# JOIDES Resolution

The riserless research vessel JOIDES Resolution (Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling), often referred to as the JR, was one of the scientific drilling ships used by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), an international, multi-drilling platform research program. JOIDES Resolution was previously the main research ship used during the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and was used along with the Japanese drilling vessel Chikyu and other mission-specific drilling platforms throughout the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. She is the successor of Glomar Challenger.
The ship was first launched in 1978 as Sedco/BP 471, an oil exploration vessel. It was converted for scientific use 6 years later in 1984 and began working as the main research ship for ODP in January 1985. JOIDES Resolution was modernized during 2007–2008 and returned to active service in February 2009 following an extensive renovation of her laboratory facilities and quarters.
Texas A&M University (TAMU) acts as manager and science operator of JOIDES Resolution as a research facility for IODP. The JOIDES Resolution Science Operator (JRSO) is funded through a cooperative agreement with the US National Science Foundation (NSF), with international contributions from 23 Program member countries. The JOIDES Resolution ended operations in August 2024 following the non-renewal of NSF support.

## Naming

JOIDES Resolution is named after HMS Resolution, in which Captain James Cook made his second and third voyages of exploration in the Pacific in the 1770s.

## JOIDES Resolution capabilities

JOIDES Resolution employs wireline coring and logging techniques to recover sequences of core and geophysical data from beneath the seafloor. JOIDES Resolution operates in water depths between 76 metres (249 ft) and nominally 5,800 metres (19,000 ft), and has reached a maximum depth of just over 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) beneath the seafloor. The longest drill string deployment was 6,919 metres (22,700 ft) while drilling in 5,724 metres (18,780 ft) water depth. To date, JOIDES Resolution has recovered more than 322 kilometres (200 mi) of core.

## Onboard facilities

JOIDES Resolution is a state-of-the-art “floating Earth science laboratory” equipped with analytical equipment, software, and databases that allow shipboard scientists to conduct research at sea as soon as cores are recovered. Virtual 360° tours of laboratory areas and a flyover video of the ship are available online [see External links.]

### Laboratories

The laboratory space includes facilities for visually describing core at the macro- and microscale; microscopes for petrological sediment analysis and biostratigraphic assessment; instrumentation for measuring physical properties, paleomagnetism, and the geochemistry of pore waters, sediment, and rocks; and equipment for cutting and sectioning samples from rock and sediment cores. The downhole measurements laboratory is used as a staging and data-acquisition area for obtaining in situ records of subseafloor formation properties ranging from borehole well logs to formation temperature and pressure.

### Other facilities

In addition to laboratories and technical resources, the JOIDES Resolution contains a conference room, offices, cabins (berths) for members of the crew and science parties, and a hospital, galley, and mess hall. A gym, movie room, and lounge with a small library are also provided.

## Technical advances

The capabilities of JOIDES Resolution and the tools and techniques used to address science objectives have been continually improved during the life span of the scientific ocean drilling program. Key recent operational innovations include development of a half-length advanced piston corer (HLAPC) and the drill-in-casing and hydraulic release tool (HRT).

### Half-length advanced piston corer

The HLAPC takes a 4.7 m (15 ft) core rather than a standard 9.5 m (31 ft) APC core. It was designed to potentially extend the depth of piston core penetration, allowing collection of cores suitable for high-resolution paleoceanography and paleoclimatology from greater depths. Since initial deployment in 2013, the HLAPC has increased the piston coring depth record to 490 m (1,610 ft) below seafloor. The HLAPC was also the only coring tool to successfully recover unconsolidated sands from the Bengal Fan (Expedition 354) and in other environments where the lithology has proven difficult to recover using either the APC or extended core barrel (XCB) tools.

### Drill-in-casing and hydraulic release tool

Deep sediment holes, including those that penetrate basement rock below sediments, traditionally have required pre-drilling a deep hole and installing double and triple casing strings to stabilize the upper hole, requiring as long as 7–10 days. Starting in 2014 on Expedition 352, the approach of drilling-in a single casing string and reentry system with a mud motor and underreamer without pre-drilling a hole has resulted in casing the upper part of a hole in a shorter time (3–4 days). In 2015, a hydraulic release tool (HRT) was adapted to drill-in a reentry system with a short casing string to start a hole in bare rock seafloor at Southwest Indian Ridge (Expedition 360). The HRT and related hardware is now the standard drill-in casing system to establish a single casing string for deep sediment penetration.

## JOIDES Resolution science operations

Scientific ocean drilling allows researchers to access the records of millions of years of Earth's climatic, biological, chemical, and geological history that are buried beneath the ocean floor. Advances in our understanding of Earth's past can help us to better understand and predict its future, and can inform decision-making about important environmental issues facing society today.

### JOIDES Resolution Science Operator

JOIDES Resolution is managed and operated by the JRSO, which is based at TAMU. TAMU has been science operator to JOIDES Resolution since 1983, managing the ODP from 1983 to 2003, partnering with the Consortium for Ocean Leadership and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University to co-manage the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program from 2004 to 2013, and managing the IODP from 2013 to present. In October 2014, the JOIDES Resolution Science Operator was formalized as the implementing organization for IODP. JRSO responsibilities include overseeing the JR’s science operations; archiving data, samples, and logs collected by the current program; and producing and publicizing program publications, including expedition results, program plans, and fiscal reports.

