OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# City pair

In commercial aviation, a city pair is defined as a pair of departure (origin) and arrival (destination) airport codes on a flight itinerary. A given city pair may be a single non-stop flight segment, a direct flight with one or more stops, or an itinerary with connecting flights (multiple segments). The city pair, IAD-LHR would consist of flights and/or multi-leg itineraries that originate at Washington-Dulles Airport and terminate at London Heathrow Airport. The city pair, NYC-TYO would consist of flights and/or multi-leg itineraries that originate at any New York airport (John F Kennedy, Liberty or LaGuardia) and terminate at either Narita or Haneda in Tokyo.
# Gofer

A gofer, go-fer or gopher /ˈɡoʊfər/ is an employee who specializes in the delivery of special items to their superior(s). Examples of these special items include a cup of coffee, a tool, a tailored suit, or a car. Outside of the business world, the term is used to describe a child or young adult who is learning how to do tasks and is sent to fetch items. A similar job is that of peon in Commonwealth countries.
Gofer may also refer to a junior member of an organisation who generally receive the most vexing and thankless work. Law firms with a top-heavy management structure, having not enough junior lawyers to take care of menial yet necessary tasks, can be referred to as having "too many loafers and not enough gophers".

## Etymology

Gofer derives from “go for” and typifies a boss’s often impromptu order to an underling, usually a menial one, to go and fetch something, frequently of a personal nature, such as coffee, dry-cleaned garments, or postage stamps. The term originated in North America.

## In popular culture

In the first season (1976) of the television series The Muppet Show, Scooter was given the stage manager job because his uncle owned the theater where the Muppets performed. The pun was that a gopher not only is an animal, like the Muppets supposedly are, but is a fast animal, collecting food and delivering it somewhere else. At some point in the Muppets series, Kermit the Frog suggested that he himself was a gofer, but probably didn't last long in the job.
Chavo Guerrero was considered to be a gofer for his aunt Vickie Guerrero on WWE's SmackDown for most of 2008 (Vickie was SmackDown's General Manager at the time) when they were both part of the villainous La Familia stable. This would become a sporadic running joke on WWE programming as other superstars would mock Chavo for this reason.
The 2008 film WALL-E features a robotic gofer (named GO-4, a pun on gofer), who is the henchman of the villainous AI autopilot AUTO.
Brad Pitt's character Cliff Booth is a gofer for Rick Dalton (Leonardo DiCaprio) in the 2019 movie Once Upon a Time in Hollywood.
In the TV series Entourage, the character Salvatore "Turtle" Assante, is gofer to movie star Vincent Chase.
In JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: The JoJoLands, the main character, Jodio Joestar, is a gofer and gangster for the state's underground drug trade.
In 3rd Rock from the Sun Harry is hired as a gofer at Sally's TV station but believes he is supposed to be a gopher. Season 6, Episode 13.
# List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to Norway

The Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Norway is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in Norway, and head of the UK's diplomatic mission in Norway. The official title is His Britannic Majesty's Ambassador to the Kingdom of Norway. Norway and the United Kingdom have exchanged diplomats since Norway became independent, when Sir Arthur Herbert was appointed British Minister to Norway on 27 October 1905.
England, and later the United Kingdom, has had a diplomatic and/or consular representation in Norway at least since the 17th century.

## List of heads of mission
### Ministers to Norway

* 1905–1910: Sir Arthur Herbert, GCVO
* 1911–1923: Sir Mansfeldt Findlay, GBE, KCMG
* 1923–1929: Rt. Hon. Sir Francis Lindley, GCMG, CB, CBE
* 1929–1934: Sir Charles Wingfield, KCMG
* 1934–1942: Sir Cecil Dormer, KCMG

