OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Differential pulse voltammetry

Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) (also differential pulse polarography, DPP) is a voltammetry method used to make electrochemical measurements and a derivative of linear sweep voltammetry or staircase voltammetry, with a series of regular voltage pulses superimposed on the potential linear sweep or stairsteps. The current is measured immediately before each potential change, and the current difference is plotted as a function of potential. By sampling the current just before the potential is changed, the effect of the charging current can be decreased.
By contrast, in normal pulse voltammetry the current resulting from a series of ever larger potential pulses is compared with the current at a constant 'baseline' voltage. Another type of pulse voltammetry is squarewave voltammetry, which can be considered a special type of differential pulse voltammetry in which equal time is spent at the potential of the ramped baseline and potential of the superimposed pulse.

## Electrochemical cell

The system of this measurement is usually the same as that of standard voltammetry. The potential between the working electrode and the reference electrode is changed as a pulse from an initial potential to an interlevel potential and remains at the interlevel potential for about 5 to 100 milliseconds; then it changes to the final potential, which is different from the initial potential. The pulse is repeated, changing the final potential, and a constant difference is kept between the initial and the interlevel potential. The value of the current between the working electrode and auxiliary electrode before and after the pulse are sampled and their differences are plotted versus potential.

## Uses

These measurements can be used to study the redox properties of extremely low concentrations of chemicals because of the following two features: 1) in these measurements, the effect of the charging current can be minimized, so high sensitivity is achieved and 2) only faradaic current is extracted, so electrode reactions can be analyzed more precisely.

## Characteristics

Differential pulse voltammetry has these characteristics: 1) reversible reactions have symmetric peaks, and irreversible reactions have asymmetric peaks, 2) the peak potential is equal to E$_{1/2}$$^r$-ΔE in reversible reactions, and the peak current is proportional to the concentration, 3) The detection limit is about 10$^{−8}$ M.
# Dejerine–Sottas disease

Dejerine–Sottas disease, also known as, Dejerine–Sottas syndrome, hereditary motor and sensory polyneuropathy type III, and Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 3, is a hereditary neurological disorder characterized by damage to the peripheral nerves, demyelination, and resulting progressive muscle wasting and somatosensory loss. The condition is caused by mutations in various genes and currently has no known cure.
The disorder is named for Joseph Jules Dejerine and Jules Sottas, French neurologists who first described it.

## Signs and symptoms

Onset occurs in infancy or early childhood, usually before three years of age. Progression is slow until the teenage years at which point it may accelerate, resulting in severe disability.
Symptoms are more severe and rapidly progressive than in the other more common Charcot–Marie–Tooth diseases. Some patients may never walk and will be reliant on wheelchair use by the end of their first decade, while others may need only a cane, crutches, or similar support through most of their lives, but this is rare.
Dejerine–Sottas disease is characterized by moderate to severe lower and upper extremity weakness and loss of sensation, mainly in the lower legs, forearms, feet, and hands. Loss of muscle mass and reduced muscle tone usually occur as the disease progresses. Other symptoms may include pain in the extremities, curvature of the spine, clawed hands, foot deformities, ataxia, peripheral areflexia, and slow acquisition of motor skills in childhood. Symptoms that are less common can include limitation of eye movements, other eye problems such as nystagmus or anisocoria, or moderate to severe hearing loss.

## Causes

Dejerine–Sottas neuropathy is caused by a genetic defect either in the proteins found in axons or the proteins found in myelin. Specifically, it has been associated with mutations in MPZ, PMP22, PRX, and EGR2 genes. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive manner.

## Diagnosis

On medical imaging, the peripheral and cranial nerves are enlarged by redundant connective tissue. On histology, this enlargement gives the nerves the appearance of an onion-bulb. Nerve excitability and conduction speed are reduced.

## Treatment

Management is symptomatic for this condition.
# Nunawading Province

Nunawading Province was an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Council. It was created in 1976, based in the outer eastern Melbourne suburbs including Nunawading. It was finally abolished 29 March 1996. Much of its area was replaced by Koonung Province.
In the 1985 election, the result for this province was subject to much controversy when the vote ended with a complete dead heat after preferences. Both the Labor candidate Bob Ives and the Liberal candidate Rosemary Varty received 54,821 votes each. The returning officer, Kathleen Leonard, was required by law to make a casting vote, which she did so by drawing a name from a ballot box. The name drawn was Bob Ives and he was declared elected.
This result did not stand, and a by-election was called, in which the Liberal candidate Varty won with a swing to her.

