OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Joseph Sprague

Joseph Sprague (July 25, 1783 – December 12, 1854) was an American businessman and politician who served as Mayor of Brooklyn.

## Life

Sprague was born on July 25, 1783, in Leicester, Massachusetts. He was the son of Captain William Sprague, a militia captain and deputy sheriff of the county, and Sarah Sargent. He attended Leicester Academy.
The son of a wealthy farmer, Sprague initially worked on his father's farm. When he was 21, he moved to Boston and became a clerk at a wholesale store. Around two years later, he began working as a country merchant for the next few years until the embargo with Europe crippled his business. After spending some time back in Leicester Academy, his father deeded him a small farm. After a year of farming, he concluded farming wasn't for him. In 1809, he sold the farm, invested the proceeds in wire cards for carding wool and cotton, and moved to New York City to work as a teacher. After his marriage, he lived partly in New York City and partly in the village of Bedford.
During the War of 1812, there was an increase in demand for domestic manufactures, and woolen card prices rose to unprecedented levels. Sprague's father and brother established a card factory in Leicester, and Sprague managed the factory's sales in New York City for some time. In 1819, he moved to the village of Brooklyn. In 1822, he was one of the founders of the First Presbyterian Church. In 1823, he helped secure a charter for the Long Island Bank and the Brooklyn Fire Insurance Co. In 1825, he became village trustee. He was elected village president in 1827, and was re-elected to that office until 1832. In 1826, he and Col. Alden J. Spooner managed to secure Fort Greene for the village. In 1833, he helped secure a city charter for Brooklyn. In 1834, he became the first president of the Long Island Insurance Co., a position he held for the next ten years.
In 1843, Sprague was elected Mayor of Brooklyn as a Democrat, and was re-elected to the office in 1844. During his first mayoral term, the Whig members of the Common Council refused to attend the board meetings, to which he responded by having them arrested on misdemeanor charges due to neglecting public business. In 1848, he was one of the biggest advocates for opening Washington Park in Fort Greene. He served multiple terms as town supervisor as late as 1851. He was a member of the board of consolidation that planned the union between Brooklyn, Williamsburgh, and Bushwick. At the time of his death, he was a director of the Mechanics Bank.
In 1817, Sprague married Maria De Bevoise. Their children were Sarah Jane, Horace A., and William E. He was a founder of his local Freemason lodge, and served as lodge master as well as treasurer of the Grand Lodge of New York. His namesake grandson, Joseph E. Sprague, played baseball for the National Club of Brooklyn, the Brooklyn Enterprise, the Eckford Club, and other pre-professional teams, from 1858 to 1865.
Sprague died at home on December 12, 1854. He was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery.
# John Habersham

John Habersham (December 23, 1754 – December 17, 1799) was an American merchant, planter, and soldier from Georgia. He was the son of loyalist official James Habersham, the younger brother of patriot leader Joseph Habersham. They were both the younger brothers of James Habersham Jr. He served as an officer in the 1st Georgia Regiment during the American Revolutionary War. He was a delegate to the Congress of the Confederation in 1785. John Habersham was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati of the State of Georgia.
In the 1780s, Habersham owned Bonaventure Plantation.
Upon his death in 1799, he was buried in Savannah's Colonial Park Cemetery.
# Shanyang County

Shanyang County (simplified Chinese: 山阳县; traditional Chinese: 山陽縣; pinyin: Shānyáng Xiàn) is a county in southeastern Shaanxi province, China, bordering Hubei province to the south. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Shangluo and has an area of 3,515 km$^2$ (1,357 sq mi) and a population of 440,000 as of 2004.

## Administrative divisions

Shanyang County has 2 subdistricts and 8 towns.

