OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Circuit breaker design pattern

The Circuit Breaker is a design pattern commonly used in software development to improve system resilience and fault tolerance. Circuit breaker pattern can prevent cascading failures particularly in distributed systems. In distributed systems, the Circuit Breaker pattern can be used to monitor service health and can detect failures dynamically. Unlike timeout-based methods, which can lead to delayed error responses or the premature failure of healthy requests, the Circuit Breaker pattern can proactively identify unresponsive services and can prevent repeated attempts. This approach can enhance the user experience.
The circuit breaker pattern can be used in conjunction with other patterns, such as retry, fallback, and timeout, to enhance fault tolerance in systems.

## Challenges

According to Marc Brooker, circuit breakers can misinterpret a partial failure as total system failure and inadvertently bring down the entire system. In particular, sharded systems and cell-based architectures are vulnerable to this issue. A workaround is that the server indicates to the client which specific part is overloaded and the client uses a corresponding mini circuit breaker. However, this workaround can be complex and expensive.

## Different states of circuit breaker

* Closed
* Open
* Half-open

### Closed state

When everything is normal, the circuit breakers remain closed, and all the request passes through to the services. If the number of failures increases beyond the threshold, the circuit breaker trips and goes into an open state.

### Open state

In this state circuit breaker returns an error immediately without even invoking the services. The Circuit breakers move into the half-open state after a timeout period elapses. Usually, it will have a monitoring system where the timeout will be specified.

### Half-open state

In this state, the circuit breaker allows a limited number of requests from the service to pass through and invoke the operation. If the requests are successful, then the circuit breaker will go to the closed state. However, if the requests continue to fail, then it goes back to open state.
# Robert J. Winglass

Robert Joseph Winglass (October 22, 1935 – January 28, 2023) was an American politician from Maine and former United States Marine Corps general. From 1957 to 1992, Winglass was a Senior Officer in the United States Marine Corps. Prior to his retirement, he was Chief of Staff for Installations and Logistics at U.S Marine Corps Headquarters in Washington, D.C., having achieved the rank of Lieutenant General. A Republican, Winglass served in the Maine House of Representatives from 1995 to 1998. He ran unsuccessfully for election in 2010 for District 62 in Auburn and was subsequently appointed Commissioner of Labor in the newly elected Paul LePage administration in June 2011. He resigned as labor commissioner in August 2012.
Winglass was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts and graduated from Springfield College in 1957 with a B.S. in education. He also earned a M.A. in international affairs from George Washington University in 1969. While in the Marine Corps, Winglass was decorated with a Navy Distinguished Service Medal and three Legion of Merit awards. He lived in Bath while serving as Labor Commissioner and, shortly before resigning, sold his Bath home and moved to his retirement home in Surry. He is married to Norma Winglass and they have four children.
Executive director of the Maine AFL-CIO Matt Schlobohm said of Winglass,
   We found him to be someone who was very concerned about working people in our state and genuinely worked on important issues. ... We found him to be a voice of reason within an administration and governor who, far too often, has shown contempt for Maine's hard-working people.
He died on January 28, 2023, at the age of 87. He will be interred at Quantico National Cemetery on August 4, 2023.
# Ilsan Bridge

The Ilsan Bridge (Korean: 일산대교) crosses the Han River in South Korea and connects the cities of Gimpo and Goyang in the Gyeonggi Province. The bridge was completed in 2008.
# Greatest Hits (Quiet Riot album)

Greatest Hits is a greatest hits compilation by the band Quiet Riot released in 1996.

## Track listing

* "Cum on Feel the Noize"
* "Bang Your Head (Metal Health)"
* "Slick Black Cadillac"
* "The Wild & the Young"
* "Mama Weer All Crazee Now"
* "Party All Night"
* "The Joker"
* "Stay with Me Tonight"
* "Callin' the Shots"
* "Bang Your Head (Metal Health)" (live)
* "Let's Go Crazy" (live)
* This 1990s metal album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# William Winter (chess player)

William Winter (11 September 1897 – 18 December 1955) was a British chess player. He won the British Open Chess Championship in 1934 and the British Chess Championship in 1935 and 1936. An acolyte of Siegbert Tarrasch, his sound, strategic play enabled him to defeat a number of the world's top players, including David Bronstein, Aron Nimzowitsch and Milan Vidmar. However, his health and tactical play were insufficiently strong to enable him to repeat these victories on a consistent basis.

