OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ganzak

Ganzak (Persian: گنزک Ganzak, Greek: Γάζακα Gazaka, Latin: Gaza, Gazaca, Ganzaga, Arabic: جانزاك Janzaq, جازنا Jazna, Armenian: Գանձակ Gandzak), is an ancient town founded in northwestern Iran. The city stood somewhere south of Lake Urmia, and it has been postulated that the Persian nobleman Atropates chose the city as his capital. The exact location, according to Minorsky, Schippmann, and Boyce, is identified as being the ruins (37.011555°N, 46.193187°E) at Leylan, Malekan County in the Miandoab plain.

## Etymology

The word ganzak means "treasury", and is of Median origin (ganǰəm). It was adopted into Persian by the Achaemenid Empire, as the name is related to the Persian word for "treasury", گنج ganj.

## History

Ganzak was built by the Achaemenids and was the seat of the satrap of Media. During the 4th century BC, the city became part of the domains of the Persian aristocrat Atropates, who had deserted to Alexander the Great, and had probably made Ganzak his capital. The kingdom of Atropates became known as the “Atropatene”. During the rule of this kingdom, the sacred fire temple Adur Gushnasp was constructed.
In ca. 148 BC, the kingdom of Atropatene became a vassal state of the Parthian Empire. In 36 BC, the Romans besieged Ganzak. Still, they were defeated by a combined force under the Atropatenian king Artavasdes I and the Parthian king Orodes II. In ca. 224 AD, the Sasanian king Ardashir I (r. 224–242) put an end to the Atropatenian kingdom. However, the name still survived, and instead of being merged with Media was a province of its own, where Ganzak continued to be the capital.
In 591, the Battle of Blarathon occurred near Ganzak between the Sasanian king Khosrow II (590–628) and the usurper Bahram Chobin (r. 590–591). The battle ended in a defeat for Bahram Chobin, who fled to Khorasan. In 622, Ganzak was sacked by the Roman/Byzantine emperor Heraclius, who also destroyed the sacred fire temple Adhur Gushnasp as retribution for the sacking of Jerusalem. The Byzantine sources reported that Ganzak was a large town with “about 3,000 houses”.
The governor of Atropatene, Farrukh Hormizd, did not resist the Byzantines due to an alliance he had made with them along with the military rebel Shahrbaraz. In 651, during the Muslim conquest of Persia, the governor of Atropatene, Isfandyadh, became a vassal of the Rashidun Caliphate. Some years later, however, Isfandyadh disappeared from mention, and Atropatene thus must have been incorporated into the Rashidun administration. Ganzak, no longer the capital of Atropatene, survived under the Muslims but was destroyed sometime during the late medieval era. Leylan, a town close to Ganzak, became its successor.
# Johannes Jacobse Beekman

Johannes "John" Jacobse Beekman (August 8, 1733 – December 17, 1802) was a New York politician and businessman of Dutch descent. He served as Mayor of Albany, New York and a member of the New York State Assembly.

## Early life

Beekman was born on August 8, 1733. He was the youngest of six children born to Debora (née Hansen) Beekman and Jacob Beekman (1685–1739), an Albany businessman and blacksmith. His sister, Debora Beekman, married Gerrit Staats.
His paternal grandparents were Johannes Beekman, who was married to Machtel (née Schermerhorn) Beekman. His aunt, Maritje "Mary" Beekman, was the wife of Arnout Schermerhorn (grandparents of merchant Peter Schermerhorn and great-grandparents of Abraham Schermerhorn).

## Career

Beekman was a successful merchant who was one of the wealthiest Albany landowners. In 1756, he was appointed firemaster. In 1763, he was elected Assistant Alderman in the second ward. After several years as assistant Alderman, he was elected Alderman in September 1775. Beekman also served in the Albany County militia becoming a lieutenant by 1768.
Early in Revolutionary War, Beekman supported the Continental Army and signed the "General Association" in 1776. He represented the second ward as an involved member of the Albany Committee of Correspondence. When Albany government resumed operations in 1778, he was again chosen as Alderman for the Second Ward, serving for several years.
Beekman was elected to represent Albany in the New York State Assembly in 1780 for the 4th New York State Legislature and in 1782 for the 6th New York State Legislature. During his time in the Assembly, he was active in Indian diplomacy. He was appointed mayor of Albany in June 1783, coinciding with the end of the War as Beekman. He served as Mayor until October 1786 when he was succeeded by John Lansing Jr. In 1784, he was a regent of the State University of New York.

