OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Claremont Pier

The Claremont Pier is a traditional seaside pier in Lowestoft in the English county of Suffolk. Opened in 1903 and named after nearby Claremont Road, the pier was sectioned during the war through fear it could be used for an enemy invasion. It was subsequently restored using a Bailey Bridge and used as a training facility for the army.

## History

The pier was constructed by the Coast Development Company and opened in 1903, originally as a mooring for Belle steamers. Its name originates from its close proximity to Claremont Road. It was designed by D. Fox and was originally 600 feet (180 m) before being extended in 1912 when a T-shaped landing head was added, bringing it to a length of 760 feet (230 m).

### Mid 20th century

Steamer services ended at the pier in 1939, with the last use being to bring evacuees from London. As with many piers during the war, it was sectioned in 1940 as a defense measure against the threat of invasion. When that threat had passed, the gap was closed with a Bailey bridge and the pier became an Army training centre during World War II until 1948.
By 1948 the pier was abandoned and derelict, and when Lowestoft Town Council refused an offer to purchase it for £4,000 the actor George Studd took it over for a year and began to repair the pier. After repair in the 1950s, a storm in 1962 washed a section of it away, reducing its length to 720 feet (220 m).

### Late 20th century

In the 1990s the pier was taken over by the Scott family and, despite restoration work on the shoreward end, much of the pier remains in need of restoration. Facilities at the shoreward end include a nightclub, amusement arcade, children's rides and a restaurant and take-away.

### 21st century

In 2005 the pier was put up for sale at £2.8 million but was unsold.
In April 2018, the pier was put on the market with an asking price of £2.5m. It remained unsold by January 2020, by then being available at a much reduced asking price of £1.25m. By this time, it had been owned for 50 years by David Scott and his family. The pier was sold during the summer of 2020 with the new owners reopening the pier in July 2020 along with the restaurant and ice cream kiosk. Future plans included a desire to reopen the pier deck and allow people to walk along, with costs estimated at between £1.5m - £3m and requiring a grant or lottery funding to make it viable.

## Facilities

The pier includes an ice cream kiosk, coffee shop, fish and chips takeaway and restaurant, amusements arcade, beach bar, sports bar, night club and a brand new roof top terrace.
# Depressaria nomia

Depressaria nomia is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1879. It is found in Japan.
The wingspan is about 25 mm. There are two whitish discoidal spots partly enclosed in black dots on the forewings, as well as an ill-defined discal series of longitudinal black internervular lines or dashes and a marginal series of black spots.
# Diadegma agens

Diadegma agens is a wasp first described by Henry Keith Townes, Jr. in 1964. No subspecies are listed.
# 1964–65 St. Francis Terriers men's basketball team

The 1964–65 St. Francis Terriers men's basketball team represented St. Francis College during the 1964–65 NCAA men's basketball season. The team was coached by Daniel Lynch, who was in his seventeenth year at the helm of the St. Francis Terriers. The team played as an independent and was not affiliated with a conference.
Prior to the beginning of the season the Terriers were highly rated. Yet, a concern from coach Lynch was their lack of a home court to practice on. Since 1960, the Terriers have played their home games at the 69th Regiment Armory and the team often practiced while soldiers were conducting drills.
The Terriers finished the season at 11–9, and had marquee victories over Seton Hall, Fordham, and CCNY.

