OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Flame treatment

Flame treatment is the application of a gas flame to the surface of a material to improve adhesion.
Polyolefins, especially polyethylene and polypropylene bond poorly, because they consist of long non-polar molecules. Without special treatment, adhesives, ink, and other coatings cannot be applied to these materials. By rapidly applying intense heat to a surface, molecular chains are broken and polar functional groups are added. Flame treatment also burns off dust, fibers, oils, and other surface contaminants.

## Process

Flame treatment is a method where exothermic reactions between oxygen and fuel gas create thermally activated radical atoms and molecules, such as atomic oxygen (O), hydroxyl (OH), imidogen (NH), Nitric oxide (NO), and cyanide (CN). The most used gases in flame treatment are propane (C$_3$H$_8$), natural gas or methane (CH$_4$), and butane (C$_4$H$_{10}$). These gases burn with atmospheric oxygen, producing water and carbon dioxide.
The flame has three zones; the precombustion zone (the blue outer cone), the main reaction zone (the dark blue middle cone), and the post-combustion zone (the light blue inner cone). The precombustion area is the coolest part of the flame because the amount of released energy (heat) is low. The main reaction zone is used for the surface treatment because this zone has the highest temperature and number of oxidizing agents. The flame reaches its highest temperature (1900–2000°C) when all the propane has reacted with the air. The concentration of oxidizing agents reaches the maximum just before the post-combustion zone.
To treat a surface quickly and evenly, many gas jets, similar to the one on the right, are lined up in a long row on a single burner. The material being treated is quickly passed directly in front of or under the inner cones. The surface is in contact with the flame for less than a second. The surface is treated quickly, without time for the material to melt.
The reactive chemical species in the gas flame break the long-chain molecules in the plastic material, and attach themselves to the break points, resulting in polar point charges on the surface. On a microscopic scale, the surface also becomes rougher.
# Johan Cardoen

Johan Cardoen is a Belgian scientist and businessman. He is Managing Director of VIB and board member of FlandersBio. He obtained a PhD in biology at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Leuven) in 1987.
Johan Cardoen has worked for CropDesign between 1999 and 2012. He has spent most of his career in agricultural biotechnology companies such as Plant Genetic Systems, Hoechst Schering AgrEvo GmbH and Aventis CropScience.

## Sources

* Johan Cardoen (PDF)
* CropDesign sluit miljoenen-contract met BASF Plant Science (in Dutch)
* This business-related Belgian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Lee Hye-young (taekwondo)

Lee Hye-young (born 30 July 1982) is a South Korean taekwondo practitioner.
She won a gold medal in flyweight at the 2001 World Taekwondo Championships in Jeju City, and a bronze medal in bantamweight at the 2011 World Taekwondo Championships in Gyeongju. She won a gold medal at the 2006 Asian Taekwondo Championships in Bangkok.
# Lee Mi-gyu

Lee Mi-gyu (Korean: 이미규; RR: I Migyu, born 4 November 1988) is a South Korean para table tennis player. She won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

## Personal life

She became disabled when she was three years old, following a car accident.
# Park Young-soon

Park Young-soon (born 9 August 1985) is a South Korean professional field hockey player who has played for the South Korea women's national field hockey team. She participated in the 2006 Women's Hockey World Cup in Madrid, Spain.
# Park Young-sook

Park Young-sook (born December 18, 1988) is a South Korean table tennis player. She won two doubles titles at the ITTF World Tour, the first one was in 2009.
# Shin Da-hae

Shin Da-hae (born 13 November 1988) is a South Korean snowboarder.
She competed in the 2005, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017 FIS Snowboard World Championships, and in the 2018 Winter Olympics, in parallel giant slalom.
# Barisha, Kolkata

Barisha is a residential and very old locality of South 24 Parganas district in Kolkata West Bengal, India. It is under Behala area and divided as Paschim Barisha and Purba Barisha.