## Personal life

On November 22, 1759, he married Maria Janse Sanders (1740–1794), the eldest daughter of John Sanders and Debora (née Glen) Sanders of Schenectady. Maria's sister, Margaret, married U.S. Representative Killian K. Van Rensselaer. As Johannes was the only surviving son in his family, he inherited his father's house at 52 North Pearl Street in Albany's second ward. Together, they were the parents of:
* Jacob Beekman (1761–1817), who married Ann McKinney.
* Deborah Beekman (1763–1791), who married John De Peyster Douw, son of Mayor Volkert P. Douw and grandson of Mayor Johannes de Peyster III, in 1787.
* Barent Sanders Beekman (1767–1767), who died young.
* Machtel "Matilda" Beekman (1768–1837), who married Douw Jacob Fonda (1769–1842) in 1794.
* Sarah Beekman (1771–1792), who died unmarried.
* Evje "Effie" Beekman (1774–1792), who died unmarried.
* John Sanders Beekman (1781–1845), who died young.
His wife died on November 2, 1794. Beekman died in Albany on December 17, 1802.

### Descendants

Through his daughter Deborah, he was a grandfather of Volkert Peter Douw (1790–1869).
# List of deputy chief ministers of Gujarat

The deputy chief minister of Gujarat is a position of the Cabinet in the Government of Gujarat. There is not currently a deputy chief minister of Gujarat.

## Deputy chief ministers of Gujarat

The list of deputy chief ministers in the Indian state of Gujarat include:
Keys:  BJP  INC
| Sr. No. | Name | Took office | Left office | Political party | Chief Minister |
| 1 | Chimanbhai Patel | March 17, 1972 | July 17, 1973 | Indian National Congress | Ghanshyam Oza |
| 2 | Kantilal Ghia | March 17, 1972 | July 17, 1973 | Indian National Congress | Ghanshyam Oza |
| 3 | Keshubhai Patel | March 1990 | 25 October 1990 | Bharatiya Janata Party | Chimanbhai Patel |
| 4 | Narhari Amin | February 1994 | March 1995 | Indian National Congress | Chhabildas Mehta |
| 5 | Nitinbhai Patel | 7 August 2016 | 11 September 2021 | Bharatiya Janata Party | Vijay Rupani |
# Curtiss XP-62

The Curtiss XP-62 was a prototype single-engine interceptor aircraft, that was built for the United States Army Air Forces, by the Curtiss-Wright Corporation. It first flew in 1943.
The design sought to have an improved high-altitude performance and higher speeds, at all altitudes, which was to be assisted by the 18-cylinder Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone engine. It was to be armed with four 20 mm (0.79 in) autocannons, a heavier armament than contemporary USAAF fighter aircraft, and was fitted with a pressurized cockpit.

## Design and development

The terms of the contract proposal of 29 April 1941 called for the first flight within fifteen months of the award and meet the following objectives.
* Maximum level flight speed at 27,000 ft (8,200 m) had to exceed 468 mph (753 km/h).
* It was to feature an air-conditioned pressurized cockpit.
* Armament to be either eight 20 mm (0.79 in) cannons or twelve 0.50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns, mounted in the wings.
Two prototypes were ordered; the first designated XP-62 and the second designated XP-62A.
On 2 August 1941, the specifications were amended for the XP-62, reducing the maximum speed to 448 mph (721 km/h) with eight 20 mm (0.79 in) cannons, and increasing the loaded weight by 1,537 lb (697 kg).
During a project review of 1 January 1942, the specification was again revised, with the loaded weight reduced by eliminating four cannons and removing the propeller de-icing equipment.
On 25 May 1942 a contract for 100 P-62 fighters was awarded. However, on 27 July 1942, before production could begin, the contract for the P-62 was terminated by the USAAF because of the effect on deliveries of Curtiss-built Republic P-47G-CU Thunderbolts.
While work on the XP-62A continued, it progressed slowly, owing to its low priority. Delays in delivery of the pressure-cabin supercharger and engine modifications delayed the first flight until 21 July 1943. Only a limited amount of flight testing was carried out before the XP-62A was canceled on 21 September 1943 and full performance characteristics were not obtained. The prototype was scrapped in early 1944.

