OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dimitris Giotopoulos

Dimitris "Mitsos" Giotopoulos (Greek: Δημήτρης "Μήτσος" Γιωτόπουλος; 1901–1965) was a Greek Marxist who fought in the Spanish Civil War.

## Early life

He was born in 1901 in Giannitsou, Fthiotida. In 1920, he started studying chemistry at the University of Athens. He joined the Youth of KKE but was erased from its ranks in 1921. In 1923, he joined the Communist Archio-Marxist Party of Greece and became one of its leaders. In 1927, he became the leader of EKA, the Union of Communist Internationalists. In the 1930s, he was publishing the newspaper Πάλη των Τάξεων [=class struggle].According to some historians, he behaved in an authoritarian manner and opposed democratic processes. According to communist activist Agis Stinas, Giotopoulos received money and gave directions to his comrades in the name of a higher authority which did not really exist, as he took all decisions himself.

## Cooperation with Trotsky

In 1926, Giotopoulos started speaking in favour of Trotsky in political meetings. In 1932, he visited Trotsky at Büyükada. Giotopoulos informed Trotsky about his party's stance towards KKE and about the existence of the agrarian movement and agrarian reforms in Greece. Trotsky suggested that Communist Archio-Marxist Party of Greece should adopt the slogan "for a peasant-worker government." Giotopoulos disagreed with Trotsky on the independence of Thrace and Macedonia, and claimed that Macedonia was not ethnically homogeneous. He also pointed out that the Communist Archio-Marxist Party of Greece supported the self determination of Cyprus and of the Dodecanese; on the other hand, the alliance of KKE with the Bulgarian nationalists had diminished it popular appeal. After this meeting, Giotopoulos became the secretary of the Left Opposition under the name Witte. Giotopoulos disagreed with Trotsky on the creation of the Fourth International; Trotsky on the other hand, accused Giotopoulos of inactivity: "Until September, comrade Witte was our professional secretary for ... months. All comrades recognize that precisely during this period the International Secretariat was completely inexistent. In 1934, the Communist Archio-Marxist Party of Greece split from Trotsky's movement after significant ideological fallout.

## Spanish Civil War

After the coup of Metaxas, Giotopoulos went to France. He participated to the Spanish Civil War, affiliated with POUM. In 1937, he was imprisoned in Barcelona as part of the communist purge against POUM that started after the May Days. He was released in 1939 and he escaped to France.

## Return to Greece

He returned to Greece from France after the end of World War II. He continued being the leader of the Archio-Marxist Party of Greece, which unlike the KKE operated legally. Said party, opposed the Democratic Army of Greece during the civil war and in 1949, his party sent a congratulatory telegram upon the victory of the Government on the Democratic Army of Greece. In his late years, he allegedly became a counselor of the conservative politician Theofylaktos Papakonstantinou. The leader of terrorist group (17N) Alexandros Giotopoulos is his son.
# David Einstein

David Einstein (born 1946, Detroit, Michigan) is an American artist based in Palm Springs, California.

## Education

In 1968 Einstein received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Oakland University and in 1972 he received a Master of Fine Arts degree from Wayne State University.
In 1970 Einstein attended Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture.
Einstein is professor Emeritus at College of the Desert in Palm Desert, CA. He has also taught at Birmingham Bloomfield Art Center, Oakland Community College and Wayne State University.

## Exhibitions

Einstein has participated in numerous exhibitions in art galleries and museums. His 50 year retrospective was held at the Triton Museum of Art in 2018. Einstein has had solo exhibitions at The University of Windsor, Hansen Galleries, Little Gallery, Michael H. Lord Gallery, Lawrence Fine Art, Addison Rowe Gallery, East and Peggy Phelps Galleries. Einstein's work has been exhibited in group exhibitions at Crocker Art Museum, Autry Museum of the American West, Palm Springs Art Museum, B'nai B'rith Klutznick National Jewish Museum, and Cranbrook Art Museum.

