OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Copycat (software)

Copycat is a model of analogy making and human cognition based on the concept of the parallel terraced scan, developed in 1988 by Douglas Hofstadter, Melanie Mitchell, and others at the Center for Research on Concepts and Cognition, Indiana University Bloomington. The original Copycat was written in Common Lisp and is bitrotten (as it relies on now-outdated graphics libraries for Lucid Common Lisp); however, Java and Python ports exist. The latest version in 2018 is a Python3 port by Lucas Saldyt and J. Alan Brogan.

## Description

Copycat produces answers to such problems as "abc is to abd as ijk is to what?" (abc:abd :: ijk:?). Hofstadter and Mitchell consider analogy making as the core of high-level cognition, or high-level perception, as Hofstadter calls it, basic to recognition and categorization. High-level perception emerges from the spreading activity of many independent processes, called codelets, running in parallel, competing or cooperating. They create and destroy temporary perceptual constructs, probabilistically trying out variations to eventually produce an answer. The codelets rely on an associative network, slipnet, built on pre-programmed concepts and their associations (a long-term memory). The changing activation levels of the concepts make a conceptual overlap with neighboring concepts.
Copycat's architecture is tripartite, consisting of a slipnet, a working area (also called workspace, similar to blackboard systems), and the coderack (with the codelets). The slipnet is a network composed of nodes, which represent permanent concepts, and weighted links, which are relations, between them. It differs from traditional semantic networks, since the effective weight associated with a particular link may vary through time according to the activation level of specific concepts (nodes). The codelets build structures in the working area and modify activations in the slipnet accordingly (bottom-up processes), and the current state of slipnet determines probabilistically which codelets must be run (top-down influences).

## Comparison to other cognitive architectures

Copycat differs considerably in many respects from other cognitive architectures such as ACT-R, Soar, DUAL, Psi-Theory, or subsumption architectures.
Copycat is Hofstadter's most popular model. Other models presented by Hofstadter et al. are similar in architecture, but different in the so-called microdomain, their application, e.g. Letter Spirit, etc.
Since the 1995 book Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies describing the work of the Fluid Analogies Research Group (FARG) book, work on Copycat-like models has continued: as of 2008 the latest models are Phaeaco (a Bongard problem solver), SeqSee (number sequence extrapolation), George (geometric exploration), and Musicat (a melodic expectation model). The architecture is known as the "FARGitecture" and current implementations use a variety of modern languages including C# and Java. A future FARG goal is to build a single generic FARGitecture software framework to facilitate experimentation.
# Wilburton Number Two, Pennsylvania

Wilburton Number Two is a census-designated place (CDP) in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of Northeastern Pennsylvania. The population was 54 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Bloomsburg-Berwick micropolitan area.

## Geography

Wilburton Number Two is located in southern Columbia County at 40°48′48″N 76°23′26″W﻿ / ﻿40.81333°N 76.39056°W﻿ / 40.81333; -76.39056 (40.813200, -76.390439), in the western part of Conyngham Township. It is bordered to the west by Mount Carmel Township in Northumberland County, to the southwest by Wilburton Number One, and to the south by Midvalley Highway. The cluster of residences known as Wilburton Number Two occupies a compact area in the eastern part of the CDP, while the rest of the CDP area consists of forested mountainside and former coal mines. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Wilburton Number Two CDP has a total area of 0.75 square miles (1.94 km$^2$), all land.
Wilburton Number One and Two are both served by the Wilburton Hose Co. #1. The firehouse is located in Wilburton Number One.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 76 people, 35 households, and 22 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 106.9 inhabitants per square mile (41.3/km$^2$). There were 42 housing units at an average density of 58.3 per square mile (22.5/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.70% White, 1.30% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.30% of the population.
There were 35 households, out of which 34.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 2.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.1% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 25.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.86.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.4% under the age of 18, 1.3% from 18 to 24, 35.1% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.8 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,250, and the median income for a family was $41,250. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $14,583 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,414. There were no families and 5.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 22.2% of those over 64.

## Education

The school district is the North Schuylkill School District.
# Tunica externa

The tunica externa (Neo-Latin "outer coat"), also known as the tunica adventitia (Neo-Latin "additional coat"), is the outermost tunica (layer) of a blood vessel, surrounding the tunica media. It is mainly composed of collagen and, in arteries, is supported by external elastic lamina. The collagen serves to anchor the blood vessel to nearby organs, giving it stability.
The three layers of the blood vessels are: an inner tunica intima, a middle tunica media, and an outer tunica externa.

