OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John N. Williamson

John Newton Williamson (November 8, 1855 – August 29, 1943) was an American rancher and politician in the state of Oregon. A native Oregonian, he served in both chambers of the Oregon Legislative Assembly representing central and eastern Oregon in the late 19th century. A Republican, he then served in Congress from 1903 to 1907 and was involved in the Oregon land fraud scandal.

## Early life

John Williamson was born in Lane County, near Junction City in the Oregon Territory on November 8, 1855, to Joseph and Minerva Williamson. He earned his education at the local schools of Salem and then at Willamette University in that city. Williamson married Sarah V. Forrest in Albany and they had three children. In 1876, he moved to Eastern Oregon and started in the livestock trade in Wasco and Crook counties. He also owned and edited the Prineville Review in Crook county from 1893 to 1896.

## Political career

In 1886, he was selected as sheriff of Crook County, serving in that office until 1888. That year he was elected to serve the county in the Oregon House of Representatives. In 1898, he returned to the House as a Republican during a special session of the legislature and returned for the 1899 session. Williamson was elected to the Oregon State Senate in 1900 and served in the 1901 and 1903 sessions, but not the special session in 1903. Williamson represented Crook, Klamath, Lake and Wasco counties, and served as president pro tempore of the Senate in 1901.
He was elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives from Oregon and served from March 4, 1903, to March 3, 1907. He declined to run for re-election in 1906. In 1905, Williamson was convicted along with Oregon senator John H. Mitchell and other co-conspirators on crimes involving political corruption and the illegal acquisition of public lands in the Oregon land fraud scandal. His conviction was overturned in 1908 by the United States Supreme Court in Williamson v. United States, 207 U.S. 425, 28 S. Ct. 163. The court remanded the case for a new trial, but no new trial occurred.

## Later years

After leaving Congress he returned to Crook County and raising livestock and other agricultural activities. Williamson returned to public life in 1922, when he was appointed as the postmaster for Prineville, serving in the position until 1934. He died on August 29, 1943, at the age of 87 in Prineville, where he was buried at the Masonic Cemetery.
# Nerode Prize

The EATCS–IPEC Nerode Prize is a theoretical computer science prize awarded for outstanding research in the area of multivariate algorithmics. It is awarded by the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science and the International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation. The prize was offered for the first time in 2013.

## Winners

The prize winners so far have been:
* 2013: Chris Calabro, Russell Impagliazzo, Valentine Kabanets, Ramamohan Paturi, and Francis Zane, for their research formulating the exponential time hypothesis and using it to determine the exact parameterized complexity of several important variants of the Boolean satisfiability problem.
* 2014: Hans L. Bodlaender, Rodney G. Downey, Michael R. Fellows, Danny Hermelin, Lance Fortnow, and Rahul Santhanam, for their work on kernelization, proving that several problems with fixed-parameter tractable algorithms do not have polynomial-size kernels unless the polynomial hierarchy collapses.
* 2015: Erik Demaine, Fedor V. Fomin, Mohammad Hajiaghayi, and Dimitrios Thilikos, for their research on bidimensionality, defining a broad framework for the design of fixed-parameter-tractable algorithms for domination and covering problems on graphs.
* 2016: Andreas Björklund for his paper Determinant Sums for Undirected Hamiltonicity, showing that methods based on algebraic graph theory lead to a significantly improved algorithm for finding Hamiltonian cycles
* 2017: Fedor V. Fomin, Fabrizio Grandoni, and Dieter Kratsch, for developing the "measure and conquer" method for the analysis of backtracking algorithms.
* 2018: Stefan Kratsch and Magnus Wahlström for their work using matroid theory to develop polynomial-size kernels for odd cycle transversal and related problems.
* 2019: Noga Alon, Raphael Yuster, and Uri Zwick, for inventing the Color-coding technique, a vastly important ingredient in the toolbox of parameterized algorithm design.
* 2020: Daniel Marx, Jianer Chen, Yang Liu, Songjian Lu, Barry O’Sullivan, Igor Razgon, for inventing the concepts of important separators and cuts which have become elegant and efficient tools used to establish the fixed parameter tractability of graph problems.
* 2021: C. S. Calude, S. Jain, B. Khoussainov, W. Li, F. Stephan, for their quasipolynomial time algorithm for deciding parity games.
* 2022: Bruno Courcelle for Courcelle's theorem on the fixed-parameter tractability of graph properties in monadic second-order logic.
* 2023: Marek Cygan, Jesper Nederlof, Marcin Pilipczuk, Michal Pilipczuk, Johan M. M. van Rooij, and Jakub Onufry Wojtaszczyk for their paper Solving Connectivity Problems Parameterized by Treewidth in Single Exponential Time.
* 2024: Hans L. Bodlaender, Fedor V. Fomin, Daniel Lokshtanov, Eelko Penninkx, Saket Saurabh, and Dimitrios M. Thilikos for their paper (Meta) Kernelization.
# Ľadový štít

