OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Document-based question

In American Advanced Placement exams, a document-based question (DBQ), also known as data-based question, is an essay or series of short-answer questions that is constructed by students using one's own knowledge combined with support from several provided sources. Usually, it is employed on timed history tests.

## In the United States

The document based question was first used for the 1973 AP United States History Exam published by the College Board, created as a joint effort between Development Committee members Reverend Giles Hayes and Stephen Klein. Both were unhappy with student performance on free-response essays, and often found that students were "groping for half-remembered information" and "parroted factual information with little historical analysis or argument" when they wrote their essays. The goal of the Document Based Question was for students to be "less concerned with the recall of previously learned information" and more engaged in deeper historical inquiry. Hayes, in particular, hoped students would "become junior historians and play the role of historians for that hour" as they engaged in the DBQ.
A typical DBQ is a packet of several original sources (anywhere from three to sixteen), labeled by letters (beginning with "Document A" or "Source A") or numbers. Usually all but one or two source(s) are textual, with the other source(s) being graphic (usually a political cartoon, map, or poster if primary and a chart or graph if secondary). In most cases, the sources are selected to provide different perspectives or views on the events or movements being analyzed.
On the Advanced Placement (AP) exams, only primary sources are provided; on the International Baccalaureate (IB) exams, both primary and secondary sources are provided. AP exams also require students to construct and defend a thesis based on one prompt, while IB exams focus on a series of questions, with at least one asking students to assess the "value and limitations" of a source, usually "with reference to the documents' origin or purpose."
The documents contained in the document-based questions are rarely familiar texts (for example, the Emancipation Proclamation and Declaration of Independence are not likely to be on a U.S. history test), though the documents' authors may be major historical figures. The documents vary in length and format.
On some tests students are not permitted to begin responding to the question or questions in the essay packet until after a mandatory reading time ("planning period"), usually around 10 to 15 minutes. During this time, students read the passage and, if desired, make notes or markings. After this period, students are permitted to respond, usually for around 45 minutes to an hour.
# 1953–54 Northern Football League

The 1953–54 Northern Football League season was the 56th in the history of the Northern Football League, a football competition in Northern England.

## Clubs

The league featured 14 clubs which competed in the last season, no new clubs joined the league this season.

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts |
| 1 | Bishop Auckland | 26 | 19 | 4 | 3 | 97 | 34 | 2.853 | 42 |
| 2 | Crook Town | 26 | 19 | 2 | 5 | 95 | 38 | 2.500 | 40 |
| 3 | Ferryhill Athletic | 26 | 17 | 5 | 4 | 56 | 27 | 2.074 | 39 |
| 4 | Billingham Synthonia | 26 | 15 | 2 | 9 | 61 | 44 | 1.386 | 32 |
| 5 | West Auckland Town | 26 | 15 | 2 | 9 | 58 | 48 | 1.208 | 32 |
| 6 | Durham City | 26 | 15 | 2 | 9 | 62 | 52 | 1.192 | 32 |
| 7 | Whitby Town | 26 | 9 | 6 | 11 | 58 | 56 | 1.036 | 24 |
| 8 | Willington | 26 | 11 | 1 | 14 | 48 | 51 | 0.941 | 23 |
| 9 | Evenwood Town | 26 | 9 | 3 | 14 | 57 | 65 | 0.877 | 21 |
| 10 | Tow Law Town | 26 | 10 | 0 | 16 | 43 | 64 | 0.672 | 20 |
| 11 | Penrith | 26 | 8 | 1 | 17 | 39 | 81 | 0.481 | 17 |
| 12 | Shildon | 26 | 11 | 2 | 13 | 74 | 68 | 1.088 | 16 |
| 13 | Stanley United | 26 | 3 | 5 | 18 | 33 | 84 | 0.393 | 11 |
| 14 | South Bank | 26 | 3 | 1 | 22 | 36 | 105 | 0.343 | 7 |
* ↑ Shildon deducted eight points for fielding unregistered players.
No changes following this season.
# Claiborne Williams

Claiborne Williams (December 31, 1868 – October 10, 1952) was an American musician, bandleader, and music teacher.

