OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chelsea Corners

Chelsea Corners was an apartment complex built in 1931 at 15th Street and 16th Street, in Chelsea, Manhattan. It is currently a co-op. The first building was completed at 200 West 16th Street in May 1931. The development, planned for completion in fall 1931, was only partially finished due to the Great Depression.
The projected cost was $50,000,000. Chelsea Corners was a portion of an undertaking by Henry Mandel to rebuild 7th Avenue, just below 23rd Street, with a number of tall apartment buildings. The edifices are made of variegated orange brick and were designed by Farrar & Watmough, who were also responsible for the design of Mandel's London Terrace and Parc Vendome.

## Unfinished development and bankruptcy

In 1927 Mandel began to purchase large corners on 7th Avenue, to the north of 14th Street. The buyer was then forty-three years of age. Earlier he built tenements with his father, Samuel. The elder Mandel brought his family to New York City from Ukraine during the 1880s.
Mandel's intent was to construct smaller, efficient apartments, for white collar employees who would eschew a prestigious neighborhood for one which would provide the ease of transit to and from work. When completed the apartments were to have numbered approximately 4,000. The Henry Mandel Companies leased the four edifices which were entirely finished.
Mandel filed for bankruptcy in 1932. At the time he possessed assets of $380,000 and liabilities of $14 million. The four finished buildings of Chelsea Corners passed into separate ownership. Mandel went to prison for several months in 1933 for nonpayment of $19,000 in alimony to his ex-wife, Bertha. He died in 1942 after having built a two-story theatre and nightclub at 79th Street and Madison Avenue.

## Interior design & recent history

The lobbies of the apartment structures at 200 West 15th Street and 200 West 16th Street possess fine vaulted ceilings and tile decoration, in polychrome. The one located at 161 West 16th Street received an art deco makeover in 1989. By 2004 steel casement windows, with common one-over-one aluminum windows, had replaced the more vigorous impression which Farrar & Watmough sought to impart, in three of the four structures. However the edifice at 201 West 16th Street received replicas of the original steel casement windows in 2004.
In the 1980s Barneys New York moved into the first four floors on the 7th Avenue side of the former apartment at 161 West 16th Street. In 2004 this space was occupied by Loehmann's. Barneys closed the window openings but left the original steel casement windows intact.
Chelsea Corners' structures were given a fresh paint job in 2004.
# Overlap fermion

In lattice field theory, overlap fermions are a fermion discretization that allows to avoid the fermion doubling problem. They are a realisation of Ginsparg–Wilson fermions.
Initially introduced by Neuberger in 1998, they were quickly taken up for a variety of numerical simulations. By now overlap fermions are well established and regularly used in non-perturbative fermion simulations, for instance in lattice QCD.
Overlap fermions with mass $m$ are defined on a Euclidean spacetime lattice with spacing $a$ by the overlap Dirac operator
    $D_{\text{ov}}={\frac {1}{a}}\left(\left(1+am\right)\mathbf {1} +\left(1-am\right)\gamma _{5}\mathrm {sign} [\gamma _{5}A]\right)\,$
where $A$ is the ″kernel″ Dirac operator obeying $\gamma _{5}A=A^{\dagger }\gamma _{5}$, i.e. $A$ is $\gamma _{5}$-hermitian. The sign-function usually has to be calculated numerically, e.g. by rational approximations. A common choice for the kernel is
    $A=aD-\mathbf {1} (1+s)\,$
where $D$ is the massless Dirac operator and $s\in \left(-1,1\right)$ is a free parameter that can be tuned to optimise locality of $D_{\text{ov}}$.
Near $pa=0$ the overlap Dirac operator recovers the correct continuum form (using the Feynman slash notation)
    $D_{\text{ov}}=m+i\,{p\!\!\!/}{\frac {1}{1+s}}+{\mathcal {O}}(a)\,$
whereas the unphysical doublers near $pa=\pi$ are suppressed by a high mass
    $D_{\text{ov}}={\frac {1}{a}}+m+i\,{p\!\!\!/}{\frac {1}{1-s}}+{\mathcal {O}}(a)$
and decouple.
Overlap fermions do not contradict the Nielsen–Ninomiya theorem because they explicitly violate chiral symmetry (obeying the Ginsparg–Wilson equation) and locality.
# Justitia (crustacean)

Justitia is a genus of spiny lobsters. Following the recognition of Nupalirus as a separate genus, Justitia comprises one extant species and two fossil species:
   * Justitia longimana longimana (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837) – western Atlantic
   * Justitia longimana mauritiana (Miers, 1882) – Indo-Pacific
* † Justitia desmaresti (Massalongo, 1854) – late Ypresian or early Lutetian, Monte Bolca, Italy
* † Justitia vicetina Beschin et al., 2001 – middle Lutetian, Chiampo, Vicenza, Italy
# Tom Smith (Arizona politician)

