OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hits allowed

In Baseball statistics, hits allowed (HA) signifies the total number of hits allowed by a pitcher.

## Definition

A hit occurs when a batter strikes the baseball into fair territory and reaches base without doing so via an error or a fielder's choice.

## Type of Hits

There are four types of hits in baseball: singles, doubles, triples, and home runs. All are counted equally in the hits allowed statistic.

## Calculation

Hits allowed is a cumulative statistic, simply tallying the total number of hits a pitcher gives up over the course of a game, season, or career.

## Related Statistics

* Hits Per Nine Innings (H/9): This stat represents the average number of hits a pitcher allows per nine innings pitched. It's calculated by dividing hits allowed by innings pitched and multiplying by nine.
* WHIP (Walks and Hits per Inning Pitched): Hits allowed is a component of this popular pitching statistic.

## Significance

Hits allowed is a fundamental measure of a pitcher's effectiveness, as allowing fewer hits generally correlates with preventing runs.

## Context

While hits allowed is important, it should be considered alongside other statistics like strikeouts, walks, and innings pitched for a more comprehensive evaluation of a pitcher's performance.
# Przyrzecze, Pomeranian Voivodeship

Przyrzecze is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Rzeczenica, within Człuchów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Rzeczenica, 25 km (16 mi) north-west of Człuchów, and 126 km (78 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Kōtarō Satomi

Kōtarō Satomi (里見浩太朗, Satomi Kōtarō, real name Kunitoshi Sano 佐野邦俊) (born 28 November 1936) is a Japanese actor from the city of Fujinomiya, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. In 1956, he signed with Toei film company. He appears in both contemporary roles and in the historical dramas known as jidaigeki.

## Selected filmography
### Film

Satomi has appeared in over 130 films. Among these are
* Shinsengumi (1958)
* Kunisada Chūji (1958)
* Shinran (1960)
* Akō Rōshi (1961)
* 13 Assassins (1963) – Shinrokurō Saimada
* School Wars: Hero (2004)
* April Fools (2015)

### Television

Satomi has portrayed many historical personages. Among them are Ōishi Kuranosuke, Saigō Takamori, Enomoto Takeaki, Musashibō Benkei, and Yamamoto Kansuke. In addition, he has had prominent roles in several series:
* Mito Kōmon
** As 2nd Suke-san (Sasaki Sukesaburō) (1971–1988)
** As 5th Tokugawa Mitsukuni (2002–2011)
* Ōedo Sōsamō (1974-1979)
* Chōshichirō Edo Nikki (1983–1991)
* Byakkotai (1986) – Saigō Tanomo
* Edo o Kiru (1987, 1994)
* Homura Tatsu (1993) - Aterui, Abe no Yoritoki
* Shōgun no Onmitsu! Kage Jūhachi (1996) – Tokugawa Munetada
* Toshiie and Matsu (2002) – Uesugi Kagekatsu
* Ryōmaden (2010) – Chiba Sadakichi
* Legal High (2012–13) – Hattori
* Totto-chan! (2017) – Tatsuo Ōoka
* Slow na Bushi ni Shitekure (2019) – himself
* 13 Assassins (2020) – Doi Toshitsura
* What Will You Do, Ieyasu? (2023) – Tōyo-shōnin
* Unbound (2025) – Suwaraya Ichibei

## Selected voice roles

* Hercule Poirot in Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple
# Karen Dalton (basketball)

Karen Dalton (born 2 January 1961) is a former Australian women's basketball player.

## Biography

Dalton played 252 games for the national team between 1983 and 1994. Her tournaments with the Opals include four World Championships - 1983, 1986, 1990 and 1994 - and two Olympic Games; 1984 and 1988.
In the domestic Women's National Basketball League (WNBL), Dalton was a 2-time Defensive Player of the Year (1990 & 1993) and played in 375 games. Following her retirement, Dalton went on to become the head coach of the Sydney Flames, a position she has held since 2001. During the 2001–02 season Dalton was named the WNBL Coach of the Year. In 2004, Dalton was assistant coach to the Australian team that won the silver medal at the Athens Olympics tournament.
Dalton was inducted into the Australian Basketball Hall of Fame in 2007. Dalton is also a Life Member of the WNBL.
# Trust region

In mathematical optimization, a trust region is the subset of the region of the objective function that is approximated using a model function (often a quadratic). If an adequate model of the objective function is found within the trust region, then the region is expanded; conversely, if the approximation is poor, then the region is contracted.
The fit is evaluated by comparing the ratio of expected improvement from the model approximation with the actual improvement observed in the objective function. Simple thresholding of the ratio is used as the criterion for expansion and contraction—a model function is "trusted" only in the region where it provides a reasonable approximation.
Trust-region methods are in some sense dual to line-search methods: trust-region methods first choose a step size (the size of the trust region) and then a step direction, while line-search methods first choose a step direction and then a step size.
The general idea behind trust region methods is known by many names; the earliest use of the term seems to be by Sorensen (1982). A popular textbook by Fletcher (1980) calls these algorithms restricted-step methods. Additionally, in an early foundational work on the method, Goldfeld, Quandt, and Trotter (1966) refer to it as quadratic hill-climbing.

