# Rolette County, North Dakota

Rolette County is a county in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,187. Its county seat is Rolla.

## History

The Dakota Territory legislature created the county on January 4, 1873, with territory partitioned from Buffalo County. It was not organized at that date, and was not attached to another county for judicial or administrative purposes. It was named for Joseph Rolette Jr., a fur trader and political figure from Pembina. The county government was effected on October 14, 1884, with Dunseith as the county seat. In 1885 the county seat was assigned to Saint John, and in 1889 it was assigned to Rolla.
The county boundaries were adjusted in 1883 and in 1887. It has retained its present boundary configuration since 1887.
The International Peace Garden is located in the northwest corner of the county along the Canada–United States border with Manitoba.

## Geography

Rolette County lies on the northern border of North Dakota with Canada. Gimby Creek and Wakopa Creek flow into the county from Canada. The terrain consists of dry rolling hills in the south, and more verdant low hills in the north and northwest, dotted with lakes and ponds.
Part of the Turtle Mountain plateau lies in the northwestern part of the county. The terrain slopes to the south and east; its highest point is its northwest corner, at 2,195 ft (669 m) ASL.
The Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation is in the northeast section of Rolette County.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 939.499 square miles (2,433.29 km$^2$), of which 903.042 square miles (2,338.87 km$^2$) is land and 36.457 square miles (94.42 km$^2$) (3.9%) is water.

### Major highways

* U.S. Highway 281
* North Dakota Highway 3
* North Dakota Highway 5
* North Dakota Highway 30
* North Dakota Highway 43
* North Dakota Highway 66

### Adjacent counties and rural municipalities

* Municipality of Boissevain-Morton, Manitoba - northwest
* Municipality of Killarney-Turtle Mountain, Manitoba - northeast
* Towner County - east
* Pierce County - south
* Bottineau County - west

### Protected areas

* Lords Lake National Wildlife Refuge (part)
* Rabb Lake National Wildlife Refuge
* School Section Lake National Wildlife Refuge
* Willow Lake National Wildlife Refuge

### Lakes

* Belcourt Lake
* Bigham Lake
* Bymes Lake
* Carpenters Lake
* Coon Lake
* Gatten Lake
* Girl Lake
* Gordon Lake
* Hartley Lake (part)
* Horseshoe Lake
* Island Lake
* Lagerquist Lake
* Lake Upsilon
* Little Gurr Lake
* Long Lake
* Lords Lake (part)
* Mill Lake
* Mill Lake
* Rabb Lake
* School Section Lake
* Schutte Lake
* South Messier Lake (part)
* Ducker Lake
* Twin Lake
* Twin Lakes (part)
* Willow Lake

## Demographics
### 2020 census

Rolette County, North Dakota – racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. :
| Race / ethnicity (NH = non-Hispanic) | Pop. 1980 | Pop. 1990 | Pop. 2000 | Pop. 2010 | Pop. 2020 | % 1980 | % 1990 | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| White alone (NH) | 5,091 | 4,204 | 3,416 | 2,802 | 2,298 | 41.81% | 32.92% | 24.98% | 20.3% | 18.9% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 8 | 28 | 10 | 21 | 13 | 0.07% | 0.22% | 0.07% | 0.2% | 0.1% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 7,020 | 8,457 | 9,907 | 10,677 | 9,210 | 57.65% | 66.22% | 72.45% | 77.2% | 75.6% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 18 | 13 | 10 | 16 | 23 | 0.15 | 0.10% | 0.07% | 0.1% | 0.2% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | — | — | — | 0 | 8 | — | — | — | 0.0% | 0.1% |
| Other race alone (NH) | 3 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 8 | 0.02% | 0.04% | 0.03% | 0.0% | 0.1% |
| Mixed race or multiracial (NH) | — | — | 217 | 284 | 490 | — | — | 1.59% | 2.1% | 4.0% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 37 | 65 | 110 | 133 | 137 | 0.30% | 0.51% | 0.80% | 1.0% | 1.1% |
| Total | 12,177 | 12,772 | 13,674 | 13,937 | 12,187 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.0% | 100.0% |
As of the 2020 census, there were 12,187 people, 4,114 households, and 2,857 families in the county. The population density was 13.5 inhabitants per square mile (5.2/km$^2$). There were 4,581 housing units. The racial makeup of the county was 19.0% White, 0.1% African American, 76.1% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from some other races and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.1% of the population.

#### 2022 American Community Survey (ACS)

There are 3,668 households accounted for in the 2022 ACS, with an average of 3.31 persons per household. The county's a median gross rent is $482 in the 2022 ACS. The 2022 ACS reports a median household income of $53,806, with 66.1% of households are owner occupied. 25.7% of the county's population lives at or below the poverty line (down from previous ACS surveys). The city boasts a 54.9% employment rate, with 16.2% of the population holding a bachelor's degree or higher and 85.4% holding a high school diploma.
The top nine reported ancestries (people were allowed to report up to two ancestries, thus the figures will generally add to more than 100%) were German (7.0%), Norwegian (6.2%), French (except Basque) (2.3%), Irish (1.4%), Polish (1.0%), English (0.8%), Scottish (0.4%), Italian (0.2%), and Subsaharan African (0.0%).
The median age in the county was 31.1 years.

