OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ralph Edwards (Royal Navy officer)

Admiral Sir Ralph Alan Bevan Edwards KCB CBE (31 March 1901 – 4 February 1963) was a Royal Navy officer who served as Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet.

## Naval career

Edwards joined the Royal Navy in 1914 and served in the battlecruiser HMS Tiger in the Grand Fleet during World War I.
In World War II, he served as Deputy Director and then as Director of the Operations Division for the Home Fleet. During this time, he oversaw the operation to sink the German battleship Bismarck. He then became Chief of Staff for the Eastern Fleet and, from March 1945, was Captain of HMNZS Gambia.
After the war he was made Captain of the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious. He became Assistant Chief of Naval Staff in 1948. In July, 1951, he returned to sea in command of the First Cruiser Squadron and as Flag Officer (Air), Mediterranean, hoisting his flag in his old ship the Gambia. From November 1951, he was also Flag Officer, Second in Command of the Mediterranean Fleet. He then became Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy in 1953. His last appointment was as Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet and NATO Commander Allied Forces Mediterranean in 1957. He retired in 1958.

## Family

In 1932 he married Joan Le Fowne Hurt; they had one son and one daughter.
# I Am a Camera

I Am a Camera is a 1951 Broadway play by John Van Druten adapted from Christopher Isherwood's 1939 novel Goodbye to Berlin, which is part of The Berlin Stories. The title is a quotation taken from the novel's first page: "I am a camera with its shutter open, quite passive, recording, not thinking." The original production was staged by John Van Druten, with scenic and lighting design by Boris Aronson and costumes by Ellen Goldsborough. It opened at the Empire Theatre in New York City on November 28, 1951 and ran for 214 performances before closing on July 12, 1952.
The production was a critically acclaimed success for both Julie Harris as the insouciant Sally Bowles, winning her the first of five Tony Awards of her career for Best Leading Actress in a play, and for Marian Winters, who won both the Theatre World Award and Tony Award for Featured Actress in a Play. The play also won for John Van Druten the New York Drama Critics' Circle for Best American Play (1952). It also earned the famous review by Walter Kerr, "Me no Leica".

## Original Broadway Cast (1951)

* Christopher Isherwood – William Prince
* Fraulein Schneider – Olga Fabian
* Fritz Wendel – Martin Brooks
* Sally Bowles – Julie Harris
* Natalia Landauer – Marian Winters
* Clive Mortimer – Edward Andrews
* Mrs. Watson-Courtneidge – Catherine Willard

## Adaptations

* Film – I Am a Camera (1955) – screenplay by John Collier, music by Malcolm Arnold, starring Julie Harris, Laurence Harvey, and Shelley Winters.
* Broadway Musical – Cabaret (1966) – directed by Hal Prince, book by Joe Masteroff, music by John Kander, lyrics by Fred Ebb, starring Jill Haworth, Bert Convy, Lotte Lenya, Jack Gilford, and Joel Grey.
* Film Musical – Cabaret (1972) – directed by Bob Fosse, music by John Kander, lyrics by Fred Ebb, starring Liza Minnelli, Joel Grey, and Michael York.
# Thorn tree

Thorn tree may refer to:
* The common name for several species of trees in tropical or temperate climates that have spiky, thornlike leaves, e.g. the Acacia and the boxthorn (Lycium)
* Thorntree, a housing estate in the town of Middlesbrough, in North East England
* A long-running travel-related discussion forum on the Web site of Lonely Planet.
# Merugu Nagarjuna

Merugu Nagarjuna is an Indian politician, Minister for Social Welfare of Andhra Pradesh and Member of Legislative Assembly belonging to Yuvajana Sramika Raitu Congress Party. He represents Vemuru assembly constituency.

## Early life

Merugu Nagarjuna is a native of Vellaturu village, Bhattiprolu mandal, Guntur district. He was born on June 15, 1966, to Koteswara Rao in Vellaturu village, Bhattiprolu mandal, Guntur district.

