OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Aqsaqal

Aqsaqal or aksakal (literally meaning "white beard" in Kipchak languages) metaphorically refers to the male elders, the old and wise of the community in parts of Central Asia, the Caucasus and Bashkortostan. Traditionally, an aqsaqal was the leader of a village or aul until the Soviet times. Acting as advisors or judges, these elders have or had a role in politics and the justice system in countries and tribes. For instance, there are aksakal courts in Kyrgyzstan. In Uzbekistan, which has traditionally been a more urban society (the Uzbeks being sarts or town-dwellers, as opposed to Yörüks), cities are divided up into mahallas. Each mahalla has an aqsaqal who acts as the district leader.

## Redevelopment of the aqsaqal courts in Kyrgyzstan

In 1995, then-President of Kyrgyzstan Askar Akayev announced a decree to revitalize the aqsaqal courts. The courts would have jurisdiction over property, torts and family law. The aqsaqal courts were eventually included under Article 92 of the Kyrgyz constitution. As of 2006, there were approximately 1,000 aqsaqal courts throughout Kyrgyzstan, including in the capital of Bishkek. Akaev linked the development of these courts to the rekindling of Kyrgyz national identity. In a 2005 speech, he connected the courts back to the country's nomadic past and extolled how the courts expressed the Kyrgyz ability of self-governance.
# John Peroutt Taylor

John Peroutt Taylor (1855 – September 5, 1930), also known as John Pervatt Taylor, was a Democratic Mississippi politician and legislator who was the state treasurer of Mississippi from 1916 to 1920.

## Biography

John Peroutt Taylor was born in the year 1855, in Carroll County, Mississippi. He was the son of Benjamin B. and Elizabeth Frances Taylor. He graduated from Vanderbilt University with a medical degree in 1881 and started practicing medicine. He was also a farmer. He was elected to represent Montgomery County as a Democrat in the Mississippi House of Representatives in November 1891. He served there from 1892 to 1906. He was elected to the Mississippi State Senate in 1911, representing the 26th District, which composed of Carroll and Montgomery Counties. In 1915, he was elected the state treasurer of Mississippi. He served in this position from January 17, 1916 to January 19, 1920. He died on September 5, 1930, in Winona, Mississippi.

## Personal life

Taylor was a devout Baptist. He never married. His cousin, Walter Nesbit Taylor, was also a Mississippi state senator.
# Treasures of the Ancients

Treasures of the Ancients is a 1993 role-playing supplement for Gamma World published by TSR.

## Contents

Treasures of the Ancients is a supplement in which the technological gear of the setting is detailed.

## Reception

Gene Alloway reviewed Treasures of the Ancients in White Wolf #37 (July/Aug., 1993), rating it a 3 out of 5 and stated that "Though originally part of the Gamma World book in 3rd edition, Treasures of the Ancients is reasonably priced and well-done. It is indispensable for the Gamma World universe, and somewhat useful for other TSR products. There is a lot of high-tech in here, and a few of the higher end things in a low tech environment could make things interesting, especially if the players aren't the ones with the tech."

## Reviews

* Action Check #8 (Jan., 2001)
* Papyrus (Issue 16 - April Fools 1995)
# Robert Carter

Robert or Bob Carter may refer to:

## Entertainers

* Robert Carter (ballet dancer), African-American ballet dancer
* Bob Carter (musician) (1922–1993), American jazz bassist and arranger born Robert Kahakalau
* Robert "Bob" Carter (1929–2013), aka Sammy Terry, Indianapolis horror host television personality

## Politicians

* Robert Carter I (1663–1732), American businessman and colonist in Virginia
* Robert Carter III (1727/8–1804), United States founding father
* Robert Wormeley Carter (1734-1797), Virginia planter, patriot and politician
* Robert W. Carter (1792–1861), Virginia planter and politician
* Robert Carter (magistrate) (1791–1872), naval officer and magistrate in colonial Newfoundland
* Robert Meek Carter (1814–1882), English politician, member of parliament for Leeds
* Bobby Carter (1939–2015), American politician
* Bob Carter (American politician)

## Soldiers

* Robert Carter (RAF officer) (1910–2012), British military pilot
* Robert G. Carter (1845–1936), U.S. cavalry officer and Medal of Honor recipient
* Robert Randolph Carter (1825–1888), American naval officer

