OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Wilbur Zelinsky

Wilbur Zelinsky (21 December 1921 – 4 May 2013) was an American cultural geographer. He was most recently a professor emeritus at Pennsylvania State University. He also created the Zelinsky Model of Demographic Transition.

## Background and education

An Illinoisan by birth, but a "northeasterner by choice and conviction", Zelinsky received his Bachelor's Degree and his Master's Degree from the University of Madison, Wisconsin. He earned a PhD at University of California, Berkeley, where he was a student of Carl Sauer.

## Scholarship

Zelinsky made numerous geographical studies of American popular culture, ranging from the diffusion of classical place-names to spatial patterns of personal given names and the spatial patterning of religious denominations. One of his most ambitious and imaginative projects was a provocative assessment of the impact of increasingly powerful personal preference on the spatial character of American society.
During the 1960s, along with Gordon DeJong, Warren Robinson, and Paul Baker, Zelinsky helped launch a population research center and coordinate an interdisciplinary graduate instructional program in population studies at Penn State and thus helped lay the foundation for what would become the dual-title Graduate Program in Demography. During 1972–1973 he served as the first Director of the Population Issues Research Center (what would become the Population Research Institute at Penn State).
In 1973, Zelinsky published The Cultural Geography of the United States. In addition to his research in popular culture, he made substantial contributions in the fields of "population" and "folk geography".

### Theory of First Effective Settlement

Zelinsky's Theory of First Effective Settlement was that the dominant culture of a nation is defined by the first settlers who came to an area who are able to effect a self-perpetuating society. The theory states that these first settlers have significant impact on the social and cultural geography of the area, however few these first settlers may have been. They lay the groundwork for the following generations and are perhaps more important than the contributions of thousands of new immigrants generations later. Colin Woodard further expands upon this theory in his book, American Nations.

## Recognition

* Award for Meritorious Contributions to the Field of Geography, presented by the Association of American Geographers (1996).
* The Cullum Geographical Medal by the American Geographical Society in 2001.
* President of the AAG from 1972 to 1973.
# Sainte-Geneviève, Seine-Maritime

Sainte-Geneviève (French pronunciation:; sometimes Sainte-Geneviève-en-Bray, lit. 'Sainte-Geneviève in Bray') is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.

## Geography

A farming village situated in the Pays de Bray, some 28 miles (45 km) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D1, the D83 and the D915 roads. Three small tributaries of the river Béthune have their source in the land around the commune.

## Places of interest

* The church of St. Geneviève, dating from the thirteenth century.
* The chateau of Mainemare and its park.
# Mycalesis perseus

Mycalesis perseus, the dingy bushbrown or common bushbrown, is a species of satyrine butterfly found in south Asia and southeast Asia.

## Description

Mycalesis perseus exhibits seasonal dimorphism with distinct wet-season and dry-season forms.
Wet-season form. Male and female. Upperside dark to somewhat pale vandyke-brown. Fore wing with a white-centred, fulvous-ringed, black ocellus in interspace 2, and rarely a very small but similar ocellus in interspace 5. Hind wing uniform, occasionally two or three postmedian obscure ocelli present. Fore and hind wings with subterminal and terminal pale lines. Underside: the groundcolour, subterminal and terminal lines on the wings as on upper-side, but crossed by a common purplish - white narrow discal fascia. Fore wing with from two to four, hind wing normally with seven ocelli, similar to, but more clearly defined than, the ocelli on the upperside ; on both wings the line of ocelli bordered inwardly and outwardly by sinuous purplish-white lines. On the hind wing only the three posterior ocelli in a straight line, the rest strongly curved outwards. In the female the median or posterior ocellus on the upperside of the fore wing is always larger than in the male.
Dry-season form.- Male and female. Upperside similar to that in the wet-season form, the median ocellus generally smaller. Underside brown, more or less suffused with purple and irrorated with darker brown minute transverse strigae; the transverse discal band obscure, often merely indicated by black dots at the veins, occasionally bordered outwardly by an ochraceous diffuse band. Ocelli obsolescent, but when present as mere minute dots their arrangement on the hind wing is as in the wet-season form. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brown; antennae sometimes cinereous white on the sides with the apex black. Male sex-marks in form 2, but that on the underside of the fore wing small (about 2 into, long) and black.
Expanse 42–54 mm.

