OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Calibrated geometry

In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a calibrated manifold is a Riemannian manifold (M,g) of dimension n equipped with a differential p-form φ (for some 0 ≤ p ≤ n) which is a calibration, meaning that:
* φ is closed: dφ = 0, where d is the exterior derivative
* for any x ∈ M and any oriented p-dimensional subspace ξ of T$_x$M, φ|$_ξ$ = λ vol$_ξ$ with λ ≤ 1. Here vol$_ξ$ is the volume form of ξ with respect to g.
Set G$_x$(φ) = { ξ as above : φ|$_ξ$ = vol$_ξ$ }. (In order for the theory to be nontrivial, we need G$_x$(φ) to be nonempty.) Let G(φ) be the union of G$_x$(φ) for x in M.
The theory of calibrations is due to R. Harvey and B. Lawson and others. Much earlier (in 1966) Edmond Bonan introduced G$_2$-manifolds and Spin(7)-manifolds, constructed all the parallel forms and showed that those manifolds were Ricci-flat. Quaternion-Kähler manifolds were simultaneously studied in 1967 by Edmond Bonan and Vivian Yoh Kraines and they constructed the parallel 4-form.

## Calibrated submanifolds

A p-dimensional submanifold Σ of M is said to be a calibrated submanifold with respect to φ (or simply φ-calibrated) if TΣ lies in G(φ).
A famous one line argument shows that calibrated p-submanifolds minimize volume within their homology class. Indeed, suppose that Σ is calibrated, and Σ ′ is a p submanifold in the same homology class. Then
    $\int _{\Sigma }\mathrm {vol} _{\Sigma }=\int _{\Sigma }\varphi =\int _{\Sigma '}\varphi \leq \int _{\Sigma '}\mathrm {vol} _{\Sigma '}$
where the first equality holds because Σ is calibrated, the second equality is Stokes' theorem (as φ is closed), and the inequality holds because φ is a calibration.

## Examples

* On a Kähler manifold, suitably normalized powers of the Kähler form are calibrations, and the calibrated submanifolds are the complex submanifolds. This follows from the Wirtinger inequality.
* On a Calabi–Yau manifold, the real part of a holomorphic volume form (suitably normalized) is a calibration, and the calibrated submanifolds are special Lagrangian submanifolds.
* On a G$_2$-manifold, both the 3-form and the Hodge dual 4-form define calibrations. The corresponding calibrated submanifolds are called associative and coassociative submanifolds.
* On a Spin(7)-manifold, the defining 4-form, known as the Cayley form, is a calibration. The corresponding calibrated submanifolds are called Cayley submanifolds.
# Applied Linguistics (journal)

Applied Linguistics is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of applied linguistics established in 1980 and published by Oxford University Press. It appears six times a year. The current co-editors are Glenn Martinez (University of Texas at San Antonio) and Ron Martinez (University of Oklahoma).
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2020 impact factor of 5.741.

## Aims and scope

The journal publishes both research papers and conceptual articles in all aspects of applied linguistics, such as lexicography, corpus linguistics, multilingualism, discourse analysis, and language education, aiming at promoting discussion among researchers in different fields. It features a "Forum" section, introduced in 2001, intended for short contributions, such as responses to articles and notices about current research.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed by:
* Linguistic Bibliography/Bibliographie Linguistique
* British Education Index
* Current Contents
* Education Research Abstracts
* Educational Management Abstracts
* International Bibliography of the Social Sciences
* Journal Citation Reports/Social Sciences Edition
* Linguistics & Language Behavior Abstracts
* Periodicals Index Online
* ProQuest
* PsychLIT
* Scopus
* Social Sciences Citation Index
* Studies on Women and Gender Abstracts
* The Standard Periodical Directory
# Kay Gabriel

Kay Gabriel is an American essayist and poet. She is the author of three books, co-editor of a poetry anthology, and received both a Poetry Project fellowship and the Lambda Literary fellowship. She lives and works in New York.

