OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Peter McGowan

Peter "Pete" J. McGowan was a former New York politician, who served as Town Supervisor of the Town of Islip on Long Island.

## Biography

In March 2006, he resigned and pleaded guilty to charges of receiving a bribe, grand larceny, and offering a false instrument for filing — taking kickbacks and stealing from his campaign account. On May 4, 2006, he was sentenced to three months in jail, followed by probation and community service.
In 2001, he was involved with a controversial proposal to impose a $50,000 fee on airplanes landing or taking off from the town's Long Island MacArthur Airport after 11 p.m. and before 6:30 a.m., although the proposed fee was later withdrawn. The airport's concourse was named after him but was later renamed the Veterans Memorial Concourse.
In September 2005, town officials condemned the Fairwood Gardens apartment building and issued eviction orders to its tenants to leave, but later withdrew the eviction orders and subsequently settled out of court a lawsuit brought by some tenants. At the time, McGowan denied knowing in advance about the evictions.
He clashed with other council members over the issue of the town's term limits, which they supported and he opposed.
Peter McGowan died at 83 on 13 October 2020.
# Croton guatemalensis

Croton guatemalensis, known as copalchi, is a plant species of the genus Croton.
It is found in Guatemala, in Central America. It is also known as 'cascarilla,' the bark of which may be an ingredient in Angostura bitters.
# Planetary Confinement

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Planetary Confinement is the third album by the UK band Antimatter, released in 2005.

## Credits

English Sessions
* The Weight of the World
* Epitaph
* A Portrait of the Young Man As An Artist
* Legions
An acoustic performance recorded in Studio 33, Liverpool, July 2004. All songs and orchestral arrangements by Mick Moss
* Mick Moss - Acoustic guitars, Vocals
* Rachel Brewster - Violins
* Stephen Hughes - Bass Guitar
* Chris Phillips - Drums
* Sue Marshall - Additional vocals on 'Legions'
Irish Sessions
* Planetary Confinement
* Line of Fire
* Mr. White
* Relapse
* Eternity part 24
All songs by Duncan Patterson, except 'Mr. White' by Trouble
* Duncan Patterson - piano, acoustic guitars, bass guitar, keyboards
* Amélie Festa - vocals
* Mehdi Messouci - additional keyboards on 'Relapse'
* Barry Whyte - lead guitar
* Alex Mazarguil - djembe
* Michael Cronin - drums
* Album mastered at Counterpoint Studio by Gianni Skolnick
* Cover design by Mick Moss from an original photograph by Brandon Stone
* Inner photos by Chris Slack
* Design by Mick Moss
* Layout by Paul Kuhr
# Aiguille du Jardin

The Aiguille du Jardin (4,035 m) is a summit on the east ridge of Aiguille Verte in the Mont Blanc massif in Haute-Savoie, France.

## Overview

The Aiguille du Jardin is considered one of the more challenging peaks among the 4,000-meter summits in the Mont Blanc massif. Its technical difficulty surpasses that of neighboring summits such as the Aiguille Verte and Les Droites. Despite its proximity to the Aiguille Verte, from some perspectives, the Aiguille du Jardin may appear as a subsidiary summit on its east ridge. However, as one approaches the Couvercle refuge from the Talèfre basin, the Aiguille du Jardin stands out as an independent and imposing peak. Its prominent south face is defended by steep buttresses of red granite, which remain largely unexplored, except perhaps by crystal hunters. The Aiguille du Jardin is often overshadowed by its more famous neighbors, but it offers a highly rewarding and less-traveled route for climbers seeking a serious challenge in the region.

## Climbing History

The first successful ascent of the Aiguille du Jardin was made in 1932 by the Austrian mountaineer Karl Blodig, who had previously climbed all the 4,000-meter peaks of the Alps. Blodig had attempted to reach the summit earlier, in 1931, but was forced to retreat due to a storm while climbing the Whymper Couloir with his son. In 1932, at the age of 72, Blodig returned to the peak. Unbeknownst to him, the Aiguille du Jardin had already been ascended just five days prior. Nevertheless, Blodig made the first solo ascent via the north-east couloir of the Col Armand Charlet. Despite the challenging conditions, including icy terrain and basic crampons, he successfully reached the summit and later described the experience as one of mixed emotions—both immense satisfaction and humility.