## Education

In 1994, Merugu Nagarjuna completed his Master of Commerce, Master of Philosophy, Doctor of Philosophy in Andhra University. He worked as a Professor of Andhra University in Visakhapatnam.

## Political career

Merugu Nagarjuna started his political journey with the Congress Party and Nagarjuna is very active in student politics from his childhood. He became an activist of Indian National Congress party by Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy and later on he served as Chairman of SC, ST Commission Andhra Pradesh. He then gradually rose in Yuvajana Sramika Raitu Congress Party (YSRCP).
Merugu Nagarjuna joined the YSRCP and early he served as President of SC CELL Andhra Pradesh state of the YSR Congress Party. He has served as a Convenor of YSRCP. He served as an Official Spokesperson. In 2019, Nagarjuna is the current MLA (Member of the Legislative Assembly) of YSRCP in Vemuru constituency, Guntur district.
# A. G. Kripal Singh

Amritsar Govindsingh Kripal Singh pronunciation (6 August 1933 – 22 July 1987) was an Indian Test cricketer.

## Life and career

Kripal Singh came from a famous cricketing family. His father A. G. Ram Singh was unlucky not to play for India, his brother Milkha Singh was a Test cricketer, and another brother, two sons, his daughter and a nephew all played first-class cricket. He was an attacking batsman and a useful off spin bowler.
He played a leading role in Madras winning the Ranji Trophy in 1954–55, scoring 636 runs and taking 13 wickets. In the semi-final against Bengal he hit 98 and 97 – the second innings runs came out of a total of 139 all out in which no one else reached double figures – and took 4 for 18 in the second innings. Kripal had university exams at the time of the final and was granted a postponement by the university. In the final against Holkar he scored 75 and 91 and seven wickets in a narrow victory. Earlier in the season he scored his career best score of 208 against Travancore-Cochin.
Picked for the Test series against New Zealand in the following season, he scored 100* on his debut. That was to remain his only Test hundred. He scored two other fifties, one a defiant 53 against West Indies in 1958–59.
Kripal toured England in 1959. He hit 178 against Lancashire and played in one Test where he scored 41. A finger injury severely limited his appearances. Though he remained within the sight of the selectors, his Test appearances were irregular thereafter. He played three Tests in 1961–62 and two in 1963–64, all against England. It was in the Third Test in 1961–62 that he took his first wicket in Test cricket. He had bowled 588 balls in nine innings and ten Tests prior to this, and no bowler has taken as many balls for his first wicket. In the same Test, he was involved in a scandal that ended the career of Subhash Gupte.
In one of the Test matches in 1963–64 when many English players went down with injury and illness, Kripal fielded for them almost as a permanent substitute. Towards the end of his career Kripal became more of a bowler. He captained Tamil Nadu, and South Zone in the first ever Duleep Trophy match.
He was born a Sikh, but between his Test appearances, Kripal fell in love with a Christian girl and converted to marry her and shaved off his beard and had hair cut.
Kripal died from a cardiac arrest at the age of 53. He was a national selector at the time of his death and had been due to become chairman of the selection committee in August 1987.
# Euphrictus

Euphrictus is a genus of tarantula (family Theraphosidae) which is found in Africa. It is part of the subfamily Selenogyrinae.

## Taxonomy

The genus Euphrictus was erected by A.S. Hirst in 1908 for the species Euphrictus spinosus, described on the basis of a single male from Cameroon.
Euphrictus has a rastellum on the chelicerae, which is rare in tarantulas, as it is quite primitive, and could point to the conclusion that all tarantulas may once have had this feature, but this was lost in more advanced groups. A lack of genera prevents this from being proven.

## Description

Euphrictus is characterized by the stridulating organ between the chelicerae. This consists of stout, peg-like setae and thick thornlike spines. There is also rastellum on the chelicerae.

## Species

As of January 2016, the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species:
* Euphrictus spinosus (type species) Hirst, 1908 – Cameroon
* Euphrictus squamosus (Benoit, 1965) – Congo
# Paul Nguyễn Công Anh

Paul Nguyễn Công Anh (1919 – 2008) was a Vietnamese national who was classed as a Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem.

