OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dry ice bomb

A dry ice bomb is a simple explosive device consisting of dry ice and water in a sealed container.

## Overview

Dry ice bombs are commonly made from a container such as a plastic bottle, water and dry ice. The bottle is partly filled with water. Chunks of dry ice are added and the container is closed tightly. As the solid carbon dioxide warms, it sublimates to gas and the pressure in the bottle increases. Bombs typically rupture within 30 seconds to half an hour, dependent largely on the temperature of the air outside the bottle. A dry ice bomb may develop frost on its exterior prior to explosion. After explosion, it appears to have shattered, with the overall shape of the device intact.

## Dangers

Dry ice bombs can explode within seconds due to the rapid sublimation of dry ice, injuring the handler. The abrupt release of high-pressure gas creates a loud noise, which can cause hearing damage even at substantial distances. Fragments thrown at high speeds can cut or puncture. Bombs that fail to go off cannot be safely approached, as they can spontaneously explode.
Dry ice bombs can also be unintentionally made, especially if dry ice is left in an airtight container for extended periods of time.
Injuries caused by dry ice bombs are common, with glass bottles in particular posing risks of serious injury or death. In one case, the explosive release of carbon dioxide gas ruptured the esophagus of a child, requiring emergency surgery.

## Legality

Dry ice bombs are illegal in many jurisdictions. Manufacturing one or using one can lead to imprisonment.
* A law in California that defines "destructive device" includes a list of "weapons" including "[any] sealed device containing dry ice (CO$_2$) or other chemically reactive substances assembled for the purpose of causing an explosion by a chemical reaction".
* In Nebraska and other States the noise generated may violate local laws.
* Arizona prohibits dry ice bombs if there is an intent to cause injury, death, or damage to the property of another, as well as their possession by "prohibited possessors" such as convicted felons and illegal immigrants.
* In Utah, simple possession of a dry ice bomb or similar pressurized chemical reaction bomb is a second-degree felony.
* In Colorado, the creation of a dry ice bomb is considered illegal due to interpretation as "possession of an explosive device"
* Leaving an unexploded dry ice bomb can be construed as public endangerment.
* Exploding a dry ice bomb in public in Pennsylvania can result in criminal charges if it is not done on a bomb range, gun range or open area.
# Thüringerberg

Thüringerberg is a municipality in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg.
# All About the Benjamins (soundtrack)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
All About the Benjamins: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to Kevin Bray's 2002 action-comedy film All About the Benjamins. It was released on February 19, 2002 through New Line Records, and features hip hop and R&B music. The album peaked at #65 on the Billboard 200, #12 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, #3 on the Independent Albums and #7 on the Top Soundtracks, and featured one charting single, "Told Y'all" by Trina and Rick Ross.

## Charts

| Chart (2002) | Peak position |
| US Billboard 200 | 65 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) | 12 |
| US Independent Albums (Billboard) | 3 |
| US Top Soundtracks (Billboard) | 7 |
# Clochán

A clochán (plural clocháin) or beehive hut is a dry-stone hut with a corbelled roof, commonly associated with the south-western Irish seaboard. The precise construction date of most of these structures is unknown with the buildings belonging to a long-established Celtic tradition, though there is at present no direct evidence to date the surviving examples before c. 700 CE. Some associated with religious sites may be pre-Romanesque, some consider that the most fully intact structures date after the 12th century or later. It is where monks lived.

## Form

They are most commonly round beehive huts, but rectangular plans are known as well. It has been suggested that the rectangular footprints date to a later era. Some clochán are not completely built of stone and may have possessed a thatched roof. The walls are very thick, up to 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in). Sometimes several clochans are joined by their walls.

## Locations

Clochán are mainly found in the Southwest of Ireland, for example at Skellig Michael, Church Island off Beginish Island, Glanfahan, Fahan and Reask in the Dingle Peninsula of County Kerry. Many occur in religious contexts such as used by the monks following Saint Patrick; moreover, his successors carried on the architectural tradition in the Scottish island of Iona and eventually via Aidan to the eastern English islands of Farne and Holy Island. There are others in ringforts (such as Leacanabuaile, County Kerry) that are commonly interpreted as secular dwellings. Elaborate dry walled stone churches like the Gallarus Oratory may derive from the clochán. The clochán has been described in the 7th to 8th-century law Críth Gablach. Beehive huts are also found in West Penwith, Cornwall.

