OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Benetússer

Benetússer (Valencian:; Spanish: Benetúser) is a municipality in the comarca of Horta Sud in the Valencian Community, Spain. At the 2001 census the municipality had a population of 13,425 inhabitants and a land area of only 0.78 km$^2$ (0.301 sq mi). Its population density of 17,211.5 persons/km$^2$ was the third highest in Spain (after Mislata and L'Hospitalet de Llobregat).
Benetússer was badly affected by the October 2024 floods.
# Professor of Logic and Rhetoric

The Professor of Logic and Rhetoric is a professorship at the University of Glasgow. The Nova Erectio of King James VI of Scotland shared the teaching of moral philosophy, logic and natural philosophy among the Regents.
In 1727, separate chairs were instituted, one of which was the Chair of Logic and Rhetoric.

## Holders of the Chair of Logic and Rhetoric

* John Loudon MA (1727)
* Adam Smith MA LLD (1751) Later Professor of Moral Philosophy and Rector
* James Clow MA (1752)
* George Jardine MA (1774)
* Robert Buchanan MA LLD (1827)
* John Veitch MA LLD (1864)
* Robert Adamson MA LLD (1895)
* Robert Latta MA DPhil LLD (1902)
* Archibald Allan Bowman MA LittD (1925) Later Professor of Moral Philosophy
* Herbert James Paton MA DLitt (1927)
* Charles Arthur Campbell MA DLitt (1938)
* Rodney Julian Hurst MA (1961-1981)
* Alexander Broadie MA PhD DLitt FRSE FBA (1995)
* Fraser MacBride MA MPhil PhD (2013 -16)
* Jack Lyons BA PhD (2020-)
# Steven Sharfstein

Steven Samuel Sharfstein (born July 2, 1942) is an American psychiatrist. He was secretary of the American Psychiatric Association from 1991 to 1995, its vice president from 2002 to 2004, and president from 2005 to 2006. Sharfstein also received the Human Rights Award from the American Psychiatric Association in 2007.

## Life and career

Sharfstein was born in New York City and earned his bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College in 1964. He graduated from Albert Einstein College of Medicine in 1968 and did his psychiatric residency at Massachusetts Mental Health Center from 1969 to 1973. During that time he earned his M.P.A. from the John F. Kennedy School of Government. He later attended the six-week advanced management program at Harvard Business School. He has been president and chief executive officer of Sheppard Pratt Health System since 1992.
He has been a lecturer in psychiatry at Johns Hopkins University and has served as vice chair and clinical professor of psychiatry at University of Maryland. He held a variety of positions at the National Institute of Mental Health, including director of mental health service programs, as well as positions in consultation/liaison psychiatry and research in behavioral medicine.
Sharfstein has been involved in several prominent issues facing psychiatry, including the medical ethics of psychiatrists assisting with detention and interrogation of terrorism suspects at facilities like the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. He has spoken at length about the biopsychiatry controversy in his field. He has also expressed concern about conflict of interest that can occur between psychiatrists and drug companies.
In 2015 Sharfstein announced that he would retire from Sheppard Pratt in July 2016.

## Personal life

His son Joshua Sharfstein, also a physician, was appointed by Barack Obama as Principal Deputy Commissioner of the FDA in 2009.
# 929 West Grace Street

929 West Grace Street has been a live music venue in the City of Richmond, Virginia since 1970. Over the years, it has operated under various names. Since the 1980s, it was the hub of Richmond's punk and hardcore scene, and is credited with helping Richmond bands Gwar, Lamb of God, Avail, and Four Walls Falling develop.

## History

Before becoming a music venue, the building was home to R.L. Christian, a local grocery store known for manufacturing its own whisky. After the closing of Christian's, the building became a music venue known as 'The Back Door'. It was this incarnation that musician Bruce Springsteen played the club, with an early version of the E Street Band. In the 1980s, it became club called 'The Wooden Plate', and skewed towards heavy metal music. In the mid-1980s the club became known as 'Twisters', and saw performances from bands such as The Smashing Pumpkins and Green Day. In late 2002, the club became '929', then in 2003, 'Nanci Raygun'.
In 2009, the club became 'Strange Matter', and operated until closing in December 2018.

