OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# List of political parties in Manitoba
## Parties represented in the Legislative Assembly

| Name | Founded | Ideology | Leader | MLAs | In Legislature | In Government |
| New Democratic Party of Manitoba | 1932 | Social democracy | Wab Kinew | 34 | 1932–present | 1969–1977, 1981–1988, 1999–2016, 2023–present |
| Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba | 1882 | Conservatism | Wayne Ewasko (Interim) | 21 | 1882–present | 1882–1888, 1899–1915, 1940–1950, 1958–1969, 1977–1981, 1988–1999, 2016–2023 |
| Manitoba Liberal Party | 1870 | Liberalism | Cindy Lamoureux (interim) | 1 | 1879–1981, 1986–present | 1888–1899, 1915–1922, 1932–1958 |

## Other registered parties

| Name | Founded | Ideology | Leader | In Legislature |
| Communist Party of Canada (Manitoba) | 1921 | Communism | Andrew Taylor | 1936–1940 |
| Green Party of Manitoba | 1998 | Green politics | Janine Gibson | N/A |
| Keystone Party of Manitoba | 2022 | Right-wing libertarianism | Kevin Friesen | N/A |

## Unregistered parties

* Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist), Manitoba Regional Committee

## Historical parties

* Canadian Party 1870
* Dominion Labour Party (in Manitoba) 1918-1920
* Ex-Soldiers and Ex-Sailors Party of Manitoba 1920
* First Peoples Party 1995
* Freedom Party of Manitoba 2007
* Independent Citizen's Party 1920
* Independent Labour Party (in Manitoba) (I) 1890s, 1907
* Independent Labour Party (in Manitoba) (II) 1920-1943
* Independent Native Voice 1995
* Labor-Progressive Party 1941-1959
* Labour Representation Committee (in Manitoba) 1910s
* Libertarian Party of Manitoba, 1980s-2005
* Manitoba Confederation of Regions Party 1984-1991
* Manitoba Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 1932-1961
* Manitoba First 2016-2022 (called Manitoba Party, 2016-2019)
* Manitoba Grey Party 2002-2003
* Manitoba Labour Party 1910
* Manitoba Marijuana Party 2005-2007
* Manitoba Party 1998-2003
* Manitoba Party 2019-2023 (called Manitoba Forward Party, 2019-2020)
* Manitoba Reform Party 1991-1995
* Manitoba Social Credit Party 1935-1981
* Patrons of Industry 1890s
* Prosperity for Posterity Party 1953
* Progressive Party of Manitoba 1921-1948
* Progressive Party of Manitoba (II) 1981-1995
* Prohibitionists 1903
* Provincial Rights Party 1882-1884
* Revolutionary Workers League (in Manitoba) 1977
* Social Democratic Party of Canada (in Manitoba) 1911-1920
* Socialist Party of Canada (in Manitoba) 1904-1922, 1932, 1945
* Sound Money Economics System 1941
* Western Canada Concept Party of Manitoba 1984-1987
* Western Independence Party of Manitoba 1987-1995(?)
* Winnipeg into the '90s 1989
* Winnipeg Labour Party 1899-1903
# Mohammed Hanif

Mohammed Hanif (born November 1964) is a British-Pakistani writer and journalist who writes a monthly opinion piece in The New York Times.
Hanif is the author of the critically acclaimed novel A Case of Exploding Mangoes, which was longlisted for the Man Booker Prize, shortlisted for the Guardian First Book Award, and won the Commonwealth Prize for Best Book. His second book, Our Lady of Alice Bhatti, won the Wellcome Book Prize. He also worked as a correspondent for the BBC News based in Karachi and was the writer of an acclaimed feature film about the city, The Long Night. His work has been published by The New York Times, The Daily Telegraph, The New Yorker and The Washington Post. His play The Dictator's Wife has been staged at the Hampstead Theatre.

## Life

He was born in Okara, Punjab. He graduated from Pakistan Air Force Academy as a pilot officer, but subsequently left to pursue a career in journalism. He initially worked for Newsline and wrote for The Washington Post and India Today. He is a graduate of the University of East Anglia. In 1996, he moved to London to work for the BBC. Later, he became the head of the BBC's Urdu service in London. He moved back to Pakistan in 2008.

