OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ernesto de Martino

Ernesto de Martino (1 December 1908 – 9 May 1965) was an Italian anthropologist, philosopher and historian of religions. He studied with Benedetto Croce and Adolfo Omodeo, and did field research with Diego Carpitella into the funeral rituals of Lucania and tarantism.

## Biography

Ernesto de Martino was born in Naples, Italy, where he studied under Adolfo Omodeo, graduating with a degree in philosophy in 1932. His degree thesis, subsequently published, dealt with the historical and philological problem of the Eleusinian Gephyrismi (ritual injuries addressed to the goddess) and provides an important methodological introduction to the concept of religion. Clearly influenced by reading Das Heilige by Rudolf Otto, de Martino preferred to emphasize the choleric nature of the believer, overturning the German scholar's thesis and making it capable of being applied to relations with gods in polytheistic religions and spirits in animist religions.
Attracted by the ideological stance of the regime, for several years de Martino worked on an essay interpreting Fascism as a historically convenient form of civil religion. However, the attempt was insubstantial and the work, still unpublished, was gradually rejected by the author, who subsequently approached left-wing ideas and after the war became a supporter of the Italian Communist Party. At this time, which we now call the "Neapolitan" period, lasting until 1935, de Martino fell under the spell of the personality and work of an archaeologist who was particularly open-minded concerning the ancient history of religions and who was disliked by both the regime and its intellectual opponents: Vittorio Macchioro, known for his Orphic interpretation of the frescoes in the Villa of Mysteries in Pompeii and advocate of a theory of religion understood essentially as experience.
From 1959 until his death, he taught ethnology and history of religions at the University of Cagliari: here, with Alberto Mario Cirese, Clara Gallini, Giulio Angioni and other scholars he founded the Anthropological School of Cagliari.
De Martino has also been a very charismatic mentor and teacher. One of his students, the writer Muzi Epifani, dedicated to him the comedy The Escape. In this work, the protagonist Ernesto discusses the changing role of women in post-industrial society.

## Works about de Martino

Flavio A. Geisshuesler wrote the most comprehensive English-language book about Ernesto de Martino to date. Titled The Life and Work of Ernesto de Martino: Italian Perspectives on Apocalypse and Rebirth in the Modern Study of Religion, the book provides a comprehensive study of de Martino's life and work, and places his ideas within the intellectual and socio-political context of his time. Geisshuesler also shows how de Martino's perspective on religion can be compared to other scholars such as Mircea Eliade, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Clifford Geertz. The book argues that scholarship on religion was influenced by moments of fear of the apocalypse, and that de Martino's approach can help revitalize the field of religious studies. The book is published by Brill in the Numen Book Series.
# San Vigilio, Siena

San Vigilio is a Renaissance and Baroque style, Roman Catholic church located on Via San Vigilio, Siena, region of Tuscany, Italy. The exterior has a sober classical facade, while the interior has rich Baroque decorations. The church is dedicated to the Bishop and martyr St Vigilius; it now serves as the chapel for the University of Siena. It stands across the street from the Castellare Ugurgieri, and down the street from the Palazzo Bandini Piccolomini found on the junction with Via Sallustio Bandini.

## History

The building was initially a parish church built by the Ugurgieri family. The structure was occupied by the 11th century with monks of the Camaldolese order, who had a convent adjacent to the church. That building burned in a fire in 1153, and was reconstructed by 1231. In 1420, the monks were expelled. In 1556, the church was ceded to the Jesuit order. They rebuilt the church in 1561, which they continued to refurbish until 1775. When the Jesuits were suppressed in 1759, the church was acquired by the Vallombrosan order, who had the facade rebuilt in the present brick form by the architect Antonio Matteucci.
In turn when the Vallombrosan order was suppressed, in 1816, the Grand Duke of Tuscany gifted the church to the University of Siena.
The interior is decorated with 15 canvases by Raffaello Vanni depicting The Last Judgement. The third chapel on the left has busts depicting Pietro De Vecchi and his wife Giulia Verdelli by Giuseppe Mazzuoli. The bronze crucifix is attributed to Pietro Tacca. The chapel also has a sepulchral monument to Antonio Rospigliosi, nephew of Pope Clement IX; the monument was sculpted by Giovanni Antonio Mazzuoli.
The chapel of St Francis Borgia was painted by Dionisio Montorselli. In the chapel of St Anne a canvas was painted by Romanelli.
In the chapel of the Taja family, bronze figures of St Ignatius, St Bernardino, and the Blessed Giovanni Colombino were completed by the studio of Gianlorenzo Bernini. The works were commissioned by Cardinal Flaminio Taja.
The chapel of St Francis Xavier has canvases by Francesco Vanni, and Baldassare Franceschini. The chapel of the Madonna di Loreto is decorated with canvases by Francesco Vanni, depicting the Assumption of the Virgin and Translation of the House.
The main altarpiece depicting the Glory of St Ignatius was painted by Mattia Preti. Flanking the painting are two canvases by Francesco Vanni depicting Louis Gonzaga and Stanislaus Kostka. The sepulchral monument of Marcello Biringucci was completed by Bartolomeo Mazzuoli.
43°19′11″N 11°19′59″E﻿ / ﻿43.31964°N 11.333158°E﻿ / 43.31964; 11.333158
# George W. Germain

