OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Copenhagen Tunnel

vteCopenhagen Tunnel :
Legend :
The Copenhagen Tunnel is a set of three parallel railway tunnels carrying the main line tracks out of London's King's Cross terminus under the rising ground at Barnsbury, about a mile north of the station. Each bore has the capacity for two tracks. The eastern tunnel was taken out of railway service in the 1970s but is maintained to ensure the integrity of the ground overhead, and provides road vehicle access to Holloway Bank. The tunnels are just over 543 m (1,781 ft) long.
The first of the multiple tunnels was built as part of the construction of the Great Northern Railway and was opened in 1850. This section of the railway was designed by the engineer Thomas Brassey and was built by Pearce and Smith and John Jay. The name is taken from Copenhagen Fields, an open space directly above the tunnels, that was once the location of the Ambassador of Denmark's residence in the 17th century. This became a popular pleasure garden and was a public meeting area, notable for rioting there in the late 18th century. From this site on 21 April 1834 thousands marched in support of The Tolpuddle Martyrs who had been sentenced to transportation to Australia for forming a trade union. Market Road Gardens, an open space directly above the tunnels, are a present-day surviving remnant of the Fields.
The area above the southern tunnel portal was used for a rail line going to the Caledonian Road Coal and Goods Depot (now Bunning Way) which passed along the parapet of the tunnel entrance. This was situated conveniently close to the Metropolitan Cattle Market, located on the ground above the tunnels from 1855 to 1963. Many trains carried cattle along this line on their last journey to the abattoirs there.
The area above the southern parapet was the setting for numerous scenes throughout the 1955 British film comedy, The Ladykillers.
The original tunnel is now the middle of three parallel bores. A second tunnel to the west was built in 1877 and a third one to the east in 1886. The western bore carried up and down goods traffic, the central one was used for down passenger traffic and the eastern bore was used for up passenger traffic.
Following electrification in the 1970s, the layout was remodelled. By this time both Kings Cross Goods Yard and Top Shed had closed so it was possible to remove the goods lines and simplify the layout.
In the current configuration, the lines approaching the tunnel from the north are grouped into Up Fast & Slow and Down Fast & Slow. Immediately before the northern portal the Up Slow is carried over the Up & Down Fast lines by an overbridge to join the Down Slow line so the central bore now carries the Up and Down Fast lines; the western bore carries the Up and Down Slow lines. The tracks in the eastern bore were lifted and it is now used to carry cables and provide occasional road access.
From Belle Isle, just south of Copenhagen Tunnel all four lines become bidirectional before passing through Gasworks Tunnel to King's Cross station.
# Museum of Govi-Altai Province

The Museum of Govi-Altai Province (Mongolian: Говь-Алтай аймгийн музей) is a museum in Altai City, Govi-Altai Province, Mongolia.

## History

The museum was originally established as the Local Studies Department in 1947. In 1967, it was transformed into a museum according to the resolution of the Ministry of Culture. In 1986, the museum established an exhibition hall named Ch.Lodoidamba.

## Architecture

The museum consists of the following exhibition halls, which are hall of minerals, nature-geography, history-ethnicity, religion, traditional crafts, patriots and Ch.Lodoidamba.

## Exhibitions

The museum has a total of 2,537 exhibits.
# John Walker Hundley

The Reverend John Walker Hundley (1841–1914) was a prominent 19th-century Baptist minister and church leader in Virginia.
Born in King and Queen County, Virginia, to William Clarke Hundley and Marion Street Hundley, John Hundley was raised by his maternal grandparents, John Walker Street and Frances Street, following the death of his mother in 1843.
Hundley attended Richmond (VA) College from 1858 until 1861, when he joined the 26th Virginia Infantry of the Confederate Army, as second lieutenant, under the command of his uncle, Capt. Napoleon B. Street. Following the Civil War, he entered the Crozer Theological Seminary and was ordained to the Baptist ministry in November 1876 at Mechanicsville Church in Hanover County, Virginia.
He began his ministry on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, at Modesttown and Chincoteague. In 1877, he organized a new congregation - the Atlantic Baptist Church - and, throughout the 1870s and 1880s, served as pastor of seven additional churches on the Eastern Shore. In 1890, he was called to Tarboro, North Carolina, where he led the effort to construct a new church building there.
From 1897 to 1904, he served both as the moderator of the Augusta Association of Baptist churches and as the pastor of the Covington (VA) Baptist Church, where he spearheaded the erection of a new sanctuary, which was dedicated in 1902. Following his tenure at Covington, he returned to the Eastern Shore of Virginia and Maryland.
Reverend Hundley married Virginia M. Quarles, of Louisa County, Virginia, in 1865, with whom he had seven children. He died in October 1914 at the Covington home of his daughter, Augusta Hundley Rinehart.

