OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Abdul Qadir al-Allam

Abdul Qadir al-Allam (Arabic: عبد القادر العلام) (October 1919 – 8 July 2003) was a Libyan politician. He held several ministerial posts;
* Minister of Agriculture of Cyrenaica emirate (March 1950 – December 1951).
* Defense minister of Libya (October 1956 – May 1957).
* Transport minister of Libya (May 1957 – April 1958).
* Economy minister of Libya (September – October 1960).
* Foreign minister of Libya (October – May 1961).

## Biography

He was Minister of Agriculture and Forestry at the time of the Government of the Emirate of Berqa (March 1950 – December 1951), that is to say until the independence of Libya.
He served as Minister of Defense under the reign of Mustapha Ben Halim (October 1956 – May 1957), then transport during the reign of Abdel-Majid Kabbar (May 1957 – April 1958) and then from the economy to the last Government days (September – October 1960).
He assumed the functions of Minister of Foreign Affairs at the beginning of the reign of Mohamed Osman Al-Sayad (October 1960 – May 1961).
# Sheldon L. Rittmer

Sheldon Lowell Rittmer (September 5, 1928 – November 21, 2015) was an American politician in the state of Iowa.
Rittmer was born in Clinton County, Iowa. He is a farmer. He served in the Iowa State Senate from 1991 to 2003, as a Republican. He died in 2015 in Bettendorf, Iowa from a Zenker's diverticulum.
# Amanda Makela

Amanda Makela (born December 20, 1993) is a women's ice hockey player. Having played at the NCAA level with the Mercyhurst Lakers women's ice hockey program, she was a member of the Buffalo Beauts during the 2015-16 NWHL season, the first in league history.

## Playing career

With the Thunder Bay Queens (2008–11), Makela captured the 2010 Esso Cup. In the championship game against Saskatchewan's Notre Dame Hounds, she made 30 saves in a 4-3 win. One of her teammates on Thunder Bay was future 2016 CWHL Draft pick Kaitlyn Tougas.

### Hockey Canada

On December 21, 2010, Makela was one of 14 players from Ontario named to Canada's U18 national women's team. Making her debut with the U18 national team in a preliminary match against Switzerland on January 1, 2011, she would make 24 saves (including 11 in the first period) in a 9-1 victory. Of note, future Beauts teammate Shelby Bram was also part of Canada's roster. Despite emerging from the 2011 U18 Women's Worlds with a silver medal, Makela was a statistical leader in two categories, including save percentage (.945) and goals against average (1.00).

### NCAA

From 2011 through 2015, Makela played for the Mercyhurst Lakers women's ice hockey team. In her freshman season, Makela occupied a backup role to goaltender Hillary Pattenden. Makela appeared in only three games, making one start. In said start, Makela would record her first win with the Lakers, defeating the now defunct Niagara Purple Eagles. As a sophomore, she ranked 13th overall in the NCAA in goals against average. In the aftermath of her season, she surpassed Desi Clark's program record for most saves in one season, recording 781.
During her senior season (2014–15) with the Mercyhurst Lakers, she was honored as the CHA Conference Goaltender of the Year. Standing between the pipes in 31 games, she finished the season with 20 wins, compared to eight losses and three ties. In addition, she would log a 1.44 goals against average and a .932 save percentage, respectively.

### Pro hockey

Signing with the NWHL's Buffalo Beauts as a free agent on August 11, 2015, Makela served in a backup capacity to goaltender Brianne McLaughlin during the club's inaugural season. Her salary for the 2015-16 Buffalo Beauts season was US$15,000. Of note, she was also selected by the Canadiennes de Montreal in the 2016 CWHL Draft.

## Career stats

| Season | Team | League | GP | W | L | T | MIN | Sv % | GAA |
| 2011–12 | Mercyhurst Lakers | ECAC | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 99:18 | .931 | 1.21 |
| 2012–13 | Mercyhurst Lakers | ECAC | 15 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 835:07 | .911 | 2.01 |
| 2013–14 | Mercyhurst Lakers | ECAC | 35 | 22 | 8 | 4 | 2024:46 | .925 | 1.87 |
| 2014–15 | Mercyhurst Lakers | ECAC | 31 | 20 | 8 | 3 | 1796:41 | .932 | 1.44 |
| 2015–16 | Buffalo Beauts | NWHL | 6 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 322:52 | .909 | 2.79 |

## Awards and honours

* 2008 Thunder Bay Bantam Boys Best Goalie Award
* 2009 Thunder Bay Queens Most Dedicated Player
* MVP Award at 2010 Esso Cup National Championship
* 2010 Thunder Bay Queens Most Valuable Player
* 2015 College Hockey America Goaltender of the Year Award
# Stężyca, Pomeranian Voivodeship

Stężyca is a village in Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Stężyca. It lies approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) south-west of Kartuzy and 48 km (30 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located between the Stężyckie and Raduńskie Górne lakes within the ethnocultural region of Kashubia in the historic region of Pomerania.

