# 108th United States Congress

The 108th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives from January 3, 2003, to January 3, 2005, during the third and fourth years of George W. Bush's presidency.
House members were elected in the 2002 general election on November 5, 2002. Senators were elected in three classes in the 1998 general election on November 3, 1998, 2000 general election on November 7, 2000, or 2002 general election on November 5, 2002. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 2000 United States census.
This is the most recent Congress to have a Democratic senator from South Carolina, Fritz Hollings, who retired at the end of the Congress.
Both chambers had a Republican majority, with the Republicans slightly increasing their edge in the House, and regaining control of the Senate, after party control had switched back and forth during the 107th Congress due to various factors. With President Bush, this gave the Republicans an overall federal government trifecta.

## Major events

* February 1, 2003: Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during reentry
* March 20, 2003: 2003 invasion of Iraq began
* April 14, 2003: Human Genome Project was completed
* July 14, 2003: CIA leak scandal began
* May 17, 2004: Same-sex marriage began in Massachusetts
* July 22, 2004: 9/11 Commission issued an initial report of its findings
* September 13, 2004: expiration of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban
* November 2, 2004:
** 2004 United States presidential election: George W. Bush defeated Democratic challenger, Senator John Kerry from Massachusetts.
** United States Senate elections, 2004 & United States House of Representatives elections, 2004: Republicans increased their majorities in both houses.

## Major legislation
### Enacted

* March 11, 2003: Do-Not-Call Implementation Act of 2003, Pub. L. 108–10 (text) (PDF)
* April 25, 2003: Clean Diamond Trade Act, Pub.L. 108-19
* April 30, 2003: PROTECT (Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to end the Exploitation of Children Today) Act, including Illicit Drug Anti-Proliferation Act, Pub. L. 108–21 (text) (PDF)
* May 27, 2003: United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003, Pub.L. 108-25
* May 28, 2003: Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, Pub. L. 108–27 (text) (PDF)
* May 29, 2003: Veterans' Memorial Preservation and Recognition Act of 2003, Pub.L. 108-29
* June 25, 2003: Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003, Pub.L. 108-36
* September 4, 2003: Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003, Pub. L. 108–79 (text) (PDF)
* October 1, 2003: Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2004, Pub.L. 108-90
* October 28, 2003: Check 21 Act, Pub. L. 108–100 (text) (PDF)
* November 5, 2003: Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, Pub. L. 108–105 (text) (PDF)
* December 3, 2003: Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003, Pub.L. 108-148
* December 3, 2003: 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act, Pub.L. 108-153
* December 4, 2003: Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act, Pub. L. 108–159 (text) (PDF)
* December 6, 2003: Fairness to Contact Lens Consumers Act, Pub.L. 108-164
* December 8, 2003: Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, Pub. L. 108–173 (text) (PDF)
* December 12, 2003:Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act, Pub. L. 108–175 (text) (PDF)
* December 16, 2003: CAN-SPAM Act, Pub. L. 108–187 (text) (PDF)
* March 25, 2004: Unborn Victims of Violence Act (Laci and Conner's Law), Pub. L. 108–212 (text) (PDF)
* June 30, 2004: Bunning-Bereuter-Blumenauer Flood Insurance Reform Act, Pub. L. 108–264 (text) (PDF)
* July 7, 2004: GAO Human Capital Reform Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–271 (text) (PDF)
* July 21, 2004: Project BioShield Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–276 (text) (PDF)
* October 18, 2004: North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–333 (text) (PDF)
* October 18, 2004: Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2005, Pub.L. 108-334
* October 20, 2004: Belarus Democracy Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108–347 (text) (PDF)
* October 22, 2004: American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, Pub.L. 108-357
* October 30, 2004: Crime Victims' Rights Act, Pub.L. 108-405
* December 3, 2004: Internet Tax Nondiscrimination Act, Pub.L. 108-435
* December 3, 2004: Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, Pub.L. 108-446
* December 8, 2004: Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2005, Pub.L. 108-447
* December 10, 2004: Alaska Land Transfer Acceleration Act, Pub.L. 108-452
* December 17, 2004: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, Pub. L. 108–458 (text) (PDF)

