# Mandaic alphabet

The Mandaic alphabet is a writing system primarily used to write the Mandaic language. It is thought to have evolved between the second and seventh century CE from either a cursive form of Aramaic (as did Syriac) or from Inscriptional Parthian. The exact roots of the script are difficult to determine. It was developed by members of the Mandaean faith of Lower Mesopotamia to write the Mandaic language for liturgical purposes. Classical Mandaic and its descendant Neo-Mandaic are still in limited use. The script has changed very little over centuries of use.
The Mandaic name for the script is Abagada or Abaga, after the first letters of the alphabet. Rather than the traditional Semitic letter names (aleph, beth, gimel), they are known as a, ba, ga and so on.
It is written from right to left in horizontal lines. It is a cursive script, but not all letters connect within a word. Spaces separate individual words.
During the past few decades, Majid Fandi Al-Mubaraki, a Mandaean living in Australia, has digitized many Mandaean texts using typeset Mandaic script.

## Letters

The Mandaic alphabet contains 22 letters (in the same order as the Aramaic alphabet) and the digraph adu. The alphabet is formally closed by repeating the first letter, a, so that it has a symbolic count of 24 letters:
Mandaic alphabet :
| # | Name | Letter | Joining behavior | Joining behavior | Joining behavior | Transliteration | Transliteration | Transliteration | IPA | Unicode code point |
| # | Name | Letter | Right | Medial | Left | Syriac | Latin | Hebrew | IPA | Unicode code point |
| 1, 24 | a | ࡀ‎ | ـࡀ‎ | | | ܐ | a | א | /a/ | U+0840 HALQA |
| 2 | ba | ࡁ‎ | ـࡁ‎ | ـࡁـ‎ | ࡁـ‎ | ܒ | b | ב | /b/ | U+0841 AB |
| 3 | ga | ࡂ‎ | ـࡂ‎ | ـࡂـ‎ | ࡂـ‎ | ܓ | g | ג | /ɡ/ | U+0842 AG |
| 4 | da | ࡃ‎ | ـࡃ‎ | ـࡃـ‎ | ࡃـ‎ | ܕ | d | ד | /d/ | U+0843 AD |
| 5 | ha | ࡄ‎ | ـࡄ‎ | ـࡄـ‎ | ࡄـ‎ | ܗ | h | ה | /h/ | U+0844 AH |
| 6 | wa | ࡅ‎ | ـࡅ‎ | ـࡅـ‎ | ࡅـ‎ | ܘ | u | ו | /u, w/ | U+0845 USHENNA |
| 7 | za | ࡆ‎ | ـࡆ‎ | | | ܙ | z | ז | /z/ | U+0846 AZ |
| 8 | eh | ࡇ‎ | ـࡇ‎ | | | ܚ | -ẖ | ח | /χ/ | U+0847 IT |
| 9 | ṭa | ࡈ‎ | ـࡈ‎ | ـࡈـ‎ | ࡈـ‎ | ܛ | ṭ | ט | /tˠ/ | U+0848 ATT |
| 10 | ya | ࡉ‎ | ـࡉ‎ | | | ܝ | i | י | /i, j/ | U+0849 AKSA |
| 11 | ka | ࡊ‎ | ـࡊ‎ | ـࡊـ‎ | ࡊـ‎ | ܟ | k | כ | /k/ | U+084A AK |
| 12 | la | ࡋ‎ | ـࡋ‎ | ـࡋـ‎ | ࡋـ‎ | ܠ | l | ל | /l/ | U+084B AL |
| 13 | ma | ࡌ‎ | ـࡌ‎ | ـࡌـ‎ | ࡌـ‎ | ܡ | m | מ | /m/ | U+084C AM |
| 14 | na | ࡍ‎ | ـࡍ‎ | ـࡍـ‎ | ࡍـ‎ | ܢ | n | נ | /n/ | U+084D AN |
| 15 | sa | ࡎ‎ | ـࡎ‎ | ـࡎـ‎ | ࡎـ‎ | ܣ | s | ס | /s/ | U+084E AS |
| 16 | e | ࡏ‎ | ـࡏ‎ | ـࡏـ‎ | ࡏـ‎ | ܥ | ʿ | ע | /e/ | U+084F IN |
| 17 | pa | ࡐ‎ | ـࡐ‎ | ـࡐـ‎ | ࡐـ‎ | ܦ | p | פ | /p/ | U+0850 AP |
| 18 | ṣa | ࡑ‎ | ـࡑ‎ | ـࡑـ‎ | ࡑـ‎ | ܨ | ṣ | צ | /sˠ/ | U+0851 ASZ |
| 19 | qa | ࡒ‎ | ـࡒ‎ | ـࡒـ‎ | ࡒـ‎ | ܩ | q | ק | /q/ | U+0852 AQ |
| 20 | ra | ࡓ‎ | ـࡓ‎ | ـࡓـ‎ | ࡓـ‎ | ܪ | r | ר | /r/ | U+0853 AR |
| 21 | ša | ࡔ‎ | ـࡔ‎ | | | ܫ | š | ש | /ʃ/ | U+0854 ASH |
| 22 | ta | ࡕ‎ | ـࡕ‎ | ـࡕـ‎ | ࡕـ‎ | ܬ | t | ת | /t/ | U+0855 AT |
| 23 | ḏ | ࡖ‎ | ـࡖ‎ | | | ܯ | ḏ- | דﬞ‎ | /ð/ | U+0856 DUSHENNA |

