OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# PVAR rifle

UDMC PVAR rifles are Filipino variants of the Armalite AR-15 and AR-10, using the Pneumatic Valve and Rod system manufactured by United Defense Manufacturing Corporation.
The Pneumatic Valve and Rod system was created to be a more reliable alternative to the Stoner bolt and carrier piston system used in the AR-15 family, commonly but incorrectly referred to as a direct impingement system.

## History

United Defense Manufacturing Corporation undertook the development of the rifle as a possible replacement for traditional AR-15 designs. Philippine Letters of Patent Nos. 1-2009-000176 and 1-2011-000062 were issued in 2009 and 2011, respectively.

## Design

The PVAR system was designed in an attempt to reduce malfunctions by preventing the buildup of heat, lead and copper fouling inside the receiver by utilizing mechanical energy instead of the pressurized gases of the cartridge to cycle the bolt, the process by which a round of ammunition is fired, ejected, and a new round is loaded. Instead of a hollow gas tube, it uses a one piece bolt carrier with a piston rod which transfers the energy of the gas produced by the round and pushes the bolt carrier rearwards. The manufacturer advertises that the PVAR system reduces the need for field maintenance and overall wear and tear compared to the standard AR-15 design.
Unlike many gas piston systems, the PVAR features a free-floating piston rod that, upon firing, travels rearward and essentially increases the mass of the bolt carrier group during most of the firing cycle in order to reduce recoil. The manufacturer states that this system is compatible with barrel twists of 1:7, 1:9, and 1:12, as well as M193 and M855 ammunition. Compared to a standard AR-15, the PVAS rifle has a slower rate of fire of around 750rpm due to the increased effective mass of the bolt carrier group when firing. The bolt head is milled from Carpenter 158 steel and the Bolt Carrier Groups are made of AISI 8620 steel.
PVAR rifles are installed with one-piece free-floated M1913 quad rail handguards made of 7075-T6 aluminum mounted on a matching proprietary barrel nut. UDMC states that the PVAR system is designed to be easily removed from the front of the gas block, and does not require removal of the handguard to access the gas system for cleaning or repairs.
UDMC offers the PVAR System on four series of rifles: the F5/F7-PVAR and the S5/S7-PVAR. The “F-series” models are fully automatic, and “S-series” rifles are semi-automatic. The PVAR system is offered as F5/S5 variants of the M16 and M4 in 5.56 NATO with barrel lengths from 7.5" and 22", and also available as F7/S7 variants of the M110 in 7.62×51mm with barrels starting at 14.5" up to 25". Three barrel types are available: black Parkerized 4150 carbon steel, matte finish SS-410 stainless steel, and AISI-416 supplied by Dikar S. Coop BERGARA of Spain. All barrels are threaded to accept standard AR muzzle devices. Accuracy is claimed to be 1 MOA from the factory.
A mil-spec single stage trigger comes standard with an optional two-stage trigger available for semi-auto precision use.
# Enriquea

Enriquea leviantennata is a species of squat lobster in the monotypic genus Enriquea in the family Munididae.
# Ahmed Moalim Fiqi

Ahmed Moallim Fiqi (Somali: Axmed Macallin Fiqi, Arabic: أحمد معلم الفقهي) is a politician from Somalia currently serving as foreign minister. Formerly a member of the Islamic Courts Union, Fiqi is currently a member of the Somali Federal Parliament. From May 2011 to March 2013, he served as Director of the National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA). After resigning from the position, he was provisionally replaced by Abdikarin Dahir.
In 2015, Ahmed Moallim Fiqi run for the office of President of Galmudug State. Ahmed lost to his contender Abdikarim Hussein Guled Guled won by 49 to 40 votes over former Intel. Chief Ahmed Moallim Fiqi.

## Early life and education

Fiqi was born in 1971 in Galkayo, Somalia, His family hailed from the Sa'ad Habargidir clan. Fiqi took his primary and secondary school in Mogadishu. In 1988, after his two-year Military service he was admitted for the College of Law at the Somali National University. Fiqi didn't complete his studies due to the Somali Civil War. He then went Sudan and studied agriculture at the University of Khartoum. Fiqi is a graduate of International Islamic University Malaysia.
Fiqi speaks Somali, Arabic, and English.