## Example

Conceptually, in the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm, the objective function is iteratively approximated by a quadratic surface, then using a linear solver, the estimate is updated. This alone may not converge nicely if the initial guess is too far from the optimum. For this reason, the algorithm instead restricts each step, preventing it from stepping "too far". It operationalizes "too far" as follows. Rather than solving $A\,\Delta x=b$ for $\Delta x$, it solves ${\bigA+\lambda \operatorname {diag} (A){\big )}\,\Delta x=b$, where $\operatorname {diag} (A)$ is the diagonal matrix with the same diagonal as A, and λ is a parameter that controls the trust-region size. Geometrically, this adds a paraboloid centered at $\Delta x=0$ to the quadratic form, resulting in a smaller step.
The trick is to change the trust-region size (λ). At each iteration, the damped quadratic fit predicts a certain reduction in the cost function, $\Delta f_{\text{pred}}$, which we would expect to be a smaller reduction than the true reduction. Given $\Delta x$, we can evaluate
    $\Delta f_{\text{actual}}=f(x)-f(x+\Delta x).$
By looking at the ratio $\Delta f_{\text{pred}}/\Delta f_{\text{actual}}$, we can adjust the trust-region size. In general, we expect $\Delta f_{\text{pred}}$ to be a bit smaller than $\Delta f_{\text{actual}}$, and so the ratio would be between, say, 0.25 and 0.5. If the ratio is more than 0.5, then we are damping the step too much, so expand the trust region (decrease λ) and iterate. If the ratio is smaller than 0.25, then the true function is diverging "too much" from the trust-region approximation, so shrink the trust region (increase λ) and try again.
# Emily Maher

Emily Maher (born 2 May 1981 in Kilkenny) is a retired Irish athlete who specialised in the sprinting events. She represented her country at the 2000 Summer Olympics, as well as the 2006 World Indoor Championships.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Ireland ||||||
| 1998 | World Youth Games | Moscow, Russia | 1st | 100 m | 11.93 |
| 1998 | World Youth Games | Moscow, Russia | 1st | 200 m | 24.16 |
| 1998 | World Junior Championships | Annecy, France | 20th (qf) | 200 m | 24.28 |
| 1999 | European Junior Championships | Riga, Latvia | 4th | 100 m | 11.72 |
| 1999 | European Junior Championships | Riga, Latvia | 4th | 200 m | 23.70 |
| 2000 | World Junior Championships | Santiago, Chile | 7th | 100 m | 11.73 |
| 2000 | World Junior Championships | Santiago, Chile | 6th | 200 m | 24.00 |
| 2000 | Olympic Games | Sydney, Australia | 16th (h) | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:32.24 |
| 2001 | European U23 Championships | Amsterdam, Netherlands | 8th | 100 m | 11.93 |
| 2001 | European U23 Championships | Amsterdam, Netherlands | 6th | 200 m | 23.80 |
| 2003 | European U23 Championships | Bydgoszcz, Poland | 20th (h) | 100 m | 11.95 |
| 2003 | European U23 Championships | Bydgoszcz, Poland | – | 4 × 100 m relay | DQ |
| 2005 | European Indoor Championships | Madrid, Spain | 23rd (h) | 60 m | 7.60 |
| 2005 | Universiade | Izmir, Turkey | 11th (sf) | 200 m | 23.89 |
| 2005 | Universiade | Izmir, Turkey | 3rd | 4 × 100 m relay | 44.69 |
| 2005 | Universiade | Izmir, Turkey | 7th | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:36.10 |
| 2006 | World Indoor Championships | Moscow, Russia | 15th (sf) | 60 m | 7.37 |

## Personal bests

Outdoor
* 100 metres – 11.58 (+2.0 m/s) (Bedford 2000)
* 200 metres – 23.34 (-0.6 m/s) (Dublin 2000)
* 400 metres – 53.61 (2000)
Indoor
* 60 metres – 7.36 (Belfast 2006)
* 200 metres – 24.00 (Belfast 2003)
# Dink (band)

Dink (styled DINK) was an alternative/industrial rock band formed in Kent, Ohio in 1992. The band combined elements of industrial music, hip hop, hard rock, and electronic dance. Dink's members included Sean Carlin (guitar, vocals, programming), Rob Lightbody (vocals, guitar), Jer Herring (guitar, vocals), Jeff Finn (bass), and Jan Eddy Van Der Kuil (drums).

