OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# St Michael's church, Hekelgem

The Church of St Michael in Hekelgem, Belgium, is a historic parish church that is listed as protected built heritage. The church was perhaps initially attached to the local lordship, but from 1105 to 1796 was a dependency of Affligem Abbey. It became the church of a distinct parish in the 13th century. In the 21st century the parish became part of "Pastoral zone Meander".

## Structure

The church tower has a 12th-century Romanesque base with an 18th-century top and spire. The nave was built in the 13th century in early Gothic style. The aisles and chancel were built in the early 20th century (1917–1919) in Neo-Gothic style. Renovations were carried out in the 1970s, when a new tower clock was installed. The medieval parts of the building were listed as a protected monument in 1947; the rest of the church was designated as built heritage in 2021.

## Furnishings

The church contains a 15th-century baptismal font with an 18th-century copper cover, a 17th-century statue of St Michael, two 18th-century confessionals, and an elaborately carved 19th-century pulpit.
# Drama Studio London

Drama Studio London (often abbreviated as DSL) is a British drama school in London. It is accredited by the Federation of Drama Schools. The principal is Emma Lucia Hands.
The Drama Studio London was started in 1966 by Peter Layton. It focuses on developing individual talent, rather than teaching conventional acting styles. It offers a three-year Bachelor of Arts in 'professional acting', validated by the University of West London; a one-year post-graduate diploma/MA in professional acting; a two-year Master of Fine Arts in acting with independent production and from 2025 a Foundation Diploma in Performance (Cert HE)*.

## Alumni

* Santanu Bose
* Enzo Cilenti
* Alexander Gifford
* Paul Forman
* Trevor Cooper
* Misha Crosby
* Roma Downey
* Cory English
* Lisa Goldman
* Jack Greenlees
* Aiysha Hart
* Diana Hayden
* Ursula Holden-Gill
* Torben Betts
* Adil Hussain
* Miranda Hennessy
* Shobu Kapoor
* Elisa Lasowski
* Nadine Lewington
* Adrian Lukis
* Robert LuPone
* David Marciano
* Peter Howitt
* Pip Torrens
* Henry Hereford
* Charles Martinet
* Murray McArthur
* Jim Piddock
* Natasha Radski
* Helen Schlesinger
* Mika Simmons
* Cynthia Stevenson
* Lesley Vickerage
* John Vickery
* Olivia Vinall
* Emily Watson
* Forest Whitaker
# Bochum-Laer

Laer (German pronunciation:, formerly) is a district of the city of Bochum in the Ruhr area in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. Laer is to the east of Altenbochum and the central business district. Laer used to base the largest General Motors factory in Germany (Opel), before the Opel site was purchased by Groupe PSA in 2017.
# Ergene, Tekirdağ

Ergene is a municipality and district of Tekirdağ Province, Turkey. Its area is 418 km$^2$, and its population is 67,038 (2022). The district and municipality Ergene was created at the 2013 Turkish local government reorganisation from part of the district of Çorlu, including the former municipalities Marmaracık, Ulaş, Misinli and Velimeşe. The name Ergene refers to the river Ergene, a tributary of the Maritsa (Meriç).

## Composition

There are 17 neighbourhoods in Ergene District:
* Ahimehmet
* Bakırca
* Cumhuriyet
* Esenler
* İğneler
* Karamehmet
* Kırkgöz
* Marmaracık
* Misinli
* Paşaköy
* Pınarbaşı
* Sağlık
* Ulaş
* Vakıflar
* Velimeşe
* Yeşiltepe
* Yulaflı
# Domitius Modestus

Domitius Modestus (Greek: Δομίτιος Μοδέστος; floruit 358–377) was a politician of the Roman Empire. He held appointments under the emperors Constantius II, Julian, and Valens, and was consul in 372. Previously a pagan, he converted to Arianism under Valens, and was sent by Valens to mediate between the Arian and Nicene factions with Basil of Caesarea.

