OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Indus Valley Desert

The Indus Valley Desert is an almost uninhabited desert ecoregion of northern Pakistan.

## Location and description

The Indus Valley desert covers an area of 19,501 square kilometers (7,529 sq mi) in northwestern Punjab Province between the Chenab and Indus rivers. The Indus Valley Desert is drier and less hospitable than the northwestern thorn scrub forests that surround it with temperatures ranging from freezing in winter to extremely hot (more than 45 °C (113 °F)) in summer with only 400–600 mm (20–20 in) of rainfall per year.

## Biodiversity
### Flora

The desert vegetation is quite varied due to the variety of temperatures with Khejri shrubs being the characteristic species.

### Fauna

The desert is home to five large mammals: Indian wolf, striped hyena, caracal, Indian leopard and the urial (Ovis orientalis punjabensis) along with many rodents and other mammals. Meanwhile, the 190 species of bird in the desert include the red-necked falcon.

## Threats and preservation

Like the nearby Thar Desert, the Indus Valley desert has little farming or grazing due to its hard climate and therefore the natural habitats are almost intact. A 2017 study estimated approximately 12,176 square kilometers in protected areas.
However, hunting still goes on and is a threat to caracals, wolves and other mammals.
# Pro-Cathedral of Saint Patrick in Newark

St. Patrick's Pro-Cathedral is a pro-cathedral of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States, located in Newark, New Jersey within the Archdiocese of Newark. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 3, 1972, for its significance in architecture, art, religion, and social history. It was added as a contributing property of the James Street Commons Historic District on January 9, 1978.

## Description

Saint Patrick was built in 1846 and served as the seat of its prelate bishop from 1853 until the completion of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart. The red brick building features Gothic Revival architecture and a 150 ft (46 m) tall central tower with copper spire.
The building has undergone extensive rehabilitation over the past fifteen years following years of declining membership. Several traditions remain, connecting the parish to its history as the "Old Cathedral" of Newark, including the 12:15 Ash Wednesday Liturgy with the Archbishop, the 12:15 Sunday Liturgy on Easter in memory of the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin, the annual Newark Fire Department memorial Mass, and many other archdiocesan and Irish-heritage events. The parish is also the national shrine to Our Lady of El Quinche.

## History

With the influx of Irish and German immigrants in the 1840s, Bishop John Hughes of New York authorized Rev. Patrick Moran, pastor of St. John's Parish, to build a new church. The building was probably designed by architect Patrick Keely of Brooklyn. The property was the Thomas Ward estate. When it was sold at auction, several parishioners purchased the lots.
Bishop Hughes laid the cornerstone on Sept. 17, 1848. Rev. Louis Dominic Senez, assistant at St. John's was named the first pastor. The church was dedicated on March 10, 1850. St. Patrick's was the third Catholic church in Newark, after St. John's and the German parish of St. Mary's. The old ward mansion became an Orphan's Asylum. Father Senez set up his residence in the same building, where he tended the children during the smallpox epidemic the following year.
In 1853, the Diocese of Newark was created, and James Roosevelt Bayley named bishop. He designated St. Patrick's as the pro-cathedral until such time as a cathedral could be built. He appointed Rev. Bernard McQuaid as rector. Following the Pontifical Mass welcoming the bishop, McQuaid hosted the diocesan clergy at a dinner, but had to sell his horse and buggy to cover the expense. The Sisters of Charity of New York were brought in to manage to the Orphan's Asylum.
To accommodate the increased ceremonies of a cathedral, McQuaid added a sacristy. The addition of the Chapel of St. Vincent de Paul in 1859 created room for another 400 people. John Jelliff of John Jelliff & Co of Newark designed the bishop's chair as well as the cover of the baptismal font. Although forbidden to volunteer as a Union chaplain, in the spring of 1864 McQuaid managed to visit Fredericksburg, Virginia and tended to the wounded and dying soldiers.

## Present day

The parish serves both a small Catholic community in downtown Newark and a larger community of commuters who work in Newark.
# Rachelle Campbell

Rachelle Campbell (born 30 October 1956) is a Canadian sprinter. She competed in the women's 400 metres at the 1976 Summer Olympics. She won a gold medal in the 1975 Pan American Games 4 × 400 metres Relay (with Joyce Sadowick, Margaret McGowen and Joanne McTaggart). Campbell also won a bronze medal in the 4 x 400 metres relay at the 1978 Commonwealth Games.
# Yavuz Selim Mosque

The Yavuz Selim Mosque, also known as the Selim I Mosque and the Yavuz Sultan Selim Mosque (Turkish: Yavuz Selim Camii) is a 16th-century Ottoman imperial mosque located at the top of the 5th hill of Istanbul, Turkey, in the neighborhood of Çukurbostan, overlooking the Golden Horn. Its size and geographic position make it a familiar landmark on the Istanbul skyline.

