OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Government negotiation with terrorists

Most Western countries have a stated policy of not negotiating with terrorists. This policy is typically invoked during hostage crises and is limited to paying ransom demands, not other forms of negotiation. Motivations for such policies include a lack of guarantee that terrorists will ensure the safe return of hostages, and worries about the increasing incentive for terrorists to take more hostages in the future.
On June 18, 2013, G8 leaders signed an agreement against paying ransoms to terrorists. However, most Western states have violated this policy on certain occasions. An investigation by The New York Times found that Al-Qaeda and its affiliates have taken in at least $125 million in revenue from kidnappings since 2008. These payments were made almost exclusively by European governments, which funneled the money through a network of proxies, sometimes masking it as development aid.
Some Western countries, such as the United States, Canada, and Britain, tend not to negotiate or pay ransom to terrorists. Others, such as France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland are more open to negotiation. This is a source of tension between governments with opposing policies.

## By country
### United States

The United States traditionally has a policy against negotiating with terrorists. However, there have been heavily criticized incidents in which U.S. government leaders were found to have negotiated with terrorists:
* In the Iran–Contra affair, the Reagan administration sought to free seven American hostages being held in Lebanon by Hezbollah, a paramilitary group with Iranian ties connected to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, by selling them weapons. The scandal led to the resignation of several high ranking US government officials.
* In May 2014, the U.S. government secured the release of Sergeant Bowe Bergdahl in exchange for five Taliban prisoners held in Guantanamo. His release led to criticism by Republican lawmakers, who claimed President Barack Obama had abandoned the decades-old U.S. policy of not negotiating with terrorists.
In June 2024, reports surfaced that the administration of President Joe Biden was negotiating the release of American hostages held by Hamas. These negotiations were considered to be separate from the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian negotiations.

### Israel

Israel generally does not negotiate with terrorists. Counter examples include:
* The Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange in 2011, where Hamas released Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit in exchange for 1,027 prisoners held by Israel.

### Other

In 1988, the Spanish government negotiated with the ETA six months after the group had killed 21 shoppers in the 1987 Hipercor bombing.
The British government maintained a secret back-channel to the Irish Republican Army, even after the 1991 Downing Street mortar attack.
In January 2015, hostages Haruna Yukawa and Kenji Goto were beheaded by ISIL after Japan refused to meet ISIL's demand of $200 million for the release of the hostages.
# Not the End of the World (Brookmyre novel)

Not the End of the World is Christopher Brookmyre's third novel, and the first not to feature Jack Parlabane, Christopher Brookmyre's most used character. The novel is also the first book Brookmyre has written that is based solely outside of the United Kingdom. The story takes place in Los Angeles.

## Plot introduction

LAPD cop Larry Freeman is given the task of 'baby-sitting' a B-movie film festival as a way of easing himself back into work after the death of his son, but things soon turn violent when a right-wing Christian group targets ex-porn actress Madeline Witherson. As Larry investigates the attacks on Maddy and the disappearance of an oceanic survey vessel it becomes clear that certain parties are not content to wait for the Apocalypse.

## Characters

Larry Freeman Los Angeles Police Department police officer. He has recently returned to his job after the death of his son. Previously mentioned in Brookmyre's book Quite Ugly One Morning where he gives Jack Parlabane a gun which ends up saving his life. Madeline Witherson Former adult actress who now stars in Hollywood B-Movies. She meets Steff during a photoshoot for her new movie. She is the victim of several right-wing religious attacks at the film festival the book surrounds. Steff Kennedy Scottish photographer from Motherwell. Has long blonde hair and suffers greatly from jet-lag in the book. Has a romantic relationship with Madeline Witherson in the book and helps investigate the attacks against her. Steff also appears in Brookmyre's book A Big Boy Did It and Ran Away. In that book he was the photographer for a band's album sleeve; he photographs band members again in Dead Girl Walking.
# Soerjopranoto

Soerjopranoto (EYD: Suryopranoto; 11 January 1871 – 15 October 1959) was an Indonesian politician and labor leader. He founded and lead the Personeel Fabriek Bond (PFB), a labor union associated with the Sarekat Islam movement, of which he was a member of from 1915 to 1933. He was dubbed "The Strike King" by the Dutch press for his involvement in the labor movement. He was also the elder brother of Ki Hajar Dewantara, a pro-independence activist and nationalist. Following his death, Soerjopranoto was proclaimed a national hero by President Sukarno.
# Josh Forrest

Josh Forrest (born February 24, 1992) is a former American football linebacker. He played college football at Kentucky and was selected by the Los Angeles Rams in the sixth round of the 2016 NFL draft.