## History

Stężyca was a royal village of the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Tczew County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship.
During the Nazi occupation of Poland (World War II), several Poles from Stężyca, including the local Catholic priest, were murdered in 1939 by the Germans in large massacres in the Kaliska forest (see Intelligenzaktion). Several Polish families were expelled from the village in 1941, and the entire remaining Polish population was expelled in 1943, while their farms were handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy.

## Sport

The village is home to the football club Radunia Stężyca.
# Maria Angélica

Maria Angélica Gonçalves da Silva (born January 10, 1966), commonly known as Branca, is a Brazilian former basketball player. She was born in Osvaldo Cruz, Brazil. Branca played as a guard and stood 5 feet 7 inches (170 cm) tall, weighing 150 pounds (68 kg). She represented Brazil in the 1996 Summer Olympics and won a team silver medal.
# Drobisch

Drobisch is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Karl Ludwig Drobisch (1803–1854),German composer, music theorist and church musician
* Klaus Drobisch [de] (born 1931), German historian
* Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch (1802–1896), German mathematician, logician, psychologist and philosopher
* Till Drobisch (born 1993), Namibian racing cyclist
# There Is No Greater Love

"There Is No Greater Love" is a 1936 jazz standard composed by Isham Jones, with lyrics by Marty Symes. It was the last hit song for Jones's orchestra before the bandleader turned the orchestra over to Woody Herman, beginning the latter's 50-year career as a bandleader.
The song is often played as a ballad – an example of this approach is Dinah Washington's 1954 recording on Dinah Jams. Medium-tempo swing renditions have also been recorded by several artists, including Miles Davis, Gene Ammons, and Sonny Stitt.

## Other versions

* Isham Jones with Woody Herman – 1936
* Duke Ellington – 1936
* Billie Holiday – 1947
* Patti Page - Patti Page Sings for Romance (1953).
* Dinah Washington – Dinah Jams (1954)
* Miles Davis – Miles (1955)
* Peggy Lee - The Man I Love (1957).
* Sonny Rollins – Way Out West (1957)
* Nat King Cole - The Very Thought of You (1958).
* Ahmad Jamal - At the Pershing: But Not For Me (1958)
* Sammy Davis Jr. - I Gotta Right to Swing (1960).
* Bobby Darin - Love Swings (1961).
* McCoy Tyner - Inception (1962)
* Miles Davis – Four & More (1964)
* Aretha Franklin - Yeah!!! (1965)
* Circle – Paris Concert (1971)
* Woody Shaw with Cedar Walton – Setting Standards (1983)
* Stan Getz and Kenny Barron – People Time (1991)
* Vincent Herring with Wallace Roney and Mulgrew Miller – Simple Pleasure (2001)
* Amy Winehouse – Frank (2003)
* James Simpson - Soul Revival (2003).
# Scalan

The Scalan was a Scottish Catholic seminary and one of the few places where underground education by the Catholic Church in Scotland was kept alive during the anti-Catholic persecutions of the 16th-19th century.

## History

The island in Loch Morar known as Eilean Bàn was briefly the location of a clandestine Catholic seminary founded by Bishop James Gordon, until the Jacobite rising of 1715 forced its closure and eventual reopening at Scalan in Glenlivet. For most of the rest of the 18th century, Scalan was one of the only places in Scotland where young men were trained to be Catholic priests, the so-called "heather priests". From 1717 to 1799, over a hundred priests, including Bishop Hugh MacDonald, were trained there despite the best efforts of the Hanoverian government and the Established Church. As it was strictly illegal, Scalan was burned to the ground on several occasions by redcoat soldiers sent from beyond the Highlands, but was always rebuilt.
The college played a vital role in keeping the traditional Catholic faith alive in northern Scotland. It was named after the Gaelic word for turf sheilings ("galan") found in the local Braes during that period. In 1799, the college was moved to a less remote site, Aquhorthies College, which had larger premises and more accommodation.
Alexander Geddes, Scottish theologian and scholar, and his brother, Bishop John Geddes, was among the famous figures who studied or taught at the college. George James Gordon, known as the "heather priest" was educated here and then taught here as a non-Jesuit for many years.
The last permanent resident of the Scalan was Sandy Matheson, who died in late 2005.