## Life and career

Winter was a widely respected author of chess books and was a nephew of J. M. Barrie, the creator of Peter Pan. Winter was also a Communist. His over-the-board and real-life characters were in stark contrast to each other. Harry Golombek described his play as "classic, scientific and sober; away from the board, he was revolutionary, illogically moved by his emotions (he contrived to be both a fervent communist and a staunch patriot) and, more often than not, drunk."
Winter has the distinction of being the only British Champion to have served time in prison (for his political activities). His memoirs were serialised in CHESS magazine in the late 1950s.
Due to the outbreak of World War I, he had to break and then resume his law studies. During his time there, he was the champion of Cambridge University.
Winter played in four Olympiads, in 1930, 1931, 1933, and 1935.

## Books by Winter

* Chess for Match Players, originally published in 1936 by Lawrence & Wishart; re-published in 1951 by Carroll and Nicholson and in 1965 by Dover Publications.
* The Anglo-Soviet Radio Chess Match, 1947 with E. Klein, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.
* Kings of Chess ISBN 4871878287
* The World Chess Championship : 1951; Botvinnik v. Bronstein. with Robert Wade, ISBN 4871878295
# Yeşilyuva, Abana

Yeşilyuva is a village in the Abana District of Kastamonu Province in Turkey. Its population is 46 (2021).
# Certified Securities Investment Advisor

In South Korea, a Certified Securities Investment Advisor (CSIA) is a certified professional permitted to offer investment advice to clients and to accept purchase and sale orders for certain financial products on their behalf. The products which CSIAs are permitted to handle include stocks, bonds, mutual funds, beneficiary certificates, and equity-linked warrants; however, the handling of futures, options, and over-the-counter derivatives is reserved for Certified Derivatives Investment Advisors. As of 2010, there were 111,214 registered CSIAs.
To become a CSIA, one must pass the qualifying examination offered by the Korea Institute of Financial Investment, an arm of the Korea Financial Investment Association (KOFIA). In July 2008 (the 69th sitting of the examination), 16,117 candidates took the examination, of whom 5,687 (35%) passed. Among the examinees, 894 were employees of securities firms, while the remaining 4,793 were university students or other ordinary people. Younger people are also known to take the examination; for example, in July 2011, an 11-year-old primary school student passed the examination and became the youngest CSIA ever.
# American Association of Professional Landmen

The American Association of Professional Landmen (AAPL), previously called the American Association of Petroleum Landmen, is a professional organization in the United States that unites approximately 12,000 landmen and land-related persons in North America through professional development and service.

## History

In November 1954, nineteen landmen who were members of the National Oil Scouts and Landmen's Association met in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma to establish the American Association of Petroleum Landmen (AAPL). It was created as a professional organization for landmen and other land-related fields. George F. Brown of Sun Oil Company was chosen as the association's first chairman.
AAPL held its first annual meeting in Fort Worth, Texas in April 1955. At the time, the association already had 831 members from 23 states.
AAPL is now called the Association of Professional Landmen. Its mission is to promote performance standards for all land professionals, advance their stature, and encourage sound stewardship of energy and mineral resources. Its had some 12,000 members.
AAPL's national headquarters are at 800 Fournier Street in Fort Worth, Texas. Its publication is The Landman.

## Activities

AAPL was founded and is the general manager of the American Prospect Expo, attended by 17,000 energy professionals each year. It also presents the Pioneer Award to individuals who make contributions to the field.
The AAPL provides curriculum guidance and program support for approved energy management programs and has accredited ten programs at universities in the United States and Canada. The association has a educational foundation and awards scholarships to undergraduate and graduate students who are studying natural resources management at these colleges schools.
The association started a voluntary certification program in June 1979. The AAPL provides three levels of certification to attest to a landman's knowledge and expertise. A Registered Landman, the initial certification, identifies someone with a fundamental knowledge of the land industry. The Registered Professional Landman certification identifies someone who has professional experience as a landman. The Certified Professional Landman has demonstrated a comprehensive level of professional experience and competency in the land business.

