OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pale

Pale may refer to:

## Jurisdictions

* Medieval areas of English conquest:
** Pale of Calais, in France (1360–1558)
** The Pale, or the English Pale, in Ireland
* Pale of Settlement, area of permitted Jewish settlement, western Russian Empire (1791–1915)

## Geography
### Africa

* Palé, town in Guinea
* San Antonio de Palé, town on Annobon Island, Equatorial Guinea

### Asia

* Burma
** Pale, Myanmar, town
** Pale Township
* India
** Pale, Dahanu, village
** Pale, Goa, census town

### Europe

* Pale (Greece), ancient town in Kefalonia, today part of Lixouri, Greece
* Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina, a town and municipality
* Palé, Hungary, a village
* Pāle parish, Latvia
* Pale River, Estonia
* Pale-Prača, Bosnia and Herzegovina, a municipality

## Arts, entertainment, and media
### Music

* Pale (album), a 1990 release of Toad the Wet Sprocket
* Pale (band), an Australian band formed in 1991
* The Pale (band), an Irish band formed in 1990
* The Pale, renamed The Pale Pacific, an American indie rock band
* The Pale (EP), by William Control
* "Pale", a track by Within Temptation from The Silent Force

### Other arts, entertainment, and media

* Pale (Greyhawk), the Theocracy of the Pale, a fictional nation in the Dungeons and Dragons role-playing game
* Pale Rider (1985), an American western film produced and directed by Clint Eastwood
* The Pale, an otherworldly location in Disco Elysium

## Other uses

* Pale (heraldry), a vertical mark running down the centre of a flag or shield
* Pálē (in Greek: πάλη), the Greek name for ancient Greek wrestling
* Palisade, a fence made from paling, sticks or logs sharpened on one end into "pales" with the other on or embedded into the ground
* Pallor, a paleness of the skin
# The Aerosol Grey Machine

The Aerosol Grey Machine is the debut studio album by English progressive rock band Van der Graaf Generator. It was first released in the United States in 1969 by Mercury Records.

## Content

The album was originally intended as a solo album by the band's lead singer and main songwriter, Peter Hammill. When the band signed with Charisma Records, a deal was worked out whereby The Aerosol Grey Machine would be released under the Van der Graaf Generator name, in return for Mercury releasing Hammill from his earlier contract.

## Releases

The Aerosol Grey Machine was released in September 1969 by Mercury, in the US only. An initial edition contained the song "Giant Squid" instead of "Necromancer", but that was a mis-print which was corrected immediately. On the sleeve and on the LP label of the misprint only "Necromancer" is named, but the song is mentioned in the song album credits though, which makes it very likely that initially the LP should feature it. The LP was released in 1974 by Fontana Records in Germany and by Vertigo in some other European countries. The first UK release was in Feb 1975 also by Fontana.
The album was reissued on CD in 1997 by Repertoire Records in Germany, using the original running order of the album as released on LP, and featuring the first single as bonus tracks.
In the same year Peter Hammill's own UK record label FIE! Records also released the album, but in a different edition. The Fie CD uses a slightly different running order and adds "Giant Squid" along with a previously unreleased early version of "Ferret and Featherbird" as part of the album, and not as bonus tracks at the end of the CD. For this release Hammill also united both parts of "Orthenthian Street" into one song by an initially intended cross fade.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
In his retrospective review, Steven McDonald of AllMusic called it "A raw, energetic effort that sometimes did little to show off the young Hammill's talents" that "nevertheless has some fine moments that hint at the possibilities for future releases". Paul Stump, in his 1997 History of Progressive Rock, commented that the album "said little unsaid elsewhere at the time; it was poetically skewed pop, arcanely arranged and cautiously extended."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Peter Hammill, except as indicated

## Personnel
### Van der Graaf Generator

* Peter Hammill – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
* Hugh Banton – Farfisa organ, piano, percussion, backing vocals, electric guitar on "Firebrand"
* Keith Ellis – bass guitar, backing vocals
* Guy Evans – drums, percussion

