# Tupi–Guarani languages

Tupi–Guarani (/tuːˈpiː ɡwɑˈrɑːni/ /ɡwɑˈɾɑ-/; Tupi-Guarani: [tuˈpi ɡwaɾaˈni];pronunciation) is the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America. It consists of about fifty languages, including Guarani and Old Tupi. The most widely spoken in modern times by far is Guarani, which is one of the two official languages of Paraguay.
The words petunia, jaguar, piranha, ipecac, tapioca, jacaranda, anhinga, carioca, and capoeira are of Tupi–Guarani origin.

## Classification
### Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:
* Tupí–Guaraní
** Guaraní (Group I)
** Guarayu (Group II): Guarayu, Pauserna**, Sirionó (dialects: Yuqui, Jorá**)
** Tupí (Group III): Old Tupi (lingua franca dialect: Tupí Austral), Tupinambá (dialects: Nheengatu, a.k.a. Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára), Cocama–Omagua*, Tupinikin**
** Tenetehara (Group IV): Akwáwa (dialects: Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), Avá-Canoeiro, Tapirapé, Tenetehára (dialects: Guajajara, Tembé), Turiwára
** Kawahíb (Group VI): Apiacá, Kawahíb (numerous varieties; incl. Piripkúra, Diahói?), Kayabí, Karipúna, ?Uru-Pa-In
** Kamayurá (Group VII)
** Xingu (Group VIIIa): Anambé (of Cairarí), Amanayé, Xingú Asuriní, Araweté, Aurá, Ararandewara
** Northern Tupi–Guaraní (Group VIIIb): Anambé of Ehrenreich, Emerillon, Guajá, Wayampi, Zo'é, Takunyapé, Urubú–Kaapor, Wayampipukú
*Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a mixed language, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.
**Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)
Karipuna language (Amapá) may be spurious.
Sound changes from Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG) defining each of the 8 Tupi-Guarani groups as listed by Rodrigues & Cabral (2002):
    GroupPTG final consonantsPTG *tʃPTG *pwPTG *pjPTG *j 1 lost*tʃ > tʃ, ts, s; *ts > h, zero*pw > kw, k*pj > tʃ, ʃ 2 lost*tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s*pw > kw, k*pj preserved 3 preserved*tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s*pw preserved*pj preserved 4 preserved (with some modifications)*tʃ, *ts merged as h*pw > kw*pj > tʃ, ts*j > tʃ, ts, s, z 5 preserved*tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero*pw > ɸ*pj > s*j > dʒ 6 preserved*tʃ, *ts merged as h*pw > kw (Parintintín, Apiaká); *pw > ɣw, ɣ (Tupí-Kawahíb)*pj preserved*j preserved 7 preserved*tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero*pw > hw, h*pj > ts*j preserved 8 partially lost*tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero*pw > kw*pj > s*j preserved

### Michael, et al. (2015)

Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi–Guarani languages.
* Tupí-Guaraní
** Kamaiurá (600 speakers)
** Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní
*** Northern
**** Guajá (280 speakers)
**** Ka'ápor (800 speakers)
**** Avá-Canoeiro (14 speakers)
*** Central
***** Anambé, Araweté (Anambé 6 speakers, Araweté 280 speakers)
***** Xingú Asurini (120 speakers)
***** Tocantins Asuriní, Parakanã (700-1,500 speakers)
***** Tapirapé (560 speakers)
*** Peripheral
**** Wayampi, Emerillon (Wayampi 1,200 speakers, Emerillon 400 speakers)
**** Kayabí, Parintintin (Kayabí 1,000 speakers, Kagwahiva 870 speakers)
**** Diasporic
***** Tembé (13,000 speakers)
****** Tupi
******* Omagua, Kokama (Omagua 10 speakers, Cocama 250 speakers)
******* Tupinambá (Nheengatu 19,000 speakers)
****** Southern
******* Sirionó, Yuki (500 speakers)
******* Guarayu, Pauserna † (Guarayu 5,900 speakers)
******* Guaranian
******** Aché (910 speakers)
******** Mbyá
******** Paraguay Guaraní (4.85 million speakers)
********* Xetá †, Kaiowá, Ñandeva (Kaiwá 18,000 speakers, Ava Guarani 16,000 speakers)
********* Tapiete, Chiriguano (Chiriguano 51,000 speakers)
O'Hagan et al. (2014, 2019) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers, just to the south of Marajó Island in eastern Pará State, Brazil. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River, Proto-Tupinambá expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/Araguaia River towards the Paraná River basin.

