OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sorting number

In mathematics and computer science, the sorting numbers are a sequence of numbers introduced in 1950 by Hugo Steinhaus for the analysis of comparison sort algorithms. These numbers give the worst-case number of comparisons used by both binary insertion sort and merge sort. However, there are other algorithms that use fewer comparisons.

## Formula and examples

The $n$th sorting number is given by the formula
$\displaystyle n\lceil \log _{2}n\rceil -2^{\lceil \log _{2}n\rceil }+1.$
The sequence of numbers given by this formula (starting with $n=1$) is
The same sequence of numbers can also be obtained from the recurrence relation,
    $A(n)=A{\bigl\lfloor n/2\rfloor {\bigr )}+A{\bigl\lceil n/2\rceil {\bigr )}+n-1$.
It is an example of a 2-regular sequence.
Asymptotically, the value of the $n$th sorting number fluctuates between approximately $n\log _{2}n-n$ and $n\log _{2}n-0.915n,$ depending on the ratio between $n$ and the nearest power of two.

## Application to sorting

In 1950, Hugo Steinhaus observed that these numbers count the number of comparisons used by binary insertion sort, and conjectured (incorrectly) that they give the minimum number of comparisons needed to sort $n$ items using any comparison sort. The conjecture was disproved in 1959 by L. R. Ford Jr. and Selmer M. Johnson, who found a different sorting algorithm, the Ford–Johnson merge-insertion sort, using fewer comparisons.
The same sequence of sorting numbers also gives the worst-case number of comparisons used by merge sort to sort $n$ items.

## Other applications

The sorting numbers (shifted by one position) also give the sizes of the shortest possible superpatterns for the layered permutations.
# Gary Ferguson (literature scholar)

Gary Ferguson (born March 19, 1963), a specialist of French Renaissance literature and culture, is the Douglas Huntly Gordon Distinguished Professor of French at the University of Virginia. From 1989, he taught at the University of Delaware, where he held the Elias Ahuja Professorship of French from 2012 to 2015. He graduated from St Chad's College, Durham University, receiving a BA with first-class honours in 1985 and a Ph.D. in 1989.
He is the author of Mirroring Belief: Marguerite de Navarre's Devotional Poetry (Edinburgh University Press, 1992), Queer (Re)Readings in the French Renaissance: Homosexuality, Gender, Culture (Ashgate, 2008; London and New York : Routledge, 2016), and Same-Sex Marriage in Renaissance Rome: Sexuality, Identity, and Community in Early Modern Europe (Cornell University Press, 2016), as well as of numerous articles dealing in particular with questions of gender and sexuality, women's writing, devotional literature and the cultural history of religion. He has edited or co-edited a number of collections of scholarly essays, including (Re)Inventing the Past: Essays on French Early Modern Culture, Literature and Thought in Honour of Ann Moss (2003, with Catherine Hampton), Narrative Worlds: Essays on the ‘Nouvelle’ in 15th- and 16th-Century France (2005, with David LaGuardia), L’Homme en tous genres : masculinités, textes et contextes (2008), and A Companion to Marguerite de Navarre (2013, with Mary B. McKinley). He has also published a critical edition of Anne de Marquets's Sonets spirituels (Geneva : Droz, 1997).
# Lake Büyükçekmece

