OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Miodrag Simović

Miodrag Simović (born 3 November 1952 in Foča) is a Bosnian judge and academic, member of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He declared ethnic affiliation as a Bosnian Serb.

## Biography

Simović graduated with honours from the University of Novi Sad Faculty of Law. In 1981, he obtained his master's degree in criminal law in Novi Sad, and defended his PhD dissertation at the same faculty in 1985. After completing his law studies he worked in the Ministry of Internal Affairs and in the Ministry of Justice and Administration of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. From 30 January 1991 until 25 October 1993 he held the office of the Vice-President of the Government of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and then Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
From December 1998 to May 2003 Simović served as judge of the Constitutional Court of Republika Srpska.
In May 2003 Simović was appointed by the Republika Srpska National Assembly as judge of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina; he served twice as vice president of the court. He is appointed Vice-President of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the end of May 2003 and reappointed in May 2006. He filed a dissenting opinion on the Decision U-5/09 on the general principles of international law.
Simović is full professor of Law at the University of Banja Luka, where he chairs the criminal procedure law clinic; at the University of Bihać, where he teaches criminal procedural law; and at the University of East Sarajevo.
Simović is member of the editorial board in six scientific journals. Additionally, he is the editor-in-chief for Bosnia and Herzegovina of the Izbor sudske prakse review from Belgrade. He presented over 450 works to the scientific and professional community, including 22 books as author and 43 as co-author.
As of 2011, he is an international member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences and as of 2012 he is a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (member of its presidency since 2014). As of 2014 he is a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts. He is member of the Academy of Arts and Sciences of Republika Srpska and of the Presidency of the Association of Lawyers of Republika Srpska.
# Imeni Alexandra Kosmodemyanskogo

54°43′35″N 20°21′30″E﻿ / ﻿54.72639°N 20.35833°E﻿ / 54.72639; 20.35833
Imeni Alexandra Kosmodemyanskogo (Russian: и́мени Алекса́ндра Космодемья́нского) is a residential area in Tsentralny Administrative District of the city of Kaliningrad in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. It was formerly known by its German-language name Metgethen as first a suburb of and then a quarter of Königsberg, located west of the city center.

## History

Located in the Kaporner Heath north of the Vistula Lagoon, the village of Metgethen was first mentioned in Teutonic chronicles in 1278 as Myntigeite. At the time, Landmeister Konrad von Thierberg granted part of the farmland to an Old Prussian named Regune. The name "Metgethen" was carried by the estate's owners until 1482, when the last of that name married his daughter to Christoph von Röder, a commander from the Thirteen Years' War and ancestor of Erhard Ernst von Röder. Its manor was constructed ca. 1760 by an Italian architect.
Metgethen developed into a villa suburb ca. 1900 and was popular for day trips, especially its Vierbrüderkrug inn and the Vierbrüdersäule memorial honoring the legend of four half-brothers of the Teutonic Knights slain by Sudovians in the 13th century. The suburb contained the Landfrauenschule Metgethen, a school for East Prussian women, as well as the fire academy and a Volkssportschule to train physical education teachers. A church for the village was sponsored by the merchant Gustav Bruhn and built by Edmund May in 1924-1925. Metgethen was incorporated into the city of Königsberg in 1939; to the east of Metgethen was the quarter Moditten.
During World War II, the architect Alfred Fiedler of Tilsit, an ally of Erich Koch, constructed a cement factory in Metgethen which used Ukrainian forced labor to make anti-air defense. In 1940–1943, the Germans also operated a forced labor camp for Jewish men in the district. In 1945, during the Battle of Königsberg, a German counter-attack recaptured Metgethen from the Red Army. German military personnel reported evidence of a massacre of civilians carried out by the Red Army during the three weeks the village was under Soviet occupation.
In 1946, after the district became part of the Soviet Union, it was renamed Lesnoye. In 1956, it was given its current name in honor of Aleksandr Kosmodemyansky, a Soviet war hero who was killed in a battle northwest of Königsberg in 1945. In later years, it lost its status of a stand-alone inhabited locality and was incorporated into Kaliningrad as one of its residential areas.

