OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Census transform

The census transform (CT) is an image operator that associates to each pixel of a grayscale image a binary string, encoding whether the pixel has smaller intensity than each of its neighbours, one for each bit. It is a non-parametric transform that depends only on relative ordering of intensities, and not on the actual values of intensity, making it invariant with respect to monotonic variations of illumination, and it behaves well in presence of multimodal distributions of intensity, e.g. along object boundaries. It has applications in computer vision, and it is commonly used in visual correspondence problems such as optical flow calculation and disparity estimation.
The census transform is related to the rank transform, that associates to each pixel the number of neighbouring pixels with higher intensity than the pixel itself, and was introduced in the same paper.

## Algorithm

The most common version of the census transform uses a 3x3 window, comparing each pixel $p$ with all its 8-connected neighbours with a function $\xi$ defined as
    $\xi (p,p')={\begin{cases}0&{\text{if }}p>p'\\1&{\text{if }}p\leq p'\\\end{cases}}.$
The results of these comparisons are concatenated and the value of the transform is an 8-bit value, that can be easily encoded in a byte.
    ${\begin{array}{|c|c||c|}\hline 124&74&32\\\hline 124&64&18\\\hline 157&116&84\\\hline \end{array}}\longrightarrow {\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}\hline 1&1&0\\\hline 1&x&0\\\hline 1&1&1\\\hline \end{array}}\longrightarrow 11010111$
Similarity between images is determined by comparing the values of the census transform for corresponding pixels, using the Hamming distance. Several variations of the algorithm exist, using different size of the window, order of the neighbours in the pattern (row-wise, clockwise, counterclockwise), comparison operator (greater, greater or equal, lesser, lesser or equal).
An extension of the algorithm uses a three-way comparison that allows to represent similar pixels, whose intensity difference is smaller than a tolerance parameter $\epsilon$, defined as
    $\xi (p,p')={\begin{cases}0&{\text{if }}p-p'>\epsilon \\1&{\text{if }}|p-p'|\leq \epsilon \\2&{\text{if }}p'-p>\epsilon \end{cases}}$
whose result can be encoded with two bits for each neighbour, thus doubling the size of the pattern for each pixel.
    ${\begin{array}{|c|c||c|}\hline 124&74&32\\\hline 124&64&18\\\hline 157&116&84\\\hline \end{array}}\longrightarrow {\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}\hline 2&1&0\\\hline 2&x&0\\\hline 2&2&2\\\hline \end{array}}\longrightarrow 21020222$
# Mónica Rosa

Mónica Rosa (born 5 May 1978 in Torres Vedras) is a Portuguese runner who specializes in the longer track distances as well as cross-country running and half marathon.
At the 2001 World Championships in Athletics she ran for Portugal in the 5000 metres but did not make the final. She was the 2002 winner of the Cross Internacional de Itálica. She suffered a serious injury in early 2006 and her future as an elite performer seemed in doubt. However, she came back strongly and won the 2007 Oeiras International Cross Country, beating reigning Portuguese champion Jessica Augusto to the finish line. She and Augusto led the Portuguese women to the team bronze medal at the 2007 European Cross Country Championships later that year.
She made her debut over the marathon at the 2010 Paris Marathon and completed the race in a time of 2:37:09. She represented Portugal in the event at the 2010 European Athletics Championships, but did not manage to finish the race. Rosa returned to cross country and won at the Cross de la Constitución in December.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Portugal ||||||
| 1999 | World Cross Country Championships | Belfast, Northern Ireland | 43rd | Long race (8.012 km) | 30:16 |
| 1999 | World Cross Country Championships | Belfast, Northern Ireland | 3rd | Team competition | 94 pts |
| 1999 | European U23 Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 4th | 5000m | 15:43.22 |
| 2001 | World Cross Country Championships | Ostend, Belgium | 30th | Long race (7.7 km) | 30:13 |
| 2001 | World Cross Country Championships | Ostend, Belgium | 5th | Team competition | 95 pts |
| 2002 | European Championships | Munich, Germany | 23rd | 10,000 m | 32:59.22 |
| 2003 | World Cross Country Championships | Lausanne, Switzerland | 23rd | Short race (4.03 km) | 13:29 |
| 2003 | World Cross Country Championships | Lausanne, Switzerland | 6th | Team competition | 100 pts |
| 2005 | World Cross Country Championships | Saint-Etienne, France | 24th | Long race (8.108 km) | 28:45 |
| 2005 | World Cross Country Championships | Saint-Etienne, France | 3rd | Team competition | 86 pts |

