OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Carmelo Bridge

The Carmelo bridge is a swing bridge located over the Arroyo de las Vacas, near the city of Carmelo, Uruguay. Its turning mechanism is human-powered, which makes it the only one of its kind in Uruguay. It is considered to be the first swing bridge in South America.

## Historical review

The bridge was manufactured in Germany by MAN (Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg). Its construction and assembly in Uruguay were under the supervision of engineers Juan T. Smith and Eduardo Chiappori.
At its inauguration on 1 May 1912 attended by national authorities as the senior officer of the Ministry of Public Works, Pedro C. Rodriguez, Senator Albin and deputies Joaquin C. Sanchez and Max Bélinzon, which came aboard the steamer Oyarvide.
In November 1951, during a storm, it suffered damage to its turning system, when it was hit by boats that were dragged by the current. The bridge had to be closed for repair work. During this time a temporary pontoon bridge was placed. The fix was finalized in April 1952, the swing bridge was rehabilitated for traffic, and the makeshift bridge was dismantled.
In 2012, the bridge was still used for heavy cargo transportation. It had to support a weight well above 5000 kg originally planned, which has caused a notable deterioration over time.
On its 100th anniversary, the bridge was visited by national and departmental authorities, such as President José Mujica, Minister of Transportation Enrique Pintado and the Mayor of Colonia del Sacramento, Walter Zimmer. The bridge was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1994.
In January 2016, the project for the construction of a new bridge over the Las Vacas stream was put out to tender. This new bridge, together with a route that allows bypassing the city, would absorb passing traffic, leaving the revolving bridge for local traffic.
On December 15, 2018, the bridge was hit by three boats dragged by water currents that pulled the 160-ton central span from its pivoting support and displaced it considerably. This forced it to be disabled for vehicle use. It was only in the first days of January 2019 that the circulation of light vehicles (cars and motorcycles) could be restored as the helmets that rested against the structure were able to move. On January 23, 2019 the last of the damaged vessels was removed, with additional repair work scheduled until the end of February 2019. It was finally restored to its original state, reopening on February 23, 2019, along with a new lighting.

## Technical characteristics

It is a cantilevered iron bridge, on a central stone masonry support. It has a length of 88 m.

## Literature

* El alma de Carmelo. El Puente Giratorio (Raúl Ronzoni 2012)
* Uniendo orillas. Uniendo siglos (Laura Ciapessoni. 2012)
* 100 años de nuestro Puente Giratorio (Ed. Librería Bombaci. Miguel Bombaci. 2012)
# Chałków

Chałków is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lipie, within Kłobuck County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north of Lipie, 17 km (11 mi) north-west of Kłobuck, and 89 km (55 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice.
# Raegan LaRochelle

Raegan LaRochelle is an American politician from the state of Maine. She is a member of the Maine House of Representatives and former member of the Augusta City Council.
LaRochelle took office as the at-large councillor on the Augusta city council in January 2020. She ran in the special election to succeed Justin Fecteau, a Republican in the 86th district, and defeated James Orr, a Republican, in the election on November 2, 2021.

## Electoral history

2021 Maine House of Representatives 86th district special election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Democratic | Raegan LaRochelle | 1,372 | 56.16% | +13.16% |
| | Republican | James Orr | 1,071 | 43.83% | −13.17% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 2,443 | 100% | |
| | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican |
# Łasinek

Łasinek is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Stara Kiszewa, within Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) west of Stara Kiszewa, 13 km (8 mi) south of Kościerzyna, and 55 km (34 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Ceratogymna

Ceratogymna is a genus of large, primarily frugivorous hornbills (family Bucerotidae) found in the humid forests of Central and West Africa. They are sexually dimorphic: males are all black, while females have brown heads and a smaller casque. Unlike the members of the genus Bycanistes, the two species in the genus Ceratogymna have extensive, primarily blue, bare facial skin and dewlap, and the only white in their plumage is in the tail (although the yellow-casqued wattled hornbill has slight whitish speckling on the neck).

## Species

Genus Ceratogymna – Bonaparte, 1854 – two species :
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
| Black-casqued hornbill | Ceratogymna atrata Temminck, 1835 | Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Togo, and Uganda. | Size: Habitat: Diet: | LC |
| Yellow-casqued hornbill | Ceratogymna elata (Temminck, 1831) | West Africa | Size: Habitat: Diet: | VU |
The members of the genus Bycanistes have been included in this genus, but today most authorities consider the two separate.
# Bisi Komolafe

Bisi Komolafe Listen (1986–2012) was a Nigerian actress, film director and producer best known for her role in the movies Igboro Ti Daru and Aramotu.

