OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Discrete Fourier series

In digital signal processing, a discrete Fourier series (DFS) is a Fourier series whose sinusoidal components are functions of a discrete variable instead of a continuous variable. The result of the series is also a function of the discrete variable, i.e. a discrete sequence. A Fourier series, by nature, has a discrete set of components with a discrete set of coefficients, also a discrete sequence. So a DFS is a representation of one sequence in terms of another sequence. Well known examples are the Discrete Fourier transform and its inverse transform.$^{:ch8.1}$

## Introduction
### Relation to Fourier series

The exponential form of Fourier series is given by:
    $s(t)=\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }S[k]\cdot e^{i2\pi {\frac {k}{P}}t},$
which is periodic with an arbitrary period denoted by $P.$ When continuous time $t$ is replaced by discrete time $nT,$ for integer values of $n$ and time interval $T,$ the series becomes:
    $s(nT)=\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }S[k]\cdot e^{i2\pi {\frac {k}{P}}nT},\quad n\in \mathbb {Z} .$
With $n$ constrained to integer values, we normally constrain the ratio $P/T=N$ to an integer value, resulting in an $N$-periodic function:
    $s_{_{N}}[n]\triangleq s(nT)=\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }S[k]\cdot e^{i2\pi {\frac {k}{N}}n}$
which are harmonics of a fundamental digital frequency $1/N.$ The $N$ subscript reminds us of its periodicity. And we note that some authors will refer to just the $S[k]$ coefficients themselves as a discrete Fourier series.$^{:p.85(eq15a)}$
Due to the $N$-periodicity of the $e^{i2\pi {\tfrac {k}{N}}n}$ kernel, the infinite summation can be "folded" as follows:
    ${\begin{aligned}s_{_{N}}[n]&=\sum _{m=-\infty }^{\infty }\left(\sum _{k=0}^{N-1}e^{i2\pi {\tfrac {k-mN}{N}}n}\ S[k-mN]\right)\\&=\sum _{k=0}^{N-1}e^{i2\pi {\tfrac {k}{N}}n}\underbrace {\left(\sum _{m=-\infty }^{\infty }S[k-mN]\right)} _{\triangleq S_{N}[k]},\end{aligned}}$
which is the inverse DFT of one cycle of the periodic summation, $S_{N}.$$^{:p.542(eq8.4)}$$^{:p.77(eq4.24)}$
# Rabacino

Rabacino is a village in Gmina Studzienice, Bytów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Bytów and 73 km (45 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

## History

During World War II, the local Polish teacher was among the victims of large massacres of Poles perpetrated by the Germans in the Forest of Szpęgawsk in 1939 (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation).
From 1975 to 1998 the village was administratively located in Słupsk Voivodeship.
# Edita

Edita (E-dee-ta) is a Slavic female first name, a form of Edith. It may refer to:
* Edita Abdieski (born 1984), Swiss singer
* Edita Adlerová (born 1971), Czech opera singer
* Edita Aradinović (born 1993), Serbian singer
* Edita Brychta (born 1961), English actress
* Edita Pfundtner (born 1973, Slovak lawyer and politician
* Edita Gruberová (1946–2021), Slovak opera singer
* Edita Janeliūnaitė (born 1988), Lithuanian cyclist
* Edita Morris (1902–1988), Swedish-American writer and political activist
* Edita Piekha (born 1937), Soviet singer
* Edita Pučinskaitė (born 1975), Lithuanian cyclist
* Edita Raková (born 1978), Slovakian ice hockey player
* Edita Šujanová (born 1985), Czech basketball player
* Edita Tahiri (born 1956), Kosovar politician
* Edita Vilkevičiūtė (born 1988), Lithuanian model
# David James (footballer, born 1917)

David James (9 September 1917 – 12 December 1981) was a Welsh professional football player and coach who played as a centre forward. He was also known as Dai James.

## Career

Born in Swansea, James signed for Bradford City in May 1935 from Leeds United. During his time with Bradford City he made five appearances in the Football League. He left the club in July 1937 to play for Mossley. He transferred to Chelsea for £200 in April 1938.
He joined Swansea Town in May 1947, helping them win the 1947 London Combination Cup final. He scored on his Football League debut for the club at Bristol City four months later. He netted seven goals in 12 League games before joining Haverfordwest County in August 1948 where he became captain, then manager.

