OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eustatic sea level

The eustatic sea level (from Greek εὖ eû, "good" and στάσις stásis, "standing") is the distance from the center of the Earth to the sea surface. An increase of the eustatic sea level can be generated by decreasing glaciation, increasing spreading rates of the mid-ocean ridges or increasing the number of mid-oceanic ridges. Conversely, increasing glaciation, decreasing spreading rates or fewer mid-ocean ridges can lead to a fall in the eustatic sea level.
Changes in the eustatic sea level lead to changes in accommodation and therefore affect the deposition of sediments in marine environments.

## Overview

The eustatic (global) sea level is the volume of Earth's oceans. This is not a physical level but instead represents the sea level if all of the water in the oceans were contained in a single basin. Eustatic sea level is not relative to local surfaces, because relative sea level depends on many factors – including tectonics, continental rise and subsidence. Eustatic sea level follows the "bathtub approach" which describes the ocean as a single bathtub. One can add or remove water and Earth's oceans will gain or lose water globally. Differences in eustatic sea level over time stem from three main factors:
* Changes in total ocean water mass, for instance, by ice-sheet runoff. When an ice sheet (such as Greenland) begins to lose some of its ice mass due to melt, the liquid water is transported to the ocean. According to the "bathtub approach", ice-sheet runoff from Greenland will affect eustatic sea level in all areas of the world, whether nearby or distant. Ocean water mass may shrink in size if the continental ice sheets grow in size, thereby removing liquid water from oceans and converting them to grow ice sheets
* Changes in the size of the ocean basin, for instance, by tectonic seafloor spreading or by sedimentation. These slow processes can cause the total volume of the oceanic basin to change.
* Density changes of the water, for instance, by thermal expansion. Warming will cause water to experience greater molecular motion, thus increasing the volume a molecule will occupy. Expansion of water may also be caused by changes in ocean salinity. As continental ice accumulates, the ocean water freezes onto land but the salt it carried will mostly remain in the ocean. Thus, as ice sheets increase, ocean salinity also increases (and vice versa). An increase in salinity will increase the density of the ocean basin. Melting of ice sheets and a decrease of ocean salinity will effectively decrease the density of the water. These two effects together result in the steric sea level. The thermal part is called the thermosteric sea level, whereas the salinity part is called the halosteric sea level.
# Qaleh-ye Shahpur Khani

Qaleh-ye Shahpur Khani (Persian: قلعه شاهپورخاني, also Romanized as Qal‘eh-ye Shāhpūr Khānī; also known as Qal‘eh-ye 'Alī Jahāngīrī and Qal‘eh-ye Shāhpūr) is a village in Hamaijan Rural District, Hamaijan District, Sepidan County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 19, in 5 families.
# Charles Milton Cunningham

Charles Milton Cunningham (April 2, 1877 – May 17, 1936) was a Louisiana attorney and newspaper publisher who served as a Democratic member of the Louisiana State Senate from 1915 to 1922.
Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, Cunningham received his undergraduate degree from Northwestern State University, taught briefly, and established The Natchitoches Times newspaper in 1903. He studied law, and was an unsuccessful candidate for a district judgeship in 1906.
* Biography
* United States
* Education
* Law
* Journalism
* Politics
* Christianity
# Lahja Hämäläinen

Lahja Hämäläinen is a Finnish ice sledge speed racer. She represented Finland at the 1980 Winter Paralympics, at the 1984 Winter Paralympics and at the 1988 Winter Paralympics. In total, she won four gold medals and three bronze medals.
She won three bronze medals in ice sledge speed racing at the 1980 Winter Paralympics in Geilo, Norway and four gold medals in ice sledge speed racing at the 1984 Winter Paralympics in Innsbruck, Austria.
# Allegory of the Earth

Allegory of the Earth is a series of paintings by Jan Brueghel the Elder produced c. 1610. One painting from the series is in the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nice and another is in the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon.

## Story

One of these paintings was stolen with 4 other paintings in 2007, before being found in Marseilles in 2008.
It is highlighted during the illuminations of the Place des Terreaux during the Festival of Lights in 2014.
# Free refill

Free refills occur when a drink's receptacle, usually that of a soft drink, tea or coffee, is allowed to be filled again by its purchaser, free of charge, after they have consumed the drink. Occasionally the glass or cup holding the drink is not reused, and the "refill" actually constitutes the acquisition of a second (or more than one) additional entirely new drink(s) for no added charge, usually of the same kind (e.g. the same brand of soft drink) as the original, paid-for drink. Free refills are commonplace in the United States and Canada in traditional restaurants and fast food restaurants, while rarer in airports, cafés, or service stations. Around the world, the availability of free refills is typically scarce, but varies widely depending on the country and the type and specific ownership or chain of each establishment.