## Early life

Paul Nguyen was born in Vietnam and immigrated to France, where he attended the University of Nice. There he met fellow student Jadwiga Alfabet, a Jewish refugee from Poland, and became engaged to her.

## Second World War

In the summer of 1942, French police began arresting Jews with foreign nationality, including some of Jadwiga's relatives. Paul married Jadwiga on 5 September 1942, in the hope that by gaining French citizenship she would be protected from deportation. The couple then moved to Clermont-Ferrand, returning to Nice in 1943 when that city was in Italian control and relatively safe. However, in September 1943 the Germans re-occupied Nice and danger of deportation returned. From this time Paul Nguyen hid his wife, her uncle and aunt, Jakub and Salome Berliner and their baby son Roland. Obtaining false papers in November 1943, he arranged a people smuggler to take Jakub to Switzerland. He arranged a second journey with Salome Berliner and her infant child.

## Personal life and awards

Paul and Jadwiga Nguyen had two daughters together. He was recognized as a Righteous Among the Nations on 30 April 2007. He is the only Vietnamese person recognized with this honour. His other decorations included the Knight of the Legion of Honour.
# Akçadağ

Akçadağ (Kurdish: Arxa) is a municipality and district of Malatya Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,118 km$^2$, and its population is 27,872 (2022). The mayor is Ali Kazgan, and the kaymakam (district governor) is Adem Topaca.

## Geography

Akçadağ is at an altitude of 1,050 m (3,440 ft) above sea level and the district is considered mountainous.

## History

In Roman times, Akçadağ was known as Arca (lat) and became in the times of emperor Hadrian or Marcus Aurelius a colonia. The town became later a bishopric (suffragan of the diocese of Melitene), whose bishops participated in the councils of 431, 451, 553 and 680-81. In the Byzantine Empire, the town was known as Arka.
On 24 Jan 2020, the town was impacted by a magnitude 6.7 earthquake.

## Composition

There are 77 neighbourhoods in Akçadağ District:
* Aksaray
* Aksüt
* Aktepe
* Aliçeri
* Altınlı
* Ancar
* Aşağıörükçü
* Aydınlar
* Bağköy
* Bahri
* Başpınar
* Bayramuşağı
* Bekiruşağı
* Bölüklü
* Büyükçimiş
* Büyükköy
* Çakılpınarı
* Çatalbahçe
* Çevirme
* Çobanuşağı
* Darıca
* Dedeköy
* Demirciler
* Develi
* Doğanlar
* Doğantepe
* Doğu
* Dümüklü
* Durulova
* Dutlu
* Eğin
* Esenbey
* Esenli
* Fatih
* Gölpınar
* Güneşli
* Gürkaynak
* Hançerli
* Hartut
* Harunuşağı
* İkinciler
* Ilıcak
* Kadıibrahim
* Kahyalı
* Karamağara
* Karapınar
* Kasımuşağı
* Kayadibi
* Keklikpınar
* Keller
* Kepez
* Kolköy
* Kömekavak
* Kotangölü
* Kozluca
* Küçükkürne
* Kültür
* Kurtuşağı
* Levent
* Mezra
* Mihmanlı
* Muratlı
* Ören
* Ortaköy
* Resuluşağı
* Sahilköy
* Sakalıuzun
* Sarıhacı
* Şeyhler
* Taşevler
* Taşolar
* Tataruşağı
* Yağmurlu
* Yalınbudak
* Yalınkaya
* Yaylımlı
* Yukarıörükçü
# Cedicoides

Cedicoides is a genus of spiders in the family Desidae made up of four species. It is characterized by well developed tegulum on the bulb of the male pedipalp. When it was published by Charitonov in 1946, it acted as a subgenus to Cedicus. Later, it was argued that the differences between spiders of Cedicoides and those of other subgenera - notably the presence of a terminal apophysis and the shape of the male pedipalp - were great enough to warrant a new genus. In 2003, it was upgraded from subgenus to genus status by Marusik & Guseinov. Spiders of this genus are rare, and are often missing from spider collections taken from these regions during any time other than their mating season.