## Life

Modestus was comes Orientis from 358 to 362, succeeding to Nebridius and serving under the Emperors Constantius II and Julian. In 359 he was the president of a commission at Scythopolis, and in this office he judged with cruelty the defendants.
While he was in Antioch, Julian appointed Modestus as praefectus urbi of Constantinople, an office he held from 362 to 363.
Under Emperor Valens he was Praetorian prefect of the East (369-377) and consul in 372. During his office as Praetorian prefect he completed the building of the Cisterna Modestiaca (a cistern identified with Sarrâdshchane), whose building was begun by the architect Helpidius in 363, while Modestus was praefectus urbi.
In 371, he was appointed president of a commission that was to judge some high officers who had been accused of practicing magic, in particular of having consulted a soothsayer to learn the name of the successor of Emperor Valens. Ammianus Marcellinus and Gregory of Nazianzus accused him of base flattery towards the emperor, due to him being afraid for the succession and wanting to preserve his own power. Modestus acted very cruelly, torturing innocent people, thus extorting confessions from them. His consulate, the following year, was probably a reward for his handling of the process.
Despite the fact that he was strongly connected with the pagan officers and had been a pagan under the pagan Emperor Julian, under Valens he converted to Arianism, the Emperor's religion. Valens sent Modestus to meet the Nicene bishop Basil of Caesarea, to mediate between the two opposing Christian faiths, but Basil refused. Modestus was then ordered by Valens to use violence against the bishop, but he did not.
He is the addressee of 37 letters by Libanius.
# Susana Rotker

Susana Rotker (3 July 1954 – 27 November 2000) was a Venezuelan journalist, columnist, essayist, and writer.

## Biography

The daughter of Jewish immigrants, Susana Rotker graduated from Andrés Bello Catholic University in Caracas in 1975, was an assistant professor at the University of Buenos Aires, and received a doctorate in Hispanic literature from the University of Maryland in 1989. She was a professor of Latin American literature and director of the Rutgers Center for Hemispheric Studies in New Jersey.
She was a noted film critic in her column "La gran ilusión" in the Caracas newspaper El Nacional.
Around 1979, she met the Argentine intellectual Tomás Eloy Martínez exiled in Venezuela, with whom she had a daughter Sol Ana in 1986, and with whom she lived until the traffic accident that cost Rotker her life in 2000. She resided in Highland Park, New Jersey.

## Books

* Isaac Chocron y Elisa Lerner: Los Transgresores De La Literatura Venezolana Reflexiones Sobre La Identidad Judía, 1991, ISBN 9802530778
* Bravo Pueblo: Poder, Utopia Y Violencia, Fondo Editorial Nave Va., ISBN 9806481135
* Ensayistas De Nuestra América, Editorial Losada, ISBN 9500304880, 9789500304887
* Ciudadanías del miedo, Nueva Sociedad, Caracas, 2000, 249 pp., ISBN 980-317-175-5
* The Memoirs of Fray Servando Teresa de Mier, Oxford University Press
* The American Chronicles of Jose Marti: Journalism and Modernity in Spanish America, ISBN 0874519020
* La invención de la crónica [es], Fondo de cultura económica, ISBN 9789681678296, 968167829X
* Citizens of Fear: Urban Violence in Latin America, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 9780813530352
* Captive Women: Oblivion and Memory in Argentina, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002, 236 pp., ISBN 0-8166-4030-0

## Awards

In 1991 she received the Casa de las Américas Prize for her work La invención de la crónica about José Martí.
She was a Guest Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center in 1997.
# H2Overdrive

H2Overdrive is a powerboat arcade racing game developed by Specular Interactive and released in 2009 by Raw Thrills. It is considered a spiritual successor to 1999's Hydro Thunder. The game was also released in China by UNIS.

## Gameplay

Players race using powerboats with various levels of difficulty against other boats, as well as seven other players on nearby cabinets. During the races, players can run into crates that give them power-ups that can range from speed boosts to MegaHull and HullCrusher abilities, which can be used to destroy opposing boats. On the cabinet, a throttle is used to move the boat, instead of pedals. On the throttle, a red button is used to boost the boat. Unlike in Hydro Thunder, boats can now perform stunts, as well as various acrobatic maneuvers.
The game has a password entry system, which features a number keypad to store game data as the player progresses through the game, and achievements that the player unlocks are available, and players can increase their rank and level until it reaches the highest possible rank/level. The game is played on a 42" LCD screen.

