OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pierre-André Chiappori

Pierre-André Chiappori is a French-Monégasque economist who is currently the E. Rowan and Barbara Steinschneider Professor of Economics at Columbia University. His research focuses on household behavior, general equilibrium and mathematical economics.
He has been the Counsellor of Finance and Economy since 18 March 2024.

## Education

Chiappori studied at the École normale supérieure in Paris between 1974 and 1979. During that period, he also studied at various Parisian universities, receiving degrees in mathematics, statistics, and economics. He graduated with a Ph.D. in economics from the Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne in 1981.

## Career

Chiappori's first academic post was as an assistant professor at his alma mater, the Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University. He then became a maître de conférences at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales in 1985, followed by an appointment at the CNRS and the École Polytechnique. He became a professor of economics at the ENSAE in 1992, while simultaneously serving as a senior researcher at the CNRS. He left France to take up a professorship at the University of Chicago in 1997, and took up his current position at Columbia University in 2005, after serving for a year as a visiting professor at Columbia.
He has served as an editor of various journals, including the Review of Economics of the Household, the Journal of Political Economy and the Journal of the European Economic Association.
He was elected a Fellow of the Econometric Society in 1995, and as a Fellow of the European Economic Association and 2004. In 2015 he was made a Fellow of the Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory.
In Monaco, he had chaired the scientific council of the Monegasque Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies since 2011, and he was also a member of the advisory board of International University of Monaco. Prince of Monaco appointed him as the Counsellor of Finance and Economy on 18 March 2024.

## Selected works

* Chiappori, Pierre-André (1988). "Rational Household Labor Supply". Econometrica. 56 (1): 63–90. doi:10.2307/1911842. JSTOR 1911842.
* Chiappori, Pierre-André (1992). "Collective Labor Supply and Welfare". Journal of Political Economy. 100 (3): 437–467. doi:10.1086/261825. S2CID 154976054.
* Chiappori, Pierre-André; Oreffice, Sonia; Quintana-Domeque, Climent (2012). "Fatter Attraction: Anthropometric and Socioeconomic Matching on the Marriage Market". Journal of Political Economy. 120 (4): 659–695. doi:10.1086/667941. S2CID 3048153.
* Chiappori, Pierre-André; Dias, Monica Costa; Meghir, Costas (2018). "The Marriage Market, Labor Supply, and Education Choice". Journal of Political Economy. 126: S26–S72. doi:10.1086/698748. S2CID 219884946.
# Lgotka

Lgotka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kroczyce, within Zawiercie County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) south-west of Kroczyce, 12 km (7 mi) north-east of Zawiercie, and 52 km (32 mi) north-east of the regional capital Katowice.
# Llandudno Open

The Llandudno Open was a grass court tennis tournament first established by the Craigside Hydro Badmington and Tennis Club in 1890, and held at the Craigside Hydro Hotel, Llandudno, Caernarfonshire, North Wales. The tournament ran until 1914 when it was discontinued due to World War One.

## History

The name “Craigside” is that of a small headland to the west side of the Little Orme, laying east of Llandudno, North Wales. It is still separated from the main Llandudno built-up area by a small tract of farmland now occupied by Bodafon Farm Park.
Craigside was the location of the “Craigside Hydropathic Hotel or Craigside Hydro” opened in 1888 by John Smith, as a “hydrotherapy” health resort establishment, in which visitors could consult the resident physician, Dr John Miles Chambers. The tournament was staged until 1914 when it was discontinued due to World War One. During World War II the hotel was used as government offices. The hotel was demolished during the 1970s for redevelopment.
The hotel hosted a series of “Craigside” Tennis Tournaments including this tournament the Llandudno Open, as well as the national Welsh Covered Court Championships that were also played at the Craigside Hydro Indoor Covered Courts.

## Finals
### Men's singles

(Incomplete roll).
| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| 1891 | Manliffe Goodbody | Tancred Disraeli Cummins | 6–2, 6–8, 6–1, 6–2. |
| 1892 | Manliffe Goodbody (2) | James Herbert Crispe | 6–1, 6–2, 6–2. |
| 1893 | Manliffe Goodbody (3) | George Ball-Greene | 1–6, 6–4, 6–3, 6–2. |
| 1894 | George Miéville Simond | James Herbert Crispe | 1–6, 6–3, 6–2. |
| 1896 | Charles Gladstone Allen | Edward Roy Allen | w.o. |
| 1900 | Henry Gillibrand Elwin Evered | G. Slater | 6–2, 6–2. |
| 1905 | Henry Alfred Wallis Chiswell | Philip H. Stokes | 6–0, 5–7, 6–8, 6–4, 6–3. |
| 1906 | Norman Cecil Frye | E. Warnant | 6–3, 6–2, ret. |
| 1908 | Leslie Poidevin | George Watt | 6–1, 6–0, 6–1. |
| 1909 | Frederick Canning | C. Whitehouse | 4–6, 10–8, 6–3, 6–4. |
| 1910 | S. Ernest Charlton | W.G. Posnett | 6–3, 6–4, 6–3. |