### 2 subdistricts

* Chengguan (城关街道)
* Shilipu (十里铺街道)

### 8 towns

* Banyan (板岩镇)
* Sehepu (色河铺镇)
* Xiaohekou (小河口镇)
* Yangdi (杨地镇)
* Nankuanping (南宽坪镇)
* Manchuanguan (漫川关镇)
* Xizhaochuan (西照川镇)
* Yinhua (银花镇)

## Climate

Climate data for Shanyang, elevation 660 m (2,170 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.9 (67.8) | 23.0 (73.4) | 31.9 (89.4) | 36.4 (97.5) | 37.0 (98.6) | 40.0 (104.0) | 38.7 (101.7) | 38.6 (101.5) | 38.9 (102.0) | 31.7 (89.1) | 26.9 (80.4) | 21.7 (71.1) | 40.0 (104.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) | 10.9 (51.6) | 16.0 (60.8) | 22.4 (72.3) | 26.1 (79.0) | 30.1 (86.2) | 31.6 (88.9) | 30.1 (86.2) | 25.3 (77.5) | 20.5 (68.9) | 14.8 (58.6) | 9.6 (49.3) | 20.5 (68.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.8 (33.4) | 3.9 (39.0) | 8.7 (47.7) | 14.6 (58.3) | 18.6 (65.5) | 22.8 (73.0) | 25.2 (77.4) | 23.8 (74.8) | 19.2 (66.6) | 13.6 (56.5) | 7.5 (45.5) | 2.3 (36.1) | 13.4 (56.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.0 (24.8) | −0.9 (30.4) | 3.2 (37.8) | 8.4 (47.1) | 12.7 (54.9) | 17.1 (62.8) | 20.6 (69.1) | 19.6 (67.3) | 15.2 (59.4) | 9.3 (48.7) | 2.9 (37.2) | −2.3 (27.9) | 8.5 (47.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −12.3 (9.9) | −10.2 (13.6) | −7.7 (18.1) | −2.2 (28.0) | 2.4 (36.3) | 8.0 (46.4) | 13.1 (55.6) | 11.3 (52.3) | 3.9 (39.0) | −4.1 (24.6) | −8.6 (16.5) | −16.4 (2.5) | −16.4 (2.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 5.2 (0.20) | 11.7 (0.46) | 29.3 (1.15) | 43.9 (1.73) | 70.6 (2.78) | 78.7 (3.10) | 146.3 (5.76) | 120.3 (4.74) | 104.0 (4.09) | 61.1 (2.41) | 26.2 (1.03) | 6.7 (0.26) | 704 (27.71) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 4.3 | 5.5 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 13.4 | 12.3 | 11.7 | 10.6 | 7.3 | 4.4 | 107.6 |
| Average snowy days | 5.3 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 16.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 63 | 63 | 63 | 64 | 69 | 71 | 77 | 80 | 82 | 80 | 75 | 66 | 71 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 147.7 | 124.6 | 150.6 | 174.8 | 185.8 | 190.1 | 197.7 | 185.8 | 133.3 | 134.7 | 130.6 | 144.5 | 1,900.2 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 47 | 40 | 40 | 45 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 36 | 39 | 42 | 47 | 43 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||
# Repton School Dubai

Repton School Dubai, part of Excella, is an international, co-educational school founded in 2007. The school caters to students from ages 3 to 18 and has boarding facilities for students from age 11. It is a partner school of the original Repton School in the United Kingdom, founded in 1557.
Repton School Dubai was the first sister school of the UK-based renowned Repton institution within the UAE educational landscape. Repton School Dubai was also the first UK branded international school to start its operations in the UAE. Subsequently, Repton School Abu Dhabi and Repton School Al Barsha were launched in the UAE in 2013.
According to KHDA (Knowledge and Human Development Authority) inspections, Repton has maintained an outstanding rating since the 2014-2015 academic year.
The school is included in The Schools Index as one of the 150 best private schools in the world and among top 15 schools in the Middle East.
The school is one of the most expensive in Dubai, with fees up to AED 100,000 ($27,225). It is one of only two schools in the emirate to offer boarding.
The Junior and Senior schools are located on a campus of 1.3 million square feet in Nad Al Sheba 3, making it the largest school in the region. Year 13 Graduation events are held in the Dubai Opera annually.