### Personal bests

* 1500 metres - 4:15.40 min (2000)
* 3000 metres - 8:56.58 min (2001)
* 5000 metres - 15:21.01 min (2001)
* 10,000 metres - 32:22.25 min (2001)
* Half marathon - 1:13:09 hrs (2006)
* Marathon - 2:37:09 hrs (2010)
# Olof Hiorter

Olof Petrus (or Peter) Hiorter (or Hjorter) (1696–1750) was a Swedish astronomer. After studying in the Netherlands, he was appointed lecturer at the University of Uppsala in 1732 to fill the vacant position of Anders Celsius then on his grand tour of European observatories. From 1737 onwards, he studied together with Celsius the aurora phenomenon and a number of astronomy subjects (solar eclipse, comet like the one of 1744, latitude measurements). Hiorter was the first to connect the aurora to magnetic disturbances. Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin was his pupil.
Hiorter was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1745 and appointed Observator Regius - "Royal Astronomer" in 1747.
# NUDT9

ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NUDT9 gene.
# 1456 in France

Events from the year 1456 in France

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Charles VII

## Events

* 7 July - A Retrial of Joan of Arc overturns her original conviction

## Deaths

* 17 January - Elisabeth of Lorraine-Vaudémont, writer (born 1395)
* 17 October - Nicolas Grenon, composer (born 1375)
* 4 December - Charles I, Duke of Bourbon, nobleman (born 1401)
# North Sinai Archaeological Sites Zone

The North Sinai Archaeological Sites Zone is composed of a collection of important ancient sites between the Suez Canal and Gaza along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt.

## Archaeology

In 2020, a limestone cave decorated with scenes of animals such as donkeys, camels, deer, mule and mountain goats was uncovered in the area of Wadi Al-Zulma by the archaeological mission from the Tourism and Antiquities Ministry. Rock art cave is 15 meters deep and 20 meters high.

## World Heritage Status

This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on November 1, 1994, in the Cultural category.
# Nepheronia buquetii

Nepheronia buquetii, the plain vagrant, Buquet's vagrant, or green-eyed monster, is a butterfly of the family Pieridae. It is found throughout Africa.
The wingspan is 45–50 mm for males and 48–56 mm for females. Adults are on the wing year-round, more commonly in winter months.
The larvae feed on Azima tetracantha and Salvadora persica.

## Subspecies

* N. b. buquetii (Boisduval, 1836) (northern Senegal, Niger, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, coast of Kenya, coast of Tanzania, Zambia, northern Namibia, northern Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Eswatini, South Africa)
* N. b. buchanani (Rothschild, 1921) (North Africa, south-western Saudi Arabia, Yemen)
* N. b. pauliani Bernardi, 1958 (Madagascar)
# Norman Haskell

Norman Abraham Haskell (1905-1970), was an American geophysicist
Starting his graduate work on measuring the viscosity of the mantle, Haskell made major contributions to geophysics over a career that lasted nearly 40 years.
Other of his contributions included the formulation of a matrix method for propagating waves in a layered medium and development of the simple mathematical description of earthquake sources that allows their durations to be studied using seismic waves. He also used seismology to monitor nuclear testing.