## Roster

source

## Schedule and results

| Date time, TV | Opponent | Result | Record | Site city, state |
| Regular Season |||||
| December 2, 1964* | at Pace | W 98–66 | 1–0 | High School of Printing Gymnasium (800) New York, NY |
| December 9, 1964* | King's (PA) | W 86–70 | 2–0 | 69th Regiment Armory (300) New York, NY |
| December 12, 1964* | Providence | L 55–86 | 2–1 | 69th Regiment Armory (1,500) New York, NY |
| December 16, 1964* | Loyola (MD) | W 76–66 | 3–1 | 69th Regiment Armory (500) New York, NY |
| December 19, 1964* | Bridgeport | W 75–67 | 4–1 | 69th Regiment Armory (500) New York, NY |
| January 3, 1964* | Siena | W 72–69 | 5–1 | 69th Regiment Armory (500) New York, NY |
| January 6, 1965* | Villanova | L 49–78 | 5–2 | 69th Regiment Armory (1,200) New York, NY |
| January 8, 1965* | Queens | W 74–63 | 6–2 | (250) |
| January 23, 1965* | at St. John's | L 61–75 | 6–3 | Alumni Gymnasium (5,855) Jamaica, NY |
| January 27, 1965* | Manhattan | L 67–74 | 6–4 | 69th Regiment Armory (500) New York, NY |
| January , 1965* | at Adelphi | W 74–73 | 7–4 | (1,300) Garden City, NY |
| February 3, 1965* | Seton Hall | W 61–59 | 8–4 | 69th Regiment Armory (600) New York, NY |
| February , 1965* | at Le Moyne | L 46–53 | 8–5 | Syracuse, NY |
| February 11, 1965* | at Fordham | W 47–40 | 9–5 | Rose Hill Gymnasium (4,000) Bronx, NY |
| February 13, 1965* | NYU | L 68–88 | 9–6 | 69th Regiment Armory (2,000) New York, NY |
| February 17, 1965* | at Niagara | L 67–81 | 9–7 | Gallagher Center Niagara Falls, NY |
| February 22, 1965* | at C.C.N.Y. | W 68–52 | 10–7 | (600) New York, NY |
| February 24, 1965* | at Iona | L 64–73 | 10–8 | Mount St. Michael High School (980) Bronx, NY |
| February 27, 1965* | at Siena | W 71–55 | 11–8 | (1,300) Albany, NY |
| March 5, 1965* | at Saint Peter's | L 70–77 | 11–9 | Jersey City Armory Jersey City, NJ |
| *Non-conference game. $^#$Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. All times are in Eastern Time. |||||
# Donna Testerman

Donna Marie Testerman (born 1960) is a mathematician specializing in the representation theory of algebraic groups. She is a professor of mathematics at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland.
Testerman completed her Ph.D. at the University of Oregon in 1985. Her dissertation, Certain Embeddings of Simple Algebraic Groups, was supervised by Gary Seitz. As a faculty member at Wesleyan University, she won a Sloan Research Fellowship in 1992.
Testerman is an author or editor of several books and book-length research monographs in mathematics including:
* Irreducible subgroups of exceptional algebraic groups (1988)
* $A_{1}$ subgroups of exceptional algebraic groups (1999)
* Centres of centralizers of unipotent elements in simple algebraic groups (2011)
* Group Representation Theory (2007)
* Linear algebraic groups and finite groups of Lie type (2011)
# 1930–31 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team

The 1930–31 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team represented University of Wisconsin–Madison. The head coach was Walter Meanwell, coaching his seventeenth season with the Badgers. The team played their home games at the UW Fieldhouse in Madison, Wisconsin and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.