## Variants
### XP-62

    Prototype, 8 x 20 mm cannons

### P-62A

    Planned initial production version, 100-aircraft contract cancelled

## Specifications (XP-62)

Data from Curtiss Aircraft 1907–1947
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Length: 39 ft 6 in (12.04 m)
* Wingspan: 53 ft 8 in (16.36 m)
* Height: 16 ft 3 in (4.95 m)
* Wing area: 420 sq ft (39 m$^2$)
* Airfoil: root: NACA 66-118; tip: NACA 66-113
* Empty weight: 11,775 lb (5,341 kg)
* Gross weight: 16,650 lb (7,552 kg)
* Powerplant: 1 × Wright R-3350-17 Duplex Cyclone 18-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 2,300 hp (1,700 kW)
* Propellers: 6-bladed contra-rotating constant-speed propeller
Performance
* Maximum speed: 448 mph (721 km/h, 389 kn) at 27,000 ft (8,200 m)
* Range: 1,300 mi (2,100 km, 1,100 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 37,500 ft (11,400 m)
* Time to altitude: 15,000 ft (4,600 m) in 6.9 minutes
* Wing loading: 35 lb/sq ft (170 kg/m$^2$)
* Power/mass: 0.16 hp/lb (0.26 kW/kg)
Armament
* Guns: 8 x 20 mm (0.787 in) cannon
# Chelles–Gournay station

Chelles–Gournay (French pronunciation:) is a railway station in Chelles, Seine-et-Marne, France. The station opened in 1849 and is on the Paris-Est–Strasbourg-Ville railway. The station is served by Transilien line P (East Paris) and RER Line E services operated by the SNCF. It will also see services operated by Grand Paris Express (Paris Metro Line 16) in the future.

## History

In 1846, the municipality of Chelles it accepted the passage of the line from Paris to Strasbourg on the territory of the commune. However, it specifies that the station must be built to the north of the tracks to be accessible directly from the urbanized area. The commune then had 1,700 inhabitants.
Since 14 July 1999, the RER E serves the station. Between 1999 and 2007 the station was rebuilt to make way for the LGV Est, which included the building of new entrances to the station.

## Train services

The station is served by the following services:
* Commuter services (RER E) from Haussmann–Saint-Lazare to Chelles–Gournay
* Regional services (Transilien P) from Paris-Est to Meaux
* Paris Metro Line 16 from Saint-Denis–Pleyel to Noisy-Champs in the future as part of Grand Paris Express.

## Bus services

The station is served by services including:
* Apolo7 bus lines 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 8s, 9 and 9s
* Seine-et-Marne Express line 19
* RATP Group lines 113 and 213
* TRA bus line 613
* Noctilien night bus lines N23 and N141

## Gallery

* Overview
* A Z 20500 train bound to Meaux arriving at the station
* A Z 22500 train leaving the station
# Perforating cutaneous nerve

The perforating cutaneous nerve is a cutaneous nerve of the sacral plexus that provides sensory innervation to the skin of the buttocks.

## Structure
### Origin

The perforating cutaneous nerve typically arises from the posterior divisions of anterior rami of sacral spinal nerves S2 and S3 of the sacral plexus.

### Course

It pierces the inferior part of the sacrotuberous ligament, then passes along the inferior border of the gluteus maximus muscle.

### Distribution

The perforating cutaneous nerve innervates the skin that overlies the inferomedial portion of gluteus maximus muscle.

