OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Patriotic Society (Venezuela)

The Patriotic Society (Spanish: Sociedad Patriótica) was an organization under the Spanish Empire dedicated to Venezuelan independence. It was founded in July 1810 by Juan Germán Roscio after the Revolution of 19 April 1810 [es]. It amassed large influence in the country and abroad, dictating much of the early Venezuelan War of Independence. The organization ceased operations shortly after the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence, when most of its membership joined the militia army of the First Republic of Venezuela.
The society itself was organized in a manner similar to the Jacobins. It had a consistently changing presidency. Some presidents included: Francisco Espejo, Francisco de Miranda, and Antonio Muñoz Tébar [es].
The Patriotic Society had itself a newspaper organ called El Patriota de Venezuela, where it disseminated messages in line with the organization's policies.
Its members were called "socios", which can be translated to "members" or "associates".

## History
### Background

The Patriotic Society was established in 1810 amidst Venezuela's growing aspirations for independence from Spanish colonial rule. Founded by figures Simon Bolivar and Francisco de Miranda, it was formed during a time of discontent with colonial governance. Inspired by Enlightenment principles and the revolutions across Spanish America, Bolivar and Miranda aimed to rally Venezuelans behind the cause of liberty. Serving as a place for political discussions and organizing revolutionary activities, the society played a crucial role in independence. Its establishment marked a milestone in Venezuela's pursuit of freedom.

### Influence and organization

Founded as the Sociedad de Agricultura y Economía, the society quickly promoted separatism. It advocated for separatism and pressured the First National Congress into action. The organization quickly accrued high-profile (or soon to be high-profile) members, amassing approximately 600 members in Caracas alone at a point.
According to statesman and member of the society Coto Paúl, the power of the society was such that revolutionary Venezuela had "two congresses": the First National Congress of Venezuela [es], and the Patriotic Society.
The Patriotic Society had its headquarters in Caracas, and branches in Barcelona, Barinas, Valencia and Puerto Cabello. Its meetings discussed economics, politics, religious, and civil and military affairs.

## Notable members

Below are members who would gain fame or recognition during the Venezuelan War of Independence:
* Francisco de Miranda
* José Félix Ribas
* Antonio Muñoz Tébar
* Vicente Salias
* Francisco José Ribas
* Simón Bolívar
* Miguel José Sanz
* Casiano de Medranda
* Francisco Antonio Paúl
* Carlos Soublette
# Hysen Osmanaj

Hysen Bajram Osmanaj (born 3 October 1957) is member of the Central Election Commission of Albania for the Democratic Party of Albania.
# Eric Austen

Eric Austen (3 November 1922 – 1 July 1999) was an English designer and teacher, and played a part in the creation of the well-known ND symbol, as used, among others, by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND).

## Early Life

He grew up in the Norfolk village of Hethersett, and described his childhood in his 1996 book All that I was : a village childhood in the thirties (Mousehold Press: ISBN 9781874739074), which has a foreword by Richard Hoggart. He attended Hethersett British School and then City of Norwich School, a grammar school to which he won a scholarship.

## Work

During the Second World War Austen, who was a pacifist, was exempted from military service as a conscientious objector, and worked for the Forestry Commission. After the war he taught in primary school, then studied at the University of London, Institute of Education while teaching at Southlands College (1964–1972).
He taught at Goldsmiths, University of London from 1972, specialising in art education, and was promoted to Senior Lecturer. He held a 1981 exhibition of 40 giant "Life Books" which held more than 2000 quotations from the world's literature and philosophy. This exhibition was revived in 1990 at Friends House in London.

### Accomplishment

The CND acknowledges Austen as the maker of the first ND badges, but attributes the design of the symbol to Gerald Holtom. These earliest badges were made in ceramic (fireclay) – which Austen noted would mean they could be among the very few man-made objects to survive a nuclear inferno. Austen is quoted as saying of the design: "the gesture of despair had long been associated with the death of Man and the circle with the unborn child."

