OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1864 in Australian literature

This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1864.

## Events

* The Australasian newspaper publishes its first issue on 1 October. It would continue publishing under this name until 6 April 1946.

## Books

* Louisa Atkinson – Myra
* Henry Newton Goodrich – Raven Rockstrow or, The Pedlar's Dream : A Romance of Melbourne
* Catherine Helen Spence – Mr Hogarth's Will (aka Uphill Work)
* Eliza Winstanley – Twenty Straws

## Short stories

* J. R. Houlding
** "Don't Forget Your Poor Old Mother"
** "Mr. Phiggs and His Christmas Breakfast"

## Poetry

* Adam Lindsay Gordon
** "The Feud"
** "Verses Inspired by my "Old Black Pipe""
* Henry Kendall
** "Faith in God"
** "Ghost Glen"
** "The Last of His Tribe"
* J. Sheridan Moore – Spring-Life Lyrics
* Charles Thatcher – Thatcher's Colonial Minstrel : New Collection of Songs

## Births

A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1864 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.
* 23 January – Constance Le Plastrier, writer, schoolteacher and botanist (died 1938)
* 17 February – Banjo Paterson, poet and writer (died 1941)
* 23 August – Agnes L. Storrie, poet and writer (died 1936)
* 11 October — C. H. Souter, poet (died 1944)
* 30 November – Sydney Jephcott, poet (died 1951)
* 9 December – Breaker Morant, poet and soldier (died 1902)
Unknown date
* Laura Palmer-Archer, short story writer, wrote as Bushwoman (died 1929)

## Deaths

A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1864 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.
* 20 August — John Lang, novelist (born 1816)
# William Gelston Bates

William Gelston Bates (November 17, 1803 – July 5, 1880) was an American politician.
Bates, the eldest child of the Hon. Elijah Bates and of his wife Mary, daughter of Dr. Israel Ashley, Jr., of Westfield, Mass, was born in Westfield, November 17, 1803.
He graduated from Yale College in 1825. He began the study of law with his father, and continued it at the Northampton Law School in Northampton, Mass. In August 1828, he was admitted to the bar of his native county, and began practice in Westfield, succeeding to the business of his father, who now retired. He soon won distinction as a counselor, and continued in successful practice until forced to retire by the approach of disease and old age.
From 1839 to 1847 he was a member of the Massachusetts State Board of Education. In 1840 he was elected to the Massachusetts State Senate, and in 1844 and 1845 was a member of the Massachusetts Governor's Council. In 1868 he was also a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. In 1853 he was appointed District Attorney for the Western District of Massachusetts; but finding that the necessary duties encroached too much on his regular engagements, he resigned the office after one year's service.
Besides his professional labors his readiness and felicity as a writer and speaker led him to be invited to the delivery of many public addresses, of several which were printed. The most important were the Historical Address at the 200th Anniversary of the Incorporation of Westfield in 1869, and the Address at the Dedication of the new Court House in Springfield in 1874.
He died in Westfield, July 5, 1880, in his 77th year.
He was married, in October 1830, to Jane P., daughter of Maj. William Ashley, of Sheffield, Mass. Of their eight children, three daughters survived him.
This article incorporates public domain material from the 1881 Yale Obituary Record.
# ORF10

ORF10 is an open reading frame (ORF) found in the genome of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. It is 38 codons long. It is not conserved in all Sarbecoviruses (including SARS-CoV). In studies prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic, ORF10 attracted research interest as one of two viral accessory protein genes not conserved between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 and was initially described as a protein-coding gene likely under positive selection. However, although it is sometimes included in lists of SARS-CoV-2 accessory genes, experimental and bioinformatics evidence suggests ORF10 is likely not a functional protein-coding gene.

## Properties

ORF10 is located downstream of the N gene, which encodes coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. It is the annotated open reading frame closest to the 3' end of the genome. It encodes a 38-amino acid hypothetical protein.

## Expression and function

It is unlikely that ORF10 is translated under natural conditions, since subgenomic RNA containing the ORF10 region is not detected, though there is some ribosome footprinting signal. When experimentally overexpressed, the ORF10 protein has been reported to interact with ZYG11B and its cullin-RING ligase protein complex. However, this interaction has been shown to be dispensable in in vitro studies of the viral life cycle.