## Work

Gabriel graduated from Princeton University with a Ph.D. in classics. According to Gabriel, her scholarly work surveys the intersections of classics and modernist studies. In 2017, Gabriel wrote and published a book titled: Elegy Department Spring / Candy Sonnets 1 through BOAAT Press. She is the recipient of Poetry Project fellowship and the Lambda Literary fellowship.
In 2019 she joined the editorial collective for the Poetry Project Newsletter, a quarterly publication. She is a co-editor of We Want It All: An Anthology of Radical Trans Poetics with writer Andrea Abi-Karam, published in 2020 by Nightboat Books. Poets featured in the book include Joshua Jennifer Espinoza, Sylvia Rivera, and Leslie Feinberg. The book was a 2021 Lambda Literary Award Finalist. Her writing and poetry has appeared in The Brooklyn Rail, Social Text, and The Believer, among other publications.
Gabriel is the author of two books, A Queen in Bucks County (Nightboat Books, 2022) and Kissing Other People or the House of Fame (Nightboat Books, 2023 | Rosa Press, 2021).

## Publications

* A Queen in Bucks County (Nightboat Books, 2022)
* Kissing Other People or the House of Fame (Rosa Press, 2021)
* We Want It All: An Anthology of Radical Trans Poetics (Nightboat Books, 2020), co-editor
# Gleb Pisarevskiy

Gleb Olegovich Pisarevskiy (Russian: Глеб Олегович Писаревский; born 28 June 1976 in Arkhangelsk) is a Russian weightlifter and an honored Master of Sports who won the bronze medal in the 105 kg class at the 2004 Summer Olympics with a 190 kg snatch and a 225 kg clean and jerk. Pisarevskiy is widely regarded as one of the greatest weightlifting technicians of all time.
Despite limited success on the international stage, Pisarevskiy was renowned as an outstanding lifter in training. Alongside his Olympic bronze medal in 2004, Pisarevskiy is notable for his 255 kg clean during preparations for the Olympics, which remains the heaviest recorded clean by any non super-heavyweight lifter. Additionally, he is among the heavyweight lifters with the highest number of documented snatches over 200 kg.
# Vikramaditya Singh (politician, born 1964)

Yuvraj Vikramaditya Singh (born 5 August 1964) is an Indian businessman and politician. He was a leader of Indian National Congress (INC) and an ex-member of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council. He is the grandson of Maharaja Sir Hari Singh, who was the last ruler of the Indian princely state of Kashmir. He is the heir apparent of the Dogra dynasty.

## Early life

Vikramaditya is a son of senior INC leader and former Sadr-e-Riyasat Karan Singh and Yasho Rajya Lakshmi, granddaughter of the last Rana Prime Minister of Nepal,Mohan Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana.
He is a hotelier by profession and managing director of Taragarh Palace Hotel, Kangra. Vikramaditya completed his education at the University of Southern California and married Chitrangada Scindia, daughter of late Madhavrao Scindia, Maharaja of Gwalior in 1987. They have two children, a son, Martand Singh, and a daughter, Mriganka Singh. Vikramaditya is a trustee of J&K Dharmarth Trust that was founded by Maharaja Gulab Singh.
In 2017, his daughter, Mriganka married Nirvan Singh, the grandson of Captain Amarinder Singh, Chief Minister of Punjab and member of the Patiala royal dynasty.

## Political career

In August 2015, he joined Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). In October 2017, he resigned as member of legislative council and PDP over the issue of holiday on the birthday of his grandfather Maharaja Hari Singh. He later joined INC. He was Lok Sabha INC candidate from Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency in 2019 where he lost to Dr Jitendra Singh of BJP.
On 22nd March 2022, he tendered his resignation from the primary membership of INC citing that it was his belief that "the Indian National Congress is unable to realize and reflect the sentiments and aspirations of the people of Jammu and Kashmir."

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Vikramaditya Singh (politician, born 1964) :
# Genius Cru

Genius Cru are a UK garage crew from London. They are best known for the song "Boom Selection" which reached No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 1 on the UK Dance Singles Chart in early 2001. Later the same year, they scored another top 40 hit with "Course Bruv".

## Discography
### Singles

* "Waiting" (1999), Kronik
* Angel EP (2000), G Records
* "Boom Selection" (2000), Kronik/Incentive - UK #12
* "Course Bruv" (2001), Incentive - UK #39
* "Waiting 2013" (2013), Genius Beats
# Mailyne Andrieux

Mailyne Andrieux (born 1 December 1987) is a former French retired professional tennis player.

## Career

During her career she won an ITF singles and two ITF doubles titles. In the Grand Slam tournaments she achieved her best results reaching the first round in singles and doubles at the French Open in 2005.

