OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Refutation of Helvetius

Refutation of Helvetius (French: Refutation de l'ouvrage d'Helvetius intitule L'Homme) was composed in 1773 by Denis Diderot. It contains a rebuttal to some of the arguments made by Helvétius in his posthumously published work, De l'Homme (On Man).

## Background

Jean Claude Adrien Helvétius, 1715-1771, was a philosopher and one of the Encyclopedists; his main work, 'De L'Esprit' (1758), was condemned by the Pope, the Parlement and the Sorbonne, and was publicly burned.
Helvetius, a friend of Diderot, was a freethinker; many of his views were also the views of Diderot. The two shared a common acceptance of philosophical materialism, and in many respects their views on metaphysics were identical. The fundamental disagreement boiled down to a few issues on which Diderot was in vehement disagreement with Helvetius, and Diderot directed a polemical tract against him. First, Helvetius proposed that human behavior is indistinguishable from animal behavior since both humans and animals obtain knowledge through the five senses. Here, Diderot agreed with Helvetius that humans are a species of animals, and animals are not automata; however, he completely disagreed with the view that studying animal behavior can yield insights into human behavior.
Additionally, Helvetius was an environmentalist of an extreme kind. According to Helvetius everything about a human's development may be ascribed to the environment. Helvetius also did not distinguish between sensations and judgement. Diderot was opposed to these views.
In May 1758, while the eighth volume of the Encyclopédie was in preparation, Helvétius published his De l'ésprit. It was widely-read and instantly condemned. Although Helvétius was not a contributor to the Encyclopédie, he was a personal friend of Diderot and other writers, and the authorities did not parse the difference. In the fall of 1758, the Jansenist A.J. Chaumeix launched a long series of detailed attacks on both, conjoining the two. The Parlement of Paris opened a session in January 1759 to examine subversive works, and Helvétius's work was formally banned and burned. The Encyclopédie was also examined, and it only just escaped proscription. But it was clear its days were numbered.
In spite of their philosophical kinship, these differences highlight the nuanced debates and disagreements that were present among Enlightenment thinkers.
# Anne-Marie Lizin

Anne-Marie Lizin-Vanderspeeten (5 January 1949 – 17 October 2015) was a Belgian politician, who served as the President of the Senate of Belgium from 2004 to 2007.

## Political career

Her career in politics began as a member of the city council of Ben-Ahin [fr] from 1970 to 1976. She served on the city council of Huy in 1977 and was an alderman for Huy from 1980 to 1982. In 1983, she was appointed mayor of Huy, holding this position for 26 years. In March 2009 she was forced to resign because of a series of scandals. She was succeeded by Micheline Toussaint.
In 1979, Lizin was elected as an elected Member of the European Parliament. In 1988, she was elected into the Belgian government, and served in office for eight years. During her first term, she was appointed as Secretary of State for European Affairs, yet she decided to leave this role in 1992 to initiate the Commission of Inquiry on human trafficking. In 2003, she became President of the Commission for External Relations and Defence of the Belgian Senate; In 2004, she was appointed President of the Senate of Belgium, before finally becoming Senator in July 2007. She was the first female President of the Belgian Senate (2004–07). On 27 January 2009 she was banned from the Socialist party after a corruption case. Outside of her career in Belgian politics, Lizin was the United Nations Independent Expert on Human Rights and Extreme Poverty from 1998 to 2004.

## Court trial

In March 2015 she was convicted in appeals court in Liège for electoral malpractice. She had appealed the conviction to the Supreme Court.

## Philanthropy

Lizin was a member of the Board of Directors of the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC), a global nonprofit organization that combats child sexual exploitation, child pornography, and child abduction.
In 2008, she created the organisation HOCRINT, an international co-ordination network that fight against honor crimes and forced marriages. She played an active role for the End Human Trafficking Now (EHTN) organisation, in which she sat on the board till her death.

## Publications

During her time in politics, Lizin released many publications, her most famous include, Women of Europe and the Third World, what solidarity? (1983) Social Democracy Tomorrow (1990) and Kosovo Independence Inevitable (1997).

## Political interests

Lizin was widely acclaimed for her devotion to tackling human rights issues. Of particular importance to her were the rights of women across the globe and the need to eradicate human trafficking.