## Development

The game was developed by Specular Interactive which consisted of former Midway San Diego employees, along with Hydro Thunder creator Steve Ranck. It was unveiled by Raw Thrills at the Amusement Trades Exhibition International in January 2009. The game is considered a spiritual successor to Hydro Thunder, and was originally named Hydro Thunder 2 before being renamed to its current name; Midway had been intending on creating a sequel to the game, but the plan would later be scrapped – Midway would also declare bankruptcy the same year H2Overdrive released. An unrelated game by the same name was developed for the PlayStation 2 by Crave Entertainment in 2003, though the game was never released. A similar game titled Hydro Thunder Hurricane would however be released for the Xbox 360 console via Xbox Live Arcade.
# Charles Bogardus

Charles Bogardus (March 28, 1841 – October 18, 1929) was an American politician, farmer, and businessman.

## Biography

Bogardus was born in Cayuga County, New York on March 28, 1841. He went to the public schools and worked at a country store in Cayuga County. He served in the 151st New York Volunteer Infantry during the American Civil War and was commissioned a colonel in the Union Army. He then worked in the mercantile business in Ridgeway, New York. In 1872, Bogardus moved to Paxton, Illinois with his wife and family. He was involved with the real estate business and with farming. Bogardus also helped organize other businesses in Paxton.
Bogardus served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1885 to 1889 and was a Republican. He then served in the Illinois Senate from 1889 to 1901. In 1900, Bogardus and his wife settled in Pellston, Michigan where he was involved in the lumbering business; he still had his office in Paxton.
Bogardus died at his home in Pellston from kidney problems on October 18, 1929.
# Prasanna Ranatunga

Prasanna Ranatunga (born 1 January 1967) is a Sri Lankan politician, former member of parliament, a former Minister of Urban Development and Housing. He was also appointed as the Chief Government Whip on 18 April 2022. He was the 7th Chief Minister of Western Province, Sri Lanka.
He belongs to the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna and is part of the Sri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance. He is the brother of former Sri Lanka cricket captain Arjuna Ranatunga. Ranatunga entered parliament in 2015 from Gampaha District as an opposition member. Ranatunga received a vote count of 384,448 in the 2015 parliamentary elections.
On 6 June 2022, he was sentenced to two years of rigorous imprisonment suspended for five years, after he was found guilty of threatening a businessman from whom he solicited a bribe of Rs. 64 million to evict unauthorised occupants of a parcel of land.
# Samuel Ettelson

Samuel Adams Ettelson (November 19, 1874 – May 9, 1938) was an American lawyer and politician. He served in the Illinois Senate representing the 3rd District in Chicago from 1906 through 1918. He was a Republican.

## Biography

Born in Chicago, Illinois, Ettelson graduated from West Division High School. He attended Harvard College and Lake Forest College. Ettelson graduated from the Chicago College of Law in 1897. He was admitted to the Illinois bar and practiced law in Chicago. Ettelson served as corporation counsel for the city of Chicago. He served in the Illinois Senate from 1907 until 1923 and was a Republican. Ettelson died at Michael Reese Hospital from complications from surgery.
# Julius von Flotow

