OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Siege of Milan

The siege and capture of Milan was one of the episodes of the Hun wars fought in Italy. It was carried out by Attila and his Huns in 452, it resulted in the victory of the barbarians and the destruction of Milan. Milan, then called Mediolanum, had been the capital of the Western Roman Empire until 402 AD.

## Background

Attila invaded Italy in 452 to renew his marriage claim to Honoria. Attila launched an invasion of Italy, passing through Pannonia into Venetia, where he laid siege to Aquileia, a fortified city of great strategic importance: its possession made it possible to control a large part of northern Italy.
Attila besieged it for three months but in vain. Legend has it that just as he was about to retire, a white stork took off from a tower on the walls and left the city with its baby on its back. The superstitious Attila at that sight ordered his army to stay: shortly after the part of the walls where the tower left by the stork was located collapsed. Attila was thus able to take possession of the city, which he razed to the ground without leaving any trace of its existence.
He then proceeded towards Padua, which he sacked completely. Before his arrival, many of the city's inhabitants sought refuge in the lagoon, where they would later found Venice. After the capture of Aquileia, Attila's advance to Milan took place without difficulty as no city attempted resistance but all opened their doors to the invader out of fear.

## Siege

No chronicles have come down to us that have described the events in detail, but from indirect testimonies, such as the subsequent letter from Massimo II, bishop of Turin, to the Milanese, it is clear that the battle was bloody and the city was almost completely destroyed.
The singular way in which Attila asserted his superiority over Rome has remained famous: in the imperial palace in Milan there was a painting in which the Caesars were depicted seated on thrones and the Scythian princes at their feet; Attila, struck by the painting, had it modified: the Caesars were depicted in the act of emptying suppliant bags of gold in front of Attila's throne.
Flavius Aetius, the Magister militum of the Western Roman Empire had been unable to meet Atilla in battle. Instead he harassed Attila's force, managing to slow the Hunnic advance.
# Julia M. Wright

Julia Margaret Wright (born 1964) FRSC is a professor in the Department of English and University Research Professor at Dalhousie University. Wright is an elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

## Education

Wright completed her Ph.D. in English Literature at the University of Western Ontario in 1994.

## Career

While at the University of Waterloo in 1997, Wright was awarded the John Charles Polanyi Prize for Literature by the Ontario government for her research around imperialism in India and Ireland in the early 19th century. In 2002, Wright joined Wilfrid Laurier University as a tier-2 Canada Research Chair in English and Cultural Studies. At Wilfrid Laurier, Wright published a book titled "Blake, Nationalism and the Politics of Alienation" which won the Northeast Modern Language Association/Ohio University Press Book Award. She stayed at Wilfrid Laurier until 2005 when she accepted a position as a tier-2 Canada Research Chair in European Studies at Dalhousie University.
In 2013, Wright was named an Associate Dean of Research for the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Dalhousie. In her role as Associate Dean of Research, Wright helped coordinate events at Dalhousie with the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council.
In 2015, Wright was nominated for Director, Associations of the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences. On February 17, 2015, Wright and Dominique Marshall were elected to the position.
In 2017, Wright was re-elected as Director, Associations of the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences. She was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In 2018, she was also named the President-Elect for the Dalhousie Faculty Association.

## Publications

The following is a list of publications:
* Blake, Nationalism and the Politics of Alienation (2004)
* Ireland, India, and Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Literature (2007)
* Irish literature, 1750-1900: an anthology (2008)
* Representing the National Landscape in Irish Romanticism (2014)
* Men with stakes: masculinity and the gothic in US television (2016)
# Airmail etiquette

An airmail etiquette, often shortened to just etiquette, is a label used to indicate that a letter is to be sent by airmail.

## Etymology

The term "airmail etiquette" derived from the French word étiquette ("label, sticker"), from which is also derived the English word etiquette ("rules of behavior").