## Life and career

Claiborne Williams was born in Ascension Parish near Donaldsonville, Louisiana. As a young man, he worked in New Orleans for the Werlein Music Company on Canal Street, where he repaired musical instruments. At the age of 17 he led a band at the Wilbert Theatre in Baton Rouge. At 18 he was also leader of the St. Joseph Brass Band, and was a music teacher in the nearby towns of Donaldsonville. Notable pupils of Williams were trombone player Louis Nelson, and Oscar "Papa" Celestin; later Louis Nelson played a few dates with Claiborne's orchestra.
Williams was primarily a violinist, but taught all instruments. He charged fifty cents for a lesson lasting from half an hour to an hour. Although he travelled around the USA, Canada and even Europe as leader of "Billy Kersand and his Minstrel Troupe", most of his musical career was spent in and around Donaldsonville. Williams' musical career continued well into the late 1930s early 1940s. Members of the Claiborne Williams band included famed Dave Bartholomew, "Papa" John Joseph, Richard Jones, and Walter Lewis.
Claiborne Williams died at the age of 83 on October 10, 1952, in a New Orleans hospital. He was buried in a Catholic cemetery.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Carter, William. Preservation Hall, Continuum International Publishing Group, page 139, (1999) - ISBN 0-304-70517-9
* ↑ The JazzGazette
* ↑ Koenig, Karl. Trinity of Early Jazz Leaders (PDF). Basinstreet.com.
# Nipponoparmelia

Nipponoparmelia is a genus of five species of lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. Nipponoparmelia was originally conceived by Syo Kurokawa as a subgenus of the genus Parmelia in 1994. It was raised to generic status in 2010. Four east Asian species were originally placed in the genus; Nipponoparmelia perplicata, found in South Korea and Russia, was added in 2014.

## Description

Nipponoparmelia differs morphologically from Parmelia by having very small (punctiform) pseudocyphellae on the margins of the lobes and lobules. Similar to the genera Punctelia and Flavopunctelia, the pseudocyphellae lack a persistent epicortex roof and do not form angular or linear pore aggregates; unlike these two genera, however, in Nipponoparmelia the pseudocyphellae are not present on the lamina.

## Species

* Nipponoparmelia isidioclada (Vain.) K.H.Moon, Y.Ohmura & Kashiw. (2010)
* Nipponoparmelia laevior (Nyl.) K.H.Moon, Y.Ohmura & Kashiw. (2010)
* Nipponoparmelia perplicata S.Y.Kondr., Tschab., Elix & Hur (2014)
* Nipponoparmelia pseudolaevior (Asahina) K.H.Moon, Y.Ohmura & Kashiw. (2010)
* Nipponoparmelia ricasolioides (Nyl.) A.Crespo & Divakar (2010)
# Dobrich (disambiguation)

Dobrich may refer to:

## Places in Bulgaria

* Dobrich, a city
** Dobrich Province
** Dobrichka Municipality
* Dobrich, Haskovo Province, a village
* Dobrich, Yambol Province [bg], a village in Yambol Province

## People with the name

* Hans Döbrich, German army pilot
* Virginia Dobrich, Uruguayan entertainer
# Dan Ghica-Radu

Lieutenant-general Dan Ghica-Radu (born September 13, 1955 in Topoloveni, Argeș County) was the chief of the Romanian Land Forces Staff from 17 March 2009 to 16 January 2011.