## Popular culture

Parts of the 2017 film Star Wars: The Last Jedi were filmed using the beehive huts on the island of Skellig Michael. Because of the restrictions regarding filming on the island, a set of replica beehive huts were also built in 2016 at Ceann Sibéal, near Ballyferriter, on the Dingle Peninsula.
# Dennis McFarland

Dennis McFarland (born May 13, 1949) is an American novelist and short story writer. His novels include Nostalgia, Letter from Point Clear, Prince Edward, Singing Boy, A Face at the Window, School for the Blind and The Music Room. His short fiction has appeared in The American Scholar, The New Yorker, Prize Stories: the O’Henry Awards, Best American Short Stories and elsewhere. He has received a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts and the Wallace E. Stegner Fellowship from Stanford University.

## Life

McFarland was born in Mobile, Alabama, and grew up on a chicken farm. He attended Brooklyn College, where he studied music and composition, as well as Goddard College, where he received his M.F.A. in creative writing. He met the writer and poet Michelle Blake at Goddard and they married in 1983. Together they raised two children and are still married, living now in rural Vermont. They have a small dog with a big underbite.

## Career

McFarland's debut novel The Music Room (1990) was a national bestseller, hailed by the New York Times Book Review as "a rare pleasure...A novel of almost organic integrity...Remarkable from its beginning to its surprising, satisfying end." The Hollywood producer Scott Rudin bought the rights and the playwright Robbie Bates was commissioned to write the screenplay.
McFarland's other novels have each been critically acclaimed. His most recent novel, Nostalgia (2013), was described in the New York Times Book Review as "searing, poetic and often masterly...a perfect Civil War novel for our time, or any time." It is the inspiration for a feature film currently underway by River Road.
His short stories have appeared in The American Scholar, The New Yorker, Prize Stories: the O’Henry Awards, Best American Short Stories, and elsewhere.
He has taught writing at Stanford University, where he was a Stegner Fellow, as well as Emerson College. In 1991, he received a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts.

## Works
### Novels

* The Music Room (1990)
* School for the Blind (1994)
* A Face at the Window (1997)
* Singing Boy (2001)
* Prince Edward (2004)
* Letter from Point Clear (2007)
* Nostalgia (2013)

### Anthologies

* Prize Stories: The O'Henry Awards (1990)
* "Nothing to Ask For," Best American Short Stories (1990)
* "A Gentle Plea for Chaos," A Few Thousand Words about Love (1998)
# Italy at the 2017 Summer Universiade

Italy participated at the 2017 Summer Universiade in Taipei, Taiwan.
With Naples being the host city of the 2019 Summer Universiade, an Italian segment was performed at the closing ceremony.

## Medal summary
### Medal by sports

Medals by sport :
| Sport | | | | Total |
| Athletics | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| Diving | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Fencing | 1 | 0 | 6 | 7 |
| Judo | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| Roller Sports | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Swimming | 5 | 4 | 1 | 10 |
| Taekwondo | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Waterpolo | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Total | 9 | 6 | 17 | 32 |

## Medalists

| Athlete | Sport | Event | Medal |
| Ayomide Folorunso | Athletics | Women's 400m Hurdles | GOLD |
| Irene Siragusa | Athletics | Women's 100m | SILVER |
| Irene Siragusa | Athletics | Women's 200m | GOLD |
| Anna Bongiorni | Athletics | Women's 200m | BRONZE |
| Marco Fassinotti | Athletics | Men's High Jump | SILVER |
| Claudio Stecchi | Athletics | Men's Pole Vault | BRONZE |
| Giovanni Tocci | Diving | Men's 3m Springboard | BRONZE |
| Italy | Diving | Mixed Synchronised 3m Springboard | BRONZE |
| Italy | Diving | Men's Synchronised 3m Springboard | BRONZE |
| Italy | Fencing | Women's Team Foil | GOLD |
| Alessandro Paroli | Fencing | Men's Foil Individual | BRONZE |
| Roberta Marzani | Fencing | Women's Epee Individual | BRONZE |
| Beatrice Monaco | Fencing | Women's Foil Individual | BRONZE |
| Chiara Mormile | Fencing | Women's Sabre Individual | BRONZE |
| Italy | Fencing | Men's Sabre Team | BRONZE |
| Italy | Fencing | Men's Foil Team | BRONZE |
| Valeria Ferrari | Judo | Women's -78 kg | GOLD |
| Giulia Pierucci | Judo | Women's -52 kg | BRONZE |
| Carola Paissoni | Judo | Women's -70 kg | BRONZE |
| Gregorio Paltrinieri | Swimming | Men's 1500m Freestyle | GOLD |
| Gregorio Paltrinieri | Swimming | Men's 800m Freestyle | GOLD |
| Gregorio Paltrinieri | Swimming | Men's Marathon Swimming (10km) | GOLD |
| Simona Quadarella | Swimming | Women's 1500m Freestyle | GOLD |
| Simona Quadarella | Swimming | Women's 800m Freestylee | GOLD |
| Italy | Swimming | Men's 4x100m Freestyle Relay | SILVER |
| Elena Di Liddo | Swimming | Women's 50m Butterfly | SILVER |
| Elena Di Liddo | Swimming | Women's 100m Butterfly | SILVER |
| Giulia Gabrielleschi | Swimming | Women's Marathon Swimming (10km) | SILVER |
| Italy | Swimming | Women's 4x100m Medley Relay | BRONZE |
| Daniela Rotolo | Taekwondo | Women's -62kg | BRONZE |
| Giuseppe Bramante | Roller Sports | Men's Marathon | BRONZE |
| Italy | Waterpolo | Men's Waterpolo | BRONZE |
# List of Buffalo Sabres general managers

