OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2H+

2H+ (sometimes 2Hplus or 2H-positive) is a Slovak hip hop group from Bratislava, formed in 2001.

## History

The band was formed around 2001 by Suvereno (then known as MCL), Cigo, Vladis and DJ Wugy. Cigo left the group to join the Petržalka group H16 and DJ Wugy to the group Rendeska.SK.

## Discography
### Studio albums

* 2005: Taktomalobyťataktobude
* 2007: Premium

### EP's

* 2006: Bar Element

### Singles

* 2010: Vladis - Evolúcia (mixtape)
* 2010: Vladis - Generácia (2CD) (album)
* 2010: Suvereno - Král vs Joker (album)
* 2011: Vladis - Fénix (mixtape)
* 2011: Pery, Bonano, Vladis - Pery Bonano Vladis (mixtape)
* 2011: Suvereno - Zlatá stredná cesta (mixtape)
* 2012: Suvereno - Alchymista (album)
* 2012: Vladis - Svet nie je pre chudobných (album)
# Joseph-Émile Barbier

Joseph-Émile Barbier (1839–1889) was a French astronomer and mathematician, known for Barbier's theorem on the perimeter of curves of constant width.
Barbier was born on 18 March 1839 in Saint-Hilaire-Cottes, Pas-de-Calais, in the north of France. He studied at the College of Saint-Omer, also in Pas-de-Calais, and then at the Lycée Henri-IV in Paris. He entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1857, and finished his studies there in 1860, the same year in which he published the paper containing his theorem on constant-width curves. In this paper he also presented a solution to Buffon's needle problem, known as Buffon's noodle, that avoided the use of integrals.
He began teaching at a lycée in Nice, but it was not a success, and he soon moved to a position as an assistant astronomer at the Paris Observatory. He left there in 1865, and in 1880 Joseph Louis François Bertrand found him in the Charenton asylum. Bertrand arranged for Barbier's support and encouraged him to return to mathematical publication.
In this later period of his work, he published ten more papers. He contributed to Bertrand's studies of combinatorics, and announced a generalization of Bertrand's ballot theorem. He was given the Francoeur Prize for his mathematical research by the French Academy of Sciences in multiple years.
Barbier died on 28 January 1889 in Saint-Genest, Loire.
# Takayuki Fukuda

Takayuki Ōtsuki (大月 孝行, Ōtsuki Takayuki) (born 1981), originally named Takayuki Fukuda (福田 孝行, Fukuda Takayuki), was the perpetrator of the Hikari City Mother and Child Murder Incident (光市母子殺害事件, Hikari-shi Boshi Satsugai Jiken) in Hikari, Yamaguchi, Japan on 14 April 1999. On that day, when he was 18 years and 1 month old, he killed 23-year-old Yayoi Motomura and then performed necrophilia on her body, and also killed her daughter Yūka Motomura (本村 夕夏, Motomura Yūka, then 11 months old), and stole the mother's purse. He was charged with rape, murder and robbery, and was handed the death sentence although he was not of the age of maturity (20 years of age in Japan) at that time (18 years and 1 month). The appeal was rejected.

## Trial

During the trial, the brutality of the details of the incident and the demands by the defense lawyers that teenagers ought not receive the death sentence were widely reported in mass media, sparking a debate within Japan. The husband, Hiroshi Motomura, of the two killed vowed to wait until his release to kill him. In 2006, the courts reviewed his case and in 2008 they sentenced him to death by hanging.
# Julien Noth

Julien Noth was a French racing cyclist. He rode in the 1922 Tour de France.
# Marcus H. MacWillie

Marcus H. MacWillie was a politician who represented the Confederate Arizona Territory in the Congress of the Confederate States during the American Civil War.
M. H. MacWillie was born circa 1836 in Inverness. Scotland. Little is known of his early life. One newspaper account has him a relative of Mississippi Governor William McWillie (1795–1869), but this seems unlikely. MacWillie passed his bar exam and established a legal practice in Texas. He later moved to Mesilla in what is now New Mexico and resumed his legal career. In early 1861 served as district judge, then chief justice, in Dr. Lewis S. Owings' short-lived provisional government of the Arizona Territory (which included modern day New Mexico and Arizona).
Following the outbreak of the Civil War, Confederate army colonel John R. Baylor successfully invaded southern New Mexico and became the new Territorial governor. MacWillie became the Attorney General of the Confederate-claimed Arizona Territory in the newly designated capital of La Mesilla. Through the shrewd political efforts of his powerful friend John R. Baylor, MacWillie was selected December 30, 1861 to replace Baylor's rival Granville Henderson Oury as the territory's representative to the permanent Congress. Despite Arizona and New Mexico being taken over by the Union Army later in 1862, MacWillie continued to represent the territory throughout the First Confederate Congress (March 11, 1862 – February 17, 1864). He then served in the Second Confederate Congress until the end of the war.
MacWillie's activities following the war are uncertain. What we do know is that he lived in Chihuahua, Mexico, as an attorney, often handling mining claims. He was also involved in various southern Texas–northern Mexico railroad promotions, often visiting Texas, New Mexico, New Orleans and New York City. He died in Santa Barbara, California, March 5, 1875, during a trip to line up investors for a silver mine.
# Moses Avigdor Chaikin

