OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1973 in rail transport

This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1973.

## Events
### January events

* January 27 – MBTA purchases several rail lines in New England from Penn Central to form the basis of the new commuter system's network.

### February events

* February 26 – Chessie System is incorporated to become the parent corporation of a combined B&O/C&O/WM railroad system.

### March events

* March 13 – A riot breaks out at Ageo Station in Saitama, Japan as the National Railway Locomotive Engineers Union protests unsafe working conditions on the JNR.
* March 30 – Toronto's Yonge Subway is extended to York Mills station.

### May events

* May 21 – Passenger traffic begins on the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) Concord line, through the 3.1 mi (5.0 km) Berkeley Hills Tunnel between Oakland and Orinda, California beneath the Berkeley Hills.

### June events

* June 3 – The Norwegian State Railways open Lieråsen Tunnel on the Drammen Line between Asker and Lier (10.7 km (6.6 mi)).
* June 22 – The EMD SDP40F diesel locomotive enters revenue service with Amtrak.

### August events

* August 17 – The last DB Class E 40 leaves the gates of the Krupp factory in Essen.

### September events

* September 28 – Amtrak's Turboliners make their first run on the Chicago–St Louis corridor.

### November events

* November 5 – Bay Area Rapid Transit Peninsula service starts between Downtown San Francisco and Daly City.
* November 7 – Frontier Series Canadian ten-dollar note introduced depicting the Canadian passenger train hauled by an EMD F40PH diesel-electric locomotive.
* November 27 – Toei Subway Line 6 (present-day Mita Line) is extended from Hibiya to Mita in Tokyo, Japan; its second extension since opening in 1968.

### December events

* December 19 – The Ealing rail crash occurred when an express train from London Paddington to Oxford derails at speed between Ealing Broadway and West Ealing. Ten passengers are killed and 94 injured

### Unknown date events

* The isolated coal hauler, the Black Mesa and Lake Powell Railroad, opens in Northern Arizona, the world's first line to use 50,000 V overhead line power.
* Transcameroon Railway extended to N'Gaoundéré.
* John W. Barriger III becomes president of the Boston and Maine Railroad.
# Peter Halliday

Peter Halliday (2 June 1924 – 18 February 2012) was a Welsh actor.

## Early life

The son of an auctioneer and estate agent, Halliday was brought up in Welshpool in Montgomeryshire, and attended Oswestry School in Shropshire. On leaving school he became an apprentice auctioneer with his father, but he had no desire to make it his career. He worked briefly for Rolls-Royce in Hucknall, Nottinghamshire before being called up by the Army during the Second World War, serving in Iraq, Palestine and Egypt.
While still in the Army, he auditioned successfully for the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art during time on leave.

## Career

Halliday joined the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre Company alongside Richard Burton, Michael Redgrave and Ralph Richardson. He played regularly at Theatr Clwyd for six years, and spent two years at the National Theatre.
He played Dr. John Fleming in A for Andromeda (1961) and its sequel, The Andromeda Breakthrough (1962). He played various roles in Doctor Who, appearing in four stories between 1968 and 1988, and also provided the voices for two alien species in another two Doctor Who stories in 1970. He featured in episodes of other science fiction programmes including Out of the Unknown, UFO, Doomwatch and The Tripods. Although the vast majority of his screen roles were on television, he appeared in a few films, including the Merchant Ivory drama The Remains of the Day (1993).

## Personal life

In 1956, Halliday married Simone Lovell, daughter of the Canadian-born actor Raymond Lovell. The couple went on to have three sons, before divorcing.

## Death

He died on 18 February 2012 in London aged 87.

## Filmography
### Film

* The Battle of the River Plate (1956) – Guani's Secretary (uncredited)
* Dunkirk (1958) – Battery Major
* Captain Clegg (1962) – 1st Sailor Jack Pott
* Dilemma (1962) – Harry Barnes
* Calamity the Cow (1967) – Sergeant Watkins
* Sunday Bloody Sunday (1971) – Rowing Husband
* Clinic Exclusive (1971) – Mr. Fawcett
* Virgin Witch (1971) – Club Manager
* Madhouse (1974) – Psychiatrist
* The Swordsman (1974) – Rabelais
* Keep It Up Downstairs (1976) – P.C. Harbottle / Old Harbottle
* Giro City (1982) – Government Minister
* The Remains of the Day (1993) – Government Minister
* Lassie (2005) – Vicar (final film role)

