OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pseudovector meson

In high energy physics, a pseudovector meson or axial vector meson is a meson with total spin 1 and even parity (+) (usually noted as J$^P$ = 1$^+$ ).
    Compare to a vector meson, which has a total spin 1 and odd parity (that is, J$^P$ = 1$^−$ ).

## Charge parity (C) in addition to spatial parity (P)

The known pseudovector mesons fall into two different classes, all have even spatial parity ( P = "+" ), but they differ in another kind of parity called charge parity (C) which can be either even (+) or odd (−). The two types of pseudovector meson are:
* those with odd charge parity J$^{PC}$ = 1$^{+−}$
* those with even charge parity J$^{PC}$ = 1$^{++}$
The 1$^{+−}$ group has no intrinsic spin excitation ( S = 0 ), but do gain spin from angular momentum ( L = 1 ) of the orbits of the two constituent quarks around their mutual center. The second group (1$^{++}$) have both intrinsic spin S = 1 , and L = 1 , with L and S coupling to J = 1 .
Pseudovector, or axial vector, mesons in the 1$^{+−}$ category are most readily be seen in proton‑antiproton annihilation and pion‑nucleon scattering. The mesons in the 1$^{++}$ category are normally seen in proton-proton and pion-nucleon scattering.

## Discrepant mass estimates

The difference between the two groups gives them slightly different masses, from the spin‑orbit coupling rule. Theoretically, the h and b mesons are in the 1$^{+−}$ group, and should have heavier masses, according to the spin-orbit mass splitting. However, the measured masses of the mesons do not appear to follow the rule, as evidenced by the f and a mesons being heavier. There are considerable uncertainties in experimental measurement of pseudovector mesons; more experimental data will be needed to confirm and accurately determine the discrepancy between theory and measurement.
The 1$^{++}$ multiplet of light mesons may show similar behavior to that of other vector mesons, in that the mixing of light quarks with strange quarks appears to be small for this quantum number. The 1$^{+−}$ multiplet, on the other hand, may be affected by other factors that generally reduce meson masses. Again, further experimentation is required in order to solidify the observations.

## Examples

* 1$^{+−}$ candidates: h$_1$(1170), b$_1$(1235), h$_1$(1380)
* 1$^{++}$ candidates: f$_1$(1285), a$_1$(1260), f$_1$(1420)
* strange candidates: K$_1$(1270), K$_1$(1400)
* heavy candidates: h$_c$, χ$_{c1}$
# Husthwaite Gate railway station

Husthwaite Gate railway station is a disused railway station in North Yorkshire, England. It served the nearby village of Husthwaite.
When the Thirsk and Malton Line was completed in 1853, there was originally no station near Husthwaite. However, a single platform on the north side of the single line was provided by 1856, east of the crossing with the minor road from Husthwaite to Carlton Husthwaite, known as Elphin Bridge Lane. A stationmaster's house, incorporating the ticket office, was built on the opposite side of the crossing.
A goods siding in front of the stationmaster's house was built at the cost of Sir George Wombwell, a local landowner. In 1872, it was taken into public use and Wombwell's outlay was refunded. In 1880, a 200 yards (180 m) tramway was built to connect the goods siding to Angram Wood, north east of the station. This was used to forward timber from Angram to Helmsley for processing. The gauge of the tramway is unknown.
In 1856, a single train plied the route between Pilmoor and Malton three times daily. This had risen to four trains a day by 1895. In 1906, services on the line amounted to six trains each way, five of which went south to York and one which ran north to Pilmoor and offered a connecting service via the Pilmoor, Boroughbridge and Knaresborough Railway to Harrogate.
The station was closed to passengers in January 1953, but the line was still used by long-distance passenger traffic and excursions. It remained as a goods station but became an unmanned delivery siding from October 1963. The station was closed in August 1964, having latterly been serviced with trains only from the east. An accident in March 1963 on the East Coast Main Line damaged Sessay Wood Junction and it was never repaired. The line was closed in 1964, and the track pulled up in the following year. A brick course of the platform remains. The stationmaster's house is a private dwelling, and the station sidings area is now a campsite.
# Tugah-e Qarah Bas

Tugah-e Qarah Bas (Persian: توگه قره بس, also Romanized as Tūgah-e Qarah Bas) is a village in Mahur Rural District, Mahvarmilani District, Mamasani County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 48, in 11 families.
# Bruck am Ziller

Bruck am Ziller is a municipality in the Schwaz district in the Austrian state of Tyrol. The name derives from the river Ziller.

