OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# James Finlay Weir Johnston

James Finlay Weir Johnston, FRS FRSE (13 September 1796 – 18 September 1855) was a Scottish agricultural chemist and mineralogist.

## Life

Born in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Johnston was educated at University of Glasgow, where he studied Theology and graduated MA.
Johnston founded a grammar school in Durham in 1825, which later merged with other local schools, such as Brandon and Bowburn, to form a single comprehensive school for the area, named Durham Johnston Comprehensive School, preserving James Finlay Weir Johnston's name.
He acquired a fortune at the time of his marriage in 1830, and was able to devote himself to studying chemistry. He visited the chemist J. J. Berzelius in Sweden and was a co-founder of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.
In 1832 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being Thomas Charles Hope. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1837.
He was appointed reader in Chemistry and Mineralogy at Durham University on its foundation in 1833, but continued to reside in Edinburgh out of term. From 1847, his assistant was Augustus Voelcker who also lectured in agricultural chemistry at Durham University.
In 1849 the Assembly of New Brunswick contracted Johnston to survey and report on potential development. In his Notes on North America, Johnston reported that the Provincial soils were more productive than those of New York or Ohio.
Johnston died in Durham on 18 September 1855. He is buried in the churchyard at St. Bartholomew's church in Sunderland Bridge near Croxdale. Choosing to be buried in a country churchyard rather than in Durham City to avoid polluting drinking water drawn from local springs in the city as his body decayed.

## Works

Johnston's works are available through Internet Archive:
* 1845: Catechism of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology
* 1851: Notes on North America: agricultural, economical and social, volume 1
* 1851: Notes on North America: agricultural, economical and social, volume 2
* 1855: Chemistry of Common Life, volume 1, first edition
* 1855: Chemistry of Common Life, volume 2, first edition

## Family

In 1830 he married the daughter of Thomas Ridley of Durham.
# Martyn Evans (philosopher)

H. Martyn Evans is a Welsh academic and Professor of Philosophy of Music and Member of the School of Medicine and Health at the University of Durham. From 2002 to 2008, he was Principal of John Snow College, Durham. From 2008 to 2019, he was Principal of Trevelyan College, Durham.

## Career

Professor Evans started his career at the University of Wales, Swansea, where he became Senior Lecturer in the Centre for Philosophy and Healthcare. He has a doctorate in the Philosophy of Music.
He joined Durham in 2002 where he became the first Principal of John Snow College, in 2008 he became Principal of Trevelyan College. His current academic positions include being the Co-Director Centre for Medical Humanities at the School of Medicine and Health as well as the Centre for the Medical Humanities and a Fellow of the Wolfson Research Institute.
He had been a visiting fellow at the University of Sydney. He is currently a visiting professor at the University of Otago and joint editor of the Medical Humanities journal. He is an Honorary Fellow of Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) and the Royal College of Physicians. He sits on the Wellcome Trust Medical Humanities Strategy Committee and RCGP Ethics Committee.
He has authored or co-authored 30 scientific/philosophical papers.
He has a wife and two sons.
# Levine's sign

Levine's sign is a clenched fist held over the chest to describe ischemic chest pain.
It is named for Samuel A. Levine (1891–1966), an influential American cardiologist, who first observed that many patients with chest pain made this same sign to describe their symptoms. This clenched fist signal may be seen in patients with acute coronary syndrome (myocardial infarction and angina pectoris).
A variant of this sign, which uses the entire palm instead of the clenched fist over the chest, is commonly known as the palm sign, and in Latin America it is widely referred to as Cossio's Sign, Cossio-Levine Sign or Fuchs-Levine Sign. Argentine cardiologist Pedro Alurralde Cossio (1900-1986) who described the sign in 1934. Brazilian cardiologist Flávio Danni Fuchs (1950-) is also attributed as having described the sign.
# Karstedt's catalyst

Karstedt's catalyst is an organoplatinum compound derived from divinyl-containing disiloxane. This coordination complex is widely used in hydrosilylation catalysis. It is a colorless solid that is generally assumed to be a mixture of related Pt(0) alkene complexes. The catalyst is named after Bruce D. Karstedt, who developed it in the early 1970s while working for General Electric.