The Buffalo Sabres are a professional ice hockey team based in Buffalo, New York, United States. The Sabres are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). Founded as an expansion franchise in 1970, the Sabres have had nine general managers since the team's inception.

## Key

Key of terms and definitions :
| Term | Definition |
| No. | Number of general managers |
| Ref(s) | References |
| – | Does not apply |
| † | Elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in the Builder category |

## General managers

General managers of the Buffalo Sabres :
| No. | Name | Tenure | Accomplishments during this term |
| 1 | Punch Imlach† | January 16, 1970 – December 4, 1978 | 1 Stanley Cup Finals appearance (1975) 1 conference title, 1 division title, and 5 playoff appearances |
| 2 | John Anderson | December 4, 1978 – June 11, 1979 | 1 playoff appearance |
| 3 | Scotty Bowman | June 11, 1979 – December 1, 1986 | 1 conference title, 2 division titles, and 6 playoff appearances |
| 4 | Gerry Meehan | December 1, 1986 – July 30, 1993 | 6 playoff appearances |
| 5 | John Muckler | July 30, 1993 – May 14, 1997 | 1 division title and 3 playoff appearances |
| 6 | Darcy Regier | June 11, 1997 – November 13, 2013 | 1 Stanley Cup Finals appearance (1999) Won Presidents' Trophy (2006–07) 1 conference title, 2 division titles, and 8 playoff appearances |
| 7 | Tim Murray | January 9, 2014 – April 20, 2017 | No playoff appearances |
| 8 | Jason Botterill | May 11, 2017 – June 16, 2020 | No playoff appearances |
| 9 | Kevyn Adams | June 16, 2020 – present | No playoff appearances |
# Clerk of the Scottish Parliament

The clerk of the Scottish Parliament is the chief executive of the Scottish Parliament.

## Appointment

The Clerk of the House is appointed by the Scottish Parliament Corporate Body.

## Duties

The Clerk of the Scottish Parliament is the principal constitutional adviser to the house, and adviser on all its procedure and business, and frequently appears before select and joint committees examining constitutional and parliamentary matters. As with all the members of the House Service, he is politically entirely impartial and is not a civil servant. Their duties include: providing advice to the Presiding Officer and deputies, signing the accounts of the Parliament; chairing Senior Executive Team meetings; attending Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body and Bureau meetings in an advisory capacity.

## Incumbent

As of October 2019, the office is currently held by David McGill,
# Meriwether Lewis Clark Jr.

Meriwether Lewis Clark Jr. (January 27, 1846 – April 22, 1899) was the founder of the Louisville Jockey Club and the builder of Churchill Downs, where the Kentucky Derby is run.