## Geography

Bruck lies at the entrance to the Ziller valley east of the river on a low terrace.
# Yas Chaman, Fars

Yas Chaman (Persian: ياس چمن, also Romanized as Yās Chaman) is a village in Shahidabad Rural District, Mashhad-e Morghab District, Khorrambid County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 62, in 13 families.
# District Council of Yongala

The District Council of Yongala was a local government area in South Australia from 1883 to 1935, seated at Yongala.

## History

The council was established on 8 March 1883 as the first local government in the area. It initially covered only the Hundred of Yongala, consisting of the towns of Petersburg (now Peterborough) and Yongala, and the surrounding farmland. While there had been agitation for municipal government in the area, it met with opposition from Petersburg residents who did not want to pay taxes to the larger council, with the South Australian Register reporting in February 1883, the month before it was gazetted, that "excitement had cooled" and that they did not expect it to be created that year.
In 1883, it had an area of 200 square miles, which was valued at £203,630. On 7 October 1886, Petersburg separated as the Corporate Town of Petersburg, taking with it a significant amount of the municipal population. The promulgation of the District Councils Act 1887 in January 1888 added the adjacent but lightly populated Hundred of Mannanarie and Hundred of Morgan to the Yongala council. The 1888 additions expanded the council to an area of 600 square miles, valued at £542,500. Two further portions of Yongala were annexed to Petersburg in 1888 and 1897. It was divided into three wards on 7 June 1888 (Mannanarie, Morgan and Yongala), each electing two councillors. As of 1934, its chambers were located in Yongala.
It was abolished in 1935 following a Local Government Commission report that advocated cutting the number of municipalities in South Australia from 196 to 142. The subsequent legislation saw the remaining section of the Hundred of Yongala and the Hundred of Morgan merge with the District Council of Coglin and a portion of the Corporate Town of Peterborough to form the District Council of Peterborough, while the Hundred of Mannanarie was added to the new District Council of Jamestown.

## Chairmen

* William Tickle (1883–1884)
* Frederick Hodby (1884–1885)
* A. D. Bruce (1885–1886)
* J. Cheek (1886–1888)
* P. Hehir (1888–1889)
* Frederick Hodby (1889–1895)
* William Miller (1895–1908)
* M. McCallum (1908–1912)
* P. J. Kerin (1912–1920)
* D. T. Robinson (1920)
* James Jamieson (1920–1924)
* R. M. Cram (1924–1926)
* Herbert Frederick Jones (1926–1935)
# Vatican Athletics

Vatican Athletics (Latin: Athletica Vaticana) is a sports organization associated with Vatican City. Established as an athletics club of the city state, it has been described as the Vatican's first official sports federation. The athletics club is affiliated with the Italian Athletics Federation.
The organization is home to the Vatican's cycling and taekwondo associations, which became members of the UCI and World Taekwondo respectively in 2021. Vatican Athletics' padel association is also a member of the non-Olympic International Padel Federation. As of March 2023, cricket and Paralympic sports teams have become part of Vatican Athletics, with plans to also incorporate fencing, basketball and potentially football.
Vatican City is not yet eligible to compete at the Olympic Games, as that would require the affiliation of the country to the governing bodies of at least five Olympic sports.

## History

The Holy See and the Italian Olympic Committee had an agreement to set up an official athletics team with the intention making the Vatican City able to compete in international sporting tournaments including the Summer Olympics. The Vatican will have to secure membership of the International Association of Athletics Federations to be able to compete internationally as well as set up a National Olympic Committee to be able to participate in the Olympics.
Vatican Athletics was launched on 10 January 2019 with 60 initial accredited members which includes Swiss Guards, nuns, priests, museum workers, and maintenance workers as well as two migrant Muslim Africans as honorary members. Vatican Athletics is the first sports team to have legal status in the Vatican and is officially affiliated with the Italian Athletics Federation.
The first podium finish of Vatican Athletics was at the Maratona di Messina, a marathon in Messina. Don Vincenzo Puccio, a Sicilian priest, won a silver medal for the team.
As a national team, Vatican Athletics are aiming to participate in the Games of the Small States of Europe. They attempted to make a debut in the 2019 edition, but they, along with the Faroe Islands, were barred from participating due to an absence of a national Olympic committee.
In 2021, the International Cycling Union was the first Olympic sports federation to admit Vatican Athletics to their ranks.
In 2022, one athlete represented the Vatican City at the Mediterranean Games in Algeria in a non-scoring manner.
Later in 2022 Rien Schuurhuis participated in the road race for men at the UCI Cycling World Championships. Schuurhuis was the first Vatican athlete who competed in a scoring manner at an international championship.
A team consisting of five athletes represented the Vatican City at the 2024 Championships of the Small States of Europe in Gibraltar, winning one bronze medal.