## Use

Because airmail etiquettes are just instructions to postal clerks, and have no monetary value, their printing and distribution need not be as carefully controlled as for postage stamps, and most are privately produced. The usual design is a plain blue oblong, with the phrases "AIR MAIL" and/or "PAR AVION" in white letters. Various airlines and hotels have also produced etiquettes.
The airmail etiquette may be omitted if airmail stamps are used on the letter, and in some cases even this is not necessary if a country sends out all its foreign mail by air. In some regions, such as the United Kingdom, one may simply write "PAR AVION -- BY AIR MAIL" on the envelope, even though etiquettes are available free of charge from post offices.
The United States officially requires international First Class and Priority Mail letters to be marked with "AIRMAIL/PAR AVION". This requirement is often ignored in modern practice since the United States Postal Service discontinued international surface mail in 2007; all international mail from the US is now sent via airmail. Pre-printed airmail etiquettes are no longer produced by the USPS. If USPS customers purchase international stamps from self-service kiosks, from post offices, or online, the letters must then have "AIRMAIL/PAR AVION" written on the address side of the letter. This applies to both First Class Mail International and Priority Mail International services.

## Gallery

* USPS airmail label
* A roll of Swedish Flygpost ("Par Avion") labels from the last part of the 20th century.
# Thomas N. Stilwell

Thomas Neel Stilwell (August 29, 1830 – January 14, 1874) was an American lawyer, banker, and politician who served one term as a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1865 to 1867.

## Biography

Born in Stillwell, Ohio, he attended Oxford and College Hill Colleges, where he studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1852 and began practice in Anderson, Indiana.
He served as member of the Ohio House of Representatives in 1856. He served in the 34th Indiana Infantry Regiment of the Union Army during the Civil War as a 1st Lieutenant and Regimental Quartermaster.

### Congress

Stilwell was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-ninth Congress (March 4, 1865 – March 3, 1867).

### Later career and death

He acted as Minister Resident to Venezuela in 1867 and 1868. He served as president of the First National Bank of Anderson, Indiana, until his death.
He died in Anderson as the result of a gunshot wound January 14, 1874. He was interred in Maplewood Cemetery.
# Herby

Herby is a village in Lubliniec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Herby. It lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) north-east of Lubliniec and 57 km (35 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice.
It was devastated by an F3 tornado on 15 August 2008. Herby has a population of 6538, according to the Population Census 2021.
# Fernanda Decnop

Fernanda Demétrio Decnop Coelho (Niterói, June 19, 1987) is a Brazilian sailor. She won the bronze medal in the women's Laser Radial event at the 2015 Pan American Games. She placed 24th in the Laser Radial event at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Decnop is also a certified veterinarian, having attended the 2016 Summer Paralympics tending the horse of Alfonsina Maldonado, and sings in a progressive metal band.
# Robert Charles Clarke

Robert Charles Clarke (1843 – 16 February 1904) was an architect based in Nottingham.

## History

He was born in 1843, the son of Robert Clarke and went into business with his father to form Robert Clarke & Son.
He married Fanny Tinkler on 27 March 1882 at St Guthlac's Church, Branston, Leicestershire.
He died on 16 February 1904 at Goverton Villa, Bleasby, Nottinghamshire. He left an estate of £1,052 (equivalent to £143,200 in 2023) to his widow, Fanny Clarke.

## Works

* St John's Church, Worksop 1869 (with Robert Clarke)
* Carlton Board Schools, Nottingham 1878
* Carlton Cemetery gates, chapel and ancillary buildings 1885–1886 restoration
* Holy Cross Roman Catholic Church, Carlingford Road, Hucknall 1886–1887 (now replaced)
* St Mary Magdalene’s Church, Hucknall 1887–1888 restoration
* St Peter’s Church, Watnall Road, Hucknall 1892 (now demolished)
* St Catharine's Church, Nottingham 1895
* St John’s Church, Butler's Hill, Hucknall 1895 new chancel
* Mundella School (Higher Grade Centre) 1899
* All Saints' Church, Nottingham 1900 Choir Vestry
* Church Schools, Humber Road/Hassocks Lane, Beeston. 1900
# Eugene Paul Bennett