## Famous people

* Erhard Ernst von Röder, Prussian field marshal and minister, lord of the manor (Gutsherr) of Metgethen
* Sibylle von Olfers, children's author, born at Metgethen Manor
# Zlatko M. Knežević

Zlatko M. Knežević (born 1960 in Bosanski Novi) is a former judge of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Biography

Knežević attended schools in Bosanski Novi and graduated from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law; he passed the bar exam in Sarajevo in 1987.
Knežević worked shortly for the Sana company in Bosanski Novi, before starting his career: as an intern and law clerk at the Basic Court in Bosanski Novi, then in the administration of the municipality. Since end 1991 he worked as a private lawyer, as of 1996 in a joint attorney office in Novi Grad. He worked as a trainer for the state's Criminal Defense Section (OKO) and for international organisations such as OSCE and UNDP, in particular as regards criminal law, war crime cases and fundamental rights. He also published scientific articles on criminal law in domestic and foreign journals. Knežević was a member of the commission which drafted amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republika Srpska entity and the Law on free legal aid of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Knežević served as president of the executive committee of the bar association of Republika Srpska, and was appointed to the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
On 1 July 2011 he was appointed a judge of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since 2013, he has been a member of the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe for Bosnia and Herzegovina, taking part in the work of the sub-commissions for judiciary system, fundamental rights and minority rights, of which he has also been deputy chairman.
On 31 May 2018, he was elected President of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Knežević announced an early retirement from the court in June 2023.
He is fluent in English and Russian. He declared ethnic affiliation as a Bosnian Serb.
# Margarita Caca-Nikolovska

Margarita Caca-Nikolovska (born 1950 in Skopje) is a Macedonian judge, serving as international judge of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Biography

Caca-Nikolovska graduated from the St. Kiril i Metodije Law Faculty of the University of Skopje; she passed the bar exam in 1977 and then served as law clerk in the Skopje Regional Court. In 1978 she was appointed judge at the first municipal court in Skopje, in 1987 at the Skopje regional court (later renamed Skopje Court of Appeals), working mainly on civil law cases.
In 1994 Caca-Nikolovska served as president of the Commission for parliamentary elections. In 1997–1998 Caca-Nikolovska served as judge at the Supreme Court of the Republic of Macedonia, then until 2018 as judge from the Republic of Macedonia to the European Court of Human Rights.
She served in multiple professional organisations and human rights organisations, including the Macedonian Judges Association (1994–1998), which she represented at the European and International Association of Judges (1995–2006); the Civil Association Institute for Human Rights in the Republic of Macedonia; the Macedonian Open Society Foundations (2010–2014) and the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights of Macedonia (since 2011). She has been a lecturer at multiple trainings and conferences on European human rights law and has published several scientific articles on human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Caca-Nikolovska was appointed by the ECtHR president as international judge of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2011 and elected vice-president of the court in 2015. She served until age 70 in 2020.
# James Gibson (Missouri politician)

James Gibson (November 19, 1849 – December 12, 1918) was an American lawyer, judge and politician. He served as Mayor of Kansas City, Missouri in 1883.

## Early life

James Gibson was born on November 19, 1849, in Cooper County, Missouri to John Gibson. Gibson was descended from John Bannister Gibson and Edward Rutledge. He attended Kemper Military School in Boonville.

## Career

In 1871, Gibson moved to Kansas City, Missouri. In 1877, Gibson was elected as city attorney of Kansas City and he was re-elected in 1878. In 1880, Gibson served as a presidential elector. In 1883, Gibson was elected as Mayor of Kansas City. Gibson was a Democrat.
Gibson was a member of the Jackson County Circuit Court from 1889 to 1904.

## Personal life

Gibson married Mary Todd Pence of Weston, Missouri, on November 18, 1880. They had one son and one daughter, James E. Gibson and Mrs. Burris McGie Little. His son was the general manager of the Kansas City Railways Company.
Gibson died on December 12, 1918, at his home in Kansas City. He was buried at Mount Washington Cemetery in Independence, Missouri.
# Daniel A. Frink

Daniel A. Frink (January 18, 1835 – November 11, 1885) was a politician from Missouri. He served as Mayor of Kansas City in 1881.

## Early life

Daniel A. Frink was born in January 18, 1835 in Ellington, Connecticut, to Rachel and Elisha Frink. His father was a reverend. At a young age, his family moved to Michigan. For a few years, Frink worked as an actor.