## Collections

* Albuquerque Museum of Art and History, Albuquerque, NM
* Autry Museum of the American West, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
* B'nai B'rith Klutznick National Jewish Museum, Washington, D.C
* Crocker Art Museum, Sacramento, CA
* Denver Art Museum, Denver, CO
* Nerman Museum of Contemporary Art, Johnson County, KS.
* The Newark Museum of Art, Newark, NJ
* Oakland University, Rochester, MI
* Palm Springs Art Museum, Palm Springs, CA
* Philbrook Museum of Art, Tulsa, OK
* Triton Museum of Art, Santa Clara, CA
Selected ARTLIFE edition pages in various museums, private and educational institutions such as:
* Getty Museum Book Art Collection, Santa Monica, CA
* Museum of Modern Art Library, New York, NY
* Weisman Art Museum, Minneapolis, MN
* Yale University, Art/Architecture Library & Art of the Book Collection, New Haven, CT
# Edwin Percy Whipple

Edwin Percy Whipple (March 8, 1819 – June 16, 1886) was an American essayist and critic.

## Biography

He was born in Gloucester, Massachusetts in 1819. For a time, he was the main literary critic for Philadelphia-based Graham's Magazine. Later, in 1848, he became the Boston correspondent to The Literary World under Evert Augustus Duyckinck and George Long Duyckinck. Historian Perry Miller called Whipple "Boston's most popular critic".
Whipple was also a public lecturer. In 1850, he defended the intelligence of George Washington and compared him to other brilliant men of his time in a speech which later became known as "The Genius of Washington".
Whipple was a close friend of Nathaniel Hawthorne. After Hawthorne's death in 1864, Whipple served as a pallbearer for his funeral alongside Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, James T. Fields, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Whipple's close relationship with other Boston-area authors occasionally tinted his reviews. Edward Emerson later noted, "No other member of the Saturday Club has ever been more loyally felicitous in characterizing the literary work of his associates."
Whipple died in 1886 and was interred at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

## Selected list of works

His first book was Essays and Reviews (two volumes, 1848), which was followed by:
* Literature and Life (1850)
* Character and Characteristic Men (1866)
* Success and its Conditions (1871)
* Literature of the Age of Elizabeth (1876)
* Recollections of Eminent Men (1887)
* American Literature and Other Papers (1887)
* Outlooks on Society, Literature and Politics (1888)
An edition of his Charles Dickens (two volumes, Boston), with an introduction by Arlo Bates, appeared in 1912.
# 1988–89 Galatasaray S.K. (men's volleyball) season

Galatasaray SK. Men's 1988–89 season is the 1988–89 volleyball season for Turkish professional basketball club Galatasaray Yurtiçi Kargo.
The club competes in:
* Turkish Men's Volleyball League
* CEV Champions Cup

## Team roster season 1988–89

| Shirt No | Nationality | Player |
| 1 | Turkey | Ahmet Gülüm |
| 2 | Turkey | İbrahim |
| 3 | Turkey | Hakan |
| 4 | Turkey | İsmet |
| 7 | Turkey | Paidar Demir |
| 8 | Turkey | Metin |
| 9 | Turkey | Habip |
| 10 | Turkey | Yücel |
| 11 | Turkey | Mustafa |
| 12 | Turkey | Ümit |
| 13 | Turkey | Metin Görgün |
| 14 | Turkey | Msadar Lahmoir |
| 15 | Turkey | Hüseyin |

## Results, schedules and standings

Results
| Pos | Team | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total |
| | | Pts | Pld | W | L | F | A |
| 1 | Eczacıbaşı SK | 41 | 20 | 15 | 5 | 51 | 24 |
| 2 | Sönmez Filament SK | 35 | 20 | 15 | 5 | 50 | 30 |
| 3 | Galatasaray | 34 | 20 | 14 | 6 | 49 | 28 |
| 4 | Emlak Kredi SK | 34 | 20 | 14 | 6 | 50 | 33 |
| 5 | Arçelik SK | 33 | 20 | 13 | 7 | 47 | 29 |
| 6 | Fenerbahçe | 30 | 20 | 10 | 10 | 42 | 26 |
| 7 | Karşıyaka | 30 | 20 | 10 | 10 | 39 | 41 |
| 8 | Ziraat Bankası SK | 27 | 20 | 7 | 13 | 27 | 47 |
| 9 | G.S. Altınyurt SK | 26 | 20 | 6 | 14 | 30 | 46 |
| 10 | Petrolofisi | 25 | 20 | 5 | 15 | 30 | 50 |
| 11 | B.Salat SK | 21 | 20 | 1 | 19 | 8 | 59 |
Pts=Points, Pld=Matches played, W=Matches won, L=Matches lost, F=Sets for, A=Sets against