Julius von Flotow; full name- Julius Christian Gottlieb Ulrich Gustav Georg Adam Ernst Friedrich von Flotow (9 March 1788 – 15 August 1856) was a German military officer and a botanist specialized in lichenology and bryology.
Von Flotow was born in the village of Pitzerwitz (Pstrowice in Polish) in the region of Neumark. In 1813, he suffered a serious war injury at the Battle of Lützen, from which he never fully recovered and which led to a partial paralysis of his right arm. During a military campaign in France (1819), he took the opportunity to study lichens native to the Ardennes Mountains. In 1829, he started to edit and distribute the exsiccata Lichenes exsiccati. Lichenen, vorzüglich in Schlesien, der Mark und Pommern gesammelt von Julius von Flotow. In 1850 he wrote of how his acquisition of a high-quality Schiek microscope enhanced his studies. In an 1851 study of the crustose lichen Rimularia gibbosa, he introduced the term epithecium. In 1832, he took an early retirement from the military and worked as a private scholar in Hirschberg. Among his written works are the following:
* Reisebericht über eine Excursion nach einem Theile des südöstlichen Riesengebirges (1836)
* Über Haematococcus Pluvialis (1844)
* Lichenes Florae Silesiae (1849–1850)
Von Flotow was a member of several learned societies, notably the Leopoldina and the Senckenberg Nature Research Society. He was a recipient of the Iron Cross and was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Breslau in 1856, a week before his death. The genus Flotovia from the botanical family Asteraceae is named in his honor.
# Fritz Neumayer

Fritz Neumayer (29 July 1884 – 12 April 1973) was a German politician. He was Federal Minister of Building from 1952 to 1953, and Federal Minister of Justice from 1953 to 1956.

## Early life

Neumayer was born at Kaiserslautern, Germany. Both his father and his grandfather were lawyers and liberal members of parliament. Neumayer studied law at Würzburg, Berlin, Leipzig and Strasbourg. After his graduation in 1911, he practiced law in his native city of Kaiserslautern until 1945, except for the time of military service.

## Political career

After World War II, Neumayer joined the newly founded liberal party of the western occupation zones, the Free Democratic Party (FDP). Also in 1945, he became president of the state court in Kaiserslautern. He was elected to the advisory state board of the newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate in 1946, and to the respective state parliament in 1947. When Rhineland-Palatinate became a constituent state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, Neumayer was elected to the federal parliament, where his primary concern was ensuring the independence of judges from the state.
After the death of the liberal minister for building, Hermann-Eberhard Wildermuth, in 1952, Neumayer led the ministry until the 1953 West German federal election. After the election, he became Federal Minister of Justice, and worked primarily on reforming the criminal law. He furthered judicial gender equality with a law of early 1954, though "according to the natural order" granting a husband the right to issue binding decisions for his spouse if the wellbeing of the family was not endangered.
Neumayer also furthered an extension to the amnesty of 1949, resulting in the amnesty law of 17 July 1954. In Neumayer's words, the law was to "rule off crimes committed directly or collaterally in the context of the conditions of a chaotic time period". Amnestied were people convicted of crimes up to manslaughter, but not murder, committed between 1 October 1944 and 31 July 1945 in the assumption of a legitimacy of their action, especially by following orders, or out of an emergency. The law also provided for the clearance of several such crimes in the official registries.
In 1956, Neumayer together with all other liberal federal ministers left the FDP to join the newly founded Freie Volkspartei (FVP). In the same year, West German chancellor Konrad Adenauer dismissed him from his office, giving his high age as the reason.

## Later life

Neumayer, who was married with four children, spent the later part of his life in Munich. He was Honorary Chairman of the supervisory board of the Pfaff AG. He died on April 12, 1973, in Munich, and was buried in Kaiserslautern.
# John Elliott Ward

John Elliott Ward (October 2, 1814 – November 30, 1902) was an American politician and diplomat.

## Biography

John Elliott Ward was born in Sunbury, Georgia on October 2, 1814.
He served as United States Attorney for Georgia, mayor of Savannah, Georgia, speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives, president of the Georgia State Senate, president of the 1856 Democratic National Convention, and United States Minister to China under James Buchanan. He resigned from his diplomatic post shortly after the outbreak of the American Civil War, returned to Savannah, and after the war, moved to New York City, where he practiced law for several years.
He was an anti-secessionist and spoke against the South leaving the Union. Ironically, he appears on the T-23 Confederate 10-dollar note.
He died in Dorchester (now Midway), Georgia on November 30, 1902.
# Interpolymer complexes

