OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Emilianus-Stollen

The Emilianstollen is part of a Roman copper mine on the escarpment of the Saargau in the St. Barbara district of Wallerfangen in Saarland, Germany.
The entrance is about 150 metres (490 ft) from the main road. The ancient tunnel with its carved stone inscription is the only direct evidence of underground mining in Central Europe from Roman times. However, it is not the oldest underground mine in Central Europe. In the 5th millennium BC There was already underground mining of flint and copper ores. Guided tours of the mine are available.

## Inscription

The stone-carved Emilianus inscription at the entrance to the tunnel reads:
INCEPTA OFFI-  CINA (A)EMILIANI  NONIS MART(IIS)
("The [mining] operation of Aemilianus began work on March 7.")
The inscription documents the mining rights under Roman mining law (lex metallis dicta), according to which operation had to be started within 25 days and was allowed to stand idle for no longer than half a year without the mining rights being forfeited. The law, which dates back to Emperor Hadrian and was partly recorded on tablets found at Vipasca (Aljustrel) in Portugal, provided uniform regulation of mining in the provinces. The right to mine was to be documented by Occupatio, the posting of a tablet with the name of the owner and the date mining began. Usually wooden tablets were erected, which later fell into decay.
The inscription does not include a year; however, it is assumed that the mining occurred in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. An impression of the inscription can be seen in the Wallerfangen Historical Museum. The mining was probably less for copper than for the production of Wallerfanger Blue (de:Wallerfanger Blau) from azurite and malachite.

## Excavations

About 130 metres (140 yd) to the west is the Bruss tunnel, excavated in 1964, also of Roman origin. The medieval azurite mines on the Blaufels and the Limberg is attested by bills from 1492. The azurite mine was therefore continued around St. Barbara in post-Roman times.
In 1964 the first systematic excavations were carried out by the former Saarland Conservatory bureau. In the course of these investigations the Saarlouis district acquired the area and put the tunnels under monument protection. An excavation campaign carried out by the Bochum Mining Museum (de:Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum) was completed in 1976 with the installation of a visitor mine, with the support of the Ensdorf Mine.
In 1993, the lower Emilianus tunnel was uncovered and found in a condition untouched by subsequent mining. The Merchweiler mining company (de:Bergwerksgesellschaft Merchweiler) secured the tunnel from landslides with modern upgrades. Access is for research purposes only.
The investigations carried out by the Bochum Museum in 2008 revealed a much larger extension of the Bruss tunnel than was previously known. A shovel with a wooden handle and a broken blade was found and another shaft was discovered 20 metres (22 yd) before the end of the tunnel.
# Rupert, Pennsylvania

Rupert is a census-designated place (CDP) in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of Northeastern Pennsylvania. The population was 154 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Bloomsburg-Berwick micropolitan area.

## Geography

Rupert is located in west-central Columbia County at 40°58′44″N 76°28′28″W﻿ / ﻿40.97889°N 76.47444°W﻿ / 40.97889; -76.47444 (40.978965, -76.474524), on the west side of Fishing Creek near its confluence with the Susquehanna River. It is in the eastern part of Montour Township, across Fishing Creek from Bloomsburg, the county seat.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Rupert has a total area of 0.93 square miles (2.4 km$^2$), of which 0.89 square miles (2.3 km$^2$) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km$^2$), or 3.82%, is water. Rupert is flat in the east and has steep hills in the west. Most of the CDP contains forest, but there are some agricultural and residential areas in the northeastern part.
Pennsylvania Route 42 runs through the center of Rupert, leading north 0.5 miles (0.80 km) to U.S. Route 11 at a point 2 miles (3 km) southwest of the center of Bloomsburg. PA 42 leads south from Rupert 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to Catawissa on the southeastern bank of the Susquehanna.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 174 people, 72 households, and 49 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 192.0 inhabitants per square mile (74.1/km$^2$). There were 77 housing units at an average density of 85.0 per square mile (32.8/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.70% White, 0.57% African American, 1.72% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.60% of the population.
There were 72 households, out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were non-families. 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.96.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $32,321, and the median income for a family was $46,667. Males had a median income of $33,438 versus $24,583 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,412. None of the families and 3.4% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 9.5% of those over 64.