Moses Avigdor Chaikin (Hebrew: משה אביגדור חייקין, romanized: Mosheh Avigdor Ḥaiḳin; 1852 - 17 June 1928) was a Russian-British rabbi and author.

## Biography

Moses Avigdor Chaikin was born in Shklow, Mogilev Governorate, to Lubavitch parents Rabbi Israel Shraga and Chaya Dina Chaikin. At an early age he moved with his father to St. Petersburg, where the latter became chief shoḥet. Chaikin was educated for the rabbinate, and obtained several rabbinical diplomas, among others one from Rabbi Abraham Samuel Diskin [he] in Volkovysk and one from Rabbi Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor of Kovno.
After the pogroms of 1881–82 he emigrated to Paris, where he served as rabbi of the Polish Jews from 1883 to 1887; but then returned to Russia and was rabbi at Rostov-on-Don from 1888 to 1889. Being expelled from Russia in 1890, he went to England, and in 1892 was appointed rabbi of the New Hebrew Congregation in Sheffield. In 1901 he was appointed Chief Minister of the Federation of Synagogues, and in 1911 a dayan of the London Beth Din.
In August 1926 he retired and moved to Tel Aviv, where he died two years later.

## Publications

* Apologie des juifs: étude historique et littéraire sur l'état politique et social des juifs depuis la chute de Jérusalem jusqu'à 1306 (in French). Paris: F. Vieweg. 1887. Translated into English in 1897.
* The Celebrities of the Jews: A Glance at the Historical Circumstances of the Jewish People from the Destruction of Jerusalem to the Present Day. Sheffield: Pawson and Brailsford. 1899. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t5j96223p.
* Tsiyun Rashi (in Hebrew). London: Express. 1921.
* Kelalei ha-poskim [Rules of the Codifiers] (in Hebrew). London: Express. 1923.
# Nova Mamoré

Nova Mamoré is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rondônia. In 2020, the population of Nova Mamoré was 31,392. Its area is 10,072 km².

## Economy

The economy of Nova Mamoré is based on mainly agriculture and wood. Its main agriculture comes from the chestnut, cupuaçu, acerola, açaí, guava, mango and pineapple plants. There are approximately 325,000 cattle in Nova Mamoré. In the 1970s and 1980s, the town produced a large amount of gold, but the main mineral source now is water. There are around 27 factories, most of them producing timber.

## Reserves

There are three protected areas for indigenous groups in the municipality: Terras Indígenas Igarapé Ribeirão, Reserva dos Karipunas and Terras Indígenas Laje Ninety-five percent of the area of Parque Estadual Guajará-Mirim ("Guajará-Mirim State Park") is located within Nova Mamoré; the remainder is in neighboring Guajará-Mirim. Nova Mamoré contains 27% of the 204,632 hectares (505,660 acres) Rio Ouro Preto Extractive Reserve, created in 1990. The municipality contains 13% of the 197,364 hectares (487,700 acres) Jaci Paraná Extractive Reserve, created in 1996.
# Slovenian hip-hop

Slovenian hip hop refers to hip hop within Slovenia.