### Jolkesky (2016)

Below is an internal classification of Tupi-Guarani by Jolkesky (2016), which is largely based on Michael, et al. (2015):
(† = extinct)
* Tupí-Guaraní
** Kamayura: Kamayura
** Kaapor-Ava
*** Ava-Canoeiro: Ava-Canoeiro
*** Kaapor: Anambe †; Aura; Guaja; Takuñape †; Urubu-Kaapor
** Akwawa-Arawete
*** Akwawa-Tapirape
**** Akwawa: Asurini do Tocantins; Parakanã; Surui (Tupi-Guarani)
**** Tapirape: Tapirape
*** Arawete-Asurini
**** Arawete: Amanaye †; Anambe; Ararandewara †; Arawete
**** Asurini do Xingu: Asurini do Xingu
** Nuclear Tupi-Guarani
*** Tenetehara: Guajajara; Tembe; Turiwara †
*** Kawahib-Kayabi
**** Apiaka: Apiaka
**** Juma: Juma
**** Kayabi: Kayabi
**** Kawahib: Amondawa; Karipuna (Tupi); Parintintin; Piripkura; Tukumanfed †; Uruewauwau; Wirafed
*** Diasporic Tupi-Guarani
**** Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono
***** Guarayu: Guarayu; Pauserna
***** Siriono: Siriono; Jora †; Yuki
***** Guarani
****** Ache: Ache
****** Guarani: Guarani, Classical †; Chiriguano; Chiripa
****** Central: Guarani Paraguaio
****** Western: Guarani Boliviano; Tapiete
****** Eastern: Kayowa; Mbya; Ñandeva; Pai Tavytera; Sheta
**** Tupinamba-Kokama
***** Kokama-Omagua: Kokama; Kokamilla; Omagua
***** Tupi: Tupi †; Tupi Austral †
***** Tupinamba: Nhengatu; Tupinamba †
***** Wayampi: Emerillon; Wayampi; Zo'e

### Ferraz and Reichert (2021)

The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupí-Guaraní languages by Ferraz and Reichert (2021).
* Tupí-Guaraní
** Guajá–Tenetehara
*** Guajá; Tembé, Guajajara
** Guaraní
*** Warazu
*** Xetá
*** Guayaki; Tapiete, Chiriguano
*** Guaraní; Kaiowá, Mbyá
*** Guarayo; Sirionó, Yuki
** Tupi
*** Tupinambá; Nheengatu, Ka'apor (Urubu-Kaapor)
** Northern
*** Kamayura; Anambé, Araweté
*** Avá–Wayampí?
**** Avá-Canoeiro
**** Wayampí Jarí; Emerillon, Wayampí
** Central
*** Asurini Xingu
*** Akwawa–Tapirapé
**** Apiaká; Suruí; Tapirapé; Parakanã, Asurini
*** Kawahib
**** Kayabi
**** Parintintin, Tenharim
**** Amondava, Urueuwauwau

## Varieties

Below is a list of Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.