## History

Dink initially released 3 EPs in the early 1990s. These EPs were exclusively printed on cassettes. The band eventually released one self-titled album, also mostly self-produced, in 1994 on Capitol Records. The release peaked at #31 on Billboard's Heatseekers Albums chart. It featured one song produced by Skinny Puppy's Dave "Rave" Ogilvie (although he also mixed 8 out of the 10 songs). The song "Green Mind" was a hit, featuring some play on MTV and in the films Fear and Double Dragon, and was also remixed by Sascha Konietzko of KMFDM on the promo single. "Green Mind" also charted on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in early 1995 at No. 35, staying on the chart for 6 weeks. It also reached the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart at No. 18.
The band's next two singles, "Angels" (which was featured in the film Bad Boys during the Club Hell scene) and "Get on It" also were released. Dink toured briefly with bands such as Pop Will Eat Itself, KMFDM, and Lords of Acid to further promote their debut. The band toured with Pop Will Eat Itself and Compulsion from November 17 to December 17, 1994. The band also contributed the song "USA Sex" to the mid-1990s compilation It Was Made in Northeast Ohio.
Dink recorded a follow-up album, also on Capitol in 1995, and some of the songs would be released on the limited edition EP Blame It on Tito, which was released in 1996. The EP included a cover of the Neil Young song "Ohio" as well. The band then recorded additional songs for a second album to be released in late 1997 or early 1998, but was dropped by Capitol due to the changing musical climate. This led to the band's break up in 1998.
In 2014, film director Jorge Delarosa released a Dink documentary both on DVD and online, titled Gangrene: The Dink Documentary. 4 out of the 5 band members were interviewed for the documentary. Also around this time, the full length version of the scrapped album Blame It on Tito was leaked/released online, consisting of 13 songs. Sean Carlin, Jan Eddy Van Der Kuil, and Jeff Finn created a new band named K.I.N.D. (Killer Instinct Never Dies), along with long time friend Steve Gang. A few songs were released on the band's official ReverbNation page.
Dink's frontman, Sean Carlin, died of cancer in 2023.

## Members

* Sean Carlin – lead vocals, guitar, programming
* Rob Lightbody – lead vocals, guitar
* Jer Herring – guitar, backup vocals
* Jeff Finn – bass
* Jan Eddy Van Der Kuil – drums

## Discography
### Studio albums

* Dink – 1994
* Blame It on Tito – 2014 (recorded in 1996 and 1997)

### EPs

* Angels – 1993
* Cops Are Baffled – 1993
* Smile Honey – 1994
* Blame It on Tito – 1996
# Água Preta

Água Preta (Black Water) is a Brazilian municipality (city) in the state of Pernambuco. It covers 533.33 km$^2$ (205.92 sq mi), and has a population of 37,082 with a population density of 62.05 inhabitants per square kilometer.
Água Preta was founded as a district of the municipality of Rio Formoso in 10 de novembro 1809. It became an independent municipality on July 3, 1895. The Praieira revolt (1848–1849), which originated Recife, spread to Água Preta in its first year. Captain Pedro Ivo Veloso da Silveira (? - 1852) took refuge in the forests of Agua Preta after the defeat of his faction in Recife and organized a guerrilla resistance for two years before his surrender.

## Geography

* State - Pernambuco
* Region - Zona da mata Pernambucana
* Boundaries - Ribeirão (N); Barreiros and Alagoas state (S); Palmares, Xexéu and Joaquim Nabuco (W); Tamandaré and Gameleira (E)
* Area - 533.33 km$^2$ (205.92 sq mi)
* Elevation - 93 metres (305 ft)
* Hydrography - Una and Sirinhaém Rivers
* Vegetation - Subperenifólia forest
* Climate - hot, tropical, and humid
* Annual average temperature - 25.2 c
* Distance to the capital (Recife) - 125 kilometres (78 mi)

## Economy

The main economic activities in Água Preta are based in agribusiness, especially plantations of sugarcane and cattle-keeping. The city's other main economy is the civil service.