## College career

Forrest played college football for the University of Kentucky. He originally was a reserved and did not start until his junior year, where he led the Wildcats in tackles for two years straight.

## Professional career
### Los Angeles Rams

Forrest was selected by the Los Angeles Rams on in the sixth round, 190th overall pick in the 2016 NFL draft. On June 9, 2016, the Rams signed Forrest to a four-year contract with the team. He was placed on injured reserve on November 22, 2016.
On September 2, 2017, Forrest was waived/injured by the Rams and placed on injured reserve. He was released on September 9, 2017.

### Seattle Seahawks

On October 16, 2017, Forrest was signed to the practice squad of the Seattle Seahawks. He was promoted to the active roster on November 7, 2017. He was placed on injured reserve on December 2, 2017.
On August 2, 2018, Forrest re-signed with the Seahawks. He was waived on September 1, 2018.
# William L. Walker Jr.

William L. Walker Jr. (born October 24, 1960) is an American politician, who has served in the Arkansas House of Representatives and Arkansas Senate. He served in the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1987–1994; and the Arkansas Senate from 1995–2002. He often uses the name Bill Walker, and lives in Little Rock.
Walker was born in Little Rock. He is Baptist. He is married and has a daughter. He unsuccessfully campaigned in 2006 to be Mayor of Little Rock.
# Sharon Sanders Brooks

Sharon Sanders Brooks is a former American Democrat politician from Kansas City, Missouri, who served in the Missouri House of Representatives.
Born in Lynchburg, Virginia, she attended Francis L. Cardozo High School, Bennett College, and American University. She has worked as a historical consultant, a civil rights investigator, and a fair housing investigator.
# Edward A. Johnson

Edward Austin Johnson (November 23, 1860 – July 24, 1944) was an attorney who became the first African-American member of the New York state legislature when he was elected to the New York State Assembly in 1917.

## Biography

Johnson was born in slavery in Wake County, North Carolina. Johnson, in his early education, was taught by a free colored woman, Miss Nancy Walton. He continued his education at Washington High School. He then attended Atlanta University and worked as a school principal from 1883 until 1891, first in Atlanta and then in Raleigh, North Carolina. Meanwhile, he wrote A School History of the Negro Race in America, which was the first textbook by a black author to be approved by the North Carolina State Board of Education for use in the public schools.
Johnson earned a law degree at Shaw University in 1891 and thereafter practiced law in the Raleigh area while also teaching at Shaw. He was the first graduate of the law school at Shaw and served as dean, following John S. Leary in that capacity. Johnson won every case that he argued before the North Carolina Supreme Court. From 1899 to 1907, he was an assistant to the U.S. Attorney for eastern North Carolina. Johnson became active in the Republican Party and served a term on Raleigh's city board of aldermen.
In 1907, Johnson left North Carolina for New York City. He became active in Harlem and in the Republican Party there. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 19th D.) in 1918. In 1928, he ran for Congress in the 21st District but lost to Royal H. Weller. Despite his loss, he received the greatest number of votes from the Republican party in his district. Even with the loss of his sight in 1925, he continued to work in politics and on various projects that supported his country and race.

## Publications

In 1890, Johnson wrote a children's textbook entitled A School History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1890, after the Raleigh School Superintendent convinced him that there was need for a history textbook for children about African American achievements. It was published in four editions until 1911 and was adopted by Virginia and North Carolina black schools. In 1899, Johnson wrote his second textbook entitled History of the Negro Soldiers in the Spanish American War and Other Items of Interest. In 1904, Johnson wrote a utopian novel entitled Light Ahead for the Negro, which describes a 2006 future in which there is no anti-black discrimination. In 1928, Johnson published his last book, Adam vs Ape-Man in Ethiopia.