### Playoffs
#### Qualification Group A
#### FINAL group

Results
| Pos | Team | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | Total |
| | | Pts | Pld | W | L | F | A |
| 1 | Galatasaray | 6 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 9 | 4 |
| 2 | Sönmez Filament SK | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 5 |
| 3 | Eczacıbaşı SK | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
| 4 | Emlak Bankası SK | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 9 |
Pts=Points, Pld=Matches played, W=Matches won, L=Matches lost, F=Sets for, A=Sets against
# Nick Bell

Nick Bell may refer to:
* Nick Bell (Australian entrepreneur), (born 1980), founder of WME, Australian digital agency
* Nick Bell (businessman) (born 1983), British entrepreneur
* Nick Bell (American football) (born 1968), former American football running back
* Nick Bell (fencer) (born 1950), British fencer
# Christian Wibe

Christian Wibe (born December 1981) is a Norwegian composer, musician and music producer. With his band Animal Alpha of which he was founder and main composer, he released 2 albums and 1 EP. Christian has also produced, engineered and mixed albums for other artists.
In 2008, Christian composed his first score for Tommy Wirkola's film Dead Snow. Since then, he's composed the music for several feature films, TV series and commercials.
# Chalkusha

Chalkusha (also spelled Chalkusa) is a village in the Chalkusha CD block in the Barhi subdivision of the Hazaribagh district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.

## Geography
### Location

Chalkusha is located at 24°16′27″N 85°45′23″E﻿ / ﻿24.274039°N 85.756392°E﻿ / 24.274039; 85.756392.

### Area overview

Hazaribagh district is a plateau area and forests occupy around about 45% of the total area. It is a predominantly rural area with 92.34% of the population living in rural areas against 7.66% in the urban areas. There are many census towns in the district, as can be seen in the map alongside. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people but with the extension of coal mines, particularly in the southern part of the district, employment in coal mines is increasing. However, it has to be borne in mind that modern mining operations are highly mechanised. Four operational areas of Central Coalfields are marked on the map. All these areas are spread across partly this district and partly the neighbouring districts.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. Urbanisation data calculated on the basis of census data for CD blocks and may vary a little against unpublished official data.

## Civic administration
### CD block HQ

The headquarters of Chalkusha CD block are located at Chalkusha.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 Census of India, Chalkusa had a total population of 4,150, of which 2,194 (53%) were males and 1,956 (47%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 795. The total number of literate persons in Chalkusa was 2,285 (68.11% of the population over 6 years).

## Transport

A road links Chalkusha to the Markacho-Chaube road. There is a bridge across the Barakar River. There is a road from Chaube to Keshwari, where it connects to the Suriya-Parasiya road.

## Education

There are many schools in Chalkusha: ● Government Middle School, Chalkusha ● Government High School, Chalkusha ● Government 10+2 School, Chalkusha ● Holy Angel Public School, Chalkusha
# National Puzzle Day

National Puzzle Day is an American observance that occurs January 29 every year.

## Background

Jodi Jill, a puzzle enthusiast started giving away free her Brain Baffler puzzle in the magazine Official Freebies for Teachers. Before long, there were people asking for free puzzles year around. So she decided to only send out free puzzles one day a year, on her birthday, January 29. By 1994 this was observed as National Puzzle Day. Beginning in 2002 this holiday became widely known.

