OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alexandre Constant

Alexandre Constant also known as Alfred Constant (14 September 1829, Autun – 13 May 1901, Golfe-Juan) was a French entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera.
Constant was a banker. He became a Member of the Société entomologique de France in 1854. He was principally interested in Microlepidoptera.

## Works

Partial list
* Histoire naturelle des papillons (Paris : [Desloges] (1850)
* Catalogue des Lépidoptères de Saône-et-Loire (1866)
* Notes sur quelques Lépidoptères nouveaux Annales de la Société entomologique de France (6) 4 : 201–216, pl. 9 (1884), : 251–262, pl. 10 (1885)
* Descriptions de Lépidoptères nouveaux ou peu connus. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 6 (8): 161-172 + pl. (1888)
* Descriptions de Microlépidoptères nouveaux ou peu connus Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (6) 10 : 5-16 (1890)
# Wood court

A wood court is one of the types of tennis courts on which the modern sport of tennis, originally known as "lawn tennis", is played. Wood courts are generally a form of hardwood flooring. These courts were once used for indoor "covered court" tennis tournaments beginning in the late 19th century through to the early 1970s, and occasionally were used to stage outdoor tennis tournaments. They were largely supplanted by the development of indoor carpet courts in professional play.

## History

The surface was first introduced in competitive tournaments in 1878 at the Scottish Championships in Edinburgh, which was held on indoor wood courts until 1883. They were also used beginning in 1881 in England at the Cheltenham Covered Court Championships and Gore Court Championships both indoor events. In 1885 the Seventh Regiment Championship was established and played on indoor wood courts at the Seventh Regiment Armory in New York City.
Wooden tennis courts are regarded as the fastest of all indoor courts, as they have a very short and low bounce. The player's speed is the tactical deciding advantage on wood courts. Wooden surface courts were better suited to players with the most highly honed reflexes. Also there is more resiliency to wood tennis courts compared to concrete or asphalt courts; wood tennis courts are not as hard on the players' feet, or the tennis ball itself.

## Players

A wood court specialist is a tennis player who excels on wood courts, usually more than on any other surface, but not always. Pre-open era players played on multiple surfaces, including wood courts.
Male tennis players who were particularly successful on this surface (titles won in brackets) include; French player Jean Borotra (23), Australian players Ken Rosewall (20), and Rod Laver (18), American player Bill Tilden II (15), British players George Caridia (9), Laurence Doherty (8), Ernest Wool Lewis (7), New Zealander Anthony Wilding (7), Frenchman Andre Gobert (5), Czech player Jaroslav Drobny (4) and British player Bobby Wilson (8)

## Notable tournaments

* Bavarian International Covered Court Championships
* Berlin International Covered Courts
* British Covered Court Championships
* Canadian Covered Court Championships
* Cheltenham Covered Court Championships
* Eastern Indoor Championships
* French Covered Court Championships
* German International Covered Court Championships
* London Covered Courts Championships
* Lyon Covered Court Championships (from 1948 called Coupe Georges Cozon)
* New England Indoor Championships
* Queen's Club Covered Court Championship
* Seventh Regiment Championship
* Scottish Championships
* Scandinavian Indoor Championships
* Swedish International Covered Courts Championships
* USSR International Covered Court Championships
* Welsh Covered Court Championships
* World Covered Court Championships
# Vinod Bhiva Nikole

Vinod Nikole (15 September 1975) is an Indian politician and member of the 14th & 15th state Maharashtra Legislative Assembly. He represents the Dahanu constituency as member of Communist Party of India (Marxist).
# Soni Yadav

Soni Yadav (born 25 March 1994) is an Indian cricketer. She is a right-handed batter who bowls right-arm medium pace. She has played domestic cricket for Delhi, North Zone and Railways. She made her Women's One Day International cricket (WODI) debut against Sri Lanka in the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier on 7 February 2017.
# Diethylaminoethyl cellulose

Diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-C) is a positively charged resin used in ion-exchange chromatography, a type of column chromatography, for the separation and purification of proteins and nucleic acids. Gel matrix beads are derivatized with diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) and lock negatively charged proteins or nucleic acids into the matrix. The proteins are released from the resin by increasing the salt concentration of the solvent or changing the pH of the solution as to change the charge on the protein.

