OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alternan

Alternan is a branched α-d-glucan produced by microorganisms. This polymer was first discovered in the bacterium Leuconostoc mesenteroides, which has since been genetically engineered to produce alternan. They genetically engineered the genes for alternansucrase, the enzyme that produces alternan, to get a pure sample. This gene of the enzyme alternansucrase had also been genetically engineered into E. coli.
This compound is highly soluble in water and has a low viscosity. These characteristics make it a prime candidate to use in the food and cosmetic industries.

## Biosynthesis

Alternan is an exopolysaccharide generated from the glucose monosaccharides of sucrose by the enzyme alternansucrase. The polysaccharide is assembled with α-(1→6) and α-(1→3) glycosidic bonds. Alternansucrase was initially found in Leuconostoc mesenteroides, a bacterial species used in the dairy industry. L. mesenteroides is a gram positive bacterium that performs fermentation. During fermentation the bacterium produces a very high amount of alternan and dextran, requiring a medium containing sucrose, nitrogen, glutamate, thiamine, and valine. The alternan is then extracted from the fermentation product through centrifugation or filtration.

## Industrial use

Alternan has numerous industrial uses. One of the valuable uses is in food production as an essential component of the sweetener sucromalt, also known as Xtend, which is commonly used in diabetic foods due to its low glycemic index. Alternan can also be used to add texture to food or cosmetics in place of fat or oil.
Alternan has shown potential as a bulking agent as it has a low viscosity and high solubility. These properties are shared with other commonly used food extenders and binders. Few microorganisms have the ability to break down alternan, it is also able to retain its structure and properties when exposed to heat, making it a strong candidate to improve shelf-life of food products.

## Future Applications

Alternan has shown promising applications in stem cell research. When treating mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) with alternan they showed increased proliferation and viability. Alternan stimulated toll-like receptors in the MSC that are important in differentiation of the cell as well as increased migration abilities of the MSC. Alternan could be a beneficial additive to stem cell therapies to improve outcomes.
# Ramón Heredia

Ramón Armando Heredia Ruarte (born 26 February 1951 in Córdoba) is an Argentine former football defender who played for the Argentina national team.
Heredia started his playing career in 1969 with San Lorenzo in Argentina. He was part of the squad that won both league titles in 1972. He joined Atlético Madrid in 1973 and played in the 1974 European Cup Final. An undisputed starter in his first three years, he lost his regular place in the 4th due to injuries (as atletico won the league title). He then moved to Paris Saint-Germain, where again he would be used rarely. After two seasons with the latter, he chose to retire.
Heredia, (nicknamed Cacho) played 30 times for Argentina, including appearances at the 1974 FIFA World Cup.
After he retired from playing, Heredia became a football coach. He began by managing CD Toledo and Real Ávila CF, before he was appointed manager of Atlético Madrid in 1993. He also managed Cádiz CF and UD San Pedro.

## Honours

San Lorenzo
* Primera Division Argentina: 1972 Metropolitano, 1972 Nacional
* Copa Argentina Final Canceled: 1970
Atlético de Madrid
* European Cup Runner-up: 1973-74
* Copa Intercontinental: 1974
* Copa del Rey: 1975-76
* La Liga: 1976-77
# Rumworth and Daubhill railway station

vteLNWR lines to Bolton :
Legend :
Rumworth and Daubhill railway station was in the Daubhill area of south-west Bolton, Greater Manchester, on a deviation of the original Bolton Great Moor St to Kenyon Junction line. The station replaced an earlier station on the original line of the railway that had been served by a stationary engine. It was open from 1885 until 1952 for passengers and 1965 for freight.