## Notable members

* June Brooks, businesswoman, speaker and promoter of the oil and gas industry
* Robert Mosbacher, United States Secretary of Commerce
# Mornaguia

Mornaguia (Arabic: المرناقية) is a town and commune in the Manouba Governorate, Tunisia, located 14 kilometres from Tunis. As of 2004 it had a population of 13,382.
Attached administratively to the Manouba Governorate, it is a municipality with 19 834 inhabitants in 2014 2 . The capital of a delegation, it is an important agricultural center for the fertile Mornag plain. Touched by the urban sprawl of the Tunis urban agglomeration, it is one of the cities with strong growth, especially since it is located on the Tunis-Medjez el-Bab A3 motorway .
It consists of several districts: Tebaltech, Bouhnach, Sidi Ali El Hattab, Ksar Hadid, El Fejja, Hmaiem, Menzel Habib, Bouregba and Tahouna.
It is also known for housing a civilian prison.
# The Princess Mayblossom

The Princess Mayblossom (Princesse Printaniére) is a French literary fairy tale written by Madame d'Aulnoy in 1697. Andrew Lang included it in The Red Fairy Book.

## Synopsis

A king and queen had lost all their children, and were most anxious about a daughter newly born to them. The queen dismissed a hideous woman who put herself forth as a nurse, but every woman she hired was instantly killed. The king realized that the ugly woman was the Fairy Carabosse, who had hated him since he played a prank on her as a child. They tried to christen their daughter in secret, but Carabosse cursed her to be miserable her first twenty years. The last fairy godmother could only promise that her life would be long and happy after those twenty years. The eldest fairy advised that the princess be kept in a tower to minimize the harm.
When her twentieth year had nearly come, the king and queen sent her portrait about to princes. One king sent his ambassador to make an offer for his son. The princess conceived an overwhelming desire to see the ambassador, and her servants, for fear of what she would do, made a hole in the tower that let her see. She instantly fell in love with the ambassador, Fanfarinet. When she met him, she persuaded him to run away with her, and took the king's dagger and the queen's headdress with them. They fled to a desert island.
The next morning, a chancellor realized how the princess had been looking at the ambassador, the nurses confessed about the hole, and the admiral set out in chase. They identified the man who had rowed them to the island by the gold the princess had given them.
At the island, the ambassador instantly began to complain of hunger and thirst, and when the princess could find nothing, he could find nothing worthwhile in her love. One day, a rose offered her some honeycomb and warned her not to show the ambassador; she did, and he snatched it and ate it all. An oak offered her a pitcher of milk and warned her not to show the ambassador; she did, and he snatched it and drank it all. The princess realized how rashly she had acted. A nightingale offered her sugarplums and tarts, and this time, she ate them herself. When the ambassador tried to threaten her, she used the magical stone in her mother's headdress to make herself invisible.
The admiral sent men to the island. The princess used the magical stone to make the ambassador invisible, and he stabbed so many of them that they had to retreat. But the hungry ambassador tried to kill her, and she killed him. Two fairies fought, and one won and told her that the fairy Carabosse had tried to claim her because she left the tower four days before the twenty years were up, but she was defeated. She is brought back to court, and the prince proved to be so much finer than his ambassador that she lived happily with him.

## Translations

James Planché, author and dramatist, noted in his translation of d'Aulnoy's tales that there existed two alternate titles to the tale: Princess Verenata and Princess Maia.
The tale was translated as The Princess Maia by Laura Valentine, in The Old, Old Fairy Tales.
# Chew Swee Kee

Chew Swee Kee (Chinese: 周瑞麒; pinyin: Zhōu Ruìqí; 15 May 1918 – 15 December 1985) was a Singaporean politician. A member of political party Labour Front, Chew served as the first Minister of Education from 1955 to 1959.

## Early life

Chew was born 15 May 1918, in Gopeng, Malaya. He attended Chung Wah Chinese School and Anglo-Chinese School.

