OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Douglas Lynch (businessman)

Sir Douglas Lynch, KA, CMG, QC (1926 – 12 April 2016) was a Barbadian retired businessman and lawyer, former member of the Privy Council of Barbados and a director of the Central Bank of Barbados.
Sir Douglas was the first person to be formally admitted to the party, and himself stood for election, but was defeated in his first and sole attempt to gain political office, but remained a powerful background figure in the Democratic Labour Party with Barrow rarely making any decisions on business or financial without consulting him.
Among many posts held in the private sector he was also a director, and vice-chairman, of the island's largest insurance company, the Barbados Mutual Life Assurance Society (known by all locally as simply "The Mutual").
Sir Douglas joined The Barbados Shipping and Trading Company - the country's largest company, being the holding company for the six next largest companies in the country - as a Director, and as a regular part-time student of business at MIT was instrumental in choosing and setting up their first mainframe computer - which used a card-reading machine for input.
In time, Sir Douglas rose to become Joint Managing Director of BS&T, followed by promotion to Chairman and then Chairman and Joint Managing Director upon the retirement of his predecessor. He died in Barbados in April 2016.
# Cladonia sobolescens

Cladonia sobolescens, commonly known as the peg lichen, is a species of fruticose lichen. It is found in temperate eastern North America and East Asia.

## Taxonomy

Cladonia sobolescens is classified in the section Helopodium of genus Cladonia. According to Finnish lichenologist Teuvo Ahti, Vainio's Cladonia clavulifera is a synonym. Cladonia sobolescens is commonly known as the "peg lichen".

## Description

The primary squamules of Cladonia sobolescens are rounded to strap-shaped, and range in color from greyish to green to brown, depending on the degree of sun exposure it has had. When growing vertically, a white lower surface may become exposed. The podetia, which lack cups or soredia, are short and peg-like, rarely branching once or twice near the tips. They are 5–20 mm (0.2–0.8 in) tall, topped with brown apothecia that only slightly or not at all broader than the tips of the podetia.
The lichen contains fumarprotocetraric acid as its main secondary metabolite, and a smaller amount of protocetraric acid. It is a fumarprotocetraric acid chemotype of Cladonia subcariosa.

## Habitat and distribution

Cladonia sobolescens is found in temperate eastern North America and East Asia. The northern limit of its North American range extends to Prince Edward Island in Canada.
# Aalapur

Aalapur is a town and tehsil in Ambedkar Nagar district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is a part of Faizabad division (now Ayodhya division) in Uttar Pradesh state. Aalapur is 33 km east of district headquarters Akbarpur city.

## Demographic

As of the 2011 India census, Aalapur had a population of 240. Males constituted 127 of the population and females 117. There were 34 households.

## Township

Alapur Subdivision have Only One Township in Rajesultanpur

## City/Town Area

* Rajesultanpur
* Jahangir Ganj

## Market

* Ram Nagar
* Sabitpur
* Sukalbazzar
* Padumpur
* Siknghalpatti
* Devriya Bazaar
* Giryia Bazaar
* Indaipur
* Madarmau
# AS Saint Michel

As Saint Michel is a Malagasy football club based in Antananarivo in the Analamanga zone in central Madagascar.
The team plays in THB Champions League the top division of Malagasy football.
In 1971 and 1978 the club won the THB Champions League.
In 2008 this club fused with Real Elgeco Plus from Manakara to become AS Elgeco Plus

