OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lally Bowers

Kathleen "Lally" Bowers (21 January 1914 – 18 July 1984) was an English actress.

## Early life and education

Kathleen Bowers was born on 21 January 1914 in Oldham, Lancashire.
She was educated at Hulme Grammar School.

## Career

Bowers worked as a secretary before walking on and understudying at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon.
As a professional actress, Bowers appeared in hundreds of stage productions, films and television programmes and rep at Manchester, Sheffield, Southport, Guildford, Liverpool, Birmingham, and the Bristol Old Vic.
Her London debut came in 1944 and her many West End successes included Dinner With the Family for which she won a Clarence Derwent award in 1957, Difference of Opinion, The Killing of Sister George (also on Broadway), Dear Octopus and The Beastly Beatitudes of Balthazar B. She appeared in the sitcoms You're Only Young Twice, Going Straight, Hi-de-Hi!, My Name Is Harry Worth and A Fine Romance.
Her film career included roles in We Joined the Navy (1962), Tamahine (1963), The Chalk Garden (1964), I Start Counting (1970), All the Way Up (1970), Up Pompeii (1971), Our Miss Fred (1972), Dracula A.D. 1972 (1972), The Slipper and the Rose (1976) and Screamtime (1983).
She also appeared in the 1982 adaptation of Agatha Christie's The Case of The Discontented Soldier in the role of Mrs. Ariadne Oliver, in the television series The Agatha Christie Hour.

## Death

Bowers died on 18 July 1984 in London.

## Partial filmography

* We Joined the Navy (1962) – Mrs. Cynthia Dewberry
* Tamahine (1963) – Mrs. Cartwright
* The Chalk Garden (1964) – Anna
* Undermined – Broadcast -12/6/1965- Effie, ( Paddington Hotel Proprietress ). Episode 6 : ' Intent to Kill '.
* I Start Counting (1970) – Aunt Rene
* All the Way Up (1970) – Mrs. Hadfield
* Up Pompeii (1971) – Procuria
* Up the Chastity Belt (1972) – (voice)
* Dracula A.D. 1972 (1972) – Matron
* Our Miss Fred (1972) – Miss Flodden
* The Slipper and the Rose (1976) – Queen
* You're Only Young Twice (1977)-Dolly Love
* Screamtime (1983) – Mrs. Kingsley
# Heman Luwang

Thounaojam Heman Luwang (born 1 March 1988) is an Indian cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Manipur in the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy on 7 January 2019.
# Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone

The Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone observes Hawaii–Aleutian Standard Time (HST) by subtracting ten hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−10:00). The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time of the 150th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory.
The zone takes its name from the two areas it includes: Hawaii and the portion of Alaska's Aleutian Islands west of 169° 30′ W longitude.
During daylight saving time (DST), the Alaskan portion observes Hawaii–Aleutian Daylight Time (HDT, UTC−09:00), while Hawaii stays on standard time. Hawaii has not observed daylight saving time since September 1945.
Until 1947, UTC−10:30 was used as standard time in Hawaii. On June 8 of that year, a new territorial law moved Hawaiian Standard Time 30 minutes ahead.
Hawaii–Aleutian Standard Time was established to maintain consistency in the scheduling of business and government activities across Hawaii and the Aleutian Islands.
French Polynesia uses UTC−10:00 for its major cities. The Cook Islands also use the same time. These areas do not use DST. "Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone" is a U.S. term and for that reason the Polynesian areas are not considered to be a part of the Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone.
The largest city and metropolitan area in the Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone are Honolulu and its metropolitan area, respectively.

