# West Coast Main Line route modernisation

The West Coast Main Line is a key strategic railway line in the United Kingdom. It links the cities of London, Glasgow, Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester, Preston, Lancaster and Carlisle. Virgin Trains took on the franchise to run train services on the routes in 1997 and as part of the agreement wanted an upgrade to the railway line to allow for faster more frequent trains to grow the business. On 23 December 1994 the feasibility study was published. The upgrade started in 1998 and was completed in 2009. It came under parliamentary and media scrutiny because of cost and schedule overruns. Further improvements such as the Norton Bridge rail flyover were completed after these dates. The project is sometimes given the acronym WCRM - West Coast Route Modernisation.

## Previous modernisations

In the middle of the 20th century the line was upgraded substantially as part of the 1955 Modernisation Plan. Further electrification was discussed in 1968. The line north of Crewe was modernised by further electrification from Weaver Junction to Glasgow in the 1970s. Some innovative electrical engineering technology was used on the project including lighter catenary and extensive use of headspans. Substantial new signalling also took place in this timeframe. The Advanced Passenger Train concept was in effect a part of that upgrade. It relied on tilting trains to increase speed on the route rather than major civil engineering interventions.

## Post privatisation modernisation

The late 20th and early 21st century modernisation began without public sector involvement but with Railtrack. However, the Strategic Rail Authority was concerned about cost overruns. Railtrack asked the government for more money to complete the project but the Labour Party Secretary of State for Transport Stephen Byers put the company into liquidation. This and other problems with this project and its cost and time overruns, is usually considered the cause of the liquidation of Railtrack. In 2002 Bechtel was invited to join the project. The upgrade went substantially over budget. Regular updates were then conducted by various UK Parliament departments. The Strategic Rail Authority published a document in June 2003 which re-examined and clarified many of the assumptions and specified the direction and scope of the whole project.

## Technical aspects

The upgrade involved:
* Major remodelling of Rugby railway station
* Proof House Junction in Birmingham was also remodelled.
* Many Level crossings were either removed or modernised – 77 in total.
* Over 800 points, switches and crossings renewed, improved or removed
* Overhead line renewals
* Power supply upgrade to autotransformer system
* Track renewals – 430 miles
* Over 2,000 signals modified or renewed with better line of sight etc.
* Quadrupling the two track section in the Trent Valley including Tame viaduct

## Benefits

The benefits of the project are claimed to be capacity improvements, journey time reductions of up to 28% in some cases and improved safety. Although Virgin Trains were part of the driver for the project, the client is actually listed as the Department for Transport. The length of the project was just short of 11 years (110 months) and the final contract cost of approximately 9 billion pounds. The Campaign for Better Transport (United Kingdom) has stated that the benefits are 1) Road congestion reduction. 2) Carbon emissions reduction. 3) Economic and 4) Passenger benefits. It is claimed it was part of the reason that the BBC decided to move its main operations from London to the north.

### Capacity enhancements

The Campaign for Better Transport (United Kingdom) in their paper entitled "Transformation of the West Coast Main Line" stated there are 40% more long distance services overall. There are 25% more between London and Scotland; 50% more between London and Birmingham and 150% more between London and Manchester.

### Safety

The removal and reduction of level crossings during the modernisation was one factor in improving the safety. A spokesperson for UK Railway Inspectorate made the statement in 2004 that "level crossings create the greatest potential for catastrophic risk on the railways". Other crossings were also removed with subsequent reduction and modernisation of the overhead line. This also reduced maintenance costs.

### Road congestion

Road congestion reduction has been harder to quantify but modelling that has been done suggests 26,000 fewer car journeys on the M1 and M40 motorways as a direct result along with as many as 7 million fewer car journeys between the cities of London and Manchester.

### Carbon emissions

On the London to Manchester route alone between 2009 and 2017, the modernisation resulted in a 77% increase in rail passengers; 23,000 tonnes of carbon saving and a 27% reduction in air passengers. The air passenger reduction was between Manchester and Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and London City Airports. The number of flights between cities served by the WCML declined 67% since 2004 pre-COVID.

### Passenger benefits

In addition to journey time reductions, another result of the modernisation was an increase in capacity such that a 20 minute frequency of trains (3 per hour) between London and Manchester and London and Birmingham at key hours resulted.

## Issues - future work still needed

During modernisation, much of the signaling was renewed and concentrated in Rugby. However, money ran out and so the south end of the line still uses Wembley which controls assets that fail frequently. This point of failure will need to be addressed in the future. Other upgrades are continuing.

## 2020 onwards ongoing improvements

Carstairs has long being considered a bottleneck on the WCML and improvements including signalling, track renewal and other work finished in October 2022. Further work continued in 2023 and included work on the drains and embankments. The work also included substantial realigning of tracks and platforms to give line speed increases and needed a 12-week closure but was completed on time.
More power-hungry trains and further electric freight means at many times there is an overload of the power supply on the WCML. Parts of the route, including Preston- Carlisle is sometimes called congested infrastructure due to power supply constraints. Future upgrades will be planned to enhance these.

## Timeline

Timeline :
| Date | Event |
| 23 December 1994 | Feasibility study published. |
| 1998 | Agreement between Railtrack and Virgin Trains to upgrade the line. |
| October 2001 | Railtrack goes into liquidation. |
| January 2002 | Secretary of State for Transport Stephen Byers ask SRA to intervene and get project back on track. |
| May 2002 | Estimate of programme cost increases from £2.5 billion to £14.5 billion. |
| December 2005 | High-speed tilting trains introduced. |
| October 2007 | First section of Trent Valley four-tracking scheme opened. |
| December 2008 | Work mainly completed. |
| 2014 | Works start on the Norton Bridge project. |
| April 2015 | Work to replace bridge at Watford completed to enable line speed increase from 90 mph to 125 mph. |
| March 2016 | First trains use the Norton Bridge rail flyover completed on budget and 18 months ahead of schedule. |
| October 2022 | Major track renewal, signalling and simplification of track layout at Carstairs completed. |
| March 2023 | Further simplification of Carstairs and passing loop installed. |
| 30 May 2023 | Carstairs station reopens after a 12 week closure and blockade. |
| July 2023 | 9 day closure of the route in the Trent Valley-Colwich Junction area for upgrades, resignalling, new track etc. |