## Academics

Repton School Dubai offers a full range of the IGCSE curriculum and the IB Diploma, IB Career Programme, and A-Level courses with a choice of 45 subjects in various academic fields. In 2024, 17% of the Year 13 cohort achieved A* to A grades. The school houses students from over 80 different nationalities. Students of the school have gone on to attend Harvard University, Oxford University, Stanford University and more.

## Charity Work

In 2019, the school partnered with Dubai Cares and raised AED 142,000 ($38,660) to build a school in Senegal.

## Notable Alumni

* Chirag Suri - Cricketer
# John Murdoch of Rosebank

John Murdoch of Rosebank (1709–1776) was a Scottish tobacco lord and politician who served as Lord Provost of Glasgow three times: 1746–1748, 1750–1752 and 1758–1760, with his brother-in-law Andrew Cochrane serving in the intervening years. Murdoch Avenue in Cambuslang is named after him.

## Life

John Murdoch was born on 4 October 1709 the son of Peter Murdoch of Rosehill (1670-1761), a Glasgow merchant and sugar refiner (owner of the King Street Sugar Works) who later served as Lord Provost of Glasgow (1730-1732), and his wife, Mary Luke, daughter of John Luke of Claythorn.
He lived at Rosebank House in the Cambuslang district.
In 1744 he became a Bailie in Glasgow Town Council (under Andrew Cochrane) and two years later succeeded him as Lord Provost.
In 1750 he built the first house on Argyle Street (standing on the corner of Dunlop Street) and long-known as the Buck's Head Inn.
He died in Glasgow on 30 June 1776.
Rosebank House passed to John Dunlop who himself became Lord Provost in 1794 and in 1801 was purchased by David Dale. The house was demolished in 1937.

## Family

His sister, Janet Murdoch, married Andrew Cochrane.
In 1732 he was married to Margaret Lang, daughter of William Lang. Their only child, Ann Murdoch, who married John Wallace of Cessnock but died before 1754.
Margaret Lang died in 1734 (possibly in childbirth) and John then married Margaret Bogle by whom he had one further daughter, Margaret Murdoch, who married Thomas Miller, Lord Glenlee. Their daughter Jessy married John Dunlop of Rosebank.
# Aar (Ill)

The Aar (French pronunciation:) is a river in the administrative district of Bas-Rhin which crosses the municipalities of Strasbourg and Schiltigheim. It is an arm which separates from the Ill at the University bridge to rejoin it at lock no 51 in Schiltigheim. Together the Aar and the Ill form the island of Saint-Hélène.

## Geography

The Aar is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long. It separates from the Ill at the southern tip of Île Sainte-Hélène, near St. Paul's Church, Strasbourg, and crosses the Contades and Wacken neighborhoods. It rejoins the Ill at Schiltigheim after having crossed the Marne–Rhine Canal thanks to a dam with several gates.

## Environment

There is a walking route, the "two rivers route", and sports equipment along the banks of the river. The river borders the Aar Park, which has allotment gardens and the sports complex. The river flows through a calm, green landscape, and is used by coypus and birds such as kingfishers, herons, cormorants, swans, coots and moorhens. There are old wash-houses along the bank. The river is used for canoeing and kayaking.