## Career

In 1855, Frink moved to Kalamazoo, Michigan. He worked in county positions there. During the Civil War, Frink was appointed deputy provost marshal and was in charge of recruitment for the western portion of Michigan. In the fall of 1867, Frink moved to Kansas City, Missouri. He invested in real estate and worked as a realtor in Kansas City. In the fall of 1878, Frink was elected as county judge. In 1881, Frink succeeded Charles A. Chace as Mayor of Kansas City. He was a Republican. During his administration, ordinances were created to prohibit prostitution and gambling in the city. Frink had disputes with William R. Nelson, editor of The Kansas City Evening Star about whether the city charter allowed for the funding of parks and recreation in Kansas City.

## Personal life

Frink married Helen E. Mills in 1856. He had three children, Fleta, Nellie and Lena.
Frink died of a lung abscess and pneumonia on November 11, 1885, at his home at 320 West 6th Street in Kansas City. He was buried at Union Cemetery in Kansas City.
# Lisa Head

Captain Lisa Jade Head (30 November 1981 – 19 April 2011) was a British Army officer. She was the first female bomb disposal officer to be killed on operations. She died on 19 April 2011 at the age of 29, having sustained serious injuries on active service in Afghanistan. At the time of her death, Head was the first female officer and the second British servicewoman to die in Afghanistan since 2001, after Sarah Bryant, and the 364th member of the British armed forces in total.

## Life

Born in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, Head attended Greenhead College and studied human biology at the University of Huddersfield before attending the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst. She served in Iraq and Afghanistan as an air transport liaison officer with the Royal Logistic Corps before being transferred to 321 Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Squadron, 11 Explosive Ordnance Department, Royal Logistic Corps, with whom she served in Northern Ireland. She was deployed to Afghanistan on 27 March 2011. She was a bomb disposal specialist and had achieved the "High Threat IED Operators" status indicating great expertise.

## Death

She was mortally injured in Nahr-e-Saraj in Helmand Province on 18 April 2011, 22 days after arriving in Afghanistan for the second time, while attempting to disable a cluster of improvised explosive devices, which defence sources said had been placed to catch out a bomb disposal expert. She disabled one device, but was hit when a second device in the chain went off. She was evacuated by helicopter to Camp Bastion, northwest of Lashkar Gah, from where she was flown back to Queen Elizabeth hospital in Birmingham. She died there the following day.

## Funeral

Head's funeral was held on 6 May 2011 at Huddersfield Parish Church. A guard of honour from her regiment lined the steps of the church at the funeral procession and carried her coffin into the church. More than 1,000 people attended the funeral, including family, friends, military personnel and residents of Huddersfield.
# Ludwig II, Count of Württemberg

Ludwig II (c. 1137–1181) was the count of Württemberg from 1158 to 1181.
He was married to Willibirg (1142–1179), daughter of Hartmann III, Count of Kirchberg and had issue:
* Hartmann, Count of Württemberg
* Ludwig III, Count of Württemberg
| Preceded byLudwig I | Count of Württemberg 1158–1181 | Succeeded byHartmann |
# Michael Glatthaar

Michael Glatthaar (born 3 May 1953) is a German scholar of the Middle Ages, specializing in the documents of the Carolingians and the study of Saint Boniface. A student of Hubert Mordek, he is the author of Bonifatius und das Sakrileg (2004), a study of the saint's influence on the concept of sacrilege in the 8th-century church and afterward. In his study he identifies a number of sententiae in a Wurzburg manuscript (an important witness for the Collectio canonum Hibernensis) as connected to Boniface, proposing the title Sententiae Bonifantianae Wirceburgensis for the fifty-four capitula and chapter headings in the manuscript. He has argued for the authenticity of the 716 capitulary of Pope Gregory II which invested three papal legates with the organization of the church in Bavaria, and for its close connection to Boniface's sphere of influence.
With Hubert Mordek and Klaus Zechiel-Eckes he is the editor of the Admonitio generalis, an important Carolingian document.