## Major metropolitan areas

* Honolulu, Hawaii
* Hilo, Hawaii
* Kahului, Hawaii
* Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
* Kapaa, Hawaii

## Other significant places

* Adak Island, Alaska
* Johnston Atoll
# Beaumontois-en-Périgord

Beaumontois-en-Périgord (French pronunciation:, lit. 'Beaumontois in Périgord'; Occitan: Bèlmontés de Perigòrd) is a commune in the Dordogne department of southwestern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2016 and consists of the former communes of Beaumont-du-Périgord, Labouquerie, Nojals-et-Clotte and Sainte-Sabine-Born.
# Tarikh-e negarestan

The Tarikh-e negarestan (Persian: تاریخ نگارستان) is a Persian universal history composed by the Safavid scribe and historian Ahmad Ghaffari Qazvini in 1552. The goal of the chronicle was to teach important historical lessons to the Safavid dynasty, including Shah Tahmasp I (r. 1524–1576).
In the Walters Art Museum, there is an illustrated version of the Tarikh-e negarestan, which was created in Iran in 1569. In the early 17th-century, the chronicle was published in Ottoman Turkish under the name Nüzhet-i cihan ve nâdire-i zaman by Altıparmak Mehmed Efendi. In Istanbul, the Süleymaniye Library and the Yenicami Library each hold a copy of it. The first lithography of the Tarikh-e negarestan was made in the city of Mumbai in 1859.
# Persistence studies

Persistence studies is scholarship in the social sciences that links, usually through quantitative causal inference, historical events with later political, economic and social outcomes. It is particularly prevalent in economics, economic history, political science, and sociology. The scholarship emerged in the early 2000s. Early landmark studies include two studies by economists Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson in 2001 and 2002 that linked colonial institutions to variations in contemporary economic outcomes.
According to Alexandra Cirone and Thomas Pepinsky, there are typically five steps in persistence scholarship:
* "Define and measure a causal variable of interest."
* "Characterize its assignment mechanism."
* "Define and measure a relevant outcome variable."
* "Estimate the effect of the causal variable on the outcome variable using a research design that is appropriate given the proposed assignment mechanism."
* "Characterize the causal mechanisms that link the causal variable and the outcome."
According to Nathan Nunn, persistence studies usually take the following form,
   [Scholars] begin by collecting new data, often from archival sources, that measure aspects of the historical episode of interest. These data are then connected to contemporary outcomes of interest, matched through populations, societies, or locations, to test whether the historical factor has a causal effect on the contemporary factors being examined. Statistical analysis is undertaken, studying variation across individuals, ethnicities, or countries and using empirical techniques (such as instrumental variables, regression discontinuity, difference-in-difference, or natural experiments) that are aimed at distinguishing causal relationships from mere correlation. Having established the importance of a historical factor or episode for outcomes today, an attempt is then made to understand the exact causal mechanisms that account for the observed relationship. This generally requires the collection of additional data and additional statistical analysis, as well as an integration of the historical literature and descriptive evidence.
What distinguishes persistence research from broader comparative research on historical legacies is the use of precise causal inference methods.
Critics of persistence studies argue the pitfalls of the approach lie in a failure to recognize institutional change ("anti-persistence"), vague mechanisms, the insufficient use (or misuse) of historical sources and narratives, the compression of history, and a failure to account for the effects of geography." A 2024 review of 30 prominent persistence studies articles in leading journals found that after correcting the standard errors, few of the results approach statistical significance at conventional levels.
# Marcelo D'Andrea

Marcelo D'Andrea is an Argentine film actor.

## Filmography

* El Ciudadano Ilustre (2016)
* El Custodio (2006), The Minder
* Potestad (2002)
* Claim (2002)
* Yepeto (1999)
* La Peste (1992) aka The Plague
# Galen (disambiguation)

Galen was an ancient Roman physician of Greek origin.
Galen may also refer to:

## Places

* Galen, Montana, United States, an unincorporated community
* Galen, New York, United States, a town
* Galen Peak, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica
* Galen (crater), a lunar impact crater

## Schools

* Galen Catholic College, Wangaratta, Victoria, Australia
* Galen University, San Ignacio, Belize
* Galen College of Nursing, a private nursing school in multiple locations in the United States

## People and fictional characters

* Galen (given name), a list of people and fictional characters
* Galen (surname), a list of people and fictional characters
* Vasily Blyukher (1889–1938), Soviet military commander who used the pseudonym "Galen" while in China
* Phillip Galen, pen name of Ernst Philipp Karl Lange (1813–1899), German novelist