## Honours

* THB Champions League: 1971, 1978
* Coupe de Madagascar: 1980
# Penny Jay

Penny Jay (June 12, 1925 – March 29, 2006) was an American country music singer and songwriter, who was active from the 1940s to the 1960s. She is best known for "Don't Let Me Cross Over" a song she wrote which reached #1 on the country music charts in late 1962.
Penny Jay was born in Monteagle, Tennessee. When her Mother, Edna Tobitt Adams remarried they moved to Knoxville, TN and Jay began performing with her mother at church functions at the age of 10. Cas Walker, a Knoxville merchant and host of a radio show on local WROL (which is also credited with helping launch the careers of Dolly Parton and The Everly Brothers) featured Penny Jay performing under the name "Little Miss Helen" when she was 12. Jay played stand-up bass and guitar, and became a fixture on the show during the early '40s. "Little Miss Helen" was the very first Golden Girl of Knoxville, Tennessee.
In the early '50s, Jay began performing as part of a duo with a friend named Marie Wilson. The pair were billed as "Jenny & Jill", and they recorded several original sides for OKeh Records, including "A Million Other Hearts".
Jay moved to Nashville in the early '60s, and began performing and writing songs for other artists. She was signed to Republic Records, but her contract was picked up by Decca Records. She ultimately released eight singles on Decca, including "Just Over The Line", "Lonely And Unwanted", and "Those Kinds of Girls". Jay performed at the Grand Ole Opry, and on Roy Acuff's "Midnight Jamboree" radio show broadcast from Ernest Tubb's record shop. (She also toured, during the Korean War, for the USO. Penny enjoyed singing for all the military troops. Her USO Tours carried her to China, Japan, Philippine Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and Hawaii.) Jay's band at this time included her daughter, Sherry Moyers, who was the first female professional C/W Drummer in Nashville.
Jay had her greatest success as a professional songwriter, and in 1962 scored a #1 hit on the country charts when Carl and Pearl Butler recorded her song "Don't Let Me Cross Over". Originally released in November 1962, the song reached the number-one spot on the Billboard Country Singles chart on December 29, 1962. The song eventually spent 11 (non-consecutive) weeks at number one, and has become a country-music standard. It has been covered by over 30 artists, including George Jones, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Dolly Parton. Other songs Jay wrote include Skeeter Davis' "Set Him Free", Jimmy Martin's trucker ode "Widow Maker", and many more.
Jay eventually stopped performing in the 1970s, and moved to Nashville, Arkansas in 1996 to live with her daughter and son-in-law, guitarist Bobby Chambers. She died in 2006. She was buried in Knoxville, Tennessee.
# 1979 Kronenbrau 1308 Classic

The 1979 Kronenbrau 1308 Classic was a non-ranking invitational snooker tournament, which took place in July 1979. The tournament was played in Johannesburg and featured four professional players - Ray Reardon of Wales, Eddie Charlton of Australia and South Africans Perrie Mans and Jimmy van Rensberg. Charlton received R2,500 prize money as the champion.
Charlton won the title, beating Reardon 7–4 in the final.

## Main draw

Results for the tournament are shown below.
| Best of 11 frames | Best of 11 frames | Best of 11 frames | Best of 13 frames | Best of 13 frames | Best of 13 frames |
| Eddie Charlton | Eddie Charlton | 6 | | | |
| Jimmy van Rensberg | Jimmy van Rensberg | 1 | | | |
| Jimmy van Rensberg | Jimmy van Rensberg | 1 | Eddie Charlton | Eddie Charlton | 7 |
| | | | Ray Reardon | Ray Reardon | 4 |
| Ray Reardon | Ray Reardon | 6 | Ray Reardon | Ray Reardon | 4 |
| Perrie Mans | Perrie Mans | 1 | | | |
# 1 FTS

1 FTS may refer to:
* 1st Flying Training Squadron, United States
* No. 1 Flying Training School RAF, United Kingdom
* No. 1 Flying Training School RAAF, Australia
# 1991 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's team

The 1991 World Table Tennis Championships – Corbillon Cup (women's team) was the 34th edition of the women's team championship.
The Unified Korean team won the gold medal defeating China in the final 3–2. France won the bronze medal.

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| | Korea Hong Cha-ok Hyun Jung-hwa Li Bun-hui Yu Sun-bok | China Chen Zihe Deng Yaping Gao Jun Qiao Hong | France Emmanuelle Coubat Sandrine Derrien Xiaoming Wang-Dréchou Agnès Le Lannic |

## Final stage knockout phase
### Last 16

| Team One | Team Two | Score |
| Unified Korean Team | Denmark | 3–0 |
| Czechoslovakia | Japan | 3–2 |
| Hungary | Germany | 3–1 |
| China | Finland | 3–0 |
| Hong Kong | New Zealand | 3–0 |
| Romania | Yugoslavia | 3–2 |
| France | England | 3–1 |
| Soviet Union | Sweden | 3–2 |

### Quarter finals

| Team One | Team Two | Score |
| China | Czechoslovakia | 3–0 |
| Unified Korean Team | Soviet Union | 3–0 |
| France | Hong Kong | 3–1 |
| Hungary | Romania | 3–1 |

