# Golden Bough Playhouse

The Theatre of the Golden Bough also known as the Golden Bough Theatre, was built by Edward G. Kuster in 1924 on Ocean Avenue in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. It was destroyed by fire on May 19, 1935. Kuster moved his film operation to the former Arts and Crafts Hall on Monte Verde Street, nearby in Carmel, which he had previously purchased. He renamed it the Filmarte, and it became the first art house between Los Angeles and San Francisco. In 1940, Kuster renamed the theater the Golden Bough Playhouse and presented plays and films year-round. In 1949, this second Golden Bough also burned down.
In 1952, Kuster built a three-story, two-theater facility on the Monte Verde Street site. The main auditorium, called the Founders Theatre, with 280 seats, presents both movies and live performances. Beneath the main stage, a 120-seat theater-in-the-round was named Circle Theatre. Since 1994, the facility has been owned and operated by Pacific Repertory Theatre, Monterey County's only year-round professional theatre company. A two-phase renovation of the aging facility began with an interior building project in 2011. A second phase of the project, including both interior and exterior renovations, was completed in 2024. The theater is the oldest indoor performing arts venue in Carmel.

## History
### Carmel Arts and Crafts Club theatres

In 1905, to foster the arts in the village of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, the Carmel Arts and Crafts Club was formed. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the village received an influx of artists and other creative people escaping the disaster area. Jack London describes the artists' colony in a portion of his novel, The Valley of the Moon. The early Carmel bohemians participated in events held at the club, including writers and poets Mary Austin, George Sterling, Robinson Jeffers and Sinclair Lewis.
In 1906–07, the club built the town's first cultural center and theatre, The Carmel Arts and Crafts Clubhouse on Casanova Street in Carmel. By 1913, The Arts and Crafts Club had begun organizing lessons for aspiring painters, actors and craftsmen. American painters, such as William Merritt Chase, Xavier Martinez, Mary DeNeale Morgan and C. Chapel Judson offered six weeks of instruction for $15. The dramas presented at the Arts and Crafts Club attracted considerable attention by 1914, with an article in The Clubwoman noting, "Probably no other women's club in the country has achieved a more remarkable success in the way of dramatic ventures than has The Carmel Club of Arts and Crafts". An article in The Mercury Herald commented, "a fever of activity seems to have seized the community and each newcomer is immediately inoculated and begins with great enthusiasm to do something ... with plays, studios and studies".
In 1923–1924 the club built a new theater, the Carmel Arts and Crafts Hall, on an adjacent lot on Monte Verde Street, Carmel. In 1928, the Abalone League, a local amateur baseball club and active thespian group, bought the Arts and Crafts Hall from the Carmel Arts and Crafts Club and renamed it the Abalone Theatre. The following year, the Abalone League, beset by financial trouble, offered to sell Edward G. Kuster its entire theatre operation, including the Carmel Arts and Crafts Club buildings on Monte Verde Street, an offer that Kuster accepted. Kuster remodeled the facility, renamed it the Studio Theatre of the Golden Bough, and moved all of his activities – plays concerts, traveling theatre groups, lectures – to the theatre.

### Theatre of the Golden Bough

In the meantime, theatrical activities in the town became so popular that Kuster had built a competing theater, the Theatre of the Golden Bough, in 1924, with its grand opening on June 6, 1924. Kuster, a musician and lawyer from Los Angeles, had relocated to Carmel to establish his own theater and school. He borrowed the name "Golden Bough" from Roman mythology, where the Golden Bough refers to a branch with golden leaves, allowing the Trojan hero Aeneas to journey safely through the underworld. The interior of the theater had 360 seats with wicker arm chairs. The stage had a depth of thirty feet with spot and flood lights, and a cyclorama at the back of the stage gave the effect of vast spaces. The orchestra space was large enough to seat thirty to forty musicians.
The interior of the theater had 360 seats with wicker arm chairs. The stage has a depth of thirty feet with spot and flood lights. A cyclorama is used at the back of the stage that gave the effect of vast spaces. The orchestra space was large enough to seat thirty to forty musicians. The theater hosted 50 productions each year and also educational programs.
The theater was located on Ocean Avenue, the main street in Carmel, between Lincoln Street and Monte Verde Street; in front was The Court of the Golden Bough, with a group of shops. Kuster was a musician and lawyer from Los Angeles who relocated to Carmel to establish his own theatre and school. Kuster's wife built the Carmel Weavers Studio, with a ticket booth, in the Court. The first production at the theater was Maurice Browne's play, The Mother of Gregory, with Ellen Van Volkenburg in the title-role. The play was followed by a nine-week drama school.
In 1928, Kuster leased the theatre to a local movie exhibitor, the Manzanita Theatre. He then traveled to Europe for a year to study production techniques in Berlin and to negotiate for rights to produce English and European plays in the United States. 1929, after his return, he leased the theatre to a movie chain for a period of five years. Kuster stipulated that the name "Golden Bough" could not be used for a movie house, so it was renamed the Carmel Theatre.

