OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Louis I, Count of Loon

Louis I (Latin Ludovicus, German Ludwig, Dutch Lodewijk; died 11 August 1171) was the Count of Loon, now in modern Belgium, and Burgrave of Mainz, in Germany. He inherited these offices from his father. He also established the County of Rieneck apparently based upon the Burgrave's lands.

## Life

He was the son of Arnold II, Count of Looz, and his wife whose name may have been Adeleide or Agnes. He first appears in a record as an adult together with his father in 1135. Arnold II died in 1139, and Louis was his heir, appearing that year as count of Rieneck. In 1141 he appeared in his role as advocate of Saint James abbey in Liège.
He was also advocate of Averbode Abbey, which his family had founded. In 1154, he donated Laethof Manor in Heusden-Zolder to the abbey.
Louis married Agnes of Metz, the daughter of Folmar V, Count of Metz, and Matilda of Dagsburg. Based upon her ancestry, Louis was able to successfully lay claim to Kolmont and Bilzen.
Agnes commissioned Hendrik van Veldeke to write his "Life of Saint Servatius".
Louis I served as burgrave of Metz from 1159 to 1162.
Via his wife, Louis also had a claim on the Duchy of Luxembourg, however, he could not realize this claim.
In 1160, the count of Duras attacked Louis's city of Brustem (now part of Sint-Truiden), which lay close to Duras and Sint-Truiden. He laid it and the lands around it waste. In 1170, Louis constructed a castle in Brustem which the new young count of Duras, Gilles, saw as an aggressive act, seeing Brustem as being within his own county. However, Gilles, Count of Duras, successfully called in the help of the abbey and citizens of Sint-Truiden and together they defeated Louis' army. Louis died during this battle, on 11 August 1171. He was buried in the chapel of the infirmary in Borgloon. His grave can still be found there.

## Issue

Louis and Agnes had the following children:
* Agnes, married Otto I of Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria
* Arnold, died young
* Gerard, Count of Loon
* Hugo, married and had issue
* Bonne, married Walter Berthout, Lord of Mechelen and Grimbergen
* Imagina, married Godfrey III, Count of Louvain
* Lauretta (died before 1193), married Gilles, Count of Duras (divorced 1174), grandson of Otto II, Count of Duras. Later married to Theobald I of Bar.
Louis was succeeded as Count of Loon by his son Gerard.
# Herman, Count of Nassau

Herman of Nassau, German: Hermann von Nassau (died 16 July before 1206), was count of Nassau. He later became a clergyman.

## Life

Herman was the son of count Rupert III ‘the Bellicose’ of Nassau and Elizabeth of Leiningen.
Herman is mentioned as count of Nassau between 1190 and 1192. He ruled together with count Walram I of Nassau, his father's cousin.
In 1192 Herman became canon of the Saint Peter at Mainz. He probably wasn't married and died without offspring.

## Sources

* This article is translated from the corresponding Dutch Wikipedia article, as of 2018-08-27.
* Dek, A.W.E. (1970). Genealogie van het Vorstenhuis Nassau [Genealogy of the Royal House of Nassau] (in Dutch). Zaltbommel: Europese Bibliotheek. OCLC 27365371.
* Hesselfelt, H.F.J. (1965). "De oudste generaties van het Huis Nassau" [The oldest generations of the House of Nassau]. De Nederlandsche Leeuw, Maandblad van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Genootschap voor Geslacht- en Wapenkunde [The Dutch Lion, Monthly Journal of the Royal Dutch Society for Genealogy and Heraldry] (in Dutch). 1965 (11): 354–365.
* Schwennicke, Detlev (1978). Europäische Stammtafeln. Stammtafeln zur Geschichte europäischen Staaten. Neue Folge [European Genealogies. Genealogies from the History of European States. New Series] (in German). Vol. Band I. Marburg: J.A. Stargardt.
* Venne, J.M. van de; Stols, Alexander A.M. (1937). Geslachts-Register van het Vorstenhuis Nassau [Genealogy of the Royal House of Nassau] (in Dutch). Maastricht: A.A.M. Stols’ Uitgevers-Maatschappij.
* Vorsterman van Oyen, A.A. (1882). Het vorstenhuis Oranje-Nassau. Van de vroegste tijden tot heden [The Royal House of Orange-Nassau. From the earliest days until the present] (in Dutch). Leiden & Utrecht: A.W. Sijthoff & J.L. Beijers.
# Pr (hieroglyph)

