OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Magere Brug

The Magere Brug (English: Skinny Bridge) is a bridge over the river Amstel in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It connects the banks of the river at Kerkstraat, between the Keizersgracht and Prinsengracht.
The central section of the Magere Brug is a bascule bridge made of white-painted wood. The present bridge was built in 1934. The first bridge at this site was built in 1691 as Kerkstraatbrug and had 13 arches. Because this bridge was very narrow, the locals called it magere brug, which literally means "skinny bridge". In 1871 the state of the bridge had deteriorated so much, it was demolished and replaced by a nine-arched wooden bridge. Half a century later, this bridge also needed to be replaced. Architect Piet Kramer made several designs for a steel and stone bridge, but the city decided to replace it with a new bridge that looked the same as the previous, only slightly bigger. In 1934, that bridge was demolished, and replaced by a redesign made by Piet Kramer. The last major renovation was in 1969. Until 1994, the bridge was opened by hand, but is now operated automatically.
Use of the bridge has been limited to pedestrians and cyclists since 2003. The centre-part is opened many times, daily, in order to let river traffic pass. The sightseeing tour boats are low enough to pass underneath the bridge when closed. The bridge is decorated with 1,200 light bulbs which are turned on in the evening.
A story told to tourists about the origins of the 1691 version of the bridge is that it was built by two sisters who lived on opposite sides of the Amstel river and wanted to be able to visit one another, every day. In one variant of the story, the sisters were not able to afford a bridge of adequate width or height for general use, so a very narrow bridge was built, hence its name. In another variant, the sisters' last name was Mager (skinny), which gave name to the bridge (rather than its narrowness). Recent research of city archives revealed the name has its origin in the fact that originally a broad and monumental stone bridge was planned during Amsterdam's prosperous Golden Age, but the 1672 economic setback forced the city council to drastically scale back the plans, and build a basic and simple structure instead.
Locals regard the bridge as the most romantic of all in Amsterdam. It is a common site for proposals and lovers' strolls. Additionally, legend says that a kiss between lovers while on this bridge (or passing beneath by boat) ensures that they will be in love forever.
The bridge can be seen in a number of films, including the 1971 James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever, in which the legend of the bridge's being built is told by a boat tour guide.
* The Magere Brug in circa 1938
* The Magere Brug at night in 2008
# Hiram T. Smith

Private Hiram T. Smith is a legendary casualty of the bloodless Maine Aroostook War, having died in 1838. Although one of roughly 38 men killed (all were non-combat deaths), he is the most famous because many locals consider him the only casualty of the war. A memorial placed in the middle of the Haynesville Woods along U.S. Route 2A also added to his fame. In 1933, the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) placed a marble marker at the site and later updated it with a granite marker that still stands today.
It is unknown how exactly Smith died or why he stands out from the rest of the men who died, as there is no official reason for his death. There are several ongoing theories:
* He froze to death. Temperatures in that area of Maine during the winter of 1838 reached -40º Fahrenheit (-40º Celsius). However, many believe he died in the summer of 1838.
* Run over by an army supply wagon.
* Killed by a horse when he went to feed them.
* Falling through the ice of Lake St. Clair. While he may have died from falling through the ice, there has never been a Lake St. Clair in Maine.
* Shot for desertion. Probably also not true, as this likely would have had a record of some type.
* Fell into a pond and drowned. A pond now called Soldier's Pond has a marker stating "Soldier's Grave Aroostook War 1838" which is attributed to Smith but the year would be inconsistent with reports he died in 1839, and is not the same marker the DAR erected.
# Duan Wuwuchen

Duan Wuwuchen (段務勿塵) (died December 310 or 311), also known as Duan Wumuchen (段務目塵), was a chieftain of the Duan-Xianbei during the Jin dynasty (266–420) and Sixteen Kingdoms period. A vassal of the Western Jin, his leadership saw the Duan began actively providing military assistance for Jin through his alliance with Inspector of You province, Wang Jun. For his merits, he was named the Duke of Liaoxi, a title that was passed down to his successors.