## Gallery

* Wet-season form, Kerala
* Dry-season form, Kerala
* Mantis eating a common bushbrown
* Dry-season form at Narendrapur near Kolkata, West Bengal, India
* From above
* M. p. cepheus, Thailand
* Himalayan common bushbrown (M. p. blasius) dry season form

## Footnotes

* 1 2 3 Savela, Markku. "Mycalesis Hübner, 1818 - Bushbrowns". Lepidoptera - Butterflies and Moths. Retrieved 2018-03-18.
* 1 2 R.K., Varshney; Smetacek, Peter (2015). A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India. New Delhi: Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi. p. 175. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164. ISBN 978-81-929826-4-9.
* 1 2 3 One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Bingham, Charles Thomas (1905). Fauna of British India. Butterflies Vol. 1. pp. 57–58.
* ↑ Moore, Frederic (1890). Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. I. London: Lovell Reeve and Co. pp. 174–179.
# Paris Society of Medicine

The Paris Society of Medicine (French: Société de Médecine de Paris) is a medical organization based in Paris, France. Its predecessor, the Société Royale de Médecine, was founded in 1730, and the society's current incarnation was founded in 1878.

## Historical background

The society originates from the Société Royale de Médecine, which was founded in 1730. The "Société Royale de Médecine" was reformed in 1778, only to be abolished by the French Revolution by way of the law of "20 Thermidor Year I" (French revolutionary calendar, i.e. August 8, 1793). The Société de Médecine de Paris was founded on "2 Germinal Year IV" (French revolutionary calendar, i.e. March 22, 1796). The present society is an officially recognized non-profit organization by decree from February 5, 1878.

## Overview

The Société de Médecine de Paris is an independent and interdisciplinary medical society that is open to professors, hospital physicians, clinicians, general practitioners or specialists, surgeons, biologists, and others. It is intended to support continuing medical education. During the plenary and ordinary sessions, everyone can freely express themselves, and specialists and lecturers can present the current state of research and knowledge in their field.
From its inception it has brought together many of the most famous physicians of the time, and has been chaired by Jean-Louis Baudelocque, René-Nicolas Dufriche Desgenettes, Dominique Jean Larrey, Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol, Ernest Besnier, and Pierre-Constant Budin. Georges Clemenceau has been an honorary president. More recently, the presidents have been Edmond Lesné, Victor Pauchet, and Jean Lhermitte.
Today, the Paris Society of Medicine brings together researchers and practitioners from different fields of advanced medicine, such as Gabriel Blancher, fellow of the French Academy of Medicine... but also specialists applying the results of medical research in other areas of current interest in Research and Development, e. g. the "Human and Environmental Health", such as Mario Christian Meyer.
# Helen Holm

Helen Warren Holm (née Gray) (14 March 1907 – 14 December 1971) was a Scottish amateur golfer. She was Scottish champion five times and she won the British Ladies Amateur twice. The Helen Holm Trophy is named in her memory.

## Life

Holm was born in Partick which is part of Glasgow. Her mother was Violet Irene Emma Warren and her father Thomas was a Professor of Chemistry at the Technical College. Violet and Thomas had two daughters.
She won her first golf championship at the age of 21 when she won the 1928 Lanarkshire Open Golf championship. It was the only one she won as Helen Gray as the following year, 1929, she was married and used the name Helen Holm. She won the Scottish Ladies' Amateur Championship in 1930.
In 1934 she won the British Ladies Amateur at the Royal Porthcawl Golf Club and in 1938 she won it again at the Burnham & Berrow Golf Club. She was chosen for the biennial women's golf match between Britain and Ireland versus the USA known as the Curtis Cup in 1936 and 1938. The 1936 match was played at Gleneagles Hotel (King's Course) in Auchterarder, Perthshire, Scotland and the 1938 match was played at the Essex County Club in Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts. After the war, she played on the 1948 team, and was chosen again in 1950 but refused the honour as she did not want to be parted from her son.
Holm went on win the Scottish Ladies' Amateur Championship four more times.
In 1951 she became the captain of the British team and contested matches against Belgium and France and she played in Scottish home internationals in 1955 and 1957.
Holm died in 1971 in a nursing home in Ayr.

## Private life

She married a farmer named Andrew Holm in 1928.

