OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shock troops

Shock troops, assault troops, or storm troops are special formations created to lead military attacks. They are often better trained and equipped than other military units and are expected to take heavier casualties even in successful operations.
"Shock troop" is a calque, a loose translation of the German word Stoßtrupp (literally "thrust squad" or "push squad"). Assault troopers are typically organized for mobility with the intention that they will penetrate enemy defenses and attack into the enemy's vulnerable rear areas. Any specialized, elite unit formed to fight an engagement via overwhelming assault (usually) would be considered shock troops, as opposed to "special forces" or commando-style units (intended mostly for covert operations). However, both types of units could fight behind enemy lines, by surprise if required.

## Before 1914

The Companion cavalry of Alexander the Great (356-326 BC) are described as being the first example of shock cavalry being used in Europe.
During the Paraguayan War (1864–1870), in which Paraguay fought against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, the Paraguayans deployed shock troops (composed of a mixture of dismounted cavalry and fit men who could row and swim) armed with sabres, cutlasses, knives, bayonets, pistols, and hand grenades. They attacked small fortified positions and boarded Brazilian river steamers.

## World War I

During the First World War, many combatants faced the deadlock of trench warfare. On the Western Front in 1915, the Germans formed a specialized unit called the Rohr Battalion to develop assault tactics. During the Brusilov Offensive of 1916, the Russian general Aleksei Brusilov developed and implemented the idea of shock troops to attack weak points along the Austrian lines to effect a breakthrough, which the main Russian Army could then exploit. The Russian Army had also formed hunter commando units in 1886 and used them in World War I to protect against ambushes, to perform reconnaissance and for low-intensity fights in no-man's-land.
The von Hutier tactics (infiltration tactics) called for special infantry assault units to be detached from the main lines and sent to infiltrate enemy lines, supported by shorter and sharper (than usual for WWI) artillery fire missions targeting both the enemy front and rear, bypassing and avoiding what enemy strong points they could, and engaging to their best advantage when and where they were forced to, leaving decisive engagement against bypassed units to following heavier infantry. The primary goal of these detached units was to infiltrate the enemy's lines and break their cohesion as much as possible. These formations became known as Stoßtruppen, or shock troops, and the tactics they pioneered were the basis of post-WWI infantry tactics, such as the development of fire teams.
The same sort of tactical doctrine was widely espoused in British and French service in late 1917 and 1918, with variable results. The British Army standard training manual for platoon tactics, SS 143, was used from February 1917 onwards and contained much of what was standard for German shock troops.
# Roche Applied Science

Roche Applied Science was a global business entity in the biotechnology sector that produces reagents and systems for life sciences research, with an emphasis on molecular genetics and cell biology research needs.

## Scope of business

Roche Applied Science produced reagents and systems for related to DNA sequencing, microarrays, gene expression, and cell analysis. Important fields of application of the company's products are the research and development areas of the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. The company also offers reagents and systems for the pharmaceuticals and diagnostics industries.

## Locations

The company's headquarters was in Penzberg in Upper Bavaria, Germany; other main sites are Mannheim, Germany, Rotkreuz in Switzerland, Madison, WI, Pleasanton, CA, and Branford, CT in the United States.

## History

Roche Applied Science was founded in 1859 as Boehringer Mannheim, a developer of rare chemicals and pharmaceuticals. In the 1950s, the bioreagents product line was developed according to the company’s own needs in diagnostics research. They were the first commercially important producer of restriction enzymes, they were the first supplier of Klenow enzyme for Sanger sequencing, and they are the only supplier of a system for the non-radioactive labeling of nucleic acid.

## Instrument development

As of 2011, Roche Applied Science's instrumentation products included genome sequencing platforms, an instrument to perform automated polymerase chain reactions (PCR) and product analyses, and a system for real-time, label-free cellular analysis for use in cell invasion/migration studies.
Roche has a history of both developing new technologies, and licensing them from other companies.

## Restructuring

In the second quarter of 2013, Roche announced plans to integrate the products of the Applied Science business area within the Molecular and Professional Diagnostics business areas. Genome sequencing, formerly a part of the Applied Science portfolio, was moved into Molecular Diagnostics division. In 2013 impairment charges for goodwill and intangible assets of 35 million Swiss francs and 12 million Swiss francs were incurred for the Applied Science restructuring.
# Przypólsko, Pomeranian Voivodeship

Przypólsko is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Debrzno, within Człuchów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Cherkaski Tyshky

Cherkaski Tyshky (Ukrainian: Черкаські Тишки; Russian: Черкасские Тишки) is a village in the Kharkiv Raion (district) of Ukraine's Kharkiv Region. It is located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north-east of Kharkiv, the country's second largest city. To the north-east it borders the village of Ruski Tyshky. Both belong to the Tsyrkuny rural district or hromada, one of the many hromadas in Ukraine.