House (" floor plan" ) in hieroglyphs :
Pr (𓉐 Gardiner sign listed no. O1) is the hieroglyph for 'house', the floor-plan of a walled building with an open doorway.
While its original pronunciation is not known with certainty, modern Egyptology assigns it the value of per, but purely on the basis of a convention specific to the discipline. However, the Ancient Greek rendering of the title pr-`3 as Ancient Greek: φαραώ pharaō suggests the reconstruction of the historical (Late Egyptian) pronunciation as *par, see Pharaoh#Etymology.
House of Life "library" in hieroglyphs :
Pr combined with an associated "personal name", god, or location becomes the "house of .... ." An example for pharaoh Setnakhte is the city of: Pr-Atum, (city of Pithom). Pr and ankh-(life) is a "combination hieroglyph" and is the "word" for house of life. The "house of life" is a library for papyrus books-(scrolls), as well as a possible scriptorium.
The shape of pr in beginning dynasties had variations in the shape of a square, with the opening. See Garrett Reference for tomb of Official Ti.
Pr is one of hieroglyphs adopted into the Proto-Sinaitic script, the earliest known alphabetic writing system. It was used to represent the phoneme /b/ as in bayt, the Canaanite word for "house", after the hieroglyph's original meaning. The Latin letter B is a distant descendant of this letter.

## "Pr-name" /associations

* pr-aa– Pharaoh
* pa-pr-aa– Papyrus
* Pr-Ab– Thoth
* Per-Amun– Pelusium
* Pr-Aat– Heliopolis
* Pr-Atum– House of Atum: Heliopolis
* Pr-Atum– Setnakhte
* Pr-Banebdjedet– Mendes
* Pr-Bast– House of Bast: Bubastis
* Pr-Bastet– Zagazig
* Pr-Djet– a type of early Egyptian tomb
* Pr-Hai– Malqata
* Pr-Hay– Amenhotep III
* Pr-Hay– Great Temple of the Aten
* Pr-Hathor– Aphroditopolis
* Pr-Hedj– Treasury (House of Silver)
* Pr-Medjat– Library
* Pr-Nebu– Treasury (House of Gold)
* Pr-Nebyt– Ramesses V
* Pr-Nemty– Hieracon
* Pr-Ramesses– Avaris, History of ancient Egypt
* Pr-Sekhemkheperre– Osorkon I
* Pr-Sopdu– Sopdu
* Pr-t– Season of the Emergence
* Pr-Temu Tjeku– Necho II
* Pr-Wadjet– Buto, Wadjet
* Pr-Yinepu– Anubis
# Lü Yiwen

Lü Yiwen (Chinese: 呂宜文, also known as Ro Gi-Bun; 1897–1950) was a Chinese diplomat who served as the ambassador of Manchukuo to Nazi Germany, since the German recognition of Manchukuo's independence in 1938. He subsequently took part in negotiating Manchukuo's entry into the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1940.
Lü also served as the Manchukuo ambassador to Finland, a country that also had diplomatic relations with his country. He was accredited on 15 December 1941. In an interview with the Finnish press at the time he gave the estimate that he was the first Manchu to have ever set foot on Finnish soil. He said that although Manchus are not intimately familiar with Finland, they appreciate the country's war feats. When asked about snow and skiing, a popular Finnish pastime, he related that his large home country does get snow, but that in some places it is dry and hard and unsuitable for skiing whereas in other parts skiing is popular.

