OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Exeter Book Riddle 27

Exeter Book Riddle 27 (according to the numbering of the Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records) is one of the Old English riddles found in the later tenth-century Exeter Book. The riddle is almost universally solved as 'mead'.

## Text

As edited by Krapp and Dobbie in the Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records series, Riddle 27 runs:
   Ic eom weorð werum, wide funden, brungen of bearwum ond of burghleoþum, of denum ond of dunum. Dæges mec wægun feþre on lifte, feredon mid liste under hrofes hleo. Hæleð mec siþþan baþedan in dydene. Nu ic eom bindere ond swingere, sona weorpere; esne to eorþan hwilum ealdne ceorl. Sona þæt on findeð, se þe mec fehð ongean ond wið mægenþisan minre genæsteð, þæt he hrycge sceal hrusan secan, gif he unrædes ær ne geswiceð; strengo bistolen, strong on spræce, mægene binumen, nah his modes geweald, fota ne folma. Frige hwæt ic hatte, ðe on eorðan swa esnas binde dole æfter dyntum be dæges leohte.
   I am valuable/useful to men, found widely, brought from groves and from mountain slopes, from valleys and from hills. By day, feathers carried me up high, took me skillfully under the shelter of a roof. A man then washed me in a container. Now I am a binder and a striker; I bring a slave to the ground, sometimes an old ceorl. Immediately he discovers, he who goes against me and contends against my strength, that he shall meet the ground with his back, unless he ceases from his folly early; deprived of his strength, loud of speech, his power bound, he has no control over his mind, his feet, or his hands. Ask what I am called, who thus binds slaves to the earth with blows, by the light of day.

## Interpretation

Until recently there has been little work on this riddle. However, in recent years commentary has emphasised how it undermines the association with mead in Old English heroic poetry with martial masculinity. Other work has shown how the riddle not only elucidates Anglo-Saxons' relationships with bees, but has argued that the riddle enables us to chart the complex interrelations between humans and other ecological actors in the medieval past.

### Editions

* Williamson, Craig (ed.), The Old English Riddles of the Exeter Book (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977).
* Muir, Bernard J. (ed.), The Exeter Anthology of Old English Poetry: An Edition of Exeter Dean and Chapter MS 3501, 2nd edn, 2 vols (Exeter: Exeter University Press, 2000).
* Foys, Martin et al. (eds.) Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project, (Madison, WI: Center for the History of Print and Digital Culture, 2019-). Online edition annotated and linked to digital facsimile, with a modern translation.

### Recordings

* Michael D. C. Drout, 'Riddle 27', performed from the Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records edition (24 October 2007).
# Masagram

Masagram is a village in Ajhapur gram panchayat of Jamalpur CD block in Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## Geography
### Location

Masagram is located at 23°08′18″N 88°01′51″E﻿ / ﻿23.1383868°N 88.0307007°E﻿ / 23.1383868; 88.0307007.
It is located near the banks of the Damodar River. It is around 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) south of Palsit and 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from Saktigarh.

### Urbanisation

95.54% of the population of Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 4.46% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the lowest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Bardhaman district. The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 Census of India, Masagram had a total population of 4,310 of which 2,157 (50%) were males and 2,153 (50%) were females. Population in the age range of 0-6 years was 433. The total number of literates in Masagram was 2,812 (72.53% of the population 7 years and above).

## Transport

Masagram railway station is 23 kilometres (14 mi) from Bardhaman Junction railway station and 72 kilometres (45 mi) from Howrah Station on the Howrah-Bardhaman chord. As of January 2019, DEMU services are available on the Bankura-Masagram line between Bankura and Masagram. There is a station at Gram Masagaram.
It is located off National Highway 19 and State Highway 15 links it to Memari on Grand Trunk Road.

## Education

Masagram High School is a coeducational high school affiliated with the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education.

## Culture

Masagram celebrates the Gajan of Dharmathakur. Raksha Kali is worshipped with a newly made idol on the last Tuesday of the Bengali month of Vaisakha. There are nine Shiva temples built in different architectural styles.
David J. McCutchion mentions the 18th-century Praneswara temple and the octagonal temple with duplicated chala (curved roof) at Masagram.
# Davis Cunningham

Thomas Davis Cunningham (May 7, 1916 – June 19, 1984) was an American tenor who had prominent career in operas, musicals, concerts, and on television from 1949 through 1973.