## History

The Yavuz Selim Mosque is the second oldest extant imperial mosque in Istanbul. It was commissioned by the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in memory of his father Selim I who died in 1520. The architect was Alaüddin (Acem Alisi). The mosque was completed in 1527/8. Attempts have been made to associate the structure with the famous imperial architect Mimar Sinan, but there is no supporting documentary evidence, and the date of the mosque is too early. However, one of the türbe in the garden of the mosque is a work of Sinan (see below).

## Architecture
### Exterior

The mosque was built on a terrace overlooking the Cistern of Aspar, the largest of the three Roman reservoirs in Constantinople. The large courtyard (avlu) has a colonnaded portico with columns of various types of marble and granite. The mosque has panels of coloured tiles that were decorated using the cuerda seca technique. These are similar to the lunette panels above the windows on either side of the fireplace in the Circumcision Room (Sünnet Odası) of the Topkapı Palace and were almost certainly made by the same group of Iranian craftsmen working for the Ottoman court. The mosque is flanked by twin minarets.

### Interior

The interior plan of the mosque is a simple square room, 24.5 metres (80 ft) on each side, covered by a shallow dome 32.5 metres (107 ft) in height. As with the Hagia Sophia, the dome is much shallower than a full hemisphere. The windows are decorated with lunette panels of polychrome cuerda seca tiles. To the north and south of the main room, domed passages led to four small domed rooms, which were intended to function as hospices for traveling dervishes.

## Tombs

Located in the garden behind the mosque and overlooking the Golden Horn is the türbe of Sultan Selim I which was completed in 1523. The building is externally octagonal, and has a porch decorated with panels of tiles of unique design.
A second octagonal türbe with a long inscription carved into the stonework of the exterior contains the tombs of three sons of Suleiman the Magnificent (Mahmud, Murad and Abdullah) and two daughters of Selim I (Hafize Hafsa and Hatice). It dates from 1556, and is attributed to Mimar Sinan. The third türbe in the garden is that of Sultan Abdülmecid I, built shortly before his death in 1861.

## Gallery

* One of the twin minarets
* Inscription at the entrance
* The ablution fountain in the courtyard
* Side entrance door
* Yavuz Selim Sultan Mosque 9489 01
* Yavuz Selim Sultan Mosque 9489 02
* Mausoleum of Yavuz Selim Sultan Mosque 9495
* The entrance for the türbes of Yavuz Sultan Selim, Hafsa Sultan and Sultan Abdülmecid
# Josias Cornelis Rappard

Josias Cornelis Rappard (24 April 1824, Nijmegen – 17 May 1898, Leiden) was a Dutch soldier and artist. Some of his paintings were made into lithographs and illustrations. He spent time in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) and made artworks there.
Rappard's father was Anthony (Antonij) Rappard (1785–1851) and his mother was Cornelia Arnolda Josina de Villeneuve (1792–1860). In 1851 he married in Batavia to Cornelia Nicolina Tromp (1831–1893), they had eight children. Rappard was a colonel in the infantry of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army. He produced many paintings and drawings of life in Dutch East Indies.
After his return to the Netherlands, he continued to work on his paintings of the Indies. The Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam holds many lithographs made in the years 1882–1889 form Rappard's watercolors of Rappard.

## Gallery

* Lithograph of Bantimurung Waterfall in 1883–1889 based on a Josias Cornelis Rappard painting
* 1880s lithograph Raden Saleh's residence (now Cikini Hospital)
* Watercolor lithography of Cipanas Palace, residence of Dutch East Indies Governor-generals (1880)
* Gedenkteken Pieter Erberveld in Batavia (Jakarta)
* The great mosque of Bantam
* Tiger Fight (rampokan) on Java
* A church in Salatiga, Central Java
# Rafael Nieto Navia

Rafael Nieto Navia (5 February 1938 – 4 December 2024) was a Colombian jurist and political scientist.
Nieto was President of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights between 1993-1994. Furthermore he served as Judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and he served as Ambassador of Colombia to Sweden with dual accreditation to Denmark, Finland and Iceland.