## History

According to some accounts, the roots of Slovenian hip hop can be traced back to 1978, but all rappers from that time were forgotten or disappeared. What remains of this early history is preserved in little-circulated album releases. The mid-1980s were marked as the breakthrough of rap music in Slovenia. Hip hop dancing in Slovenia is sometimes called "Čefur" dance (derogatory term for non-Slovenian South Slavic people). Ali-En released the first rap album, that immediately became a classic, in 1994.
In 1997, rap duo Dandrough released Ko pride Bog ('when God comes'). The next few years there was a small hole in the hip hop scene, with only a couple of albums released up until 2000. Hip hop culture was heavily popularized by Slovenian Olympic champion skier Jure Košir, who also released an album Kartelova teorija (eng: cartel theory) with his crew Pasji Kartel (eng: Dog Cartel) in 1998. Klemen Klemen released one of the most influential mainstream Slovenian hip hop albumsTrnow Stajl (eng: Trnovo Style) on Menart Records. At about the same time, Radyoyo: Za narodov Blagor - 5'00" of fame, the first compilation of Slovenian hip hop music was released, including various new and unknown rappers on the scene.
In 2001, the first Slovenian freestyle rap championship was organized, launching rapper 6pack Čukur, who placed 2nd, into the mainstream. The competition became a tradition and has been held every second year since then. The next year rap duo Murat & Jose released V besedi je moč, which became one of the most successful rap albums in Slovenia and Southern Europe. The following year's freestyle championship spawned 2 champions - Trkaj, an alternative rapper and N'toko - who both went on to release albums through Nika Records.
The most productive years for Slovenian hip hop were 2004–2006, spawning more albums than all years before that together. Though the quality oscillated from album to album, mostly because of the unofficial releases - noting that the demo scene produced better tracks.
# Single-system recording

Single system audio is the system of recording sound on film or SOF. There are two methods of recording, the older method, optical and the later method, magnetic. SOF was primarily used for news film prior to the advent of portable videotape recording, but was used until recently for documentary film recording.

## Optical

For optical recording, the film only had a single row of perforations and the area where the other set of perforations would have been was exposed to a small bright lamp inside the camera controlled by an amplifier (usually in a separate box) that would vary the area of recording (RCA type), by means of shutters pulled back by variation in current, or variations in intensity (Western Electric type). Editing involved painting or taping over the optical track for the distance the sound led the film through the camera and projector. This would avoid the popping sound, but would result in a second of silence.

## Magnetic

Magnetic recording had magnetic media in the area where the optical sound track would be recorded on optical SOF or on release prints. The principal recording stripe was approximately 2 mm wide. A smaller balance stripe existed to compensate the thickness of the recording stripe to keep the film wound evenly. Auricon and Cinema Products Corporation were two popular manufacturers of this type of camera, which were made obsolete by the takeover of video for news shooting in the late 70s.
The main problem with placing a magnetic stripe on film is that the tape head cannot block the projector gate and must be slightly offset, which means that sound and light cannot be recorded on the exact same piece of film. Any given frame will be as far as 24 frames ahead of the corresponding segment of the magnetic stripe. Editing such film by splicing it risks cutting off the current speaker's last syllable.
To edit single-system magnetic film, it was necessary to first run it through a displacement recorder which would read the audio and re-record it backwards 24 frames behind the point where it was recorded. This put the audio in dead sync with the picture. The film was then edited. After editing the film was run through the displacement recorder again, forward this time which put the audio back at the location where the audio playback head would be in the film projector. These additional levels of generation loss explain why the film industry has always preferred double-system recording for professional film projects.
# Northern New Zealand dotterel

The northern New Zealand dotterel or northern red-breasted plover (Charadrius obscurus aquilonius) is a shorebird which breeds exclusively on beaches in New Zealand's North Island.

## Taxonomy

First described in 1994 as a subspecies, the holotype was selected from a collection made at Māngere near the Auckland Airport in October 1967; the adult male specimen is held at the Auckland Institute and Museum. The taxon has been classified as a subspecies, Charadrius obscurus aquilonius by authorities such as the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World and the International Ornithologists' Union, and tentatively recognised as a species in the Handbook of the Birds of the World (BirdLife, 2014).
The epithet aquilonius is derived from the Latin term for the north wind, aquilo, and is a reference to the northerly distribution of that distinguished the new taxon. The vernacular "Northern New Zealand Dotterel" was provided by J. E. Dowding when separating the taxon from those found at the South Island as a subspecies of Charadrius obscurus.

## Description

A bird in Charadrius, a genus of the wading birds known as plovers. The average length is 25 centimetres, the largest of the genus. The pale edged plumage at the upper side is predominantly brown, the pale or whitish ventral side is distinctly tinged with red during the breeding period. The male presents a red colour at the breast in all seasons. The legs are a midtone or pale grey, the bill is black and the iris is a dark brown colour.
The voice given in territorial displays, an extended "churring" sound, is loud and the most commonly heard.

## Distribution and habitat

A New Zealand endemic, which mainly breeds on the eastern coast of the North Island. Smaller nesting groups are found at the western coast.