## Select publications

* Mordek, Hubert; Zechiel-Eckes, Klaus; Glatthaar, Michael, eds. (2012). Die Admonitio generalis Karls des Großen (in German). Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung. ISBN 978-3-7752-2201-3.
* Glatthaar, Michael (2010). "Zur Datierung der Epistola generalis Karls des Großen". Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters (in German). 66 (2): 455–478. ISSN 0012-1223.
* Glatthaar, Michael (2004). "Gregor II. und Karl Martell im Jahr 729". In Münsch, Oliver; Zotz, Thomas L. (eds.). Scientia veritatis: Festschrift für Hubert Mordek zum 65. Geburtstag (in German). Ostfildern. ISBN 978-3-7995-7081-7. OCLC 56198378.
* Glatthaar, Michael (1999). "Rätisches Recht des 8. Jahrhunderts in der Predigt 'De signum Christi'". In Buck, Thomas Martin; Herrmann, Julia (eds.). Quellen, Kritik, Interpretation: Festgabe zum 60. Geburtstag von Hubert Mordek (in German). Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-34883-3.
* Mordek, Hubert; Glatthaar, Michael (June 1993). "Von Wahrsagerinnen und Zauberern: Ein Beitrag zur Religionspolitik Karls des Großen". Archiv für Kulturgeschichte (in German). 75 (1): 33–64. doi:10.7788/akg.1993.75.1.33. ISSN 0003-9233.
# Henry Landau

Henry Jacob Landau is an American mathematician known for his contributions to information theory, including the theory of bandlimited functions and on moment issues.
Landau attended the Bronx High School of Science. He received an A.B. (1953), A.M. (1955) and Ph.D. (1957) from Harvard University. His thesis On Canonical Conformal Maps of Multiply Connected Regions was advised by Lars Ahlfors and Joseph Leonard Walsh.
Landau later became a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at Bell Laboratories and a twice visiting member at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He has also served as an adjunct professor at City University of New York, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Columbia University.
# Liriomyza ptarmicae

Liriomyza ptarmicae is a species of fly in the family Agromyzidae.

## Distribution

United States, Palaearctic.
# Special Presidential Division

The Special Presidential Division (DSP; French Division Spéciale Présidentielle) was an elite praetorian guard unit created by Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seko in 1985 and charged with his personal security.

## History

It was initially called the Special Presidential Brigade (French: Brigade spéciale présidentielle) before being enlarged into a division in 1986, and was one of several competing forces directly linked to the president, along with the Civil Guard and Service for Action and Military Intelligence [fr]. Trained by Israeli advisors, the DSP was among the few units paid adequately and regularly.
It was commanded by Mobutu's cousin, General Etienne Nzimbi Ngbale Kongo wa Basa. The soldiers were recruited only from Mobutu's own tribe. The force was used to deal with internal opponents or suspected opponents. People were taken away, tortured, imprisoned without trial, exiled to another part of the country, or simply disappeared.
After the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) invaded northern Rwanda which lead to the Rwandan Civil War, Mobutu sent several hundred DSP troops to assist the government of Juvénal Habyarimana. In 1993, the DSP was sent to quell unrest in Masisi, North Kivu but inflamed the situation after it sided with the Hutu residents against the indigenous Bahunde. It also shipped cobalt from Shaba Province to Zambia. (Reno 1997, 48) A 1996 United Nations report noted that Prime Minister Étienne Tshisekedi and his staff were subject to routine surveillance and harassment by DSP soldiers.
# Smith D. Woods

Smith D. Woods (December 2, 1830 – December 28, 1888) was a Democratic Mayor of Kansas City, serving a one-year term from 1874 to 1875.

## Biography

He was born in Indiana. After moving to Kansas City, he operated a furniture store and then concentrated on real estate. He was elected as mayor in 1874.
# Viali di Circonvallazione

The Viali di Circonvallazione are a series of 6-lane boulevards surrounding the north part of the historic centre of Florence.

## History

The boulevards follow the outline of the ancient walls of Florence, that were demolished in 1865 according to Giuseppe Poggi's project to make Florence, then the capital of Italy, a modern city with wide boulevards inspired by those of Paris. Around the former gates of the city, squares and palaces were created.

