OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Merdiban

Merdiban was an accounting method used by the Ottoman Empire, Abbasid Caliphate, and Ilkhanate, especially for recording tax payments and liabilities.

## Etymology

The word "Merdiban" is derived from merdiven, a word of Persian origin meaning "staircase" or "ladder". The Ottomans themselves generally called this method muhasebe usulü "method of accounting".

## History

Abbasid accounting techniques were inherited by the Ilkhanate and then the Ottoman Empire; spanning several centuries until modern double-entry accounting was adopted post-Tanzimat.
Merdiban originated in the Abbasid Caliphate; the first likely example has been found in an eighth-century government document. After the conquest of Baghdad by Mongol forces in 1258, many Persian and Arab officials were employed by the Ikhanate. As the Mongols lacked strong state institutions, local systems were adopted, including accounting techniques. For instance, the Abbasids had a kind of daily ledger called a Defter-ul Yevmiye; the Ilkhanate adopted the same kind of daily ledger but called it Ruznamce. (The later Ottoman ruznamçe was similar).
Ghazan (1295–1304) made fiscal reforms; these drove more detailed record-keeping and, hence, further development of accounting techniques. Centralised fiscal record-keeping was divided according to provinces, and each team reported to a katip (which roughly corresponds to "clerk") - the same title used in the Abbasid state. "Katip" continued to be used to describe Ottoman accountants, although their official title was halife. The Risale-i Felekiyye, written in 1363 by Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Kiya Al-Mazandarani, was a manual of accounting, and is an important source for modern historians. The technique set out in the Risale begins to resemble a crude early attempt at double-entry accounting, but there is little evidence that this influenced the development of modern double-entry accounting in Italy.
It is possible that other states used accounting systems based on merdiban, but documentary evidence is sparse.

## Method

In the Ottoman empire, accounting was not taught systematically in madrasahs or other schools; instead, it was taught on a master-apprentice basis in the workplace, especially the Hazine-i Amire (finance ministry). So, few instruction documents survive from this era.
Merdiban was named because of the descending sequence in which amounts were recorded; a total at the top, and then individual items below. Typically, the last letter of the first word in an entry would be extended all the way across a line from left to right, acting as a separator between entries.
Mediban was usually recorded in siyakat script; a specialised and condensed form of text, almost stenographic, which was used where much of the content was numerical. Siyakat was so widely associated with accounting and fiscal documents that it became a synonym.
# Holiday Woods, Indiana

Holiday Woods is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Steuben County, Indiana, United States.

## Geography

The community is in west-central Steuben County, on high ground south of Silver Lake and east of Hogback Lake. It is 4 miles (6 km) west of Angola.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Holiday Woods CDP has an area of 0.24 square miles (0.62 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

The United States Census Bureau delineated Holiday Woods as a census designated place in the 2022 American Community Survey.
# 170th Air Refueling Squadron

The 170th Air Refueling Squadron (170 ARS) is a unit of the New Jersey Air National Guard's 108th Wing located at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, New Jersey. The 170 ARS is equipped with the Boeing KC-46A Pegasus. The 170 ARS, alongside the 141st Air Refueling Squadron, are associate squadrons of the active-duty 305th Air Mobility Wing.

## History

United States Congress, using the 2023 National Defense Authorization Act, directed the United States Air Force to divest the 108th Wing's Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker fleet and to replace the Air Force Reserve Command 76th and 78th Air Refueling Squadrons with the Air National Guard 141st and 170th Air Refueling Squadrons.
On 8 March 2024, the 170th Air Refueling Squadron was activated at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, becoming the Air National Guard's newest unit. The squadron's numerical designation derives from the 170th Group, which was previously allotted to New Jersey between 1964 and 1993. It is equipped with the Boeing KC-46A Pegasus and operates alongside the 108th Wing's 141 ARS.
Both the 170 ARS and 141 ARS are "embedded classic associates" of the active-duty 2nd and 32nd Air Refueling Squadrons, meaning they share the 305th Air Mobility Wing's 24 KC-46As.

## Lineage

* Constituted as 170th Air Refueling Squadron on 7 March 2024
    Activated on 8 March 2024

### Assignments

* 108th Operations Group, 8 March 2024 – present

### Stations

* Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, New Jersey, 8 March 2024 – present

### Aircraft

* Boeing KC-46A Pegasus, 2024–present
# Kelly Boucher

Kelly Boucher (born 13 January 1968 in Calgary, Alberta) is a Canadian former basketball player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics. She also played for the Charlotte Sting of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). During the 1998 WNBA season, Boucher became the first Canadian to play in the league.