## Today

Visitors today will note that the college is largely invisible until you are very close to the college, a factor invaluable in evading detection by the Hanoverian soldiers.
The Scalan is now a museum and is open all year for visitors.
The Scalan Association seeks to promote the preservation of the college of Scalan and its history.

## Masters

* George Innes 1716 (?); 1718–22
* Alexander Smith, 1716–18
* J. Alexander Grant, 1722–24; 1725–26
* John Tyrie, 1724–25
* George Innes, 1726–27
* George J. Gordon, 1727–38
* Alexander Gordon 1738–41
* William Duthie, 1741–58
* George Duncan, 1758–59
* William Gray, 1759–62
* John Geddes, 1762–67; 1793
* John Thomson, 1767–70
* John Paterson, 1770–83
* John Farquharson, 1783–84
* Alexander Farquharson, 1784–87
* Andrew Dason, 1787–88
* George Hay, 1788–93
** John Ingram, 1791–92 (acting)
** Andrew Carruthers, 1793 (acting)
* James Sharp, 1793–99

## Gallery

* Buildings
* Outbuilding
* History displayed in vicinity
# William Perceval

William Perceval D.D. was an Irish priest in the first decades of the 18th century.
The nephew of Sir John Perceval, 1st Baronet, he was educated at Christ Church, Oxford and Trinity College Dublin. He was Archdeacon of Cashel from 1703 until 1725; and Dean of Emly from 1714 until 1735. He also became a Prebendary of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin in 1720. He married (1708) Catherine, daughter of Henry Prittie of Killboy and Dunalley.
# Ali Jerbi

Sayed Ali Assad Ibrahim al-Jerbi (Arabic: علي الجربي) (1903–1969) was a Libyan politician. He was the first defence minister of Libya after independence.

## Personal life

Jerbi was born in Derna, Libya. In 1911 he studied in Turkey, then part of the Ottoman empire. He lived in Istanbul until 1923, when he returned and worked as a teacher. He died in April 1969.

## Career
### Before independence

He held the post of Minister of Transport of Cyrenaica Emirate from September 1949 – July 1950. He then entered the interim government (headed by Mahmud al-Muntasir), where he served as Foreign minister (March–December 1951), Health minister (March–April 1951) and Justice minister (April–December 1951).

### Defence minister

He became minister for defence in the first cabinet formed after independence from December 1951 to February 1954.
    He'd aimed during his term to establish the Libyan Army from the surviving members of the Senussi force, who fought with the western allies in World War II. He gave recruits military scholarships to Iraq and Turkey for military training, established the military academy in Benghazi.

### Ambassador

He became the Libyan ambassador to Turkey and non-resident ambassador in Iraq from 1954 to 1961. He became ambassador to France 1961–1967.
# Ed Skinner

Edwin Walter "Ed" Skinner (February 9, 1936 – January 12, 2015) was an American politician in the state of Iowa.
From Runnells, Iowa, Skinner went to Drake University, University of Iowa, and received his law degree from Drake University Law School. He practiced law in Altoona, Iowa and was the city attorney for the cities of Altoona and Pleasant Hill, Iowa. Skinner was a Democrat who served in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1969 to 1973. He died in Des Moines, Iowa.
# Beitbridge Bulawayo Railway

The Beitbridge Bulawayo Railway (BBR) is a privately owned railway company that provides a rail link in Zimbabwe between Beitbridge at the South African border and Zimbabwe's second city Bulawayo.
The 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge BBR is a build-operate-transfer project that has shortened the distance between Bulawayo in Zimbabwe and South Africa to 317 kilometres (197 miles). Prior to its inauguration, rail service between South Africa and Bulawayo used a route through Botswana that is about 200 kilometres (120 miles) longer. The shorter line has been used primarily for freight transportation. The principal contractor was Concor.
New Limpopo Projects Investments Limited (NLPI), a Mauritius registered company, specialises in private sector investments using the build-operate-transfer (BOT) concept.
The BBR is one of the three connected NLPI railway operations in Zimbabwe and Zambia that form a rail link between South Africa and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
The BBR was inaugurated on 15 July 1999. After 30 years of service the BBR will be handed over to the National Railways of Zimbabwe at no cost. It has had a profound negative impact on the profitability of Botswana Railways that saw its Zimbabwe-related freight volume drop by 90,000 to 10,000 tons.
# Sucha, Pomeranian Voivodeship

Sucha is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sulęczyno, within Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north-west of Sulęczyno, 33 km (21 mi) west of Kartuzy, and 61 km (38 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Mars Surveyor '98

Mars Surveyor '98 was a mission in NASA's Mars Exploration Program that launched the Mars Climate Orbiter and the Mars Polar Lander to the planet Mars. The mission was to study the Martian weather, climate, water and carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) budget, to understand the reservoirs, behavior, and atmospheric role of volatiles and to search for evidence of long-term and episodic climate changes. The Mars Polar Lander also carried two surface-penetrator probes for the New Millennium Program's Deep Space 2 mission. Both spacecraft were launched in 1998 and both were lost.