Thomas C. Smith (March 16, 1927 – May 25, 2014) was a member of both the Arizona State Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives. He served in the House from January 1993 until January 1999, and in the Senate from January 1999 through January 2003. He was first elected to the House in November 1992, representing District 26,$^{:viii–ix}$ and was re-elected in 1994 and 1996.$^{:vii}$$^{:vii}$ In 1998 he ran for the State Senate from the same district, and won.$^{:vii}$ He was re-elected in 2000.$^{:vii}$ He did not run for re-election in 2002.
# Cache Creek Terrane

The Cache Creek Terrane (alternately known as Cache Creek Melange) is a geologic terrane in British Columbia and southern Yukon, Canada.
The Cache Creek Terrane consists of Carboniferous to Lower Jurassic volcanic rocks, carbonate rocks, coarse clastic rocks and small amounts of ultramafic rock, chert and argillite.
Three geological formations comprise the Cache Creek Terrane: the Sitlika Assemblage, the Tezzeron succession and the Cache Creek Complex.
This terrane is mentioned in the video Where terranes collide (done in conjunction with Canada's geologic survey).
# Bob Usdane

Robert Bruce "Bob" Usdane (March 11, 1936 – January 4, 2011) was an American, Republican politician.
Usdane served in the Arizona Senate from 1977 to 1991 and was President of the Arizona Senate. At the time of his death Usdane resided in Scottsdale, Arizona.
# Vishal Sangh

Vishal Sangh was a cane farmers' union established in Fiji on 1 September 1946, by mainly Sikh farmers, who refused to re-join the Kisan Sangh after its reunification following its split into two factions in 1943. It was led by Mehar Singh, one of the founding members of the Kisan Sangh and its former vice-president.
The Vishal Sangh played an active role in negotiations for cane contracts in 1950 and 1960 but always aligned itself with A. D. Patel and the Maha Sangh. It was regarded by many as a tool of A.D. Patel in his political ambitions. The Sikhs supporting the Vishal Sangh remained loyal members of Federation Party for many years.
Because of its small support base, the Vishal Sangh had an insignificant impact on the Fiji sugar industry after 1960.
# Rock v. Arkansas

Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44 (1987), was a Supreme Court of the United States case in which the Court held that criminal defendants have a constitutional right to testify on their own behalf.

## Significance

Rock elevated the right to testify in criminal trials to a constitutional right, but the debate over whether such a right ought to exist did not begin there. Prior to Rock, statutes and courts had recognized rights to represent oneself in a court of law. In Faretta v. California (1975), the United States Supreme Court held that criminal defendants are constitutionally free to decline or reject professional lawyers as legal representation in state-level courts as well as to serve as their own legal counsels in such trials. In that case, the Court noted the lengthy history of the right by stating:
   In the federal courts, the right of self-representation has been protected by statute since the beginnings of our Nation. Section 35 of the Judiciary Act of 1789, 1 Stat. 73, 92, enacted by the First Congress and signed by President Washington one day before the Sixth Amendment was proposed, provided that "in all the courts of the United States, the parties may plead and manage their own causes personally or by the assistance of counsel."
The movement in favor of allowing defendants to testify for themselves was popular, but its critics worried that it would destroy the presumption of innocence because of the perception that someone who is innocent of a crime would certainly speak to defend themselves and a person who is guilty of a crime would certainly not do so. This perception is inaccurate because a defendant's past becomes broadly admissible as evidence when they take the stand, so testifying may be against their interests. For example, when an individual with a criminal record testifies in their own trial, that past record can be presented to persuade the jury that they are the kind of person who would have done what they are accused of in the present. In a sense, the critics' worries have come to pass because relevant scholarship indicates that there is a measurable difference between the conviction rates of factually-innocent people whenever they do testify or they do not testify. Juries tend to convict criminal defendants who choose to testify for themselves at higher rates; likewise, juries tend to acquit criminal defendants who decline to testify for themselves.
# Triphylite

Triphylite is a lithium iron(II) phosphate mineral with the chemical formula LiFePO$_4$. It is a member of the triphylite group and forms a complete solid solution series with the lithium manganese(II) phosphate, lithiophilite. Triphylite crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system. It rarely forms prismatic crystals and is more frequently found in hypidiomorphic rock. It is bluish- to greenish-gray in color, but upon alteration becomes brown to black.