## Schedule

| Date time, TV | Opponent$^#$ | Result | Record | Site city, state |
| Regular Season ||||||
| 12/13/1930* | Carroll (WI) | W 17–14 | 1–0 | UW Fieldhouse Madison, Wisconsin |
| 12/18/1930* | Pennsylvania | W 25–12 | 2–0 | UW Fieldhouse Madison, Wisconsin |
| 12/22/1930* | Missouri | W 37–9 | 3–0 | UW Fieldhouse Madison, Wisconsin |
| 12/30/1930* | at Marquette | L 14–16 | 3–1 | Marquette Gymnasium Milwaukee |
| 1/05/1931 | at Illinois | W 12–9 | 4–1 (1–0) | Huff Hall Champaign, Illinois |
| 1/10/1931 | at Ohio State | L 19–29 | 4–2 (1–1) | Ohio Expo Center Coliseum Columbus, Ohio |
| 1/12/1931 | at Michigan | L 17–23 | 4–3 (1–2) | Yost Field House Ann Arbor, Michigan |
| 1/17/1931 | Iowa | W 24–13 | 5–3 (2–2) | UW Fieldhouse Madison, Wisconsin |
| 1/19/1931 | at Minnesota | L 26–28 | 5–4 (2–3) | Minnesota Field House Minneapolis |
| 1/24/1931 | Illinois | W 30–20 | 6–4 (3–3) | UW Fieldhouse Madison, Wisconsin |
| 2/09/1931* | Washington (MO) | W 39–9 | 7–4 | UW Fieldhouse Madison, Wisconsin |
| 2/14/1931 | Minnesota | L 15–42 | 7–5 (3–4) | UW Fieldhouse Madison, Wisconsin |
| 2/16/1931 | at Iowa | L 17–19 | 7–6 (3–5) | Iowa Field House Iowa City, IA |
| 2/21/1931 | at Purdue | L 27–46 | 7–7 (3–6) | Memorial Gymnasium West Lafayette, Indiana |
| 2/23/1931 | Ohio State | W 28–24 | 8–7 (4–6) | UW Fieldhouse Madison, Wisconsin |
| 2/28/1931 | Michigan | L 15–26 | 8–8 (4–7) | UW Fieldhouse Madison, Wisconsin |
| 3/02/1931 | Purdue | L 17–24 | 8–9 (4–8) | UW Fieldhouse Madison, Wisconsin |
| *Non-conference game. $^#$Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. ||||||
# Deia (newspaper)

Deia (in Basque, The call) is a Basque Country-based newspaper incorporated in 1977, with a Basque nationalistic perspective.
The newspaper is bilingual in character though principally written in Spanish with some articles in Basque. Deia is the main product of the Editorial Iparraguirre S.A. (EISA). Although their initial objective was to cover news in the whole of the Basque Country, they actually have as their tag line Noticias de Bizkaia, as their principle market is in Biscay, where they are the second largest newspaper in the city. Deia is part of the newspaper group Grupo Noticias, which includes several other Spanish newspapers including Diario de Noticias in Navarre, Noticias de Gipuzkoa in Gipuzkoa and Noticias de Álava en Alava.
The current director of the newspaper is Iñaki González Torre.

## History

Deia, together with other publications by their publishing company, was created by the Partido Nacionalista Vasco with the objective of providing news for moderates in Basque nationalist movement. Among its early the promoters and founders were nationalists like Mitxel Unzueta, Luzio Aginagalde, Luis María Retolaza and Eli Galdós. The first edition was published on 8 June 1977, with Ignacio Iriarte Areso serving as their first director. Their first sub-editors were Alfonso Ventura, Martín Ugalde, and Félix García Olano. Manuel Igarreta and Fernando Múgica served as the first editors-in-chief.
The first edition was published with extraordinary speed, only three months after the founding of their parent organization Editorial Iparraguirre. Founded on 21 March 1977 with an initial capital investment of 40 million pesetas, they started with 25 founding members in their organization. Months later, they increased their initial capital through a series of popular subscription offers and by adding 600 shareholders. Two conditions assisted in the speed of their launch. The first was the first democratic elections in Spain, which were scheduled to be held on 15 June 1977. The second was that two other Basque nationalist societies, "Orain" and "Ardatza", were already working to create left leaning nationalist newspapers. Deia wanted to and did become the first Basque nationalist newspaper published in post-Franco Spain.
Among Deia's founding principles were the highlighting of timely and accurate information as well as focusing on news about individual and collective human rights, promoting solidarity of Basque society, defending Basque tradition, culture, language, politics, social life and family, alongside the promotion of the coexistence of its inhabitants within democratic institutions. Although at an early stage Deia assumed the daily role of unifying of all current opinions that opposed the dictatorship, their lack of definition made the daily newspaper seek a closer identification with the moderate Basque nationalists, represented publicly by the Partido Nacionalista Vasco.
# Parexus

Parexus is an extinct genus of acanthodian fish. Acanthodians are often referred to as ‘spiny sharks’, although acanthodians are not true sharks and evolved perhaps 50 million years earlier than sharks. Acanthodians share several features with bony fish and cartilaginous fish; they often have spines supporting their fins.
Parexus is recognised by its large anterior dorsal fin spine. Several fossils have been discovered from the Early (Lower) Devonian Period of Tillywhandland, Scotland. Two species were described, P. recurvus and P. falcatus, both from Scotland; according to Burrow et al. (2013) P. falcatus is in fact a junior synonym of P. recurvus.
# Coronado 15

The Coronado 15 is an American sailing dinghy that was designed by Frank V. Butler as a one-design racer and first built in 1968.