## History

According to the book The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug, free refills were common in American coffeehouses by the 1890s. This was considered a noteworthy feature of American cafés by Europeans, in whose countries coffee was not as popular and free refills were not available. The author speculates this may be due to the higher price of coffee in Europe at the time, and the accumulating cost to the café of the refills.

## Marketing

Free refills are seen as a good way to attract customers to an establishment, especially one whose beverages are not their primary source of income. Due to the extremely low cost of fountain soft drinks (especially the beverage itself, not including the cost of the cup, lid and straw), often offering a profit margin of 80-82%, establishments tend to offer free refills as a sales gimmick. Coffee produces a similar high profit margin, allowing establishments to include coffee in free refill offers. Most of these establishments have fast customer turnover, thus customers rarely consume enough beverage to make the offering unprofitable. Some establishments, who make their primary income with beverage sales, only offer free refills to members of rewards programs.

## Criticisms
### United States

In certain areas of the United States, such as Massachusetts and New York, politicians have proposed banning free refills as a move against obesity.
When New York City banned sugary drinks over 16 ounces in 2012, critics faulted free refills as one of the ban's biggest weaknesses.
In June 2012 Cambridge, Massachusetts, mayor Henrietta Davis unsuccessfully proposed banning soft drink refills.

### France

The French government is another critic of free refills, due to health concerns about obesity. France created a tax on sugary drinks in 2011. In September 2014, Serge Hercberg, head of France's National Nutrition and Health Programme, stated that free refills of sugary drinks should be banned. In January 2017, a law was passed banning the unlimited sale of pop and other sugary drinks at all public eateries.
# Organic, Inc.

Organic, Inc. is a digitally-led advertising agency that is a member of DAS Group of Companies, a division of Omnicom Group Inc. It is headquartered in New York City with additional offices in Detroit and Los Angeles.

## History

Organic was one of the original digital agencies, and was founded in 1993 by Jonathan Nelson, Brian Behlendorf, Cliff Skolnick and Matthew Nelson. The firm completed an IPO in February 2000 under the ticker OGNC. Due to the economic effects of the Dot-com bubble, Organic was re-privatized in 2001, and became a subsidiary of Omnicom in 2003.
# Red House Cone

The Red House Cone is a Grade II* listed glass cone located in Wordsley in the West Midlands, adjacent to the Stourbridge Canal bridge on the A491 High Street. It is a 90-foot (27 m) high conical brick structure with a diameter of 60 feet (18 m), used for the production of glass. It was used by the Stuart Crystal firm till 1936, when the company moved to a new facility at Vine Street. It is one of only four complete cones remaining in the United Kingdom.
It is one of four such structures in the UK and is currently maintained as a museum by Dudley Council. (The other three cones are at Lemington, Catcliffe and Alloa). At the site are 10 businesses including glass artists, pottery, jewellers, textiles fine art and demonstrations of glass blowing along with a Coffee House and gift shop.
A 1-acre (4,000 m$^2$) site, on which the cone stands, was sold by John and Ann Southwell and Rebecca Stokes to Richard Bradley, a wealthy glass-manufacturer, on 21 June 1788. The cone was built by Bradley in partnership with his brother-in-law, George Ensell, for the manufacture of window glass. Ensell installed a moving lehr in the cone, which remains today and is the only surviving one in the world.
The cone received Grade II* listed building status on 23 September 1966.
In April 2022, the Cone received a pledge of £1.5m from Dudley Council in order to restore the structure. The restored cone was opened to the public in August 2024.