## Etymology and history

The mineral was first discovered and examined in 1834 by German mineralogist Johann Nepomuk von Fuchs at Hennenkobel Mine in the Bavarian Forest. The name derives from the Greek words tri ("three") and phulon ("family"), referring to the three cations found in natural samples of triphylite (Li$^+$, Fe$^{2+}$, Mn$^{2+}$).

## Crystal structure

    Crystal structure of triphylite
Triphylite crystallizes in an orthorhombic crystal system. The lithium coordinates to six oxygen atoms in a distorted octahedron. Likewise, the iron centers are octahedrally coordinated. The structure contains isolated phosphate tetrahedra.

## Properties

Triphylite is soluble in hydrochloric and sulfuric acid. Under a blowpipe, it melts to form a dark gray, magnetic ball. Over time, the mineral undergoes alteration by oxidation, increasing the oxidation state of iron from +2 to +3 and allowing the lithium to escape, forming heterosite, FePO$_4$.
Triphylite forms a complex solution series with lithiophilite, LiMnPO$_4$, so that natural sources of triphylite usually contain manganese. The structures of members within this series are similar to olivine-type silicates.
# Telefarm Towers

The Telefarm Towers is a transmission site for FM radio and television broadcasting in Shoreview, Minnesota consisting of two guyed towers.
The towers, called Shoreview Towers by local residents, are owned by Telefarm, Inc., a joint venture of Twin Cities broadcasters CBS Television Stations (WCCO channel 4), Hubbard Broadcasting (KSTP channel 5, KSTC channel 5.2, KSTP-FM 94.5 FM, and KTMY 107.1 FM), and Tegna (KARE channel 11) for the transmission of digital television and FM radio throughout the Greater Twin Cities. Along with Sinclair Broadcast Group's WUCW (channel 23), Minnesota Public Radio flagship station KNOW-FM (91.1 MHz) are additional tenants on the tower.

## History

The towers were built in the 1970s for analog television, and were replacements for a single "candelabra" style tower that collapsed prior to completion in 1971, killing six workers on the tower and one on the ground.
The towers were upgraded at the turn of the century to support digital TV transmitters to meet Federal Communications Commission requirements. Because each antenna assembly weighs many tons, the towers had to be strengthened. Work took longer than expected, and KSTP notably used its original broadcast tower along University Avenue in Saint Paul, Minnesota for digital transmission for about a year starting in late 1999 before construction was finished.
Digital television upgrades to the South facility were completed in 2000 and the North facility was finished in 2001.
During the summer of 2019, an antenna section on the north tower was removed. Television station KSTC moved to RF channel 30, from its previous channel of 45. This was due to the spectrum reallocation of the late 2010s. This move was completed by early September. On October 4, 2021, the new transmitter was installed on the north tower.

## FM

FM radio stations :
| Frequency | Call sign | Name | Format | Owner |
| 91.1 91.1 HD-2 91.1 HD-3 | KNOW | MPR News Radio Heartland BBC World Service | News/Talk Folk Music News/Talk | Minnesota Public Radio |
| 94.5 94.5 HD-2 | KSTP | KS95 Skor North | Hot AC Sports | Hubbard Broadcasting |
| 107.1 107.1 HD-2 | KTMY | myTalk 107.1 74 WDGY | Female-Oriented Talk Oldies | Hubbard Broadcasting |

## Television

| Channel | Callsign | Affiliation | Branding | Subchannels | Subchannels | Owner |
| (Virtual) | Callsign | Affiliation | Branding | Channel | Programming | Owner |
| 4.1 | WCCO | CBS | WCCO 4 News | 4.2 4.3 4.4 | Start TV Dabl Fave TV | CBS News and Stations |
| 5.1 | KSTP | ABC | 5 Eyewitness News | 5.5 5.7 | TrueReal Heroes & Icons | Hubbard Broadcasting |
| 5.2 | KSTC | Independent | 45 TV | 5.3 5.4 5.6 | Me-TV Antenna TV This TV | Hubbard Broadcasting |
| 11.1 | KARE | NBC | KARE 11 | 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 | Court TV True Crime Network Quest Circle | Tegna Inc. |
| 23.1 | WUCW | CW | The CW Twin Cities | 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 | Comet Charge! TBD Rewind TV | Sinclair Broadcast Group |
# Zenchū Nakahara

Zenchū Nakahara (仲原 善忠, Nakahara Zenchū, 15 July 1890 – 25 November 1964) was a Japanese scholar, known particularly for his work on the Omoro sōshi, a written collection of songs and poems which constitutes an oral history of Okinawa and the Ryūkyū Kingdom.
Nakahara was born in Nakazato magiri, on Kumejima. He attended the Okinawa Normal School, and Hiroshima Normal High School, before going on to teach at various schools in Tokyo, Shizuoka prefecture, and elsewhere.
He first began research into Okinawan history around the age of 50. After the end of World War II, he researched the native Ryukyuan religion, and produced a paper which drew great praise from Yanagita Kunio, widely regarded today as the father of Japanese ethnology. He would go on to produce a number of papers on topics relating to Okinawan history, omoro, and ethnology, as well as a middle school textbook entitled History of Ryukyu (琉球の歴史, ryūkyū no rekishi).