### Additional personnel

* Jeff Peach – flute on "Running Back" and "Ferret & Featherbird"
* Chris Judge Smith (only on bonus tracks) – slide-saxophone and harmony vocals on "People You Were Going To", co-lead vocals on "Firebrand"

## Charts

| Chart (2019) | Peak position |
| UK Independent Albums (OCC) | 48 |
| UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC) | 9 |
# Diffraction standard

In crystallography, a diffraction standard, or calibration crystal, is a crystal used to calibrate an X-ray spectrometer to an absolute X-ray energy scale. A range of materials may be used including quartz or silicon crystals. There are also reports of crystals of silver behenate or silver stearate having been used for this purpose.
# Exotic Tropical Flora Park

The Exotic Tropical Flora Park (Spanish: Parque de la Exótica Flora Tropical; Parque de la Exótica Flora Tropical y Misión Nuestra Señora del Carmen) Also Exotic Tropical Flora Park and Our lady of Carmel Mission Is the name given to a complex formed by an old Catholic mission transformed into a museum, a Catholic chapel and a 10.5-hectare (26-acre) botanical garden with more than 2,500 varieties of plants from Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, Panama, Nicaragua, Madagascar, Costa Rica, Thailand, Singapore, China and Australia, mainly heliconias, gingers, bromeliads and orchids arranged in a journey of 4.5 kilometers located in the valley of the Yaracuy River, in the homonymous state of Venezuela.
The tour of the park is led by an expert who usually explains the origin of each species of the walk or can also acquire a book with all the specifications and go taking their own notes while walking the route. The guides of the park also direct the option of practicing canopy walking, a discipline that consists of "walking" through the trees through a safe mechanism of harnesses and pulleys.
The fauna is as rich as the vegetation. The walk around the park is usually accompanied by araguatos (howler monkeys), butterflies, sloths, ducks, chigüires (capybara) and a great diversity of birds.
# President's Medal of the IOP

The President's Medal of the IOP is awarded by the Institute of Physics (IOP), with a maximum of two per presidency. It was first established in 1997, and is for "meritorious services in various fields of endeavour which were of benefit to physics in general and the Institute in particular". It is presented personally by the president of the Institute.

## Medallists

The following persons have received this medal:
* 2022 Peter Knight
* 2020 Myriam Sarachik
* 2018 William George Stirling
* 2017 Jocelyn Bell Burnell
* 2016 John Dudley
* 2014 Douglas J. Paul
* 2012 Brian Cox
* 2009 Mazlan Othman
* 2008 Michael Atiyah
* 2006 Timothy Berners-Lee
* 2004 Edouard Brézin
* 2002 Martin Wood
* 2000 Jerome Isaac Friedman
* 1998 Frederick Dainton, Baron Dainton
# Shapez 2

Shapez 2 (stylized as shapez 2) is a factory simulation video game developed by tobspr Games.

## Gameplay

Similar to its predecessor Shapez, players extract and process various resources in a procedurally generated world to supply a central hub called the "Vortex". Different types of buildings are available, such as balancers, cutters, and extractors. There are no victory conditions, and all buildings are free of cost, so factories can theoretically expand infinitely.
As more shapes are supplied and the factory expands, players need to make more complex shapes composed of many layers of cut and dyed shapes. Each shape contains up to four layers of four quadrants. In later stages of the game, players will need to supply thousands of copies of such shapes to the Vortex.
A major difference was the switch from 2D to 3D graphics, which allows the player to build on multiple layers. Shapes remained 2D, and most buildings are still limited to one per layer.
Shapez 2 also adopted a new theme, switching from a plain white background to outer space. Modular islands and space trains were introduced along with the new theme, allowing the player to easily copy-and-paste sections of factories. Players are also given the ability to adjust the game's difficulty, which determines the size of resources and position of islands.