## Representation in the media

The Red House Cone was featured in an episode of BBC Two's Great British Railway Journeys, in the episode Sarah Cordingley taught Michael Portillo how to make a lampwork bead.
# Tłı̨chǫ Government

The Tłı̨chǫ Government, or Tłı̨chǫ Ndekʼàowo (also rendered Tlicho Government and Tlicho Ndekʼaowo), is a First Nations organization representing the Tłı̨chǫ Nation, Dene people of the Northwest Territories, Canada, and covering much of their traditional territory, Tłı̨chǫ Ndé, within the larger Dene Country of Denendeh. The devolved government was created in 2005 when the Tłı̨chǫ Nation ratified the Tłı̨chǫ Agreement with the Government of Canada.
Through this agreement certain rights relating to lands, resources and self-government were defined including Tłı̨chǫ Government ownership of "39,000 km$^2$ of land located between Lake Tıdeè and the Great Bear Lake including surface and subsurface rights, the ability to define its membership known as Tłı̨chǫ citizens, jurisdiction over lands and resources across Tłı̨chǫ Ndé and establishment of the Wekʼèezhìı Land and Water Board and the Wekʼèezhìı Renewable Resources Board and a share of mineral royalties from the Mackenzie Valley." The word Tlı̨chǫ [tɬʰĩtʃʰõ] means 'dog rib'.
The traditional area of the Tłı̨chǫ described by Chief Monfwi during the signing of Treaty 11 in 1921, was called Monfwı̀ Gogha Dè Nı̨htł'è [mõfwì goɣa dè nĩhtɬ'è]. Wekʼèezhìi, the management area defined by the Tłı̨chǫ Agreement, is an area larger than the land owned by the Tłı̨chǫ. Wekʼèezhìi "shares boundaries with the Sahtu Settlement Area and Nunavut, and includes the four Tłı̨chǫ member communities of Gamèti, Wekweètì, Whatì and Behchokǫ̀." The area includes the Ekati and Diavik Diamond Mines.

## NWT Conference of Management Authorities (CMA)

The Tłı̨chǫ Government is one of the Management Authorities of the NWT Conference of Management Authorities (CMA) for boreal caribou, along with the Government of the NWT, the Wildlife Management Advisory Council (NWT), the Gwich'in Renewable Resources Board, the Sahtu Renewable Resources Board, and the Wekʼèezhìi Renewable Resources Board.

### Wekʼèezhìi Renewable Resource Board

The Tłı̨chǫ Government appoints fifty percent of the Wekʼèezhìi Renewable Resource Board, a co-management board. The other fifty percent are appointed by the Government of Canada and the Government of Northwest Territory. The WRRB is an institution of public government, responsible for managing wildlife and wildlife habitat (forests, plants and protected areas) in the Wekʼèezhìi area.

### Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou)

Based on the 2012 Species at Risk Committee's (SARC) report, the NWT Conference of Management Authorities (CMA) in October 2013 added boreal woodland caribou to the Northwest Territories List of Species at Risk as a threatened species.

## Member communities

* Behchokǫ̀
* Gamèti
* Wekweètì
* Whatì

## Footnotes

* ↑ Government of the Northwest Territories. "NWT Indigenous Governments". Retrieved 2019-06-09.
* 1 2 3 4 Government of Canada 2003.
* ↑ WRRB 2005.
* 1 2 Wekʼèezhìi Renewable Resources Board (WRRB) n.d.
* 1 2 Conference of Management Authorities (CMA) 2013.
# Joan Namutaawe

Joan Namutaawe is a Ugandan politician. She serves as the woman representative for Masaka district in the eleventh parliament. In the parliament of Uganda, she serves on the Committee on Public Service and Local Government.

## Political career

On 27 April 2023, Namutaawe with 10 female MPs outside the parliament building gate as were arrested and taken to Kampala Central Police station as they marched to the Ministry of Internal Affairs protesting against the arrest of female MPs across the country who had gone to their respective constituents to consult voters on various issues.
# Qareh Gol-e Olya

Qareh Gol-e Olya (Persian: قره گل عليا, also Romanized as Qarah Gol-e 'Olyā; also known as Garagūā, Qareh Gol, and Qareh Golūl) is a small village in Mishan Rural District, Mahvarmilani District, Mamasani County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was only 19, in 7 families.
# Christer Boucht

Christer Boucht, born 4 March 1911 in Vaasa, Finland, and died 21 May 2009, in the same city. He was a Finnish-Swedish lawyer, adventure traveler and writer. Christer Boucht served as a young reserve officer in both the Winter War and the Continuation War. In 1966 he was the first man from Finland to cross the Greenland ice on skis and by dog team. He has written several books on his polar expeditions in northern Canada and the journey across Greenland. In some of his books, he has also described the experiences from Finlands wars during the second world war.
Christer Boucht was for many years an active member in the Finnish Arctic Society and in 2002 he became honorary member of the Society.
* This Finnish biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Mycah Pittman

Mycah Pittman (born June 15, 2000) is an American football wide receiver who most recently played for the Utah Utes.