## Sources

* Virginia Baptist Ministers, Fifth Series, 1902-1914 by George Braxton Taylor. J.P. Bell Company, Inc., Lynchburg, VA, 1915.
# Birchbark biting

Birchbark biting (Ojibwe: Mazinibaganjigan, plural: mazinibaganjiganan) is an Indigenous artform made by Anishinaabeg, including Ojibwe people, Potawatomi, and Odawa, as well as Cree and other Algonquian peoples of the Subarctic and Great Lakes regions of Canada and the United States. Artists bite on small pieces of folded birch bark to form intricate designs.
Indigenous artists used birchbark biting for entertaining in storytelling and to create patterns for quillwork and other art forms.
In the 17th century, Jesuits sent samples of this artform to Europe, where it had been previously unknown. The practice remained common in Saskatchewan into the 1950s.

## Name

Birchbark biting is also known as mazinashkwemaganjigan(-an) (by Northwestern Ontario Ojibwe) and njigan(-an) (by Wisconsin Ojibwe). In English, this has been described either as "birch bark bitings" or "birch bark transparencies."

## Process

Artists chose thin and flexible pieces of birch bark. This kind of bark is easiest to find in the early spring. Using the eyeteeth to bite, the bite pressures can either pierce the bark pieces into a lace or just make certain areas thinner to allow for light to pass through. If the bark piece is carefully folded, symmetrical designs can also be made onto it.

## Uses

Many of the designs that are used contain symbolic and religious significance to the Ojibwe and other tribes. Though the practice almost died out, an estimated dozen practitioners are active in Canada and the United States, some of whom display the craft in contexts outside of their original intentions to show evidence of this ancient practice. Birchbark bitings can be used in storytelling, as patterns for quillwork and beadwork, as well as finished pieces of art. The holes created by biting are sometimes filled with coloured threads to create woven designs.
# Shri (film)

Shri is a 2006 Indian Kannada-language action film directed by Prakash. The film stars Vijay Raghavendra and Jennifer Kotwal. The film received positive reviews for its action sequences. However, the film was a box office failure.

## Plot

A software professional is involved in a bank robbery in Bangkok, masterminded by a crook. She accidentally meets Shree in a shopping mall and follows him for safety. She also comes to Bangalore with him where Shree learns of her predicament. He decides to save her from the criminals. Meanwhile, a probe team led by an officer from Bangkok zeroes in on them in the robbery case.

## Cast

* Vijay Raghavendra as Shreekanth
* Jennifer Kotwal as Deepa
* Rahul Dev as Shetty
* Avinash as Rajashekar
* Anant Nag
* Bullet Prakash
* Komal Kumar as Shankar
* Sathyajith as Subramaniam
* Shakeela
* Doddanna as a police constable
* Vinaya Prasad as Shree's mother
* Ramesh Bhat as Shree's father
* Vijay as Shetty's henchman
* Meera Verma in a special appearance ("Joke Joke Andrunu")

## Production

The film was launched on 21 May 2005. Vijay Raghavendra sported long hair which he initially grew out for Rishi (2005), and he was trained in Muay Thai for twenty-five days in Bangkok. Jennifer Kotwal plays a software engineer in the film. The film was reported to be a "big-budget" film. The stunts were choreographed by Ravi Varma. California-based Meera Verma shot for a song in Alaska alongside 25 dancers. The film was shot in Bangkok and Pattaya, Thailand for forty five days and remaining filming was held at Bangalore.

