OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Peter Huang

Peter Wen-shiung Huang (Chinese: 黃文雄; pinyin: Huáng Wénxióng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: N̂g Bûn-hiông, also known as Peter Ng; born 2 October 1937) is a Taiwanese activist for democratization and human rights.

## Education

Huang majored in journalism at the National Chengchi University in Taipei and then served in the military for two years. In 1964, he applied to the graduate program in sociology at the University of Pittsburgh and studied there before transferring to a Ph.D. program at Cornell University in 1966.

## Assassination attempt

On April 24, 1970, Huang and his brother-in-law, Cheng Tzu-tsai, both members of the World United Formosans for Independence, were involved in the assassination attempt [zh] of then-Vice Premier Chiang Ching-kuo (Chiang Kai-shek's son) in New York City. Huang approached Chiang with a gun at the Plaza Hotel, but a Diplomatic Security Service special agent pushed him out of the way, causing the bullet to strike the hotel's revolving doors. The World United Formosans for Independence later issued a statement disclaiming involvement. He pleaded guilty in a 1971 trial to charges of attempted murder and illegal possession of a firearm, but was granted bail before sentencing, and fled the United States. Cheng Tzu-tsai also jumped bail in 1971 after his conviction, fleeing to Sweden for asylum, but was extradited to the US in 1972, sentenced in 1973 to up to five years in prison and later served an additional prison term in Taiwan for illegal entry.
Huang viewed his assassination attempt as an act of opposition to the United States war in Vietnam and as an anti-imperialist action, as he deemed the Taiwan government as an "accomplice of Washington."$^{:59}$

## Aftermath

Huang's action is considered a stimulus for political reform in Taiwan, which promotes the role of Taiwanese people in the political arena. He was in hiding for 25 years, returning to Taiwan in 1996, after Taiwan's statute of limitations had run out on further prosecution for the assassination attempt as one of the last persons who had not been permitted to return to Taiwan for political reasons. Huang was prosecuted and served four months in jail for violating the 1987 National Security Law for illegal entry, since he did not have an entry visa when he returned to Taiwan in 1996.
In 1998, Huang became the director of the Taiwan Association for Human Rights. In 2000, he was appointed as National Policy Advisor to the President for human rights issues. He is also an avid supporter of the Green Party Taiwan since its founding. Huang led Amnesty International Taiwan from 2009 through 2013. In 2012, he was given an Alumni Excellence Award by the National Chengchi University for his lifelong commitment to democracy, freedom, and social movements.
Huang shouted “Let me stand up like a Taiwanese!” upon being arrested after the failed assassination attempt. This phrase was later referenced in the song title (無名英雄 Stand Up Like A Taiwanese) by rock band Fire EX., as well as repeated several times at the end of the heavy metal song “Supreme Pain for the Tyrant” by Chthonic.
# 1840s in Zimbabwe
## Events
### 1849

* Dr. David Livingstone, explored the interior of Africa, arrived at Lake Ngami in present-day Botswana on 3 August 1849.

## Births

* Mapondera, militant, was born into the Rozvi Negomo dynasty
# Frontier Communications ILEC Holdings

Frontier Communications ILEC Holdings, Inc. is a holding company subsidiary owned by Frontier Communications. It serves as a holding company for former Bell System, Contel, and GTE incumbent local exchange carrier (ILEC) telephone operating companies that were owned by Verizon prior to July 1, 2010.

## History

The company was formed by Verizon in 2009 to facilitate the planned sale of some local subsidiaries to Frontier, which was completed on July 1, 2010. The company was set up to allow for a Reverse Morris Trust merger, allowing Verizon to spin off the company to Frontier tax-free. Its primary purpose was to transfer Frontier ILEC Holdings as well as Verizon debt that Frontier was to assume.

## Subsidiary companies

The company was founded as New Communications ILEC Holdings, Inc. to own the following companies transferred from Verizon and GTE:
* Contel of the South
* New Communications of the Carolinas (split from Verizon South)
* New Communications of the Southwest (split from Verizon California)
* Verizon North
* Verizon Northwest
* Verizon West Coast
* Verizon West Virginia (originally part of the Bell System)
Once the purchase was completed, the relevant subsidiary company names were changed to reflect Frontier ownership.
# Maratha clan system

The Maratha Clan System (also referred to as Shahannava Kuli Marathas, 96 Kuli Marathas) refers to the 96 Maratha clans. The clans together form the Maratha caste of India. These Marathas primarily reside in the Indian state of Maharashtra, with smaller regional populations in other states.

