# List of female scientists before the 20th century

This is a historical list, intended to deal with the time period where it is believed that women working in science were rare. For this reason, this list ends with the 20th century.

## Antiquity

* Aemilia (c. 300 CE–363 CE), Gallo-Roman physician
* Aglaonike (2nd century BCE), woman astronomer in Ancient Greece
* Agnodike (4th century BCE), first woman physician to practice legally in Athens$^{:2}$
* Andromache (mid-6th century), Egyptian physician$^{:39}$
* Arete of Cyrene (5th–4th centuries BCE), Greek natural and moral philosopher
* Artemisia of Caria (c. 300 BCE), botanist
* Aspasia the Physician (fl. 1st century CE), Greek physician
* Aurelia Alexandria Zosime, Ancient Roman physician
* Chun Yuyan (1st century BCE), Chinese obstetrician and gynecologist
* Cleopatra the Alchemist (c. 3rd century CE), wrote the alchemical book, Chrysopoeia, or "gold-making"$^{:99}$
* Damo (6th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher
* Diotima of Mantinea (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist, ancient Greece
* Echecratia the Philiasian (5th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher$^{:397}$
* Elephantis (1st century BCE), Greek physician
* Enheduanna (c. 2285–2250 BCE), Sumerian/Akkadian astronomer and poet
* Fabiola (died 399 CE), Roman physician
* Fang (first century BCE), Chinese chemist
* Favilla (2nd century), Roman physician$^{:436}$
* Gargi Vachaknavi (7th century BCE), Indian philosopher
* Gu Bao (4th century), Chinese physician
* Hypatia (370–415 CE), mathematician and astronomer, Egypt$^{:137}$
* Laïs (c. 1st/2nd century BCE), midwife$^{:735}$
* Leoparda (4th century CE), gynecologist
* Macrina (4th century CE), Greek physician and nun$^{:828}$
* Marcella (4th century CE), Roman healer$^{:841}$
* Mary the Jewess (1st or 2nd century CE), alchemist$^{:128}$
* Melissa (3rd century BCE), Greek philosopher
* Metrodora (c. 200–400 CE), Greek physician and author
* Minucia Asste, Ancient Roman physician
* Myia (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher
* Nicerata (c. 5th century), physician and healer
* Olympias of Thebes (1st century BCE), Greek midwife$^{:962}$
* Origenia (2nd century CE), Greek healer$^{:965}$
* Pao Ku Ko (3rd century CE), Chinese chemist
* Paphnutia the Virgin (c. 300), Egyptian alchemist$^{:978}$
* Paula of Rome (347–404 CE), Roman healer$^{:990}$
* Perictione (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher, mother of Plato
* Panthea, Ancient Greek physician, wife and colleague of Glycon
* Philinna of Thessaly, Ancient Greek physician
* Peseshet, Egyptian physician (Fourth Dynasty)
* Pythias of Assos (4th century BCE), marine zoologist
* Restituta (1st century), Ancient Roman physician
* Salpe (1st century BCE), Greek midwife
* Sotira (1st century BCE), Greek physician$^{:1217–18}$
* Tapputi-Belatekallim (First mentioned in a clay tablet dating to 2000 BCE), Babylonian perfumer, the first person in history recorded as using a chemical process
* Terentia Prima, Ancient Roman physician
* Theano (6th century BCE), philosopher, mathematician and physician
* Thelka, Iranian$^{:1278}$
* Theosebeia, correspondent of the alchemist Zosimus of Panopolis$^{:1278}$
* Yi Jia (2nd century BCE), Chinese physician