## Political career

Ahmed Fiqi started his political career during the Islamic Courts Union. He was very close friend of former ICU leader Sharif Sheikh Ahmed. Later when Sharif Sheikh Ahmed become president, Fiqi served as the Somali ambassador to Sudan from 2010 to 2011. He was served as Director General of the National Intelligence and Security Agency and Presidential Candidate for the Galmudug State of Somalia.
In early 2015, Ahmed Fiqi co-founded Daljir Party with Sharif Sheikh Ahmed and Hassan Moalim. Later Ahmed Fiqi run for the office of President of Galmudug State. He lost to his contender Abdikarim Hussein Guled Guled won by 49 to 40 votes over former Intelligence Chief Ambassador Ahmed Moallim Fiqi.
On 28 November 2016, Ahmed Moalim Fiqi was elected as member of the Federal Parliament of Somalia from Galmudug in Adado, Somalia.
Fiqi's Daljir Party formed a coalition with former Somali President Hassan Mohamud's Peace and Development Party. They launched Union for Peace and Development Party in October 2018.

### Foreign minister (2024-present)

On 7 April 2024, Fiqi was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of Somalia.
# Eucyclogobius

Eucyclogobius is a genus of fish in the family Gobiidae endemic to California in United States.

## Species

There are currently 2 recognized species in this genus:
* Eucyclogobius kristinae Swift, Spies, Ellingson & Jacobs, 2016 (Southern tide-water goby)
* Eucyclogobius newberryi (Girard, 1856) (Northern tide-water goby)
# Re-entry ventricular arrhythmia

Re-entry ventricular arrhythmia is a type of paroxysmal tachycardia occurring in the ventricle where the cause of the arrhythmia is due to the electric signal not completing the normal circuit, but rather an alternative circuit looping back upon itself. There develops a self-perpetuating rapid and abnormal activation. ("Circus Movement" is another term for this.) Conditions necessary for re-entry include a combination of unidirectional block and slowed conduction. Circus movement may also occur on a smaller scale within the AV node (dual AV nodal physiology), a large bypass tract is not necessary.
Re-entry is divided into two major types: [Anatomically Defined] re-entry and [Functionally Defined] re-entry. The circus movement can occur around an anatomical or functional core. Either type may occur alone, or together.
Anatomically defined re-entry has a fixed anatomic pathway. Anomalous conduction via accessory pathways (APs) creates the re-entry circuit (which are also called bypass tracts), that exists between the atria and ventricles. Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW) is an example of anatomically defined re-entry. WPW syndrome is an atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia (AVRT), secondary to an accessory pathway that connects the epicardial surfaces of the atrium and ventricle along the AV groove. The majority of time symptomatic WPW fits the definition of AVRT (Supraventricular tachycardia) however AVNRT (dual AV nodal physiology) exist in ~10% of patients with WPW syndrome creating the possibility of spontaneous atrial fibrillation degenerating into ventricular fibrillation (VF). The fact that WPW patients are young and do not have structural heart disease, lead to using catheter ablation of the APs with the elimination of the atrial fibrillation as well as the episodes of re-entrant ventricular tachycardia. This elimination of the atrial fibrillation with ablation implies APs have some pathophysiologic role in the development of a-fib in the WPW patient.
Functionally defined re-entry does not require the alternative anatomically defined circuit accessory pathways and it may not reside in just one location. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) following ventricular tachycardia (VT) may be described as a functionally defined re-entry problem caused by multiple mini re-entrant circuits spontaneously created within the ventricular myocardium. The original re-entrant circuit breaks down into multiple mini reentrant circuits. (VF becoming the grand finale of a single prolonged VT larger circus movement, propagating change in the "functional core" of the ventricular myocardium, dissipating mini reentrant circuits, exhibited as ventricular fibrillation.) Ischemia, electrolyte, pH abnormalities, or bradycardia are potential causes of functionally defined re-entry due to changes in the properties of the cardiac tissue's functional core. (No accessory pathway required). For reentry to occur, the path length of circuit should be greater than the wave length (ERP × conduction velocity) of impulse.
# Sian Brice

Sian Brice (born 2 April 1969) is a triathlete from the United Kingdom.
She was born in Leigh, Greater Manchester.
Brice competed at the first Olympic triathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She was one of the three British athletes, along with Michelle Dillon and Andrew Johns, not to finish the competition. Before she went to the Olympics she already had a bronze medal under her belt from the European Triathlon Championships, she also came sixth in the World Championships behind 5 Aussies.
# Battle of Rhodes

