OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pillhill Brook

Pilhill Brook is a 9.9-kilometre (6.2 mi) tributary of the River Anton in Hampshire, England. It is a chalk stream, known for its trout fishing.

## Toponymy

The brook is believed to have been called the Ann, or Anna. The name aqua de Anne is found in the Close Rolls in 1228.

## Course

The brook rises near Fyfield and passes Thruxton before flowing through Anna Valley past the villages of Abbotts Ann, Little Ann and Amport, joining the River Anton near Upper Clatford, which flows in turn into the River Test.

## Industry

in 1813, the brothers Robert and William Tasker set up the Waterloo Ironworks in the Anna Valley at Upper Clatford, using a waterwheel driven by the brook to power the forge. They specialised in making agricultural equipment, progressing to the manufacture of steam traction engines from 1865. There were four conventional watermills on the brook: Upper Mill at Monxton, Upper Mill at Abbotts Ann, Abbotts Ann Mill and Sarsons Mill at Amport.

## Water quality

The Environment Agency measures water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish. Chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations, is rated good or fail.
Water quality of the Pillhill Brook in 2019:
| Section | Ecological Status | Chemical Status | Overall Status | Length | Catchment | Channel |
| Pillhill Brook | Good | Fail | Moderate | 9.879 km (6.139 mi) | 69.913 km$^2$ (26.994 sq mi) | |
In 2021 there was concern about water quality after incidents of sewage discharge by Southern Water.
# Scaphiodonichthys acanthopterus

Scaphiodonichthys acanthopterus is a freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae (carps and minnows). It is found in clear, fast-moving streams and tributaries of the Mekong, Nam Xam, Da and Chao Phraya river basins in Indochina. S. acanthopterus is most commonly found in waterways with a rocky bottom and under complete tree cover.

## Taxonomy

The original description of this fish is attributed to Fowler in 1934, although he originally assigned the name Scaphiodontopsis acanthopterus. The genus name of Scaphiodonichtys is from the Greek skaphe (boat), odous (teeth), ichthys (fish).

## Disttibution, habitat & ecology

S. acanthopterus is found in the South-East Asian countries of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam as well in Yunnan, China. It inhabits several river basins, including the Mekong, Chao Phraya, Nam Theun, and Xe Bangfai, mostly living in smaller tributaries and streams with clear, fast moving water, and a rocky bottom. This fish has been documented between 300 and 2500 meters above sea level (980 to 8200 feet). It is normally found in streams under the shade of a complete forest canopy.
S. acanthopterus feeds largely on periphyton on rocky surfaces but also on insect larvae and a small amount of detritus. It seems to breed immediately following the end of the rainy season as the water levels in the upland areas have fallen with juveniles appearing in catches during April.

## Human interactions

S. acanthopterus is consumed locally and is seasonally recorded in small local markets. It is potentially threatened by deforestation, pollution and overfishing but the population appears to be stable and it is common in some protected areas.
# Great Barrier Reef Foundation

The Great Barrier Reef Foundation is an Australian non-profit organisation established in 1999 to help protect and preserve the Great Barrier Reef. The foundation was formed in response to the first mass coral bleaching of the reef in 1998. Climate change is the number one threat to the Great Barrier Reef and coral reefs globally. The foundation is the lead charity for the Great Barrier Reef, funding more than 300 projects with over 400 partners bringing together science, traditional owners, community, citizen science, government, business and non-governmental organizations in the mission to save the Reef and all its living diversity for future generations.

## 2018 Government grant

During the International Year of the Reef in 2018 the Turnbull government announced a AUD$443 million grant to the foundation. The purpose of the grant is to achieve significant, measurable improvement in the health of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area in accordance with the Reef 2050 framework and underpinned by innovation, science and community engagement:
Projects enabled through the partnership between the Australian Government's Reef Trust and the foundation have six areas of focus: water quality, crown-of-thorns starfish control, reef restoration and adaptation science, traditional owner reef protection, community Reef protection and integrated monitoring and reporting.
# Seyyed Ayaz

Seyyed Ayaz (Persian: سيداياز) is a village in Fathabad Rural District of the Central District of Qasr-e Shirin County, Kermanshah province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 412 in 112 households, when it was in Nasrabad Rural District. The following census in 2011 counted 413 people in 118 households, by which time the village had been transferred to Fathabad Rural District. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 406 people in 130 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Scaphiodonichthys macracanthus