## Family

He and his wife, Rose, had a son, Peter (1934-2010), who became an actor.
# 2017 Asian Women's Amateur Boxing Championships

The eighth edition of the Women's Asian Amateur Boxing Championships were held from November 2 to 10, 2017 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

## Medal summary

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Light flyweight (48 kg) | Mary Kom India | Kim Hyang-mi North Korea | Tsubasa Komura Japan |
| Light flyweight (48 kg) | Mary Kom India | Kim Hyang-mi North Korea | Ochirbatyn Jargalan Mongolia |
| Flyweight (51 kg) | Nguyễn Thị Tâm Vietnam | Pang Chol-mi North Korea | Myagmardulamyn Nandintsetseg Mongolia |
| Flyweight (51 kg) | Nguyễn Thị Tâm Vietnam | Pang Chol-mi North Korea | Nazym Kyzaibay Kazakhstan |
| Bantamweight (54 kg) | Lin Yu-ting Chinese Taipei | Lê Thị Bằng Vietnam | Shiksha India |
| Bantamweight (54 kg) | Lin Yu-ting Chinese Taipei | Lê Thị Bằng Vietnam | Kim Song-sim North Korea |
| Featherweight (57 kg) | Yin Junhua China | Sonia Lather India | Huang Hsiao-wen Chinese Taipei |
| Featherweight (57 kg) | Yin Junhua China | Sonia Lather India | Yodgoroy Mirzaeva Uzbekistan |
| Lightweight (60 kg) | Oh Yeon-ji South Korea | Lừu Thị Duyên Vietnam | Priyanka Chaudhary India |
| Lightweight (60 kg) | Oh Yeon-ji South Korea | Lừu Thị Duyên Vietnam | Choe Hye-song North Korea |
| Light welterweight (64 kg) | Madina Nurshayeva Kazakhstan | Dou Dan China | Peamwilai Laopeam Thailand |
| Light welterweight (64 kg) | Madina Nurshayeva Kazakhstan | Dou Dan China | Laishram Sarita Devi India |
| Welterweight (69 kg) | Gu Hong China | Valentina Khalzova Kazakhstan | Trần Thị Linh Vietnam |
| Welterweight (69 kg) | Gu Hong China | Valentina Khalzova Kazakhstan | Lovlina Borgohain India |
| Middleweight (75 kg) | Li Qian China | Seon Su-jin South Korea | Dariga Shakimova Kazakhstan |
| Middleweight (75 kg) | Li Qian China | Seon Su-jin South Korea | Chen Nien-chin Chinese Taipei |
| Light heavyweight (81 kg) | Yang Xiaoli China | Nguyễn Thị Hương Vietnam | Moldir Bazarbayeva Kazakhstan |
| Light heavyweight (81 kg) | Yang Xiaoli China | Nguyễn Thị Hương Vietnam | Ezozakhon Melieva Uzbekistan |
| Heavyweight (+81 kg) | Guzal Ismatova Uzbekistan | Trần Thị Oanh Nhi Vietnam | Seema Punia India |
| Heavyweight (+81 kg) | Guzal Ismatova Uzbekistan | Trần Thị Oanh Nhi Vietnam | Lazzat Kungeibayeva Kazakhstan |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | China | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 2 | Vietnam | 1 | 4 | 1 | 6 |
| 3 | India | 1 | 1 | 5 | 7 |
| 4 | Kazakhstan | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 |
| 5 | South Korea | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 6 | Chinese Taipei | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 6 | Uzbekistan | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 8 | North Korea | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 9 | Mongolia | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 10 | Japan | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 10 | Thailand | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (11 entries) | Totals (11 entries) | 10 | 10 | 20 | 40 |
# 1978 Australian Rally Championship

The 1978 Australian Rally Championship was a series of six rallying events held across Australia. It was the eleventh season in the history of the competition.
Greg Carr and navigator Fred Gocentas in the Ford Escort RS1800 won the 1978 Championship, finally breaking the dominance of the Datsuns for the past three years.

## Season review

The eleventh Australian Rally Championship was held over six events across Australia, the season consisting of two events for New South Wales and one event each for Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia. The 1978 season was again a closely fought battle which resulted in a tie at the finish of the last event of the season between the Datsun of Dunkerton and the Escort of Carr. However the championship was awarded to Carr on a countback as he had three wins to Dunkerton's one.

