OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital

Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, 323 F.2d 959 (4th Cir. 1963), was a federal case, reaching the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, which held that "separate but equal" racial segregation in publicly funded hospitals was a violation of equal protection under the United States Constitution.

## Background

George Simkins, Jr. was a dentist and NAACP leader in Greensboro, North Carolina. One of his patients, an African-American person, developed an abscessed tooth and Simkins felt that the patient required medical treatment, but none of the local hospitals that would accept African-American patients had space for the patient. With the assistance of the NAACP and other medical professionals in the area, Simkins filed suit, arguing that because the Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital and Wesley Long Hospital had received $2.8 million through the Hill–Burton Act that they were subject to the Constitutional guarantee of equal protection. The suit was filed in February 1962.
At district court, the suit was dismissed, the court finding that there was no involvement of the state or federal government. This ruling was appealed to the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals in November 1963.

## Decision

In a 3-2 decision, the Fourth Circuit overturned the district ruling, looking to whether the hospitals and the government were so intertwined by funding and law that the hospitals' "activities are also the activities of those governments and performed under their aegis without the private body necessarily becoming either their instrumentality or their agent in a strict sense." The Court held that to be the case.
The Court then found the provision for segregated "separate but equal" facilities to be unconstitutional, and it struck down that portion of the Hill–Burton Act.
A dissent, authored by Judge Haynsworth and joined by Judge Boreman, argued that the hospitals' operations involved no "state action". They noted that hospitals had preceded the creation of the Hill–Burton Act.
The case was appealed to the Supreme Court, who denied certiorari. As a result, the Appeals court ruling stood, but was only precedent within the jurisdiction of the Fourth Circuit—Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia.

## Subsequent developments

In 1964, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin for any agency receiving state or federal funding.
# Niwari district

Niwari district (Hindi pronunciation:) is one of the 52 districts of the Madhya Pradesh state in India. Niwari is administrative headquarter of Niwari district.
This district was formed on 1 October 2018. It was formerly part of Tikamgarh district. Niwari is the smallest district of Madhya Pradesh.
Niwari has 3 tehsils: Prithvipur, Niwari and Orchha.

## Description

It became the 52nd district of the state. Under this district, 56 Panchayats of Prithvipur Tehsil, 54 Panchayats of Niwari, 17 Panchayats of Orchha were included. Thus a total of 127 gram panchayats have been included here. It is the smallest district of Madhya Pradesh in terms of both population and area.
The Betwa River passes through this district, on the banks of this river Orchha town was established by ancient Kings of Bundelkhand. National Highway 39 and National Highway 44 and National Highway 539 passes through Niwari.

## Demographics

At the time of the 2011 census, Niwari district had a population of 404,807, of which 79,218 (19.57%) lived in urban areas. Niwari had a sex ratio of 897 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 99,441 (24.57%) and 18,244 (4.51%) of the population respectively.
Religions in Niwari district (2011) :
| Religion | Religion | Percent | Percent |
| Hinduism | Hinduism | 97.93% | 97.93% |
| Islam | Islam | 1.55% | 1.55% |
| Other or not stated | Other or not stated | 0.52% | 0.52% |
Niwari district has 396,427 (97.93%) Hindus and 6,279 (1.55%) Muslims.
Languages of Niwari district (2011)
At the time of the 2011 census, 60.23% of the population spoke Bundeli and 39.51% Hindi as their first language.

## Places of interest

* Orchha– The ancient town of Orchha seems frozen in time, with its many monuments continuing to retain their original grandeur even to this day. Here you will find some of the most fascinating temples and palaces that will help you realise a childhood fantasy – travelling back in time.
Lakshmi Mandir Orchha
* Shri Ramraja Temple Orchha– It is a sacred Hindu pilgrimage and receives devotees in large numbers regularly and is also commonly known as Orchha Temple. The annual domestic tourist number is around 650,000 and the foreign tourist number is around 25,000.
Raja Ram Mandir Orchha
* Garh Kundar–The Garh Kundar fort is located on a high hill, surrounded by picturesque hills and forests. Besides the main fort, the remains of various ancient structures can be seen here.