George W. Germain, also spelled George W. Jermain, (June 4, 1818 – April 15, 1906) was a Michigan politician.

## Early life

Germain was born on June 4, 1818, in Marcellus, New York. In 1843, Germain bought a farm in North Plains Township, Michigan.

## Career

In 1841, Germain was appointed by the Governor of Michigan to the position of Michigan State Treasurer. He served in this position until the Michigan Legislature appointed John J. Adam to replace him on January 13, 1842. In 1844, Germain was elected as the first clerk of North Plains Township. At first, Germain was a member of the Whig Party and held similar beliefs to that of William H. Seward and Horace Greeley. By 1856, Germain had become a Republican. On November 4, 1856, Germain was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives, where he represented the Ionia County 1st district from January 7, 1857, to December 31, 1858. He was among the first Republicans elected to the state legislature. In 1867, Germain served as a delegate from Ionia County in the Michigan state constitutional convention.

## Death

Germain died in his home at North Plains on April 15, 1906.
# Leistus tatianae

Leistus tatianae is a species of ground beetle that can be found in Kazakhstan. It belongs to the subgenus Pogonophorus and is morphologically similar to the species L. tschitscherini.

## Distribution and ecology

The species is known from the Bayankol River in Kazakhstan. Specimens were collected from stream banks at an elevation of 3000 m (10000 ft) ASL.
# Alampur Union

Alampur Union (Bengali: আলামপুর ইউনিয়ন) is a union parishad situated at Kushtia Sadar Upazila, in Kushtia District, Khulna Division of Bangladesh. The union has an area of 69.72 square kilometres (26.92 sq mi) and as of 2001 had a population of 38,326.

## Settlements

There are 11 villages and 6 mouzas in the union. Villages:
* Swastipur
* Kathulia
* Shimulia
* Darbeshpur
* Swargpur
* Nawapara
* Dahkula
* Alampur
* Rajapur
* Khairpur
* Chapaigachi
# Vandalia Gathering

The Vandalia Gathering is a popular festival devoted to old-time and bluegrass music, as well as related arts such as dance, quilt making, and cooking, which takes place each summer on the state capitol grounds in Charleston, West Virginia, United States. It was established in 1977. It is held on Memorial Day weekend in May. The festival features solo competitions, whose winners are awarded cash prizes.
Performers at the festival have included Lester McCumbers, Dwight Diller, Ginny Hawker and Tracy Schwarz, and Everett Lilly and the Lilly Mountaineers.
There was no gathering in 2020 as officials cited the COVID-19 pandemic as grounds for cancellation.