## The Rallies

The six events of the 1978 season were as follows.
| Round | Rally |
| 1 | Rally of the West (WA) |
| 2 | Lutwyche Village Rally (QLD) |
| 3 | Donlee Rally (NSW) |
| 4 | Bega Valley Rally (NSW) |
| 5 | Endrust Forest Rally (SA) |
| 6 | Marchal Rally (VIC) |

### Round Four – Bega Valley Rally

| Position | Driver | Navigator | Car | Points |
| 1 | Greg Carr | Fred Gocentas | Ford Escort RS1800 | 40 |
| 2 | Ross Dunkerton | Jeff Beaumont | Datsun 710 Coupe | 42 |
| 3 | Colin Bond | John Dawson-Damer | Ford Escort RS2000 | 54 |
| 4 | Geoff Portman | Ross Runnalls | Datsun 1600 | 60 |
| 5 | Murray Coote | Brain Marsden | Datsun 120Y | 61 |
| 6 | Ed Mulligan | M. Rebecchi | Datsun 1600 | 74 |

## 1978 Drivers and Navigators Championships

Final pointscore for 1978 is as follows.

### Greg Carr – Champion Driver 1978

| Position | Driver | Car |
| 1 | Greg Carr | Ford Escort RS1800 |
| 2 | Ross Dunkerton | Datsun 710 Coupe |
| 3 | Colin Bond | |
| 4 | George Fury | |
| 5 | Clive Slater | |
| 6 | Geoff Portman | Datsun 1600 |

### John Dawson-Damer – Champion Navigator 1978

| Position | Navigator | Car |
| 1 | John Dawson-Damer | Ford Escort RS2000 |
| 2 | Fred Gocentas | Ford Escort RS1800 |
| 3 | Jeff Beaumont | Datsun 710 Coupe |
| 4 | Monty Suffern | |
| 5 | Steve Halloran | |
| 6 | Ross Runnalls | |
# Coassolo Torinese

Coassolo Torinese is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Turin.
Coassolo Torinese borders the following municipalities: Locana, Corio, Monastero di Lanzo, Balangero, and Lanzo Torinese.
# Dennys Bay

Dennys Bay is a bay in Washington County, Maine. Located between the towns of Pembroke, Dennysville, and Whiting, it extends roughly 5 mi. (8 km) from Dennysville to Cobscook Bay and is 2 mi. (3 km) at its widest.
# Karakorum Government

The Karakorum Government or Confederated Republic of Altai was a republic created as an attempt to create an independent Altai. It lasted from 1918 to 1922, when it was annexed by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

## Background

The areas of southern Siberia (today's Altai, Tuva, Khakassia an neighboring areas) which were conquered by the Russian Tsardom in the 18th century (except Tuva, which was part of Mongolia under Qing rule until it became a protectorate of Russia in 1914), comprised diverse Siberian-Turkic peoples, which, by the 1910s were approximately 50% of the population of the area. They rejected Russian rule and (in general but not fully) opposed Orthodox Christianity. By the 1900s, a new religious movement rose up, Burkhanism, emerged in response to the needs of a new people—the Altai-kizhi, or Altaians, who sought to distinguish themselves from the neighboring and related tribes and for whom Burkhanism became a religious form of their ethnic identity.
Thousands of Altaians gathered for prayer meetings, initially in the Tereng Valley. These were violently suppressed by mobs of Russians, instigated by the Altaian Spiritual Mission, who were afraid of the potential of the competing religion to decrease the Orthodox Christian flock in Altai. The prime motivating factor for the adoption of this new faith was Altaians' fear of displacement by Russian colonists, Russification, and subjection to taxation and conscription on the same basis as Russian peasants. This movement and the opposition to Russification created a common sense of nationality and desire for self determination, which was to be fulfilled in the chaos of the Russian Civil War.

