OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Charles Leigh (librarian)

Charles William Edward Leigh (13 April 1871 – 9 December 1940) was an English academic librarian.
Leigh was born in Chelsea, London, the son of Story Leigh and Adeline Dobson. His father was a footman in the household of Col. Francis Burton (son of Admiral Ryder Burton) and later worked as an attendant at the British Museum and later the Natural History Museum. From 1895 to 1903, Leigh was successively on the staff of the Natural History Museum and librarian of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. In 1903 he was appointed librarian of the Library of Manchester University and held the post until his retirement in 1935. He edited two important catalogues of collections in the Library and established new administrative methods to replace the cumbersome systems used in the 19th century. The Dewey Decimal Classification was introduced by him together with higher standards in cataloguing based on those of the British Museum library.

## Publications

* 1915: Catalogue of the Christie Collection. Manchester: University Press
* 1929: "The Christie Library" in: The Book of Manchester and Salford; for the British Medical Association. Manchester: George Falkner & Sons, 1929; pp. 73–75
* 1932: Catalogue of the Library for Deaf Education. Manchester: University Press
# Old St. Nicholas Church

The Old St. Nicholas Church (in German: Alte Nikolaikirche) in Frankfurt, Germany, is a medieval Lutheran church. It is located near the Römer city hall in Frankfurt's old town called Altstadt. It has 51 bells; 4 are used for peals and 47 are used for carillons. The first chapel on its site was built in the mid-12th century, the current in the mid-15th. Its congregation forms part of today's Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau, comprising Lutheran, Reformed and United Protestant congregations.
Despite major destruction in the surrounding old town owing to the bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II, the Old St Nicholas Church had only minor damage. Nearby, the Dom-Römer Project aims to bring back parts of the old town between the Römerberg square and Frankfurt Cathedral.
# Cycloramphus ohausi

Cycloramphus ohausi is a species of frog in the family Cycloramphidae. It is endemic to Serra dos Órgãos in southeastern Brazil. The specific name ohausi honors Friedrich Ohaus, a German physicist and herpetologist. Common name Wandolleck's button frog has been proposed for this species.
Cycloramphus ohausi is a forest species associated with streams. It occurs at elevations of 800–1,200 m (2,600–3,900 ft) above sea level. it was recorded as common in surveys in the 1970s, but more recent surveys have failed to detect it. The known range is protected by the Serra dos Órgãos National Park. The reason for the apparent decline could be chytridiomycosis.
# Dick Scott

Dick Scott may refer to:
* Dick Scott (American football) (1924–2012), American college football player
* Dick Scott (right-handed pitcher) (1883–1911), American Major League Baseball pitcher
* Dick Scott (left-handed pitcher) (1933–2020), American Major League Baseball pitcher
* Dick Scott (shortstop) (born 1962), American former Major League Baseball shortstop
* Dick Scott (footballer) (1941–2018), English footballer
* Richard Scott (doctor) (1914–1983), Scottish professor of general practice
* Richard M. Scott (1918–2005), mayor of Lancaster, Pennsylvania
* Dick Scott (historian) (1923–2020), New Zealand writer
* William Richard Scott (born 1932), American sociologist
# Ciyaka

Ciyaka (also known as Quiyaca or Quiaca) was one of the traditional independent Ovimbundu kingdoms in Angola.
# Karel Lang

Karel Lang (born 9 June 1958) is a Czech former professional ice hockey goaltender.

## Career

He represented Czechoslovakia in the 1980 Winter Olympics, where his team finished 5th in the rankings. Between 1990 and 2001 he played for the Krefeld Pinguine in the Eishockey-Bundesliga and the Deutsche Eishockey Liga.

## Family

Lang's son Lukas Lang also played professionally in Germany.
# 1936 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's singles

The 1936 World Table Tennis Championships women's singles was the tenth edition of the women's singles championship. Ruth Aarons defeated Astrid Krebsbach in the final by three sets to nil, to win the title.

