OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Grossberg network

Grossberg network is an artificial neural network introduced by Stephen Grossberg. It is a self organizing, competitive network based on continuous time. Grossberg, a neuroscientist and a biomedical engineer, designed this network based on the human visual system.

## Shunting model

The shunting model is one of Grossberg's neural network models, based on a Leaky integrator, described by the differential equation
    ${dn \over dt}\;=\;-An\;+(B-n)E\;-(C+n)I$,
where $n=n(t)$ represents the activation level of a neuron, $E=E(t)$ and $I=I(t)$ represent the excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the neuron, and $A$, $B$, and $C$ are constants representing the leaky decay rate and the maximum and minimum activation levels.
At equilibrium (where $dn/dt=0$), the activation $n$ reaches the value
    $n\;=\;{BE-CI \over A+E+I}$.
# Beha (surname)

Beha is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ann Beha (born 1950), American architect
* Christopher Beha, American writer
* Johann Baptist Beha (1815–1898), German clockmaker
* Lorenz Beha, (c.1825–1853), German watchmaker and silversmith
* Oliviero Beha, (1949–2017), Italian journalist, writer, essayist, TV, and radio host
* Philippe Béha, (born 1950), French Canadian children's book writer and illustrator
# Richard Jaeger

Richard Jaeger (16 February 1913 – 15 May 1998) was a German politician of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria. Under Ludwig Erhard's second ministry, he was Minister of Justice (26 October 1965 – 1 December 1966)
From 1933, Jaeger was a member of Hitler's paramilitary organization, the Sturmabteilung (SA), and was a member of the Wehrmacht from 1939-1945. From 1949 to 1980 Jaeger was a member of German Bundestag. He prominently supported the reintroduction of the death penalty in the 1960s, despite in the 1950s rallying against it and advocating for pardoning Nazi war criminals sentenced to death. From 1972 to 1974, Jaeger was President of the European Documentation and Information Centre (CEDI).
He was also President of the German Atlantic Society from 1957-90 and Head of the German Delegation to the UNCHR from 1984-90. He was married and had six children.
# Trees for Life (United States)

Trees for Life is an international nonprofit movement, based in Wichita, Kansas, USA, that works for the empowerment of villagers in developing countries.

## History

This movement started by enabling people around the world to help plant fruit trees in developing countries. Now it has matured to where Trees for Life provides a platform for people of various disciplines to work on long-term fundamental solutions to problems in the areas of education, health and environment.
Trees for Life was founded in 1984 by Balbir Mathur, an India-born American businessman. While working as an international business consultant, Mathur had several life-changing experiences, and went through an illness that left him unable to walk for two years. After his illness he started helping people in India plant fruit trees. He left his former business interests and started doing this work full-time. When others wanted to help on a full-time basis, Mathur realized that the vision was larger than himself.
Trees for Life has had projects in India, Guatemala, Haiti, Brazil, Nepal, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Nicaragua and Cambodia. According to the organization, more than two million people have participated in its programs and tens of millions of fruit trees have been planted.
In the mid-1990s, Trees for Life learned that the highly nutritious leaves of the Moringa oleifera tree were a simple yet overlooked resource for combating malnutrition for the poor. So they designed and implemented programs to share this message with people in developing countries. Today, governments in Asia, Africa and Latin America plant Moringa trees as a national policy—including more than 20 million trees in Africa alone.
Trees for Life has also initiated a program called "Books for Life." This project aims to instill a love of reading and interest in learning in areas of the world where people have limited or no access to books and education. In partnership with local communities, who provide partial funding, library staff and management, libraries have been established or enhanced in Nicaragua, India and Pakistan. Each year during 2006-2010 a "Kansas Youth Book Drive" was held. People across the state of Kansas have donated more than 138,000 gently used children's books for Pakistan, Liberia, several other African countries, and under-served populations in the USA.
# Chris Masoe

Chris Masoe (born 15 May 1979 in Savaii, Western Samoa) is a former New Zealand rugby union footballer, who last played for Racing Metro 92 in the Top 14 and a current professional boxer. He is the brother of boxer Maselino Masoe. He was born on the island of Savai'i

## Career
### Early life

Masoe was born in Savai'i, Western Samoa as the second youngest of 13 children. He emigrated to New Zealand aged 8 and was raised in Wanganui.