### Television

* Scotland Yard (1954) - Gypsy
* The Time Has Come (1960) – George Harris
* A for Andromeda (1961) – Dr. John Fleming
* The Andromeda Breakthrough (1962) – Fleming
* The Invasion, in Doctor Who (1968) – Packer & Cybermen voice
* A Question of Priorities, in UFO (1969) – Dr. Segal
* Doctor Who and the Silurians, in Doctor Who (1970) – Silurians (voice)
* The Ambassadors of Death, in Doctor Who (1970) – Aliens' Voices (voice)
* Carnival of Monsters, in Doctor Who (1973) – Pletrac
* Looking For Clancy (1975) – Sam Cook
* City of Death, in Doctor Who (1979) – Soldier
* Remembrance of the Daleks, in Doctor Who (1988) – Vicar
* Hearts and Minds (1995) – Shotton
# Waisenhausplatz

The Waisenhausplatz (Orphanage Plaza) is a plaza in the Old City of Bern, the medieval city center of Bern, Switzerland. It is on the edge of the Innere Neustadt which was built during the second expansion from 1255 to 1260, though the plaza was not built until later. It is on the north of the peninsula, and divided from Bärenplatz by Marktgasse. It is part of the UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site that encompasses the Old City.

## History

Waisenhausplatz was first used to describe three formerly separate plazas in the 19th century. The southern portion (Nr. 2–14) was built over the ditch in front of the second city wall in the 16th century. Originally known as Viehmarkt (Cattle Market), then Holzmarkt (Wood Market), later as Weinplatz (Wine Plaza) and finally in the 18th and 19th centuries as Schweinemarkt (Pork Market). The middle section of Waisenhausplatz (Nr. 16–28) was also built over the protective ditch, the Tachnaglergraben, and was known as Zeughausplatz (Armory Plaza). The northern section (Nr. 29/30) was built in 1784 and was always known as Waisenhausplatz.
# Rhodian Peraia

The Rhodian Peraea or Peraia (Ancient Greek: ἡ τῶν Ῥοδίων περαία, lit. 'peraia of the Rhodians') was the name for the southern coast of the region of Caria in western Asia Minor during the 5th–1st centuries BC, when the area was controlled and colonized by the nearby island of Rhodes.
Already in Classical times, before their synoecism and creation of the single Rhodian state in 408 BC, the three city-states of Rhodes, Lindos, Ialyssos, and Kameiros, separately possessed territory on the mainland of Asia Minor. This comprised the Cnidian Peninsula (but not Cnidus itself), as well as the nearby Trachea peninsula and its neighbouring region to the east. Like Rhodes, these territories were divided into demes, and their citizens were Rhodian citizens.
During the Hellenistic period the extent of the Peraia grew with the addition of various vassal regions. It reached its greatest extent after the Treaty of Apamea in 188 BC, when the entirety of Caria and Lycia south of the Maeander River came under Rhodian rule, but this was short-lived; when Rhodes submitted to Rome in 167 BC, this region was lost again. During this time, the Peraia comprised the fully incorporated portion, lying between Cnidus and Kaunos, which as before was divided into demes and formed part of the Rhodian state, and the remainder of Caria and Lycia, which were tributary to Rhodes. Rhodes retained a portion of its old domains in Asia until 39 BC, when they were ceded to Stratonicea.
# Indian Super League Player of the League

The Indian Super League Player of the League is an annual association football award presented to the best player in the Indian Super League each season. The winner is presented with the Golden Ball.
The Indian Super League was founded in 2013 and played its inaugural season in 2014. It became the joint top-tier of the Indian football league system by the 2017–18 season and has been the top-tier since the 2022–23 season. The first Player of the League (then known as the Hero of the League for sponsorship reasons) was awarded to Iain Hume in 2014. Sunil Chhetri is the first Indian player to have won the award in the 2017–18 season.

## Winners

Key :
| Player (X) | Name of the player and number of times they had won the award at that point (if more than one) |
| † | Denotes the club were ISL Shield winners or ISL Trophy winners in the same season |
Indian Super League Hero of the League Winners :
| Season | Player | Position | Nationality | Club |
| 2014 | Iain Hume | Forward | Canada | Kerala Blasters |
| 2015 | Stiven Mendoza | Forward | Colombia | Chennaiyin$^†$ |
| 2016 | Florent Malouda | Midfielder | France | Odisha |
| 2017–18 | Sunil Chhetri | Forward | India | Bengaluru |
| 2018–19 | Coro | Forward | Spain | Goa |
| 2019–20 | Hugo Boumous | Midfielder | France | Goa$^†$ |
| 2020–21 | Roy Krishna | Forward | Fiji | Mohun Bagan SG |
| 2021–22 | Greg Stewart | Forward | Scotland | Jamshedpur$^†$ |
| 2022–23 | Lallianzuala Chhangte | Forward | India | Mumbai City$^†$ |
| 2023–24 | Dimitri Petratos | Forward | Australia | Mohun Bagan SG$^†$ |