Lake Büyükçekmece (Turkish: Büyükçekmece Gölü) is a liman formed at the point where the river Karasudere flows into the Marmara Sea. The lake is located south of the Çatalca district, west of Istanbul, Turkey. It is used as a freshwater reservoir.
The lake's bar was reinforced in 1988 by a dam. The area of the lake is 28.47 km$^2$ (10.99 sq mi), and is 7 km (4.3 mi) long and 2 km (1.2 mi) wide. The maximum depth is 8.6 m (28 ft), following deepening carried out by the State Hydraulic Works.
The fluvial lake developed as the flow of Karasudere, and as it came downwards from Çatalca it was blocked off and formed by the resulting sandbank it created. A reedy, brackish salt-water lake exists between the Büyükçekmece Dam and the Marmara Sea. Another lagoon, Lake Küçükçekmece, is located around 12 km (7.5 mi) east of Lake Büyükçekmece.
The number of fish species observed in the lake has decreased from 30 in the past to 15 currently.
A historic 635 m (2,083 ft) long and 7.17 m (23.5 ft) wide multiple arch bridge, named after the Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan (1489-1588), spans the narrow opening at the bar connecting the lake to the sea.
At the northern shore of the lake, Istanbul Hezarfen Airfield is situated on a peninsula.

## Biology and status

The lake, which is not protected, was declared by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area in 1989 for its numerous distinct and threatened waterfowl species.
# Treadwell Twichell

Treadwell Twichell (November 19, 1864 – December 24, 1937) was an American politician who served in both the North Dakota Senate and the House of Representatives and was also elected as North Dakota Speaker in 1907.

## Early life

Twichell was born on November 19, 1864, in Hastings, Minnesota, United States, the son of Luther L. and Sally Twichell. After his father's death in 1880, Treadwell, then 17, left high school and went to Dakota Territory to manage his late father's land holdings near Mapleton, North Dakota. Treadwell would remain involved in agriculture for the rest of his life. Treadwell had a sibling, Luther Lathrop, who would also be elected as Speaker in 1921. On November 26, 1890, Treadwell married Grace B. Dill of Prescott, Wisconsin, who he had four children with.

## Political career

Twichell was elected to two terms in the North Dakota House of Representatives, in 1895 and 1897. In 1899, he was elected to the North Dakota Senate. From 1901 to 1905, Treadwell served as Sheriff of Cass County. In 1907, he was once again elected to the House of Representatives where he became Speaker. In 1908, Twichell was nominated for governor at the Progressive Republican Convention but lost to his opponent in the primary. Mr. Twichell was again elected to the House of Representatives in 1913 and the Senate in 1915. He was known as an advocate of reform legislation and battled aggressively against boss rule in state politics. He was a delegate to the 1912 national Republican convention and a longtime township official. He is credited with building the first gravel highway in North Dakota and organizing the first cooperative grain elevator enterprise in the state.

## Death

Twichell died on December 24, 1937, in Mapleton, North Dakota, where he was buried.
# Federica Lombardi

Federica Lombardi (born 19 April 1989) is an Italian operatic soprano.

## Biography

Born in Cesena, Lombardi studied at the Istituto Musicale Angelo Masini in Forlì, with Catina Florio. In 2015 she was a participant in the Salzburg Festival Young Singers Project. She made her debut at La Scala Milan in the title role of Donizetti's Anna Bolena in 2017. At La Scala she has also sung Musetta in La bohème and in 2019 appeared there as Elettra in Mozart's Idomeneo. Among other performances, she has sung the roles of Micaëla in Carmen and the Countess in Le nozze di Figaro at the Deutsche Oper Berlin, Fiordiligi in Così fan tutte at the Bavarian State Opera Munich, the role of Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni at the Vienna State Opera and the role of Donna Anna in the same opera at the Teatro Comunale di Bologna. Lombardi made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera New York as Donna Elvira in 2019. On May 20, 2023, she appeared as Donna Anna in the Metropolitan Opera Live in HD presentation.
She also has sung at the Royal Opera House (debut in 2022 as Countess in Le nozze di Figaro), Teatro Real, Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, Opéra national de Lorraine, Teatro Comunale di Bologna, Teatro Regio di Torino, Lyric Opera of Chicago, Berlin State Opera, Hamburg State Opera, Staatsoper Stuttgart and Cologne Opera.

