OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shen Binyi

Shen Binyi (Chinese: 沈滨义; December 1944 – 5 July 2023) was a vice admiral in the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) of China. He was an alternate member of the 14th and 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a member of the 16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a member of the Standing Committee of the 11th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

## Biography

Shen Binyi was born in Yiwu County (now Yiwu), Zhejiang, in December 1944. He enlisted in the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in December 1964, and joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in December 1966. Starting in December 1965, he worked in the PLA Navy. He was chief of staff of the Fujian Naval Base in August 1985, deputy chief of staff of the East China Sea Fleet in October 1989, and commander of the Shanghai Naval Base in August 1991. He was promoted to assistant head of the People's Liberation Army General Logistics Department in March 1993. In December 1994, he was promoted again to become deputy head. In December 1999, he was commissioned as deputy commander of the PLA Navy, serving in the post until his retirement in December 2004.
Shen was promoted to the rank of rear admiral (shaojiang) in 1990 and vice admiral (zhongjiang) in 1996.
Shen died on 5 July 2023, at the age of 78.
# Julia Carvalho

Julia Carvalho is a mining engineer, businesswoman and corporate executive from Portugal. She is the Corporate Manager of Growth Markets in Africa at International Business Machines (IBM), effective December 2021. She is based in Luanda, Angola

## Early life and education

Carvalho holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Lisbon, in Portugal. Her degree of Master of Science in Mining Engineering and her degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering, were both obtained from the University of Lisbon as well. Over the years, she has attended energy, leadership and financial management training programs from MIT Sloan School of Management, Texas A&M University and Católica Lisbon School of Business & Economics.

## Career

Before her current assignment, Carvalho was the General Manager at IBM for Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde and Sao Tome. In that capacity, she led IBM focus on the expansion of Hybrid Cloud and Artificial Intelligence in these markets.
Prior to her joining IBM, she worked at Halliburton, the American multinational corporation, as the head of sales in their Landmark Software & Services Unit. Before that, she was Professor of Engineering at the University of Lisbon.
She previously worked as a consultant at Sonangol and Sonagas. She also served as head of the Natural Resources Business Unit at Sinfic in Angola.
# Kristina Kapralova

Kristina Radayeva (née Kapralova, born 4 January 1995) is a Kazakhstani handball player. She plays for the club Kazygurt Handball and is member of the Kazakhstani national team. She competed at the 2015 World Women's Handball Championship in Denmark.
# Schinnen

Schinnen (Dutch pronunciation: ; Limburgish: Sjènne) is a village and a former municipality in the province of Limburg, the Netherlands. It was home to US Army Garrison Schinnen, a support base for US personnel assigned to nearby Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum. It is also the location of Alfa Brewery, the only brewery in the Netherlands that uses an officially certified underground spring. In 2019, it merged with Nuth and Onderbanken to form Beekdaelen.

## Cities and towns

* Amstenrade
* Doenrade
* Oirsbeek
* Puth
* Schinnen
* Sweikhuizen

### Topography

Dutch topographic map of the municipality of Schinnen, June 2015

## Notable people

* Hans Erkens (born 1952), AFC Ajax footballer
* Frans Körver (1937-2024), footballer
* Henk van der Linden (1925–2021), film director
* G. M. Nijssen (born 1938), computer scientist
* Henri Ritzen (1892–1976), painter
* Theo Rutten (1899–1980), politician and minister
* Julie Zwarthoed (born 1994), ice hockey player
# 2014 Indian general election in Jharkhand

The 2014 Indian general election in Jharkhand were held for 14 seats in the state. The voting process was held in three phases on 10, 17 and 24 April 2014.

## Result

Results of Indian general election, 2014 in Jharkhand :
| Political Party | Seats won | Seat change |
| Bharatiya Janata Party | 12 | 4 |
| Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | 2 | |
| Total | 14 | |