## Spacecraft
### Orbiter

The orbiter was lost due to a miscalculation in trajectory caused by an unintended and undetected mismatch between metric and English units of measurement. The use of metric units as well as the data formats to employ were specified in a navigation software interface specification (SIS) published by JPL in 1996. Despite this, the flight operations team at Lockheed Martin provided impulse data in English units of pound-force seconds rather than newton seconds. These values were incorrect by a factor of 4.45 (1 lbf = 4.45 N). This caused erroneous course corrections that caused the orbiter to descend too low in Mars's atmosphere. The vehicle either burned up or bounced off into space.

### Lander

Investigators concluded that the most likely cause of the lander's failure was a spurious sensor signal associated with the craft's legs falsely indicating the craft had touched down when in fact it was some 40 meters above the surface. When the landing legs unfolded they made a bouncing motion that accidentally set off the landing sensors, causing the descent engines to shut down prematurely and the lander to fall. Another possible reason for failure was inadequate preheating of catalysis beds for the pulsing rocket thrusters. Hydrazine fuel decomposes on the beds to make hot gases that are forced out of the rocket nozzles, generating thrust; in crash review tests cold catalysis beds caused misfiring and instability.

## Mission

The Mars Surveyor 1998 program spacecraft development cost US$193.1 million. Launch costs for the Mars Surveyor '98 Program was estimated at US$91.7 million and mission operations at US$42.8 million. The Mars Climate Orbiter was part of NASA's 10-year Mars Surveyor Program, with launches every 26 months when the Earth and Mars are favorably positioned.
# Randy Frye

Randy Frye (born July 7, 1955) is an American retired firefighter and politician who has served in the Indiana House of Representatives from the 67th district since 2010, having previously served in the Indianapolis Fire Department from 1994 to 2010.
On 29 June 2023, Frye announced he would resign from the House on July 8 due to health issues.
# Freak-Offs

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#REDIRECT Diddy parties
# Magnhild Folkvord

Magnhild Folkvord (born 27 November 1945) is a Norwegian journalist and biographer.

## Background

Folkvord is from Frol Municipality and is an older sister of Erling Folkvord. She moved to Oslo to take a cand.mag. degree at the University of Oslo, but as a member of the Workers' Communist Party she dropped out of the master's studies to self-proletarize.

## Work

Folkvord was an ironworker at Jøtul for fourteen years.
After resigning she eventually became a journalist in the former Workers' Communist Party newspaper Klassekampen in 1999. She worked there until 2015 and wrote political books. She also wrote a biography on Fredrikke Marie Qvam in 2013, leading to her resigning from the newspaper and writing more biographies, on Betzy Kjelsberg in 2015 and Magnhild Haalke in 2019.
# Svetlana Filippova

Svetlana Vyacheslavovna Filippova (Russian: Светлана Вячеславовна Филиппова; born July 8, 1990, in Moscow) is a Russian springboard diver. Filippova has won a total of three medals, along with her partners Nadezda Bazhina: (silver in Moscow, and bronze in Beijing), and Anastasia Pozdniakova (bronze in Guanajuato, Mexico), for the women's synchronized springboard at the 2011 FINA Diving World Series.
Filippova represented Russia at the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she competed for the women's springboard event, along with her teammate Yuliya Pakhalina (who eventually won the silver medal in the final). She placed nineteenth out of thirty divers in the preliminary round by two points behind Hungary's Nóra Barta, with a total score of 274.20 after six successive attempts.
# Yousef Mangoush

Yousef Mangoush, born in Benghazi, Cyrenaica, Libya, in 1950, is a major general. He was named as the Chief of Staff of the Libyan Ground Forces on 2 January 2012, Mangoush served in the Libyan army under the Muammar Gaddafi government and retired in 1999 at the rank of Colonel. He had been a special forces commander in the Libyan Army prior to his retirement.
Mangush was the deputy defense minister in the interim government of Prime Minister Abdurrahim El-Keib.
Mangoush joined the rebel forces in February 2011 during the Libyan conflict which toppled Muammar Gaddafi, Mangush was arrested in the oil town of Brega in April by Gaddafi's forces and freed in late August following the fall of Tripoli.
# Jeri Campbell

Jeri Campbell (born 1970) is an American former figure skater in ladies' singles. She won the Junior title at the 1987 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, and was an alternate for the 1988 Winter Olympic Games after finishing fourth at the 1988 U.S. Figure Skating Championships.