## Family

Edward Austin Johnson was born to Eliza Adelaide Smith and Columbus Johnson/Hines. His mother Eliza was enslaved by Sylvester Smith near Raleigh while his father Columbus was enslaved nearby by the daughters of Richard Hines, Rowena and Susan Hines.
# Li Jingshou

Li Jingshou (Chinese: 李敬受) (died 437?) was a princess of the Lushuihu-led Northern Liang dynasty of China. Her husband was Juqu Mujian (Prince Ai).
Li Jingshou was the daughter of the Western Liang prince Li Gao and Lady Yin, who was later princess dowager when Li Jingshou's brother Li Xin became prince in 417. When he was subsequently defeated and killed in 420 by the Northern Liang prince Juqu Mengxun, the Western Liang capital Jiuquan (酒泉, in modern Jiuquan, Gansu) fell to Northern Liang, and Princess Dowager Yin and Li Jingshou were captured. However, because Juqu Mengxun admired Princess Dowager Yin's courage (in refusing to plead for her life), he treated her with respect, and married Li Jingshou to his son Juqu Mujian.
In 433, with Juqu Mengxun extremely ill, the Northern Liang nobles, believing Juqu Mengxun's younger brother Juqu Puti (沮渠菩提), whom Juqu Mengxun had designed heir apparent, to be too young to govern, deposed Juqu Puti and made Juqu Mujian heir apparent instead. Apparently, after Juqu Mengxun soon died and was succeeded by Juqu Mujian, Li Jingshou was created princess. However, in 437, Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei, to whose state Northern Liang submitted as a vassal, wanted to marry his sister Princess Wuwei to Juqu Mujian. Juqu Mujian was therefore forced to divorce Princess Li, and she and her mother Princess Dowager Yin were relocated from the Northern Liang capital Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu) to Jiuquan. Princess Li soon died.
# Rudaki, Iran

Rudaki (Persian: رودكي, also Romanized as Rūdakī) is a village in Jowzar Rural District, in the Central District of Mamasani County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 139, in 30 families.
# Ben Stone (politician)

Ben Harry Stone (born January 18, 1935) is an American politician in the state of Mississippi. He served in the Mississippi State Senate from 1968 to 1979.
* This article about a Mississippi politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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# Dominion (2018 film)

Dominion is a 2018 Australian documentary film filmed primarily with drones and hidden cameras inside Australian slaughterhouses and macro-farms with the aim to expose an opaque and inhumane system, according to the film's writer, director, and producer, Chris Delforce, an animal rights activist. The film documents multiple animal abuse industries in Australia, especially agricultural livestock, while focusing its message on animal rights. Dominion portrays the killing of animals through methods such as using carbon dioxide to gas pigs, maceration of chicks, and skinning foxes alive.

## Production

Dominion was managed by the animal protection and animal rights organisation, Farm Transparency Project, previously known as Aussie Farms. The film was funded through crowdfunding campaigns and the Australian animal rights organisation Voiceless. It features narration by the famous actors Joaquin Phoenix, Rooney Mara and Sadie Sink, as well as the singer Sia. It premiered in Melbourne on 29 March 2018. It was filmed to be a feature-length documentary sequel to Lucent (2014), which mostly focused on the Australian pig farming industry.

## Reception

Following its release, Dominion received the award for Best Documentary Feature at the 2018 Hollywood International Moving Pictures Film Festival, and Delforce won Best Director at the Festigious International Film Festival. Dominion has been used as a focal point for vegan protest groups, who encourage others to watch the documentary.

## Criticism

Australian farmers have been critical of the film, seeing it as an "attack on Australian farming". The Australian Meat Industry Council Chief Executive, Patrick Hutchinson, has said, "What the film shows is not representative of the practices of the wider industry", while Fiona Simson, president of the National Farmers' Federation, recognised that there was "room for improvement" by industry to improve animal welfare practices.
# Daniel Randall Magruder

Daniel Randall Magruder (January 6, 1835 – February 20, 1915) was a Maryland lawyer who served by appointment as a justice of the Maryland Court of Appeals in 1881.

## Biography

Born in Annapolis, Maryland, to George Lee Magruder and Henrietta Sanford Randall Magruder, he attended private schools and later entered St. John's College. He was the youngest member of his class at the time of graduation, in 1853, and the last survivor. After leaving college, he began the study of law in the office of Alexander B. Hagner in Baltimore.
Magruder was admitted to the bar in 1856. He began practice in Calvert county, and in a short time was elected a member of the Maryland House of Delegates from that county. He was afterward elected judge of the circuit composed of Anne Arundel and Calvert counties, and after a change in the Constitution, was elected to the bench of the district composed of Calvert, Charles, St. Mary's and Prince George's counties. Upon the death of Judge George Brent he was appointed by Governor William T. Hamilton as chief judge of that circuit, and thereby became a member of the Court of Appeals.
Magruder ran for election to the seat later that year as a Democrat, but was narrowly defeated by Republican candidate Frederick Stone.