### Proposed, but not enacted

* H.R. 2239: Voter Confidence and Increased Accessibility Act of 2003

## Party summary
### Senate

The party summary for the Senate remained the same during the entire 108th Congress.
| Affiliation | Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) | Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) | Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) | Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) | Total | |
| Affiliation | Democratic | Independent | IPM | Republican | Total | Vacant |
| End of previous Congress | 48 | 1 | 1 | 50 | 100 | 0 |
| 108th Congress | 48 | 1 | 0 | 51 | 100 | 0 |
| Beginning of next Congress | 44 | 1 | 0 | 55 | 100 | 0 |

### House of Representatives

Due to resignations and special elections, Republicans lost a net of two seats to the Democrats. All seats were filled though special elections. (See Changes in membership, below.)
| Affiliation | Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) | Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) | Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) | Total | |
| Affiliation | Democratic | Independent | Republican | Total | Vacant |
| End of previous Congress | 209 | 1 | 223 | 433 | 2 |
| Begin | 204 | 1 | 229 | 434 | 1 |
| May 31, 2003 | 204 | 1 | 228 | 434 | 1 |
| June 5, 2003 | 205 | 1 | 229 | 435 | 0 |
| December 9, 2003 | 205 | 1 | 228 | 434 | 1 |
| January 20, 2004 | 205 | 1 | 227 | 433 | 2 |
| February 17, 2004 | 205 | 1 | 228 | 434 | 1 |
| June 1, 2004 | 207 | 1 | 228 | 435 | 0 |
| June 9, 2004 | 206 | 1 | 228 | 434 | 1 |
| July 20, 2004 | 206 | 1 | 229 | 435 | 0 |
| August 31, 2004 | 205 | 1 | 228 | 434 | 1 |
| September 23, 2004 | 204 | 1 | 227 | 432 | 3 |
| Final voting share | 48.0% | 48.0% | 52.0% | | |
| Non-voting members | 4 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 0 |
| Beginning of next Congress | 201 | 1 | 232 | 434 | 1 |

## Leadership
### Senate

* President: Dick Cheney (R)
* President pro tempore: Ted Stevens (R)

#### Majority (Republican) leadership

* Majority Leader: Bill Frist
* Majority Whip: Mitch McConnell
* Republican Conference Chairman: Rick Santorum
* Republican Conference Secretary: Kay Bailey Hutchison
* Republican Campaign Committee Chairman: George Allen
* Policy Committee Chairman: Jon Kyl
* Chief Deputy Whip: Bob Bennett

#### Minority (Democratic) leadership

* Minority Leader: Tom Daschle
* Minority Whip: Harry Reid
* Policy Committee Chairman: Byron Dorgan
* Democratic Conference Secretary: Barbara Mikulski
* Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: Jon Corzine
* Steering and Outreach Committee Chair: Hillary Clinton
* Chief Deputy Whip: John Breaux

### House of Representatives

* Speaker: Dennis Hastert (R)

#### Majority (Republican) leadership

* Majority Leader: Tom DeLay
* Majority Whip: Roy Blunt
* Chief Deputy Whip: Eric Cantor
* Republican Conference Chairman: Deborah Pryce
* Republican Conference Vice-Chairman: Jack Kingston
* Republican Conference Secretary: John T. Doolittle
* Policy Committee Chairman: Christopher Cox
* Republican Campaign Committee Chairman: Tom Reynolds
* House Rules Committee Chairman: David Dreier

#### Minority (Democratic) leadership

* Minority Leader: Nancy Pelosi
* Minority Whip: Steny Hoyer
* Senior Chief Deputy Minority Whip: John Lewis
* Democratic Caucus Chairman: Bob Menendez
* Democratic Caucus Vice Chairman: Jim Clyburn
* Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: Bob Matsui
* Chief Deputy Minority Whips: Joe Crowley, Baron Hill, Ron Kind, Ed Pastor, Max Sandlin, Jan Schakowsky, & Maxine Waters

## Members
### Senate

The Senators are preceded by the class, In this Congress, Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 2004; Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 2006; and Class 2 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 2008.