## Works

His first novel A Case of Exploding Mangoes (2008) was shortlisted for the 2008 Guardian First Book Award and longlisted for the 2008 Man Booker Prize. It won the 2009 Commonwealth Book Prize in the Best First Book category and the 2008 Shakti Bhatt First Book Prize.
Hanif has also written for the stage and screen, including a feature film, The Long Night (2002), a BBC radio play, What Now, Now That We Are Dead?, and the stage play The Dictator's Wife (2008). His second novel, Our Lady of Alice Bhatti, was published in 2011. It was shortlisted for the Wellcome Trust Book Prize (2012), and the DSC Prize for South Asian Literature (2013).
He is currently collaborating with composer Mohammed Fairouz on an opera titled Bhutto.
In 2018, he wrote a novel called Red Birds.
Hanif's style has often been compared with that of the author Salman Rushdie, although Hanif himself disagrees with this assessment. Once, to a question if he had grown up wanting to be a writer like Salman Rushdie, he said that while "[e]verybody of a certain age wanted to write like Rushdie and so did I", he would not want being "hunted around the world."

### Award Return

In opposition to Pakistan's ongoing persecution of the Baloch people and police crackdown during a protest march in Islamabad on December 20, 2023, Mohammed Hanif has returned his "Sitara-e-Imtiaz" award.
# Cosmarium

Cosmarium is a large genus of desmids (Desmidiaceae), a group of green algae closely related to the land plants (Embryophyta). Members of this genus are microscopic and found in freshwater habitats around the world.
The name Cosmarium comes from the Greek word κοσμάριον - kosmarion, meaning a small ornament.

## Description

Cosmarium, with few exceptions, consists of single cells and is thus microscopic. Cells are constricted in the middle, giving them a bilobed appearance; the two halves are called semicells. Cells come in a variety of different shapes. The cell wall may be smooth or ornamented with spines, granules, scrobiculations (pits), or pores. Cells are generally flattened. Cells usually have one or two chloroplasts filling the cell; each chloroplast contains pyrenoids, typically one or two.
* Cosmarium quadratum, with a smooth cell wall
* Cosmarium pseudamoenum, with a granulated cell wall

### Identification

Species identification of Cosmarium depends on the shape of the cells and their ornamentation, and can be difficult. In addition, the genera Actinotaenium and Euastrum can be similar to various species of Cosmarium. Actinotaenium is generally circular in cross section, and Euastrum usually (but not always) has a notch at the tip of each semicell.

## Taxonomy

Cosmarium is the largest genus of desmids, with over 1,000 species. It is an artificial genus: the defining characteristics of the genus are vague and arbitrary, and there are some species that are intermediate between several different genera. It is also not monophyletic, as molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the form of Cosmarium evolved independently many times over. Despite this, the genus is still in use, because there is no known way of classifying desmids in line with their evolutionary history.

## Habitat

Cosmarium and other desmid genera tend to prefer oligotrophic, somewhat acidic water habitats, but some species exist in more eutrophic and/or basic habitats. Some species, which are small and mostly plain, form a community known as a "Cosmarietum"; these may be further associated with a community of Closterium species forming a Cosmarietum-Closterietum association.
# Saloni Batra

Saloni Batra (born in 29 November 1987) is an Indian actress who works in Hindi films. She was born in New Delhi. She did her graduation from the National Institute of Fashion Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role |
| 2013 | The Unnamed Crime | |
| 2016 | The Legend of Michael Mishra | |
| 2016 | Life Sahi Hai | |
| 2017 | Love at First Sight | |
| 2018 | Soni | Kalpana |
| 2018 | White Matter | |
| 2019 | Parchhayee: Ghost Stories by Ruskin Bond | |
| 2020 | Taish | |
| 2021 | The Knot | |
| 2021 | 200 Halla Ho | Purva |
| 2023 | Animal | Reet Singh |
| 2024 | Khalbali Records | Ananya Rai Singh |
# Hayelom Araya