## Species

As of November 2024, the World Spider Catalog accepted four species in the genus.

### C. maerens

Cedicoides maerens is found in Turkmenistan in the desert foothills of Kopetdagh. It was first described in 1889 by Victor R. Fet from a single female specimen found by Eugène Simon during G.I. Radde's expedition to what was then the Transcaspian Region. It was initially placed in the genus Cedicus. A male was found in the foothills of Nebit Dagh in 1982, but it was not positively identified until 1993.

### C. parthus

Cedicoides parthus was first described by Fet in 1993 from a specimen found in Turkmenistan. It is distinguished from similar species by the shape of the tibial palpal apophysis in males, parts of the epigyne and vulva in females, and the abdominal pattern in both. It is about eight millimeters long. The carapace is about 3.75 millimeters long and brown. Legs are brown and bear a pattern of light and dark stripes on the femur.

### C. pavlovskyi

Cedicoides pavlovskyi lives in the deserts and foothills of Tajikistan. It was first described by Spassky in 1941.

### C. simoni

Cedicoides simoni lives in the deserts and foothills of Uzbekistan. It was first described by Charitonov in 1946 when it was used as the type species for the subgenus Cedicoides.
# Madhav Avsh

Madhav Avsh (born 19 December 1992) is an Indian cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy on 27 February 2019.
# Beriah Palmer

Beriah Palmer (1740 in Bristol County, Massachusetts – May 20, 1812 in Ballston Spa, New York) was a United States representative from New York.
In 1769 he moved to Cornwall, Orange County. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and practiced in New York. He engaged in surveying and farming near Burnt Hills in Saratoga County, and in 1774 moved to Ballston Spa.
He served in the Twelfth Regiment of the New York militia during the Revolutionary War. He then served as assessor in 1779, commissioner of roads, district of Ballston, in 1780, 1783, and 1784, and served as postmaster in 1784. He was a member of the committee of safety of Albany County, and supervisor of Saratoga County in 1790, 1791, and 1799. He was moderator of the first board of supervisors of Saratoga County in 1791, and was appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1791. He was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1792 to 1795, and was a delegate to the New York constitutional convention in 1801.
Palmer was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Eighth Congress, holding office from March 4, 1803 to March 3, 1805. He was surrogate of Saratoga County from 1808 to 1812 and in the latter year died in Ballston Spa and was interred in the Village Cemetery.
# Żuławka, Pomeranian Voivodeship

Żuławka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pruszcz Gdański, within Gdańsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-west of Pruszcz Gdański and 19 km (12 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Hellbound (film)

Hellbound is a 1994 American action supernatural thriller film starring Chuck Norris, Calvin Levels and Christopher Neame. It was directed by Aaron Norris and written by Ian Rabin, Anthony Ridio and Brent Friedman. It was the final movie made by Cannon Films.

## Plot

Frank Shatter (Chuck Norris) and Calvin Jackson (Calvin Levels) are two Chicago Police detectives sent to investigate the brutal murder of a rabbi. As the investigation begins, Shatter and Jackson are summoned to Israel for questioning. Upon arrival, they realize that they are, in fact, pursuing a supernatural being – Satan's emissary, Prosatanos – who tried to wrest control of the world from God during the crusades. Prosatanos, however, was stopped by King Richard who trapped him in a subterranean tomb. During this encounter with King Richard, the source of Prosatanos' power – his scepter – was shattered into nine pieces which were subsequently sent to nine holy places around the world. These pieces remained safe until the end of the 20th century when Prosatanos was inadvertently freed from the tomb by two unsuspecting grave robbers. Prosatanos eventually collects all nine pieces of his scepter. Detectives Shatter and Jackson must now fight him to save the world.