## Education

The school district is Bloomsburg Area School District.
# Abner M. Bradbury

Abner M. Bradbury (July 8, 1798 – September 17, 1885) was an American politician. Bradbury represented Wayne County, Indiana in the Indiana House of Representatives and the Indiana Senate representing the Whig Party.

## Early life and career

Abner M. Bradbury was born in the part of the Northwest Territory that would shortly become Ohio on July 8, 1798. In 1814 or 1815, he moved to Wayne County, Indiana, settling with his father on a farm along Morgan Creek Road.
Bradbury worked as a store clerk in Richmond from June 1821 until the summer of 1822. In 1821, he married Mary Boyd. Boyd and Bradbury met while he was living in Richmond. They would go on to have 13 children. Bradbury moved to Greens Fork, Indiana, where he working in a fulling mill. As of 1823, he was serving in the Indiana Militia. He earned the rank of lieutenant colonel.

## Career

In 1829, Bradbury was named deputy sheriff and a justice of the peace of Wayne County. That same year, he became postmaster of Jacksonburg, Indiana, serving until 1833.

### Political career

He served in the Indiana House of Representatives from 1832 until 1835. He lost his reelection bid. In 1836, he was elected to the Indiana State Senate. He assumed office in December 1836 and left at the end of his term in December 1838. He ran for election again in 1844, winning, and assuming office until December 1847.
Bradbury was associate judge of Indiana from 1848 until 1852, when the position was abolished. Also in 1848, Bradbury was a delegate at the national convention for the Whig Party. In his free time, he advocated for the establishment and expansion of the Central State Hospital.

## Later life and death

Bradbury died in Cambridge City, Indiana on September 17, 1885. At the time of his death, he was one of the oldest residents in Wayne County. Bradbury is buried in Jacksonburg Cemetery in Jacksonburg, Indiana.

## Legacy

Bradbury's paper are held in the collection of the Indiana State Library.
# Benedetto Brin

Benedetto Brin (17 May 1833 in Turin, Piedmont – 24 May 1898 in Rome, Lazio) was an Italian naval administrator and politician. He played a major role in modernizing and expanding the Italian Regia Marina ("Royal Navy") from the 1870s to the 1890s, designing several major classes of warships, including the large ironclad warships of the Duilio, Italia, and Re Umberto classes, the pre-dreadnought battleships of the Ammiraglio di Saint Bon and Regina Margherita classes, and the armored cruisers of the Vettor Pisani and Giuseppe Garibaldi classes. His contributions to Italian naval power were marked by the naming of the second Regina Margherita-class battleship as Benedetto Brin, among other commemorations.

## Biography

Born in Turin, he worked with distinction as a naval engineer until the age of forty. In 1873, Admiral Simone Antonio Saint-Bon, Italy's Minister of the Navy, appointed him undersecretary of state. The two men collaborated on major projects: Saint-Bon conceived a type of ship, and Brin made the plans and directed its construction.
On the advent of the Left to power in 1876, Brin was appointed Minister of the Navy by Agostino Depretis, a capacity in which he continued the policies of Saint-Bon, while enlarging and completing the project in such a way as to form the first organic scheme for the development of the Italian fleet. The huge ironclads of the Italia and Duilio classes were his work, though he briefly abandoned their type in favour of smaller and faster armored cruisers of the Vettor Pisani and the Giuseppe Garibaldi classes, before returning to large capital ships with the Re Umberto-class ironclads and later the Regina Margherita class of pre-dreadnought battleships. Through his initiative, the Italian naval industry, almost non-existent in 1873, made rapid progress.
During his eleven years in the ministry (1876–1878 with Depretis, 1884–1891 with Depretis and Francesco Crispi, 1896–1898 with Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì), he succeeded in creating large private shipyards, engine works and metallurgical works for the production of armour, steel plates and guns.
In 1892, he entered the Giovanni Giolitti cabinet as Minister of Foreign Affairs, accompanying, in that capacity, King Umberto I and Queen Margherita to Potsdam, but chose not to act against France on the occasion of the massacre of Italian workmen at Aigues-Mortes. He died while Minister of the Navy in the Rudini cabinet.