Major General Hadush "Hayelom" Araya (1955–1996) is a former member of the Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front (TPLF), which was the leading member of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) political coalition. While fighting as a TPLF fighter, he earned the nickname Hayelom, "Overpowering" for his brave and daring acts.
He was born in Addi Nebreid in Northwestern Tigray, and although he completed high school in Adwa. After the Ethiopian revolution broke out, he joined the TPLF. As a commander of EPRDF forces, General Hayelom led his forces to northern Shewa and later marched to Addis Ababa coming out victorious in 1991. One of his most daring acts was the "Agazi Operation", which happened on the early evening of 5 February 1985: he led a squad of TPLF fighters in attacking the main prison in Mek'ele, and freed over a thousand prisoners, killed 16 prison guards and wounded 9 soldiers without losing a single man. He later become one of the military leaders in the defence force of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia.
General Hayelom was shot down in a restaurant bar in Addis Ababa on 14 February 1996. A prominent Eritrean businessman called Jemil yassin (. who was close relationship with prime minister meles zenawi ) was convicted of the murder of Major General Hayelom Araya in April 1996.Jemil was hanged unannounced on June 2 1998. The timing of the execution is linked to the outbreak of border fighting in May 1998 between Ethiopia and Eritrea.
# Chancellor Records

Chancellor Records was a record label associated with ABC-Paramount Records, which initially distributed the smaller label. Based in Philadelphia, it was an integral part of the dominance of popular Philadelphia artists and music in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
Its first hit was "With All My Heart" sung by Jodie Sands (1957), but the major artists the label was famous for were Frankie Avalon and Fabian Forte, and later Claudine Clark. The studio drummer for Chancellor Records was Charles Pasco who played for all of the artists that recorded there. The label was owned by Bob Marcucci, originally with partner Peter De Angelis; Ray Sharkey played Marcucci in the movie The Idolmaker (1980).
The record label also had the imprint "Chancellor Country" which was also distributed by ABC-Paramount Records.
# Value criterion

In Lincoln-Douglas Debate, the value criterion (criterion, VC, or standard) is the means of weighing the value premise. Unlike the value premise, the value criterion is often swayed to either the affirmative or negative side.

## Purpose

The value criterion's main purpose is to argue how the value should be achieved. Where the value is what the debater wants to achieve, the criterion argues how to uphold the value. An argument in a Lincoln-Douglas Debate generally contains an impact or the effect of that argument (why it matters). This necessitates an objective order to determine which impacts are more important. The value criterion provides this objective order and the round reduces to whichever side achieves the value criterion better. The validity of any criterion is left up to the debaters to determine and argue within the round.

## Argumentation

The criterion is debated more heavily with a round because, many times, the value premises of both debaters are the same or very similar in a round. Where commonality can easily be found between values, criterions are set up to strategically include or exclude certain arguments from being weighed. Since each side has impacts that best pertain to their own value criterion, each side must try to convince the judge to weigh the round according to their value criterion.
Example: Resolved: In matters of U. S. immigration policy, restrictions on the rights of non-citizens are consistent with democratic ideals.
Because "democratic ideals" is what is trying to be achieved in the resolution, most debaters would find it best and effective to use it as a value premise. Therefore, the debate turns to the value criterion. The affirmative, in this case, may use "preservation of procedure" which explains how their value premise is weighed, while the negative may opt to choose "preservation of autonomy". In both instances, the value criteria are attainable by their respective sides and therefore, it is fair to weigh the round. It would be left up to the debaters to determine which value criterion should be used to weigh.
# Grand-Laviers

Grand-Laviers (French pronunciation:; Picard: Grand-Lavier) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Geography

The commune is situated on the D40 road, some 3 miles (5 km) northwest of Abbeville, by the banks of the canalised river Somme. The ancient forests of Abbeville remain as woods on the hills to the west of the village.