## Tourist places

* Orchha
* Raja Ram Mandir

## How to reach

* By Air
Niwari do not have any airport. The nearest airport is Khajuraho Airport (HJR). It is around 123 KM from Niwari.
* By Rail
Niwari railway station is in the North Central Railway zone. Its Railway code is NEW.
* By Road
Niwari is well connected with the Roads. State Highway and National Highway passes from the city. Buses from other cities comes to the Niwari city.
# West Elk Peak

West Elk Peak, elevation 13,042 ft (3,975 m), is the highest summit in the West Elk Mountains of Gunnison County, Colorado. The mountain is in the West Elk Wilderness, northwest of Gunnison. The terrain consists mostly of volcanic breccia, known in this area as West Elk Breccia, dated at 35 to 30 million years old.
Geological History - The decipherable known geological history of this peak began in the late Paleozoic, where it formed into the eastern edge of the Uncompahgre highland. Around 10,000 to 15,000 feet of sediment covered the old highland surface in the Mesozoic and early Cenozoic. During the Oligocene, the Colorado mineral belt began to form with the intrusion of two batholiths. One of these batholiths rose sufficiently near the surface, enough to feed volcanoes in the West Elk and San Juan Mountains. The resulting volcanic pile has been subjected to intermittent, occasional uplift as well as being shaped by water and ice. Mineral deposits are somewhat scarce in the surrounding area of the peak, but bituminous coal has been mined on the northern and eastern flanks.

## Historical names

* West Elk Mountain
* West Elk Peak
# Apamea oblonga

Apamea oblonga, the crescent striped, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Adrian Hardy Haworth in 1809. It is found in northern and central Europe, east to southern Russia, Asia Minor, Armenia, Turkestan, Turkey, Iran, southern Siberia, northern Pakistan, Mongolia, China (Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, Ningxia), Sakhalin and Japan

## Description

The wingspan is about 43–48 mm. Forewing blackish fuscous; the space between outer and submarginal lines paler, brownish grey, the upper stigmata filled in with white or ochreous; the median area and terminal area on each side of submarginal line blacker; a deep black streak from base below cell and a thick black space along submedian fold between claviform stigma and outer line; hindwing dull ochreous grey with dark veins and cellspot; the terminal half fuscous and the fringe whitish; — lunulina Haw. is blacker with both stigmata dark, the reniform with a few pale dots on outer side; — fribolus Bsd. is uniformly black with all markings obscured; the only pale markings being the whitish dots on outer edge of the reniform and the praeapical costal dots; — ab. variegata Stgr., from Armenia and Turania, has the thorax variegated with white; the forewing with whitish suffusion beyond reniform and at apex; the black markings strong; the hues defined by whitish, and the stigmata with white annuli; this must be very nearly the same as oblonga Haw., which Staudinger has ignored; the grey brown form with the markings fairly plain is abjecta Hbn., of which the extreme form, unicolor Tutt, with the markings obsolete, and the whole wing grey brown, is the usual form in the east of Britain. .
Adults are on wing from June to August. There is one generation per year.
The larvae are greenish grey, with the raised dots rather greyer; a pinkish line along the back; head and plate on first and last rings shining reddish brown. They feed on various grasses, including alkali grass species. They mostly feed on the bases of the stems and roots.
# Famelica nitida

Famelica nitida is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Distribution

This bathyal species was found on the Naska & Sala-y-Gomes Ridges, Southeast Pacific
# Ecuador at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics

Ecuador competes at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics from 15 to 23 August in Berlin.

## Team selection

| Event | Athletes | Athletes |
| Event | Men | Women |
| 100 metres | Franklin Nazareno | |
| 200 metres | Franklin Nazareno | |
| 800 metres | Byron Piedra | |
| 1500 metres | Byron Piedra | |
| 5000 metres | Byron Piedra | |
| 20 km race walk | Mauricio Arteaga Andrés Chocho Rolando Saquipay | Johana Ordóñez |
| 50 km race walk | Mesías Zapata | |
| Marathon | Franklin Tenorio | Sandra Ruales |
| Event | Athletes | Athletes |
| Event | Men | Women |
| Long jump | Hugo Chila | |
| Triple jump | Hugo Chila | |
# Zola (crater)

Zola is a crater on Mercury. The crater was named after the French novelist and playwright Émile Zola by the IAU in 1979.
Bright areas on the central peak complex of Zola may be hollows.
Zola is located to the northeast of the Caloris basin. The crater Nervo is to the south, Brahms is to the north, and Mansur is to the east. The small crater Ailey is to the southwest.
# F. H. Wharton

Frank Howard Wharton (April 11, 1870 – August 2, 1956) was a businessman and the fourth mayor of the city of Miami from 1907 to 1911.

