OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Richard Milward

Richard Milward (born 26 October 1984 in Middlesbrough) is an English novelist. His debut novel Apples was published by Faber in 2007. He has also written Ten Storey Love Song, Kimberly's Capital Punishment, and Man-Eating Typewriter.

## Early life

Raised in Guisborough, (Redcar and Cleveland), Milward attended Laurence Jackson School and Prior Pursglove College. He then studied fine art at Byam Shaw School of Art at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in London.

## Career

Milward cites Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh as the book that made him want to write and Jack Kerouac, Richard Brautigan and Hunter S. Thompson as influences. He joined fellow Teessider Michael Smith in writing a column for Dazed & Confused magazine.

### Apples

Milward's debut novel is an account of teenage life on a Middlesbrough housing estate. It is narrated in the first person by several characters (including a butterfly), but mainly by Adam and Eve, two school students. Adam is a shy, ungainly youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder, a love of The Beatles, and a violent father. He believes himself to be in love with Eve, who is an attractive and promiscuous hard drinker and drug user.

### Man-Eating Typewriter

Milward's 2023 novel Man-Eating Typewriter is notable for its extensive use of Polari, a form of slang commonly used by the gay community in England until the late 1960s. Milward's novel is about a struggling publishing house, Glass Eye Press, that has been contacted by the mysterious Raymond M. Novak. Novak announces that he will commit a major crime within the year, and will allow Glass Eye Press to publish his memoirs after the crime has been committed. Novak's memoirs are written entirely in Polari. Throughout the memoir, there are footnotes from the employees of Glass Eye Press. These are initially used to guide the reader through Novak's eccentric use of Polari but grow into a narrative told alongside Novak's memoirs.
The novel earned positive reviews. Boyd Tonkin of Financial Times called the novel "a mind-bending performance that unspools in flavoursome Polari" In The Guardian, Neil Bartlett wrote that Milward "produced that rarest of all things on the modern fiction bookshelf: a genuinely exhilarating entertainment. The linguistic invention borders on the dazzling, the potted social history drops its names with wit and verve, and the whole thing is both laugh-out-loud funny and authentically disgusting."
It was one of six novels shortlisted for the 2023 Goldsmiths Prize.
# Laura Mattioli

Laura Mattioli (born 28 May 1950) is an Italian art historian, a collector and a curator. From 2013 until its 2024 closure, she was President of the Center for Modern Italian Art in New York City.

## Early life and education

Mattioli was born in Milan, Italy. Her father was the Milanese collector Gianni Mattioli, who started collecting during the Second World War, building his collection in 1943, after he saw the first massacre of Jews carried out by the Nazis in Italy. In 1949, he acquired 87 works from fellow Italian collector Pietro Feroldi.
Mattioli's childhood was unconventional and most of her younger years were spent with nannies and, rather than friends, artists, critics and intellectuals her parents would see regularly including modernist Mario Sironi, art historian Fernanda Wittgens, Giorgio Morandi, Fortunato Depero, Giacomo Manzù and Marino Marini .
Her art education includes studying at Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Milan (PhD in History of Art), Università degli Studi in Milan (BS in Art History) and Liceo Giuseppe Parini in Milan.

## Career

Mattioli had not planned to be involved in art. Her father had other ideas and had Laura begin training in art history with a family friend.
From 1975 to 1981, she taught at the Università degli studi di Milano and at the Accademia Carrara from 1992 to 1999. Along with teaching, Mattioli has organized many exhibitions including:
* Barry X Ball. Pietà. 2018. Museo d'Arte Antica Milan, Italy.
* Metaphysical Masterpieces 1916-1920: Morandi, Sironi, and Carrà. October 2018–June 2019. CIMA, New York.
* Barry X Ball, "Portraits and Masterpieces in Venice", 4 June - 11 September 2011. Museo del Settecento Veneziano di Ca’ Rezzonico.
* Giorgio Morandi et l’abstraction du réel. June–September 2010. Hôtel départemental des arts du Var [fr], Toulon, France.
* Boccioni pittore scultore futurista, Palazzo Reale, Milan (6 October 2006 – 25 February 2007)
* Morandi Ultimo, nature morte 1950–1964, December 1997–February 1998, Galleria dello Scudo, Verona; April–September 1998. Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice.
* Boccioni’s Materia: A Futurist Masterpiece and the European Avant-Garde
In 2003, she wrote an essay for the book "The Mattioli Collection: Masterpieces of the Italian Avant-garde" by Italian Art Historian Flavio Fergonzia.
In 1999, she edited Foppa e la Cappella Portinari, Milan, which includes her essay, "I restauri: interventi e interpretazioni (The restorations, interventions and interpretations)."
Since 1983 she has been the curator responsible for the collection of her father, Gianni Mattioli.
Mattioli established the Center for Italian Modern Art, a public nonprofit exhibit and research center, in 2013.
# Mugar family