## Personal life and death

Magruder was twice married. His first wife was Miss Mary Sollers, daughter of Congressman Augustus R. Sollers. By that marriage he had one daughter, Mary R. Magruder. His second wife was Miss Rosalie Webster, of Cumberland, who, with the following children, survived him: Rosalie Magruder, Daniel R. Magruder, Eugene Magruder, a civil engineer, and Calvert Magruder, a law student at Harvard University, who would go on to become a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
Magruder died at his home in Annapolis at the age of 80, having been in grave condition for several weeks.
# The Headies Award for Best Pop Single

The Headies Award for Best Pop Single is an award presented at The Headies, a ceremony that was established in 2006 and originally called the Hip Hop World Awards. It was first presented to Dr SID's single Pop Something in 2011.

## Recipients

Best Pop Single :
| Year | Nominees | Result |
| 2019 | Ye – Burna Boy | Nominated |
| 2019 | Wetin We Gain – Victor AD | Nominated |
| 2019 | Fake Love – Starboy (featuring Duncan Mighty and Wizkid) | Nominated |
| 2019 | Case – Teni | Won |
| 2019 | Jealous – Fireboy DML | Nominated |
| 2019 | Baby – Joeboy | Nominated |
| 2018 | Mad Over You – Runtown | Nominated |
| 2018 | All Over – Tiwa Savage | Nominated |
| 2018 | Yeba – Kiss Daniel | Nominated |
| 2018 | Iskaba – Wande Coal & DJ Tunez | Nominated |
| 2018 | If – Davido | Won |
| 2018 | Fia – Davido | Nominated |
| 2016 | Mama – Kiss Daniel | Nominated |
| 2016 | Final (Baba Nla) – Wizkid | Nominated |
| 2016 | Pick Up – Adekunle Gold | Nominated |
| 2016 | Osinachi – Humblesmith (featuring Davido) | Nominated |
| 2016 | Reggae Blues – Harrysong (featuring Orezi, Iyanya, Olamide, Kcee) | Won |
| 2016 | Emergency – D’banj | Nominated |
| 2016 | Fada Fada – Phyno (featuring Olamide) | Nominated |
| 2016 | Money – Timaya (featuring Flavour) | Nominated |
| 2015 | Godwin – Korede Bello | Won |
| 2015 | Ojuelegba – Wizkid | Nominated |
| 2015 | Collabo – P-Square (featuring Don Jazzy) | Nominated |
| 2015 | My Woman, My Everything – Patoranking (featuring Wande Coal) | Nominated |
| 2015 | Woju – Kiss Daniel | Nominated |
| 2015 | Bobo – Olamide | Nominated |
| 2014 | Dorobucci – Mavin Crew | Won |
| 2014 | Aye – Davido | Nominated |
| 2014 | Johnny – Yemi Alade | Nominated |
| 2014 | Pull Over – Kcee (featuring Wizkid) | Nominated |
| 2014 | Double Wahala – Oritse Femi | Nominated |
| 2014 | Caro – Starboy (featuring Wizkid and L.A.X) | Nominated |
| 2014 | Surulere – Dr. Sid (featuring Don Jazzy) | Nominated |
| 2013 | Ihe Neme – 2Face Idibia | Won |
| 2013 | The Kick - Wande Coal (featuring Don Jazzy) | Nominated |
| 2013 | Gobe - Davido | Nominated |
| 2013 | Catching Cold - Tunde Ednut | Nominated |
| 2013 | Ur Waist – Iyanya | Nominated |
| 2013 | Goody Bag – D’Prince | Nominated |
| 2012 | Dami Duro – Davido | Nominated |
| 2012 | Oliver Twist – D’Banj | Nominated |
| 2012 | Gaga Crazy – Chuddy K | Nominated |
| 2012 | Chop My Money – P-Square (featuring Akon and May D) | Nominated |
| 2012 | Kukere – Iyanya | Won |
| 2011 | Give It To Me – D’Prince (featuring D'banj) | Nominated |
| 2011 | Pop Champaign – Dr. Sid (featuring D'banj) | Won |
| 2011 | Holla at Your Boy – Wizkid | Nominated |
| 2011 | Mr Endowed – D’banj | Nominated |
| 2011 | Fimile – Kas | Nominated |
# Judah of Melun