## Death

Lizin was hospitalized in Paris on 7 October 2015. A few days after being released from hospital in Paris, she died in Hotel Fort at Huy in Belgium on 17 October 2015 at the age of 66.

## Honours

* 2003: Commander in the Order of Leopold.
* 2007: Knight Grand cross in the Order of Leopold II.
* Poland: 1st class - Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland.
# Bonham Road Government Primary School

Bonham Road Government Primary School (Chinese: 般咸道官立小學) is a primary school in Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong. Its school building is a declared monument of Hong Kong.
Rachel Yeo of the South China Morning Post wrote that "The building is considered to be a rare surviving example of a structure that served both primary and tertiary institutions."
It is one of multiple schools in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 11, and it is one of two government schools in the net (the remainder are aided schools, which operate independently but are funded with government money). Neighbourhoods in the net include Central, Kennedy Town, Sai Ying Pun, Shek Tong Tsui, Sheung Wan, and Victoria Peak.

## History

The school itself began operations on 25 January 2000, originating from the Li Sing Afternoon Primary School (李陞小學下午校).
The building was constructed in 1940 and 1941. Northcote Training College, later known as Northcote College of Education in the 1970s, was the first occupant. During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong the police of the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces used the facility as an administrative centre. The training college resumed its use of the facility in March 1946. In 1962 the training college moved out of the building, and United College of the Chinese University of Hong Kong used the building in the period from then until 1971, when the training college moved back in. The college left the building again in 1997, and the primary school began occupying the facility in 2000.
The school building is a declared monument since 16 July 2021.
# Emerson Hammer

Emerson Hammer (August 12, 1856 – March 6, 1940) was an American politician in the state of Washington. He served in the Washington State Senate from 1901 to 1903.
# Villeperdrix

Villeperdrix (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Vilaperdritz) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.
# Kirstie Kasko

Kirstie Kasko (born October 13, 1992) is a Canadian Paralympic swimmer who competes in international level events.
Kasko took a break from swimming in 2014 when she had blackouts and epileptic seizures at a swimming pool in Calgary. She was diagnosed with epilepsy at age 21. However this was not a surprise as Kirstie had six grand mal seizures at age 2.
# Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event

The Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event, also known as the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary event, was an extinction event that occurred approximately 485 million years ago (mya) in the Paleozoic era of the early Phanerozoic eon. It was preceded by the less-documented (but probably more extensive) End-Botomian mass extinction around 517 million years ago, and the Dresbachian extinction event about 502 million years ago.
The Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event ended the Cambrian period, and led into the subsequent Ordovician period. It eliminated many brachiopods and conodonts, and severely reduced the number of trilobite species.

## Causes

Volcanic activity, particularly that of large igneous provinces, has been speculated to have been the cause of the environmental crisis. The emplacement of the Namaqualand–Garies dykes in South Africa has been dated to 485 mya, the time at which the Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event occurred, although there remains no unambiguous evidence of a causal relationship between this volcanism and the biotic turnover. Anoxia and changes in sea level have also been proposed as potential causal factors. The middle Cambrian to early Ordovician is characterized by persistent elevated extinction rates that are thought to have been maintained by anoxic conditions. A decrease in the anoxic conditions of the Cambrian, and an increase in euxinic conditions (or an increase in hydrogen sulfide concentrations) of the Early Ordovician are also believed to be an initiator of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.

## Effects on life

Trilobites were among the hardest hit organisms by the extinction. Shallow shelf trilobite faunas were hit particularly hard. Trilobites that inhabited the outer edges of shelf environments and slope environments, on the other hand, were minimally impacted by the event. Many trilobites appear to have been adapted to the anoxic conditions of the Cambrian through symbiosis with the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.