## History

The second Congress of the high Altai was called in March 1918 and officially created the Confederated Republic of Altai. The pro-Burkhanist government was founded by Altai painter Grigoriy Gurkin and by Russian writer and publicist Vasily Anuchin. The republic was not a fully independent entity but rather an administrative entity with some autonomy, although it was relatively independent in reality due to the chaos of the Russian Civil War. This was intended to include not only Altai but also neighboring republics of Tuva and Khakassia, and declared as the first step to rebuilding the 17th century Oirat state (at least including the Turkic-speaking peoples that had been its subjects). The republic was eventually invaded by white forces in the civil war, then by the Soviet 5th Army and destroyed in April 1920, although resistance continued well into 1922.
# 2011 Florida A&M Rattlers football team

The 2011 Florida A&M Rattlers football team represented Florida A&M University in the 2011 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Rattlers were led by fourth year head coach Joe Taylor and played their home games at Bragg Memorial Stadium. They are a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference. They finished the season 7–4, 5–3 in MEAC play to finish in a tie for fourth place.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | TV | Result | Attendance |
| September 3 | 6:00 pm | Fort Valley State* | Bragg Memorial StadiumTallahassee, FL | | W 28–22 | 21,162 |
| September 10 | 6:00 pm | at Hampton | Armstrong StadiumHampton, VA | | L 17–23 | 4,356 |
| September 17 | 7:00 pm | at No. 20 (FBS) South Florida* | Raymond James StadiumTampa, FL | BHSN | L 17–70 | 50,128 |
| September 24 | 3:30 pm | vs. Southern* | Georgia DomeAtlanta, GA (Atlanta Football Classic) | Versus | W 38–33 | 59,373 |
| October 1 | 6:00 pm | Delaware State | Bragg Memorial StadiumTallahassee, FL | | W 34–7 | 1,408 |
| October 8 | 3:00 pm | Howard | Bragg Memorial StadiumTallahassee, FL | | L 28–29 | 23,400 |
| October 15 | 7:00 pm | at Savannah State | Ted Wright StadiumSavannah, GA | | W 47–7 | 4,356 |
| October 22 | 1:30 pm | at South Carolina State | Oliver C. Dawson StadiumOrangeburg, SC | | W 27–24 | 17,153 |
| November 5 | 3:00 pm | North Carolina A&T | Bragg Memorial StadiumTallahassee, FL | | W 26–20 | 16,415 |
| November 12 | 2:00 pm | at North Carolina Central | O'Kelly–Riddick StadiumDurham, NC | | W 31–10 | 7,711 |
| November 19 | 2:30 pm | vs. Bethune-Cookman | Citrus BowlOrlando, FL (Florida Classic) | ESPN Classic | L 16–26 | 60,218 |
| *Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from The Sports Network Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Eastern time |||||||
# Cordillera de los Maribios

Cordillera de Maribios (or Cordillera de Marrabios) is a mountain range in León and Chinandega departments, western Nicaragua, at 12°34′N 86°47′W﻿ / ﻿12.56°N 86.78°W﻿ / 12.56; -86.78 and about 64.4 km (40 mi) long. It is a volcanic range comprised most notably by San Cristóbal 1745 m, Pilas 983 m, Telica 1060 m, Cerro Negro 450 m, and Momotombo 1258 m.
* This Nicaragua location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# 1457 in England

Events from the year 1457 in England.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Henry VI
* Lord Chancellor – William Waynflete
* Lord Privy Seal – Lawrence Booth

## Events

* 1 January – Osmund of Salisbury (died 1099) is canonised, the last English saint created until the 20th century. His remains are translated from Old Sarum to Salisbury Cathedral on 23 July.
* 28 January – Margaret Beaufort gives birth to Henry Tudor the future King at Pembroke Castle in Wales
* 28 August – French under Pierre de Brézé raiders sack Sandwich, Kent.
* Unknown – Robert Sturmy sails from Bristol on his unsuccessful attempt to break the Italian monopoly on trade in the Eastern Mediterranean