## Legal career

Nieto served as Judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia for more than five years. Four of them as a member of the Appeals Chamber and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and more than one year as a member of the Trial Chambers. He served as Judge of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights for twelve years, and he was President of the same for three and a half years. He also served as Auxiliary Magistrate of the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Colombia for four years.

## Ambassadorship

On 7 January 2009, Chancellor Jaime Bermúdez Merizalde announced that Nieto had been appointed Ambassador to Sweden by President Álvaro Uribe Vélez, stating that Nieto was a "super internationalist, very well respected, and with a lot of tradition" . Chancellor Bermúdez sworn him in the next month on 10 February as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Colombia to the Kingdom of Sweden serving concurrently as Non-Resident Ambassador to the Kingdom of Denmark, the Republic of Finland, and the Republic of Iceland. Nieto moved to Stockholm shortly after to take up his office, officially presenting his Letters of Credence to His Majesty Carl XVI Gustaf King of Sweden on 13 May 2009; as Non-Resident Ambassador, he presented his credentials to the President of Iceland Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson on 9 February 2010, and to Her Majesty Margrethe II Queen of Denmark on 15 February 2010.

## Personal life and death

Nieto was born on 5 February 1938, in Bogotá, D.C. to Eduardo Nieto Umaña (1904–1946) and Teresa Navia Harker (1904–1991). He married María Teresa Loaiza Cubides on 28 August 1965. They had four children: Rafael, Juan Carlos, Pablo, and María Teresa.
Nieto died on 4 December 2024, at the age of 86.
# Crazy Butch Gang

The Crazy Butch Gang was an American juvenile street gang active in the New York City underworld during the late 19th century. Largely active in Manhattan's Lower East Side, the group were widely known as the cities top pickpockets and sneak thieves during the "Gay Nineties" period. An early member of the gang, Jack Zelig, later became known as a prominent New York gangster.

## Crazy Butch

Simon Erenstoft, also known as "Crazy Butch", was supposedly orphaned at age 8, abandoned by his parents in Manhattan, where he began pickpocketing. According to legend, he later found a dog, which he later named Rabbi, and trained it to snatch purses and bring them around the corner at Willett Street and Stanton Street where he would be waiting.

## Crazy Butch Gang

In the early 1890s the gang began a "snatch racket", where a gang member would purposely drive his bicycle into a pedestrian and begin an argument. As a group had gathered to watch the argument the other gang members would pickpocket the crowd. Then they would meet back at their headquarters on Forsyth Street on Manhattan's Lower East Side to divide up the money.
The gang was allied to the Eastman Gang who were at almost constant war with the Five Points and Humpty Jackson Gangs between the late 1890s and early 1900s as they were incorporated into the Squab Wheelmen, an ally of Monk Eastman's organization. The gang broke up when Crazy Butch was killed by Harry the Soldier in a gunfight over a female shoplifter known as the Darby Kid.
# Cathal McCarthy

Cathal McCarthy (born 2002) is an Irish hurler. At club level he plays with Sarsfields and at inter-county level with the Cork senior hurling team.

## Early life

Born and raised in Glanmire, McCarthy first played hurling while at school at Coláiste an Phiarsaigh in Glanmire. He played in all grades before progressing to the school's senior team and lined out in various Munster competitions. McCarthy later studied at University College Cork and was added to their Fitzgibbon Cup panel in 2023.

## Club career

McCarthy first played for the Sarsfields club at juvenile and underage levels. He was at centre-back when Sarsfields were beaten 2–21 to 3–11 by St Finbarr's in the Cork Premier 1 MHC final in 2020.
McCarthy made his senior championship debut with Sarsfields in a 2–28 to 2–12 defeat of Na Piarsaigh in September 2021. He quickly became a regular member of starting fifteen and was part of the Sarsfields team that won the Cork PSHC title after a 0–21 to 0–19 defeat of Midleton in the 2023 final.

## Inter-county career

McCarthy first appeared on the inter-county scene with Cork as a member of the under-20 team in 2021. Success in this grade was immediate with McCarthy claiming Munster and All-Ireland U20HC medals as a member of the extended panel after respective defeats of Limerick and Galway. He broke onto the starting fifteen in 2022, in a year which saw the campaign ended with a defeat by Tipperary.
McCarthy earned a call-up to the senior team in December 2023 and was at corner-back for a 1–24 to 1–23 defeat by University College Cork in the pre-season Canon O'Brien Cup. McCarthy remained a part of the Cork training panel and was a member of the extended panel when Clare beat Cork by 3–29 to 1–34 in the 2024 All-Ireland final.