### Economic indicators

| Population | GDP (1.000.000 R$) | GDP pc (R$) | PE |
| 33.095 | 246.012,40 | 6.748,57 | 0.16% |
Economy by sector 2006
| Primary sector | Secondary sector | Service sector |
| 21.91% | 7.78% | 70.31% |

### Health indicators

| HDI (2000) | Hospitals (2007) | Hospitals beds (2007) | Children's mortality every 1000 (2005) |
| 0.597 | 1 | 16 | 20 |
# Statue of Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu

A statue of Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu wearing a rugby uniform is installed outside Chichibunomiya Rugby Stadium, in Tokyo, Japan.
# Adirondack Railway (1976–1981)

The Adirondack Railway (reporting mark ADIR) was a short-lived tourist railroad which operated in northeastern New York. The company was founded in 1976 to operate a disused railway line owned by New York State since 1974. It operated trains between 1979 and 1981, including from Utica to Lake Placid, New York, for the 1980 Winter Olympics, before multiple derailments led to the end of service. The route is now operated by the Adirondack Railroad from Utica to Thendara and Big Moose, New York, which will extend service to Tupper Lake by 2022 after New York State completes track renovation northeast from Big Moose: scheduled for November, 2021.

## History

The company's route ran from Utica, New York, northeast to Lake Placid. This route was originally opened by the Mohawk and Malone Railway, a predecessor of the New York Central Railroad, in 1892. The New York Central and Hudson River Railroad purchased the line in 1894, and it was merged into the New York Central Railroad in 1913. The NYC maintained it as its Adirondack Division, with passenger service terminated on April 24, 1965. In 1972 the Penn Central Transportation Company, successor to the New York Central, discontinued its remaining freight operations between Remsen, New York, and Lake Placid. New York State purchased the line in 1974.
The Adirondack Railway was incorporated in 1976 to rehabilitate and operate passenger services on the line. Conrail, successor to Penn Central, still owned the Remsen–Utica portion but permitted the Adirondack to operate trains over it. The company spent $2.5 million rebuilding the section north of Remsen. Service began on October 9, 1979. In Utica the company used Union Station, with connections available to Amtrak's Empire Corridor services. The journey from Utica to Lake Placid required over five hours, with the maximum speed often 30 miles per hour (48 km/h). However, this was significantly hampered by no fewer than seven derailments. Service ended in August 1980, briefly resumed in September, and ended for good in February 1981.

## Rolling stock

The Adirondack Railway owned four diesel locomotives and 21 passenger cars. The passenger cars were steam heated and included coaches, a parlor car, a dining car, and a club car.
# Przytocko

Przytocko (German: Pritzig) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kępice, within Słupsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south of Kępice, 41 km (25 mi) south of Słupsk, and 121 km (75 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Steve Taneyhill

Steve Taneyhill (born July 21, 1973, in Altoona, Pennsylvania) is an American businessman, and former college football player and high school football coach. He is most known for being the star quarterback for the University of South Carolina Gamecocks from 1992 to 1995, where he broke the school record for passing touchdowns and led the school to its first-ever bowl victory in the 1995 Carquest Bowl. In 2006, he was inducted into the University of South Carolina Athletic Hall of Fame. For more than a decade, Taneyhill coached football at multiple South Carolina high schools, winning several state titles. He currently owns several businesses in the state, including three bars in Five Points in Columbia, and a restaurant in Spartanburg.

## Career
### Player

As a USC Gamecocks quarterback, Taneyhill compiled 8,380 yards in total offense, completing 753 of 1,245 passes. He threw 62 touchdown passes in his career. Taneyhill wore his hair in a mullet. In 1992 he was named Freshman of the Year by Sports Illustrated and was named to The Football News Freshman All-American Team.

### Coach

In 2006, he led the Chesterfield High School football team to the South Carolina state championship, where they lost to Carvers Bay. In 2007 Taneyhill's team returned with a 13–6 win over Carvers Bay for the state title and in 2008. In 2009 Chesterfield won their third state title with a 36–6 win over Lamar.
Taneyhill also coached at Cambridge Academy private school in Greenwood, S.C. He led the 8-man team to back-to-back state titles and a runner-up the year after. He was the quarterbacks coach at West Ashley in Charleston, S.C., for one year in between his jobs at Cambridge and Chesterfield. Taneyhill was also the high school coach of NFL first-round draft pick Gaines Adams, who went on to play for Tampa Bay and Chicago during his professional career before Adams' untimely death in 2010.
Taneyhill assumed the head coaching spot for the Union County High School Yellow Jackets in Union, South Carolina, on March 1, 2012.
Taneyhill was let go as head coach of Union County High School after the 2015 season.