## Development and release

The first trailer for Shapez 2 was released on August 16, 2023. An open demo was made available on Steam on January 25, 2024, which received positive reviews from critics. Shapez 2 was released for early access on August 15, 2024.
The game was developed by German indie developer tobspr Games using the Unity engine. The studio received partial funding with a grant of €537,833 from the German government via the "Computerspielförderung des Bundes".
Unlike its predecessor, which was free and open source, Shapez 2 requires a purchase.

## Reception

Shapez 2 received positive reviews upon release. Ollie Toms from Rock, Paper, Shotgun described the game as "peerlessly satisfying", while Lawrence Scotti from PCGamesN said that the game "maintains a zen-like atmosphere."
# Stephen F. Barker

Stephen Francis Barker (January 11, 1927 – December 16, 2019) was an American philosopher of mathematics, a professor emeritus of philosophy in the Department of Philosophy, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences at Johns Hopkins University. He was also a faculty member at the University of Southern California, the University of Virginia and Ohio State University.
He was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan. In 1948, he served in the Navy for a year. He then proceeded in 1949 to earn a bachelor's degree from Swarthmore College. He got his master's degree as well as Ph.D in philosophy from Harvard University in 1951 and 1954 respectively. While at Harvard, he won the Bechtel Prize in 1951 for his essay, "A Study of Phenomenalism".
Later, he became an instructor in the University of Southern California in 1954–55. He became an assistant professor in the University of Virginia and then was made an associate professor in the same university from 1956 to 1961. He became a professor at Ohio State University from 1961 to1964. He reached the peak of his career when he arrived at Johns Hopkins as a professor in 1964 where he was named professor emeritus upon his retirement in 2002.
Barker was not just a professor or a professor emeritus, he was also a Sheldon Traveling Fellow in England in 1952–53. Harvard awarded him the George Santayana Fellowship for the academic year 1955–56. In addition, he became a Guggenheim Fellow in 1964–65.
Barker was married to Evelyn Barker, who was also a philosopher and died in 2003. Baker himself eventually died at Roland Park Place at 92 years of age after living an exceptionally brilliant life.

## Books

Barker is the author of:
* Induction and hypothesis: a study of the logic of confirmation (Cornell University Press, 1957). This study of theories of informal reasoning is structured in four parts: an investigation of the problem of induction, a rejection of explanations based on overriding premises (such as the uniformity of nature) as a form of begging the question, an overview of positivist approaches to the problem, and finally a resolution to the problem based on theories of John George Kemeny involving the selection of the most likely hypothesis to fit a set of observations.
* Philosophy of mathematics (Prentice-Hall, 1964). Part of a series of books (edited by Elizabeth and Monroe Beardsley) overviewing the main areas of philosophy, this book describes the main problems in the philosophy of mathematics and evaluates their proposed solutions. Its five chapters concern Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry, and literalist and non-literalist views on the meaning of numbers.
* The elements of logic (McGraw Hill, 1965)
* Thomas Reid critical interpretations (with Tom L. Beauchamp, Philosophical monographs, 1976)
In addition, he edited John Wisdom's Proof and explanation: the Virginia lectures (University Press of America, 1991), co-edited The Legacy of logical positivism; studies in the philosophy of science with Peter Achinstein (Johns Hopkins Press, 1969),
# James Clark Walkley

James Clark Walkley (March 3, 1817 – October 4, 1890) was an American attorney and politician.

## Early life and education

Walkley, son of Deacon James and Lydia (Spencer) Walkley, was born in Haddam, Connecticut, on March 3, 1817. After graduating from Yale College in 1836, he taught in an academy on Long Island for two years, and then studied law for one year in Hartford with William W. Ellsworth, and for one year in the Harvard Law School.

## Career

After his legal education, Walkey settled in Hartford, Connecticut. He served as a clerk of the Connecticut Superior Court and Recorders Court. He was city attorney for two years and City Auditor for ten years. In March 1852, he became president of the Charter Oak Life Insurance Company and held that office until 1876. His residence was in part in Hartford and in part in his native town, which he represented in the Connecticut Legislature in 1869. He was prominent in the organization of the Connecticut Valley Railroad starting in 1869 and was president of the board of directors until his resignation in 1877.