## Evolution

Some studies of SARS-CoV-2 genomes have described ORF10 as likely to be functional and under positive selection. However, premature stop codons have been identified in SARS-CoV-2 variants and in many Sarbecovirus sequences, suggesting that the putative protein product is not essential for viral replication. Loss of ORF10 has also shown no effect on replication under experimental conditions in vitro. It has been suggested through bioinformatics analysis that apparent sequence conservation in SARS-CoV-2 ORF10 may not be due to a protein-coding function, but instead due to conserved RNA secondary structure in the region. The conserved region, which extends beyond ORF10 itself, overlaps with the coronavirus 3' UTR pseudoknot region, a secondary structure known to be involved in genome replication.
# Byron Weston

Captain Byron Curtis Weston (April 9, 1832 – November 8, 1898) was a native of Massachusetts who founded the Weston Paper Company in 1863 (which ceased to exist following its sale in 2008) and served as the 32nd lieutenant governor of Massachusetts from 1880 to 1883.

## Biography

He came from an old New England Congregationalist family of extraordinary wealth. In 1865, he married Julia Clark Mitchell, with whom he had ten children, including Julia Carolyn Weston, mother to the well known chef and Office of Strategic Services operative Julia Child. They lived in a mansion known as Westonholme, in Dalton, Massachusetts. Byron was elected to the Massachusetts State Senate in 1876. Weston was known for his gifts to the community, including the Grace Episcopal Church in his hometown and funds towards the debt incurred for the grading and draining of an athletic field and monies toward upkeep and a grandstand at Williams College. Weston received an honorary M.A. from Williams College in 1886 and the field, still used today, was named Weston Field in his honor. The Weston Paper Company was acquired by Crane Paper known for currency with the Weston brand used for fine stationary.
Byron's daughter Ellen Mitchell Weston married Hale Holden in 1895.
Byron Weston died at his home in Dalton on November 8, 1898.
# Delenda

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Lambgoat | 5/10 |
Delenda is the debut album by the progressive metalcore/mathcore band From a Second Story Window. This is the band's first release with vocalist Will Jackson and final release to feature lead guitarist and songwriter Derek Vasconi.
A music video was released for the song "These Lights Above Us".

## Track listing

All tracks are written by From a Second Story Window

## Personnel
### From a Second Story Window

* Will Jackson - vocals
* Derek Vasconi - lead guitar
* Rob Hileman - rhythm guitar
* Joe Sudrovic - bass
* Nick Huffman - drums

### Additional personnel

* Jocko – engineering, mixing, mastering
* Eric "The Mook" Bukowski – additional engineering and mastering
* Jason Fiske – artwork and design
* Billy Bottom – additional vocals on track 5
# Gilbert Banester

Gilbert Banester (also Banaster, Banastir, Banastre; c. 1445 – 1487) was an English composer and poet of Flemish influences.
Possibly a native of London, he was Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal from 1478 to 1490. His works are found in a number of Tudor manuscript collections of church music, including the Pepys Manuscript; there is also an antiphon by his hand in the Eton Choirbook. Stylistically the work is similar to those of William Horwood in the same book, but is unusual in that it is written to a prose text. Two poems have been ascribed to Banester, the Miracle of St Thomas of 1467 and a translation of Boccaccio, dating to 1450, that is the first known in the English language.
Little else is known of Banester's life. He was recorded as the "king's servant" in 1471. In addition, it is known that Edward IV provided him with corrodies for two Abbeys, and he was made a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal in 1475. In 1478, he became master of the choristers. He died in 1487.
# Bulgaria–Denmark relations

Bulgaria-Denmark relations are foreign relations between Bulgaria and Denmark. Bulgaria has an embassy in Copenhagen. Denmark has an embassy in Sofia. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the European Union and NATO.