## Recognition

One year, 2016, the Michigan Historical Center used puzzles and National Puzzle Day to create awareness of Michigan history. Placing historic images like old maps, photos, and other items from the state archives on jigsaw puzzles to educate.
To celebrate every year, the student union at University of Texas Rio Grande Valley puts on a contest for National Puzzle Day. The contest entries are a completed puzzle and posting it on the student union's social media by noon on Puzzle Day.
In 2023, White Castle released a limited edition 285-piece jigsaw puzzle on National Puzzle Day. The proceeds of puzzle sales went to White Castle's Team Member Relief Fund to help team members facing unexpected hardships.
Some people observe National Puzzle Day by playing various types of puzzles, or going to various puzzle events. During the month of January, some puzzles are given away to educators or offered at reduced price promotions. Some libraries run puzzle swaps as an event on this day and sell puzzles with the donating proceeds of puzzle sales to benefit various organizations or charities.
# Karl Klein (bishop)

Karl Klein (11 January 1819 – 6 February 1898) was the Catholic Bishop of Limburg from 1886 to 1898. He restored the church after the Kulturkampf and won orders to found or reestablish monasteries in the diocese.

## Life and career

Klein was born in Frankfurt on 11 January 1819. He received an extensive academic education in theology Regensburg, Freiburg and Munich. He was ordained a priest on 4 November 1841. In 1843, he became secretary to Bishop Peter Joseph Blum [de], who was only ten years his senior.
In 1867, Klein entered the Prussian House of Representatives as a member of the Centre Party for the Lower Westerwald district.
In 1876, Bishop Blum was no longer accepted by the Prussian government; threatened by disciplinary actions, he fled to Bohemia. Klein, then dean at the cathedral, became commissionary for his functions. Blum was pardoned and returned to Limburg in 1883.
In 1886, Klein was appointed Bishop of Limburg by Pope Leo XIII as the successor to Christian Roos. He was consecrated on 4 November 1886 by the former Archbishop of Cologne, Cardinal Paul Melchers. Klein had been favoured by the Prussian government over a candidate with political intentions, while Klein pursued no politics among the clergy, and was in this respect isolated among German bishops at the time. Together with Bishop Georg von Kopp of Fulda, Klein was the only German bishop who clearly spoke out in favour of the papal line and thus against the rejection of the Septennate [de] by the Centre Party. Internally, he endeavoured above all to restore the ecclesiastical structures that had suffered under the Kulturkampf. During his tenure, several orders founded or reestablished monasteries in the diocese, including the Cistercians, Pallottines and Ursulines.
Klein consecrated many new church buildings personally. On 8 October 1888 he dedicated the first Catholic church of Idstein to Mary Magdalene. He consecrated St. Marien [de] in Bad Homburg, a new church in Gothic revival style and St. Josef [de] in Frankfurt-Bornheim, both in 1895. In 1897, he consecrated St. Matthias in Langendernbach. Consecrating Mariä Himmelfahrt in Frankfurt-Griesheim in 1898 was one of the last functions he performed as bishop.
Klein died in Limburg on 6 February 1898, at age 79.
# Africa Peacekeeping Program

The Africa Peacekeeping Program (AFRICAP) is a U.S. Government program run by the Bureau of African Affairs of the U.S. Department of State "which provides training and advisory services, equipment procurement, and logistical support and construction services to African countries."
# Cuddalore taluk

Cuddalore taluk is a taluk of Cuddalore district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Cuddalore.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Cuddalore had a population of 426,017 with 212,878 males and 213,139 females. There were 1,001 women for every 1,000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 74.52%. Population below the age of 6 was 21,233 males and 19,770 females.