## Biography

Cunningham was born in the Philippines, the son of an American medical doctor serving in the United States military. He studied singing at Wooster College and the Juilliard School before making his professional stage debut in the 1939 musical Stars In Your Eyes where he portrayed a handful of small roles. He returned to Broadway in 1941 as Jack in Kurt Weill's Lady in the Dark. That same year he signed a contract with the Philadelphia Opera Company, joining their roster of principal tenors. However, Cunnigham was conscripted into the United States Air Force forcing him to postpone his opera career. He served as an Air Force Lieutenant during World War II from 1941 to 1946. Following the war he sang in operettas and musicals throughout the United States.
Cunningham finally made his operatic debut in 1949 with the Central City Opera and was a regular presence at that house for many years. Beginning in 1952, he sang frequently on television for the NBC Opera Theatre, including singing Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly, Prince Anatole in War and Peace, Pelléas in Pelléas et Mélisande, and Belmonte in The Abduction from the Seraglio. In 1960, he portrayed Mario Cavaradossi in Tosca for an ABC television production. On December 27, 1954, he portrayed Michele in the world premiere of Gian Carlo Menotti's The Saint of Bleecker Street on Broadway.
In 1954, Cunningham joined the roster of principal tenors at the New York City Opera, where he first appeared in the title role of The Tales of Hoffmann in 1954. His other roles with the company included Rodolfo in La bohème (1954), Prince Ramiro in La Cenerentola (1955), Ernesto in Don Pasquale (1955), and Vašek in The Bartered Bride (1955). In 1958, he portrayed Hindley Earnshaw in the world premiere of Carlisle Floyd's Wuthering Heights at the Santa Fe Opera.
Cunningham was also an active concert performer. Among his notable orchestral appearances were roles in concert performances of rare operas, including Nadir in Bizet's Les pêcheurs de perles (1953), Fernando in Enrique Granados's Goyescas (1956), and Chevalier de la Force in the New York premiere of Dialogues of the Carmelites (1964). He also sang in a program of show tunes with the New York Philharmonic under Richard Rodgers in 1954. In 1959, he was the tenor soloist in Handel's Messiah under conductor Eugene Ormandy with the Philadelphia Orchestra, soprano Eileen Farrell, contralto Martha Lipton, baritone William Warfield, and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir at Carnegie Hall. His last public performance was with the Cincinnati Symphony under conductor James Levine in 1973.
In the early 1970s, Cunningham was a member of the voice faculty at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. In 1974 he moved to San Diego where he taught singing out of a private studio until his death ten years later of a heart attack.
# Norby Walters

Norby Walters (born Norbert Meyer) (April 20, 1932 – December 10, 2023) was an American music and sports agent. Per The New York Times, "His father, Yosele Chezchonovitch, a Polish immigrant, served in the Army (where he changed his name to Joseph Meyer) during World War I and later became a diamond courier and the owner of a nightclub in Brooklyn and a sideshow attraction at Coney Island. His mother, Florence (Golub) Meyer, was a homemaker. 'I traveled all over the country with my father’s freak shows,' Mr. Walters told The Daily News of New York in 1987. 'It was all a scam. There were no freaks, the alligator boy was a poor fellow with a horrible skin condition, the girl with no body was done with mirrors, the turtle girl was a dwarf with a costume.'"
With his business partner, Lloyd Bloom, he established World Sports & Entertainment which from 1984 to 1987 signed dozens of college athletes to secret contracts that gave the agency exclusive rights to handle future negotiations with teams in the NFL.
He was convicted of mail fraud for partnering with the mafia (Michael Franzese of the Colombo crime family) to illegally sign up and pay sports players while they were still in college. Walters was sentenced to five years in prison, and his partner Lloyd Bloom was sentenced to three, although neither spent a day in prison because the convictions were overturned on appeal. Judge Frank Easterbrook wrote in his 1993 ruling that, "Walters is by all accounts a nasty and untrustworthy fellow, but the prosecutor did not prove that his efforts to circumvent the N.C.A.A.’s rules amounted to mail fraud." His partner Lloyd Bloom for his part was shot to death at his home in Malibu, California, later that year.
For more than 25 years, he hosted the annual Night of 100 Stars Oscars viewing party. Walters died on December 10, 2023, at the age of 91.
# Meteli, Altai Krai

Meteli (Russian: Метели) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Beloglazovsky Selsoviet, Shipunovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 294 as of 2013, with 4 streets.