## Commemoration

* The Regia Marina launched the Regina Margherita-class battleship Benedetto Brin, named for him, in 1901.
* The submarine Brin was named after him.
* A commemorative plaque dedicated to Benedetto Brin is on Via Santi Apostoli in Rome.

## Footnotes

* 1 2 3 4 One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brin, Benedetto". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 571.
* ↑ Macintyre & Bathe, p. 100.
* ↑ Fraccaroli, pp. 342–343.
* ↑ Fraccaroli, p. 343.
# Lost Jewlry

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Consequence of Sound | |
| Exclaim! | 8/10 |
Lost Jewlry is the twelfth mixtape by American rapper and Wu-Tang Clan member Raekwon. It was released on January 15, 2013 for free. The mixtape features guest appearances from Faith Evans, Freddie Gibbs, Altrina Renee and Maino, and includes production from Scram Jones, Buckwild and more. It was released in promotion of his forthcoming studio album, F.I.L.A. (Fly International Luxurious Art).

## Background

In 2012, Raekwon launched his own record label, Ice H2O Records. He announced on November 30, 2012, that he will soon release an EP titled Lost Jewlry. On December 20, he released the first single titled, "Never Can Say Goodbye". However the single did not make the final cut. The mixtape was originally scheduled to be released on January 8, 2013, but was later pushed back until January 15, 2013. The music video for "Came Up" was released on January 16, 2013. On March 14, 2013, an extended/remix version of "86'" was released featuring a verse from rapper AZ. A video was released the same day.
# Kenneth Beatty

Charles Kenneth Beatty (April 19, 1905 – September 28, 1977) was an American football, basketball and baseball coach. He was the first head football coach at East Carolina Teaching College—now known as East Carolina University—serving from 1932 to 1933 and compiling a record of 1–10. Beatty was also the head basketball coach at East Carolina from 1932 to 1934, tallying mark of 12–17. Beatty served as the second head baseball coach at East Carolina for one season in 1933, with a record of 3–3. He was inducted into the East Carolina University Hall of Fame in 1974.

## Head coaching record
### Football

| Year | Team | Overall |
| East Carolina Teachers (Independent) (1932–1933) ||||||
| 1932 | East Carolina | 0–5 |
| 1933 | East Carolina | 1–5 |
| East Carolina: | East Carolina: | 1–10 |
| Total: | Total: | 1–10 |

## Head coaching record
### Baseball

Statistics overview :
| Season | Team | Overall |
| East Carolina Teachers (Independent) (1933) ||||||
| 1933 | East Carolina | 3–3 |
| East Carolina: | East Carolina: | 3–3 (.500) |
| Total: | Total: | 3–3 (.500) |
# FK1012

FK1012 is a dimer consisting of two molecules of tacrolimus (FK506) linked via their vinyl groups. It is used as a research tool in chemically induced dimerization applications. FK1012 is a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID) which makes the protein capable of dimerization or oligomerization of fusion proteins containing one or more FKBP12 domains. It is used in pharmacology to act as a mediator in the formation of FK506 dimer. FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs) do not normally form dimers but can be caused to dimerize in the presence of FK1012. Genetically engineered proteins based on FKBPs can be used to manipulate protein localization, signaling pathways and protein activation.
# Ray Puckett

Raymond Leslie Puckett (born 17 December 1935) is a former New Zealand distance runner, who represented his country at the Olympic Games in 1960 and 1964, and at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. Coached by Arthur Lydiard, Puckett was the first New Zealander to complete a marathon in under two hours and 30 minutes.

## Early life and family

Puckett was born on 17 December 1935 in Gillingham, Dorset, England, the son of Marjorie Sybil Puckett (née Cox), a New Zealander, and her husband, Maurice Leslie Puckett, a lieutenant in the Royal Navy. He was brought back to New Zealand when he was one year old, travelling on the Rangitane. His parents both died in October 1952.