## Results

| Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| Ruth Aarons | 21 | 22 | 22 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Gertrude Wildam | 16 | 11 | 12 | | | Aarons | 21 | 21 | 21 | | | | | | |
| Magda Kiraly-Baba | 19 | 21 | 21 | 19 | 21 | Kiraly | 12 | 14 | 14 | | | | | | |
| Věra Votrubcová | 21 | 14 | 12 | 21 | 11 | | | | | Aarons | 3 | | | | |
| Margaret Osborne | 19 | 21 | 16 | 21 | 21 | | | | | Kettnerová | 1 | | | | |
| Rauova | 21 | 17 | 21 | 7 | 8 | Osborne | 19 | 15 | 15 | | | | | | |
| Mária Mednyánszky | 14 | 11 | 16 | | | Kettnerová | 21 | 21 | 21 | | | | | | |
| Marie Kettnerová | 21 | 21 | 21 | | | | | | | | | Aarons | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Marie Šmídová | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | Krebsbach | 16 | 14 | 11 |
| Wendy Woodhead | 0 | | | | | Šmídová | 3 | | | | | | | | |
| Magda Gál | 3 | | | | | Gál | 2 | | | | | | | | |
| Podhajecka | 1 | | | | | | | | | Šmídová | 0 | | | | |
| Koudelova | 3 | | | | | | | | | Krebsbach | 3 | | | | |
| Lillian Hutchings | 1 | | | | | Koudelova | 2 | | | | | | | | |
| Astrid Krebsbach | 21 | 21 | 21 | | | Krebsbach | 3 | | | | | | | | |
| Corinne Migneco | 11 | 19 | 14 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Deevirus

Deevirus is a genus of viruses in the realm Ribozyviria, containing the single species Deevirus actinopterygii. Various ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) serve as its hosts.
# Panorpa isolata

Panorpa isolata is a species of common scorpionfly in the family Panorpidae. It is found in North America.
# Charles Perry (author)

Charles Perry (1924–1969) was an African American author whose only published novel was Portrait of a Young Man Drowning. He was born in Savannah, Georgia, but moved to Brooklyn when he was still in grade school. During the 1940s, he was a co-star of the hit radio series New World A-Coming.

## Portrait of a Young Man

Portrait of a Young Man Drowning draws heavily on Perry's first hand research of gangsters and juvenile delinquents in his own Brooklyn neighborhood. An homage to James Joyce's Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, the novel is written in the first person and tells the story of Harold. He is a young man who gets sucked into Brooklyn's underworld scene, while living with an overbearing mother. The novel was considered ground-breaking when it was first published in 1962 because it was one of the first novels written in the first person by a black author with a white protagonist.
Perry soon began work on a semi-autobiographical account of the death of his 11-year-old son Charles Jr., who died falling from a tree onto a rod iron fence entitled I Wake Up Screaming.
Portrait of a Young Man Drowning was made into a film entitled Six Ways to Sunday in 1997.
Alongside his writing career, Perry also appeared in over 30 films mainly in minor roles.
# 166 Medium Regiment (India)

166 Medium Regiment is an artillery regiment which is part of the Regiment of Artillery of the Indian Army.

## Formation

The regiment was raised as a 166 Field Regiment on November 1, 1963 at Jalandhar Cantonment. The first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel (later Major General) Rajeshwar Singh.

## Class composition

The unit is a single class composition regiment composed entirely of Sikh gunners.

## History

The regiment was the first unit to be equipped with the Indian Field Gun. It saw action in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. It participated in Operation Parakram (2002) and Operation Meghdoot in 2007.
Nagrota Attack On 29th November 2016, two officers and five soldiers were killed and half a dozen others wounded in a fierce gun battle with a group of heavily armed militants which stormed the Army camp housing the regiment at Nagrota. Among the martyred was Major Gosavi Kunal Mannadir, who was subsequently awarded the Shaurya Chakra.

## Operations

Some of the major operations undertaken by the regiment include:

### Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

    As 166 Field Regiment, the regiment provided fire power as part of the XI Corps in the Battle of Chawinda and the Battle of Alhar. Lt Col (later Maj Gen) Rajeshwar Singh was awarded the 'COAS Commendation Card’ and 5 gunners were Mentioned in Despatches.

### Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

    The 166 Field Regiment under “F” Sector took part in the defense of Fazilka. Lt Col Narinder Singh Rawat and Gnr Ajit Singh were awarded the Vir Chakra. Capt RS Sodhi and LNk Prakash Singh were Mentioned in Despatches.

## Achievements

Subedar Hardeep Singh was awarded the Arjuna Award in 1992 for Kabbadi, he represented India in the International Kabaddi Tournament in 1984 and 1990, 3rd SAF Games in 1997 and the Asian Games in 1990. His team won Gold in all these events.

## Motto

The motto of the regiment is हर मैदान फतेह (Har Maidan Fateh), which translates to Victory in every field.
# 2023 Asian Acrobatic Gymnastics Championships

The 2023 Asian Acrobatic Gymnastics Championships were held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan from October 18 to 20, 2023.