## Births

* 28 January – King Henry VII of England (died 1509)
* George Nevill, Duke of Bedford (died 1483)
* Thomas West, 8th Baron De La Warr (died 1525)

## Deaths

* Robert Neville, bishop (born 1404)
# Chesterfield, New Jersey

Chesterfield, originally known as Recklesstown, is an unincorporated community located around the intersection of County Route 528 (Bordentown-Chesterfield Road, Chesterfield-Arneytown Road) and County Route 677 (Chesterfield-Georgetown Road) in Chesterfield Township of Burlington County, New Jersey.

## History

In the 1830s, the village had a store, hotel, church, and post office. The village was originally named after Joseph Reckless, who had bought a mill here in 1712. His grandsons, Anthony and Robert, served in the American Revolutionary War. The name of the community was changed to Chesterfield in 1888 by congressman Anthony Bullock. The oldest part of the Recklesstown Tavern, now the Chesterfield Inn, was built c. 1710. The tavern was expanded in 1774.

## Historic district

The Recklesstown Historic District is a 200-acre (81 ha) historic district encompassing the village. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 19, 1975, for its significance in agriculture, religion, and transportation. The district includes 49 contributing buildings. The Kessler House is a two and one-half story brick building built c. 1849. The Chesterfield Baptist Church was built in 1848 and features Greek Doric columns. Across the street is the Clayton House, once the church rectory, now a florist.
* Chestefield Baptist Church
* Clayton House

## Notable people

* Charles Newbold (1764–1835), blacksmith, invented the first one piece cast iron plow, patented in 1797
# Centerfield

Centerfield may refer to:

## Places in the United States

* Centerfield, Kentucky
* Centerfield, New York
* Centerfield, Utah

## Other uses

* Centerfield (album), by John Fogerty
** "Centerfield" (song), by John Fogerty
* Center fielder, outfield position in baseball and softball
# Dave Lyon (track coach)

David Murray Lyon (November 22, 1938 – May 9, 2013) was a Canadian Olympic track and field coach.
# David Edward Price

David Edward Price (May 11, 1826 – August 22, 1883) was a Quebec businessman and political figure. He was a Conservative member of the Senate of Canada from 1867 to 1883.
He was born at Quebec City in 1826, the son of William Price, and, after completing his studies, went to London, England to learn the lumber trade with his father's partners. In 1847, he began work in his father's firm. He was elected to the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada representing Chicoutimi and Tadoussac in an 1855 by-election; he was elected in Chicoutimi—Saguenay in 1858, 1861 and 1863. He resigned in 1864 and was elected to the Legislative Council for the Laurentides division in the same year. He served until Confederation when he was appointed to the Senate.
In 1867, with his brothers William Evan and Evan John, he started Price Brothers and Company [fr], a forest products firm based in the Quebec and Saguenay regions which took over the assets of his father's company. He served as vice-consul at Saguenay for Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Argentina and Peru, and as a consular agent for the United States.
In 1871, Senator David Edward Price became the last 'Seigneur des Grondines'.
He died at his home in Sillery in 1883, while still in office.
# David Charles Miller Jr.

David Charles Miller Jr. (born July 15, 1942) is an American lawyer and diplomat. He served in the Nixon administration and as the U.S. Ambassador to Tanzania and later Zimbabwe under Ronald Reagan. Miller also served on the African development foundation board of directors.

## Education

Miller graduated from Harvard College and the University of Michigan Law School.

## Nixon administration

Miller served as a White House Fellow in 1968-69. In the Nixon administration, Miller worked as confidential assistant to Attorney General John Mitchell for a year and a half, then was moved to the White House, where he worked with Nixon legal counsel John Dean. Miller in 2003 recalled one of his early interactions with Dean involved a request that Miller "set up a safe house here in Washington for the use of the president," for what was intended to be "a completely covert White House operation." Miller said, "I knew at that point that I was going to have to leave. I just said to myself: 'This is insane.'"