## Sources

* Frost, Terry (1988). Bradford City A Complete Record 1903-1988. Breedon Books Sport. ISBN 0-907969-38-0.
# Homicide in Spain

Homicide, according to the Spanish Criminal Code of 1995, is a crime which contravenes the legal right to "independent human life". It is found in article 138 which states: "Whoever kills another shall be convicted of manslaughter, punishable with a sentence of imprisonment from ten to fifteen years".
The main legal concept in article 138 is bad faith. It may be present in any form, whether direct or indirect. The active subject (whoever kills) as well as the passive subject (the one who is killed) are universal, meaning that either can be any person, regardless of the circumstances.
Homicide committed by grave recklessness is covered in article 142, which includes both reckless homicide by weapons or motor vehicles and homicide caused by professional recklessness. It states:
   1. Whoever causes the death of another by serious negligence shall be convicted of manslaughter and punished with a sentence of imprisonment of one to four years. 2. When the manslaughter is committed using a motor vehicle, a moped or a firearm, the punishment shall also, and respectively, include deprivation of the right to drive motor vehicles and mopeds or deprivation of the right to own and carry weapons from one to six years. 3. When the manslaughter is committed due to professional negligence, the punishment of special barring from exercise of the profession, trade or cargo shall also be imposed, for a period of three to six years.
It is necessary to indicate that under Spanish law, involuntary homicide is not regulated; in the majority of cases the law that will be applied will be somewhere between homicide and the criminal concept which is involved.
Other specific concepts, such as parricide and uxoricide also do not exist, since in Spanish criminal law the punishment is founded in the violation of the legal right and not the fact of killing one particular person or another. For these cases, the circumstances of kinship, found in article 23, could be used as aggravating.
# International Mountain Bicycling Association

The International Mountain Bicycling Association (IMBA) is a non-profit educational association that aims to create and preserve trails for mountain bikers worldwide. The IMBA promotes mountain biking, trail building, and trail maintenance. The IMBA has developed a set of principles known as the "Rules of the Trail", which promote responsibility on shared-use and single track trails.

## History

The IMBA was formed in 1988 by the Concerned Off Road Bicyclists Association, Bicycle Trails Council of the East Bay, Bicycle Trails Council of Marin, Sacramento Rough Riders and Responsible Organized Mountain Pedalers. Gibson Anderson of Sacramento was the IMBA's first elected executive director.
In 1993, IMBA hired Tim Blumenthal, a former IMBA board member and cycling journalist, to serve as their second executive director. When Blumenthal began, the organization had roughly 1,200 individual members and about 60 affiliated clubs. The headquarters moved to Boulder, Colorado, in 1994.
In 1997, an international summit was held in Switzerland. It held educational outreach programs, such as the Trail Care Crews, which was sponsored by Subaru Corporation. At the end of 1999, IMBA had more than 28,000 individual members, 14 staffers and a budget of $1.2 million.
In 2006, IMBA's membership grew to 32,000 members, with a staff of 26 and more than 600 affiliated clubs.

## Affiliated organizations

* Cincinnati Off-Road Alliance
* Jersey Off Road Bicycle Association
* Minnesota Off-Road Cyclists
* Northwest Trail Alliance (formerly Portland United Mountain Pedalers)
* Southern Off-Road Bicycle Association
* SouthWest Association of Mountain Bike Pedalers (SWAMP)
* Valley Mountain Bikers