## Soundtrack

All lyrics are written by Kaviraj; all music is composed by Valisha-Sandeep.

## Release and reception

The film was released with forty prints.
R. G. Vijayasarathy of IANS wrote that "If you are an action film hero, you may end up liking Sree but it may well disappoint you if you look at the background of its director". A critic from Rediff.com wrote that "Sree is a film for lover of action. But is it enough from a director like Prakash?" The film was reviewed by Deccan Herald. A critic from Chitraloka.com wrote that "This is a must watch film for the strong effort put in by Prakash and his team". A critic from Viggy opined that "Over all, SHREE is a good movie". A critic from webindia123 wrote that "Thai martial arts is clearly not sufficient to make it a complete thriller".
# West Mahoning Township, Pennsylvania

West Mahoning Township is a township that is located in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,337 at the time of the 2020 census.
The township surrounds Smicksburg, a separately incorporated borough.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 29.4 square miles (76.1 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,128 people, 277 households, and 244 families residing in the township.
The population density was 38.4 inhabitants per square mile (14.8/km$^2$). There were 357 housing units at an average density of 12.2/sq mi (4.7/km$^2$).
The racial makeup of the township was 99.38% White, 0.27% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.09% Asian, and 0.09% from two or more races.
There were 277 households, out of which 55.2% had children who were under the age of eighteen living with them; 80.9% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 11.6% were non-families. Out of all of the households that were documented, 10.8% were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was sixty-five years of age or older.
The average household size was 4.07 and the average family size was 4.44.
Within the township, the population was spread out, with 46.1% of residents who were under the age of 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 21.4% from 25 to 44, 12.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 20 years.
For every one hundred females, there were 107.7 males. For every one hundred females who were aged eighteen or older, there were 100.0 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $23,403, and the median income for a family was $24,554. Males had a median income of $22,396 compared with that of $22,188 for females.
The per capita income for the township was $6,907.
Approximately 24.9% of families and 37.7% of the population were living below the poverty line, including 52.6% of those who were under the age of eighteen and 5.7% of those who were aged sixty-five or older.
# Stefania Bucci

Stefania Bucci (born 4 June 1960) is an Italian gymnast. She competed in six events at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
# Zale Neikha

Zale Neikha is an Indian politician from Nagaland. He was elected to the Nagaland Legislative Assembly in 2018 from Southern Angami II Assembly constituency as a candidate of the Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party. He was appointed the Advisor for Youth Resources and Sports (YRS) in Fourth Neiphiu Rio ministry.
Zale graduated from National Institute of Technology, Raipur.
# José Brito

José Brito (born 19 March 1944) is a Cape Verdean politician.

## Biography

Brito was born in Dakar, Senegal (then a French colony) to Cape Verdean parents. Later in his years, he moved to Cape Verde.
Brito holds a bachelor of science in mathematics and master of sciences in physics and chemistry at the University of Abidjan in the Ivory Coast and a high diploma studies in chemical engineering at the Institut français du pétrole in France.
Brito worked as vice-president of governmental relations for Ocean Energy, Oil Company in Texas, USA from 1992 to 1996.
From 2001 to 2006, he served as Cape Verde's ambassador to the United States, Canada, and Mexico, before taking up the position of Minister of Economy, Growth and Competitiveness from 2006 to 2008. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the nation of Cape Verde from 2008 to 2011.
# Tim Sawyer

Timothy Charles Sawyer CBE is the CEO of Bank of Maldives. Formerly he was the Chief Investment Officer of Innovate UK, the investment arm of UK Government. This role sees him head up the newly-formed innovation lending directorate, with responsibility for the planned innovation loans programme. Formerly he was CEO of Start Up Loans, a private sector initiative backed by Government with a mandate of delivering £350m funding to start-up companies in the United Kingdom (UK). He is also Chairman of Folk2Folk, a peer-to-peer lender to small and medium-sized businesses in the UK.
In 2002, Sawyer co-founded Cahoot, the internet division of Santander UK plc, which he went on to run between the years 2002 and 2005. Sawyer has also been Chairman of Banque Dubois in Switzerland and Chief Operating Officer of OneSavings Bank.
Sawyer was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to small businesses and entrepreneurs.
Announced in December 2017, Sawyer was appointed as an Ordinary Member to the Competition Appeal Tribunal by Minister for Competition, Margot James MP. This appointment commenced February 2018.
In December 2018, Sawyer was announced as the new chair of the board of governors at the University of Bedfordshire.
# Andrew J. Ward

