OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Adrienne Ruth Hardham

Adrienne Hardham FAA is a professor within the division of Plant Sciences of the Research School of Biology at the Australian National University.

## Education

Adrienne Hardham completed a Bachelor of Science at Monash in 1973 and completed her Honours year at the Australian National University (ANU) in 1974. She completed her PhD thesis entitled "Microtubules and morphogenesis in Azolla pinnata roots" in 1978 at the ANU, for which she received the Crawford Medal.

## Career

After completing her PhD, Adrienne carried out postdoctoral research at the Research School of Biological Sciences at ANU and Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. In 1980, Adrienne was awarded a prestigious Australian Research Council Queen Elizabeth II fellowship in the School of Botany at the University of Melbourne. Adrienne returned to the Research School of Biological Sciences at ANU in 1982 as a Research Fellow and progressed to group leader of the Plant Cell Biology group. Upon the establishment of the Research School of Biology at ANU, Adrienne became lab leader of the Plant Pathogens Interactions lab, which uses a range of molecular and microscopy techniques to investigate the infection of plants by Phytophthora and fungal pathogens. Adrienne serves on the editorial boards of Protoplasma and Peer J.

## Honours

Adrienne received the Peter Goldacre Award from the Australian Society of Plant Scientists in 1988 and the Gottschalk Medal from the Australian Academy of Science in 1989 for work in biology or medicine by a person under 37. Adrienne was elected as a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 1997. In 2002, Adrienne was awarded a Centenary Medal for service to Australian society and science in plant cell biology.
# Rah (slang)

Rah or yah is a pejorative term referring to a stereotypical affluent young upper class or upper-middle class person in the United Kingdom. The term "rah" originated as a contraction of "Hoorah Henry" (sometimes "Hoorah Henries and Henriettas"), a pejorative description of a social stereotype similar to the Sloane Ranger stereotype also recognised in the UK, though a rah is generally younger, typically around university age (18–25), and less associated geographically with London. The use of the term is likely to have been furthered by onomatopoeic correlation with the way in which those fitting the stereotype are perceived to talk, with the word 'rah' being associated with upper-middle class affluence since at least the early 1980s. An important feature of the rah stereotype is the enjoyment of an affluent/party lifestyle with excessive financial assistance from their parents.
At St Andrews and Edinburgh the term more frequently used is 'yah'. The use of the term 'yah', similarly, is likely to have been furthered by a perceived and much-parodied upper-class pronunciation of the word 'year' in the phrase 'gap year'.

## Characteristics of the stereotype

Rahs stereotypically study at prestigious institutions such as Russell Group universities, having previously attended a private boarding or day school, or sometimes a grammar school or faith school in an affluent area. Another stereotype is that rahs have taken a gap year, usually in Africa, South America, or South East Asia.
Certain clothing is often associated with rahs; mid-market names such as Jack Wills and Tom's Trunks are common. For girls, pashminas, jodhpurs, Ugg boots, flares and cable-knit jumpers combined with scruffy hair arranged in a bun or drastic side partings are common. Boys are stereotyped with chinos, board shorts, boat shoes, and sports team clothing. Gilets (usually Schöffel), quilted jackets, jogging bottoms, sunglasses, and flip-flops are common for both sexes. In colder seasons, country attire and outdoor wear is popular, especially brands such as Hunter Boot and J. Barbour & Sons.
Rugby union and cricket are popular for male rahs. Other sports such as skiing, sailing, rowing, tennis, rugby fives, Eton fives, canoeing, fencing, lacrosse, polo, shooting, and yachting are also popular.

## In popular culture

* The Gap Yah sketch, by The Unexpected Items, features a typical rah.
* Made in Chelsea
* The Elvis Presley song "Poison Ivy League" performed in the 1964 movie Roustabout (film), contains the term rah-rah boys in several verses
Bill Rah, DJ and Journalist from Glasgow
# Henri Chapu

Henri-Michel-Antoine Chapu (French pronunciation:; 29 September 1833 – 21 April 1891) was a French sculptor in a modified Neoclassical tradition who was known for his use of allegory in his work.

## Life and career

Born in Le Mée-sur-Seine into modest circumstances, Chapu moved to Paris with his family and in 1847 entered the Petit École with the intention of studying drawing and becoming an interior decorator. There his talents began to be recognized and he was admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts in 1849. In 1850 he began working and studying with a well-known sculptor James Pradier.
Following Pradier's death in 1852 Chapu began studying with another sculptor, Francisque Duret. After coming in second in 1851, he won the Prix de Rome in 1855, then spent five years in Italy.
His statues Mercury of 1861 and Jeanne d'Arc of 1870 (in which she was represented as a peasant girl) were his first big successes, and led to many commissions thereafter. He is also known for his medals, and led the French revival in the medal as an artistic form.
Chapu taught at Paris' Academie Julian. Among his students was American sculptor Cyrus Dallin who studied under him in 1888-1889.
An Officer of the French Legion of Honor, Chapu died in Paris in 1891.
At least four full-scale reproductions of Jeanne d'Arc are on permanent display at universities in Virginia: in McConnell Library at Radford University in Radford, Virginia; beneath the rotunda in Ruffner Hall at Longwood University in Farmville, Virginia; at James Madison University; and at the University of Mary Washington.

## Notable works

* Monument to Henri Regnault in the courtyard of École des Beaux-Arts (1872)
* Tomb of Marie d'Agoult (1877)
* Four Seasons on the facade of grande magasin Printemps, Paris (1881–89), for architect Paul Sédille
* Monument to Gustave Flaubert (1890), his last major work.
# Pedro González Vallejo

Pedro González Vallejo (22 September 1770 – 30 April 1842) was a Spanish Catholic Bishop and politician who was Bishop of Mallorca from 1819 until his resignation in 1825. He served as the President of the Senate from 1835 to 1836 and President of the Congress of Deputies in 1821.

## Life and career
### Family and education

Vallejo was born on 22 September 1770 in Soto en Cameros to José González and Rosa Vajello Pérez. His parents had married in 1758 and he was the youngest of five children.
His first studies were carried out in his hometown where he obtained a bachelor's degree in law. He continued his studies at the University of Zaragoza where he obtained his degree on 31 January 1792 and his doctorate on 5 February 1792.

### Church and political career

In 1797, Vallejo was named Secretary to José Antonio Sáez de Santamaría who had been appointed Bishop of Sergovia. He became treasurer, vicar and general provisor in 1807. During the French Invasion when the Bishop retired he was appointed ecclesiastical governor until 1814.
On 6 August 1819, Vallejo was selected the Bishop of Mallorca, he was confirmed on 27 September and ordained Bishop of 12 December. He moved to the city on 29 January 1820. He carried out pastoral work, such as in 1821 during the epidemic in Palma.
Vallejo was elected Member of the Congress of Deputies for Soria in 1820 and was elected president for a month from September to October 1821. He then returned to his diocese and after the invasion of the Duke of Angoulême, he emigrated to France to avoid being persecuted as a constitutionalist. He left Palma by boat on 21 September and firstly settled in Marseille where his nephew was and later in the Aix-en-Provence. He returned to Spain in 1832 and in 1834 was appointed Member of the Ecclesiastical Board.
Vallejo served as President of the Senate from 1835 to 1836 and was appointed Senator for Logroño, a position which he remained in until his death.

### Death

Vallejo died on 30 April 1842 in Madrid, at the age of 71 after suffering a stroke and is buried in the San Isidro Cemetery.

## Honours

* Grand Cross of Charles III
# Dean Hoyle

Dean Hoyle (born 16 April 1967) is the founder and former owner of Card Factory and the chairman of Championship side Huddersfield Town. In 2015, Hoyle became chairman and majority shareholder of British discount retailer, The Works.
According to the Sunday Times Rich List in 2020, Hoyle is worth an estimated £284 million, an increase of £1 million from the previous year.

## Early life

Hoyle studied engineering at Dewsbury and Batley Technical and Art College after attending White Lee Secondary School in Heckmondwike.

## Card Factory

Hoyle and his wife, Janet, founded Card Factory, a chain of greetings cards and gift stores, in 1997. By 2009, the company had 500+ shops, employing over 50,000 people.
Hoyle confirmed on 9 April 2010 that the sale of the Card Factory to Venture Capitalist Charterhouse was completed the previous day. The terms of the deal were not disclosed, but financial commentators put the final selling price at in excess of £350 million. Hoyle announced that he would maintain a role in the business as Non-Executive Chairman.