## Preparation

DEAE-C is synthesized by an alkali-catalyzed reaction of cellulose (obtained from cotton fabric) with 2-chlorotriethylamine, illustrated as following :

## Types
### Common resins

DEAE-C is commonly commercially available as DE52 and DE53. These resins are prepared preswollen although cellulose exchangers swell in a strong basic environment to increase access to binding sites.
DE52 has a pKa of 11.5. The buffering range for diethanolamine is 8.4-8.8, though the range for DEAE-C varies between manufacturers.

### DEAE-D

DEAE-Dextran (DEAE-D) is a positively charged dextran derivative that can be used for vaccine production, gene therapy, protein stabilization, dyslipidemia prevention, flocculating agents, and many other applications. DEAE-D is also used for transfecting animal cells with foreign DNA. It is added to solution containing DNA meant for transfection. It binds and interacts with negatively charged DNA molecules and via an unknown mechanism brings about the uptake of nucleic acids by the cell. This procedure is highly suited for transient transfection used for various molecular biology studies.

### Other derivatives

DEAE-Sepharose, DEAE-650 and DEAE-Sephadex are commonly used in chromatography.

## Ion-exchange chromatography

DEAE-C is a weak anion exchanger. This exchange is utilized to separate proteins that have faintly differing charges. Like all anion exchangers, the resin carries a positive charge that interacts favorably with negative charges. The positive charge of DEAE cellulose is due to a protonated amine group. To ensure that the resin is protonated and positively charged, the chromatography should be performed at least 2 pH units below the pKa of the amine group, 10. The strength of the bond between the resin and protein is highly dependent on the pH range in the column and the pI of the protein of interest. The resin is a weak exchanger because it is only partially ionized over most pH values, and an efficient separation with DEAE-C chromatography requires a specific, narrow pH range.
Cellulose, dextran, agarose, and other insoluble complexes are unaffected because they compose inert matrices, hence why they are so often derivatized with strong and weak cation and anion exchangers in chromatography. DEAE-C beads have diethylaminoethyl chains covalently bound to oxygen atoms on the D-glucose subunits of cellulose.
# List of ports in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

This list of Ports and harbours in the Democratic Republic of Congo details the ports, harbours around the coast of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

## List of ports and harbours in the Democratic Republic of Congo

| Port/Harbour name | Province | Town name | Coordinates | UN/Locode | Remarks |
| Port of Matadi | Kongo Central | Matadi | 5°59′S 13°27′E﻿ / ﻿5.983°S 13.450°E﻿ / -5.983; 13.450﻿ (Port of Matadi) | CDMAT | Medium-sized port. The maximum draft of the port is 8.2m, according to MarineTraffic ― 7.6m. |
| Port of Banana | Kongo Central | Banana | 5°59′S 12°23′E﻿ / ﻿5.983°S 12.383°E﻿ / -5.983; 12.383﻿ (Banana Port) | CDBNW | Medium-sized port. The maximum draft of the port is 8.3m. The port is situated in Banana Creek, an inlet about 1 km wide on the north bank of the Congo River's mouth. |
| Port of Boma | Kongo Central | Banana|Boma | 5°51′S 13°3′E﻿ / ﻿5.850°S 13.050°E﻿ / -5.850; 13.050﻿ (Port of Boma) | CDBOA | Medium-sized port. The maximum draft of the port is 6.7m. The second-largest port of the country, after Matadi. |
# Francis Dougan

Francis Dougan (born 8 December 1972) is a Scottish Roman Catholic bishop. He was appointed Bishop of Galloway on 22 December 2023.