## Notable performances

* Against Me!
* Agent Orange
* Agnostic Front
* Alchemist's Lament
* Atmosphere
* Avail
* The Business
* Bruce Springsteen
* Cut The Architect's Hand
* Dinosaur Jr.
* Good Riddance
* Gwar
* Death Piggy
* Lagwagon
* Lamb of God
* My Chemical Romance
* Peelander Z
* Smashing Pumpkins
* White Cross
* Whatever Brains
* Mens Room
* Order
* High on Fire
* Truman Sparks
* Battlemaster
* Lightning Bolt
* The Treason
# Chainlink (blockchain oracle)

Chainlink is a decentralized blockchain oracle network. Chainlink's token is on Ethereum. The network is intended to be used to facilitate the transfer of tamper-proof data from off-chain sources to on-chain smart contracts.

## History

Chainlink was created in 2017 by Sergey Nazarov and Steve Ellis, who co-authored a white paper introducing the Chainlink protocol and network with Cornell University professor Ari Juels the same year. Chainlink acts as a "bridge" between a blockchain and off-chain environments. The network, which services smart contracts, was formally launched in 2019.
In 2018, Chainlink integrated Town Crier, a trusted execution environment-based blockchain oracle that Juels also worked on. Town Crier connects the Ethereum blockchain with web sources that use HTTPS.
In 2020, Chainlink integrated DECO, a Cornell project co-created by Juels. DECO is described by its authors as a protocol that uses zero-knowledge proofs to allow users to prove information is true to a blockchain oracle without revealing sensitive information, such as birth dates. Chainlink published a second white paper in April 2021. That paper, Chainlink 2.0: Next Steps in the Evolution of Decentralized Oracle Networks, detailed a vision for expanding the role and capabilities of decentralized oracle networks to include hybrid smart contracts, which utilize on-chain code and off-chain services provided by oracle networks.

## Technology

Chainlink's decentralized oracle network is an open-source technology infrastructure that allows any blockchain to securely connect to off-chain data and computation resources. The network nodes fetch, validate, and deliver data from multiple sources onto blockchains to execute smart contracts.
In addition to the transfer of external information to a blockchain, Chainlink can also be used for several different off-chain computation functions, including a verifiable random function (VRF) and data feeds. The data feeds have been used to bring election data on-chain.
Chainlink's VRF can be used for random number generation which can be used in decentralized gaming. ZDNet reported the verifiability of the random number generation ensures the in-game results are tamper-proof.

## Link token

Node operators are compensated with the network's native cryptocurrency, LINK. Chainlink's LINK token is an ERC677 token, an extension of ERC-20. All LINK tokens have been premined and largely withheld by the central issuer. A fraction of the pre-mined token supply was offered for sale to retail buyers in a controversial and legally murky initial coin offering (ICO). Tokens act as data payloads, feeding the required data from off-chain sources to smart contracts, which then act accordingly in response to the data provided by the token. According to Chainlink, the trade value derived from these tokens is used to pay node operators for retrieving data from smart contracts, and also for deposits placed by node operators as required by contract creators. Tokens can be stored in any ERC-20 wallet, as the ERC677 token retains all the functionality of an ERC-20 token.
# Clare Castle, County Armagh

Clare Castle is a ruined tower situated near the village of Clare in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It traces its origins back to the early 17th century, coinciding with the Ulster Plantation. As of the 21st century, the structure is a ruin. The remaining structures include a rectangular bawn which was converted into a cowshed during the 20th century.