## Education

* "Dimitrie Cantemir" Military Highschool, Breaza – 1974
* Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Academy, Sibiu – 1977
* Academy of High Military Studies, Faculty of tanks – 1987
* National Defense College – 2002
* NATO Defense College, Rome – 2005

## Commands

* 1998-2000: 1st Division's Intelligence office chief
* 2000-03: Chief of Operations office of Land Forces staff
* 2003-04: Commander of 282nd Mechanized Brigade
* 2004-06: Director of Land Forces staff
* 2006-07: Deputy Chief of Operations within Multinational force in Iraq general staff
* 2008-09: Commander of Marshal Alexandru Averescu Joint Operational Command

## Personal life

Dan Ghica-Radu is married and has three children.
# Michaela Kubat

Michaela Kubat (born 10 April 1972) is a former German football striker. Her career started at Grün-Weiß Brauweiler and with Brauweiler she won the German Cup in 1991. After banding up with TSV Siegen in 1992 she won another German Cup and two national championships in 1994 and 1996. She moved than to FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen and won the German Cup again in 1998.
Michaela Kubat had 11 appearances for the German national team, scoring twice. She had her first score in her debut in 1991 against Switzerland. Her last appearance in 1993 was also against Switzerland.

## Honours

* German Championship: 1994, 1996
* German Cup: 1991, 1993, 1998
# Justicia nodicaulis

Justicia nodicaulis is a plant native to Bolivia and west-central and southeastern Brazil, where it grows in the Cerrado ecoregion.
# Jouni Helminen

Jouni Helminen (born 27 January 1970 in Pori) is a Finnish professional ten-pin bowler.

## Career highlights
### EBT - End of year rankings

    2004 - 6th
    2005 - 3rd
    2006 - 12th
    2007 - 11th

### Top-3 finishes

    2004 - 1st, Dutch Brunswick Open
    2004 - 2nd, Trofeo Internacional Ciutat de Barcelona
    2004 - 3rd, Malta Open Championships
    2005 - 1st, Columbia Open-Oltremare Championships
    2005 - 2nd, Brunswick Euro Challenge
    2006 - 2nd, Brunswick Aalborg International
    2007 - 2nd, Brunswick Euro Challenge
    2008 - 1st, Brunswick Ballmaster Open

### Records

    1993 - 557 pins at men's doubles 1 game (with Jouko Kuossari)
    1993 - 1478 pins at men's doubles 3 games (with Jouko Kuossari)
# Bayad

The bayad (Bagrus bajad), is a species of bagrid catfish from Africa.

## Distribution

The natural habitat of the bayad are lakes and rivers in Africa. These include lakes such as Lake Chad, Lake Albert, and Lake Turkana, as well as rivers such as the Nile, the Niger, and the Senegal.

## Description

The bayad's body is generally elongated in shape. The dorsal fin has a smooth spine, and the pectoral fins have spines with serrations on the inside. There are four pairs of barbel anatomy barbels. The maxillary barbels usually reach to the ventral fin or pelvic fins. This fish is yellow-greenish or blackish with a white belly. The fins are darker, sometimes reddish purple. Juveniles have little black spots on the sides.
The bayad has a maximum size of about 112 centimetres (44.1 in) FL. It has a maximum published weight of 12.5 kilograms (27.5 lb), but is reputed to reach 100 kg (220 lb). Mean sizes and weight of males are less than those of females from the same age. Males grow up to 7 years old, females 8 years (Ref. 51644).

## Ecology

The bayad is found in lakes, swamps and rivers. It avoids salt water. This species spends nearly the whole of the daylight hours in crevices of rocks and is therefore seldom seen. It lives and feeds on or near the bottom. Adults are exclusively piscivorous; it preys on small fish, particularly Alestes species, or Chrysichthys auratus as in Lake Kainji. These fish also feed on insects, crustaceans, mollusks, and vegetable matter. The efficiency of catching prey catfish is maximised by face to face attack, avoiding damage by dorsal and pectoral spines of the prey.
There is some indication that the species comes to shallower water to breed. Spawning season extends from April to July. The parents build and guard the nest, which is like a flat disc with a central hole where the eggs are dropped; the size of the nest and the central hole depend on the fish size.