## High school

Pittman attended Calabasas High School where he played football. His sophomore year he had 1,329 receiving yards and 11 total touchdowns. Junior Year had 60 catches for 1,027 yards and 11 touchdowns. Senior year he had 67 catches for 824 yards and 12 touchdowns.

## College career

Pittman committed to Oregon in 2018. As a freshman in 2019 he played seven games and caught 18 passes for 227 yards and 2 touchdowns. In his freshman year he missed 7 games due to injury. His sophomore year in 2020 he started 4 of the 5 games played in the short season due to COVID-19. He caught 8 passes for 123 yards his sophomore season. He played in the Fiesta Bowl during his sophomore year and the 2020 Rose Bowl during freshman year. On November 17, 2021, Pittman announced he was leaving Oregon.

### College statistics

NCAA Collegiate Career statistic :
| Oregon Ducks ||||||||||
| Season | Receiving | Receiving | Receiving | Receiving | Receiving | Rushing | Rushing | Rushing |
| Season | GP | Rec | Yds | Avg | TD | Att | Yds | TD |
| 2019 | 7 | 18 | 227 | 12.6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2020 | 4 | 8 | 123 | 15.4 | 0 | 2 | -3 | 0 |
| 2021 | 7 | 12 | 197 | 16.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Florida State Seminoles ||||||||||
| 2022 | 13 | 32 | 330 | 10.3 | 3 | 7 | 35 | 0 |
| Utah Utes ||||||||||
| 2023 | 2 | 3 | 20 | 6.7 | 0 | 1 | -2 | 0 |
| 2024 | 5 | 6 | 50 | 8.3 | 0 | -2 | 0 | 0 |
| Career | 38 | 79 | 947 | 12.0 | 5 | 11 | 30 | 0 |

## Personal life

Pittman's father is Michael Pittman Sr., former NFL running back and Super Bowl champion. Pittman Sr. played on the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2002 championship roster. His older brother, Michael Pittman Jr., plays wide receiver for the Indianapolis Colts.
In his spare time, Pittman livestreams on Twitch. He also runs a YouTube channel.
In June of 2024, Pittman got his pilots license.
# 13th Street (TV channel)

13th Street (France: 13$^{ème}$ Rue, Spain: Calle 13 and Poland: 13 Ulica) is a television channel specializing in action, suspense and police procedural programs and movies, mainly from the Universal Pictures and Television libraries. It is owned by NBCUniversal and was inaugurated in France in 1997, quickly adding local versions across Europe and Australia.
The channel changed its name to 13th Street Universal in the early 2010s like ’’Syfy Universal’’. The additional "Universal" notation was dropped after and the channel had a rebranding in March 2017.

## 13th Street around the world

| Channel | Country or region | Launch date |
| 13ème Rue | France | November 30, 1997 |
| 13th Street (German TV channel) | Germany | May 1, 1998 |
| Calle 13 | Spain | September 13, 1999 |
| 13 Ulica | Poland | September 13, 2010 |

### Former channels

In Latin America, Calle 13/Rua 13 was a programming block of USA Network from 13 July 1999 to November 2001.
| Channel | Country or region | Launch date | Shutdown date |
| 13th Street (Dutch TV channel) | Netherlands | September 6, 2007 | July 1, 2016 |
| 13th Street (Australian TV channel) | Australia | November 15, 2009 | December 31, 2019 |
# Vahid Evazzadeh

Vahid Evazzadeh is a theatre director, writer, dramaturge and filmmaker based in Denmark and United Kingdom.