## History

The Bolton and Leigh Railway (B&LR) opened for goods traffic in 1828, followed by passenger services in 1831. The original railway included two inclines worked by stationary engines, one of which was situated at Daubhill, south of Bolton Great Moor Street railway station (originally just called Bolton) with the line climbing up out of Bolton. The stationary engines played a prominent role on the line for at least 15 years and it is believed they remained in operation until about 1846. Cable haulage was discontinued once locomotive performance had improved sufficiently.
The incline at Daubhill was superseded by a deviation built by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) in 1885, the LNWR was by then the owner and operator of the line. The deviation also enabled the LNWR to increase capacity by doubling the line. A new Daubhill railway station was built on the deviation to replace the original Daubhill station at the top of the incline. The station opened on 2 February 1885 and was renamed Rumworth and Daubhill railway station on the 28 April 1885.
The deviation ran in a cutting and the station was built with two platforms on the outsides of the tracks with the station building above reached by steps either side. The station was located at the intersection of St Helens Road and Dean Church Road, the railway ran diagonally underneath this intersection. A station had a small goods yard. Holland says this was leased for many years to the Hulton Colliery Company.
Rumworth and Daubhill closed to passengers on 3 March 1952, although local services continued to pass through until all regular passenger services from Bolton Great Moor St were withdrawn on 27 March 1954. After closure the station was demolished and the cutting in which the station was located has been infilled leaving no trace of the station or railways existence.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Bolton Great Moor Street Line and station closed | London and North Western Railway | Chequerbent Line and station closed |
# Tetracera nordtiana

Tetracera nordtiana, commonly known as small-leaved fire vine, is a climbing plant in the family Dilleniaceae which occurs from eastern Indonesia to the Australian state of Queensland. It was first described in 1865 and has a conservation status of least concern.

## Description

Tetracera nordtiana is a twining vine, or (rarely) a scandent shrub, with stem diameters up to 5 cm (2.0 in) and branches to 10 m (33 ft) long. Most parts of the plant, and young growth in particular, may have varying degrees of indumentum, from lightly to densely hairy, or even scabrid (sandpapery). The leaves measure up to 20 cm (7.9 in) long by 7 cm (2.8 in) wide but are more commonly about 12 cm (4.7 in) by 5 cm (2.0 in). They are generally elliptic to ovate in shape, the edges may be either toothed or entire, and the lateral veins are very distinct.
The inflorescences are about 20 cm (7.9 in) long and carry on average about 60 fragrant flowers, each about 10 mm (0.39 in) diameter. There are 4 or 5 pale green sepals and 3 white petals. Stamens number about 120–150 and are about 5 mm (0.20 in) long. There are usually 3 carpels with 10 ovules each. The fruiting carpels are about 8 mm (0.31 in) long with a pointed apex. Each contains a single black seed surrounded by a red frilled aril.

## Taxonomy

This species was first described in 1865 by German-born Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller, who published the name in volume 5 his book Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ.

### Infraspecies

There are six varieties accepted, including the autonym, as follows:
* Tetracera nordtiana var. celebica Hoogland
* Tetracera nordtiana var. everillii (F.Muell.) Hoogland
* Tetracera nordtiana var. louisiadica Hoogland
* Tetracera nordtiana var. moluccana (Martelli) Hoogland
* Tetracera nordtiana var. nordtiana
* Tetracera nordtiana var. wuthiana (F.Muell.) Hoogland

### Etymology

The genus name Tetracera is compounded from the Ancient Greek words τετρα (tetra), four, and κέρας (kéras), horn, in reference to the fruit that have four 'horns' or 'beaks'. The species epithet nordtiana was chosen by Mueller in honour of his then-fiancée Rebecca Nordt.

## Distribution and habitat

Tetracera nordtiana is native to Sulawesi, the Maluku Islands, the island of New Guinea and the Australian state of Queensland. It grows in various forest types including rainforest and swamp forest, at altitudes from sea level to about 1,200 m (3,900 ft).

## Conservation

This species is listed as least concern under the Queensland Government's Nature Conservation Act. As of December 2024, it has not been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

## Gallery

* Habit
* Foliage
* Stem
* Flowers
* Fruit capsules, and seeds with red aril
# Young Republicans

The Young Republican National Federation, commonly referred to as the Young Republicans or YRNF, is a 527 organization for members of the Republican Party of the United States between the ages of 18 and 40. It has both a national organization and chapters in individual states.
Although frequently confused, the YRNF is separate from the College Republicans.
Young Republican clubs are both social and political in nature. Many of them sponsor various social events and networking events for members. In addition, Young Republican clubs assist Republican political candidates and causes.