### Vowels

Unlike most other Semitic alphabets, vowels are usually written out in full. The first letter, a (corresponding to alaph), is used to represent a range of open vowels. The sixth letter, wa, is used for close back vowels (u and o), and the tenth letter, ya is used for close front vowels (i and e). These last two can also serve as the consonants w/v and y. The eighth letter corresponds to the Semitic heth, and is called eh; it is pronounced as a long i-vowel but is used only as a suffix for the third person singular. The sixteenth letter, e (Aramaic ayn), usually represents e at the beginning of a word or, when followed by wa or ya, represents initial u or i respectively.
A mark similar to an underscore (U+085A ◌࡚ MANDAIC VOCALIZATION MARK) can be used to distinguish vowel quality for three Mandaic vowels. It is used in teaching materials but may be omitted from ordinary text. It is only used with vowels a, wa, and ya. Using the letter ba as an example:
* ࡁࡀ‎ /bā/ becomes ࡁࡀ࡚‎ /ba/
* ࡁࡅ‎ /bu/ becomes ࡁࡅ࡚‎ /bo/
* ࡁࡉ‎ /bi/ becomes ࡁࡉ࡚‎ /be/

### Gemination mark

A dot under a consonant (U+085B ◌࡛ MANDAIC GEMINATION MARK) can be used to note gemination, indicating what native writers call a "hard" pronunciation. Sample words include ࡀࡊ࡛ࡀ‎ (ekka) 'there is', ࡔࡉࡍ࡛ࡀ‎ (šenna) 'tooth', ࡋࡉࡁ࡛ࡀ‎ (lebba) 'heart', and ࡓࡁ࡛ࡀ‎ (rabba) 'great'.

### Ligatures

The 23rd letter of the alphabet is the digraph adu (da + ya), the relative particle (cf. Arabic tāʾ marbūṭah, Coptic letter "ti", and English ampersand).
In addition to normal joining behavior, some Mandaic letters can combine to form various ligatures:
* ࡊࡃ‎ /kd/, ࡗ‎ /kḏ/, ࡊࡉ‎ /ki/, ࡊࡋ‎ /kl/, ࡊࡓ‎ /kr/, ࡊࡕ‎ /kt/, and ࡊࡅ‎ /ku/
* ࡍࡃ‎ /nd/, ࡍࡉ‎ /ni/, ࡍࡌ‎ /nm/, ࡍࡒ‎ /nq/, ࡍࡕ‎ /nt/, and ࡍࡅ‎ /nu/
* ࡐࡋ‎ /pl/, ࡐࡓ‎ /pr/, and ࡐࡅ‎ /pu/
* ࡑࡋ‎ /sˤl/, ࡑࡓ‎ /sˤr/, and ࡑࡅ‎ /sˤu/
* ࡅࡕ‎ /ut/
Both adu (U+0856 ࡖ MANDAIC LETTER DUSHENNA) and the old ligature kḏ (U+0857 ࡗ MANDAIC LETTER KAD) are treated as single characters in Unicode.