### Business

In 2016, Taneyhill purchased the Five Points, Columbia bar Group Therapy, and renamed it "Steve Taneyhill's Group Therapy." Taneyhill has ownership of Prime Restaurant and Whiskey Lounge located in Spartanburg, South Carolina, open in the summer of 2022.
# Panchana Dam

Panchana Dam is a freshwater man-made wetland located in Gudla village, Karauli district, Rajasthan, approximately 100 km southeast of Bharatpur. Positioned upstream of the Gambhir River at Krauli, water from this river is crucial for reaching Keoladeo National Park by September. Failure to release water could impact migratory bird visits to the park. The dam stores water from five rivers, supplying Krauli, Sawai Madhopur, and Bharatpur.

## Bird species

Panchana Dam is a habitat for various bird species, including:
* Little Cormorant (55)
* Great Cormorant (90)
* Darter
* Little Egret
* Grey Heron
* Large Egret
* Median Egret

## Globally threatened birds

The wetland hosts globally threatened birds, including:
* Near-Threatened: Darter, Oriental White Ibis
* Vulnerable: Indian Skimmer

## Threats

Commercial fishing poses a significant threat to waterfowls during foraging and resting activities. Up to 10 boats may be seen simultaneously in the wetland, impacting fish-catching activities. Fishing nets spread in water for catching fish also disturb water birds adversely.
# Anežka Hodinová-Spurná

Anežka Hodinová-Spurná (née Zavadilová; 12 January 1895 – 1 April 1963) was a Czech politician. She was a co-founder of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.

## Biography

Anežka Zavadilová was born in Doubravice on 12 January 1895. She was born into a poor cooper's family. After the First Czechoslovak Republic was established in 1918, she became member of the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia split off from it in 1921 and Zavadilová became one of the most active co-founders of the new party. In 1922, she married Karel Hodina.
In the parliamentary elections of 1929, she became a member of the National Assembly of Czechoslovakia. She retained this position in subsequent elections until 1938, when the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was dissolved. In the meantime, she divorced and already in 1932 married the communist journalist Jindřich Spurný. Since then, she used the surname Hodinová-Spurná.
In 1945, Hodinová-Spurná became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and in 1945–1960 she was a deputy in National Assembly of Czechoslovakia. She was appointed Deputy Chairman of the National Assembly of Czechoslovakia in 1948. She died in Prague on 1 April 1963, at the age of 68.
# National Languages Committee

The National Languages Committee was established in 1919 by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China with the purpose of standardizing and popularizing the usage of Standard Chinese in the country. The committee was known in English as the Mandarin Promotion Council or the National Languages Promotion Committee until 2003, but the Chinese name has not changed. The phrase Guoyu (國語 "National language") typically refers to Standard Chinese, but could also be interpreted as referring to "national languages". The reorganization of the Executive Yuan made the duties of the National Languages Committee be transferred to the Department of Lifelong Education's fourth sector (Reading and Language Education) from 2013.
It was created as the Preparatory Commission for the Unification of the National Language by the Republic (then still based in Nanjing) on 21 April 1919. On 12 December 1928, the commission was renamed to the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of the National Language, headed by Woo Tsin-hang and had 31 members. The committee was revived in 1983 as the Mandarin Promotion Council based on Taiwan.
The decisions reached by the Council include:
* Changing the first- and second-grade textbook titles from Guowen (國文 "National Script") to Guoyu (國語 "National language"), on 24 January 1920
* Publishing the Guoyin Zidian (國音字典 "National Pronunciation Dictionary") edited by Woo Tsin-hang, on 24 December 1920. The Guoyin Zidian later became the Mandarin Chinese Dictionary (國語辭典; Guóyǔ Cídiǎn), a comprehensive online and CD-ROM Traditional Chinese Mandarin dictionary.
The Committee for National Language Romanization (羅馬字母拼音研究委員會) under the Council selects and modifies Romanization Systems. The official Mandarin romanization systems in the Republic of China have been:
* Gwoyeu Romatzyh (1928–1984)
* Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (1984–2002)
* Tongyong Pinyin (2002–2008)
* Hanyu Pinyin (starting on 1 January 2009)
Since the Taiwanization movement took hold in government, the committee also handles:
* Researching mainland China Mandarin
* Researching the Formosan languages
* Researching other varieties of Chinese or languages like Hakka and Taiwanese Hokkien