## Geography

Meteli is located 28 km southeast of Shipunovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bestuzhevo is the nearest rural locality.
# George Ker

George Ker (26 February 1860 – 26 February 1922) was a Scottish footballer who played for Queen's Park and the Scotland national team.

## Football career

Ker played for Queen's Park Juniors, Kerland FC, and Alexandra Athletic before joining Queen's Park in 1877. Until 1878, Ker had played as a defender but converted to a striker in 1878. He won the Scottish Cup in 1880, 1881 and 1882, scoring in the 1882 replay win over Dumbarton.
After the 1881–82 season he began struggling with injuries and retired early in summer of 1884.
He was capped five times by the Scotland national team, scoring ten goals including a hat-trick against England in March 1880.
His older brother William was also a Scotland international, winning two caps, including the first international against England on 30 November 1872.

### International goals

    Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first.
| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1 | 13 March 1880 | Hampden Park [I], Glasgow | England | 1–0 | 5–4 | Friendly |
| 2 | 13 March 1880 | Hampden Park [I], Glasgow | England | 3–2 | 5–4 | Friendly |
| 3 | 13 March 1880 | Hampden Park [I], Glasgow | England | 4–2 | 5–4 | Friendly |
| 4 | 12 March 1881 | Kennington Oval, London | England | 4–1 | 6–1 | Friendly |
| 5 | 12 March 1881 | Kennington Oval, London | England | 6–1 | 6–1 | Friendly |
| 6 | 14 March 1881 | Acton Park, Wrexham | Wales | 1–1 | 5–1 | Friendly |
| 7 | 14 March 1881 | Acton Park, Wrexham | Wales | 4–1 | 5–1 | Friendly |
| 8 | 11 March 1882 | Hampden Park [I], Glasgow | England | 2–1 | 5–1 | Friendly |
| 9 | 11 March 1882 | Hampden Park [I], Glasgow | England | 5–1 | 5–1 | Friendly |
| 10 | 25 March 1882 | Hampden Park [I], Glasgow | Wales | 2–0 | 5–0 | Friendly |

## Emigration and Death

After emigrating to the United States in July 1884, Ker died in Yakima, Washington on his 62nd birthday on February 26, 1922.
He is buried in Tahoma Cemetery in Yakima County.
# Exeter Book Riddle 45

Exeter Book Riddle 45 (according to the numbering of the Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records) is one of the Old English riddles found in the later tenth-century Exeter Book. Its solution is accepted to be 'dough'. However, the description evokes a penis becoming erect; as such, Riddle 45 is noted as one of a small group of Old English riddles that engage in sexual double entendre, and thus provides rare evidence for Anglo-Saxon attitudes to sexuality, and specifically for women taking the initiative in heterosexual sex.

## Text and translation

As edited by Krapp and Dobbie, the riddle reads:

## Editions

* Krapp, George Philip and Elliott Van Kirk Dobbie (eds), The Exeter Book, The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records, 3 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936), p. 205, https://web.archive.org/web/20181206091232/http://ota.ox.ac.uk/desc/3009.
* Williamson, Craig (ed.), The Old English Riddles of the Exeter Book (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977), pp. 96-97 [no. 43].
* Muir, Bernard J. (ed.), The Exeter Anthology of Old English Poetry: An Edition of Exeter Dean and Chapter MS 3501, 2nd edn, 2 vols (Exeter: Exeter University Press, 2000).
* Foys, Martin et al. (eds.) Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project, (Madison, WI: Center for the History of Print and Digital Culture, 2019-). Online edition annotated and linked to digital facsimile, with a modern translation.

### Recordings

* Michael D. C. Drout, 'Riddle 45', performed from the Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records edition (29 October 2007).
# Suraj Dongre

Suraj Dongre (born 27 December 1989) is an Indian first-class cricketer who plays for Goa. He made his first-class debut for Goa in the 2014–15 Ranji Trophy on 29 January 2012.
# Street Sounds Hip Hop Electro 13

Street Sounds Hip Hop Electro 13 is the thirteenth compilation album in a series and was released 1986 on the StreetSounds label. The album was released on LP and cassette and contains twenty-one electro music and old school hip hop tracks mixed by Herbie Laidley.
# Billboard Music Award for Top Rap Female Artist

The following list shows the winners and nominees for the Billboard Music Award for Top Rap Female Artist. First given in 2018, Cardi B was the first winner and has won this award three times.