## Gallery

* Pont de la Protestation
* The Aar and the Vosges Bridge in Strasbourg
* Pont Abraham Deutsch
# Johnson grass

Johnson grass or Johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense, is a plant in the grass family, Poaceae, native to Asia and northern Africa. The plant has been introduced to all continents except Antarctica, and most larger islands and archipelagos. It reproduces by rhizomes and seeds.
Johnson grass has been used for forage and to stop erosion, but it is often considered a weed because:
* Foliage that becomes wilted from frost or hot, dry weather can contain sufficient amounts of hydrogen cyanide to kill cattle and horses if it is eaten in quantity.
* The foliage can cause 'bloat' in such herbivores from the accumulation of excessive nitrates; otherwise, it is edible.
* It grows and spreads rapidly, it can 'choke out' other cash crops planted by farmers.
This species occurs in crop fields, pastures, abandoned fields, rights-of-way, forest edges, and along streambanks. It thrives in open, disturbed, rich, bottom ground, particularly in cultivated fields. Johnson grass that is resistant to the common herbicide glyphosate has been found in Argentina and the United States. It is considered to be one of the ten worst weeds in the world. In the United States, Johnson grass is listed as either a noxious or quarantined weed in 19 states. With Sorghum bicolor it is a parent of Sorghum × almum, a forage crop also considered a weed in places.
It is named after an Alabama plantation owner, Colonel William Johnson, who sowed its seeds on river-bottom farm land circa 1840. The plant was already established in several US states a decade earlier, having been introduced as a prospective forage or accidentally as a seedlot contaminant.
In early 20th century Talladega County (Alabama), feelings about Johnson grass were mixed. It was considered a nutritious, palatable and productive forage, but many farmers still found it undesirable. Fields of this grass fell into a "sod bound" state of insufficient new growth unless they were plowed every two or three seasons.
A genetic study employing microsatellite markers has investigated Johnsongrass populations across 12 US states and confirmed that the weed was introduced to US from Alabama and North Carolina. Moreover, the study also detected an unreported independent introduction from Arizona. After trans-continental railroad building the two founding populations began to intermix at around Texas shifting diversity from centers of introduction.
The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that Sorghum halepense is a "strong, erect-growing species, varying from two to ten feet high, succulent when young, a splendid grass for a cattle run, though not much sought after by sheep. It is a free seeder. The settlers on the banks of the Hawkesbury (New South Wales) look upon it as a recent importation, and seed of it has been distributed under the name of Panicum speciabile. (WooUs) Coast of Queensland, New South Wales, and Western Australia."
# Mhd Amin Nordin Abdul Aziz

Tan Sri Datuk Seri Mhd Amin Nordin bin Abdul Aziz (born 1 August 1955) is a Malaysian civil servant who served as mayor of Kuala Lumpur from 2015 to 2018.

## Career

Nordin was the Director-General of Kuala Lumpur City Hall before his appointment to the mayoral office (prior to that, he was also already a senior experienced civil servant in different government departments and ministries). He was appointed Mayor of Kuala Lumpur by Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor, then-Minister of Federal Territories to succeed Ahmad Phesal Talib, who decided to take mandatory retirement upon reaching 60 years of age and not having a desire to renew his contract.

## Honours
### Honours of Malaysia

* Malaysia :
** Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (2017)
** Commander of the Order of Meritorious Service (PJN) – Datuk (2015)
* Federal Territory (Malaysia) :
** Grand Commander of the Order of the Territorial Crown (SMW) – Datuk Seri (2015)
** Commander of the Order of the Territorial Crown (PMW) – Datuk (2009)
# Iziaslav, Ukraine

Iziaslav (Ukrainian: Ізяслав, IPA:), also spelled Izyaslav or Zaslav (Ukrainian: Заслав, IPA:; Polish: Zasław, IPA:) is one of the oldest cities in Volhynia. Situated on the Horyn River in western Ukraine, the city dates back to the 11th century. Iziaslav belongs to Shepetivka Raion of Khmelnytskyi Oblast. It hosts the administration of Iziaslav urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 15,296 (2022 estimate).