### Womens singles

(Incomplete roll).
| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| 1890 | Ida Cressy | K. Grant | 7–5, 6–1 |
| 1893 | Ellen Cressy | Ida Cressy | divided prizes |
| 1896 | Winifred Longhurst | Emma Ridding | 6–0, 6–2 |
| 1898 | Miss Golding | Mrs Carson | 6–2, 7–5 |
| 1899 | Ida Cressy (2) | Miss Pollen | ? |
| 1900 | Miss Slater | Ellen Evered | 6–2, 6–3 |
| 1901 | Mrs E. Gardner | Charlotte Everard | 6–2, 6–1 |
| 1902 | Mrs E. Gardner (2) | Mrs J.B. Perrett | 5–7, 9–7, 6–0 |
| 1903 | Ellen Gardner | Katherine Pick | 6–2, 6–2 |
| 1904 | Mrs E. Gardner (3) | Katherine Pick | 6–1, 6–2 |
| 1905 | K.I. Manning | C. Duerden | 8–6, 6–8, 6–0 |
| 1907 | A. Reeves | C. Duerden | 6–0, 6–4 |
| 1908 | Elizabeth Lunt Heatley | Charlotte Everard | 6–0, 6–1 |
| 1909 | M. Fergus | Elizabeth Lunt Heatley | 4–6, 6–2, 6–1 |
| 1911 | Ethel Tanner | M. Smith | 6–2, 7–5 |
| 1912 | M.K. Smith | Elizabeth Lunt Heatley | 7–9, 6–3, 6–1 |
| 1913 | Dorothy Boadle | Charlotte Everard | 6–2, 6–4 |
| 1914 | M.K. Smith (2) | Charlotte Everard | 6–4, 6–2 |
# Sukhram Bishnoi

Sukhram Bishnoi (born 3 May 1953) is an Indian politician & former State Minister of Government of Rajasthan from Rajasthan belonging to the Indian National Congress. He is a Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly and represents the Sanchore constituency of Jalore district Rajasthan.

## Educational background

Bishnoi completed his primary and higher secondary education at his birthplace Sanchore, Rajasthan. He is a law graduate and has started his career as an advocate. As an advocate, he has served for more than 22 years to the poor and backward class of people. He provides free legal aid to the people who are socially and economically backward.

## Political career

His political journey was started in 1998 when he was elected to the post of Up Pradhan (Sanchore) and later, he was elected to the office of Pradhan (Sanchore) in 2002.
He was an Indian National Congress candidate in Sanchore for the 2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly. He received more than 35 percent of votes and trailed at second position. He was defeated by an Independent candidate by a margin of 2.32 percent.
He was elected to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly for the constituency of Sanchore in 2013. He received 43.52 percent votes and defeated BJP candidate Jeevaram Choudhary by more than 24,043 votes.
He has served as member of house committee (Rajasthan Legislative Assembly) from 2014 to 2016 and is serving as member of house committee for a third term. He is a member of the Pradesh Congress Committee.
Again in 2018, he won from Sanchore Constituency with a margin of around 20k votes. Currently, he is Minister of State Forest & Environment in Government of Rajasthan.
# John H. Gibbons (mayor)

John H. Gibbons (April 15, 1869 – May 16, 1949) was an American railroad switchman and politician who served one term as mayor of Lackawanna, New York. He was Lackawanna's first Socialist mayor, elected in the midst of the 1919 General Steel Strike.
# Coventry blue

Coventry blue was a blue cloth woven and dyed with woad in Coventry. The permanence of the colour led to the phrase "as true as Coventry blue" or "true blue".
Bride-laces were wedding favours traditionally made as sprigs of rosemary tied with blue ribbon which were worn by wedding guests. Coventry blue ribbons were commonly used for these until festivities were suppressed by the Puritans during the Interregnum (1649–1660). The exact recipe for Coventry blue was then lost as a result of the disruption and decline in trade.
# Shōrin-ryū Kishaba Juku

Okinawa Karate-Dō Shōrin-ryū Kishaba Juku, also called, familiarly, Kishaba Juku, is Chokei Kishaba's private academy of the Matsubayashi-ryu style of Okinawan Karate. The Kishaba Juku was officially founded on February 1, 1998, but had been in existence as an informal karate study group since the late 1970s.
Chokei Kishaba, the founding Juku Cho (head of the academy), was a student of Hohan Sōken, Shoshin Nagamine and Seigi Nakamura.