### Ambassador to the Norwegian Government in Exile

* 1942–1945: Sir Laurence Collier, KCMG

### Ambassadors to Norway

* 1945–1951: Sir Laurence Collier, KCMG
* 1951–1955: Sir Michael Wright, GCMG
* 1955–1960: Sir Peter Scarlett, KCMG, KCVO
* 1961–1962: Sir John Walker, KCMG
* 1963–1965: Sir Patrick Hancock, GCMG
* 1965–1968: Sir Ian Dixon Scott, KCMG, KCVO, CIE
* 1968–1972: Frank Brenchley, CMG
* 1972–1975: Ralph Selby, CMG
* 1975–1977: Sir Peter Scott, KBE, CMG
* 1978–1980: Sir Archie Lamb, KBE, CMG, DFC
* 1981–1983: Dame Gillian Brown, DCVO, CMG
* 1983–1987: Sir William Bentley, KCMG
* 1987–1990: Sir John Robson, KCMG
* 1990–1994: Sir David Ratford, KCMG, CVO
* 1994–1998: Mark Elliott, CMG
* 1998–2002: Sir Richard Dales, KCVO, CMG
* 2002–2006: Mariot Leslie, CMG
* 2006–2010: David Powell
* 2010–2014: Jane Owen
* 2014–2018: Sarah Gillett
* 2018–2023: Richard Wood
* 2023–present: Jan Thompson, CMG, OBE

## British consuls in Oslo

* 1686–? Daniel Butts, honorary
* 1834–1844 George Mygind, honorary
* 1844–? Sir John Rice Crowe (consul-general), honorary
* 1906-1910 Francis Edward Drummond Hay
* 1926–1931 Christopher Lintrup Paus, CBE
# Mount Huxley (Alaska)

Mount Huxley is a 12,216-foot (3,723 meter) glaciated mountain summit located in the Saint Elias Mountains of Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, in the U.S. state of Alaska. The remote peak is situated 75 mi (121 km) northwest of Yakutat, and 8.7 mi (14 km) west-northwest of Mount Saint Elias. The peak rises above the Columbus Glacier and Bagley Icefield to its north, the Tyndall Glacier to the south, and the Yahtse Glacier to the west. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into the Gulf of Alaska. The mountain was named in 1886 by English mountaineer Harold Ward Topham for Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895), an English biologist. The mountain was officially named Huxley Peak in 1917, but the name was officially changed to Mount Huxley in 1968 by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. The first ascent of the peak was made June 9, 1996 by Paul Claus who landed his plane at 11,500 feet elevation on the western flank (700 vertical feet below the summit) and climbed the remaining distance to the summit. The second ascent of Mt. Huxley, and first complete ascent from base to summit, was made in June 2018 by Scott Peters, Andrew Peter, and Ben Iwrey starting from the Columbus Glacier.

## Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Huxley is located in a subarctic climate zone with long, cold, snowy winters, and cool summers. Weather systems coming off the Gulf of Alaska are forced upwards by the Saint Elias Mountains (orographic lift), causing heavy precipitation in the form of rainfall and snowfall. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. The months May through June offer the most favorable weather for viewing and climbing this mountain.

## Gallery

* Mount Huxley below clouds
* Looking north from Icy Bay to Mount Huxley above Yahtse Glacier, and Mount St. Elias to right
# Lois Stratton

Lois Jean Stratton (January 5, 1927 – September 11, 2020) was an American politician in the state of Washington. Stratton served in the Washington House of Representatives as a Democrat from the 3rd district from 1979 to 1985, succeeding Margaret Hurley. She also served in the Washington State Senate from 1985 to 1993, succeeding Hurley once again. A member of the Spokane Tribe, Stratton was the first female enrolled tribal member in the Washington State Legislature.

## Career

She worked as a secretary, and is an alumnus of Kinman Business University.

## Political career

Stratton unsuccessfully ran for mayor of Spokane in 1993.

## Personal life

She was married with five children, including Spokane City Councilmember Karen Stratton.
She died on September 11, 2020, in Spokane, Washington at age 93.
# Joan B. Hague

Joan B. Hague is an American politician from New York, United States.