## Other uses

* Galen, a pharmaceutical company renamed Warner Chilcott
* Galen Center, an athletic facility in Los Angeles, California, United States
* Galen Partners, an American healthcare-focused equity investment firm
* Galen Institute, a health policy think tank in Alexandria, Virginia
* Galen, a fictitious town in the novel The Land of Laughs by Jonathan Carroll
* Galen Framework, a software testing framework
# Glen Kelly (politician)

Glen Kelly is an Australian politician. He was elected member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Mirani in the 2024 Queensland state election.
Six generations of his family have lived in Kalapa. He is a farmer by profession.
# Julkula

Julkula is a district in the northwest part of the city of Kuopio, Finland. It is located 4-6 km from the city center on the western slope of Puijo. The area has a population of about 2,700 and its residential buildings are mainly small and terraced houses.
Services in the Julkula area include a kindergarten, preschool, youth center, K-market grocery store, marina, pub restaurant, bakery, hairdresser and a psychiatric hospital called Julkula Hospital. Julkula is located on the shores of Lake Kallavesi and has excellent outdoor sports opportunities typical of the Puijo area.

## Sources

* Arponen, Antti O.: Julkulan kaupunginosan vaiheita. Kuopio 1982.
# Burkes Pass

Burkes Pass is a mountain pass and at its base, a small town on State Highway 8 at the entrance to the Mackenzie Country in South Canterbury, New Zealand. It is named after Michael John Burke (1812 Co. Galway-1869 Ballarat), a graduate of Trinity College Dublin, who drove a team of bullocks through the passageway which leads up into the Mackenzie Country in 1855. This was an alternative route to the Mackenzie Pass, which the notorious alleged sheep stealer, James Mckenzie, had used to take his sheep into the Otago goldfields. Burkes Pass separates the Two Thumb Range to the north from the Rollesby and Albury ranges to the south, and sits at an altitude of 709 metres (2,326 ft). A memorial to Burke stands close to the pass's saddle.
Burke may not have been the first European to cross the Pass called after him. G Dunnage camped in the vicinity in 1855 before the geographical features were named.
A dray track was cut through Burkes Pass in 1857–58. Settlers and bullock teams soon found The Long Cutting was the easier of the two passageways to negotiate, becoming the main thoroughfare for travellers in to the Mackenzie, a vast land known by Maori for its plentiful supply of wekas on the plains and eels in the streams and lakes. With travel slow and arduous, the need for a resting place for weary travellers soon became evident.
A 640-acre (2.6 km$^2$) site, on the west side of the top of The Long Cutting, was set aside in 1859 to establish a central depot for coal, wood, and food supplies. It was a bleak, exposed site, between Sterickers Mound, near Sawdon Creek, and the foot of the spur from Mount Burgess. James Noonan<South Canterbury- A Record of Settlement, O.A Gillespie, 1958 p 280> ignored the official township site building the first hotel in 1861 at Cabbage Tree Creek in the valley behind where the remains of the hotel built in 1869 are today.
A town, first known as Cabbage Tree Creek, then Clulee, and finally Burkes Pass, sprang up around the hotel. For more than half a century a colourful cavalcade passed through the town, Burkes Pass becoming the social, business, and sporting centre for the Mackenzie Country pioneers. Its heyday was 1890 to 1910 when there was a population of 143 and a three-teacher school.
However, the promised railway, which was to cement Burkes Pass's future as the capital of the Mackenzie, never arrived. It stopped at Fairlie in 1884, displacing Burkes Pass as the business centre. The final blow was in 1891, when the Mount Cook Road Board, in a 4–3 vote, decided to relocate to Fairlie.
The Burkes Pass Scenic Reserve, administered by the Department of Conservation, is a former stock droving reserve one kilometre to the west of the pass. The ecological values are threatened by introduced rabbits, lupin, broom and wilding conifers. Burkes Pass is home to the critically endangered Canterbury knobbled weevil which lives on speargrass. It has only been found in a 3-hectare (7.4-acre) site at Burkes Pass.

## Notable people

Georgina Jane Burgess – New Zealand hotel-keeper, midwife, postmistress
# Brixlegg

Brixlegg is a market town (since 1927) in the Kufstein district in the Austrian state of Tyrol. The town lies in the Lower Inn Valley and at the entrance of the Alpbachtal.