## Sportsmen

* Robert Carter (basketball) (born 1994), American basketball player
* Robert Carter (cricketer, born 1960), English cricketer for Northamptonshire, and for Canterbury in New Zealand
* Robert Carter (footballer) (1880–1928), English pre-war football player
* Bob Carter (cricketer, born 1937), English cricketer for Worcestershire

## Others

* Robert Carter (editor) (1819–1879), United States editor
* Robert Carter (priest) (1927–2010), Roman Catholic priest and gay rights activist
* Robert B. Carter (born 1960), American business executive with FedEx
* Robert Brudenell Carter (1828–1918), British physician and ophthalmic surgeon
* Robert L. Carter (1917–2012), civil rights activist, NAACP lawyer, and U.S. District Court judge
* Robert L. Carter (Illinois judge), former justice of the Illinois Supreme Court
* Robert M. Carter (1942–2016), English geologist and palaeontologist
* Rob Carter (born 1949), American professor of typography and graphic design
* Robert H. Carter III (1847–1908), American pharmacist
* Robert H. Carter (rheumatologist), American rheumatologist and physician-scientist
* Robert Eugene Carter (1929–1957), American man executed by the District of Columbia
# William Healy

William Healy may refer to:
* Will Healy (William Livingston Healy; born 1985), American football coach at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte
* William Healy (judge) (1881–1962), United States federal judge
* William J. Healy (1939–2001), member of the Ohio House of Representatives
* William J. Healy II (born 1960s), mayor of Canton, Ohio
* William Healy (actor) (born 2001), television actor
* William Healy (neurologist) (1869–1963), British-American psychiatrist and criminologist
* William Healy (javelin thrower), American javelin thrower, 4th at the 1924 United States Olympic trials
# Anna Belousova

Anna Belousova (Russian: Анна Белоусова; born 23 August 1996) is a female Russian swimmer. She is the 2019 Russian National Champion at 100 meters breaststroke.

## Early life and education

Belousova was born in Russia on 23 August 1996. Since 2017, she has been a student Texas A&M University, planning to major in leadership.

## Career

In swimming, Belousova won the 100 metres breastroke gold medal at the 2019 Russian National Championships in Moscow, Russia, on 12 April. Belousova is a member of the Aggie Swim Club.
# Looe Mills

Looe Mills or Looemills is a hamlet in Cornwall, England. It is on the A38 road between Liskeard and Dobwalls. According to the Post Office the population at the 2011 census was included in the civil parish of Dobwalls and Trewidland.
# Patient and Client Council (Northern Ireland)

The Patient and Client Council (PCC) was first established in 2009 as part of the Health and Social Care (Reform) Act (Northern Ireland) 2009 promotes patients' interests to the Health and Social Care.
The council consists of 5 members from district councils, 5 members from voluntary organisations with an interest in health and social care, and 1 member from a trade union.

## Reports

In October 2020, the PCC submitted evidence to the Health Committee of the Assembly regarding the impact of COVID-19 on care homes - heavily criticising the visitation arrangements of care homes.
In December 2020, the PCC released a report on the impact of shielding in Northern Ireland, suggesting improvements in accessibility for people shielding. In January 2021, the PCC released a report on health literacy, calling for greater patient involvement in making decisions.
In May 2022, the PCC released a report on grief and bereavement describing public concerns about the stigma associated with death and the specific stigmas associated with suicide.
In February 2023, the PCC released a report on the possible closure of Muckamore Abbey Hospital describing concerns about replacement services.

## Controversies

In August 2023, the PCC was reprimanded by the Information Commissioner's Office over a data breach.
# Richard Abbay

Richard Felix Abbay (June 9, 1838 - June 5, 1919) was an American politician and planter and a Democratic Mississippi state legislator in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

## Biography

Richard Felix Abbay was born in Davidson County, Tennessee, on June 9, 1838. He was the son of Richard, a planter, and Mary (Compton) Abbay. Abbay was raised in Mississippi, and received his early education in Tennessee. He graduated from Cumberland University in 1858. He then had to go to Cuba due to poor health. He was able to return to New Orleans on the last ship to enter the port before the Union blockade, the Habana. After returning, Richard joined the Confederate States Army, but, after briefly serving, he had to return home (to Tunica County, Mississippi) after suffering a stroke of paralysis.