## Cast

* Chuck Norris as Sergeant Frank Shatter
* Calvin Levels as Detective Calvin Jackson
* Christopher Neame as Professor Malcolm Lockley \ Prosatanos
* Sheree J. Wilson as Leslie Hawkins
* David Robb as Richard I of England
* Cherie Franklin as Captain Hull
* Jack Adalist as Reinhard Krieger
* Ezere Atar as Bezi
* Jack Messinger as Mahoney
* Elki Jackobs as Mort
* Nico Nitai as Friar
* Ori Levy as Rabbi Mordechai Shindler
* Tim Grayem as Bonehead
* Yoseph Peled as Holy Man
* Asher Tzarfati as Captain Arrad
* Korneel van den Bulck as Knight in the army

## Production
### Filming

The film was shot entirely in Israel, between May and August 1992. In particular, the second part of the movie was filmed in Jerusalem.
The film's shooting title was originally Cold to the Touch.

## Reception
### Critical response

Eoin Friel from "The Action Elite" scored the film two out of five and stated: "Overall, Hellbound is pretty lame, but on a purely guilty pleasure level it’s worth checking out. Just mute it when the sidekick is on screen."
Charles Tatum from "eFilm Critic" gave the film only one star and wrote: "This film is badly written, badly acted, and badly directed. It does not work as action, cop drama, or even horror. It just shows that the now defunct Cannon Studios was willing to throw their money into anything, no matter how badly it was planned."
Motion picture historian Leonard Maltin seemed to agree, giving the film 1.5 out of a possible 4 stars. According to himself, the movie combines "Too much acting from Neame, not enough acting from Norris, and a silly story with little action...That it was released directly to home-video two years after being shot certainly doesn't help."
# Peggy Michell

Margaret “Peggy” Amy Michell (née Saunders; 28 January 1905 – 19 June 1941) was a British female tennis player active in the 1920s. She is also known under her married name, Peggy Saunders-Michell.
She was educated at St Paul's Girls' School in London.
Along with Phoebe Holcroft, she won two consecutive women's doubles titles at Wimbledon (1928 and 1929) and the US Women's National Championship in 1929. With the same partner, she reached the final at the French Championships in 1927 in which they were defeated by Irene Bowder Peacock and Bobbie Heine.
Her best singles results at a Grand Slam tournament came in 1929 when she reached the fourth round at Wimbledon and the quarterfinals at the U.S. Championships where she lost to Elsie Goldsack and Helen Wills respectively. Michell competed in nine Wimbledon editions between 1925 and 1938.
She won the singles title at the British Covered Court Championships, played on wood courts at the Queen's Club in London, in 1926 and 1929. Ath the same event she also won the doubles title from 1929 to 1933, with four different partners, and the mixed doubles in 1928 and 1928.
Michell was part of the British Wightman Cup team in 1928, 1929 and 1932 and won the cup against the United States in 1928.

## Grand Slam finals
### Doubles (3 titles, 1 runner-up)

| Result | Year | Championship | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| Loss | 1927 | French Championships | Clay | Phoebe Watson | Irene Bowder Peacock Bobbie Heine | 2–6, 1–6 |
| Win | 1928 | Wimbledon Championships | Grass | Phoebe Watson | Ermyntrude Harvey Eileen Bennett | 6–2, 6–3 |
| Win | 1929 | Wimbledon Championships | Grass | Phoebe Watson | Phyllis Covell Dorothy Shepherd | 6–4, 8–6 |
| Win | 1929 | U.S. National Championships | Grass | Phoebe Watson | Phyllis Covell Dorothy Shepherd | 2–6, 6–3, 6–4 |
# Caterina de' Medici, Governor of Siena

Caterina de' Medici (2 May 1593 – 17 April 1629) was a Tuscan noblewoman of the Medici family. She became Duchess of Mantua and Montferrat as the second wife of Duke Ferdinando and Governor of Siena from 1627. She was the second daughter of Grand Duke Ferdinando I of Tuscany and his wife Christina of Lorraine.