## ITF Circuit finals
### Singles (1–0)

* $100,000 tournaments
* $75,000 tournaments
* $50,000 tournaments
* $25,000 tournaments
* $10,000 tournaments
* Titles by surface
* Hard (0–0)
* Grass (0–0)
* Clay (1–0)
* Carpet (0–0)
| Outcome | No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Opponent | Score |
| Winner | 1. | Nov 2004 | Le Havre, France | Clay | Janette Bejlková | 6–3, 6–1 |

### Doubles (2–1)

* $100,000 tournaments
* $75,000 tournaments
* $50,000 tournaments
* $25,000 tournaments
* $10,000 tournaments
* Titles by surface
* Hard (1–0)
* Grass (0–0)
* Clay (1–1)
* Carpet (0–0)
| Outcome | No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponent | Score |
| Winner | 1. | Nov 2004 | Le Havre, France | Clay | Kildine Chevalier | Maria Arkhipova Janette Bejlková | 7–5, 6–7$^{(2–7)}$, 6–4 |
| Winner | 2. | Oct 2005 | Nantes, France | Hard | Renata Voráčová | Marie-Ève Pelletier Aurélie Védy | 6–7$^{(3–7)}$, 7–5, 6–2 |
| Runner-up | 1. | Jul 2006 | Grado, Italy | Clay | Nika Ožegović | Tiffany Dabek Chanelle Scheepers | 4–6, 6–4, 6–7$^{(3–7)}$ |
# June Burn

June Burn (1893–1969) was an American non-fiction writer and columnist.

## Background and career

Burn was born Inez Chandler Harris on June 19, 1893, in Anniston, Alabama. Her father was a Methodist circuit riding minister. At age sixteen, she moved to Oklahoma and eventually graduated from Oklahoma State University. Many years later, she completed her M.A. in Soil and Nutrition under William Albrecht at the University of Missouri.
In 1917, Harris started working as a staff writer for McCall's in New York City. Two years later she met and married Farrar Burn (1888–1974), a recent World War I veteran, while living outside of Washington, D.C. Over the next fifty years, Farrar and June travelled extensively around the United States, homesteading in the San Juan Islands, teaching Eskimos and traveling across the United States in a covered wagon. She wrote extensively for various periodicals and wrote several books. Burn's autobiography Living High: An Unconventional Autobiography (1941) documents much of her early life story, particularly her time on Waldron Island and other islands in Washington's San Juan Islands. The book has been republished several times. June Burn died in 1969 and her husband Farrar died in 1974. They were both buried in Van Buren, Arkansas. Burn's daughter-in-law, Doris Burn, was a notable children's book author and illustrator.
# Santa María de Punilla

Santa Maria de Punilla is a town in the Punilla Department in the province of Córdoba, Argentina. The town has a population of 9,526 inhabitants (INDEC, 2010 ) and is located on National Route 38, and the Tren de las Sierras line of the General Manuel Belgrano Railway. The center of Santa Maria de Punilla is located approximately 50 km northwest of the state's capital city of Córdoba and 3 km south of the city of, Cosquín.
The municipality is also located on the banks of the Cosquín River. Originally, the area belonged to an indigenous Comechingón community known as "Toaén", encompassing what is now Santa Maria, Cosquín, Bialet Massé and neighboring areas.
31°15′40″S 64°27′50″W﻿ / ﻿31.2611°S 64.4639°W﻿ / -31.2611; -64.4639
* This article about a location in Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# The Collapse of Nationalist China

The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War is a 2023 non-fiction book by Parks Coble, published by Cambridge University Press. It is about the decisions by Chiang Kai-shek (CKS) during the Chinese Civil War and how they contributed to Chiang's losses.
The author argues that the hyperinflation damaged the Chinese military.
Linh D. Vu of Arizona State University described the book as "a counter-narrative to" pro-CKS revisionist history.

## Background

Coble did extensive research in Hoover Institution's archival materials in making this book. Primary sources include Chiang's own diaries and the papers of H.H. Kung and T.V. Soong, Coble also drew on such earlier studies as The Inflationary Spiral: The Experience in China: 1939–1950 by Chang Kia-ngau and China’s Wartime Finance and Inflation by Arthur N. Young, both based on the experiences of the authors as advisors to the Chinese government at the time. He also read widely in 1940s periodicals, such as The Chinese Press Review.