## Modern Ascents

More recently, new routes have been established on the Aiguille du Jardin. In 2018, climbers Will Sim and Ben Tibbetts made an ascent of the west pillar, a previously unexplored section of the mountain. Their route consisted of twelve pitches of granite grooves and strenuous cracks, eventually leading to mixed terrain toward the summit. This new line opened up a fresh challenge for modern climbers, further cementing the Aiguille du Jardin as a sought-after, but still relatively under-explored, peak in the Mont Blanc massif.
# James Coor

James Coor (before 1737–1795) was an architect, builder, politician and leader in North Carolina.

## Early life

Coor was probably born in England before 1737. He was invited by Thomas Webber of Maryland to come to Maryland to be a naval architect. Webber owned land in New Bern, North Carolina, where Coor ended up building a house for Webber and his house own house near Webber. This house stands today and is called the Coor-Gaston House. Coor may also have designed two other buildings in New Bern, a Masonic lodge and the New Bern Academy. These buildings were not completed until after Coors death, however. Coor was also architect of the Smith-Whitford House in New Bern.
Coor also designed and built the Coor-Bishop House in New Bern in about 1767. As a skilled architect, Coor may also have been involved in building the Tryon Palace in New Bern.

## Political career

Coor served three terms representing Craven County in the Province of North Carolina House of Burgesses between 1773 and 1775. As war with Britain loomed, he served on the New Bern Council of Safety. He represented Carven County in the North Carolina Provincial Congress in the second, third, fourth and fifth sessions. He played a role in the adoption of the Halifax Resolves and in the creation of the first North Carolina State Constitution in 1776. After statehood, he represented Craven County twelve times in the North Carolina Senate of the North Carolina General Assembly between 1777 and 1787, serving as Speaker in 1786–1787.
There is no evidence that James Coor served in the militia during the American Revolution. He was on a committee to develop regulations for the militia during the Halifax Provincial Congress. There are several pay vouchers to James Coor, esquire, for services during the Revolution. There is a letter from James Coor to George Washington written in 1790. In this letter, he states that he was a naval officer for the port of Beaufort.

## Death

James Coor died on December 28, 1796, as noted in the New Bern North Carolina Gazette on December 31, 1796. James was a slave owner. He emancipated two of his slaves in his will.
# James H. Forrester

James Henry Forrester (November 24, 1870 – July 16, 1928) was an American lawyer, judge, and politician.

## Biography

Forester was born in Christian County, Illinois. He went to the public schools. In 1893, he graduated from Illinois State University in Normal, Illinois. Forrester then graduated from Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1895. Forrester was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1897. He practiced law in Decatur, Illinois. In 1898, he moved to Taylorville, Illinois and continued to practice law there until his death. He served as the Christian County Court Judge from 1902 to 1906 and was involved with the Republican Party. Forrester served in the Illinois Senate from 1921 until his death in 1928. Forrester died in his physician's office in Owaneco, Illinois after riding with friends.
# Ravina II

Ravina II or Rabina II (Hebrew: אבינא בריה דרב הונא or רבינא האחרון; died 475 CE or 500 CE) was a Babylonian rabbi of the 5th century (seventh and eighth generations of amoraim). Rabina is a traditional portmanteau of the title Rav and the personal name Abina, a form of the Aramaic word for "father" (compare Abuna, Abaye, Abin, Abahu, Abba, Rava, Rabin).
The Talmud says that "Ravina" and Rav Ashi were "the end of instruction", which is traditionally interpreted to mean that the two were responsible for redacting the Babylonian Talmud. Most scholars agree that this "Ravina" was Ravina II, the son of Huna bar Abin HaKohen, and not Ravina I, the colleague of Rav Ashi who died before Rav Ashi.

## Biography

He did not remember his father Huna, who died while Ravina was still a child, but the Talmud states several times that his mother communicated to him the opinions held by his father. After his father's death, his maternal uncle Ravina I became his guardian.
Ravina II officiated as judge at Sura shortly after Rav Ashi's death, and was a colleague of Mar bar Rav Ashi, although he was not so prominent. After Rabbah Tosafa'ah's death, Ravina became, for a year (474), director of the Sura Academy. Simultaneously, Rabbah Jose served as head of the Pumbedita academy. Ravina served as leader of the Jewish community in Babylonia for 22 years. One year before his death, all the Babylonian synagogues were closed, and Jewish infants were handed over to the Magians. He died on the 13th of Kislev in 474/475 or 499/500 CE.
# Joseph-Armand Bombardier

Joseph-Armand Bombardier (French pronunciation:; April 16, 1907 – February 18, 1964) was a Canadian inventor and businessman who was the founder of Bombardier. His most famous invention was a snowmobile.