## Winners and nominees

| Year | Winner | Nominees |
| 2018 | Cardi B | Nicki Minaj Bhad Bhabie |
| 2019 | Cardi B | Nicki Minaj City Girls |
| 2020 | Cardi B | City Girls Megan Thee Stallion |
| 2021 | Megan Thee Stallion | Cardi B Saweetie |
| 2022 | Megan Thee Stallion | Cardi B Latto |
| 2023 | Nicki Minaj | Doja Cat Ice Spice |
| 2024 | Doja Cat | GloRilla Nicki Minaj |
# EK

EK, Ek or ek may refer to:

## Businesses and organizations

* Eastern Kentucky Railway (with reporting mark EK), now-defunct railway
* Eastman Kodak (formerly with NYSE ticker symbol EK), US-based photography company, formerly
* Ek Commando Knife Co., US knife manufacturer
* Elinkeinoelämän keskusliitto, Confederation of Finnish Industries
* Emirates (airline) (IATA airline designator EK)
* European Kindred, prison/street gang in the United States

## People

People whose surname is Ek, or whose names include Ek, are listed at Ek.

## Places

* East Kilbride, town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland
* Ek Park, cricket ground in Kitwe, Zambia
* Enchanted Kingdom, theme park in the Philippines

## Science

* Exakelvin, unit of temperature, abbreviated as EK
* Kinetic energy, in physics, abbreviated as E$_k$

## Other uses

* ek, the number 'one' in Hindi (Devanagari numerals)
* Ektara, ek tar, or ik tar, "one string," Indian musical instrument
* Mitsubishi eK, Japanese kei car
# List of canals by country

Canals are human-made structures, built for water control, flood prevention, irrigation, and water transport. Their exact design varies depending upon the local importance of each function. The term 'canal' is often used to describe both human-made canals and river navigations, whether free-flowing waterways, or those with locks and dams or weirs.

## List of lists

* List of canals in Belgium
* List of canals in Canada
* History of canals in China
* List of canals in France
* List of canals in Germany
* List of canals in India
* Canals in Italy (category)
** List of Roman canals
* List of canals in Ireland
* Canals in the Netherlands (category)
** Canals of Amsterdam
* Canals in Norway (category)
* Canals in Pakistan (category)
* List of canals in Russia
* Canals in Sweden (category)
* List of canals in Switzerland
* List of canals of the United Kingdom
** List of canal tunnels in the United Kingdom
* List of canals in the United States
** List of canals in Massachusetts
** List of canals in New York
** List of canals in Oregon
** List of canals in Texas

## Categories of Canals

* Category:Canals by country
** Category:Lists of canals by country

## List of canals

* Chile
** Bío-Bío Canal
* Dubai
** Dubai Water Canal
* Egypt
** Suez Canal
* Finland
** Saimaa Canal
* Greece
** Corinthian Canal connected the Gulf of Corinth with the Aegean Sea,
* Pakistan
** Kachhi Canal
* Panama
** Panama Canal
* Poland
** Augustów Canal
** Bydgoszcz Canal
** Elbląg Canal
** Danube–Oder Canal
* Romania
** Danube–Black Sea Canal
** Danube–Bucharest Canal
* Serbia
** Great Bačka Canal
** Little Bačka Canal
** Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal
* Spain
** Canal de Castilla
** Canal del Duero
** Canal de Isabel II
** Canal Imperial de Aragón
* Turkmenistan
** Qaraqum Canal
* Vietnam
** Vĩnh Tế Canal
# Ratchet (device)

A ratchet (occasionally spelled rachet) is a mechanical device that allows continuous linear or rotary motion in only one direction while preventing motion in the opposite direction. Ratchets are widely used in machinery and tools. The word ratchet is also used informally to refer to a ratcheting socket wrench.

## Theory of operation

A ratchet consists of a round gear or a linear rack with teeth, and a pivoting, spring-loaded finger called a pawl (or click, in clocks and watches) that engages the teeth. The teeth are uniform but are usually asymmetrical, with each tooth having a moderate slope on one edge and a much steeper slope on the other edge.
When the teeth are moving in the unrestricted (i.e. forward) direction, the pawl easily slides up and over the gently sloped edges of the teeth, with a spring forcing it (often with an audible 'click') into the depression between the teeth as it passes the tip of each tooth. When the teeth move in the opposite (backward) direction, however, the pawl will catch against the steeply sloped edge of the first tooth it encounters, thereby locking it against the tooth and preventing any further motion in that direction.