### Fire and later years

In 1935, Kuster renegotiated his lease with the movie tenants, allowing him to produce a stage play one weekend each month. On May 17, 1935, Kuster opened his production of the play By Candlelight, a play by Siegfried Geyer adapted into English by P. G. Wodehouse. Two nights later, on May 19, the Theatre of the Golden Bough was destroyed by fire. Arson was the suspected cause of the blaze. Kuster moved his film operation to his Arts and Crafts Club Hall on Monte Verde Street, renamed it the Filmarte, and it became the first "art house" between Los Angeles and San Francisco.
In 1950, Kuster sold the Golden Bough Court, the property that once surrounded the theater's entrance, to Sumral and Ruth Otrich. This slice of land, measuring 47 ft (14 m) by 80 ft (24 m), is situated behind the present-day Cottage of Sweets (formerly the Carmel Weavers Studio). Otrich invested $50,000 (equivalent to $633,195 in 2023) to construct three English Tudor-style shops and three apartments on a second floor. Nearby was the restaurant called Sade's (now Portabella). Today, these buildings are part of the Golden Bough Court, where only the facade of the original Theatre of the Golden Bough remains and opens to an arcade courtyard featuring various shops. The theatre's box office also survived and is now The Cottage of Sweets, a candy shop.

## Golden Bough Playhouse
### Second theatre, fire, third theatre, cinema

In 1940, Kuster returned to Carmel; the Monte Verde Street theatre's lease had expired, and he renamed it Golden Bough Playhouse and again presented plays and films year-round. In the summers of 1940 and 1941, he directed the Golden Bough School of Theatre. In 1949, after remounting By Candlelight, this second "Golden Bough" also burned down.
By 1950, Kuster created a nonprofit corporation to build a new theater at the same location. In 1952, having raised $185,000 (equivalent to $2,122,632 in 2023), he built a three-story, two-theater facility on the site. The main auditorium, called Golden Bough Playhouse, originally with 330 seats and a large stage, was designed to present both movies and live performances. Beneath the main stage, an intimate 125-seat theater-in-the-round was named Circle Theatre. The new Golden Bough Playhouse opened its doors on October 2, 1952, with a Monterey Symphony Orchestra concert. The first theatrical production at the venue was The Merchant of Venice, opening on December 12, 1952.
Kuster died in September 1961. In 1965 the facility was sold to United California Theatres, a movie chain later absorbed by United Artists Theaters. For the next 29 years the larger theater was a first-run movie house known as Golden Bough Cinema. The Golden Bough Players Circle continued to rent and perform at Circle Theater, which later had 120 seats. Lacking funds for repair, Circle Theater closed around 1970.</ref name=Closed1972/>

### Pacific Repertory Theatre years

In 1994, United Artists sold the theatre to Pacific Repertory Theatre (PacRep). On September 22, 1994, the Golden Bough Playhouse reopened with Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado, followed by Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. These were followed in 1995 by productions of Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman and David Hirson's La Bête in the Circle Theatre. By 1997, the second phase of a capital campaign concluded when a $300,000 challenge grant from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation was successfully matched. This reduced the debt outstanding on the mortgage to $275,000. In 1999, PacRep initiated a $1.6 million campaign to clear the remaining mortgage and undertake enhancements to the Playhouse. Olympia Dukakis and her husband Louis Zorich presented their adaptaion of Anton Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard in July and August, 2001.
In 2006, the Carmel Historic Resources Board gave approval for modifications to the building, and in 2008, PacRep presented plans to the Carmel Planning Commission. The first phase of remodeling was completed 2011 and included safety updates, a digital projection system, a double-revolving stage and upgrades to the Circle Theatre. Fundraising for the second phase, to include a reconfiguration of the audience seating and the lobby, began in 2017, helped by a $2.3 million donation in 2018. The phase 2 remodel began in 2021 and was completed in September 2024. The renovation includes new lobbies and box office, with a new bar and kitchen. The main auditorium, renamed the Founders Theatre, has 280 comfortable seats with improved sight lines. All the technical systems, electrical, lighting, sound and multimedia, were modernized.