## Members for Nunawading Province

| Member 1 | Party | Year |
| Vernon Hauser | Liberal | 1976 | Member 2 | Member 2 | Party |
| Vernon Hauser | Liberal | 1979 | | Peter Block | Liberal |
| Laurie McArthur | Labor | 1982 | | Peter Block | Liberal |
| Laurie McArthur | Labor | 1985 | | Bob Ives | Labor |
| Laurie McArthur | Labor | 1985 | | Rosemary Varty | Liberal |
| George Cox | Liberal | 1988 | | Rosemary Varty | Liberal |

## Election results

1988 Victorian state election: Nunawading Province :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | George Cox | 56,764 | 51.1 | +5.0 |
| | Labor | Laurie McArthur | 54,308 | 48.9 | +3.1 |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 111,072 | 96.7 | −1.0 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 3,782 | 3.3 | +1.0 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 114,854 | 93.4 | −0.6 |
| | Liberal gain from Labor | Liberal gain from Labor | Swing | +1.1 | |
# 1939 Battle of Westerplatte

1939 Battle of Westerplatte, originally titled in Poland as Tajemnica Westerplatte ("The Secret of Westerplatte"), is a 2013 Polish-Lithuanian war film written and directed by Paweł Chochlew. It portrays the Battle of Westerplatte between the Polish Army and Nazi German forces at the start of World War II in 1939. The film focuses on the conflict between Westerplatte commander Henryk Sucharski (Michał Żebrowski) and his deputy Franciszek Dąbrowski (Robert Żołędziewski).

## Cast

* Michał Żebrowski − as Major Henryk Sucharski
* Robert Żołędziewski − as Capt. Franciszek Dąbrowski
* Borys Szyc − as Lieut. Stefan Grodecki
* Piotr Adamczyk − as Capt. Mieczysław Słaby
* Jan Englert − as Wincenty Sobociński
* Jakub Wesołowski − as Bernard Rygielski
* Andrzej Grabowski − as Adolf Petzelt
* Przemysław Cypryański − as Lieut. Zdzisław Kręgielski
* Mirosław Baka − as Cpl. Eugeniusz Grabowski
* Mirosław Zbrojewicz − as Jan Gryczman

## Reception

The film has sparked some controversy with allegations saying it was "anti-Polish" and "unpatriotic" in its revisionist attitude to the heroic myth of the Battle of Westerplatte which became a symbol of the against-the-odds defiance to the Nazi invasion, and a group of historians even dismissed it as a false depiction of the battle that is being "offensive to the dignity and honour of Polish soldiers." According to The Telegraph, "while the film has garnered its detractors, cinema critics have dismissed claims that The Secret of Westerplatte belittles the soldiers who fought and died in the battle. One critic described it as a "hymn to the heroism of the defenders of Westerplatte.'"
Possibly in an attempt to deflect the negative criticism, which the title word "Tajemnica" (Secret), implying as it does that the film makes revelations and runs against the long-held perception of the battle as an heroic Polish defence, publicity posters omitting the word were produced and at least three other versions of the title have been used. These range from the non-committal "1939 Westerplatzer Battlefield" and "1939 Battle of Westerplatte" to another version that unambiguously addresses the issue, "Heroes of Westerplatte 1939".
# Darren Eales

Darren Eales (born 6 August 1972) is an English sports executive who is Chief Executive Officer of Premier League club Newcastle United. On 27 September 2024 it was announced he would be standing down from this role due to health issues, remaining in the role until a successor is appointed.
He was previously a footballer who played both collegiately and professionally in the United States. He was a 1995 first team All American and earned his Cambridge Blue in 1998. In July 2010, he was appointed director of football administration at Tottenham Hotspur. In 2014, he became Chief Executive Officer of Atlanta United in Major League Soccer.

## Early life

Eales grew up in Cambridge, England. As he approached the end of his secondary education, he was faced with the decision of attending university or pursuing a football career. When approached by an American university scout offering him the opportunity to both play and attend university, he decided to move to the United States.

## Education and college football

Eales attended Brown University, a member of the Ivy League, playing on the school's NCAA Division I soccer team from 1991 to 1994. In his final season, he was the Ivy League Player of the Year and a first team All American. He received a first class bachelor's degree in economics.