## Biography

He was born in Lanark, Scotland, on 8 December 1972.
He was ordained to the priesthood on 27 June 2001 by Bishop Joseph Devine at St Aidan's Church, Coltness for the Diocese of Motherwell. He was assistant priest of Our Lady & St Anne's, Cadzow and Chaplain to Holy Cross High School, Hamilton (2001–06); Vice-Rector of Pontifical Scots College, Rome (2006–12); parish priest of Saint Mark and Saint Anthony's Churches in Rutherglen and Chaplain to Trinity High School (2013–21); parish priest of Our Lady of Lourdes, East Kilbride (from 2021).
He was appointed Bishop of the Diocese of Galloway by Pope Francis on 22 December 2023, and received episcopal consecration on 9 March 2024 at St Peter-in-Chains, Ardrossan. The principal consecrator was Archbishop Leo Cushley of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh and the principal co-consecrators were Archbishop William Nolan of Glasgow and Bishop Joseph Toal of Motherwell. The installation of Bishop Dougan took place the following day on 10 March 2024 at St Margaret's Cathedral, Ayr.
# Ffairfach

Ffairfach is a village one-half mile (0.80 km) south of the market town of Llandeilo in the eastern part of Carmarthenshire, Wales. It is close to the confluence of the Afon Cennen and the River Towy. Population is 516 according to 2017 census.

## Etymology

The Welsh name for the village is Ffair-fach signifying 'little fair'. In the early 17th century it was recorded as Ffair fach yn Llandilo. The 'large fair' took place in neighbouring Llandeilo. It was reportedly formerly known as Abercennen.

## History

In the early 19th century Ffairfach was a fair sized village of about three dozen houses. It had a corn mill and a village inn, The Torbay Inn, which doubled as a blacksmiths.
Two fairs were held each year, one on 5 May and a cattle fair on 22 November.
The Union Poor House was built about 1839.
The stone used to build the nearby Llandeilo Bridge (1848) was excavated from a quarry near the signal box at the side of the railway and immediately below Rock Villa at Ffairfach, after satisfactory tests for quality.
The British School was established in 1858 near the Torbay Inn. The first schoolmaster was Mr. David Morgan, who later wrote The Story of Carmarthenshire (1908). The council school was built about 1899.
A gas works were erected about 1860.

## Railway

Ffairfach railway station lies on the Heart of Wales Line which runs between Shrewsbury and Swansea. Ffairfach boasted two railway stations within 300 yards of each other, and a third station at Llandeilo was only a mile or so away. Passengers from the Amman Valley and Carmarthen usually alighted at the Ffairfach stations, as they would save 1+1⁄2 pence on the return fare, which meant a great deal in those days. Also the distance from Llandeilo station to the church square was almost as far as it would be if they walked from Ffairfach.
Three-quarters of the commerce of the town of Llandeilo at this time came from the south of the Tywi bridge; consequently Ffairfach became important, for rail and road passengers made use of the village as the first stopping place en route for Llandeilo.
The first railway through Ffairfach was built by the Llanelli Dock Railway (Llanelli to Llandovery) in 1856. The second was built by the London North Western in 1865 Carmarthen to Llandeilo through the beautiful vale of the Tywi. The name of the station was Llandeilo Bridge.

## Education
### Ysgol Gynradd Ffairfach

The village primary school was built in 1858. According to the latest Estyn report, there are 106 pupils on roll, including 14 full-time nursery age pupils. The school is categorised as a Welsh-medium school, with 37% of pupils coming from Welsh-speaking homes.

## Religion

Capel Tabernacl in Heol Cennen is an Independent chapel dating from 1860, designed by the architect Thomas Thomas. It replaced an earlier chapel on the site built in 1817 and 1840. The chapel is a Grade II listed building.

## Pubs

* The Torbay Inn
* The Tregib Arms – an early to mid 19th century building, a Grade II listed building
# Himanshu Bisht

Himanshu Bisht (born 17 November 1996) is an Indian cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Uttarakhand in the 2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy on 21 February 2019. He made his List A debut on 12 December 2021, for Uttarakhand in the 2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy.
# Hilarempis breviseta

Hilarempis basuta is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae.
# Pszczółki, Pomeranian Voivodeship

Pszczółki (German: Hohenstein) is a village in Gdańsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Pszczółki. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south of Pruszcz Gdański and 22 km (14 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the historic region of Pomerania.

## History

The oldest known mention of the village comes from 1307 under the name Psolcicz. Pszczółki was a royal village of the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Tczew County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship.
# Anne Fadiman

Anne Fadiman (born August 7, 1953) is an American essayist and reporter. Her interests include literary journalism, essays, memoir, and autobiography. She has received the National Book Critics Circle Award, the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Current Interest, and the Salon Book Award.

