# Coleman–Weinberg potential

The Coleman–Weinberg model represents quantum electrodynamics of a scalar field in four-dimensions. The Lagrangian for the model is
    $L=-{\frac {1}{4}}(F_{\mu \nu })^{2}+|D_{\mu }\phi |^{2}-m^{2}|\phi |^{2}-{\frac {\lambda }{6}}|\phi |^{4}$
where the scalar field is complex, $F_{\mu \nu }=\partial _{\mu }A_{\nu }-\partial _{\nu }A_{\mu }$ is the electromagnetic field tensor, and $D_{\mu }=\partial _{\mu }-\mathrm {i} (e/\hbar c)A_{\mu }$ the covariant derivative containing the electric charge $e$ of the electromagnetic field.
Assume that $\lambda$ is nonnegative. Then if the mass term is tachyonic, $m^{2}<0$ there is a spontaneous breaking of the gauge symmetry at low energies, a variant of the Higgs mechanism. On the other hand, if the squared mass is positive, $m^{2}>0$ the vacuum expectation of the field $\phi$ is zero. At the classical level the latter is true also if $m^{2}=0$. However, as was shown by Sidney Coleman and Erick Weinberg, even if the renormalized mass is zero, spontaneous symmetry breaking still happens due to the radiative corrections (this introduces a mass scale into a classically conformal theory - the model has a conformal anomaly).
The same can happen in other gauge theories. In the broken phase the fluctuations of the scalar field $\phi$ will manifest themselves as a naturally light Higgs boson, as a matter of fact even too light to explain the electroweak symmetry breaking in the minimal model - much lighter than vector bosons. There are non-minimal models that give a more realistic scenarios. Also the variations of this mechanism were proposed for the hypothetical spontaneously broken symmetries including supersymmetry.
Equivalently one may say that the model possesses a first-order phase transition as a function of $m^{2}$. The model is the four-dimensional analog of the three-dimensional Ginzburg–Landau theory used to explain the properties of superconductors near the phase transition.
The three-dimensional version of the Coleman–Weinberg model governs the superconducting phase transition which can be both first- and second-order, depending on the ratio of the Ginzburg–Landau parameter $\kappa \equiv \lambda /e^{2}$, with a tricritical point near $\kappa =1/{\sqrt {2}}$ which separates type I from type II superconductivity. Historically, the order of the superconducting phase transition was debated for a long time since the temperature interval where fluctuations are large (Ginzburg interval) is extremely small. The question was finally settled in 1982. If the Ginzburg–Landau parameter $\kappa$ that distinguishes type-I and type-II superconductors (see also here) is large enough, vortex fluctuations becomes important which drive the transition to second order. The tricritical point lies at roughly $\kappa =0.76/{\sqrt {2}}$, i.e., slightly below the value $\kappa =1/{\sqrt {2}}$ where type-I goes over into type-II superconductor. The prediction was confirmed in 2002 by Monte Carlo computer simulations.

## Literature

* S. Coleman and E. Weinberg (1973). "Radiative Corrections as the Origin of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking". Physical Review D. 7 (6): 1888–1910. arXiv:hep-th/0507214. Bibcode:1973PhRvD...7.1888C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.7.1888. S2CID 6898114.
* L.D. Landau (1937). "On the theory of phase transitions. II". Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki. 7: 627.
* V.L. Ginzburg and L.D. Landau (1950). "On the theory of superconductivity". Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki. 20: 113–137. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68008-6_4. ISBN 978-3-540-68004-8.
* M.Tinkham (2004). Introduction to Superconductivity. Dover Books on Physics (2nd ed.). Dover. ISBN 0-486-43503-2.