## After the Russian invasion

The village was attacked in spring 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
"Russian forces occupied Cherkaski Tyshky on 24 February 2022, the first day of the invasion, and used it as a base from which to shell Kharkiv." After the village was liberated in May 2022, the Russian forces withdrew across the river and started shelling Cherkaski Tyshky from there.
# 54th Platoon

The 54th Platoon are an American rap group who were the only artists signed to the short-lived FUBU Records. The group consisted of four members; JS, TL, Big Nut and Nu Black, all of whom came from New Orleans. They first released two independent albums in 1999 and 2000 entitled From Then... Till Now and Downtown Symphony (Now...Till Forever), before joining FUBU in 2001. The group appeared on FUBU's compilation album, The Good Life, collaborating with Nas and Nate Dogg on the track "Good Life". A year later, they would release their debut album All or Nothin'. It made three Billboard charts, including 21 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, but it was not a commercial success. In 2003, FUBU Records closed down and the group disbanded.

## Discography

| Year | Title | Chart positions | Chart positions | Chart positions |
| Year | Title | U.S. R&B | U.S. Heatseekers | U.S. Independent |
| 2002 | All or Nothin' Released: September 24, 2002 Label: FUBU | 21 | 2 | 6 |
# Oskil Reservoir

The Oskil Reservoir (Ukrainian: Оскільське водосховище; Russian: Оскольское водохранилище, sometimes translated as Oskol, Oskilske -) was an artificial lake on the Oskil River in Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine. It was formerly known as the Chervony-Oskil Reservoir.
The reservoir was opened in 1958. Before it was drained, the reservoir's area was 130 km², with a maximal length of 125 km, a maximal width of 4 km, an average depth of 4 m and a volume of approximately 474 hm³. The purpose of the reservoir was to regulate water levels, to serve as a source for electricity, and to help the fishing industry.

## Destruction

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the reservoir was noted for its strategic importance, as causing downstream flooding would be one way to slow Russian advances in the Donbas.
In July 2022, Russian shelling destroyed the reservoir's Oskil Dam, draining its level to one-sixth that of its pre-war size. The loss of water from the reservoir caused significant environmental damage, including the deaths of millions of fish and other endangered species.
# Luciana Meles

Luciana Meles (born 12 October 1951) is an Italian former footballer who played as a midfielder for Lazio.

## Judo career

Meles was a national Italian Judo champion.

## Honours

Italy
* 1969 European Competition for Women's Football
# Lee Shin-mi

Lee Shin-mi (born 15 May 1983) is a South Korean fencer. She competed in the women's individual sabre events at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics.
# I. B. Knickerbocker

Irving B. Knickerbocker (June 1864 – April 19, 1954) was an American politician in the state of Washington. He served Washington State Senate from 1907 to 1911.
# Kyoko Kubota

Kyoko Kubota (久保田 恭子, Kubota Kyōko, born 2 January 1933) is a Japanese gymnast. She competed in seven events at the 1956 Summer Olympics.
# Serajul Huq

Serajul Huq (Arabic: سراج الحق, romanized: Sirāj al-Haqq, lit. 'Lamp of the Truth') is a male Muslim given name. Notable bearers of the name include:
* Dr. Serajul Huq Belakoti (1905-2005), Bangladeshi educator
* Sirajul Haque Khan (1924-1971), Bangladeshi educator
* Sirajul Hoque Choudhury, Assam-Bengali politician
* Serajul Huq Bacchu Mia (1925-2003), Bangladeshi lawyer
* Sirajul Haq Memon (1933–2013), Pakistani Sindhi language novelist, journalist, historian, linguist, and advocate of the Supreme Court
* Sirajul Haq (born 1962), Pakistani politician
* Dr. Serajul Haque Sherpuri (died 1994), Bangladeshi politician
* Sirajul Haq Jamalpuri, Bangladeshi former minister
* Sirajul Haque Montu, Bangladeshi politician
* Foyez Muhammad Sirazul Haque, Vice-Chancellor of Islamic University, Bangladesh
* Siraj-ul-Haque, Pakistani television director
# 95 South