## Academy

After the passing of Kishaba in 2000, Katsuhiko Shinzato became the Juku Cho. Shinzato's dojo is located in Yonabaru, Okinawa, in Japan.
Dojos affiliated with the Kishaba Juku are located in Japan, the United States, France, Germany and Israel. Within the United States there are dojos in California, Connecticut, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, and Virginia.

## Training methodology

The training methodology developed by the Kishaba Juku was profoundly influenced by the natural ability of Seigi Nakamura. For many years Kishaba, Shinzato and their students worked towards reverse-engineering Nakamura's natural movement. They did this because what appeared natural and effortless to Nakamura was difficult to teach and it was important to preserve that ability for posterity.
They developed a distinct training methodology focussed on body mechanics to make it easier to learn the elementary components of each move. This method of training has made Shorin-ryu Kishaba Juku distinctive and easily identifiable.
George Donahue of Fighting Arts magazine observed:
   "Nakamura preferred to call the "hidden" moves "intermediary" moves, because they occur between the obvious-to-the-eye basic moves, and because they are not exotic or special, but are just a little harder to catch. The key to catching them, by the way, is to watch the koshi (pelvic carriage) and hikite (pulling hand) carefully to penetrate the sleight of hand."
The Kishaba Juku sai kata, Kishaba No Sai, was named after Kishaba and is distinct to Kishaba Juku.

## Okinawan Kobudō legacy

Kishaba Juku also has a Yamane Ryu Bōjutsu legacy since Kishaba's younger brother, Chogi Kishaba, was a student of, Masami Chinen, Sanda Chinen's son, and Chinen Pechin's grandson. Shinzato studied Bōjutsu with Chogi Kishaba.
# Lipie Śląskie

Lipie Śląskie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pawonków, within Lubliniec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Pawonków, 3 km (2 mi) south-west of Lubliniec, and 54 km (34 mi) north-west of the regional capital Katowice.
Abundant skeletons of the Upper Triassic tetrapods (i.e., large dicynodonts, dinosaurs) were described from the clay pit located between Lisowice and Lipie Śląskie.
# Robley Rex

Robley Henry Rex (May 2, 1901 – April 28, 2009) was a World War I-era veteran and was, at the age of 107, one of two remaining U.S. veterans related to the First World War.
Rex was born in Hopkinsville, Kentucky and enlisted in the military in May, 1919, six months after the Armistice date. He was the last Kentucky World War I era veteran, and the last known World War I era veteran of the United States. He served in the Intelligence Unit.
He enlisted in the 5th Infantry Division and later served in the 28th Infantry Division. He trained at Camp Zachary Taylor, Kentucky, and Fort Meade, Maryland, before he was deployed to Europe, where there was still a strong military presence, in order to restabilize Europe post-war. While overseas he served in Andernach, and Coblenz, Germany. After being discharged from the Army with the rank of private first class in August 1922, Rex returned to Louisville, Kentucky, where he became a postal worker and an ordained Methodist minister.
Rex met his future wife Gracie at Louisville's Camp Taylor before he was sent to Europe. They married in 1922 but never had children. She died in 1992.
In 1986, Rex turned to volunteerism, lending support to fellow veterans at the Louisville Veteran's Administration Medical Center. Rex logged more than 14,000 hours of volunteer time while at the center. He continued to volunteer there three days a week, even at age 105. For his 107th birthday, Rex was presented the Kentucky Governor's Award for Outstanding Volunteer Service. He was also honored in 2005 by the national Veterans of Foreign Wars as National Volunteer of the Year.
Rex died at the Louisville V.A. Medical Center, four days before his 108th birthday. His family requested a private funeral. He was buried on May 6, 2009, at Zachary Taylor National Cemetery. The Louisville V.A. Medical Center was renamed the Robley Rex VA Medical Center in his honor in April 2010.
Upon Rex's death, Frank Buckles (who had actually served in World War I prior to the armistice) became the last surviving United States World War I-era veteran.
# The Fisherman (novel)

The Fisherman is an American horror novel by John Langan. It won the 2016 Bram Stoker Award for Best Novel.