## Career

Chew was a member of the Labour Front, a Singapore-based political party. He was given the role of Minister of Education following the victory of the Labour Front in the 1955 Legislative Elections. He was also acting Chief Minister and chairman of the All-Party Committee of the Singapore Legislative Assembly.
He became the Labour Front's president in around 1957. In 1958, the Labour Front joined with the Liberal Socialist Party to form the Singapore People's Alliance.
Early in 1959, Organizing Secretary of the Labour Front, Gerald de Cruz, was told that Chew Swee Kee had bought a tin mine in Ipoh, Malaya, for $350,000. de Cruz alerted Communications and Works Minister and Secretary General of the Labour Front, Francis Thomas. de Cruz described Thomas as "the only honest man as far as I knew in the Labour Front".
Thomas consulted Arthur Lim, Assistant Secretary General, and then reported Chew's sudden wealth to Chief Minister Lim Yew Hock. Lim dismissed the issue, saying that he personally had received only $15,000. Disgruntled, Thomas passed the information to Lee Kuan Yew, Secretary General of the opposition People's Action Party (PAP). On 15 February 1959, at a pre-election rally, PAP Chairman, Toh Chin Chye, said that "the Americans" had given $500,000 to the Singapore's People's Alliance.
Two days later, on 17 February, Lee tabled a motion in the Legislative Assembly naming Chew as receiving foreign money and calling for a Commission of Inquiry. Chew resigned on 4 March. Chief Minister Lim appointed Justice Murray Buttrose as Commissioner to investigate. Buttrose held hearings from 6 April to 18 May, and concluded that Chew had received $519,000 in October 1957 and $182,000 in April 1958 from the main office of First National City Bank of New York. Chew spent $280,000 on investments in Malayan mines and $51,000 to buy a house in Ipoh. Buttrose cleared Chew of violating income tax laws. At the inquiry, Lee said that he had received the information about Chew's receipt of foreign funds from K. M. Byrne, formerly Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. In turn, Byrne testified that he had received the information from an official of the Income Tax Department.
The incident is credited with causing the downfall of the Singapore People's Alliance, and paving the way for the PAP to dominate Singapore politics. Subsequent research revealed that the funds were from Taiwan (Chew had met Republic of China Foreign Minister George Yeh in September 1957 to solicit funds).

## Personal life

Chew became a Singapore citizen in November 1957. He was married and had four daughters and one son. He headed the Ipoh ACS Alumni Association from 1962 to 1964.

## Death

Chew died of myocardial infarction on 15 December 1985.
# Tom Walsh (squash player)

Tom Walsh (born 27 April 1999) is an English male professional squash player. He reached a career high ranking of number 53 in the world during December 2024.

## Career

Walsh achieved his highest career ranking of 66 (at the time) in December 2023 during the 2023–24 PSA World Tour.
In May 2024, Walsh helped England retain the European Squash Team Championships.
# Tanga

Tanga may refer to:

## Places
### Burkina Faso

* Tanga, Andemtenga, a town in eastern Burkina Faso
* Tanga, Sidéradougou, a village in western Burkina Faso
* Tanga-Pela, a village in northern-central Burkina Faso

### Tanzania

* Tanga Region, Tanzanian administrative region named after the city
** Tanga, Tanzania, a city and port on the coast of Tanzania
** Tanga District, Tanzanian district
* Tanga Airport

### Other places

* Tanga Islands, an island group in Papua New Guinea
* Tånga och Rögle, a village in southern Sweden
* Nosy Tanga, an islet in Diana, Madagascar

## Money

* Tanga (coin), subunit of the Portuguese Indian rupia from the 16th-century until 1958
* Tanga (currency), subunit of the Tajikistani ruble from 1995 to 2000

## Entertainment

* Tanga (film), a 1987 Brazilian comedy film
* "Tangá", a 1943 pioneering Afro-Cuban jazz composition by Mario Bauzá

## People

* Tanga Byaling, Indian politician from Arunachal Pradesh
* Tanga Loa (born 1983), American professional wrestler
* Tanga Moreau, Belgian model
* Brian Tanga (born 1995), Kenyan rugby union player
* Jephte Tanga (born 2004), English professional footballer
* M R Tanga, Indian politician from Karnataka
* Yoan Tanga (born 1996), French professional rugby union player