## Life

She was born Joan Spillane Barber in Glens Falls, Warren County, New York. She graduated from Tusculum College in 1951, and later attended for some time Fairleigh Dickinson University in New Jersey. In 1950, she married fellow student Roger S. Hague, and they had three children.
Joan B. Hague entered politics as a Republican. She was Warren County Commissioner of Jurors from 1971 to 1978, a delegate to the 1972 Republican National Convention, and a member of the New York State Assembly from 1979 to 1982, sitting in the 183rd and 184th New York State Legislatures. At the 1982 re-apportionment, the area of her residence was joined with a large part of Saratoga County, previously part of the 108th District. She declined to run in a primary against the incumbent assemblyman of the 108th District Robert A. D'Andrea, and in July 1982 announced that she would not seek re-election later that year.
Later she married Edward Wylie Smith (1921–2011), and became known as Joan Hague Smith or Joan Barber Smith.
She is a Life Trustee of Tusculum College.
# Andrew Heermans

Andrew Heermans (born September 21, 1953) is an American musician, mixer, audio, and mastering engineer. His three brothers and one sister were raised by their parents in Woodstock, New York. He started playing guitar during those years (1960–69) and began performing with bands on a regular basis upon a family move to Lafayette, Colorado, in 1969. After a very brief stint at the University of Colorado, Heermans returned to regular performing in soul and rock bands and began recording sounds and music. With the birth of his son, Heermans and his wife moved to a small house in the country near Hotchkiss, Colorado, where he continued to play, but with country musicians. Upon his return to New York City in 1978, he began playing with various bands including John Cale and recording in studios in Manhattan. His band FUN featuring Sean Doherty, Carlos Alomar, and Aaron Rubin achieved a certain notoriety in New Yowk and other cities around the world. Beside his work with FUN and other musical incarnations, his most recent work are his solo albums and shows, he continues working as a mastering engineer and recording engineer/producer of musical recordings.

## Selected discography

as FUN
* PAX (1996)
* CHAOS (1997)
* Andi Christo & The Disciples of FUN (2001)
* Like Fire Ants (2004)
* The Shady Patriot (2018)
as Andrew Heermans
* Come & Gone (2017)
# Shahrak-e Javad ol Aymeh

Shahrak-e Javad ol Aymeh (Persian: شهرك جوادالائمه, also Romanized as Shahrak-e Javād ol Āymeh) is a village in Qarah Bagh Rural District, in the Central District of Shiraz County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 148, in 34 families.
# Shahrak-e Kondaz

Shahrak-e Kondaz (Persian: شهرک کنداز, also Romanized as Shahrak-e Kondāz) is a village in Abarj Rural District, Dorudzan District, Marvdasht County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 104, in 24 families.
# Shahrak-e Mahdiyeh

Shahrak-e Mahdiyeh (Persian: شهرک مهديه, also Romanized as Shahrak-e Mahdīyeh) is a village in Kenareh Rural District, in the Central District of Marvdasht County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,132, in 526 families.
# Shahrak-e Muk

Shahrak-e Muk (Persian: شهرك موك, also Romanized as Shahrak-e Mūk; also known as Mook and Mūk) is a village in Khvajehei Rural District, Meymand District, Firuzabad County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 244, in 58 families.
# Donna Ferrara

Donna Ferrara (born June 22, 1959) is an American lawyer and politician from New York.

## Life

She was born on June 22, 1959. She graduated B.A. in English from SUNY Albany in 1981, and J.D. from St. John's University School of Law in 1984. She married Robert Gregory, and they have two children. They live in Westbury, Nassau County, New York.
She entered politics as a Republican, and was an aide to State Senator Norman J. Levy, and later legislative counsel to Assemblyman Kemp Hannon.
She was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1993 to 2005, sitting in the 190th, 191st, 192nd, 193rd, 194th, 195th and 196th New York State Legislatures. In April 2005, she was appointed to the New York State Workers Compensation Board. She was Chairwoman of the Board from 2006 to 2007, and remained on the Board until July 2013.
# Shahrak-e Sadra, Neyriz

Shahrak-e Sadra (Persian: شهرک صدرا, also Romanized as Shahrak-e Şadrā) is a village in Rostaq Rural District, in the Central District of Neyriz County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 28, in 8 families.
# Phyllis Rutledge

Phyllis Jean Rutledge (March 11, 1932 – May 1, 2015) was an American politician.
A native of Kanawha County, West Virginia, Rutledge served in the West Virginia House of Delegates from 1968 to 1972, and from 1988 to 1994, as a Democrat.
Some of her accomplishments included having introduced a bill requiring a 10% pay cut for all state employees earning more than $50,000. The state Division of Highways once changed its policy on department-funded cell phones because Rutledge said too many calls were being made. She was the Kanawha County coordinator for Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign.