## Proto-language
### Schleicher (1998)

The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Schleicher (1998):
Proto-Tupi–Guarani reconstructions by Schleicher (1998) :
| no. | gloss | Proto-Tupi-Guarani | notes |
| 1 | fruit | *ʔá; *ɨʔβa | |
| 2 | hair | *ʔáβ | |
| 3 | lie down | *ʔáβ/*ʔáw | |
| 4 | to stand | *ʔám | |
| 5 | to sit | *ʔapɨk | |
| 6 | tie up | *ʔapɨtĩ | |
| 7 | fall (human) | *ʔár | |
| 8 | say | *ʔé | |
| 9 | other, companion | *ʔirũ | |
| 10 | tree | *ʔɨ́β | |
| 11 | canoe | *ʔɨčár | |
| 12 | swim | *ʔɨtáβ | |
| 13 | they | *ʔŋã | |
| 14 | dig | *ʔók | |
| 15 | eat (trans.) | *ʔú | |
| 16 | 3rd person | *aʔé | |
| 17 | seed | *aʔɨ̃y | |
| 18 | person | *aβá | |
| 19 | corn | *aβatí | |
| 20 | bad | *aíβ | |
| 21 | sharp | *aimbé | |
| 22 | man | *akʷaimbaʔé | < *kuyãʔĩ-mbaʔé ? |
| 23 | head | *akáŋ | |
| 24 | humid, wet | *akɨ́m | |
| 25 | hot | *-akúβ | |
| 26 | rain | *amán | |
| 27 | other | *amõ | |
| 28 | far | *amõ-ité | |
| 29 | old man, grandfather | *amõy | |
| 30 | no | *anĩ | |
| 31 | this | *áŋ | |
| 32 | back | *apé | |
| 33 | road | *apé ~ *peé | |
| 34 | burn | *apɨ́ | |
| 35 | nose | *apũy | |
| 36 | root | *apó | |
| 37 | short | *apoʔá/*apuʔá | |
| 38 | round | *apuʔá | |
| 39 | day | *ár | |
| 40 | walk | *atá | |
| 41 | fire | *(t)atá | |
| 42 | smoke | *(t)atá-tíŋ | |
| 43 | mountain | *atɨ́r | |
| 44 | horn | *atĩ | |
| 45 | tooth | *-ãy | |
| 46 | push | *(mbo)ayán | |
| 47 | parrot | *ayurú | |
| 48 | fly | *βeβé | |
| 49 | float | *βeβúy | |
| 50 | crack, split | *βók | |
| 51 | swell | *βúr | |
| 52 | float | *βúr | |
| 53 | cord | *čám | |
| 54 | play, amuse | *-čaráy | |
| 55 | worm | *čeβoʔí | |
| 56 | wash | *čéy | |
| 57 | mother | *čɨ́ | |
| 58 | clean | *čɨ́β | |
| 59 | rub | *čɨ́β | |
| 60 | smooth | *čɨ́m | |
| 61 | run (water) | *čɨrɨ́ | |
| 62 | pull off | *čók | |
| 63 | to bite | *čuʔú | |
| 64 | black | *čún | |
| 65 | not | *eʔɨ́m | |
| 66 | scratch | *eʔɨ̃y | |
| 67 | belly | *eβék | |
| 68 | eye | *ečá | |
| 69 | to pull | *ekɨ́y | |
| 70 | to live | *ekó | |
| 71 | wife | *embi-rekó | |
| 72 | you | *endé | |
| 73 | saliva | *endɨ | |
| 74 | hear | *endúβ | |
| 75 | knee | *enɨpɨʔã | |
| 76 | call | *enõy | |
| 77 | see | *epʸák | |
| 78 | name | *-ér | |
| 79 | much | *-etá | |
| 80 | leg | *etɨmã | |
| 81 | smell | *-etún | |
| 82 | stone | *itá | |
| 83 | I | *iye, *iče | |
| 84 | water | *ɨ́ | |
| 85 | lake | *ɨ-upá | |
| 86 | sand | *ɨʔɨtíŋ | |
| 87 | drink | *ɨʔú | |
| 88 | earth | *ɨβɨ́ | |
| 89 | sky | *ɨβák | |
| 90 | cloud | *ɨβák-tíŋ | |
| 91 | tree | *ɨβɨrá | |
| 92 | wind | *ɨβɨtú | |
| 93 | belly | *ié | |
| 94 | domestic animal | *(e)ɨmbá | |
| 95 | bark | *ɨpé | |
| 96 | night | *ɨpɨtún | |
| 97 | bow | *ɨrapár/*ɨβɨrapár | |
| 98 | dust, powder | *-ɨtiʔmbór | |
| 99 | know | *kʷaáβ | |
| 100 | sun | *kʷár | |
| 101 | scrubland, forest | *kaʔá | |
| 102 | grass, weeds | *kaʔapiʔí | |
| 103 | monkey | *kaʔí | |
| 104 | suck | *kaʔmbú | |
| 105 | fat | *káβ | |
| 106 | breast | *kám | |
| 107 | bone | *káŋ | |
| 108 | scrape | *karãy | |
| 109 | eat (intrans.) | *karú | |
| 110 | good | *katú | |