Scaphiodonichthys macracanthus is a species of cyprinid fish of the genus Scaphiodonichthys. It inhabits inland wetlands in Yunnan, China and Vietnam. It has been assessed as "data deficient" on the IUCN Red List. It has a maximum length of around 21 cm (8.3 in). It is considered harmless to humans.
# Trams in Leipzig

The Leipzig tramway (German: Straßenbahn Leipzig) is a network of tramways which, together with the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland, forms the backbone of the public transport system in Leipzig, a city in Saxony, Germany. Opened in 1872, the network has been operated since 1938 by Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe (LVB). The network has been integrated in the Mitteldeutscher Verkehrsverbund (MDV) since 1 August 2001.
With its 13 lines, route length of 143.5 km (89.2 mi) and 522 tram stops, the network is currently the third biggest in Germany, after the Cologne and Berlin tramway networks.

## History

* Evolution of the network, the different companies are colour-coded

## Rolling stock

As of December 2022 there were a total of 228 trams and 43 trailers in regular service, consisting of the following:
* 30 Tatra T4D-M (Typ 33c/33d/33h/33i)
* 56 Low floor articulated trams of type NGT8 (Typ 36/36a)
* 49 Low floor articulated trams of type NGTW6 Leoliner [de; ja] (Typ 37/37a/37b)
* 33 Low floor articulated trams of type NGT12-LEI (Bombardier Flexity Classic XXL) (Typ 38/38a)
* 61 Low floor articulated trams of type NGT10 Solaris Tramino XL (Typ 39)
* 43 Low floor trailers of type NB4 (Typ 68a/68b)
In 2018 Leipzig sold 20 used trams to the Ukrainian city of Dnipro, to be used on its tram routes.
In 2019 a procurement project for new trams was launched jointly with tram operators in Görlitz and Zwickau. A contract was signed in December 2021 with LEIWAG (a consortium of HeiterBlick [de] and Kiepe Electric) and Leipzig will receive 25 new 45 m long trams, with options for up to 130 more.

## Gallery

* Replica of horse tram in operation
* A 1914/15 postcard depicting a tram
* Some vehicles, such as this horse tram, are preserved in the tram museum
* Trams are used to bring passengers to Leipzig Trade Fair, 1972
* Tatra T4 tram, June 1993
* Modern low-floor tram of the NGT12-LEI Type
* Service vehicle
# Lotas

Lotas may refer to:
* John Lotas (1920–1995), American theater producer
* Warren Lotas, clothing company
# Tarland

Tarland (Gaelic: Turlann) is a village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland 5 miles (8 km) northwest of Aboyne, and 30 miles (50 km) west of Aberdeen. The population was 720 in 2016.
Tarland is home to the Culsh Earth House, an Iron Age below-ground dwelling otherwise known as a Souterrain.
Just south of Tarland is the Tomnaverie stone circle, a 4,000-year-old recumbent stone circle. The land is owned by the MacRobert Trust and in the care of Historic Scotland. The circle was recently restored with help from a donation by the trust.
Melgum Lodge near Tarland was originally built as a hunting lodge for the physician to Queen Victoria who frequently stayed in the vicinity at Balmoral Castle.

## Notable people

* Admiral of the Fleet Sir Rhoderick Robert McGrigor retired to Tarland
* Alexander Starritt, author of critically acclaimed novel, "The Beast"
* Prof Alexander Boyd Stewart CBE FRSE (1904-1981) agriculturalist
* Philippa Tattersall, The first woman to pass the All Arms Commando Course.
# Gerald de Gaury