The Mugar family of Greater Boston, Massachusetts, is an Armenian-American family in New England business and in philanthropy, both in the United States and Armenia. The best known member of the family is Stephen P. Mugar (1901–1982), who founded the Star Market chain of supermarkets on which the family fortune was based. In its May 2004 issue, Boston magazine ranked the Mugar family sixth in its list of the 50 most influential Boston families.

## Family origin

The first family members to arrive in Boston were brothers, Charles and Martin Mugar (shortened from Mugardichian), who came from Kharpert, Ottoman Empire, in 1904. They were joined in 1906 by their brothers, Arthur, Gregory and Sarkis Mugar, along with Sarkis Mugar's wife and three children, one of whom was Stephen P. Mugar.

## Family members

* Stephen P. Mugar, (1901–1982) founder of the Star Market chain
* John M. Mugar, (1914–2007), son of Martin, President and Chairman of the Star Market chain.
* David G. Mugar, (1939–2022), Stephen's son, also became a Star Market executive and was a prominent businessman and philanthropist in his own right.
* Carolyn Mugar, Stephen's daughter, activist, is founder of the Armenia Tree Project, executive director of Farm Aid and is the president of the Armenian Assembly of America.

## Philanthropies

The major objects of Mugar family philanthropic giving have been:
* Greater Boston educational institutions, especially the so-called "subway" or "commuter" colleges and universities, because they were the first to welcome young Armenian-Americans and others with limited resources and social standing and because they lacked the vast endowments of schools such as Harvard.
* Hospitals, in particular Cape Cod Hospital, and
* Armenian causes in the United States and overseas in Armenia and Lebanon.
* Boston's Fourth of July fireworks celebration—since the mid-1970s, closely associated with the Boston Pops concert at the Hatch Memorial Shell on the Esplanade
# Gabe Threadgold

Gabriel "Gabe" Threadgold (born November 10, 2000) is an American soccer player who plays as a midfielder.

## Career

Threadgold played with the Seattle Sounders FC academy, whilst also appearing for the club's USL Championship side Tacoma Defiance in 2018 and 2019.
After leaving the Sounders academy, Threadgold began playing college soccer at the University of Washington in 2019. He spent the 2024 season at Syracuse University.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of February 15, 2020.
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Tacoma Defiance | 2018 | USL | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| Tacoma Defiance | 2019 | USL Championship | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
# Back vowel

IPA: Vowels :
IPA help
 audio
full chart
template
Legend: unrounded • rounded :
A back vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the highest point of the tongue is positioned relatively back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Back vowels are sometimes also called dark vowels because they are perceived as sounding darker than the front vowels.
Near-back vowels are essentially a type of back vowels; no language is known to contrast back and near-back vowels based on backness alone.
The category "back vowel" comprises both raised vowels and retracted vowels.

## Articulation

In their articulation, back vowels do not form a single category, but may be either raised vowels such as [u] or retracted vowels such as [ɑ].

## Partial list

The back vowels that have dedicated symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet are:
* close back unrounded vowel [ɯ]
* close back protruded vowel [u]
* near-close back protruded vowel [ʊ]
* close-mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ]
* close-mid back protruded vowel [o]
* open-mid back unrounded vowel [ʌ]
* open-mid back rounded vowel [ɔ]
* open back unrounded vowel [ɑ]
* open back rounded vowel [ɒ]
There also are back vowels that do not have dedicated symbols in the IPA:
* close back compressed vowel [ɯᵝ] or [uᵝ]
* near-close back unrounded vowel [ɯ̽] or [ʊ̜]
* near-close back compressed vowel [ɯ̽ᵝ] or [ʊᵝ]
* close-mid back compressed vowel [ɤᵝ] or [oᵝ]
* mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ̞] or [ʌ̝]
* mid back rounded vowel [o̞] or [ɔ̝]
As here, other back vowels can be transcribed with diacritics of relative articulation applied to letters for neighboring vowels, such as ⟨u̞⟩, ⟨o̝⟩ or ⟨ʊ̠⟩ for a near-close back rounded vowel.