Andrew Job Ward (February 16, 1843 – March 9, 1914) was a Michigan politician. He was elected as the mayor of City of Flint in 1893 for a single 1-year term.
Political offices :
| Preceded byGeorge E. Taylor | Mayor of Flint 1893-94 | Succeeded byArthur C. McCall |
# Baddiewinkle

Helen Elam Van Winkle (born July 18, 1928), better known as Baddiewinkle or Baddie Winkle, is an American Internet personality. Elam was born in Hazard, Kentucky. She became an Internet sensation at the age of eighty-five. Her social media tag line—"Stealing Your Man Since 1928"—was briefly popular in 2016. She is known for her humor and for fighting against ageism through her personal style and messaging, characterized by wearing eccentric clothes, promoting the legalization of medical marijuana, and her innuendo. Winkle is an activist and influencer whose self expression is a statement of disapproval of the beauty industry and the false limitations it imposes on individuals, and especially on women. She has millions of followers and views on social media, where she posts photos and videos of herself, often with suggestive clothing with peculiar prints, or little clothing in order to encourage body positivity and the celebration of the physiques of older adults.

## Career

Winkle has gathered a following after initially getting help from her great-granddaughter, Kennedy Lewis, to upload an image to Twitter, while wearing her great-granddaughter's clothes. She was subsequently followed by Rihanna, and now has a worldwide following. In 2015 she reached one million followers on Instagram. As of 2015, she lives in Richmond, Kentucky and has appeared on The Today Show, Australia.
In 2015, Grit Creative Group used her as the face of their website launch campaign, where she dressed as Kurt Cobain, Kate Moss and others. Baddie helped kick off season two of Nicole Richie's Candidly Nicole on VH1. She also appeared on the Red Carpet at the Netflix promotion for Orange Is the New Black. She attended the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards as a guest of Miley Cyrus and MTV. Furthermore, in 2015 Baddiewinkle also starred in LunchMoney Lewis' “Ain’t Too Cool” music video.
In 2016, she was in a national commercial for Smirnoff ICE Electric Flavors as part of their "Keep It Moving" campaign. In August 2016 she was a guest on MTV's "Ridiculousness." She continues to entertain with her pictures, videos, and collaborations with well-known brands and celebrities. Time Magazine included Winkle in its "30 Most Influential People on the Internet" list in March 2016. Winkle was also named "Instagrammer of the Year" at the Eighth Annual Shorty Awards on April 11, 2016. In 2016 the fashion brand Missguided announced Baddie Winkle as their Christmas campaign spokeswoman.
Winkle appeared in her first ever national commercial for Smirnoff ICE Electric Flavors as part of the company's "Keep It Moving" campaign in 2016. She starred in Fergie's "Life Goes On' Music Video in 2016. In 2017, Winkle published her first book titled, Baddiewinkle’s Guide to Life. In 2019, Winkle collaborated with INC.redible Cosmetics. Winkle was the face of the hair care brand Aussie's Blonde Hydration range in 2020. Baddie partnered with Tillamook Ice Cream to present their campaign in 2021. She featured in Sally Beauty's ad campaign which focused on self-expression and empowerment through brightly colored hair.
# Perfect crystal