### House of Representatives

The Members of the House of Representatives are preceded by the district number.

## Changes in membership

Members who came and left during this Congress.

### Senate

There were no changes in Senate membership during this Congress.

### House of Representatives
## Committees

Lists of committees and their party leaders for members of the House and Senate committees can be found through the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of this article. The directory after the pages of terms of service lists committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and, after that, House/Senate committee assignments. On the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.

### Senate

| Committee | Chairman | Ranking Member |
| Aging (special) | Larry Craig (R-ID) | John Breaux (D-LA) |
| Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry | Thad Cochran (R-MS) | Tom Harkin (D-IA) |
| Appropriations | Ted Stevens (R-AK) | Robert Byrd (D-WV) |
| Armed Services | John Warner (R-VA) | Carl Levin (D-MI) |
| Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs | Richard Shelby (R-AL) | Paul Sarbanes (D-MD) |
| Budget | Don Nickles (R-OK) | Kent Conrad (D-ND) |
| Commerce, Science and Transportation | John McCain (R-AZ) | Fritz Hollings (D-SC) |
| Energy and Natural Resources | Pete Domenici (R-NM) | Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) |
| Environment and Public Works | Jim Inhofe (R-OK) | Jim Jeffords (I-VT) |
| Ethics (select) | George Voinovich (R-OH) | Harry Reid (D-NV) |
| Finance | Chuck Grassley (R-IA) | Max Baucus (D-MT) |
| Foreign Relations | Richard Lugar (R-IN) | Joe Biden (D-DE) |
| Governmental Affairs | Susan Collins (R-ME) | Joe Lieberman (I-CT) |
| Health, Education, Labor and Pensions | Judd Gregg (R-NH) | Ted Kennedy (D-MA) |
| Indian Affairs | Ben Nighthorse Campbell (R-CO) | Daniel Inouye (D-HI) |
| Intelligence (select) | Pat Roberts (R-KS) | Jay Rockefeller (D-WV) |
| Judiciary | Orrin Hatch (R-UT) | Patrick Leahy (D-VT) |
| Rules and Administration | Trent Lott (R-MS) | Chris Dodd (D-CT) |
| Small Business and Entrepreneurship | Olympia Snowe (R-ME) | John Kerry (D-MA) |
| Veterans' Affairs | Arlen Specter (R-PA) | Daniel Akaka (D-HI) |