## Awards and honors

* Top 100 U Sports women's basketball Players of the Century (1920–2020).
# Benjamin F. Meyers

Benjamin Franklin Meyers (July 6, 1833 – August 11, 1918) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Benjamin F. Meyers was born near New Centerville, Pennsylvania. He attended Somerset Academy and Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania (now Washington and Jefferson College in Washington, Pennsylvania). He studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in 1855. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives in 1864. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1864, 1880, 1884, 1888, 1892, 1896, and 1900. He was the editor of the Bedford Gazette and in 1868 of the Harrisburg Daily Patriot.
Meyers was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-second Congress. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1872. He served as postmaster of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, by appointment of President Grover Cleveland from 1886 to 1891. He was publisher of the Daily Star Independent in Harrisburg. He was engaged in public utilities, and died in Harrisburg in 1918. Interment in Harrisburg Cemetery.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "Benjamin F. Meyers (id: M000683)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
* The Political Graveyard
# Robert Henry Logan

Robert Henry Logan (July 10, 1839 – December 26, 1900) was an American soldier and politician. A Confederate Army colonel during the American Civil War, he went on to be mayor of Salem, Virginia, Salem's attorney, and a member of the Virginia Legislature.

## Biography

Logan was born in Salem, the son of Joseph Addison Logan and his wife Elsie, the daughter of Henry A. Edmundson. He was descended from James Logan, who had been a colonel during the American War of Independence. The family also claimed descent from a Scottish "Lord Logan". He was educated at the Montgomery Male Academy and later at Roanoke College, moving on to the United States Military Academy in 1857.
After distinguished service with the 42nd Virginia Infantry under General John B. Floyd and later with the 27th Virginia Cavalry, Logan served as a staff officer to General Gabriel C. Wharton. Having risen to a high command in the 45th Virginia Infantry by the end of the war, he returned to Salem, where in 1867 he was admitted to the bar. In 1871 he married Anna Clayton Logan, a second cousin, and they had five children. He was Mayor of Salem on two occasions and was the town's attorney for twenty years. He died in Salem, aged 61.
# Huron, Indiana

Huron is a Census-designated place in Spice Valley Township, Lawrence County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.

## History

Huron was platted in 1859. It was named after Huron, Ohio. On September 16, 1861, during the American Civil War, a train carrying 600 Illinois Union soldiers crashed into a creek near Huron, killing or injuring 100-150 soldiers.

## Demographics

The United States Census Bureau delineated Huron as a census designated place in the 2022 American Community Survey.
# Inchiri Region

Inchiri (Arabic: ولاية إينشيري, romanized: Wilāyat Inshiri) is a region in western Mauritania. Its capital and only city is Akjoujt. It borders the regions of Adrar to the east, Trarza to the south, and Dakhlet Nouadhibou to the north and west, along with a short Atlantic Ocean coastline. The region is known for its rich copper deposits, and therefore is heavily mined. According to the World Health Organization, there is a malaria risk during the rainy season, which lasts from July to October. Former president Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born and raised in Akjoujt.

## Demographics

As of 2016, the population of the region was 20,386, compared to 19,639 in 2013 and 15,609 in 2011. The 2016 population included 10,812 males and 9,575 females.

## Economy, health and education

As of 2008, the economic activity rate was 59.8% and the dependency ratio was 0.69. As of 2014, 26.1% of people worked for the government, 18.5% worked for private businesses, and 22.8% were self-employed. As of 2015, 97.4% of children aged 0 to 11 months had received the DPT vaccine, 76.0% had received the BCG vaccine, and 97.4% had received the polio vaccine. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 63.6%. The net enrollment ratio of girls in secondary level was 19.4% and that of boys was 10.0%. The region has also become a hub for the gold mining industry.
As of 2014, The unemployment rate of the average Mauritanian within Inchiri was 17.9%, The dependency ratio was 1.2, and the access to water was estimated to be around 87.6%. The vast majority of households as of 2014 did not have access to any type of home computer system, with the ownership rate being around 3.4%. More recent information on the current economic state of the Inchiri region remains hard to come by, as the government hasn't updated its economic census on the region in many categories since 2008.
The goldmine with what seems to be the most accessible information about it seems to be the Tasiast Gold Mine in Northern Inchiri. The mine seems to be operated by Tasiast Mauritanie Ltd. S.A, a subsidiary of Kinross Gold Corporation which is located in Canada. While gold is the most attractive mineral available in Inchiri, there's multiple other minerals within the region. Those being:
Asbestos, Beryllium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Gold, Iron, Nickel, Titanium, and Tungsten. The majority of mining operations occur away from popular residential areas.
# Wheeler Mellette Tillman