## Athletics

Puckett was 18 years old when he began being coached by Arthur Lydiard, who saw potential in Puckett as a marathon runner. Puckett went on to win five national marathon titles, in 1958, 1959, 1960, 1964 and 1965. He was the first New Zealander to complete a marathon in under two hours 30 minutes, and his personal best time for the distance of 2:17:38 was recorded in winning the 1964 national championship.
At the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff, Puckett competed in the men's six-mile race, finishing 12th, and in the marathon, placing 14th. Competing in the marathon at the 1960 Rome Olympics, Puckett finished in 51st place in a time of 2:37:36. Four years later in the same event at the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo, he ran 2:27:34 to finish 27th.

## Later life

Following an accident in about 1997, Puckett was forced to give up running. However, he was selected as a torchbearer for the 2000 Summer Olympics torch relay.
Puckett became an accomplished croquet player, winning the doubles title at the North Island championships in 1998, and is one of the three leading makers of croquet mallets in New Zealand.
# Mishari bin Saud Al Saud

Mishari bin Saud Al Saud (Arabic: مشاري بن سعود آل سعود; born December 1954) is a Saudi Arabian retired military officer, businessman, and retired politician. A member of the House of Saud, he is one of the children of King Saud and one of the grandsons of King Abdulaziz. Prince Mishari served as the governor of Al Bahah Province from 2010 to 2017.

## Early life and education

Mishari bin Saud was born in Riyadh in December 1954. He is one of the children of King Saud, and his mother is Naima bint Ubaid.
After completing his primary and secondary education in Saudi Arabia in 1971, he went to the US for university education. However, he only completed an eight-month English course there. He returned to Saudi Arabia to receive university education. He has a bachelor of arts degree in history and later, he received a master's degree in history from King Saud University. The title of his MA thesis was “Relations between Saudi Arabia and Al-Mutawakkaliya Kingdom of Yemen under the reign of King Abdulaziz.”

## Career

Prince Mishari was a brigade commander in the Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG). In June 1983, he was appointed deputy commander of the SANG in the Eastern Province. He headed the SANG in the province and was the second rank royal there after the governor of the province, Prince Mohammed bin Fahd. As of 2004, he served as the assistant undersecretary of the SANG for the Eastern sector. His tenure lasted until his appointment as the governor of Al Bahah Province in 2010.
On 28 August 2010, he was appointed governor of Al Bahah Province, replacing his elder half-brother Muhammed bin Saud who resigned from this post due to health problems. His tenure ended in April 2017 when his half-brother Hussam bin Saud was made the governor of the province.
It was speculated that Prince Mishari had support of King Abdullah and was very close to Crown Prince Sultan during his term at SANG.
Prince Mishari has a stake in Imdadat Trading and Transport firm in Riyadh that he and his son, Turki, established in 1982.

## Personal life

His daughter, Princess Hala, is a businesswoman who created a global brand, Munch Bakery. In 2012, she married Abdulmalek bin Abdulmuhsen Al Shiekh, a member of the Al ash-Sheikh family, in Riyadh.
# Tal-e Gar

TelGar (Persian: تل گر, also Romanized as TelGar) is a village in Rostam-e Yek Rural District, in the Central District of Rostam County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 290, in 66 families.
# Madonna Soctomah

Madonna M. Soctomah is a Passamaquoddy politician from Maine. Soctomah represented the Passamaquoddy people as a non-voting tribal representative in the Maine House of Representatives. She has been elected by her people to four two-year terms (2000, 2002, 2010, 2012).
Soctomah has been a persistent advocate for a Passamaquoddy-owned casino in Maine. During her first term in the House of Representatives, Soctomah introduced a bill allowing her tribe to operate a casino. In 2012, Soctomah again introduced a bill to create a gaming facility in Washington County.
# Waves (Mick Jenkins EP)

Waves (stylized as Wave[s]) is the debut extended play (EP) by American rapper Mick Jenkins. It was released on August 21, 2015, by Cinematic Music Group.