## Neighbouring municipalities

Alpbach, Kramsach, Radfeld, Rattenberg, Reith im Alpbachtal, Wildschönau

## History

The town was first mentioned as „Prisslech“ in documents in 788, although the settlement is considered to be much older.

## Sights

* Parish church "Unsere Liebe Frau" ("Our Lady")
* Mühlbichl chapel and war memorial
* Lanegg tower house
* Granary building on the bank of the river Inn
* Museum of Mining and Metallurgy

## People

* Stephan Eberharter, Alpine ski racer and Olympic champion
* Matthias Rebitsch, Alpinist
* Karlheinz Töchterle, Federal Minister of Science and Research
* Karl Pearson visited here on Sunday 2 September 1883 and wrote about the passion play

## Economy

The Montanwerke Brixlegg AG is the only copper producer in Austria and specialises in the recovery of copper and other valuable metals from scrap copper and other secondary materials with copper content. The first mention of a copper and silver refinery in Brixlegg in documents dates back to 1463. At the beginning of the 20th century, following a decline in ore extraction in Tyrol, production was shifted to the recovery of copper from scrap metal alloys.
Further employers are the textiles industry (Giesswein company, founded in 1954), Production of bottled mineral water and non-alcoholic drinks (Silberquelle) and tourism (with a focus on winter tourism).

## Sports

It is famous amongst the skateboard scene for "The Cradle" a large outdoor skatearena, that also hosts international competitions.

## Town twinning

    Aichach (Germany)
# Kumar Mridul

Kumar Mridul (born 5 October 1988) is an Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut for Bihar in the 2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 4 October 2018.
# Subhrajit Sahoo

Subhrajit Sahoo (born 12 November 1988) is an Indian cricketer. He played the different formats of First-class cricket, List A cricket and T20 for the Orissa cricket team from 2009 to 2015.
# Progressive dinner

A progressive dinner or, more recently, safari supper, is a dinner party with successive courses prepared and eaten at the residences of different hosts. Usually this involves the consumption of one course at each location. Involving travel, it is a variant on a potluck dinner and is sometimes known as a round-robin.
An alternative is to have each course at a different dining area within a single large establishment.

## Safari supper

In a safari supper, the destination of the next course is generally unknown by the participants, and they have to decipher a clue before moving on. Participants go to each house for the various courses. Often there is a regional theme for each dinner, such as Italian, German, or French. Various wines to suit the courses are often served at each location.
A challenge is keeping the food warm and ready at each location. An alternative is to have the courses at different restaurants. This style of eating has recently become popular as a charity fundraiser in rural Britain and is seen as a good way of meeting different neighbors in the community by virtue of each participant having separate guests.

### Safari supper (dish)

No doubt inspired by the Safari Supper children's TV dinner released in the US by Libby's in 1970, containing fried chicken, alphabet spaghetti, meatballs and tomato sauce, corn and potatoes, chocolate pudding, and chocolate milk flavouring, the term "safari supper" can also be used to describe a type of baked curry consisting of ground beef and rice in a spicy-sweet sauce.(Safari supper Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine)

## History

The original form of the progressive dinner was a couples mixing event held at a single location. It was popularized by a wave of syndicated newspaper items published throughout the American Midwest in the late 1880s. The items typically referred to it as already popular and originating in "the east," citing as inspiration the progressive form of the card game euchre, itself created a few years before.
The precise origin of the notion of having dinner guests go from house to house between courses is obscure but it appears to have occurred around late 1896. The earliest reference to it is a brief item in an Iowa newspaper.
By mid-1897 the dinners had become associated with the exploding popularity of bicycling. Invitations requested that guests bring their "wheel" in order to ride between venues. A typical news item was headlined "Bicycle Dinners a New Fad." Their popularity was fanned by newspaper articles syndicated widely in both the U.S. and Australia.
At the end of the century the progressive dinner was an established activity in upper class social circles though the procedure continued to be described in detail for the uninitiated