## Middle Ages

* Abella (14th century), Italian physician
* Adelle of the Saracens (12th century), Italian physician
* Adelmota of Carrara (14th century), Italian physician
* Rufaida Al-Aslamia (7th century), Muslim nurse
* Maesta Antonia (1386–1408), Florentine physician
* Ameline la Miresse (fl. 1313–1325), French physician
* Jeanne d'Ausshure (d. 1366), French surgeon
* Brunetta de Siena (fl. 15th century), Italian-Jewish physician
* Hildegard of Bingen (1099–1179), German natural philosopher$^{:126}$
* Sibyl of Benevento, Napolitan physician specializing in the plague buboes
* Gentile Budrioli (?-1498), Italian astrologer and herbalist
* Constanza, Italian surgeon, mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.
* Denice (fl. 1292), French barber-surgeon
* Demud (fl. ca. 13th century), German physician
* Dobrodeia of Kiev (fl. 1122), Byzantine physician
* Dorotea Bucca (fl. 1390), Italian professor of medicine
* Constance Calenda (15th century), Italian surgeon specializing in diseases of the eye
* Virdimura of Catania (fl. 1376), Jewish-Sicilian physician
* Caterina of Florence (fl. 1400s), Florentine physician
* Jeanne de Cusey (fl. 1438), French barber-surgeon
* Antonia Daniello (fl. 1400), Florentine-Jewish physician
* Clarice di Durisio (15th century), Italian physician
* Fava of Manosque (fl. 1322), French-Jewish physician
* Jacobina Félicie (fl. 1322), Italian physician
* Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra (15th century), Catalan physician
* Katherine Briçonnet (c. 1494–1526) French architect
* Maria Gallicia (fl. 1309), licensed surgeon
* Bellayne Gallipapa (fl. 1380), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician
* Dolcich Gallipapa (fl. 1384), Leyda, Spanish-Jewish physician
* Na Pla Gallipapa (fl. 1387), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician
* Sarah de St Giles (fl. 1326), French-Jewish physician and medical teacher
* Alessandra Giliani (fl. 1318), Italian anatomist
* Rebecca de Guarna (fl. 1200), Italian physician
* Magistra Hersend (fl. 1249–1259), French surgeon
* Maria Incarnata, Italian surgeon, mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.
* Isabiau la Mergesse (fl. 1292), French-Jewish physician
* Floreta La-Noga (fl. 1374), Aragonese physician
* Helvidis (fl. 1176), French physician
* Keng Hsien-Seng (10th century), Chinese chemist
* Li Shao Yun (11th century), Chinese chemist
* Stephanie de Lyon (fl. 1265), French physician
* Guillemette du Luys (fl. 1479), French royal surgeon
* Thomasia de Mattio, Italian physician, mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.
* Margherita di Napoli (late 14th century), Napolitan oculist active in Frankfurt-am-Main
* Mercuriade (14th century), Italian physician and surgeon
* Gilette de Narbonne (fl. 1300), French physician
* Isabella da Ocre, Napolitan surgeon
* Francisca da Romana, Napolitan physician
* Dame Péronelle (1292–1319), French herbalist
* Peretta Peronne, also called Perretta Petone (fl. 1411), French surgeon
* Lauretta Ponte da Saracena Calabria, Napolitan physician
* Trota of Salerno (fl. 1090), Italian physician
* Marguerite Saluzzi (fl. 1460), Napolitan licensed herbalist physician
* Sara de Sancto Aegidio (fl. 1326), French physician
* Juana Sarrovia (fl. 1384), Barcelona, Spanish physician
* Shen Yu Hsiu (15th century), Chinese chemist
* Sun Pu-Eh (12th century), Chinese chemist
* Raymunda da Taberna, licensed Napolitan surgeon
* Théophanie (fl. 1291), French barber surgeon
* Trotta da Toya (f. 1307), Napolitan physician
* Polisena da Troya (fl. 1335), licensed Napolitan surgeon
* Margarita da Venosa (fl. 1333), licensed Napolitan surgeon, who studied at the University of Salerno She was considered a noteworthy practitioner and counted Ladislaus, king of Naples, as a patient.
* Francisca di Vestis (fl. 1308), Napolian physician
* Zhang Xiaoniang (11th century), Chinese physician