## Life

Duan Wuwuchen was the son of the Duan chieftain, Qizhen and the grandson of Rilujuan, who founded their tribe. Succeeding his father as chieftain, Wuwuchen was based in Liaoxi Commandery and was a vassal to the Western Jin dynasty. He had over 30,000 families under his leadership, and commanded a force of between 40,000 and 50,000 cavalry units.
In 303, the Chief Controller of You province, Wang Jun sought to protect himself in light of the Jin civil wars by allying with the surrounding Xianbei and Wuhuan tribes. Wang Jun formed an alliance with the Duan by marrying his daughter to Wuwuchen, and since then, the two sides began working closely with one another. In 304, Wuwuchen participated in Wang Jun's campaign against the Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying. Their forces captured Ying's base in Ye, during which the Xianbei troops pillaged and abducted many of the women in the city. As punishment, Wang Jun had 8,000 of them involved in the abductions drowned in the Yi river.
Wang Jun continued to employ the Xianbei when he joined the Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue in his war against the Prince of Hejian, Sima Yong from 305 to 306. The Xianbei cavalry played an important role in securing Sima Yue's victory, but they also participated in the sack of Chang'an which killed more than 20,000 people. In 307, after Emperor Huai of Jin's ascension, Wang Jun, now Inspector of You province, petitioned for the imperial court to grant Duan Wuwuchen the title of Duke of Liaoxi. Dapiaohua (大飄滑), a collateral member of the Duan, and his brother, Datuweng (大屠甕), a member of the Wuhuan tribe led by Jiezhu (渴末), were also appointed as pro-Jin kings.
In 309, Shi Le, a general of the Han-Zhao dynasty, attacked Changshan Commandery. Wang Jun sent his subordinate, Qi Hong and Wuwuchen with over 10,000 cavalry to suppress Shi Le. They fought at Mount Feilong (飛龍山) and won a great victory over Shi Le, reportedly killing more than 10,000 of his soldiers and forcing him to retreat to Liyang (黎陽縣; present-day Xun County, Henan).
On 30 November 310, Wuwuchen was bestowed the title of Grand Chanyu. Wuwuchen died not long after, although the exact time of his death is not recorded. He was succeeded by his son, Duan Jilujuan, who first appear as Duke of Liaoxi in 311, so Wuwuchen must have died some time between late 310 and 311. Wuwuchen's brother, Duan Shefuchen succeeded Jilujuan in 318.
# Ángel Bonomini

Ángel Bonomini (13 October 1929 – 13 May 1994)$^{:15}$ was an Argentine short story writer, poet, and translator, best known for his novella The Novices of Lerna.

## Biography

Bonomini was born in Buenos Aires on 13 October 1929. At the age of 18, he published his first collection of poetry, Primera enunciación, in the magazine Sur. In 1952, alongside María Elena Walsh, his then-girlfriend, published the poetry collection Argumento del enamorado. Báladas con Ángel. From 1955 to 1961, he was an editor of LIFE magazine, where he translated texts into Spanish. He was an art critic for the Argentine monthly Panorama between 1968 and 1970, and for La Nación between 1970 and 1978.$^{:15–16}$
His most well-known story is The Novices of Lerna, published in 1972 in a short story collection of the same name, which was praised by Borges and Bioy Casares. He won a Fulbright Grant in 1974 and the Konex Award in 1984 and 1994.
Despite praise during his lifetime, Bonomini was mostly forgotten after his death.

## Works

During his lifetime, Bonomini wrote 90 short stories and 8 poem anthologies.$^{:12}$
His early works were in the neoromantic style, however, he distanced himself from the style later on. Similarities to Borges have been noted in his work. His later work dealt with the metaphysical and the mystical, and is described as fantastical literature. He influenced the work of Alberto Manguel.
Several of his stories were translated and published in English in 1989, in Italian in 1982, 1983, 1989, and 1997; and in German in 1974 and 1989.$^{:29}$ In 2004, his story Lentos Elefantes de Milan was published in French. In 2015, the Spanish publishing house Editorial Pre-Textos published an edited anthology of his poetry collection Torres para el silencio y otros poemas; in 2017, Pre-Textos published a complete anthology of his short stories titled Todos parecían soñar in 2017, under the supervision of Alberto Manguel.
In 2024, an English translation by Jordan Landsman of several of his short stories, including The Novices of Lerna, was published. The collection received mostly positive reviews. Natasha Wimmer praised The Novices of Lerna and the "timeless spirit" of his stories, but felt that other stories in the collection were dated. Kirkus Reviews called the collection "A beguiling blend of the cerebral and the visceral." Tobias Carroll, writing for Reactor Magazine, called the collection "welcome addition to Argentinian literature in translation." One review from Asymptote Journal praised his lyrical style of writing. John Self of The Telegraph praised The Novices of Lerna as a "bizarre and brilliant" novella, and Stuart Evers, writing for The Spectator, gave a more mixed review, criticizing the novella for not fully exploring the themes presented, but praising it as a "powerful story...hauntingly intelligent and psychically unnerving".
# Chip Kell