## Death

Rutledge died on May 1, 2015, aged 83, and was survived by two children, six grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren.
# Otokar Ural

Otokar URAL is a 4x4 armoured vehicle designed for police, law enforcement and paramilitary forces.
It is manufactured by Otokar Otomotiv ve Savunma Sanayi A.Ş (simply Otokar), a Turkish military vehicles manufacturer headquartered in Sakarya, Turkey.
It was first unveiled at IDEF 2013

## Design

Based on a modular platform, its design enables it to be configured with a variety of different weapons/equipment enabling it to perform a variety of missions. In Eurosatory 2014, it was displayed with an Otokar designed, remotely controlled stabilized weapon station compromising of a 7.62mm/5.56mm machine gun designed for infantry fighting vehicles. Depending on configuration, it can carry up to 9 troops.

## Operators

* Bahrain: in use with Royal Bahraini Army.
* Ecuador: 15 units purchased in 2023 to be operated by National Police of Ecuador in counter-terrorist and narcotics operations.
* Ivory Coast: operated by National Gendarmerie.
* Turkey: 126 vehicles delivered to The General Directorate of Security (Turkish: Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü, EGM), the civilian police force responsible for law enforcement in Turkey.
* Turkmenistan: operated by Ministry of Internal Affairs.
# Shahrak-e Shahid Bahnar Jadval-e Now

Shahrak-e Shahid Bahnar Jadval-e Now (Persian: شهرك شهيدباهنرجدول نو, also Romanized as Shahrak-e Shahīd Bāhnar Jadval-e Now) is a village in Hasanabad Rural District, Hasanabad District, Eqlid County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 390, in 84 families.
# Alma W. Byrd

Alma Weaver Byrd (September 18, 1923 – May 3, 2017) was an American politician.

## Early life, education and career

Byrd was born in Aiken, South Carolina. She graduated from Benedict College, Columbia University, and the University of South Carolina. She taught English and French at Benedict College. Dr. Byrd also was a published author.

## Political career

Byrd served on the Richland County School District One Board and was the vice-chair of the school board. Byrd served as a Democratic member for the 74th district in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1991 to 1998.
Rep. Byrd introduced legislation leading to the commission and placement of a portrait of Modjeska Monteith Simkins in the South Carolina State House. The Simkins portrait was painted by Columbia artist Larry Francis Lebby.
# Paula J. Raschke-Lind

Paula J. Raschke-Lind (born December 18, 1962) is an American politician who served as a Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1993 to 1994.

## Biography

Born in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, Raschke-Lind received her associate degree from Rock Valley College. She lived in Rockford, Illinois and was a legislative aide to Illinois state representative Edolo J. Giorgi. Raschke-Lind was appointed to the Illinois House of Representatives when Giorgi died. Raschke-Lind is a Democrat. She lost the 1994 Democratic primary to Doug Scott, who went on to win the November general election.
# Shahrestan, Fasa

Shahrestan (Persian: شهرستان, also Romanized as Shahrestān; also known as Shahristān and Sharestān) is a village in Kushk-e Qazi Rural District, in the Central District of Fasa County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 539, in 125 families.
# Lauren Beth Gash