95 South are an American hip hop group from Jacksonville, Florida. They started as a Miami bass group of Artice "AB" Bartley, Carlos "Daddy Black" Spencer and Jay "Ski" McGowan. The group's name is a reference to Interstate 95, which passes through the city. Today, 95 South is a duo composed of Mike Mike (Michael Phillips) and Daddy Black (Carlos Spencer).
Their biggest success was the 1993 hit "Whoot, There It Is", from their debut album Quad City Knock, which reached No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was produced by C.C. Lemonhead and Jay "Ski" McGowan, then known as The Bass Mechanics. The album reached at No. 71 on the Billboard 200.
Daddy Black claims their song, "Woot There It Is" was stolen by Tag Team, who named their song, "Whomp There It Is."
There was a female member, named K-Nock, featured on Quad City Knock. Her vocals can be heard on the songs "K-Knock in da House/We Got da Bass" and "Da Kinda Bass".
In 1995, they released their second album, One Mo' 'Gen. It contained the song "Rodeo" which reached No. 77 on the Billboard Hot 100. The album itself peaked at No. 158 on the Billboard 200. In 1997, 95 South made a guest appearance on Aaron Carter's eponymous debut album for the song "Shake It". In 2000, the group contributed to the soundtrack for the film Bring It On, with the song "Cheer for Me". Their third album, Tightwork 3000, followed in 2000. The duo also remixed songs for artists including Jordan Knight, Dru Hill and LFO.
Since 2000, the group has continued to tour the United States at major festivals including Grad Bash, Funk Fest tours, at colleges and in private functions. In 2014, they started touring with a live band in addition to a DJ. The single "Ridin in My Chevy" was released in April 2016. 95 South released another single, "After Party" on December 16, 2016. In 2016, the group announced they added a four piece band to the group.

## Discography

* Album information
* Quad City Knock
* Released: 1993
* Billboard 200 chart position: #71
* R&B/Hip-Hop chart position: #20
* Singles: "Whoot, There It Is", "Hump wit It", "Do the Booty Hop"
* One Mo' 'Gen
* Released: 1995
* Billboard 200 chart position: #158
* R&B/Hip-Hop chart position: #29
* Singles: "Rodeo", "Heiny Heiny"
* Tightwork 3000
* Released: 2000
* Billboard 200 chart position:
* R&B/Hip-Hop chart position:
* Singles: "Tightwork", "Wet-n-Wild"
* Ridin in My Chevy
* Released: 2016
* Art of the Mix Hip-Hop chart position: 12
* Singles: "Ridin in My Chevy"
* After Party
* Release Date: December 16, 2016
* Singles: "After Party"
# Jens-Otto Paludan

Jens-Otto Paludan (born July 18, 1963) was CEO of Universal Music in Denmark from 1994 to 2007.
In 1990 Paludan graduated with an MBA from Copenhagen Business School. His education led to a position as marketing manager at the publishing firm MIX, where he was responsible for the marketing of the music and youth magazine MIX. From MIX he came directly to MCA Music Entertainment as CEO and thus started the company from scratch, and in 2000 he was appointed CEO of Universal Music Denmark following the acquisition of PolyGram.
Jens-Otto Paludan was thus the driving force behind the biggest Danish music sensation ever - Aqua - which sold +14 million albums and 10 million singles worldwide. In addition, he obtained great international success with Safri Duo, Junior Senior, Barcode Brothers and DJ Encore, among others. Jens-Otto Paludan is thus the Danish record company executive, who has sold the most records with Danish artists, outside Denmark, ever.
After his time with Universal Music, Paludan worked as self-employed as well as serving on various boards of directors. Thus, he was co-founder of the web agency Reload! A/S in 2008, where he is still co-owner and chairman. In addition, he was MD of his own management company from 2008 to 2013, where he exclusively represented a.o.; Casper Christensen, Andreas Bo and Pernille Rosendahl. During this period he produced the stand-up show "Now As People" with Casper Christensen / Frank Hvam, and also produced the show "Plagiarism" with Andreas Bo.
In 2011 he was co-founder of the fashion portal ANYWEAR, and in 2015 the Scandinavian rights to the platform were sold to the Bonnier-owned publishing firm Benjamin Media.
From 2008 to 2012, Paludan was a member of the board of directors of The Royal Theatre (The Danish National Theatre for Opera / Ballet / Drama). He has also been a member of the board of artFREQ since 2008, served on the board of IFPI from 1999 to 2005 and as chairman from 2005 to 2007, member of the board of Gramex in 2006 and as chairman in 2007, member of the board of MXD from 2005 to 2007, and member of the board of GDC from 1995 to 2002 and as chairman from 2002 to 2004.
Jens-Otto has also been featured in two small film roles, one in connection with the TV-edition of the show "Now As People", and later in a role as himself in the movie "Clown Forever".
# Luciana Reali

Luciana Reali (4 March 1936 – 4 April 1981) was an Italian gymnast. She competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics and the 1956 Summer Olympics.
# George Christiaansen

George Christiaansen (born July 14, 1849) was an American politician. He was a Republican member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. He was elected in 1888.