## Recordings

* Giuseppe Verdi: Otello with Federica Lombardi as Desdemona, Jonas Kaufmann as Otello, Carlos Álvarez as Iago, the Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia conducted by Antonio Pappano. 2 CDs (studio recording), Sony Cat:19439707932. Released 2020.
# Ayumi Oya

Ayumi Oya (大矢 歩, Oya Ayumi, born November 8, 1994) is a Japanese footballer who plays as a forward. She plays for Ehime FC and the Japan national team.

## Club career

Oya was born in Midori on November 8, 1994. She joined Ehime FC in 2011.

## National team career

On April 9, 2017, Oya debuted for Japan national team against Costa Rica. She played 9 games for Japan until 2018.

## National team statistics

Japan national team :
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2017 | 8 | 0 |
| 2018 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | 9 | 0 |
# Shady Grove, Alabama

Shady Grove, also known as Chesser, is an unincorporated community in Pike County, Alabama, United States.

## History

Shady Grove was originally known as Chesser in honor of Jim Chesser, an early settler. The name was then changed to Shady Grove in honor of Shady Grove Methodist Church. A post office operated under the name Chesser from 1880 to 1890.
# Kocaeli Peninsula

The Kocaeli Peninsula (Turkish: Kocaeli Yarımadası) lies in the northwest corner of Anatolia, Turkey, separating the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara on the Asian side of the strait of Bosphorus. Approximately one-third of Istanbul, one of the most populous cities of the world, occupies its western part, and İzmit, another big city, is at the easternmost point of the peninsula.

## Geography

The peninsula is at the north west corner of Anatolia. The length toward west is 90 kilometres (56 mi) and the average width is about 40 kilometres (25 mi). It is bordered by the Black Sea to the north, Sea of Marmara to the south and the strait of Bosphorus (Turkish: Boğaziçi) to the west. The geographers consider it to be a part of Kocaeli Çatalca subregion, where Çatalca is a peninsula on the other side of Bosphorous.

## History

Together with the strait of Dardanelles, the passage through Bosphorus and the Kocaeli peninsula is the main passage of people from Europe to Asia. During ancient times, Phrygians, Bithynians and Galatians were some of them. But while Phrygians and Galatians moved to Central Anatolia, it was the Bithynians who controlled the region for a considerable time. Hannibal, the Carthaginian commander who took refuge in Bithynia, died in Kocaeli Peninsula at around 182 BC. His grave may be around Dilovası or at Gebze both at about the middle of Kocaeli Peninsula. Later the peninsula was a part of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. In Byzantine times and among the local Greek population until the early 20th century, the peninsula was known as Mesothynia (Μεσοθυνία, "Middle Thynia").

## Population and economy

Kocaeli Peninsula is one of the most industrialised regions of Turkey. Approximately one-third of Istanbul, one of the most populous cities of the world, lies on the westernmost point of the Kocaeli peninsula, and İzmit, another big city, is at the easternmost point of the peninsula. The southern coastline (Marmara) between the two is dotted with settlements, factories and the shipyards. Population density along this coastline is very high, as opposed to the northern (Black Sea) coastline.
# IRAS 00500+6713

