OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Neuroepistemology

Neuroepistemology is an empirical approach to epistemology—the study of knowledge in a general, philosophical sense—which is informed by modern neuroscience, especially the study of the structure and operation of the brain involving neural networks and neuronal epistemology. Philosopher Patricia Churchland has written about the topic and, in her book Brain-Wise, characterised the problem as "how meat knows". Georg Northoff, in his Philosophy of the Brain, wrote that it "focuses on direct linkage between the brain on one hand and epistemic abilities and inabilities on the other."

## Assumptive framework

The postmodernist Menachem Mazabow wrote that it "is necessary... to state the set of assumptions that are seen as fundamental to any neuro-epistemological inquiry." These include:
* The significance of revealing the suppositions which influence one’s behavior (the self-reflexive connection between meaning and behavior).
* The larger socio-politico-historical contextual effects on one’s individual assumptions.
* The power relations deeply rooted in the dominant discourses in a field and their overpowering effect on different modes of thought.
* The unavoidably context-dependent and subjective nature of all concepts, compared to objective systems of validity.
* The importance of examining embedded assumptions and of concentrating on the association between idea and context.
* The affirmation that appropriate theorizing is a certainty of our nature as language observers and directing theorists in the direction of improving awareness of their fundamental responsibility.
* The assertion that the concept of efficacy, instead of objective validity should be the fulcrum in the evaluation of theory.

## Application

Brown has noted the "tacit bias" in any observation, which is rooted in "assumptions on the nature of mind" that shape the research, and for Hanlan and Brown, theory does not arise from data alone. Crick has stated that it is impossible to pursue a difficult programme of research in neuroscience without some preconceived ideas, seen as inevitable by Churchland. Stein, Brailowsky and Will have opined that such preconceptions about the central nervous system have tended to hamper research in certain areas.
# Neurotrophic hypothesis of depression

The neurotrophic hypothesis of depression proposes that major depressive disorder (MDD) is caused, at least partly, by impaired neurotrophic support. Neurotrophic factors (also known as neurotrophins) are a family of closely related proteins which regulate the survival, development, and function of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

## Inadequacy of the monoamine hypothesis of depression

The monoamine hypothesis of depression suggests that depression is primarily caused by a deficiency of several monoamines, namely serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. This hypothesis is widely accepted due to its simplicity. However, the monoamine hypothesis of depression is considered incomplete, as several lines of evidence suggest that a monoamine deficiency cannot be the sole cause of depression. For example, antidepressants usually take several weeks to exert a noticeable effect, which is inconsistent with the fact that monoamine levels start to increase within hours of using antidepressants. This suggests that antidepressants need to influence other biological systems, apart from monoamines, to improve a patient's mental health.

## The role of BDNF in depression

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that is vital to the survival, growth, and maintenance of neurons in key brain circuits involved in emotional and cognitive function. BDNF has been studied more than other neurotrophic factors for its potential role in depression. Altered BDNF function and levels are implicated in depression, as suggested by several lines of evidence.
Depression is associated with a decrease in hippocampal volume due to neuronal atrophy. Decreased levels of BDNF in the hippocampus may contribute to this neuronal atrophy. In contrast, increased BDNF levels in the hippocampus may enhance neurogenesis, neuronal cell survival and dendritic branching.
Suicide victims have been found to have decreased levels of:
* BDNF mRNA and BDNF proteins
* TrkB (receptor for BDNF)
* CREB (transcription factor which activates BDNF)Individuals with the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism have been found to have decreased hippocampal volume.
Individuals with the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism are more susceptible to depression, anxiety and bipolar disorder. Furthermore, people with these gene have been found to have decreased hippocampal volume, which is a common structural change associated with depression. This genes results in decreased activity-dependent secretion of BDNF.
In humans, BDNF increase has been reported for the following classes of antidepressants:
* Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
* Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
* Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
* Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
* Atypical antidepressants

## Relationship of the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression to other theories

The neurotrophic hypothesis of depression is closely related to the neuroplasticity and neurogenesis hypotheses of depression, as both the processes of neuroplasticity and neurogenesis are affected by neurotrophic factors.
# Neurotropic virus

A neurotropic virus is a virus that is capable of infecting nerve tissue.