## Status

Introduced species pose the greatest threat to the northern New Zealand dotterel. Predation, particularly by introduced cats, stoats, and hedgehogs, were responsible for the loss of 60% of nests in unmanaged areas. Recreational development, pesticide poisoning, invasion by noxious weeds, and storms pose additional threats. However, the population has been rising markedly due to conservation actions, reaching 1600 individuals in 2016. A survey following the use of brodifacoum, aerially broadcast as pellets to control pests species of rats and possums at the Tawharanui Regional Park, found the disappearance or death of half the local population followed the poisoning program. A link was found in the accumulation of the toxin in species of Talorchestia, small insects known as sandhoppers that are consumed by this plover, and analysis of a liver from a deceased specimen showed a high level of brodifacoum.
The IUCN classifies it as near threatened.
# Ouro Preto do Oeste

Ouro Preto do Oeste is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rondônia. Its population was 35,737 (2020) and its area is 1,970 km².
# Judah Middleman

Judah Benjamin Middleman (Hebrew: יהודה יודל מידדעלמאן, romanized: Yehuda Yudel Middelman; 1797 or 1798 – 1 June 1865) was a Galician-born English and American rabbi and writer.

## Biography

Middleman was a native of Lemberg, later settling in Warsaw and then London. There he wrote Netivot Emet, a work written in defense of the traditions of the Talmud against the attacks, in Old Paths, of Alexander McCaul. Only the first part of the Netivot Emet was published, in 1847, along with an English translation by Hebraist Marcus Heinrich Bresslau under the title Paths of Truth; being a Defence of the Talmudical Traditions against the attacks in the "Old Paths," by the Rev. Dr. McCaul.
From England he immigrated to New York in 1848. He was a founder of the city's Beth Hamedrash in 1852, and supplemented his income before Passover as the congregation's matzah baker. After a disagreement with the synagogue's rabbi over the hiring of a shoḥet, Middleman and his followers split from the Beth Hamedrash to form the Kalvarier Synagogue at 15 Pike Street.
# Nordaust-Svalbard Nature Reserve

Nordaust-Svalbard Nature Reserve (Norwegian: Nordaust-Svalbard naturreservat) is located in the north-eastern part of the Svalbard archipelago in Norway. The nature reserve covers all of Nordaustlandet, Kong Karls Land, Kvitøya, Sjuøyane, Storøya, Lågøya, Wilhelm Island, Wahlbergøya and a small section of the north-east corner of Spitsbergen. The reserve is 55,354 square kilometres (21,372 sq mi), of which 18,663 square kilometres (7,206 sq mi) is on land and 36,691 square kilometres (14,166 sq mi) is on water—making it the largest preserved area in Norway (including national parks). It includes the largest glacier in Norway, Austfonna, as well as Vestfonna and parts of Olav V Land. The reserve has been protected since 1 July 1973 and borders in the south to Søraust-Svalbard Nature Reserve.

## Description

Three-quarters of Nordaustlandet is covered by glaciers, the largest being Austfonna at 7,000 square kilometres (2,700 sq mi). The landscape has low, rounded hills and plains, created by glaciation during former ice ages. Most of the reserve has little or no vegetation, and the reserve belongs to the polar desert. The nature reserve is used by scientists and tourists, the latter commonly sailing eastwards along Hinlopen Strait or round Nordaustlandet. The most popular places to visit are Sjuøyane, Alkefjellet, Bråsvellbreen and Kvitøya.
There are some cultural heritage sites within the reserve, including a Russian Orthodox cross on Krossøya, and Andréeneset on Kvitøya, the starting point for the S. A. Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition of 1897. There is also a winter camp at the shores of Sorgfjorden, which hosted an 1899–1900 Swedish-Russian Arc-of-Meridian Expedition to measure the meridian arc. In Rijpfjorden there is a German meteorological station from World War II.

## Fauna

The Kong Karls Land archipelago serves as the most important breeding ground for polar bears in Svalbard and Franz Josef Land; therefore, the archipelago is completely off limit to all visitors. Walruses have resting places in the reserve. At Alkefjleet, Brünnich's guillemots have a nesting ground, and also brent geese can be found breeding in the reserve, as can Sabine's and ivory gulls. Other important breeding areas for seabirds include Sjuøyane, Lågøya and Hinlopen Strait. Common animals within the nature reserve is Arctic fox and Svalbard reindeer. A large part of the reserve, including the sea-cliffs, has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a breeding population of 80–90 pairs of ivory gulls.
# Rajalakshmi Institutions

Rajalakshmi Institutions is a group of private educational institutes in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India founded by Mr. S. Meganathan in the year 1997. This group of institutes provide higher education and school level educations to students in and around India.

