# Formannskapsdistrikt

Formannskapsdistrikt (Urban East Norwegian:) is the name for Norwegian local self-government districts that were legally enacted on 1 January 1838. This system of municipalities was created in a bill approved by the Parliament of Norway and signed into law by King Carl Johan on 14 January 1837. The formannskaps law, which fulfilled an express requirement of the Constitution of Norway, required that every parish (Norwegian: prestegjeld) form a formannsskapsdistrikt (municipality) on 1 January 1838. In this way, the parishes of the state Church of Norway became worldly, administrative districts as well. (Although some parishes were divided into two or three municipalities.) In total, 396 formannsskapsdistrikts were created under this law, and different types of formannskapsdistrikts were created, also:
| Number of districts | Type of district |
| 25 | City/town |
| 3 | City/town with a surrounding rural district |
| 12 | Lading places (ladested) |
| 1 | Rural district consisting of two (very small) seaports |
| 3 | Rural districts with dependent small seaports |
| 1 | Port and naval base |
| 1 | Rural district with dependent mining town |
| 350 | Rural districts |
| See below for a list of all districts, broken down by county. ||

## History

The introduction of self government in rural districts was a major political change. The Norwegian farm culture (bondekultur) that emerged came to serve as a symbol of nationalistic resistance to the forced union with Sweden. The legislation of 1837 gave both the towns and the rural areas the same institutions: a minor change for the town, but a major advance for the rural communities. The significance of this legislation is hailed by a nationalistic historian, Ernst Sars:
    "So great an advance in relation to the political development of the people that on that account it can almost be placed alongside the Constitution. By it the free constitution was given a broad basis to rest upon and be nourished from, and became related to the daily life and activity of the people in such a way that its principles could penetrate everywhere and be most effectively acquired... There was at that time scarcely any European state where local self-government was so well organized and so widely ramified as it became in Norway through the legislation of 1837."
In 1853, the land registration law superseded the formannsskapsdistrikt by introduction of a new designation, the municipality (Norwegian: herred). Two forms of municipality were created: "rural municipality" and "city" (or "market town"). Each district was to elect a body of selectmen of no less than 12 and no more than 48 members. This body selected a quarter of their members as a committee, which together with the local magistrate, established taxes to be levied and improvements to be performed in the district. The local chairman also represented the municipality at the county level.
Almost one century later in 1936, a local self-government district law was enacted which created 682 rural municipalities (landkommuner) and 65 city municipalities (bykommuner) in Norway. Among the city municipalities, 43 had the status of market town (kjøpstad) and 22 were recognized harbors for export/import (ladested). Norway included a subordinate category to the market town, the "small seaport" (lossested or ladested), which was a port or harbor with a monopoly to import and export goods and materials in both the port and for a surrounding outlying district. Typically, these were locations for exporting timber and importing grain and goods. Local farm goods and timber sales were all required to pass through merchants at either a lading place or a market town prior to export. This incentive ensured that local trading went through local merchants, a technique which was so effective in limiting smuggling that customs revenues increased from less than 30% of the total tax revenues in 1600 to more than 50% of the total taxes by 1700.
During the last half of the 20th century, the distinction between the different types of municipalities was decreased, and in 1992, legislation eliminated all distinctions. Now, all municipalities (Norwegian: kommuner) are simply municipalities.