## Structure

The tunica externa is made from collagen and elastic fibers in a loose connective tissue. This is secreted by fibroblasts. This is normally the thickest tunic in veins and may be thicker than the tunica media in some larger arteries. The outer layers of the tunica externa are not distinct but rather blend with the surrounding connective tissue outside the vessel, helping to hold the vessel in relative position.

## Function

The tunica externa provides basic structural support to blood vessels. It prevents vessels from expanding too much from internal blood pressure, particularly arteries. It is also relevant in controlling vascular flow in the lungs.

## Clinical significance

A common pathological disorder concerning the tunica externa is scurvy, also known as vitamin C deficiency. Scurvy occurs because vitamin C is essential for the synthesis of collagen, and without it, the faulty collagen cannot maintain the vein walls and rupture, leading to a multitude of problems.

## Additional images

* Transverse section through a small artery and vein of the mucous membrane of the epiglottis of a child. (Tunica adventitia is at 'a'.)
* Microphotography of arterial wall with calcified (violet colour) atherosclerotic plaque (H&E stain)
# Saint-Eusèbe, Quebec

Saint-Eusèbe (French pronunciation:) is a parish municipality in Quebec, Canada. It was established in 1911.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Saint-Eusèbe had a population of 587 living in 244 of its 276 total private dwellings, a change of -1% from its 2016 population of 593. With a land area of 129.56 km$^2$ (50.02 sq mi), it had a population density of 4.5/km$^2$ (11.7/sq mi) in 2021.
# Messer (surname)

Messer is a surname. It may refer to:

## People

* Alf Messer (1900–1947), English footballer
* Casey Messer (born 1983), 2007 Miss New Mexico USA
* Dale Messer (born 1937), American football player
* David Messer, 21st century Australian cartoonist
* Don Messer (1909–1973), Canadian musician, band leader and radio broadcaster, host of the television program Don Messer’s Jubilee
* Donald E. Messer (born 1941), American United Methodist theologian and author
* Erica Messer, 21st century American television writer, producer and story editor
* Frank Messer (1925–2001), American sportscaster
* Glenn Messer (1895–1995), American aviation pioneer
* Jonathan Messer (born 1976), Australian director
* Judy Messer (1933–2023), Australian conservationist
* Ken Messer (1931–2018), British painter
* Liesbeth Messer-Heijbroek (1914–2007), Dutch sculptor and medal maker
* Luke Messer (born 1969), American politician
* Mary Burt Messer (1881-1960), American educator, social worker, and writer
* Michael Messer (born 1956), English musician and record producer
* Robert Messer (1887–1918), Scottish footballer
* Sam Messer (born 1955), American painter
* Samuel Messer, birth name of American actor Robert Middleton (1911–1977)
* Sarah Messer (born 1966), American poet and author
* Thomas M. Messer (1920–2013), director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation 1961–1988

## Fictional characters

* Danny Messer, on the television series CSI: NY
# Kasamatsu Stadium

Kasamatsu Stadium (笠松運動公園陸上競技場) is a multi-purpose stadium in Naka, Japan. It is currently used mostly for football matches and track and field events. It served as the main home ground of Mito HollyHock through 2011. The stadium holds 22,022 people and was built in 1998.
It is a community stadium, and any person or group can use an unoccupied facility at any time the stadium is open. A vending machine sells tickets for this purpose in the main lobby.
# Tiradentes do Sul

Tiradentes do Sul is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. As of 2020, the estimated population was 5,616.
The municipality would be partially flooded by the proposed Panambí Dam.
# World Lacrosse Women's U20 Championship

The World Lacrosse Women's U20 Championship, formerly known as the World Lacrosse Women's U19 Championship, are held every four years to award world championships for the under-20 age group in women's lacrosse. The tournaments are sanctioned by World Lacrosse.