Wheeler Mellette Tillman (born August 25, 1941) was an American politician in the state of South Carolina. He served in the South Carolina House of Representatives as a member of the Democratic Party from 1972 to 1976, representing Charleston County, South Carolina. He is a lawyer in Charleston.
# Vitalis of Farfa

Vitalis (Italian: Vitale) was the "surrogate" Abbot of Farfa in 888, between the death of Spento and the election of the long-serving Peter. The history of the period in Farfa's history, besides the barest chronological outline, has been obscure since it was first written down, by Gregory of Catino in the late eleventh century.
# Irina Stolyarova

Irina Stolyarova (Russian: Ирина Столярова; born 14 February 1966 in Moscow) is an art collector, nonconformist movement expert, and the art director of the Flying in the Wake of Light collection.

## Biography

During her early career, Stolyarova worked for the journal Sovetsky Sport. She then moved to London during the mid-1990s. She started her art collection in 2010.
The first exhibition of the collection was organized in 2015 at the Modern art museum of Moscow.

## Collection

Stolyarova's collection, Flying in the Wake of Light, was gathered during the last decade and not all the Russian artists included are products of Soviet soil. Her collection is focused on the work of Russian artists of several generations, including those living in Russia, in the West, and the first émigrés generation associated with the School of Paris. Many are émigrés or children of émigrés, such as Pierre Dmitrienko (1925–1974), with a biographical background that is more Montparnasse than Arbat.
Russian art critic Alexander Rappaport, who has contributed one of the essays to Flying in the Wake of Light, qualified the Stolyarova collection as a gathering of individual and convivial voices that create an artistic movement of its own. For J.E. Bowlt, the artists represented in Stolyarova's collection compose an aesthetic and polyphonic whole cemented around a counter-movement of Russian art. A. Borovsky acknowledged that her collection is a "free-spirited expressions of various forms of abstraction".
Artists from the Stolyarova's collection :
* Pierre Dmitrienko
* Serge Charchoune
* Leone Zak
* Andre Lanskoy
* Isaac Pailes
* Oscar Rabin
* Vladimir Nemukhin
* Lydia Masterkova
* Boris Sveshnikov
* Edward Steinberg
* Francisco Infante-Arana
* Evgeny Rukhin
* Jules Pascin
* Vladimir Yankilevsky
* Lev Kropivnitsky
* Yury Zlotnikov
* Dmitri Plavinsky
* Victor Pivovarov
* Andrei Grosizky
* Nikolay Vechtomov
* Oleg Tselkov
* William Brui
* Semyon Faibisovich
* Natasha Arendt
* Yury Kuper
* Maxim Kantor
# Genevieve Orton

Genevieve Orton (born May 13, 1984) is a Canadian sprint kayaker who has competed since the late 2000s. She won a bronze medal in the K-1 4 x 200 m event at the 2009 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Dartmouth. On June 27, 2016 Orton was nominated to Canada's Olympic team.
# Maria of Aragon, Lady of Cameros

Maria of Aragon (c. 1299–1347 in Sijena) was a daughter of James II of Aragon and his second wife Blanche of Anjou.
She married Peter of Castile, Lord of Cameros (1290–1319), son of Sancho IV of Castile. Three years after his death, she became a nun in the Order of the Hospital in Tortosa.
Her daughter, Blanche of Castile (1319–1375), was betrothed to Peter I of Portugal but the marriage never took place. Maria died at Sijena in 1347.
# Dean, Iowa

Dean is an unincorporated community in Appanoose County, Iowa, United States.

## History

Dean was platted in 1873. It was named for Henry Clay Dean. Dean's population was 47 in 1902, and 80 in 1925. The population was 92 in 1940.
# Friðþjófur Thorsteinsson

Friðþjófur Thorsteinsson Pétursson (28 August 1895 – 13 April 1967) was an Icelandic footballer, coach and former chairman of Fram. He is considered one of Iceland's first great footballers.

