OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Barnes–Hut simulation

The Barnes–Hut simulation (named after Josh Barnes and Piet Hut) is an approximation algorithm for performing an N-body simulation. It is notable for having order O(n log n) compared to a direct-sum algorithm which would be O(n$^2$).
The simulation volume is usually divided up into cubic cells via an octree (in a three-dimensional space), so that only particles from nearby cells need to be treated individually, and particles in distant cells can be treated as a single large particle centered at the cell's center of mass (or as a low-order multipole expansion). This can dramatically reduce the number of particle pair interactions that must be computed.
Some of the most demanding high-performance computing projects perform computational astrophysics using the Barnes–Hut treecode algorithm, such as DEGIMA.

## Algorithm
### The Barnes–Hut tree

In a three-dimensional N-body simulation, the Barnes–Hut algorithm recursively divides the n bodies into groups by storing them in an octree (or a quad-tree in a 2D simulation). Each node in this tree represents a region of the three-dimensional space. The topmost node represents the whole space, and its eight children represent the eight octants of the space. The space is recursively subdivided into octants until each subdivision contains 0 or 1 bodies (some regions do not have bodies in all of their octants). There are two types of nodes in the octree: internal and external nodes. An external node has no children and is either empty or represents a single body. Each internal node represents the group of bodies beneath it, and stores the center of mass and the total mass of all its children bodies.
* Particle distribution resembling two neighboring galaxies.
* Complete Barnes–Hut tree. (Nodes that do not contain particles are not drawn)
* Nodes of the Barnes–Hut tree used for calculating the force acting on a particle at the point of origin.
* N-body simulation based on the Barnes–Hut algorithm.

### Calculating the force acting on a body

To calculate the net force on a particular body, the nodes of the tree are traversed, starting from the root. If the center of mass of an internal node is sufficiently far from the body, the bodies contained in that part of the tree are treated as a single particle whose position and mass is respectively the center of mass and total mass of the internal node. If the internal node is sufficiently close to the body, the process is repeated for each of its children.
Whether a node is or isn't sufficiently far away from a body, depends on the quotient $s/d$, where s is the width of the region represented by the internal node, and d is the distance between the body and the node's center of mass. The node is sufficiently far away when this ratio is smaller than a threshold value θ. The parameter θ determines the accuracy of the simulation; larger values of θ increase the speed of the simulation but decreases its accuracy. If θ = 0, no internal node is treated as a single body and the algorithm degenerates to a direct-sum algorithm.
# Doggy Style Records discography

This article shows all releases by Doggystyle Records, split by year.

## 2000

* Tha Eastsidaz - Snoop Dogg Presents Tha Eastsidaz
* Snoop Dogg - Tha Last Meal

## 2001

* Doggy's Angels - Pleezbaleevit!
* Tha Eastsidaz - Duces 'N Trayz: The Old Fashioned Way
* Bad Azz - Personal Business
* Various artists - Bones soundtrack
* Various artists - The Wash soundtrack

## 2002

* Various artists - Snoop Dogg Presents…Doggy Style Allstars Vol. 1
* Snoop Dogg - Paid tha Cost to Be da Bo$$

## 2004

* Snoop Dogg - R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta) The Masterpiece
* 213 - The Hard Way
* Welcome to tha chuuch mixtape vol.5 - The revival (Official mixtape)
* Welcome to tha chuuch mixtape vol.6 - Testify (Official mixtape)
* Welcome to tha chuuch mixtape vol.7 - Step ya game up (Official mixtape)
* Welcome to tha chuuch mixtape vol.8 - Preach Tabarnacal (Official mixtape)

## 2005

* Welcome to tha chuuch mixtape vol.9 - Run Tell dat - The one and only (Official mixtape)
* Various artists - Welcome to tha Chuuch - Da Album
* IV Life Records & Tha Eastsidaz - Deuces, Tray's and Fo's (Doggystyle/IV Life)

## 2006

* West Coast Gangstas Starring - Tha Dogg Pound mixtape
* Tha Dogg Pound - Cali Iz Active
* Snoop Dogg - Tha Blue Carpet Treatment mixtape
* Snoop Dogg - The Blue Carpet Treatment

## 2007

* Various - Snoop Dogg presents : Unreleased Heatrocks
* Various - Snoop Dogg presents : The Big Squeeze
* Various - Mandatory Business soundtrack