Eugene Paul Bennett VC MC (4 June 1892 – 6 April 1970) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
He was born in Cainscross, Stroud, Gloucestershire, one of six children of Charles and Florence Bennett. Bennett was a pupil of Marling School from 1905 to 1908 having gained a scholarship from Uplands School, Stroud.
After leaving school, he worked at the Bank of England and joined the Artists Rifles, Territorial Force, as a private. After the outbreak of the First World War, in October 1914 he went with his regiment to France. Commissioned as a second lieutenant in the The Worcestershire Regiment in December 1914, he was awarded the Military Cross in January 1916 for service during Battle of Loos the previous autumn.
Bennett was a 24 years old Temporary Lieutenant in the 2nd Battalion, The Worcestershire Regiment, during the First World War when on 5 November 1916 near Le Transloy France the deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.
The award citation published in the London Gazette reads:
   Temporary Lieutenant Bennett, of the Worcestershire Regiment, when in command of the second wave of the attack, found that the first wave had suffered heavy casualties. Its commander had been killed and the second line was wavering. Lieutenant Bennett advanced at the head of the second wave and by his personal example of valour and resolution reached his objective with but sixty men. Isolated with his small party, he at once took steps to consolidate his position, under heavy rifle and machine gun fire from both flanks, and although wounded, he remained in command, directing and controlling. He set an example of cheerfulness and resolution beyond all praise, and there is little doubt that, but for his personal example of courage, the attack would have been checked at the outset.
He later achieved the rank of captain. After the war he became a barrister, being called to the bar in 1923, then practicing as Prosecuting Counsel from 1931 to 1935. From 1935 he served as a Metropolitan Magistrate until his retirement in 1961. During World War II he served as an officer in the Air Training Corps of the RAF. He retired to Vicenza, in northern Italy, where he died in April 1970 at the age of 77 and was cremated.
His VC was presented to Bennett by King George V at Buckingham Palace on 5 February 1917. It is now held by the Worcestershire Regiment collection in the Worcester City Art Gallery & Museum in Worcester, England.
# Arvīds Bārda

Arvīds Bārda (24 November 1901 – 11 November 1940) was a Latvian footballer, brother of Edvīns Bārda, Rūdolfs Bārda and Oskars Bārda. He was born and died in Riga.

## Biography

Bārda started his football career in 1921 when he along with his brothers joined JKS Riga – the strongest Latvian football club at the time, he played with the side in 1921 and 1922. In early 1923 Bārda joined the newly founded RFK – the leader in Latvian football in the years to follow. Along with his brother Edvīns he was selected to play in the first ever international match for Latvia on 24 September 1922. In total between 1922 and 1924 Arvīds played seven international matches for Latvia scoring two goals. He was a member of Latvia football team at the 1924 Summer Olympics.
Bārda played with RFK from 1923 to 1926 winning three Latvian league titles. After retiring from playing he continued to participate in football matches as a referee.
In 1933 Bārda participated in a match of club veterans against the RFK youth squad to celebrate the 10th anniversary of RFK.
# Andreas Eberhard von Budberg

Andreas Eberhard Freiherr von Budberg-Bönninghausen (Russian: Андрей Яковлевич Будберг, romanized: Andrey Yakovlevich Budberg; 10 August 1750 – 1 September 1812) was a Baltic German diplomat who served as the foreign minister of the Russian Empire from 1806 to 1807.

## Biography

Born into the Baltic German noble family of Budberg, he was the son of Jacob von Budberg-Bönninghausen (d. 1759) and his wife, Marie Elisabeth von Below (1725–1782). His ancestors moved to Livonia in the 16th century from Westphalia. Budberg was born in Magnushof (now Mangaļmuiža Manor in Trīsciems, Riga) and entered military service in 1759. He participated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. In 1783, Budberg was promoted to podpolkovnik. The same year Riga governor-general George Browne recommended Budberg to Empress Catherine II as a diplomat. In fact, Budberg had been serving in the army as an infantry officer and had no diplomatic experience. Brown did it because he was a good friend of Budberg's parents.
In 1784, he was appointed a tutor to Catherine's grandson Alexander I and held this position until 1795. In 1793, Budberg was sent to Stockholm to arrange marriage of Catherine's granddaughter Alexandra Pavlovna and young king of Sweden Gustav IV Adolf. Initially consent was given, but later Gustav IV Adolf renounced the betrothal. Two years later Budberg was appointed ambassador in Sweden. In 1799, Catherine II died and Paul I succeeded her. Paul I disliked Budberg and soon he was forced to resign.
In 1804, Alexander I appointed him to the State Council. Budberg was known for his distrust of Napoleon and in 1806, he became Minister of Foreign Affairs. However, in 1807, when the treaties of Tilsit were signed, he resigned and retired from politics.