Battle of Rhodes can refer to several battles and sieges throughout history.
* Siege of Rhodes (305–304 BC), by Demetrius I of Macedon
* Battle of Rhodes (1100), naval battle between Venetians and Pisans off the city of Rhodes
* Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes (1306–1310)
* Siege of Rhodes (1444), unsuccessful attempt by the Mamluks under Aynal Gecut to expel the Knights Hospitaller from the island
* Siege of Rhodes (1480), first, unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to expel the Knights Hospitaller from the island
* Siege of Rhodes (1522), second, successful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to expel the Knights Hospitaller from the island
* Battle of Rhodes (1912), Italian capture of the island during the Italo-Turkish War
* Battle of Rhodes (1943), German invasion during World War II.
# Fred J. Smith

Fred J. Smith (July 4, 1899–October 19, 1988) was a state legislator in Illinois. He served numerous terms in the Illinois House and them the Illinois Senate.

## Early life

His date and place of birth are contended. According to his obituary Smith was born Chattanooga, Tennessee and born circa 1898 or 1899 being aged 89 at his death in 1988. Another source claims that he was born April 14, 1892 on a farm near Kosse, Texas and both of his parents were enslaved. The Journal of the Senate in 1989 says he was born in Chattanooga but on July 4, 1893. The 1971 Illinois Blue Book listed his birth as being on July 4, 1899 in Chattanooga.
Smith was educated in public schools in Chattanooga. He was further educated at the Christian Institute at Roger Williams University and at Fisk University.
In 1930, he became a deputy clerk of the Municipal Court of Chicago, a job that he would hold through the 1970s.

## Political career

A Democrat, Smith was first elected to the Illinois House of Representatives in 1942 to serve the 3rd district and served from 1943 to 1955.
He was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1954 serving from 1955 to 1979 representing the 3rd, then 11th and finally the 22nd districts.

## Personal life and death

Fisk was a catholic. He was married to Margaret Smith who was also a member of the Illinois Senate.
Smith died October 19, 1988, aged 89 at his home in Illinois.
# Kudian, Shiraz

Kudian (Persian: كوديان, also Romanized as Kūdīān and Kūdeyān; also known as Kordīān and Kordīyān) is a village in Derak Rural District, in the Central District of Shiraz County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,051, in 207 families.
# Laxman Chettri

Laxman Chettri (born 26 January 1992) is an Indian cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Meghalaya in the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy on 20 December 2018.
# Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science

The Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal which publishes original research papers, comments, and reviews relating to all aspects of forensic science. It was established in 1968, and is published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science. Articles may be published in either English or French.
The journal offers an option to publish gold open access.

## Editorial board

The editor-in-chief is Brian Yamashita (Forensic Science and Identification Services, Royal Canadian Mounted Police).
Associate Editors:
* Rolanda Lam, Royal Canadian Mounted Police
* Cyril Muehlethaler, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
* Theresa Stotesbury, Ontario Tech University
* Karen Woodall, University of Toronto
Editorial Board members:
* G. S. Anderson - Simon Fraser University
* C. Boisvert - Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médicine légale (FR)
* F. Chafe - MacEwan University
* G. J. Davis - University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States
* S. Forbes - Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
* C. Hageman - Ontario Tech University
* N. Hearns - Royal Canadian Mounted Police
* R. Langille - Ontario Centre of Forensic Sciences (retired)
* J. Marshall - Trent University
* P. Mayne Correia - University of Alberta
* R. Schimpf - Royal Canadian Mounted Police
* T. Tanaka - Private practice
* J. G. Wigmore - Private practice

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in Excerpta Medica and Chemical Abstracts Service.
According to the Taylor & Francis, the journal had a 2022 Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) factor of 0.220.
# Mind Exploding

Professional ratings :
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| Allmusic | |
Mind Exploding is the fifth album by German hard rock band Lucifer's Friend. This album marks the point where they returned to a more hard rock oriented style with less of a progressive rock sound. It is more or less the missing link between I'm Just a Rock & Roll Singer (1973) and Banquet (1974); with the hard rock driven sound of the former, it still has the occasional horn section and progressiveness of the latter. This is the last album with John Lawton on vocals before he joined Uriah Heep. Lawton returned to Lucifer's Friend in 1981 to record the Mean Machine album.