## History

The championships were first held for women in 1995. The 2015 games were held in Edinburgh, Scotland. The Haudenosaunee Nationals women's lacrosse team could not participate due to British passport requirements. Canada won its first gold medal, defeating the United States 9–8 in the final.
The 2019 games saw the United States decisively beat Canada 13–3 in Peterborough, Canada.
The next tournament was held as an under-20 event in 2024 in Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

## Results

| Year | Host | Champions | Score | Runner-up |
| 1995 | Haverford, United States | Australia | 5–4 | United States |
| 1999 | Perth, Australia | United States | 15–8 | Australia |
| 2003 | Baltimore, United States | United States | 21–8 | Australia |
| 2007 | Peterborough, Canada | United States | 18–3 | Australia |
| 2011 | Hanover, Germany | United States | 14–11 | Australia |
| 2015 | Edinburgh, Scotland | Canada | 9–8 | United States |
| 2019 | Peterborough, Canada | United States | 13–3 | Canada |
| 2024 | Hong Kong, China | United States | 23–6 | Canada |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | United States | 6 | 2 | 0 | 8 |
| 2 | Australia | 1 | 4 | 1 | 6 |
| 3 | Canada | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
| 4 | England | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 5 | Japan | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (5 entries) | Totals (5 entries) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 24 |

## Past results

| Team | 1995 (7) | 1999 (7) | 2003 (7) | 2007 (11) | 2011 (12) | 2015 (14) | 2019 (22) | 2024 (20) |
| Australia | 1st | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 4th | 3rd | 4th |
| Belgium | | | | | | | 22nd | |
| Canada | 4th | 3rd | 3rd | 4th | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 2nd |
| China | | | | | | | 14th | 9th |
| Colombia | | | | | | 12th | | |
| Czech Republic | | | | 9th | 9th | 10th | 13th | |
| England | 3rd | 4th | 4th | 3rd | 4th | 3rd | 4th | 6th |
| Finland | | | | | | 11th | | |
| Germany | | | | 11th | 10th | 9th | 8th | 19th |
| Haudenosaunee | | | | 6th | 8th | | 10th | 11th |
| Hong Kong | | | | | | | 12th | 16th |
| Ireland | | | | | | | 19th | 10th |
| Israel | | | | | | 14th | 17th | 13th |
| Italy | | | | | | | | 8th |
| Jamaica | | | | | | | 21st | 20th |
| Japan | 7th | 6th | 5th | 5th | 7th | 6th | 5th | 3rd |
| Kenya | | | | | | | 18th | |
| Mexico | | | | | | | 15th | 12th |
| Netherlands | | | | | 12th | | | |
| New Zealand | | | | 10th | 11th | 5th | 6th | 15th |
| Puerto Rico | | | | | | | 9th | 5th |
| Scotland | 5th | 7th | 7th | 7th | 6th | 8th | 11th | 17th |
| South Korea | | | | | | 13th | 16th | 18th |
| Chinese Taipei | | | | | | | 20th | 14th |
| United States | 2nd | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 1st |
| Wales | 6th | 5th | 6th | 8th | 5th | 7th | 7th | 7th |
# Turki bin Talal Al Saud

Turki bin Talal Al Saud (Arabic: تركي بن طلال بن عبد العزيز آل سعود) is a Saudi prince, grandson of Saudi's founder King Abdulaziz, politician, military officer and, since 2018, the governor of Asir.

## Early life and education

Prince Turki is Prince Talal's fourth son. His blood sister is Sara bint Talal. Their mother is Moudie bint Abdul Mohsen Al Angari who was the third wife of Prince Talal. She died in 2008.
Prince Turki has a BSc in political science. He was educated at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in the UK and the United States Air Force Academy. He received an honorary doctorate degree in management from Amman Arab University in 2015.

## Career

Prince Turki served in the Royal Saudi Air Force as a pilot, eventually reaching the rank of brigadier general. He also served as personal representative of his father, Prince Talal bin AbdulAziz Al Saud, and as chairman of the Board of Trustees at Mentor Arabia.

## Family

Prince Turki's former wife is his cousin, Sara bint Abdullah, a daughter of King Abdullah, who was Turki's father's brother. They have one son, Prince Abdulaziz bin Turki bin Talal Al Saud. Prince Turki also has four daughters: Princess Al Anood, Princess Alia, Princess Abeer and Princess Al Jawhara.
# Julia Bailey-Serres

Julia Bailey-Serres is professor of genetics, director of the Center for Plant Cell Biology, and a member of the Institute for Integrative Genome Biology at the University of California, Riverside. Her accomplishments include the pioneering of methods for profiling the "translatomes" of discrete cell-types of plants and identification of a homeostatic sensor of oxygen deprivation in plants.