## Life and career

He was the grandson of explorer and Missouri governor, General William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. His father was Major Meriwether Lewis Clark, "aide de camp" and in-law to General Stephen Watts Kearny, of Mexican–American War fame (Kearny married Mary Radford, the stepdaughter of Clark). His mother was Abigail Prather Churchill, from one of the first families of Kentucky. The Churchills had moved to Louisville in 1787 and bought 300 acres (1.2 km$^2$) of land in a rural area south of the city.
When his mother died, Clark, called "Lutie" by his family, went to live with his aunt and her sons John and Henry Churchill. They had inherited most of the original Churchill property, and they donated the land on which Churchill Downs was built.
Living with the Churchills, Clark developed a taste for expensive things, including horse racing. He made two trips to Europe and married twice, both of his wives dying young.
He came home from abroad in 1873 with ideas about building a racetrack in Louisville. He planned to eliminate bookmaking by introducing the French system of parimutuel betting machines. The Churchill brothers were the entrepreneurs providing the financial backing, and Clark was the acting president and on-site manager.
By all accounts, Clark had a mercurial and touchy personality. He is reported to have threatened prominent breeder T. G. Moore with a gun, ordering him off the premises after having knocked him down in a dispute over fees. Moore got a gun and shot Clark through a door, hitting him in the chest. Moore turned himself in to the police, but no charges were brought against him. Clark later rescinded his ban from the racetrack.
He also threatened others with a gun over perceived insults. The Churchill brothers did not appreciate the negative publicity, and they left the track to their families. Clark received some other land, but by the time John Churchill died in 1897, Clark was merely a steward at the track he had originated.
His contribution to American racing cannot be overstated. In addition to building Churchill Downs and originating the Kentucky Derby, he wrote many racing rules that are still in force today. He worked for a uniform system of weights and pioneered the stakes system, creating the Great American Stallion Stakes, on which the present-day Breeders' Cup is modeled. He also spoke out against betting by officials and reporters.
Clark lost heavily in the stock market crash of 1893 and began traveling from city to city working as a steward. Fearing a life of poverty, he committed suicide with a pistol on April 22, 1899. He is buried in Cave Hill Cemetery next to his uncle, John Churchill.
# Ichinomiya Sengen Shrine

The Ichinomiya Sengen Jinja (一宮浅間神社) is a Shintō shrine in the Takata neighborhood of the town of Ichikawamisato, Nishiyatsushiro District in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. It is one of two shrines which vie for the title of ichinomiya of the former Kai Province. The main festival of the shrine is held annually on November 3. It is also known as simply the Ichikawa Ichinomiya (市川一の宮) or the Ichinomiya Myōjin (一ノ宮明神) or the Ichinomiya Asama Jinja.

## Enshrined kami

The primary kami at the Ichinomiya Sengen Jinja is:
* Konohanasakuya-hime (木花咲耶姫), the daughter of Ōyamatsu-no-mikoto (大山祇命)
The secondary kami of the shrine are:
* Ninigi-no-mikoto (瓊瓊杵命), the grandson of Amaterasu, and great-grandfather of Emperor Jimmu, consort of Konohanasakuya-hime
* Hikohohodemi no Mikoto (彦火火出見命),son of Konohanasakuya-hime and Ninigi.

## History

The foundation of the Ichinomiya Sengen Jinja predates the historical period. Per shrine tradition, it was established in reign of the semi-legendary Emperor Keikō (reigned 71 – 130 AD), to placate Mount Fuji after a huge eruption. While located near the site of the ancient provincial temple of Kai Province, the Kai Kokubun-ji and the provincial capital during the Nara and Heian periods and while mentioned in the Engishiki records of 926 AD as a myōjin taisha (名神大社), there is controversy as to whether the Heian period records are referring to this shrine, or to the Ichinomiya Asama Jinja in the city of Fuefuki. In favor of this shine's claims are its location (in an area which was named "Ichinomiya") and the fact that the Fuefuki area did not really develop as the center of the province until under the Takeda clan in the Muromachi period. The shrine in Ichikawamisato received stipends from the Takeda clan, and under Tokugawa Ieyasu received territory, tax relief for the use of bamboo and trees on shrine territory. The exiled Imperial Prince Priest Ryōjun, the eighth son of Emperor Go-Yōzei was sent to this shrine in 1643.The current Honden of the shrine dates from 1703.
During the post-Meiji restoration system of State Shinto, the shrine was officially designated a village shrine, in the Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines.
The shrine is a 12-minute walk from Ichikawa-Daimon Station on the JR East Minobu Line.

## Gallery

* Ichi-no-Torii
* Romon
* Mirror

## Cultural properties
### Important cultural properties

* Shinju-kyo (神獣鏡), Eastern Wu. This bronze mirror was recovered from the nearby Toriiharakitsunezuka Kofun burial mound. The mirror has an engraving around its rim, giving the Chinese Regnal year of 238 AD, a date corresponding to then Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. It is the earliest positively dated mirror in Japan and raises the intriguing possibility that trade existed between proto-Japanese Kofun period states and the mainland of Asia during the Kofun period. The mirror was designated an National Important Cultural Property on June 6, 1979.
# John Caroll Houston IV

John Caroll Houston IV (April 3, 1842 – February 22, 1918) was one of the first permanent settlers of Eau Gallie, Florida and served as its mayor for three terms in 1897, 1902, and 1910.
# Bad Boys for Life (soundtrack)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| HipHopDX | 3.3/5 |
| RapReviews | 6.5/10 |
Bad Boys for Life is the soundtrack to Adil El Arbi and Bilall Fallah's 2020 film Bad Boys for Life. It was released on January 17, 2020 via We the Best Music Group/Epic Records, and consists of ten tracks. Its lead single, "Ritmo (Bad Boys for Life)" performed by the Black Eyed Peas and J Balvin, was released on October 11, 2019.
# Clare Gray

Clare Francis Gray (born 3 June 1997) is a Japanese female handball player for Omron Corporation and the Japanese national team.
She represented Japan at the 2021 World Women's Handball Championship in Spain.
# Departmental Council of Lot-et-Garonne

The Departmental Council of Lot-et-Garonne (French: Conseil départemental de Lot-et-Garonne, Occitan: Conselh departamental d'Òut e Garona) is the deliberative assembly of the French department of Lot-et-Garonne. Its headquarters are in Agen.