### Super 14

Masoe used to play for the Wellington Hurricanes in the Super 14. He appeared in all 11 Hurricanes matches in the 2005 season. He is capable of playing in all three loose-forward positions but has been concentrating on the openside flanker's role. Masoe has good pace and is a strong ball runner and a tough defender.

### Sevens

He has been a regular member of the New Zealand Sevens squad in the past and was a member of the 2002 Commonwealth Games gold-winning team.

### Handbag incident

On the night of the Super 14 final on 27 May 2006, former All Black captain Tana Umaga struck Hurricanes team mate Chris Masoe over the head with a woman's handbag, breaking her cell phone, after Masoe allegedly attempted to strike another patron. Masoe was fined $3000 by the NZRU as punishment.

### Castres Olympique

In 2008, he signed a contract for French Top 14 team Castres Olympique. In 2010, he was selected in the French Barbarians squad to play Tonga on 26 November.

### Toulon

In April 2012 it was confirmed Masoe was joining RC Toulonnais on a three-year deal. In May 2013 he started as Toulon won the 2013 Heineken Cup Final by 16–15 against Clermont Auvergne.

## Awards

His allround ability earned him the Taranaki Sportsman of the Year in 2002 and in the same year he was named New Zealand Sevens Player of the Year. Following his last season at Castres Olympique, he received the 2011–2012 Top 14 rugbyman of the year award on 15 October 2012.

## Honours

Racing 92
* Top 14: 2015–16

## Professional boxing career

On December 2, 2022, Masoe followed in his brothers footsteps and made his professional boxing debut against Hawaiian born Lui Te'o. Masoe won the fight by Split Decision.

## Professional boxing record

| 1 fight | 1 win | 0 losses |
| By decision | 1 | 0 |
| No. | Result | Record | Opponent | Type | Round, time | Date | Location | Notes |
| 1 | Win | 1–0 | Lui Te'o | SD | 4 | Dec 2, 2022 | TSB Stadium, New Plymouth, New Zealand | |
# Henderson Group

Henderson Group plc was a global investment management company with its principal place of business in the City of London. It merged with Janus Capital Group in May 2017 to create Janus Henderson.

## History

The Company was established in 1934 to administer the estates of Alexander Henderson, 1st Baron Faringdon. In 1975, it started managing pension funds. It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1983.
In March 1998, it was bought by AMP Limited (and subsequently integrated with AMP Asset Management's operations in the UK and Australasia as Henderson Global Investors.)
On demerger from AMP and re-listing as HHG Group in 2003, the group comprised Henderson Global Investors (a UK-based investment manager), Life Services (comprising the life and pension books of Pearl Assurance, NPI, National Provident Life, London Life Association, and HHG Services) and the financial advisory firm, Towry Law. AMP Limited sold its remaining 15% stake in the Company in 2005.
Between 2008 and 2012, the Group was tax-resident in the Republic of Ireland. With effect from 12 December 2012, the Group changed its tax residency from the Republic of Ireland to the UK by means of a corporate restructuring.
Henderson New Star was established in April 2009 when Henderson Group acquired New Star Asset Management and rebranded its UK retail business. Henderson New Star was rebranded Henderson Global Investors in April 2010.
It manages a various funds with particular strengths in equities, fixed income, commercial property, multi-manager and sustainable and responsible investing (SRI).
Its fund managers included Bill McQuaker, Richard Pease, John Pattullo and James Gledhill. In 2010, the company phased out the New Star name, and in 2014, the company rolled out a new brand identity.
In May 2017, the company completed a merger with Janus Capital Group to form Janus Henderson. Acquisitions and sales
| Transaction | Date |
| Acquisition of Touche Remnant from Société Générale | 1992 |
| Sale of 50% stake in Virgin Money Group to joint venture partner Virgin Group | 2004 |
| Sale of Life Services business | 2005 |
| Sale of Towry Law, the financial advisory business | 2006 |
| Acquisition of New Star Asset Management Group PLC | April 2009 |
| Acquisition of Gartmore Group Limited, giving a combined estimated AUM of £78.1bn as at 31 December 2010 | April 2011 |

## Operations

The company invests in four primary asset classes: equities, fixed income, property and private equity. Its institutional product range also includes several hedge funds (under the Alphagen name).
# The Price of Sugar (2013 film)

The Price of Sugar (Dutch: Hoe duur was de suiker) is a 2013 Dutch drama film based on the eponymous novel by Cynthia McLeod.
The film premiered as the opening film of the Netherlands Film Festival on Wednesday 25 September 2013. The Kijkwijzer labelled it as for 16 years and above and also gave the warnings of violence, coarse language and discrimination. The miniseries was shown by VARA in February and March 2014. The first broadcast took place on Saturday 8 February 2014 in the Netherlands. The series uses the same footage as in the film, but the series has over an hour of additional film material.