## Awards won by nationality

| Country | Players | Total |
| France | 2 | 2 |
| India | 2 | 2 |
| Canada | 1 | 1 |
| Colombia | 1 | 1 |
| Fiji | 1 | 1 |
| Scotland | 1 | 1 |
| Spain | 1 | 1 |
| Australia | 1 | 1 |

## Awards won by club

| Club | Total |
| Goa | 2 |
| Mohun Bagan SG | 2 |
| Bengaluru | 1 |
| Chennaiyin | 1 |
| Jamshedpur | 1 |
| Kerala Blasters | 1 |
| Odisha | 1 |
| Mumbai City | 1 |
# Seewlisee

Seewlisee (or Seewli) is a lake in Uri, Switzerland at an elevation of 2028 m. Its surface area is 9 ha (22 acres). The lake lies at the foot of the Gross Windgällen.
The lake can be reached by foot in 2–3 hours from the cable car Silenen-Chilcherbergen.
# Miss Grand Colombia 2022

Miss Grand Colombia 2022 was the second Miss Grand Colombia pageant, held at the Hotel Grand Park in Bogotá, Colombia, on June 24, 2022.
At the end of the event, Priscilla Londoño was crowned Miss Grand Colombia 2022. She then represented Colombia at Miss Grand International 2022, held on October 25 in Indonesia, and finished as 5th Runner-Up.

## Background

On the occasion of celebrating the pageant's first decade anniversary, Priscilla was also assumed by the international organizer to be one of the fifth runners-up, and she then spent a few months of her reign working with the organization in Indonesia and Thailand.
In addition to Miss Grand International 2022, some national finalists of Miss Grand Colombia 2022 were later assigned by the organizer to participate in other international contests, including the second runner-up, Luisa Gonzalez, for the Miss Orb International 2022 in Costa Rica, and Jenny López Bolaños for the Reina del Mundo 2022 pageant in Venezuela.
The event was hosted by Ariel Osorio, and featured a live performance of a Colombian singer, Adriana Lucía. Besides participants with Colombian citizenship, contestants of Colombian descent from other countries were authorized to participate.

## Results
### Placements

| Placement | Contestant |
| Miss Grand Colombia 2022 | 13 – Priscilla Londoño |
| 1st Runner-Up | 11 – Maria Antonia Ruiz |
| 2nd Runner-Up | 09 – Luisa González |
| Top 6 | 07 – Loren Moreno 12 – Matilde Lina López 17 – Vanessa Ortiz |
| Top 12 | 01 – Alejandra Angarita 03 – Danna Valentina Pedreros 04 – Jenny López Bolaños 06 – Lizeth Montañez 16 – Valeria Castillo 21 – Brenda Giraldo |

## Contestants

21 contestants competed for the national title of Miss Grand Colombia 2022.
| Candidate | Age | Height |
| María Antonia Ruíz | 19 | 1.76 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in) |
| Alejandra Angarita | 23 | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) |
| Brenda Giraldo | 27 | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) |
| Carolina Osorno | 19 | 1.72 m (5 ft 7+1⁄2 in) |
| Evelin López | 19 | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Jenny López Bolaños | 22 | 1.76 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in) |
| Laura Morales | 24 | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Lizeth Montañez | 20 | 1.74 m (5 ft 8+1⁄2 in) |
| Loren Moreno | 20 | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Luisa Acevedo | 19 | 1.76 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in) |
| Luisa González | 24 | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Manuela Loaiza Guzmán | 18 | 1.71 m (5 ft 7+1⁄2 in) |
| Mathilde Lina López | 28 | 1.74 m (5 ft 8+1⁄2 in) |
| Patricia Díaz Escalante | 21 | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) |
| Priscilla Londoño | 28 | 1.76 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in) |
| Valentina Gómez | 18 | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Valentina Pedreros | 21 | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Valentina Vega | 21 | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| Valeria Castillo | 18 | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| Vanessa Ortiz | 26 | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Yaved Henao Acosta | 24 | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
# Otto Retzer

Otto Retzer (born 1945) is an Austrian actor, producer and director.