## Relationship to humans

The bayad is an important food fish. The bayad flesh is good eating and is of economic importance, commonly sold as food.
# Michael W. Grebe

Michael William Grebe (born October 25, 1940) is an American philanthropist, lawyer, businessman and conservative activist. He served as the chairman and CEO of the law firm Foley & Lardner from 1994 to 2002. From 2002 through 2016, he was President and Chief Executive Officer of the Bradley Foundation. He is the former chairman of the Philanthropy Roundtable.

## Early life

Grebe grew up in Farmington, Illinois, and played quarterback on his high school football team. He graduated from the United States Military Academy with a B.S. in 1962 and received a J.D. from the University of Michigan Law School in 1970, magna cum laude. Grebe served in the United States Army during the Vietnam War and was later awarded the Combat Infantryman’s Badge and two Bronze Stars. He served on active duty from 1962 to 1967 and attained the rank of captain.

## Career

Grebe joined the law firm Foley & Lardner in 1970, and became a partner in 1977, focusing on corporate and financial law. He served as chairman and CEO from 1994, until he retired in 2002, when he became chairman and CEO of the Bradley Foundation. He also serves as Chairman of the Philanthropy Roundtable.
He has served on the board of directors of the Oshkosh Corporation since 1990. He also sits on the board of the Church Mutual Insurance Company. He is a former member and president of the board of regents for the University of Wisconsin System and past member and chairman of the board of visitors of his alma mater, the United States Military Academy. He has also sat on the board of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and the Milwaukee Brewers baseball club. He sits on the board of the Charter School Growth Fund. He sits on the publication committee of National Affairs. He is also on the board of directors of the BMO Harris Bradley Center
He is a former general counsel to the Republican National Committee and was the Republican National Committeeman for Wisconsin from 1984 to 2002. He was a delegate to Republican National Conventions from 1984 to 2000. In 2010, he chaired Scott Walker's campaign for governorship of Wisconsin.

## Personal life

Grebe's first wife, Peggy, died in 2003. They had 2 children, a son and a daughter. He married Patricia Perry in 2005. They live in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In 2015, Wisconsin Governor Walker appointed Grebe's son, Michael M. Grebe, to UW Board of Regents.
# Cooper Village Archeological Site

The Cooper Village Archeological Site, designated 39SL15, encompasses what is believed to be a prehistoric Native American village in Sully County, South Dakota. It is located on a peninsula projecting into Lake Oahe, and portions of it were identified in 1979 and 1982 as being subjected to shoreline erosion by the lake. It is described as a small village, with four depressions identified as being consistent with dwellings, and a low mound, with occupancy believed to c. 1550-1675 CE, based on artifacts found at the site.
The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.
# Model 10

Model 10 or 10-model may refer to:
* Remington Model 10, a pump-action shotgun
* High Standard Model 10, a semi-automatic shotgun
* Smith & Wesson Model 10, a .38 caliber revolver
* Lockheed Model 10 Electra, a twin engine monoplane prop airliner
# Justicia nuriana

Justicia nuriana is a plant species endemic to eastern Venezuela. It is known from the State of Bolívar, Altiplanicie de Nuria.
Justicia nurianais an herb up to 1 m tall. Leaves are broadly oblong to ovate, up to 22 cm long. Flowers are borne in spikes at the end of branches. Capsule is egg-shaped (unusual for the genus), up to 13 mm long.
# NGC 282

NGC 282 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on October 13, 1879 by Édouard Stephan.
# John Moorhead Jr.