## List of elected MPs

Keys:
 BJP (12)  JMM (2)
| No. | Constituency | Turnout% | Name of elected M.P. | Party affiliation | Margin |
| 1 | Rajmahal | 70.32 | Vijay Kumar Hansdak | Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | 41,337 |
| 2 | Dumka | 70.94 | Shibu Soren | Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | 39,030 |
| 3 | Godda | 65.98 | Nishikant Dubey | Bharatiya Janata Party | 60,682 |
| 4 | Chatra | 54.32 | Sunil Kumar Singh | Bharatiya Janata Party | 1,78,026 |
| 5 | Kodarma | 62.51 | Ravindra Kumar Ray | Bharatiya Janata Party | 98,654 |
| 6 | Giridih | 64.25 | Ravindra Kumar Pandey | Bharatiya Janata Party | 40,313 |
| 7 | Dhanbad | 60.53 | Pashupati Nath Singh | Bharatiya Janata Party | 2,92,954 |
| 8 | Ranchi | 63.68 | Ram Tahal Choudhary | Bharatiya Janata Party | 1,99,303 |
| 9 | Jamshedpur | 66.33 | Bidyut Baran Mahato | Bharatiya Janata Party | 99,876 |
| 10 | Singhbhum | 69.00 | Laxman Giluwa | Bharatiya Janata Party | 87,524 |
| 11 | Khunti | 66.34 | Karia Munda | Bharatiya Janata Party | 92,248 |
| 12 | Lohardaga | 58.23 | Sudarshan Bhagat | Bharatiya Janata Party | 6,489 |
| 13 | Palamau | 59.43 | Vishnu Dayal Ram | Bharatiya Janata Party | 2,63,942 |
| 14 | Hazaribagh | 63.69 | Jayant Sinha | Bharatiya Janata Party | 1,59,128 |

## Assembly segments wise lead of parties

| Party | Party | Assembly segments | Position in Assembly (as of 2014 election) |
| | Bharatiya Janata Party | 56 | 37 |
| | Indian National Congress | 3 | 6 |
| | Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | 9 | 19 |
| | All Jharkhand Students Union | 1 | 5 |
| | Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) | 4 | 8 |
| | Others | 8 | 6 |
| Total | Total | 81 | 81 |
# Enstrophy

In fluid dynamics, the enstrophy ${\mathcal {E}}$ can be interpreted as another type of potential density; or, more concretely, the quantity directly related to the kinetic energy in the flow model that corresponds to dissipation effects in the fluid. It is particularly useful in the study of turbulent flows, and is often identified in the study of thrusters as well as in combustion theory and meteorology.
Given a domain $\Omega \subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ and a once-weakly differentiable vector field $u\in H^{1}(\mathbb {R} ^{n})^{n}$ which represents a fluid flow, such as a solution to the Navier-Stokes equations, its enstrophy is given by:
${\mathcal {E}}({\bf {u}}):=\int _{\Omega }|\nabla \mathbf {u} |^{2}\,d\mathbf {x}$
where $|\nabla \mathbf {u} |^{2}=\sum _{i,j=1}^{n}\left|\partial _{i}u^{j}\right|^{2}$. This quantity is the same as the squared seminorm $|\mathbf {u} |_{H^{1}(\Omega )^{n}}^{2}$of the solution in the Sobolev space $H^{1}(\Omega )^{n}$.

## Incompressible flow

In the case that the flow is incompressible, or equivalently that $\nabla \cdot \mathbf {u} =0$, the enstrophy can be described as the integral of the square of the vorticity $\mathbf {\omega }$:
    ${\mathcal {E}}({\boldsymbol {\omega }})\equiv \int _{\Omega }|{\boldsymbol {\omega }}|^{2}\,d\mathbf {x}$
or, in terms of the flow velocity:
    ${\mathcal {E}}(\mathbf {u} )\equiv \int _{\Omega }|\nabla \times \mathbf {u} |^{2}\,d\mathbf {x}$
In the context of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, enstrophy appears in the following useful result:
    ${\frac {d}{dt}}\left({\frac {1}{2}}\int _{\Omega }|\mathbf {u} |^{2}\right)=-\nu {\mathcal {E}}(\mathbf {u} )$
The quantity in parentheses on the left is the kinetic energy in the flow, so the result says that energy declines proportional to the kinematic viscosity $\nu$ times the enstrophy.
# Gábor Tóth (disambiguation)

Gábor Tóth (born 1987) is a Hungarian footballer.
Gábor Tóth may also refer to:
* Gábor Tóth (politician) (born 1953), Hungarian politician
* Gábor Tóth (wrestler) (born 1964), Hungarian wrestler
# Duke Franz Joseph in Bavaria

Duke Franz Joseph in Bavaria, full German name: Franz Joseph Michael Karl Maria Evaristus Quirinus Ottokar Herzog in Bayern (23 March 1888, Schloss Tegernsee, Kingdom of Bavaria – 23 September 1912, Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria) was a Duke in Bavaria and member of the House of Wittelsbach. Franz Joseph was the fifth and youngest child of Duke Karl Theodor in Bavaria and his wife Infanta Maria José of Portugal. Franz Joseph was the brother of Duke Ludwig Wilhelm in Bavaria and sisters Duchess Amalie in Bavaria, Duchess Sophie Adelheid in Bavaria, Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria and Duchess Marie Gabrielle in Bavaria.