### Backlash

Because the ratchet can only stop backward motion at discrete points (i.e., at tooth boundaries), a ratchet does allow a limited amount of backward motion. This backward motion—which is limited to a maximum distance equal to the spacing between the teeth—is called backlash. In cases where backlash must be minimized, a smooth, toothless ratchet with a high friction surface such as rubber is sometimes used. The pawl bears against the surface at an angle so that any backward motion will cause the pawl to jam against the surface and thus prevent any further backward motion. Since the backward travel distance is primarily a function of the compressibility of the high friction surface, this mechanism can result in significantly reduced backlash.

## Uses

Ratchet mechanisms are used in a wide variety of applications, including these:
* Cable ties
* Capstans
* Caulking guns
* Clocks
* Computer keyboards
* Freewheel (overrunning clutch)
* Grease guns
* Handcuffs
* Jacks
* Anti-rollback devices used in roller coasters
* Looms
* Slacklines
* Socket wrenches
* Tie down straps
* Turnstiles
* Typewriters

## Gallery

* Ratcheting socket wrench or spanner.
* A ratchet lever hoist, also known as a 'come-along.'
* The ratchet mechanism of a cable tie.
* Setting the bezel of a diving watch to the start time of a dive. For safety reasons, the ring has a ratchet so it cannot be turned or knocked in the opposite direction.
# Mushroom Mardi Gras Festival

The Mushroom Mardi Gras Festival (rebranded as Morgan Hill Mushroom Festival for 2024) is an annual festival held in the downtown area of Morgan Hill, California. It is hosted by the nonprofit organization Morgan Hill Mushroom Mardi Gras, Inc. The festival was established in 1980 by Brad Spencer, and several sponsors supply mushrooms to create mushroom-themed dishes.

## History

Founder and fire chief Bradley Ross Spencer (July 6, 1942 – July 2, 2015) first conceptualized the festival when he wanted to raise money for his local fire department, the Morgan Hill Fire Department, after it was affected by Proposition 13. On October 18, 1980, the first festival was held, attracting 30,000 visitors.
In 2014, 80,000 people attended the Mushroom Mardi Gras Festival, setting a new record. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the festival was cancelled in 2020 and 2021. In 2023, it was postponed after numerous safety concerns were raised regarding the Gilroy Garlic Festival shooting. The festival raises scholarship money for high schoolers within the Morgan Hill Unified School District.

### 2024 rebranding

In 2024, the event was rebranded as the Morgan Hill Mushroom Festival. Unlike previous festivals, a twenty dollar admission was implemented to pay for costs and scholarship funds.

## Activities

Customers may visit booths preparing dishes made from mushrooms. Other activities include arts-and-crafts, museums, live music, and scholarship award ceremonies. Wine tasting was added in 2016. A Mushroom Expo in the rose garden of the Community and Cultural Center showcases the use of mushrooms.
The festival is usually hosted in May.
# Lincoln C

The Lincoln C was a concept car manufactured by Lincoln, which was unveiled at the 2009 North American International Auto Show.
It included a 1.6 liter EcoBoost engine rated at 180 hp (134 kW) and 180 lb⋅ft (244 N⋅m) of torque, with a dry dual-clutch PowerShift 6-speed transmission. The Ford Sync system featured a female avatar called Eva, which could be customized.
A production version of the Lincoln C concept has never been officially announced or unveiled, but the concept remained on the official Lincoln website as a "future vehicle." With Ford having canceled the Mercury brand and investing heavily in Lincoln, Ford canceled the C concept and its successor was the Lincoln MKC concept unveiled in 2013.
# Qomra Ali

Qomra Ali (Persian: قمراعلي) is a village in, and the capital of, Cheleh Rural District of the Central District of Gilan-e Gharb County, Kermanshah province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 570 in 135 households. The following census in 2011 counted 620 people in 170 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 538 people in 178 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Angel in the Snow

Angel(s) in the Snow may refer to:
* Angels in the Snow, a 1969 novel by Derek Lambert
* "Angel in the Snow" (A-ha song), a song on the 1993 album Memorial Beach
* "Angel in the Snow", a song by Elliott Smith from the compilation New Moon
* Angels in the Snow", a 2024 album by Olivia Newton-John