John Moorhead Jr. (sometimes spelled Moorehead) (April 28, 1859 – March 15, 1927) was an American football player for Yale. He played alongside Walter Camp, the inventor of the modern game, during the late 1870s. He was also a member, and club president, of the Allegheny Athletic Association, an amateur football club which fielded the first recognized professional player Pudge Heffelfinger. When Allegheny formed a football team in 1890, he took over the position of center. Meanwhile a fellow former Yale player, O. D. Thompson, took over as the club's manager and played tackle.
In a 1904 issue of The Independent, Walter Camp listed the following "leading players of the game" for the period 1876 to 1879. He named Moorhead as the top forwards in the game for those years.
John was also the father of John A. Moorhead and Turner Donaldson Moorhead, both of whom attended Yale. John A. Moorhead would play halfback at Yale, graduate in 1904 and later coach football at the University of Pittsburgh. In 1907, John disinherited his son John A. Moorhead for eloping with his mother's French maid. Moorhead later reconciled with his son, after the funeral of his daughter, Miss Anne Katherine Moorhead, who was killed in the Bronx wreck on the New York Central Railroad.
He died of pneumonia in Pittsburgh and was buried at Allegheny Cemetery.
# Cavé

Cavé is the name of several persons:
* François Cavé (1794–1875), French inventor, namesake of rue Cavé in Paris (fr:François Cavé)
* Hygin-Edmond-Ludovic-Auguste Cavé (1796–1852), French administrator and playwright, subject of Ingres' Portrait de Edmond Cavé
* Marie-Élisabeth Blavot-Boulanger (1806–1883), French artist and intimate of Eugène Delacroix, later Madame Edmond Cavé
* Jean-Cyrille Cavé (1834–1909), French pioneer of free education (fr:Jean-Cyrille Cavé)
* Alan Cavé (born 1966), US kompa singer
# Cavanillesia

Cavanillesia is a genus of trees in the family Malvaceae. It is native to Panama and tropical South America.

## Species

Five species are accepted.
* Cavanillesia arborea (Willd.) K.Schum.
* Cavanillesia chicamochae Fern.Alonso
* Cavanillesia hylogeiton Ulbr.
* Cavanillesia platanifolia (Bonpl.) Kunth
* Cavanillesia umbellata Ruiz & Pav.
# Craft Recordings

Craft Recordings is a record label owned by Concord. Like UMe, Legacy Recordings and Rhino Entertainment, Craft specialized in reissues of Concord's back catalog. The imprint was founded in 2017, along with an online store by the same name offering a curated selection of deluxe CD and vinyl box sets, stand-alone LPs, and legacy label and artist merchandise. Its first release was a deluxe vinyl edition of Thelonious Monk and John Coltrane’s Complete 1957 Recordings. Sig Sigworth is the president of Craft Recordings.
Craft is home to numerous legacy labels including Contemporary, Fania, Fantasy, HighTone, Independiente, Milestone, Musart, Notro, Pablo, Panart Records, Prestige Records, Riverside, SLG, Specialty Records, Stax, Sugar Hill, Takoma, Telarc, Vanguard, Vee Jay, Victory and Wind-Up. Craft is also the releasing arm for catalog titles from Concord's frontline labels, including Concord Records, Fearless Records and Rounder Records.
Craft has reissued albums by Creedence Clearwater Revival, Vince Guaraldi, John Lee Hooker, Little Richard, John Coltrane, R.E.M., Evanescence, The Offspring, Nine Inch Nails, and others. It has not only reissued material from catalog Concord artists, but also released rare material from them.
On June 26, 2019, Craft digitally reissued many albums of the legendary Stax soul label. Craft has also reissued, on vinyl, Stax's two-LP compilation from 1969, Soul Explosion, which compiled the label's biggest hits of that time onto the first disc, coupled with rare, hard-to-find tracks on the second. In August 2019, the Craft Latino imprint announced that it would re-release several Fania Records albums by Celia Cruz, Tito Puente, Johnny Pacheco, and Willie Colón.
# Craft Smoothie

Craft Smoothie is a smoothie box delivery service that delivers pre-portioned smoothie ingredients and recipes weekly to subscribers in New Zealand.

## History

Craft Smoothie was started by former New Zealand Rugby player, Riki Hoeata, following a concussion injury which cut short his rugby playing career. The first smoothie boxes were delivered in 2016, and in October 2017, Craft Smoothie was named a finalist in The David Awards in the categories of Most Outstanding Fledgling Business and Most Outstanding Triumph Over Adversity and was the winner of the Solo Meo Award for 2017.