## Background

The extended play includes guest features from Saba, Sean Deaux, and The Mind. The majority of the production was by THEMpeople, with Kaytranada, Lee Bannon, Stefan Ponce and Mulatto also producing.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AnyDecentMusic? | 6.9/10 |
| Metacritic | 77/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Consequence of Sound | B+ |
| Exclaim! | 8/10 |
| Pitchfork | 7.6/10 |
| PopMatters | 7/10 |
| Spin | 8/10 |
| XXL | 4/5 |
Waves received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 77, based on nine reviews. Paul Simpson of AllMusic stated, "His music seems a slight bit more danceable and accessible than before, but not to the point of pandering to a hedonistic club audience." Sheldon Pearce of Consequence of Sound stated, "The biggest difference between the two projects is that The Water[s] focused in on the dense raps, and Wave[s] is far more vibe-driven, with songs ready for radio." Samantha O'Connor of Exclaim! stated, "Wave[s] is a clear indication that Jenkins is expanding his sound and stepping away from expectation as he prepares his debut album, The Healing Component. But in the meantime, he's established himself as an artist with even more to offer than many predicted." Brian Duricy of PopMatters stated, "On Wave[s], Mick Jenkins, whether consciously or otherwise, created a polished body of work with radio-ready potential."
David Drake of Pitchfork stated, "It points to an artistic flexibility that will pay dividends down the road. The room to grow is there, should he decide to pursue the colors Wave[s] has opened up for him." Dan Weiss of Spin stated, "Wave[s] is louder, catchier, and about half the length of The Water[s]." Sidney Madden of XXL stated, "Although it doesn't pan out on every track, the cohesive work allows the listener to feel that they've plunged into the depths of Mick's mind and come out with a soaked sense of clarity."
# La bandera Argentina

La Bandera Argentina (in English: 'the Argentine flag') was for a time considered the first film ever produced in the cinema of Argentina. It was directed by French-Argentine cinema pioneer Eugene Py in 1897 in which he captured the Flag of Argentina in 1897.
The film - which was screened in 1897 - was actually fourth or fifth to three short recorded images of the city of Buenos Aires (filmed by German Federico Figner in 1896) known as Vistas de Palermo, Avenida de Mayo and Plaza de Mayo. The film is usually presented as the country's first film because of its title and patriotic significance, even though Figner's shorts are clearly dated as being screened on 24 November 1896 (the first film to ever be screened on the country was a Lumière production, July the 18th of the same year). Both Py's and Figner's films are nowadays lost.
The film has a major historical significance for film history in Argentina, and was produced as a result of French immigrants in Buenos Aires, including Py whose colleague imported the first photographic cinema equipment into Argentina in late 1896.
# Ernst Ruska

Ernst August Friedrich Ruska (German pronunciation: ; 25 December 1906 – 27 May 1988) was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 for his work in electron optics, including the design of the first electron microscope.

## Life and career

Ernst Ruska was born in Heidelberg, Germany. He was educated at the Technical University of Munich from 1925 to 1927 and then entered Technische Hochschule Berlin (now Technische Universität Berlin), where he posited that microscopes using electrons, with wavelengths 1000 times shorter than those of light, could provide a more detailed picture of an object than a microscope utilizing light, in which magnification is limited by the size of the wavelengths. In 1931, he demonstrated that a magnetic coil could act as an electron lens, and used several coils in a series to build the first electron microscope in 1933.
After completing his PhD in 1933, Ruska continued to work in the field of electron optics, first at Fernseh AG in Berlin-Zehlendorf, and then from 1937 at Siemens-Reiniger-Werke AG. At Siemens, he was involved in developing the first commercially produced electron microscope in 1939. As well as developing the technology of electron microscopy while at Siemens, Ruska also worked at other scientific institutions, and encouraged Siemens to set up a laboratory for visiting researchers, which was initially headed by Ruska's brother Helmut, a medical doctor who developed the use of the electron microscope for medical and biological applications.
After leaving Siemens in 1955, Ruska served as director of the Institute for Electron Microscopy of the Fritz Haber Institute until 1974. Concurrently, he served at the institute and as professor at Technische Universität Berlin from 1957 until his retirement in 1974.
In 1960 he won the Lasker Award. In 1986, he was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Physics for his many achievements in electron optics; Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer won a quarter each for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope. He died in West Berlin in 1988.
Asteroid 1178 Irmela, discovered by Max Wolf, is named after Ruska's wife Irmela, who was Wolf's niece.