## History

Izyaslav was first mentioned in 1390. It was a private town in Poland, owned by the Zasławski and Sanguszko families. It was part of the Polish Volhynian Voivodeship. In 1583 it was granted Magdeburg city rights.
After the Partitions of Poland Iziaslav was part of the Russian Empire – Volhynian Governorate.
At the beginning of World War II, the town had a Jewish population representing 28% of the inhabitants. As soon as the Germans occupied the town, Jews were kept imprisoned in a ghetto and were later murdered in mass executions perpetrated by Einsatzgruppen.
Until 18 July 2020, Iziaslav was the administrative center of Iziaslav Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Khmelnytskyi Oblast to three. The area of Iziaslav Raion was merged into Shepetivka Raion.

### Historical demographics of Iziaslav
## Monuments

* City view
* Old Zaslav Castle
* Ruins of Sanguszko Palace
* Church of St. Michael and Bernardine Monastery
* Church of St. Joseph and Lazarists Monastery
* Church of Nativity
* Horyn River in the city
* St. John Cathedral
* Starozaslavsky Castle
* Novozaslavsky Castle
* St. John Cathedral
* Great Synagogue
* Church of St. Michael and Bernardine monastery
* Church of St. Joseph and Lazarists monastery
* Lazarists Hospital
* Palace of Sanguszko
* Cloth Hall
* Novozaslavsky Synagogue

## Notable people

* Anatoliy Aleksandrov (born 1951), rector of the Bauman University, Moscow
* Dmytro Chyhrynskyi (born 1986), Ukrainian professional footballer
* Marian Karol Dubiecki [pl] (1838–1926), Polish historian
* Paolo Fontana [it] (1696–1765), Italian-Polish Baroque architect
* Nathan ben Moses Hannover (17th century), Ruthenian Jewish historian, Talmudist, and kabbalist
* Bill Mazer (1920–2013), American television and radio personality
* Eugene Nakonechny [uk] (b. 1914 in Iziaslav; d. 1988 in the US), architect and artist
* Leonard Nimoy (1931–2015), American actor (played Spock in Star Trek); parents born in Iziaslav, emigrated to Boston, USA
* Myroslav Popovych (1930–2018), Ukrainian philosopher
* Tzvi Tzur (1923–2004), Israeli officer, IDF Chief of Staff (1961–1963)
* Aleksander Zasławski (died 1629), Polish-Lithuanian noble, voivode of Bracław
* Władysław Dominik Zasławski (c. 1616–1656), Polish nobleman of Ruthenian stock, prince of the princely houses of Poland
# Maxwell Arnow

Maxwell Arnow (February 25, 1902 in New York City – June 6, 1984 in Beverly Hills) was an American casting director. He was known for his discoveries of future film stars Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn.
Maxwell Arnow was born in New York City on November 25, 1902, the son of Jacob and Pauline Cohen Arnowitz. He married Henrietta Schnall in 1929 in New York. In 1932, he moved his family to California and was hired by Warner Bros., becoming one of the youngest casting directors in Hollywood at the time. While at Warner, he auditioned an Illinois sportscaster known as Dutch Reagan. After offering him a contract, Max insisted that Reagan use his given first name Ronald.
After leaving Warner Bros. in 1938, he worked for David O. Selznick and was the casting director for Gone with the Wind and other films. Arnow took also an important role in the "Searching for Scarlett" for the casting of Gone with the Wind. He joined Columbia Pictures in 1942 and remained there until 1956. Then he joined the new company formed by Harold Hecht and Burt Lancaster. He developed diabetes in his later years and lost his eyesight as a result.
Other film stars he worked with included Kay Francis, Miriam Hopkins, Helen Hayes, Ruth Chatterton, Ronald Reagan, Kim Novak, Jack Lemmon, Ernest Borgnine, Shelley Winters, Robert Vaughn, Mary Maguire and Tab Hunter.
# Flame of Liberty

The Flame of Liberty (Flamme de la Liberté) in Paris is a full-sized, gold-leaf-covered replica of the flame of the torch from the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World). The monument, which measures approximately 3.5 metres in height, is a sculpture of a flame, executed in gilded copper, supported by a pedestal of gray-and-black marble. It is located near the northern end of the Pont de l'Alma, on the Place Diana, in the 16th arrondissement.