## Applications

Carbon-silicon bonds are often generated via hydrosilylation of alkenes. This reaction has very important applications to industry. While it is favorable thermodynamically, hydrosilylation does not proceed in the absence of a catalyst, such as Karstedt's catalyst. The catalyst is produced by treatment of chloroplatinic acid by the divinyltetramethyldisiloxane.
The catalyst can also be used in a reductive amination reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine with phenylsilane as the reducing agent.

## Structure and bonding

The oxidation state of the platinum is 0. Using X-ray crystallography, the structure of Pt$_2$[(Me$_2$SiCH=CH$_2$)$_2$O]$_3$ has been confirmed. Each Pt(0) center is surrounded by three alkene ligands provided by three 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-divinyldisiloxane ligands. The Pt center and six coordinated carbon atoms are approximately coplanar, as found for simpler complexes such as Pt(C$_2$H$_4$)$_3$.
# Akiko Niwata

Akiko Niwata (庭田 亜樹子, Niwata Akiko, born September 12, 1984) is a former Japanese football player. She spent her entire professional career playing for clubs in the Nadeshiko League, and was a former international with the Japan women's national football team.

## Club career

Niwata was born in Osaka Prefecture on September 12, 1984. In 2000, she was promoted to Speranza FC Takatsuki from youth team. In 2007, she moved to Urawa Reds. She retired end of 2012 season. She played 96 matches in L.League and she was selected Best Eleven 2 times (2009 and 2010).

## National team career

In August 2002, Niwata was selected Japan U-20 national team for 2002 U-19 World Championship. On March 19, 2003, she debuted for Japan national team against Thailand.

## National team statistics

Japan national team :
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2003 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | 1 | 0 |
# George Ornsby

George Ornsby FSA (1809–1886) was an English cleric and antiquarian.

## Life

Born on 9 March 1809 at Darlington, he was eldest son of George Ornsby, of the Lodge, Lanchester. His father taught his sons at home until his death in 1823, when George was sent to Durham School. His brother Robert became a noted classical scholar.
After leaving school in 1826 he practised for a time as a solicitor in Durham. He entered University College, Durham as a theological student in 1839. In Easter 1841 he completed his licentiate in Theology, one of his classmates being the future archivist Joseph Stevenson. He held in succession the curacies of Newburn, Northumberland (1841–3); Sedgefield, County Durham (1843–4); and Whickham, in the same county (1845–50). He then became vicar in Fishlake, where he would spend the rest of his life.
In 1872 the University of Durham conferred on Ornsby the honorary degree of M.A., and on 29 May 1873 he was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London. In 1879 he was preferred to the prebendal stall of Ampleforth at York Cathedral. He was a lifelong friend of James Raine, the noted antiquarian and founder of the Surtees Society, once a master of Durham School.

## Works

In 1846 Ornsby published a short topographical work, Sketches of Durham. For the Surtees Society he edited Denis Granville's Remains, in two volumes, 1861 and 1865; John Cosin's Correspondence, 2 vols. 1869–1872; and Selections from the Household Books of Lord William Howard of Naworth, 1878. He left unfinished an edition of Thomas Comber's correspondence. In 1882 appeared his Diocesan History of York.

## Personal

On 1 May 1843 he married Anne (d. 1872), eldest daughter of John Wilson JP and deputy lieutenant, of The Hill, Brigham, Cumberland; they had two sons and two daughters. Ornsby died at his home in Fishlake on 17 April 1886. In an account of his life written in The Durham University Journal it was noted he remained active up until his death, taking two full services on Sunday and visiting a sick parishioner on Monday, dying later that week on Saturday morning after a short and sudden illness.
# Anna Kawamura

Anna Kawamura (born 26 October 1991) is a Japanese handball player for Sony Semiconductor and the Japanese Republic national team.
# Asuka Nomura

Asuka Nomura (野村明日香 Nomura Asuka, born July 23, 1994) is a Japanese volleyball player who plays for Toray Arrows.

## Clubs

* Kyushubunka high school
* Toray Arrows (2013-)
# Atsuko Kitamura

Atsuko Kitamura (北村温子, Kitamura Atsuko, née Suda (須田)) is a Japanese cricketer, who has played for the women's national cricket team. Known mainly for her right-arm medium bowling, she made her international debut at the 2013 ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier.
# Ayaka Suzuki

Ayaka Suzuki (鈴木 彩香, Suzuki Ayaka, born September 30, 1989) is a Japanese rugby union and sevens player. She competed at the Rio Olympics as part of Japan's women's sevens team, and has also featured at two Rugby World Cup's in 2017 and 2021.