## Royal Visits to Bulgaria

* Margrethe II of Denmark and Henrik, Prince Consort of Denmark
** 17–19 October 2000 - Sofia, Plovdiv and Rila Monastery
* Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark and Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark
** 15–17 September 2008 - Sofia and Plovdiv

## Resident diplomatic missions

* Bulgaria has an embassy in Copenhagen.
* Denmark has an embassy in Sofia.
# Giuga number

In number theory, a Giuga number is a composite number $n$ such that for each of its distinct prime factors $p_{i}$ we have $p_{i}|\left({n \over p_{i}}-1\right)$, or equivalently such that for each of its distinct prime factors p$_i$ we have $p_{i}^{2}|(n-p_{i})$.
The Giuga numbers are named after the mathematician Giuseppe Giuga, and relate to his conjecture on primality.

## Definitions

Alternative definition for a Giuga number due to Takashi Agoh is: a composite number n is a Giuga number if and only if the congruence
    $nB_{\varphi (n)}\equiv -1{\pmod {n}}$
holds true, where B is a Bernoulli number and $\varphi (n)$ is Euler's totient function.
An equivalent formulation due to Giuseppe Giuga is: a composite number n is a Giuga number if and only if the congruence
    $\sum _{i=1}^{n-1}i^{\varphi (n)}\equiv -1{\pmod {n}}$
and if and only if
    $\sum _{p|n}{\frac {1}{p}}-\prod _{p|n}{\frac {1}{p}}\in \mathbb {N} .$
All known Giuga numbers n in fact satisfy the stronger condition
    $\sum _{p|n}{\frac {1}{p}}-\prod _{p|n}{\frac {1}{p}}=1.$

## Examples

The sequence of Giuga numbers begins
    30, 858, 1722, 66198, 2214408306, 24423128562, 432749205173838, … (sequence A007850 in the OEIS).
For example, 30 is a Giuga number since its prime factors are 2, 3 and 5, and we can verify that
* 30/2 - 1 = 14, which is divisible by 2,
* 30/3 - 1 = 9, which is 3 squared, and
* 30/5 - 1 = 5, the third prime factor itself.

## Properties

The prime factors of a Giuga number must be distinct. If $p^{2}$ divides $n$, then it follows that ${n \over p}-1=m-1$, where $m=n/p$ is divisible by $p$. Hence, $m-1$ would not be divisible by $p$, and thus $n$ would not be a Giuga number.
Thus, only square-free integers can be Giuga numbers. For example, the factors of 60 are 2, 2, 3 and 5, and 60/2 - 1 = 29, which is not divisible by 2. Thus, 60 is not a Giuga number.
This rules out squares of primes, but semiprimes cannot be Giuga numbers either. For if $n=p_{1}p_{2}$, with $p_{1}<p_{2}$ primes, then ${n \over p_{2}}-1=p_{1}-1<p_{2}$, so $p_{2}$ will not divide ${n \over p_{2}}-1$, and thus $n$ is not a Giuga number.
All known Giuga numbers are even. If an odd Giuga number exists, it must be the product of at least 14 primes. It is not known if there are infinitely many Giuga numbers.
It has been conjectured by Paolo P. Lava (2009) that Giuga numbers are the solutions of the differential equation n' = n+1, where n' is the arithmetic derivative of n. (For square-free numbers $n=\prod _{i}{p_{i}}$, $n'=\sum _{i}{\frac {n}{p_{i}}}$, so n' = n+1 is just the last equation in the above section Definitions, multiplied by n.)
José Mª Grau and Antonio Oller-Marcén have shown that an integer n is a Giuga number if and only if it satisfies n' = a n + 1 for some integer a > 0, where n' is the arithmetic derivative of n. (Again, n' = a n + 1 is identical to the third equation in Definitions, multiplied by n.)
# Abiram Chamberlain

Abiram Chamberlain (December 7, 1837 – May 15, 1911) was an American politician, and the 60th governor of Connecticut from 1903 to 1905.

## Biography

Chamberlain was born in Colebrook, Connecticut on December 7, 1837, son of Abiram Chamberlain and Sophronia Ruth (Burt) Chamberlain. He was a student of civil engineering at the Williston Seminary, in Easthampton, Massachusetts. He was married on November 21, 1872, to Charlotte E. Roberts and they had two children. Chamberlain worked at father's engineering firm for many years.