## Terminology

A neurotropic virus is said to be neuroinvasive if it is capable of accessing or entering the nervous system and neurovirulent if it is capable of causing disease within the nervous system. Both terms are often applied to central nervous system infections, although some neurotropic viruses are highly neuroinvasive for the peripheral nervous system (e.g. herpes simplex virus). Important neuroinvasive viruses include poliovirus, which is highly neurovirulent but weakly neuroinvasive, and rabies virus, which is highly neurovirulent but requires tissue trauma (often resulting from an animal bite) to become neuroinvasive. Using these definitions, herpes simplex virus is highly neuroinvasive for the peripheral nervous system and rarely neuroinvasive for the central nervous system, but in the latter case may cause herpesviral encephalitis and is therefore considered highly neurovirulent. Many arthropod-borne neurotropic viruses, like West Nile virus, spread to the brain primarily via the blood system by crossing the blood–brain barrier in what is called hematogenous dissemination.

## Examples

Neurotropic viruses that cause infection include Japanese Encephalitis, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, and California encephalitis viruses; polio, coxsackie, echo, mumps, measles, influenza and rabies, as well as diseases caused by members of the family Herpesviridae such as herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, Epstein–Barr, cytomegalovirus and HHV-6 viruses. All seven of the known human coronaviruses are neurotropic, the common cold viruses mainly in vulnerable populations while the more virulent SARS-CoV-1, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2 frequently attack the nervous systems (primarily in animal models).
Those causing latent infection include herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses. Those causing slow virus infection include measles virus, rubella and JC viruses, and retroviruses such as human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and HIV.

## Research use

Neurotropic viruses are increasingly being exploited as research tools, and for their potential use in treatment. In particular, they are being used to improve the understanding of the nervous systems circuits.

## Other neurotropic infections

Several diseases, including transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, kuru, and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease resemble a slow neurotropic virus infection—but are, in fact, caused by the infectious proteins known as prions.
# Nessonvaux

Nessonvaux is a section of the municipality of Trooz in Wallonia, located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

## Overview

Nessonvaux is located in the Pays de Herve on the banks of the River Vesdre, where the Ri de Vaux flows into it. Until the Belgian municipal reform of 1977, Nessonvaux was an independent municipality.
Nessonvaux has a well-known industrial past, through the manufacture of rifle barrels from Damascene steel, and through the Imperia car factory, which had one of only three test tracks for cars in the world on the roofs of the factory. A part of the track (French piste) can still be seen, namely the high arch near the water tower.
# Destroyer of Worlds

Destroyer of Worlds may refer to:
* "Destroyer of Worlds", a nickname of the character Linea in Stargate SG-1
* Destroyer of Worlds, a 2001 album by Swedish extreme metal band Bathory
* Destroyer of Worlds, a 2009 science fiction novel by Larry Niven and Edward M. Lerner
* Destroyer of Worlds, a 2020 fantasy novel by Larry Correia
* "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.", part of a famous quote by J. Robert Oppenheimer discussed at Influence of Bhagavad Gita
# Destroyer escort (disambiguation)

Destroyer escort is the US Navy classification for a smaller, lightly armed warship designed to be used to escort convoys of merchant marine ships.
Destroyer escort may also refer to:
* Abukuma-class destroyer escort, a destroyer escort class of the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force
* Captain-class frigate, a designation given to 78 frigates of the Royal Navy, constructed in the United States
* Chikugo-class destroyer escort, a destroyer escort class of the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force
* F-class escort ship, a class of fleet escorts used by the Kriegsmarine roughly comparable to American destroyer escorts
* Ishikari-class destroyer escort, a destroyer escort class of the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force
* Isuzu-class destroyer escort, a destroyer escort class of the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force
* Mackenzie-class destroyer, a class of four escort destroyers operated by the Royal Canadian Navy
* Restigouche-class destroyer, a class of seven escort destroyers operated by the Royal Canadian Navy
* River-class destroyer escort, a class of six escort destroyers operated by the Royal Australian Navy
* St. Laurent-class destroyer, a class of seven escort destroyers operated by the Royal Canadian Navy
* V and W-class destroyer, a class of destroyer built for the Royal Navy under the War Emergency Programme of the First World War
* Yūbari-class destroyer escort, a destroyer escort class of the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force
# 1675 in England