## Origin

The 96 clans that the Maratha caste is divided into were originally formed in the earlier centuries from the amalgamation of families from the (Kunbi), shepherd (Dhangar), pastoral (Gavli), blacksmith (Lohar), carpenter (Sutar), Bhandari and Thakar castes in Maharashtra. The 96 kul(clans) and genealogies were fabricated after they gained political prominence. These clans were flexible enough that most of the Kunbi population got absorbed into these clans even in the 20th century.
Thus, due to the mainly peasant origin, the claim of the 96 clans to the Kshatriya ritual status in the Hindu Varna hierarchy is considered spurious. Jaffrelot calls such claims "Kshatriyatisation", which he considers similar to Sanskritisation.

## Military history

Many Maratha clans served as Patils or Deshmukhs for the Bahmani sultanate, and its successors, the Deccan sultanates and the Mughals from 14th century onwards under the watandari system. Influential families from this era include, Sawant of Sawantwadi, Ghorpade of Mudhol, Nimbalkar of Phaltan, Mane, Shirke, Mahadik and Mohite. Shivaji's own Bhosale family came to prominence later then these families. In his quest for swarajya, he had to fight, or subdue these families using a variety of strategies. One of them included killing of Chandrarao More, a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seizing the valley of Javali, near the present-day hill station of Mahabaleshwar. The conquest of Javali allowed Shivaji to extend his raids into south and southwest Maharashtra. Other strategies included forming marital alliances, dealing directly with village Patils to bypass the Deshmukhs, or subduing them by force.

## Kinship, Deities and Totems

In Maratha society, membership of a Kul or clan is acquired in a patrilineal manner. People belonging to a clan usually have a common surname, a common clan deity, and a common clan totem (Devak). Various lists have been compiled, purporting to list the 96 "true Maratha" clans, but these lists vary greatly and are disputed. The list of ninety-six clans is divided into five ranked tiers, the highest of which contains the five primary Maratha clans.
Within a clan, ranking also depends on whether a man is progeny of proper marriage or a product of hypergamy. High ranking Maratha clans also historically held rights to hereditary estate or Watan.This included land grants, tax collection rights (revenue Patilki or policing (Police Patilki) of a village. Higher ranking clans held rights to larger estates or Jagirs. Clans with watan usually hold written genealogical records stretching back several generations.
# Buak Hat Park

Buak Hat Public Park (Thai: สวน สธารณะ หนอง บวก หาด) is a public park located in the southwest corner of Chiang Mai’s old city. It is open every day from 0500 - 2100.
It is a place for local people and tourists to visit and is a location for many of Chiang Mai’s festivals such as the Flower Festival.
The full name is 'suan satarana nong buak hat' - the first part means 'garden public' and the name: หนอง บวก หาด 'nong buak hat' can translate as 'marsh improved [to] beach' - this was probably a part of the city that collected all the water, so it became a park. The final sound is a 'd', but there is a slight 'r' before it. The sign over the entrance has the English transliteration as "Hard." Variations range from 'hat,' 'haad,' or 'had.'

## Activity

There are many activities that can be done in the park such as:
* Jogging: The park's perimeter is 440m [0.3 miles], a convenient distance for running practice.
* Weightlifting: All along the perimeter path are sturdy devices for exercise, and in the northeast corner is a modern, covered area with weights, benches and a sand floor.
* Sepak Takraw: (Thai: เซปักตะกร้อ) The area set aside for this ancient sport "Sepak Takraw" or simply "takraw" is always busy with players of every age and nationality enjoying this blend of hackysack, soccer, and volleyball.

## Style

Buak Hat Public Park is designed in the style of "idealized nature".