## Life

Born in Rockbridge Ohio, Wharton was the son of farmers and moved to Miami in 1897, after working in Central Florida.
Wharton was a grocer. He owned the Magnolia Grocery Company. In 1907 Wharton was elected Mayor for a two-year term. He won re-election in 1909.
Wharton served as City Manager in 1921 and councilman on multiple occasions.
# West Spanish Peak

West Spanish Peak is a high and prominent mountain summit that is the higher of the two Spanish Peaks in the Rocky Mountains of North America. The prominent 13,631-foot (4,155 m) peak is located in the Spanish Peaks Wilderness of San Isabel National Forest, 9.1 miles (14.7 km) south (bearing 175°) of the Town of La Veta, Colorado, United States, on the drainage divide between Huerfano and Las Animas counties. The summit of West Spanish Peak is the highest point in Las Animas County, Colorado.
The Spanish Peaks are two large igneous stocks which form an eastern outlier of the Culebra Range, a subrange of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. West Spanish Peak is the easternmost 4,000 meters (13,000 feet) mountain peak in the United States. Due to its position well east of the Culebra Range and on the edge of the eastern plains of Colorado, West Spanish Peak enjoys great local vertical relief in almost all directions. For example, it rises over 6,000 ft (1,800 m) in less than 6.5 miles (10.5 km) on both its north and south flanks. Though not a fourteener, West Spanish Peak is the twelfth most topographically prominent peak in the state.

## Geology

West Spanish Peak is an erosional remnant of a predominantly quartz syenite igneous stock which formed 24.59 +/-0.13 million years ago. It is the focus of over 500 radiating dikes.

## Hiking/climbing

The standard ascent route for West Spanish Peak starts at Cordova Pass, a high pass (11,248 ft; 3,428 m) to the west of the peak. It follows a trail for about 2 miles (3.2 km) to treeline. From there, there's a rough path on talus (scree) up the southwest ridge of the peak for an additional 1.5 miles (2.4 km). The trail is very braided and has a tendency to "go to the right" (which is into loose scree). If climbers stay to the left and close to the ridge, the climbing is much easier. At about 13,000 feet (4,000 m) is a large shale buttress to the right that usually has a small pool of warm water at its foot. Once up on the main part of the top ridge, it's an easy hike to the actual summit. The top ridge tends to be 30–100 feet (9.1–30.5 metres) wide and is about 0.5 miles (0.80 km) long before beginning a significant downward trend on the east side of the mountain. To the north and south are very steep descents. At the summit is a large rock cairn with the usual PVC tube and "sign-in" sheet inside. This mountain is very unsafe when there is snow on the ground. Best time to climb: early June through late October. Thunderstorm and lightning activity can be high in July, August and September.

## Gallery

* Igneous dikes, looking north from West Spanish Peak.
* Sunset shot of some Bighorn sheep ewes with the West Spanish Peak in the background.
* West Spanish Peak viewed from near Cordova Pass.
# Characteristic property

A characteristic property is a chemical or physical property that helps identify and classify substances. The characteristic properties of a substance are always the same whether the sample being observed is large or small. Thus, conversely, if the property of a substance changes as the sample size changes, that property is not a characteristic property. Examples of physical properties that aren't characteristic properties are mass and volume. Examples of characteristic properties include melting points, boiling points, density, viscosity, solubility, Crystal structure and crystal shape. Substances with characteristic properties can be separated. For example, in fractional distillation, liquids are separated using the boiling point. The water Boiling point is 212 degrees Fahrenheit.

## Identifying a substance

Every characteristic property is unique to one given substance. Scientists use characteristic properties to identify unknown substances. However, characteristic properties are most useful for distinguishing between two or more substances, not identifying a single substance. For example, isopropanol and water can be distinguished by the characteristic property of odor. Characteristic properties are used because the sample size and the shape of the substance does not matter. For example, 1 gram of lead is the same color as 100 tons of lead.
# Ecuador at the 2023 World Athletics Championships

Ecuador competed at the 2023 World Athletics Championships in Budapest, Hungary, from 19 to 27 August 2023.

## Medalists

| Medal | Athlete | Event | Date |
| Silver | Brian Pintado | Men's 35 kilometres walk | August 24 |

## Results

Ecuador entered 17 athletes.