## Vandalia Award

The Vandalia Award is an honor given by the West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History to recognize individuals "for their lifetime contribution to West Virginia and its traditional culture." The annual Vandalia Award ceremony occurs at the start of summer and typically on Memorial Day weekend, and held at the Normal L. Fagan State Theater at the West Virginia Culture Center in Charleston.
| Year | Winner(s) |
| 1981 | Melvin Wine |
| 1982 | Ira Mullins |
| 1983 | Woody Simmons |
| 1984 | Aunt Jennie Wilson |
| 1985 | Mike Humphreys |
| 1986 | Russell Fluharty |
| 1987 | Phoeba Parsons |
| 1988 | Ernie Carpenter |
| 1989 | Sylvia O'Brien |
| 1990 | Bonnie Collins |
| 1991 | Andy Boarman |
| 1992 | Wilson Douglas |
| 1993 | Jane George |
| 1994 | Frank George |
| 1995 | Nat Reese |
| 1996 | Elmer Bird |
| 1997 | Lefty Shafer |
| 1998 | Glen Smith |
| 1999 | Rush and Ruby Butcher |
| 2000 | Brooks Smith |
| 2001 | Norman Fagan |
| 2002 | Bob Kessinger |
| 2003 | Mack Samples |
| 2004 | Carl Rutherford |
| 2005 | Lester McCumbers |
| 2006 | Ethel Caffie-Austin |
| 2007 | Patty Looman |
| 2008 | Lou Maiuri |
| 2009 | Everett Lilly |
| 2010 | Bobby Taylor |
| 2011 | Buddy Griffin |
| 2012 | The Bing Brothers |
| 2013 | Gerald Milnes |
| 2014 | Roger Bryant |
| 2015 | Ken Sullivan |
| 2016 | Joni Hoffman |
| 2017 | Jim Good |
| 2018 | Bil Lepp |
| 2019 | Dwight Diller |
| 2020 | W. I. "Bill" Hairston |
| 2020 | Ron Stollings |
| 2021 | Patricia Cowdery |
| 2021 | Augusta Heritage Center |
| 2022 | Mountain Stage |
| 2022 | Goldenseal (magazine) |
| 2023 | Stan Bumgardner |
| 2024 | Ginny Hawker |
# Matsudaira Kiyo

Matsudaira Kiyo (松平 喜代), (1844 –1920) was a Japanese woman of the mid to late 19th century. Believed to have been a native of Edo. Kiyo, or as she was also known, Naka (ナカ), was a concubine of Matsudaira Katamori.

## Sources

* Tsunabuchi Kenjō, ed. Matsudaira Katamori no Subete. Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu Oraisha, 1984.
* This biographical article related to Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Bidzina Cholokashvili

Bidzina Cholokashvili (Georgian: ბიძინა ჩოლოყაშვილი; died c. 1660) is a Georgian Christian martyr canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church. His feast is celebrated on October 1. He was one of the leaders of Bakhtrioni Uprising (1659). During the 1630s he was a "sakhltukhutsesi" of Kingdom of Kakheti. In the battle between Teimuraz and Rostom he supported the former. In 1648 by order of Teimuraz, he invaded Ertso in order to make Ertso-Tianeti subordinate to the King. After the uprising Shah summoned Bidzina as well as Shalva and Elizbar Eristavi, who later were forced to converse their religion, but none of them accepted. As a result, they were given to tribes whose members were slaughtered during the uprising. Bidzina was tortured and killed.
# Manuel Gulde

Manuel Gulde (born 12 February 1991) is a German professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Bundesliga club SC Freiburg.

## Club career

For the 2012–13 campaign Gulde joined SC Paderborn 07 on a one-year contract with an option for another year.
In May 2016, Guide signed with SC Freiburg for the forthcoming 2016–17 season.

## International career

Gulde is a youth international for Germany.

## Career statistics

    As of match played 11 May 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | DFB-Pokal | DFB-Pokal | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| 1899 Hoffenheim | 2009–10 | Bundesliga | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 6 | 0 |
| 1899 Hoffenheim | 2010–11 | Bundesliga | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| 1899 Hoffenheim | Total | Total | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| 1899 Hoffenheim II | 2010–11 | Regionalliga Südwest | 7 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7 | 0 |
| 1899 Hoffenheim II | 2011–12 | Regionalliga Südwest | 15 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 15 | 1 |
| 1899 Hoffenheim II | Total | Total | 22 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 1 |
| SC Paderborn | 2012–13 | 2. Bundesliga | 13 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 13 | 1 |
| Karlsruher SC | 2013–14 | 2. Bundesliga | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 7 | 0 |
| Karlsruher SC | 2014–15 | 2. Bundesliga | 32 | 2 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 2 | 0 | 36 | 2 |
| Karlsruher SC | 2015–16 | 2. Bundesliga | 27 | 2 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 28 | 2 |
| Karlsruher SC | Total | Total | 66 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 71 | 4 |
| SC Freiburg | 2016–17 | Bundesliga | 20 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 21 | 0 |
| SC Freiburg | 2017–18 | Bundesliga | 17 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 17 | 1 |
| SC Freiburg | 2018–19 | Bundesliga | 21 | 1 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 22 | 1 |
| SC Freiburg | 2019–20 | Bundesliga | 17 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 17 | 1 |
| SC Freiburg | 2020–21 | Bundesliga | 27 | 2 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 27 | 2 |
| SC Freiburg | 2021–22 | Bundesliga | 20 | 0 | 5 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 25 | 0 |
| SC Freiburg | 2022–23 | Bundesliga | 15 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 18 | 1 |
| SC Freiburg | 2023–24 | Bundesliga | 27 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 0 | — | — | 36 | 1 |
| SC Freiburg | Total | Total | 164 | 7 | 9 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 183 | 7 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 272 | 13 | 12 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 296 | 13 |
* ↑ Appearances in the 2. Bundesliga promotion play-offs
* 1 2 Appearances in UEFA Europa League
# James McGowan Morgan