## Personal life

He married Martha Ann, daughter of Captain Jonathan Smith, of Agawam, Massachusetts, and had one son, who died in infancy, and four daughters, who survived him. His last years were spent on his paternal homestead in Haddam, where he died on October 4, 1890, at the age of 74.
# Belarus at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics

Belarus competed at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics in London, United Kingdom, 4–13 August 2017.

## Results
### Men
#### Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Dzmitry Dziubin | 20 kilometres walk | — | — | — | — | 1:25:41 | 49 |
| Aliaksandr Liakhovich | 20 kilometres walk | — | — | — | — | 1:21:39 | 28 |

#### Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | Qualification | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Distance | Position | Distance | Position |
| Aliaksei Nichypar | Shot put | 19.54 | 28 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Pavel Bareisha | Hammer throw | 75.98 | 4 Q | 75.86 | 9 |
| Siarhei Kalamoyets | Hammer throw | 71.90 | 22 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Zakhar Makhrosenka | Hammer throw | 72.58 | 18 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Pavel Mialeshka | Javelin throw | 75.33 | 27 | Did not advance | Did not advance |

### Women
#### Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Maryna Arzamasova | 800 metres | 2:01.92 SB | 24 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Elvira Herman | 100 metres hurdles | 13.01 | 17 Q | 13.16 | 19 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Alina Talay | 100 metres hurdles | 12.88 SB | 8 Q | 12.85 SB | 7 Q | 12.81 SB | 6 |
| Nastassia Yatsevich | 20 kilometres walk | — | — | — | — | 1:32:22 SB | 26 |

#### Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | Qualification | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Distance | Position | Distance | Position |
| Iryna Zhuk | Pole vault | NH | – | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Aliona Dubitskaya | Shot put | 17.68 | 14 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Yuliya Leantsiuk | Shot put | 18.01 | 7 q | 18.12 | 7 |
| Hanna Malyshchyk | Hammer throw | 72.79 | 4 Q | 69.43 | 10 |
| Tatsiana Khaladovich | Javelin throw | 62.58 | 11 q | 64.05 | 6 |
# Sadove, Skadovsk Raion, Kherson Oblast

Sadove (Ukrainian: Садове; Russian: Садовое) is a rural settlement (selyshche) in Skadovsk Raion of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine, located 44.74 kilometres (27.80 mi) southwest (SW) of the center of Kharkiv city. It belongs to Chulakivka rural hromada [uk], one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

## History

The settlement was founded before 1900.

### Russian invasion of Ukraine

On 24 February 2022, the settlement was occupied by Russian forces during the Russian-Ukrainian war.
On 7 June 2024, an attack by Ukrainian Armed Forces on the settlement left 22 people killed and 15 wounded according to the Russian occupational administration.

## Demographics

As of the 2001 Ukrainian census, the settlement had 684 inhabitants, whose native languages were 89.90% Ukrainian, 9.37% Russian, 0.29% Belarusian and 0.15% Moldovan (Romanian).
# Jean de Clermont

Jean de Clermont (French pronunciation:; died 19 September 1356), Lord of Chantilly and of Beaumont, was a Marshal of France (1352) who was killed fighting in the Hundred Years' War at the Battle of Poitiers.
Jean de Clermont served under the Count of Eu in 1340 during the campaigns in Hainault and Flanders. The following years he fought in Normandy, Avignon and the Languedoc. In 1352 he was sent to Flanders to negotiate a truce with the English. After the signing of the truce he was made governor of Poitou, Saintonge, Angoumois, Périgord and Limousin (1354).
In 1356, Jean advised King John II of France not to engage the English in battle but to surround them and starve them. His advice ignored, King John II decided to engage the English at Nouaillé-Maupertuis, south of Poitiers. Jean was killed during the battle which ended in a military disaster for the French, and the capture of the King.
# Fezeka Mbiko

Fezeka Mbiko (born 1958 or 1959) is a South African politician who has been a Member of the National Assembly of South Africa since October 2024. A member of the Democratic Alliance, she previously served in the Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature for three months from February 2019 until May 2019.