## Selected works

* "On the seji faith" (霊力の信仰について, Seji no shinkō ni tsuite)
* "Omoro: A New Interpretation" (おもろ新釈, Omoro shinshaku)
* History of Ryukyu (琉球の歴史, ryūkyū no rekishi)
* Schoolbook Omoro Sōshi (校本おもろさうし, kōhon omoro sōshi)
* General Index and Encyclopedia of the Omoro Sōshi (おもろさうし辞典・総索引, Omoro sōshi jiten / sōsakuin)
# Daniel Dulany Addison

Daniel Dulany Addison (March 11, 1863 – March 27, 1936) was an American clergyman and writer.

## Early years

Addison was born on March 11, 1863, in Wheeling, West Virginia, to Thomas Grafton (1832–1896) and Maria Eliason (Addison) Addison (1836–1901), grandson of Daniel Dulany and Louise (Gordon) Addison, great-grandson of Thomas and Henrietta (Paca) Addison, grandnephew of Walter Dulany Addison, and a descendant of William Paca, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and of Colonel John Addison, first ancestor in America, who was a cousin of Joseph Addison, English poet and essayist.

## Career

He was prepared for college at Emerson Institute, Washington, D.C. He graduated from Union College in 1883, then studied at the Episcopal Theological School at Cambridge, Massachusetts, where graduated in 1886. He was ordained to the priesthood, becoming assistant minister of Christ Church, Springfield, Massachusetts, from 1886 to 1889.
Addison was married on February 20, 1889, in Beverly, Massachusetts, to Julia de Wolf Gibbs (1866–1952) an American writer. He became rector of St. Peter's church at Beverly, Massachusetts, from 1889 to 1895, when started his service as rector of All Saints church at Brookline, Massachusetts.

## Last years

A member of many church societies, he gave special attention to conditions in Liberia. He was made a trustee of the College of Monrovia and in 1904 was knighted by the government of Liberia in recognition of his services.
He died in Brookline, Massachusetts, on March 27, 1936. He was buried in Evergreen Cemetery at Marion, Massachusetts.
# Pauliasi Manu

Pauliasi Manu (born 23 December 1987) is a New Zealand former rugby union player and current coach. Manu is a specialist prop. He played for the Blues in Super Rugby.

## Career
### Early career

Manu debuted for Auckland in the 2008 season, and in doing so became Tamaki College's first Auckland representative. Since his debut, he has become a regular starter for the team.

### Super Rugby

A member of the 2011 wider training group, Manu made his Blues debut in 2011, in a home match against the New South Wales Waratahs. He made two appearances for the side in 2011, and was a full member of the squad for the 2012 season. After making only three appearances in the 2012 season, he was delisted by new Blues coach Sir John Kirwan and signed a two-year deal with the Melbourne Rebels for the 2013 and 2014 seasons. However, after failing a pre-season medical examination, his contract for the 2013 season was terminated. The Hamilton-based Chiefs subsequently picked up Manu in early 2013 as a replacement prop for the injured Josh Hohneck. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2016. Manu rejoined his former team, the Blues, in 2017. He scored the franchise's first try against the Rebels in an 18–56 victory in Melbourne
For the 2022 Super Rugby Season Pauliasi is an assistant coach of Moana Pasifika.
# George C. Armstrong

George C. Armstrong (July 11, 1872–December 27, 1950) was an American businessman, newspaper editor, and politician.
Armstrong was born in Eldora, Iowa. He went to the Marshalltown High School in Marshalltown, Iowa, business college, and University of Baltimore. Armstrong worked in the oil refinery business. He was also involved in the engraving and real estate businesses. Armstrong lived in Lawrenceville, Illinois and was the editor and publisher of the Lawrenceville Daily Record newspaper. Armstrong served on the Lawrenceville City Council and mayor of Lawrenceville. He was a Republican. He served in the Illinois Senate from 1941 to 1949. He died in Lawrenceville, Illinois from a short illness.
# Onésiphore

Onésiphore is a French masculine given name. Notable people with the surname include:
* Onésiphore Carbonneau (1852–1932), Canadian politician
* Onésiphore Ernest Talbot (1854–1934), Canadian politician
* Onésiphore Turgeon (1849–1944), Canadian politician
* Onésiphore Pecqueur (1792–1852), French mechanical engineer
* Édouard-Onésiphore Martin (1841–1889), Canadian politician
# Umbilical vein

The umbilical vein is a vein present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta into the growing fetus. The umbilical vein provides convenient access to the central circulation of a neonate for restoration of blood volume and for administration of glucose and drugs.
The blood pressure inside the umbilical vein is approximately 20 mmHg.