## Education

Bailey-Serres received her Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Utah in 1981 and earned a Ph.D. with a thesis entitled "Mitochondrial genome rearrangements in sorghum" from University of Edinburgh in 1986. She was a postdoctoral researcher at UC Berkeley under Michael Freeling.

## Career
### Research

Bailey-Serres and her researchers are investigating the molecular and physiological processes that enable plants to tolerate or survive stresses such as flooding or drought. In general, her areas of research include:
* Gene regulation
* Translational control
* Abiotic stress signaling/response
* Low oxygen sensing
* Flooding/submergence
* Genomic technologies
In 2003, Bailey-Serres joined a team of geneticists including Pamela Ronald of the University of California, Davis and rice breeder David Mackill in the search for the Sub1A gene that allows rice to survive complete submergence under water. The gene is not present in all rice plants, but may be introduced through breeding.
As a result of this research, scientists at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) created the flood-tolerant rice variety Swarna-Sub1. More than 10 million farmers are growing the rice in their flood-prone fields.

### Other activities

From 2005 to 2011, Bailey-Serres was the director of the National Science Foundation's Integrative Graduate Education and Research Trainee Program (IGERT). The program trained 23 Ph.D. students versed in cell biology, chemistry, computational sciences and engineering, in advanced chemical genomics.
She is a member of the editorial board for PNAS.

## Awards and honors

* 2016 National Academy of Sciences Member
* 2011 Elected Secretary of the American Society of Plant Biologists (2012)
* 2010 Fellow of American Society of Plant Biologists
* 2009 World Technology Award Finalist (Environment - Individual)
* 2008 USDA National Research Initiative Discovery Award
* 2008 F.C. Donders Chair, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
* 2005 American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow (AAAS)
* 2002 Outstanding Faculty Mentor, Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Research
# Toro (Norwegian company)

Toro is a Norwegian manufacturer and brand of sauces, soups and other similar products. Owned by Orkla Group, who bought it from the founders Rieber & Søn, the production plant is based in Indre Arna in Bergen and sold 140 million consumption units divided between 750 products. Of the 900 employees, 350 work at the plant in Indre Arna.
The Toro brand was launched in 1946 with the production of meat bouillon. Toro is Spanish for ox and registered in 1964. Three years later it moved from Nøstet [no] to Arna. There have been nine expansions of the production plant since the start.
Toro products sold in Norway, include soups (tomato soup, cauliflower soup, fish soup), sauces (béarnaise sauce, hollandaise, gravy, tomato sauce, chicken sauce, champignon sauce), instant cup meals, lasagna, stroganoff, chicken tikka masala, rice, hot chocolate, waffles, other cake mixes, and seasoning. Their products are usually sold in powderbags, with a few sold as microwave meals or cup meals. They are also considered the inventors of gryterett (lit. saucepan meal), where rice or pasta, meat or chicken, seasoning, water and small vegetables (and occasionally beans and champignon) are boiled together, in contrast to e.g. chili con carne where the rice and stew are boiled separately.
Toro is also present in Iceland, with a selection of their Norwegian products, alongside a small handful of Iceland-exclusive products like leek soup and curry sauce.
A small selection of gryterett and sauce products are available in some Swedish grocery stores near the Norway-Sweden border, primarily ones that cater to Norwegian visitors.
# Canguçu

Canguçu (population: 56,211) is a city in Rio Grande do Sul, south Brazil. East Pomeranian, a dialect of Low German, has co-official status in Canguçu.
# Zakir

Zakir or Zokir may refer to:

