# Augmented Backus–Naur form

In computer science, augmented Backus–Naur form (ABNF) is a metalanguage based on Backus–Naur form (BNF) but consisting of its own syntax and derivation rules. The motive principle for ABNF is to describe a formal system of a language to be used as a bidirectional communications protocol. It is defined by Internet Standard 68 ("STD 68", type case sic), which as of December 2010 was RFC 5234, and it often serves as the definition language for IETF communication protocols.
RFC 5234 supersedes RFC 4234, 2234 and 733. RFC 7405 updates it, adding a syntax for specifying case-sensitive string literals.

## Overview

An ABNF specification is a set of derivation rules, written as
where rule is a case-insensitive nonterminal, the definition consists of sequences of symbols that define the rule, a comment for documentation, and ending with a carriage return and line feed.
Rule names are case-insensitive: <rulename>, <Rulename>, <RULENAME>, and <rUlENamE> all refer to the same rule. Rule names consist of a letter followed by letters, numbers, and hyphens.
Angle brackets (<, >) are not required around rule names (as they are in BNF). However, they may be used to delimit a rule name when used in prose to discern a rule name.

## Terminal values

Terminals are specified by one or more numeric characters.
Numeric characters may be specified as the percent sign %, followed by the base (b = binary, d = decimal, and x = hexadecimal), followed by the value, or concatenation of values (indicated by .). For example, a carriage return is specified by %d13 in decimal or %x0D in hexadecimal. A carriage return followed by a line feed may be specified with concatenation as %d13.10.
Literal text is specified through the use of a string enclosed in quotation marks ("). These strings are case-insensitive, and the character set used is (US-)ASCII. Therefore, the string "abc" will match “abc”, “Abc”, “aBc”, “abC”, “ABc”, “AbC”, “aBC”, and “ABC”. RFC 7405 added a syntax for case-sensitive strings: %s"aBc" will only match "aBc". Prior to that, a case-sensitive string could only be specified by listing the individual characters: to match “aBc”, the definition would be %d97.66.99. A string can also be explicitly specified as case-insensitive with a %i prefix.

## Operators
### White space

White space is used to separate elements of a definition; for space to be recognized as a delimiter, it must be explicitly included. The explicit reference for a single whitespace character is WSP (linear white space), and LWSP is for zero or more whitespace characters with newlines permitted. The LWSP definition in RFC5234 is controversial because at least one whitespace character is needed to form a delimiter between two fields.
Definitions are left-aligned. When multiple lines are required (for readability), continuation lines are indented by whitespace.

### Comment

; comment
A semicolon (;) starts a comment that continues to the end of the line.

### Concatenation

Rule1 Rule2
A rule may be defined by listing a sequence of rule names.
To match the string “aba”, the following rules could be used:
* fu = %x61 ; a
* bar = %x62 ; b
* mumble = fu bar fu

### Alternative

Rule1 / Rule2
A rule may be defined by a list of alternative rules separated by a solidus (/).
To accept the rule fu or the rule bar, the following rule could be constructed:
* fubar = fu / bar

### Incremental alternatives

Rule1 =/ Rule2
Additional alternatives may be added to a rule through the use of =/ between the rule name and the definition.
The rule
* ruleset = alt1 / alt2
* ruleset =/ alt3
* ruleset =/ alt4 / alt5
is therefore equivalent to
* ruleset = alt1 / alt2 / alt3 / alt4 / alt5

### Value range

%c##-##
A range of numeric values may be specified through the use of a hyphen (-).
The rule
* OCTAL = %x30-37
is equivalent to
* OCTAL = "0" / "1" / "2" / "3" / "4" / "5" / "6" / "7"

### Sequence group

(Rule1 Rule2)
Elements may be placed in parentheses to group rules in a definition.
To match "a b d" or "a c d", the following rule could be constructed:
* group = a (b / c) d
To match “a b” or “c d”, the following rules could be constructed:
* group = a b / c d
* group = (a b) / (c d)

### Variable repetition

n*nRule
To indicate repetition of an element, the form <a>*<b>element is used. The optional <a> gives the minimal number of elements to be included (with the default of 0). The optional <b> gives the maximal number of elements to be included (with the default of infinity).
Use *element for zero or more elements, *1element for zero or one element, 1*element for one or more elements, and 2*3element for two or three elements, cf. regular expressions e*, e?, e+ and e{2,3}.

### Specific repetition

nRule
To indicate an explicit number of elements, the form <a>element is used and is equivalent to <a>*<a>element.
Use 2DIGIT to get two numeric digits, and 3DIGIT to get three numeric digits. (DIGIT is defined below under "Core rules". Also see zip-code in the example below.)

### Optional sequence

[Rule]
To indicate an optional element, the following constructions are equivalent:
* [fubar snafu]
* *1(fubar snafu)
* 0*1(fubar snafu)

### Operator precedence

The following operators have the given precedence from tightest binding to loosest binding:
* Strings, names formation
* Comment
* Value range
* Repetition
* Grouping, optional
* Concatenation
* Alternative
Use of the alternative operator with concatenation may be confusing, and it is recommended that grouping be used to make explicit concatenation groups.

### Core rules

The core rules are defined in the ABNF standard.
| Rule | Formal definition | Meaning |
| ALPHA | %x41–%x5A / %x61–%x7A | Upper- and lower-case ASCII letters (A–Z, a–z) |
| DIGIT | %x30–39 | Decimal digits (0–9) |
| HEXDIG | DIGIT / "A" / "B" / "C" / "D" / "E" / "F" | Hexadecimal digits (0–9, A–F, a–f) |
| DQUOTE | %x22 | Double quote |
| SP | %x20 | Space |
| HTAB | %x09 | Horizontal tab |
| WSP | SP / HTAB | Space and horizontal tab |
| LWSP | *(WSP / CRLF WSP) | Linear white space (past newline) |
| VCHAR | %x21–%x7E | Visible (printing) characters |
| CHAR | %x01–%x7F | Any ASCII character, excluding NUL |
| OCTET | %x00–%xFF | 8 bits of data |
| CTL | %x00–%x1F / %x7F | Controls |
| CR | %x0D | Carriage return |
| LF | %x0A | Linefeed |
| CRLF | CR LF | Internet-standard newline |
| BIT | "0" / "1" | Binary digit |
Note that in the core rules diagram the CHAR2 charset is inlined in char-val and CHAR3 is inlined in prose-val in the RFC spec. They are named here for clarity in the main syntax diagram.

## Example

The (U.S.) postal address example given in the augmented Backus–Naur form (ABNF) page may be specified as follows:

## Pitfalls

RFC 5234 adds a warning in conjunction to the definition of LWSP as follows:
   Use of this linear-white-space rule permits lines containing only white space that are no longer legal in mail headers and have caused interoperability problems in other contexts. Do not use when defining mail headers and use with caution in other contexts.