## Rugby career
### Sevens

Suzuki was part of the Japanese sevens team that competed at the 2012 and 2013 USA Women's Sevens. She represented Japan at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Brazil.

### Fifteens

Suzuki was named in Japan's squad to the 2017 Rugby World Cup in Ireland. Since November 2020, she plays for Wasps Women in the Premier 15s. She was selected in Japan's squad for the delayed 2021 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand.
# Chiaki Minamiyama

Chiaki Minamiyama (南山 千明, Minamiyama Chiaki, born October 16, 1985) is a Japanese football player. She played for Japan national team.

## Club career

Minamiyama was born in Ichikawa on October 16, 1985. In 2003, she joined Nippon TV Beleza from youth team and played until 2010. In 2011, she moved to INAC Kobe Leonessa. She left the club end of 2016 season. In June 2017, she joined Korean WK League club Hwacheon KSPO. In 2019, she returned Japan and joined Orca Kamogawa FC.

## National team career

On May 8, 2010, Minamiyama debuted for Japan national team against Mexico. She played 4 games and scored 2 goals for Japan in 2010.

## National team statistics

Japan national team :
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2010 | 4 | 2 |
| Total | 4 | 2 |
# Bryceville, Florida

Bryceville is an unincorporated community in Nassau County, Florida, United States. It is located on US 301, in the southwestern part of the county.

## Arts and culture

Nassau County Public Library operates the Bryceville Library.

## Education

Nassau County School District operates public schools. Bryceville Elementary School serves grades K-5. It has grade A schools

## Infrastructure

Bryceville lies on US 301. CR 119 intersects to the north and travels west, and Otis Road intersects to the south and travels east.
Nassau County Fire Rescue operates Station 60 in Bryceville.
# Dževad Prekazi

Dževad Prekazi (Serbian Cyrillic: Џевад Прекази, Albanian: Xhevat Prekazi, Turkish: Cevat Prekazi; born 18 August 1957) is a Yugoslav former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Club career

Born in Titova Mitrovica, Prekazi made his first football steps at his local club Remont, being registered for their youth team in early 1974. He soon gained attention as one of the most promising young talents in Yugoslav football and signed with Partizan in December 1974. With the Crno-beli, Prekazi won the Yugoslav First League three times (1975–76, 1977–78, and 1982–83).
In the 1984 winter transfer window, Prekazi switched to fellow Yugoslav First League club Hajduk Split. He spent about a year at Poljud and won the 1983–84 Yugoslav Cup, before moving to the United States and joining the Baltimore Blast of the Major Indoor Soccer League.
In the summer of 1985, Prekazi returned to Europe and signed with Turkish side Galatasaray. He played for the club over the next six and a half years, collecting 185 league appearances and scoring 40 goals, while helping them win back-to-back championship titles in 1986–87 and 1987–88.
In late 1991, Prekazi departed Galatasaray and joined Altay until the end of the 1991–92 season. He also briefly played for Bakırköyspor in the fall of 1992. After returning to Yugoslavia, Prekazi ended his playing career with Trudbenik in the Serbian League North.

## International career

Prekazi represented Yugoslavia at the 1976 UEFA European Under-18 Championship. He was also capped for Yugoslavia at under-21 level.

## Post-playing career

After hanging up his boots, Prekazi served as manager of Železnik on two occasions. He also worked in the youth setups at Sinđelić Beograd, OFK Beograd, and Partizan.

## Personal life

Born to Kosovo Albanian parents, Prekazi identifies as Yugoslav. He also holds Turkish citizenship. His older brother, Ljuan, also played for Partizan.