IRAS 00500+6713 is the catalogued infrared source for an unusual nebula in Cassiopeia, while the central star has a designation WD J005311, with the whole system designated as Pa 30. The central star and its surrounding shell were created by the supernova seen in the year 1181 (SN 1181) as reported by Chinese and Japanese observers. Both the nebula and central star have unique and extreme properties, pointing to their creation by a rare type Iax supernova, where two ultra-dense white dwarfs in-spiral to a collision and explosion.
The Pa 30 system was discovered in 2013 by amateur astronomer Dana Patchick. It was independently discovered by Dr. Vasili Gvaramadze and colleagues who first realized that the central star has extreme properties and proposed that it was created from a merger of two white dwarfs. The star exhibits record-breaking wind speeds of 16,000 km/s and temperatures near 200,000 K. The central star, might be a rapidly-rotating super-Chandrasekhar white dwarf with a mass ≳1.5 M$_☉$.
The central star is surrounded by a nebula packed with hot gas and warm dust. X-ray observations with the XMM-Newton telescope established that the star and its circumstellar nebula are strong X-ray sources. Analysis of X-ray spectra allowed for the first time to determine the chemical composition of the nebula. It was proposed that the nebula is a remnant of a rare type of supernova (SN Iax), and that the SN happened some 1000 years ago.
It has been linked to the historic supernova SN 1181. The star is possibly highly unstable, too massive to remain as a white dwarf, and it is predicted to collapse into a neutron star within ten thousand years.
Both the central star and the nebula contain large amounts of neon, magnesium, silicon, and sulfur (but no hydrogen, helium, or nitrogen), with such requiring an origin in a recent supernova. The surrounding shell has a unique structure with long radial filaments that have expansion velocities of around 1100 km/s. Apparently, the filaments are the tattered remains of the original `slow' supernova ejecta, fragmented and streamed into long wakes by the on-going very fast stellar wind emanating from the central white dwarf.
* WISE image of the infrared nebula IRAS 00500+6713, with the central star WD J005311 not visible. The whole system is designated Pa 30
* A comparison between an observed image (left panel; X-ray image (XMM) and IR contours (WISE)) and schematic picture of IRAS 00500+671
# Elias Mordal

Elias Edison Mordal (born 20 January 1998), also known by his birth name Edison Suerti, is a Filipino former professional footballer who played as a right back.
Born in the Philippines and raised in Norway, he has played for Norwegian clubs Molde, Sunndal, and Brattvåg, as well as for the Norway under-19 team. He represented his country of birth at under-22 level in the 2019 Southeast Asian Games.

## Early life

Mordal was born in Cotabato City, Philippines as Edison Suerti. His biological mother placed him at the Children's Shelter of Cebu, an orphanage in Cebu City. When he was 18 months old, Norwegian musicians Jens and Lena Mordal adopted him and renamed him Elias Edison Mordal. He was then raised in Molde, Norway with two adoptive siblings.
His adoptive father, Jens, is passionate about football and introduced the young Elias to the sport. When he was five, Jens took him to local club Træff. He later joined the youth team of Molde Fotballklubb.

## Club career
### Molde II

He was promoted to Molde II, the B-team of his club.

#### Loan to Sunndal

In September 2018, Mordal joined 3. divisjon club Sunndal on a 3-month loan.

### Brattvåg

In January 2019, Mordal joined 2. divisjon club Brattvåg. He made his debut for Brattvåg in a 4–2 away defeat to Byåsen.

### Azkals Development Team

In March 2020, Mordal was listed in the squad of the Azkals Development Team in the Philippines Football League. However, when the league season began in October, he was not a player of the team.

### Retirement

In January 2021, through an Instagram post, he announced his retirement from football at the age of 22. He cited "a lack of spark, lack of belief and lack of motivation" and that he "didn't feel the happiness anymore" in football.

## International career
### Norway U-19

In January 2017, Mordal was called up for the Norway U-19, he made his full debut in a 2–1 win against Ireland U-19.

### Philippines U-22 Olympic

Mordal was part of the Philippines U-22 Olympic squad that competed in the 2019 Southeast Asian Games held in Philippines.

### Philippines

In March 2019, it was reported that Mordal received an invitation to train with the Philippines national team. He received his first call up for the Philippines in June 2019 for a friendly against China, but eventually did not take part due to eligibility constraints. He made his unofficial debut for the Philippines in a scoreless friendly draw with Guangzhou Evergrande. Clearance is being secured to resolve his eligibility issues that would enable him to make his first official appearance for the Philippines.
# Tor Skjønsberg