## Ride Center

IMBA has created a "Ride Center" designation where sites that feature "extensive trail networks" are recognized and rated. IMBA staff select candidates for "Ride Center" recognition on an invitation-only basis. As of December 2013, the following is a list of IMBA Ride Centers:
* Park City, Utah (Gold)
* Bike Taupo, Taupō, New Zealand (Silver)
* Oakridge Area, Oregon (Silver)
* Sun Valley, Idaho (Silver)
* Copper Harbor, Michigan (Silver)
* Central Savannah River Area/Forks Area Trail System (FATS) (Bronze)
* Hot Springs, Arkansas (Bronze)
* Cuyuna Lakes, Minnesota (Bronze)
* Harrisonburg, Virginia (Bronze)
* Helena, Montana (Bronze)
* Mt. Buller, Victoria, Australia (Bronze)
* Santos, Florida (Bronze)
* Singltrek pod Smrkem, Czech Republic/Poland (Bronze)
* Snowshoe Highlands, West Virginia (Bronze)
* Redlands, California (Bronze)
On July 9, 2013, Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell announced that a Richmond Region Ride Center would open in 2014 in the Richmond, Virginia metro region, as the first legacy project of the Richmond 2015 bike race.
World summit
Each year, IMBA has a bike races worldwide. Some locations have included Steamboat Springs (2014) and Bentonville, Arkansas (2016).
# Ann Shoemaker

Ann Shoemaker (born Anne Dorothea Shoemaker; January 10, 1891 – September 18, 1978) was an American actress who appeared in 70 films and TV movies between 1928 and 1976. She portrayed Sara Roosevelt, mother of Franklin D. Roosevelt, in both the stage and film versions of Sunrise at Campobello.
She had two marriages. The first was with the actor Louis Leon Hall, by whom she had a daughter, Anne, who became a song lyricist. After divorcing, she was later married to the actor Henry Stephenson from 1922 until his death in 1956.
Shoemaker's Broadway credits include Half a Sixpence (1965), Sunrise at Campobello (1958), The Living Room (1954), Twilight Walk (1951), Dream Girl (1951), Woman Bites Dog (1946), The Rich Full Life (1945), Proof Thro' the Night (1942), Ah, Wilderness! (1941), Black Sheep (1932), The Silent Witness (1931), The Novice and the Duke (1929), Button, Button (1919), To-Night at 12 (1928), Speak Easy (1927), We All Do (1927), The Noose (1926), and The Great God Brown (1926).

## Partial filmography

* Chance at Heaven (1933) - Mrs. Harris
* Cross Country Cruise (1934) - Mrs. O'Shaughnessy - Baby's Mother (uncredited)
* Dr. Monica (1934) - Mrs. Hazlitt
* Cheating Cheaters (1934) - Mrs. Grace Palmer
* The Woman in Red (1935) - Cora Furness (uncredited)
* A Dog of Flanders (1935) - Frau Ilse Cogez
* Stranded (1935) - Mrs. Tuthill
* Alice Adams (1935) - Mrs. Adams
* Sins of Man (1936) - Anna Engel
* Shall We Dance (1937) - Matron
* They Won't Forget (1937) - Mrs. Mountford
* Stella Dallas (1937) - Miss Margaret Phillibrown
* The Life of the Party (1937) - Countess Martos
* Romance of the Redwoods (1939) - Mother Manning
* Almost a Gentleman (1939) - Mrs. Thompson (uncredited)
* They All Come Out (1939) - Dr. Ellen Hollis
* Babes in Arms (1939) - Mrs. Barton
* The Farmer's Daughter (1940) - Mrs. Bingham
* Seventeen (1940) - Mary Baxter
* The Marines Fly High (1940) - Mrs. Hill
* Curtain Call (1940) - Mrs. Middleton
* An Angel from Texas (1940) - Addie Lou Coleman
* My Favorite Wife (1940) - Ma - Nick's Mother
* Girl from Avenue A (1940) - Mrs. Maddox
* Strike Up the Band (1940) - Mrs. Connors
* Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940) - Lydia Braun
* Scattergood Pulls the Strings (1941) - Mrs. Downs
* You'll Never Get Rich (1941) - Mrs. Barton
* Above Suspicion (1943) - Aunt Ellen
* What a Woman (1943) - Senator's Wife (uncredited)
* Man from Frisco (1944) - Martha Kennedy
* Mr. Winkle Goes to War (1944) - Martha Pettigrew, Jack's Mother (uncredited)
* Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944) - Mrs. Parker
* What a Blonde (1945) - Mrs. DaFoe
* Conflict (1945) - Nora Grant
* Magic Town (1947) - Ma Peterman
* Sitting Pretty (1948) - Mrs. Ashcroft (uncredited)
* The Return of the Whistler (1948) - Mrs. Barkley
* Wallflower (1948) - Mrs. Dixie James
* A Woman's Secret (1949) - Mrs. Matthews
* Shockproof (1949) - Dr. Daniels (uncredited)
* The Reckless Moment (1949) - Mrs. Catherine Feller (uncredited)
* House by the River (1950) - Mrs. Ambrose
* Sunrise at Campobello (1960) - Sara Delano Roosevelt
* The Fortune Cookie (1966) - Sister Veronica
# Neil J. Calkin