Gerald Simpson Hillairet Rutland Vere de Gaury MC (1 April 1897 – 12 January 1984) was a British military officer, Arabist, explorer, historian and diplomat.
He served in the Hampshire Regiment in the First World War, where he fought at the Somme, and was wounded on several occasions, including in the Gallipoli Campaign. He was awarded the Military Cross in 1917:
    "For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He displayed the greatest gallantry and initiative in organising and leading bombing attacks. Although subjected to heavy machine gun and rifle fire he captured an important enemy post. His fine example and disregard of danger were of great value to his men."
De Gaury served as the British political agent in Kuwait in the 1930s, and organized and took part in the official visit of Sir Andrew Ryan to Riyadh in November 1935, to present Ibn Sa'ud with the Order of the Bath. The previous year, while visiting Ibn Sa'ud in Riyadh, he had become one of the first half dozen Britons to enter that city.
He was a fluent speaker of Arabic and spent much time hunting with Ibn Sa'ud during his wartime assignment to the Nejd and Asir. During that time, he became a foremost authority on the region and wrote a number of books on the subject in later life.
An enthusiastic and skilled photographer, de Gaury is responsible for a large proportion of the photographs of the Arabian Peninsula from this period. He was also an accomplished watercolorist and sketch artist, frequently drawing or painting scenes from memory only hours after they had occurred.
He was a close friend of Freya Stark and Lesley Blanch, who said of him:
    "He spoke beautiful Arabic, and could talk Arabic lore. Living among, and as one of, the royal household in Arabia, he knew a great deal and could tell you marvellous legends."
For the last twenty years of his life he lived in Sussex Square, Brighton, where he died on 12 January 1984.
# Patrick Chilekwa Chisanga

Patrick Chilekwa Chisanga (born 16 May 1971) is a Zambian Catholic prelate who is the Bishop of the Diocese of Mansa, in Zambia. He was appointed Bishop of Mansa on 30 November 2013 by Pope Francis. He was consecrated bishop on February 2014.

## Background and education

He was born on 16 May 1971 in Kamuchanga, Mufulira District, in the Copperbelt Province of Zambia. He completed his secondary school at the minor seminary of Ndola Diocese in 1990. He then joined the Order of Friars Minor Conventual. Upon completion of training as a Franciscan student, he studied philosophy and Theology. He graduated with a Doctoral degree in clinical psychology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, Italy in 2006.

## Priesthood

He professed as Member of Order of Friars Minor Conventual, in 1992. He took the Perpetual Vows of that religious Order in 1998. On 27 June 1999, he was ordained a priest in Ndola.
While he was priest he held the following offices, among other responsibilities:
* Parish priest in various parishes in the Diocese of Ndola
* Director of Formation for the Franciscans, responsible for the Franciscans in Zambia
* Senior Lecturer of Psychology at St. Bonaventure College, Lusaka.

## As bishop

On 30 November 2013 Pope Francis appointed Father Patrick Chilekwa Chisanga, OFM Conv. as the Bishop of Mansa, Zambia. He was consecrated bishop and installed on 1 February 2014 at the Don Bosco Centre in Mansa, Zambia. The Principal Consecrator was Archbishop Ignatius Chama, Archbishop of Kasama, assisted by Bishop Gianfranco Girotti, OFM Conv. Titular Bishop of Meta and Bishop George Cosmas Zumaire Lungu, Bishop of Chipata.
# Sattar Memon

Sattar Memon (born 1947) is an Indian doctor and author. He has been an Associate Professor of Medicine emeritus at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, US since 1996, holds a medical degree and is a fellow of the American College of Physicians. He has published five books. The film rights were acquired in 2008 for his first novel, The Ashram.

## Published works

* The Providence Journal magazine section – fiction: Manohar: He had made it in America. Then this immigrant from India got a letter from a childhood friend (1987);
* The Ashram (2005);
* Jews, Christians, Hindus, and Muslims: Tell Them the Truth: There Are No Angels... No Miracles. And... There Is No God! (2007). An anthology of spiritually based short stories tales of faith.
* Breast Cancer Breakthroughs: Living Longer (2010);
* Curing Breast Cancer Blues: 150 Latest & Illustrated Questions & Answers (2012);
* Send Me an Angel: Overcoming Cancer with Faith, Medicine & Miracles (2012).

## Philanthropy

The proceeds from the sale of Breast Cancer Breakthroughs were divided among three charities: Gloria Gemma Breast Cancer Foundation, Crossroads Homeless Shelter, and Providence Public Library.