## Playing career
### U.S. football

In 1995, Eales signed with the Hampton Roads Mariners of the USISL. He spent two seasons with the Mariners, scoring 24 goals in 19 games in 1995. In 1997, he played five games for the Hershey Wildcats.

### English football

Eales continued to play at the amateur level. In 2001, he joined the Newmarket Town Reserves in the Kershaw League. He later moved to the Lancashire County Football Association where he played for Millhead Reserves from 2004 to 2006 and Higher Poynton from 2006 to 2007.

## Professional career

In 1997, Eales returned to England, where he read law at Cambridge, and gained his Cambridge Blue in 1998. He became a member of the bar in 2000 and eventually joined 2 Temple Gardens. On 6 May 2006, he was hired as an in-house legal counsel by West Brom. and was subsequently made a Director and Company Secretary.
On 2 March 2010, Spurs announced that Eales was joining them as club secretary at the end of that season. On 1 July 2010, he officially joined the club as Director of Football Administration.
On 10 September 2014, Eales was named the president of Atlanta United, a new expansion team in Major League Soccer.
On 15 July 2022, Eales became the CEO of Newcastle United.
On 27 September 2024, it was announced Eales was stepping down from his role as CEO of Newcastle United after being diagnosed with a chronic form of blood cancer.
# Clostridium vulturis

Clostridium vulturis is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium, originally found in the intestine of a cinereous vulture in Korea. Part of the Clostridium genus, C. vulturis is closely related to Clostridium subterminale (96.9% genome similarity), Clostridium thiosulfatireducens (96.7% genome similarity), Clostridium sulfidigenes (96.6% genome similarity), and Clostridium amazonense (with 97.4% genome similarity).
Clostridium vulturis produces several fermentation products, including acetate, butyrate, ethanol, propanol, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.
# Diego de Acebo

Diego de Acebo (also known as Diaz de Osma, Alphonsus Didacus, Didacus Acebes) was bishop of Osma (Castile, Spain) from 1201 to 1207.

## Life

Diego de Acebo was prior of the cathedral chapter of the Catedral de Santa María de la Asunción in El Burgo de Osma, where Dominic of Osma became a canon. De Acebo was named Bishop of Osma in 1201. As bishop, he reformed the canonry according to the Rule of St. Augustine.
Accompanied by the future Saint Dominic, Diego travelled ad Marchias Daciae (to Denmark) in 1203 or 1204 to secure a bride for crown prince Ferdinand, son of Alfonso VIII of Castile. They made a second journey in 1204 or 1205 intending to bring the girl back with them, but found that she had meanwhile died. They returned by way of Rome, where Diego unsuccessfully petitioned Pope Innocent III to be entrusted with a mission to the northern pagans. Instead, continuing their journey via Cîteaux, Diego and Dominic began the work of conversion of the Cathars. In 1206 Bishop de Acebo became the unofficial leader of a papal mission to Languedoc, in southern France.
Diego was instrumental in the foundation of Prouille and took part in the early Cathar-Catholic debates at Verfeil, and Montréal, In 1207 he participated in a religious conference with Durand of Huesca and other Waldenses at Pamiers which resulted in Durand and his group returning to the Catholic Church. Soon afterwards Acebo was ordered by the Pope to return to his diocese, where he died on 30 December 1207.
# Dejerosa

Dejerosa is a genus of spiders in the family Lycosidae. It was first described in 1960 by Roewer. As of 2017, it contains only one species, Dejerosa picta, found in Mozambique.
# Nížkovice

Nížkovice is a municipality and village in Vyškov District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants.
Nížkovice lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) south of Vyškov, 23 km (14 mi) south-east of Brno, and 210 km (130 mi) south-east of Prague.
# Dizon

Dizon is a Filipino surname derived from the Hokkien Chinese term 二孫 (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: di-sun) which means second grandchild. Notable people with the surname include:
* Allen Dizon, Filipino actor
* Charlie Dizon, Filipina actress
* Jordon Dizon, American football player
* José Dizon, Filipino revolutionary
* Leah Dizon, American entertainer
* Lilia Dizon, postwar Filipino actress
* Mylene Dizon, Filipino actress
* Rolando Ramos Dizon, Filipino politician
* Ryzza Mae Dizon, Filipina teen actress and television personality
* Sunshine Dizon, Filipino actress
# Duke Forest

Duke Forest is a forest managed by Duke University for research, teaching, and recreation. It is located in the edge of the Piedmont (United States) in Durham County, Orange County, and Alamance County in North Carolina. Four of its six divisions lie within the triangle formed by Durham, Chapel Hill, and Hillsborough.