## 16th century

* Maria Andreae (1550–1632), German pharmacist
* Marie de Brimeu (1550–1605), Flemish botanist
* Sophia Brahe (1556–1643), Danish astronomer and chemist
* Plautilla Bricci (1616–1690) Italian architect.
* Isabella Cortese (fl. 1561), Italian alchemist
* Helena Magenbuch (1523–1597), German pharmacist
* Loredana Marcello (died 1572), Venetian botanist
* Elizabeth Moulthorne (fl. 1593), English barber-surgeon
* Tarquinia Molza (1542–1617), Italian natural philosopher
* Catherine de Parthenay (1554–1631), French mathematician
* Elinor Sneshell (fl. 1593), English surgeon
* Agatha Streicher (1520–1581), German physician
* Caterina Vitale (1566–1619), Maltese pharmacist and chemist
* Lady Elizabeth Wilbraham (1632–1705) British architect
* Tan Yunxian (1461–1554), Chinese physician

## 17th century

* Anna Åkerhjelm (1647–1693), Swedish traveler and archaeologist
* Ann Baynard (1672–1697), British Natural philosopher
* Aphra Behn (1640–1689), British translator of an astronomical work
* Martine Bertereau (1600–fl.1642), French mineralogist
* Agnes Block (1629–1704), Dutch horticulturalist
* Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine (1618–1680), German natural philosopher
* Louise Bourgeois Boursier (1563–1636), French obstetrician
* Titia Brongersma (1650–1700), Frisian archaeologist, poet
* Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673), natural philosopher
* Marie Crous (fl. 1640), French mathematician
* Maria Cunitz (1610–1664), Silesian astronomer
* Jeanne Dumée (1660–1706), French astronomer
* Maria Clara Eimmart (1676–1707), German astronomer
* Marie Fouquet (1590–1681), French medical writer
* Eleanor Glanville (1654–1709), English entomologist
* Elisabeth Hevelius (1647–1693), Polish astronomer
* Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717), naturalist$^{:206}$
* Marie Meurdrac (c. 1610–1680), French chemist and alchemist
* Elena Cornaro Piscopia (1646–1684), Italian mathematician and the first female PhD
* Marguerite de la Sablière (c. 1640–1693), French natural philosopher
* Jane Sharp (fl. 1671), British obstetrician
* Justine Siegemund (1636–1705), German obstetrician
* Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort (1630–1715), English botanist
* Elizabeth Walker (1623–1690), British pharmacist