## References in literature

* The Safari Party: A Comedy (2002), a play in three acts by Tim Firth.
# Mount Cook (Saint Elias Mountains)

Mount Cook (or Boundary Peak 182) is a high peak on the Yukon Territory-Alaska border, in the Saint Elias Mountains of North America. It is approximately 15 mi (24 km) southwest of Mount Vancouver and 35 mi (56 km) miles east-southeast of Mount Saint Elias. It forms one of the corners of the jagged border, which is defined to run in straight lines between the major peaks. The same border also separates Kluane National Park in the Yukon Territory from Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve in Alaska.
Like many peaks of the Saint Elias Mountains, Mount Cook is a massive peak, with a large rise above local terrain. For example, the southwest face drops 10,000 feet (3,000 m) to the Marvine Glacier in approximately 4 miles (6.4 km). It is also quite close to tidewater: Disenchantment Bay is less than 18 miles (29 km) from the summit.
Mount Cook was first climbed in 1953. It is not often climbed due to its remoteness, the size of the mountain, the typically poor weather (due to its proximity to the ocean), and the fact that it is not one of the highest peaks of the range. In fact there are only four references to the peak in the complete index of the American Alpine Journal.

## Gallery

* Southeast aspect
# 2002 Uber Cup knockout stage

The knockout stage for the 2002 Uber Cup in Guangzhou began on 15 May 2002 with the semi-finals and ended on 18 May 2002 with the final.

## Qualified teams

The top two placed teams from each of the two groups qualified for this stage.
| Group | Winners | Runners-up |
| A | Netherlands | Hong Kong |
| B | China | South Korea |

## Bracket

| Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Final | Final |
| Netherlands | 2 |
| South Korea | 3 | | |
| South Korea | 3 | South Korea | 1 |
| | | China | 3 |
| Hong Kong | 0 | China | 3 |
| China | 3 | | |
# Saroleh Rural District

Saroleh Rural District (Persian: دهستان سرله) is in Meydavud District of Bagh-e Malek County, Khuzestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Dalan.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 9,820 in 1,950 households. There were 9,642 inhabitants in 2,180 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 8,059 in 1,984 households. The most populous of its 53 villages was Godar Pahn, with 1,278 people.
# Affaf Tobbala

Affaf Tobbala (born July 12, 1941) is an Egyptian television documentary director and producer and an author, primarily of children's literature. Tobbala has been nominated for and received a number of literary awards in Egypt and abroad. Her 2006 book, Sika and Mokka, received the 2007 Suzan Mubarak Prize for Children's Literature and was included on the 2010 International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY) List of Honor.

## Life

Tobbala was born in Cairo on July 12, 1941, to a middle-class family. She married in 1960 after finishing her secondary education at a French missionary school. Tobbala has two children, born in 1962 and 1964. She received a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature (1965) and a Master of Arts degree (1987) and PhD (1996) in mass communications from Cairo University.
Tobbala worked in Egyptian television as a director, screenwriter and producer from 1966 to 2001, specialising in documentaries. She also held a number of managerial positions in the areas of planning and programming. Since 1987, Tobbala has taught courses in television and documentary production to undergraduate students and young broadcasting professionals in several schools (including Cairo University).
She began writing books for children in 2005, at age 64. Tobbala collaborated with watercolor painter Adly Rezkallah on her first book, The Silver Fish, which received a mention in the Bologna Children's Book Fair Ragazzi Award's New Horizons category and Egypt's Suzan Mubarak Prize.
She has published 13 more books for children and a short-story collection, collaborating with a number of artists using different styles and techniques. Writing for different age groups, Tobbala has received national, regional and international awards. Several of her books have been translated from Arabic into English, Turkish and Korean.

## Filmography

* Muaadala (Equation): five-episode documentary (1979)
* Elsharia Almasry (The Egyptian Street): five-episode documentary about historic Cairo (1980-1981)
* Mawdue Lelmunaqashah (Discussion Topic): political-documentary series with round-table discussions (1982-1984)
* Shuun Saghira (Small Affairs): six-episode documentary about customs with unwanted social effects (1990)