## Controversy

Soft-body fossils with morphology characteristic of the Cambrian have been uncovered in Morocco, dated 20 million years post-extinction. The 2010 paper by Roy, Orr, Botting, and their collaborators that announced the discovery suggests that Cambrian species persisted into the mid-Paleozoic. They argue that what had been interpreted as a Cambrian-Ordovician extinction is instead an artifact resulting from a gap in the stratigraphic record. Remains of soft-bodied animals prevalent in earlier, exceptional Cambrian fossil beds were only preserved in later, Ordovician deposits in rare places where special conditions promoted fossilization of soft bodies.
# Feredune Dittia

Feredune Dhanjishaw Dittia (1919 – 16 February 1985) was an Indian cricketer. He played first-class cricket for Hyderabad and Services between 1940 and 1951.
# Hiralal Gaekwad

Hiralal Ghasulal Gaekwad pronunciation (29 August 1923 – 2 January 2003) was an Indian cricketer who played in one Test match in 1952.
# Anil Das Gupta

Anil Das Gupta (28 May 1922 – 13 December 1990) was an Indian cricketer. He played first-class cricket for Bengal and Jharkhand.
# Amal ibn Idris al-Alami

Amal El Alami (Arabic: أمل العلمي, romanized: Amal al-ʻIlmī; born 9 July 1950) is a Moroccan physician, neurosurgeon and writer. He was born at Casablanca, the quartier Habous, in a nationalist family linked to the Istiqlal Party.

## Family origins

Amal el Alami comes from a famous family of Fez, Al Alami branch Idrisids. He is the son of poet, linguist and nationalist Idriss ibn al-Hassan al-Alami (1925–2007). He is the descendant of the doctor and astronomer Abdeslam ben Mohammed al-Alami [ar]
(1830–1904).

## Training and career

* Bachelor's in experimental sciences (Lycée Moulay Abdallah Casablanca) – June 1969
* Course of study at the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat Ibn Sina University Hospital (1969–1977)
* Internal CHU Ibn Rushd of Casablanca on competition (24 January 1977): in general surgery and then in pneumology (1977–1979)
* Defense of his doctoral thesis in medicine resulting in his MD degree, 17 March 1979, from the Mohammed V University at Souissi in Rabat where he held the post of assistant in ENT (hospital 20 August)
* Assistant (19 March 1979): in ENT then Neurosurgery (1979–1981)
* Lecturer in Neurosurgery (29 June 1981) (1982–1990)
* Resident alien of the Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, in the service of Neurosurgery of Henri Mondor Hospital headed by Professor JP Caron (1982–1983)
* He has taught at various Moroccan university hospital: from Casablanca, from Rabat, and Fes.
* He participated in many conferences and scientific seminars in Morocco and abroad
* Resignation of University Hospital (23 April 1990), and professional practice in private practice in Fes to date.
* He has translated many medical texts of the English in French and in Arabic.

## Certificates and diplomas

* University Diploma of Microsurgery
* UD of Biochemistry of normal and pathological nervous system
* CES of Neuroanatomy
* CES of Neurophysiology Clinical Child
* Certificate of Scanner the head
* Certificate of Radiation Protection

## Works

* Islam and the medical culture – Modern Printing House Casablanca (in French), second edition 1983.
* The euthanasia (in Arabic) 1999 – Infoprint printing Fez ( ISBN 9954-0-1372-5 )
* Towards an Islamic Medicine (in Arabic) – 1999 – Printing Annajah al Jadida Casablanca (Legal Deposit No. 1999/1441)
* Testimonials of an operated by open heart surgery (in French), 2012 (in press)
* Encyclopedic Dictionary of Neurosurgery (in French)
* The miracle of the brain (of neurobiology to the religion) (in Arabic)
* Abdeslam Al Alami (first doctor Moroccan 1836–1904): his life and works (in Arabic)
* The poet and linguist Idriss Bin Al Hassan Al Alami (1925–2007) (in Arabic)

## Inventions

* Framework biopsy spinal in stereotactic condition
* Goniometric frame of traction and reduction in the spine neck
# Bal Kadbet