## Biography

The second daughter and third child of Grand Duke Ferdinando I and his wife, Christina of Lorraine, Caterina, named after the eponymous Queen of France (who was also her great-grandmother) was born in Florence on 2 May 1593.
Caterina was considered as a potential spouse to Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, heir to the three Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, but his Anglican religion presented an insurmountable barrier.
Eventually, she married in 1617 Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat; the marriage, however, was childless.
Upon being made a widow in 1626, she returned to Tuscany. Her nephew, Grand Duke Ferdinando II, created her Governess of Siena in 1627, where she died of smallpox two years later.
In later life, Caterina garnered a reputation for intense piety. Historian Colonel G.F. Young asserts that she bore a striking resemblance to her brother Cosimo II and sister Claudia. She was interred in the Medicean necropolis, the Basilica of San Lorenzo.

## Ancestors

Ancestors of Caterina de' Medici, Governor of Siena :
# Daniel Curtis (politician)

Daniel Curtis was an American politician from New York.
He lived in Granville, New York, and was a member from Washington and Clinton counties of the New York State Assembly in 1791 and 1792-93.
# Savage Dreams

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Savage Dreams is the debut solo studio album by the American rapper Baby Beesh. It was released on June 19, 2001, via Dope House Records. Recording sessions took place at Dope House Records and Digital Services in Houston. Production was handled by Happy Perez, Mario Ayala, Hotan, B.R. and Jaime "Pain" Ortiz, with Arthur Coy Jr. and South Park Mexican serving as executive producers. It features guest appearances from 713, B.R., Don Cisco, Dum Dum, Frost, Grimm, Jay Tee, Lil' Villain, Lucky Luciano, Merciless, Mr. Kee, Rasheed, Russell Lee, Sneak, SPM, Travieso, T.O. Ikeman and fellow Latino Velvet members.
The album shows a mixture of West Coast hip hop style with a Southern hip hop flow in beats.
The song "Styrofoam Cup" originally appeared on the South Park Mexican 2000 compilation album The Purity Album.

## Personnel

* Ronnie "Baby Beesh" Bryant – vocals
* Juan Carlos "Mr. Kee" Oliva – vocals (track 2)
* Carlos "South Park Mexican" Coy – vocals (tracks: 4, 18), executive producer
* Alfonso "Rasheed" Cook – vocals (tracks: 4, 18, 19)
* Russell Atkins – backing vocals (tracks: 4, 5, 11, 13), vocals (track 14)
* Ayana Mack – backing vocals (tracks: 5, 6, 8, 10)
* Paul Anthony "Grimm" Ramirez – vocals (tracks: 6, 14, 18), backing vocals (track 11)
* Latino Velvet – vocals (track 7)
* Christian Anthony "Lucky Luciano" Garcia – vocals (track 10)
* Travieso – vocals (track 12)
* Marco "Merciless" Parada – vocals (track 13)
* Gabriel "Lil' Villain" Aguilar – vocals (track 14)
* Isaac R. "T.O. Ikeman" Sanchez – vocals (track 14)
* 713 – vocals (track 14)
* James "Jay Tee" Trujillo – vocals (track 16)
* Arturo "Kid Frost" Mollina Jr. – vocals (track 16)
* Sneak – vocals (track 16)
* B.R. – vocals & producer (track 16)
* Roland "Dum Dum" Sampey – vocals (track 17)
* Francisco "Don Cisco" Soto – vocals (track 19)
* Erroll "Poppi" McCalla, Jr. – brass (track 10)
* Mario Andretti Ayala – producer (tracks: 1, 3, 6, 8, 10)
* Nathan "Happy Perez" Pérez – producer (tracks: 2, 4, 5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 18, 19)
* Hotan Kheyrandish – producer (tracks: 12, 15)
* Jaime "Pain" Ortiz – producer (track 17), engineering
* "Big Bert" Trevino – engineering
* Jose "Block Of Rock" De Leon – engineering
* Pete "Dirtywerk" Camarillo – engineering
* Randy "Shadow" Ramirez – arranger, mixing
* James Hoover – arranger, mixing
* Gary L. Moon – mastering
* Arthur Coy Jr. – executive producer
* Alex "Lobo" Hernandez – art direction, A&R
* Pen & Pixel Graphics – cover, design
* Mike Frost – layout