## Cast

* Gaite Jansen as Sarith
* Neil Sandilands as Reinder Almersma
* Yootha Wong-Loi-Sing as Mini-Mini
* Kees Boot as Julius Robles Medina
* Yannick van de Velde as Rutger le Chasseur
* Anna Raadsveld [nl] as Elza
# George Fitch (author)

George Helgesen Fitch (June 5, 1877 – August 9, 1915) was an American author, humorist, and journalist perhaps best known for his stories about fictional Siwash College.

## Biography

Fitch was born in Galva, Illinois. He was the eldest son of Elmer Eli Fitch, editor and publisher of the Galva News, and Rachel Helgesen, daughter of Thomas and Anna (Holverson) Helgesen. His grandfather, Thomas Helgesen, was a native of Norway who had immigrated to America in 1848.
Fitch graduated from Knox College in 1897. He worked as a reporter for a number of midwest newspapers including the Council Bluffs, Iowa Daily Nonpareil and the Peoria, Illinois Herald-Transcript. Eventually he became frequently published in national magazines, breaking in with his popular "Megaphone" series satirizing urban America. He also penned a syndicated column called "Vest Pocket Essays". By 1910, Fitch not only was a respected writer and editor, he became a nationally syndicated columnist for George Matthew Adams' news service. He was elected as a Progressive Party candidate to the Illinois House of Representatives in 1912.
Knox, his alma mater, was the basis of a series of popular stories set at "Good Old Siwash College". First appearing in the Saturday Evening Post in 1908, they focused on characters including football player Ole Skjarson and Petey Simmons, a coach who paid his "amateur" athletes as well as the fraternity Eta Bita Pie. The Siwash stories were the basis for the movie Those Were the Days! (1940) starring William Holden as Simmons, which was filmed on location at and around Knox College.
Fitch died of a ruptured appendix while visiting his sister Louise in California at the age of 38.

## Quotes

Fitch gave an early form of the adage "Journalism is the first rough draft of history":
    A reporter is a young man who blocks out the first draft of history each day on a rheumatic typewriter.
See Wikiquote article for details.

## Selected works

* At Good Old Siwash (1910)
* Homeburg Memories (1915)
* Vest Pocket Essays (1916)
# Supersordo

Supersordo was a Chilean post-hardcore band, formed in 1991 and separated in 1997.
The genre of the band is a hybrid of "punk and metal", classified as rock, punk, metal and post-hardcore, with noise, emo, hardcore and thrash metal influences. With Black Flag, Sonic Youth, Melvins, Fugazi, Jawbox, Girls Against Boys, The Jesus Lizard and Shellac influence.

## History

The first formation was Claudio Fernández (vocals/drums), Rodrigo Rozas (guitar) and Miguel Ángel Montenegro (bass), under the name Matt Monro, the members participated in groups such as Superfetazione, Raptional Scream, Contabini Perubiani, Necrosis, Armagedon and Fallout. Although because Claudio Fernández had trouble playing drums and singing at once, joined Jorge Cortéz, the name of the band was renamed Supersordo.
In April 1992, the four-piece band recorded the first cassette: Supersórdido, in "El Rancho Studios", produced by Archi Frugone and independent label "Toxic Records". In April 2008, the Chilean edition of Rolling Stone Magazine positioned the album in No. 11 among the 50 best Chilean albums of all times.
In 1995, the band recorded the second cassette album, called Tzzzzzzzzt' in "RED Studios", except for two songs (21 and El niño azul) recorded in "El Rancho Studios" with the drummer Sebastián Levine (formerly of Pinochet Boys, Electrodomésticos and María Sonora). The album was released with "Inferno Records" (extinct label) and the producer José Luis Corral.
In August 1997, the band played with US band Fugazi in Chile, with the band Silencio Absoluto. During that year participated in the CFA Records compilation album called Uno, with the bands Fiskales Ad-hok, Políticos Muertos, and others. Supersordo is on hiatus since late 1997, since the separation, each member joined the band as Cáncer, Yajaira, Niño Símbolo and Agencia Chilena del Espacio.
In 2000, CFA Records released the posthumous album called Un Ruído Inmenso de Rock, with live songs and never-released demos.