## Rescue of Jewish Refugees During World War II

While serving as the ambassador of Manchukuo to Nazi Germany, Lü Yiwen was indirectly involved in efforts to rescue Jewish refugees. According to various accounts, his subordinate Wang Tifu played a key role in issuing visas through the Manchukuo embassy, enabling Jewish refugees to escape Germany. Wang Tifu later stated that he persuaded Lü Yiwen to allow these visas to be issued quietly and to continue assisting the refugees despite political risks. Lü Yiwen’s approval and oversight provided the necessary authority for these actions to proceed.
This initiative is considered part of broader diplomatic efforts during that era, where diplomats took personal and professional risks to aid those in need. Historical accounts have highlighted Lü Yiwen's complex position as a diplomat representing a Japanese-controlled state, navigating delicate political tensions while facilitating humanitarian efforts.
The story is documented through Wang Tifu's memoirs and scholarly research, including studies on Manchukuo-German relations and refugee assistance during the Second World War. Historians have recognized Lü Yiwen's role as supportive but emphasize that the specifics of his involvement remain subject to further research due to limited firsthand testimonies.
# Pattimattom

Pattimattom is a village in Perumbavoor Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is situated 17 km northwest of Muvattupuzha at the junction of Kolenchery-Perumbavoor Road and SH41 Palarivattom-Muvattupuzha Road. It is one of the main parts of Perumbavoor, situated in the middle of both Perumbavoor and Kolenchery.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Pattimattom had a population of 19711 with 9537 males and 10174 females.

## Location

vteAreas of Kochi
Oorakkad, Thamarachal
Perumbavoor, Vengola
Kizhakkambalam, Pallikkara
Pattimattom
Muvattupuzha
Puthencruz
Kolenchery, piravom :
# Ludfordian

In the geologic timescale, the Ludfordian is the upper of two chronostratigraphic stages within the Ludlow Series. Its age is the late Silurian Period, and within both the Palaeozoic Era and Phanerozoic Eon. The rocks assigned to the Ludfordian date to between 425.6 ± 0.9 Ma and 423.0 ± 2.3 Ma (million years ago). The Ludfordian Stage succeeds the Gorstian Stage and precedes the Pridoli Epoch. It is named for the village of Ludford in Shropshire, England. The GSSP for the Ludfordian is represented as a thin shale seam, coincident with the base of the Leintwardine Formation, overlying the Bringewood Formation in England.

## Paleoclimate

The Lau event is a rapid pulse of cooling during the Ludfordian, about 424 million years ago; it is identified by a pulse of extinctions and oceanic changes. It is one of the series of fast sea-level and excursions in oxygen isotope ratios that signal fast switches between warm and cold climate states, characteristic of the Silurian climatic instability. The Lau Event occurred during an extended period of elevated seawater saturation state, explained by reservoirs of the planet's fresh water being locked up in massive polar ice caps. The sudden reappearance in normally saline marine environments of stromatolites and a mass occurrence of oncoids during the event suggested that minor extinction events like the Lau Event also resulted in periods of reduced grazing pressures on surviving "disaster biota", which can be compared to the aftermath of the more catastrophic end-Ordovician and end-Permian mass extinctions.
# Loulou Gasté

Louis "Loulou" Gasté (18 March 1908 – 8 January 1995) was a French composer of songs. He composed more than 1000 songs, including Battling Joe and For You. The song For You was popularised internationally as Feelings and covered almost 1200 times.

## Career

Louis Gasté was born in Paris on 18 March 1908. In his fifty-year career, he composed over 1000 songs, ten of which were internationally successful. In 1929, he played in Ray Ventura's orchestra, and composed several pieces for him.