## Biography

Born in Valcourt, Quebec, Joseph-Armand Bombardier dabbled in mechanics from an early age. He built his first snow vehicle at the age of 15. He acquired experience by reading, taking notes and repairing what he found until he opened his own garage at age 19, where he would repair cars and sell gasoline in the summertime.
During wintertime, he worked on developing a vehicle able to travel on snow. At that time, the Quebec government did not clear snow from secondary roads, so residents of these areas stored their cars for the winter season. The idea to build a winter vehicle came to Bombardier after a blizzard in which his young son fell ill from peritonitis and died because he could not be brought to the nearest hospital.
The first B7 (B for Bombardier and 7 for 7 passengers) snowmobiles were sold during the winter of 1936–37 and were well received. A new plant able to produce more than 200 vehicles a year was built in 1940. A new 12-passenger model was made available in 1941 which was referred to as the B12, but demand was halted when Canada entered World War II. The B12 was manufactured by L’Auto-Neige Bombardier Limitée. Bombardier also brought to market a C18 which served the public as a school bus. Over 3,000 units of the B12/C18 were manufactured. Bombardier offered his expertise to the Canadian government and started producing specialized military vehicles for the Allies. Bombardier also produced specialized vehicles for logging and mining operations, which they called the Muskeg.
After the war, business declined when the Quebec government began clearing snow from secondary roads in 1948. Bombardier went on to build smaller snowmobiles during the 1950s and developed a new market for recreational products for one or two people. In 1959 he launched the Ski-Doo, which was originally planned to be called Ski-Dog but a printing accident spelt it as Ski-Doo and Bombardier considered that typo a fortuitous development for a new trademark for his company. The Ski-Doo was ranked 17th place on CBC Television's The Greatest Canadian Invention in 2007. Bombardier died in 1964 of cancer but the snowmobile idea was a success. 225 units were sold during 1959 and more than 8,210 units were sold during 1963.

## Honours

In 2004, Autoroute 55 in Quebec was named autoroute Joseph-Armand-Bombardier between Stanstead and Autoroute 20 (autoroute Jean-Lesage) near Drummondville. The Bombardier Glacier in Antarctica is also named after him.
In 2000, Joseph-Armand Bombardier was honoured by the government of Canada with his image on a postage stamp.
He is a member of the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame.
# Luxembourg Gardens, Paris

Luxembourg Gardens, Paris is an oil painting completed in 1887 by the Finnish artist Albert Edelfelt depicting a scene in the Jardin du Luxembourg in Paris, France. The painting has become a kind of symbol of Edelfelt and the whole of Finnish art, at a time when Paris was the center of the art world. It is one of Edelfelt's larger paintings and a major en plein air painting.

## Description

The painting depicts women and children playing on the Luxembourg Gardens’ sandy ground. The children's nurses are identified by their long robe and ruched long-tape hat. To the left a mother in a gray suit is shown. Women are sitting on chairs and relaxing on a sunny summer day. In the foreground a girl holds a wooden hoop. In the middle a girl and the only boy are playing, and in the distance is horse-pinion play. The painting aims to represent the daily life of wealthy Parisian families and the lives of children at the end of the 19th century in Paris.

## Analysis

According to Timo Huusko, in Luxembourg Gardens, Paris Edelfelt seems "anemic" but shows the color of joy in the midst of the influx of impressionistic paintings, even though he was about to receive rave reviews. Contrary to his habits, Edelfelt tried to depict a fleeting moment in painting, which is characteristic of Impressionism. Edelfelt paid particular attention to the effect of sunlight and made many sketches on the spot. However, he finished the work largely in Haikko. Despite the transitory nature of Impressionist painting, the clothing fabrics and materials are described distinctly. In the shadow of the foreground figures are painted very closely.
Edelfelt was at this time already fairly well known by the Paris art world having lived there for ten years. Among his works, there are no other large Paris-themed works. The reason is probably that in Paris, he was able to stand out from the competition with piquant and exotic Finnish topics.

## Provenance

Luxembourg Gardens was exhibited for the first time at the Galerie Petit's exhibition in May 1887. It then remained in Paris, in the collection of Viktor Antell. Today, the painting belongs to the Ateneum Art Museum, Antell Collection, where it was recorded in 1908. Viktor Antell bequeathed with the rest of the painting collection of the State of Finland, which it ended up in the collections of the Ateneum.