## Rajalakshmi Group Of Institutions

* Rajalakshmi Engineering College, 1997.
* Rajalakshmi School of Management, 1997.
* Rajalakshmi College of Educations, 2006, offering B.Ed. and M.Ed. programmes(Teacher Training), approved and affiliated to Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University.
* Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology, 2008.
* Rajalakshmi College of Nursing, 2008, approved and affiliated to Nursing Council of India and Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University.
* Rajalakshmi School of Architecture, 2010.
* Rajalakshmi Vidyashram
* Rajalakshmi Automobiles Private Limited ( Dealers of Mahindra Navistar and Mahindra Construction Equipments).
* Rajalakshmi Education Private Limited, 2012, offering B.Sc., M.Sc. and MBA programmes.
| Name | Short Name | Established | City/Town | State/UT | Website |
| Rajalakshmi Engineering College | REC | 1997 | Thandalam, Chennai | Tamil Nadu | www.rajalakshmi.org |
| Rajalakshmi School of Management | RSM | 1997 | Thandalam, Chennai | Tamil Nadu | www.rajalakshmi.org/dept-mba-intro.html |
| Rajalakshmi College of Educations, | RCE | 2006 | Thandalam, Chennai | Tamil Nadu | www.rajalakshmieducation.org/index.html |
| Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology | RIT | 2008 | Kuthambakkam, Tiruvallur | Tamil Nadu | www.ritchennai.org |
| Rajalakshmi College of Nursing | RCN | 2010 | Thandalam, Chennai | Tamil Nadu | www.rajalakshmiinstitutes.edu.in/rcn.html |
| Rajalakshmi School of Architecture | RSA | 2010 | Thandalam, Chennai | Tamil Nadu | architecture.rajalakshmi.org |
| Rajalakshmi Automobiles Private Limited | RAPL | 2010 | Chennai | Tamil Nadu | rajalakshmiautomobiles.com/index.html |
# George de Rue Meiklejohn

George de Rue Meiklejohn (/ˈmiːkəlˌdʒɒn/; August 26, 1857 – April 19, 1929) was an American politician who served as the fifth lieutenant governor of Nebraska under Governor John Milton Thayer and as a member of the United States House of Representatives for Nebraska. He was the United States Assistant Secretary of War from 1897 to 1901.

## Early life and education

de Rue Meiklejohn was born in Weyauwega, Wisconsin, on August 26, 1857. He went to the state normal school in Oshkosh, Wisconsin (now University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh).

## Career

He became a principal of high schools in Weyauwega and Liscomb, Iowa. After graduating from the University of Michigan Law School in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1880, he was admitted to the bar and established a practice in Fullerton, Nebraska. He was the prosecuting attorney for Nance County, Nebraska, from 1881 to 1884.
In 1884 Meiklejohn was elected a member of the Nebraska Legislature, serving from 1884 to 1888. In 1886, he became president of the Senate, in 1887 the chairman of the Republican State convention, and in 1887 and 1888 chairman of the Republican State central committee. In 1889 he became the Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska and served until 1891. He was elected as a Republican to the 53rd and 54th Congresses (March 4, 1893 – March 3, 1897), but did not run for re-election in 1896. On April 14, 1897, U.S. President William McKinley appointed him the Assistant Secretary of War and he served through the Spanish–American War until March 1901.
Meiklejohn ran unsuccessfully for election to the United States Senate from Nebraska in 1901 to fill the seat of Monroe Hayward. After that, he resumed his law practice in Omaha, Nebraska, moving to Los Angeles, California, in 1918, where he practiced law and mining.

## Personal life

He died in poverty at the Los Angeles County General Hospital in Los Angeles, California, on April 19, 1929. He was buried in Forest Lawn Cemetery in Glendale, California.
# Crown jewels (disambiguation)

Crown jewels are precious regalia used in the coronation of a monarch
Crown jewels or Crown Jewels may also refer to:
* The Crown Jewels (box set), eight-album box set by the rock group Queen
* Crown Jewels (film), 1950 West German crime film
* The Crown Jewels (film), a 2011 Swedish drama
* MS Cunard Crown Jewel, cruise ship
* Crown Jewel Defense, when a company divests its most attractive assets to discourage a hostile takeover
* Crown jewels of British sport, which must be broadcast on free-to-air television
* Ironstone's Crown Jewel, the world's largest piece of crystalline gold
* "The crown jewels", nickname for documents leaked by Clive Ponting in 1984
* NASCAR Crown Jewel races
* WWE Crown Jewel, a professional wrestling pay-per-view series
* The Crown Jewels (novel), a 1987 novel by Walter Jon Williams