## Awards

* Award for outstanding services as Rhode Island Cancer Society's Division's Crusade leader.
* The Ashram (Spiritual Hermitage, in Sanskrit), won a top award in the Inspirational Category of the 13th Annual Writer's Digest International Self-Published Book Awards (2005).
# Manuel María de Zamacona y Murphy

Manuel María Eutimio de Zamacona y Murphy (13 September 1826 – 29 May 1904) was a Mexican radical liberal lawyer, journalist, and politician. Born in Puebla, he studied at seminary and went on to practice law. As a journalist he founded El Siglo XIX, an influential newspaper founded in 1852. He served as minister of Foreign Affairs in the cabinet of President Benito Juárez (1861). He negotiated an agreement with the British Ambassador to Mexico, Charles Wyke, known as the Wyke-Zamacona Treaty, which sought an interim solution of the Juárez government's problems concerning the external debt to Great Britain, France, and Spain. When Juárez decided to suspend payments on the foreign debt in July 1861, he risked foreign intervention. The treaty was aimed at forestalling that, but it was rejected by the Mexican congress. With that rejection, Zamacona resigned from Juárez's government and went on to lead the liberal opposition to Juárez. He negotiated diplomatic recognition to the administration of President Porfirio Díaz from the government of the United States (1878) and presided over the Supreme Court of Justice.
# 2024 in American football

This article lists the American football events for 2024.

## Club competitions
### Professional football
#### National Football League

* February 4: 2024 Pro Bowl Games in Orlando, Florida
** National Football Conference defeated American Football Conference, 64-59
* February 11: Super Bowl LVIII in Las Vegas
** Kansas City Chiefs defeated San Francisco 49ers, 25-22 (OT)
* April 25–27: 2024 NFL draft in Detroit
** #1 pick: Caleb Williams
* September 5, 2024 – January 5, 2025: 2024 NFL season

#### United Football League

* January 1: The UFL forms from the merger of the XFL and USFL
* January 5 – January 15: 2024 UFL dispersal draft
* March 30 – June 8: 2024 UFL season
* June 16: 2024 UFL Championship Game in St. Louis
** Birmingham Stallions defeat San Antonio Brahmas, 25–0.
* July 17: 2024 UFL draft

#### Indoor American football

* Arena Football League
** April 27 – June 30: 2024 Arena Football League season
** July 19: ArenaBowl XXXIII in East Rutherford
*** Billings Outlaws defeat Albany Firebirds, 46–41.
** September 4: The AFL collapses and its teams form Arena Football One.
* Indoor Football League
** March 16 – July 21: 2024 Indoor Football League season
** August 17: 2024 IFL National Championship game in Henderson
*** Arizona Rattlers defeat Massachusetts Pirates, 53–16.
* National Arena League
** March 15 – June 9: 2024 National Arena League season
** June 15: 2024 NAL Championship Game in Ralston
*** Omaha Beef defeat Sioux City Bandits, 47–46 (2OT).
* American Indoor Football
** March 24 – June 8: 2024 American Indoor Football season
** June 14: 2024 AIF Championship Game in Columbus
*** Columbus Lions defeat Corpus Christi Tritons, 46–20.
* The Arena League
** June 1 - July 27: 2024 TAL season
** August 10: ArenaMania I in Duluth
*** Duluth Harbor Monsters defeat Iowa Woo, 46–44.

#### European League of Football

* May 25 – August 25: 2024 European League of Football season
* September 22: 2024 ELF Championship in Gelsenkirchen
** Rhein Fire defeat Vienna Vikings, 51–20.

### College football
#### 2023–24 NCAA football bowl games

* January 1: College Football Playoff Semifinals
** 2024 Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California
*** The Michigan Wolverines defeated the Alabama Crimson Tide, 27–20 in overtime.
** 2024 Sugar Bowl in New Orleans
*** The Washington Huskies defeated the Texas Longhorns, 37–31.
* January 8: 2024 CFP National Championship in Houston
** The Michigan Wolverines defeated the Washington Huskies, 34–13

#### 2024 college football seasons

* 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season
* 2024 NCAA Division I FCS football season
* 2024 NCAA Division II football season
* 2024 NCAA Division III football season
* 2024 NAIA football season
* 2024 NAIA flag football season
* 2024 junior college football season
# Schizocypris brucei

Schizocypris brucei is a species of cyprinid of the genus Schizocypris. Its common name is the Waziristan snowtrout and it inhabits Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan. It was described in 1914. Its maximum length is 14.0 centimetres (5.5 in) and it is considered harmless to humans.
# Redu