## Early life and education

Bisi Komolafe was the second child born in 1986 into a family of five in Ibadan, Oyo State South-Western Nigeria where she completed her primary and secondary school education. She attended St. Louis Grammar School, Ibadan before she proceeded to Lagos State University (LASU) where she graduated with a degree in Business Administration.

## Career

Bisi's acting career shot into limelight after she starred in the movie Igboro Ti Daru. She went on to play leading roles in films including Bolode O'ku, Asiri Owo and Ebute. Bisi also produced movies including Latonwa, Eja Tutu and Oka. She was nominated in the "Revelation of The Year" category at the 2009 Best of Nollywood Awards and in the "Best Lead Actress in a Yoruba film" category at the 2012 edition. She played the role of Enitan, the daddy's girl and also Bisi's friend in the TV Series "I need to know" alongside Funke Akindele and others.

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award ceremony | Award description | Result |
| 2009 | 2009 Best of Nollywood Awards | Revelation of The Year | Nominated |
| 2012 | 2012 Best of Nollywood Awards | Best Lead Actress in a Yoruba film | Nominated |

## Death

The death of Bisi Komolafe was reported in the media on 31 December 2012. The circumstances surrounding her death generated several reports and speculations in the media. However, medical reports confirmed that she died of pregnancy-related complications at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. She was buried on 4 January 2013 in Ibadan.

## Selected filmography

* Igboro Ti Daru
* Aye Ore Meji
* Apere Ori
* Omo Olomo Larin Ero
* Jo Kin Jo
* Edunjobi (2007) as Neighbour
* Taiwo Taiwo (2008) as Nosi
* Akun
* Bolode O'ku (2009) as Pregnant Woman
* Aramotu (2010)
* Asiri Owo (2009) as Abeke
* Ogbe Inu
* Aiyekooto
* Latonwa
* Alakada (2009) as Dupe
* Mofe Jayo
* Ebute (2010) as Shola
* Iberu Bojo

## Personal life

She was engaged to a Canadian-based Nigerian, Tunde Ijadunola in Oyo state.
# Il Riformista

Il Riformista (English: "The Reformist") is an Italian political and financial newspaper based in Rome, Italy.

## History and profile

Launched on 23 October 2002, Il Riformista was formed of about four pages with orange as main colour used. The paper closed on 30 March 2012 because of financial problems. It was later relaunched on 29 October 2019. In 2023, former Italian prime minister Matteo Renzi was appointed as editor. Renzi resigned as editor in 2024 and was replaced by Alessandro Barbano and then Claudio Velardi.

## Editors-in-chief

* Antonio Polito (2002–2006)
* Stefano Cingolani (2006)
* Paolo Franchi (2006–2008)
* Antonio Polito (2008–2010)
* Stefano Cappellini (2010–2011)
* Emanuele Macaluso (2011–2012)
Publications suspended from 2012 to 2019
* Piero Sansonetti (2019–2023)
* Matteo Renzi and Andrea Ruggieri (2023–2024)
* Alessandro Barbano (2024)
* Claudio Velardi (since 2024)

## Columnist and journalists
### Past columnists

* Tariq Ramadan
* Guia Soncini
* Ritanna Armeni
* Giampaolo Pansa
* Andrea Romano
* Marco Ferrante
* Peppino Caldarola
* Maurizio Costanzo
* Filippo Facci
* Giuliano Da Empoli
* Lucetta Scaraffia
* Claudia Mancina
* Luciano Violante
* Alberto Mingardi
* Antonello Piroso
* Chicco Testa

### Current columnists

* Maria Elena Boschi
* Fausto Bertinotti
* Biagio de Giovanni
* Giovanni Minoli
* Elsa Fornero
* Paolo Guzzanti
* Fabrizio Cicchitto
# Chmielarze

Chmielarze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kłomnice, within Częstochowa County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-east of Kłomnice, 23 km (14 mi) east of Częstochowa, and 75 km (47 mi) north-east of the regional capital Katowice.
# University of Engineering & Technology, Mardan

The University of Engineering & Technology, Mardan (UET Mardan) is a public university located in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

## History

Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa established a sub campus of University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar in Mardan in 2018. It was upgraded into a full-fledged university in October 2018.