### 2010 census

As of the 2010 census, there were 13,937 people, 4,783 households, and 3,413 families in the county. The population density was 15.4 inhabitants per square mile (5.9/km$^2$). There were 5,372 housing units at an average density of 5.95 inhabitants per square mile (2.3/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 20.3% White, 0.2% African American, 77.2% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from some other races and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.0% of the population.
In terms of ancestry, 48.5% were French Canadian, 7.0% were German, 6.8% were Norwegian, and 0.3% were American.
Of the 4,783 households, 44.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.1% were married couples living together, 23.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 28.6% were non-families, and 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.39. The median age was 30.5 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $28,265 and the median income for a family was $35,523. Males had a median income of $35,595 versus $27,459 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,632. About 25.9% of families and 31.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 41.5% of those under age 18 and 24.8% of those age 65 or over.

### Population by decade
## Communities
### Cities

* Dunseith
* Mylo
* Rolla (county seat)
* Rolette
* St. John

### Census-designated places

* Belcourt
* East Dunseith
* Green Acres
* Shell Valley

### Unincorporated communities

* Agate
* Carpenter
* Fonda
* Kelvin
* Nanson
* San Haven
* Thorne

### Townships

* Kohlmeier
* Maryville
* Shell Valley
* South Valley
* Holmes

## Politics

Due to its Native American majority population, Rolette County voters are historically Democratic, and it is one of the most consistently Democratic counties in North Dakota. Since 1928 the only Republican to carry the county was Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952. It was the only county in the state to support George McGovern in 1972 and is additionally the only North Dakota county to have supported Jimmy Carter in 1980. In each of the five presidential elections from 1996 to 2012, the Democratic candidate received over 60% of the vote, with Barack Obama winning 75.1% in 2008 and 74.0% in 2012. In 2016, Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton received 57.3% of the county's votes, one of the two North Dakota counties that she carried.
United States presidential election results for Rolette County, North Dakota :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 1,427 | 35.02% | 2,567 | 62.99% | 81 | 1.99% |
| 2020 | 1,257 | 33.04% | 2,482 | 65.25% | 65 | 1.71% |
| 2016 | 1,217 | 32.41% | 2,099 | 55.90% | 439 | 11.69% |
| 2012 | 1,092 | 23.99% | 3,353 | 73.66% | 107 | 2.35% |
| 2008 | 1,045 | 23.05% | 3,403 | 75.06% | 86 | 1.90% |
| 2004 | 1,392 | 34.42% | 2,564 | 63.40% | 88 | 2.18% |
| 2000 | 1,416 | 32.20% | 2,681 | 60.96% | 301 | 6.84% |
| 1996 | 823 | 22.85% | 2,299 | 63.84% | 479 | 13.30% |
| 1992 | 895 | 24.82% | 2,002 | 55.52% | 709 | 19.66% |
| 1988 | 1,126 | 31.23% | 2,426 | 67.28% | 54 | 1.50% |
| 1984 | 1,479 | 39.43% | 2,179 | 58.09% | 93 | 2.48% |
| 1980 | 1,599 | 44.84% | 1,660 | 46.55% | 307 | 8.61% |
| 1976 | 1,094 | 29.62% | 2,531 | 68.54% | 68 | 1.84% |
| 1972 | 1,713 | 48.13% | 1,803 | 50.66% | 43 | 1.21% |
| 1968 | 1,211 | 37.23% | 1,870 | 57.49% | 172 | 5.29% |
| 1964 | 892 | 25.80% | 2,566 | 74.20% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1960 | 1,277 | 35.33% | 2,335 | 64.59% | 3 | 0.08% |
| 1956 | 1,444 | 45.44% | 1,728 | 54.37% | 6 | 0.19% |
| 1952 | 2,188 | 65.02% | 1,160 | 34.47% | 17 | 0.51% |
| 1948 | 1,179 | 41.09% | 1,565 | 54.55% | 125 | 4.36% |
| 1944 | 1,070 | 37.78% | 1,745 | 61.62% | 17 | 0.60% |
| 1940 | 1,555 | 35.41% | 2,820 | 64.21% | 17 | 0.39% |
| 1936 | 857 | 19.34% | 3,186 | 71.89% | 389 | 8.78% |
| 1932 | 706 | 19.59% | 2,855 | 79.22% | 43 | 1.19% |
| 1928 | 1,327 | 37.50% | 2,181 | 61.63% | 31 | 0.88% |
| 1924 | 869 | 35.92% | 137 | 5.66% | 1,413 | 58.41% |
| 1920 | 2,139 | 75.05% | 535 | 18.77% | 176 | 6.18% |
| 1916 | 600 | 40.00% | 762 | 50.80% | 138 | 9.20% |
| 1912 | 339 | 26.74% | 396 | 31.23% | 533 | 42.03% |
| 1908 | 811 | 55.32% | 529 | 36.08% | 126 | 8.59% |
| 1904 | 912 | 66.38% | 366 | 26.64% | 96 | 6.99% |
| 1900 | 566 | 60.41% | 355 | 37.89% | 16 | 1.71% |

## Education

School districts include:
* Belcourt Public School District 7 (as the Turtle Mountain Community School, in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE))
* Bottineau Public School District 1
* Dunseith Public School District 1
* Mount Pleasant Public School District 4
* North Star School District
* Rolette Public School District 29
* Rugby Public School District 5
* St. John Public School District 3
Former districts:
* Wolford Public School District 1 - Closed in 2019