James McGowan Morgan (1813–1862) was an American politician.
Morgan was born in 1813, and moved from his native Ohio to Burlington, Iowa, in 1837. On November 17, 1842, Morgan married Ann Maria Mauro.
Morgan took office in the Iowa Legislative Assembly on December 6, 1841, representing the third district of the Territorial House of Representatives, and served until December 3, 1843. He returned to the third district seat on May 5, 1845, serving continuously until November 29, 1846. He was speaker of the territorial house in the Fifth Legislative Assembly, as well as during his partial term in the Seventh Legislative Assembly. Throughout his political career, Morgan was a member of the Democratic Party.
Morgan died on October 6, 1862, in Burlington.
# Gurney Peak (Alaska)

Gurney Peak is a 7,192-foot (2,192 m) spire-shaped peak in the Kichatna Mountains of the Alaska Range, in Denali National Park and Preserve, southwest of Denali. Caldwell and Shadows Glaciers originate from Gurney Peak.
# Claudio Pollio

Claudio Pollio (born 27 May 1958 in Naples) is an Italian wrestler and Olympic champion in men's freestyle wrestling.

## Olympics

Pollio competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow where he received a gold medal in freestyle wrestling in the 48 kg weight class.
# Tom Tauke

Thomas Joseph Tauke (born October 11, 1950) is an American politician, lawyer, and corporate executive from Iowa. He is a former member of the U.S. House of Representatives, serving six terms from 1979 to 1991.

## Biography

Tauke's undergraduate degree was earned at Loras College in Dubuque, Iowa, and his Juris Doctor degree was earned at the University of Iowa College of Law in 1974.
Prior to entering the House, he had served as a lawyer. He was also a two-term member of the Iowa House of Representatives from 1975 to 1979.

### Congress

Tauke represented the northeast corner of the state of Iowa (2nd district) as a Republican from 1979 to 1991, entering Congress as one of the youngest members. Tauke left active politics in 1991 following an unsuccessful bid to unseat U.S. Senator Tom Harkin. Jim Nussle succeeded him as the representative for northeast Iowa.

### Later career

From 1991 to 2013 he served as executive vice president for public affairs, policy and communications of Verizon. He has made recent news with his statements in opposition to the Net Neutrality Bill, which has been a recent source of debate among internet users. As a spokesman for Verizon, one of the main opponents of the bill, Tauke has expressed his discontent with Net Neutrality.

### Retirement

Since retiring from Verizon he has served on many boards and committees (both non-profit and for-profit) and is past chair of the board of regents of Loras College and the Washington Center.
He currently resides in Alexandria, Virginia, with his wife Beverly and children Joseph and Elizabeth. He serves on the board of directors of the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget.
# Ali Shariatmadari

Ali Shariatmadari (6 January 1924 – 9 January 2017) was an Iranian academic and educationist who was minister of culture in the interim government of Mehdi Bazargan in 1979. He was president of the Iranian Academy of Sciences from 1990 until 1998. He was also a professor of education at the Teacher Training University in Tehran and a member of High Council of the Cultural Revolution from 1982 until his death.
He graduated with a BA in law from the University of Tehran in 1951 and went on to complete his higher education in the United States, receiving an MA in Secondary School Education from the University of Michigan in 1957.
While an academic at Shiraz University, Shariatmadari spent four months in solitary confinement as a result of supporting a student demonstration against French actions in Algeria during a visit by the Shah to the city.
With the advent of the Islamic revolution in 1979, he was made minister of culture in Mehdi Bazargan's interim government. Bazargan and his entire cabinet resigned in November 1979 after the Ayatollah Khomeini's advisers supported the student occupation of the US embassy in Tehran. The government had made assurances that it would end the hostage crisis.
Subsequently, he was tasked, together with Mostafa Moein, Ahmad Ahmadi and Abdolkarim Soroush, with training and vetting professors, selecting students, and Islamizing universities and their curricula.
Shariatmadari died on 9 January 2017, aged 93.
# Main's frog

Main's frog (Ranoidea maini) is a species of frog in the subfamily Pelodryadinae. It is endemic to western and central Australia. The frog is named after Professor Bert Main of the University of Western Australia, a pioneer of southern Western Australia frogs.