## 18th century

* Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799), Italian mathematician$^{:1}$
* Geneviève Charlotte d'Arconville (1720–1805), French anatomist
* Madeleine-Françoise Calais (circa 1713– fl. 1740) French dentist.
* Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen (1751–1827), German astronomer
* Maria Angela Ardinghelli (1728–1825), Italian mathematician and physicist
* Sarah Sophia Banks (1744–1818), British natural history collector
* Giuseppa Barbapiccola (c. 1702–1740), natural philosopher, translator
* Jeanne Baret (1740–1807), French circumnavigator and botanist
* Laura Bassi (1711–1778), Italian physicist$^{:20}$
* Marie Marguerite Bihéron (1719–1795), French anatomist
* Celia Grillo Borromeo (1684–1777), Italian natural philosopher
* Jacoba van den Brande (1735–1794), Dutch founder of first all-female science academy
* Maria Christina Bruhn (1732–1808), Swedish inventor
* Margaret Bryan (c. 1760–1815), British natural philosopher
* Elsa Beata Bunge (1734–1819), Swedish botanist
* Lydia Byam (fl. 1797–1800), naturalist
* Madeleine-Françoise Calais (1713 or 1714 - fl. 1740) was a French dentist
* María Andrea Casamayor (1700–1780), Spanish mathematician
* Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749), French mathematician and physicist$^{:52}$
* Maria Medina Coeli (1764–1846), Italian physician
* Jane Colden (1724–1766), American biologist
* Rosalie de Constant [fr] (1758–1834), Swiss naturalist
* Angélique du Coudray (1712–1794), French midwife
* Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician
* Catharina Helena Dörrien (1717 – 1795), German botanist
* Eva Ekeblad (1724–1786), Swedish agronomist
* Hannah English Williams (died 1722), collector of natural history in the American British Colonies
* Dorothea Erxleben (1715–1762), German physician
* Charlotta Frölich (1698–1770), Swedish agronomist and historian
* Elizabeth Fulhame (fl. 1794), British chemist
* Lucia Galeazzi Galvani (1743–1788), Italian physician
* Sophie Germain (1776–1831), elasticity theory, number theory$^{:105}$
* Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi (1760–1830), Italian botanist
* Catherine Littlefield Greene (1755–1814), American inventor
* Salomée Halpir (1718-fl. 1763), Lithuanian oculist
* Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German-British astronomer$^{:124}$
* Catherine Jérémie (1664–1744), French-Canadian botanist
* Christine Kirch (1696–1782), German astronomer
* Margaretha Kirch (1703–1744), German astronomer
* Maria Margarethe Kirch (1670–1720), German astronomer$^{:157}$
* Marie Lachapelle (1769–1821), French midwife
* Marie-Jeanne de Lalande (1760–1832), French astronomer
* Marie Paulze Lavoisier (1758–1836), French chemist and illustrator
* Nicole-Reine Lepaute (1723–1792), French astronomer
* Elisabeth Christina von Linné (1743–1782), Swedish botanist
* Martha Daniell Logan (1704–1779), American horticulturalist
* Eliza Lucas (1722–1793), American agronomist and indigo dye pioneer
* Maria Lullin (1750–1831), Swiss entomologist
* Catharine Macaulay (1731–1791), British social scientist
* Anna Morandi Manzolini (1716–1774), Italian physician and anatomist
* Marie Le Masson Le Golft (1750–1826), French naturalist
* Sybilla Masters (1675–1720), patent for a corn mill
* Lady Anne Monson (1726–1776), English botanist
* Maria Petraccini (1759–1791), Italian anatomist and physician
* Zaffira Peretti (fl. 1780), Italian anatomist and physician
* Claudine Picardet (1735–1820) French chemist, mineralogist and meteorologist
* Louise du Pierry (1746–1807), French astronomer
* Marie Anne Victoire Pigeon (1724–1767), French mathematician
* Faustina Pignatelli (1705–1785), Italian physicist
* Anna Barbara Reinhart (1730–1796), Swiss mathematician
* Cristina Roccati (1732–1797), Italian physics teacher
* Jane Squire (bap. 1686 – 1743), English mathematician
* Clotilde Tambroni (1758–1817), Italian philologist and linguistic
* Petronella Johanna de Timmerman (1723–1786), Dutch scientist
* Wang Zhenyi (1768–1797), Chinese astronomer

## 19th century
### Anthropology

* Maria Czaplicka (1884–1921), Polish cultural anthropologist
* Alice Cunningham Fletcher (1838–1923), American ethnologist
* Johanna Mestorf (1828–1909), German prehistoric archaeologist
* Margaret Murray (1863–1963), British anthropologist
* Clémence Royer (1830–1902), French anthropologist
* Ellen Churchill Semple (1863–1932), American geographer
* Praskovja Uvarova (1840–1924), Russian archaeologist

### Archeology

* Cornelia Horsford (1861– c. 1941), American archaeologist
* Lady Hester Stanhope (1776–1839), British archaeologist
* Zsófia Torma (1832–1899), Hungarian archaeologist, paleologist, anthropologist

### Astronomy

* Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer
* Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941), American astronomer$^{:47}$
* Agnes Mary Clerke (1842–1907), British astronomer
* Florence Cushman (1860–1940), American astronomer
* Williamina Fleming (1857–1911), Scottish/American astronomer$^{:89}$
* Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German astronomer active in England
* Margaret Lindsay Murray Huggins (1848–1915), British astronomer
* Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868–1921), American astronomer$^{:170}$
* Annie Russell Maunder (1868–1947), Irish astronomer
* Antonia Caetana Maury (1866–1952), American astronomer$^{:195}$
* Maria Mitchell (1818–1889), American astronomer$^{:209}$
* Isis Pogson (1852–1945), British astronomer
* Caterina Scarpellini (1808–1873), Italian astronomer
* Sarah Frances Whiting (1846–1927), American astronomer and physicist
* Mary Watson Whitney (1847–1921), American astronomer
* Anna Winlock (1857–1904), American astronomer