## Early life and family

Friðþjófur was the son of the entrepreneur Pétur J. Thorsteinsson and Ásthildur Guðmundsdóttir. He was born in Bíldudalur, Iceland, and later grew up in Copenhagen and Reykjavík. Among Friðþjófur's siblings were Gunnar Thorsteinsson, who for a time was the chairman of Fram and Samúel Thorsteinsson, one of the leading footballers that Iceland has produced and later a member of the Denmark men's national football team. They were all brothers of the artist Guðmundur "Muggur" Thorsteinsson.

## Football career

Friðþjófur started participating in football while attending school in Denmark.
After returning to Iceland he joined Knattspyrnufélagið Fram where he immediately established himself as one of the country's best players. He scored both goals for Fram in a famous victory over Fótboltafélag Reykjavíkur at the UMFÍ national tournament at Melavellir on 17 June 1911, a match considered the first official football match in Iceland.
Friðþjófur studied commerce in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1914 and stayed abroad for four years. During that time, he played football with the amateur team of the Scottish Hibernian FC.
In the summer of 1918, Friðþjófur returned to Fram. In the three games that season, he scored 12 of Fram's 14 goals, including six against Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur. The following year he repeated the feat and scored six goals in a 9–0 win against Valur.
Friðþjófur was a key member of the Icelandic select team that competed against Akademisk Boldklub in the first visit of a foreign football team to Iceland in the summer of 1919. He scored two of the four goals of the Icelanders victory in the first game between them.
In 1922, Friðþjófur moved to Canada and lived there for 12 years, where he, among other things, played and coached football, including for St. Andrews FC.
In 1934, Fram was in coaching trouble and the idea arose to see if Friðþjófur would be willing to return home and coach the team. He accepted and coached the team from 1934 to 1936, while also playing a few matches, and again in 1940. He also coached the Icelandic selection team that toured Germany in the summer of 1935. There he played his last official match at the age of 40. The Fram team improved greatly under his direction, as he introduced Icelanders to various innovations in football, including the short play.
Friðþjófur was the chairman of Fram from 1919 and 1920 and again in 1935. On Fram's 30th anniversary in 1938, he was named an honorary member.

## Honours, trophies and achievements
### Titles

* Icelandic Championships (4):
** 1913, 1914, 1918, 1921

### Individual

* Icelandic tournament top goal scorer:
** 1918, 1919
# Government Medical College, Kadapa

Government Medical College, Kadapa (formerly known as Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences) is located in Putlampally village, near Kadapa City. It is affiliated to Dr. YSR University of Health Sciences. The institute is spread over 210 acres (0.85 km$^2$).

## History

Earlier, the hospital was a secondary level care hospital i.e., District Hospital, located within Kadapa city. Later it was converted into tertiary level care hospital and named it as Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Kadapa. This college was founded by the Government of Andhra Pradesh in 2006. It was inaugurated on 27 September 2006 by the then UPA Chair Person Smt. Sonia Gandhi. This medical institute started functioning from 1 August 2006.

## Intake

The present intake of this institute is 175 seats
This institute also provides MD/MS SEATS in various speciality courses.. MD Physiology- 2 seats, MS Anatomy - 2 seats, MS ENT - 3 seats, MS Ophthalmology- 3 seats, MS Obstetrics and gynaecology - 7 seats, MD Dermatology - 2 seats, MD Anesthesia - 2 seats, MS Generalsurgery- 3 seats, MD General medicine - 12 seats.
Former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, YS Jagan Mohan reddy laid the foundation stone for YSR cancer hospital block, superspeciality hospital, Psychiatry hospital block, LV prasad eye institute on 23 December 2019 in this institute.
# Kristin Turcotte

Kristin Turcotte, née Holman (born c. 1965) is a Canadian curler from Ajax, Ontario.
She is a 1990 World women's bronze medallist and 1990 Canadian women's champion.
Turcotte won the 2023 Canadian Senior Curling Championships, representing Ontario, on a team skipped by Susan Froud.
She was inducted into the Toronto Curling Hall of Fame in 1992.

## Personal life

Turcotte is married to fellow curler Bob Turcotte. She worked as a nurse in surgical intensive care at the Toronto East General Hospital.