## Documentary film

The painting has been made into a film in 1987, directed by Tapani Lundgren and Marjatta Levanto and Levanto Yrjänä. Itw as a 14-minute-long documentary Luxembourg Gardens. The film is based on Edelfelt's letters, and it tells the origin of the painting. In his letters Edelfelt describes the despair when the painting does not progress and satisfaction when one detail was successful. The painting was a work in progress one and a half years.
# Andrew S. Cuthbertson

Andrew Stuart Cuthbertson (January 14, 1873 – February 1, 1933) was an American politician and lawyer.

## Biography

Cuthbertson was born in Ironton, Missouri. He moved with his parents to Bunker Hill, Illinois in 1873. He went to the public schools and to Bunker Hill Academy. He studied law and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1897. He was also involved in the banking business. Cuthbertson served on the Bunker Hill Board of Education and was president of the board of education. He also served as a trustee of Shurtleff College. He was involved with the Republican Party. Cuthbertson served in the Illinois Senate from 1921 to 1933. Cuthbertson died from cancer at his home in Bunker Hill, Illinois.
# New-Bridge Integrated College

New-Bridge Integrated College is an integrated secondary school founded in 1995 for children in Newry and Banbridge, hence the name New(ry)-(Ban)Bridge. New-Bridge was established in the rural village of Loughbrickland, Northern Ireland so that it was neither in Banbridge nor Newry, it is in a small village called Loughbrickland which is 11.7 miles from Newry and less than 3.6 miles from Banbridge.
Pupils travel to the school from a wide area of Counties Down and Armagh. When New-Bridge was founded it was considered that the school would only have an attendance of around 390. Due to its popularity and growth, New Bridge now has an attendance rate of over 650 per year, and the school continues to grow.
In 2000, the school began to cater for sixth form education, enabling students to be taught beyond GCSE standard at the school.
# Philipp Wurzbacher

Philipp Wurzbacher (full name Johann Philipp Wurzbacher, 26 May 1898 – 31 March 1984) was a German Sturmabteilung (SA) officer who rose to the rank of SA-Brigadeführer. He was also a Nazi Party member of the Reichstag from electoral constituency 26 (Franconia) between March 1933 and 1945. After the war, he remained imprisoned in labour camps until 1953.

## Marriage and descendants

Würzbacher was married and had two children. He lived in Nürnberg and Schwarzenbruck.
# Hanna Ożogowska

Hanna Ożogowska (20 July 1904 in Warsaw – 27 May 1995 in Warsaw) was a Polish novelist and poet.
She graduated from Special Pedagogy Institute and Pedagogy Faculty of Free Polish University (Wolna Wszechnica Polska). She debuted in 1932 in a weekly magazine Płomyk as a child literature author. She worked in secondary schooling in Łódź till 1951. After World War II she was the president of Pedagogical Secondary School for Kindergarten Educators in Łódź. She was the editor of Płomyk.

## Prizes

* 1956 - Golden Cross of Merit
* 1959 - Prime Minister's Award
* 1967 - Medal of the National Education Commission
* 1968 - Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
* 1974 - Order of the Smile (Order Uśmiechu)
* 1974 & 1981 - Eagle's Feather prize (Orle Pióro)
* 1979 - the title of "Distinguished Teacher of the PRL"
* 1984 - State Prize
* 1984 - Golden Cross of Merit of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association
* 1984 - Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
* 1985 - Award of the City of Warsaw
# Darrell Hanson

Darrell Roy Hanson (born August 8, 1954) is an American politician in the state of Iowa.
Hanson was born in Astoria, Oregon. He attended the University of Kansas, the University of Iowa, and the University of Northern Iowa and is a university instructor. He served in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1979 to 1995, as a Republican.
# Brooke Barzun

Brooke Barzun (born Brooke Lee Brown; June 18, 1972) is an art curator and philanthropist based in Louisville, Kentucky with her husband, Matthew Barzun, the former United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Sweden.

## Early life

She is the daughter of Owsley Brown II and Christy Brown, and the granddaughter of Sally Brown. Her extended family has voting control of Brown-Forman Corporation, the parent company of Jack Daniel's whiskey and other brands.
Barzun grew up in Louisville, Kentucky and attended Westover School (Connecticut) and Lake Forest College (Illinois). She received her master's degree in marriage, family and child counseling at Notre Dame De Namur University (California) with an emphasis in art therapy.