Judah of Melun was a French rabbi and tosafist of the first half of the 13th century. He was the son of the tosafist David of Melun (from the area of Seine-et-Marne).
In Perez of Corbeil's tosafot to Baba Ḳamma (ed. Leghorn, p. 53a) he is quoted under the name "Judah of Melun." After 1224, he took charge of the Talmud school at Melun.
He was one of the four rabbis who defended the Talmud against Nicholas Donin in the public disputation at Paris in 1240.
Simcha Emmanuel suggested identifying him with "Judah of Metz" and "Judah of Meish (Meaux)", individuals mentioned in contemporaneous sources, and suggested the versions 'Metz' and 'Melun' were scribal errors, given that a tombstone of 'Baruch, son of our teacher Judah of Meiush' had been discovered in Orléans. Judah of Metz (or Meaux)'s most notable student was the tosafist Avigdor son of Menahem.
# Jenny Tate

Jenny Tate (born 13 July 1960) is an Australian former swimmer. She competed in three events at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
# Beverley Park, Kingston upon Thames

Beverley Park is a public park situated in the New Malden area of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames in south-western London, England. It is the location where the Pyl Brook joins the Beverley Brook.
# Isidor Rayner

Isidor Rayner (April 11, 1850 – November 25, 1912) was a Democratic member of the United States Senate, representing the State of Maryland from 1905 to 1912. He also represented the Fourth Congressional District of Maryland from 1887 to 1889, and 1891 to 1895.
Rayner was born into a German-Jewish family in Baltimore, Maryland, and attended local private schools. He later attended the University of Maryland, Baltimore, and the University of Virginia. He began to study law and was admitted to the Maryland bar in 1871.
Rayner was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates and served from 1878 to 1884. In 1885, he was elected to the Maryland State Senate, serving one year until 1886.
Rayner was elected the same year to the 50th United States Congress. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1888 to the 51st Congress, but was victorious in the next two elections to the 52nd and 53rd Congresses. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1894.
Five years later in 1899, Rayner was chosen to be the Attorney General of Maryland, serving until 1903. He was elected as a Democrat in 1905 to the U.S. Senate, and was reelected again in 1911. While senator, he served as chairman of the Committee on Indian Depredations (Sixty-second Congress).
In 1912, Rayner died in Washington, D.C., while serving as senator. He is buried at Rock Creek Cemetery.
# William H. F. Fiedler

William Henry Frederick Fiedler (August 25, 1847 – January 1, 1919) was an American Democratic Party politician who represented New Jersey's 6th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives for one term from 1883 to 1885.

## Biography

Fiedler was born in New York City on August 25, 1847. He moved to New Jersey with his parents, who settled in Newark. He attended the public and high schools, and apprenticed to the hat-finishing trade at the age of fifteen.

## Career

He was employed as a clerk and engaged in the retail hat and later in the men's clothing business.

### Politics

He was elected an alderman of Newark in 1876 and 1878, and was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly in 1878 and 1879. He served as mayor of Newark from 1880 to 1882, and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1881. He served again as a member of the General Assembly in 1882.

### Congress

He was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-eighth Congress, serving in office from March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885, but was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection.

## Later career

After leaving Congress, he was appointed postmaster of Newark on March 29, 1886, and served until October 1, 1889. He resumed his former business pursuits until 1905, when he engaged in the real estate business and in banking.
He was an unsuccessful candidate for mayor in 1904.

## Death and burial

He died in Newark on January 1, 1919, and was interred in Fairmount Cemetery in Newark.
# Reece Group

Reece Limited is a public Australian company, and the country's largest supplier of plumbing and bathroom supplies.
Established in 1920, the company has businesses focused on the plumbing, bathroom, building, civil, irrigation, heating, air conditioning and refrigeration industries.
Reece employs approximately 8,000 people and operates 800 branches that supply more than 300,000 products.
The company is 70% owned by the Wilson Family.

## History

In 1920, Harold Joseph Reece began selling plumbing products from the back of his truck and later opened the first HJ Reece store in Caulfield. In 1958 Les Wilson was offered a seat on the board and gradually began buying shares in the business.
By 1969, the Wilson family was approaching a controlling stake in HJ Reece. On 20 July, regulators approved the Wilson family becoming majority shareholders of the company. In 1970, Les Wilson's son, Alan Wilson, who started Austral Hardware almost a decade earlier with the support of his father, became CEO of HJ Reece and later consolidated the two companies. Alan Wilson became executive chairman in 2008, and his son, Peter Wilson, succeeded him as CEO.
In May 2018, Reece announced the acquisition of U.S. based competitor MORSCO for $1.9 billion.