## Honours
### Sarsfields

* Cork Premier Senior Hurling Championship: 2023

### Cork

* All-Ireland Under-20 Hurling Championship: 2021
* Munster Under-20 Hurling Championship: 2021
# Fatehpur, Kaithal

Fatehpur is a panchayat village in the Pundri tehsil of Kaithal district of Haryana, India. Earlier it formed part of the Kurukshetra and Karnal districts.
The population of Fatehpur village was 15,787 in 2011, which was almost five times the average size for villages in the district. The infrastructure is well-developed, including a nearby power station.
Fatehpur is famous for its Mata Devi shrine
The village is also known colloquially as Fatehpur-Pundri for the adjoining town of Pundri. Near by village Pundri Rural.

## Language

The native language of Fatehpur is Hindi, Haryanvi and most of the village people speak Hindi, Haryanvi. Fatehpur people use Hindi, Haryanvi language for communication.

## Education

Pundri has many schools and colleges. A government school that exists is called the Rural College of Agriculture

## Notables

* Dinesh Kaushik (politician), current MLA of Pundri Constituency and Brahmin leader of Haryana
# Mattia Pagliuca

Mattia Pagliuca (born 25 April 2002) is an Italian professional footballer who plays for Serie C Group A club Virtus Verona.

## Club career

Mattia Pagliuca made his Serie A debut for Bologna on 13 December 2020 against Roma appearing as a substitute for Emanuel Vignato at the Stadio Renato Dall'Ara in a 5–1 defeat.
In the summer of 2022 he went on loan to Imolese; in December 2022 he suffered a cruciate ligament break in his knee which forced him to end the competitive season early.
On 21 August 2023 his transfer was announced, on annual loan, to Alessandria. On 1 February 2024, Pagliuca moved on loan to Brindisi.
On 8 August 2024, Pagliuca signed a two-season contract with Virtus Verona. With Virtus Verona, he scored his first senior professional goal on 12 October 2024, a late winner against Arzignano, with his father Gianluca present in the stands.

## Personal life

Mattia is the son of former Italian international goalkeeper Gianluca Pagliuca who also previously played for Bologna.
# Ephraim Sturtevant

Ephraim Tanner Sturtevant (July 28, 1803 – December 12, 1881) was an American professor, planter, and politician. He was the father of Julia Tuttle, known as the "Mother of Miami".

## Early life and education

Sturtevant, son of Warren and Lucy (Tanner) Sturtevant, was born in Warren, Connecticut, on July 28, 1803. In 1816, his family removed to the Western Reserve and settled in Tallmadge, Ohio, from which place he entered college. He graduated from Yale College in 1826.

## Career

For twenty years after graduation he was occupied in teaching, beginning in Derby, Connecticut. In the fall of 1827, on the opening of Western Reserve College, at Hudson, Ohio, he was appointed instructor in mathematics, and in the absence of other teachers performed the duties of the entire faculty for the first year. In May, 1829, finding the burden too severe, he resigned his position and opened a select school in Tallmadge, which he maintained with great success until 1846, when, in consequence of impaired health, he removed to a farm in East Cleveland, Ohio, where he was involved in many civic and educational endeavors.
At length he felt obliged to remove from this trying climate, and in March, 1870, he settled on Biscayne Bay in Southern Florida, where he occupied himself in cultivating tropical fruits and flowers. He also took an active part in the Reconstruction government of the state and was efficient in promoting the control of the Republican Party. He was twice appointed County Judge, and in 1872 he was elected to the Florida State Senate for four years.

## Personal life

In 1829 he married Helen L. Oviatt, of Hudson, who died early, leaving a daughter who survived for only a single year. He next married Julia A. DeForest, of Huntington, Connecticut, who died in 1845, leaving a daughter and two sons. He again married, this time to Frances (Pierce) Leonard, of Woodbury, Connecticut, who survived him with one daughter; one son by his second marriage also survived him.
In the spring of 1880 the infirmities of advancing age compelled him to return to Cleveland, where he made his home with his only surviving daughter, for the rest of his life. He died in Cleveland, December 12, 1881, aged 78 years.
On his death, his daughter Julia Tuttle inherited and relocated to his land in Florida, where she would eventually found the city of Miami.
# Rosamund Dashwood

Rosamund Margaret Dashwood (13 January 1924, Devonshire, England – 3 April 2007, Squamish, BC) was one of the top female masters (i.e. over 35) runners in Canadian history.