## Synopsis

Abraham, or Abe as he prefers, is a widower who struggles to find peace after his wife's death. After a bout of alcoholism, Abe uses fishing to find peace. Abe forms a friendship with his coworker Dan, who recently survived a terrible accident that left him a widower as well. After some weekends of fishing Dan suggests the pair try out Dutchman's Creek, a mysterious fishing spot with a cursed past that is rumoured to bring back lost loved ones. On their way to the creek, they stop at a diner and are warned of the dangers of Dutchman's Creek; ignoring the warning, the two men continue on their way. At the creek they come face to face with the mysterious "Der Fisher", who is attempting to catch the primordial Leviathan. They are faced with the choice to help him and regain their lost loves or defy him and fight for survival.

## Reception

Martin Cahill of Tor praised the novel saying "Langan's novel is deliberate, elegant, and beautifully written; the horror and trauma of these two men is explored to the bone, and in the end, knowing them so well only makes the horrors to come that much more terrifying". Terrence Rafferty of The New York Times remarked, "Langan writes elegant prose, and the novel's rolling, unpredictable flow has a distinctive rhythm, the rise and fall of its characters' real grief."
Other reviewers such as Publishers Weekly praised Langan's imagery but felt the story within the story bogged down the novel.
# Stella Paulu

Stella Paulu was an American politician, councilwoman, and second female mayor of Umatilla elected through the Petticoat Revolution in 1916. In 1918, she succeeded Laura Stockton Starcher as mayor. The group made major improvements in public services and infrastructure of the city.
Both Paulu and Starcher were recognized by local museums in Umatilla for the revolution which resulted in years of improved leadership, management, and quality of life for both men and women in the area.
# Shakashik (crater)

Shakashik is an impact crater on the anti-Saturn hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Shakashik was first observed in Cassini images during that mission's March 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 17.3° South Latitude, 180.8° West Longitude, and is 8.5 kilometers across. Behram appears to have formed after Shakashik, based on the superposition of the larger crater's southern rim on Shakashik's northern rim. Following the formation of Behram, north–south trending fractures cut across both craters, forming several canyons within the western half of Shakashik.
Shakashik is named after one of the barber's six brothers in "The Hunchback's Tale" from The Book of One Thousand and One Nights.
# Rigidity (electromagnetism)

In particle physics, rigidity $R$ is a measure of the resistance of a particle to deflection by magnetic fields, defined as the particle's momentum divided by its charge. For a fully ionised nucleus moving at relativistic speed, this is equivalent to the energy per atomic number. It is an important quantity in accelerator physics and astroparticle physics.

## Definitions
### Motion within a magnetic field

The concept of rigidity is derived from the motion of a charged particle within a magnetic field: two particles follow the same trajectory through a magnetic field if they have the same rigidity, even if they have different masses and charges. This situation arises in many particle accelerator and particle detector designs.
If a charged particle enters a uniform magnetic field, with the field orientated perpendicular to the initial velocity, the Lorentz force accelerates the particle in the direction which is perpendicular to both the velocity and magnetic field vectors. The resulting circular motion of the particle has a radius known as the gyroradius $r_{p}$. The rigidity is then defined as:
$R=B\times r_{p}$
where $B$ is the magnetic field. In this definition, the units of rigidity R are tesla-metres (N·s/C).

### Energy per unit charge

Alternatively, an entirely equivalent definition of rigidity is:
$R={pc \over q}$
where $p$ is the momentum of the particle, $c$ is the speed of light, and $q$ is the electric charge of the particle. For a fully ionised atomic nucleus moving at relativistic speed, this simplifies to
$R={E \over Z}$
where $E$ is the particle energy and $Z$ is the atomic number. In this case the units of rigidity R are volts. This definition is often utilised in the study of cosmic rays, where the mass and charge of each particle is generally unknown.

## Conversions

If the particle momentum $p$, is given in units of GeV/c, then the rigidity in tesla-metres is:
${R \over {\text{Tm}}}=3.3356{\text{ s/m}}\times {p \over {\text{GeV}}/c}{c \over q}$
where the factor 3.3356 (which has units of seconds per metre) is $10^{9}$ (giga-) divided by the speed of light in m/s.
# Lubojenka

Lubojenka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mykanów, within Częstochowa County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Częstochowa and 72 km (45 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice.
# Blue Notes

Blue Notes may refer to:

## Music groups

* The Blue Notes, a South African jazz band
* Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, an American soul and R&B vocal group
* The Bluenotes, a 1950s vocal group from North Carolina
* Bluenotes (Neil Young band), later renamed Ten Men Workin'
* Blue Notes, later Merced Blue Notes, an American rock and roll group formed by Roddy Jackson

## Other uses

* Bluenotes, a Canadian apparel retailer
* Blue Notes (album), by Johnny Hodges, 1966
* "Blue Notes" (Van der Valk), a 1972 television episode
# Holy Girdle

The Holy Girdle, also known as the Girdle of Thomas, Holy Girdle of Mary, Holy Zoonoro, (or) Zunoro, and Holy Belt of Saint Mary the mother of Jesus, is a relic of the Blessed Virgin Mary which is one of the important relics of Syriac Orthodox Church and venerated by Oriental Orthodox communion. The word Zunoro is also translated as "belt", "sash" or "girdle".