## Career

The Duke was a first lieutenant in Kaiser Wilhelm's own regiment of Uhlans, and a special instructor in the royal military riding academy in Munich. His horsemanship won him many prizes in German riding competitions.

## Trip to America, 1910

Duke Franz Josef in Bavaria visited the US in 1910 and hunted grizzly bears though the US press speculated on a possible American match (so popular at the time). The speculation was furthered when Franz Joseph commented on his cousin Prince Miguel's lovely American bride, Anita Stewart. He also told the papers nothing would 'stand in the way' of an American match though that wasn't the purpose of the visit. Before heading out west, he was widely feted in East Coast society.
Duke Franz Josef also spent time in New York City, where he stayed at the Plaza, and he was the "most-talked-about nobleman" to visit the US since Prince Henry of Prussia. Franz did not stand on ceremony. He liked to stroll about the city without his "suite of servants." He took in boxing matches, "took a look behind the scenes in the leading Broadway comic operas." He commented as being "highly pleased" with American chorus girls. The local media hailed the duke as "the most democratic nobleman that had ever landed in New York." Franz Josef was introduced to numerous American debutantes, but left the country without "tales of romance." He explained that he could not marry an American "unless he chose to lose his standing in the ducal family at home."

## Personal life

The young Duke Franz Josef had remained unmarried until his death in 1912, at the age of just 24 years old.
* Archduchess Elizabeth Franciska betrothal, broken in April 1912—additional info
Though remaining unmarried, through his relationship with Caroline "Lilly" Stockhammer, he became the progenitor of the von Plottnitz-Stockhammer family, which has produced descendants prominent in politics, education, and the arts. He is the grandfather of the German politician Rupert von Plottnitz (Franz-Joseph Rupert Ottomar von Plottnitz-Stockhammer), born July 4, 1940, in Danzig.

## Death

Franz Joseph died of polio in 1912, the very same year as his sisters Marie Gabrielle and Amélie, which made this year quite an "annus horribilis" for the Wittelsbach family. He was only 24.5 years old at the time of his death.
# Spermatocytogenesis

Spermatocytogenesis is the male form of gametocytogenesis and involves stem cells dividing to replace themselves and to produce a population of cells destined to become mature sperm.
The stem cells involved are called spermatogonia and are a specific type of stem cell known as gametogonia.
Three functionally separate spermatogonia cell types are recognized on the basis of the appearance of the nuclei: type A dark spermatogonia (Ad), type A pale spermatogonia (Ap), and type B spermatogonia (B).

## Type Ad spermatogonia ("dark")

The population of spermatogonia is maintained by type Ad spermatogonia. These cells do not directly participate in producing sperm, instead serving to maintain the supply of stem cells for spermatogenesis.
Each type Ad spermatogonium divides to produce another type Ad spermatogonium, which can further carry on spermatogenesis, and one type Ap spermatogonium, which differentiates further.

## Type Ap spermatogonia ("pale")

Type Ap spermatogonia repeatedly divide mitotically to produce identical cell clones linked by cytoplasmic bridges (in rodents, not in primates such as humans).
The connections between cells allow development to be synchronized. When repeated division ceases, the cells differentiate into type B spermatogonia. This stage is referred to as the spermatogonia phase.

## Type B spermatogonia

Type B spermatogonia undergo mitosis to produce diploid intermediate cells called primary spermatocytes.
# Alex Agius Saliba

Alex Agius Saliba (born 31 January 1988) is a Maltese politician, Member of the European Parliament since 2019 for the Labour Party.

## Biography

Born Alex Saliba, he studied at Tarxien primary school and at St. Augustine's College.
At 17 years, he joined the Labour students' organisation Pulse, and later the Labour Party youth branch, Forum Żgħażagħ Laburisti, both of which he presided till 2017.
Saliba worked as a journalist for One Productions (the Labour party media house) from 2008 till 2013. After graduating as lawyer, in 2013-2017 he advised several Labour ministers, including Helena Dalli and Ian Borg, and Parliamentary Secretary Stefan Buontempo. In 2017-2018 he headed the EU Secretariat.
For 10 years, Saliba was also a member of the Labour Party's National Executive – a post to which he was elected with the largest number of votes from delegates in 2018. The same year, he was offered by Prime Minister Joseph Muscat to contest the 2019 European Parliament election in Malta.
With 35,823 votes of preference, in May 2019 Agius Saliba was elected at the European Parliament. He served as rapporteur of the Digital Services Act, a role for which Politico Europe listed him as one of the 20 MEPs to watch during 2020. In December 2021 he was elected as one of the nine vice-presidents of the S&D group.
In March 2024, Saliba was one of twenty MEPs to be given a "Rising Star" award at The Parliament Magazine's annual MEP Awards.