## Departments

* Computer Software Engineering
* Electrical Engineering
* Telecommunication Engineering
* Civil Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering
* Computer Science
# Mihai Eminescu, Botoșani

Mihai Eminescu is a commune in Botoșani County, Western Moldavia, Romania. It is composed of nine villages: Baisa, Cătămărești, Cătămărești-Deal, Cervicești, Cervicești-Deal, Cucorăni, Ipotești (the commune centre), Manolești and Stâncești.
The commune is so named because Mihai Eminescu spent his childhood here, in the village of Ipotești.
# The Royal Court

The Royal Court is a music production team formed by producer Timbaland and Solomon "King" Logan. Their first work was the single "Ice Box" by Omarion from the album 21, co-produced with Timbaland.

## Discography
### 2006
#### Omarion - 21

* "Ice Box" (prod. by King Logan, Johnkenun Spivery, Timbaland )
* "Beg For It" (prod. by King Logan, Johnkenun Spivery, Timbaland )

### 2007
#### Bobby Valentino - Special Occasion

* "Anonymous" (prod. by King Logan and Timbaland)
* "Rearview (Ridin)" (prod. by King Logan, Jerome Harmon, and Timbaland, )

#### Omarion & Kat DeLuna - Feel The Noise OST

* "Cut Off Time" (prod. by King Logan, Johnkenun Spivery and Timbaland)

#### Mario - Go!

* "No Definition" (prod. by King Logan and Timbaland, )

#### NLT - Not Like Them

* "She Said, I Said" (prod. by King Logan, Johnkenun Spivery, and Timbaland)

#### The DEY - The DEY Has Come EP

* "Get The Feeling" (prod. by Timbaland, King Logan, Johnkenun Spivery)

### 2008
#### Ashlee Simpson - Bittersweet World

* "Outta My Head (Ay Ya Ya)" (prod. by King Logan, Jerome Harmon, and Timbaland)
* "Murder (I Get Away..)" (prod. by King Logan, Jerome Harmon, and Timbaland)
* "Bittersweet World" (prod. by King Logan, Jerome Harmon, and Timbaland)
* "Rag Doll" (prod. by King Logan, Jerome Harmon, and Timbalandn)
* "Rule Breaker" (prod. by King Logan, Jerome Harmon, and Timbaland)
* "What I've Become" (prod. King Logan, Jerome Harmon, and Timbaland)

### 2009
#### Chris Cornell - Scream

* "Enemy" (prod. by King Logan, Jerome Harmon, Timbaland, and Ryan Tedder)

#### Keri Hilson - In a Perfect World…

* "Slow Dance" (prod. by King Logan and Johnkenun Spivery)

#### Omarion feat Lil Wayne -

* "Comfort" (prod. by King Logan)

#### Rihanna -

* "Like It" (prod. by King Logan)

#### Jennifer Lopez - Love?

* "Countdown"
* "Whippin My Hair"
# All Sport

All Sport is a brand of sports drink. Although comparatively lacking popularity and brand recognition, its competitors include Gatorade and Powerade.

## History

All Sport was launched by PepsiCo in 1994 as a competitor to The Coca-Cola Company’s Powerade and Gatorade, which at the time was a separate entity owned by Quaker Oats. After PepsiCo's 2001 acquisition of Quaker, All Sport was sold to the Monarch Beverage Company before being acquired by Big Red in 2007.
In 2018, All Sport was acquired by Keurig Dr Pepper through an acquisition. Jel Sert became the primary manufacturer of the brand's powdered drink portfolio. This would later lead Jel Sert to make the decision to acquire the business in late 2019.

## Products

All Sport products deliver 100% daily value of vitamin C per serving. All Sport currently offers the following products:

### All Sport Body Quenchers Powder

* Variety Pack
* Blue Raz Ice
* Lemon Lime
* Orange
* Fruit Punch
* Grape

### All Sport Zero Powder Sticks

* Blue Raz Zero
* Fruit Punch Zero
* Lemon Lime Zero
* Orange Zero
* Grape Zero
* Variety Pack

### All Sport Freezer Pops

* Variety Pack
* Blue Raz Ice
* Fruit Punch
* Lemon Lime
* Orange

### All Sport Sugar Free Freezer Pops

* Variety Pack
* Blue Raz Ice
* Fruit Punch
* Lemon Lime
* Orange

## Sponsorships

All Sport has sponsored several athletes and teams.
* Tommy Kendall in the Trans-Am Series throughout the nineties
* Alexi Lalas, soccer
* John Daly, PGA Professional Golfer
* Germain Racing with Mike Skinner, NASCAR
* Travis Kvapil, of Yates Racing Team
* Enrique Bernoldi, Indy 500 and Sonoma Raceway
* Erick Dampier, Dallas Basketball Center
* Jeremy Mayfield
# Faith & Disease

Faith & Disease was a Seattle-based ethereal wave music project who released their debut CD "Beauty and Bitterness" in 1994. Its core members are Eric Cooley (guitar/bass, songwriter, producer) and Dara Rosenwasser (vocalist, lyricist, co-writer).