## Description

The 7,060 acres (2,860 ha) Duke Forest is made up of six divisions which are fully accessible for teaching and research. Numerous forest types and ecosystems, soils, and previous land uses are represented on the forest. It is a resource unparalleled by any other university for its size, accessibility, length of management, and accumulation of long-term data (since 1931).
Like much of the North Carolina Piedmont, the forest was farmed for cotton. After about a century of such management, the soils' native fertility was exhausted, and could no longer create the yields necessary to support farmers. Then, in 1929, the Great Depression began. Land was abandoned and secondary succession began. Pioneer species such as loblolly pine, yellow poplar, and sweetgum quickly colonized these abandoned farm fields. These trees now dominate much of the forest.
Some parts are dominated by oak and hickory trees. These correspond to old woodlots between fields. Many of these stands were never cleared for agriculture. Thus, these stands bear the closest resemblance to precolonial conditions.

## Divisions

* Durham Division (Durham County)
* Korstian Division (Orange County)
* Edeburn (formerly 'Eno') Division (Orange County)
* Blackwood Division (Orange County)
* Hillsboro Division (Orange County)
* Dailey Division (Alamance County)

## Management

From inception, Duke Forest's priorities have been research and teaching. The Forest initially supported the teaching and research activities of the newly created Duke School of Forestry. Limited areas are logged each year, providing revenue to support forest management, but also for each generation of Forestry students to study the patterns and timing of succession after different logging treatments. Activities in the forest have now broadened to include botany, zoology, soil science, geography, and many other fields, in addition to the forestry and environmental science activities of the present-day version of the Duke School of Forestry, the Nicholas School of the Environment. The Duke University Lemur Center is located in Duke Forest, off Erwin Road.
The forest is visited every year by thousands of students from local schools and universities, and many other universities and organizations throughout the nation. Research data and records are made available for use elsewhere, as well as at Duke.

## Recreation

The Duke Forest has many roads and trails through some of the most scenic areas near Duke University, through woods with streams, flowers, and wildlife. Limited public access, including biking, hiking, and horseback riding, is allowed on established forest roads as long as it does not conflict with research and teaching activities. It also serves as home to the many runners on Duke's cross country running teams.
# Darren Edwards

Darren Edwards (born 25 March 1974 in Maesteg, Wales) is a former rugby union player. A scrum-half, he was a member of the 2003 Wales national rugby union team and he played for Wales, Wales A, Sevens, Under-21, Students and Under-18 levels. Edwards also played for the Barbarians against England, Scotland and Wales.

## Professional career

Edwards began his senior playing career with Saracens in 1996 and joined Newport RFC in 2000, playing 21 times for the club. He also made more than 100 appearances for London Irish and played for Bedford and London Welsh before ending at Leeds Carnegie. He played in the 2002 Powergen Cup Final at Twickenham, as London Irish defeated the Northampton Saints.
Edwards retired from playing at the end of the 2007–2008 season to take up Coaching at Harlequins.

## Coaching career

In June 2009 he joined Newport Gwent Dragons as attack coach, replacing Lyn Jones. During 2010 Edwards was head coach of the Wales Under 20 team. In April 2011 Edwards became Newport Gwent Dragons head coach after initially taking the role in a caretaker capacity following the departure of Paul Turner. Edwards left the Dragons in February 2014.
In June 2014 Edwards joined Bath as first team coach. Edwards departed Bath at the end of the 2018–19 Premiership season, taking up a position with Wales Sevens soon after.
Edwards was named as interim head coach of Wales Women in 2020, after the departure of previous head coach Rowland Phillips. His involvement with the team continued in late 2021, assuming the role of skills coach.
In 2022, Edwards joined the Ospreys as defence coach until the end of the season. Ahead of the 2022–23 United Rugby Championship season, this position was made permanent. Edwards had departed the club by the beginning of the 2023–24 season.
# Club Universidad Nacional Premier

Club Universidad Nacional A.C. Premier was a professional football team that played in the Mexican Football League. They were playing in the Liga Premier (Mexico's Third Division). Club Universidad Nacional A.C. Premier was affiliated with Club Universidad Nacional who plays in the Liga MX. The games was held in the Mexico City neighborhood of Coyoacán in the Estadio La Cantera. In June 2020, this team was discontinued due to the creation of Pumas Tabasco, a team that plays in the Liga de Expansión MX and which was made up of UNAM Premier players.