## Location

Barisha is situated in the southwest of Kolkata about 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the city centre Esplanade. The Barisha area is composed of Behala Chowrasta, Janakalyan, Silpara, Sakherbazar and Thakurpukur.
The area borders Behala Manton towards north, Joka towards south, Sarsuna and Dakshin Behala toward West, and Haridevpur, Siriti, Tollygunge towards east.

## Durga puja in Barisha

There are several clubs in and around Barisha that organize Durga Puja every year. Barisha Club in Santosh Roy Road, State Bank Park Sarbojonin in Thakurpukur East Barisha Govt. Colony, Barisha Jagrihi Women’s Welfare Association etc are some of the clubs that organize Durga Puja. Durga Puja held at the home of the Saborno Roy Chowdhury family is one of the oldest Durga Pujas being performed in India every year.
# Newton Harris White

Newton Harris White (1860–1931) was an American farmer and politician. He was elected as a Democratic member of the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1899. He served as the Speaker of the Tennessee Senate from 1901 to 1903, and from 1913 to 1915. He is the father of Captain Newton Harris White, Jr., a 1907 graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy. Newton White, Jr. was an early naval aviator, the first commanding officer of the USS Enterprise in 1939, and owner of the Newton White Mansion in Mitchellville, Maryland.
# J. Washington Moore

J. Washington Moore (March 16, 1866 – January 2, 1965) was an American fraternity president, lawyer and politician. He served as the Eminent Supreme Archon (President) of Sigma Alpha Epsilon from 1891 to 1894. He was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1903. He served as the City Attorney for Nashville, Tennessee in the 1930s. He served as United States Commissioner from 1942 to 1963.

## Early life

Moore was born on March 16, 1866, in Collierville, Tennessee near Memphis.
Moore graduated from Vanderbilt University, where he received a bachelor of arts degree in 1890 and a bachelor of laws degree 1891. At Vanderbilt, he joined the Sigma Alpha Epsilon (SAE) fraternity and the Dialectic Society. In an 1888 contest, he argument against the right to vote for women, suggesting they did not want to vote. He served as the Eminent Supreme Archon of SAE from 1891 to 1894.

## Career

Moore started his career as an attorney in Nashville in the late 1890s.
Moore joined the Democratic Party. He served as a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1903. He nominated Austin Peay to become Speaker of the House. Moore was a proponent of labor unions, arguing, "What is called the labor movement is only a part of the larger movement toward human freedom."
Moore was appointed as Assistant Attorney General of the Tenth Judicial Circuit of Tennessee in 1910. He served as the Nashville City Attorney in the 1930s. When a black physician was elected to the city council and a ballot box was stolen, Moore suggested he was "unfamiliar with the law and procedure regarding such a theft," even though this had happened before. Meanwhile, Moore was elected as a member of the Nashville Bar Association in 1942. He served as United States Commissioner from 1942 to 1963. In this capacity, he arrested William L. Brown, a marijuana dealer with connections in Columbus, Ohio and Chicago who sold the drug to black musicians; Moore called him "the king of Nashville reefer dealers."
Moore was a member of the Tribe of Ben-Hur, the Modern Woodmen of America, the Royal Arcanum and the Dramatic Order of the Knights of Khorassan of the Knights of Pythias.

## Personal life

Moore married Mary Robina Armistead in 1892. They resided on South Avenue in East Nashville. They had two sons (J. Washington Moore, Jr. and William Armistead Moore) and two daughters (Mary and Sarah). One of their daughters, Sarah Frances, who married Edgar E. Rand, the President of the International Shoe Company; the couple divorced in 1951.
Moore smoked a cigar a day. He attended the West End United Methodist Church in Nashville.

## Death

Moore died on January 2, 1965, in Nashville, at the age of ninety-seven. By the time of his death, he was "the oldest member" of SAE.
# Menelikornis

Menelikornis is a genus of African birds in the family Musophagidae.

## Species

It contains the following species:
Genus Menelikornis – Boetticher, 1947 – two species :
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
| White-cheeked turaco | Menelikornis leucotis (Rüppell, 1835) | Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia | Size: Habitat: Diet: | LC |
| Ruspoli's turaco | Menelikornis ruspolii Salvadori, 1896 | Ethiopia | Size: Habitat: Diet: | NT |
# Adina Anton

Adina Anton (born 6 October 1984 in Piteşti, Argeş) is a retired Romanian long jumper. She finished 5th in the long jump final at the 2006 European Athletics Championships in Gothenburg. Anton was the 2002 World Junior champion and also competed in the 2004 Olympics.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Notes |
| Representing Romania |||||
| 2002 | World Junior Championships | Kingston, Jamaica | 1st | 6.46 m (wind: +0.6 m/s) |
| 2003 | European Junior Championships | Tampere, Finland | 2nd | 6.46 m |
| 2003 | World Championships | Paris, France | 24th (q) | 6.09 m |
| 2004 | World Indoor Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 8th | 6.43 m |
| 2004 | Olympic Games | Athens, Greece | 18th (q) | 6.47 m |
| 2005 | European Indoor Championships | Madrid, Spain | 3rd | 6.59 m |
| 2005 | European U23 Championships | Erfurt, Germany | 3rd | 6.55 m (wind: +1.8 m/s) |
| 2005 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 23rd (q) | 6.25 m |
| 2005 | Universiade | Izmir, Turkey | 4th | 6.43 m |
| 2006 | World Indoor Championships | Moscow, Russia | 10th (q) | 6.37 m |
| 2006 | European Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 5th | 6.54 m |
| 2007 | European Indoor Championships | Birmingham, United Kingdom | 10th (q) | 6.48 m |
# Adriana Nechita

Adriana-Nicoleta Nechita (former Olteanu; born 14 November 1983) is a Romanian handballer who plays for HCM Baia Mare and the Romanian national team.

## International honours

* EHF Champions League:
** Finalist: 2010
** Semifinalist: 2009, 2012, 2013
* EHF Champions Trophy:
** Winner: 2007
* EHF Cup Winners' Cup:
** Winner: 2007
** Semifinalist: 2002

## Gallery

* Adriana Nechita with her national team in 2015
# Peter J. Smith (politician)

Peter J. Smith (August 22, 1867 – April 2, 1947) was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate.

## Biography

Smith was born on August 22, 1867, in Denmark. In 1888, he married Ann Marie Lassen, they had five children. Smith died on April 2, 1947, in Eau Claire, Wisconsin.

## Career

Smith was elected to the Senate in 1928 and served until 1933. Additionally, he was an Eau Claire alderman and a member of the Eau Claire County, Wisconsin Board, as well as Chairman of the Eau Claire County Republican Party and a delegate to the 1924 Republican National Convention. Smith also served as grand secretary of the Scandinavian-American Fraternity.
# Wilson Nesbitt

Wilson T. Nesbitt (1781 – May 13, 1861) was a United States representative from South Carolina. Born in 1781, his exact date of birth is unknown, but he resided in Spartanburg, South Carolina where he attended the common schools. Later, he was a student at South Carolina College (now the University of South Carolina) at Columbia, South Carolina in 1805 and 1806. He engaged in agricultural pursuits and conducted an iron foundry.
Nesbitt was a justice of quorum of Spartanburg County, South Carolina in 1810. He served as a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives, 1810–1814. He was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Fifteenth Congress (March 4, 1817 – March 3, 1819). After leaving Congress, he moved to Alabama. He died in Montgomery, Alabama in 1861 (shortly after Alabama had declared itself as part of the Confederate States of America) and was buried in Oakwood Cemetery.
# Ripieno

The ripieno (Italian pronunciation:, Italian for "stuffing" or "padding") is the bulk of instrumental parts of a musical ensemble who do not play as soloists, especially in Baroque music. These are the players who would play in sections marked tutti, as opposed to soloist sections. An individual member of the ripieno is called a ripienista.
In the concerto grosso, it refers to the larger of the two ensembles as opposed to the group of soloists called the concertino. In a ripieno concerto, there are no solo parts. The term can also refer to the main body of an orchestra in early orchestral music, although this use is today often disregarded.
In band music, the term (or its variant spellings repiano and ripiano) is used similarly to designate the players not at the leading desk, especially the clarinet and cornet players in military bands.
The expression senza ripieni is an instruction to play without the ripienistas; this instruction is frequently found in works by Handel.
The term can also be used to designate a pipe organ mixture stop.
# Ai Ogawa

Ai Ogawa (born 23 September 1998) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for WE League club Sanfrecce Hiroshima Regina.