Ľadový štít (translated into English as Ice Peak; Hungarian: Jég-völgyi-csúcs, literally, Ice Valley Peak) is the third highest of the Tatra Mountains, in Slovakia, and in the whole 1,500 km (930 mi) long Carpathian mountain chain, as well as in northern and eastern Central Europe.

## History

The first confirmed ascent was made by 1843 John Ball, Wilhelm Richter, Carl Ritter, a Polish philologist, a Hungarian landscape painter and three Polish mountain guides. In 1843, the first ascent was recorded, via Suchý žlab (Dry Couloir).

## Mounteineering

The most popular climbing routes:
Normal route. As first men on the top. Scale UIAA I.
Ľadový koň (Ice ridge). North ridge from Tery hut to Ľadová priehyba (Ice pass) and on the top. Scale UIAA II.
Grósz route. The left side of southeast wall. Scale UIAA III.
Brnčal pillar. The central southeast wall. Scale UIAA IV.
# Airpower Museum (Antique Airfield)

The Airpower Museum is a 20,000-square-foot (1,900 m$^2$) aviation museum located near Blakesburg, Iowa on Antique Airfield. The Airpower Museum was founded by Robert L. Taylor and the Antique Airplane Association in 1965 and features various periods of aviation through models, engines, propellers, photos and original art. Approximately 25 aircraft are on display, including warbirds from World War II.

## Collection

The Airpower Museum's collection of aircraft includes:
* Aeronca C-3
* Aeronca K
* Aeronca 65CA Super Chief
* Aeronca 65TC (0-58B) (L-3B)
* Aeronca 7AC Champion
* Aeronca 11AC Chief
* American Eagle Eaglet B-31
* Arrow Sport F
* Backstrom WPB-1 Flying Plank II
* BD-5
* Bölkow Bo 208A-1 Junior
* Bounsall Super Prospector
* Brewster-Fleet B-1
* Culver Cadet LCA (LFA)
* Culver PQ-14 Cadet
* Fleet 7
* Funk Model B
* Great Lakes 2T-1A
* Hall Cherokee II
* Mooney M-18 Mite
* Morrisey Bravo
* Pietenpol Aircamper
* Pietenpol Sky Scout
* Piper L-4 Cub
* Porterfield CP-40
* Rearwin Cloudster
* Rearwin Skyranger 190F
* Rearwin Sportster
* Republic RC-3 Seabee
* Rose Parakeet A-1
* Ryan STA
* Ryan PT-22 Recruit
* Smith DSA-1 Miniplane
* Stinson 10
* Stinson Junior S
* Volmer VJ-23 Swingwing
* Welch OW-8
# Narciso Esquivel y Salazar

Narciso Esquivel y Salazar (died 1876) was a Costa Rican politician. He was a signer of the Costa Rican Act of Independence [es] in 1821.
He was married to Ursula Saenz Ulloa. His son Aniceto Esquivel Sáenz later became President of Costa Rica.
# Athletics at the 1957 World University Games – Men's 800 metres

The men's 800 metres event at the 1957 World University Games was held at the Stadium Charlety in Paris on 5 and 7 September 1957.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Olaf Lawrenz West Germany | Josef Cegledi Austria | Edward Buswell Great Britain |