Events from the year 1675 in England.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Charles II

## Events

* 27 February – Matthew Locke's "semi-opera" Psyche premieres at the Duke's Theatre in London.
* 4 March – John Flamsteed appointed as "astronomical observator", in effect, the first Astronomer Royal.
* 25 March – loss of HMY Mary off Anglesey; 35 die.
* 13 April – Parliament refuses to vote funds for Charles II and is suspended after sitting for just nine weeks.
* 21 June – reconstruction of St Paul's Cathedral in London under Christopher Wren begins to replace that destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666.
* April – English merchant Anthony de la Roché, blown off course after rounding Cape Horn eastabout, makes the first discovery of land south of the Antarctic Convergence, landing on South Georgia and (probably) Gough Island.
* 10 August – King Charles places the foundation stone of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich near London.
* 20 September – the Great Fire of Northampton occurs in the county town.
* December – King Charles issues a "Proclamation for the suppression of Coffee Houses" due to the political activity which is occurring in the newly popular establishments; it is quickly rescinded.

### Undated

* The Green Ribbon Club founded; the earliest political club, based in Fleet Street.
* Bethlem Hospital, London, moves to new buildings in Moorfields, designed by Robert Hooke.
* Briggflatts Meeting House built near Sedbergh.

## Publications

* William Wycherley's satirical play The Country Wife.

## Births

* 1 April – George Shelvocke, privateer (died 1742)
* 29 May – Humphry Ditton, mathematician (died 1715)
* 2 September – William Somervile, poet (died 1742)
* 11 October – Samuel Clarke, philosopher (died 1729)
* 24 October – Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham, soldier and politician (died 1749)
* Edmund Curll, bookseller and publisher (died 1757)

## Deaths

* 28 July – Bulstrode Whitelocke, lawyer (born 1605)
* 28 November – Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh, English Civil War soldier (born c. 1608)
* 6 December – John Lightfoot, churchman and scholar (born 1602)
* Humphrey Henchman, Bishop of London (born 1592)
# Eivind Saxlund

Eivind Saxlund (1858 – 10 December 1936) was a Norwegian lawyer and writer. He was a barrister by occupation, and worked cases brought before the Supreme Court of Norway. However, he is better known for his contributions to anti-Semitic literature. He published the pamphlet of Theodor Fritsch Jøder og Gojim ("Jews and Goyim") in 1910, translated it and wrote a preface, this work was featured in Det 20de Århundre, with new editions published in 1911, 1922 and 1923. He also contributed to Mikal Sylten's anti-Semitic magazine Nationalt Tidsskrift, both financially and with articles.
Together with Anna Magdalene Sundt (1863–1950), Eivind Saxlund had a son, Alf Eivind Saxlund, who also became a barrister.
Saxlund died in late 1936, before Norway became occupied by Nazi German (1940–1945).

## Author

* Wurzellose Rasse. (in German; i. e. "Rootless Race" sc. the Jews) in the anthology Die Weltfront. Eine Sammlung von Aufsätzen antisemitischer Führer aller Völker. (i. e. "The worldwide front. A collection of essays written by antisemitic leaders from all the people of the world.") Ed. Hans Krebs. Weltfrontverlag, Aussig 1926, p. 43-47 online
# Down in the Subway

Down in the Subway is a budget compilation album by Soft Cell. The album was released in 1994 and comprises singles, the b-side "Fun City" and selected tracks from their first three albums. The four-page booklet contains a brief biography by Mark Brennan.

## Track listing

* "Where Did Our Love Go?" - 4:27
* "Memorabilia" - 5:24
* "Torch" - 4:09
* "Entertain Me" - 3:40
* "Fun City" - 7:40
* "Secret Life" - 3:39
* "Kitchen Sink Drama" - 4:00
* "Down in the Subway" - 2:53
* "Baby Doll" - 6:47
* "Where the Heart Is" - 4:35
* "Insecure Me" - 4:41
* "Seedy Films" - 5:08
* "Loving You Hating Me" - 4:22
* "Soul Inside" - 4:28
# 2021 Campeonato Internacional de Tênis de Campinas – Doubles

Sadio Doumbia and Fabien Reboul were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.
Rafael Matos and Felipe Meligeni Alves won the title after defeating Gilbert Klier Júnior and Matheus Pucinelli de Almeida 6–3, 6–1 in the final.