## Team image

Vatican Athletics uses a render of the Vatican coat of arms which consists of two keys and a papal tiara as its symbol. The team's uniform are in blue, yellow, and white; the latter two being colors found in the Vatican flag. The team have Italian firm Erreà as its official uniform supplier.
# Óscar Eyraud Adams

Óscar Eyraud Adams (c. 1986 – 24 September 2020) was a Mexican indigenous activist known for campaigning in favour of water rights for the Kumeyaay tribe in Baja California and against the dispossession of water supplies by international companies.

## Personal life

Eyraud was born in Tecate, Baja California. He was a member of the Kumeyaay community of Juntas de Neji. Eyraud's cousin, Zulema Adams Pereyra, served as the mayor of Tecate.

## Activism

In 2020, Eyraud received local press attention after a video of him showing how his crops had dried up following the community water source's diversion was released. Eyraud was critical of the National Water Commission's (CONAGUA) refusal to grant the Kumeyaay community in Juntas de Neji use of a well, while at the same time granting wells to local businesses, including at least twelve to a local Heineken factory. In addition to his work on water rights, Eyraud was also a proponent of increased rights for Mexico's indigenous groups, including the right to self-determination.
Outside of his advocacy for the Kumeyaay, Eyraud also spoke out in favour of the Coordinadora Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación (CNTE) and their protests against educational reforms being put forward during the presidency of Enrique Peña Nieto. Eyraud also spoke out against forced disappearances.

## Murder

On 24 September 2020 Eyraud was chased down his street and shot dead outside his home in Tecate by multiple assassins driving two vehicles with tinted windscreens. Eyraud was among 30 activists killed in Mexico in 2020. It was reported that his killers had links to the narco-state. Following Eyraud's murder, the Northwest National Indigenous Congress and the Northwest Regional Network of Resistance and Rebellions paid tribute to him, calling him "a social fighter for the rights of indigenous people".
The day after Eyraud's death, his brother-in-law was shot dead in a shop in Tecate.
# Willoughby Williams

Willoughby Williams was an American war veteran and politician from North Carolina.

## Early life

Williams was born in the 18th century.

## Career

Williams enlisted in 1776 and fought in the American Revolutionary War as a regimental commissionary officer. He served in the Battle of Cowpens of January 17, 1781. In 1790, he was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives.

## Personal life

On January 1, 1786, Williams married Nancy Glasgow (1771-1857), daughter of James Glasgow (1735-1819) who served as North Carolina Secretary of State from 1777 to 1798. They had six children. Their son Willoughby Williams Jr. (1798-1882) went on to live in Woodlawn, a National Register of Historic Places-listed mansion in Nashville, with his wife m. Nancy Nichols (1808-1844).
Williams lived in Dobbs County, North Carolina.

## Death

Williams died on June 6, 1802, in Rutledge, Tennessee, on his way to Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1806, his widow married Joseph McMinn, who served as Governor of Tennessee from 1815 to 1821.
# Lac des Chavonnes

Lac des Chavonnes is a lake in the municipality of Ormont-Dessous, above Villars-sur-Ollon, Vaud, Switzerland. Its surface area is 5 ha (12 acres).
# Punk Core Records

Punk Core Records was a record label founded in 1989 by Dave Amcher (also known as Dave Punk Core). Based in Long Island, New York, the label originally started as a punk zine/distributor in the late 1980s, becoming a record label in the mid-1990s.
Punk Core Records is often credited for helping revive street punk, a genre that had flourished in early 1980s Britain but had disappeared by the end of the decade. Punk Core Records brought global exposure to many underground bands, especially those from the New York area.
In 2006, Punk Core Records released the compilation DVD, Pure Punk Rock. The DVD was directed by punk filmmaker Lewis Smithingham, and featured live performances from all of the bands on the label. The label is currently inactive with the last record release on March 11, 2008. In 2010, Punk Core Records ceased releasing music.