## 2008

* Snoop Dogg - Ego Trippin'
* Dubb Union - Snoop Dogg Presents: Dubb Union

## 2009

* Snoop Dogg - Malice n Wonderland
* Various - Snoop Dogg presents: Bacc to tha Chuuch Vol.1

## 2010

* Snoop Dogg - More Malice

## 2011

* Snoop Dogg - Doggumentary

## 2015

* Snoop Dogg - BUSH

## 2016

* Snoop Dogg - Coolaid
* Jooba Loc - Only Way Out
* Kurupt - Equinox
* Various - The Return Of Doggy Style Records Mixtape
* Heebz Street featuring Iliana Eve - "Letters"
# Dre discography

This is the discography of the producer/rapper Dre, who is known for being part of the hip hop production duo Cool & Dre.

## Featured singles

* 2007: "Lights Get Low" (Freeway feat. Dre and Rick Ross)
* 2007: "100 Million" (Birdman feat. Rick Ross, Dre, Young Jeezy, Lil Wayne & DJ Khaled)
* 2008: "Ain't Sayin' Nothin'" (Fat Joe feat. Dre & Plies)
* 2009: "Hot Revolver" (Lil Wayne feat. Dre)

## Guest appearances

* 2004: "Take Me Home" (Terror Squad feat. Dre)
* 2004: "Let Them Things Go" (Terror Squad feat. Dre & Young Selah)
* 2005: "Girl I'm a Bad Boy" (Fat Joe feat. P. Diddy & Dre)
* 2005: "Sum Mo" (Trina feat. Dre)
* 2005: "Lil Mama" (Trina feat. Dre)
* 2006: "Drop Ya Body" (Tony Sunshine feat. Dre)
* 2006: "So Amazing" (Christina Milian feat. Dre)
* 2006: "Hot Boy" (Christina Milian feat. Dre)
* 2006: "Movement" (DJ Khaled feat. Dre)
* 2006: "Blow" (Rick Ross feat. Dre)
* 2006: "Boss" (Rick Ross feat. Dre)
* 2007: "Flossin" (Majic feat. Dre)
* 2007: "Just Relax" (Joe feat. Dre)
* 2007: "Stop Blockin" (Luc Duc feat. Dre & Scruface)
* 2007: "Brown Paper Bag" (DJ Khaled feat. Young Jeezy, Dre, Juelz Santana, Rick Ross, Fat Joe & Lil Wayne)
* 2007: "I'm From the Ghetto" (DJ Khaled feat. Dre, The Game, Jadakiss & Trick Daddy)
* 2007: "B*tch I'm From Dade County" (DJ Khaled feat. Trick Daddy, Trina, Rick Ross, Brisco, Flo Rida, C-Ride & Dre)
* 2007: "Choppers" (DJ Khaled feat. Dre, Joe Hound & C-Ride)
* 2007: "Everywhere We Go" (Sean P feat. DJ Khaled & Dre)
* 2008: "Trilla" (Rick Ross feat. Dre)
* 2008: "I'm Rollin" (Rome feat. Rick Ross, C-Ride, Dre & Joe Hound)
* 2008: "She Can Get It" (Rocko feat. Dre)
* 2008: "They Hate Me Man" (K.A.R. Mafia feat. Dre & DJ Khaled)
* 2008: "Dont Play Me Dirty" (Junior Reid feat. Dre)
* 2008: "Eyes Open" (Yung Ralph feat. Dre)
* 2008: "A Girl" (David Banner feat. Dre)
* 2008: "Feelin Like A Pimp" (Git Fresh feat. Dre)
* 2008: "Golden Girl" (Chris Brown feat. Dre)
* 2008: "Ghetto" (Ace Hood feat. Dre)
* 2008: "Don't Tell Me It's Over" (Gym Class Heroes feat. Dre & Lil' Wayne)
* 2008: "Home" (Gym Class Heroes feat. Dre)
* 2008: "The Crackhouse" (Fat Joe feat. Dre & Lil Wayne)
* 2008: "Red Rum" (Lil Wayne feat. Dre)
* 2009: "Hot Revolver" (Lil Wayne feat. Dre)
* 2009: "Erased" (Dre feat. Chris Brown)
* 2010: "Realest They Come" (Lil Wayne feat. Dre & Tity Boi)
# Assigny, Cher

Assigny (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France, about 28 miles (45 km) northeast of Bourges.
# MyCoRe

MyCoRe (portmanteau of My Content Repository) is an open source repository software framework for building disciplinary or institutional repositories, digital archives, digital libraries, and scientific journals. The software is developed at various German university libraries and computer centers. Although most MyCoRe web applications are located in Germany, there are English-language applications, such as "The International Treasury of Islamic Manuscripts" at the University of Cambridge (UK).