## People

* Zokir Almatov (born 1949), Uzbek politician
* Zakir Hasan (cricketer, born 1972) (born 1972), a Bangladeshi cricketer
* Zakir Hasan (cricketer, born 1998) (born 1998), a Bangladeshi cricketer
* Zakir Hussain (disambiguation)
** Zakir Hossain (born 1977), Bangladeshi cricketer
** Zakir Hussain (actor), Indian film actor
** Zakir Husain (1897-1969), Indian politician, the 3rd President of India
** Zakir Hussain (musician) (1951-2024), Indian tabla player
** Zakir Hussain Gesawat (born 1970), Politician from Rajasthan
* Zakir Khan (born 1963), Pakistani cricketer
* Zakir Qureshi (born 1963), Pakistani chef, host, hotelier
* Zakir Naik (born 1965), Indian Muslim preacher
* Zakir Sabirov (born 1951), Tajikistani artist
* Abdul Qayyum Zakir also known as Abdullah Gulam Rasoul (born 1973), Afghan Taliban leader
* Gasim bey Zakir (1786-1857), Azerbaijani poet

## Places

* Zakir, East Azerbaijan, a village in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran
* Zakir, Zanjan, a village in Zanjan Province, Iran

## Other

* A fictional planet and the alien race that lives there in Another Life (2019 TV series)
# Zaton, Montenegro

Zaton (Montenegrin and Serbian Cyrillic: Затон) is a village in the municipality of Bijelo Polje, Montenegro.

## Demographics

According to the 2003 census, the village had a population of 930 people.
According to the 2011 census, its population was 983.
Ethnicity in 2011 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Serbs | 494 | 50.3% |
| Montenegrins | 363 | 36.9% |
| Bosniaks | 54 | 5.5% |
| other/undeclared | 72 | 7.3% |
| Total | 983 | 100% |
# Ernest Hewett

Ernest Hewett is a Democratic politician from New London, Connecticut. He represented Connecticut's 39th assembly district in the Connecticut House of Representatives and was the Deputy Speaker of the House before being forced to resign following a scandal over a lewd comment the Representative made on the record to a teenage girl.

## Early and personal life

Ernest Hewett was born in Cedar Grove, North Carolina. From 1974 to 1994 he worked as a welder at Electric Boat. He is married to Patricia Hewett. The couple reside in New London and have three children.

## Political career
### Local

Hewett was elected to the New London City council in 1996 and sat on the council until 2002. He served as the Deputy Mayor of New London from 1999 to 2000 and as Mayor from 2000 to 2001.

### State

Ernest Hewett was elected to the Connecticut House of Representatives in 2005 and served until 2017 when he was defeated in the Democratic primary by challenger Chris Soto. In 2013 he was at the center of a political scandal when he was alleged to have verbally sexually harassed a high school girl who was testifying before the Appropriations Committee about the Connecticut Science Center in Hartford. The session was recorded and on the recording Representative Hewett can be heard telling the witness, who talked about overcoming her fear of snakes during the course of an experience at the Science Center, "And if you're bashful, I've got a snake settin' under my desk here." Hewett refused calls to step down. He created further controversy when he defended himself in an interview by saying “I purposely will not have female interns. My intern now is a male. I want to keep it like that." Hewett also claimed to be the “victim” in the whole affair and refused to acknowledge the sexual nature of his comment.
# Pakoa Kaltonga

Pakoa Maraki Kaltonga, also known as Bakoa Kaltongga (born 6 April 1969), is a ni-Vanuatu politician. He is a member of the Leaders Party of Vanuatu.
He was elected Member of Parliament for the Rural Efate constituency in the September 2008 general election, and was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs in Prime Minister Edward Natapei's government.
In June 2009, the election of all four Members for Rural Efate, Kaltonga included, was invalidated by the Supreme Court due to irregularities. Kaltonga consequently lost his position as Minister for Foreign Affairs, and was replaced by Joe Natuman. A by-election on 6 August saw Mr Kaltongga win back his seat, and he subsequently regained a place in Cabinet, as Minister of Justice and Women's Affairs. He lost his place in government when Edward Natapei was ousted by a vote of no confidence on 2 December 2010.
On 24 April 2011, new Prime Minister Sato Kilman was himself ousted in a vote of no confidence, and Serge Vohor succeeded him. Vohor appointed Kaltonga Minister of Finance in his Cabinet. Three weeks later, however, Vohor's election and premiership were voided by the Court of Appeal, and Kaltonga lost his position in government. On 16 June, Kilman's election and premiership were themselves voided by the Supreme Court, on constitutional grounds, and previous Prime Minister Edward Natapei became caretaker Prime Minister until a new leader could be elected. Kaltonga was restored as caretaker Minister of Justice.