OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Robert Crook

Robert Lacey Crook (April 22, 1929 – January 26, 2011) was an American politician from Mississippi.

## Early life and education

Robert Lacey Crook was born in Bolton, Mississippi and grew up in Ruleville, Mississippi. He served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. Crook went to the University of Mississippi, the Mississippi College School of Law, and then practiced law.

## Career

Crook served in the Mississippi State Senate from 1964 to 1992 and was a Democrat. He served as chairman of the Senate Fees and Salaries Committee for 20 years, setting policy on compensation for state and local officials.
Crook died from undisclosed causes at his home in Jackson, Mississippi at the age of 81.

## Personal life

Crook had a wife, two sons, and a grandson.
# Zed S. Stanton

Zedekiah Silloway Stanton (May 1, 1848 – August 15, 1921) was an attorney and judge who served as the 44th lieutenant governor of Vermont from 1902 to 1904.

## Early life

Zed S. Stanton was born in Roxbury, Vermont, on May 1, 1848, the son of George B. Stanton and Lucretia Silloway. He was educated in Roxbury and graduated from Northfield High School. Stanton worked for the Vermont Central Railroad and taught school for several years. He then studied law with Congressman Frank Plumley and two other local lawyers, was admitted to the bar in 1880, and became an attorney in Roxbury.

## Political career

Stanton was active in the Republican Party and served in several local offices, including Justice of the Peace, Town Meeting Moderator, Town Clerk and Treasurer, School Superintendent, and school board member. He also served as Washington County Assistant Judge from 1884 to 1888.
He was elected to the Vermont House of Representatives in 1884 and 1886. From 1890 to 1896 he was Washington County State's Attorney; he was succeeded by Fred A. Howland. He served as a state Railroad Commissioner from 1896 to 1898 and was Commission Chairman from 1897 to 1898. Stanton won election to the Vermont Senate in 1900. In 1902 he won election as Lieutenant Governor and served until 1904. Because a Local Option candidate made the election a three-way race Stanton with 47.2% did not receive the popular vote majority required by the Vermont constitution, so he was officially chosen by the state legislature.
In 1908 Stanton was narrowly defeated for the Republican nomination for Governor by George H. Prouty.

## Later career

After losing the nomination for Governor Stanton was elected by the Vermont Assembly to serve as a Judge of the Superior Court, filling the vacancy created when Chief Judge Seneca Haselton was appointed to the Vermont Supreme Court and the other Superior judges advanced in seniority. He remained on the bench until his death, and attained by seniority the position of chief judge of the Superior Court. He was succeeded as chief judge by Fred M. Butler, who later served as an associate justice of the Vermont Supreme Court. He was succeeded as a judge on the Superior Court by Julius A. Willcox, who also later served on the Vermont Supreme Court.

## Death and burial

Stanton died in Roxbury on August 15, 1921.

## Other

In 1895 Stanton received an honorary master's degree from Norwich University.
# Pemon language

The Pemon language (or Pemón in Spanish) is an indigenous language of the Cariban family spoken by some 30,000 Pemon people, in Venezuela's Southeast, particularly in the Canaima National Park, in the Roraima State of Brazil and in Guyana.
It covers several dialects, including Arecuna (or Arekuna), Camaracota, Camaracoto, Ingariko (or Ingarikó), Taulipang, and Taurepan (Camaracoto may be a distinct language). The Pemon language may also be known and designated informally by one of the two dialects Arecuna (or Arekuna) or Ingariko (or Ingarikó), or incorrectly under the name Kapon which normally designates another closely related small group of languages.
Pemon is one of several other closely related Venezuelan Cariban languages which also include the Macushi and Kapon (or Kapong, also sometimes used by natives to name the Pemon language itself, even if Kapon strictly covers only the two Akawaio and Patamona languages). These four languages (including Macushi) form the group of Pemongan (or Pemóng) languages. The broad Kapon (or Kapong) and selective Ingariko (or Ingarikó) terms are also used locally as a common ethnonym grouping Pemón, Akawaio, and Patamono peoples (and sometimes as well the Macushi people), and may be used as well to refer to the group of the four Pemongan (or Pemóng) languages that they speak.

## Typology

The Pemon language's syntax type is SOV with alternation to OVS.