## The Works

Hoyle became chairman of discount retailer The Works after a "sizeable cash investment" in 2015. In July 2018, it was announced that The Works, approximately a third owned by Hoyle, would have an IPO and a valuation of £100 million. Hoyle retained the largest shareholding of 15% after the flotation.

## Huddersfield Town

Hoyle is a lifelong Huddersfield Town A.F.C. supporter. He joined the board of Huddersfield Town on 10 April 2008 and took over as chairman, and majority shareholder, of the Club on 3 June 2009. The outgoing chairman, Ken Davy, retains a minority holding.
In November 2016, Hoyle was awarded the fcbusiness Championship CEO of the Year award at the Football Business Awards 2016.
In 2019, Hoyle decided to sell the club to lifelong fan Phil Hodgkinson. Huddersfield Town drew 1-1 with Manchester United on his final home game as the owner.
In late 2021 the now former Huddersfield Town owner, Phil Hodgkinson, saw multiple of his businesses collapse.
Due to this, in 2022, Dean Hoyle was reinstated as the Chairman of Huddersfield Town A.F.C

## Personal life

Hoyle is married to Janet, and they have two sons, Danny and Josh.
# Mauro Diego de Tovar y Valle Maldonado

Mauro Diego de Tovar y Valle Maldonado, O.S.B. or Marcos de Tovar y Valle Maldonado (1586 – 22 October 1666) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Chiapas (1652–1656), and Bishop of Caracas (1639–1652).

## Early life

Mauro Diego de Tovar y Valle Maldonado was born in Villacastín, Spain and ordained a priest in the Order of St. Benedict on 13 March 1600. On 3 October 1639, he was selected by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Caracas.
On 18 December 1639, he was consecrated bishop by Juan Alonso y Ocón, Bishop of Yucatán with Miguel Avellán, Auxiliary Bishop of Toledo, and Timoteo Pérez Vargas, Bishop of Ispahan, as co-consecrators. On 16 December 1652, he was appointed by Pope Innocent X as Bishop of Chiapas where he served until his death on 22 October 1666.

## Episcopal succession

While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of:
* Hernando de Lobo Castrillo, Bishop of Puerto Rico (1650);
and the principal co-consecrator of:
* Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Bishop of Tlaxcala (1639); and
* Francisco Diego Díaz de Quintanilla y de Hevía y Valdés, Bishop of Durango (1640).
# Alison Bethel-McKenzie

Alison Bethel-McKenzie (born January 12, 1966) is an American-born journalist who is founding editor-in-chief of State Affairs. She was previously vice president of corps excellence at Report for America. She was the first woman and first person of African origin to head the International Press Institute.
In September 2021, Bethel-McKenzie married journalist John X. Miller Jr. in Washington, D.C., and returned to using her maiden name. She is now referred to as Alison Bethel.

## Biography

Bethel has over 25 years experience in journalism, as a reporter, bureau chief, senior editor and trainer, and is often cited in discussions about press freedom. She has been a guest lecturer or visiting professor at a number of colleges and universities, including the Indian Institute of Journalism and New Media in Bagalore, India; and Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia. She has twice sponsored the Sadiq Press Freedom Award, conferred each World Press Freedom Day, on May 3, 2015, and May 3, 2017, by the Rural Media Network Pakistan.
Bethel served as director of the International Press Institute from 2010 to 2015 and the first American, first woman and first African American to reach this position since its foundation in 1950. Before joining the International Press Institute (IPI) in August 2009, she spent a year in Accra, Ghana, for the Washington, D.C.–based International Center for Journalists a Knight International Journalism Fellow, helping Ghanaian journalists improve their reporting skills in the run-up to the 2008 presidential election.
On April 29, 2019, Bethel resigned as the Society of Professional Journalists' executive director after 13 months.
On April 22, 2019, Bethel joined Report for America as its director of corps excellence. She officially began working with the organization on May 20 and was promoted to vice president in January 2021.
She is a contributor to Ms Magazine. and National Geographic Magazine.
# Allograpta exotica

Allograpta exotica is a species in the family Syrphidae ("syrphid flies"), in the order Diptera ("flies"). Larvae are often predators of aphids. Their life cycle from egg to adults is around 15 days, with adults living for approximately 10 days.
# D. Denenge Duyst-Akpem

D. Denenge Duyst-Akpem is an afro-futurist artist, writer, and educator. She is an adjunct assistant professor at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in the Department of Art History, Theory, and Criticism and Low-Residency MFA Program; and founder of Denenge Design. Her work bridges the disciplines of design, ritual, and ecology. Duyst-Akpem describes her work thus: "As a scholar and practitioner, I utilize the teaching of Afro-Futurism as a methodology of (Black) liberation. The foundation of this is exercising the visionary and imagination muscles in sculpting new futures that affirm the present and are rooted in the past."