Lauren Beth Gash (born June 11, 1960) is an American lawyer and Democratic Party politician who served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1993 to 2001. She was the Democratic nominee for Congress in the 10th District of Illinois, but was narrowly defeated by Republican Mark Kirk.
Born in Summit, New Jersey, and raised in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey Gash received her bachelor's degree in psychology from Clark University and her J.D. degree from Georgetown University Law Center. Gash was admitted to the Illinois bar and lives in Highland Park, Illinois. Gash is involved with the Democratic Party. Gash served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1993 to 2001. Gash has a general practice, with a focus on not-for-profit organizations, civil rights, election law and public policy.
Hon. Gash has served as a Commissioner with the Illinois Human Rights Commission. Prior to that, she served four terms in the Illinois House of Representatives, where she chaired the Judiciary Committee. She was also vice-chair of the Elections and Campaign Reform Committee. Gash previously worked in Washington, D.C., and has served on the staffs of U.S. Senators Alan Dixon and Paul Simon.
Gash is a vice-chair of the Democratic Party of Illinois, as well as the founding chair of the Tenth Congressional District Democrats (Tenth Dems), a grassroots organization dedicated to building a strong infrastructure in Chicago's northern and northwestern suburbs. She was a member of the Electoral College in 2008, 2012 and 2016. She was an elected delegate to the Democratic National Convention several times.
Gash, a frequently-requested speaker and panelist, is a life-long community organizer who has served on numerous not-for-profit boards, including the League of Women Voters, PTA and the Anti-Defamation League. She is a former volunteer attorney at Prairie State Legal Services.
Gash regularly organizes Election Protection teams, CLE (continuing legal education) seminars, job interview workshops, expungement and sealing events with volunteer attorneys, and an annual student Poetry and Prose contest. The Election Protection team puts 125 lawyers at polling places, working to make sure that everyone who is entitled to vote is actually allowed to vote. Gash believes that politics should be about more than elections; it should be about working together to build a better world.
Gash holds a Juris Doctor degree from Georgetown University Law Center, where she served as associate editor of the American Criminal Law Review. As an undergraduate at Clark University, she majored in psychology.
Gash lives in Highland Park and is married to Gregg Garmisa. They have two adult children – Sarah, who uses her MBA and Master of Public Policy degrees to work toward social justice with not-for-profit organizations, and Ben, who serves as the communications director for U.S. Senator Tammy Duckworth in Washington, D.C.
# Carl Gassner

Carl Gassner was a German physician (17 November 1855 in Mainz – 31 January 1942), scientist and inventor, better known to have contributed to improve the Leclanché cell and to have fostered the development of the first dry cell, also known as the zinc–carbon battery, less likely to break or leak and that could be effectively industrially produced at large scale.

## Life

Gassner studied the medicine at the University of Strasbourg and then practiced in Mainz (Germany) as a specialist in diseases of the eyes and ears. He also conducted experiments in physics and chemistry at the Balbach watchmaking industry.

### Invention of dry cell

In 1880, most of the door bells operated with a wet Leclanché cell containing an aqueous electrolyte solution which often dried out, rendering the cell unusable. To remediate this inconvenience, in 1876, Georges Leclanché started to jellify the electrolyte of his cell by adding starch to the ammonium chloride, making also his cell more portable.
In 1885, Gassner also decided to modify the Leclanché cell by immobilising the liquid electrolyte in plaster of Paris used as a porous binder, to which he added hydrophilic chemicals and zinc chloride. The purpose of the addition of ZnCl$_2$ was to limit the corrosion rate of the zinc anode when the cell is not used and so to extend the service life of the cell. On 8 April 1886 he obtained a patent in Germany, and on 15 November 1887 in the United States. He also obtained different patents in Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France and England. His dry cell became known in 1890, when a friend of his shopkeeper asked him for help because the door bell did not work. Later also the other dealers wanted his dry cell.
Subsequently, the director of the Erfurt post-office ordered 100,000 batteries, forcing Gassner to establish a factory in Frankfurt. He could have earned millions of marks, but for peace he renounced all the rights of the Frankfurt company and the production was interrupted. He is buried in the main cemetery of Mainz.

## Zinc-carbon battery

The global chemical reaction occurring in the zinc-carbon battery is the following:
${\mathsf {Zn+2~MnO_{2}+2~NH_{4}Cl\rightarrow 2~MnO(OH)+[Zn(NH_{3})_{2}]Cl_{2}}}$