## Today

Today the viali di Circonvallazione are the main arterial street of Florence for the traffic from west to east.
The route (from west) starting from Ponte alla Vittoria bridge is:
* Viale Fratelli Rosselli (with Torre della Serpe and Leopolda Station)
* Piazzale of Porta al Prato
* Viale Filippo Strozzi (around the Fortezza da Basso)
* Viale Spartaco Lavagnini
* Piazza della Libertà (with Porta San Gallo, Triumphal Arch of the Lorraine and the Parterre)
* Viale Giacomo Matteotti
* Piazzale Donatello (around the English Cemetery)
* Viale Antonio Gramsci
* Piazza Beccaria (with Porta alla Croce, Archive of State and La Nazione headquarters)
* From here the boulevards divide into:
** Viale Giovine Italia (with the Torre della Zecca and Arno River)
** Viale Giovanni Amendola

## Gallery

* Piazza della Libertà
* Piazza Beccaria
* Viale Strozzi
* Viale Strozzi
* Viale Spartaco Lavagnini
* Piazzale Donatello
# Warner Theatre

Warner Theatre or Warner Theater may refer to:

## Australia

* Warner Theatre, Adelaide, built as Majestic Theatre in 1916, now demolished

## United Kingdom

* Vue West End in Leicester Square, London, from 1938 to 1981 known as The Warner Theatre

## United States

* Hollywood Pacific Theatre, formerly the Warner Hollywood Theatre, Los Angeles, California
* Mark Strand Theatre, later RKO Warner Twin Theatre, New York City
* Powers Auditorium, previously Warner Theatre, Youngstown, Ohio
* Warner Grand Theatre, an historic movie palace located in San Pedro, Los Angeles, California
* Warner Theater (West Chester, Pennsylvania)
* Warner Theatre (Atlantic City), 1929 venue reopened in 2023
* Warner Theatre (Erie, Pennsylvania)
* Warner Theatre (Morgantown, West Virginia)
* Warner Theatre (Torrington, Connecticut)
* Warner Theatre (Washington, D.C.)
# Tinkers Alley

Tinkers Alley (Serbian: Kazandžijsko sokače, Казанџијско сокаче), also known as Coppersmith Alley, is an old urban downtown in Niš, Serbia, which was built in the first half of 18th century. It was a street full of tinkers and other crafts, together with craftsmen houses deriving from Turkish period.
Unfortunately, only one part from those houses was preserved today and protected as one structural building wholeness. The alley is protected by the state as a complex of great architectural value. Now the street has many cafés and restaurants.

## Location

Tinkers Alley is located in the City of Niš, Serbia and it is facing the Kalča, which is a 32,000 m$^2$ (340,000 sq ft) shopping center.
# Substantive rights

Substantive rights are basic human rights possessed by people in an ordered society and include rights granted by natural law as well as substantive laws.

## Overview

Substantive rights involve a right to the substance of being human (life, liberty, happiness), rather than a right to a procedure to enforce that right, which is defined by procedural law. One example of substantive right is substantive equality. Substantive equality is concerned with equality of outcome for all subgroups in society including disadvantaged and marginalized groups. Substantive rights are contrasted with procedural rights, which are purely formal rules of law that only prescribe how a law ought to be enforced, rather than defining the outcome of a law. One example of procedural rights is formal equality of opportunity.
The substantive rights granted in a society are not universal and change over time, also called human rights inflation. Frequently human rights are connected with the western interpretation of rights with Judeo-Christian and/or Enlightenment heritage.
# Nabya Haidara

Nabya Haidara was a political activist from Guinea, who was a key figure in the armed activity of the African Democratic Rally (RDA).

## Biography

Haidara's date of birth is unknown, but it is acknowledged that her father was Lebanese and her mother Susu. Little is known about her early life, until she becomes prominent as one of the most daring of the RDA fighters, who were organised by Mafory Bangoura. To begin with they guarded the neighbourhood of Sandervalia in Conakry where Sékou Touré lived. They ran armed groups in the area from 1954 to 1958.
Haidara had a particularly fierce reputation as she often fought with sabres engraved with her name. When she was arrested, police found thirty sabres in her house. Aissatou N'Diaye claimed that she saw Haidara jump in the air and grab the gun of a rival party member, who was about to shoot into the crowd, in order to disarm him. The man was wounded and Haidara was sentenced to five months in prison. On one occasion she was instrumental in getting released from prison.
In her later life, Haidara went on hajj, which had a profound effect on her. She felt she had to atone for the violence in her earlier life, according to an interview in 1991 with N’Diaye.

## Challenging gender norms

During Haidara's lifetime, she was referred to as a "man who had been given wrong sex". There was also a rumour within the RDA that Haidara dressed as a man. Many women in the RDA challenged gender roles, and it was a key part of their success. It is also clear that during the RDA period, Haidara was seen by most people as adopting a traditionally masculine appearance and character.