### Variation

Origin
The perforating cutaneous nerve may arise from the pudendal nerve. It is occasionally united with the pudendal nerve at its origin.
It may be absent (this is the case in 36% of individuals) in which case it is replaced by a branch from either the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh or from the anterior rami of either S3-S4 or S4-S5.
Course
Instead of piercing the sacrotuberous ligament, the perforating cutaneous may instead run with the pudendal nerve, or pass in between the sacrotuberous ligament and the gluteus maximus muscle.
# Croatian Chamber of Economy

Croatian Chamber of Economy (Croatian: Hrvatska gospodarska komora, abbreviation HGK), is a professional association of businesspeople in Croatia, and the oldest institution of its kind on the Croatian territory.

## History

It originates from the Chamber of Trades (trgovačko-obrtnička komora), which began operating on 16 February 1852 in Zagreb, on the basis of the imperial decree of March 18, 1850. During the 1920s the chamber was significantly modernized, growing into a strong and reputable institution on a European scale. In 1932 it was divided into Trade-Industrial and Handicraft Chamber, and in 1938 the Chamber of Commerce and the Chamber of Industry were created separately. Apart from a few years in the postwar period, those chambers operated as separate branches until 1962, when the unified Croatian Chamber of Economy was founded.

## Chamber today

According to the 1991 law the Chamber operates under its current name. It is structured after the European tradition of chamber organization, with compulsory membership and the scope of activities determined by law. The primary tasks of the Chamber are:
* representation, coordination and safeguarding common interests of its members before country institutions
* participation in shaping the economic system and economic policy
* promotion of the Croatian economy abroad
* business training and execution of entrusted public authority
The Chamber today is composed of 19 county chambers, as well as the Chamber Zagreb. Its professional organization is based on the work of 33 professional associations. The Chamber is funded by mandatory fees and other non-profit income. The highest governing body is the Chamber Assembly (Skupština Komore). It is a member of the International Chamber of Commerce and Eurochambres.
# Guy of Namur

Guy of Dampierre, Count of Zeeland, also called Guy of Namur (Flemish: Gwijde van Namen) (ca. 1272 – 13 October 1311 in Pavia), was a Flemish noble who was the Lord of Ronse and later the self-proclaimed Count of Zeeland. He was a younger son of Guy, Count of Flanders and Isabelle of Luxembourg.
In 1302, with his father in prison and Flanders under French occupation, he was sent by his elder brother John I, Marquis of Namur, to take command of the rebellion there. He assembled the Flemish troops in Courtrai. He led the troops from western Flanders at the Battle of the Golden Spurs, and received great acclamation for the victory there. He took the title of Count of Zeeland and invaded Zeeland; but the French raised new armies, and he was beaten at the 1304 naval Battle of Zierikzee and became a captive of the William III, Count of Hainaut. Abandoning his designs on Zeeland, he went on campaign in Italy with his cousin Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor. There he married Margaret, daughter of Theobald II, Duke of Lorraine. He died soon thereafter, without issue.
# Hermagor District

The Bezirk Hermagor (Slovene: Okrože Šmohor) is an administrative district (Bezirk) in Carinthia, Austria.
The district has an area of 808.02 km$^2$ (311.98 sq mi) and a population of 18,435 (as of 1 January 2016). The administrative center of the district is Hermagor-Pressegger See.

## History

Its name refers to Saint Hermagoras, whose cult was centered at Aquileia.

## Municipalities

Towns (Städte) are indicated in boldface; market towns (Marktgemeinden) in italics; suburbs, hamlets and other subdivisions of a municipality are indicated in small characters.
* Dellach (Slov.: Dole) (4)
** Dellach, Goldberg, Gurina, Höfling, Leifling, Monsell, Nölbling, Rüben, Siegelberg, St. Daniel, Stollwitz, Wieserberg
* Gitschtal (Slov.: Višprijska Dolina) (5)
** Brunn, Golz, Jadersdorf, Langwiesen, Lassendorf, Leditz, Regitt, St. Lorenzen im Gitschtal, Weißbriach, Wulzentratten
* Hermagor-Pressegger See (Slov.: Šmohor - Preseško jezero) (1)
** Achleiten, Aigen, Bergl, Braunitzen, Brugg, Burgstall, Danz, Dellach, Egg, Eggforst, Förolach, Fritzendorf, Görtschach, Götzing, Grafenau, Grünburg, Guggenberg, Hermagor, Jenig, Kameritsch, Khünburg, Kleinbergl, Kraschach, Kraß, Kreuth ob Mellweg, Kreuth ob Möschach, Kreuth ob Rattendorf, Kühweg, Kühwegboden, Latschach, Liesch, Mellach, Mellweg, Micheldorf, Mitschig, Möderndorf, Nampolach, Neudorf, Neuprießenegg, Obermöschach, Obervellach, Paßriach, Podlanig, Postran, Potschach, Potschach, Presseggen, Presseggersee, Radnig, Radnigforst, Rattendorf, Schinzengraben, Schlanitzen, Schmidt, Siebenbrünn, Sonnenalpe Naßfeld, Sonnleitn, Süßenberg, Toschehof, Tröpolach, Untermöschach, Untervellach, Watschig, Wittenig, Zuchen
* Kirchbach (Slov.: Cirkno) (2)
** Anraun, Bodenmühl, Forst, Goderschach, Grafendorf, Griminitzen, Gundersheim, Hochwart, Katlingberg, Kirchbach, Krieben, Lenzhof, Oberbuchach, Oberdöbernitzen, Rauth, Reisach, Reißkofelbad, Rinsenegg, Schimanberg, Schmalzgrube, Schönboden, Staudachberg, Stöfflerberg, Stranig, Tramun, Treßdorf, Unterbuchach, Unterdöbernitzen, Waidegg, Wassertheurerberg, Welzberg
* Kötschach-Mauthen (Slov.: Koče - Muta) (3)
** Aigen, Buchach, Dobra, Dolling, Gailberg, Gentschach, Gratzhof, Höfling, Kosta, Kötschach, Kreuth, Kreuzberg, Krieghof, Kronhof, Laas, Lanz, Mahlbach, Mandorf, Mauthen, Nischlwitz, Passau, Plöcken, Plon, Podlanig, Sittmoos, St. Jakob im Lesachtal, Strajach, Weidenburg, Wetzmann, Würda, Würmlach
* Lesachtal (Slov.: Lesna dolina) (6)
** Assing, Birnbaum, Durnthal, Egg, Frohn, Guggenberg, Klebas, Kornat, Ladstatt, Liesing, Maria Luggau, Mattling, Moos, Niedergail, Nostra, Obergail, Oberring, Pallas, Promeggen, Raut, Rüben, Salach, St. Lorenzen im Lesachtal, Stabenthein, Sterzen, Tiefenbach, Tscheltsch, Tuffbad, Wiesen, Wodmaier, Xaveriberg
* Sankt Stefan im Gailtal (Slov.: Štefan na Zilji) (7)
** Bach, Bichlhof, Bodenhof, Dragantschach, Edling, Hadersdorf, Karnitzen, Köstendorf, Latschach, Matschiedl, Nieselach, Pölland, Pörtschach, Schinzengraben, Schmölzing, St. Paul an der Gail, St. Stefan an der Gail, Sussawitsch, Tratten, Vorderberg
# Miss Grand Chile 2023

Miss Grand Chile 2023 was the fifth edition of the Miss Grand Chile pageant, held on June 18, 2023, at the Teatro ICTUS in Santiago de Chile. Six contestants, who qualified for the national final through a preliminary audition, competed for the title, of whom, a 27-year-old model from Las Condes, Paula Antonia Henríquez, was announced the winner, while Camila Joscelyn of Santiago Centro and Francisca Ramírez Matta of La Reina were named the runners-up.
The winner of the contest, Paula Henríquez, later represented Chile at the Miss Grand International 2023 pageant, held in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, on October 25, but was unplaced.