## Occurrence

According to PHOIBLE, the most common phonemic back vowel is /u/, occurring in approximately 88% of languages, while the most uncommon phonemic back vowel is /ɒ/, occurring in only 2% of recorded inventories.
Back vowel occurrences :
| Vowel | % |
| /u/ | 88 |
| /o/ | 60 |
| /ɔ/ | 35 |
| /ʊ/ | 14 |
| /ɑ/ | 7 |
| /ɯ/ | 6 |
| /ʌ/ | 4 |
| /ɤ/ | 3 |
| /ɒ/ | 2 |
# 13th root

Extracting the 13th root of a number is a famous category for the mental calculation world records. The challenge consists of being given a large number (possibly over 100 digits) and asked to return the number that, when taken to the 13th power, equals the given number. For example, the 13th root of 8,192 is 2 and the 13th root of 96,889,010,407 is 7.

## Properties of the challenge

Extracting the 13th root has certain properties. One is that the 13th root of a number is much smaller: a 13th root will have approximately 1/13th the number of digits. Thus, the 13th root of a 100-digit number only has 8 digits and the 13th root of a 200-digit number will have 16 digits. Furthermore, the last digit of the 13th root is always the same as the last digit of the power.
For the 13th root of a 100-digit number there are 7,992,563 possibilities, in the range 41,246,264 – 49,238,826. This is considered a relatively easy calculation. There are 393,544,396,177,593 possibilities, in the range 2,030,917,620,904,736 – 2,424,462,017,082,328, for the 13th root of a 200-digit number. This is considered a difficult calculation.

## Records

The Guinness Book of World Records has published records for extracting the 13th root of a 100-digit number. All world records for mentally extracting a 13th root have been for numbers with an integer root:
* The first record was 23 minutes by De Grote (Mexico).
* The most published time was at one time 88.8 seconds by Klein (Netherlands).
* Mittring calculated it in 39 seconds.
* Alexis Lemaire has broken this record with 13.55 seconds. This is the last official world record for extracting the 13th root of a 100-digit number.
* Mittring attempted to break this record with 11.8 seconds, but it was rejected by all organizations (Saxonia Record club, Guinness, 13th root group).
* Lemaire broke this record unofficially 6 times, twice within 4 seconds: the best was 3.625 seconds.
* Lemaire has also set the first world record for the 13th root of a 200-digit number: 513.55 seconds and 742 attempts on April 6, 2005, and broken it with 267.77 seconds and 577 attempts on June 3, 2005.
* The same day, Lemaire has also set in front of official witnesses an unofficial record of 113 seconds and 40 attempts.
* On February 27, 2007, he set a world record of 1 minute and 47 seconds
* He broke this record on July 24, 2007, with a time of 1 minute and 17 seconds (77.99 seconds) at the Museum of History of Science, University of Oxford, UK
* Lemaire broke his record on November 15, 2007, with a time of 72.4 seconds
* Lemaire broke his record on December 10, 2007, with a time of 70.2 seconds
# 135 mm/45 Italian naval gun

The Cannone da 135/45 OTO 1937 was a 135 mm (5.3 in) 45-caliber naval gun built for the Regia Marina in the late 1930s. Built as a response to the French Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1929, it was meant to have the same range as the widespread 120 mm gun, but with less muzzle velocity and less dispersion.

## Description

This gun was of loose barrel, jacket and bracket ring, with a horizontal, hand-operated sliding block. The mountings, all with individual cradles for each gun, were either triple (on battleships) or double, with electrical-powered ramming (which, however, was too weak for elevations above 30°, which therefore required hand loading, which rendered the gun unsuitable for anti-aircraft use).
The gun fired both AP and HE shells, all weighing 32.7 kg (72.1 lb), at a muzzle velocity of 825 M/S (2,707 F/S).