Balkrishna V. Kadbet (4 December 1925 – 26 June 2010) was an Indian cricketer who played 11 first-class matches for Associated Cement Company between 1961 and 1971.
After attending Poddar College, where he captained the cricket team, Kadbet joined Associated Cement Company, working there in administration and playing in the company cricket team for more than 25 years. When the Associated Cement Company team played first-class cricket he played in 11 of its 13 matches, taking 20 wickets and finishing third among the team's wicket-takers behind Bapu Nadkarni (51) and Polly Umrigar (40).
His best bowling figures, 4 for 29, came in his first first-class match, against Pakistan Eaglets during Associated Cement Company's brief tour of Pakistan in 1961–62. In a friendly match in aid of the national Defence Fund in 1962–63, he was the leading wicket-taker for Associated Cement Company in their victory over the Andhra Chief Minister's XI, taking 3 for 33 and 2 for 18, and also made his highest score of 16 not out, batting at number 10. He took 4 for 34 (off 35 overs) in the final of the Moin-ud-Dowlah Gold Cup Tournament against Maharaj Kumar of Vizianagram's XI in 1963–64.
# Carl Goldenberg

Hyman Carl Goldenberg, OC OBE QC (October 20, 1907 – July 22, 1996) was a Canadian lawyer, arbitrator, mediator, and senator who is best known for his work as an arbitrator in major labour management disputes.
Born in Montreal, Quebec, Goldenberg received a Master of Arts degree in Economics and Political Science in 1929 and a Bachelor of Civil Law degree in 1932 from McGill University. He was called to the Quebec Bar in 1932. He was a lecturer at McGill from 1932 to 1936 and from 1944 to 1948.
He was appointed to the Senate by Pierre Elliott Trudeau in 1971 and served until his retirement in 1982. He was a constitutional advisor to three prime ministers—Mackenzie King, Pierre Elliott Trudeau and Jean Chrétien—and participated in 20 royal commissions and led numerous boards and special inquiries. He was the chairman of the Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs and a member of the Senate–House of Commons committee on the Constitution of Canada, which at that point he co-chaired.

## Honours

In 1946, he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his work during World War II. In 1967 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1974, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of British Columbia.

## Archives

There is a Carl Goldenberg fonds at Library and Archives Canada. There is an H. Carl Goldenberg fonds at Queen's University Archives.
# Dunhua Road station

Dunhua Road (Chinese: 敦化路) is a station on Line 3 of the Qingdao Metro. It opened on 18 December 2016.

## Gallery

* Entrance B
* Concourse
* Platform
# 2018–19 Ethiopian Premier League

The 2018–19 Ethiopian Premier League was the 72nd season of top-tier football in Ethiopia (21st season as the Premier League). The season started on 27 October 2018. Mekelle were crowned Ethiopian football champions for the first time in their history after beating Dire Dawa in front of 60,000 spectators. Mekelle drew an average home attendance of 18,212, the highest in the Ethiopian Premier League during that league season.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 1 | Mekelle City (C) | 30 | 18 | 5 | 7 | 45 | 24 | +21 | 59 | Qualification for Champions League |
| 2 | Sidama Coffee | 30 | 17 | 7 | 6 | 45 | 29 | +16 | 58 | |
| 3 | Fasil City (Q) | 30 | 15 | 12 | 3 | 49 | 17 | +32 | 57 | Qualification for Confederation Cup |
| 4 | Saint George | 29 | 12 | 10 | 7 | 28 | 18 | +10 | 46 | |
| 5 | Jimma Aba Jifar | 30 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 33 | 36 | −3 | 46 | |
| 6 | Hawassa City | 30 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 42 | 31 | +11 | 44 | |
| 7 | Wolayta Dicha | 30 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 34 | 27 | +7 | 41 | |
| 8 | Bahir Dar City | 30 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 27 | 31 | −4 | 41 | |
| 9 | Ethiopian Coffee | 30 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 27 | 23 | +4 | 39 | |
| 10 | Welwalo Adigrat University | 29 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 16 | 21 | −5 | 37 | |
| 11 | Adama City | 30 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 28 | 28 | 0 | 35 | |
| 12 | Dire Dawa City | 30 | 9 | 8 | 13 | 29 | 34 | −5 | 35 | |
| 13 | Shire Endaselassie | 30 | 7 | 13 | 10 | 29 | 39 | −10 | 34 | |
| 14 | Defence Force (R) | 30 | 8 | 8 | 14 | 37 | 57 | −20 | 32 | Relegation to Ethiopian Super League |
| 15 | Debub Police (R) | 30 | 7 | 8 | 15 | 34 | 41 | −7 | 29 | Relegation to Ethiopian Super League |
| 16 | Dedebit (R) | 30 | 4 | 1 | 25 | 21 | 68 | −47 | 13 | Relegation to Ethiopian Super League |
* ↑ Fasil City are Ethiopian Cup winners.
# Northwestern Region (Iceland)