## Career

Chamberlain entered into banking and at the age of thirty, in 1867, he was elected Cashier of the Home National Bank of Meriden and moved to that city. In 1881 he was elected president of that bank and served as president of the New Britain National Bank in 1881. He also served as vice president of the Meriden Savings Bank.
Entering into politics in the 1870s, as a member of the Meriden city council, Chamberlain also served as a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1877 to 1878, and was Connecticut's state comptroller from 1901 to 1902.
Chamberlain won the 1902 Republican gubernatorial nomination, and was elected Connecticut's 43rd governor. During his tenure, he signed legislation that sanctioned the establishment of the Connecticut State Police, and he endorsed laws that assisted workers.
On February 1, 1903, he became the first Connecticut governor to deploy the National Guard against strikers, as part his response to the Waterbury Trolley Strike of 1903. His response to station 17 infantry companies and two Gatling gun sections for four days in the city was criticized by Waterbury Mayor Edward G. Kilduff. Regarding the criticism, Chamberlain told the Hartford Courant that "The mayor thought we had sent more troops than necessary but I told him I didn't think so. When it came up to the state to act I proposed to do so in a way that would have a strong moral effect. While we didn't send the troops there to kill anyone it would have been useless to send a company or two there." On January 4, 1905, Chamberlain left office and retired from public service. He returned to his various business interests in Meriden.

## Death

Chamberlain died on May 15, 1911. He is interred at Walnut Grove Cemetery, Meriden, New Haven County, Connecticut.
# Chauncey F. Cleveland

Chauncey Fitch Cleveland (February 16, 1799 – June 6, 1887) was an American politician, a United States representative and the 31st governor of Connecticut.

## Biography

Born in Canterbury, Connecticut, Cleveland attended the common schools and taught school from the age of fifteen to twenty. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1819 and commenced practice in Hampton. He was married, December 13, 1821, to Diantha Hovey (1800–1867); was married, January 22, 1869, to Helen Cornelia Litchfield.

## Career

Cleveland was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1826 to 1829, 1832, 1835, 1836, 1838, 1847, and 1848, and served as its speaker in 1836 and 1838. He was state's attorney in 1832 and state bank commissioner in 1838. In 1841 he moved to Norwich, Connecticut.
Elected governor of the state by the Democratic party in 1842, and again in 1843, Cleveland was governor of Connecticut from May 4, 1842, to May 1, 1844. He then resumed the practice of law in Hampton.
Elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-first and Thirty-second Congresses, Cleveland held office from March 4, 1849, to March 3, 1853.
Previous to the breaking out of the Civil War, Cleveland had become affiliated with the Republican Party upon its organization. He was a strong supporter of the government during the war, and for several years thereafter he acted with that party. He was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions of 1856 and 1860, and was a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1860. In 1861, he was a member of the Peace Congress held in Washington, D.C., in an effort to devise means to prevent the impending war.
Cleveland was again a member of the state house of representatives in 1863 and 1866, serving as speaker in the former year. He retired from public life and engaged in agricultural pursuits and the practice of law.

## Death

Cleveland died in Hampton, Connecticut in 1887, aged 88. He is interred at South Cemetery there.
# Henry Baldwin Harrison

Henry Baldwin Harrison (September 11, 1821 – October 29, 1901) was a Republican politician and the 52nd Governor of Connecticut.

## Biography

Harrison was born in New Haven, Connecticut. He graduated from Yale College as valedictorian in 1846, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, and studied at Yale Law School. He was a member of Connecticut Sons of the American Revolution.
He married Mary Elizabeth Osborne (the daughter of Yale Law School professor and U.S. Representative Thomas Burr Osborne and Ann Sherwood).

## Career

Harrison ran for office as a Whig, and in 1854, he won a seat in the Connecticut Senate (4th District). Active in the Whig Party, and author of the Personal Liberty Bill, he was instrumental in bringing about the nullification of the Fugitive Slave Law. During the years from 1855 to 1856, he was one of the men who organized the Republican Party in Connecticut. He lost a bid for Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut in 1857, and for Governor of Connecticut in 1874, but he returned to the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1865, 1873, and 1883; during his last term, he was Speaker of the House.
Harrison was elected governor in 1884, and from 1885 to 1887, Harrison served as Governor of Connecticut. His contributions included initiatives on prohibition and abolition of slavery. Issues of great concern to him were education and workers' rights. He served in the Legislature at the time of the Industrial Revolution and witnessed the growing problems caused by industrialization. As Governor, he created the state Bureau of Labor Statistics, and he pushed for compulsory education to the age of 16 for Connecticut's children.