## Personal life

In 2018, Saliba married Sarah Agius, former mayor of Żebbuġ. In 2023, they became parents to a baby girl. In 2024, it was reported that the couple had separated.
# Qian Julie Wang

Qian Julie Wang (Chinese: 王乾) is a Chinese-American writer and civil rights lawyer.

## Early life

Qian Wang was born in Shijiazhuang, China to academic parents. Wang's mother was a professor of mathematics, while Wang's father was a professor of English and critic of the government, which led to the family being persecuted. Wang's father fled China to the United States when she was five; Wang and her mother followed two years later in 1994. After their temporary visas expired, the Wang family remained in the United States as undocumented immigrants in Brooklyn.
Wang's father enrolled her at P.S. 124 in Chinatown, but few of her classmates and teachers spoke Mandarin Chinese, thus isolating her even within a seemingly familiar community. Unable to speak English or Cantonese, Wang was initially placed in a special-needs classroom, but was returned to mainstream instruction after she was observed teaching herself to read English through picture books. After school, Wang worked alongside her mother in clothing sweatshops and a sushi processing plant.
Wang's early talent for writing was mistaken as plagiarism by an elementary school teacher, prompting her to deliberately hide her abilities throughout much of her primary education. After several years in the US, Wang and her mother emigrated to Canada, in anticipation of better prospects, and her father followed sometime thereafter. Wang returned to the United States to attend Swarthmore College.
Her upbringing in poverty in America is the subject of Wang's breakout memoir Beautiful Country.

## Career

After graduating from Swarthmore College with a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature, Wang earned her juris doctor at Yale Law School in 2012. She worked as an associate at Kirkland & Ellis and as an appellate litigator within the New York City Law Department before moving to Robins Kaplan, where she was elected to partnership within two years of joining the firm.
Wang declined Robins Kaplan's offer of partnership and currently serves as managing director/partner of Gottlieb & Wang LLP, a law firm focusing on special needs children and civil rights impact litigation. She decided to start writing her memoir, Beautiful Country, in the wake of the 2016 US election of Donald Trump as president of the United States. She had been a naturalized American citizen for six months by this time.
Wang wrote the book on her phone during her commute to her law offices, finishing a first draft in 2019 and publishing in 2021. She is working on a second book inspired by her experiences as an Asian-American working in corporate law.

## Personal life

Wang chose the Anglicised name "Julie" because of Asian-American puppet "Julie Woo" on The Puzzle Place.
Wang converted to Judaism, founding and leading a Jews of Color group at Manhattan Central Synagogue; on the day her debut memoir was released, Wang delivered a lay sermon to the congregation at Rosh Hashanah services. Wang is married and on October 2023, she gave birth to her daughter.
# Play Ball (film)

Play Ball is a 1937 animated short film by Terrytoons. It is the penultimate film featuring Kiko the Kangaroo. In reissue prints, the film goes by its alternate title Kiko at the Bat!

## Plot

Kiko is a baseball player who leads a team of joeys at the baseball diamond. Their opponents are a team consists of various other animals.
The other team is first to bat. Their first batter, an ostrich, is out immediately after failing to hit the ball three times in a row. Their second batter who is a spider monkey, however, manages to score a home run on first hit. Their third batter, a pig, also scores a point on first attempt. Their fourth batter, an elephant, hits the ball so hard and sends it a great distance but Kiko's team manages to catch it, thus preventing a third score.
Finally Kiko's team gets to bat. One of the joeys is first in being the batter, and misses on first attempt, but that joey manages to hit the ball on second attempt despite a sneaky trick from the spider monkey who is now the pitcher. The joey also makes it safe after running back and forth between bases.
Next, Kiko becomes the batter. As Kiko hits the ball and runs to the bases, a joey jumps out his shorts, and another one jumps out of that joey's shorts, and so on, all of which are going in the same direction. The ostrich in the outfield tries to catch the ball, only to accidentally swallow it. While the players in the other team struggle to extract the ball from the ostrich's esophagus, Kiko and the joeys continue to run on the bases, scoring multiple points.
# La Mère Catherine

La Mère Catherine (French pronunciation:) is a brasserie in the 18th arrondissement of Paris, France. It is the oldest still-operating restaurant at the Place du Tertre. It is situated in a building that previously served as the church presbytery of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre.