## Selected filmography

* Don't Get Angry (1972)
* 100 Fäuste und ein Vaterunser (1972)
* Blue Blooms the Gentian (1973)
* No Sin on the Alpine Pastures (1974)
* The Maddest Car in the World (1975)
* Three Bavarians in Bangkok (1976)
* Sunshine Reggae in Ibiza (1983)
* Die Supernasen (1983)

### Director

* Starke Zeiten (1988)
* Hochwürden erbt das Paradies (1993)
* Hunt for the Blue Diamond [de] (1993), starring Barry Newman, Ernest Borgnine
* At the Edge of Paradise [de] (1993), starring George Hamilton, Morgan Fairchild
* Veterinarian Christine (1993), starring Ernest Borgnine
* Drei in fremden Kissen (1995)
* Ein Richter zum Küssen (1995)
* Veterinarian Christine II: The Temptation (1995), starring Ernest Borgnine
* The Black Curse (1995), starring James Brolin, Deborah Shelton
* Hochwürdens Ärger mit dem Paradies [de] (1996)
* Drei in fremden Betten (1996)
* Die Superbullen (1997)
* Fröhliche Chaoten (1998)
* Die blaue Kanone (1999)
* Hochwürden wird Papa (2002)
* Alles Glück dieser Erde (2003), starring Maximilian Schell
* Heimkehr mit Hindernissen (2012)
* Der Ruf der Pferde (2013)
# Richard Spencer (Maryland politician)

Richard Spencer (October 29, 1796 – September 3, 1868) was an American farmer, writer, and politician who represented the seventh congressional district of the state of Maryland from 1829 to 1831.

## Early life and education

Richard Spencer was born at Spencer Hall, the family plantation in Talbot County, Maryland, and attended the common schools. He studied law in Baltimore and was admitted to the Talbot County bar in 1819. He moved to his farm, Solitude, near St. Michaels, Maryland in 1822 and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He also served in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1823 to 1825.

## Writing

Spencer engaged in literary pursuits and, in 1828, he contributed to the establishment of the newspaper Eastern Shore Whig, which he controlled until 1834.

## Political career

In 1828, he was elected as a Jacksonian to the 21st Congress and served one term from March 4, 1829 until March 3, 1831. He was unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1830 to the Twenty-second Congress. He served again in the Maryland House of Delegates in 1833 and 1834, but was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1835.

## Post-congressional career and death

He moved to Georgia in 1837 and engaged in cotton planting, and later moved to Alabama in 1852 and settled at Cottage Hill, near Mobile. He died there on September 3, 1868, but it is unknown exactly where he was interred. He is most likely buried at his estate at Cottage Hill.
# The New Democrats

The New Democrats (French: Les Nouveaux Démocrates, pronounced; LND) was a centre-left social liberal French political party that held pro-European views founded 16 December 2020 by parliamentarians elected in 2017 under the label of La République en Marche!. It was co-chaired by MPs Aurélien Taché and Émilie Cariou.
They had one MP sit in the National Assembly as NUPES in the Ecologist Pole.

## Members

* Aurélien Taché
* Émilie Cariou
* Guillaume Chiche
* Delphine Bagarry
* Sandrine Josso
* Fiona Lazaar

## Foundation
### Ecology Democracy Solidarity parliamentary group

The idea of a dissident group of deputies from La République En Marche! was floated several times in the first few years of the 15th legislature, but a group didn't materialise. At the beginning of April 2020, in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, the launch by 58 deputies, a senator and an MEP of a collaborative platform to develop a post-crisis plan, called The day after (French: Le jour d'après) was reported as the prelude to a split in the presidential majority in the Assembly from a new parliamentary group from its left wing and environmentalist, coordinated by the deputies Aurélien Taché, Paula Forteza and Matthieu Orphelin.
On 8 May 2020 Les Échos revealed a split project called Ecology Democracy Solidarity. Several deputies were dissuaded from joining the group by pressure from LREM. The Ecology Democracy Solidarity group was officially tabled on 19 May 2020 by seventeen parliamentarians. Among them, seven came directly from the majority group, nine had previously left or were excluded, and only one, Delphine Batho, was not a member.

### Formation of New Democrats

In June 2020, the foundation of a #NousDemain "us tomorrow" party was announced by seven members of the Ecology Democracy Solidarity group (Delphine Bagarry, Émilie Cariou, Guillaume Chiche, Paula Forteza, Albane Gaillot, Hubert Julien-Laferrière and Aurélien Taché) and about twenty other personalities (including Sandrine Josso, a Member of Parliament who is not a member of the group), with an official launch scheduled for Autumn. This meant the EDS group no longer had a sufficient number of deputies in the assembly, so it was no longer listed in the assembly and its remaining members listed as independents (french, non-inscrits).