## Contents

The book's scope is historical events from 1944 to 1948.
There are six chapters in total.
Chapter 1 discusses how the war augmented hyperinflation in Republican China.
Chapter 2 describes Kung and Soong, as well as their conflict with one another to gain supremacy in the ROC government.
Chapter 3 describes Chiang's decisions, which Coble refers to as "inept administration" which made "series of bad policy decisions", and it explains how the ROC further declined despite the surrender of Japan.
Chapter 4 describes how the ROC failed to build up the country's ability to manufacture goods.
Chapter 5 stated that several issues continued to fester in 1947 that appeared previously.
Chapter 6 describes the failure of the gold yuan.

## Reception

Harold Tanner of the University of North Texas wrote that the reasoning that the military was harmed by hyperinflation "is convincing" and that the author's concept that betrayal came because of that same complex "is consistent with the evidence."
# International religious television broadcasters

International religious television broadcasters broadcast from a host nation to another nation or nations. Such operations are mostly operated from the United States of America, Portugal and Italy, in conjunction with a religious organization having links to many churches or shrines who produce their own programs. The following is a list of such broadcasters with links to entries about each one:
* Angelus TV – a Catholic television network based near the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fatima in Cova da Iria, Fatima, Portugal.
* CatholicTV – a Catholic television network based in Watertown, Massachusetts, United States of America.
* Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN) – major worldwide Catholic radio and television broadcaster based in Alabama, United States of America; largest religious television network in the world.
* KTO (TV channel) – French-speaking Catholic television network broadcasting France, Belgium, Switzerland; based Malakoff near Paris.
* Rede Vida – Brazilian Catholic television network headquartered in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo.
* Salt + Light Television – Canada's Catholic television network, available on satellite.
* Telepace – a Catholic television network based in Cerna, province of Verona, Italy, which includes some programming from Vatican Media.
* Trinity Broadcasting Network – broadcasting from studios in California and Texas, United States of America, and transmitting by a network of terrestrial transmitters in various countries linked by the use of global satellite services.
* Three Angels Broadcasting Network – a radio and television station based in Illinois, United States of America.
* Universal Living Faith Network – a television network owned by the Brazilian Christian denomination Universal Church of the Kingdom of God based in Texas, United States of America serving nationwide.
* Padre Pio TV – a Catholic television network based near the Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina in San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.
* Shalom World – a 24/7 Commercial-Free, Catholic, Family Entertainment Channel.
# Digby Morrell

Digby Morrell (born 10 October 1979) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the Kangaroos and Carlton in the Australian Football League (AFL).
From Western Australia, Morrell played his early senior football for West Perth. His 44-game senior career for the Falcons spanned 1998–2000, and he was the club's leading goalkicker in 2000. At the age of 21, Morrell was recruited to the Australian Football League by the North Melbourne Football Club with its third round selection in the 2001 AFL Rookie Draft. As a forward he twice kicked five goals during his time with the Kangaroos. The first was in a losing cause against Sydney in 2002 and the other the following season in a drawn game against Brisbane.
After the 2003 season, Morrell was traded, along with David Teague, to the Carlton Football Club in exchange for Corey McKernan. He played 32 games for the Blues before being delisted at the end of 2005. He continued to play Victorian Football League (VFL) football with the Northern Bullants, Carlton's VFL-affiliate in 2006, and acted as playing assistant coach in 2007. In 2008, he shifted to the Box Hill Hawks, before retiring from playing at the end of the season. From 2009 until 2013, Morrell was the senior coach of the Strathmore Football Club in the Essendon District Football League, leading the club to the 2011 Premier Division premiership.from 2014 - 2018 he was the senior coach of the West Coburg Football Club, also in the EDFL. In September 2018 he was appointed new coach of the Pascoe Vale Football Club. In September 2023 Pascoe Vale announced that Morrell would no longer coach the Club and had been replaced by Leigh Tudor.
He currently teaches physical education at the Parade College Bundoora campus in Melbourne.
# John Reed Sr.