## Early life and background

Mbiko was born in Gwadana outside Dutywa in the Cape Province. She worked for the Eastern Cape Development Corporation for a total of 33 years before becoming involved in politics.
Mbiko is a graduate of the Thabo Mbeki African Leadership Institute.

## Political career

Mbiko served one term as a Democratic Alliance in Dutywa from 2011 until 2016.
On 19 February 2019, Mbiko was sworn in as a DA representative in the Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature. She filled the casual vacancy created after Celeste Barker was medically boarded by the party. Mbiko served until the general election three months later.
Mbiko re-entered frontline politics in October 2024 when she was sworn in as a DA Member of the National Assembly, succeeding Renaldo Gouws, whose party membership had been terminated. She was appointed constituency leader of the party's Phesheya Kwenciba constituency, which includes the towns of Butterworth, Elliotdale, Willowvale, Dutywa, Qumrha, Chintsa and Kei Mouth.
# Jennifer D. Benally

Jennifer D. Benally is a former state representative from Arizona, representing the 7th district. A member of the Democratic Party, Benally was first elected to the Arizona House of Representatives in 2015. Benally did not seek reelection in 2016.

## Early life and education

Benally is Zuni Edgewater Clan born for Tangle Root Clan. Benally was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico but moved to Arizona in 1957. She earned her degree from Northern Arizona University and served as a Navajo Nation police officer from 1982 to 1990. Benally become a Tuba City Prosecutor in 1992. After six years as a prosecutor, Benally became a district court judge for the Navajo Nation.

## Elections

* 2014 Benally and Albert Hale defeated Joshua Lavar Butler in the Democratic primary. Hale and Benally were unopposed in the general election.

## Personal life

Benally and her husband, Kent, together have 10 children and 14 grandchildren.
# List of Ethiopian regional states by population

The following table presents a list of Ethiopian regional states by population based on the 1994 and 2007 censuses with the Statistics Ethiopia estimated population as of July 2023.
| Region | 1994 Census | 2007 Census | 2023 Estimate |
| Oromia | 18,732,525 | 26,993,933 | 40,884,000 |
| Amhara | 19,834,297 | 27,221,976 | 45,216,000 |
| South | | | 7,594,741 |
| Somali | 3,439,860 | 4,445,219 | 6,657,000 |
| Central | | | 6,271,761 |
| Tigray | 3,136,267 | 4,316,988 | 5,838,000 |
| Sidama | | | 5,301,868 |
| South West | | | 4,197,164 |
| Addis Ababa | 2,112,737 | 2,739,551 | 3,945,000 |
| Afar | 1,106,383 | 1,390,273 | 2,076,000 |
| Benishangul-Gumuz | 162,397 | 784,345 | 1,251,000 |
| Dire Dawa | 251,864 | 341,834 | 551,000 |
| Gambela | 181,862 | 307,096 | 525,000 |
| Harari | 131,139 | 183,415 | 283,000 |
| Total | | 73,750,932 | 107,334,000 |
# New Australians

New Australians were non-British migrants to Australia who arrived in the wave of immigration following World War II. The term initially referred to newly arrived immigrants, generally refugees, who were expected to eventually become mainstream Australians. It was coined by Arthur Calwell, Australia's first Minister for Immigration, to promote the assimilation of migrants to Australia from continental Europe. Its use was intended to be positive, and to discourage use of pejorative terms such as "reffo" or "Balt" that were then in frequent use. The term has fallen into disuse since the 1970s.
The Democratic Labor Party in Victoria, under state leader Jack Little, is credited with being the first Australian political party to promote New Australian candidates in parliamentary elections in the period after the end of World War II. Prominent candidates were Hungarian-Australian Vilmos Kormos for the Australian Senate in 1958, and Italian-Australian Nino Randazzo for the electoral district of Fitzroy in the Victorian Legislative Assembly in 1964.