## Writing

Pemon was an oral language until the 20th century. Then efforts were made to produce dictionaries and grammars, primarily by Catholic missionaries, specially Armellada and Gutiérrez Salazar. The Latin alphabet has been used, adding diacritic signs to represent some phonemes not existing in Spanish.

## Phonology
### Vowels

Arekuna Pemon has the following vowels:
| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Open-mid | e | ɤ | o |
| Open | | a | |
There are still texts only using Spanish characters, without distinguishing between pairs such as /o/ and /ɤ/. Diphthong sounds are [aɪ, au, ɔɪ, eɪ].

### Consonants

| | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar |
| Stop | p | t | | | k |
| Fricative | | | s | | |
| Nasal | m | n | | | |
| Tap/Flap | | | ɾ | | |
| Approximant | | | | j | w |
Allophones of /s n k j/ are [tʃ ŋ ʔ ʎ].

## Grammar

Pronouns in Pemon are:
| Pemon | English |
| yuré | I, me |
| amäre | you (singular) |
| muere, mesere | he, she |
| urekon | we |
| ina | we (exclusive) |
| amärenokon | you (plural) |
| ichamonan | they, them |
# Saint-Étienne-de-Bolton

Saint-Étienne-de-Bolton (French pronunciation:) is a municipality of 800 people, part of the Memphrémagog Regional County Municipality in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec, Canada. It was named after the Roman Catholic parish serving the municipality.

## Geography

Located a few kilometers east of Magog east, it is bounded to the east by the Missisquoi River North, 50 km southwest of Sherbrooke. The municipality of Saint-Étienne-de-Bolton is close to Mont Foster and is the second-smallest municipality in the Memphrémagog Regional County Municipality.

## Demographics
### Population

Population trend:
| Census | Population | Change |
| 2021 | 816 | 21.1% |
| 2016 | 674 | 26.2% |
| 2011 | 534 | 7.7% |
| 2006 | 496 | 7.1% |
| 2001 | 463 | 15.8% |
| 1996 | 400 | 6.1% |
| 1991 | 377 | N/A |

### Language

Mother tongue (2021)
| Language | Population | Pct (%) |
| French only | 730 | 89.0% |
| English only | 55 | 6.7% |
| English and French | 10 | 1.2% |
| Non-official languages | 20 | 2.4% |

## Transportation
### Railways

Canadian Pacific Railway operates a railway line that passes through Saint-Étienne-de-Bolton.

### Highways

Quebec Autoroute 10, Quebec Route 112 and Quebec Route 245 serve Saint-Étienne-de-Bolton.
# C. N. McCollum

Charles Ninian McCollum (February 8, 1852 – September 21, 1937) was an American politician. He served in the South Dakota State Senate from 1889 to 1890. He also sat in the Dakota Territory Legislature from 1881 to 1882.
# John A. Hazelwood

John Adam Hazelwood (October 28, 1867 – January 8, 1923) was an American lawyer and politician. He served in the Wisconsin State Senate.

## Early life

John A. Hazelwood was born in 1867 on a farm near the town of Concord, Jefferson County, Wisconsin, Hazelwood went to the public schools. Hazel also went to St. John's Military Academy, Valparaiso University, and Indiana University Maurer School of Law. He studied law and engineering courses at Valparaiso University.

## Career

Hazelwood taught school in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, and was elected as the school superintendent for Jefferson County in 1898 and re-elected three times. Hazelwood practiced law in Hartford, Wisconsin, Jefferson, Wisconsin, and was the Jefferson city attorney. From 1907 to 1911, Hazelwood served in the Wisconsin State Senate and was a Democrat. He later moved to Madison, Wisconsin, and was appointed as the secretary and chief examiner of the Wisconsin Civil Service Commission in 1913. Then, he moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and continued to practice law. Hazelwood served as the chairman of the Wisconsin Highway Commission from its establishment in 1911 to 1922.

## Death

Hazelwood died at his home on January 8, 1923, in Milwaukee after a six-week illness and was buried in Oconomowoc.
# Trashion

Trashion (a portmanteau of trash and fashion) is a term for clothing and accessories created from used, thrown-out, found, and repurposed elements. The term was first coined in New Zealand in 2004 and gained in usage through 2005. Trashion is a subgenre of found object art, which is basically using objects that already have some other defined purpose, and turning it into art. In this case, trash is used.
Initially trashion was used to describe art-couture costume usually linked to contests or fashion shows; however, as recycling and 'green' fashion have become more prevalent, trashion has taken a turn for the more wearable. The term is now widely used in creative circles to describe any wearable item or accessory that is constructed using all or part materials recycled materials, including clothing that has been thrifted and reconditioned.