## Revenue Villages

There are 84 revenue villages present under Cuddalore taluk.
List of Revenue Villages :
| SI.No | Name of Revenue Village |
| 1 | Alapakkam |
| 2 | Andarmullipallam |
| 3 | Annvalli |
| 4 | Arisiperiyankuppam |
| 5 | Azhagiyanatham |
| 6 | Cuddalore |
| 7 | Cuddalore O.T (municipal) |
| 8 | Irandayeeravilagam |
| 9 | Kalaiyur |
| 10 | Kambilimedu |
| 11 | Kangamanayakkankuppam |
| 12 | Karaikaddu |
| 13 | Karaimedu |
| 14 | Karaiyerivittakuppam |
| 15 | Karaiyerivittakuppam (municipal) |
| 16 | Karamanikuppam |
| 17 | Karanapattu |
| 18 | Karupadithundu |
| 19 | Kayalpattu |
| 20 | Keez Azhinjipattu |
| 21 | Keez Kumaramangalam |
| 22 | Kilinjikuppam |
| 23 | Kondur (municipal) |
| 24 | Koothapakkam |
| 25 | Kothandaramapuram |
| 26 | Kudiadu |
| 27 | Kumarapettai |
| 28 | Kunamangalam |
| 29 | Kundu-uppalavadi |
| 30 | Malayaaperumal Agaram |
| 31 | Manjakuppam |
| 32 | Maruthadu |
| 33 | Mathalapattu |
| 34 | Mavadipalayam |
| 35 | Melakuppam |
| 36 | Melazhinjipattu |
| 37 | Naduveerapattu |
| 38 | Nagappanur |
| 39 | Nallathur |
| 40 | Nathapattu |
| 41 | Odalappattu |
| 42 | Otteri |
| 43 | Pachaiyankuppam |
| 44 | Pallipattu |
| 45 | Pathirikuppam |
| 46 | Periyakanganamkuppam |
| 47 | Pillali |
| 48 | Ponniyankuppam |
| 49 | Pudukadai |
| 50 | Ramapuram |
| 51 | Sedapalayam |
| 52 | Sellancheri |
| 53 | Sellankuppam |
| 54 | Semmankuppam |
| 55 | Senjikumarapuram |
| 56 | Sennapannayakkanpalayam |
| 57 | Singarakudi |
| 58 | Sinnakanganamkuppam |
| 59 | Suba Uppalavadi |
| 60 | Thennampakkam |
| 61 | Thevanampattinam |
| 62 | Thiruchopuram |
| 63 | Thirumanikuzhi |
| 64 | Thirupanampakkam |
| 65 | Thirupapuliyur |
| 66 | Thiruvanthipuram |
| 67 | Thiyagavalli |
| 68 | Thookkanampakkam |
| 69 | Thookkanampakkam |
| 70 | Thottapattu |
| 71 | Uchimedu |
| 72 | Ulleripattu |
| 73 | Utharamanikam |
| 74 | Vadapuram Keezhpathi |
| 75 | Vanamadevi (n) |
| 76 | Vanamadevi (s) |
| 77 | Vannarapalayam |
| 78 | Varakkalapattu |
| 79 | Velisemmandalam |
| 80 | Vellakarai |
| 81 | Vellapakkam |
| 82 | Vettukulam |
| 83 | Villankalpattu |
| 84 | Vilvarayanatham |
# Chief (horse)

Chief (1932–1968) was a horse owned by the United States Army. He has been credited as the Army's last living operational cavalry mount. Mustered into service in 1940 in Nebraska, Chief was posted to Fort Riley and served with the 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments before being sent to the U.S. Army Cavalry School. In 1949–1950, he was retired and put out to pasture; he died in 1968.

## Early life and military service

Chief was foaled in 1932 and added to the cavalry muster roll in 1940 at Fort Robinson, having been purchased that year from L. A. Robinson of Scottsbluff, Nebraska, for $163. He was bay with white markings, standing 15.1 hands (155 cm) high and weighing 1,030 pounds (470 kg). Chief was described as an "all around good cavalry horse" who was especially skilled at jumping, and was popular and well-liked among cavalry troopers.
In 1941, Chief was posted to Fort Riley and assigned to the 10th Cavalry Regiment, though was later transferred to the 9th Cavalry Regiment. In June 1942 he was transferred, again, to the U.S. Army Cavalry School and promoted to Advanced Cavalry Charger.

## Retirement

At the conclusion of World War II, the United States Army terminated its main equestrian training program; between 1949 and 1950, horses under age 16 were sold at auction while older horses, numbering around 100 and including Chief, were put to pasture. Chief lived the rest of his life at the Fort Riley Riding Club where he was given a double box stall and private corral.
Chief achieved an advanced age, outliving all of the Army's other surplus cavalry chargers; he was preceded in death by Joe Louis and Gambler. By 1962, planning had begun for his eventual funeral, though his keeper, Sergeant First Class Robert Parker, reported that year that the horse remained athletic and that many visitors guessed he was significantly younger than his actual age. His last caretaker was Texas A&M alumnus Ron Haley.