## Players
### Current squad

    As of January 31, 2020
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
# 1990 Recopa Sudamericana

The 1990 Recopa Sudamericana was the second Recopa Sudamericana, an annual football match between the winners of the previous season's Copa Libertadores and Supercopa Sudamericana competitions. Originally, the title was supposed to be disputed on a two-legged series. Due to security concerns on the eventual, first leg in Colombia and schedule congestion; a neutral stadium was chosen for the match to take place. The Orange Bowl in Miami became the venue for this year's Recopa Sudamericana final.
The match was contested by Atlético Nacional, winners of the 1989 Copa Libertadores, and Boca Juniors, winners of the 1989 Supercopa Sudamericana, on March 17, 1990. Boca Juniors managed to defeat Atlético Nacional 0-1 to lift the trophy for the first time.

## Qualified teams

| Team | Previous finals app. |
| Atlético Nacional | None |
| Boca Juniors | None |
Bold indicates winning years

## Match details

| Atlético Nacional | Boca Juniors |
René Higuita :
| DF | 4 | Luis Fernando Herrera |
| DF | | Luis Carlos Perea |
| DF | 5 | Giovanni Cassiani |
| DF | 3 | Gildardo Gómez |
| MF | | José Ricardo Pérez | 59' |
| MF | 14 | Leonel Álvarez |
| MF | 8 | Alexis García |
| MF | 13 | Luis Alfonso Fajardo |
| FW | | Niver Arboleda | 70' |
| FW | | Jaime Arango |
| Substitutes: |||
| FW | | Faustino Asprilla | 59' |
| FW | | Juan Jairo Galeano | 70' |
| Manager: |||
| Hernán Darío Gómez ||||
Carlos Navarro Montoya :
| DF | 4 | Ivar Stafuza |
| DF | 2 | Juan Simón |
| DF | 6 | José Luis Cuciuffo |
| DF | 3 | Víctor Hugo Marchesini |
| MF | 8 | Blas Giunta |
| MF | 5 | Claudio Marangoni |
| MF | 10 | José Daniel Ponce |
| MF | 9 | Diego Latorre |
| FW | 7 | Alfredo Graciani | 76a' |
| FW | 11 | Leonardo Itabel | 76b' |
| Substitutes: |||
| MF | | Diego Soñora | 76a' |
| MF | | Alejandro Barberón | 76b' |
| Manager: |||
| Carlos Aimar ||||
# Origin Housing

Origin Housing is a housing association operating in London and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. Origin Housing own and manage over 7,000 homes and has a turnover of approximately £57.9 million.
The current structure was formed in 2010 following the merger of Origin Group (Origin Housing Group Ltd.), SPH Housing (St. Pancras & Humanist Housing Association Ltd.,) and Griffin Homes (the Griffin Housing Association).
The St. Pancras & Humanist Housing Association (originally the Humanist Housing Association, part of the British Humanist Association) was formed out of the British humanist movement in order to provide accommodation for needy and elderly non-religious people, who faced discrimination from a housing sector that discriminated against them.
# Christ Hospital

Christ Hospital may refer to:

## Healthcare institution

* The Christ Hospital, in Cincinnati, Ohio
* Christ Hospital, Jersey City, New Jersey
* Christ's Hospital in Topeka, Kansas; now Stormont–Vail HealthCare
* Advocate Christ Medical Center, in Oak Lawn, Illinois

## School

* Christ's Hospital, an English independent day and boarding school in West Sussex, England
* Lincoln Christ's Hospital School, a state secondary school with academy status in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England.

## Transport

* Christ's Hospital railway station, a railway station serving the school of the same name in West Sussex

## Charity

* Christ's Hospital of Abingdon, a charity based in Abingdon, England
# Alaigal

Alaigal (lit. 'waves' in Tamil) may refer to:
* Alaigal (film), a 1973 Indian film by C. V. Sridhar
* Alaigal (TV series), an Indian soap opera