## Career

Abbay read law under General James R. Chalmers and was admitted to the Tennessee bar in 1867. After four years, he stopped practicing law to focus on his family plantation in Tunica County, Mississippi. Abbay was first elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives, representing Tunica County as a Democrat in 1887 for the 1888-1890 term. He was re-elected (in 1889) for the 1890-1892 term. Abbay also served on the 1890 Mississippi Constitutional Convention. Abbay served again in the House from 1896 to 1900. He was elected to the Mississippi State Senate in 1899 to represent the 34th district, which composed of Mississippi's Coahoma, Quitman, and Tunica counties, from 1900 to 1904.

## Later life

Abbay died at his home in Commerce, Mississippi, on June 5, 1919.
# Who's Who in the DC Universe (DC Heroes)

Who's Who in the DC Universe is a series of role-playing supplements for DC Heroes published by Mayfair Games from 1992 to 1993.

## Contents

Who's Who in the DC Universe is a supplement in which characters, equipment, and locations are described.

## Publication history

Shannon Appelcline noted that although Mayfair was closing down their other role-playing lines by 1993, "It looked like DC Heroes might continue, as it was reaching a new creative high in its final years. Swamp Thing (1991), Magic (1992) and Who's Who in the DC Universe 2 (1992) all covered new ground for the game by detailing people and places that were then gelling into DC's new Vertigo universe (1993)."$^{:169}$

## Reception

Gene Alloway reviewed Who's Who in the DC Universe I, II, and III in White Wolf #37 (July/Aug., 1993), rating it a 4 out of 5 and stated that "Who's Who in the DC Universe is a worthy addition to the DC Heroes line of products. Covering virtually every object and character of any note in the DC Universe, it should provide characters and GM's with a great cast book for characters, or to at least get ideas for new characters. I highly recommend this Mayfair series to all DC Heroes and any DC Comics fan who wants a great resource."
# Niklas Lidströmer

Niklas Georg Lidströmer (born 3 June 1974) is a Swedish physician and researcher.
Lidströmer is a senior researcher at Karolinska Institutet. Lidströmer received a Master of Science (MSc) in 2000 and an MD 2002 from Uppsala University. He obtained medical license in 2005 and became a specialist physician in 2011.
Lidströmer researches within artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine and is a senior advisor within AI and medical applications. Lidströmer has launched the concept Global Patient co-Owned Cloud (GPOC) in several publications, including Nature Communications, BMC Digital Health., and American Journal of Bioethics Open Research.
Lidströmer is editor-in-chief for the reference work, Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Springer Nature (130 chapters, 1,858 pages), with a foreword by Eric Topol. Lidströmer is also editor for Artificial Intelligence in COVID-19, Springer Nature, together with Yonina C. Eldar, with a foreword by James J. Collins, published in 2022.
Niklas Lidströmer is the incumbent principal of the Swedish noble family Lidströmer.
# Anna Sloan

Anna Sloan (born 5 February 1991) is a Scottish curler. She was the longtime third for the Eve Muirhead rink. Representing Scotland, they won the 2011 European Championships, the 2013 World Championships, and the 2017 European Championships. Representing Great Britain, they won an Olympic bronze medal at the 2014 Sochi Games and finished fourth at the 2018 Pyeongchang Games.

## Career

Sloan played third for Eve Muirhead's junior rink, winning the 2009 World Junior Curling Championships for Scotland. In 2010, she won a silver medal at the European Championships as alternate to the Muirhead rink. At the same time, Sloan skipped her own ladies rink and defeated Muirhead's separate ladies rink en route to the 2011 Scottish Championships, defeating Hannah Fleming in the final. Before representing Scotland at her first World Championship, she won a second World Junior Championship playing third for the Muirhead junior rink. Two weeks later at the World Championships, she skipped Scotland to a ninth-place finish. In addition, Sloan has skipped Great Britain to gold medals at the 2009 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival and the 2011 Winter Universiade.
Since the 2011–2012 season, Sloan has played third for the Muirhead rink, winning the 2011 European Championships and 2013 World Championships, Scotland's first world title in the women's event since 2002. They are also the 2012 and 2013 European silver medallists. The 2013 Scottish world champion team of Muirhead, Sloan, Vicki Adams (second) and Claire Hamilton (lead) were selected to represent Great Britain at the 2014 Winter Olympics, where they won the bronze medal. At the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, with Sochi alternate Lauren Gray replacing Hamilton in lead, the team finished fourth. She decided to take a break from curling following the 2017-2018 season.