John Reed Sr. (November 11, 1751 – February 17, 1831) was a Representative from Massachusetts.
Born in Framingham in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, Reed moved with his parents to Titicut Parish, in the northwestern part of Middleboro in 1756. He graduated from Yale College in 1772, studied theology, and was ordained as a Congregational minister in 1780. He served as a chaplain in the United States Navy for two years, then moved to West Bridgewater, Massachusetts in 1780, where he became pastor of the First Congregational Society, which position he retained until his death. He was elected as a Federalist to the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Congresses (March 4, 1795 – March 3, 1801). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1800. He again resumed his ministerial duties, and died in West Bridgewater, Plymouth County, Massachusetts. Interment was in the Old Graveyard.
He was the father of John Reed Jr. (1781–1860), a Representative from Massachusetts.
# Abacoproeces saltuum

Abacoproeces saltuum is a species of spider belonging to the family Linyphiidae.
It is native to Europe to South Siberia.
# Stephen Bullock

Stephen Bullock (October 10, 1735 – February 2, 1816) was a United States representative from Massachusetts. Born in Rehoboth in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, he attended the common schools, taught school, and was a captain of the Sixth Company in Col. Thomas Carpenter III's Regiment of Massachusetts militia during the Revolutionary War, and was in the Battle of Rhode Island in 1778. He was a delegate to the first State constitutional convention in 1780 and was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1783, 1785, 1786, 1795, and 1796.
Bullock was elected as a Federalist to the Fifth Congress, serving from March 4, 1797 to March 3, 1799. He was judge of the Court of Common Pleas for Bristol County and from 1803 to 1805 was a member of the Governor's council. He died in Rehoboth; interment was in Burial Place Hill.
# Jonathan Brace

Jonathan Brace (November 12, 1754 – August 26, 1837) was an eighteenth-century American lawyer, politician and judge. He served as a United States Representative from Connecticut.

## Biography

Brace was born in Harwinton in the Connecticut Colony, the son of Jonathan Brace and Mary (Messenger) Brace. He attended the common schools and graduated from Yale College in 1779. He studied law under Founding Father Oliver Ellsworth, future Chief Justice of the United States. Brace was admitted to the bar in Bennington, Vermont, in 1779, and began the practice of law in Pawlet, Vermont.
Brace moved to Manchester, Vermont, in 1782 and continued practicing law. He was a member of the council of censors to revise the constitution as well as a prosecuting attorney for Bennington County from 1784 to 1785. He then moved to Glastonbury, Connecticut, in January 1786 but was not admitted to the Connecticut bar until 1790.
Brace was a member of the Connecticut General Assembly in 1788 and from 1791 to 1794. He was chosen assistant in the council in May 1798. Brace moved to Hartford, Connecticut, in 1794 and was a judge of the city court from 1797 until 1815, with the exception of two years. He was elected as a Federalist candidate to the Fifth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Joshua Coit, and was reelected to the Sixth Congress. He served in Congress from December 3, 1798, until his resignation in May 1800. He also served as a judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors in 1798 and 1799.
He served as an assistant in the council of the State from 1802 to 1818. Brace was appointed prosecuting attorney for Hartford County in December 1807 and served until May 1809, when he resigned. He was appointed judge of the county court and of probate in May 1809 and continued as judge of the county court until 1821 and as judge of probate until 1824.
He was the mayor of Hartford from 1815 to 1824, and was also a member of the state senate in 1819 and 1820. He died in Hartford on August 26, 1837, and was buried in the Old North Cemetery in Hartford.

## Personal life

Brace was married to Ann White Brace. Their son Thomas Kimberly Brace was the principal founder and developer of the Aetna Insurance Company.
# Mitre Revolve

The Mitre Revolve is an association football ball made by Mitre Sports International, a British sports equipment manufacturer. It is the official ball of several football competitions, including The Football League, the Football League Cup, the Football League Trophy and the Scottish Professional Football League. Balls used by teams in the Football League Championship, Football League One and the Scottish Premiership are all given club-specific colour schemes and the club badge is featured. A generic version of the ball is used for clubs in Football League Two. Since 2009, a variation of the ball with a black-and-goal design has been used for the Football League Cup final. In the Scottish Premier League, the champions from the previous season use a gold-coloured ball in recognition of their status as champions. A high-visibility version of the ball was developed, in orange with a red and yellow pattern.
The ball features an outer layer made from Clarino microfibres and composed of 26 panels, as opposed to the 32-panel designs used by Adidas and Nike amongst others. It is claimed that the 26-panel design allows the ball to maintain its spherical shape better, with the seam pattern also allowing for more accurate control over the flight of the ball. Mitre also claim that this control is further enhanced by the ball's polyurethane coating – which keeps the ball dry and provides better grip between boot and ball – and its PVC inner layers – which transfer the momentum from the player's foot to the ball with greater efficiency. The design on the ball's surface is based on thermal images of global wind patterns.