## List of districts

This is a list of the districts that were initially created on 1 January 1838. The original spellings have been used (many spellings have changed since that time. For a present list of current municipalities, see the List of municipalities of Norway.
| Amt (County) | City or town | Lading place | Rural district | Total |
| Smaalehnenes Amt | Frederiksstad, Frederikshald, Moss | – | Aremark, Askim, Berg, Borge, Eidsberg, Glemminge, Haabøl, Hvaler, Id, Mosse Landdistrict, Onsø, Rakkestad, Rygge, Rødenæs, Raade, Skiptvet, Skjeberg, Spydeberg, Trygstad, Tune, Vaaler | 24 |
| Agershuus Amt | – | Drøbak, Soon og Hølen | Aker, Asker, Bærum, Eidsvold, Enebak, Fet, Frogn, Gjerdrum, Hurdalen, Høland, Kraakstad, Nannestad, Nitedal, Næs, Næsodden, Skedsmo, Sørum, Ullensaker, Urskog, Vestby with Hvidsteen, Aas | 23 |
| Christiania Amt | Christiania | – | – | 1 |
| Hedemarkens Amt | – | – | Elverum, Grue, Hof, Kvikne, Løiten, Nordre Odalen, Næs, Rendalen, Ringsaker, Romedal, Stange, Store Elvedalen, Søndre Odalen, Tolgen, Trysil, Tønsæt, Vang, Vinger, Aamot | 19 |
| Christians Amt | Lillehammer | – | Birid, Fron, Faaberg, Gausdal, Gran, Jævnaker, Land, Lesje, Lom, Nordre Aurdal, Ringebu, Slidre, Søndre Aurdal, Vang, Vardal, Vestre Toten, Vaage, Øier, Østre Toten | 20 |
| Budskeruds Amt | Drammen, Kongsberg | – | Eker, Flesberg, Gol, Hole, Hurum, Lier, Modum, Norderhov, Næs, Rollag, Røken, Sandsvær, Sigdal, Strømsgodset, Aal | 17 |
| Jarlsberg og Laurvigs Amt | Holmestrand, Laurvig, Tønsberg | Sandefjord, Aasgaardstrand | Anneboe, Borre, Botne, Brunlagnæs, Frederiksværn, Hedrum, Hof, Laurdal, Nøtterøe, Ramnæs, Sande, Sandeherred, Skouger, Stokke, Strømmen, Sæm, Tjølling, Tjømø, Vaale | 24 |
| Bratsbergs Amt | Kragerøe, Porsgrund, Skien | Brevig, Langesund | Bamble with Stathelle, Bø, Drangedal, Eidanger, Gjerpen, Hitterdal, Hjerdal, Holden, Hvidesøe, Laurdal, Mo, Moland, Nissedal, Sannikedal, Seufde, Sillejord, Slemdal, Solum, Tind, Vinje | 25 |
| Nedenæs og Raabygdelaugets Amt | Arendal, Grømstad, Østerriisøer | Lillesand, Tvedestrand | Birkenæs, Bygland, Dybvaag, Eide, Evje og Veigusdal, Gjerrestad, Heirefos, Holt, Hordnæs og Iveland, Landvig, Omlid, Søndeløv, Valle, Vegaardsheien, Vestre Moland, Øiestad, Østre Moland, Aaseral | 23 |
| Lister og Mandals Amt | Christianssand | Farsund, Flekkefjord, Mandal | Bjelland og Grindem, Finsland, Fjotland, Gyland, Mandals Landdistrict, Herod, Holme, Hegebostad, Lyngdal, Nedre Qvinnesdal, Næs og Hitterø, Oddernæs, Søgne, Tved, Undal, Vandsøe, Øslebø og Løvdal, Østre Bakke, Øvrebøe | 23 |
| Stavanger Amt | Stavanger | Egersund | Avaldsnæs, Birkrem, Egersund landdistrikt, Finnø, Gjæsdal, Helleland, Heskestad, Hetland, Hjelmeland, Høiland, Haa, Haaland, Jælse, Klep, Lunde, Nærstrand, Rennesø, Skjold, Skudesnæs, Soggendal with Sogndalstrand, Strand, Suledal, Time, Torvestad, Vestre Bakke, Vikedal | 28 |