### Similar characters

Due to their similar shapes, certain Mandaic characters are sometimes confused with each other by both historical Mandaean scribes and modern scholars, particularly in handwritten manuscripts. These include the following.
* ࡃ‎ /d/, ࡓ‎ /r/, ࡏ‎ /e/, ࡒ‎ /q/
* ࡅ‎ /u/, ࡉ‎ /i/
* ࡌ‎ /m/, ࡕ‎ /t/
* ࡊ‎ /k/, ࡍ‎ /n/, ࡐ‎ /p/
* ࡐࡀ‎ /pa/, ࡀࡍࡀ‎ /ana/, ࡔ‎ /ʃ/
* ࡑ‎ /sˤ/, ࡄࡍ‎ /hn/

## Extensions
### Affrication mark

Postclassical and modern Mandaic use many Persian words. Various Mandaic letters can be re-purposed by placing two horizontally-aligned dots underneath (U+0859 ◌࡙ MANDAIC AFFRICATION MARK). This idea is comparable to the four novel letters in the Persian alphabet, allowing the alphabet to be used to represent foreign sounds (whether affrication, lenition, or another sound):
* ࡂ‎ /g/ becomes ࡂ࡙‎ /ɣ/
* ࡃ‎ /d/ becomes ࡃ࡙‎ /ð/
* ࡄ‎ /h/ becomes ࡄ࡙‎ /ħ/
* ࡈ‎ /tˤ/ becomes ࡈ࡙‎ /ðˤ/
* ࡊ‎ /k/ becomes ࡊ࡙‎ /x/
* ࡐ‎ /p/ becomes ࡐ࡙‎ /f/
* ࡑ‎ /ṣ/ becomes ࡑ࡙‎ /ʒ/
* ࡔ‎ /ʃ/ becomes ࡔ࡙‎ /tʃ/, /dʒ/
* ࡕ‎ /t/ becomes ࡕ࡙‎ /θ/

### Ayin

Mandaic ayin (ࡘ‎) is borrowed from Arabic ayin (ع‎). Unlike in Arabic, Mandaic ayin does not join with other letters.

## Punctuation and other marks

Punctuation is sparsely used in Mandaic text. A break in text can be indicated by two concentric circles (U+085E ࡞ MANDAIC PUNCTUATION).
A horizontal low line (U+0640 ـ ARABIC TATWEEL) can be used to justify text.

## Religious use

Each letter of the Mandaic alphabet is said to represent a power of life and light. Mandaeans view their alphabet as magical and sacred.
Acrostic hymns can be found in Mandaic literature, for example in Book 12 of the Right Ginza.
The Semitic alphabet contains 22 letters. In order to bring this number to 24, the number of hours in a day, adu was added and a was repeated as the last letter of the Mandaic alphabet. Without this repetition, the alphabet would be considered incomplete for magical purposes.

## Unicode

The Mandaic alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2010 with the release of version 6.0.
The Unicode block for Mandaic is U+0840–U+085F:
Mandaic Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| U+084x | ࡀ‎ | ࡁ‎ | ࡂ‎ | ࡃ‎ | ࡄ‎ | ࡅ‎ | ࡆ‎ | ࡇ‎ | ࡈ‎ | ࡉ‎ | ࡊ‎ | ࡋ‎ | ࡌ‎ | ࡍ‎ | ࡎ‎ | ࡏ‎ |
| U+085x | ࡐ‎ | ࡑ‎ | ࡒ‎ | ࡓ‎ | ࡔ‎ | ࡕ‎ | ࡖ‎ | ࡗ‎ | ࡘ‎ | ࡙‎ | ࡚‎ | ࡛‎ | | | ࡞‎ | |
| Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points |||||||||||||||||

## Gallery

* Bowl with incantation for Buktuya and household, c. 200-600 CE (Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Canada)
* Bowl with incantation for Kuktan Pruk during her pregnancy, c. 200-600 CE (Royal Ontario Museum)
* Bowl with incantation to protect Anush Busai and his family against bad luck, c. 200-600 CE (Royal Ontario Museum)
* Mandaic chart from Das Buch der Schrift (Book of Writing Systems), 1880, Carl Faulmann
* Page 314 of Illustrirte Geschichte Der Schrift (Illustrated History of Writing), 1880, Carl Faulmann
* Page 315 of Illustrirte Geschichte Der Schrift
* Page 316 of Illustrirte Geschichte Der Schrift
* Comparison chart from Illustrirte Geschichte Der Schrift
* Comparison chart from L'Encyclopedie Diderot & d'Alembert, volume 2