## Service

The triple mountings were used on the Andrea Doria-class battleships as a secondary battery (with each having four turrets); four double mountings each were fitted on the three completed Capitani Romani-class cruisers. Single shielded mounts were used to rearm the Premuda (captured Yugoslav destroyer Dubrovnik) and Spalato (captured Yugoslav destroyer Split) while others were built for the never completed aircraft carrier Aquila and Comandanti Medaglie d'Oro-class destroyers. Studies for twin dual-purpose mountings were begun, intended for the two unfinished Etna-class cruisers and the salvaged battleship Conte di Cavour, but this work was still far from finished in 1943.
The gun proved successful (having only a quarter of the dispersion of the 120 mm gun); however, with the 45° maximum elevation and the limit for mechanical ramming being at 30°, it could not be used against aircraft.
After the war, when the light cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi was rebuilt in 1961 as a missile cruiser, its original 152 mm turrets were removed, and two new 135 mm double DP turrets were fitted.
# Thomas Ward (author)

Thomas Ward (13 April 1652 – 4 March 1708) was an English author who converted to Catholicism.

## Biography

Ward was born at Danby Castle near Guisborough in the North Riding of Yorkshire, just south of the River Tees, in 1652, as the son of a farmer and educated as a Presbyterian at Pickering School. Henry Wharton asserted that he had been a Cambridge scholar, but this is not certain.
Having acted for a time as private tutor, he was led by his theological studies to become a Catholic.
He travelled in France and Italy, and for five or six years held a commission in the papal guard, seeing service against the Ottoman Turks. On the accession of James II Stuart in 1688 he returned to England and employed his learning in controversy.
He died at St-Germain, France, 1708.

## Writings

His most popular work, England's Reformation, is a poem in four cantos in the metre of Hudibras. It first appeared posthumously in 1710, and since then in several editions.
His Errata to the Protestant Bible, based on Gregory Martin's work on the same subject, has been frequently republished since its appearance in 1688, once with a preface by Lingard (1810). Bishop John Milner wrote a pamphlet to defend it from one of the Protestant attacks which its republication early in the nineteenth century provoked.
His other works include: Speculum Ecclesiasticum 'Church mirror' (London, 1686?); Some Queries to the Protestants (London, 1687); Monomachia (London, 1678), written about Archbishop Tenison, as also was The Roman Catholic Soldier's Letter (London, 1688).
He also published in 1688 in two broadsheets an epitome of church history, under the title The Tree of Life.
The Controversy of Ordination truly stated (London, 1719) and Controversy with Mr. Ritschel (1819) were posthumous works.
He left two unpublished manuscripts on the Divine Office now in the British Museum, one on the pope's supremacy in the possession of Mr. Gillow, one of the history of England, and others.
# George Wilkinson (water polo)

George Wilkinson (3 March 1879 – 7 August 1946) was an English water polo player who competed at the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. He was in the Hyde Seal team when he won the Olympics. Hyde Seal are a Manchester team. He was part of the British water polo team and won two gold medals. The International Olympic Committee credits him with a third gold medal from the 1900 Games, but this is incorrect as he was in England during the tournament.
# Ali (disambiguation)

Ali was the fourth and last caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate from 656 to 661.
Ali may also refer to:

## Film

* Ali (actor)
* Ali (film), 2001 biographical film about Muhammad Ali directed by Michael Mann
* Ali: Fear Eats the Soul, a 1974 Rainer Werner Fassbinder film

## Languages

* Ali language, a language spoken in Central African Republic
* Ali language (Papua New Guinea)

## Music

* Ali (American rapper), member of St. Lunatics
* Ali (British singer) or Ali Tennant, British singer, songwriter and vocal producer/mentor
* Ali (French rapper), originally Daddy Ali (born 1975), French rapper of Moroccan origin
* Ali (French singer), a finalist at Eurovision France, c'est vous qui décidez! in 2021, a French singer of Lebanese origin
* Ali (Indonesian band), an Indonesian funk/disco band
* Ali (South Korean singer) or Cho Yong-jin (born 1984), South Korean musician, singer, songwriter and actress
* ALI (Alien Liberty International), a Japanese hip-hop/funk band
* Ali Project, Japanese musical band
* Ali, 2010 album by Mike G of Odd Future
* Ali (Vieux Farka Touré and Khruangbin album), 2022 album