| Søndre Bergenhuus Amt | – | – | Askøen, Bergens Landdistrict, Eid, Etne, Fanøe, Findaas, Fjeld, Fjeldberg, Graven, Hammer, Hosanger, Hougs, Kingservig, Lindaas, Manger, Ous, Qvindherred, Røldal, Skaanevig, Storøen, Strandebarm, Sund, Tysnæs, Vigøer, Voss, Aarstad | 26 |
| Bergen Amt | Bergen | – | – | 1 |
| Nordre Bergenhuus Amt | – | – | Askevold, Davigen, Eid, Evindvig, Førde, Gloppen, Hafsloe, Indre Holmedal, Indvigen, Justedal, Jølster, Kind, Ladvig, Leganger, Leirdal, Lyster, Selløe, Sogndal, Urland, Vefring, Viig, Yttre Holmedal | 22 |
| Romsdals Amt | Christianssund, Molde | Aalesund | Agerøe, Boe, Bolsøe, Borgund, Edøen, Fredøe, Grytten, Halse, Haram, Herrøe, Jørringfjord, Næsset, Nordalen, Oure, Qvernæs, Stangvig, Strand, Sunddalen, Sundelven, Surendal, Thingvold, Ulfsteen, Vandelven, Vedøe, Vestnæs, Volden, Øre, Ørskoug | 31 |
| Søndre Throndhjems Amt | Throndhjem | – | Bjørnøer, Bynæsset, Børsen, Hevne, Hitteren, Holtaalen, Klæboe, Leenstranden, Meldal, Melhuus, Opdal, Ørkedal, Røraas, Stadsbygden, Strinden, Støren, Sælboe, Ørland, Aafjorden | 20 |
| Nordre Throndhjems Amt | Levanger | – | Bedstaden, Fosnæs, Frosten, Grogn, Inderøen, Kolvereid, Lexvigen, Nummedalseidet, Nærøen, Overhalden, Skogn, Snaasen, Sparboen, Stod, Størdal, Vemundvig, Værdalen, Ytterøen, Aasen | 21 |
| Nordlands Amt | Bodøe | – | Alstahoug, Bindalen, Bodøe Landdistrict, Borge, Brønøe, Buxnæs, Bøe, Dverberg, Flakstad, Folden, Gilleskaal, Hammerøe, Hassel, Lurøe, Lødingen, Næsne, Ofoden, Ranen, Rødøe, Saltdalen, Skjærstad, Stegen, Vefsen, Vægøe, Værøe, Vaagen, Øxnæs | 29 |
| Tromsøe Amt | Tromsøe | – | Berg, Ibbestad, Karlsøe, Qvæfjord, Lenvig, Lyngen, Sand, Skjervøe, Tranøe, Tromsøe Landdistrict, Trondenæs | 12 |
| Finmarkens Amt | Hammerfest, Vadsøe, Vardøe | – | Alten, Kistrand, Lebesbye, Loppen, Maasø | 8 |
| Grand totals | 25 + 3 | 12 + 1 | 350 + 3 + 1 + 1 | 396 |
| Footnotes | 1 2 Consisting of two minor lading places. 1 2 3 4 Rural districts with dependent lading places. ↑ Part of Agershuus Amt until 1842 1 2 Port and naval base. 1 2 Rural district with dependent mining town ↑ Part of Finmarkens Amt until 1866. 1 2 3 4 Cities/towns with rural districts | 1 2 Consisting of two minor lading places. 1 2 3 4 Rural districts with dependent lading places. ↑ Part of Agershuus Amt until 1842 1 2 Port and naval base. 1 2 Rural district with dependent mining town ↑ Part of Finmarkens Amt until 1866. 1 2 3 4 Cities/towns with rural districts | 1 2 Consisting of two minor lading places. 1 2 3 4 Rural districts with dependent lading places. ↑ Part of Agershuus Amt until 1842 1 2 Port and naval base. 1 2 Rural district with dependent mining town ↑ Part of Finmarkens Amt until 1866. 1 2 3 4 Cities/towns with rural districts | 1 2 Consisting of two minor lading places. 1 2 3 4 Rural districts with dependent lading places. ↑ Part of Agershuus Amt until 1842 1 2 Port and naval base. 1 2 Rural district with dependent mining town ↑ Part of Finmarkens Amt until 1866. 1 2 3 4 Cities/towns with rural districts |