## Other

* 1595 Tanga, a main-belt asteroid discovered in 1930, named after Tanga, Tanzania
* Battle of Tanga, an unsuccessful British attack to capture the Tanzanian city and German East Africa during World War I
* Tanga (carriage) or tonga, a light horse-drawn carriage used in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
* Tanga Cement, a cement company of Tanzania, named after the city
* Tanga language, a Bantu language of Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea
* Tanga Station, a monorail station in Kitakyushu, Japan
* Tanga, a style of thong underwear or beachwear
# Primocryst

A primocryst is a reference to the earliest-formed crystals, in contact with each other in a magma. These may also be referred to as cumulus crystals.
# Lovana Jones

Lovana S. 'Lou' Jones (March 28, 1938 – May 8, 2006) served as an Illinois State Representative from 1987 until her death in 2006. She was known for speaking up for abused and neglected children. Born in Mansfield, Ohio, Jones went to Ohio State University. Jones was an employee of the City of Chicago Department of Human Services. Jones defeated incumbent Larry Bullock in the 1986 Democratic primary for the Illinois House of Representatives. In April 3, 2011, a new Metra train station named after her, 35th Street/Lovana S. 'Lou' Jones/Bronzeville station, was opened on the Rock Island District line.

## Personal life

Jones was the grandmother of Kansas State Representative Brad Boyd.
# Brandon (musician)

Brandon is an American Latin freestyle-pop artist born and raised in San Jose, California.
Lead vocalist Brandon Michaels, dancers, Peter Gabel, and Joe Gabel who all hailed from San Jose California topped the charts in the early 1990s. In 1991, the band had a hit with the gold single, "Kisses in the Night," background vocals by Charlie Pennachio, and Wyatt Pauley "guitar" from Linear. In 1990, Linear had a hit with the gold single, "Sending All My Love," which was released on Atlantic Records and hit number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100. Kisses in the Night was released on Alpha/Polygram Records in 1991 and hit number 49 on the Billboard Hot 100. Brandon also released on the Alpha Intl Records a dance underground hit single "DESTINY,".
# Sandhill rustic

The sandhill rustic (Luperina nickerlii) is a noctuid moth found in various parts of western, southern and central Europe with several subspecies. The species was first described by Christian Friedrich Freyer in 1845.

## Technical description and variation

It is like Luperina testacea, but olive grey, without any rufous tinge; inner and outer lines conversely edged with whitish; a blackish shade before inner line from median vein to inner margin, interrupted at vein 1; claviform stigma broadly blackish; orbicular a minute white spot; reniform subquadrate, with fuscous centre and broad white annulus, the area beyond it blackish, submarginal line whiter, preceded, except between veins 6 and 7, by a blackish shade; a row of neat black marginal lunules; fringe dark grey pencilled with light grey; hindwing pure white, with dark marginal lunules and white fringe; the veins dark.
Certain separation requires examination of the genitalia.

## The sandhill rustic in Britain

In Britain, it flies in one generation between late July and late September and is represented by three subspecies:

### Subspecies demuthi

Found on the coasts of Kent, Essex and Suffolk

### Subspecies gueneei

Found in coastal sandhills in North Wales and Lancashire

### Subspecies leechi

Subspecies leechi, is found on Loe Bar, Cornwall, the shingle beach which separates Loe Pool from the sea. Two pupae, found in the sand, by Barry Goater and Michael Leech in September 1974 was the first sign of this previously unknown subspecies. The female moth is reluctant to fly and rarely appears at light; behaviour that has presumably evolved as an adaptation to its windswept habitat. With only one known population ssp. leechi is a Biodiversity Action Plan species, is listed in the Red Data Book and a species account is given in the Cornish RDB.
Also see Luperina nickerlii knilli Boursin, 1964

## Biology

The larvae feed on the stem and roots of sand couch (Elytrigia juncea) from September to the following July.

## The sandhill rustic in Ireland

In Ireland, the sandhill rustic is represented by the subspecies knilli, which occurs only in County Kerry.