## Places

* A'ali, a place in Bahrain
* Alì, a town in Italy
* Ali, Ardabil, a village in Ardabil Province, Iran
* Ali, Fars, a village in Fars Province, Iran
* Ali, Khuzestan, a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran
* Ali, Razavi Khorasan, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran
* Ali, Kazakhstan, a village in Almaty Region of south-eastern Kazakhstan
* Mount Ali in Taiwan
* Ali, Tibet, a town
* Ali Island in Papua New Guinea
* Ali Prefecture, a prefecture in Tibet, China

## Other uses

* Ali (character), a cartoon character created by Xu Han
* Ali, fictional character in the 1996 Indian film Rajkumar, played by Danny Denzongpa
* Storm Ali, a 2018 storm in Europe
* Aluminium monoiodide or AlI, a chemical compound
# Sucker barb

The sucker barb (Barbichthys laevis) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Cyprinidae, the carps, barbs, minnows and related fishes. It is the only species in the monospecific genus Barbichthys. This species is found in southeast Asia where it occurs in Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia, in Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan.
# Juan Alonso y Ocón

Juan Alonso y Ocón (21 March 1597 – 12 October 1656) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of La Plata o Charcas (1651–1656), Bishop of Cuzco (1642–1651), and Bishop of Yucatán (1638–1642).

## Biography

Juan Alonso y Ocón was born in Villa de Ocón, Spain. On 14 June 1638 he was selected by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Yucatán. He was consecrated bishop by Diego Castejón Fonseca, Bishop Emeritus of Lugo with Miguel Avellán, Auxiliary Bishop of Toledo, and Timoteo Pérez Vargas, Bishop of Ispahan, serving as co-consecrators. On 3 November 1642 he was selected by the King of Spain and confirmed on 31 August 1643 by Pope Urban VIII as Bishop of Cuzco. On 2 April 1651 he was selected by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Innocent X as Bishop of La Plata o Charcas where he served until his death on 12 October 1656.

## Episcopal succession

While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of:
* Mauro Diego de Tovar y Valle Maldonado, Bishop of Caracas, Santiago de Venezuela (1639);
and the principal co-consecrator of:
* Diego Rueda Rico, Bishop of Tui (1639);
* Francisco Diego Alarcón y Covarrubias, Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo (1639);
* Cesare Facchinetti, Apostolic Nuncio to Spain (1639);
* Juan Coello Ribera y Sandoval, Bishop of Zamora (1639);
* Mendo de Benavides, Bishop of Segovia (1639); and
* Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Bishop of Tlaxcala (1639).
# Melchor Soria Vera

Melchor Soria Vera (died 1643) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Auxiliary Bishop of Toledo (1602–1643) and Titular Bishop of Troas (1602–1643).

## Biography

On 17 June 1602, Melchor Soria Vera was appointed during the papacy of Pope Clement VIII as Auxiliary Bishop of Toledo and Titular Bishop of Troas. He served as Auxiliary Bishop of Toledo until his death in 1643.
While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Diego Castejón Fonseca, Bishop of Lugo (1634).
# 中山

中山 is an East Asian name composed of two characters which collectively mean "central mountain". 中山 may refer to:

## People with the given name

* Sun Yat-sen (孫中山 Sūn Zhōngshān, 1866–1925), Chinese revolutionary and political leader
# Cristóbal Martínez de Salas

Cristóbal Martínez de Salas (1572 – October 22, 1640) was a Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Panamá (1625–1640).

## Biography

Cristóbal Martínez de Salas was born in Medina del Campo, Spain and ordained a priest in the Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré. On May 10, 1625, Pope Urban VIII, appointed him Bishop of Panamá. On January 18, 1626, he was consecrated bishop by Alfonso López Gallo, Bishop of Valladolid with Miguel Ayala, Bishop of Palencia and Juan López, Bishop of Monopoli as Co-Consecrators. He served as Bishop of Panamá until his death on October 22, 1640.
# Teleopsis selecta

Teleopsis selecta is a species of fly in the genus Teleopsis occurring exclusively in the Philippines.

## Appearance

This species looks like a midge of the genus Chasmatonotus with its classic black and white spotted wings, but differs by having a big brown hump on its head, and having its eyes go out like antlers. its mouth looks like that of a leafhoppers.

## Records

This species has one confirmed and well cited record on the internet taken via iNaturalist observation by Mark Bulahao. It is also the only live record.
# Vasconcellea horovitziana

Vasconcellea horovitziana is a species of plant in the family Caricaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.
It was formerly placed in genus Carica.