## "Pour Toi" / "Feelings" / "Dis-Lui" dispute

In September 1956, Gasté composed "Pour Toi" ("For you") with lyrics by Albert Simonin and his wife Marie-Hélène Bourquin, for the singer Darío Moreno, who sang it in the film Le Feu aux Poudres. It was sung later by Line Renaud, and was reinterpreted in France and internationally by various singers.
In 1974, Morris Albert sang it in English and was credited as the original author of "Feelings", launched in São Paulo by Augusta Do Brazil. In 1975, Mike Brant brought it back to France under the title "Dis-Lui" ("Tell her").
In 1976, "Feelings" was a worldwide success and was recorded by Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, Andy Williams, Dionne Warwick, Johnny Mathis, Julio Eglesias, and others.
In 1977, Gasté discovered the song was one of his melodies, and sued Morris Albert. On 22 December 1988, a court found in favour of Gasté, and he won recognition as the sole creator of the song, gaining seven-eighths of all royalties, with Albert receiving the remainder for his lyrics contribution.

## Personal life and death

Gasté discovered and helped launched the career of French singer and actress Line Renaud in 1945. They married in 1950.
He died at home, at Rueil-Malmaison, close to Paris in 8 January 1995.

## Selected compositions

* 1941: Avec son Ukulélé (for Jacques Pills)
* 1941: Le Chant du Gardian (for Tino Rossi)
* 1943: Elle Etait Swing (for Jacques Pills)
* 1943: L’âme au Diable (for Léo Marjane)
* 1943: Sainte-Madeleine (for Léo Marjane)
* 1944: Domingo (for Lucienne Delyle)
* 1945: Le Petit Chaperon Rouge ( for Lisette Jambel)
* 1945: Quand un Cow-boy (for Georges Guétary)
* 1945: Le Rythme Américain (for Lily Fayol)
* 1945: Ce n’était pas Original ( for Jacqueline François)
* 1945: Le Porte Bonheur, Chica Chica ( for Jacques Hélian)
* 1945: Un Oiseau Chante ( for Gisèle Pascal)
* 1945: Luna Park ( for Yves Montand)
* 1945: Battling Jo (for Yves Montand)
* 1947: Au Chili (for Jacques Hélian)
* 1958: Mon Coeur au Portugal (recorded by several artists)
He also composed several songs for Line Renaud, including "Nous Deux", "Le Complet Gris", "Si J’avais la Chance", "Autant en Emporte le Vent", and "Ma cabane au Canada", which won the "Grand Prix du Disque" from Académy Charles Cros in 1949.

## Selected filmography

* The Island of Love (1944)
* We Are Not Married (1946)
* Sweet Madness (1951)
* Love in the Vineyard (1952)
* The Porter from Maxim's (1953)
* Madelon (1955)
* Burning Fuse (1957)
* Mademoiselle and Her Gang (1957)
* The Indestructible (1959)
# Stéphane Audeguy

Stéphane Audeguy (born 1964 Tours) is a French novelist and essayist.
He studied literature at the University of Paris, where he also taught. He served as an assistant professor at the University of Virginia at Charlottesville between 1986 and 1987. He returned to France and now lives in Paris where he teaches art history and film history at a local high school.

## Awards

* Prix Maurice Genevoix from the French Academy, for La théorie des nuages
* Prix des Deux Magots, for Fils Unique

## Works

* Les monstres : Si loin si proches, Gallimard, coll. Découvertes Gallimard (n° 520), 2007, ISBN 9782070341245
* La théorie des nuages (The Theory of Clouds) Translator Timothy Bent ISBN 978-0-15-101428-6
* Fils Unique (Only Son). Translator John Cullen ISBN 978-0-15-101329-6
* Rom@
# Joe Garland