## Personnel

* John Lawton – lead vocals
* Peter Hesslein – lead guitars, vocals
* Peter Hecht – keyboards
* Dieter Horns – bass guitar, vocals
* Curt Cress – drums
# Flushing Town Hall

Flushing Town Hall is a performing arts center and historic town hall at 137-35 Northern Boulevard in the Flushing neighborhood of Queens in New York City. It served as the seat of government of the village of Flushing until the village became part of City of Greater New York in 1898. It was built in 1862 and is a 2-story, three-by-six-bay, brick building with basement and attic. A style of architecture that originated in Germany, Rundbogenstil ("round arch style"), was used here and in a number of American buildings of the Civil War Era. The earliest photographs show the building to have been painted a light color. The use of paint was discontinued following adhesion problems during a restoration. A small rear wing was added in 1938 containing a block of jail cells. The front facade features a triple arched portico topped by a classic entablature with low balustrade.
It was listed as a New York City Landmark in 1968 and on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.
The building houses the Flushing Council on Culture and the Arts (FCCA). As a member of New York City's Cultural Institutions Group (CIG), the FCCA serves as stewards of Flushing Town Hall, restoring, managing and programming the historic 1862 landmark on behalf of the City of New York. FCCA celebrates the history of Queens as the home of jazz by presenting jazz performance.
# Dirck W. Ten Broeck

Dirck Wessel Ten Broeck (July 26, 1738 – May 29, 1780) was an American landowner, soldier, politician who served in the 1st and 2nd New York State Legislatures.

## Early life

Ten Broeck was born on July 26, 1738, in Albany, Province of New York in what was then British America. He was the youngest son of Grietje "Margarita" (née Cuyler) Ten Broeck (1682–1783) and Albany mayor Dirck Ten Broeck, members of the Ten Broeck family which had long been prominent in colonial New York. Among his elder siblings were Catharine, wife of John Livingston (a son of Robert Livingston the Younger), Christina, wife of fellow New York State Senator Philip Livingston, and brother Abraham, married to Elizabeth Van Rensselaer (a daughter of Stephen Van Rensselaer I).
His maternal grandparents were Abraham Cuyler (a brother of former Albany mayor Cornelis Cuyler) and Caatje (née Bleecker) Cuyler (a daughter of former Albany mayor Jan Jansen Bleecker. His paternal grandparents were Catherina (née Loockermans) Ten Broeck and Wessel Ten Broeck (son of former Albany mayor Dirck Wesselse Ten Broeck).

## Career

Ten Broeck served as firemaster in 1769 and was a lottery manager in 1772. At the outbreak of the American Revolution, he supported the Patriot cause and "diverted his business stock of tools, weaponry, and supplies" to the Continental Army. During the war, he served as a Lieutenant colonel of the Albany militia and was a member of the Committee of Correspondence. Ten Broeck also served as a United States Lottery Agent and Continental Loan Officer.

### Post-war career

He was a member of the 1st New York State Legislature, having been elected to the New York State Senate to represent one of six seats for the Western District, which consisted of Albany and Tryon counties. His first term, which met from September 9, 1777, to June 30, 1778, was during the first year of George Clinton's governorship, and met at Kingston before meeting at Poughkeepsie. He also served in the 2nd Legislature, which met from October 13, 1778, to March 17, 1779, at Poughkeepsie. In his second Senate term, he was elected to the Council of Appointment (replacing Abraham Yates Jr.) who selected his brother Abraham as the Mayor of Albany in 1779. He was succeeded in his Senate seat by his brother Abraham.

## Personal life

On November 25, 1761, Ten Broeck was married Annatje "Anna" Douw (1743–1774), the eldest child of New York State Senator Volkert P. Douw and Anna (née De Peyster) Douw (daughter of Johannes de Peyster III). They lived in the third ward home Ten Broeck had inherited from his father, owned extensive land, but did not have any children together.
Anna died in Albany on February 18, 1774. Ten Broeck died in Albany on May 29, 1780.
# Vernon Thompson

Vernon Thompson is an American politician.
Thompson was a member of the Missouri House of Representatives from 1987 to 2000, when he was sentenced to one year and one day in federal prison on two counts of fraud, "for his role in stealing almost $305,000 from Kansas City and federally subsidized apartment projects." The sentence was later reduced to seven months and fifteen days. After he was released from prison, Thompson returned to the state legislature as an aide.
# Amit Das (Odisha cricketer)

Amit Das (born 2 March 1992) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Odisha. He made his first-class debut on 7 November 2015 in the 2015–16 Ranji Trophy.
# Astoria, Saint George, Barbados

Astoria is a populated place in the parish of Saint George, Barbados.
# Les Crosets

Les Crosets is a village and ski resort in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland. It is part of the Val-d'Illiez municipality, and Portes du Soleil ski area.