## Personal Life

Austen was married three times; to Nina Carmela, Audrey Whiting and Kate Taylor.
When he died of leukemia on 1 July 1999, he left a daughter Gea (by Audrey Whiting) and two grandsons.
In 2017, Austen's daughter Gea launched online petitions at change.org and 38 Degrees, addressed to the CND, Jeremy Corbyn (leader of the Labour Party) and Kate Hudson (General secretary of CND), asking that her father should be recognised as having designed the CND symbol.
# Mariavittoria Becchetti

Mariavittoria Becchetti (born 12 December 1994) is an Italian racewalker.
She won a bronze medal with the Italian team at the 2019 European Race Walking Cup.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Performance | Notes |
| 2019 | European Cup | Alytus | 11th | 50 km | 4:26:10 | PB |
| 2019 | European Cup | Alytus | 3rd | 50 km team | 27 pts | |
# Bob Bigg

Bob Bigg (11 March 1911 – 1981) was an English professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Playing career

Bigg began his career in non-league football with Redhill F.C. and in 1934, signed for Crystal Palace then playing in the Football League Third Division South. He made a scoring debut in the first game of the 1934–35 season, in an away 2–2 draw against Aldershot F.C. He scored in the next two games also and went on to make 33 League appearances that season, scoring 16 times. in 1935–36, he made 41 appearances, scoring 12 times and 28 appearances (11 goals) in 1936–37. However, Bigg missed the latter part of the 1936–37 season (from February onwards) together with the whole of the 1937–8 season, returning in December 1938, to make a further seven appearances scoring twice. At the end of the 1938–39 season Bigg moved on to Aldershot but made one appearance for Palace in Wartime League football in February 1940. He had made a total of 114 appearances for Palace in all competitions scoring 41 times.

## Personal life

Bigg died in 1981 aged 69 or 70.
# Thomas Danson Jr.

Thomas Edward "Tom" Danson Jr. (December 17, 1933 – July 31, 2016) was an American politician in the state of Florida.
Danson was born in Jacksonville, and attended the University of Florida. He was an insurance agent. He served in the Florida House of Representatives for the 73rd and 69th (the latter in his last term) district from 1976 to 1984, as a Republican. He died on July 31, 2016.
# Foam path

A foam path is the now-discouraged aviation safety practice of spreading a layer of fire suppression foam on an airport runway prior to an emergency landing. Originally, it was thought this would prevent fires, but the practice is no longer recommended.
The U.S. FAA recommended foam paths for emergency landings beginning in 1966, but withdrew that recommendation in 1987, although it did not bar its use. In 2002, a circular recommended against using pre-foaming except in certain circumstances. In particular, the FAA was concerned that pre-foaming would deplete firefighting foam supplies in the event they were needed to respond to a fire. Also, foam on the runway may decrease the effectiveness of the landing airplane's brakes, possibly leading to it overshooting the runway. Starting in the early 2000's, the environmental risk of certain firefighting foams began to be recognized, providing another reason against the practice.
Foam is still used in aviation firefighting, usually in conjunction with Purple-K dry chemical.

## Examples

An example of this practice being used in an emergency is LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16. The aircraft experienced a hydraulic failure that prevented the pilots from extending the landing gear, prompting them to perform a belly landing.
This technique was also used during the ditching of Pan Am Flight 6 in 1956 to "mark the […] ditching path and heading."
# Georg Årlin

Georg Adolf Wilhelm Årlin (30 December 1916 – 27 June 1992) was a Swedish film actor who appeared in 50 films between 1940 and 1988. Born in Rödeby, a southern Sweden locality in Blekinge County's Karlskrona Municipality, Georg Årlin died in Lövestad at the age of 75.

## Partial filmography

* Vi Masthuggspojkar (1940) - Pelle Nyman
* The Ghost Reporter (1941) - Editor (uncredited)
* Lasse-Maja (1941) - Priest
* Snapphanar (1941) - Guerilla soldier (uncredited)
* Prästen som slog knockout (1943) - Merchant Bergquist (uncredited)
* Natt i hamn (1943) - Detective (uncredited)
* Kungajakt (1944) - Chaplain
* The Journey Away (1945) - Hotel guest (uncredited)
* I Love You Karlsson (1947) - Karlsson senior (uncredited)
* Barabbas (1953) - Lazarus
* Kärlek på turné (1955) - Hotel clerk
* Blue Sky (1955) - Lundberg
* Åsa-Nisse in Military Uniform (1958) - Doctor
* Laila (1958) - Parish constable
* The Judge (1960) - Manager Randel
* Gøngehøvdingen (1961) - Colonel Sparre
* Swedish Wedding Night (1964) - Johan Borg
* Lockfågeln (1971) - Svanhals
* Emil i Lönneberga (1971) - Prästen
* New Mischief by Emil (1972) - Prästen
* Cries and Whispers (1972) - Fredrik
* Inferno [sv] (1973, TV Movie) - Friend in Lund
* Emil och griseknoen (1973) - Prästen
* Skärseld (1975) - Brunetto Latini
* Release the Prisoners to Spring (1975) - Rådman
* The Brothers Lionheart (1977) - Tengil
* The Simple-Minded Murderer (1982) - Parish Constable (uncredited)
* Fanny and Alexander (1982) - Colonel - Teatern
* Vargens tid (1988) - Tilo
* Flickan vid stenbänken (1989, TV Series) - Kusken
# Nicole Blank Becker

Nicole Blank Becker is a Michigan-based lawyer known for being the defense litigator of R&B singer, Robert Sylvester Kelly.