## Medal summary
### Senior

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's pairs | Kazakhstan | Hong Kong | India |
| Women's pairs | Kazakhstan | India | None awarded |
| Mixed pairs | Uzbekistan | India | None awarded |
| Men's group | Uzbekistan | India | None awarded |
| Women's group | India | None awarded | None awarded |

### Junior

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's pair | Kazakhstan | None awarded | None awarded |
| Women's pair | Uzbekistan | Kazakhstan | None awarded |
| Mixed pair | Kazakhstan | Uzbekistan | None awarded |
| Men's group | Kazakhstan | Uzbekistan | None awarded |
| Women's group | Kazakhstan | Uzbekistan | Hong Kong |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Kazakhstan (KAZ) | 6 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 2 | Uzbekistan (UZB) | 3 | 3 | 0 | 6 |
| 3 | India (IND) | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| 4 | Hong Kong (HKG) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Totals (4 entries) | Totals (4 entries) | 10 | 8 | 2 | 20 |
# Karijärv

Karijärv is a lake in Estonia.
# 2023 Belgrade shooting

2023 Belgrade shooting refers to either of the following two mass shootings, separated by a single day (and otherwise unrelated):
* 3 May 2023 Belgrade shooting at an elementary school, better known as the Belgrade school shooting
* 4 May 2023 Belgrade shooting as part of the Mladenovac and Smederevo shootings – a multi-part event which occurred in Belgrade and elsewhere
# Deeveyidae

Deeveyidae is a family of ostracods belonging to the order Halocyprida.
Genera:
* Deeveya Kornicker & Iliffe, 1985
* Spelaeoecia Angel & Iliffe, 1987
# Charles Zeleny

Charles H. Zeleny (17 September 1878 - 21 December 1939) was an American zoologist of Czech descent. He was a professor at the University of Illinois. He made important contributions to experimental zoology, especially embryology, regeneration, and genetics.
Zeleny was born in Hutchinson, Minnesota, the son of Czech immigrants from Křídla. He was the younger brother of John Zeleny. He died in Urbana, Illinois. He co-supervised Effa Muhse the first female to graduate with a PhD from Indiana University. Marion Durbin Ellis was also one of his students at Indiana.
# Contai Hindu Girls' School

Contai Hindu Girls' School is one of the oldest girls' school in the Contai town of Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India. It is a Girls Higher Secondary School.

## Affiliations

The school is affiliated to the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education and West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education for Standard 10th and 12th Board examinations respectively.
# Direct democracy (disambiguation)

Direct democracy or pure democracy is a form of democracy in which people decide on policy initiatives directly
It may also refer to:

## Political parties

* Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe, abbreviated to ADDE, a European political party
* Direct Democracy Ireland, a minor political party in Ireland
* Direct Democracy (Poland), in Polish Demokracja Bezpośrednia, a Polish political party
* Direct Democracy League, American political movement by John Randolph Haynes
* Direct Democracy Now!, also known as True Democracy Now!, a Greek citizen grassroot organization made up of ordinary citizens
* Direkte Demokratie für Europa (Direct Democracy for Europe), DDfE, a German campaign group led by the former Pegida treasurer, Kathrin Oertel
* Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFDD or EFD2), a populist Eurosceptic political group in the European Parliament
* Freedom and Direct Democracy, a hard Eurosceptic, anti-immigration and pro-direct democracy political party in the Czech Republic
* Online Direct Democracy (abbr. ODD), formerly Senator Online, a registered Australian political party
* None of the Above Direct Democracy Party, a minor political party in the province of Ontario, Canada
# Dhirendra Chand

Dhirendra Chand is a Nepalese cricketer who has played for the Nepal national cricket team since 2005.
He represents the Region no. 6 Baitadi of the National League.

## Biography

Born in Nepal, Dhirendra Chand made his début for Nepal in 2005 when he played in the repêchage tournament of the 2005 ICC Trophy, in which Nepal finished third after beating Qatar in a play-off. He also played ACC Fast Track Nations matches against Singapore, Malaysia, the UAE and Hong Kong that year. The games against the UAE and Hong Kong also counted towards the 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup and are his only first-class matches to date.
He most recently represented his country in August 2006 when he toured Pakistan with Nepal and played in the ACC Trophy in Malaysia.

