# List of World War I puppet states

During World War I a number of countries were conquered and controlled. Some of these countries were subsequently given new names and new government leaders loyal to the conquering country. These countries are known as puppet states. Germany and the Ottoman Empire were the two countries with puppet states. The Allies had many more puppet states than all the Central Powers collectively: the United Kingdom had the largest empire in the world.
In addition, several countries captured land in the years leading up to the war, which then became puppet states; those states which are immediately relevant to the war are also included here.

## Central Powers
### German Empire

The German Empire had a number of puppet states during World War I. All the states were previously under Russian control and had long been of interest to the regime.
| Created | Disestablished | Puppet State | Country/territory | Notes |
| 6 December, 1917 | 17 July, 1919 | Kingdom of Finland Finnish: Suomen kuningaskunta German: Königreich Finnland | Finland | |
| November 5, 1916 | November 11, 1918 | Kingdom of Poland Polish: Królestwo Polskie German: Königreich Polen | Poland | The Central Powers' forces occupied Russian Congress Poland in 1915 and in 1916 the German Empire and Austria-Hungary created a Polish Monarchy in order to exploit the occupied territories in an easier way and mobilize the Poles against the Russians (see Polish Legions). In 1918 the state became independent and formed the backbone of the new internationally recognized Second Polish Republic. |
| February 16, 1918 | November 9, 1918 | Kingdom of Lithuania Lithuanian: Lietuvos Karalystė German: Königreich Litauen | Lithuania | After Russia's defeat and the territorial cessions of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Germans established a Lithuanian kingdom. However it became an independent republic with Germany's defeat. |
| March 8, 1918 | November 18, 1918 | Duchy of Courland and Semigallia German: Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen Latvian: Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste | Latvia | In 1915 the Imperial German forces occupied the Russian Courland Governorate and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended the war in the east, so the local ethnic Baltic Germans established a Duchy under the German crown from that part of Ober Ost, with a common return of civil administration in favor of military. This state was very swiftly merged with the Baltic State Duchy, and German-occupied territories of Russian Empire in Livonia and Estonia, into a multi-ethnic United Baltic Duchy. |
| March 9, 1918 | Government in exile (since 1919) | Belarusian Democratic Republic Belarusian: Беларуская Народная Рэспубліка | Belarus | |
| April 29, 1918 | December 14, 1918 | Ukrainian State Ukrainian: Українська Держава | Ukraine | |
| May 26, 1918 | February 25, 1921 | Democratic Republic of Georgia Georgian: საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა | Georgia | |
| June 25, 1918 | April 2, 1919 | Crimean Regional Government Russian: Крымское краевое правительство | Crimea | |
| September 22, 1918 | November 28, 1918 | United Baltic Duchy German: Vereinigtes Baltisches Herzogtum Estonian: Balti Hertsogiriik Latvian: Apvienotā Baltijas hercogiste | Latvia and Estonia | |

### Ottoman Empire

| Created | Disestablished | Puppet State | Country/territory | Notes |
| August 31, 1913 | October 25, 1913 | Provisional Government of Western Thrace Turkish: Garbi Trakya Hükûmet-i Müstakilesi Greek: Προσωρινή Κυβέρνηση Δυτικής Θράκης | Kingdom of Bulgaria | Was a provisional republic which was established by the Turkish minority in Thrace, after the Ottoman Empire lost its lands in this region. It was the product of the Ottoman intelligence agency, Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa, in terms of organizational structure and organizers, and they had remarkably common characteristics with the other Turkish puppet government. |
| 6 March, 1917 | 30 November, 1922 | Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus Turkish: Kuzey Kafkasya Dağlık Cumhuriyeti | | |
| May 28, 1918 | April 28, 1920 | Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Demokratik Cümhuriyyəti | Azerbaijan | |
| December 1, 1918 | April 19, 1919 | Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus Turkish: Güneybatı Kafkas Geçici Milli Hükûmeti Azerbaijani: Cənub-Qərbi Qafqaz Cümhuriyyəti | Caucasus Viceroyalty | Was a provisional republic which was established by the Turkish minority in the Caucasus, after the Ottoman Empire lost its lands in this region. It was the product of the Ottoman intelligence agency, Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa, in terms of organizational structure and organizers, and they had remarkably common characteristics with the other Turkish puppet government. |

## Others

These countries were not under the control of the warring parties, but were created during the war. Specific countries were created for individual needs.
| Created | Disestablished | Puppet State | Flag | Country/territory | Notes |
| February, 1918 | March 20, 1918 | Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Republic Russian: Донецко-Криворожская советская республика Ukrainian: Донецько-Криворізька Радянська Республіка | | Soviet Russia | See also: DPRR-Soviet Russia relations The state, remotely controlled by Soviet Russia, was founded by Joseph Stalin's close friend Fyodor Artyom in 1918. But the DKRR was disliked by Vladimir Lenin. The capital of the republic was soon overthrown by the Germans again, and after the Soviet Red Army regained control of the territory, the country was dissolved at Lenin's request. |