## Results
### Heats

| Rank | Heat | Athlete | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | Josef Cegledi | Austria | 1:53.8 | Q |
| 2 | 1 | Leslie Locke | Great Britain | 1:54.2 | Q |
| 3 | 1 | Lang Stanley | United States | 1:54.5 | Q |
| 4 | 1 | Henryk Gralewski | Poland | 1:54.5 | |
| 5 | 1 | Johannes Kaiser | West Germany | 1:55.9 | |
| 6 | 1 | Jean Bordelot | France | 1:57.5 | |
| 7 | 1 | Félix Arribas | Spain | ?:??.? | |
| 8 | 1 | Ali-Tolpa | Finland | ?:??.? | |
| 9 | 1 | Roberto Sambo | Italy | ?:??.? | |
| 1 | 2 | Olaf Lawrenz | West Germany | 1:54.3 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | Edward Buswell | Great Britain | 1:54.4 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | Francis Rivière | France | 1:54.8 | Q |
| 4 | 2 | Roger Bofferding | Luxembourg | 1:57.5 | |
| 5 | 2 | Jaime Rodrigo | Spain | 2:00.8 | |
| 6 | 2 | Andrej Vipotnik | Yugoslavia | 2:02.3 | |
| 7 | 2 | Garo Kazandijan | Lebanon | ?:??.? | |
| 1 | 3 | Jim Paterson | Great Britain | 1:55.3 | Q |
| 2 | 3 | Rudolf Klaban | Austria | 1:55.9 | Q |
| 3 | 3 | Ralph Seidel | West Germany | 1:56.3 | Q |
| 4 | 3 | André Wendling | France | 1:57.1 | |
| 5 | 3 | Manuel García Cabrera | Spain | 1:59.0 | |
| 6 | 3 | Michel Lallemand | Belgium | 2:02.6 | |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Olaf Lawrenz | West Germany | 1:50.3 |
| | Josef Cegledi | Austria | 1:50.6 |
| | Edward Buswell | Great Britain | 1:51.6 |
| 4 | Lang Stanley | United States | 1:52.1 |
| 5 | Leslie Locke | Great Britain | 1:52.7 |
| 6 | Ralph Seidel | West Germany | 1:52.8 |
| 7 | Rudolf Klaban | Austria | 1:56.5 |
| 8 | Jim Paterson | Great Britain | 1:56.6 |
| | Francis Rivière | France | ? |
# Network International

Network International Holdings provides technology-enabled payments as a service to merchants and financial institutions in the Middle East and Africa. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange until it was acquired by Brookfield Asset Management in September 2024.

## History

The company was founded in the United Arab Emirates as a payments subsidiary of Emirates Bank in 1994. Mainly operating in the Middle East and Africa region it became the first independent vendor in the Middle East to be certified by Mastercard and Visa for payments, and a member of the JCB and UnionPay card schemes. The Abraaj Group bought a 49 per cent stake in the business in 2011.
In January 2017, Simon Haslam, CEO of US payments processor Elavon replaced Bhairav Trivedi as CEO. Nandan Mer, Mastercard Strategy Head for International Markets, took over Simon upon the latter’s retirement in 2021.
The Abraaj Group sold its stake to a joint venture between Warburg Pincus and General Atlantic in 2015. In a deal worth $340 million, Network acquired Emerging Markets Payments (EMP) from Actis in March 2016, creating the largest payments processor in the MENA region, estimated as five times larger than CSC in Lebanon by Bhairav Trivedi, the CEO of Network at the time. It remains the largest payments processor in the region.
In March 2019, Network announced its intention to float on the London Stock Exchange's main market, as well as the appointment of Ron Kalifa OBE, British payments rival Worldpay's former CEO, as Chairman.
The company was the subject of an initial public offering in April 2019. It was the largest float of that year until that point, listing with a valuation of £2.2 billion in the premium listing segment of the Official List of the Financial Conduct Authority and trading on the Main Market of the London Stock Exchange. It also joined the FTSE 250 index of companies. Network International sold 40% of its shares at the IPO. In addition to this, Mastercard bought a cornerstone investment of $300 million, though the deal subject to a 9.99% limit, which it stated it would invest in shared projects with Network in the MENA region as part of the deal. Mastercard is now the fourth largest shareholder in Network International after General Atlantic, Warburg Pincus and Emirates NBD. While there were some concerns regarding Brexit's impact on market conditions Kalifa commented that the London IPO would not be troubled by Brexit, as Network's business is not reliant on the UK-EU relationship.
In September 2021, Network announced the completion of its acquisition of DPO Group for $291.3 million. DPO is the largest online payments platform operating across Africa, operating as a payments partner for merchants across 21 African countries.
Brookfield Asset Management made an offer to acquire the company for £2.2 billion ($2.76 billion) in June 2023. The High Court approved the transaction on 13 September 2024, allowing it to complete.
# Elhayi

Elhayi (Persian: الهایی) is a city in the Central District of Ahvaz County, Khuzestan province, Iran, serving as the administrative center for Elhayi Rural District.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, Elhayi's population was 3,741 in 546 households, when it was a village in Elhayi Rural District. The following census in 2011 counted 5,103 people in 1,091 households. The 2016 census measured the population as 7,651 people in 1,905 households, by which time the village of Elhayi had merged with the village of Qaleh-ye Sahar and was elevated to the status of a city.
# Lac-des-Écorces, Quebec (former unorganized territory)