Tor Vangen Skjønsberg (27 April 1903 - 8 September 1993) was a Norwegian resistance leader, by education he was a lawyer.
In 1941 Tor Skjønsberg called for a meeting "Grimelundsmøtet" which is considered the start of organized resistance in Norway.
Skjønsberg was the de facto leader of the resistance movement in Norway until he had to flee the country in November 1944. After Skjønsberg fled, Jens Christian Hauge became the leader of the resistance movement.
After the liberation, Skjønsberg served as Minister of Shipping from 22 June to 1 November 1945, in the interim government of Einar Gerhardsen.
# Boshret Kheir

"Boshret Kheir" (Egyptian Arabic: بشرة خير; English: "Good Omen") is an Egyptian-folk song created by Egyptian composer Amr Mostafa and performed by Emirati singer Hussain Al Jassmi dedicated from him to Egypt and was released on May 16, 2014, showing clips of Egyptians dancing in different areas of the country, in an effort to unite them and convince them to vote. Most of the Egyptians depicted hold up posters with phrases such as "vote", "get out there", and "your voice counts". The video was filmed in eight Egyptian provinces by eight different cameras and was put together in less than a day. The creator of the song, Ayman Qamar, planned on singing it himself but found out that Al Jassmi was coming to Egypt, and offered to sing the song himself to show his love for Egypt.
In July 2013, the Egyptian presidency was vacated following the removal from office of the president Mohamed Morsi after protests, after only a single year in power. Despite claims from the ousted Muslim Brotherhood indicating that Egyptians did not participate in large numbers in the subsequent 2014 elections, independent reports indicate that 47.14% of eligible voters participated in the ballot; this is comparable to the 49.62% who turned out in the 2012 election that elevated Mohammed Morsi to power.

## Video

On May 16, a 3-minute video was published, showing the diversity of the people across Egypt as they dance and hold cards with different Arabic words on them to encourage people to vote. A caption in the video says "Dedicated to all EGYPTIANS" in English. Al Jasmi himself doesn't appear in the video. When asked why he sang the song, he replied that he wanted to show his great love for the Egyptian People.
There are many videos worldwide from people who dance to the song and post their videos. The video received more than 5 million views on the day of its release, and was ranked among the top 100 songs internationally.
# Chikara Akutsu

Chikara Akutsu (阿久津 主税, Akutsu Chikara, born June 24, 1982) is a Japanese professional shogi player ranked 8-dan.

## Shogi professional
### Promotion history

The promotion history for Akutsu is as follows:
* 6-kyū: 1994
* 1-dan: 1997
* 4-dan: October 1, 1999
* 5-dan: July 2, 2004
* 6-dan: August 3, 2007
* 7-dan: April 1, 2009
* 8-dan: February 13, 2014

### Titles and other championships

Although Akutsu has yet to appear in a major title match, he has won two non-major-title championships during his career: the 2nd Asahi Cup Open [ja] (2008) and the 17th Ginga-sen [ja](2009).

### Awards and honors

Akutsu received the Japan Shogi Association Annual Shogi Awards for "Best New Player" in 2004, "Best Winning Percentage" in 2006, and "Most Consecutive Games Won" award in 2009.

### Year-end prize money and game fee ranking

Akutsu has finished in the "Top 10" of the JSA's year-end prize money and game fee rankings [ja] only once during his career. He earned a total of JPY 25,700,000 to rank ninth in 2009.
# Chie Kiriyama

Chie Kiriyama (桐山 智衣, Kiriyama Chie, born 2 August 1991 in Gifu Prefecture) is a Japanese retired heptathlete. She won bronze medals at the 2011 Asian Championships and 2013 Asian Championships in the heptathlon. She was also a three-time national champion in the heptathlon.