## Career

Becker began her career by working for Legal Aid Defender Office in Detroit, then Wayne County Prosecutor's office. Before starting her own private law firm Blank Law, PC, in 2018 in Troy, Michigan, Becker served as the Chief of Macomb County's sex crimes unit and child abuse unit since 2005. She initially worked as a prosecutor, but then later switched to being a defense litigator.
Though Becker has represented many clients, she came to attention in March 2019, after taking R. Kelly as her client. She also claimed that the Lifetime show, Surviving R. Kelly, is biased and has been directed in a negative way.
In 2020, she represented Jason Dean from Livonia. Dean was a coach and teacher at Northville High School when one of his past students from 2010 accused him of sexual charges. Becker also handled the case of David Shagena who was a volunteer and was accused of sexually assaulting minors in The River Church, Fort Gratiot. Becker also appears on many media outlets as an expert on sexual assault cases.

## Personal life

Becker's father, Daniel Blank, was also a criminal defense attorney that handled similar cases. Becker claims that her father influenced her to become a full-time litigator representing sexually alleged/convicted clients.
# Jane Dixon

Jane Holmes Dixon (born Jane Hart Holmes; July 24, 1937 – December 25, 2012) was an American bishop of the Episcopal Church. She was a suffragan bishop in the Episcopal Diocese of Washington and served as Bishop of Washington pro tempore from 2001 to June 2002. She was the second woman consecrated as a bishop in the Episcopal Church. She died unexpectedly in her sleep in her home in the Cathedral Heights section of Washington, DC on Christmas Day morning in 2012.

## Personal life

Dixon was born in Winona, Mississippi in 1937 and was educated locally. After graduating from Vanderbilt University, she married and had three children. She also worked as a teacher.

## Theological education

Dixon enrolled at Virginia Theological Seminary at the age of 40, receiving her Master of Divinity degree in 1982. She was ordained that year. She later received the degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1993.

## As Suffragan Bishop of Washington

During her tenure as the assisting or suffragan bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington, Dixon insisted on making official visits to all parishes in the diocese. It had previously been understood that she would not visit those that objected to the ordination of women as priests. (The Episcopal Convention of the United States approved the ordination of women as priests in 1976.)
The rector of one such parish, Arthur E Woolley, wrote to her: "As long as I am rector of St. Luke's, Bladensburg, no woman bishop or priest will be permitted to minister in this cure." He described his congregation as "very diverse, drawing members from the Caribbean, India and Africa, where they worshiped in the conservative Anglican tradition." The senior warden of the parish said in an interview, "They're certainly not going to change our view, and we're not going to change theirs, so why not leave us alone and let us worship in peace? Don't be arrogant or mean-spirited..."
When Bishop Dixon made her official visit, she brought 45 supporters with her, joined by nine of St. Luke's parishioners, while the rector absented himself. In 2011, St. Luke's parish left the Episcopal Church for the Roman Catholic church, which does not ordain women as priests.

## As Bishop of Washington pro tempore

During her tenure as bishop pro tempore, Dixon sued in federal court to remove a priest, Samuel Edwards, from his position as a parish rector of Christ Church in Accokeek, Maryland. She had refused to approve Edwards's appointment early in 2001, since Edwards opposed the Episcopal Church's beliefs about female and homosexual clergy. Following several months of acrimony, Dixon filed suit to have Edwards removed. The court ruled in her favor in October 2001. After several appeals, the initial decision stood. She retired following the election of the Right Rev. John B. Chane.
# Henchir-Bez

36°00′58″N 9°31′49″E﻿ / ﻿36.01617°N 9.530301°E﻿ / 36.01617; 9.530301
Henchir Bez is an archaeological site in Tunisia, located at 36° 00′ 23″ N, 9° 32 in the hills overlooking the Oued Miliane river, west of Tunis. Identified by a recently discovered inscription, it is the ruins of the Roman civitas of Vazi Sarra, which include a Christian Basilica and a Byzantine/Roman fort.