Northwestern Region (Icelandic: Norðurland vestra, Icelandic pronunciation: ) is one of the traditional eight regions of Iceland, located in the north of the island. The largest town in the region is Sauðárkrókur, with a population of 2,609 in 2024.
One of the primary attractions of the area is the basalt rock Hvítserkur, 15 meters high and resembles a dragon that throws its head to take a sip of water.
# Fusheng, Chongqing

Fusheng (Chinese: 复盛; pinyin: Fùshèng) is a town under the administration of Jiangbei District, Chongqing, China. As of 2020, it has four residential neighborhoods and two villages under its administration:

## Neighborhoods

* Miaoba Community (庙坝社区)
* Xiangyun Community (祥韵社区)
* Fusheng Road Community (福生路社区)
* Shihexi Community (石河溪社区)

## Villages

* Shimiao Village (石庙村)
* Huashan Village (华山村)

## Transport

The town is served by Fusheng railway station. It will be served by the Phase 2 of Line 4.
# 1905 SAFA Grand Final

The 1905 SAFA Grand Final was an Australian rules football competition. North Adelaide beat Port Adelaide by 44 to 12.

## Teams

1905 Premiership Team :
| B: | Alec Ewers | Jimmy Matthews | Charles Fotheringham |
| HB: | Tom MacKenzie | Fred Odlum | Herb Ward |
| C: | Jack Rees | Edward MacKenzie | Norman Pash |
| HF: | Charlie Jessop | Vern Drew | William "Peter" Fleet |
| F: | Ernie Johns | Anthony "Boss" Daly | Jack "Dinny" Reedman (c) |
| Foll: | John Earl | Frank Young | Harold "Araby" Pash |
| Coach: | n/a | n/a | n/a |
# Cristina Popescu (rower)

Cristina Popescu (born 15 April 1996) is a Romanian rower. She competed in the women's coxless four event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
# Laura Branchaud

Laura Branchaud (born 15 February 1960) is a Canadian former field hockey player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics and in the 1988 Summer Olympics.
Branchaud made her debut for Canada in 1979. When she was selected for the 1981 Women's Hockey World Cup at the age of 20, she was described by Janet Beverly, the technical director of the Canada team as "about five foot...quick and has a good acceleration", "gaining a reputation for scoring goals at critical times". She scored two goals against Netherlands in February 1981 helping Canada finish third in the European Indoor Championships.
# The Red Tent

The Red Tent or Red Tent may refer to:
* Red Tent (shelter), a tent used by survivors of the airship Italia in 1928
* The Red Tent (Nagibin novel), 1960
** The Red Tent (film), a 1969 Russian-Italian film based on Nagibin's novel
* The Red Tent (Diamant novel), 1997
** The Red Tent (miniseries), a 2014 miniseries based on Diamant's novel
# Steve Christiansen (rower)

Steve Christiansen (born November 10, 1956) is an American rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
Although he trained with the same team to be part of the 1980 Summer Olympics, a boycott thereof prevented their entry into the competition. During training sessions he was sometimes the brunt of jokes and was jokingly referred to by the nickname Chiclets.

## Early life and education

Born in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, Christiansen started rowing while at Rutgers. He later enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania where he was the captain of the heavyweight rowing team.
# Garry Davidson

Garry Bryan Davidson (10 February 1954 – 26 November 2020) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Geelong and Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1970s.
Originally from Devonport, Davidson was at Geelong for three seasons and twice kicked four goals in a game. His second VFL stint, which came four years after leaving Geelong, was with Richmond. He also played with Caulfield in the Victorian Football Association (VFA).
Davidson coached Glenorchy to a Tasmanian Football League premiership in 1983 and also North Hobart to TFL Statewide premierships in 1987 and 1989. He was named, in 2000, as an assistant coach in North Hobart's official 'Team of the Century'.
He has since served as the football manager at Geelong in the AFL and in 2006 was inducted into the Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame for his career as a coach.
Davidson's son Tom Davidson played one Australian Football League (AFL) game for Collingwood.