## History

The first public version of MyCoRe was released in October 2001. Since then the software was developed by the MyCoRe team. The software became known as "Institutional Repository Software" as declared on the site of the Budapest Open Access Initiative. In Germany there are more than 20 Universities and institutions that provide over 70 repositories based on MyCoRe.

## Technology

The MyCoRe framework was written in Java and XML. It is available as free software under GNU General Public License (GPL).

## Features

Some important features of MyCoRe are as follows.
* Free and open-source software
* Customizable user interface
* Configurable metadata model: The Metadata Object Description Schema is the default metadata format within the MyCoRe sample application "MIR". Any other metadata format can be configured.
* Classifications can be edited or imported, as standard (e.g. DDC), in flat or hierarchical structure.
* Roles and rights are configurable
* There is an internal file system integrated in the MyCoRe framework.
* MyCoRe uses Checksum to ensure data integrity.
* All types of digital content, file formats and mime types can be assembled, managed, preserved and presented.
* An image viewer is integrated for presenting high-resolution digitized images in Web browser.
* MyCoRe supports common interoperability standards and interfaces such as the OAI-PMH 2.0 protocol or SWORD.
* MyCoRe provides an integrated Web content management system (WCMS) for editing static website content.
* Local or external authentication mechanisms can be used.
* A detailed rights and role concept allows to manage the access to data and metadata.
* MyCoRe provides a ready to install sample repository called MIR, which a system administrator can install on a single Linux, Mac OSX or Windows box to get started.

## Operating Systems

MyCoRe software runs on Linux, Solaris, Unix, or Windows.
# Phineas Lovett

Phineas Lovett (May 15, 1745 – June 17, 1828) was a farmer, merchant, judge and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Annapolis Township from 1775 to 1783 and from 1799 to 1806 and Annapolis County from 1808 to 1811 in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.
He was born in Massachusetts, the son of Phineas Lovett Sr. and Beulah Morse, and came to Nova Scotia with his family during the 1760s. He married Abigail Thayer in 1768. Lovett settled in Annapolis County. He owned a ship which traded in the West Indies. Lovett was high sheriff for the county, justice of the peace and lieutenant-colonel in the militia. While his father became a patriot, Lovett Jr. defended the town during the American Revolution, particularly in the Raid on Annapolis Royal (1781). In 1783, his seat in the provincial assembly was declared vacant due to non-attendance. He was elected to the provincial assembly for Annapolis County a second time in 1808 following the death of Henry Rutherford. In 1810, he was named a justice in the Inferior Court of Common Pleas. He died at Annapolis Royal at the age of 83.
His son James Russell Lovett also served in the assembly.
# Nathalie Sarles

Nathalie Sarles (French pronunciation:; born 17 April 1962) is a French nurse and politician of the Democratic Movement (MoDem) who served as a member of the National Assembly from 2017 to 2022., representing the 5th constituency of the department of Loire.

## Political career

Sarles was previously a nurse before becoming a councillor for Villerest commune.
In parliament, Sarles served on the Sustainable Development, Spatial and Regional Planning Committee.
She lost her seat in the second round of the 2022 French legislative election to Antoine Vermorel-Marques.

## Political positions

In 2020, Sarles went against the LREM parliamentary group's majority and abstained from an important vote on a much discussed security bill drafted by her colleagues Alice Thourot and Jean-Michel Fauvergue that helps, among other measures, curtail the filming of police forces.
# Lord Otho FitzGerald

Lord Otho Augustus FitzGerald PC (10 October 1827 – 19 November 1882) was a British soldier and Liberal politician. He notably served as Comptroller of the Household under William Gladstone between 1868 and 1874. He was also a noted amateur composer.