## Education

Duyst-Akpem was born in Mkar, Benue State, Nigeria. She holds a BA from Smith College and an MFA from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.

## Performances and exhibitions

Her work has been presented at Fe Gallery, Philadelphia, Art Loop Open, Chicago, THE LAB, NYC, the Museum of Contemporary Art and Hyde Park Art Center in Chicago. Her performance High Priestess of the Intergalactic Federation, Special Envoy to Mars was presented at the Decolonizing Mars symposium at the United States Library of Congress 2018 as part of the Becoming Interplanetary symposium held there. This interactive performance-lecture-experience was also presented at the ICA in London. The ICA performance was in response to an exhibition titled Temporal Deprogramming and intended to engage the audience in questioning what it means to reach for the stars, become interplanetary, and to be human.
On February 2, 2020, Duyst-Akpem launched the AFRIFUTURI 02022020 monograph and The Camo Coat Collection at Blanc Gallery, Chicago.

## Awards

Duyst-Akpem was a recipient of a National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship for the Institute on Black Aesthetics and Sacred Systems. She has also received both a Marion Kryczka Excellence in Teaching Award and Teaching Award for Excellence in Diversity and Inclusion from SAIC. Duyst-Akpem was a 2017 Place Lab Fellow, Rebuild Foundation with U-Chicago Harris School of Public Policy. She was also a 2022 La Becque Laureate.
# Sporle Priory

Sporle Priory was a Benedictine priory in Norfolk, England. It was founded by Alan fitz Flaad in the early 12th century, Benedictine and given to the monks of the Abbey of Saint-Florent, Saumur free-of-charge as an alien priory. It was vacant for some time after the Black Death, and was dissolved in 1424.
Fitz Flaad gave to the monks of Saint-Florent the church at Sporle, its tithes, a man's landholding, a ploughland in Sporle and another in Mileham, firewood and building timber, and pasture for sheep. Sporle was later endowed with property in Norfolk villages, including Great and Little Palgrave, where the priory had the church, Great Dunham, Hunstanton and Holme-next-the-Sea.
# Robert Goldblatt

Robert Ian Goldblatt (born 1949) is a mathematical logician who is emeritus Professor in the School of Mathematics and Statistics at Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand. His doctoral advisor was Max Cresswell. His most popular books are Logics of Time and Computation and Topoi: the Categorial Analysis of Logic. He has also written a graduate level textbook on hyperreal numbers which is an introduction to nonstandard analysis.
In 1987 he took "a trip on Einstein's train" to develop hyperbolic orthogonality, the geometry of relativity of simultaneity.
He has been Coordinating Editor of The Journal of Symbolic Logic and a Managing Editor of Studia Logica. He was elected Fellow and Councillor of the Royal Society of New Zealand, President of the New Zealand Mathematical Society, and represented New Zealand to the International Mathematical Union. In 2012 the Royal Society of New Zealand awarded him the Jones Medal for lifetime achievement in mathematics.