## Flowers

Buak Hat Public Park is at the center of the annual Flower Festival. There are also displays by landscape specialists, featuring waterfalls, patios and various schemes of garden decoration. There are stands representing gardens from neighbouring countries, and stands selling local products.
There are many types of flower in the park such as:
* Orange Jessamine
* Croton
* Climbing Ylang Ylang
* Ixora
* Rain Tree
* Tooth Blush Tree
* Banyan Tree
* Temple Tree
# Jordan at the 2023 World Athletics Championships

Jordan competed at the 2023 World Athletics Championships in Budapest, Hungary, from 19 to 27 August 2023.

## Results

Jordan entered 1 athlete.

### Key

* Q = Qualified for the next round
* q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* NR = National record
* PB = Personal best
* SB = Season best
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event

### Men
#### Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank |
| Moath Alkhawaldeh | Marathon | 2:22:33 SB | 52 |
# Banque de la Guyane

The Banque de la Guyane was a bank of issue in the territory of French Guiana. It was established in 1855, lost its monetary role in 1944, and was rebranded as BNP Paribas in the 2000s.

## Overview

Like peers such as the Banque de l'Algérie and Banque du Sénégal, the Banque de la Guyane was both a commercial bank and a bank of issue. It opened in 1855, with head office in Cayenne. Its first chief executive (French: directeur) was Jean-Baptiste Bellamy, who in 1857 moved on to head the Banque de la Martinique.
In the 1890s, the bank erected a new head office building in central Cayenne, which was remodeled in 1975. In 1920, the bank opened a branch in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni.
The bank lost its issuance privilege in the turmoil of World War II, when the Caisse Centrale de la France d'Outre-Mer (CCFOM) was designated as monetary authority for the island and other French Caribbean territories on 1 July 1944.$^{:23}$ In practice, the Banque de la Guyane kept issuing the French Guianan franc until 1952 by delegation of the CCFOM. It remained in activity as a commercial bank, the only one in French Guiana until the Banque Française Commerciale opened there in the late 1970s. In 1964, it came under the control of the Banque Nationale pour le Commerce et l'Industrie (BNCI), which became Banque Nationale de Paris (BNP) in 1966 then BNP Paribas in 2000.
* Branch of the bank in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni (right), 1920s postcard
* The same building in 2011
# Mary Vandervliet

Mary Vandervliet (3 July 1912 – 6 February 2004) was a Canadian sprinter. She competed in the women's 100 metres at the 1932 Summer Olympics.
# Faizan Peerzada

Faizan Peerzada (Urdu: فیضان پیرزادہ) (born 1958 Lahore – died December 21, 2012, Lahore) was a Pakistani artist, puppeteer and theater director.

## Career

Peerzada started his artistic journey long before his career. He began painting and crafting puppets as a young adult and his lifelong passion for the arts colored the course of his entire life. His mark in the artistic world remains as a puppeteer, a painter and a patron of the arts. Peerzada also received the 'Thamgha-e-Imtiaz', the Presidential Award for Puppetry in 2004.
Life of Faizan Peerzada 1958 Producer, director, and puppeteer was born with a twin brother in Lahore He held his first painting exhibition at the American Cultural Centre, Karachi 1977 Faizan held approximately 40 painting exhibitions in Pakistan, and 26 solo art exhibitions in the United States and Europe Faizan began his career at Rafi Peer Theatre Workshop, and later became the artistic director 1979 He specially designed programmes to celebrate the International Year of the Child spread over the entire year Designed three major art festivals in which at least 35,000 children participated in a span of six months. 1980 Faizan's fascination for lights began (He designed stages and lights for several Pakistani and International events) 1992 Faizan was the integral driving force in creating 15 International Festivals of Puppets, Theatre, Music, and Dance 1998 Faizan's Fourth International Puppet Festival held in Lahore was declared internationally as the biggest international puppet festival in the world 1993 He was made the president of UNIMA (world-wide puppetry organisation) in Pakistan.

## Death

Faizan Peerzada died of a heart attack at the age of fifty four on December 21, 2012, in Lahore.
# VIVA College

VIVA College is an educational institute run by Late Shri Vishnu Waman Thakur Charitable Trust, established in 2001 in Virar, Maharashtra, India, affiliated to the University of Mumbai. It offers under-graduate courses in Science, Commerce and Arts. Its sister colleges, run by the same trust offer under-graduate courses in Law, Engineering and post-graduate courses in Management and Information Technology.