## Early life and education

She is the daughter of Clifton Fadiman, who was active in the literary, radio, and television worlds, and Annalee Jacoby Fadiman, a World War II correspondent and author. She attended Harvard University, graduating in 1975 from Radcliffe College with a bachelor of arts degree. At Harvard, she roomed with Wendy Lesser, a future writer. (Benazir Bhutto and Kathleen Kennedy lived in the same dorm).

## Career
### Writing

Fadiman has had a career in reporting and writing. Her 1997 book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures won the 1997 National Book Critics Circle Award, the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Current Interest, and the Salon Book Award. She conducted research in a small county hospital in California, and examined the cultural and medical issues of a Hmong family from Laos who had a child with epilepsy. Their efforts to get treatment for the child were constrained by cultural, linguistic, and medical differences as well as limitation of the American medical system. Their culture had a different explanation for epilepsy.
She also wrote two books of essays. The first, Ex Libris: Confessions of a Common Reader, was published in 1998. The second, At Large and At Small: Familiar Essays (2007), touched on such topics as Arctic explorers, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and ice cream; it was the source of a quotation in The New York Times Sunday Acrostic.
She edited Rereadings: Seventeen Writers Revisit Books They Love (2005) and the Best American Essays 2003.
Fadiman has published a memoir about her relationship with her father, The Wine Lover's Daughter (2017).

### Editing

Fadiman was a founding editor of the Library of Congress magazine Civilization.
She was the fourth editor of the Phi Beta Kappa quarterly The American Scholar since 1997. Under her direction, it won three National Magazine Awards in six years. She left The American Scholar in 2004; she was paid an annual salary of $60,000, and was in the midst of a dispute over budgetary issues. At the time of her departure, the journal faced a budget deficit of about $250,000; its circulation was about 28,000.

### Teaching

Since January 2005, in a program established by Yale alumnus Paul E. Francis, Anne Fadiman has been Yale University's first Francis Writer in Residence, a position that allows her to teach one or two non-fiction writing seminars each year, and advise, mentor, and interact with students and editors of undergraduate publications.
In 2012 she received the Richard H. Brodhead '68 Prize for Teaching Excellence by Non-Ladder Faculty.

## Personal life

Fadiman is married to American author George Howe Colt. They have two children and a dog named Typo.
# Lunch Lady (restaurant)

Lunch Lady is a Vietnamese restaurant in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It has received Bib Gourmand status.
# Kanaloa manoa

Kanaloa manoa is a species of amphipod crustacean, and the only species in the genus Kanaloa.
# Villa del Salvador

Villa del Salvador is a locality in Argentina, located in the south-central province of San Juan, in the extreme northwest of the agricultural oasis of the Tulum Valley, northwest of the city of San Juan. It is the head town and seat of government of the Angaco Department. It also has the particularity of extending in small parcels to the south occupying another jurisdiction, such as the San Martín Department. It is the nucleus of a wine-growing region.
# Baldassare Ferri

Baldassare Ferri (9 December 1610 – 10 September 1680) was an Italian castrato singer. He is said to have possessed "extraordinary endurance of breath, flexibility of voice and depth of emotion".

## History

He was born in Perugia, and at the age of eleven was a chorister to Cardinal Crescenzi, at Orvieto. In his youth, he had an 'ugly accident', which necessitated an 'operation which permanently preserved his magnificent soprano voice'. He remained a chorister in Orvieto until 1655, when the Swedish invasion broke up the court. Four years later the Prince, and later Wladislaus IV, of Poland, secured Ferri's services for the Court of Sigismund III, at Warsaw. In 1655 the singer entered the service of Ferdinand III in Vienna.
He received many honors from royalty and the nobles of various countries, and was one of the most renowned singers of his time. In 1654 he journeyed to Sweden to sing by request before Queen Christine, his voice even then being famous throughout Europe. He was made a knight of St. Mark of Venice in 1643, sonnets were written in his honor, and he was crowned by his countrymen with roses. Five years before his death Ferri returned to his native country. He died exceedingly rich and left a great deal of money to charity. His voice was a wonderful organ, a beautiful soprano, with a limpid quality that musicians of the time declared was "indescribable." His intonation was perfect and all musicians spoke of his length of breath which was almost inexhaustible, and at all times his singing was quiet and expressive. While singing, Ferri was often 'motionless as a statue'.
# Aditya Garhwal

