# Judiciary of Mauritius

The Judiciary of Mauritius is responsible for the administration of justice in Mauritius and has as mission to maintain an independent and competent judicial system which upholds the rule of law, safeguards the rights and freedom of the individual and commands domestic and international confidence. The Constitution provides for the institution of an independent judiciary which is based on the concept of separation of powers. Mauritius has a single-structured judicial system consisting of two parts, the Supreme Court and the Subordinate Courts. The Subordinate Courts consist of the Court of Rodrigues, the Intermediate Court, the Industrial Court, the District Courts, the Bail and Remand Court, the Criminal and Mediation Court and the Commercial Court. The Chief Justice is head of the judiciary. The Constitution of Mauritius is the supreme legal document of the country. The final appeal from decisions of the Court of Appeal of Mauritius to the Judicial Committee of the Privy council in London as provided for under the Constitution of Mauritius.
As of 2014, a total of 8,594 cases were pending before the Supreme Court of Mauritius. The number of cases before the case decreased by 1 per cent in 2014 compared to 2013, while the number of cases disposed increased by 32 per cent. As much of 42 per cent of cases in district courts were from urban areas, while the Division III of District Court of Port Louis disposed most number of cases in 2014 among all district courts.

## History

The modern system of law in Mauritius is an amalgamation of French civil law and common law, while the civil and criminal proceedings are modelled based on British practice. The civil aspects governing the Mauritian Legal System are namely; contract law, société, civil rights, property law and the civil procedure. Supreme Court is established as the highest court of justice and lower courts of namely, the Criminal Court of Procedure and the Civil Court of Procedure. The official language used in the Supreme Court is English.
In 1507 Portuguese sailors came to the uninhabited island and established a visiting base. Diogo Fernandes Pereira, a Portuguese navigator, was the first European known to land in Mauritius and named the island "Ilha do Cirne". The Portuguese did not stay long and did not establish any formal system of Judicial administration. In 1598 a Dutch squadron under Admiral Wybrand Van Warwyck landed at Grand Port and named the island "Mauritius" after Prince Maurice van Nassau of the Dutch Republic, the ruler of his country. France, which already controlled neighbouring Île Bourbon (now Réunion), took control of Mauritius in 1715 and renamed it Isle de France. From 1767 to 1810, except for a brief period during the French Revolution when the inhabitants set up a government virtually independent of France, the island was controlled by officials appointed by the French Government. A Penal Code was published in 1791 and adopted by the Colonial Assembly in 1793, while a separate civil code was promulgated on 3 September 1807. The Supreme Court was established as a supreme body composed of the Prime minister, President, three judges, four clerks and a government commissioner where appeal from neighbouring Seychelles was also allowed.
Despite winning the Battle of Grand Port, the only French naval victory over the British during these wars, the French could not prevent the British from landing at Cap Malheureux during 1810. They formally surrendered the island on the fifth day of the invasion, 3 December 1810, on terms allowing settlers to keep their land and property and to use the French language and law of France in criminal and civil matters. Under British rule, the island's name reverted to Mauritius. The British rule established a two tier system where the justice can have a higher appeal in Majesty's council. By 1851, after many changes in the judicial administration laws, Supreme Court was established as the body of appeal, making it again a single tiered jurisdiction. A bail court was later established with a judge of the Supreme court with a right to appeal, making it a two-tiered system.
The island of Rodrigues has enjoyed higher autonomy as it maintains a separate regional assembly and a court of its own.

## Structure

The Judiciary of Mauritius is considered one of the three principal bodies of Mauritian democracy along with the legal and executive. It is an independent and competent judicial system which upholds the rule of law, safeguards the rights and freedom of the individual and commands domestic and international confidence. The Constitution provides for the institution of an independent judiciary which is based on the concept of separation of powers. Mauritius has a single-structured judicial system consisting of two parts, the Supreme Court and the Subordinate Courts. The Subordinate Courts consist of the Court of Rodrigues, the Intermediate Court, the Industrial Court, the District Courts, the Bail and Remand Court, the Criminal and Mediation Court and the Commercial Court. The Chief Justice is head of the judiciary. The Constitution of Mauritius is the supreme legal document of the country. The final appeal from decisions of the Court of Appeal of Mauritius to the Judicial Committee of the Privy council in London as provided for under the Constitution of Mauritius.