## Location and access

At 1,670 metres (5,480 ft), Les Crosets is the highest altitude of any resort of the Swiss side of the Portes du Soleil. It is, however, one of the smallest as well. It is easily reached by skis from Champery, Châtel and Avoriaz. It has a sunny, snowy microclimate and allows splendid views of the Dents Du Midi.
Les Crosets is approximately two hours by car from Geneva airport. The final approach to the village is a winding, unmarked road, which is open year-round. There is no public transport within the village, however, a Post Bus connects to the cogwheel train in Val-d'Illiez.

## Population

Around 60 people live in Les Crosets year-round. This number swells significantly during the winter ski season, as the village hosts as many as 650 visitors. There are a number of hotels in the village, and some private apartments are available on AirBnB.
The full-time population largely work in the tourism industry, supporting the hotels, restaurants and ski infrastructure.

## Tourism and sports
### Winter sports

Les Crosets is famous for its winter sports. As the highest resort in the Swiss side of Portes du Soleil, it receives a great deal of snow, often early in the season. Les Crosets has an average snowfall of 48 cm.
Les Crosets offers alpine skiing, snowboarding, sledding and snowshoeing. The village is located in the center of the Portes du Soleil ski resort, which contains 650 km of piste. From Les Crosets, a good skier can reach the French Avoriz resort in 20 minutes. Les Crosets encompasses the famous Swiss Wall - a mogul run which is considered one of the ten hardest ski runs in the world. A snowpark offers jumps and freestyle skiing and snowboarding, and chairlifts transport as many as 4,000 people per hour.
While nightlife in the traditional sense (clubs and bars) is notably absent, Les Crosets offers night skiing regularly.
Two ski stores offer rental equipment, and a number of ski schools operate in the area.

### Summer sports

Mountain biking, ebiking and hiking are popular summer sports in Les Crosets. Fishing in Lac Vert is also possible.

## Notable inhabitants

Swiss ski racer Corinne Rey-Bellet, was born, raised and violently killed in Les Crosets.
# Lipscombite

Lipscombite (Fe$^{2+}$,Mn$^{2+}$)(Fe$^{3+}$)$_2$(PO$_4$)$_2$(OH)$_2$ is a green gray, olive green, or black. phosphate-based mineral containing iron, manganese, and iron phosphate.
Lipscombite is often formed at meteorite impact sites where its crystals are microscopically small, because crystal-forming conditions of pressure and temperature are brief.
In the Classification of non-silicate minerals lipscombite is in the lipscombite group, which also includes zinclipscombite. This group is within the non-silicate, category 8, anhydrous phosphates, lazulite supergroup.

## Discovery

The mineral lipscombite was first made artificially and then found in nature. It was named after chemist William Lipscomb by the mineralogist John W. Gruner who first made it artificially.
While investigating the stability relations of iron oxides small, black, shiny crystals were obtained when a spherical iron pressure-temperature vessel was contaminated with phosphorus. The x-ray powder diffraction pattern was similar to lazulite, but unknown.
Gruner, a mineralogist at the University of Minnesota, gave Lipscomb, a chemistry professor there, the crystals for Lewis Katz and Lipscomb to determine the atomic structure using single-crystal x-ray diffraction. They initially called the mineral iron lazulite.
# Sistan-e Olya

Sistan-e Olya (Persian: سيستان عليا, also Romanized as Sīstān-e 'Olyā; also known as Sissun, Sīstān, Sīstān-e Bālā va Shīr Ḩabīb, and Sīsūn) is a village in Jolgah Rural District, in the Central District of Jahrom County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 10, in 4 families.
# Adele Price

Adele Price (born 14 July 1935) is a former Australian diver. She competed in the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games.
At the 1956 Melbourne Olympics, Price finished 18th in the 10m platform.

## Personal

Price's married name is Johnson.