## Seeds

* Rafael Matos / Felipe Meligeni Alves (champions)
* Orlando Luz / Luis David Martínez (first round)
* Mark Vervoort / Federico Zeballos (quarterfinals)
* Pedro Cachin / Facundo Mena (first round)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | R Matos F Meligeni Alves | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | JL Reis da Silva E Ribeiro | 1 | 2 | | 1 | R Matos F Meligeni Alves | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | M Alves Oscar José Gutierrez | 6 | 6 | | WC | M Alves OJ Gutierrez | 3 | 0 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | Iago Almeida Enzo Camargo Lima | 2 | 1 | | | | | | | 1 | R Matos F Meligeni Alves | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| 3 | M Vervoort F Zeballos | w/o | | | | | | | | | F Romboli T Seyboth Wild | 2 | 1 | | | | |
| | A Collarini N Kuhn | | | | 3 | M Vervoort F Zeballos | 4 | 6 | [8] | | | | | | | | |
| | F Romboli T Seyboth Wild | 6 | 6 | | | F Romboli T Seyboth Wild | 6 | 4 | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| | DE Galán A Merino | 2 | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | R Matos F Meligeni Alves | 6 | 6 |
| | G Andreozzi TM Etcheverry | 4 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | G Klier Júnior M Pucinelli de Almeida | 3 | 1 |
| | H Casanova S Rodríguez Taverna | 6 | 6 | | | H Casanova S Rodríguez Taverna | 4 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| | F Coria T Lipovšek Puches | 3 | 7$^8$ | [10] | | F Coria T Lipovšek Puches | 6 | 3 | [7] | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | P Cachin F Mena | 6 | 6$^6$ | [8] | | | | | | | H Casanova S Rodríguez Taverna | 3 | 4 | | | | |
| | R Cid Subervi P Sakamoto | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | G Klier Júnior M Pucinelli de Almeida | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| | F Cerúndolo C Ugo Carabelli | 1 | 2 | | | R Cid Subervi P Sakamoto | 2 | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
| | Gilbert Klier Júnior M Pucinelli de Almeida | 6 | 3 | [10] | | G Klier Júnior M Pucinelli de Almeida | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | O Luz LD Martínez | 3 | 6 | [4] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Abdel Aziz Moussa

Abdel Aziz Moussa may refer to:
* Abdel Bouckar (Abdel Aziz Boukar Moussa, born 1980), Angolan basketball center
* Abdel Aziz Moussa (footballer) (born 1989), Egyptian footballer
# NNI

NNI may refer to:
* Network-to-network interface, used to interconnect signalling networks in telecommunications
* Net national income, a term in economics
* National Nanotechnology Initiative, a U.S. government cross-agency coordinating program
* Ngagyur Nyingma Institute, a monastic college for Buddhist studies & research
* Numéro national d'identification, the national identification number used in France
* Neural Network Intelligence, an open source AutoML toolkit for neural architecture search and hyper-parameter tuning
* Novo Nordisk Inc., a Danish pharmaceutical company.
# 1690 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Works published

* Thomas Brown, The Late Converts Exposed, published anonymously (see The Reasons of Mr Bays Changing his Religion 1688)
* Thomas D'Urfey:
** Collin's Walk Through London and Westminster
** New Poems
* John Glanvill, Some Odes of Horace Imitated with Relation to his Majesty and the Times
* Charles Montagu, Earl of Halifax, An Epistle to the Right Honourable Charles Earl of Dorset and Middlesex, published anonymously, on William II of England's victories in Ireland
* Edmund Waller, The Maid's Tragedy Altered, a fragment, possibly intended by Waller to turn Beaumont and Fletcher's The Maides Tragedy [1619] into a comedy; with other poems
* Edward Ward, The School of Politicks; or, The Humours of a Coffee-House, anonymous

## Births

Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
* January 1 – Christian Falster (died 1752), Dutch poet and philologist
* 1689/90 – Susanna Highmore (died 1750), English poet

## Deaths

Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
* Peter Folger (born 1617), English-born American poet and maternal grandfather of Benjamin Franklin
* Keshav Pandit (born unknown), Shivaji's religious chief, Sanskrit scholar and poet
* Franciscus Plante (born 1613), Dutch poet and chaplain
* Wang Wu (born 1632), Chinese painter and poet
# David Kato College, York

David Kato College is a college of the University of York and was founded in 2022. The college was named after the Ugandan teacher and LGBT rights activist David Kato, who is considered a father of Uganda's gay rights movement, and who had studied at York shortly before his murder in 2011.