## Personal life

He was married to Anna Helene Charlotte von Meck (1762-1799), daughter of Johann Gotthard von Meck (1731-1779) and his wife, Dorothea Elisabeth von Campenhausen (b. 1741). They had three daughters:
* Baroness Martha von Budberg-Bönninghausen (1783-1787)
* Baroness Katharina von Budberg-Bönninghausen (1785-1842)
* Baroness Helene Julie von Budberg-Bönninghausen (1787-1856); married her cousin, Baron Theodor Otto von Budberg-Bönninghausen (1779–1840). They were parents of:
** Baron Andrey Fedorovich von Budberg, Russian diplomat
# Gino Lawless

Gino Lawless (born 14 January 1959) was an Irish soccer player during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.
He represented Bohemians and Dundalk with great success during his career. Gino made his debut for Bohs on 10 September 1978 after signing from Cambridge Boys. After trialling with Manchester United in the summer of 1979 Lawless was offered terms
He is most famous for scoring the winner during the 3-2 win over Rangers in the UEFA Cup in September 1984. Was awarded the Player of the Month for his European exploits .
After 310 appearances in all competitions for Bohs, Gino signed for Dundalk in 1986. He won 2 League of Ireland titles and an FAI Cup winners medal while at Oriel Park and played his last game for them during the 1993/94 season.
Earned two caps for the Republic of Ireland U21 side.

## Honours

* League of Ireland: 2
** Dundalk - 1987/88, 1990/91
* FAI Cup: 1
** Dundalk - 1988
* League of Ireland Cup: 3
** Bohemians - 1978/79
** Dundalk - 1986/87, 1989/90
# Derek McGrath (footballer)

Derek McGrath (born 21 January 1972 in Dublin) is a retired Irish footballer.
Derek was a midfielder who played for Shamrock Rovers, Bohemians, Waterford United, Kilkenny City and Monaghan United during his career in the League of Ireland.
He signed for Rovers in January 1992 from Brighton & Hove Albion where he had made 6 appearances and made his debut at Bray Wanderers on 19 January.
McGrath had made one appearance for Brighton in the 1990-91 FA Cup at Anfield.
He scored 7 goals in 27 league appearances as Rovers won the League in 1994. He also made 2 appearances in the 1994-95 UEFA Cup for the Hoops.
He moved to Bohemians in July 1996 and made his debut in a 1996-97 UEFA Cup tie against FC Dinamo Minsk.
He made 4 appearances for Bohs in Europe all in the UEFA Cup.
His father Joe played and managed in the League of Ireland. Derek was managed by his father briefly in 1998 while at Bohs and again at Kilkenny City.

## International career

McGrath scored for the Republic of Ireland national under-19 football team in May 1989 in a 1990 UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship qualifier against Malta.
He was sent off in the final qualifier in Bulgaria as Ireland lost but qualified.
Derek was capped nine times by Irish Under 21 team scoring once in October 1992 in a 1994 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualifier.
He also represented his country at U15, U16 and youth level and played at the 1990 UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship and 1991 FIFA World Youth Championship

## Honours

* League of Ireland: 1
** Shamrock Rovers 1993/94
# Louth Academy

Louth Academy is a co-educational secondary school located in Louth in the English county of Lincolnshire.

## History
### Formation

Monks' Dyke High School opened on Monks' Dyke Road in Louth in 1929. In September 2012 the school merged with Tennyson High School in Mablethorpe to form Monks' Dyke Tennyson College. The school continued to operate over both sites until August 2016 when the Mablethorpe site closed.