## Background

It was offered to Paris in 1989 by the International Herald Tribune on behalf of donors who had contributed approximately $400,000 for its fabrication. It represented the culmination of that newspaper's 1987 celebration of its hundredth anniversary of publishing an English-language daily newspaper in Paris. More importantly, the Flame was a token of thanks for the restoration work on the Statue of Liberty accomplished three years earlier by two French businesses that did artisanal work on the project, namely Métalliers Champenois, which did the bronze work, and the Gohard Studios, which applied the gold leaf. While the gift to France was prompted by the centennial of the newspaper, the Flame of Liberty, more broadly, is a lasting symbol of the friendship uniting the two countries, just as the statue itself was when it was given to the United States by France.
This project was overseen by the director of the French craft unions at that time, Jacques Graindorge. He foresaw an installation of the Flame of Liberty in a public square called Place des États-Unis (United States Square) in the 16th arrondissement, but the mayor of Paris at the time, Jacques Chirac, was opposed to it. After a protracted period of negotiations, it was decided that the Flame would be placed in an open area near the intersection of l'Avenue de New-York (New York Avenue) and the Place de l'Alma. The monument was dedicated on 10 May 1989 by Chirac.
On the base of the monument, a commemorative plaque recounts the following story:
   "The Flame of Liberty. An exact replica of the Statue of Liberty's flame offered to the people of France by donors throughout the world as a symbol of the Franco-American friendship. On the occasion of the centennial of the International Herald Tribune. Paris 1887–1987."
The Flame of Liberty became an unofficial memorial for Diana, Princess of Wales, after her 1997 death in the tunnel beneath the Pont de l'Alma. The flame became an attraction for tourists and followers of Diana, who fly-posted the base with commemorative material. Anthropologist Guy Lesoeurs said, "Most people who come here think this was built for her." Since 2019, the site has been officially named Place Diana.
The site of the monument is served by the Métro de Paris station Alma-Marceau on Line No. 9 and by the RER commuter rail station, Pont de l'Alma, on its 'C' Line, as well as by buses numbered 42, 63, 72, 80, 92, and the Balabus sightseeing buses.
# Richard Potts

Richard Potts (July 19, 1753 – November 26, 1808) was an American politician and jurist.

## Early life and career

Potts was born in Upper Marlboro, Maryland, and lived there until he moved with his family to the Barbados Islands in 1757. He returned to Maryland and settled in the state capital of Annapolis in 1761, where he studied law. He commenced the practice of law in Frederick County, Maryland in 1775. Potts served as a member of the committee of observation for Frederick County in 1776 and as military aide to the Governor of Maryland in 1777.

## Law career

Potts served as clerk of the Frederick County court from 1777 to 1778, and as prosecuting attorney for Frederick, Montgomery, and Washington Counties in 1784. He was appointed by President George Washington as United States attorney for Maryland, and served from 1789 to 1791.
He was a delegate to the Maryland State Convention of 1788, to vote whether Maryland should ratify the proposed Constitution of the United States. Potts also served as a member of the Continental Congress in 1781, and as member of the Maryland convention which ratified the Constitution of the United States in 1788.
From 1791 to 1793 and again from 1796 to 1801, Potts served as chief judge of the fifth judicial circuit of the State. He was later appointed associate justice of the Maryland Court of Appeals, a position he served in from 1801 to 1804.

## Political career

Potts' political career included two terms in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1779 to 1780, and again from 1787 to 1788. He declined the nomination to be elected to the Maryland State Senate in 1787, but served as a presidential elector in 1792. He was elected to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Charles Carroll of Carrollton and served from January 10, 1793, to October 24, 1796, when he also resigned. Potts declined an appointment as Secretary of State in 1795. Potts died in Frederick in 1808, and was interred in All Saints’ Parish Cemetery until his reinterment in Mount Olivet Cemetery in Frederick.