Aditya Narendra Garhwal (born 15 April 1996) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Rajasthan in first-class, List A and Twenty20 cricket. He is coached by former Rajasthan batsman Anshu Jain. His batting performances in the 2014/15 Vinoo Mankad Trophy has received appreciation from many current and former Indian cricketers. He is often referred as Chota Sehwag for his attacking batting style. He was signed by Kolkata Knight Riders ahead of the 2015 Indian Premier League.
He made his first-class debut on 11 January 2020, for Rajasthan in the 2019–20 Ranji Trophy.
# Auckland Easter Show

The Royal Easter Show is an event held annually during Easter in Auckland, New Zealand. It was first held in 1843 and since then has included agricultural events, art exhibitions, live entertainment, sporting events, rides, sideshows, a marketplace and circuses. The show is held at the Epsom Showgrounds in Epsom. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand, the show was not held in 2020 or 2021.

## History

The Royal Easter Show was first held in 1843. In 2013, the show featured the largest ferris wheel in Auckland's history. The free event in 2014 attracted more than 130,000 attendees. In 2016, hundreds of people claimed that they would boycott the show after pictures of injured animals were shared. The free event in 2019 offered farm animals, FMX shows, a Looney Tunes Live Show, rides and a performance by Tiki Taane.
The 2020 show, scheduled for 9 –13 April, was cancelled due to crowd restrictions introduced to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand. This was only the second time in 177 years that the show was not held. The 2021 show was also cancelled.

## Competitions and awards

The Royal Easter Show is host to the Wine Awards, New Zealand's longest-running wine competition, and therefore also one of the most competitive. also hosted are the Art Awards, New Zealand's largest open art competition.
# Anna Bogaliy-Titovets

Anna Ivanovna Bogaliy (Russian: А́нна Ива́новна Бога́лий) (born 12 June 1979) is a retired Russian biathlete. She is 167 cm tall and weighs 58 kg.

## Biography

She was born in Vozhega, Vologda Oblast, on 12 June 1979. When she was 5, her family moved to Murmansk, where she started biathlon.
She has had eleven podium finishes, three in first place, four in second, and has come third four times. At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Bogaliy won gold on the 4 × 6 km relay. At the World Championships, she won three gold medals in relays, including a recent title in mixed relay in Holmenkollen.
In 2012 she made the decision to end her athletic career.

## Results
### Olympic Games

| Event | Individual | Sprint | Pursuit | Mass Start | Relay |
| 2002 Salt Lake City | — | 18th | 19th | — | — |
| 2006 Torino | 35th | ― | ― | ― | Gold |
| 2010 Vancouver | 25th | ― | ― | ― | Gold |

### World Championships

| Event | Individual | Sprint | Pursuit | Mass Start | Relay | Mixed Relay |
| 2001 Pokljuka | 5th | — | — | — | Gold | — |
| 2003 Khanty-Mansiysk | 39th | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2004 Oberhof | 10th | Silver | Bronze | 14th | Silver | — |
| 2005 Hochfilzen | 7th | 7th | 5th | 19th | Gold | Silver |
| 2007 Antholz-Anterselva | 51st | ― | ― | ― | 7th | ― |
| 2011 Khanty-Mansiysk | 20th | 21st | 11th | 22nd | 8th | ― |
| 2012 Ruhpolding | ― | 41st | 23rd | ― | 7th | ― |
# Puc, Poland

Puc is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kościerzyna, within Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) east of Kościerzyna and 44 km (27 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Sheykh Salleh

Sheykh Salleh (Persian: شيخ صله) is a village in Khaneh Shur Rural District of the Central District of Salas-e Babajani County, Kermanshah province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 829 in 173 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,172 people in 288 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,425 people in 393 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Megalothorax minimus

Megalothorax minimus is a species of springtail in the family Neelidae. It is found primarily in Europe, but has also been observed in North America.
# Manish Golamaru

Manish Golamaru (born 13 September 1996) is an Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut for Andhra in the 2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 20 September 2018. He made his first-class debut for Andhra in the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy on 12 November 2018. He made his Twenty20 debut on 11 November 2019, for Andhra in the 2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy.