# Pohjalaisia (play)

Pohjalaisia (The Ostrobothnians) is a Finnish play, first performed in 1914, with adaptations into an opera (1924) and two films (1925 and 1936), written by Artturi Järviluoma, is one of Finland's most iconic pieces of theatrical work, renowned for its depiction of peasant rebellion and critique of social injustice.

## Plot and setting

The play is set in the mid-19th century in South Ostrobothnia, a culturally unique region of Finland. It portrays the daily lives of the local peasant community, highlighting their independent spirit and resistance to oppression. The central conflict revolves around the community's rebellion against the lensmann (a local sheriff or bailiff) who, as an authority figure, is depicted as unjust and authoritarian.
The central character, Jussi Harri, symbolizes the oppressed but proud Finnish peasant. As he refuses to bow to the arbitrary rule of the lensmann, his defiance becomes symbolic of the broader struggle for dignity and justice. His moral stance and eventual rebellion underscore themes of pride, independence, and courage. The conflict also draws parallels with Finland's broader historical experience under Russian rule during the era of so-called "years of oppression" (1899–1905), when Russian authorities sought to limit Finnish autonomy.
Whilecter of the lensmann may be seen as a symbol of Russian oppression, it also has historical roots in earlier periods of Finnish history, such as the Cudgel War of the late 16th century. During that time, Finnish peasants rose up against the oppressive rule of Klaus Fleming, a Swedish military commander.

## Authorship controversy

The play was first performed at the Finnish National Theatre in 1914 and directed by Jalmari Lahdensuo, who was also a well-known theatre director of the era. Although Artturi Järviluoma is credited as the author, there has been ongoing debate over the extent of his contribution. The controversy centers around the role of Anton Kangas, a playwright and Järviluoma's former teacher, who died in 1904. Kangas had written an unfinished play called Härmäläisiä, which shares significant similarities with Pohjalaisia. Since the original manuscript of Härmäläisiä no longer exists, it is speculated that Järviluoma may have drawn heavily on Kangas's work.
Additionally, Järviluoma's liter outside of Pohjalaisia was relatively modest, which has led some scholars to argue that his ability to produce a work of such quality was questionable. Surviving notes from the original play support the theory that Järviluoma's adaptation may have been more of a reworking of Kangas's ideas than an original creation.

## Themes and symbolism

Pohjalaisia addresses ideas of freedom, resistance to oppression, and the indomitable Finnish spirit. Key motifs include the role of song, traditional customs, and communal justice. The Jussipaita (a distinctively patterned Finnish sweater) worn by the main character Jussi Harri symbolizes regional identity and Finnish pride.
The play also reflects broader political themes, such as Finland's national struggle for autonomy from Russian rule. At the time of its creation, Finland was a Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire, and Finnish artists often used folklore and peasant tales as subtle allegories for the national struggle for independence.

## Adaptations
### 1924 opera

The 1924 version of Pohjalaisia was composed by Leevi Madetoja, one of Finland's most notable classical composers. The opera retained the essential themes of the play, but Madetoja's music gave it new emotional depth. The opera remains one of the most well-known and frequently performed Finnish operatic works. Madetoja's adaptation emphasizes the theme of rebellion which resonated with Finnish audiences during a period when Finland had recently achieved independence from Russia (1917).

### 1925 silent film

The first film adaptation of Pohjalaisia was a silent film, directed by Jalmari Lahdensuo, who had also directed the play's original theatrical performance. The film's release coincided with the growing popularity of Finnish national cinema and was influenced by the success of the opera version. Although silent films had limited means of conveying dialogue, the dramatic expressions and physical performances captured the intensity of the story.
The 1925 silent film was later restored in 2012.

### 1936 sound film

A second film adaptation was produced, this time as a sound film, directed by Toivo Särkkä, a major figure in Finnish cinema. The availability of synchronized sound allowed for the inclusion of Finnish folk songs and vocal performances, further emphasizing the role of music as a motif in the story.

## Legacy and impact

The story of Pohjalaisia remains a key part of Finnish literary and theatrical education, and its themes continue to resonate with modern audiences. The 1924 opera remains one of Finland's most frequently performed operas, while the films and original play have become essential parts of Finnish cultural memory.
The play has also been viewed as a representation of Finnish character, symbolizing qualities like pride, defiance, and a readiness to fight for justice. It remains a popular choice for stage revivals and academic analysis, given its historical, cultural, and political significance.