| 111 | get burned | *káy | |
| 112 | sleep | *kér | |
| 113 | dirty | *kɨʔá | |
| 114 | louse | *kɨβ | |
| 115 | knife | *kɨčé | |
| 116 | fear | *čɨkɨyé | |
| 117 | green | *(a)kɨr | |
| 118 | fat | *(pi)kɨr | |
| 119 | clean | *kɨtíŋ-ʔók | |
| 120 | to cut | *kɨtĩ/*kɨti | |
| 121 | tongue | *kũ | |
| 122 | this | *ko | |
| 123 | ashes | *kočúβ | |
| 124 | sand | *kuʔí | |
| 125 | back | *kupé | |
| 126 | boy | *kurumĩ | |
| 127 | bore, perforate | *kutúk | |
| 128 | fall (object) | *kúy | |
| 129 | woman | *kuyã | |
| 130 | manioc plant | *mandí | |
| 131 | die | *manõ | |
| 132 | why | *mbaʔé | |
| 133 | sing | *mbaraká | |
| 134 | sew | *mboβúk/*mboβɨk | |
| 135 | few | *mbočapɨr | |
| 136 | throw | *(mbo)mbór | |
| 137 | snake | *mbóy | |
| 138 | dust | *-mbukú | |
| 139 | give | *meʔéŋ | |
| 140 | child | *membɨr | |
| 141 | husband | *mén | |
| 142 | animal | *miyár | |
| 143 | two | *mokõy | |
| 144 | recount | *mombeʔú | |
| 145 | ear | *nambí | |
| 146 | beat | *nupã | |
| 147 | flesh | *oʔó | |
| 148 | green | *oβɨ́ | |
| 149 | leaf | *óβ | |
| 150 | house | *ók | |
| 151 | we (exclusive) | *ore | |
| 152 | all | *páβ | |
| 153 | (re)count | *papár | |
| 154 | river | *paranã | |
| 155 | one | *pé | |
| 156 | you all | *pẽẽ | |
| 157 | wing | *pepó | |
| 158 | tobacco | *petɨ́m | |
| 159 | blow | *peyú | |
| 160 | rub | *pín | |
| 161 | skin | *pír | |
| 162 | fish | *pirá | |
| 163 | bark | *pirér | |
| 164 | child | *ptáŋ/*mitáŋ | |
| 165 | foot | *pɨ́ | |
| 166 | liver | *pɨʔá | |
| 167 | new | *pɨčačú | |
| 168 | catch | *pɨčɨ́k | |
| 169 | wide | *pɨpír | |
| 170 | suck | *pɨtér | |
| 171 | breath | *pɨtú | |
| 172 | hand | *pó/*mbó | |
| 173 | thin | *poʔí | |
| 174 | fingernail | *po-apẽ | |
| 175 | twist | *poán | < *poayán ? |
| 176 | heavy | *počɨ́y | |
| 177 | sing, dance | *poračéy | |
| 178 | chest | *potiʔá | |
| 179 | flower | *potɨ́r | |
| 180 | clean | *potuká | < *po-kutuk ? |
| 181 | laugh | *puká | |
| 182 | long | *pukú | |
| 183 | tie (up) | *pʷár | |
| 184 | cure | *pʷeráβ | |
| 185 | cold | *roʔɨ́ | |
| 186 | swell | *rurúk | |
| 187 | ashes | *tanimbúk | < *tatá imbúk ? |
| 188 | tapir | *tapiʔír | |
| 189 | white | *tíŋ | |
| 190 | nose | *tĩ | |
| 191 | pull | *-tɨ́k | |
| 192 | father | *túβ | |
| 193 | big | *tuβiyáβ | |
| 194 | old | *tuyá | |
| 195 | arrow | *uʔɨ́β | |
| 196 | leg | *úβ | |
| 197 | egg | *upiʔá | |
| 198 | come | *úr | |
| 199 | blood | *uwɨ́ | |
| 200 | tail | *uwáy | |
| 201 | old (woman) | *waiwĩ | |
| 202 | red | *-wáŋ | |
| 203 | vomit | *weʔén | |
| 204 | bird | *wɨrá | |
| 205 | ax | *yɨ́ | |
| 206 | jaguar | *yaʔwár | |
| 207 | moon | *yačɨ́ | |
| 208 | star | *yačɨ-tatá | |
| 209 | crocodile | *yakaré | |
| 210 | run | *yán | |
| 211 | we (inclusive) | *yande | |
| 212 | tighten | *(mbo)yár | |
| 213 | to play | *-yarú | |
| 214 | laugh | *yáy | |
| 215 | speak | *yeʔéŋ | |
| 216 | return, come back | *ye-βɨ́r | |
| 217 | grass, weeds | *yuʔũ | |
| 218 | yellow | *yúβ | |
| 219 | rotten | *yúk | |
| 220 | kill | *yuká | |
| 221 | yellow | *yukɨrɨ́ | |
| 222 | salt | *yukɨ́r | |
| 223 | neck | *yúr | |
| 224 | mouth | *yurú | |