## Man of the match awards

The following list illustrates all the matches in which Chand has been awarded Man of the Match while representing Nepal in international tournaments/series.
| S.N. | Event/Series | Opponent | Venue | Match Performance | Team Position |
| 1 | 2006 ACC Trophy, Malaysia | Hong Kong (One-day) | Tenaga National Sports Complex, Kuala Lampur | 9-2-31-4 Scorecard | 4th |
# Nikolai Nekrasov (disambiguation)

Nikolay Nekrasov (Russian: Николай Некрасов; 1821–1878) was a Russian poet. Nikolay Nekrasov or Nikolai Nekrasov may also refer to the following notable people:
* Nikolai Vissarionovich Nekrasov (1879–1940), Russian liberal politician
* Nikolai Vladimirovich Nekrasov (1900–1938), Soviet Esperanto writer, translator, and critic
# Kargın, Bigadiç

Kargın is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Bigadiç, Balıkesir Province in Turkey. Its population is 685 (2022).
# Diocese of Cashel

Diocese of Cashel may refer to:
* Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly
* Anglican Diocese of Cashel and Ossory and its predecessors
# Deike Rickmers

Deike Rickmers may refer to several ships:
* Deike Rickmers (barque), built 1872, sold 1873 and renamed C R Bischop
* Deike Rickmers (ship), built 1874, ran aground off Harwich in 1884
* SS Deike Rickmers (1896), sold in 1899 and renamed Holsatia
* SS Deike Rickmers (1908), seized in 1917 by China, renamed Hwah Ting
* SS Deike Rickmers (1910), ex Cartagena, purchased 1926, sold to Japan in 1927 and renamed Tami Maru
* SS Deike Rickmers (1912), ex Aker, purchased in 1929, sold in 1938 and renamed Helga Moller
* SS Deike Rickmers (1944), seized in 1945 and renamed Empire Concord and Azov
* MV Deike Rickmers (1996), in service
# 2010 Tour of Flanders for Women

The seventh edition of the Tour of Flanders for Women cycling race was held on 4 April 2010. The race started in Oudenaarde and finished in Meerbeke. It was the second leg of the 2010 UCI Women's Road World Cup. The event was won by Belgian rider Grace Verbeke.

## Race summary

Dutchwoman Adrie Visser and Belgian Grace Verbeke broke away on the Molenberg, the third climb of the day after 75 km, and continued to work together until the Bosberg. On the Bosberg, the last climb of the day, Verbeke left Visser behind and soloed to Meerbeke to narrowly stay ahead of the sprinting group. Marianne Vos won the sprint for second place before Kirsten Wild. Visser, caught by the returning group, finished fifth.

## Results

| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
| 1 | Grace Verbeke (BEL) | Lotto Ladies Team | 3h 09' 27" |
| 2 | Marianne Vos (NED) | Nederland Bloeit | + 3" |
| 3 | Kirsten Wild (NED) | Cervélo TestTeam | s.t. |
| 4 | Emma Johansson (SWE) | Red Sun | s.t. |
| 5 | Adrie Visser (NED) | Team HTC–Columbia Women | s.t. |
| 6 | Chantal Blaak (NED) | leontien.nl | s.t. |
| 7 | Noemi Cantele (ITA) | Team HTC–Columbia Women | s.t. |
| 8 | Judith Arndt (GER) | Team HTC–Columbia Women | s.t. |
| 9 | Regina Bruins (NED) | Cervélo TestTeam | + 8" |
| 10 | Annemiek van Vleuten (NED) | Nederland Bloeit | + 51" |
# Charles Ginsburg

Charles Paulson Ginsburg (July 27, 1920 – April 9, 1992) was an American engineer and the leader of a research team at Ampex which developed one of the first practical videotape recorders.

## Biography

Ginsburg was born on July 27, 1920, in San Francisco, California. At the age of two, he was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. He attended Lowell High School in San Francisco.
Ginsburg earned a bachelor's degree from San Jose State University in 1948. He worked as an engineer at AM-radio station KQW (now KCBS). He joined Ampex in 1951, and remained there until his retirement in 1986, holding the title Vice President of Advanced Technology. The engineering team that helped create the videotape recorder while working for Ampex under his direction in early 1956 were Charles Andersen, Ray Dolby, Shelby Henderson, Fred Pfost, and Alex Maxey.
Ginsburg was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1973, being cited for invention and pioneering development of video magnetic tape recording for instant playback.
He died on April 9, 1992, in Eugene, Oregon, of pneumonia.

## Honors and awards

* David Sarnoff Award of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) (1957),
* Vladimir K. Zworykin Award of the Institute of Radio Engineers (1958),
* Valdemar Poulsen Gold Medal from the Danish Academy of Technical Sciences [da] (1960)
* Howard N. Potts Medal from the Franklin Institute (1969)
* John Scott Medal from the Corporation of the city of Philadelphia
* Video Achievement Award from the former International Tape/Disc Association (1975)
* Inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame (1990).
* Inducted into the Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame (2000).