### House of Representatives

* Agriculture (Bob Goodlatte, Chair; John Boehner, Vice Chair)
** Conservation, Credit and Rural Development (Frank D. Lucas, Chair; Tom Osborne, Vice Chair)
** Department Operations, Oversight, Nutrition and Forestry (Gil Gutknecht, Chair; Dennis Rehberg, Vice Chair)
** General Farm Commodities and Risk Management (Jerry Moran, Chair; Nick Smith, Vice Chair)
** Livestock and Horticulture (Robin Hayes, Chair; Doug Ose, Vice Chair)
** Specialty Crops and Foreign Agriculture Programs (William L. Jenkins, Chair; Terry Everett, Vice Chair)
* Appropriations (Bill Young, Chair; Dave Obey, Ranking Member)
** Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration and Related Agencies (Henry Bonilla, Chair; Marcy Kaptur, Ranking Member)
** Commerce, Justice, State and the Judiciary (Frank R. Wolf, Chair; Jose E. Serrano, Ranking Member)
** Defense (Jerry Lewis, Chair; John Murtha, Ranking Member)
** District of Columbia (Rodney P. Frelinghuysen, Chair; Chaka Fattah, Ranking Member)
** Energy and Water Development (David L. Hobson, Chair; Pete Visclosky, Ranking Member)
** Foreign Operations, Export Financing and Related Programs (Jim Kolbe, Chair; Nita Lowey, Ranking Member)
** Homeland Security (Hal Rogers, Chair; Martin Olav Sabo, Ranking Member)
** Interior (Charles H. Taylor, Chair; Norm Dicks, Ranking Member)
** Legislative (Jack Kingston, Chair; Jim Moran, Ranking Member)
** Military Construction (Joe Knollenberg, Chair; Chet Edwards, Ranking Member)
** Transportation, Treasury and Independent Agencies (Ernest J. Istook Jr., Chair; John Olver, Ranking Member)
** VA, HUD and Independent Agencies (James T. Walsh, Chair; Alan Mollohan, Ranking Member)
* Armed Services (Duncan Hunter, Chair; Ike Skelton, Ranking Member)
** Projection Forces (Roscoe G. Bartlett, Chair; Gene Taylor, Ranking Member)
** Readiness (Joel Hefley, Chair; Solomon P. Ortiz, Ranking Member)
** Strategic Forces (Terry Everett, Chair; Silvestre Reyes, Ranking Member)
** Tactical Air and Land Forces (Curt Weldon, Chair; Neil Abercrombie, Ranking Member)
** Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and Capabilities (Jim Saxton, Chair; Marty Meehan, Ranking Member)
** Total Force (John M. McHugh, Chair; Vic Snyder, Ranking Member)
* Budget (Jim Nussle, Chair; John M. Spratt Jr., Ranking Member)
* Education and the Workforce (John Boehner, Chair; George Miller, Ranking Member)
** Education Reform (Michael Castle, Chair; Lynn Woolsey, Ranking Member)
** Employer-Employee Relations (Sam Johnson, Chair; Robert E. Andrews, Ranking Member)
** Select Education (Peter Hoekstra, Chair; Ruben Hinojosa, Ranking Member)
** Workforce Protections (Charlie Norwood, Chair; Major Owens, Ranking Member)
** 21st Century Competitiveness (Buck McKeon, Chair; Dale Kildee, Ranking Member)
* Energy and Commerce (Billy Tauzin, Chair; Richard Burr, Vice Chair)
** Commerce, Trade and Consumer Protection (Cliff Stearns, Chair; John B. Shadegg, Vice Chair)
** Energy and Air Quality (Joe Barton, Chair; John Shimkus, Vice Chair)
** Environment and Hazardous Materials (Paul E. Gillmor, Chair; Vito Fossella, Vice Chair)
** Health (Michael Bilirakis, Chair; Charlie Norwood, Vice Chair)
** Oversight and Investigations (James C. Greenwood, Chair; Greg Walden, Vice Chair)
** Telecommunications and the Internet (Fred Upton, Chair; Cliff Stearns, Vice Chair)
* Financial Services (Mike Oxley, Chair; Barney Frank, Ranking Member)
** Capital Markets, Insurance and Government-Sponsored Enterprises (Richard H. Baker, Chair; Paul Kanjorski, Ranking Member)
** Domestic and International Monetary Policy, Trade and Technology (Peter T. King, Chair; Carolyn Maloney, Ranking Member)
** Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit (Spencer Bachus, Chair; Bernie Sanders, Ranking Member)
** Housing and Community Opportunity (Bob Ney, Chair; Maxine Waters, Ranking Member)
** Oversight and Investigations (Sue W. Kelly, Chair; Luis Guiterrez, Ranking Member)
* Government Reform (Thomas Davis, Chair; Henry Waxman, Ranking Member)
** Civil Service and Agency Organization (Jo Ann Davis, Chair; Danny K. Davis, Ranking Member)
** Criminal Justice, Drug Policy and Human Resources (Mark Souder, Chair; Elijah E. Cummings, Ranking Member)
** Energy Policy, Natural Resources and Regulatory Affairs (Doug Ose, Chair; John Tierney, Ranking Member)
** Government Efficiency and Financial Management (Todd R. Platts, Chair; Edolphus Towns, Ranking Member)
** Human Rights and Wellness (Dan Burton, Chair; Diane Watson, Ranking Member)
** National Security, Emerging Threats and International Relations (Christopher Shays, Chair; Dennis J. Kucinich, Ranking Member)
** Technology, Information Policy, Intergovernmental Relations and the Census (Adam Putnam, Chair; William Lacy Clay, Ranking Member)
* House Administration (Bob Ney, Chair; John B. Larson, Ranking Member)