## Personal life

Sloan went to Glasgow Caledonian University, studying sport and active lifestyle promotion with the help of a Winning Student award. She lives in Stirling.
# James Shannon (Massachusetts politician)

James Michael Shannon (born April 4, 1952) is an American Democratic politician from Massachusetts. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1979 to 1985, and later as the Massachusetts Attorney General.

## Biography

Shannon was born on April 4, 1952, in Methuen, Massachusetts, and grew up in Lawrence. He graduated from Phillips Academy in 1969 and received his B.A. in political science from Johns Hopkins University in 1973. He earned a J.D. degree at George Washington University Law School in 1975 and practiced law in Lawrence.
In 1970 and 1971 Shannon was an intern in the office of Congressman F. Bradford Morse. From 1973 to 1975 he served on the staff of Congressman Michael J. Harrington. In 1976 he ran for the Massachusetts State Senate, losing the Democratic primary to incumbent William X. Wall by only eight votes.
He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1978, succeeding Paul E. Tsongas, who ran successfully for the United States Senate. Shannon was reelected in 1980 and 1982.
In 1981, he was selected to be one of the first Young Leaders of the French-American Foundation.
When Senator Tsongas announced his retirement in 1984, Shannon entered the race to succeed him. He was defeated in the Democratic primary by Lieutenant Governor John Forbes Kerry, who went on to win the seat. Shannon served out the rest of his term in the House, leaving office in January 1985, at which point he was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board.
In 1986, he was elected Attorney General of Massachusetts, defeating Edward F. Harrington and serving from 1987 to 1991. He was defeated for re-election in 1990 by Scott Harshbarger in the Democratic primary.
In 2000 Shannon led Bill Bradley's presidential campaign in Massachusetts and was a Bradley delegate to Democratic National Convention.
He was elected president and Chief Executive Officer of the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) in 2002, and served until 2014.
He became President of the International Electrotechnical Commission on 1 January 2017 for a three-year term.
# Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences

The Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences has been published by the United States National Academy of Sciences since 1877 and presents biographies of selected members. This series of annual volumes (often abbreviated BMNAS), and the analogous British Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, are "important examples of biographical serials".
The entries in the series are written by an academy member familiar with the subject's work and are written after the subject's death. Each entry includes a biography, a photo, and a copy of the subject's signature. Recent biographies from this series have also been made available online.
# Earl S. Richardson (politician)

Earl Stribling Richardson (May 29, 1879 - September 2, 1943) was a Democratic Mississippi lawyer and politician from Neshoba County. He represented the state's 19th district in the Mississippi State Senate from 1916 to 1920 and from 1932 to 1936, and the 17th district from 1940 to his death in 1943. He also represented Neshoba County in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1936 to 1940.

## Biography

Earl Stribling Richardson was born on May 29, 1879, in Hope, Neshoba County, Mississippi. He was the son of William Wescott Richardson and Nancy Kenchelo (Stribling) Richardson. William, originally from Belmont, Alabama, was one of the founders of the Neshoba County Fair. Earl attended the public schools of Neshoba County and graduated from Waldo High School. He then attended the Millsaps College, graduating in the Law Class of 1902 and 1903. He began practicing law afterwards. He also was the president of the Neshoba County Fair for ten years, until before 1916.