Joseph Copeland Garland (August 15, 1903, Norfolk, Virginia – April 21, 1977, Teaneck, New Jersey) was an American jazz saxophonist, composer, and arranger, best known for writing "In the Mood".
Garland studied music at Shaw University and the Aeolian Conservatory. He started by playing classical music but joined a jazz band, Graham Jackson's Seminole Syncopators, in 1924, where he first recorded. He had a long run of associations as a sideman on saxophone and clarinet, with Elmer Snowden (1925), Joe Steele, Henri Saparo, Leon Abbey (including a tour of South America), Charlie Skeete and Jelly Roll Morton in the 1920s. The 1930s saw him playing with Bobby Neal (1931) and the Mills Blue Rhythm Band; he was both a performer and an arranger for the Blue Rhythm Band from 1932 to 1936, when Lucky Millinder replaced him. Following this he played with Edgar Hayes (1937), Don Redman (1938), and Louis Armstrong (1939–42). In the 1940s, he played with Claude Hopkins and others, and then returned to Armstrong's band from 1945-47. Following this he played with Herbie Fields, Hopkins again, and Earl Hines (1948). In the 1950s, he went into semi-retirement.
Garland wrote a number of well-known swing jazz hits, including "Serenade To A Savage" for Artie Shaw (one of Shaw's gold records) and "Leap Frog" for bandleader Les Brown.

## "In the Mood" authorship controversy

Garland is credited as the composer (with Andy Razaf as lyricist) of the Glenn Miller hit "In the Mood", but "In The Mood"'s main theme, featuring repeated arpeggios rhythmically displaced, had previously appeared under the title of "Tar Paper Stomp", credited to jazz trumpeter/bandleader Wingy Manone. Manone recorded "Tar Paper Stomp" which did not become popular until the middle of 1930, just months before Horace Henderson used the same tune in "Hot and Anxious," recorded by his brother's band, The Fletcher Henderson Orchestra, on March 19, 1931.
This song was first performed by bandleaders Charlie Barnet and Artie Shaw, but fell out of favor because Garland's original arrangement was too long to fit on one side of a 78rpm record. Edgar Hayes Orchestra recorded an arrangement by Joe Garland on February, 2, 1938 (published on Decca 1882). Garland then brought "In the Mood" to Glenn Miller, who created a shorter arrangement.
# Glimmerite

Glimmerite is an igneous rock consisting almost entirely of dark mica (biotite or phlogopite). Glimmerite has also been referred to as biotitite, though the use of this term to describe phlogopite-rich rocks has been criticized. Glimmerite may contain minor rutile and ilmenite, and variants of glimmerite bearing graphite, spinel, ankerite, pyrite, apatite, and the carbonate minerals calcite and dolomite have been described.
Glimmerite was first described by Larsen and Pardee (1929).
# Nicholas Siega

Nicholas Siega (born 25 February 1991) is an Italian professional football player who plays for Serie C Group A club Renate.

## Club career

He made his professional debut in the Lega Pro for Pro Patria on 1 September 2013 in a game against Cremonese.
On 15 July 2019, he signed with Pisa.
On 29 July 2022, Siega signed a two-year deal with Südtirol.
On 1 February 2024, Siega moved to Serie C club Turris.
# Pharusian Ocean

The Pharusian Ocean (/fəˈruːziən/; fuh-ROO-zee-uhn) is an ancient ocean that existed on Earth from 800 to 635 million years ago, between the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent and the start of formation of the Pannotia supercontinent.

## Opening and closure

The Pharusian Ocean opened around 800 million years ago in the Neoproterozoic era after rifting along the eastern margin of the West African craton during the breakup of Rodinia. The ocean began to close around 730 million years ago with eastward subduction of the Tilemsi arc, which was accreted against the Hoggar region of the Saharan Metacraton. The western part of the Hoggar massif is made of material from the Pharusian Ocean including oceanic basalts, arc volcanic and sedimentary rocks and sediments that were shed into the Pharusian Ocean by the West African craton and the eastern Hoggar. Closure was completed when the West African and Saharan cratons collided around 635 million years ago at the start of the Pan-African orogeny.