### Semifinals

| Team One | Team Two | Score |
| Unified Korean Team | Hungary | 3–1 |
| China | France | 3–0 |

### Third-place playoff

| Team One | Team Two | Score |
| France | Hungary | 3–2 |

### Final

| Unified Korean Team 3 | | China 2 | Score |
| Yu Sun-bok | bt | Deng Yaping | 21–7 17–21 21–18 |
| Hyun Jung-hwa | bt | Gao Jun | 21–11 21–15 |
| Hyun Jung-hwa & Li Bun-hui | lost to | Deng Yaping & Gao Jun | 21–16 19–21 13–21 |
| Hyun Jung-hwa | lost to | Deng Yaping | 14–21 16–21 |
| Yu Sun-bok | bt | Gao Jun | 21–19 21–19 |
# Notopogon xenosoma

The longspine bellowfish (Notopogon xenosoma) is a species of fish of the family Centriscidae. It is found in the subtropical belt of the Southern hemisphere, from South Africa to the St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands to New Zealand. Its range extends North as far as Madagascar and New Caledonia. It is found at depths of 100m to 700m. It can grow to lengths of 18 cm.
# Debbie Senesky

Debbie Senesky is an associate professor of Aeronautics at Stanford University. She is the principal investigator of the EXtreme Environment Microsystems Laboratory, and studies nanomaterials in extreme environments.

## Early life and education

Senesky was interested in maths as a child. She studied mechanical engineering at the University of Southern California and was the first member of her family to go to college. During her undergraduate degree she worked in a cleanroom. She moved to the University of California, Berkeley for her doctoral studies, earning a Master's in 2004 and a PhD in 2007. Her PhD looked at heat resistant materials and was supported by an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation fellowship. After her doctorate, Senesky worked at GE Sensing and Hewlett-Packard.

## Career

Senesky is an aerospace engineer who works on nanoscale sensors that can work in extreme conditions. She was appointed to the aeronautics department at Stanford University in 2012. She was awarded an Early Career Faculty Space Tech Research Grant from NASA in 2012. Since 2014 she has led the EXtreme Environment Microsystems Laboratory (X-Lab) at Stanford University. In 2015 she designed a soot-particulate sensor with Stephen Luby. The sensor was made from Gallium nitride, sapphire and metal–semiconductor interfaces. She was selected as a speaker for the Stanford University Rising Stars conference in 2017. She edited the 2014 SPIE volume Sensors for Extreme Harsh Environments.

### Women in science activities

Senesky is involved with a number of initiatives to improve diversity in science. She serves on the board of the nonprofit Scientific Adventures for Girls. She delivered a keynote at the Introduce a Girl to Engineering celebration at Agilent Technologies. In 2018 she chaired the Women in Aerospace Symposium at Stanford University. She appeared on the podcast People Behind the Science. She is a member of the NASA space technology mission directorate.

### Awards and honours

* 2018 AnitaB.org Emerging Leader Abie Award in Honor of Denice Denton
* 2016 National Academy of Engineering Selected Participant, US Frontiers of Engineering Symposium
* 2015 IEEE Electron Devices Society Golden Reviewer
* 2012 NASA Early Faculty Career Award
* 2012 Stanford University Frederick E. Terman Faculty Fellow
* 2012 Stanford University Gabilan Faculty Fellow
* 2004 Sloan Foundation Ph.D. Fellowship
# Damien Boisseau

Damien Boisseau is a French actor who specializes in dubbing. He is the official voice-over artist of Matt Damon, Edward Norton, James Marsden, Casper Van Dien and Patrick Dempsey, and also a recurring voice of Josh Hartnett or Jared Padalecki. He started his career as a television and film actor in France, first appearing in a 1978 episode of Les Cinq Dernières Minutes.