## Bands

* Action
* A Global Threat
* Career Soldiers
* The Casualties
* Clit 45 (Your Life to Choose EP)
* Chaotic Dischord
* Cheap Sex
* Cropknox
* Damage Case
* Defiance
* The Devotchkas
* Fists In The System
* Funeral Dress
* The Havoc
* Instant Agony (Not My Religion EP)
* Lower Class Brats
* Monster Squad
* The Messengers
* Oxblood
* Paxton Boys
* Self Destruct (Violent Affair EP, the band featured members of The Unseen and A Global Threat)
* SS-Kaliert
* The Scarred
* Total Chaos
* The Unseen (The Complete Singles Collection 1994–2000)
* The Varukers
* The Virus
* The Warning
# Ferrières-les-Bois

Ferrières-les-Bois (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. The developed area is primarily focused around the D13 highway acts as the town main street. it also servers as home to the swick school and a chapel.
# Ronald Donkor

Ronald Donkor (born 20 November 2004) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Major League Soccer club New York Red Bulls.

## Club career
### Early career

Born in Accra, Ghana, Donkor began his career as a youth in Mali with the JMG Academy and later professionally with Guidars FC.

### New York Red Bulls

On 3 May 2023, Donkor signed with Major League Soccer side New York Red Bulls on a 3-year deal. After joining the Red Bulls, Donkor also spent time with the club's MLS Next Pro side. On 26 May 2023, Donkor scored his first goal with New York Red Bulls II in a 2-1 victory over Huntsville City FC. On 4 June 2023, Donkor recorded a goal and an assist to help New York Red Bulls II to a 4-1 victory over New England Revolution II.
On 6 May 2023, Donkor made his debut with the first team, coming on for Dylan Nealis, in a 0-1 defeat to Philadelphia Union. On 24 June 2023, Donkor recorded his first MLS assist, coming on for Elias Manoel, in a 4-0 victory over Atlanta United FC. On 22 July 2023, Donkor made his Leagues Cup debut for New York, appearing as a second half substitute in a 0-0 draw with New England Revolution.

## Career statistics

    As of match played 02:30, 22 August 2023. (UTC).
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| New York Red Bulls | 2023 | Major League Soccer | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| New York Red Bulls | 2024 | Major League Soccer | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 23 | 0 |
| New York Red Bulls | Total | Total | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 28 | 0 |
| → New York Red Bulls II (loan) | 2023 | MLS Next Pro | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 17 | 2 |
| → New York Red Bulls II (loan) | 2024 | MLS Next Pro | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 5 | 0 |
| → New York Red Bulls II (loan) | Total | Total | 20 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 22 | 2 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 40 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 50 | 2 |
* 1 2 Appearance(s) in Leagues Cup
# Mobile identification number

The mobile identification number (MIN) or mobile subscription identification number (MSIN) refers to the 10-digit unique number that a wireless carrier uses to identify a mobile phone, which is the last part of the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI). The MIN is a number that uniquely identifies a mobile phone working under TIA standards for cellular and PCS technologies (e.g. EIA/TIA–553 analog, IS–136 TDMA, IS–95 or IS-2000 CDMA). MIN usage became prevalent for mobile number portability to switch providers. It can also be called the MSID (Mobile Station ID) or IMSI_S (Short IMSI).

## MIN derivation

The mobile identification number (MIN) is a number that is derived from the 10-digit directory telephone number assigned to a mobile station. The rules for deriving the MIN from the 10-digit telephone number are given in the IS-95 standard. MIN1 is the first or least significant 24 binary digits of the MIN. MIN2 is the second part of the MIN containing the 10 most significant binary digits. MIN1, and the ESN, along with other digital input, are used during the authentication process. The MIN is used to identify a mobile station.
In the case of analog cellular, the MIN is used to route the call. In most second generation systems, temporary numbers are assigned to the handset when routing calls as a security precaution.
# Zinga, Lobaye

Zinga is a town on the Oubangui River in the Central African Republic. The town stretches roughly 1 km long and 300 m wide. It is known for its wooden buildings and as a ferry port, from which boats sail to Bangui and Brazzaville.