## History

David Kato College was officially opened on 14 March 2022.

## Student association

The students of David Kato are represented by the David Kato College Student Association (CSA), who are responsible for planning events for students to attend.
The 2024 CSA executive committee are
* President – VACANT
* Vice President – James Gannon
* Vice President for Community & Wellbeing – Alex Brown
* Vice President for Events/Activities – Poppy Sullivan
* Vice President for Sports – Rayyan Ahmad
* Treasurer – Geena Patel
* Secretary – Sammy Hori

## Design

Part of a 400,000 sqf addition to Campus East consisting of 1,480 beds and costing £130 million, David Kato College along with Anne Lister College form a new student accommodation centre. David Kato consists of nine blocks arranged over three to four floors with a central community Hub containing study spaces, a laundry room, and social spaces. The design focuses on modern design principles and sustainability but also borrows some architectural elements from existing buildings on campus such as the university's iconic 1960s covered walkways.

## Services

David Kato has a range of room types, all of which are ensuite. Each room has access to a communal kitchen shared by 6-10 people. While the rooms are classed as self-catered, like other Campus East colleges students can attend the weekly college meal held in the Piazza Building, which is included with rent.

## College shield

The college shield was one of 22 entries to a competition to design it. The scroll has the phrase 'A luta continua', which translates as 'the struggle continues'. It has connections to David Kato from its use by his supporters at his funeral, but is not the motto of the college.
# Cerithiopsis greenii

Cerithiopsis greenii is a species of sea snail, a gastropod in the family Cerithiopsidae, which is known from the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Maine, and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. It was described by C.B. Adams in 1839.

## Description

The maximum recorded shell length is 4.6 mm.

## Habitat

This species lives in marine environments. The minimum recorded depth for this species is 0 m; maximum recorded depth is 75 m.

## Life cycle & mating behavior

Members of the order Neotaenioglossa are mostly gonochoric and broadcast spawners. Starting as embryos they develop into planktonic trocophore larvae and later into juvenile veligers before becoming fully grown adults.
# Cerithiopsis familiarum

Cerithiopsis familiarum is a species of sea snail, a gastropod in the family Cerithiopsidae, which is known from the Gulf of Mexico. It was described by Rolán, Espinosa, and Fernández-Garcés, in 2007.
# Cetrelia monachorum

Cetrelia monachorum is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first described scientifically in 1930 by Alexander Zahlbruckner as a species of Parmelia. Husband and wife lichenologists William and Chicita Culberson transferred it into the genus Cetrelia in 1977. It is found in Asia, Europe, and North America.
# Chamail

The Chamail are a Muslim community, found in the state of Bihar, India.
# David Durie

Sir David Robert Campbell Durie, KCMG KStJ (born 21 August 1944) is a retired British civil servant, whose last major public appointment was as Governor of Gibraltar.

## Early life

Born into a family with a military tradition, Durie grew up in Scotland. Together with his twin brother, Ian (1944–2005), Durie was educated at Fettes College. He read Natural Sciences at the University of Oxford.

## Career

Durie joined the Ministry of Technology in 1966 before going on to work in various posts at the OECD, the Cabinet Office and the Department of Trade and Industry. In 1991 he became Minister and Deputy UK Permanent Representative to the European Community in Brussels and in 1995 he returned to the Department of Trade and Industry before leaving the Home Civil Service in 2000.
He served as Governor of Gibraltar from 2000 to 2003.
He is a former Governor of The Queen's School, Kew.

## Personal life

Durie lives in Kew, London. He is married to Susan (née Weller), and has three daughters.

## Honours and awards

Durie was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1995 New Year Honours, and promoted to a Knight Commander of the same Order (KCMG) in the 2003 New Year Honours. He was appointed a Knight of the Venerable Order of St. John (KStJ) in 2000. Durie was also invested as Knight Commander of the Royal Order of Francis I (KCFO) by Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro (then Duke of Calabria) in 2003.