## Statistics

As of 2014, a total of 8,594 cases were pending before the Supreme Court of Mauritius. The number of cases before the case decreased by 1 per cent in 2014 compared to 2013, while the number of cases disposed increased by 32 per cent. The number of criminal offences convicted before the Criminal Division of the Supreme Court increased by 8 per cent in 2014. There were three sodomy and twelve convictions in drug related cases in 2014. The number of cases reduced in Intermediate courts by 5 per cent on account of decrease of criminal cases by 21 per cent and increase in number of civil cases by 5 per cent. The number of cases in Industrial court increased by 9 per cent as there was 39 per cent increase in criminal cases and a marginal increase in civil cases. As much of 42 per cent of cases in district courts were from urban areas, while the Division III of District Court of Port Louis disposed most number of cases in 2014 among all district courts.
Number of cases before Supreme Court of Mauritius :
| Type | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 |
| Supreme court - cases pending at the beginning of the year | 10,858 | 11,846 | 12,704 | 9,380 | 9,439 | 9,145 | 8,744 | 10,023 |
| Supreme court - cases lodged | 7,589 | 7,244 | 7,612 | 9,234 | 9,161 | 9,253 | 9,617 | 9,483 |
| Supreme court - cases disposed | 6,601 | 5,920 | 8,062 | 8,781 | 8,459 | 8,468 | 8,338 | 10,912 |
| Supreme court - cases outstanding at the end of the year | 11,846 | 12,694 | 9,380 | 9,439 | 9,145 | 8,933 | 10,023 | 8,594 |
| Intermediate court - cases pending at the beginning of the year | 4,699 | 4,014 | 3,836 | 4,255 | 4,830 | 3,887 | 5,997 | 6,413 |
| Intermediate court - cases lodged | 3,537 | 3,465 | 3,638 | 4,128 | 4,065 | 3,837 | 3,924 | 3,341 |
| Intermediate court - cases disposed | 3,910 | 3,643 | 3,219 | 3,553 | 3,442 | 3,236 | 3,508 | 3,332 |
| Intermediate court - cases outstanding at the end of the year | 4,326 | 3,836 | 4,255 | 4,830 | 3,887 | 4,839 | 6,413 | 6,422 |
| Industrial court - cases pending at the beginning of the year | 944 | 661 | 423 | 532 | 816 | 835 | 1,149 | 1,155 |
| Industrial court - cases lodged | 1,173 | 830 | 1,072 | 1,272 | 1,095 | 1,181 | 1,183 | 1,215 |
| Industrial court - cases disposed | 1,456 | 1,068 | 963 | 1,119 | 1,078 | 1,002 | 1,177 | 1,280 |
| Industrial court - cases outstanding at the end of the year | 661 | 423 | 532 | 816 | 835 | 1,149 | 1,155 | 1,090 |
| District court - cases pending at the beginning of the year | 50,583 | 35,890 | 31,032 | 28,630 | 24,396 | 25,163 | 32,634 | 34,913 |
| District court - cases lodged | 123,595 | 107,745 | 111,818 | 113,977 | 110,162 | 123,226 | 128,529 | 114,521 |
| District court - cases disposed | 132,886 | 106,438 | 106,147 | 110,128 | 107,527 | 110,849 | 128,720 | 119,485 |
| District court - cases outstanding at the end of the year | 35,836 | 31,032 | 28,630 | 24,396 | 25,163 | 32,634 | 32,443 | 29,949 |
| Court of Rodrigues - cases pending at the beginning of the year | 563 | 601 | 2,019 | 1,008 | 321 | 306 | 572 | 305 |
| Court of Rodrigues - cases lodged | 1,741 | 3,277 | 3,213 | 2,323 | 2,162 | 5,244 | 3,941 | 4,863 |
| Court of Rodrigues - cases disposed | 1,703 | 1,859 | 4,224 | 3,010 | 2,469 | 4,897 | 4,208 | 4,658 |
| Court of Rodrigues - cases outstanding at the end of the year | 601 | 2,019 | 1,008 | 321 | 306 | 653 | 305 | 510 |
| Total - cases pending at the beginning of the year | 67,647 | 53,012 | 50,014 | 43,805 | 39,802 | 39,336 | 49,096 | 52,809 |
| Total - cases lodged | 137,635 | 122,561 | 127,353 | 130,934 | 126,645 | 142,741 | 147,194 | 133,423 |
| Total - cases disposed | 146,556 | 118,928 | 122,615 | 126,591 | 122,975 | 128,452 | 145,951 | 139,667 |
| Total - cases outstanding at the end of the year | 53,270 | 50,004 | 43,805 | 39,802 | 52,809 | 39,336 | 48,208 | 50,339 |

## Criticism

There are complaints about police brutality and condition of accused in the prison are still considered to be unsatisfactory. The buildup of delays in both civil and criminal cases are considered is placed as another common criticism of the system. Lord Mackay, appointed as Chairman as the Commission to reform the Judicial system and Legal Profession of Profession of Mauritius in 1998. In his recommendations, he made various recommendations including review of the role of Director of Public Prosecution (PDP), whose role is to handle all state prosecutions. Mackay was asked to review the recommendations in 2006. The delay in implementing the reforms is commonly seen as another pitfall of the judiciary.