfully identified several genes involved in the predisposition to develop alcoholism and related disorders, and this approach is still state-of-the-art today.

## Books

* The Biology of Alcoholism, edited by Kissin and Begleiter, Volumes 1-7. 1971-1983
* Alcohol and Alcoholism, edited by Begleiter and Kissin, Volumes 1-2. 1995-1996
* Evoked Brain Potentials and Behavior (The Downstate Series of Research in Psychiatry and Psychology, Volume 2), edited by Begleiter, 1979.
* Biological Effects of Alcohol, 1980.
# YF-90

The YF-90 is a liquid cryogenic rocket engine burning liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen in a staged combustion cycle. It is China's first hydrogen-oxygen engine to use the staged combustion cycle and is expected to be used for the second stage of the Long March 9, which is a three-stage rocket with boosters. The engine has advanced features such as variable thrust, multiple ignitions, and automatic fault diagnosis.

## History

On July 28, 2021, the engine's manufacturer, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) completed the first YF-90 engineering prototype.
On September 23, 2021, the engine successfully underwent its first semi-system test. The YF -90 engine is one of the key technologies for China's deep space exploration ambitions.
In 2023, CASC plans to conduct more tests on the YF-90 engine, as well as on its first-stage counterpart, the YF-130 engine. The YF-130 is a liquid kerosene-oxygen rocket engine with a thrust of 500 tonnes. Both engines are expected to be ready for flight by 2025.
On December 17, 2024, the engine successfully underwent its first full system test.
# Winfarthing pendant

The Winfarthing pendant is a seventh century Anglo-Saxon disc brooch that was found in an undisturbed grave in 2014 near Diss, Norfolk. The gold composite pendant is inlaid with hundreds of small garnets. The pendant is currently on display at the Norfolk Castle Museum.

## Description

The circular gold pendant, 7 cm (3 in) in diameter, is made from sheet gold which was fastened with gold cells "inlaid with hundreds of tiny cloisonné-set garnets forming sinuous interlacing beasts and geometrical shapes." The stones are embedded in six concentric bands which surround four outer bosses (protruding stones) and a large central boss.

## History

The Winfarthing pendant was found in December, 2014 by landscape archaeology student, Tom Lucking, while metal-detecting in a Winfarthing field near Diss, Norfolk. Lucking initially uncovered an ancient metal bowl, and understanding the significance of his find, stopped digging and contacted the Norfolk County Council's Find Identification and Recording Service. Archaeological excavation at the site uncovered an Anglo-Saxon grave and various burial artefacts, primarily jewellery.
The grave contained the poorly preserved skeleton of a woman, along with the gold and garnet Winfarthing pendant, two Merovingian coin pendants, a necklace of two gold beads, two other pendants in the shape of a Maltese cross, a bronze bowl, an imported biconical pottery jar, copper alloy chatelaine rings, and an iron knife. The worn Merovingian coins dated the grave to the mid to late 7th century. This era is the latest period in which Anglo-Saxon burials with grave goods occurred. The pendant cross motifs suggest that the woman may have been an early convert to Christianity.
The find was declared treasure by the UK Government and was valued at £145,050. A fundraising campaign to buy the pendant for the Norwich Castle Museum by the Friends of Norwich Museum achieved its goal in June 2018. The pendant is on display at the Norwich Castle Museum.