## History

Although Young Republican organizations existed as early as 1856 with the founding of the New York Young Republican Club, the Young Republican National Federation was formed by George H. Olmsted at the urging of Herbert Hoover. The YRNF was officially founded in 1931.
# Tunney

Tunney may refer to:
Tunney is also a surname of Irish origin. Notable people with the surname include:
* Frank Tunney (1912–1983), Canadian wrestling executive
* Gene Tunney (1897–1978), American professional boxer; world heavyweight champion 1926–28
* Jack Tunney (1935–2004), Canadian wrestling promoter
* James Tunney (Canadian politician) (1927–2010), Canadian farmer and politician from Ontario; served one term in the Senate of Canada
* James Tunney (Irish politician) (1892–1964), Irish politician; served for seven terms in Seanad Éireann and one term in Dáil Éireann
* Jim Tunney (American football) (1929–2024), American football referee
* Jim Tunney (Irish politician) (1923–2002), Irish politician; TD for Dublin North West 1969–92; Lord Mayor of Dublin 1984–85
* John Tunney (naturalist) (1870–1929), Australian naturalist
* John V. Tunney (1934–2018), American politician from California; U.S. senator 1971–77; son of Gene Tunney
* Paddy Tunney (1921–2002), Irish singer, songwriter, and poet
* Polly Lauder Tunney (1907–2008), American socialite and philanthropist
* Rebecca Tunney (born 1996), British Olympic artistic gymnast
* Robin Tunney (born 1972), American stage, film, and television actress
* Tom Tunney (born 1955), American politician; alderman of the Chicago City Council since 2003
# Sulphur Creek Nature Center

The Sulphur Creek Nature Center is a nature center and wildlife rehabilitation center located in Hayward, California, United States. They are managed by the Hayward Area Recreation and Park District. The center has facilities for taking in and providing medical and rehabilitation services for wild animals, including mammals and birds, and a small display of San Francisco Bay Area native reptiles and amphibians. The center is an educational site for local elementary schools. Small domesticated animals are available for home rental, while the center itself has free admission. The site is adjacent to Sulphur Creek, a tributary of San Lorenzo Creek. They treat up to 900 wild animals a year and installed a webcam for observing a barn owl family.
# Netela

A netela (Amharic: ነጠላ) is a handmade scarf-like two-layered cloth made of cotton worn by Ethiopian and Eritrean women. The netela is a worn garment in both countries. The male equivalent is known as the kuta. However, both genders wear netela during Mass at churches of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church denomination as a sign of modesty & for religious purposes.
It has become an important garment to the Ethiopian diaspora due to the military coup in 1974.
# Georges-André Chevallaz

Georges-André Chevallaz (7 February 1915 – 8 September 2002) was a Swiss historian, politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council (1974–1983).
Mayor of Lausanne since 1957 and member of the Swiss National Council since 1958, he was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on 5 December 1973 and handed over office on 31 December 1983. He was affiliated to the Free Democratic Party. During his office time he held the following departments:
* Federal Department of Finance (1974–1979)
* Federal Military Department (1980–1983)
He was President of the Confederation in 1980.
After retiring from the Federal Council, he presided the foundation of the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (1988–1992).
He was the father of Swiss politicians Martin Chevallaz and Olivier Chevallaz.
# Patrick H. Landergin

Patrick H. Landergin (March 3, 1854 – March 4, 1929) was an American politician, rancher, banker and philanthropist. He served as a Democratic member of the Kansas House of Representatives in 1903. With his brother John, he was the co-owner of the LS Ranch and later purchased 100,000 acres of the XIT Ranch in Texas. By the time of his death, he was "one of the best known cattlemen in the United States."

## Early life

Patrick H. Landergin was born on March 3, 1854, in Oxford, New York. His parents were immigrants from Ireland. He had a brother, John. He grew up on a farm in New York state.

## Career

Landergin drove cattle on the Chisholm Trail in 1871. Shortly after, he raised cattle with his brother near Coffeyville, Kansas, and later Greenwood County, Kansas.
Landergin joined the Democratic Party. He was elected as a member of the Kansas House of Representatives in 1903.
By 1907, Landergin and his brother purchased 100,000 acres from the LS Ranch in Texas. They purchased the XIT Ranch in 1916. When his brother died in 1923, Landergin became the sole proprietor of their ranching interests. One of his sons-in-law, Grady Nobles, worked on his ranches. Meanwhile, Landergin served as the President of the Kansas National Livestock Association and the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association. Additionally, he served as the President of the Panhandle Livestock Association.
Landergin served as the President of the First State Bank of Vega, Texas. He also served on the boards of directors of the Eureka Bank of Eureka, Kansas. Additionally, he served on the board of directors of the Glen Rio Oil Company.