## Biography

The band was originally signed to Seattle indie label Ivy Records and more recently Projekt Records. They have released six full-length albums and dozens of compilation appearances including an EP with electronic artist Jeff Greinke Dream The Red Clouds released on Italian label Amplexus Records to their credit. Faith & Disease (aka Faith and Disease) played 300+ live shows during their time, including appearances at Bumbershoot, Folklife, headlining at the Convergence festival, NXNW, and an invite to the 1999 CMJ Music Festival, and extensive tours of the US in 1998, 1999 and 2001. And a final Western US Tour in support of their 2003 release Passport to Kunming. They played their two final shows at Experience Music Project in Seattle, WA, in 2005 and then on March 23, 2006, at Seattle's Neumos. No reunion plans have been set.

## Discography
### Studio albums

* Beauty and Bitterness (Ivy Records, 1994)
* Fortune His Sleep (Ivy Records, 1995)
* Livesongs: Third Body (Ivy Records, 1995)
* Insularia (Ivy Records, 1998)
* Lamentations: A Collection (Ivy Records, 1999)
* Beneath the Trees (Projekt Records, 2000)
* Dream The Red Clouds (Amplexus Records, 2002)
* Passport to Kunming"(Projekt Records, 2003)
# Phosphorus triiodide

Phosphorus triiodide (PI$_3$) is an inorganic compound with the formula PI$_3$. A red solid, it is too unstable to be stored for long periods of time; it is, nevertheless, commercially available. It is widely used in organic chemistry for converting alcohols to alkyl iodides. It is also a powerful reducing agent.

## Properties

Although PI$_3$ is a pyramidal molecule, it has only a small molecular dipole because each P-I bond has almost no bond dipole moment. The P-I bond is also weak; PI$_3$ is much less stable than PBr$_3$ and PCl$_3$, with a standard enthalpy of formation for PI$_3$ of only −46 kJ/ mol (solid). The phosphorus atom has an NMR chemical shift of 178 ppm (downfield of H$_3$PO$_4$).

## Reactions

Phosphorus triiodide reacts vigorously with water, producing phosphorous acid (H$_3$PO$_3$) and hydroiodic acid (HI), along with smaller amounts of phosphine and various P-P-containing compounds. Alcohols likewise form alkyl iodides, this providing the main use for PI$_3$.
PI$_3$ is also a powerful reducing agent and deoxygenating agent. It reduces sulfoxides to sulfides, even at −78 °C. Meanwhile, heating a 1-iodobutane solution of PI$_3$ with red phosphorus causes reduction to P$_2$I$_4$.

## Preparation

The usual method or preparation is by the union of the elements, often by addition of iodine to a solution of white phosphorus in carbon disulfide:
    P$_4$ + 6 I$_2$ → 4 PI$_3$
Alternatively, PCl$_3$ may be converted to PI$_3$ by the action of hydrogen iodide or certain metal iodides.

## Uses

Phosphorus triiodide is commonly used in the laboratory for the conversion of primary or secondary alcohols to alkyl iodides. The alcohol is frequently used as the solvent, on top of being the reactant. Often the PI$_3$ is made in situ by the reaction of red phosphorus with iodine in the presence of the alcohol; for example, the conversion of methanol to give iodomethane:
    PI$_3$ + 3 CH $_3$OH → 3 CH $_3$I + " H $_3$PO $_3$"
These alkyl iodides are useful compounds for nucleophilic substitution reactions, and for the preparation of Grignard reagents.
# DRDO light tank

The DRDO light tank is a tracked amphibious light tank developed in India by DRDO. It is based on the "Sarath" chassis, a licensed variant of the Soviet BMP infantry fighting vehicle. It was built by the Ordnance Factory Medak with a French GIAT TS-90 turret and 105 mm gun. This was an experimental vehicle, designed to carry high-caliber weapons without sacrificing mobility.