Curtis Cliff "Chip" Kell (March 10, 1949 – May 25, 2024) was an American professional football player who was a center in the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football and participated in track and field for the Tennessee Volunteers. Kell was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2006.

## High school

Kell attended Avondale High School. In 1966, Kell set the Georgia All Classifications record for Avondale High School in the shot put, at a distance of 66' 7", which is a record that stood for 50 years until broken in 2016 by Isaiah Rogers of Campbell High School.

## College career

Kell was a three-time All-SEC and two-time consensus All-American performer at the University of Tennessee. He helped lead the Volunteers to an SEC Championship in 1969. During Kell's time in Knoxville, Tennessee was undefeated at Shields–Watkins Field. In 2006, Kell was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, making him the 20th Tennessee player to be inducted. Kell also won three SEC titles in the shot put for Tennessee.

## Professional career

Kell was drafted in the 17th round of the 1971 NFL draft by the San Diego Chargers with the 429th overall pick. He played for the Edmonton Eskimos of the CFL in 1971 and 1972.

## Death

Kell died from pneumonia in Dalton, Georgia, on May 25, 2024, at the age of 75.
# Joy Connolly

Joy Connolly is an American scholar of classics and the president of the American Council of Learned Societies. She was previously interim president and provost of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. She was formerly a professor of classics and the dean for humanities at New York University. Connolly's main research interests are Roman republicanism, rhetoric, civic discourse, classical reception, and the role that aesthetic experience plays in the formation of political judgement. She serves on the Editorial Board of the Journal of the History of Ideas.

## Early life and education

Connolly was born in Lowell, Massachusetts. She graduated from Middlesex School in Concord, Massachusetts, and now is a member of the school's board of trustees.
Connolly received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, 1991. In 1997, she received her PhD from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.

## Career

In 1997, she joined the classics faculty as assistant professor of classics at the University of Washington in Seattle. In 2000, she was hired by the classics department at Stanford University in Stanford, California, where she taught both classics and political science classes. In 2004, she joined the faculty of New York University in Manhattan, where she was subsequently promoted to associate professor in 2007 and professor in 2014. In 2016, she was named provost, senior vice president, and distinguished professor of classics at Graduate Center of the City University of New York in Manhattan.
Connolly has published two monographs on Roman rhetoric and politics. The first, The State of Speech: Rhetoric and Political Thought in Ancient Rome, was published in 2007 by Princeton University Press; the second, The Life of Roman Republicanism, also published by Princeton and appeared in 2014.
She has published articles in The Times Literary Supplement, The Nation, The Women's Review of Books, and The New York Times Book Review.
Connolly has served on the board of directors of the Society of Classical Studies and is currently a member of the Advanced Seminar in Classics and Ancient Near Eastern Studies sponsored by Venice International University.
# Patrician Hall

54°35′49″N 7°03′11″W﻿ / ﻿54.597°N 7.053°W﻿ / 54.597; -7.053
The Patrician, otherwise known as The Patrician Hall, is a cultural, arts and entertainment venue in the village of Carrickmore, County Tyrone. It was built in 1962 as a means of raising money to build education facilities in the form of a primary and a post-primary school. The hall played host to many national and international stars including Liam Neeson, Roy Orbison, Val Doonican, The Wolfe Tones and The Dubliners. It was also very popular on the Irish Showband circuit throughout the 1960s and early 1970s. The venue continued to be used up until the millennium by local groups for events and fundraising.