## Diplomatic spouse career

In Sweden, where she lived with her husband the US Ambassador from 2009 to 2011, Barzun led cultural diplomacy efforts. She led the curation of three contemporary art shows: a show of Swedish art at the American residence, a show entitled Transparency and Trans-formations in contemporary American Art featuring American art in coordination with U.S. Department of State's Art in Embassies program and artwithoutwalls, and Underglow, a public art installation by artist Chris Doyle. She was a common presence at cultural events in Stockholm.
In London, where her husband served as Ambassador 2013–2017, she continued her cultural diplomacy, joining the Royal Academy of Arts Development Trust.

## Cultural leadership in Louisville

In the fall of 2011, after the death of her father, Owsley Brown II, a devoted patron of the arts in Louisville, Barzun joined the board of Louisville's Speed Art Museum and set about completing the capital campaign Brown had begun for a major expansion. Barzun took over as co-chair and completed "phase 2" of fundraising for the project. She was then named co-chair for the third and final phase. In May 2013, it was announced that the fundraising goal had been met years ahead of schedule. The effort "[put] us five to 10 years ahead of where we thought we would be in completing the master plan," according to Speed board president Allan Latts, and reduced the project's original budget by $20 million because of cost savings captured from an accelerated construction timetable.
# Swanke Hayden Connell Architects

Swanke Hayden Connell Architects was an international architecture, interiors and historic preservation firm with U.S. headquarters in New York City.

## History

The firm was founded in New York in 1906 by Alexander Stewart Walker (1876–1952) and Leon N. Gillette (1878–1945). Originally known as Walker & Gillette, the firm designed country estates and urban townhouses for some of New York's more affluent families. Through the years, the practice expanded to include corporate interiors for prominent banking and brokerage concerns as well as major architectural commissions such as the Fuller Building at 57th Street and Madison Avenue and the First National Bank Building at 57th Street.
Following Gillette's death in 1945, A. Stewart Walker merged his practice with the Office of Alfred Easton Poor. The firm practiced under the name of Walker & Poor from 1946 to 1952 with commissions that included Sotheby Parke Bernet Galleries, Chemical Bank, Morgan Stanley & Co. Inc., Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation and NATO air bases in France.
After Walker's death in 1952, the firm continued the practice as the Office of Alfred Easton Poor until 1971. In 1958, the firm opened a second office in Washington, D.C. During this period, the firm expanded and diversified further into governmental facilities, office buildings, communications centers, and industrial structures throughout the United States, Europe, and South America.
In 1972, the firm became known as Poor and Swanke & Partners, in 1975, Poor, Swanke, Hayden & Connell, in 1979, Swanke Hayden Connell & Partners, and in 1981, Swanke Hayden Connell Architects. During this time, the firm expanded its disciplines and became a global practice, opening offices in Miami and London in 1987, Istanbul in 1997, Sheffield 2002, Moscow in 2006, and Shanghai in 2010.
In 2000, the firm acquired Taylor Clark Architects, a firm specializing in the healthcare field. In 2002, the Firm acquired George Trew Dunn Architects, another healthcare architecture firm with offices in London and Sheffield, England.
Swanke Hayden Connell Europe was acquired by Aukett Associates in 2013. On January 6, 2015 the firm filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, after failing to receive over US $2 million in fees from a client.

## Notable buildings

* 1983, Trump Tower, New York, New York, U.S.
* 1983, Continental Center, New York, New York, U.S.
* 1986, Statue of Liberty Restoration, Liberty Island, New York, New York, U.S.
* 1989, 4 Columbus Circle, New York, New York, U.S.
* 1989, Tower 45, New York City, New York, U.S.
* 1991, Americas Tower (1177 Avenue of the Americas), New York, New York, U.S.
* 2000, Isbank Towers, Istanbul, Turkey
* 2002, Tekfen Tower, Istanbul, Turkey
* 2003, FDNY Training Center, Randall's Island, New York, U.S.
* 2005, West Virginia State Capitol Dome Restoration, Charleston, West Virginia, U.S.
* 2006, New York City Office of Emergency Management, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
* 2011, Nassau County Public Safety Center, Westbury, New York, U.S.
* 2014, Eurasia Tower, Moscow, Russia