## Performances
### As director

* 2018 – Uncle Fool with The Counter Institute, co-produced by Sydhavn Teater
* 2015 – The Maids in Istanbul
* 2014 – The Maids in Beijing
* 2008–12 – HamletZar at Odin Teatret, Dance Base, Barbican Centre, Pavilion Dance South West etc.
* 2011 – inferno
* 2009 – Truth is Fragmented
* 2000 – Mama Godzilla

### As dramaturge

* 2019 – Walk-Man with DON GNU Physical Theater
* 2007 – @Work: No Title with TeaterKunst

## Publication
### Short stories

* 2018 – Six bullet holes in VisAvis No. 13
* 2016 – Not Tonight in Friktion Magazin
* 2014 – At Sidde og Læse I Min Blodige Bog Friktion Magazin

### Film criticism

* 2005 – Thelma & Louise in Filmmagasinet Ekko

## Interviews
### On Performing Arts

* 2019 – Master the Craft First Interview by Tonia Stavrinou
* 2019 – Η τέχνη θέλει ειλικρινείς προθέσεις
* 2015 – In Conversation with Vahid Evazzadeh By Claire Zerhouni for Yabangee
* 2009 – Theater is the Path to Freedom interview with Sue Balint first published in the Wheel Me Out magazine

### On Culture, Politics and Society

* 2019 – On The Role of Art in society video interview by Marijana Rimanic for Reshape research project
* 2014 – Turning Margin into Center interview by Rita Júlia Sebestyén in The Migrationist
# Harriet V. Kuhnlein

Harriet V. Kuhnlein is professor emerita of Human Nutrition at McGill University. She is also Founding Director of the Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment (CINE).

## Education

Kuhnlein has a PhD from University of California, Berkeley and an honorary LL.D. from University of Western Ontario.

## Research

Kuhnlein's research relates to knowledge of food resources, protection of biocultural diversity, and well-being. Her work has spanned more than 40 Indigenous cultures, including Hopi, Coast Salish, and Haudenosaune peoples.

## Awards

In 2024, Kuhnlein was awarded the Distinguished Ethnobiologist Award from the Society of Ethnobiology. Kuhnlein received the Unsung Heroes of McGill award in 2022. Also in 2022, she received the Living Legend Award from the International Union of Nutritional Sciences.

## Personal life

Kuhnlein retired from McGill University in 2009. She is married.

## Publications

Kuhnlein, Harriet V. Strontium and lead in the Hopi nutritional environment and teeth. PhD dissertation. University of California, 1976.
# Janusz Waluś (ski jumper)

Janusz Waluś (born 3 November 1953) is a Polish ski jumper. He competed in the normal hill and large hill events at the 1976 Winter Olympics.
# Qasemabad-e Olya, Fars

Qasemabad-e Olya (Persian: قاسم ابادعليا, also Romanized as Qāsemābād-e 'Olyā; also known as Qāsemābād-e Bālā) is a village in Qarah Bulaq Rural District, Sheshdeh and Qarah Bulaq District, Fasa County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 868, in 222 families.
# Jaisingrao Gaikwad Patil

Jaysingrao Gaikwad Patil (born 1 November 1949 in Kille Dharur in Beed district of Maharashtra) represented the Beed constituency of Maharashtra two times as member of Bharatiya Janata Party and later as member of the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP). He didn't contest the 15th Lok Sabha election. He has now resigned from BJP on 17 Nov 2020 and joined Nationalist Congress Party on 24 Nov 2020
# Qasemabad-e Sofla, Fars

Qasemabad-e Sofla (Persian: قاسم ابادسفلي, also Romanized as Qāsemābād-e Soflá; also known as Qāsemābād-e Pā’īn) is a village in Qarah Bulaq Rural District, Sheshdeh and Qarah Bulaq District, Fasa County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,880, in 457 families.
# Advisory Panel of Works of Art

The Lord Speaker's Advisory Panel of Works of Art, formerly the Works of Art Committee, is an advisory panel of the House of Lords whose members are appointed by the Lord Speaker "to advise ... on matters relating to works of art in the House of Lords". The Works of Art Committee was reconfigured into the Advisory Panel after the a review of the House of Lords' governance in 2016.

## Membership

As of November 2024, the members of the panel are as follows:
* The Lord Bird
* The Baroness Bonham-Carter of Yarnbury
* The Baroness Bull
* The Earl of Clancarty
* The Lord Crathorne
* The Lord De Mauley
* The Lord Faulkner of Worcester
* The Lord Lingfield
* The Baroness McIntosh of Hudnall
* The Lord Razzall
# Boleh Dan

Boleh Dan (Persian: بله دان, also Romanized as Boleh Dān) is a village in Khafri Rural District, in the Central District of Sepidan County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 33, in 11 families.
# C.D. América de Manta

Club Deportivo América, commonly known as América de Manta, was an Ecuadorian football club based in Manta. Founded in 1923, it participated in the Serie A for two seasons in 1964 and 1966. It dissolved in 1995.