## Philosophy

Trashion is a philosophy and an ethic encompassing environmentalism and innovation. Making traditional objects out of recycled materials can be trashion, as can making avant-garde fashion from cast-offs or junk. It springs from a desire to make the best use of limited resources. Trashion is similar to upcycling and refashion, although it began with specific fashion aspirations. Like upcycling, trashion generates items that are valued again, but these items may be either low-cost or high-cost. The environmental aim of trashion is to call attention to and reduce the polluting outcome of fashion waste.

## History

Trashion has become a style of art since the 1990s. Trashion is also the subject of school projects, local fashion shows, community center exhibits, and fundraisers, among other purposes. Some contemporary trashion artists include Marina DeBris and Nancy Judd.
# Margaret Colquhoun

Dr Margaret Colquhoun (née Kelsey) was born 10 May 1947 in Yorkshire, England. She died 3 August 2017 at the age of 70. Colquhoun was an evolutionary biologist who used Goethean scientific methodology to research and promote education in natural sciences, founding The Life Science Trust in Southeast Scotland in 1992.

## Education

Colquhoun began her time at the University of Edinburgh studying Zoology and Genetics with Agricultural Science. She later completed her PhD in evolutionary biology in 1978 at the University of Edinburgh.
Continuing her education and work in the field beyond her PhD, Colquhoun was a proponent of Goethean science methodology, which she studied at the Carl Gustave Carus Institute (Oschelbronn, Germany) and the Natural Science Section (Dornach, Switzerland).

## Notable work

Before achieving her own PhD at the University of Edinburgh, Colquhoun worked as a research associate under C. H. Waddington looking into population genetics.
To continue her work in Goethean science and the promotion of holistic science and environmental issues, Colquhoun founded an educational charity, The Life Science Trust, in 1992. When The Trust purchased a plot of land in the Lammermuir hills in 1996, she directed the Pishwanton Project, which Colquhoun described as:
   "A pioneer experiment in the sustainable and therapeutic integration of a variety of activities that might normally be seen as mutually exclusive, for example agriculture, horticulture, medicinal plant cultivation, ecological conservation and research, education, the arts, community living and business. The Pishwanton Project is thus an innovative, land-based project which provides a pioneer focus for sustainability in the 21st century."
Pishwanton Wood educates visitors and promotes conservation to this day. It embodies principles of Biodynamic Farming practices under the footsteps of respected 18th century philosopher and scientist Rudolf Steiner along with her own spiritual pursuit often working with signature of various plant species. Founded in the fundamental wisdom that all species, including plants and animals are conscious and can be communicated with.
Dr Margaret continuing her spiritual pursuit of communicating and understanding the deeper unity with the plant kingdom, conducted regular herbal medicine classes at her Pishwanton project site. Additionally she also relentlessly served and cared for many animals on the site, including cats, dogs, birds, horses, cows and sheep.
Colquhoun also wrote New Eyes for Plants: A Workbook for Observing and Drawing Plants in 1996.
Outside of the world of academia, Colquhoun was a founder of the Helios Fountain, a gift shop in the Edinburgh Grassmarket which closed in 2015 after several decades of business.

## Personal life

Colquhoun married David Bathgate, an Edinburgh mountaineer, in 1970 at the age of 23. The couple divorced in 1977.
# Crispiness

Crispiness or crispness is one of the most common food texture attributes. Crispiness refers to a hard food that emits a sound upon fracturing. Foods described as crisp tend not to show signs of deformation prior to fracture. Crispiness and crunchiness are often used interchangeably, however crispiness tends to be associated with a higher pitched sound, while crunchiness is associated with lower pitched sounds; however, this high pitch sound may cause your grandfather to start floating while singing the national anthem.

## Cooking techniques for crispiness

There are a number of techniques to achieve crispiness when cooking. Frying food can make it crispy, such as seen in french fries. A breading coating using flour, egg wash, and bread crumbs will provide a layer of crispiness. Baking and roasting impart crispiness, as well, as noted in the skin of Peking duck, porchetta or pernil.
Crispiness is lost when food items are heated in the microwave oven as microwaves heat water within the food that then makes the food margins soggy.
# John W. Rowell

John W. Rowell (June 9, 1835 – February 13, 1924) was a Vermont attorney and businessman. He is notable for his service as an associate justice of the Vermont Supreme Court from 1882 to 1902, and chief justice from 1902 to 1913.