## Legacy

The Helen Holm Trophy was named in her honour in 1973 and is now known as the "Helen Holm Scottish Women's Open Amateur Stroke Play Golf Championship" and it is always contested at Royal Troon. The first winner was Belle Robertson.
# Belles-Dames

The Belles-Dames (French pronunciation:; also known as the Orne) is a small river in the Corrèze and Dordogne departments of southwestern France. It is a tributary of the river Auvézère, which is part of the Dordogne basin. It is 12.8 km (8.0 mi) long. Its source is near Beyssenac, and it flows into the Auvézère near Payzac.
# Alisher Chingizov

Alisher Chingizov is a Tajik butterfly and freestyle swimmer. He competed in the men's 50 metre freestyle at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
# Francis Inglefield

Major-General Francis Seymour Inglefield CB DSO (1855–1930) was a British Army officer.

## Military career

Inglefield was commissioned into the 15th Regiment of Foot as a lieutenant on 13 June 1874. The regiment was re-named the East Yorkshire Regiment in 1881, and he was promoted to captain on 30 June 1884, then major on 2 July 1892. After the outbreak of the Second Boer War in South Africa, he served as a special service officer in the Orange Free State February to May 1900 and in the Transvaal May to August 1900, seeing action several times including at the Battle of Poplar Grove on 7 March 1900 and the Battle of Driefontein in March 1900. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel in command of the 2nd battalion of his regiment on 29 April 1900 while in South Africa, and left for home with other officers and men of this battalion in late 1902, after the end of the war. For his service in the war he was twice mentioned in despatches and appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO).
Promoted to colonel, he became a staff officer with the 5th Division in November 1905 and was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 1908 Birthday Honours. He was then promoted to temporary brigadier general and went on to become commander of the 12th Infantry Brigade in July 1909.
After being promoted to major general in March 1912, was made general officer commanding (GOC) East Anglian Division, a Territorial Force (TF) formation, in June 1913.
He led his division at the landing at Suvla Bay in August 1915 during the Gallipoli campaign of the First World War and then retired in April 1916.
He was honorary colonel of the East Yorkshire Regiment from 1920 to 1925.
# Izumi Tsubaki

Izumi Tsubaki (椿 いづみ, Tsubaki Izumi, born December 11) is a Japanese manga artist, best known for her long-running series Oresama Teacher and Monthly Girls' Nozaki-kun.
In an interview with Manga News in France, Tsubaki said that she was inspired by Yoshihiro Togashi and her sister who is also a manga artist. Yu Yu Hakusho was the first manga she bought on her own. She became a manga artist after placing third in a contest and was approached by an editor.

## Works

* Chijimete Distance (2002, Hana to Yume)
* The Magic Touch (2003–2007, Hana to Yume, 9 volumes)
* Oresama Teacher (2007–2020, Hana to Yume, 29 volumes)
* Monthly Girls' Nozaki-kun (2011–present, Gangan Online, 12 volumes)
# Eddie Smith (footballer)

Edmund William Alfred "Eddie" Smith (23 March 1929 – April 1993) was an English footballer who played as a forward in the Football League for Watford, Northampton Town, Colchester United and Queens Park Rangers. He was also on the books at Chelsea and Bournemouth but failed to make an appearance for either team.

## Career

Born in Marylebone, London, Smith joined Chelsea from non-league Wealdstone in May 1950. He spent two seasons at Stamford Bridge but couldn't break into the first-team. He then moved to Bournemouth where he spent a further season with no first-team appearances. In the 1953–54 season, Smith accumulated 12 goals in 38 games for Watford, where he moved following his frustrating season with Bournemouth.
After a dispute with one of the Watford directors, Smith signed for Northampton Town for a fee of £5,000 but again fell out with his employers after notching 12 goals in 53 league appearances. Colchester United manager Benny Fenton signed Smith in June 1956 and scored 13 times in 35 appearances in a season where Colchester ran rivals Ipswich Town close for the Third Division South title.
Smith's Colchester debut came in the Essex derby on the opening day of the 1956–57 season where the U's won 3–2 at Layer Road. He opened his account four days later at Crystal Palace with a hat-trick, and scored a further treble against Reading on 19 January 1957. While playing for Colchester, Smith lived in London and requested a transfer in June 1957 to reduce the amount of travelling required. The U's sold Smith to Queens Park Rangers for more than they initially paid for him, ending his spell with the club with a record of 13 goals in 35 league matches.
QPR did not get a great return on their investment in Smith as he could score only one goal in 17 games during a stint blighted by injury, including a several-month stay on the sidelines with a knee injury. After a single season with the R's, Smith again moved on, this time to Chelmsford City and then Wisbech Town.
After Smith retired from the game, he started his own electrical business in the Willesden area. He died in April 1993.
# List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to El Salvador