## Career statistics

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League |
| Club | Season | Apps | Goals |
| Partizan | 1975–76 | 3 | 0 |
| Partizan | 1976–77 | 28 | 5 |
| Partizan | 1977–78 | 22 | 2 |
| Partizan | 1978–79 | 30 | 2 |
| Partizan | 1979–80 | 23 | 4 |
| Partizan | 1980–81 | 17 | 1 |
| Partizan | 1981–82 | 0 | 0 |
| Partizan | 1982–83 | 19 | 4 |
| Partizan | 1983–84 | 11 | 1 |
| Partizan | Total | 153 | 19 |
| Hajduk Split | 1983–84 | 12 | 2 |
| Hajduk Split | 1984–85 | 8 | 1 |
| Hajduk Split | Total | 20 | 3 |
| Baltimore Blast (indoor) | 1984–85 | 8 | 1 |
| Galatasaray | 1985–86 | 35 | 9 |
| Galatasaray | 1986–87 | 34 | 5 |
| Galatasaray | 1987–88 | 33 | 14 |
| Galatasaray | 1988–89 | 28 | 3 |
| Galatasaray | 1989–90 | 27 | 6 |
| Galatasaray | 1990–91 | 24 | 3 |
| Galatasaray | 1991–92 | 4 | 0 |
| Galatasaray | Total | 185 | 40 |
| Altay | 1991–92 | 8 | 1 |
| Bakırköyspor | 1992–93 | 6 | 1 |
| Career total | Career total | 380 | 65 |

## Honours

Partizan
* Yugoslav First League: 1975–76, 1977–78, 1982–83
* Mitropa Cup: 1977–78
Hajduk Split
* Yugoslav Cup: 1983–84
Galatasaray
* 1.Lig: 1986–87, 1987–88
# Miłoszewo

Miłoszewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Linia, within Wejherowo County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Linia, 24 km (15 mi) south-west of Wejherowo, and 42 km (26 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Organzza

Organzza is the stage name of Vinícius Andrade (born 1991 or 1992), a Brazilian drag performer and visual artist who won the first season of Drag Race Brasil.

## Early life

Andrade was born and raised in Coelho Neto.

## Career

Organzza won the first season of Drag Race Brasil. She won three challenges during the competition.
# Straw Family Stadium

E. T. Straw Family Stadium is a baseball venue in Emmitsburg, Maryland, United States. It is home to the Mount St. Mary's Mountaineers baseball team of the NCAA Division I Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. The stadium is part of the larger PNC Sports Complex.
In 2007, the stadium underwent $400,000 renovations, thanks to the donation of Mount St. Mary's alumnus E.T. Straw. The venue was dedicated to Straw as a result. The renovations added a new backstop, outfield fence, a warning track, bullpens, and foul poles. A new press box, sound system, and bleachers were also added. A second round of renovations occurred in 2017, with the addition of a synthetic turf infield and padded outfield fences.
# Edison–Lalande cell

The Edison–Lalande cell was a type of alkaline primary battery developed by Thomas Edison from an earlier design by Felix Lalande and Georges Chaperon. It consisted of plates of copper oxide and zinc in a solution of potassium hydroxide. The cell voltage was low (about 0.75 volts) but the internal resistance was also low so these cells were capable of delivering large currents. The cell could be replenished with fresh zinc and copper oxide plates and KOH solution for reuse.

## History
### Lalande–Chaperon cell

In 1880, the manufacturer De Branville and Company of 25 rue de la Montagne Sainte-Geneviève, Paris exploited the patent of Lalande and Chaperon to build copper oxide batteries. In 1887, the French submarine Gymnote (Q1) was built. The boat was originally fitted with 540 Lalande–Chaperon alkaline cells which used zinc and copper oxide electrodes with potassium hydroxide electrolyte, manufactured by Coumelin, Desmazures and Baillache.

### Edison–Lalande cell

Edison improved on the Lalande–Chaperon cell by replacing powdered copper oxide with copper oxide briquettes.

### Poerscke–Wedekind cell

Another modification to the Lalande-type cell was patented by Heinrich Poerscke and Gustav Wedekind in 1905, British patent GB190416751. In this cell, the copper oxide depolarizer was pasted on the inside of a cast iron pot. When the depolarizer was exhausted, the cell was dismantled and the liquid was poured out. The pot was then heated in air to re-oxidize the deposited copper to copper oxide. The Neotherm cell, by Siemens, was similar.

## Chemistry

The zinc anode dissolves (is oxidised) in the hydroxide solution to form zincate anions, consuming hydroxide ions in the process; electrons enter the external circuit:
    Zn$^0$ + 4 OH$^−$ → [Zn(OH$_4$)]$^{2−}$ + 2 e$^−$
Half of the hydroxide ions are replenished by the hydration and reduction of the copper oxide cathode to copper metal by the electrons travelling in the external circuit:
    CuO + H$_2$O + 2 e$^−$ → Cu$^0$ + 2 OH$^−$
The overall reaction is:
    Zn$^0$ + 4 OH$^−$ + CuO + H$_2$O → [Zn(OH$_4$)]$^{2−}$ + Cu$^0$ + 2 OH$^−$

## Applications

Applications for Lalande-type batteries included submarine power (see above), railway signalling. and powering Edison's electric fans and phonographs.
# Lectionary 306

Lectionary 306 (Gregory-Aland), designated by siglum ℓ 306 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose.