## International competition

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Record |
| Representing Japan ||||||
| 2011 | Asian Championships | Kobe, Japan | 3rd | Heptathlon | 5442 pts |
| 2013 | Asian Championships | Pune, India | 3rd | Heptathlon | 5451 pts |
| 2016 | Asian Indoor Championships | Doha, Qatar | 3rd | Pentathlon | 3637 pts |

## National titles

* Japanese Championships
** Decathlon: 2011, 2013, 2014
# Qarah Gozlu

Qarah Gozlu (Persian: قره گزلو, also Romanized as Qarah Gozlū; also known as Qaraguzlu, Qareh Gowzlū, Shamsābād-e Qareh Gozlū, and Shamsābād-e Qoroq) is a village in Beyza Rural District, Beyza District, Sepidan County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 366, in 83 families.
# Lexus Song Quest

The Lexus Song Quest (formerly known as the Mobil Song Quest) is a biennial opera singing competition, held in New Zealand since 1956. The competition is managed and presented by Tāwhiri, which also runs the New Zealand Festival of the Arts. Winners include the sopranos Dame Malvina Major and Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, both of whom were trained by Dame Sister Mary Leo. Other winners include Phillip Rhodes, Jonathan Lemalu and Sol3 Mio's Amitai Pati.

## History

First held in 1956, the Mobil Song Quest began as a radio contest. 1324 entries were made, with contestants recording a song at their local BCNZ radio station. The recorded works were then broadcaster in shows over 19 weeks.
Originally the quest featured contestants who performed songs in a variety of styles, such as country and western, pop and classical. Only more recently has the contest been primarily for opera singers, with the influence of Auckland opera singing teacher Dame Sister Mary Leo and the success of her students helping to shape the contest into a more prestigious singing competition.
From its beginning, the Song Quest was sponsored and run by Mobil Oil New Zealand. However, in 2004 the oil company passed the competition on to the New Zealand Festival of the Arts Trust. Mobil withdrew as the naming-rights sponsor, with Lexus stepping in to that role.

## Past winners

| Year | Winner |
| 1956 | Donald Jack |
| 1957 | Paul Gillmore |
| 1959 | Mary O'Brien |
| 1961 | Patricia Price |
| 1963 | Malvina Major |
| 1965 | Kiri Te Kanawa |
| 1967 | Anne Rasmussen |
| 1970 | Patricia House |
| 1972 | Christopher Doig |
| 1974 | Christopher Lackner |
| 1977 | Lyle Kennaway |
| 1979 | Malcolm Smith |
| 1981 | Linden Loader |
| 1983 | David Griffiths |
| 1985 | Robyn Lynch |
| 1987 | Deirdre Elliott |
| 1989 | Tracey King |
| 1991 | Teddy Tahu Rhodes |
| 1993 | Martin Snell |
| 1996 | Andrea Creighton |
| 1998 | Jonathan Lemalu |
| 2000 | Jared Holt |
| 2002 | Anna Leese |
| 2005 | Madeleine Pierard |
| 2007 | Phillip Rhodes |
| 2009 | Aivale Cole |
| 2012 | Amitai Pati |
| 2014 | Isabella Moore |
| 2016 | Benson Wilson |
| 2018 | Joel Amosa |
| 2022 | Filipe Manu |
| 2024 | Katie Trigg |
# Filip Eidsheim

Filip Eidsheim (born 16 February 1990) is a Norwegian former professional cyclist.

## Major results
### 2008

    2nd Time trial, National Junior Road Championships

### 2010

    1st Stage 4 Tour des Pyrénées

### 2011

    3rd Dwars door de Antwerpse Kempen

### 2012

    4th ZLM Tour
    10th Ronde van Vlaanderen U23

### 2013

    8th Skive–Løbet

### 2014

    2nd Road race, National Road Championships
    3rd Central European Tour Szerencs–Ibrány
    5th Central European Tour Košice–Miskolc
    10th Trofej Umag

### 2015

    Tour du Maroc
       1st Stages 9 & 10
    6th GP Viborg
# Kurt Bucholz

Kurt Bucholz (November 5, 1950 – December 5, 2006) was an American politician who served in the Wyoming House of Representatives from the 47th district from 2003 until his death in 2006.
He died of thymic carcinoma on December 5, 2006, in Saratoga, Wyoming, at age 56.