## Philanthropy

Landergin was elected as the Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Fairmount College, later known as Wichita State University, in 1914.
By 1917, Landergin served on the board of directors of the Red Cross of Amarillo. Additionally, he served on the board of directors of the Llano Cemetery Association. He was also a member of the Rotary Club. Additionally, he donated the bells of the First Presbyterian Church of Amarillo.

## Personal life

Landergin married Mary Louisa Corbin on November 25, 1886. They had two daughters, Alice and Harriet. They built a mansion at 1600 Polk Street in Amarillo, Texas. Landergin was widowed in 1913.
Landergin was Presbyterian.

## Death and legacy

Landergin died of influenza on March 4, 1929. He was buried at the Llano Cemetery in Amarillo. By the time of his death, he was "one of the best known cattlemen in the United States."
Landergin's mansion in Amarillo is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
# Lunga

Lunga may refer to:

## Places
### Democratic Republic of Congo

* Lunga, DRC, a town located in Katanga Province

### Moldova

* Lunga, Floreşti, a commune in Floreşti district
* Lunga, Transnistria, a commune in Transnistria

### Romania

* Lunga, a village in Târgu Secuiesc city, Covasna County
* Lunga, a village in Comloşu Mare Commune, Timiș County
* Lunga, a tributary of the Cheia in Vâlcea County
* Lunga, a tributary of the Bistricioara in Vâlcea County

### Scotland

* Lunga, Slate Islands, one of the Slate Islands in Argyll and Bute
* Lunga, Treshnish Isles, in Argyll and Bute

### Solomon Islands

* An area on Guadalcanal, including Lunga Point and Lunga River (Solomon Islands)

### United States

* Lunga Park Recreation Area and Lunga Reservoir, Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia

### Zambia

* Two rivers called Lunga River (Zambia)
# Sandino (film)

Sandino is a 1990 Spanish-Nicaraguan biographical film about Nicaraguan revolutionary Augusto César Sandino, directed by Chilean filmmaker Miguel Littín and produced by Spanish Televisión Española and Nicaraguan state producer Umamzor. It was released first in cinemas as a two-hour- long film. Later it was broadcast on television as a miniseries of three 55-minute episodes.

## Plot

The film depicts the life of Augusto César Sandino (1895–1934), the leader of the Nicaraguan resistance against the US occupation army between 1927 and 1933, as well as the National Guard that was organized against him after the Marines' defeat.
The movie features several real-life characters, including Calvin Coolidge (President of the United States), Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza, Salvadoran revolutionary Farabundo Martí, the country's President Juan Bautista Sacasa, Colonel Logan Feland and Captain Gilbert D. Hatfield of the Navy, as well as Blanca Aráuz Pineda, Sandino's wife and a telegraph operator from the town of San Rafael del Norte, Jinotega. Young workers who fought alongside Sandino, such as generals Francisco Estrada, José Gregorio Colindres, and Pedro Altamirano Pedrón, as well as Teresa Villatoro, Sandino's mountain wife, also make appearances.

## Cast

* Joaquim de Almeida as Augusto César Sandino
* Kris Kristofferson ad Tom Holte
* Dean Stockwell as Captain Hatfield
* Ángela Molina as Teresa Villatoro
* Victoria Abril as Blanca Arauz
* Omero Antonutti as Don Gregorio Sandino
* Blanca Guerra as Rossana
* Ernesto Gómez Cruz as Farabundo Martí
* José Alonso as Anastasio Somoza García
* Fernando Balzaretti as Estrada
# Pirömerli, Tarsus

Pirömerli is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Tarsus, Mersin Province, Turkey.