Lac-des-Écorces (French pronunciation:) was a former unorganized territory in the Outaouais region of Quebec, Canada.
On October 10, 1998, it was split up between Duhamel and Montpellier and ceased to exist.
# Music in Our Schools

Music in Our Schools is a 1953 Australian documentary directed by Ken G. Hall. It was made for the Department of Education and looks at the use of music in schools. According to the Sydney Morning Herald the film "resolves itself mainly into a scries of performances by choirs and picked instrumentalists."
The movie was released as a support featurette in cinemas for movies such as A Queen is Crowned.
Reviewing the movie, and another film for the Department of Education, the Sydney Morning Herald said "In matters of filmcraft, neither film seeks to leave plodding commonplace to find vivid and artistic ways ofcommunicaling useful data... Attempts to make individual stories-out of. the general work of, the department are... artificial, clumsy, and sometimes waggish."
# Seal hunting in Namibia

Seal culling in Namibia is a contentious issue, with animal rights groups opposing the practice as brutal, but the government supporting it and claiming the brown fur seal population may damage the fishing industry which is strategic to the Namibian economy. Seal harvesting in Namibia targets 86,000 seal pups and 6,000 adult bulls. This seal harvest takes place in three places: Cape Cross, Wolf Bay and Atlas Bay.

## Economic factors

Seals feed upon fish, and it is alleged by those supporting the practice of seal culling, that the harvesting of seals is necessary for protecting the fish resources.
According to the Fisheries Ministry seal harvesting has attracted direct foreign investment, such as the Hatem Yavuz Group who specializes in the processing and export of seal skins. International scientists have researched the possibility of implants from seal tissue and the use of seal heart valves for human heart surgery.
From 2005 to 2015, Namibia has exported nearly 400,000 seal skins. Along with Canada and Greenland, Namibia is one of the last places where seals are hunted for commercial purposes. The country has set an annual hunt quota of 80,000 Cape fur seal pups and 6,000 bulls. According to a Namibian newspaper, "the namibian", Namibia's Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources has approved for this quota to be harvested during July 2023.

## Criticism

Namibia is the only country in the Southern hemisphere where seal harvesting is still practiced, and has attracted criticism from animal rights groups. The legality of seal harvesting is put to question. Rules and regulations governing seal harvesting are not adhered to and currently the office of the Ombudsman in Namibia is carrying out investigations to that effect.
Critics also note that the profits from seal hunting are small compared to those of other Namibian industries, with seal watching bringing in more than seal harvesting does.
# Everybody Come On

"Everybody Come On" is a song by American DJ and producer DJ Skribble featuring American rappers Busta Rhymes, Rampage and Spliff, all of the Flipmode Squad, along with fellow rappers Consequence and Ed Lover.

## Track listing
### 12" single

    A1. "Everybody Come On" (NMCB 12")
    A2. "Everybody Come On" (Original TV Track Edit)
    B1. "Everybody Come On" (Original 12")
    B2. "Everybody Come On" (NMCB Clean Edit)

### UK CD maxi-single

* "Everybody Come On" (NMCB Radio Edit)
* "Everybody Come On" (Original Radio Edit)
* "Everybody Come On" (Stripe Remix Edit)
* "Everybody Come On" (NMCB 12" Mix)

## Other releases

Also in 1999, a UK garage remix of the track was released by English duo Stanton Warriors on the Fifty First Recordings label.

## 2003 version

"Everybody Come On (Can U Feel It)" is a 2003 single by Mr Reds vs. DJ Skribble. Produced by English duo Stanton Warriors, the song is a mashup using the vocals from "Everybody Come On" by DJ Skribble and the instrumental backing track of "Can You Feel It" by Mr Reds. This version was a top 20 hit in the UK, peaking at No. 13 on the UK Singles Chart in mid-2003.

### Track listing
#### UK CD single

* "Everybody Come On (Can U Feel It)" (Stanton Warriors Remix)
* "Everybody Come On" - DJ Skribble (NMCB Clean Edit)
* "Can U Feel It" - Mr Reds
* Video
# Southside Story 2: International

Southside Story 2: International is a New Zealand compilation album released by Dawn Raid Entertainment in 2001.