## Production

The design was built by Catalina Yachts in the United States starting in 1968. The company built 3,800 examples of the design, but it is now out of production.

## Design

The Coronado 15 is a recreational planing sailboat, built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a fractional sloop rig with black anodized aluminum spars. The mast is flexible and supported by stainless steel standing rigging. The hull has a spooned plumb stem, a vertical transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a retractable centerboard. It displaces 385 lb (175 kg). The boat is self-draining and has flotation added, making it unsinkable.
The boat has a draft of 3.67 ft (1.12 m) with the centerboard extended and 4 in (10 cm) with it retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.
For sailing the design is equipped with hiking straps, a trapeze, an outhaul, boom vang, a high-mounted boom and a mainsheet traveler. It has a storage compartment under the foredeck, equipped with a hatch for access. A binnacle with a compass was a factory option, as was a "kick-up" rudder design and sail windows in the mainsail and jib.
The design has a Portsmouth Yardstick racing average handicap of 91.7 and is normally raced by a crew of two sailors.
# Nodosome

Nodosome refers to protein complexes involving pattern recognition receptors and intracellular pathogen sensors NOD2 and CARD8. Their activation leads to regulation of caspase-1 and NF-kappa-B.
# Depressaria parahofmanni

Depressaria parahofmanni is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Hans-Joachim Hannemann in 1958. It is found in Iran.
# Diadegma albipes

Diadegma albipes is a wasp first described by Horstmann in 1981. No subspecies are listed.
# Donets ruffe

The Donets ruffe (Gymnocephalus acerina) is a species of perch native to eastern Europe where it occurs in the basins of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. They inhabit freshwater lakes and rivers usually over hard compacted sand. They are predominantly crepuscular and prey mostly on invertebrates (crustaceans, insect larvae, mollusks), rarely on fish. They are inactive during winter months, and usually move to deeper places until the ice melts. Spawning occurs in small rivers with heavy currents. This species reaches a length of 21 centimetres (8.3 in) SL.
# Nicolae Lupu

Nicolae Lupu may refer to:
* Nicolae Gh. Lupu (1884–1966), Romanian physician
* Nicolae L. Lupu (1876–1947), Romanian politician and physician
# 2012 R League

The 2012 R League was the 14th season of the R League.

## Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | Korean Police (C) | 15 | 11 | 1 | 3 | 44 | 18 | +26 | 34 |
| 2 | Incheon United | 15 | 11 | 0 | 4 | 38 | 21 | +17 | 33 |
| 3 | Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma | 15 | 11 | 0 | 4 | 30 | 23 | +7 | 33 |
| 4 | Gangwon FC | 15 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 16 | 30 | –14 | 12 |
| 5 | FC Seoul | 15 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 17 | 32 | –15 | 12 |
| 6 | Suwon Samsung Bluewings | 15 | 2 | 1 | 12 | 21 | 44 | –23 | 7 |

## Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | Busan IPark (C) | 12 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 27 | 12 | +15 | 23 |
| 2 | Ulsan Hyundai | 12 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 26 | 20 | +6 | 18 |
| 3 | Gyeongnam FC | 12 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 25 | 20 | +5 | 18 |
| 4 | Sangju Sangmu Phoenix | 12 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 16 | 30 | -14 | 14 |
| 5 | Pohang Steelers | 12 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 16 | 28 | –12 | 8 |
# Couchman