The ambassador of the United Kingdom to the Republic of El Salvador is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in El Salvador, and in charge of the UK's diplomatic mission in San Salvador.
Until 1945, UK envoys to Guatemala were also accredited to El Salvador (see List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Guatemala). From 1982 to 1991, the embassy was a joint mission with Honduras and from 2003 to 2012 it was again combined with Guatemala. In mid-2012 the British Embassy in San Salvador was re-opened with a resident Ambassador.

## List of heads of mission
### Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary

* 1945–1948: Norman Mayers
* 1948–1949: Harry Steptoe
* 1949–1950: Daniel Brickell
* 1950–1953: Ralph Tottenham Smith
* 1954–1956: Vyvyan Holt
* 1956: Frederick Everson

### Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary

* 1956–1960: Frederick Everson
* 1960–1967: Geoffrey Kirk
* 1967–1971: Michael Wenner
* 1971–1975: Donovan Clibborn
* 1975–1977: Albert Hughes
* 1977–1979: Achilles Papadopoulos
* 1982–1983: Colum Sharkey (non-resident)
* 1984–1987: Bryan White (non-resident)
* 1987–1989: David Joy (non-resident)
* 1989–1991: Peter Streams (non-resident)
* 1991–1995: Michael Connor
* 1995–1999: Ian Gerken
* 1999–2003: Patrick Morgan
* 2003–2006: Richard Lavers (non-resident)
* 2006–2009: Ian Hughes (non-resident)
* 2009–2012: Julie Chappell (non-resident)
* 2012–2014: Linda Cross
* 2014–2015: Ned Holborn (chargé d'affaires)
* 2015–2019: Bernhard Garside
* 2019–present: Nick Whittingham (chargé d'affaires)
# Bob Morane (1998 TV series)

Bob Morane is an animated series, based on the fictional Belgian superspy Bob Morane. Claude Landry was a scriptwriter for the show.

## Cast

* Emmanuel Jacomy as Bob Morane
* Marc Alfos as Bill Ballantine
* Frédérique Tirmont as Sophia Paramount
* Yves Barsacq as Professeur Clérembart
* Patrick Osmond as Professeur Xhatan
* Francis Lax as Simon Lusse
* Hervé Bellon as Staggart