## Early life

Although the family home of the Duke of Leinster was Carton House near Maynooth, County Kildare (Ireland), FitzGerald was born at Harrington House, Northamptonshire (England), the home of his mother. He was the third son of Augustus FitzGerald, 3rd Duke of Leinster, by his wife Lady Charlotte Augusta Stanhope. Charles FitzGerald, 4th Duke of Leinster, was his elder brother. Another brother, Gerald Fitzgerald (1821–1886) was, like Otho, an amateur composer, photographer and a noted artist. His sister, Lady Jane Seymour FitzGerald, was the wife of George Repton, an MP for St Albans and Warwick. was a British Conservative Party politician
His paternal grandparents were William FitzGerald, 2nd Duke of Leinster and Emilia Olivia St George (a daughter of the 1st Baron St George). His maternal grandparents were General Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington and Jane Fleming (a daughter of Sir John Fleming, 1st Baronet), a lady of the Bedchamber to the Queen Charlotte.

## Career

Fitzgerald was an officer in the Royal Horse Guards and served as a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. He entered the House of Commons in 1865 as member for Kildare, a seat he held until 1874. In 1866 he was sworn of the Privy Council and made Treasurer of the Household under Lord Russell, a post he only held until the fall of the Liberal government in June of that year. He returned to office as Comptroller of the Household under William Gladstone in 1868, a post he retained until the government fell in 1874.

### Musical compositions

Fitzgerald probably enjoyed a private musical education. He published piano music in Dublin with Robinson & Bussell (later Henry Bussel). Works include:
* The Spirit of the Ball (c.1850)
* The Irish Steeple Chase Galop (c.1860)
* The Mirage Valses (c.1860)
* The Mistletoe Waltzes (not dated)
* The Staff Polka (not dated)
The composer Oscar Krahmer dedicated his piano work The Garrison Ball Galop (1857) to Otho Fitzgerald.

## Personal life

On 14 December 1861 Lord Otho married Ursula Lucy Grace, Lady Londesborough (née Bridgeman), daughter of Vice Admiral Charles Orlando Bridgeman and widow of Lord Londesborough. This was regarded by his contemporaries as a fortune-hunting match. They had two children:
* Gerald Otho FitzGerald (1862–1919), a Major in the King's Royal Rifle Corps who died unmarried and without issue.
* Ina Blanche Georgie FitzGerald (1864–1910), who married Maj. Arthur Leopold Paget, a son of Col. Leopold Grimston Paget (a son of Hon. Berkeley Paget and grandson of the 1st Earl of Uxbridge), in 1885.
Fitzgerald for a while owned Oakley Court on the Thames, at Bray in Berkshire. He died at Bray in November 1882, aged 55. Lady Otho FitzGerald only survived him by a year and died in November 1883. They are buried at St Andrew's Church, Clewer.
# Rebecca Hamilton (politician)

Rebecca Hamilton (born January 8, 1948) is a former politician in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Hamilton served in the Oklahoma House of Representatives from 1981 to 1986 and again in 2003 until 2015. Both times Hamilton represented district 89.

## Early life

Rebecca Hamilton was born in her district in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Hamilton grew up in south Oklahoma City with one younger sister. Her father worked at the stockyards and her mother also worked in the stockyards as a weighmaster. Hamilton graduated from Capitol Hill High School. In high school, one of Hamilton's teachers ran for office and Hamilton helped him campaign with her classmates. This initial exposure to politics took place when Hamilton was only fifteen years old.

## Political career

In the 1970s, Hamilton became interested with the women's rights movement and was very involved with the Women's Political Caucus. She was the state treasurer and on the finance committee of the National Women's Political Caucus. Around the time that Oklahoma was trying to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment, Hamilton ran for the Oklahoma House of Representatives and lost by 21 votes.

## House of Representatives
### 1981-1986

In 1980, Hamilton ran against an incumbent member and won. Hamilton sponsored several controversial bills during her first six years in office. Her first bill that was made into law made rape by instrumentation against the law, as well as established the illegality of spousal rape. Hamilton was the original author of the Protective Order in Oklahoma. Hamilton married fellow Oklahoma representative Rodney Hargrave in 1983. In 1986, Hamilton had a baby and decided to stay home with her children rather than running for office again.
Committees:
* Chair of Health Committee

### 2003-2015

When Hamilton came back to the House of Representatives, she had changed from pro-choice to anti-abortion. As a result, Hamilton was the primary author of House Bill 1686 in 2005. This bill required informed consent prior to an abortion and mandated parental notification before an abortion could be performed on a minor.
Committees:
* Chair of Commerce, Industry, and Labor Committee
* County and Municipal Government Committee
* Public Health Committee
* Health Committee
Hamilton served as the Assistant Democratic Floor Leader.