## Voice roles
### Live action

* The Butterfly Effect (Evan Trehorn (Ashton Kutcher))
* Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (Willy Wonka (Johnny Depp))
* Enchanted (Robert (Patrick Dempsey))
* The Hitcher (Jim Halsey (Zachary Knighton))
* Ocean's Eleven (Linus Caldwell (Matt Damon))
* The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (Kemper (Eric Balfour))
* X-Men film series (Cyclops (James Marsden))
* Miracle at Midnight (Henrik Koster (Justin Whalin))
* Cinderella (Prince Christopher (Paolo Montalban))
* Radio Days (Joe (Seth Green))

### DTV

* Cinderella III: A Twist in Time (Prince Charming (Christopher Daniel Barnes))
* Mune: Guardian of the Moon (2014)

### Animated

* Samurai Jack (Jack Phil LaMarr)

### Video games

* Jak and Daxter (Jak (Mike Erwin))
* Red Faction (Parker (Dale Inghram))
* The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning (Kane (Phil LaMarr))
# Don't Know What You Got (Till It's Gone)

"Don't Know What You Got (Till It's Gone)" is a power ballad by American rock band Cinderella from their second album, Long Cold Winter. Written by frontman Tom Keifer, it was released in August 1988 and was their most successful single, peaking at number 12 on US Billboard Hot 100 in November 1988.
The music video for the song was filmed at Mono Lake in California and nearby Bodie State Historic Park. Among the buildings in Bodie seen in the video are the Methodist Church, the Hydroelectric Building, and the Standard Mill.

## Critical reception

Melody Maker and New Musical Express, British musical periodicals, reviewed the song ironically. The Stud Brothers (Melody Maker) first supposed that the band penned a Coca-Cola anthem. Simon Williams of NME, on the other hand, suggested that Kiefer's husky voice came from touring too much, implying the band needed a break.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1988–1989) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA) | 145 |
| Canada Top Singles (RPM) | 68 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 54 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 12 |
| US Mainstream Rock (Billboard) | 10 |
| US Cash Box | 17 |
# 1998 Australian Sports Sedan Championship

The 1998 Australian Sports Sedan Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing title for drivers of Group 2D Sports Sedans. It was the 14th Australian Sports Sedan Championship to be awarded by CAMS.

## Calendar

The championship was contested over a five round series.
* Round 1, Oran Park, New South Wales, 5 April
* Round 2, Oran Park, New South Wales, 14 June
* Round 3, Oran Park, New South Wales, 2 August
* Round 4, Mallala Motor Sport Park, South Australia, 23 August
* Round 5, Oran Park, New South Wales, 1 November
Rounds were contested over three races.

## Points system

Championship points were awarded on a 10–9–8–7–6–5–4–3–2–1 basis for the first ten positions attained in qualifying at each round . No points were awarded for Race 1, however the results were used to determine the starting grid for Race 2. Championship points were awarded on a 21–19–17–16–15–14–13–12–11–10 basis for the first ten positions in both Race 2 and Race 3 of each round.

## Results

| Position | Driver | No. | Car | Entrant | Total |
| 1 | Tony Ricciardello | 15 | Alfa Romeo Alfetta GTV Chevrolet | Basil Ricciardello | 244 |
| 2 | Mick Monterosso | 2 | Ford Escort RS2000 Chevrolet | Mick Monterosso | 207 |
| 3 | Kerry Baily | 1 | Toyota Celica Supra Chevrolet | K Baily | 197 |
| 4 | Mark Stinson | 13 | Holden Calibra | Australian Sports Sedan Association | 173 |
| 5 | Des Wall | 20 | Toyota Supra Chevrolet | Des Wall | 121 |
| 6 | Ivan Mikac | 42 | Mazda RX-7 | Ivan Mikac | 71 |
| 7 | Stephen Lichtenberger | 5 | Mazda RX-7 Chevrolet | Australian Sports Sedan Association | 62 |
| 8 | Bob Jolly | 3 | Holden VS Commodore | Bob Jolly | 58 |
| 9 | Joseph Said | 9 | Fiat 124 Coupe | | 53 |
| 10 | Graham Smith | 16 | Opel Calibra | Australian Sports Sedan Association | 52 |
| 11 | Stephen Voight | 38 | Honda Prelude | Stephen Voight | 51 |
| 12 | Keith Carling | 11 | Mazda RX-7 Nissan | JW Keen | 47 |
| 13 | Peter O'Brien | 17 | Holden VL Commodore | O'Brien Aluminium | 43 |
| 14 | Barry Jameson | 45 | Ford EF Falcon XR8 | Barry Jameson | 40 |
| 15 | Tony Wilson | 27 | Holden VS Commodore | The Smash Repair Centre | 39 |
| 16 | James Phillip | 55 | Honda Prelude | | 34 |
| 17 | Charlie Senese | 12 | Ford EF Falcon | Carmine Senese | 32 |
| 18 | Glen Taylor | 19 | Holden VN Commodore | | 27 |
| 19 | Phil Crompton | 49 | Ford EB Falcon | | 25 |
| 20 | Fred Axisa | 80 | Holden VK Commodore | | 25 |
| 21 | Jeff Barnes | 6 | Pontiac Firebird Trans Am | | 22 |
| 22 | Barry Morcom | 7 | Ford Falcon | | 18 |
| 23 | Bill Martin | 10 | Mazda RX-7 | Bill Martin | 14 |
| 24 | Frank Sola | 78 | Ford TE Cortina | | 13 |
| 25 | Kevin Clark | 116 | Ford Mustang | Kevin Clark | 12 |
| 26 | Lance Hughes | 22 | Holden VL Commodore | | 11 |
| 27 | Dean Randle | 32 | Saab 900 Aero | Dean Randle | 10 |
| 28 | Mike Imrie | 4 | Holden VS Commodore | | 10 |
| 29 | Darren Pearce | 83 | Fiat 124 | | 10 |
# Oliver Twist (Guthrie)