## Life

Rosamund was born in 1924 to Major Arthur Paul Dashwood (younger son of Sir George Dashwood, 6th Baronet), an engineer who built the massive docks in Hong Kong Harbour, and his wife Edmée Elizabeth Monica Dashwood, née de la Pasture, who was a celebrated author. Many of her mother's novels, under the pen name E. M. Delafield, are semi-autobiographical, and so the young daughter who appears can be taken to be based on Rosamund. Rosamund's only sibling, Lionel, died in 1940. Her mother died in 1943.
During World War II, she joined the Women's Auxiliary Air Force and worked with the newly invented and still top secret radar. After the war, she attended Somerville College and met Leslie Truelove, whom she married. He became team manager for Amateur Athletic Association of England and supported Roger Bannister, the first man to break the four-minute mile. The couple had four sons: Paul, Simon, Patrick, and Michael.
In 1960, the family emigrated to Canada and she lived the rest of her life there. Leslie became Associate Director of The Canadian Arthritis Society. Rosamund died on April 3, 2007, at the age of 83, in Squamish, British Columbia.

## Provincial Daughter

In 1961, Dashwood published Provincial Daughter, a light-hearted continuation of her mother's most famous work. Stylistically similar to Diary of a Provincial Lady, it is a semi-autobiographical account of domestic life in the 1950s. In the foreword, Dashwood wrote:
   It seemed natural to write it in the same idiom, but if the result seems to any reader too imitative, or even plagiaristic, I can only ask their forgiveness, as the original Provincial Lady would, I am sure, most warmly have given hers.
The novel was a success and was re-issued in 2002 by Virago Press.

## Running

Dashwood took up long-distance running at middle age, partly as a way to deal with the death of her husband, who had died of a heart attack while running the 1976 Vancouver Marathon.
Despite her late start, she went on to have a remarkable career in which she set numerous age-class world records and Canadian records. Highlights of her career include setting the world record for the fastest 10K by a woman aged 65 or older at 46:18, and winning four gold medals at the World Seniors' Games (see World Masters Games). A talented cyclist and swimmer as well, she completed several triathlons. She also competed in relay triathlons, often with teammates who were many years younger.
She continued to run into her seventies.
# List of Liberian writers

The following is a list of Liberian writers.

## A

* Mae Azango

## B

* Joseph Bartuah
* Kenneth Best (born 1938)
* Edward Wilmot Blyden (1832–1912)
* Martina Brooks (born 1983)

## C

* Helene Cooper (born 1966)

## D

* Roland T. Dempster (1910–1965)
* Abdullah Dukuly

## F

* Henry Boimah Fahnbulleh (born 1949)

## G

* Leymah Gbowee (born 1972)
* Hawa Jande Golakai (born 1979)

## H

* Musue Noha Haddad (1968–2013)

## K

* Knero (born 1985)
* Jeremy Teddy Karn (born 1996)

## L

* Ophelia S. Lewis (born 1961)

## M

* Fatima Massaquoi (1912–1978)
* Clarence Moniba (born 1979)
* Bai T. Moore (1916–1988)
* Wayétu Moore (born 1985)
* Samuel C. Morrison Jr. (born 1982)

## P

* Albert Porte (1937–2009)

## S

* Wilton G. S. Sankawulo (1937–2009)
* Vamba Sherif (born 1973)
* Rodney Sieh
* Michaela Songa (born 1986)

## T

* Hilary Teague (1832–1912)

## W

* Joseph Jeffrey Walters (c. 1860–1894)
* Patricia Jabbeh Wesley
* Gabriel I. H. Williams
* Samuel Kofi Woods (born 1964)
# Aaron Myers

Aaron Myers (born 1997) is an Irish hurler who plays for Cork Senior Championship club Sarsfields. He is a former member of the Cork senior hurling team. Myers usually lines out as a right corner-forward.

## Honours
### Sarsfields

* East Cork Junior A Hurling Championship: 2016
* Cork Premier Under-21 A Hurling Championship: 2017
* Cork Minor Hurling Championship: 2014

### Cork

* Munster Under-21 Hurling Championship: 2018
# Petras Poškus

Petras Poškus (15 December 1935 – 5 January 2004) was a Lithuanian politician. In 1990 he was among those who signed the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.