## History

Founded in 1793, it is one of the oldest restaurants in Paris. A plaque at its entrance gives a folk etymology of the word "bistro": that on March 30, 1814, while a group of Russian soldiers were dining at Mère Catherine, they asked for drinks, bystro (Cyrillic: быстро; Russian: "quickly"). Thereafter, "bistro" became a description of a restaurant where you could get food or drink quickly. In the early twentieth century, the bistro was managed by Mr. Lemoine and owned by Père Labille. During the French Revolution, Georges Danton met his disciples at Mère Catherine. During the Nazi occupation of Paris, 1941-1944, Ernst Jünger was a patron. At one time, guests could enjoy a game of billiards at Mère Catherine; an old postcard depicts billiards players posing in front of the bar. Today, the restaurant is frequented mostly by tourists.

## Architecture and fittings

The interior is characterized by dark wood walls, terra cotta tiles, and exposed wooden ceiling beams. It is furnished with large crocks, framed oil paintings of Montmartre landmarks, wooden chairs, and red-and-white checked linens.
# LaFayette Funk

Marquis De LaFayette Funk (1834-1911), commonly known as Lafayette Funk, was an American politician and rancher from Illinois. A son of Isaac Funk, Funk graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University and helped manage his father's farm. When his father died, Funk managed his inheritance. Funk was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives in 1882, then filled Joseph W. Fifer's seat in the Illinois Senate the following year. He was re-elected to the senate in 1886. Funk also served two years as a trustee of the University of Illinois.

## Biography

Marquis De LaFayette Funk was born on January 20, 1834, to Cassandra (Sharp) and Isaac Funk, the patriarch of the Funk family. He attended public schools and assisted his family in managing its large holdings. He attended Ohio Wesleyan University, graduating in 1858. Funk was named to the Illinois Board of Agricultural and served in this role for twenty years, including time as its president.
Funk followed his father's political convictions and was a member of the Republican Party. In 1882, Funk was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives. Two years later he was appointed to the Illinois Senate to fill the vacancy created by the election of Joseph W. Fifer to Governor of Illinois. He was re-elected to a second two-year term in the senate in 1886. Funk was named a trustee of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1891 and served for two years. He was chairman of the Illinois exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. In 1898, he was named Supervisor of Funk's Grove Township and held the position for twelve years.
Funk married Elizabeth Paullin on January 12, 1864. They had three children: Eugene Duncan, Edgar, and DeLoss who also was a 32nd Degree Freemason. He died on September 6, 1919, the same day that his brother Jacob died. He was buried in Funks Grove Cemetery.
# Republic of Liège

The Republic of Liège (French: République liégeoise) was a short-lived state centred on the town of Liège in modern-day Belgium. The republic was created in August 1789 after the Liège Revolution led to the destruction of the earlier ecclesiastical state which controlled the territory, the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. It coexisted with the even more short-lived revolutionary state, the United States of Belgium, created by the Brabant Revolution of 1789, to the north. By 1791, the forces of the republic had been defeated by Prussian and Austrian forces and the Prince-Bishopric was restored.

## Revolution

On 18 August 1789, Jean-Nicolas Bassenge and other democrats arrived at the Hôtel de Ville of Liège. They demanded the dismissal of current magistrates in favour of two popular burgomasters: Jacques-Joseph Fabry and Jean-Remy de Chestret. The citadel of Saint Walburge fell into the hands of the rebels. The Prince-Bishop, César-Constantin-François de Hoensbroeck, was brought back from his Summer Palace in Seraing to ratify the nomination of the new officials and to abolish the unpopular Règlement de 1684. Several days later, de Hoensbroeck fled to the city of Trier in modern Germany. The Holy Roman Empire condemned the Liège revolution and demanded the restoration of the ancien régime in the prince-bishopric.
The radical mood in Liège led to the proclamation of a republic, three years before France proclaimed itself a republic.

## Law

One of the first acts of the republic was the introduction of the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of Franchimont" on 16 September 1789. The document was heavily influenced by the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen introduced in August 1789 but contained several important differences:
* Article 3: Sovereignty resides in the people [and not the nation]
* Article 10: Every citizen has freedom of thought and opinion [without restriction]
* Article 17 of the French declaration concerning property is absent because civil and legal rights in Liège relative to property had been in force since 1196.