## Club career

Ogawa made her WE League debut on 12 September 2021.
# IIT metro station

The IIT metro station is located on the Magenta Line of the Delhi Metro. It was opened to public on 29 May 2018.

## Controversy

Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi (IIT-D) has approached the authorities to remove the mention of IIT or the coaching institute FIITJEE from the name of the Metro station near its campus, saying it could mislead students into thinking they have a tie-up. FIITJEE has become the sponsor of the soon-to-be opened Metro station opposite IIT-D. Signage installed at the station has named it FIITJEE IIT, coupling the two names.
IIT Delhi has approached the high court opposing the naming rights of a metro station near the institute being acquired by a coaching institute. High Court decided in favor of IIT and ordered to remove FIITJEE branding from the IIT Metro Station. The new signage displays only the institute's name along with that of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
On this the director of IIT Delhi quoted to media "We never wanted the IIT's name to be associated with any coaching institute holding commercial interests. We are happy the issue has been settled, BIS is a good brand to be associated with as it aligns with the image of our institute. Both (IITD and BIS) set standards in their own domains", said Rao. The BIS is the national standards body of India working under the aegis of ministry of consumer affairs, food & public distribution."

## History

The IIT Metro Station was opened on 29 May 2018 at 06:00 hrs IST. This station was named after one of the most prestigious institution of India, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), which is situated near this metro station.

## The station
### Station layout

| G | Street level | Exit/Entrance |
| C | Concourse | Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops |
| P | Platform 1 Eastbound | Towards → Botanical Garden Next Station: Hauz Khas Change at the next stop for Yellow Line |
| Island platform | Doors will open on the right | |
| P | Platform 2 Westbound | Towards ← Janakpuri West Next Station: R. K. Puram |

## Entry/Exit

IIT metro station Entry/Exit :
| Gate No-1 | Gate No-2 | Gate No-3 |
| Rose Garden | SDA Market | IIT Delhi |

## Connections
### Bus

Delhi Transport Corporation bus routes number 344, 448, 448B, 448CL, 507CL, 620, 764, 764EXT, 764S, 774, AC-620, AC-764, serves the station from nearby IIT Gate bus stop.
# Tiina Randlane

Tiina Randlane (born 10 September 1953) is an Estonian mycologist and lichenologist.

## Life and career

Randlane was born in Tallinn and completed her undergraduate studies at Tartu State University, graduating cum laude in 1977. She pursued further education at the same institution, obtaining her candidate's degree in 1986. Her thesis explored the lichen flora of Estonia's western islands. Randlane's professional journey at the University of Tartu began in 1975 when she started as a technician. She has maintained her affiliation with the university throughout her career, progressing to her current position as an associate professor.
Randlane's research primarily concentrates on lichen taxonomy and ecology. Her publication record includes close to a hundred scientific papers and book chapters. One of her notable contributions is spearheading the development of a comprehensive global taxonomic database for cetrarioid lichens. A significant portion of her work has been dedicated to studying the lichen biodiversity of Estonia and the broader Baltic region.
Throughout her career, Randlane has been instrumental in compiling Estonia's Red Data Books and subsequent Red Lists of Lichens. She served on the editorial board of Folia Cryptogamica Estonica for over two decades, from 1996 to 2020. In 2020, she took on the role of associate editor for the journal The Lichenologist.
Beyond her research endeavors, Randlane has played a pivotal role in shaping Estonian lichenology. Her engaging lectures and field courses have inspired numerous students, fostering a new generation of lichen enthusiasts. She has also been committed to making lichen knowledge accessible to the public, co-authoring a multilingual series on Estonian macrolichens for a general audience. Randlane has contributed significantly to the development of online educational resources covering Estonian lichens, mosses, and vascular plants. Additionally, she has been actively involved in expanding the lichen herbarium at the University of Tartu, adding nearly 7,000 specimens that she collected and identified.
Randlane's contributions have been recognised with several accolades from the University of Tartu. She received the university medal in 2003, followed by the medal of honour a decade later in 2013. In 2021, she was awarded a special medal commemorating "100 semesters at the University of Tartu". Her efforts in science communication were acknowledged in 2010 when interactive online identification guides she helped develop won the top prize for innovative science popularisation in Estonia. In recognition of her significant contributions to the field, the 60th issue of Folia Cryptogamica Estonica was dedicated to Randlane on the occasion of her 70th birthday. The lichen species Pyxine tiinae, Leptogium tiinae, and Lepraria tiinae were named in her honour in this issue.
# Irv Anderson