## History

The Latin names Latverum or Laverum appear in the year 881 in the records of the Abbey of St. Vaast at Amiens. Controversy surrounds the meaning of the name: "lavoir", according to some, or "arm of a river", according to others. In 883, when the Normans sacked the abbey at Saint-Quentin, the king Carloman II of France, set up his camp at Laviers to block their passage to the sea.
In the 11th century, a fort comprising a palisade on a motte was built at Laviers, near the Bois de Bonance, on a point jutting out towards the bay. In 1137, Abbeville’s charter, granted by the Comte de Ponthieu, mentioned "Laveriœ".
In 1177, Jean de Ponthieu gave money to the leper hospital of the frères du Val and the gift of a forest was noted. The clearing of an area of the forest now known as the "Valley of the Lepers", between Laviers and Buigny-Saint-Maclou may have started up as early as 1164. In 1696, the leper hospital was closed down.
In 1777, after a branch of the Somme was blocked at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, the authorities decided to build a canal from Abbeville to the estuary at Saint Valery. Work began in 1786 but hit problems in 1793 with the installation of the sluice-gates in the muddy sub-strata and above all, the reaction of the local farmers, raising sheep and cattle on the salt-marshes. Work resumed under the orders of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1802, who wanted Saint-Valéry-sur-Somme as a war-port. In 1810, Spanish prisoners worked on the terracing and the maritime canal was inaugurated in 1827. In 1840, Laviers took the name of Grand-Laviers and from 1845 to 1850, the railway line from Abbeville to Étaples was built, a section of the Paris – Boulogne line. The river bed of the Somme was filled and moved to accommodate the construction.
The town was comparatively safe during the First World War, accommodating Indian colonial assistants.
In May 1940, during the Second World War, the town was separated from Abbeville. It was liberated by English troops in August 1944.
In 1953, a primary school was constructed at Grand-Laviers, and the following year, the pupils of the school inherited a castle from the Jusancourt family that now houses an educational medical institute.
On 2 May 1976 the commune of Petit-Laviers was amalgamated with Grand-Laviers.

## Places of interest

* Bonance woods.
* Fifteenth century church
* The ruins of a 13th-century chapel which belonged to an old friary hospital.
* An ornithological reserve of 100 acres (40 ha) located on a nearby rehabilitated industrial site.
# El Inmortal. Gangs of Madrid

El Inmortal. Gangs of Madrid (Spanish: El inmortal) is a Spanish crime drama television series produced by Movistar+, Telemundo International Studios and DLO Producciones. It stars Álex García in the leading role.

## Premise

The plot consists of the fictionalization of the story of 'Los Miamis', a criminal organization led by "El inmortal" that controlled cocaine trafficking in Madrid in the 1990s.

## Cast

* Álex García as José Antonio, "El inmortal"
* Emilio Palacios as Sebas.
* Marcel Borràs [es] as Rober
* Jason Day as Fausti
* María Hervás as Isabel
* Claudia Pineda as Maui
* Teresa Riott as La Rubia
* Jon Kortajarena
* Francis Lorenzo as comisario Corvarán
* Chanel Terrero
* Irene Esser
* Richard Holmes
* Jaeme Vélez
* Moussa Echarif
* Iria del Río
* Manuel Manquiña

## Production

El inmortal was created by José Manuel Lorenzo. Produced by Movistar+ and Telemundo International Studios in collaboration with DLO Producciones, the series was written by Diego Sotelo and David Moreno and directed by David Ulloa and Rafa Montesinos. Consisting of eight 50-minute-long episodes, the series began shooting in Madrid (Aluche) on 4 May 2021. Shooting took place in locations of the Madrid region and the province of Alicante and wrapped by August 2021.

## Release

The series had its world premiere at the 2022 Canneseries competing for the Long Form competition. The series was presented at the Vitoria-based FesTVal. It premiered on Movistar+ on 27 October 2022.

## Reception

Raquel Hernandez Luján of HobbyConsolas rated the series 70 points ("good") citing the good performances and setting, as well as the soundtrack featuring 90s hits as the best things about the series, while also highlighting two important question marks such as the anticlimactic (open) ending and the poor sound production, with dialogues requiring to be guessed on the fly as inaudible as they are.

## Accolades

| Year | Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref. |
| 2023 | 10th Feroz Awards | Best Actor in a TV Series | Álex García | Nominated | |
| 2023 | 31st Actors and Actresses Union Awards | Best Television Actor in a Leading Role | Álex García | Nominated | |
# Bykovsky

Bykovsky (masculine), Bykovskaya (feminine), or Bykovskoye (neuter) may refer to:
* Bykovsky District, a district of Volgograd Oblast, Russia
* Bykovsky (rural locality), name of several rural localities in Russia
* Bykovsky channel, a major distributary of the Lena River
* Bykovsky (surname)
* Bykovsky Peninsula, in Laptev Sea
# Jhondly van der Meer

Jhondly van der Meer (né Saint Juste; born on 22 March 2002) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for FK Jerv. Born in the Dominican Republic, he is capped for the Haiti national team.