## Members

* Claudio Fernández — lead vocals (1991-1997), drums (1991)
* Rodrigo "Katafú" Rozas — guitar (1991-1997), backing vocals (live)
* Miguel Ángel "Comegato" Montenegro — bass (1991-1997)
* Jorge Cortés — drums, percussion (1991-1995, 1995-1997)
* Sebastián "Tan" Levine — drums, percussion (1995)

## Discography

* Supersórdido (Studio album, 1992, Toxic Records)
* Tzzzzzzzzt (Studio album, 1995, Inferno Records)
* Uno (compilation/split album, 1997, CFA Records)
* Demo 1997 (1997, autoreleased)
* Un Ruído Inmenso de Rock (compilation/live album, 2000, CFA Records)
* Lluvia de piedras (compilation album, 2014 Miranada Records/Hachazo Records)
# Bonsoirée

Bonsoirée was a Michelin-starred restaurant in Chicago, Illinois. The restaurant closed in 2012.
In October 2012, less than two months after joining Bonsoirée, James Beard Award-winning chef, Beverly Kim and her husband, Johnny Clark, agreed to part ways with the restaurant.
# Richard Sui On Chang

Richard Sui On Chang (November 30, 1941 – August 30, 2017) was bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Hawaii from 1997 to 2006.

## Early life and education

He was born on November 30, 1941, in Honolulu in the then Territory of Hawaii. Chang’s studied at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, from where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts. He then earned a Master of Divinity from Church Divinity School of the Pacific in 1966. That same year, on March 5, he was ordained deacon and then priest on September 4, by the Bishop of Hawaii Harry S. Kennedy.

## Ordained ministry

After ordination, he became assistant Holy Nativity Church in Honolulu and in 1970, became rector of All Saints' Church in Kapaa, Hawaii, where he remained till 1978. Simultaneously, he also served as Archdeacon of Hawaii from 1970 till 1974. In 1979, he was appointed as the executive officer of the Diocese of Hawaii. In 1986, he moved to New York City to serve as Chief Operations Officer of the Episcopal Church Centre and as assistant to the Presiding Bishop Edmond L. Browning. He also became an honorary canon of Holy Trinity Cathedral in Paris.

## Episcopacy

On June 29, 1995, Chang was elected Bishop of Hawaii on the third ballot, during a special convention held in St Andrew's Cathedral, Honolulu. He was consecrated Bishop of Hawaii on January 4, 1997, by Presiding Bishop Edmond L. Browning. Chang retired in 2006 and died on August 30, 2017, in Honolulu following an illness.
# Pat Ryan (Limerick hurler)

Patrick Ryan (born 1995) is an Irish hurler who plays as a Full Forward for club side Doon and at inter-county level with the Limerick senior hurling team.

## Playing career
### University

During his studies at the University of Limerick, Ryan was selected for the college's senior hurling team. On 24 February 2018, he won a Fitzgibbon Cup medal following UL's 2-21 to 2-15 defeat of Dublin City University in the final.

### Club

Ryan joined the Doon club at a young age and played in all grades at juvenile and underage levels, enjoying championship success in under-12, under-14 and under-15 grades. As a member of the club's minor team, he won back-to-back championship medals in 2012 and 2013 following respective defeats of Patrickswell and Na Piarsaigh. Ryan later made his senior championship debut for the club.

### Inter-county
#### Minor and under-21

Ryan first played for Limerick at minor level in 2012, in a season which ended with a defeat by Clare in the Munster Championship semi-final.
Ryan joined the Limerick under-21 hurling team in 2014. In his second season he won a Munster Championship medal after a 0-22 to 0-19 win over Clare in the final. On 12 September 2015, Ryan was at midfield when Limerick defeated Wexford by 0-26 to 1-07 in the All-Ireland final. He ended the season by being named on the Bord Gáis Energy Team of the Year.

#### Senior

On 12 February 2017, Ryan made his first appearance for the Limerick senior team in a 1-14 to 0-14 National Hurling League defeat by Wexford.
On 19 August 2018, Ryan was a non-playing substitute when Limerick won their first All-Ireland title in 45 years after a 3-16 to 2-18 defeat of Galway in the final.
On 30 June 2019, Ryan won a Munster Championship medal as a non-playing substitute following Limerick's 2-26 to 2-14 defeat of Tipperary in the final.