## Tradition

According to Eastern Christian tradition, the Virgin Mary was taken (assumed) into heaven in the presence of all apostles except Thomas, who was in India. He returned to Jerusalem and travelled on the sky by the help of Holy Spirit to attend the assumption of Mary. He was late to arrive and visualised that Mary's body had been taken by angels. Suffering from doubts at that time, Thomas requested Mary to give him a sign in her memory, which caused a chariot to stop in the air and Mary to gift her girdle to him. Thomas showed this girdle to other disciples of Jesus and convinced them. He took the girdle, otherwise known as a Zunoro, on his subsequent journeys. Those who believe in him claim that many miracles have happened since then as a result of touching or even seeing this girdle. The incident is not recorded in the Bible.
The Holy Girdle is taken out annually on the last day of 8 Day Lent in September.

## History

Saint Thomas the Apostle kept the holy belt with his own. After he died in Mylapore, his body and relics were kept in India. In 394 AD, the holy girdle moved from India to Uraha (modern Urfa, Turkey). and then to Homs in Syria, where it was placed in Saint Mary Church of the Holy Belt, also known as The Church of the Lady of the Girdle. The supreme head, Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum, Patriarch of Antioch, studied manuscripts and a Garshunian book containing stories and speeches sent by the people of Homs in 1852. The archbishop of Homs ordered to renovate the church. On 20 July 1953, the Holy Girdle was discovered from the altar of the church by Barsoum in the presence of Alexandros, the Greek Orthodox bishop of Homs and it is existence is proven. It is considered to be one of the most important relics in Syriac Orthodox Church.

## Malankara Church

Some parts of Holy Girdle have been distributed throughout the Malankara Church. The churches in which the relics are installed are known as Soonoro Church. These include:
* Angamaly Soonoro Cathedral.
* Manarcad Church – Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, Universal Marian Pilgrim Centrer.
* Kottayam Cheriapally Maha Edavaka (St Mary's Orthodox Church, Kottayam, Kerala, India).
* Martha Mariam Cathedral Valiya Pally, Kothamangalam.
* Mor Ignathious Noorono Syrian Simhasana Church, Mekkadampu.
* Jacobite Syrian Cathedral Kundara – Kollam Diocese of Jacobite Syrian Christian Church.
* Mor Gregorios Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Cathedral Mettuguda (Secunderabad).
* St Mary's Jacobite Syrian Valiyapally.
* St. Mary's Church Meenangadi – E.A.E Archdiocese of the Syriac Orthodox Church.
* St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church, Poothamkutty.

## Gallery

* Saint Mary Church of the Holy Belt
* Holy girdle of St. Mary's Cathedral, Kundara
# Maryus Jones

Maryus Jones (July 8, 1844 – January 26, 1923) was the mayor of Newport News, Virginia from September 1, 1908 to September 1, 1912. Jones was born in Gloucester County, Virginia at Marlfield Plantation. He was a direct descendant of Roger Jones, who came to Virginia in 1680 with Lord Colepeper. Prior to serving as mayor, he was a colonel in the Confederate Army. He took part in the dedication of a memorial to Confederate soldiers at Greenlawn Cemetery in 1909.
Jones fought in several battles in the American Civil War with the 24th Virginia Cavalry, including the Battle of Saint Mary's Church and the First Battle of Deep Bottom, where he was captured. Following the war, he attended the University of Virginia.
In a retrospective discussion of slavery in the South, Jones stated in a letter that "The great slave owners in no manner resembled what I have read of the barons of the fourteenth century who haughtily received the trembling vassals; on the contrary the old Virginia gentlemen were courteous and polite to all classes, not only to the whites, but to the slaves themselves."
Jones was buried at Abingdon Church, following his death in Newport News. Jones had moved to Newport News in 1899, where in addition to serving as mayor built a law practice and was a prominent Baptist.
# Agali Gram Panchayat

Agali is a grama panchayat in the Palakkad district, state of Kerala, India. It is a local government organisation that serves the villages of Agali and Kallamala.