Couchman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Couchman (Kent cricketer), 18th-century English cricketer
* Elizabeth Couchman (1876–1982), Australian political activist
* Henry Couchman, 18th-century English architect and landscape gardener
* Hugh Couchman, Canadian astronomer
* James Couchman (born 1942), British politician
* John Couchman (1913–2004), British rower
* Peter Couchman (born 1941), Australian journalist and writer
* Walter Couchman (1905–1981), British Royal Navy admiral
* Martin Couchman OBE (born 1947), Hotelier of sorts
# Dahu, Miaoli

24°23′52″N 120°50′55″E﻿ / ﻿24.39778°N 120.84861°E﻿ / 24.39778; 120.84861
Dahu Township (Chinese: 大湖鄉; pinyin: Dàhú Xiāng) is a rural township in the south of Miaoli County, Taiwan.

## Geography

As of September 2023, it had 13,035 inhabitants. Its area is 90.84 square kilometres (35.07 sq mi).

## Administrative divisions

The township comprises 12 villages: Dahu, Daliao, Danan, Fuxing, Jinghu, Lilin, Minghu, Nanhu, Tungxing, Wurong, Xinkai and Yihe.

## Politics

The township is part of Miaoli County Constituency II electoral district for Legislative Yuan.

## Economy

The location is famous for strawberry cultivation. The township produces 80% of the total output of strawberry in Taiwan, both in terms of cultivation area and production. Other local crops include: Rosa rugosa, Ginger and Sunflower.

## Education

* National Dahu Agricultural & Industrial Vocational High School
* Dahu Junior High School
* Nanhu Junior High School
* Dahu Elementary School

## Infrastructures

* Headquarters office of Shei-Pa National Park

## Tourist attractions

* Dahu Strawberry Cultural Center
* Shei-Pa National Park

## Transportation

* Provincial Highway No.3
* Provincial Highway No.6
* Provincial Highway No.72: form Houlong to Wenshui

## Climate

Climate data for Dahu, elevation 286 m (938 ft), (2019–2023, extremes 2018–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.3 (84.7) | 32.7 (90.9) | 33.7 (92.7) | 33.5 (92.3) | 36.4 (97.5) | 35.2 (95.4) | 37.9 (100.2) | 36.5 (97.7) | 34.4 (93.9) | 34.4 (93.9) | 33.0 (91.4) | 29.3 (84.7) | 37.9 (100.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.5 (68.9) | 22.1 (71.8) | 24.8 (76.6) | 26.5 (79.7) | 29.4 (84.9) | 31.6 (88.9) | 33.0 (91.4) | 32.1 (89.8) | 31.3 (88.3) | 28.6 (83.5) | 26.4 (79.5) | 21.1 (70.0) | 27.3 (81.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.7 (58.5) | 15.6 (60.1) | 18.4 (65.1) | 20.6 (69.1) | 24.0 (75.2) | 26.3 (79.3) | 27.1 (80.8) | 26.4 (79.5) | 25.4 (77.7) | 22.9 (73.2) | 20.0 (68.0) | 15.8 (60.4) | 21.4 (70.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.8 (51.4) | 11.4 (52.5) | 13.9 (57.0) | 16.3 (61.3) | 20.1 (68.2) | 22.5 (72.5) | 23.0 (73.4) | 22.6 (72.7) | 21.3 (70.3) | 19.1 (66.4) | 15.6 (60.1) | 12.2 (54.0) | 17.4 (63.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 1.8 (35.2) | 2.5 (36.5) | 5.2 (41.4) | 5.0 (41.0) | 13.2 (55.8) | 19.7 (67.5) | 20.1 (68.2) | 20.2 (68.4) | 15.2 (59.4) | 8.6 (47.5) | 7.2 (45.0) | 2.3 (36.1) | 1.8 (35.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 50.7 (2.00) | 154.6 (6.09) | 155.6 (6.13) | 202.4 (7.97) | 231.8 (9.13) | 429.7 (16.92) | 248.2 (9.77) | 453.7 (17.86) | 131.2 (5.17) | 70.0 (2.76) | 13.2 (0.52) | 37.5 (1.48) | 2,178.6 (85.8) |
| Average precipitation days | 7.2 | 8.5 | 11.3 | 11.0 | 13.0 | 15.1 | 13.3 | 17.1 | 8.4 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 5.8 | 118.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 86.9 | 86.9 | 86.5 | 86.1 | 87.3 | 86.4 | 86.0 | 88.7 | 85.8 | 83.9 | 86.2 | 86.3 | 86.4 |
| Source 1: Central Weather Administration ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Atmospheric Science Research and Application Databank (precipitation 1991–2020, precipitation days and humidity 2000–2023) ||||||||||||||
# Netherlands Antilles at the 1996 Summer Olympics