### Key

* Q = Qualified for the next round
* q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* NR = National record
* PB = Personal best
* SB = Season best
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event

### Men
#### Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank |
| Segundo Jami | Marathon | 2:16:49 | 36 |
| David Hurtado | 20 kilometres walk | 1:20:07 | 19 |
| Jordy Jiménez | 20 kilometres walk | 1:20:08 PB | 20 |
| Brian Pintado | 20 kilometres walk | 1:18:26 PB | 7 |
| Andrés Chocho | 35 kilometres walk | DNF | DNF |
| Brian Pintado | 35 kilometres walk | 2:24:34 AR | |

#### Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | Qualification | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Distance | Position | Distance | Position |
| Juan José Caicedo | Discus throw | 55.78 | 35 | Did not advance | Did not advance |

### Women
#### Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Ángela Tenorio | 100 metres | 11.52 | 6 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Nicole Caicedo | 200 metres | 23.51 | 7 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Nicole Caicedo | 400 metres | 52.82 | 7 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Andrea Bonilla | Marathon | — | DNF | DNF |
| Rosa Chacha | Marathon | — | 2:42:00 | 51 |
| Silvia Ortiz | Marathon | — | 2:35:09 | 29 |
| Glenda Morejón | 20 kilometres walk | — | 1:27:40 SB | 6 |
| Johana Ordóñez | 20 kilometres walk | — | 1:33:58 | 25 |
| Paula Milena Torres | 20 kilometres walk | — | 1:38:03 | 38 |
| Magaly Bonilla | 35 kilometres walk | — | 2:47:09 | 9 |
| Karla Jaramillo | 35 kilometres walk | — | 3:05:55 | 32 |
| Johana Ordóñez | 35 kilometres walk | — | 2:54:58 SB | 17 |

#### Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | Qualification | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Distance | Position | Distance | Position |
| Juleisy Angulo | Javelin throw | 55.27 | 25 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
# Anna Pfeffer

Anna Pfeffer (born 31 August 1945, Kaposvár) is a Hungarian sprint canoeist who competed from the late 1960s to the late 1970s. She is Jewish.
Competing in three Summer Olympics, she won three medals with two silvers (K-2 500 m: 1968, 1976) and one bronze (1972: K-1 500 m).
Pfeffer also won four medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a gold (K-2 500 m: 1971), a silver (K-4 500 m: 1973), and two bronzes (K-2 500 m: 1966, 1973).
# A Year Without Love

A Year Without Love (Spanish: Un año sin amor) is a 2005 Argentine drama film directed by Anahí Berneri, and written by Berneri and Pablo Pérez, adapting Pérez's autobiographical novel of the same title.
The plot follows Pablo, a writer dealing with loneliness and AIDS. Yearning for love, he places ads in a gay magazine and finds himself involved in the secretive world of Buenos Aires gay leather scene.
A Year Without Love played the international and gay and lesbian film festival circuits, garnering a number of awards including the Teddy Bear prize for the Best Gay Film at the 2005 Berlin Film Festival.

## Plot

Pablo is a struggling poet who is living with HIV in Buenos Aires. Over the course of a year he deals with issues relating to his health, his family, his search for love and his developing involvement with leather fetishism. The year culminates with the publication of his diary in the form of a novel, Un Año sin amor.

## Cast

* Juan Minujín as Pablo Pérez
* Mimí Ardú as Pablo's aunt
* Carlos Echevarría as Nicolás
* Bárbara Lombardo [es] as Julia
* Javier Van de Couter as Martín
* Osmar Núñez as Commissar Báez
* Ricardo Merkin as Pablo's father
* Carlos Portaluppi [es] as the book editor
* Mónica Cabrera as social worker
* Ricardo Moriello as Juan
* Juan Carlos Ricci as Dr. Rizzo

## Awards
### Wins

* Berlin International Film Festival: Teddy Award, Best Feature Film; 2005.
* Outfest: Grand Jury Award, Outstanding International Narrative Feature; 2005.
* New York Lesbian and Gay Film Festival: Best Foreign Narrative Feature; 2005.

### Nominations

* Mar del Plata Film Festival: FIPRESCI Prize, Anahi Berneri; Best film; 2005.
* Argentine Film Critics Association Awards: Silver Condor Award; Best Adapted Screenplay; Best New Actor, Juan Minujín; Best Costume Design, Roberta Pesci; 2006.
# Peter Furneaux

Peter Furneaux (12 October 1935 – 2 December 2014) was an English football club chairman and investor. He previously held the position of Executive Director at Grimsby Town where he was twice Chairman.