## Geography

Its population is 316 (2022).
It is situated on the lower slopes of the Taurus Mountains.
Its distance to Tarsus is 30 kilometres (19 mi) and its distance to Mersin is 60 kilometres (37 mi).
The village is a Turkmen village. The main economic sector of the village is agriculture with grape being the main product.
# Huanjing (satellite)

China plans to launch eleven Huanjing (Chinese: 环境) satellites for disaster and environmental monitoring ("huanjing" is Chinese for "environment"). The satellites will be capable of visible, infrared, multi-spectral and synthetic-aperture radar imaging.
The first two satellites, Huanjing-1A and Huanjing-1B, were launched on 6 September 2008 on a Long March 2C rocket from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center. In a report dated 3 September 2008, the Associated Press of Pakistan indicated the launch would be conducted 5 September 2008 using a Long March 2C launch vehicle. On 5 September 2008, Aviation Week reported the first launch would be of optical imaging satellites.
Huanjing-1C was launched on 16 November 2012 on a Long March 2C rocket from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center. It is the first civilian Chinese remote sensing satellite to use a synthetic-aperture radar as imaging instrument. This S-band synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) was manufactured in Russia by NPO Mashinostroyeniya.
The two satellites, Huanjing-2A and Huanjing-2B, were launched on 27 September 2020 at 03:23 UTC on a Long March 4B launch vehicle from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center. The satellites "provide services concerning environmental protection, natural resources, water conservancy, agriculture and forestry", Xinhua said.

## Launches

| Date (UTC) | COSPAR ID | SCN | Launch vehicle | Launch site | Payload | Outcome | Comments |
| 6 September 2008, 03:25 | 2008-041A 2008-041B | 33320 33321 | Long March 2C | Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center | Huanjing 1A and 1B | Success | |
| 19 November 2012, 22:53 | 2012-064A | 38997 | Long March 2C | Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center | Huanjing 1C | Success | Decayed |
| 27 September 2020, 03:23 | 2020-067A 2020-067B | 46478 46479 | Long March 4B | Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center | Huanjing 2A and 2B | Success | |
| 12 October 2022, 22:53 | 2022-132A | 54035 | Long March 2C | Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center | Huanjing 2E | Success | |
| 8 August 2023, 22:53 | 2023-116A | 57519 | Long March 2C | Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center | Huanjing 2F | Success | |
# Johannes Kaiser (sprinter)

Johannes "Jo" Kaiser (27 February 1936 in Jüngersdorf [de], Düren – 17 December 1996 in Zürich, Switzerland) was a West German athlete who competed mainly in the 400 metres. He committed suicide in 1996.
He competed for the United Team of Germany in the 1960 Summer Olympics held in Rome, Italy in the 4 x 400 metre relay where he won the silver medal with his teammates Joachim Reske, Manfred Kinder and Carl Kaufmann.
# Narcetes

Narcetes is a genus of slickheads. It was formally described by Alfred William Alcock in 1890. It currently contains six described species.
The generic name is from Greek νάρκη (narkē, "electric ray" or "numbness") and -της (tēs, forming a masculine noun meaning, from a place).

## Species

There are currently six recognized species in this genus:
* Narcetes erimelas Alcock, 1890
* Narcetes kamoharai Okamura, 1984
* Narcetes lloydi Fowler, 1934 (Lloyd's slickhead)
* Narcetes shonanmaruae Poulsen, H. Ida, Kawato & Fujiwara, 2021 (Yokozuna slickhead)
* Narcetes stomias (C. H. Gilbert, 1890) (Blackhead salmon)
* Narcetes wonderi Herre, 1935
# List of individual bovines

This is a list of individual bovines by name. This list includes buffalo, cattle, bulls, cows and calves.

## Bison

* Black Diamond
* Buddy the Beefalo
* Kenahkihinén
* Mahpiya Ska
* Ralphie the Buffalo

## Cattle
### Bulls
#### Bucking bulls

* Bodacious
* Bones
* Bushwacker
* Bruiser
* Chicken on a Chain
* Code Blue
* Dillinger
* Little Yellow Jacket
* Long John
* Mudslinger
* Oscar
* Rango
* Red Rock
* Red Wolf
* Shepherd Hills Tested
* Pacific Bell
* Spotted Demon
* Tornado
* V-61
* Woopaa

#### Notable bulls

* Durham Ox
* Fukutsuru
* Got
* Islero
* Karvardi
* Kian
* Murciélago
* Ratón
* Shambo
* Toystory

### Cows

* Big Bertha
* Brookview Tony Charity
* Cincinnati Freedom
* Craven Heifer
* Elm Farm Ollie
* Emily
* Gangotri
* Grady the Cow
* Lily Flagg
* Missy
* Maudine Ormsby
* Shadow Jubilee
* Turra Coo
* Ubre Blanca
* Pauline Wayne
* Yvonne

### Calves

* Calf 269
* Meadow