## Personal life

Hamilton is married to Rodney Hargrave and has two children, John and Hamilton. She is a Catholic, having converted during her shift to an anti-abortion stance.
# Holwood House

Holwood House is a 25,060-square-foot (2,328 m$^2$) country house in Keston, near Hayes, in the London Borough of Bromley, England. The house was designed by Decimus Burton, built between 1823 and 1826 and is in the Greek Revival style. It was built for John Ward, who later employed Burton to lay out his Calverley Park Estate in Tunbridge Wells. The gate lodges of that estate take their names from the gate lodges on the Holwood Estate – Farnborough Lodge and Keston Lodge.
Holwood is a grade I listed building, while its grounds, the Holwood Estate, are listed at grade II on the Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England.

## Home of William Pitt the Younger

Holwood House is on the site of an earlier building owned by William Pitt the Younger, and the grounds contain the remains of an Iron Age fort known as a "Caesar's Camp", which is a Scheduled Ancient Monument. Pitt is thought to have caused the Fort remains to be levelled in order to landscape the estate's gardens.
The house was described in Thomas Wilson in his Accurate Description of Bromley in Kent of 1797 as "a small, neat, white building; it is more simple than elegant, and built on a rising ground, which commands one of the most fertile, variegated, and extensive inland prospects in the whole county". Wilson added "A stranger visiting this house, to view the country mansion of the prime minister of Great Britain, would be exceedingly surprised, to find it so insignificant in size and external appearance". Pitt engaged John Soane to enlarge the house and Humphrey Repton to improve the grounds.

## Wilberforce Oak

The grounds are close to the stump of an oak tree known as the Wilberforce Oak, easily distinguished from the surrounding trees by a stone seat constructed in its shade. The Wilberforce Oak is part of the Holwood Estate, a private residential development that borders Holwood House and its grounds.
A Wilberforce diary entry in 1788 reads:
   At length, I well remember after a conversation with Mr. Pitt in the open air at the root of an old tree at Holwood, just above the steep descent into the vale of Keston, I resolved to give notice on a fit occasion in the House of Commons of my intention to bring forward the abolition of the slave-trade.
An oak sapling was planted in 1969 to replace the ageing original pollard oak (Quercus robur, also known as English brown oak). The work was carried out by the Forestry Section of Kent County Council's Estates Department in collaboration with the Anti-Slavery Society of Denison University in Ohio.
By 1987 the original oak tree was a hollow shell surrounding a new sapling grown from one of its acorns. This young tree blew down in the 'Great storm' of 15/16 October 1987. Slices of it were sold off by the London Borough of Bromley's Parks Department as a fundraiser to plant trees to replace those lost through the borough. A new sapling, the third generation, taken from an acorn of the younger tree, now stands beside the remains of the original tree.

## Ownership

The house is privately owned. The property was marketed for sale in 2015 with a guide price of £12 million.
# José J. Fripiat

José J. Fripiat (1 July 1923 – 17 February 2014) was a Belgian scientist and former professor at the Universite Catholique de Louvain. He obtained a M.S. degree in Chemistry and Physics in 1944 at the Universite Catholique de Louvain. He started his career as a "soil physicist" in a research institute located in the Belgian Congo. While working in Congo he calculated and measured the motion of the water levels in soils of Central Africa and was able to predict it. In 1951, he received the Barman Award of the Belgium Royal Academy. In 1967, he was awarded the Francqui Prize on Exact Sciences for his work on surface chemistry. In 1986, he went to the United States to work at the Laboratory for Surface Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.
# Electric Vehicle Association of America

The Electric Vehicle Association of America (EVAA) was established in 1910 to facilitate co-operation in improving the public understanding of electric vehicles. It was founded on the initiative of Arthur Williams. It existed as an independent organization until 1916 when it was absorbed by the National Electric Light Association (NELA) of which it became the Electric Vehicle Section.
When Williams first proposed the project on 6 May 1910 to a group of engineers involved in the industry, the original conception was of an organization local to New York, where Williams was based. However, when the matter was raised at the 1910 convention of NELA, at which it was decided that a national organization was what was needed.

## Presidents of the EVAA

* 1910-1912 William H. Blood, Jr.
* 1912-1913 Arthur Williams
* 1913-1914 Frank W. Smith
* 1914-1915 John F. Gilchrist
* 1915-1916 W. H. Johnson
Edward S. Mansfield, of the Boston Edison Company, became chairman of the Electrical Vehicle Section of the NELA.