Oliver Twist is an outdoor 1976 bronze sculpture by Trace Guthrie, installed in Hermann Park's Miller Outdoor Theatre, Houston, in the U.S. state of Texas. The statue, cast at the Al Shakis Foundry, was donated to the city by Theatre Under the Stars in 1976.
# 1988–89 Xavier Musketeers men's basketball team

The 1988–89 Xavier Musketeers men's basketball team represented Xavier University from Cincinnati, Ohio in the 1988–89 season. Led by head coach Pete Gillen, the Musketeers finished with a 21–12 record (7–5 MCC), and won the MCC tournament to receive an automatic bid to the NCAA tournament. In the NCAA tournament, the Musketeers lost to the eventual National champion, Michigan, in the opening round.

## Schedule and results

| Date time, TV | Rank$^#$ | Opponent$^#$ | Result | Record | Site city, state |
| Regular season ||||||
| Nov 18, 1988* | | vs. No. 4 Louisville Preseason NIT | W 85–83 | 1–0 | Riverfront Coliseum Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Nov 20, 1988* | | at No. 14 Missouri Preseason NIT | L 71–83 | 1–1 | Hearnes Center Columbia, Missouri |
| Nov 28, 1988* | | Marietta College | W 109–58 | 2–1 | Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Dec 3, 1988* | | Air Force | W 73–64 | 3–1 | Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Dec 7, 1988* | | Robert Morris | W 87–76 | 4–1 | Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Dec 10, 1988* | | Miami (OH) | L 61–68 | 4–2 | Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Dec 19, 1988* | | at Eastern Illinois | L 70–85 | 4–3 | Lantz Arena Charleston, Illinois |
| Dec 21, 1988* | | Bethune–Cookman | W 63–53 | 5–3 | Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Dec 27, 1988* | | Niagara | W 93–70 | 6–3 | Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Dec 30, 1988* | | at Bowling Green | W 89–75 | 7–3 | Anderson Arena Bowling Green, Ohio |
| Jan 2, 1989* | | Prairie View A&M | W 87–71 | 8–3 | Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Jan 4, 1989* | | at Loyola Marymount | W 118–113 | 9–3 | Gersten Pavilion Los Angeles, California |
| Jan 7, 1989* | | Valparaiso | W 97–88 | 10–3 | Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Jan 12, 1989 | | at Loyola (IL) | L 83–92 | 10–4 (0–1) | International Amphitheatre Chicago, Illinois |
| Feb 20, 1989 | | Detroit | W 86–64 | 15–11 (5–7) | Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Feb 25, 1989* | | Marquette | W 102–77 | 16–11 | Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Mar 2, 1989 | | Butler | W 85–75 | 17–11 (6–7) | Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Mar 4, 1989 | | Dayton | W 83–78 | 18–11 (7–7) | Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Midwestern Collegiate Conference tournament ||||||
| Mar 9, 1989* | | vs. Loyola (IL) MCC Tournament Quarterfinal | W 85–83 | 19–11 | UD Arena Dayton, Ohio |
| Mar 10, 1989* | | vs. Saint Louis MCC Tournament Semifinal | W 79–56 | 20–11 | UD Arena Dayton, Ohio |
| Mar 11, 1989* | | vs. Evansville MCC tournament championship | W 85–78 | 21–11 | UD Arena Dayton, Ohio |
| NCAA Tournament ||||||
| Mar 17, 1989* | (14 SE) | vs. (3 SE) No. 10 Michigan First Round | L 87–92 | 21–12 | Omni Coliseum Atlanta Georgia |
| *Non-conference game. $^#$Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. SE=Southeast. All times are in Eastern Time. ||||||
# 1979 LPGA Championship