Irvin Neil Anderson (June 18, 1923 – November 17, 2008) was a Minnesota politician and member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1965 to 1983, and again from 1991 to 2007.
From International Falls, Anderson entered politics at approximately the same time that he was elected union president at the M & O Paper Company, the International Falls paper mill where he worked. A Democrat, he represented the old District 64 and 64B and, later, District 3A. The sprawling district included all or portions of Beltrami, Itasca, Koochiching, Lake of the Woods and St. Louis counties in the northern part of the state.
Anderson served as majority leader of the House from 1973 to 1981, and again, briefly, in 1993 before becoming Speaker of the House in September 1993, a position he held until 1997. He continued to serve in the legislature until 2007, opting not to run for re-election in 2006 due to health concerns.
Anderson fought in World War II as a United States Navy pilot from 1942 to 1945, earning the Air Medal for his performance. The Air Medal is awarded to any person who, while serving in any capacity in or with the Armed Forces of the United States, distinguishes themselves by meritorious achievement while participating in aerial flight. He also helped create Minnesota's memorial to World War II veterans.
Anderson died at Mercy Hospital in Coon Rapids on November 17, 2008. He was buried in St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic Cemetery in International Falls. On April 15, 2009, Governor Tim Pawlenty approved a bill designating U.S. Highway 53 from Virginia to International Falls as the Irv Anderson Memorial Highway.
# Compton Packenham

Thomas Compton Packenham, MC (11 May 1893 – 17 August 1957) was a British-American journalist. He served as a British Army officer in the First World War, and worked at the American Council on Japan.

## Early life

Packenham was born 11 May 1893 in Kobe, Japan. His father was British and managed a shipyard. He spoke fluent Japanese. He had spent his early childhood in Japan. He served in the Coldstream Guards as a lieutenant colonel, was awarded the Military Cross (MC) and mentioned in despatches.

## Career

Packenham worked in the New York Times in the 1920s. He was the author of The Rearguard (1930.) He was the Tokyo Correspondent of Newsweek after World War II. In 1946 he was appointed the bureau chief of Newsweek in Japan. He was part of the American Council on Japan. He helped found the council in late June 1948 in Harvard Club in New York City. Upon the recommendation the Emperor of Japan, Packenham helped John Foster Dulles meet Japanese politicians and businessmen. In 1947 he engaged in bitter criticism of Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.
He along with others of the American Council on Japan taught Nobusuke Kishi English and helped him improve his image. They helped him become Prime Minister of Japan. In Japan during the occupation period, he helped Japanese government officials communicate with senior US politicians and officials. The Japanese government was able to circumvent MacArthur's communication blockade. Compton Packenham died 17 August 1957.

## Personal life

In 1915, Packenham married Phyllis Price. Their daughter, Simona, was born in 1916; she never met her father. They soon separated as "he had taken no time at all to reveal himself as a most unsatisfactory choice".
In January 1918, Packenham was on leave from the Army in London, and he met and began a relationship with Alma Dolling, a war widow. In October 1918, Packenham wrote a letter to his first wife informing her their marriage was over. Alma was cited in the Packenham's divorce in 1920, and she married him in 1921. However, once again, his marriage failed and Alma left him to return to her native Canada: their marriage formally ended in divorce in 1925.