Interpolymer complexes (IPC) are the products of non-covalent interactions between complementary unlike macromolecules in solutions. There are four types of these complexes:
* Interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPEC) or polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC)
* Hydrogen-bonded interpolymer complexes
* Stereocomplexes
* Charge-transfer complexes

## Formation of interpolymer complexes

Interpolymer complexes can be prepared either by mixing complementary polymers in solutions or by matrix (template) polymerisation. It is also possible to prepare IPCs at liquid-liquid interfaces or at solid or soft surfaces. Usually the structure of IPCs formed will depend on many factors, including the nature of interacting polymers, concentrations of their solutions, nature of solvent and presence of inorganic ions or organic molecules in solutions. Mixing of dilute polymer solutions usually leads to formation of IPCs as a colloidal dispersion, whereas more concentrated polymer solutions form IPCs in the form of a gel.

## Methods to study interpolymer complexes

Methods to study interpolymer complexes could be classified into:
    (1) approaches to demonstrate the fact of the complex formation and to determine the composition of IPCs in solutions;
    (2) approaches to study the structure of IPCs formed;
    (3) methods to characterize IPCs in solid state.

## Applications of interpolymer complexes

IPCs are finding applications in pharmaceutics in the design of novel dosage forms. They also are increasingly used to form various coatings using layer-by-layer deposition approach. Some IPCs were proposed for application as membranes and films. They also have been used for structuring of soils to protect from erosion. Other applications include encapsulation technologies.
# Martin F. Allen

Martin Fletcher Allen (November 28, 1842 – May 24, 1927) was a Vermont banker, businessman, farmer and politician who served one term as the 43rd lieutenant governor of Vermont.

## Early life

Martin Fletcher Allen was born in North Ferrisburgh, Vermont on November 28, 1842. He attended Eastman Business College in Poughkeepsie, New York and became a merchant and store owner. Allen was also involved in several other businesses, including banking, farms and a grist mill, in addition serving as North Ferrisburg's Postmaster.

## Political involvement

A Republican, Allen served in the Vermont House of Representatives from 1882 to 1884 and the Vermont Senate from 1890 to 1892. He was elected Vermont's Lieutenant Governor in 1900 and served until 1902.

## Criminal trial

In May 1901 Allen was one of several officers of the Farmers' National Bank who were arrested and accused of being complicit in embezzlement by the bank's Cashier. The officers of the bank were tried in 1902 and found not guilty, while the Cashier was convicted and sentenced to seven years in prison.

## Retirement and death

After leaving office Allen resumed his business pursuits, remaining active until complications of Alzheimer's disease caused him to withdraw from active pursuits, after which he lived in retirement in North Ferrisburgh. Allen died in North Ferrisburgh on May 24, 1927. He was buried in North Ferrisburgh Cemetery.
# Alvania pettinellii

Alvania pettinellii is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.

## Description

The length of the shell reaches approximately 1.57 mm in height and 0.92 mm in width.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Kenya.
# Chthon

Chthon, chthonian or chthonic may refer to:

## Fiction

* Chthon (Marvel Comics), an Elder God of the Marvel Universe
** House of Chthon, a major vampire house in Blade: The Series
* Chthon (novel), a 1967 science fiction novel by Piers Anthony
* Chthon (Quake), a boss in the computer game Quake
* Chthon, a DC Comics character who appeared in Justice League Europe
* Chthonian (Cthulhu Mythos), a fictional race created by Brian Lumley
* The Chthonian, a New York City building where "The Brotherhood" met in Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man
* The Chthonians, a major enemy faction from the computer game Grim Dawn
* Cthulhu, literature: by H. P. Lovecraft in 1928, chosen to echo the word chthonic

## Other uses

* Chthonian planet, a hypothetical class of celestial objects resulting from stripping away a gas giant's atmosphere
* Chthonic deities, deities or spirits of the underworld in Greek mythology
* Chthonic law
* Chthonic (band), a Taiwanese black metal band
* Chthonic, Psychological term: spirit of the nature within
* Allochthon, structural geology: from the Greek "allo", meaning other, and "chthon". Process of the land mass being moved under the earth and connecting two horizontally stacked décollements and thus "under the earth"