### Lemle (1971)

The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Lemle (1971):
Proto-Tupi–Guarani reconstructions by Lemle (1971) :
| no. | gloss | Proto-Tupi-Guarani |
| 1 | to, in | *pɨpe |
| 2 | accident | *memwã |
| 3 | sharp | *aemee |
| 4 | water | *ɨ |
| 5 | some | *amõ |
| 6 | align, braid | *pẽ |
| 7 | yellow | *yub |
| 8 | tie | *apɨtĩ |
| 9 | tie | *pwar |
| 10 | walk | *ata |
| 11 | tapir | *tapiʔir |
| 12 | tightten | *momyk |
| 13 | squeeze | *pɨcɨk |
| 14 | that | *pe |
| 15 | bow | *ɨbɨrapar |
| 16 | tree | *ʔɨb |
| 17 | wing | *pepo |
| 18 | grandfather | *amõy |
| 19 | fat | *kab |
| 20 | lard | *yanɨ |
| 21 | stomach, liver | *pɨʔa |
| 22 | stomach | *ɨe |
| 23 | stomach | *ebek |
| 24 | hit | *nupã |
| 25 | drink | *ɨʔu |
| 26 | animal | *eɨmab |
| 27 | mouth | *yuru |
| 28 | float | *bebɨy |
| 29 | good | *katu |
| 30 | white | *tiŋ |
| 31 | play | *yemocaray |
| 32 | hole | *kwar |
| 33 | head | *akaŋ |
| 34 | hair | *ʔab |
| 35 | fall | *ʔar |
| 36 | path | *pe, *ape |
| 37 | field | *yũ |
| 38 | canoe | *ɨar |
| 39 | grass | *kapiʔi |
| 40 | meat | *oʔo |
| 41 | house | *ok |
| 42 | bark | *pe |
| 43 | corn drink | *kawĩ |
| 44 | dig | *ɨbɨkoy |
| 45 | dig | *yoʔok |
| 46 | basket | *karamemwã |
| 47 | sky | *ɨbak |
| 48 | call | *enõy |
| 49 | full | *por |
| 50 | smell | *etun |
| 51 | horn | *atĩ |
| 52 | horn | *ʔak |
| 53 | suck | *pɨter |
| 54 | rain | *aman |
| 55 | ashes | *tanimuk |
| 56 | coati | *kwati |
| 57 | snake | *moy |
| 58 | scratch | *eʔɨ̃y |
| 59 | eat | *ʔu |
| 60 | companion, brother | *ʔirũ |
| 61 | long | *puku |
| 62 | string | *cam |
| 63 | flow | *cɨrɨk |
| 64 | cut | *kɨtĩ |
| 65 | back | *ape |
| 66 | back | *kupe |
| 67 | sew | *mobɨk, *mobɨbɨk |
| 68 | grow | *akakuwab |
| 69 | give | *meʔeŋ |
| 70 | finger | *pwã |
| 71 | lie | *ʔab |
| 72 | tooth | *ãy |
| 73 | draw | *kwatiar |
| 74 | day | *ar |
| 75 | two | *mokõy |
| 76 | sleep | *ker |
| 77 | he | *aʔe |
| 78 | push | *moayan |
| 79 | rub | *pin |
| 80 | rub | *kɨtɨk |
| 81 | wife | *emireko |
| 82 | stand | *puʔam |
| 83 | star | *yacɨtata |
| 84 | I | *(i)ce |
| 85 | knife | *kɨce |
| 86 | speak | *yeʔeŋ |
| 87 | full | *ʔɨtarõ |
| 88 | thin | *poʔi |
| 89 | arrow | *uʔɨb |
| 90 | flower | *potɨr, *ɨbotɨr |
| 91 | fire | *tata |
| 92 | leaf | *ob |
| 93 | cold | *roʔɨ, *roʔɨca |
| 94 | fruit | *ʔa |
| 95 | smoke | *tatatiŋ, *catatiŋ |
| 96 | tobacco | *petɨm |
| 97 | pierce | *kutuk |
| 98 | claw | *pɨcãpẽ |
| 99 | like | *ʔarõ |
| 100 | large | *tubicab |
| 101 | man | *aba |
| 102 | island | *ɨpaʔũ |
| 103 | swell | *bubur |
| 104 | swell | *ruru |
| 105 | space | *paʔũ |
| 106 | go | *co |
| 107 | alligator | *yakare |
| 108 | knee | *enɨpɨʔã |
| 109 | throw | *momor |
| 110 | lake | *ɨpab, *ɨupab |