## Ruins

The ruins at Henchir Bez have been identified as the remains of Vazitana Sarra Civitas (Vazi Sarara), a civitas of the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis. The remains at Henchir Bez include a Bascilica and a fort. The fort was originally a temple dedicated to Mercury Soberus.

## Etymology

The name Henchir Bez means the "ruins of Bez" where 'bez' probably derives from the ancient "Vaz[i]" through Linguisitic Fortition. The name Vazitana Sarra Civitas is supported by recent epigraphical finds

## Bishopric

The ancient Roman town of Vazi-Sarra was also the seat of an ancient Catholic Bishopric. It existed until the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, and is now a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.
Another ancient Bishopric, Marcelliana, was located nearby. However, its exact location is unknown.
# John J. Gravatt

John James Gravatt Jr (October 3, 1881 – October 14, 1965) was the second Bishop of Upper South Carolina in The Episcopal Church.

## Early life and education

Gravatt was born on October 3, 1881, in Hampton, Virginia, the son of the Reverend John James Gravatt and India Wray Jones. He was educated at the University of Virginia, from where he earned his Bachelor of Arts in 1903. After that, he enrolled at the Virginia Theological Seminary and graduated with a Bachelor of Divinity in 1908. He was awarded a Doctor of Divinity from the Virginia Seminary in 1933, and another from the University of the South in 1939.

## Ordained ministry

Gravatt was ordained deacon in June 1908 by Bishop George William Peterkin of West Virginia, and priest in June 1909 by Bishop Robert Atkinson Gibson of Virginia. He served as secretary to the Christian Missionary Association from 1908 till 1909 and secretary to the Student Board of Missions between 1909 and 1911. In 1911, he became rector of Slaughter Parish in Rapidan, Virginia, while in 1913 he became rector of the Church of the Ascension in Frankfort, Kentucky. During this time, he also served as chaplain in the US Army stationed in France during WWI. Between 1919 and 1939, he served as rector of Trinity Church in Staunton, Virginia.

## Episcopacy

On January 10, 1939, during a special convention of the Diocese of Upper South Carolina, held in Trinity Church, Gravatt was elected as the second Bishop of Upper South Carolina on the fourth ballot. He was consecrated on May 5, 1939, by Presiding Bishop Henry St. George Tucker, and co-consecrated by his uncle William Loyall Gravatt of West Virginia. He retired in 1953 and died on October 14, 1965, in Lexington, Virginia due to coronary problems.

## Family

Gravatt married Helen Stevens on April 19, 1922, and together had a son who died a day after he was born, and a daughter who lived till 2014. Gravatt remarried after Helen's death in 1947. He married Anna Louise Bourne Wayland, known as Nancy, on February 24, 1960. His uncle was the second Bishop of West Virginia, William Loyall Gravatt.
# Dale Hargens

Dale Hargens was a Democratic member of the South Dakota House of Representatives, representing the 22nd district from 2001 to 2009. He was Minority Leader in his final term.
# Violant de Prades de Gandia

Violant de Prades de Gandia (1395–1471), was a Catalan noblewoman.
She was born to the noble Jaume de Prades and Violant de Gandia, and married viscount Bernat Joan, viscount de Cabrera and count de Mòdica. She often managed the fief during the absence of her spouse. In 1461, her spouse participated i the capture of Charles, Prince of Viana, but in the Catalan Civil War, he sided with the rebels against John II of Aragon and Navarre. Violant, however, sided with John II, for which she has in history traditionally been given a bad name. When her spouse was captured by the king, she was able to act as a mediator and eventually facilitate his release. She also fought for the property of her spouse not being confiscated, though she failed in this regard.
# Jean-Michel Rouzière

Jean-Michel Rouzière (died 13 February 1989) was a French comic actor and theatre head.

## Life

He headed the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris from 1965. He then headed the Théâtre des Variétés, also in Paris, from 1975. He was made a knight of the Légion d'Honneur.