The 1979 LPGA Championship was the 25th LPGA Championship, played June 7–10 at Jack Nicklaus Golf Center at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, a suburb northeast of Cincinnati.
Donna Caponi Young won the first of her two LPGA Championships, three strokes ahead of runner-up Jerilyn Britz. It was the third of her four major titles; her previous major win was nine years earlier.

## Final leaderboard

Sunday, June 10, 1979
| Place | Player | Score | To par | Money ($) |
| 1 | Donna Caponi Young | 69-70-70-70=279 | −9 | 22,500 |
| 2 | Jerilyn Britz | 64-72-73-73=282 | −6 | 14,700 |
| 3 | Amy Alcott | 69-72-69-74=284 | −4 | 10,500 |
| 4 | Sally Little | 72-73-73-68=286 | −2 | 7,500 |
| 5 | Jo Ann Prentice | 73-70-70-74=287 | −1 | 6,000 |
| T6 | JoAnne Carner | 69-70-72-77=288 | E | 4,612 |
| T6 | Peggy Conley | 71-76-71-70=288 | E | 4,612 |
| T6 | Penny Pulz | 68-74-69-77=288 | E | 4,612 |
| T6 | Jan Stephenson | 73-72-68-75=288 | E | 4,612 |
| T10 | Laura Baugh | 75-73-69-72=289 | +1 | 3,300 |
| T10 | Pat Bradley | 77-67-72-73=289 | +1 | 3,300 |
| T10 | Nancy Lopez | 73-71-69-76=289 | +1 | 3,300 |
| T10 | Judy Rankin | 72-71-70-76=289 | +1 | 3,300 |
Source:
# Opatovice I

Opatovice I is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
The Roman numeral in the name serves to distinguish it from the nearby village of the same name, Opatovice II within Uhlířské Janovice.
# Conic Sections Rebellion

The Conic Sections Rebellion, also known as the Conic Section Rebellion, refers primarily to an incident which occurred at Yale University in 1830, as a result of changes in the methods of mathematics education. When a policy change dictated that students were required to draw reference diagrams for exams rather than be allowed to refer to diagrams in their textbooks, a number of students staged a rebellion in which they refused to take the exams at all. A precursor incident occurred in 1825; historian Clarence Deming described the 1830 incident as being "much more serious", and stated that the two incidents should be "sharply demarcated".

## 1825 incident

In 1825, students of the Yale sophomore class claimed that "by explicit contract with (their) mathematical tutor, (they were) exempt from the corollaries of the text-book (on conic sections)", and refused to recite these corollaries. Thirty-eight students out of a class of eighty-seven, including Horace Bushnell, William H. Welch, Henry Hogeboom, and William Adams, were suspended; faculty contacted the students' parents, and the students were pressured into signing a statement of concession:
   We, the undersigned, having been led into a course of opposition to the government of Yale College, do acknowledge our fault in this resistance, and promise, on being restored to our standing in the class, to yield a faithful obedience to the laws (of Yale College).

## 1830 incident

Prior to the introduction of blackboards, Yale students had been allowed to consult diagrams in their textbooks when solving geometry problems pertaining to conic sections – even on exams. When the students were no longer allowed to consult the text, but were instead required to draw their own diagrams on the blackboard, they refused to take the final exam. As a result, forty-three of the ninety-six students – among them, Alfred Stillé, and Andrew Calhoun, the son of John C. Calhoun – were summarily expelled, and Yale authorities warned neighboring universities against admitting them.