# Anim languages

The Anim or Fly River languages are a language family in south-central New Guinea established by Usher & Suter (2015). The names of the family derive from the Fly River and from the Proto-Anim word *anim 'people'.

## Languages

The 17 Anim languages belong to the following four subfamilies:
* Inland Gulf
* Tirio (Lower Fly River)
* Boazi (Lake Murray)
* Marind (Marind–Yaqai)
The moribund Abom language, previously considered a member of the Tirio family, is of uncertain classification, possibly Trans–New Guinea, but does not appear to be Anim. The extinct Karami language, attested only in a short word list and previously assigned to the Inland Gulf family, defies classification (Usher and Suter 2015).
Anim languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.
    List of Anim languages LanguageSubgroupLocationPopulationAlternate names MarindNuclear Marindcentral Merauke Regency and southeast corner (Indonesia)7,000 BianNuclear Marindnortheast Merauke Regency (Indonesia)2,900 YaqayYaqayeastern Mappi Regency (Indonesia)10,000 Warkay-BipimYaqaysouth Asmat Regency (Indonesia)300 Kuni-BoaziLake Murray (Boazi)west Lake Murray (PNG)4,500 ZimakaniLake Murray (Boazi)southwest Lake Murray across border (PNG)1,500 TirioTirio (Lower Fly)south bank of lower Fly River (PNG)1900Makayam BiturTirio (Lower Fly)south bank of lower Fly River (PNG)860Mutum, Paswam, Bituri AduluTirio (Lower Fly)south Gogodala Rural LLG (PNG)220Aturu Lewada-DewaraTirio (Lower Fly)Gogodala Rural LLG (PNG)700Were BaramuTirio (Lower Fly)south bank of lower Fly River (PNG)850 IpikoIpiko (Inland Gulf)West Kikori Rural LLG (PNG)

## Reconstruction
### Phonemes

Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:
    *m*n *p*t*k *mb*nd*ŋg *ɸ*s *w*r*j
Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u.

### Pronouns

Proto-Anim pronouns (Usher and Suter 2015):
    sgpl 1 *na-*ni- 2 *ŋga-*ja 3 *(u)a-*ja
By 2020, comparison with the neighboring TNG branch Awyu–Ok had led so some revision of the reconstructions. Here are the nominative and possessive/object forms:
    sgpl 1 *no, *na-*ni, *na-/*ni- 2 *ŋgo, **ŋga-*[i/e]o, *[i/e]a- 3m *e, *e-*i, *i- 3f *u, *u-
The demonstrative third-person forms *e-, *u-, *i- are an innovation shared with proto-Awyu–Ok, which has the same vowel ablaut in the second person as well. They reflect a gender ablaut of msg *e, fsg *u, nsg *[a/o], and pl *i, as in *anem 'man', *anum 'woman', *anim 'people', or *we 'father', *wu 'mother', *wi 'parents'.

### Lexicon

Proto-Anim lexical reconstructions by Usher & Suter (2015) are:
    glossProto-Anim ‘house’*aɸ(a,o) ‘younger sibling’*am(o)=e/*am=u ‘laugh’*awend(V) ‘thigh’*mboɸo ‘breast’*mbumb(V) ‘tree’*nde ‘navel’*ndekum(u) ‘sago’*ndou ‘build a nest’*ewes ‘bone’*ɸia(u) ‘rain’*ŋg(a,o)e ‘night’*ŋgap(o) ‘eat, drink’*ŋg(e,a)i ‘root’*itit(i) ‘lip’*itup(u) ‘cry’*iwo ‘tooth’*kam(V) ‘egg, seed’*kan(a,e) ‘paddle’*kawea ‘mouth, teeth’*maŋg(a,o)t(o) ‘come’*mano ‘speech, voice’*mean(V) ‘two’*measi ‘fruit, seed’*moko(m) ‘heart’*muki(k) ‘mosquito’*naŋg(a,i)t(i) ‘banana’*napet(o) ‘sleep’*nu ‘forearm’*piŋgi ‘stand’*ratinV ‘hand’*seŋga ‘tongue’*sas(a) ‘meat, fish’*sawa(i) ‘tail feathers’*sum(V) ‘fire, tree’*tae ‘wing’*taɸ(u) ‘nape’*temuk(u) ‘lie down’*tenV
Below are selected reconstructions for Proto-Fly River (Proto-Anim) and branches by Usher (2020).
    glossProto- Fly RiverProto- Inland GulfProto- Lower Fly RiverProto- Lake MurrayProto- Marind-YaqayProto- MarindProto- Yakhai-WarkayProto- Yakhai head *gia*pa*muku hair *duɾumə; *duɾum ear *tu; *jeja*towap*kambet*kembet, *kambet*k[e]mbet eye *kindV[C]*kuɸino*baɾid*kind*kind*kind nose *dasi*miw*aŋgi₂p*s[e/a]maŋg tooth *kam*ta; *bese*suwə; *kam; *su*kam*maŋg[e/a]t*maŋgat*maŋg[e/a]t tongue *sas*koda; *sasa*jimə; *jim*naseam; *sas*inVm*inum*in[e/a]m leg *idini*tegu louse *n[u]m[u]ŋg*uani*oɾ[eae]n*[num]uŋg*nambun*nahun; *mba[m/mb]*nambun dog *gaso*s[eae]; *diɾean*gaɣo*ŋgat pig *mbasik*maɸa*m[i/e]nawə*basik*basik*basik*basik bird *ewesa*dawod*ujub*pet[e/a]ɣau egg *kanV*ɸutu; *usu*sVɣaɾə*mogaw; *kan[a]*magaw*mo[k/ɣ]a blood *nauɾə*kouk*do bone *mbai[a]ŋg; *ɸia[u]*ɸia*naɾak(ə); *baig*bajag*hia[u]*haiau, *hiau*hia*ia skin *nikopi; *ko[j]ipo*ŋgusum*ugu breast *jono*bub*toto*bub*abut tree *nde*de*naukə*tae*de*de*de man *anem*aneme*anem(ə)*anem*anem*anem woman *anum*anumu*anum(ə)*anum*anum*anum*sau sun *nowumu; *siwio*manom*kaia*katane moon *bubei*manom*mandou*kam[e/o] water *ogo*mau[g/k]ə*neia, *naia*adika*adeka*adika*maⁱ fire *tae*maɸi; *ta[j]e*j[i]au*tae*tekaw*tekaw*teka stone *didigə*seŋgV*ketaɾ; *seŋga*seŋgV*seŋgi path *jigei*ewean*isas name *jiga*gag*ij*[i/e]g[i/e]j*igij*[e][k/ɣ][e] eat *tamu*ɣawi[ɣ]*bae one *ija (?)*jaigio*ɣoɾ[e]a[u][k]*koapo*ija[kod]*ijako[d]; *ijakod two *meas[i]*measi*mis*inah*[k/ɣ]aiaɣamat