Crystalline materials (mainly metals and alloys, but also stoichiometric salts and other materials) are made up of solid regions of ordered matter (atoms placed in one of a number of ordered formations called Bravais lattices). These regions are known as crystals. A perfect crystal is a crystal that contains no point, line, or planar defects. There are a wide variety of crystallographic defects.
The hypothetical concept of a perfect crystal is important in the basic formulation of the third law of thermodynamics.
In crystallography, the phrase 'perfect crystal' can be used to mean "no linear or planar imperfections", as it is difficult to measure small quantities of point imperfections in an otherwise defect-free crystal.
Imperfections are created by various thermodynamic processes.
# Alassa

Alassa (Greek: Άλασσα) is a village in the Limassol District of Cyprus, north of the Kouris Dam, on the main road from Limassol to Kakopetria.
Excavations at Alassa by Cypriot archaeologists in the early 1980s unearthed the ruins of a Bronze Age city. Among other findings were the remains of a palace, suggesting that the site once had a much greater importance as a local trading center.
The site has been proposed as one candidate for the capital of Alashiya, a major kingdom mentioned as a member of the club of great powers in numerous Bronze Age texts. This identification was suggested on the basis of the similarity in names, but is supported by independent evidence including petrographic and chemical analyses of clay tablets sent by the king of Alashiya, which indicates that their clay came from southwestern Cyprus. Other candidates for the capital include Kalavasos.
Roman villas have also been found there, a mosaic floor depicting Aphrodite and Eros from one of which is in the Limassol museum.
Alassa has been developed in modern times as a park-like tourist centre.
# Lattice plane

In crystallography, a lattice plane of a given Bravais lattice is any plane containing at least three noncollinear Bravais lattice points. Equivalently, a lattice plane is a plane whose intersections with the lattice (or any crystalline structure of that lattice) are periodic (i.e. are described by 2d Bravais lattices). A family of lattice planes is a collection of equally spaced parallel lattice planes that, taken together, intersect all lattice points. Every family of lattice planes can be described by a set of integer Miller indices that have no common divisors (i.e. are relative prime). Conversely, every set of Miller indices without common divisors defines a family of lattice planes. If, on the other hand, the Miller indices are not relative prime, the family of planes defined by them is not a family of lattice planes, because not every plane of the family then intersects lattice points.
Conversely, planes that are not lattice planes have aperiodic intersections with the lattice called quasicrystals; this is known as a "cut-and-project" construction of a quasicrystal (and is typically also generalized to higher dimensions).
# Sayre equation

In crystallography, the Sayre equation, named after David Sayre who introduced it in 1952, is a mathematical relationship that allows one to calculate probable values for the phases of some diffracted beams. It is used when employing direct methods to solve a structure. Its formulation is the following:
$F_{hkl}=\sum _{h'k'l'}F_{h'k'l'}F_{h-h',k-k',l-l'}$
which states how the structure factor for a beam can be calculated as the sum of the products of pairs of structure factors whose indices sum to the desired values of $h,k,l$. Since weak diffracted beams will contribute a little to the sum, this method can be a powerful way of finding the phase of related beams, if some of the initial phases are already known by other methods.
In particular, for three such related beams in a centrosymmetric structure, the phases can only be 0 or $\pi$ and the Sayre equation reduces to the triplet relationship:
$S_{h}\approx S_{h'}S_{h-h'}$
where the $S$ indicates the sign of the structure factor (positive if the phase is 0 and negative if it is $\pi$) and the $\approx$ sign indicates that there is a certain degree of probability that the relationship is true, which becomes higher the stronger the beams are.
# Friedel's law

Friedel's law, named after Georges Friedel, is a property of Fourier transforms of real functions.
Given a real function $f(x)$, its Fourier transform
    $F(k)=\int _{-\infty }^{+\infty }f(x)e^{ik\cdot x}dx$
has the following properties.
where $F^{*}$ is the complex conjugate of $F$.
Centrosymmetric points $(k,-k)$ are called Friedel's pairs.
The squared amplitude ($|F|^{2}$) is centrosymmetric:
The phase $\phi$ of $F$ is antisymmetric:
Friedel's law is used in X-ray diffraction, crystallography and scattering from real potential within the Born approximation. Note that a twin operation (a.k.a. Opération de maclage) is equivalent to an inversion centre and the intensities from the individuals are equivalent under Friedel's law.