## Episode list

| # | Episode Name | Original air date |
| 01 | "Terror at the Manicouagan" (French: Terreur à la Manicouagan) | September 5, 1998 (1998-09-05) |
| 02 | "Secret of the Antarctic" (French: Le secret de l'Antarctique) | September 6, 1998 (1998-09-06) |
| 03 | "Three Little Monkeys" (French: Les Trois petits singes) | September 12, 1998 (1998-09-12) |
| 04 | "The Dinosaur Hunters" (French: Les chasseurs de dinosaures) | September 13, 1998 (1998-09-13) |
| 05 | "Operation Wolf" Transliteration: "fr" (Opération Wolf) | September 19, 1998 (1998-09-19) |
| 06 | "Solar System Sentinels" Transliteration: "fr" (Service Secret Soucoupe) | September 20, 1998 (1998-09-20) |
| 07 | "Vapours from the Past" Transliteration: "fr" (La vapeur du passé) | September 26, 1998 (1998-09-26) |
| 08 | "Teeth of the Tiger" (French: Les dents du Tigre) | September 27, 1998 (1998-09-27) |
| 09 | "Harvest of Disaster" (French: Les semeurs de foudre) | October 3, 1998 (1998-10-03) |
| 10 | "The Mysterious Dr. Xhatan" (French: Le mystérieux Dr. Xhatan) | October 4, 1998 (1998-10-04) |
| 11 | "Xhatan, Master of Light" (French: Xhatan, maître de la lumière) | October 10, 1998 (1998-10-10) |
| 12 | "The Crown of Golconda" (French: La couronne de Golconde) | October 11, 1998 (1998-10-11) |
| 13 | "The Yellow Shadow" (French: L'Ombre Jaune) | October 17, 1998 (1998-10-17) |
| 14 | "Sword of the Paladin" (French: L'épée du Paladin) | October 18, 1998 (1998-10-18) |
| 15 | "Revenge of the Yellow Shadow" (French: La revanche de l'Ombre Jaune) | October 24, 1998 (1998-10-24) |
| 16 | "Judgement of the Yellow Shadow" (French: Le châtiment de l'Ombre Jaune) | October 25, 1998 (1998-10-25) |
| 17 | "The Towers of Crystal" (French: Les tours de cristal) | October 31, 1998 (1998-10-31) |
| 18 | "Terror Commandos" (French: Commando Épouvante) | November 1, 1998 (1998-11-01) |
| 19 | "Return of the Yellow Shadow" (French: Le retour de l'Ombre Jaune) | November 7, 1998 (1998-11-07) |
| 20 | "Puppets of the Yellow Shadow" (French: Les poupées de l'Ombre Jaune) | November 8, 1998 (1998-11-08) |
| 21 | "Rendezvous Nowhere" (French: Rendez-vous à Nulle-Part) | November 14, 1998 (1998-11-14) |
| 22 | "Operation Atlantis" (French: Opération Atlantide) | November 15, 1998 (1998-11-15) |
| 23 | "The Walls of Ananke" (French: Les murailles d'Ananké) | November 21, 1998 (1998-11-21) |
| 24 | "The Perils of Ananke" (French: Les périls d'Ananké) | November 22, 1998 (1998-11-22) |
| 25 | "The Angels of Ananke" (French: Les anges d'Ananké) | November 28, 1998 (1998-11-28) |
| 26 | "The Last Wall" (French: La dernière rosace) | November 29, 1998 (1998-11-29) |
# Egidio Miragoli

Egidio Miragoli is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who has been bishop of Mondovì since September 2017.

## Biography

Egidio Miragoli was born in Gradella, a frazione of Pandino, in 1955, and was ordained a priest on 23 June 1979 by bishop Paolo Magnani. He continued his theological studies at Lodi seminary and at the Pontifical Gregorian University, where he earned his doctorate in canon law.
In addition to pastoral assignments he was private secretary to the bishops of Lodi Paolo Magnani and Giacomo Capuzzi from 1982 to 1994; director of theology studies at the Episcopal Seminary from 1988 to 1994; defender of the bond of the Diocesan Tribunal from 1985 to 2003; promoter of justice from 1988 to 2003; director of the Priestly Institute of Mary Immaculate and Saint Pius X from 1990 to 2004; professor of canon law at the Joint Seminary of Crema-Cremona-Lodi-Vigevano beginning in 1982.
Beginning in 1994 he was pastor at Frances Xavier Cabrini parish in Lodi; in 2006 he became vicar for external areas and in 2007 he became a judge at the ecclesiastical regional tribunal of Lombardy.
He helped found and joined the editorial board of the journal Quaderni di Legge Ecclesiale.
On 29 September 2017, Pope Francis appointed him Bishop of Mondovì. He was consecrated in Lodi on 11 November 2013 by Maurizio Malvestiti, Bishop of Lodi. He took possession of his see on 8 December.
On 29 July 2019, Pope Francis named him College for the examination of appeals in matters of serious offenses, erected within the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.
On 3 June 2021, Pope Francis tasked Miragoli with conducting a review of the Congregation for the Clergy in anticipation of the replacement of its prefect, Cardinal Beniamino Stella, who turns 80 in August. He expected it would take at least the month of June to complete.

## Publications

* Il sacramento della penitenza. Il ministero del confessore: indicazioni canoniche e pastorali, curatela. Milano, Àncora Editrice, 1999, ISBN 88-7610-764-9
* Il Consiglio pastorale diocesano secondo il Concilio e la sua attuazione nelle diocesi lombarde, tesi di dottorato, Roma, Pontificia università gregoriana, 2000, ISBN 88-7652-855-5

## Gallery

* Egidio, just named a bishop, receives the zucchetto from bishop Maurizio Malvestiti, 29 September 2017
* Miragoli on the day of his episcopal ordination, 11 November 2017