## Political career

Richardson was the City Attorney of Philadelphia, Mississippi, from 1910 to 1912. He was elected to represent Mississippi's 19th senatorial district in the Mississippi Senate as a Democrat in 1915 for the 1916–1920 term. He then represented the same district in the Senate from 1932 to 1936. In 1935, he was elected to represent Neshoba County in the Mississippi House of Representatives for the 1936–1940 term. In 1939, he was elected to represent Mississippi's 17th senatorial district (Leake and Neshoba Counties) in the Mississippi Senate, for the 1940–1944 term. However, he died suddenly in his home in Philadelphia, Mississippi, on September 2, 1943, before his term ended. Before he died, he was nominated without opposition to represent Neshoba county in the Mississippi House for the 1944–1948 term.
# Stacker crane problem

In combinatorial optimization, the stacker crane problem is an optimization problem closely related to the traveling salesperson problem. Its input consists of a collection of ordered pairs of points in a metric space, and the goal is to connect these points into a cycle of minimum total length that includes all of the pairs, oriented consistently with each other. It models problems of scheduling the pickup and delivery of individual loads of cargo, by a stacker crane, construction crane or (in drayage) a truck, in a simplified form without constraints on the timing of these deliveries. It was introduced by Frederickson, Hecht & Kim (1978), with an equivalent formulation in terms of mixed graphs with directed edges modeling the input pairs and undirected edges modeling their distances. Frederickson et al. credit its formulation to a personal communication of Daniel J. Rosenkrantz.
The stacker crane problem can be viewed as a generalization of the traveling salesperson problem in metric spaces: any instance of the traveling salesperson problem can be transformed into an instance of the stacker crane problem, having a pair $(p,p)$ for each point in the travelling salesman instance. In the other direction, the stacker crane problem can be viewed as a special case of the asymmetric traveling salesperson problem, where the points of the asymmetric traveling salesperson problem are the pairs of a stacker crane instance and the distance from one pair to another is taken as the distance from the delivery point of the first pair, through its pickup point, to the delivery point of the second pair. Because it generalizes the traveling salesperson problem, it inherits the same computational complexity: it is NP-hard, and at least as hard to approximate.
An approximation algorithm based on the Christofides algorithm for the traveling salesperson problem can approximate the solution of the stacker crane problem to within an approximation ratio of 9/5.
The problem of designing the back side of an embroidery pattern to minimize the total amount of thread used is closely related to the stacker crane problem, but it allows each of its pairs of points (the ends of the visible stitches on the front side of the pattern) to be traversed in either direction, rather than requiring the traversal to go through all pairs in a consistent direction. It is NP-hard by the same transformation from the traveling salesperson problem, and can be approximated to within an approximation ratio of 2. Another variation of the stacker crane problem, called the dial-a-ride problem, asks for the minimum route for a vehicle to perform a collection of pickups and deliveries while allowing it to hold some number k > 1 of loads at any point along its route.
# Thomas Bragg

Thomas Bragg (November 9, 1810 – January 21, 1872) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 34th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1855 through 1859. During the Civil War, he served in the Confederate States Cabinet. He was the older brother of General Braxton Bragg. They were direct descendants of Thomas Bragg (1579–1665) who was born in England and settled in the Virginia Colony.
Born in Warrenton, North Carolina, to a middle-class, slaveowning family, Bragg attended Warrenton Academy and later graduated from Captain Partridge’s American Literary, Scientific & Military Academy (now known as Norwich University – The Military College of Vermont). He was admitted to the bar in 1833 and commenced practice in Jackson, North Carolina. He was a member of the North Carolina General Assembly from 1842 to 1843 and became the prosecuting attorney for Northampton County. He successfully ran for governor of North Carolina and served from 1855 to 1859. He then took a seat in the United States Senate, serving from 1859 until the start of the Civil War in 1861. He served as chairman of the Committee on Claims in the thirty-sixth congress. He resigned and was expelled for siding with the Confederacy. Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed Bragg Attorney General of the Confederate States; he served from 1861 until his resignation in 1862. In 1870, Bragg served as special counsel in the impeachment proceedings of Governor William Woods Holden, related to the latter's efforts to curb the influence of the Ku Klux Klan in Reconstruction-era North Carolina. He continued to practice law until his death in 1872, and was also chairman of the central executive committee of the North Carolina Democratic Party (then called the Democratic-Conservative Party) as of 1870. He was interred in Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh, North Carolina.
His home at Jackson, the Amis-Bragg House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.
# Anna Egorova

Anna Dmitrievna Egorova (Russian: Анна Дмитриевна Егорова; born 31 May 1998) is a Russian swimmer. She competed in the women's 800 metre freestyle event at the 2018 European Aquatics Championships, winning the bronze medal.