## Filmography

* 1942: Vie privée (by Walter Kapps)
* 1952: Jocelyn
* 1954: Les Intrigantes (by Henri Decoin) - Jean, le garçon du restaurant (uncredited)
* 1954: Madame du Barry (by Christian-Jaque) - (uncredited)
* 1954: Le Rouge et le Noir (by Claude Autant-Lara)
* 1954: Bonnes à tuer
* 1957: L'honorable Mr. Pepys
* 1958: Cette nuit-là - (uncredited)
* 1959: Pourquoi viens-tu si tard?
* 1959: Le Bossu (by André Hunebelle)
* 1960: Le Capitan (by André Hunebelle) - Un gentilhomme de la province
* 1961: Les Amours de Paris
* 1961: Les Godelureaux - (uncredited)
* 1961: Le Miracle des loups - Un soldat (uncredited)
* 1962: Portrait-robot
* 1963: Le Vice et la Vertu - SS Man
* 1963: Blague dans le coin
* 1964: Le Bluffeur
* 1964: Requiem pour un caïd
* 1965: Le Vampire de Düsseldorf
* 1965: Paris vu par... - Jean-Marc (segment "Place de l'Etoile")
* 1966: Paris brûle-t-il? - Le monsieur au petit chien
* 1968: Mayerling - Police superintendent
* 1971: Le Cinéma de papa - Le représentant de la Colombia (final film role)

## Theatre
### Actor

* 1959 : Le Cas Dobedatt by George Bernard Shaw, producer Jean Mercure, Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens
* 1959 : Le Client du matin by Brendan Behan, producer Georges Wilson, Théâtre de l'Œuvre
* 1962 : Au petit bonheur by Marc-Gilbert Sauvajon, producer Jean-Michel Rouzière, Théâtre des Nouveautés

### Producer

* 1962 : Au petit bonheur by Marc-Gilbert Sauvajon, Théâtre des Nouveautés
* 1965 : Gigi by Colette, Théâtre du Palais-Royal
* 1982 : Lorsque l’enfant paraît by André Roussin, Théâtre des Variétés
# Atmospheric waveguide

An atmospheric waveguide is an atmospheric flow feature that improves the propagation of certain atmospheric waves.
The effect arises because wave parameters such as group velocity or vertical wavenumber depend on mean flow direction and strength. Thus, for instance, westerlies might be a good waveguide for eastward-traveling waves, but might strongly dissipate westward-traveling waves, by increasing or decreasing their vertical wavenumber, respectively. Modification of the waves' group velocity will change their meridional propagation speed, directing them more polewards or more equatorwards.
# The Monster in the Box

The Monster in the Box is a novel by British crime-writer Ruth Rendell, published in 2009. The novel is the 22nd in the Inspector Wexford series.

## Plot summary

Wexford has long suspected Eric Targo of being a serial killer. Decades later, he finally admits this to DI Mike Burden, his longtime colleague and friend. In an apparently unrelated matter, DS Hannah Goldsmith and Burden's second wife Jenny both approach Wexford with concerns about Tamima, one of Jenny Burden's students.
As a young detective constable he investigated the murder of Elsie Carroll. Wexford suspects that while her husband purported to be at a whist club, he was actually with his mistress when his wife was killed. George Carroll was acquitted of his wife's murder on a technicality, but was still shunned by Kingsmarkham residents; Wexford believes him innocent. In the weeks of and following the investigation into Elsie Carroll's death, Targo, a scarf covering his prominent birthmark, walks his dog past the young Wexford's rooming house to taunt him, or so it appears to Wexford.
By the 1970s Targo has become a prosperous businessman, several times married and divorced, living in the north of England. Targo reappears in Kingsmarkam. Wexford suspects that Targo has murdered the autistic son of a Myringham widow who wishes her son dead so she can marry her longtime partner.
In the book's present Targo reappears again, still with his dogs, without the naevus, but with a private menagerie.
# Julian Allen

Julian Allen (1942–1998) was a British-American illustrator. He covered various "secret history" stories, including the Watergate scandal and the Yom Kippur War. His illustrations appeared in numerous publications, including Queen, NOVA, Esquire, The Observer, Sports Illustrated, The New Yorker, Time, and The New York Times.

## Biography

Born in Cambridge, England in 1942, Allen studied at the Central School of Art and Design in London.
In 1973, Allen moved to the United States on the invitations of Clay Felker and Milton Glaser. Glaser later said that they had found Allen while trying to "find an illustrator whose journalistic interest and talent would permit us to do unusual visual reportage". Allen taught at the Parson's School of Design for more than 20 years. In 1997, Allen became the Illustration Chair of the Maryland Institute College of Art, where he integrated professionalism into the artistry curriculum.
Allen died in September 1998 of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.