## Development

The "Design and Development of Light Tank on BMP-I" project approved in 1983 was intended to be completed in 1986. It never reached completion but continued in production and trials until 1996 at a total cost of Rs 4.53 crore (Rs 2.91 through foreign exchange), well beyond its estimated Rs 2.54 crore. The army, which had inspired the project with a 1976 GSQR, determined in July 1985 that a light tank on BMP was not needed, but did not withdraw its association from the project and even made suggestions that led in 1988 to 105mm turrets being implemented rather than the planned 90mm turrets. In May 1993, a year after the project left the Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment, Avadi, to come under the governance of Vehicle Research and Development Establishment, Ahmednagar, the Army again announced that the light tank was unnecessary. Nevertheless, firing trials continued until August 1996, notwithstanding the February 1994 recommendation of the scientific advisor to the Defence Minister that the project be closed.

## Capabilities

* Crew: 3 men for turret
* Main Gun: 105 mm semi-automatic with muzzle brake
* Turret: Aluminium alloy with 12.7 AP protection level
* Ammunition: APFSDS, APDS, HESH
* Fire Control System (FCS): COTAC semi-automatic
* Stowing capacity : Main gun–42 rounds
** (turret–10 rounds)
** (ammunition compartment–32 rounds)
* Accurate ranging by Laser Range Finder (LRF)
* Low-light level TV for commander and gunner
* Panoramic sight for Commander
* Amphibious capabilities

## See Also

* Zorawar LT - another light tank project of India manufactured in 2024
* Abhay IFV
# Battle of Örlygsstaðir

The Battle of Örlygsstaðir was a historic battle fought by members of the Sturlungar family against the Ásbirningar and the Haukdælir clans in northern Iceland. The battle was part of the civil war that was taking place in Iceland at the time between various powerful clans during the time known as the Age of the Sturlungs.
The Battle of Örlygsstaðir was fought on 21 August 1238 between Sighvatur Sturluson (brother of Snorri Sturluson) and his son Sturla Sighvatsson on the one hand, and Kolbeinn ungi and Gissur Þorvaldsson (later Earl Gissur) on the other. Sighvatur had nearly 500 men but there is no evidence available of the size of Sturla's following. Nonetheless, historians estimate that the Sturlungar had a total of 1000 men. Gissur and Kolbeinn had almost 1700 men in total. The areas controlled by the Sturlungar were more populous but the settlements were more scattered which made it difficult for the Sturlungar to assemble fighting men.
The Ásbirningar and Haukdælir clans emerged victorious after a short battle. Over 50 men were killed on that day, including Sighvatur and Sturla. According to the Saga of the Icelanders, Gissur only lost seven men whereas Kolbeinn lost none.
Five others, including Þórir Jökull Steinfinnsson, were executed by beheading following the battle. The names of those who perished on that day are recorded in the Íslendinga saga which is included as a part of the Sturlunga saga.
In 1988, a memorial was raised on the site of the battle, which describes the battle.
# Lucetta Elmer

Lucetta A. Elmer is an American politician and businesswoman serving as a member of the Oregon House of Representatives for the 24th district. Elected in November 2022, she assumed office on January 9, 2023.

## Early life and education

Elmer was born and raised in McMinnville, Oregon. She earned a Bachelor of Science degree in elementary education from Linfield University.

## Career

Elmer is the owner and managing partner of Douglas on Third, a boutique hotel. She also owns and operates Union Block Coffee. She was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives in November 2022.

## Electoral history

2022 Oregon State Representative, 24th district :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Lucetta A Elmer | 17,030 | 56.2 |
| | Democratic | Victoria Ernst | 13,216 | 43.6 |
| | Write-in | Write-in | 43 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 30,289 | 100% |
2024 Oregon State Representative, 24th district :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Lucetta A Elmer | 20,798 | 59.6 |
| | Democratic | Lisa Pool | 14,033 | 40.2 |
| | Write-in | Write-in | 55 | 0.2 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 34,886 | 100% |
# TCHPHNX

Tchphnx (pronounced Touchphonics) is most known for his production work within the drum and bass, breakbeat, and hip hop genres. He is also an active DJ and turntablist. He resides in San Francisco, California. He co-founded the record label Elevated Press Records in 2009. The label currently releases his own material along with various other artists. Starting in 2013, Tchphnx began releasing material under the new stripped back spelling to avoid trademark infringement.

## Discography
### Albums

* New Beginnings (2013)

### Singles and EPs

* "OG Roots" (2013)
* "A Million Pieces" feat. Alex Lee (2012)