Redu (Walloon: Ridû) is a village of Wallonia and district of the municipality of Libin, located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.
The village is twinned with Hay-on-Wye in the United Kingdom and was one of the first book towns. The village was given new life by the development of the book trade in the 1980s but now faces an uncertain future with the decline in the brick-and-mortar book trade. Several of the book shops have closed and most of the others are having trouble.
The ESTRACK Redu Station for the European Space Agency is located about a kilometre away.
It has also a theme park in the nearby village of Transinne, one of the few in Europe devoted to space and astronautics, Euro Space Center.
# Botryosphaeria corticola

Bot canker of oak is a disease on stems, branches and twigs of oak trees in Europe and North America. The casual agent of Bot canker of oak is the fungus Botryosphaeria corticola. Bot canker of oak causes lesions and cankers on a wide range of oaks in Europe and most recently live oaks in North America. Some infections were formerly attributed to Botryosphaeria stevensii, but most likely represent infections by Botryosphaeria corticola. Botryosphaeria corticola is distinguishable from Botryosphaeria stevensii via ITS rDNA sequencing.

## Overview

Botryosphaeria corticola has caused infection of oak trees in Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Italy, Greece, Hungary, and the United States. Bot canker of oak kills trees in natural forests as well as in cork plantations. The cork industry in Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, and Morocco has been dealing with declining oaks for several years from biotic and abiotic factors. This disease has been seen in many cork plantations and is the most important contributor to the decline in the cork industry. When cork is harvested from the trees, the cork cambium is exposed creating a wound for the fungus to enter the trunk, and cause disease. Infection of other oaks is most likely through wounds as well. These wounds may be natural wounds, but there is evidence insect damage is involved, especially in coast live oak in California. Botryosphaeria corticola infects the twigs, branches and stems of oaks and degrades the cambial tissues. With the degradation of vascular tissues, the trees display wilting and dieback symptoms.

## Hosts
### Europe/North Africa

* Cork oak (Quercus suber)
* Holm oak (Quercus ilex)
* Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera)
* Sessile oak (Quercus petraea)

### North America

* White Oak (Quercus alba)
* Canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis)
* Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia)
* Laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia)
* Live oak (Quercus virginiana)
* Grape (Vitis sp. )

## Management

Botryosphaeria corticola can be managed in high value trees, but there is no current management for forest trees. Carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl have shown to prevent infection in cork oak in Europe, where it is applied after cork has been harvested. Sanitation is the most common management technique for this disease. Branches with diseased tissue are pruned off, and heavily infected trees are removed. This prevents future infections by limiting the amount of spores in the area.

## Description

Botryosphaeria corticola (Diplodia corticola) is a ascomycete fungus. It has both asexual (Diplodia corticola) and sexual reproduction (Botryosphaeria corticola) stages occurring naturally.
The asexual spores (conidia) occur in pycnidia from conidiogenous cells, without conidiophores. Pycnidia are dark brown to black, circular, immersed, partially erumpent and up to 1 mm diameter.
The sexual spores are eight biseriate ascospores occur inside of asci occur in immersed, partially erumpent, dark brown to black pseudothecia, up to 1 mm in diameter.
# Sinomenine

Sinomenine or cocculine is an alkaloid found in the root of the climbing plant Sinomenium acutum which is native to Japan and China. The plant is traditionally used in herbal medicine in these countries for rheumatism and arthritis. However, analgesic action against other types of pain seems to be limited. Sinomenine is a morphinan derivative that is related to the common cough suppressant dextromethorphan. The drug's anti-rheumatic effects are thought to be primarily mediated via release of histamine, but other effects such as inhibition of prostaglandin, leukotriene and nitric oxide synthesis may also be involved.
# Wang Chunying

Wang Chunying (Chinese: 王春英; pinyin: Wáng Chūnyīng; born December 1969) is a Chinese politician and banker, currently serving as governor of the Export–Import Bank of China.

## Early life and education

Wang was born in December 1969, and graduated from Jilin University. She earned a master's degree in the science of policy-making from Saitama University in 2000 and a master's degree in world economy from the Renmin University of China in 2001.

## Career

After university in 1992, Wang was despatched to the State Administration of Foreign Exchange. In December 2008, she became deputy director of the International Balance of Payments Department, rising to director in February 2016. She eventually became vice chairperson of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in June 2020.
Wang was transferred to the Export–Import Bank of China on 28 August 2024 and appointed deputy party secretary. On October 21, she was chosen as vice chairwoman and governor of the bank.