### The IODP Science Plan

With input from hundreds of international scientists, long-range science plans are developed to guide multidisciplinary international collaboration on scientific ocean drilling. These plans comprise a set of critical scientific questions that require drilling deep below the ocean floor. The IODP Science Plan for 2013–2023, Illuminating Earth's Past, Present, and Future, focuses on challenges in four areas.
* Climate and ocean change: reading the past, informing the future
* Biosphere frontiers: deep life, biodiversity, and environmental forcing of ecosystems
* Earth connections: deep processes and their impact on Earth's surface environment
* Earth in motion: processes and hazards on human time scales
The themes and challenges outlined in the IODP Science Plan are addressed by drilling expeditions that result from peer-reviewed proposals that are evaluated by the Science Evaluation Panel and an external review committee. The highest priority proposals are forwarded to the JOIDES Resolution Facility Board (JRFB), which then works with the JRSO to set an expedition schedule that most efficiently and effectively achieves the proposals’ objectives. The JRFB and NSF review and approve the JRSO Annual Program Plans, which comprise tasks and budget requests in support of the scheduled expeditions.

### Optimized expedition scheduling

The JRSO and the JRFB have worked together to set a regional ship track, communicating to the science community the planned areas for JOIDES Resolution operations in future years. As a result of this regional planning, JOIDES Resolution has been able to address several science plan themes on multiple, complementary expeditions. For example, Expeditions 350, 351, and 352, as well as Expedition 371 addressed the fundamental question of how the subduction process initiates. Likewise, two years of drilling in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans resulted in multiple expeditions that address the origin and initiation of the Monsoon climate system. Four planned drilling expeditions in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean will improve our understanding of how the Antarctic Ice Sheet responds to climatic forcing. These groups of expeditions form virtual missions that make it possible to address science questions that are beyond the scope of an individual expedition.

### End of operations

In March 2023, the U.S. National Science Foundation announced that it would no longer continue its funding in support of the JOIDES Resolution due to increasing cost of operation. The last expedition is scheduled to conclude in August 2024, after which the ship will begin a demobilization period in Amsterdam.
The ship embarked on its last expedition (IODP Expedition 403) in June 2024. Though there are no concrete plans for its replacement, repositories for the ship's collected cores will be maintained at Texas A&M, the University of Bremen, and Kōchi University in Japan.

## Legacy expeditions

JOIDES Resolution has been conducting scientific ocean drilling expeditions since 1985. During the Ocean Drilling Program (1985–2003), JOIDES Resolution conducted 111 expeditions and drilled 669 sites. During the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (2003–2013), JOIDES Resolution conducted 35 expeditions and drilled 145 sites. Highlights of Ocean Drilling Program and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program expeditions can be found in the final technical reports for those programs (see References). Monitoring of boreholes began with the installation of a broadband seismometer in Hole 794D in 1989 during the Ocean Drilling Program. Subsequently, more than 30 long-term borehole observatories ranging from simple to complex have been installed.

## Coring statistics

Detailed JOIDES Resolution coring statistics by program are available online. The following tables include overall statistics and highlights.
| Program | Expeditions completed | Operations days | Miles traveled | Sites visited | Holes drilled | Cores recovered | Meters of core recovered |
| International Ocean Discovery Program (October 2013–April 2023; Expeditions 349–398P) | 42 | 2,213 | 191,472 | 191 | 526 | 13,483 | 77,117 |
| Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (2003–2013) | 31 | 1,836 | 126,889 | 145 | 439 | 8,491 | 57,289 |
| Ocean Drilling Program (1985–2003) | 111 | 6,591 | 355,781 | 669 | 1,797 | 35,772 | 222,704 |
| Total to date* | 161 | 9,565 | 538,752 | 905 | 2,500 | 51,632 | 322,616 |
Note: *Data is updated through April 2023.
| Program | Northernmost site | Southernmost site | Shallowest water depth | Deepest water depth | Deepest hole |
| International Ocean Discovery Program* | 68.8 deg N | 76.6 deg S | 87 m | 5,012 m | 1,806 m |
| Integrated Ocean Drilling Program | 67 deg N | 66.4 deg S | 95.5 m | 4,479 m | 1,928 m |
| Ocean Drilling Program | 80.5 deg N | 70.8 deg S | 37.5 m | 5,980 m | 2,111 m |
Note: *Data is updated through April 2023.

## JOIDES Resolution outreach

JOIDES Resolution is used as a platform for education and outreach. Onboard Education/Outreach Officers sail on each expedition, and JRSO personnel are available to assist with ship-to-shore video conferencing, port call tours, and outreach efforts. The inaugural School of Rock workshop (Hands-on Research Experiences for Earth and Ocean Science Educators) was held on board JOIDES Resolution in 2005, and the ship continues to be used for School of Rock workshops when it is available on transits or during maintenance periods.