### Tennyson Secondary School in Mablethorpe

In 1955, the new secondary modern school in Mablethorpe was to cost £88,000. Fuller plans were made in 1960. Construction started from May 1963.
The new headmaster from January 1965 would be Mr George Tebbutt, who was an English teacher at a Scunthorpe secondary modern school, since 1955, originally from Nottinghamshire. The school governors decided in March 1965 that the school should be called the Tennyson Secondary School.
The school opened in April 1965, with ten classrooms, and 4.5 acres of playing fields. It cost £141,000. There were 150 children at first, to be increased to 250. The poet John Betjeman would be asked to open the school. Lindsey Education Committee approved the name of the Tennyson Secondary School, later in 1965, and the Lord Tennyson would be asked to open the school.
The school would officially open on 18 November 1965. Tennyson's great grandson, Harold Tennyson, 4th Baron Tennyson, opened the school.
In the late 1960s there were plans for comprehensive schools. With the John Spendluffe school in Alford, it would become a three-form entry middle school. The Queen Elizabeth Alford school would be the comprehensive secondary school. People complained that it would mean the end of secondary education in Mablethorpe. Comprehensive education in nearby Grimsby would subsequently not work; the sixth forms had to be removed in 1990.
From the 1970s it known as Tennyson County Secondary. From 1992 it was known as the Tennyson High School.
In 2005 the school had the fifth-lowest GCSE results in England, with 10% gaining 5 good GCSEs. In 2006, neighbouring St Clement's College in Skegness had the third-lowest in England, with 4% gaining 5 good GCSEs. The Tennyson school had 8%.
The headteachers were -
* George Handley Tebbutt, died suddenly on 1 May 1980 aged 63, he lived in Sutton on Sea
* 1990s Mr Roger Kitching

### Academy

Previously a foundation school administered by Lincolnshire County Council, in September 2017 Monks' Dyke Tennyson College converted to academy status and was renamed Louth Academy. The school is now sponsored by the Lincolnshire Gateway Academies Trust (formerly Tollbar Multi Academy Trust). At the same time Cordeaux Academy (located on North Holme Road in Louth) merged with the new Louth Academy. The school is now based over both sites.
As of 2022, Louth Academy has received a 'Good' rating from Ofsted after previously being 'Inadequate'.
Current principal is Mr Philip Dickinson.

## Notable former pupils
### Monks’ Dyke

* Corinne Drewery
* Donald Pleasence
* Daniel Pearson (Green man Dan)
# Robert Eberhard Launitz

Robert Eberhard Launitz (4 November 1806 – 13 December 1870) was a Russian-American sculptor.

## Biography

Launitz was born into a Baltic German family in Riga, Governorate of Livonia, then part of the Russian Empire. He received a classical and military education in training for a military career. However, his interest in art intervened, and on the advice of an uncle, sculptor Eduard Schmidt von der Launitz, he went to Rome. There he trained under his uncle, and later under Thorwaldsen. He then settled in New York in 1828, deaf and with no knowledge of English. He found work as a journeyman under John Frazee. In 1831, he and Frazee became partners. Frazee left the partnership in 1837.
Launitz was the first instructor of Thomas Crawford. In 1833, he was made a member of the National Academy on the basis of his bas-relief "Venus and Cupid." He has been called the father of monumental art in America. He died in New York City. He is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City. Launitz was the maternal grandfather of Newark, New Jersey, Mayor Thomas L. Raymond.

## Work

He designed the commemorative stone for the State of New York that is installed on the interior walls of the Washington Monument (1853): "The block ordered by the Common Council of 1852, for the Washington Monument, is now finished by the designer, Robert E. Launitz. The block is of white marble, quarried at Lee, Mass., and is larger than any one that has yet been sent to Washington, being eight feet wide, and five feet six inches in height; the weight is about four tons. . . ."
He is responsible for the monument and statue in honor of Casimir Pulaski located in Savannah, Georgia. He executed many funerary monuments in Frankfort Cemetery, including the Kentucky War Memorial, which was unveiled in 1850. He created a monument to General George H. Thomas in Troy, New York; the Broken Mast Monument, which commemorates those "Who periled their lives in a daring profession and perished in actual encounter with the monsters of the deep," in Oakland Cemetery in Sag Harbor; and many other similar examples of his work are found in New York's Greenwood Cemetery. Two further examples of his work are found at Maple Hill Cemetery, Huntsville, Alabama — the tombstone of Dr. David Moore, and that of two of his children.
# Arvīds Petersons

Arvīds Mārtiņš Petersons (24 October 1913 – 8 June 1985) was a Latvian sportsman. He was active in ice hockey, bandy, basketball and volleyball. He played ice hockey for HK ASK Rīga, Rīgas US, and Dinamo Riga during his career. Petersons also played for the Latvian national team at the 1936 Winter Olympics and three World Championships.
He also took part in two International University Games. In 1937 as part of the Latvian national basketball team and in 1939 as part of the Latvian national volleyball team.