* International Relations (Henry J. Hyde, Chair; Tom Lantos, Ranking Member)
** Africa (Ed Royce, Chair; Donald Payne, Ranking Member)
** Asia and the Pacific (Jim Leach, Chair; Eni Faleomavaega, Ranking Member)
** Europe (Doug Bereuter, Chair; Robert Wexler, Ranking Member)
** International Terrorism, Nonproliferation and Human Rights (Elton Gallegly, Chair; Brad Sherman, Ranking Member)
** The Middle East and Central Asia (Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, Chair; Gary Ackerman, Ranking Member)
** The Western Hemisphere (Cass Ballenger, Chair; Robert Menendez, Ranking Member)
* Judiciary (Jim Sensenbrenner, Chair; John Conyers, Ranking Member)
** Commercial and Administrative Law (Chris Cannon, Chair; Mel Watt, Ranking Member)
** The Constitution (Steve Chabot, Chair; Jerrold Nadler, Ranking Member)
** Courts, The Internet and Intellectual Property (Lamar S. Smith, Chair; Howard Berman, Ranking Member)
** Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Security (Howard Coble, Chair; Bobby Scott, Ranking Member)
** Immigration, Border Security and Claims (John Hostettler, Chair; Sheila Jackson Lee, Ranking Member)
* Resources (Richard Pombo, Chair; Jim Gibbons, Vice Chair)
** Energy and Mineral Resources (Barbara Cubin, Chair; Ron Kind, Ranking Member)
** Fisheries Conservation, Wildlife and Oceans (Wayne T. Gilchrest, Chair; Frank Pallone Jr., Ranking Member)
** Forests and Forest Health (Scott McInnis, Chair; Jay Inslee, Ranking Member)
** National Parks, Recreation and Public Lands (George P. Radanovich, Chair; Donna Christian-Christensen, Ranking Member)
** Water and Power (Ken Calvert, Chair; Grace Napolitano, Ranking Member)
* Rules (David Dreier, Chair; Porter Goss, Vice Chair)
** The Legislative Process (Deborah Pryce, Chair; Lincoln Diaz-Balart, Vice Chair)
** Technology and the House (John Linder, Chair; Sue W. Myrick, Vice Chair)
* Science (Sherwood Boehlert, Chair; Ralph M. Hall, Ranking Member)
** Energy (Judy Biggert, Chair; Nick Lampson, Ranking Member)
** Environment, Technology and Standards (Vernon Ehlers, Chair; Mark Udall, Ranking Member)
** Research (Nick Smith, Chair; Eddie Bernice Johnson, Ranking Member)
** Space and Aeronautics (Dana Rohrabacher, Chair; Bart Gordon, Ranking Member)
* Small Business (Donald A. Manzullo, Chair; Nydia Velazquez, Ranking Member)
** Regulatory Reform and Oversight (Edward L. Schrock, Chair; Charles A. Gonzalez, Ranking Member)
** Rural Enterprises, Agriculture and Technology (Sam Graves, Chair; Frank Ballance, Ranking Member)
** Tax, Finance and Exports (Patrick J. Toomey, Chair; Juanita Millender-McDonald, Ranking Member)
** Workforce, Empowerment and Government Programs (W. Todd Akin, Chair; Tom Udall, Ranking Member)
* Standards of Official Conduct (Joel Hefley, Chair; Alan B. Mollohan, Ranking Member)
* Transportation and Infrastructure (Don Young, Chair; Jim Oberstar, Ranking Member)
** Aviation (John Mica, Chair; Peter A. DeFazio, Ranking Member)
** Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation (Frank A. LoBiondo, Chair; Bob Filner, Ranking Member)
** Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management (Steve LaTourette, Chair; Eleanor Holmes Norton, Ranking Member)
** Highways, Transit and Pipelines (Tom Petri, Chair; Bill Lipinski, Ranking Member)
** Railroads (Jack Quinn, Chair; Corrine Brown, Ranking Member)
** Water Resources and Environment (John J. Duncan Jr., Chair; Jerry F. Costello, Ranking Member)
* Veterans' Affairs (Chris Smith, Chair; Lane Evans, Ranking Member)
** Benefits (Henry E. Brown Jr., Chair; Michael Michaud, Ranking Member)
** Health (Rob Simmons, Chair; Ciro Rodriguez, Ranking Member)
** Oversight and Investigations (Steve Buyer, Chair; Darlene Hooley, Ranking Member)
* Ways and Means (Bill Thomas, Chair; Charles Rangel, Ranking Member)
** Health (Nancy Johnson, Chair; Pete Stark, Ranking Member)
** Human Resources (Wally Herger, Chair; Ben Cardin, Ranking Member)
** Oversight (Amo Houghton, Chair; Earl Pomeroy, Ranking Member)
** Select Revenue Measures (Jim McCrery, Chair; Michael McNulty, Ranking Member)
** Social Security (E. Clay Shaw Jr., Chair; Bob Matsui, Ranking Member)
** Trade (Phil Crane, Chair; Sander Levin, Ranking Member)
* Whole