## Books and handbook chapters

* 1979: Topoi: The Categorial Analysis of Logic, North-Holland. Revised edition 1984. Dover Publications edition 2006. Internet edition, Project Euclid.
       Benjamin C. Pierce recommends it as an "excellent beginner book", praising it for the use of simple set-theoretic examples and motivating intuitions, but noted that it "is sometimes criticized by category theorists for being misleading on some aspects of the subject, and for presenting long and difficult proofs where simple ones are available." But the preface of the Dover edition observes (p. xv) that "This is a book about logic, rather than category theory per se. It aims to explain, in an introductory way, how certain logical ideas are illuminated by a category-theoretic perspective."
* 1982: Axiomatising the Logic of Computer Programming, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 130, Springer-Verlag.
* 1987: Orthogonality and Spacetime Geometry, Universitext Springer-Verlag ISBN 0-387-96519-X MR0888161
* 1987: Logics of Time and Computation. CSLI Lecture Notes, 7. Stanford University, Center for the Study of Language and Information MR1191162. Second edition 1992.
* 1993: Mathematics of Modality, CSLI Publications, ISBN 978-1-881526-24-7 MR1317099
* 1998: Lectures on the Hyperreals: An Introduction to Nonstandard Analysis. Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 188. Springer-Verlag.
       Reviewer Perry Smith for MathSciNet wrote: "The author's ideas on how to achieve both intelligibility and rigor, explained in the preface, will be useful reading for anyone intending to teach nonstandard analysis."
* 2006: "Mathematical Modal Logic: a View of its Evolution" in Modalities in the Twentieth Century, Volume 7 of the Handbook of the History of Logic, edited by Dov M. Gabbay and John Woods, Elsevier, pp. 1–98.
* 2011: Quantifiers, Propositions and Identity: Admissible Semantics for Quantified Modal and Substructural Logics, Cambridge University Press and the Association for Symbolic Logic.
# Wissant

Wissant (French pronunciation:; from Dutch: Witzand, "white sand") is a seaside commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) north of Boulogne, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) west-southwest of Calais on the English Channel coast.

## History

Located at the eastern end of a lagoon formed by a storm-breach of the coastal dunes, probably in the mid-10th century, Wissant has been a fishing village for a millennium: along with Audresselles it is the last fishing village in France to use a traditional method of fishing using a wooden boat called a flobart and was in the Middle Ages a major port for embarkation for England: In a mid-11th century Life of St. Vulganius, Wissant was specified, probably anachronistically, as the natural disembarkation point for the early eighth-century Celtic saint in his evangelizing travels. Wissant was the embarkation port of Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester, for his ill-fated invasion of England in 1173, with an army of 3000 Flemings. Henry III of England was stranded at Wissant for lack of cash. According to Matthew Paris (mid-13th century) its naucleri habitually interfered with English fishing fleets.
From the 7th to the 14th century, the local language was the West Franconian dialect called Old Dutch and the village was called Witsant and reckoned part of Flanders.
Shifting coastal sands silted up the harbour, at the same time that Calais was rising in importance as a port towards the end of the 12th century. At the end of the 19th century, the coastal dunes of Wissant began to be covered with seaside villas. During the 20th century, an entrepreneur, M. Létendart from Calais, extracted sand and gravel from the dunes to the west of Wissant, in the bed of the ancient lagoon. The huge excavations now form lakes and a nature reserve. At the time of the exploitation of these gravel pits, the bones of a complete mammoth with its tusks were discovered by four workers.
In July 1909 Wissant stood at the centre of worldwide focus. Three contenders for the £1,000 Northcliffe prize offered by the Daily Mail for the first heavier-than-air craft to cross the English Channel were camped along the coast between Calais and Wissant. The Franco-Russian Comte Charles de Lambert who had two Wright Flyers (Nos. 2 and 18) and was camped at Wissant.. While practising over the dunes he crashed heavily and cancelled his plans. Louis Blériot won the prize and worldwide fame, from his camp at Calais.
Today, because of the frequent and usually favourable winds and the proximity of the TGV railway station and the Eurostar trains to Fréthun, Parisians call Wissant the "Mecca” of surfing.

## Population

The inhabitants are called Wissantais.

## Places of interest

* Le Typhonium, a villa built in Egyptian style for the artist Adrien Demont and his wife Virginie Demont-Breton,.
* SM UC-61, the wreck of a German WWI submarine.
# Pont Ruzizi II

The Pont Ruzizi II is one of bridges in Bukavu which serves as one of the borders customs between Democratic Republic of Congo in the town of Bukavu and Rwanda in the Cyimbogo region over the Ruzizi River.
This bridge is located at the rear of the mountain housing the Saio military camp, built in 1943 after the Congolese army's victory in Ethiopia over the Italian East Africa on 8 June 1941 during the Second World War. The bridge was then built to allow trade between the German empire's Ruanda-Urundi and Belgian Congo, whose works lasted 12 years from 1908 to 1920.
The bridge, 88 m long, is the first longest bridge in Bukavu city, located 20 km from Pont Ruzizi I, which also serves as the customs border with Rwanda at Cangungu.