| 111 | wash | *yocey, *ey, *c-ey, *yac-ay |
| 112 | tongue | *ape-kũ, *kũ |
| 113 | smooth | *cɨm |
| 114 | far | *-mɨrɨb |
| 115 | moon | *yacɨ |
| 116 | monkey | *kaʔi |
| 117 | ax | *yɨ |
| 118 | mother | *cɨ |
| 119 | command | *pway |
| 120 | manioc | *maniʔok |
| 121 | hand | *po |
| 122 | left hand | *acu |
| 123 | husband | *men |
| 124 | kill | *yuka |
| 125 | woods | *kaʔa |
| 126 | bad | *aib, *aɨb |
| 127 | boy | *kunumĩ |
| 128 | corn | *abati |
| 129 | wet | *akɨm |
| 130 | bite | *cuʔu |
| 131 | die | *manõ |
| 132 | hill | *ɨbɨtɨr, *ɨbɨʔam (+ -usu) |
| 133 | move | *mɨ̃y |
| 134 | many | *eta, *c-eta |
| 135 | woman | *kuyã |
| 136 | variety of bird | *mɨtũ |
| 137 | swim | *ɨtab |
| 138 | nose, beak | *tĩ |
| 139 | night | *pɨtun |
| 140 | night | *pɨca |
| 141 | name | *er |
| 142 | we (excl.) | *ore |
| 143 | we (incl.) | *yane |
| 144 | new | *pɨcacu |
| 145 | cloud | *ɨbatiŋ |
| 146 | hollow | *ɨbɨ̃y |
| 147 | eye | *eca |
| 148 | jaguar | *yawar |
| 149 | ear | *nami |
| 150 | bone | *kaŋ, *kaŋ-wer |
| 151 | hear | *enub |
| 152 | egg | *upiʔa |
| 153 | father | *ub |
| 154 | pan | *yaʔẽ |
| 155 | pan | *yaẽpopo |
| 156 | parrot | *ayuru |
| 157 | pass | *pwan |
| 158 | bird | *wɨra |
| 159 | stick | *ɨbɨra |
| 160 | foot | *pɨ |
| 161 | rock | *ita |
| 162 | chest | *potiʔa |
| 163 | breast | *kam |
| 164 | fish | *pira |
| 165 | skin | *pir, *piruer |
| 166 | feather | *ab, *c-ab, *c-a-wer |
| 167 | leg | *etɨmã |
| 168 | heavy | *pocɨy |
| 169 | neck | *ayur |
| 170 | person | *akwa |
| 171 | louse | *kɨb |
| 172 | variety of gnat | *piʔũ |
| 173 | past tense | *pwer |
| 174 | black | *un, *c-un |
| 175 | black, dark | *picun |
| 176 | burn | *kay |
| 177 | burn | *apɨ |
| 178 | hot | *akub |
| 179 | tail | *uway |
| 180 | split | *mobok, *bok |
| 181 | root | *apo |
| 182 | scrape | *karãy |
| 183 | round | *apuʔa |
| 184 | breathe | *pɨtu |
| 185 | river | *paranã |
| 186 | laugh | *puka |
| 187 | know | *kuwaab |
| 188 | sat | *yukɨr |
| 189 | saliva | *enɨ |
| 190 | blood | *uwɨ |
| 191 | heal | *pwerab |
| 192 | dry | *kaŋ |
| 193 | seed | *aʔɨ̃y |
| 194 | sit | *apɨk |
| 195 | sun | *kwaracɨ |
| 196 | blow | *peyu |
| 197 | dirty | *kɨʔa |
| 198 | dirty | *ipib |
| 199 | bamboo | *takwar |
| 200 | fear | *cɨkɨye |
| 201 | land | *ɨbɨ |
| 202 | all | *pab |
| 203 | three | *mocapɨr |
| 204 | intestines | *ɨʔe |
| 205 | one | *oyepeteĩ |
| 206 | fingernail | *pwã-pẽ |
| 207 | wind | *ɨbɨtu |
| 208 | see | *epyak |
| 209 | green | *obɨ |
| 210 | worm | *ceboʔi |
| 211 | red | *waŋ |
| 212 | red | *piraŋ |
| 213 | red | *pɨtaŋ |
| 214 | pour | *(ʔ)ẽ |
| 215 | come | *ur |
| 216 | live | *eko, *ekobe |
| 217 | ffly | *bebe |
| 218 | you (sing.) | *ne, *ene |
| 219 | you (pl.) | *pe- -ẽ |
| 220 | vomit | *weʔen |
| 221 | mad | *irõ |