## History

Southside Story 2: International was released in June 2001 through Dawn Raid Entertainment as well as King Distribution. Since the release of the first compilation in 2000, Dawn Raid had expanded into a clothing business, opened a streetwear store and a barbershop.
Around this time the founders of Dawn Raid Entertainment Brotha D & Y.D.N.A had begun taking trips overseas to America to investigate the music scene, it was in this environment that the new album was created. With connections made in LA and N.Y, Dawn Raid licensed tracks from Jymini, hooked in Canadian star Kardinal Offishall, and spent a lot of time establishing the services of underground New York artists such as Ghetto Rustlaz, Prince Domonique and Harlem's own B.A.G.S.
The Deceptikonz debuted their lyrical frenzy on "Elimination" and "Beware", which ended up getting them voted for the best new group at the bFM Awards 2001.

## Track listing

* Intro - Brotha D
* Elimination - Deceptikonz
* Where We're Goin - Ghetto Rustlaz
* Girlz Pimp 2 - Jymini
* 2000 Beyond - K.A.O.S
* Unstoppable - Ill Semantics
* I Know - Lyrical Lord
* Connect - DJ Sirvere featuring Mareko and Scribe
* MIC T.H.U.G.S - Kardinal Offishall
* Bang Bang - Jymini
* Southside Souljahz - 275
* Runnin Thangs - K.A.O.S
* Who Run This - B.A.G.S
* Verbal Assault - Ill Semantics
* Beware - Deceptikonz
* Game Of Death - Prince Domonique
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# Caln, Pennsylvania

Caln is a census-designated place (CDP) in Caln Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,519 at the 2010 census. It is located east of the city of Coatesville and lies west of Philadelphia.

## Geography

Caln is located at 39°59′25″N 75°46′48″W﻿ / ﻿39.99028°N 75.78000°W﻿ / 39.99028; -75.78000. The Lincoln Highway, also known as U.S. Route 30 Business, forms the southern edge of the CDP. Caln CDP extends north as far as Pennsylvania Route 340. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.81 square miles (2.1 km$^2$), all land.

## Education

The school district is Coatesville Area School District.
# Dasht-e Zahab District

Dasht-e Zahab District (Persian: بخش دشت ذهاب) is in Sarpol-e Zahab County, Kermanshah province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Kuik, whose population at the time of the 2016 census was 1,754 people in 464 households.

## History

After the 2016 National Census, Dasht-e Zahab, Jeygaran, Posht Tang, and Sarqaleh Rural Districts were separated from the Central District in the formation of Dasht-e Zahab District. In addition, several villages merged to establish the new village of Kuik, capital of the district.

## Demographics
### Administrative divisions

Dasht-e Zahab District :
* Administrative Divisions
* Dasht-e Zahab RD
* Jeygaran RD
* Posht Tang RD
* Sarqaleh RD
* RD = Rural District
# Thorndale, Pennsylvania

Thorndale is a census-designated place in Caln Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,407 at the 2010 census.
Thorndale is the commercial and administrative center of Caln Township. The community's main street is U.S. Route 30 Business. Many of Thorndale's old houses fell into disrepair from the late 1990s to present and have been torn down and replaced with new businesses.
Thorndale is historically notable for containing a summer house of U.S. President James Buchanan, which still stands and has been incorporated into a golf course and turned into a restaurant. The community contains the Thorndale Fire Station and Caln Elementary School, part of the Coatesville Area School District. Thorndale sits along SEPTA's Paoli/Thorndale Line and is currently the last station stop on that line. It is also served by the SEPTA Route 135 bus.

## Geography

Thorndale is located at 39°59′47″N 75°45′6″W﻿ / ﻿39.99639°N 75.75167°W﻿ / 39.99639; -75.75167 (39.996456, -75.751606).
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Thorndale has a total area of 1.8 square miles (4.7 km$^2$), of which 0.55% is water. It is part of Caln Township, with students attending school in either the Coatesville Area School District or the Downingtown Area School District.

## Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 3,561 people, 1,347 households, and 952 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,953.2 inhabitants per square mile (754.1/km$^2$). There were 1,418 housing units at an average density of 777.8 per square mile (300.3/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 82.65% White, 10.98% African American, 0.22% Native American, 2.33% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 2.13% from other races, and 1.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.32% of the population.
There were 1,347 households, out of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.2% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.3% were non-families. 22.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.12.
The population in Thorndale was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 36.1% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 8.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.2 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $61,830, and the median income for a family was $70,781. Males had a median income of $45,573 versus $35,096 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,376. About 4.4% of families and 6.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.9% of those under age 18 and 14.5% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

The school district is Coatesville Area School District.