Neil J. Calkin (born 29 March 1961) is a professor at Clemson University in the Algebra and Discrete Mathematics group of the School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences. His interests are in combinatorial and probabilistic methods, mainly as applied to number theory.
Together with Herbert Wilf he founded The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics in 1994. He and Wilf developed the Calkin–Wilf tree and the associated Calkin–Wilf sequence.

## Biography

Neil Calkin was born 29 March 1961, in Hartford, Connecticut and moved to the UK around the age of 3. He grew up there and studied mathematics at Trinity College Cambridge before moving to Canada in 1984 to study in the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization at the University of Waterloo where he was awarded a PhD (1988) for his thesis "Sum-Free Sets and Measure Spaces" written under the supervision of Ian Peter Goulden.
He was the Zeev Nehari Visiting Assistant Professor of Mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University (1988—1991), an assistant professor at Georgia Tech (1991—1997), and joined the Algebra and Discrete Mathematics group of the School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences at Clemson University in 1997.
Calkin has an Erdős number of 1. He was one of the last people to collaborate with Erdős and once said of him, "One of my greatest regrets is that I didn't know him when he was a million times faster than most people. When I knew him he was only hundreds of times faster."

## Selected papers

* Calkin, Neil J.; Wilf, Herbert S. (1998). "The Number of Independent Sets in a Grid Graph". SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics. 11 (1). Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics (SIAM): 54–60. doi:10.1137/s089548019528993x. hdl:1853/31277. ISSN 0895-4801.
* Calkin, Neil; Wilf, Herbert S. (2000). "Recounting the Rationals". The American Mathematical Monthly. 107 (4). Informa UK Limited: 360–363. doi:10.1080/00029890.2000.12005205. ISSN 0002-9890. S2CID 38140675.
* Calkin, Neil J.; Davis, Killian; Haithcock, Evan; Kenyon, Catherine M.; Wu, Sylvia (21 October 2021). "What Newton Might Have Known: Experimental Mathematics in the Classroom". The American Mathematical Monthly. 128 (9). Informa UK Limited: 845–855. doi:10.1080/00029890.2021.1964274. ISSN 0002-9890. S2CID 243765436.
* Neil j. Calkin; Beth Novick; Hayato Ushijima-Mwesigwa (2016). "What Moser Could Have Asked: Counting Hamilton Cycles in Tournaments". The American Mathematical Monthly. 123 (4). Informa UK Limited: 382. doi:10.4169/amer.math.monthly.123.4.382. ISSN 0002-9890. S2CID 119324841.

## Books

* Bailey, David H. (2007). Experimental mathematics in action. Wellesley, Mass.: A.K. Peters. ISBN 978-1-56881-271-7. OCLC 70823291.
# Aquilegia nigricans

Aquilegia nigricans, the Bulgarian columbine, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to central and southeastern Europe.

## Description

Aquilegia nigricans has nodding, dark brownish-purple flowers, dark purple stems covered with downy hair, and biternate basal leaves.

## Taxonomy
### Etymology

The specific epithet nigricans means "blackish" or "swarthy" in Latin, referring to the colour of the flowers.

## Distribution and habitat

Aquilegia nigricans is native to several non-contiguous, mainly mountainous areas in the eastern Alps, the Carpathian Mountains, and the southern and eastern Balkans. It is found in Slovenia, Austria, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Romania, and Greece, and in small areas of southeastern Poland, eastern Slovakia, northwestern Croatia, eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, western Hungary, Serbia, and western Ukraine. Reports of specimens in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of northeastern Italy are thought to have been erroneous.