The Netherlands Antilles competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States.

## Athletics
### Men
   ### Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | Qualification | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Ellsworth Manuel | Long jump | NM | NM | did not advance | did not advance |
# Diadegma aegyptiacum

Diadegma aegyptiacum is a wasp first described by Horstmann in 1993. No subspecies are listed. It is a parasitoid of Cryptoblabes gnidiella caterpillars.
# Donets Ridge

The Donets Ridge is a highland that is the highest north-eastern part of the Donets upland. The ridge is in the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts of Ukraine and partially in the Rostov Oblast of Russia. The highest point on the ridge is a hill — Mohyla Mechetna, 367 m (1,204 ft).
Another hill, Savur-Mohyla (278 m (912 ft)), was a notable site in the War in Donbass.

## Name

The name derives from the river Seversky (Siversky) Donets.
# Dip (exercise)

A dip is an upper-body strength exercise. Close grip dips primarily train the triceps, with major synergists being the anterior deltoid, the pectoralis muscles, and the rhomboid muscles of the back. Wide shoulder width dips place additional emphasis on the pectoral muscles, similar in respect to the way a wide grip bench press would focus more on the pectorals and less on the triceps.

## Modern meaning

To perform a dip, the exerciser supports themselves on a dip bar with their arms straight down and shoulders over their hands, then lowers their body until their arms are bent to a 90-degree angle at the elbows, and then lifts their body up, returning to the starting position.

## Variation

Usually dips are done on a dip bar, with the exerciser's hands supporting their entire body weight. For added resistance, weights can be added by use of a dip belt, weighted vest, or by wearing a backpack with weights in it. A dumbbell may also be held between the knees or ankles. For less resistance, an assisted dip/pull-up machine can be used which reduces the force necessary for the exerciser to elevate their body by use of a counterweight. One may also use resistance bands hooked under their feet to help if they lack the strength to properly perform a dip.
Another variation of the dip is done on gymnastic rings. Similar to a bar dip, the exerciser hand's grasps the rings, supporting their entire body weight. The unsteady nature of the rings adds additional challenge, although there are variations to make the exercise easier.
In the absence of equipment, a lighter variation of the dip can be performed called the "Bench Dip". The hands are placed on one bench directly underneath the shoulders or on two parallel benches. The legs are straightened and positioned horizontally; the feet rest on another bench in front of the exerciser. This variation trains the upper body muscles in a similar though not exact manner as the normal dip, whilst reducing the total weight lifted by a significant amount. This exercise can be done also off of the edge of a sofa, a kitchen counter, or any surface that supports the lifter. It should be done under control.
# Neocompsa chemsaki

Neocompsa chemsaki is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1970.
# Client Puzzle Protocol

Client Puzzle Protocol (CPP) is a computer algorithm for use in Internet communication, whose goal is to make abuse of server resources infeasible. It is an implementation of a proof-of-work system (PoW).
The idea of the CPP is to require all clients connecting to a server to correctly solve a mathematical puzzle before establishing a connection, if the server is under attack. After solving the puzzle, the client would return the solution to the server, which the server would quickly verify, or reject and drop the connection. The puzzle is made simple and easily solvable but requires at least a minimal amount of computation on the client side. Legitimate users would experience just a negligible computational cost, but abuse would be deterred: those clients that try to simultaneously establish a large number of connections would be unable to do so because of the computational cost (time delay). This method holds promise in fighting some types of spam as well as other attacks like denial-of-service.