## Football ownership

Grimsby born Furneaux has owned shares in his home town club for over 20 years. He has been Chairman twice. In the early 1990s he was at the helm before selling out to Bill Carr. Furneaux became Chairman again in the late 1990s when he bought the majority stake hold from Doug Everitt, for an undisclosed sum.
While Furneaux was at the helm the club enjoyed much success, with Furneaux guiding them from the then Fourth Division up to the second tier of English football. He has in many respects been the club's longest serving and most successful chairman until the collapse of ITV Digital when the club faced huge difficulties.
In 2004 Furneaux relinquished his position once again, with the club's majority shareholder John Fenty taking over.
On 5 March 2011 it was announced that Furneaux would be stepping down from Grimsby's board of directors at the end of the 2010–2011 season amidst protests against himself and fellow directors Michael Chapman and John Elsom from supporters before the league tie with AFC Wimbledon. The fans had been unhappy with the trio who they had blamed for the resignation of vice-chairman Mike Parker earlier in the week. The news was broken to supporters when chairman John Fenty addressed them.
Furneaux stood down with immediate effect on 9 March 2011.

## Death

Furneaux died on 2 December 2014, aged 79.
# Samuel Marx (New York politician)

Samuel Marx (1867 – November 30, 1922) was an American auctioneer and politician from New York.
Born in New York City, Marx was educated in the public schools and became an auctioneer and appraiser. In 1889, he married Irene Smith.
He was a member of Tammany Hall and served on the New York City Council. In August 1919, he was appointed Internal Revenue Collector for the 3rd New York District. In November 1922, Marx was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives in the 19th District, but died before his term began.
Samuel Marx Triangle, a small street-corner park in Manhattan, is named for him.
# Cholewa coat of arms

Cholewa is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

## Notable bearers

Notable bearers of this coat of arms include: Jan Nepomucen Umiński
# Sdent Sierre Basket

Sdent Sierre Basket was a Swiss women's basketball club based in Sierre, Switzerland. Sdent Sierre Basket played in SB League Women, the highest tier level of women's professional basketball in Switzerland. Sdent Sierre Basket left LNA after the 2010 season and its 2010 championship.
# Sainte-Praxède

Sainte-Praxède (French pronunciation:) is a parish municipality located in Les Appalaches Regional County Municipality in the Chaudière-Appalaches region of Quebec, Canada. Its population was 351 as of the Canada 2021 Census. It was named after Catholic saint Praxedes.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sainte-Praxède had a population of 351 living in 157 of its 290 total private dwellings, a change of 7.3% from its 2016 population of 327. With a land area of 136.18 km$^2$ (52.58 sq mi), it had a population density of 2.6/km$^2$ (6.7/sq mi) in 2021.
# Ecuador at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics

Ecuador will compete at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics in London, Great Britain, from 4–13 August 2017.

## Results
### Men
#### Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank |
| Bayron Piedra | 10,000 metres | 28:50.72 SB | 21 |
| Segundo Jami | Marathon | 2:24:28 | 57 |
| Mauricio Arteaga | 20 kilometres walk | 1:22:28 SB | 28 |
| Brian Pintado | 20 kilometres walk | 1:21:17 PB | 18 |
| Andrés Chocho | 50 kilometres walk | DQ | – |
| Claudio Villanueva | 50 kilometres walk | 3:49:27 PB | 18 |

### Women
#### Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Narcisa Landazuri | 100 metres | 11.59 | 34 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Ángela Tenorio | 100 metres | 11.33 | 25 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Angela Brito | Marathon | — | — | — | — | 2:58:21 | 72 |
| Rosa Chacha | Marathon | — | — | — | — | 2:37:50 | 32 |
| Carmen Toaquiza | Marathon | — | — | — | — | 2:48:45 | 61 |
| Yuliana Angulo Narcisa Landazuri Romina Cifuentes Ángela Tenorio | 4 × 100 metres relay | 43.94 SB | 12 | — | — | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Maritza Guamán | 20 kilometres walk | — | — | — | — | 1:33:06 | 28 |
| Johana Ordóñez | 20 kilometres walk | — | — | — | — | 1:36:27 | 41 |
| Paola Pérez | 20 kilometres walk | — | — | — | — | 1:30:09 | 13 |