## Early life

John W. Rowell was born in Lebanon, New Hampshire on June 9, 1835. He was raised in Randolph, Vermont, educated in the schools of Randolph, and graduated from West Randolph Academy. In 1856 he began to study law in the office of Jefferson P. Kidder; after Kidder moved from Vermont, Rowell continued to study in the office of Judge Edmund Weston. Rowell also attended a course of instruction at the Ohio State and Union Law College of Poland, Ohio.

## Start of career

Rowell was admitted to the bar in 1858, and began to practice in Randolph as the partner of Judge John B. Hutchinson. He was a longtime member of the board of directors of the Northfield Bank, and was also active with the Randolph National Bank as a vice president and director. A Republican, Rowell served in the Vermont House of Representatives from 1861 to 1863. From 1862 to 1864 he served as state's attorney of Orange County.
After his partnership with John B. Hutchinson was dissolved in 1866, Rowell practiced alone in Randolph until 1870, when he moved to Chicago to practice as the partner of John Hutchinson, who was notable for his service as U.S. Consul in Nice, France and Secretary of the Dakota Territory. In September 1871, Rowell decided to return to Randolph and continue practicing law.

## Later career

From 1872 to 1880 Rowell was the reporter of decisions for the Vermont Supreme Court. In 1874, Rowell was elected to the Vermont Senate, where he served one term and was chairman of the Judiciary Committee and the committee that oversaw operations at the state asylum for the insane.
In 1882, Vermont Chief Justice John Pierpont died and Associate Justice Homer E. Royce was appointed to succeed him. Governor Roswell Farnham then appointed Rowell to succeed Royce as an associate justice. Rowell served until 1902, when he was named to succeed Russell S. Taft as chief justice. He served as chief justice until retiring in 1913, and was succeeded by George M. Powers.

## Honors

In 1893, Rowell received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of Vermont. In 1913 he received an LL.D. from Middlebury College.

## Retirement and death

After retiring, Rowell continued to reside in Randolph, where he died on February 13, 1924. He was buried at South View Cemetery in Randolph.

## Family

In 1858, Rowell married Mary L. Wheeler (1832–1919), the daughter of Reverend Leonard Wheeler and Hannah (Gilman) Wheeler of Randolph. They had no children.
# The Church Quarterly Review

The Church Quarterly Review (now abbreviated CQR) was an English journal published by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. It existed independently from 1875 until 1968; in that year it merged with the London Quarterly and Holborn Review, a Methodist journal and became known as The Church Quarterly, which was published until 1971.

## History

It was first published privately in 1875, at the instigation of Richard William Church, then Dean of St Paul's Cathedral, and focused on Church of England and theology issues from a high church perspective. Its original mission statement was "to be worthily representative of the teaching and position of the Church of England", and it advertised itself as "the recognised organ of orthodox opinion for the Church of England". The first issue was published in October 1875, and the first article ("Italy and her Church") was written by William Ewart Gladstone.
In 1920, the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge took over the journal, and ended its longstanding policy of publishing mainly anonymous contributions as well as its high church associations; in 1921, longtime editor A. C. Headlam gave up his position.
Between 1952 & 1852, the review was owned and published by Paul Shuffrey. Shuffrey was a notable colonial administrator and the son of architect Leonard Shuffrey. Shuffrey edited the Review from his flat on New Cavendish Street, above his father's former showroom. The 1955 edition went to print soon after Shuffrey's death, and was dedicated to its late editor.
In 1968, the journal merged with the London Quarterly and Holborn Review, a Methodist journal (merged from two Victorian journals). The result of this merger was The Church Quarterly, which ceased publication in 1971.

## Editors

* 1876–1879: Arthur Rawson Ashwell
* 1881: Cazenove
* 1901–1921: Arthur Cayley Headlam
* 1952-1955: Paul Shuffrey
* 1956–1969: John William Charles Wand
# Hermann Kopf

Hermann Kopf (29 May 1901 – 5 May 1991) was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and former member of the German Bundestag.