### Biology or natural history

* Frances Acton (1793–1881), British botanist
* Elizabeth Cary Agassiz (1822–1907), American natural historian
* Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer
* Mary Anning (1799–1847), British natural historian$^{:9}$
* Emily Arnesen (1876–1928), Norwegian zoologist
* Anna Atkins (1799–1871), British botanist
* Harriet Henrietta Beaufort (1778–1865), British botanist
* Isabella Bird Bishop (1831–1904), British natural historian
* Priscilla Susan Bury (1799–1872), English botanist
* Albertina Carlsson (1848–1930), Swedish zoologist
* Mary Agnes Meara Chase (1869–1963), American biologist
* Cornelia Clapp (1849–1934), American zoologist
* Anna Botsford Comstock (1854–1930), American natural historian
* Clara Eaton Cummings (1855–1906), American botanist
* Eunice P. Cutter (1819–1898), American author of anatomy textbooks
* Lydia Maria Adams DeWitt (1859–1928), American pathologist
* Mary Cynthia Dickerson (1866–1923), American herpetologist, museum curator and writer
* Amalie Dietrich (1821–1891), German natural historian
* Alice Eastwood (1859–1953), American biologist$^{:77}$
* Rosa Smith Eigenmann (1858–1947), American biologist
* Olga Fedtschenko (1845–1921), Russian botanist
* Maria Elizabeth Fernald (1839–1919), American entomologist
* Elisabetta Fiorini Mazzanti (1799–1879), Italian botanist
* Susanna Phelps Gage (1857–1915), American embryologist and comparative anatomist
* Lilian Jane Gould (1861–1936), British biologist
* Amelia Griffiths (1768–1858), British phycologist
* Marian E. Hubbard (1868–1956), American zoologist
* Agnes Ibbetson (1757–1823), English vegetable physiologist
* Susan Hallowell (1835–1911), American botanist
* Gabrielle Howard (1876–1930), British plant physiologist
* Ellen Hutchins (1785–1815), Irish botanist
* Ida Henrietta Hyde (1857–1945), American biologist$^{:135}$
* Maria Elizabetha Jacson (1755–1829), English botanist
* Alice Johnson (1860–1940), English zoologist
* Józefa Joteyko (1866–1928), physiologist, psychologist, pedagogist
* Josephine Kablick (1787–1863), botanist
* Helen Dean King (1869–1955), American biologist
* Phoebe Lankester (1825–1900), British botanist
* Marie-Anne Libert (1782–1865), Belgian botanist and mycologist
* Friederike Lienig (1790–1855), German-Baltic entomologist
* Elizabeth Eaton Morse (1864–1955), American mycologist/cryptogamist
* Katharine Murray Lyell (1817–1915), British botanist
* Helen Abbott Michael (1857–1904), American botanist and chemist
* Olive Thorne Miller (1831–1918), American natural historian
* Maria Gugelberg von Moos (1836–1918), Swiss botanist
* Margaretta Morris (1797–1867), American entomologist
* Mary Murtfeldt (1848–1913), American biologist
* Eleanor Anne Ormerod (1828–1901), British biologist
* Edith Marion Patch (1876–1954), American biologist
* Maria Louisa Pike (d. 1892), American naturalist
* Beatrix Potter (1866–1943), British mycologist
* Mary Jane Rathbun (1860–1943), American marine biologist
* Margaretta Riley (1804–1899), British botanic
* Caroline Rosenberg (1810–1902), Danish botanist
* Ethel Sargant (1863–1918), British biologist
* Hazel Schmoll (1890–1990), American botanist working on plant life in Colorado
* Lilian Sheldon (1862–1942), English zoologist
* Alexandra Smirnoff (1838–1913), Finnish pomologist
* Annie Lorrain Smith (1854–1937), British lichenologist and mycologist
* Emilie Snethlage (1868–1929), German-Brazilian naturalist and ornithologist
* Nettie Stevens (1861–1912), American geneticist$^{:284}$
* Jantina Tammes (1871–1947), Dutch botanist and geneticist
* Charlotte De Bernier Taylor (1806–1863), American entomologist
* Mary Treat (1830–1923), American naturalist
* Anna Vickers (1852–1906), marine algologist
* Jeanne Villepreux-Power (1794–1871), French marine biologist
* Anna Maria Walker (c. 1778–1852), Scottish botanist
* Elizabeth Andrew Warren (1786–1864), Cornish botanist
* Mary Anne Whitby (1784–1850), English breeder of silkworms
* Mary Pirie (1822–1885), Scottish botanist