## Early life

Van der Meer was born as Haitian in the neighbouring Dominican Republic since his biological parents were Haitian and they were not regularised there. He was raised in Haiti until he was 6, when he was adopted by a Dutch family, the Van der Meers, who took him to live with them in Leeuwarden, Netherlands. He is now a naturalised Dutch citizen.

## International career

Van der Meer was followed by the under-23 national coach for the Dominican Republic, where he was born, despite the fact that he is not a Dominican national. He was also on the Haiti national team radar. He made his international debut for Haiti in September 2021, playing two back-to-back friendlies against Bahrain and Jordan.
# Euthydemus (dialogue)

Euthydemus (Greek: Εὐθύδημος, Euthydemes), written c. 384 BC, is a dialogue by Plato which satirizes what Plato presents as the logical fallacies of the Sophists. In it, Socrates describes to his friend Crito a visit he and various youths paid to two brothers, Euthydemus and Dionysodorus, both of whom were prominent Sophists and pankrationists from Chios and Thurii.
The Euthydemus contrasts Socratic argumentation and education with the methods of Sophism, to the detriment of the latter. Throughout the dialogue, Euthydemus and Dionysodorus continually attempt to ensnare Socrates with what are presented as deceptive and meaningless arguments, primarily to demonstrate their professed philosophical superiority.
As in many of the Socratic dialogues, the two Sophists against whom Socrates argues were indeed real people. Euthydemus was somewhat famous at the time the dialogue was written, and is mentioned several times by both Plato and Aristotle. Likewise, Dionysodorus is mentioned by Xenophon.

## Eristic argument

Plato defines Euthydemus' and Dionysodorus' argumentation as 'eristic'. This literally means "designed for wrangling" (ἐρίς, eris, meaning 'strife' in Greek). No matter how one attempts to refute eristic arguments, the argument is designed so that any means of refutation will fail. For example, at one point, Euthydemus attempts to prove the impossibility of falsehood:
   "Non-facts do not exist do they?" "No, they don't." "And things which do not exist do not exist anywhere, do they?" "No." "Now, is it possible for things which do not exist to be the object of any action, in the sense that things which do not exist anywhere can have anything done to them? "I don't think so." "Well then, when politicians speak in the Assembly, isn't that an activity?" "Yes, it is." "And if it's an activity, they are doing something?" "Yes." "Then speech is activity, and doing something?" He agreed.
   "So no one speaks non-existent things: I mean, he would already, in speaking, be doing something, and you have agreed that it is impossible for non-existent things to have anything done to them by anybody. So you have committed to the view that lies never happen: if Dionysodorus speaks, he speaks facts–that is, truth."

## Characters

* Socrates
* Crito
* Clinias
* Euthydemus
* Dionysodorus
* Ctesippus

## Translations

* Thomas Taylor, 1804
* Benjamin Jowett, 1892 *
* Edwin Gifford, 1905 *
* Walter Rangeley Maitland Lamb, 1924 *
* Robin Waterfield, 1987
* Rosamond Kent Sprague, 1993
* Gregory A. McBrayer and Mary P. Nichols, 2011 *
# Deh Kian

Deh Kian (Persian: ده كيان) is a village in, and the capital of, Donbaleh Rud-e Shomali Rural District of the Central District of Dezpart County, Khuzestan province, Iran. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Bajul, and prior to that, the village of Bozorg Shivand.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 784 in 132 households, when it was in Dehdez Rural District of Dehdez District, Izeh County. The following census in 2011 counted 788 people in 180 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 660 people in 168 households.
In 2021, the district was separated from the county in the establishment of Dezpart County and renamed the Central District. Deh Kian was transferred to Donbaleh Rud-e Shomali Rural District.
# Seimatosporium cornicola

Seimatosporium cornicola is an ascomycete fungus belonging to the family Amphisphaeriaceae. It is confirmed to be saprobic onto bloody dogwood, a European species. Growth attempts showed it had a slow cycle, taking a week to grow to a diameter of 2.5 cm at 18 °C. Its color and other properties are reportedly: "white to pale brown from above, greyish white from below, with sparse mycelium, flat, margin uneven". It was discovered in Italy in the year 2016 by a group of Chinese researchers.