## Renovation

In 2003 it closed for 18 months for major renovation work, with much of that work and funding coming from local volunteers as well as public bodies.
The Patrician reopened in 2005 with facilities including state-of-the-art lighting, sound and technical specifications; retractable seating, bar and food service, event and banquet. The venue is run by a charity called the Mid Ulster Community and Arts Trust (MUCAT), a 'not for profit' organisation made up of local volunteers who manage the venue. It continues to be used for a multitude of purposes and by a wide and varied section of the community.
Since its re-opening artists such as Francis Black, Johnny McEvoy, Philomena Begley, Ronnie Drew, Phelim Drew, Mick Moloney, Phil Coulter and Shane MacGowan have played in the venue. In 2006, The Patrician was featured in a BBC documentary regarding the Field Day Theatre Co. and Stephen Rea, actor of stage and screen revisited the hall to take part in this. In 2007 the President of Ireland, Mary McAleese, paid a visit as part of a tour of County Tyrone and unveiled a plaque in recognition of the new venue.

## Mid Ulster Drama Festival

For nine nights at the end of March, the Patrician hosts the Mid-Ulster festival of amateur drama, which showcases the best of amateur dramatics from groups throughout Ireland. The festival has been running since 1964 at the Patrician Hall.
# Turgot of Durham

Thorgaut or Turgot (c. 1050–1115) (sometimes, Thurgot) was Archdeacon and Prior of Durham, and Bishop of Saint Andrews.

## Biography
### Early life and prior at Durham

Turgot came from the Lindsey in Lincolnshire. After the Norman Conquest he was held as a hostage, but escaped to Norway, where he taught psalmody to King Olaf III. In about 1074 he returned to England and became a clerk at Jarrow monastery. He then became a monk at Wearmouth, and in 1087 he was appointed prior of the monastery at Durham, from 1093 combining this with the archdeaconry of Durham. He became close to the Scottish court and became in 1089 a close friend and spiritual adviser to Saint Margaret of Scotland, wife of King Malcom III and a profoundly religious person. After her death and between the years 1100 and 1107, Turgot wrote a vita of her life at the request of her daughter, Matilda, wife of King Henry I of England.
In 1093, he and Bishop William de St-Calais laid the foundation stone for what would later become Durham Cathedral.

### Bishop of St Andrews and death

In 1107, the Prior was elected as bishop to the see of St Andrews which had been without a bishop since 1093. Consecration was delayed by ecclesiastical disputes between York and St Andrews, and did not take place until 1 August 1109. According to Symeon of Durham, he found that he could not exercise the office "worthily" as there was only a primitive reliquary church, no Benedictine monks to support him and conflicts between various factions he had to deal with, including the Scottish King Alexander, the Archbishop of York and the culdees, a local Scottish monastic community. Alexander asked Pope Paschal II to advice Turgot on these matters and the pope sent Turgot two letters as well as a book of excerpts of canon law to support him. Turgot, perhaps in response to these letters, proposed to go to Rome to speak directly with Pope Paschal II but Alexander prevented him from doing so.
Tugot became ill in June 1115 and was allowed to return to Durham where he had begun his clerical life, where he died on 31 August 1115. Turgot's last words were from Psalm 76 "His dwelling is in peace and his habitation in Sion" and he was buried in the chapter house of Durham next to the graves of other bishops. His mortuary roll, which may have been prepared by Symeon of Durham himself, circulated as far as the French counties of Anjou, Blois, Touraine and Vermandois.
# Rocky Bar, Idaho

Rocky Bar is a ghost town in Elmore County, Idaho, United States. At its height in the late 19th century Rocky Bar boasted a population of over 2,500 and served as county seat of Alturas County from 1864 to 1882. It was also the original county seat of Elmore County when it was created in 1889.
Rocky Bar was founded in December 1863 soon after gold was discovered along the nearby Feather River. Within two years it became the main settlement in the area and was even considered as a possible capital for Idaho Territory. Although the town was rebuilt after the 1892 fire, it began a slow decline. Rocky Bar has not had a permanent population since the 1960s.
Rocky Bar is located 62 miles northeast of Mountain Home. A ten-mile square area including Rocky Bar, covering much of the large basin in which it is located, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as South Boise Historic Mining District.
Originally a placer mining camp, the South Boise area of Rocky Bar and Atlanta had a population of 560 by 1863. Discovery of gold and silver lodes prompted the development of underground workings and 80 arastras by 1864. Stamp mills were in operation by 1865, later improved with a 50-stamp mill by 1887. Yet the ore bodies were relatively shallow, and production started to decline in 1889. The 1892 fire destroyed much of the town.
# Viscount (biscuit)