## Death and funeral

Chief died on May 24, 1968, and was interred in an upright position at the base of Fort Riley's Old Trooper statue. The following week, on June 1, he was given a military funeral with full honors, the ceremony attended by approximately 500 mourners. He is one of four horses in United States history to be buried with military honors, the others being Black Jack, Reckless and Comanche.

## Legacy

Chief has been credited as the last living operational cavalry mount owned by the U.S. Army.
Since Chief's death, the United States Army has continued to field horse-mounted units for non-combat, ceremonial purposes. However, the United States Air Force's "Task Force Dagger" has engaged in horse-mounted combat, and the U.S. Marine Corps resumed equestrian combat training in the 2010s.
# Chandampally

Chandampally is a village and Gram panchayat of Nalgonda mandal, Nalgonda district, in Telangana state.
# National Pushkin Museum

The National Pushkin Museum (Russian: Всероссийский музей А. С. Пушкина, romanized: Vsyerossiiskii muzei A. S. Pushkina - literally the 'All-Russian Museum of A. S. Pushkin') is a museum dedicated to the life and work of Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. It is located in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The museum was established in 1953.
# Chung Han-ah

Chung Han-ah (born 1982) is a South Korean writer.

## Life

Chung Han-ah was born in Seoul in 1982. She graduated in Korean Literature from Konkuk University, and completed a master's degree in the same school. She won the 4th Daesan Collegiate Literary Prize in 2006, and the 12th Munhakdongne Writer Award in 2007.

## Writing

The characters in Chung Han-ah's fiction are all scarred people. Their scars often start from family relationships. In “Binbang” (빈방 The Empty Room), the father is having an affair, and in “Geurandeu mangsang hotel” (그랜드 망상 호텔 The Grand Illusion Hotel), the mother is an alcoholic. In “Opeunhauseu” (오픈하우스 Open House), the parents are so busy that they cannot really take care of what's around them. In “Sinhaeng” (신행 New Behavior), the parents are dead. The child in “Geurandeu mangsang hotel” (그랜드 망상 호텔 The Grand Illusion Hotel) is unable to have normal relationships, and the child in “Opeunhauseu” (오픈하우스 Open House) has anorexia. The child in “Sinhaeng” (신행 New Behavior) marries a man who is certain to destroy her.
As such, Chung Han-ah's characters experience loss and scarcity, including the absence of family, lack of communication, loss of a romantic partner, and neglect toward reality. However, even as Chung Han-ah depicts the pains of such characters, she does not lose her optimism for life. The characters do not frivolously reveal their pains, or attempt to hold onto what they're losing. They give up on things that they cannot do anything about, and do what they can. However, this doesn't mean that they are powerless beings that succumb to reality. What is seen from the characters of Chung Han-ah is an attitude for autonomy in living life one their own, rather than limp compliance. To borrow the words of the literary critic Cha Mi-ryeong, “author Chung Han-ah has a small, but strong will, where she believes that even if she loses her ears and her legs to the brutal world, and end up on the bottom, she will still continue to dance, sing, and dream, and that she will start her life again with such belief.”

## Works

* Hallowin (할로윈 Halloween), 2017
* Aeni (애니 Annie), 2015
* Liteul shikago (리틀 시카고 Little Chicago), 2012
* Nareul wihae utda (나를 위해 웃다 Smiling For Myself), 2009
* Dalui bada (달의 바다 The Sea of the Moon), 2007

## Awards

* Munhakdongne Writer Award, 2007
# Karslake

Karslake is a surname, and may refer to:
* Edward Karslake (1820–1892), British Conservative Party politician
* John Burgess Karslake (1821–1881), English lawyer and politician
* John Karslake Karslake (died 1872), New Zealand politician
* Paul Karslake (1958–2020), English artist