## Results

| Final results | Contestant |
| Miss Grand Chile 2023 | Las Condes - Paula Antonia Henríquez |
| 1st runner-up | Santiago Centro - Camila Joscelyn |
| 2nd runner-up | La Reina - Francisca Ramírez Matta |

## Contestants

Initially, twelve candidates confirmed their participation but six withdrew, making the finalized of six contestants.
* Antofagasta – Naribe Diaz
* La Reina – Francisca Ramírez Matta
* Las Condes – Paula Antonia Henríquez
* Navidad – Melissa Astur
* Pudahuel – Sofia Astur
* Santiago Centro – Camila Joscelyn

### Withdrawn contestants

* Arica – Yulitza Angulo Tello
* Curico – Cecilia Castilo
* Ñuñoa – Macarena Flores
* Machalí – Angie Marin Quiroz
* Puerto Montt – Alejandra Tautin
* Viña del Mar – Michaella Navarro
# Extremaduran Wikipedia

The Extremaduran Wikipedia (Extremaduran: Güiquipedia n'estremeñu) or Güiquipedia (formerly Güiquipeya) is the Extremaduran-language edition of Wikipedia, a free, online encyclopedia. It has 3,803 articles and is ranked 228th in the Wikipedia list according to the number of articles.

## Controversy

Different media have criticized the Extremaduran version of Wikipedia. It is questioned that the Extremaduran is not really a separate language, but instead a dialect of Asturian and Castilian, and that it does not have defined spelling rules, although the OSCEC (Monitoring and Coordination Body of Extremaduran and its Culture) has worked on the standardization of Extremaduran through dictionaries and normative grammar materials. The fact that the page only has three main contributors, the same who initiated the project, has also been the subject of controversy.
# Amthausgasse

The Amthausgasse is one of the streets in the Old City of Bern, the medieval city center of Bern, Switzerland. It is part of the Innere Neustadt which was built during the expansion of 1255 to 1260.
One building, a Burgher house at Amthausgasse 5 is listed on the Swiss inventory of heritage site of national significance and it is part of the UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site that encompasses the Old City.
# Guarani Wikipedia

The Guarani Wikipedia (Guarani: Vikipetã) is the Guarani language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia.

## History

This Wikipedia was created in 2005, thanks to the unusual collaboration between the Lithuanian Šarūnas Šimkus, then a teenager, and Paraguayan academic David Galeano Olivera. The idea is to promote the usage and modernisation of the Guarani language.
In December de 2012, Wikimedia Argentina published a booklet, "Vikipetã mbo’eha kotýpe", devoted to this version of the virtual encyclopedia.
Several workshops on Guarani Wikipedia have been carried out throughout Paraguay, jointly organized by Wikimedia Argentina and Fundación Paraguay Educa (an institution working on the OLPC project).
The University of Leipzig has elaborated a corpus based on Guarani Wikipedia.

## Users and editors

Guarani Wikipedia statistics :
| Number of user accounts | Number of active Users | Number of articles | Number of files | Number of administrators |
| 20245 | 34 | 5862 | 0 | 2 |
# Francis J. Gavin

Francis J. Gavin is an American historian currently serving as the Giovanni Agnelli Distinguished Professor and Director of the Henry A. Kissinger Center for Global Affairs at Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, D.C. He is also the chairman of the Board of Editors for the Texas National Security Review.

## Career

Prior to his tenure at Johns Hopkins SAIS, Gavin was a Professor of Political Science at MIT, where he also served as the inaugural Frank Stanton Chair in Nuclear Security Policy Studies. Before joining MIT, he taught at the University of Texas from 2000 to 2013. While there, he was named the Tom Slick Professor of International Affairs at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs in 2005, and served as the Director of the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law. From 2005 until 2010, Gavin directed The American Assembly's multiyear, national initiative, The Next Generation Project: U.S. Global Policy and the Future of International Institutions.
Gavin is Senior Fellow of the Clements Program in History, Strategy, and Statecraft, a Distinguished Scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, a senior advisor to the Nuclear Proliferation International History Project at the Woodrow Wilson Center, and a life-member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He is a member of the CIA Historical Panel. He was previously an Associate of the Managing the Atom Program at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University.

## Education

Gavin received his PhD and MA in history from the University of Pennsylvania, a Master of Studies in Modern European History from Oxford and a BA in Political Science from the University of Chicago.