## Biography

Christiaansen was born on July 14, 1849. He later moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. From 1880 to 1884, he was a member of the Milwaukee Police Department.
# Chandranigahpur Solar Project

Chandranigahpur Solar Project is a 4 MW solar station located at Rautahat District, Province No. 2; Nepal. The plant is owned and run by Api Power Company Pvt. Ltd., an IPP. The plant came in operation in February 2021.

## Power Generation

| Fiscal Year | 2078/079 | 2079/080 |
| ०४ श्रावण | - | 502890 |
| ०५ भाद्र | 514630 | 525550 |
| ०६ असोज | 533820 | 546470 |
| ०७ कार्तिक | 532780 | 523610 |
| ०८ मंसिर | 467790 | 412470 |
| ०९ पुस | 366110 | 281590 |
| १० माघ | 375030 | 351290 |
| ११ फागुन | 624160 | 446100 |
| १२ चैत | 566160 | 605580 |
| ०१ बैशाख | 624160 | 531710 |
| ०२ जेठ | 591720 | 655400 |
| ०३ असार | 570100 | 462370 |
| Total | 5,766,460 | 5342140 |
# William Gostling

William Gostling (1696 – 1777) was an English clergyman and antiquary, known as a historian of Canterbury.

## Life

The son of John Gostling by his wife Dorothy, he was born at Canterbury in January 1696, and baptised in the cathedral on 30 January. He was educated at the King's School, Canterbury, where he was a king's scholar, and at St John's College, Cambridge, entering in 1711, and taking the degrees of B.A. in 1715, M.A. in 1719. The rest of his life was passed in or near Canterbury.
Gostling served in the diocese of Canterbury as curate or parish priest from 1720. He was instituted to the rectory of Brook near Wye, Kent, on 23 September 1722. He held a minor canonry at Canterbury from 1727 until his death. His father died on 17 July 1733, and vacated the vicarage of Littlebourne, to which Gostling succeeded. He gave it up in 1753, on being appointed to Stone in Oxney.
Gostling acted as a guide in Canterbury, but during the last two decades of his life was largely confined to his room. He was visited in 1772 and again in 1773 by Sir John Hawkins, who was then researching his History of Music. He died at his house in the Mint Yard, Canterbury, on 9 March 1777, and was buried in the cloisters on 15 March. He possessed a significant collection of manuscripts of works by Henry Purcell; these were sold by Messrs. Langford. His library was sold by William Flackton of Canterbury in 1778.

## Works

Gostling's Walk in and about the City of Canterbury appeared in 1774. A second corrected edition, in 1777, was for the benefit of his surviving daughter, Hester Gostling, and friends contributed additional plates. Other editions were issued in 1779, 1796, 1804, and 1825. The account of the painted windows in the cathedral was supplied by Dr. Osmund Beauvoir, head-master of the King's School.
A manuscript account of William Hogarth's expedition in 1732, by Ebenezer Forrest, was given to Gostling, who turned the narrative into verse. It was printed by John Nichols in 1781; and later inserted in his Anecdotes of Hogarth (1782), and by William Hone in his Table-book. It was reprinted by John Camden Hotten in 1872.
Gostling contributed to the Philosophical Transactions, xli. 871, an "Account of a Fireball and Explosion at Canterbury", and to the Gentleman's Magazine.

## Family

Gostling married in Canterbury Cathedral, on 3 October 1717, Hester Thomas. They were both then described as of the precincts. She died on 24 February 1760, aged 64, and was buried in the cloisters on 3 March. Six of their children died young; two sons and one daughter survived. They were commemorated on an oval marble tablet on the west side of the cloisters at Canterbury.
# Coughee Brothaz

The Coughee Brothaz (formerly known as the Odd Squad) is a Southern hip-hop trio consisting of Devin the Dude, Jugg Mugg and Rob Quest.