## History

The Vishnu Waman Thakur Charitable Trust presided by Hitendra Thakur, the Member of Legislative Assembly from Vasai (Vidhan Sabha constituency), established the Utkarsha Junior College in 1991 to promote the cause of higher education in Virar and its adjoining rural area predominantly inhabited by Adivasi population.
The college was affiliated to Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. Later, in the year 2000–2001, the VIVA College was established with affiliation to the University of Mumbai offering undergraduate courses in Arts, Commerce and Science. The college is in Virar (West) at a distance of about 1 km (0.62 mi) from Virar Railway Station.
It started an undergraduate course in commerce with an intake of just 148 students. By 2011, it not only has all the 3 basic faculties of Arts, Commerce and Science, but also offers career oriented professional courses such as - Bachelor of Arts in Multimedia and Mass Communication, BMS, Bachelor of Science (Information Technology), Bachelor of Science (Computer Science), Bachelor of Science (Bio-Technology), Bachelor of Commerce in Accounts, Finance and Banking & Insurance alongside a course in Hotel Management.
Under the name of VIVA IMS, the trust has now started the Master of Management Studies (MMS), a post graduate degree affiliated to University of Mumbai.

## Current situation

Presently, the approximate total enrollments in the college stands around 7000, faculty strength of 150, non-teaching staff of 50. All courses are conducted on no-grant basis with financial support from the trust only.

## The College Library

The VIVA College Library contains over 15000 text and Reference books on various subjects for Junior and Senior College students, as well as rare volumes and manuscripts. It has many rare books not available in similar libraries. The library subscribes to over 64 magazines including journals and 15 news papers . It has a spacious and an airy reading hall, which provides seating accommodation for 150 students at a time .
# Simon Cockrell

Simon Cockrell (1745-1839) was an American Baptist minister and politician from Virginia.

## Early life

Simon Cockrell was born in 1745.

## Career

In 1780, he was allowed to preach the Baptist faith in Washington County, Virginia, when the official religion was the Church of England, as the Colony of Virginia was part of the British Empire until 1788. By 1782, he was given a license to marry in the same county.
He served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1791 to 1793, and again from 1798 to 1800.

## Death

He died in 1839 in Jackson County, Missouri, where he was buried.
# Liliana Maria Dragomir

Liliana Maria Dragomir (born 18 June 1990) is a Romanian long distance runner. She competed in the women's marathon at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics. In 2020, she competed in the women's race at the 2020 World Athletics Half Marathon Championships held in Gdynia, Poland.
# Claudia Constantinescu

Claudia Maria Constantinescu (born 18 June 1994) is a Romanian handballer who plays for SCM Craiova.

## Achievements

* Cupa României:
** Winner: 2019
* Liga Națională:
** Golden Medalist: 2022
** Silver Medalist: 2019
** Bronze Medalist: 2017
# Nicoleta Manu

Nicoleta Manu (née Țolișteanu, born (1980-12-03)3 December 1980 in Piatra Neamț) is a retired Romanian female volleyball player, who plays as a libero. She is part of the Romania women's national volleyball team and plays for Divizia A1 (Romanian's top league) side CS Știința Bacău.

## Career

Manu has played in many tournaments with Romania women's national volleyball team, including the Women's European Volleyball Championship of 2003, 2005 and 2011, the 2002 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Germany and the 2015 European Games in Baku.
She was awarded the best receiver at the 2003 Women's European Volleyball Championship. She is nicknamed Țoli (in reference to her maiden name Țolișteanu) by her teammates.

## Clubs

* CS Știința Bacău (1999–2012)
* Hainaut Volley (2012–2013)
* CSM București (2013–2013)
* CS Dinamo București (2013–2015)
* CS Știința Bacău (2015–present)

## Honours and awards
### Titles

* Romanian Championship – 2005

### Individual awards

* 2003 Women's European Volleyball Championship – Best receiver (libero)
# Cristina Laslo

Cristina Laslo (born 10 April 1996) is a Romanian professional handballer who plays as a centre back for Gloria Bistrița and the Romanian national team.