## Career

At the U.S. Figure Skating Championships, Campbell was second on the novice level in 1984 and won the junior title in 1987, ahead of Kristi Yamaguchi (second) and Tonia Kwiatkowski (third). She finished fourth at the 1988 U.S. Figure Skating Championships behind Debi Thomas, Jill Trenary and Caryn Kadavy, and was named an alternate to the Olympic team. She won the 1987 Golden Spin of Zagreb and the 1988 Skate Electric Challenge in the UK (not to be confused with the St. Ivel/Skate Electric International). At the 1989 U.S. Championships she placed second in the compulsories and sixth in the short program before withdrawing before the long program.
Campbell turned professional in 1991 and went on to work in several shows, including Dorothy Hamill's Cinderalla on Ice tour (1993–94), for two years as Dorothy in the North American tour of The Wizard of Oz on Ice (1995–97), and touring the United Kingdom with the Torvill and Dean Winter Express tour (1997–98).
Since 2000, Campbell has worked as a coach and choreographer.

## Competitive highlights

International :
| Event | 1984–85 | 1985–86 | 1986–87 | 1987–88 | 1988–89 | 1989–90 | 1990–91 |
| Skate America | | | | | 5th | | |
| Internat. de Paris | | | | | 4th | | |
| Golden Spin | | | | 1st | | | |
| National ||||||||
| U.S. Championships | 7th J. | 7th J. | 1st J. | 4th | WD | 5th | 9th |
# Stade Municipal La Reole

The Stade Municipal La Reole is a rugby ground in La Reole, France. It is currently used by La Reole XIII rugby league club. The ground currently has a capacity of 2,000. Situated on the waterfront the ground has one stand which seats 100 with the rest of the pitch surrounded by a perimeter fence for standing spectators. Due to its location beside the Garonne river the club have had to postpone matches on several occasions due to flooding.
# Hume-Rothery rules

Hume-Rothery rules, named after William Hume-Rothery, are a set of basic rules that describe the conditions under which an element could dissolve in a metal, forming a solid solution. There are two sets of rules; one refers to substitutional solid solutions, and the other refers to interstitial solid solutions.

## Substitutional solid solution rules

For substitutional solid solutions, the Hume-Rothery rules are as follows:
* The atomic radius of the solute and solvent atoms must differ by no more than 15%:
    $\%{\text{ difference}}=\left({\frac {r_{\text{solute}}-r_{\text{solvent}}}{r_{\text{solvent}}}}\right)\times 100\%\leq 15\%.$
* The crystal structures of solute and solvent must be similar.
* Complete solubility occurs when the solvent and solute have the same valency. A metal is more likely to dissolve a metal of higher valency, than vice versa.
* The solute and solvent should have similar electronegativity. If the electronegativity difference is too great, the metals tend to form intermetallic compounds instead of solid solutions.

## Interstitial solid solution rules

For interstitial solid solutions, the Hume-Rothery Rules are:
* Solute atoms should have a smaller radius than 59% of the radius of solvent atoms.
* The solute and solvent should have similar electronegativity.
* Valency factor: two elements should have the same valence. The greater the difference in valence between solute and solvent atoms, the lower the solubility.

## Solid solution rules for multicomponent systems

Fundamentally, the Hume-Rothery rules are restricted to binary systems that form either substitutional or interstitial solid solutions. However, this approach limits assessing advanced alloys which are commonly multicomponent systems. Free energy diagrams (or phase diagrams) offer in-depth knowledge of equilibrium restraints in complex systems. In essence the Hume-Rothery rules (and Pauling's rules) are based on geometrical restraints. Likewise are the advancements being done to the Hume-Rothery rules. Where they are being considered as critical contact criterion describable with Voronoi diagrams. This could ease the theoretical phase diagram generation of multicomponent systems.
For alloys containing transition metal elements there is a difficulty in interpretation of the Hume-Rothery electron concentration rule, as the values of e/a values (number of itinerant electrons per atom) for transition metals have been quite controversial for a long time, and no satisfactory solutions have yet emerged.