## Teams and events
### Women's

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Alternate | Events |
| 1981–82 | Alison Goring | Kristin Holman | Cheryl McPherson | Lynda Armstrong | | CJCC 1982 |
| 1982–83 | Alison Goring | Kristin Holman | Cheryl McPherson | Lynda Armstrong | | CJCC 1983 |
| 1983–84 | Kristin Holman | Kathleen McCulloch | Carol Berringer | Lynette Greenwood | | CJCC 1984 |
| 1989–90 | Alison Goring | Kristin Turcotte | Andrea Lawes | Cheryl McPherson | Anne Merklinger | STOH 1990 WCC 1990 |
| 1990–91 | Alison Goring | Kristin Turcotte | Andrea Lawes | Cheryl McPherson | Anne Merklinger | STOH 1991 (6th) |
| 1992–93 | Anne Merklinger | Theresa Breen | Patti McKnight | Audrey Frey | Kristin Turcotte | STOH 1993 (6th) |
| 1993–94 | Anne Merklinger | Theresa Breen | Patti McKnight | Audrey Frey | Kristin Turcotte | STOH 1994 (11th) |
| 1993–94 | Pam Leavitt | Kristin Turcotte | Cheryl McPherson | Andrea Lawes | |
| 1994–95 | Kristin Turcotte | Kathy Brown | Janet Demerse | Kerri Jobe | |
| 2015–16 | Jo-Ann Rizzo | Kerry Lackie | Kristin Turcotte | Julie McMullin | | CSCC 2016 (4th) |
| 2016–17 | Jo-Ann Rizzo | Kerry Lackie | Kristin Turcotte | Julie McMullin | | CSCC 2017 |
| 2017–18 | Jo-Ann Rizzo | Kerry Lackie | Kristin Turcotte | Julie McMullin | | |
| 2018–19 | Jo-Ann Rizzo | Kerry Lackie | Kristin Turcotte | Julie McMullin | | |
| 2019–20 | Colleen Madonia | Kerry Lackie | Kristin Turcotte | Peggy Barrette | | |
| 2023–24 | Susan Froud | Kerry Lackie | Kristin Turcotte | Julie McMullin | | CSCC 2023 |

### Mixed

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Events |
| 1986–87 | Scott McPherson | Cheryl McPherson | Stu Garner | Kristin Holman | |
| 1989–90 | Bob Turcotte | Kristin Turcotte | Dick Howson | Andrea Lawes | |
| 1991–92 | Bob Turcotte | Kristin Turcotte | Dick Howson | Mary Bowman | |
| 1998–99 | Bob Turcotte | Kristin Turcotte | Roy Weigand | Andrea Lawes | CMxCC 1999 |
| 2007–08 | Bob Turcotte | Kristin Turcotte | Roy Weigand | Andrea Lawes | CMxCC 2008 |
# Gillian Carleton

Gillian Carleton (born 3 December 1989) is a Canadian road and track cyclist. Carleton won the bronze medal at the 2012 London Olympics in the women's team pursuit. In preparation for the Olympics they finished second in the team pursuit at the Track Cycling World Cup in London in February 2012.

## Major results
### 2013

    1st Team Pursuit, Los Angeles Grand Prix (with Allison Beveridge, Laura Brown, Jasmin Glaesser and Stephanie Roorda)

### 2014

    1st Omnium, Pan American Track Championships
    Fastest Man on Wheels
       1st Points Race
       2nd Scratch Race
    2nd Omnium, Cottbuser Nächte
    2nd Omnium, Sprintermeeting
# Edgar Warner Mann

Edgar Warner Mann (November 18, 1851 – December 7, 1904) was an American lawyer and territorial legislator.

## Biography

Born in the Town of Vienna, Wisconsin, Mann graduated from Beloit College in 1873 and received a law degree from the University of Wisconsin Law School in 1874. Mann then practiced law in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. In 1876, he moved to Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory. He served in the Wyoming Territorial Legislature, in the Wyoming Territorial House of Representatives, as a Republican, in 1879. He also served as register of the land office and as city and county attorney in Cheyenne. He died in Cheyenne, Wyoming.
# Jerome, Indiana

Jerome is an unincorporated community in Union Township, Howard County, Indiana, United States. It is part of the Kokomo, Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

Jerome is named after the son of its first settler, Hampton Brown. Jerome Brown later served as a county commissioner. Jerome was once incorporated as a town, in 1877.

## Demographics

The United States Census Bureau delineated Jerome as a census designated place in the 2022 American Community Survey.
# Kaf El Ghar

Kaf El Ghar is a commune in the Taza Province of the Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate administrative region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 10,343 people living in 1,739 households.