## Conservation

As of November 2024, Aquilegia nigricans was listed as Data deficient (DD) by the IUCN Red List. This status was last assessed on 27 March 2014.
# Joe (drink)

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# Figa, Slovakia

Figa (Hungarian: Gömörfüge) is a village and municipality in Banská Bystrica Region of southern Slovakia.

## History

In historical records, the village was first mentioned in 1294 (1294 Fygey, 1409 Felsewfygey).

## Genealogical resources

The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia"
* Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1789-1896 (parish B)
* Lutheran church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1730-1895 (parish B)
* Reformated church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1786-1903 (parish B)
# Seoi nage

Seoi nage (背負い投げ, lit. 'over the back throw') is a throw in judo. It is one of the traditional forty throws of judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. It belongs to the first group, Dai Ikkyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo (no waza), of Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current official throws of Kodokan Judo. It is classified as a hand technique, te-waza, and is the second throw performed in the Nage-no-kata. Seoi nage literally means "over the back throw", but has also been translated as a "shoulder throw", as the opponent or uke is thrown over the thrower or tori's shoulder.

## Variations

Eri Seoi Nage/kata-eri-seoi-nage: tori grips the sleeve and lapel on the same side.
Illustration Kata-eri-seoi-nage/eri seoi nage
The specific techniques of morote-seoi-nage (two hands seoi-nage), or eri-seoi, are usually generalised as simply seoi-nage.
ippon seoi-nage:
Ippon seoi-nage is a forward throw that involves securing one arm and rotating, throwing over the back or shoulder. Typically one hand remains gripping the sleeve while the other slides under uke's (the one receiving the technique) armpit or bicep. Ippon seoi nage literally means "one arm over the back throw." Renowned seoi-nage martial artists are Isao Okano and Toshihiko Koga.
morote-seoi-nage:
Morote seoi-nage involves using both hands to grip, typically one maintains a grip on the sleeve and the other on the lapel, and rotating and throwing over the back or shoulder.
reverse seoi-nage:
Reverse seoi-nage involves grabbing the same side lapel with both hands and rotate away from the opponent to perform the throw. It is also commonly known as a Korean Seoi Nage because many Korean practitioners utilize this move. This throw can be performed in any direction, forward or backwards. Renowned reverse seoi-nage judoka include Choi Min-ho, who popularized the variation.
The IJF 2022 rules banned reverse seoi-nage, however starting 2025, the IJF allows reverse seoi-nage again, except in cadet events where it will be penalized with a shido.

## Origin

Seoi nage is likely to have developed from the jujutsu throw empi nage in which an arm bar is used as leverage to throw uke over tori's shoulder.
# List of towns in Romania by Romani population