## Career statistics

    As of match played 23 April 2022.
| Team | Year | National League | National League | National League | Munster | Munster | All-Ireland | All-Ireland | Total | Total |
| Team | Year | Division | Apps | Score | Apps | Score | Apps | Score | Apps | Score |
| Limerick | 2017 | Division 1B | 6 | 0-03 | 1 | 0-01 | 1 | 0-01 | 8 | 0-05 |
| Limerick | 2018 | Division 1B | 4 | 1-03 | 2 | 0-00 | 1 | 1-00 | 7 | 2-03 |
| Limerick | 2019 | Division 1A | 6 | 0-08 | 3 | 0-00 | 1 | 0-00 | 10 | 0-08 |
| Limerick | 2020 | Division 1A | 1 | 0-01 | 2 | 0-02 | 2 | 0-00 | 5 | 0-03 |
| Limerick | 2021 | Division 1A | 3 | 1-02 | 2 | 0-00 | 1 | 0-01 | 6 | 1-03 |
| | 2022 | Division 1A | 3 | 1-02 | 2 | 0-02 | 0 | 0-00 | 5 | 1-04 |
| Total | Total | Total | 23 | 3-19 | 12 | 0-05 | 6 | 1-02 | 41 | 4-26 |

## Honours
### Mary Immaculate College

* Fitzgibbon Cup (1): 2018

### Doon

* Limerick Minor Hurling Championship (2): 2012, 2013

### Limerick

* All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (2): 2018, 2020, 2021, 2022
* Munster Senior Hurling Championship (3): 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022
* National Hurling League (2): 2019, 2020
* All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship (1): 2015
* Munster Under-21 Hurling Championship (1): 2015
* Munster Minor Hurling Championship (1): 2013
# Hovingham railway station

Hovingham Spa railway station was located just north of the village of Hovingham in North Yorkshire, England and opened on 19 May 1853. Regular passenger service ceased on 1 January 1931 but freight traffic and occasional special passenger trains continued until complete closure on 10 August 1964. It was part of the Thirsk and Malton (T&M) rail route, which paralleled today's B1257 road from Hovingham to Malton.
The station had a single platform on the up side of the line, which was originally very low, but which was in 1865 partially raised to the NER standard height of 2' 6". The station offices were incorporated in the stationmaster's house, a two-storey brick building. The goods yard, mainly on the up side of the line, had up to six sidings which served the coal drops, two warehouses, a cattle dock, and another loading dock, and handled timber traffic. In the 1950s goods traffic increased due to limestone from nearby Wath quarry being in demand from the steel industry. The goods yard was extended in 1948 with a new loading dock. The limestone traffic practically ceased by 1960 when the stone was not needed any more for lining the steel furnaces.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Gilling Line and station closed | North Eastern Railway Thirsk and Malton Line | Slingsby Line and station closed |
# Louise Kingham

Louise Anne Kingham, CBE is the Senior Vice President, Europe and Head of Country at bp. She was awarded an honorary doctorate of science from the University of Bath in 2017. She was previously the Chief Executive at the Energy Institute from 2003 to 2021.

## Early life and education

Kingham as born and educated in Surrey. She completed undergraduate and postgraduate studies at the University of London.

## Career

Kingham worked for Guinness Brewery and Thompson Publishing Group. From 1999 to 2002 she worked at the Institute of Energy. Kingham served as Director General of the Institute of Petroleum from 2002. She was appointed Chief Executive at the Energy Institute in 2003. In 2003 the Energy Institute was incorporated by the Royal charter, and now works with 120 countries worldwide. She was won the Global Leadership in Energy Award in 2006. She is a board member of the POWERful Women initiative. In 2009 Kingham was appointed Deputy Chair of the UK Engineering Technology Board's Professional Panel.
She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2011 Birthday Honours for services to energy and Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to the energy industry.
She has acted as President of the Energy Industries Club. She is interested in the future of energy supply and finding sustainable ways to combat climate change.
# Veysi, Behbahan

Veysi (Persian: ویسی) is a village in Tashan-e Sharqi Rural District of Tashan District, Behbahan County, Khuzestan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,032 in 218 households. The following census in 2011 counted 978 people in 240 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 854 people in 221 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.