### Joint committees

* Economic (Sen. Robert F. Bennett, Chair; Rep. Jim Saxton, Vice Chair)
* Taxation (Rep. Bill Thomas, Chair; Sen. Chuck Grassley, Vice Chair)
* The Library (Sen. Ted Stevens, Chair; Rep. Vernon J. Ehlers, Vice Chair)
* Printing (Rep. Bob Ney, Chair; Sen. Saxby Chambliss, Vice Chair)

## Employees
### Legislative branch agency directors

* Architect of the Capitol: Alan M. Hantman
* Attending Physician of the United States Congress: John F. Eisold
* Comptroller General of the United States: David M. Walker
* Director of the Congressional Budget Office: Barry B. Anderson, until February 5, 2003
** Douglas Holtz-Eakin, from February 5, 2003
* Librarian of Congress: James H. Billington
* Public Printer of the United States: Bruce James

### Senate

* Chaplain: Lloyd John Ogilvie (Presbyterian), until March 15, 2003
** Barry C. Black (Seventh-day Adventist), from July 7, 2003
* Curator: Diane K. Skvarla
* Historian: Richard A. Baker
* Parliamentarian: Alan S. Frumin
* Secretary: Emily J. Reynolds
* Librarian: Greg Harness
* Secretary for the Majority: David J. Schiappa
* Secretary for the Minority: Martin P. Paone
* Sergeant at Arms: Alfonso E. Lenhardt, until March 17, 2003
** William H. Pickle, from March 17, 2003

### House of Representatives

Employees include:
* Chaplain: Daniel P. Coughlin (Roman Catholic)
* Chief Administrative Officer: James M. Eagen III
* Clerk: Jeff Trandahl
* Inspector General: Steven McNamara
* Parliamentarian: Charles W. Johnson III, until May 31, 2004
** John V. Sullivan, from May 31, 2004
* Reading Clerks: Mary Kevin Niland (Democratic); Paul Hays (Republican)
* Sergeant at Arms: Wilson Livingood