## Description

The original codex contained lessons from the Gospels (Evangelistarium), on 136 parchment leaves, with some lacunae. The leaves are measured (16.5 cm by 13.5 cm). The first 54 other leaves were lost. The additional lessons about the season of Epiphany were inserted by other hand.
The text is written in Greek minuscule letters, in one column per page, 16-18 lines per page.
It contains music notes.

## History

Gregory and Scrivener dated the manuscript to the 13th century. It has been assigned by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research (INTF) to the 13th century.
It was bought from Quaritch for Cambridge University in 1874.
The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener (292$^e$) and Caspar René Gregory (number 306$^e$). It was examined by Fenton John Anthony Hort. Gregory saw it in 1883.
The codex is housed at the Cambridge University Library (MS Add.1836) in Cambridge.
# Lockheed YP-24

The Lockheed-Detroit YP-24 was a 1930s prototype two-seat fighter aircraft produced by Detroit Lockheed. An attack version called the A-9 was also proposed. The YP-24 is most notable for being the first fighter aircraft to bear the Lockheed name.

## Design and development

In 1930, Detroit Aircraft Corporation undertook a private venture to develop a new fighter ("pursuit aircraft" in contemporary terminology) for US Army Air Corps based on the successful Lockheed Altair transport plane. Designed by Robert J. Woods, the aircraft was completed in 1931 with Detroit Aircraft fabricating the metal fuselage and Lockheed providing the wooden wings, essentially identical to the Altair. Wright Field assigned the prototype the designation XP-900. Vance Breese was hired to be the chief test pilot for the project. The aircraft was purchased by USAAC in September 1931 and redesignated YP-24, serial number 32-320. Early testing was sufficiently impressive to generate an order for five Y1P-24 fighters and four Y1A-9 attack aircraft intended to replace the Berliner-Joyce P-16. The A-9 differed in having four forward-firing machine guns, underwing racks for bombs, and a V-1570-27 engine better low-altitude performance.

## Operational history

On 19 October 1931, the sole aircraft crashed. The aircraft had a partially stuck landing gear, and Wright Field pilots painted messages on the side of their P-12D and O-25C aircraft, indicating to test pilot Lt. Harrison Crocker to bail out.
Shortly after, in October 1931, events in the Great Depression forced Detroit Aircraft into bankruptcy with Lockheed following suit in June 1932. Although Lockheed was resuscitated by a group of investors only five days after it closed doors, the financial hardships had taken their toll and the P-24/A-9 project was cancelled with no aircraft built beyond the original prototype. Four pre-production Y1P-24s, 32-321/324, were cancelled. However, after Robert Woods left Detroit Aircraft for Consolidated Aircraft, he continued to develop the YP-24/A-9 concept into the Consolidated Y1P-25/Y1A-11 which eventually entered service as the Consolidated P-30.

## Specifications (YP-24)

Data from Lockheed Aircraft since 1913
General characteristics
* Crew: 2
* Length: 28 ft 9 in (8.76 m)
* Wingspan: 42 ft 9+1⁄2 in (13.043 m)
* Height: 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m)
* Wing area: 292 sq ft (27.1 m$^2$)
* Empty weight: 3,010 lb (1,365 kg)
* Gross weight: 4,360 lb (1,978 kg)
* Powerplant: 1 × Curtiss V-1570-23 Conqueror V-12 liquid-cooled piston engine, 600 hp (450 kW)
* Propellers: 3-bladed fixed-pitch propeller
Performance
* Maximum speed: 235 mph (378 km/h, 204 kn)
* Cruise speed: 215 mph (346 km/h, 187 kn)
* Range: 556 mi (895 km, 483 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 25,000 ft (7,600 m)
* Rate of climb: 1,820 ft/min (9.2 m/s)
Armament
* Guns:
   * 1 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) machine gun fixed forward-firing through the propeller disc
   * 1 × 0.30 in (7.62 mm) machine gun fixed forward-firing through the propeller disc
   * 1 × 0.30 in (7.62 mm) machine gun in rear cockpit