## Composition

The departmental council of Lot-et-Garonne includes 42 departmental councilors elected from the 21 cantons of Lot-et-Garonne.
Composition by party (as of 2021) :
| Party | Acronym | Seats | Groups |
| Majority (24 seats) |||||
| Socialist Party | PS | 17 | Departmental majority |
| Miscellaneous left | DVG | 4 | Departmental majority |
| Europe Ecology – The Greens | EELV | 2 | Departmental majority |
| La France Insoumise | LFI | 1 | Departmental majority |
| Opposition (16 seats) |||||
| Miscellaneous right | DVD | 13 | L’avenir ensemble |
| Miscellaneous centre | DVC | 3 | L’avenir ensemble |
| The Republicans | LR | 1 | L’avenir ensemble |
| Sans étiquette | SE | 1 | La dynamique citoyenne |

## Executive
### President

On 1 July 2021, Sophie Borderie was re-elected president of the departmental council.

### Vice-presidents

In addition to the president, the executive consists of 12 vice-presidents.
Vice-presidents of the Departmental Council of Lot-et-Garonne (since 2021) :
| Order | Name | Canton (constituency) | Delegation |
| 1st | Nicolas Lacombe | L'Albret | Educational and college policies |
| 2nd | Christine Gonzato-Roques | Le Haut Agenais Périgord | Social development, integration and housing |
| 3rd | Christian Dezalos | Agen-2 | Finance, heritage, public policy analysis, general administration and human resources |
| 4th | Laurence Lamy | Agen-2 | Citizenship |
| 5th | Jacques Bilirit | Marmande-2 | Culture |
| 6th | Valérie Tonin | Lavardac | Higher education |
| 7th | Daniel Borie | Le Fumélois | Regional planning, infrastructure and mobility |
| 8th | Marylène Paillarès | L'Albret | Sport, gender equality and anti-discrimination laws |
| 9th | Joel Hocquelet | Marmande-1 | Agriculture and forestry |
| 10th | Danielle Dhélias | Le Val du Dropt | Rurality, sustainable development and the environment |
| 11th | Ludovic Biasotto | Lavardac | Economic development, tourism, and contractual policies |
| 12th | Annie Messina-Ventadoux | Villeneuve-sur-Lot-2 | Elderly and medical demography |
# Olevsk

Olevsk (Ukrainian: Олевськ, IPA: ; Polish: Olewsk; Yiddish: אלעווסק) is a city in Korosten Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine. As of January 2022 its population was approximately 10,032.

## History

* Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1488–1569)
* Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1793)
* Russian Empire (1793–1917)
* Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1918)
* Ukrainian State (1918)
* Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1919)
* Republic of Poland (1919–1920)
* Soviet Ukraine (1920–1922)
* Soviet Union (1922–1991)
* Nazi Germany (1941–1944) (occupation)
* Ukraine (1991–present)
Olevsk was first mentioned in 1488. In 1641 Olevsk was granted Magdeburg city rights by Polish King Władysław IV Vasa.
Later it became a town in Volhynian Governorate of the Russian Empire.
During World War II on November 15 or 21, 1941, members of Taras Bulba-Borovets' Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army collaborated with the German administration in taking more than 500 Jews from Olevsk to Varvarivka, where they were murdered.
On December 25, 2011, the city council of Olevsk renamed the streets of the city that bore the names of Soviet leaders, naming them in honor of prominent figures of the Ukrainian nationalist and patriotic movement. The streets and lanes named after Pavlo Postyshev, Stanislav Kosior, Hryhoriy Petrovsky, Mykhailo Kalinin, and Hryhoriy Kotovsky were renamed. Instead, they were named after Olena Teliha, Oleh Olzhych, Hetman Vyhovsky, Oleksiy Opanasiuk, Heroes of Kruty, the 20th anniversary of Ukraine's independence, and Yuriy Tiutiunnyk.

## Gallery

* Ubort River in Olevsk
* Olevsk railway station
* Saint Nicholas monument
* St. Nicholas Church