## Origin

The group members Devin and Rob met at a 1989 talent show sponsored by Kurtis Blow. Devin lost the contest but was greatly impressed by Rob's performance.
He and Rob became close friends and eventually Devin's friend Dexter Johnson came along as well. With Rob's production, the group recorded a series of demos and befriended many of their future label-mates and affiliates such as Big Mike, UGK, and DJ Screw.
Deciding to get more serious about their career, the group slid a demo to Rap-A-Lot house producer Crazy C, who had previously produced almost the whole of Mr. Scarface is Back.
The demo then made it to label head James Prince. He soon offered them a recording contract and Rob handled the bulk of the album production with the group writing all the tracks with aid from such staple southern producers as Mike Dean, N.O Joe and John Bido.

## Music

Their first album, Fadanuf Fa Erybody!! was released on February 1, 1994 under Rap-A-Lot Records. The album is considered by Scarface to be the label's finest release.
Despite much praise, the album was a failure, reaching only #66 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. Soon after, Devin would join Scarface's protege group Facemob before going solo in 1998. His ties with the Odd Squad however continued.

## Odd Squad

Whereas Odd Squad is the group, Coughee Brothaz is the clique, consisting of an innumerable number of members, thus unlimited amount of talent. Coughee Brothaz, founded by Odd Squad released the albums Waitin' Our Turn in 2007 and Fresh Brew in 2011. The term "coughee" was created by Original Coughee Brothaz Tony and Boomer (Cleo) Father. Who suggested that the teens find another way to express themselves. HE (Pops) suggested calling it Coughee. Thus the Coughee Brothaz shortly followed. Devin the dude, Odd Squad front man, coined the phrase creating a platform for all of artists, producers, singers, writers etc. of His clique -So they might have an opportunity to showcase their talents.
In a 2019 podcast interview with Donnie Houston, Rob Quest stated: “Coughee is a code word that one of our friends made up that he would use in front of his parents, he had elderly parents, so people would come over…he would be like ‘hey man we out back sippin’ coughee’… that was code for ‘I got one in the air in the back, come hit the weed.’”
# Dick Castleman

Richard G. Castleman (December 7, 1926 – May 19, 1991) was an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1987 until his death in 1991. Castleman first elected in 1986 following the retirement of incumbent representative Lloyd E. Clapp. He died in office of a heart attack and was succeeded by his wife Robbie Castleman.
# Wise Child

Wise Child is a 1967 play by English playwright Simon Gray.

## Plot

The play concerns orphaned Jerry Artminster, who blackmails a criminal named Jock Masters by promising he will not reveal his identity if Jock agrees to impersonate the boy's mother in the Reading, Berkshire, (England) hotel where the boy lives. Others involved are Mr. Booker, the gay hotel manager who fancies the boy, and Janice, a black woman who works in the hotel.

## Original production

The play was first staged on 10 October 1967 at Wyndham's Theatre in London, directed by John Dexter, with Alec Guinness as Jock.

### Original cast

* Jock Masters/Mrs. Artminster – Alec Guinness
* Mr. Booker – Gordon Jackson
* Jerry – Simon Ward
* Janice – Cleo Sylvestre

### Critical reception

Harold Hobson wrote in The Sunday Times, "in Mr Gray..the theatre has discovered a writer of quality and consequence."

## Broadway

After 12 previews, the Broadway production at the Helen Hayes Theatre opened on 27 January 1972. It closed after four performances following critical thrashings by Clive Barnes and Walter Kerr in The New York Times and Richard Watts Jr. in the New York Post.
The New York City production was directed by James Hammerstein and starred Donald Pleasence as Jock.

### Broadway cast

* Jock - Donald Pleasence
* Jerry - Bud Cort
* Mr. Booker - George Rose
* Janice - Lauren Jones

### Critical reception

Clive Barnes wrote in The New York Times, "The play means to shock. It ends up by boring...and this despite a virtuoso performance by Donald Pleasence...Bud Cort, as a fey boy in search of a relationship, is also excellent. His washed-out youth and inarticulate passions were brilliantly expressed in a performance of almost flamboyant spontaneity."
Donald Pleasence was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in Play.
# Manuela Angeli

Manuela Angeli (born 3 April 1939) is an Italian former competitive figure skater. She represented Italy at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo.

## Competitive highlights

International :
| Event | 1953–54 | 1954–55 | 1955–56 |
| Winter Olympics | | | 21st |
| European Championships | 22nd | 16th | |
| National ||||
| Italian Championships | 3rd | | 2nd |