### Chemistry

* Vera Bogdanovskaia (1868–1897), Russian chemist$^{:64}$
* Ida Freund (1863–1914), first woman to be a university chemistry lecturer in the United Kingdom$^{:59–60}$
* Louise Hammarström (1849–1917), Swedish chemist
* Edith Humphrey (1875–1978), probably the first British woman to gain a doctorate in chemistry
* Julia Lermontova (1846–1919), Russian chemist$^{:61–64}$
* Laura Linton (1853–1915), American chemist$^{:57–58}$
* Rachel Lloyd (1839–1900), American chemist$^{:55–56}$
* Adelaida Lukanina (1843–1908), Russian physician and chemist
* Helen Abbott Michael (1857–1904), American botanist and chemist
* Frances Micklethwait (1867–1950), British research chemist
* Muriel Wheldale Onslow (1880–1932), British biochemist
* Marie Pasteur (1826–1910), French chemist and bacteriologist
* Mary Engle Pennington (1872–1952), American chemist
* Agnes Pockels (1862–1935), German chemist
* Vera Popova (1867–1896), Russian chemist
* Anna Sundström (1785–1871), Swedish chemist
* Ellen Swallow Richards (1842–1911), American industrial and environmental chemist$^{:254}$$^{:51–54}$
* Margarete Traube (1856–1912), German-born chemist who lived in Italy
* Anna Volkova (1800–1876), Russian chemist
* Martha Annie Whiteley (1866–1956), English chemist and mathematician
* Nadezhda Olimpievna Ziber-Shumova (died 1914), Russian chemist

### Engineers

* Mary Dicas (fl. 1800–1815), maker of scientific instruments
* Emily Roebling (1844–1903), American civil engineer

### Geology

* Florence Bascom (1862–1945), American geologist$^{:18}$
* Etheldred Benett (1776–1845), British geologist
* Mary Buckland (1797–1857), British paleontologist and marine biologist
* Margaret Crosfield (1859–1952), British paleontologist and geologist
* Maria Gordon (1896–1939), Scottish geologist
* Mary Emilie Holmes (1850–1906), American geologist and educator
* Charlotte Murchison (1788–1869), Scottish geologist
* Elizabeth Philpot (1780–1857), British paleontologist

### Inventors

* Tabitha Babbitt (1779–1853), American inventor and tool maker
* Mary Brush (fl. 1815), American inventor
* Martha Coston (1826–1904), American inventor
* Ellen Eglin (1849–fl. 1890), American inventor
* Caroline Eichler (1809–1843), German inventor, instrument maker and prostheses designer.
* Hanna Hammarström (1829–1909), Swedish inventor
* Mary Kies (1752–1837), American inventor
* Margaret E. Knight (1838–1914), American inventor, first woman awarded a U.S. patent
* Huang Lü (died 1829), Chinese optic inventor

### Mathematics

* Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891), Russian mathematician (partial differential equations, rotating solids, Abelian functions)$^{:162}$
* Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace (1815–1851), British mathematician$^{:180}$
* Emilie Martin (1869–1936), American mathematician
* Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), British statistician and nurse
* Emmy Noether (1882–1935), German mathematician