## US patents

* U.S. patent 3,003,025
* U.S. patent 2,968,692
* U.S. patent 2,956,114
* U.S. patent 2,921,990
* U.S. patent 2,916,547
* U.S. patent 2,916,546
* U.S. patent 2,866,012
# Active stretching

Active stretching eliminates force and its adverse effects from stretching procedures or it can also be defined as a stretch that requires you to retain a posture without any help other than the strength of your agonist's muscles is known as an active stretch. Active stretching stimulates and prepares muscles for use during exercise. Active stretches not only stretch the muscles and tissues, but prepares the muscles for the action by activating and warming them up or a stretch that requires you to retain a posture without any help other than the strength of your agonist's muscles is known as an active stretch..
Before describing the principles on which active stretching is based, the terms agonist and antagonist must be clarified. Agonist refers to the actively contracting muscle or muscles while their opposing muscles are termed antagonists.
The neuromechanisms conceptualized by Sir Charles Sherrington (1857 - 1956), “the philosopher of the nervous system”, as applied to active stretching are:
* Reciprocal inhibition — While agonist muscles contract, contraction of the opposing antagonist muscles is inhibited. (Such as when alternately flexing and extending one's elbow.)
* Muscle spindles — Sensory nerve endings in muscle detect the change in length of the muscle and its rate of change.
Force applied to a muscle stimulates the muscle spindles which activate protective reflexes resulting in contraction of that muscle. (Such as the knee jerk response of neurological testing procedures.)
While necessary for sports and ordinary motions, this protective reaction is counterproductive for stretching, i.e., lengthening muscles.

## A history of active stretching

* Sir Charles Sherrington conceptualized the principle of reciprocal innervation circa 1904 and demonstrated it circa 1913.
* A. D. Munrow's work proposed these principles for ‘active’ mobilizing exercises. 1962
* While H. A. DeVries, L. E. Holt and others wandered from this course, P. Williams (1937) utilized procedures for his flexion exercises back program. Peters and Peters (1975) further adapted Sherrington's principles into their program of ‘active stretching’, departing from the popular static stretching designed for specific sports, to address mobility of the entire body.
* EMG (Electromyographic) studies by S. Blackburn and others have validated Sherrington's principle of reciprocal innervation. Audiovisual electromyography by Peters and Peters supports Sherrington's principle of reciprocal innervation (inhibition) and his description of the reaction of ‘muscle spindles’ to force. These two principles are the basis of ‘active stretching’ procedures.
* There currently are other stretching methods utilizing ‘active’ components in conjunction with force, the use of which Munrow does not concur.
* As stated in note number 3 above, Howard and Jean Peters developed and formalized the Active Stretching Program in 1975. It was first published in 1983 with an expanded edition in 1995.
# 1936 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed doubles

The 1936 World Table Tennis Championships mixed doubles was the tenth edition of the mixed doubles championship.
Miloslav Hamr and Gertrude Kleinová defeated István Kelen and Mária Mednyánszky in the final by three sets to one.

## Results

| Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| Viktor Barna Magda Gál | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Dick Tindall Corinne Migneco | 0 | Barna Gál | 2 | | | | | | | | | |
| Stanislav Kolář Marie Šmídová | 3 | Kolář Šmídová | 3 | | | | | | | | | |
| Laszlo Bellak Ida Ferenczy | 2 | | | Kolář Šmídová | 8 | 6 | 15 | | | | | |
| Hyman Lurie Wendy Woodhead | | | | Hamr Kleinová | 21 | 21 | 21 | | | | | |
| Miloslav Hamr Gertrude Kleinová | | Hamr Kleinová | w/o | | | | | | | | | |
| Alojzy Ehrlich Anna Braunová | 3 | Ehrlich Braunová | scr | | | | | | | | | |
| Adrian Haydon Margaret Osborne | 0 | | | | | | | Hamr Kleinová | 21 | 21 | 15 | 21 |
| Pavel Löwy Kralova | 1 | | | | | | | Kelen Mednyánszky | 16 | 19 | 21 | 18 |
| Jimmy McClure Ruth Aarons | 3 | McClure Aarons | 1 | | | | | | | | | |
| Jahoda Hamplova | 1 | Kelen Mednyánszky | 3 | | | | | | | | | |
| István Kelen Mária Mednyánszky | 3 | | | Kelen Mednyánszky | 3 | | | | | | | |
| Helmut Ullrich Annemarie Schulz | 3 | | | Ullrich Schulz | 0 | | | | | | | |
| Ken Hyde Dinah Newey | 2 | Ullrich Schulz | 3 | | | | | | | | | |
| František Hanec Pivec Angelica Adelstein | 0 | Tereba Kettnerová | 2 | | | | | | | | | |
| Václav Tereba Marie Kettnerová | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | |