# Hunsrück Slate

The Hunsrück Slate (German: Hunsrück-Schiefer) is a Lower Devonian lithostratigraphic unit, a type of rock strata, in the German regions of the Hunsrück and Taunus. It is a lagerstätte famous for exceptional preservation of a highly diverse fossil fauna assemblage.

## Geology

The Emsian stratigraphy of the southern Rhenish Massif can be divided into two lithological units: the older slates of the Hunsrück-Schiefer and the younger sandstones of the Singhofener Schichten. Stratigraphically below the Hunsrück Slates is the (older) Taunus quartzite. All these metasedimentary rocks were originally deposited in the marine Rhenohercynian Basin, a back-arc basin south of the paleocontinent of Laurussia.
The Hunsrück Slate roughly comprises the Sauerthal-Schichten, Bornich-Schichten and Kaub-Schichten. These are 408–400 Mya old, making them part of the Latest Pragian to Early Emsian stages of the Devonian.

## History of mining

The Hunsrück slate was a source for Rhenish slate over several centuries. Archaeological finds in West Germany show that the slate was used in Roman times. The first documented case of mining in this area dates from the 14th century. The production continued with the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 1700s, but in 1846–49, the industry fell into crisis, resulting in poverty and misery in the mining areas.
The economic upturn after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 resulted in a renewed increase in slate production, where companies used more extensive pits. Production continued until the 1960s, when the competition from cheaper synthetic or imported slate resulted in production decline. Only a single pit in the Bundenbach region was worked in the 1990s. Since 1999, slate imports from Spain, Portugal, Argentina and China caused the abandonment of local mining.
Mining of Hunsrück slate was important for the discovery of fossils. Although not rare, fossils can only be found through extensive mining of slate. Many of the fine fossils exhibited in museums today were originally found by the slate miners. The first scientific publication on these fossils comes from Ferdinand von Roemer (1862), who described starfish and crinoid fossils from Bundenbach. German paleontologists such as R. Opitz, F. Broili, R. Judge, and W. M. Lehmann studied many fossils between 1920 and 1959. Lehmann's death in 1959 and the decline of the slate industry caused a decline in fossil research.
In 1970, Wilhelm Stürmer, a chemical physicist and radiologist at Siemens, developed a new method to examine the Hunsrück slate fossils using medium energy X-rays of 25-40 keV. He created high-resolution movies and stereoscopic images of unopened slates, which showed complex details of soft tissues that cannot be made visible with conventional methods. In the 1990s, Christoph Bartels and Günther Brassel have continued this work.

## Paleontology

The various fossil localities are quarries located mostly south of the River Mosel and west of the Rhine in western Germany. The biota of the Hunsrück Slate are commonly called "Bundenbach fossils" after the nearby German community of Bundenbach. More formally, the Hunsruck Slate is properly designated as a Konservat Lagerstätte due to the many fossils that exhibit preservation of soft tissues.

### Preservation and taphonomy

Hunsrück is one of the few marine Devonian Lagerstätte having soft tissue preservation, and in many cases fossils are coated by a pyritic surface layer. Preservation of soft tissues as fossils normally requires rapid burial in an anoxic (i.e., with little or no oxygen) sedimentary layer where the decomposition of the organic matter is significantly slowed. The pyritization found in Bundenbach fossils facilitated preservation and enhanced the inherent beauty of the fossils.
Pyritization is rare in the fossil record, and is believed to require not only rapid burial, but both burial in sediments low in organic matter, and high in concentrations of sulfur and iron. Such pyritization is also prevalent in the lower Cambrian fossils from the Maotianshan shales of Chengjiang, China, the oldest Konservat Lagerstätte of Cambrian time.
The best localities for exceptionally preserved fossils are in the communities of Bundenbach and Gemünden. The slates were widely quarried in the past, mainly for roofing tiles from small pits, of which over 600 are known. Today, only a single quarry remains open in the main fossiliferous region of Bundenbach. There are also areas of the Hunsrück Slates where fossils are neither well preserved, nor pyritized, indicating that there also existed environments with shallow and fully oxygenated water.

### Diversity of fauna

More than 260 animal species have been described from the Hunsrück Slate. The deposits occur in a strip some 15 km wide and 150 km long running from northwest to southeast. In the main depositional basins of Kaub, Bundenbach, and Gemünden, echinoderms are concentrated in the southwestern area around Bundenbach, with brachiopods predominating in the northeast. The presence of corals and trilobites with well-developed eyes and the rarity of plant fossils from the central basin areas suggest a shallow-water environment. Other animal fossils include sponges, corals, brachiopods, cephalopods, ctenophores, cnidarians, gastropods, and worm trace fossils. Trilobites and echinoderms are relatively abundant in some horizons. Crinoids and starfish are the predominant representatives of the echinoderms, although holothurians (sea cucumbers) are also represented. More than 60 species of crinoids are described from the Hunsrück Slate.
Many types of fishes have been described from the Hunsruck slate. Several genera of placoderm armoured fish have been recorded, including some preserved in three dimensions. Agnathan jawless fishes are the most commonly preserved vertebrates, particularly the flattened Drepanaspis, notable for its upwards-facing mouth, and the streamlined Pteraspis. Spines from acanthodii spiny sharks and a single sarcopterygian lobe-fin specimen are also known.

### Paleobiota

| Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon | Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited. |

#### Arthropods
##### Crustaceans

Crustaceans of the Hunsrück Slate. :
| Genus | Notes |
| Nahecaris | A phyllocarid crustacean |
| Oryctocaris | A phyllocarid crustacean |
| Ceratiocaris | A phyllocarid crustacean |
| Heroldina | A phyllocarid crustacean |
| Hohensteiniella | Early crustacean |

##### Eurypterids

Eurypterids of the Hunsrück Slate. :
| Jaekelopterus | A giant eurypterid, probably allochthonous |
| Rhenopterus | Probably misidentified remains of trilobites |

##### Marrellomorphs

Marrellomorphs of the Hunsrück Slate. :
| Genus | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| Mimetaster | 123 specimens | A marrellomorph, most common non-trilobite arthropod | |
| Vachonisia | | A marrellomorph | |

##### Sea spiders

Sea spiders of the Hunsrück Slate. :
| Genus | Abundance | Notes |
| Flagellopantopus | 1 specimen | A sea spider |
| Palaeopantopus | 3 specimens | A sea spider |
| Palaeoisopus | Over 80 specimens | A sea spider, most common sea spider. |
| Palaeothea | 1 specimen (unlocatable) | A sea spider, potential nomen dubium |
| Pentapantopus | 3 specimens | A sea spider |

##### Trilobites

Trilobites of the Hunsrück Slate. :
| Genus | Notes |
| Chotecops | A trilobite, most common trilobite and arthropod |
| Odontochile | A trilobite |
| Cornuproetus | A trilobite |
| Parahomalonotus | A trilobite |
| Wenndorfia | A trilobite |
| Rhenops | A trilobite |
| "Asteropyge" | A trilobite |

##### Other Arthropods

Other arthropods of the Hunsrück Slate. :
| Genus | Abundance | Notes |
| Bundenbachiellus | | An arthropod of uncertain affinities |
| Captopodus | | Possible early mandibulate related to Acheronauta |
| Cambronatus | | An arthropod of uncertain affinities |
| Magnoculocaris | | An arthropod of uncertain affinities, originally named as Magnoculus |
| Cheloniellon | | A cheloniellid |
| Palaeoscorpius | | A primitive scorpion |
| Schinderhannes | 1 Specimen | A radiodont |
| Weinbergina | | A chelicerate |
| Wingertshellicus | | An arthropod of uncertain affinities |

#### Echinoderms

Echinoderms :
| Genus | Notes |
| Cheiropteraster | A brittle star |
| Furcaster | A brittle star |
| Loriolaster | A brittle star |
| Taeniaster | A brittle star |
| Bundenbachia | A brittle star |
| Encrinaster | A brittle star |
| Euzonosoma | A brittle star |
| Lapworthura | A brittle star |
| Mastigophiura | A brittle star |
| Palaeophiomyxa | A brittle star |
| Ophiurina | A brittle star |
| Eospondylus | A brittle star |
| Kentrospondylus | A brittle star |
| Regulaecystis | A rhombiferan |
| Echinasterella | A stenuroid |
| Hystrigaster | A stenuroid |
| Palasteriscus | A stenuroid |
| Sturtzaster | A stenuroid |
| Medusaster | A stenuroid |
| Erinaceaster | A stenuroid |
| Archasterina | A sea star |
| Palaeosolaster | A sea star |
| Palasterina | A sea star |
| Helianthaster | A sea star |
| Leioactis | A sea star |
| Compsaster | A sea star |
| Schlueteraster | A sea star |
| Protasteracanthion | A sea star |
| Kyraster | A sea star |
| Baliactis | A sea star |
| Urasterella | A sea star |
| Hunsrueckaster | A sea star |
| Palaeostella | A sea star |
| Acanthocrinus | A crinoid |
| Bactrocrinites | A crinoid |
| Ctenocrinus | A crinoid |
| Culicocrinus | A crinoid |
| Diamenocrinus | A crinoid |
| Orthocrinus | A crinoid |
| Lasiocrinus | A crinoid |
| Follicrinus | A crinoid |
| Gissocrinus | A crinoid |
| Propoteriocrinus | A crinoid |
| Senariocrinus | A crinoid |
| Iteacrinus | A crinoid |
| Macarocrinus | A crinoid |
| Pterinocrinus | A crinoid |
| Hapalocrinus | A crinoid |
| Thallocrinus | A crinoid |
| Antihomocrinus | A crinoid |
| Calycanthocrinus | A crinoid |
| Codiacrinus | A crinoid |
| Dicirrocrinus | A crinoid |
| Dictenocrinus | A crinoid |
| Gastrocrinus | A crinoid |
| Imitatocrinus | A crinoid |
| Parisangulocrinus | A crinoid |
| Rhadinocrinus | A crinoid |
| Rhenocrinus | A crinoid |
| Triacrinus | A crinoid |
| Eutaxocrinus | A crinoid |
| Taxocrinus | A crinoid |
| Rhenechinus | A echinoid |
| Pentremitidea | A blastoid |
| Schizotremites | A blastoid |
| Mitrocystites (Dalejocystis) | A mitrate |
| Rhenocystis | A mitrate |
| Dehmicystis | A solute |
| Pyrgocystis | A edrioasteroid |
| Palaeocucumaria | A sea cucumber |

#### Annelids

Annelids :
| Genus | Notes |
| Bundenbachochaeta | A polychaete |
| Hunsrueckochaeta | A polychaete |
| Ewaldips | A polychaete |
| Crocancistrius | A polychaete |
| Scopyrites | A polychaete |
| Lepidocoleus | A machaeridian |

#### Molluscs

Annelids :
| Genus | Notes |
| Anetoceras | An ammonoid cephalopod |
| Ivoites | An ammonoid cephalopod |
| Mimagoniatites | An ammonoid cephalopod |
| Mimosphinctes | An ammonoid cephalopod |
| Chebbites | An ammonoid cephalopod |
| Praecardium | A bivalve |
| Panenka | A bivalve |
| Ctenodonta | A bivalve |
| Cypricardella | A bivalve |
| Ctenodonta | A bivalve |
| ?Puella | A bivalve |
| Palaeozygopleura | A gastropod |
| Bembexia | A gastropod |
| Loxonema | A gastropod |
| Platyceras | A gastropod |

#### Brachiopods

Brachiopods :
| Genus | Notes |
| Arduspirifer | A spiriferid brachiopod |
| Euryspirifer | A spiriferid brachiopod |
| Brachyspirifer | A spiriferid brachiopod |
| Orbiculoidea | |
| Anoplotheca | |
| Atrypa | |
| Chonetes | |
| ?Cryptonella | |
| Leptostrophia | |
| Loreleiella | |
| Meganteris | |
| Oligoptycherhynchus | |
| Platyorthis | |
| Plebejochonetes | |
| Tropidoleptus | |

#### Vertebrates

Vertebrates :
| Genus | Notes |
| Stuertzaspis | A placoderm |
| Tityosteus | A placoderm |
| Stensioella | A placoderm |
| Lunaspis | A placoderm |
| Nessariostoma | A placoderm |
| Drepanaspis | A pteraspidomorph jawless fish |
| Rhinopteraspis | A pteraspidomorph jawless fish |
| Paraplesiobatis | A placoderm |
| Pseudopetalichthys | A placoderm |
| Gemuendina | A placoderm |
| Westollrhynchus | A lungfish |
| Machaeracanthus | Acanthodian |

#### Other animals

Other animals :
| Genus | Notes |
| Archaeocydippida | A Ctenophore |
| Paleoctenophora | A ctenophore |
| Volgerophyllum | A rugose coral |
| "Zaphrentis" | A rugose coral |
| Favosites | A tabulate coral |
| Pleurodictyum | A tabulate coral |
| Palaeonectris | A hydrozoan |
| Plectodiscus | A hydrozoan |
| Hederella | A hederellid |
| Conularia | A conulariid |
| Sphenothallus | A conulariid |
| Viriatellina | A tentaculitoid |
| Nowakia | A tentaculitoid |
| Styliolina | A tentaculitoid |
| Tentaculites | A tentaculitoid |
| "Protospongia" rhenana | A sponge |
| Retifungus | A sponge |
| Olkenbachia | A sponge |
| Clionolithes | A sponge |

#### Ichnotaxon

Ichnotaxon :
| Genus | Notes |
| Chondrites | Ichnotaxon |
| Planolites | Worm-like ichnotaxon |
| Ctenopholeus | Ichnotaxon |
| Heliochone | Ichnotaxon |
| Protovirgularia | Ichnotaxon, including fossils originally misidentified as Edestus |
| Pteridichnites | Ichnotaxon |
| Endichnia | Ichnotaxon |

#### Plants

Flora :
| Genus | Notes |
| Drepanophycales indeterminate | A large lycophyte, washed into the basin from terrestrial sources, similar to Drepanophycus |
| Psilophyton | |
| Trimerophyton | |
| Receptaculites | |
| Maucheria | |

#### Fungi

Fungi :
| Genus | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| Prototaxites | | A fungus that grew in thick, tree-like trunks, washed in from terrestrial sources | |