## Death and legacy

Harrison died in New Haven on October 29, 1901, and is interred at Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven. Harrison gave a moving eulogy at the funeral of his cousin, also a Governor of the State of Connecticut, Roger Sherman Baldwin. Harrison said, "It has been well said that Governor Baldwin was a great lawyer. He was an upright, a just, a conscientious and honorable man. Governor Baldwin was a true son of Connecticut. His memory deserves all honors from Connecticut, and from every one of her children."
# William Giles Jones

William Giles Jones (November 7, 1808 – April 1, 1883) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama and the United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama.

## Education and career

Born in Powhatan County, Virginia, Jones attended Hampden–Sydney College and the University of Virginia before reading law to enter the bar in 1830. He was in private practice in Virginia from 1830 to 1834, then worked as a clerk in the United States Land Office in Demopolis, Alabama, resuming his private practice in West Greene and Eutaw, Alabama from 1836 to 1843. He was a member of the Alabama House of Representatives in 1843, thereafter relocating his private practice to Mobile, Alabama from 1843 to 1860. He again served in the Alabama House of Representatives in 1849 and in 1857.

## Federal judicial service

Jones received a recess appointment from President James Buchanan on September 29, 1859, to a joint seat on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama and the United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama vacated by Judge John Gayle. He was nominated to the same position by President Buchanan on January 23, 1860. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 30, 1860, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on January 12, 1861, due to his resignation.

## Later career and death

Following his resignation from the federal bench, Jones served as a Judge of the Confederate District Court for the District of Alabama from 1861 to 1865. He returned to private practice in Mobile from 1866 to 1883. He died on April 1, 1883, in Mobile.
# Gardan Kolah

Gardan Kolah (Persian: گردن كلاه, also Romanized as Gardan Kolāh) is a village in Mashayekh Rural District, Doshman Ziari District, Mamasani County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2016 census, its population was 16, in 5 families.
# Jacques Dupré

Jacques Dupré (February 12, 1773 – September 14, 1846) was a Louisiana State Representative, State Senator and the eighth Governor.
Born in New Orleans the eldest son of Laurent Dupré de Terrebonne (or, Dupré d'Arbonne) and Marie Joséphine Fontenot, Dupré was a creole of full French descent that grew up in St. Landry Parish, Louisiana. When he was ten years old, his father died and his mother remarried.
In 1791, he and his brothers received Royal Spanish grants on Bayou Boeuf. The next year Dupré married Théotiste Roy of Pointe Coupée Parish, in Opelousas. They raised seven children on a ranch northwest of Opelousas. Beginning in 1815, Dupré served as a Major in the 16th Regiment of the Louisiana Militia. He saw combat at the Battle of New Orleans along with two of his sons.
First elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives in 1816, Dupré was re-elected in 1822 and 1824. In 1828, Dupré was elected to the Louisiana State Senate. In 1830, Dupré was chosen as President of the Senate when Governor Pierre Derbigny died, and Senate President Armand Beauvais assumed the duties of acting governor.
When Beauvais resigned two months later, Dupré became acting governor. He was the second acting governor within the year and there was a constitutional crisis over the lack of an elected governor. The result was that a special election was called in 1831. The dispute over who succeeds the governor in case of his death would not be solved until the office of lieutenant governor was created in a new constitution in 1845.
As governor, Dupré oversaw the incorporation of the first railroad, a canal company, a bayou improvement company, the Merchants Insurance Company of New Orleans, and a company to granulate sugar by a new process. During his administration there was also a prohibition of further immigration of free persons of color into the state and the expulsion of all those who entered since 1825. Also in 1830, the seat of government returned to New Orleans from Donaldsonville.
Dupré did not run for governor in 1831 and when Andre B. Roman was elected, Dupré returned to the State Senate, where he served 16 more years. He served another stint as President of the Senate during 1838.
On September 14, 1846, Dupré died and was buried in Opelousas, Louisiana.

## Sources

* Secretary of State of Louisiana