## Fetal circulation

The unpaired umbilical vein carries oxygen and nutrient rich blood derived from fetal-maternal blood exchange at the chorionic villi. More than two-thirds of fetal hepatic circulation is via the main portal vein, while the remainder is shunted from the left portal vein via the ductus venosus to the inferior vena cava, eventually being delivered to the fetal right atrium.

## Closure

Closure of the umbilical vein usually occurs after the umbilical arteries have closed. This prolongs the communication between the placenta and fetal heart, allowing for a sort of autotransfusion of remaining blood from the placenta to the fetus.
Within a week of birth, the neonate's umbilical vein is obliterated and is replaced by a fibrous cord called the round ligament of the liver (also called ligamentum teres hepatis). It extends from the umbilicus to the transverse fissure, where it joins with the falciform ligament of the liver to separate segment 4 from segments 2 and 3 of the left hepatic lobe.

## Recanalization

Under extreme pressure, the round ligament may reopen to allow the passage of blood. Such recanalization may be evident in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Patients with cirrhosis experience rapid growth of scar tissue in and around the liver, often functionally obstructing nearby vessels. Vessel occlusion increases vascular resistance and therefore leads to hypertension. In portal hypertension, the vessels surrounding the liver are subjected to abnormally high blood pressure—so high, in fact, that the force of the blood pressing against the round ligament is sufficient to recanalize the structure. This leads to a condition called caput medusae.

## Catheterization

A newborn baby has a patent umbilical vein for at least a week after birth. This umbilical vein may be catheterised for ready intravenous access. It may be used as a site for regular transfusion in cases of erythroblastosis or hemolytic disease. It also provides a route for measuring central venous pressure.

## Additional images

* Model of human embryo, 1.3 mm. long.
* Scheme of placental circulation.
* Diagram of the vascular channels in a human embryo of the second week.
* Human embryo with heart and anterior body-wall removed to show the sinus venosus and its tributaries.
* Schematic figure of the lesser sac, etc. Human embryo of eight weeks.
* Liver with the septum transversum. Human embryo, 3 mm. long.
* Sketch of the vessels in a human embryo of the third week.
* Tail end of human embryo, twenty-five to twenty-nine days old.
* Umbilical vein
* Human embryo, 38 mm, 8–9 weeks.
# Paul Tavares

Paul J. Tavares is an American former politician for the state of Rhode Island. He served in the East Providence City Council and the Rhode Island State Senate. He was elected Treasurer of Rhode Island in 1998. Paul's campaign motto was No tricks, no gimmicks, just a Treasurer who will do what is right. He served until 2006. Sheldon Whitehouse praised the CollegeBound fund, Rhode Island's 529 college savings program, which Tavares was instrumental in securing. He also served as the interim housing director for the Providence Housing Authority
Outside of politics, he was a banker. In 2011, he became a manager at Washington Trust Bank in East Providence.
# Kaushik Gandhi

Kaushik Gandhi (born 23 February 1990) is an Indian first-class cricketer. He made his List A debut for Tamil Nadu in the 2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 25 February 2017. He scored 124 off 134 ball against India B of a good bowling line up of Dhawal Kulkarni and Axar Patel. He made his first-class debut against Haryana in the 2010–11 Ranji Trophy.

## Career

He scored a century of 164 against Punjab in 2016. In that year Tamil Nadu qualified for quarter final by the help of unbeaten century of 150 by Gandhi against Gujarat. He was the top run getter in the 2016 Tamil Nadu Premier League for the Tuti Patriots and second highest run getter for Tamil Nadu in the 2016–17 Ranji Trophy. He also highest run getter in the 2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy for the Tamil Nadu. He scored his careers best score (202) in first-class cricket against Gujarat. In 2023, he played TNPL for Salem Spartans.

## Umpiring career

After the retirement from professional cricket he worked as umpire. He stood in several matches as an on-field umpire in the 2024–25 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. He also officiated in WT20I match between India and West Indies on 15 December 2024.