### Ecological Pole

LND was part of the Ecologist Pole and NUPES for the 2022 French legislative election. Delphine Bagarry, the party's only Member of Parliament lost her seat to Christian Girard from the National Rally. On October 23, 2022, Taché announced that the party would be merging with Europe Ecology – The Greens.
# Dave Moorcroft (footballer)

Dave Moorcroft (born 16 March 1947) is an English former footballer who played as centre back for Skelmersdale United, Dallas Tornado in the North American Soccer League, and Tranmere Rovers.
# Waikoukou Valley

Waikoukou Valley is a locality west of Auckland, in New Zealand. It was formed by Waikoukou Stream, which flows south through the Waitākere Ranges and is joined by Ararimu Stream before joining Kumeū River not far from its junction with Kaipara River. The major roads in the locality are Waikoukou Valley Road, Old North Road, Taylor Road and Peak Road.
The Matua vineyard occupies 31.68 ha of land in Waikoukou Valley.
"Wai" is the Māori word for water, and "koukou" is the morepork, an owl.

## History

The Tikokopu, Wharauroa and Waikoukou rivers were dammed in the 1800s to log kauri.
A post office was established at William Blake's premises in 1861. Blake was running a saw mill by 1862, but he moved to Taranaki in 1866, with the saw mill sold the following year. Milling continued by the Wilkins brothers until the 1880s.
A flax mill was operating by 1870.
Land use moved from extraction to dairy farming in the 1920s, although there was some debate on whether to replant trees towards the end of the decade. Electricity was supplied to the area in 1930.

## Demographics

Waikoukou Valley statistical area covers 52.86 km$^2$ (20.41 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 1,880 as of June 2024, with a population density of 36 people per km$^2$.
Waikoukou Valley had a population of 1,749 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 21 people (1.2%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 231 people (15.2%) since the 2013 census. There were 885 males, 852 females and 12 people of other genders in 579 dwellings. 3.3% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 44.9 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 306 people (17.5%) aged under 15 years, 318 (18.2%) aged 15 to 29, 873 (49.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 249 (14.2%) aged 65 or older.
People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 94.5% European (Pākehā); 8.4% Māori; 2.2% Pasifika; 3.8% Asian; 0.5% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.1% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 97.6%, Māori language by 0.5%, and other languages by 9.3%. No language could be spoken by 1.4% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.5%. The percentage of people born overseas was 21.1, compared with 28.8% nationally.
Religious affiliations were 23.8% Christian, 0.3% Hindu, 0.2% Islam, 0.3% Buddhist, 0.3% New Age, 0.3% Jewish, and 1.2% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 65.9%, and 7.7% of people did not answer the census question.
Of those at least 15 years old, 264 (18.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 828 (57.4%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 264 (18.3%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $50,000, compared with $41,500 nationally. 306 people (21.2%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 783 (54.3%) people were employed full-time, 243 (16.8%) were part-time, and 33 (2.3%) were unemployed.
# Honduran–Guatemalan War

The Honduran-Guatemalan War (1853–1855) was a military conflict between the republics of Honduras and Guatemala sparked by the election of José Trinidad Cabañas, which opposed to the conservative ideologies of the guatemalan president, Rafael Carrera.

## Conflict

The war began in February 1853, with negotiations attempting to resolve the conflict. Cabañas organized two divisions and went to establish his headquarters in Gracias On May 24 (1853), the 200 soldiers he commanded deserted him; but this did not deter him, because realizing that the intrigue was trying to defeat him, he shot four officers he considered accomplices and with only 70 men, a number that increased with new recruitment, he entered Guatemalan occupied the square of Esquipulas on June 30, and Quezaltepeque on july 1 and occupied the towns of Chiquimula and Zacapa on the 2nd, all in Guatemalan territory. Carrera upon hearing this ordered General Vicente Cerna and Colonel Leandro Navas to attack Cabañas army they attacked Cabañas in open country, near Chiquimula on July 6 at 8 a.m.A bayonet attack by the Guatemalans resolved the action at 10:30 in the morning, and the Hondurans were defeated.on July 6 at 8 a.m. Commissioners from both countries signed a treaty in Esquipulas but President Carrera refused to ratify it. Renewed hostilities followed, with Honduras' President Cabanas crossing the border, seizing artillery, and sacking Chiquimula. Carrera, in pursuit, entered Honduras, looted Santa Rosa de los Llanos, and returned. Despite mediation attempts by Nicaragua and El Salvador, an armistice was only achieved after a more significant threat arose. Carrera, facing political challenges upon returning to the presidency in 1854, supported a conservative revolt in Honduras, leading to the defeat of Cabañas in 1855.