## Southern extension

The Goiás Ocean, lying to the southwest between the Amazonian craton and the Congo craton, extended into the Pharusian Ocean. The Goiás Ocean closed during the final phases of formation of West Gondwana. The southern portion of the Trans Brazilian Lineament (TBL) marks the suture zone of this closure, while the northern Borborema portion of the TBL and the Trans-Saharan Belt, running from Algeria to Benin, mark the suture zone of the Pharusian Ocean closure. These ocean closures and subsequent tectonic events were not simultaneous, but happened over an extended period of time. In southwestern central Africa the granulite cooling ages range between 587 and 576 Ma, while in northeast Brazil they range from 568 to 500 Ma. However, aeromagnetic and gravity data give evidence of continuity between the TBL lineament, the Sobral fault in northeastern Brazil, the Kandi fault zone in Benin and the Trans-Saharan Belt formed by closure of the Pharusian Ocean.
# Jul (writer)

Julien Berjeaut, known as Jul, (born April 11, 1974), is a French cartoonist and comic book author. Jul most famous creation is Silex and the City.

## Awards

* 2012 Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
* 2016 Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
# Pradeepan Raveendran

Pradeepan Raveendran was born in Jaffna, Sri Lanka on 12 July 1981. He is a self-taught photographer and filmmaker. The Pradeepan's first directorial debut was in 2009 with the short film A Mango Tree in the Front Yard. This film was an official selection at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2009 and subsequently nominated for a Golden Bear. His second short film Shadows of Silence was completed in 2010. This film premiered at the Cannes International Film Festival in 2010, as part of its ‘Director’s Fortnight’. His debut feature film Soundless Dance (2019) premiered at Atlanta International Film Festival.
Films screened at various film festivals throughout the world. He founded the 'Exil Image' in 2008, The above films are produced through this production. Pradeepan has been living in Paris, France since 2004.

## Filmography

* A Mango Tree in the Front Yard, (2009)
* Shadows of Silence, (2010)
* Soundless Dance, (2019)
# John S. Rodwell

John S. Rodwell (1946 – present) is an ecologist who was based at the University of Lancaster, noted for his role in the development of the British National Vegetation Classification and as editor of the five volumes of British Plant Communities.

## Education

Rodwell graduated in Botany from the University of Leeds in 1968, then researched limestone vegetation at the University of Southampton under Joyce Lambert for his PhD in Biology, awarded in 1974. He also trained for the priesthood at Ripon College Cuddesdon, University of Oxford, maintaining this vocation as a non-stipendiary priest since 1974 in the Diocese of Blackburn since 1975 and is honorary canon of Blackburn Cathedral.

## Career

In the same year, 1975, he became co-ordinator of research leading to the development of the British National Vegetation Classification (NVC). at Lancaster University, becoming editor of the NVC, a task that dominated his working life for more than two decades. All five volumes of British Plant Communities, which describe the NVC, were edited by Rodwell.
He joined the faculty of Lancaster University in 1991, was made Professor of Ecology in 1997 and retired in 2004 but has continued to teach and publish since then. In 2009 he was awarded the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management medal of honour.
He is a Honorary Member of the International Association for Vegetation Science (2010).
# Siligo

Siligo is a comune (municipality) in the region of Logudoro - Meilogu in the Province of Sassari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 160 kilometres (99 mi) north of Cagliari and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southeast of Sassari.
Siligo borders the following municipalities: Ardara, Banari, Bessude, Bonnanaro, Codrongianos, Florinas, Mores, Ploaghe.

## Main sights

* Archeological site of Monte sant'Antoni: a prehistoric Federal Nuragic Sanctuary
* Mesumundu Archaeological Park: an old Roman area and medieval
* Church of Nostra Segnora de Mesumundu, built in the Byzantine age (6th century AD) upon the ruins of a Roman baths (2nd century AD). The church was modified after 1065 by the Benedictine monks of Montecassino.
* Church of Santi Elia ed Enoch: built on the top of the Monte Santo and modified by Benedictine monks after 1065.

## People

* Gavino Contini (1855-1915), poet
* Rita Livesi, (1915), actress
* Efisio Arru, (1927-2000), scientist
* Maria Carta (1934-1994), folk singer and actress
* Gavino Ledda, author of an autobiographical work Padre padrone (1975)