## History

France seized Zinga from Germany on 8 August 1914. In the 1920s, the French colonial government built a 6 KM railway line linking Zinga and Mongo. However, the railways stop operating in 1960. The former railway was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on April 11, 2006 in the Cultural category.

## Healthcare

Zinga has one health center.
# Île d'Orléans, Louisiana

Île d'Orléans (French for "Isle of Orleans") was the historic name for the New Orleans area, in present-day Louisiana, U.S.A.
In 1762, France, anticipating that Great Britain would take Louisiana at the end of the French and Indian War, in the Treaty of Fontainebleau transferred to Spain all of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River, as well as a newly-defined area east of the Mississippi which included New Orleans, called the Isle of Orleans.
As the French had expected, in the Treaty of Paris (1763) the British took all of Louisiana east of the Mississippi, except for the Isle of Orleans, and incorporated it into their colony of West Florida, with the capital at Pensacola, and further to the north into their new British Province of Quebec. Spanish possession of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River, and of the Isle of Orleans, was also confirmed in the Treaty of Paris. (Pugliese 2002)
The Isle of Orleans was bounded by the Mississippi River, the Gulf of Mexico, Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas, the Amite River, and Bayou Manchac, previously known as Iberville River.
The Isle of Orleans was included in the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. It formed the southern border of the short-lived Republic of West Florida, a few years later.
# Cyprus at the 1992 Summer Paralympics

Cyprus competed at the 1992 Summer Paralympics in Barcelona, Spain. 4 competitors from Cyprus won no medals and so did not place in the medal table.
# Schlick

Schlick or Schlicke is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

## People

* Moritz Schlick (1882–1936), German philosopher and the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna Circle
* Arnolt Schlick (c. 1457–c. 1521), German organist and composer of the Renaissance
* Robert H. Von Schlick (1875–1941), German-born United States Army private
* Ernst Otto Schlick (1840–1913), German engineer
* Katherine Schlick Noe, Professor of Education at Seattle University
* Björn Schlicke (born 1981), German footballer
* Heinz Schlicke (1912–2006), German-born engineer and author
* The Counts von Schlick, who mined silver for coins named Joachimsthaler
# Esteban Singson

Esteban Quimbo Singson (August 13, 1884 - unknown) was a Filipino politician.

## Biography

Esteban Singson was born on August 13, 1884, in Calbiga, Samar. He pursued a Bachelor of Arts degree at the Colegio-Seminario de San Carlos in Cebu before moving to the Colegio de San Juan de Letran where he graduated in 1903, with the designation sobresaliente (excellent). Singson then studied law at the University of Santo Tomas and in 1909 was admitted to the Philippine Bar. He thereafter worked as a lawyer in his native Samar and Leyte.
In the 1916 elections, Singson won a six-year term in the newly established Senate of the Philippines after receiving the most votes in the 9th senatorial district composed of Leyte and Samar. He served until 1922.
# Bulgaria at the 1992 Summer Paralympics

Bulgaria competed at the 1992 Summer Paralympics in Barcelona, Spain. 7 competitors from Bulgaria won 3 medals made up of 1 gold and 2 silver and finished joint 38th in the medal table along with Panama.
# Cambridge-Narrows Community School

Cambridge-Narrows Community School is a K-12 school located in Queens County, New Brunswick, on the south bank of the Washademoak Lake in the village of Arcadia. Cambridge-Narrows Community School is in the Anglophone West School District.
Cambridge-Narrows Community School also services the neighbouring communities of Codys, Jemseg, Whites Cove, Mill Cove and Waterborough.
# Yurdhai-ye Miraki

Yurdhai-ye Miraki (Persian: يوردهاي ميركي, also Romanized as Yūrdhāī-ye Mīrakī) is a village in Sarvestan Rural District, in the Central District of Sarvestan County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 21, in 6 families.
# Nuxaá Mixtec

Nuxaá Mixtec, also known as Southeastern Nochixtlán Mixtec, is a Mixtec language of Oaxaca, dissimilar to other Mixtec languages.