## International honours

* IHF Youth World Championship:
** Gold Medalist: 2014
* IHF Junior World Championship:
** Bronze Medalist: 2016

## Awards and recognition

* All-Star Central Back of the IHF Youth World Championship: 2014
* All-Star Central Back of the IHF Junior World Championship: 2016
* Liga Națională Best Romanian Player: 2021
# Daniela Rațiu

Daniela Constantina Rațiu (born 14 September 1988) is a Romanian handball player for Gloria Bistrița.

## International honours

* EHF Cup:
** Semifinalist: 2016
* Youth European Championship:
** Silver Medalist: 2005
* Junior European Championship:
** Bronze Medalist: 2007
# Iuliana Paleu

Iuliana Paleu (born September 30, 1990, in Bicaz, Neamț) is a Romanian sprint canoeist. Paleu is a member of the canoe and kayak team for CS Dinamo București, and is coached and trained by Iuan Sipos.
Paleu represented Romania at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, where she competed in the women's K-2 500 metres. Paleu and her partner Irina Lauric paddled to an eighth-place finish and sixteenth overall in the B-final. They were nineteen hundredths of a second (0.19) behind the Russian pair of Natalia Lobova and Vera Sobetova, who posted a time of 1:52.468.
# Mihaela Bulică

Mihaela Bulică (born 10 February 1990) is a Romanian sabre fencer.

## Career

Bulică took up fencing when she was eight under the coaching of Marin Mihăiță at CSS Slobozia. She won the bronze medal at the 2008 U23 European Championships in Monza, then a silver medal at the 2009 Junior European Championships in Odense and another silver at the 2012 U23 European Championships in Bratislava.
She joined the senior national team in 2007. Their best result was a 10th place at the 2009 World Fencing Championships in Antalya. Bulică took part in the 2011 and the 2013 Summer Universiade, where she finished respectively 7th and 30th. She also won the Romanian national championship in 2012 and 2013.
Bulică graduated from the UNEFS Bucharest.
# Kot Bala

Kot Bala, or Balakot is an archaeological site located in Lasbela District, Balochistan, Pakistan. It is near the Makran coast of the Arabian Sea, and goes back to around 4000 BC.
The settlement of Balakot precedes the Indus Valley civilization by many centuries. It is located in the interior of the Sonmiani Bay, along the Lasbela coast (the Plain of Las Bela). This site is of importance due to its proximity to the Arabian Sea, and is believed to have been a main harbour, from which the Indus traders sailed to the coasts of the Arabian Peninsula.

## Excavations

The site was excavated by Professor George F. Dales of the University of California, Berkeley in the 1970s, but full details were not published. It is the only site in the region that was professionally excavated.
The upper levels of the site belong to Indus Civilization, while the lower levels feature a culture of its own. The arrival of Indus influence was rather sudden.

## Balakot culture

The ancient Balakot culture flourished only in this coastal area. The Balakot Phase pottery is known from excavations at Balakot. Three radiocarbon dates from later occupations of this phase indicate the period of 3500–3000 BC. Other archaeologists give the date of 4000 BC for the start of this settlement.
Kech-Makran culture flourished in the Kech River Valley in protohistoric times as early as the fifth millennium BC. Balakot was part of that settlement network.
Pottery of Balakot was all wheel-made red ware, although some storage jars were hand-made. It features complex floral and zoomorphic motifs. There are similarities to the Nal pottery of Baluchistan. Sometimes the use of red or green paint produced a polychrome effect.
A later Balakot Phase pottery closely resembles the style of Amri culture.

## Early furnaces

Excavations at pre-Indus levels of Balakot have yielded evidence of an early furnace. The furnace was most likely used for the manufacturing of ceramic objects. Ovens, dating back to the civilization's mature phase (c. 2500–1900 BCE), were also excavated at Balakot.
# Raluca Băcăoanu

Raluca Elena Băcăoanu (born 2 May 1989) is a Romanian handballer for Gloria Bistrița and the Romanian national team.

## Achievements

* Liga Națională:
** Winner: 2019
* Supercupa României:
** Winner: 2018