## Products

Each smoothie kit comes with pre-portioned ingredients and instructions to make superfood smoothies at home. The recipes change each week depending on the season and include fresh fruit and vegetables, and organic nuts, seeds and superfoods.

## Awards

* The David Awards – Solo Meo Award (2017)
# Craft Spells

Craft Spells is an American indie rock/dream pop band from Stockton, California, formed in late 2009 by Justin Vallesteros. To date, Craft Spells has released two studio albums, Idle Labor (2011) and Nausea (2014) on the Captured Tracks label.

## History

In 2009 Vallesteros began experimenting with simple synth and guitar lines, gradually layering them to create the sound that would become Craft Spells. After signing with Captured Tracks, the band released their debut full-length, Idle Labor, in early 2011 and went on tour with Beach Fossils. The album was described as a soft, synthy, dreamy compendium of new wave music and 80s pop similar to New Order with Vallesteros' voice style sounding like Ian Curtis.
The band's next EP, Gallery, was released on 2012. It was followed by their second LP, Nausea on 2014.

## Discography

Studio albums
* Idle Labor (2011)
* Nausea (2014)
EPs
* Gallery (2012)
* Gruesome Flowers 2: A Tribute to The Wake (2012) (with Blouse)
* Midnight Render (Nausea Rebuild) (2016)
Singles
* Party Talk (2010)
* After the Moment (2011)
* Breaking the Angle Against the Tide (2014)
* Our Park by Night (2015)
# Country Blues

Country Blues is an album by the blues musician Lightnin' Hopkins, recorded in 1959 and released on the Tradition label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings | |
AllMusic reviewer Cub Koda stated: "In 1959, armed with nothing more than a single microphone mono tape recorder, folklorist Mack McCormick recorded Hopkins in an informal setting in hopes of catching some rough-edged performances that he felt were lacking from the bluesman's then-recent studio efforts. That he succeeded mightily is evidenced in this 15-song collection, almost casual in the way Lightnin' tosses off themes, lyrics, and emotion in a most cavalier fashion. ... here is Lightnin' truly in his element, playing for his friends and his own enjoyment, minus the commercial overlay of the times or the imposed 'folk blues' posturing of his later acoustic recordings. Not the place to start, but a real good place to visit along the way". The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings awarded the album 3 stars, calling it a "satisfying example of Lightnin' in a private setting" and noting "the recording lends warmth to both voice and acoustic guitar".

## Track listing

All compositions by Sam "Lightnin'" Hopkins except where noted
* "Long Time" – 1:36
* "Rainy Day Blues" – 3:06
* "Baby!" – 3:05
* "Long Gone Like a Turkey Through the Corn" – 3:41
* "Prison Blues Come Down on Me" – 3:24
* "Backwater Blues (That Mean Old Twister)" – 2:45
* "Gonna Pull a Party" – 3:38
* "Bluebird, Bluebird" – 1:29
* "See See Rider" (Ma Rainey) – 3:10
* "Worrying My Mind" – 3:27
* "Til the Gin Gets Here" – 1:02
* "Bunion Stew" – 1:55
* "You Got to Work to Get Your Pay" – 2:30
* "Go Down Old Hannah" – 3:30
* "Hear My Black Dog Bark" – 3:49

## Personnel
### Performance

* Lightnin' Hopkins – guitar, vocals
* Luke 'Long Gone' Miles – vocal assistance (tracks 3 & 5)

### Production

* Mack McCormick – supervision, engineer
# Miedziane

Miedziane may refer to the following places in Poland:
* Miedziane, Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Gmina Sulików, Zgorzelec County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (SW Poland)
* Miedziane, a peak in the Polish High Tatras
# Daisuke Hayakawa

Daisuke Hayakawa (早川 大輔, Hayakawa Daisuke, born June 3, 1975) is a Japanese professional baseball player. He was the number 5 draft pick for the Orix BlueWave in 2002.