## Description

Its skin may vary from pale grey-brown, olive-brown, dull green on its back, with darker patches. The back is smooth or slightly rough or warty in appearance. Look for the distinct pale stripe that runs along the spine. There is often a dark lateral head stripe.
The male frogs breeding call sounds like the bleating of sheep.
The tadpoles of the Main's frog are fairly large, varying in colour from orange-gold, copper pink over a grey base, dense grey-gold or dull gold with dark speckling.

## Distribution and habitat

Usually found in temporary pools in watercourses, claypans and other short-lived bodies of water, its habitat also include open grassland, lightly forested areas, tropical dry lowland grassland, intermittent rivers, swamps, intermittent freshwater marshes and stream beds in temporary flood plains.
This water-holding frog has adapted to desert conditions. This species lives in some of the harshest country in the arid region of western and central Australia. Grouped together with other burrowing frogs, it survives the dry periods by absorbing water into its body, burrowing deep underground, and encasing itself in a watertight bag (cocoon), awaiting the next major rain fall.

## Life-cycle and behaviour

Some environmental situations, such as the tadpoles living in a small amounts of water, which would naturally heat to higher temperatures, is known to trigger the tadpoles to develop at a faster rate, developing into adults frogs within 14 days.
This seemingly hurried life-cycle from egg to tadpole to adult frogs is a common feature of frogs from the arid and desert region, as water when it does fall is usually only around for a brief period.
# Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland

The Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland (RHASS) was founded in Edinburgh in 1784 as the Highland Society of Edinburgh. The society is responsible for organising the annual Royal Highland Show.

## History

The society had its root in 1723 when the Society of Improvers of the Knowledge of Agriculture in Scotland was created in Edinburgh. This society was abandoned in 1746. A similar society under the name Highland Society of Scotland was created in 1784 with 100 members largely in reaction to the subsistence crises of 1782/3 when many of the estates in the highlands and islands of Scotland were not producing enough food to feed tenants.
It received a royal charter in 1787 becoming the Royal Highland Society of Scotland, at which membership rose to 150. By the 1870s, membership grew to 4650. The society granted bursaries for education and also ran the Argyll Fund, which educated "young highland gentleman" for the Navy, which was instigated by John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll.
In 1828, they began the Quarterly Journal of Agriculture. From the same time they were housed in a purpose built building on George IV Bridge at the head of Victoria Street in Edinburgh's Old Town. The building also held an agricultural museum. Now attached to Edinburgh Central Library, it houses the music library.
Famous members include Henry Mackenzie (a director), Sir Walter Scott, and James MacDonald, secretary from 1893 to 1912.
# Giulio Chazalettes

Giulio Chazalettes (born 1930) is an Italian opera director and former actor.

## Biography

He was born in Verona (according to another source in Torino). He was taught in music by his mother, a German pianist. After having settled in Milan, he was accepted by the Piccolo Teatro's acting school. Soon he also joined the company, and appeared in Sacrilegio massimo by Stefano Landi, and replaced Giorgio De Lullo in The Madwoman of Chaillot. Later he went to Dresden to work as an actor and assistant director. Returning to Italy, he finished his musical education at the Florence conservatory. Chazalettes then started his career as an opera director. In 1976, he debuted at La Scala with Massenet's Werther (conducted by Georges Prêtre). His debut at the Vienna State Opera came in 1980 with Verdi's Attila (conducted by Giuseppe Sinopoli). Chazalettes also worked for the Chicago Lyric Opera and the Bavarian State Opera. In 1989, he directed Frederica von Stade in Massenet's Cherubin for the Santa Fe Opera, about which the New York Times wrote: "Giulio Chazalettes's staging adopts a broadly comical, burlesque-opera approach that emphasizes Cherubin's lack of discrimination in woman-chasing. The countess (Melanie Helton) and the baroness (Judith Christin) fluttered about as painted gargoyles, their grotesqueness contrasting sharply with the beauty of the boy's other loves, the dancer L'Ensoleillad (Karen Huffstodt) and the peasant girl Nina (Sheryl Woods). Subtler production styles could be imagined, certainly, but this one often tickled the work hilariously into life."