Viscount (/ˈvaɪkaʊnt/ VY-kownt) biscuits are a classic British biscuit which consist of a circular base of biscuit, topped with a creamy mint or orange flavouring and covered with a layer of milk chocolate flavour coating. They are made by Burton's Foods.
Viscounts have shiny foil wrappers with different colours depending on the biscuit inside—mint biscuits are contained within a green foil wrapper and orange flavoured biscuits (now discontinued) were contained within an orange wrapper. The wrapper features the word Viscount printed on it. A double chocolate version was also available for a time.
Viscount biscuits were redesigned in April 2005, to make the product more appealing to the adult luxury market. The redesign was done by Beswick Design. As part of the redesign, Burton's launched a mini version of the Viscount, which comes in a tub similar to those used for packaging ice cream. However, the coloured wrappers for the two flavours were retained.
For a period during the mid- to late- 1990s, double chocolate Viscount biscuits were available, with a chocolate cream filling, and were sold in a purple foil wrapper.
In November 2010, Burton's launched Cadbury Festives as part of its Cadbury Christmas Biscuits range, these are essentially the same as Viscount Biscuits, but branded under the Cadbury name, with Cadbury Chocolate used in place of the standard chocolate coating.
Burton's customer services department have confirmed (1 October 2014) that they no longer manufacture the orange-flavour Viscount biscuits.
# Anaipadi Formation

The Anapadi Formation is a gelogical formation dating back to the Late Cretaceous Period ( Coniacian ) of India.

## Description

The Anaipadi Formation preserves fossils from a neritic environment (the relatively shallow part of the ocean above the drop-off of the continental shelf). The upper portion of the unit, which is marked by the presence of the ammonite Kossmaticeras theobaldianum. The Anaipadi Formation preserves a rich mollusc fauna. including common fossils of ammonites and inoceramids, as well as brachiopods. Fossils of marine reptiles have also been found, although they are rare. It has been suggested that the abundant brachiopods and inoceramids in the upper Anaipadi Formation indicates a transgressive environment.
In addition to the marine life found in the upper Anaipadi Formation, terrestrial matter was in the area evidently prone to being carried out to sea. Among other finds recovered in the unit are for instance a large amount of petrified wood. The presence of large quantities of wood indicates that land with dense vegetation was located relatively close a marine environment

## Fossil Content

Rare fossils of Marine Reptiles are found in the Anaipadi formation as well.
Dinosaurs of the Anaipadi formation :
| Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
| Dravidosaurus | D. blanfordi | West of the village of Siranattam | GSI SR Pal 1, a partial skull, as well as fossils identified as an isolated tooth, a sacrum, an ilium, an ischium, ten armor plates, and a tail spike, designated (in order) as GSI SR Pal 2–7.[7] Yadigiri and Ayyasami identified several of the skull bones in GSI SR Pal 1, of which the most well-preserved were the parietals, frontals, supraorbitals, squamosal, and quadrate.In addition to the armor plate GSI SR Pal 6, nine other fossils identified as armor plates were found associated with the referred specimens. | A possible late surviving Stegosaur | Skull diagram of Dravidosaurus |
Sharks of the Anaipadi formation :
| Genus | Species | Notes | Images |
| Squalicorax | S.sp. | A lamniform shark | Squalicorax falcatus |
| Dwardius | D. sp. | A cardabiodontid lamniform shark | |
| Cretalamna? | C.? sp. | An Otodontid lamniform shark | Cretalamna |
| Eostritolamia | E. sp. | An Odontaspitid lamniform shark | |
| Protosqualus | P. sp. | A dogfish | |
| Gladioserratus? | G.? sp | A cow shark | |
Molluscs of the Anaipadi formation :
| Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
| Kossmaticeras | K. theobaldianum | | | A Kosmaticeratid ammonite |
The formation also contains fossils of other ammonites, inoceramids and brachiopods.