### Microbiology

* Alice Catherine Evans (1881–1975), American microbiologist

### Medicine

* Rachel Alcock (1862–1939), British physiologist
* Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836–1917), British physician$^{:7}$
* Hedda Andersson (1861–1950), Swedish physician
* Lovisa Årberg (1801–1881), first woman doctor and surgeon in Sweden
* Amalia Assur (1803–1889), Swedish dentist
* Sara Josephine Baker (1873–1945), American doctor (child hygiene pioneer)
* Chandramukhi Basu (1860–1944), Indian physician
* Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910), American physician$^{:31}$
* Emily Blackwell (1826–1910), American physician
* Marie Boivin (1773–1841), French writer on obstetrics
* Elizabeth D. A. Cohen (1820–1921), American physician, first female physician in the state of Louisiana
* Rebecca Cole (1846–1922) American physician, by 1867 she was the second African-American woman to become a doctor in the United States
* Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831–1895) American physician, by 1864 she was the first African-American woman to become a doctor in the United States
* Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician
* Marie Durocher (1809–1893), Brazilian obstetrician, midwife and physician
* Enriqueta Favez (c. 1791–1856), Swiss physician and surgeon
* Rosalie Fougelberg (1841–1911), Swedish dentist
* Rupa Bai Furdoonji, Indian physician who was the world's first female anesthetist
* Kadambini Ganguly (1861–1923), Indian physician
* Johanna Hedén (1837–1912), Swedish midwife, feldsher and barber
* Aletta Jacobs (1854–1929), Dutch physician
* Maria Jansson (1788–1842), known as Kisamor, Swedish physician
* Sophia Jex-Blake (1840–1912), British physician
* Anandi Gopal Joshi (1865–1887), Indian physician
* Mary Poonen Lukose (1886–1976), Indian gynecologist
* Emmy Rappe (1835–1896), Swedish nurse
* Martha Ripley (1843–1912), American physician and suffragist
* Varvara Kashevarova Rudneva (1844–1899), Russian physician
* Florence R. Sabin (1871–1953), American medical scientist
* Ellen Sandelin (1862–1907), Swedish physician and teacher of physiology
* Regina von Siebold (1771–1849), German physician and obstetrician
* Charlotte von Siebold (1788–1859), German physician and gynecologist
* Anna Stecksén (1870–1904), Swedish pathologist
* Lucy Hobbs Taylor (1833–1910), American dentist
* Isala Van Diest (1842–1916), first female medical doctor and female university graduate in Belgium
* Catharine van Tussenbroek (1852–1925), Dutch gynecologist
* Mary Walker (1832–1919), American surgeon
* Karolina Widerström (1856–1949), Swedish physician
* Thora Wigardh (1860–1933), Swedish physician
* Marie Elisabeth Zakrzewska (1829–1902), Polish-American physician

### Nuclear physics

* Lise Meitner (1878–1968), Austrian, Swedish, nuclear physicist

### Physics

* Hertha Marks Ayrton (1854–1923), British physicist$^{:14}$
* Mileva Einstein-Maric (1875–1948), Serbian/Swiss physicist
* Margaret Eliza Maltby (1860–1944), American physicist
* Mary Somerville (1780–1872), British physicist, polymath$^{:280}$
* Eunice Newton Foote (1819–1888), American inventor and physicist who first discovered rising carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) levels could impact climate

### Psychology

* Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930), American psychologist
* Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847–1930), American psychologist$^{:167}$
* Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939), American psychologist
* Anna Freud (1895–1982), Austrian-British psychoanalyst

### Science education

* Jane Webb Loudon (1807–1858), Writer of introductory gardening books
* Jane Marcet (1769–1858), Writer of introductory science books
* Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884), American science educator
* Josephine Silone Yates (died 1912), American chemistry professor

### Sociology

* Jane Addams (1860–1935), American sociologist
* Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935), American sociologist
* Beatrice Webb (1858–1943), English sociologist and economist