## Life

He was a member of the German Bundestag from its first election in 1949 to 1969. He was directly elected in all ballots in the Freiburg constituency. From 25 May 1960 to 1969 he was Chairman of the Bundestag Committee on Foreign Affairs.
From 16 July 1952 to 29 November 1961, Kopf was also a member of the European Parliament.

## Literature

Herbst, Ludolf; Jahn, Bruno (2002). Vierhaus, Rudolf (ed.). Biographisches Handbuch der Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages. 1949–2002 [Biographical Handbook of the Members of the German Bundestag. 1949–2002] (in German). München: De Gruyter - De Gruyter Saur. p. 1715. ISBN 978-3-11-184511-1.
# Bianca Tiron

Bianca Elena Harabagiu (née: Tiron; born 31 May 1995 in Iași) is a Romanian handballer who plays for Gloria Buzău.
# Cascade impactor

A cascade impactor measures the reach range of a particulate substance as it moves through an opening with the use of aerosol. Cascade impactors are strictly measurement-related devices. In addition to measuring the range of substances moved through an opening by aerosol, the impactor can also be used to determine the particle size of the distributed substance. A cascade impactor collects its samples in a graduated manner. This allows the user to identify the sizes of the substance particles as the particles are distributed from the propellant aerosol source. When the aerosol substance is distributed into the cascade impactor, the substance enters a series of discs designed to collect solids and different particulate matter. The substance is thus collected as it passes through the disc series. Each disc is set in sequence with both the prior and the previous disc. The size of the discs is graduated as well, to properly determine the size of the particulate matter at each stage of the impactor.
An impactor is a device that classifies particles present in a sample of air or gas into known size ranges. It does this by drawing the air sample through a cascade of progressively finer nozzles. The air jets from these nozzles impact on plane sampling surfaces and each stage collects finer particles than its predecessor. The samples may be analysed under the microscope or by any method of chemical analysis that may be suitable for obtaining the mass of material of interest on each stage, e.g. atomic absorption or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
All cascade impactors have certain design features in common. By using suitable pumps, jet dimensions can be decreased to the point where the velocity is close to that of sound, enabling particles down to about 0.25 μm to be impacted.

## History

An early cascade impactor is described in K.R. May's paper in 1945.
# Wayne Johnson

Wayne Johnson may refer to:
* Wayne Johnson (musician) (born 1949), American jazz and acoustic guitarist
* Wayne Johnson (Minnesota politician), American politician in Minnesota
* Wayne Johnson (New Mexico politician), American politician in New Mexico
* Wayne Johnson (Wyoming politician) (1942–2020), American politician in Wyoming
* Wayne Johnson (athlete) (1902–1982), American long-distance runner
# Silverstoneia minutissima

Silverstoneia minutissima is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It is endemic to Colombia, in such places as Chocó, Alto del Buey, Río Atrato, and Río San Juan.

## Appearance

The adult male frog measures 13.3–16.2 mm long in snout-vent length and the adult female frog 14.5–17.0 mm, making this the smallest frog in Silverstoneia. The skin of the flanks is dark brown in color with a green lateral stripe from the eye to the groin. The belly, throat, and chest are green-white in color. There are orange spots on the dorsal sides of the hind legs.

## Habitat

This frog lives in rainforests. It has been observed in the leaf litter between 60 and 700 meters above sea level. Scientists think this frog is diurnal, like other frogs in Silverstoneia.

## Etymology

Scientists named this frog minutissima, which is Latin for "extremely small." This is the smallest frog in Silverstoneia, even smaller than Silverstoneia minima. Minima means "very small."

## Reproduction

Scientists infer that the female frog lays eggs in leaf litter and that, after the eggs hatch, the adult frogs carry the tadpoles to streams. The scientists think this because that is what other frogs in Silverstoneia do.

## Threats

The IUCN classifies this frog as near threatened because of its small estimated range. It is difficult to assess the species because of the remoteness of its habitat. Scientists infer that what threats it faces come from deforestation associated with subsistence logging and from pollution associated with nearby gold mining.
This frog has been found near one protected park, Parque Nacional Utría, but scientists do not know if it lives in the park.

## Original description

* Grant T; Myers CW (2013). "Review of the frog genus Silverstoneia, with descriptions of five new species from the Colombian Choco (Dendrobatidae: Colosteninae)". American Museum Novitates. 2784 (3784): 1–58. doi:10.1206/3784.2.