This list contains Romanian urban localities (municipalities or cities/towns) in which Roma people make up over 5% of the total population, according to the 2011 census. The Roma are an ethnic group which make up 3.3% of Romania's population. There are several rural localities (communes and villages) which also have Roma populations exceeding 5% of the total population, even though those are not listed here.
In localities where Roma make up more than 20% of the population, the Romani language can be used when addressing local authorities, while state-funded education and bilingual signs are also provided. This arrangement applies in several communes, as well as in three towns: Bechet, Budești and Ulmeni.
| City | % Roma |
| Budești, Călărași | 37.8 |
| Bechet, Dolj | 33.8 |
| Ulmeni, Maramureș | 22.5 |
| Bolintin-Vale, Giurgiu | 19.8 |
| Murgeni, Vaslui | 19.4 |
| Dumbrăveni, Sibiu | 18.4 |
| Țăndărei, Ialomița | 16.5 |
| Mizil, Prahova | 16.2 |
| Ardud, Satu Mare | 16.1 |
| Săcueni, Bihor | 15.7 |
| Babadag, Tulcea | 15.5 |
| Lehliu Gară, Călărași | 15.4 |
| Ungheni, Mureș | 14.9 |
| Miercurea Sibiului, Sibiu | 14.7 |
| Șomcuta Mare, Maramureș | 14.3 |
| Dolhasca, Suceava | 12.8 |
| Aleșd, Bihor | 12.7 |
| Copșa Mică, Sibiu | 11.9 |
| Segarcea, Dolj | 11.8 |
| Huedin, Cluj | 11.5 |
| Tășnad, Satu Mare | 11.4 |
| Târnăveni, Mureș | 11.2 |
| Strehaia, Mehedinți | 11.1 |
| Pâncota, Arad | 10.9 |
| Sărmașu, Mureș | 10.2 |
| Podu Iloaiei, Iași | 9.8 |
| Iernut, Mureș | 9.8 |
| Șimleul Silvaniei, Sălaj | 9.8 |
| Făurei, Brăila | 9.7 |
| Buhuși, Bacău | 9.6 |
| Curtici, Arad | 9.4 |
| Ștefănești, Botoșani | 9.3 |
| Brezoi, Vâlcea | 9.3 |
| Blaj, Alba | 9.2 |
| Băilești, Dolj | 9.1 |
| Târgu Frumos, Iași | 9.1 |
| Râmnicu Sărat, Buzău | 9.1 |
| Geoagiu, Hunedoara | 8.8 |
| Dărmănești, Bacău | 8.3 |
| Mărășești, Vrancea | 7.9 |
| Teiuș, Alba | 7.8 |
| Potcoava, Olt | 7.5 |
| Drăgănești-Olt, Olt | 7.5 |
| Târgu Cărbunești, Gorj | 7.3 |
| Piatra-Olt, Olt | 7.2 |
| Corabia, Olt | 7.2 |
| Aninoasa, Hunedoara | 7.1 |
| Rupea, Brașov | 7.1 |
| Ocna Mureș, Alba | 7.0 |
| Buftea, Ilfov | 6.8 |
| Sebiș, Arad | 6.7 |
| Băneasa, Constanța | 6.6 |
| Miercurea Nirajului, Mureș | 6.6 |
| Luduș, Mureș | 6.5 |
| Reghin, Mureș | 6.3 |
| Adjud, Vrancea | 6.2 |
| Drăgășani, Vâlcea | 6.2 |
| Fundulea, Călărași | 6.1 |
| Oltenița, Călărași | 6.1 |
| Hârlău, Iași | 6.1 |
| Turda, Cluj | 6.0 |
| Jimbolia, Timiș | 6.0 |
| Călimănești, Vâlcea | 6.0 |
| Ineu, Arad | 6.0 |
| Pantelimon, Ilfov | 5.9 |
| Ștefănești, Argeș | 5.9 |
| Zlatna, Alba | 5.8 |
| Jibou, Sălaj | 5.7 |
| Însurăței, Brăila | 5.6 |
| Orăștie, Hunedoara | 5.6 |
| Codlea, Brașov | 5.6 |
| Hârșova, Constanța | 5.5 |
| Câmpia Turzii, Cluj | 5.5 |
| Năsăud, Bistrița-Năsăud | 5.5 |
| Boldești-Scăeni, Prahova | 5.3 |
| Sighișoara, Mureș | 5.3 |
| Valea lui Mihai, Bihor | 5.3 |
| Aiud, Alba | 5.2 |
| Moinești, Bacău | 5.2 |
| Vicovu de Sus, Suceava | 5.0 |
# Defuera

"Defuera" is a song by Dardust featuring vocals from Ghali, Madame and Marracash. It was released on 15 July 2020 by Island Records.

## Music video

The music video for "Defuera", directed by YouNuts! and Bendo, premiered on 17 July 2020 via Durdust's YouTube channel.

## Charts

Chart performance for "Defuera" :
| Chart (2020) | Peak position |
| Italy (FIMI) | 33 |

## Certifications

Certification for "Defuera" :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Italy (FIMI) | Platinum | 70,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Bolešov

Bolešov (Slovak pronunciation:; Hungarian: Bolesó) is a village and municipality in Ilava District in the Trenčín Region of north-western Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1331.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 241 metres and covers an area of 14.951 km². It has a population of about 1465 people.

## Genealogical resources

The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Bytca, Slovakia"
* Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1700-1896 (parish A)