## History

In 1611, Sir George Carew conducted a survey to assess the progress of the Ulster Plantation, which revealed that John Bourchier, son of George Bourchier, was in the process of collecting materials for the construction of a castle. Between 1610 and 1613, he purchased the manor of Clare from Francis Cooke.
When John Bourchier died in 1614, the manor was passed to his younger brother Henry Bourchier, who was knighted in 1621 and became Earl of Bath. In 1618–19, Captain Nicholas Pynnar conducted an additional survey to assess the further progress. His findings regarding Henry Bourchier were as follows:
   Henry Bowcher Esq. hath two thousand acres called Claire. Upon this proportion there is a bawne of Lyme and Stone, being one hundred feet in length and eighty feet in breadth and fourteen feet high with two flankers. There is now in building a good stone house which is fully two stories high and a number of workmen labouring for the speedy completion thereof.
The bawn was designed as a sanctuary during times of trouble. However, T.G.F. Paterson, in his observations on Clare, notes that in 1622, the house stood three stories tall but remained unfinished, with the bawn also incomplete. He mentions the presence of two flankers, with plans for two additional ones still being considered.
In 1641, when the Irish Rebellion occurred, the settlers found themselves woefully unprepared, despite their concerns. One account indicates that rebels set fire to the Clare Castle and detained settlers within his mill.
On the evening of 28 October 1785, Clare Castle was inhabited by Mr. Thomas Leigh and Thomas Dawson. During that night, a fire broke out in the house, as reported in the newspaper:
   On Monday night or Tuesday morning, the fine house of Clare Castle, near Tandragee, was totally destroyed by fire, every article of furniture, plate, jewels etc was also burnt, the family escaping barely with their lives. The house had long been noted as an eminent and venerable family seat; was lately in the possession of Mr T. Dawson, but now occupied by Mr Lee with whom Mr Dawson lodged. The fire was first providentially discovered by cries of a child, by which the whole family was alarmed. Mr Dawson, by venturing back into his room in order to save some valuable papers, had very nearly been suffocated, as was also Mr Lee. The accident, it is thought, was occasioned by some sparks from a chimney falling on the roof, which was covered with shingles.
Local tradition suggests that there were no children in the house on the night of the fire and that the "ghostly warning cry", which alerted the inhabitants, was that of a child who reputedly died in the castle amid the turmoil of the Irish Rebellion of 1641.
# Marc Dollinger

Marc Dollinger (born 1964) is an American writer and a professor of Jewish studies at San Francisco State University. He is best known for his book Black Power, Jewish Politics.

## Early life

Dollinger was born in San Francisco in 1964, a 5th generation San Franciscan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks in Southern California. He married his wife Marci in 1994. They have two daughters and live in San Rafael, California.

## Education

Dollinger attended U.C. Berkeley as an undergraduate and received both his M.A. and Ph.D. in history from UCLA.

## Career

Dollinger holds the Richard and Rhoda Goldman Chair in Jewish Studies and Social Responsibility at San Francisco State University, where he has taught courses in American Jewish history, modern Jewish history, and antisemitism for over 20 years. Dollinger is known for his research on Jewish-Black relations during the Civil Rights movement and is the author of Black Power, Jewish Politics: Reinventing the Alliance of the 1960s (2018). His upcoming book, Laundering Antisemitism: Jews, Identity Politics, and the University, combines memoir and analysis, examining his experiences as a professor.
At Pasadena City College in the 1990s, Dollinger experienced conflicts with right-wing faculty members, while at San Francisco State University, he faced criticism from anti-Zionist students and faculty. He has advocated for free speech and the rights of students and addressed the administration's response to anti-Zionist protests in 2016. These efforts contributed to a settlement aimed at improving the campus environment for Jewish students.
Dollinger's academic work and teaching address Jewish identity, Zionism, and their relationship with contemporary progressive politics. Recent events such as a protest at the University of Michigan in 2023 influenced revisions to his latest book. His work engages with students to examine issues related to Jewish identity and Zionism in modern contexts.
Earlier in his career Dollinger also taught at Cal State Northridge, Bryn Mawr College, Long Beach State, and Hebrew Union College in Los Angeles.
# Erastus Newton Bates

Erastus Newton Bates (February 29, 1828 – May 29, 1898) was an American politician and general from Massachusetts. A graduate of Williams College, Bates was an early settler of Minnesota and participated in its first constitutional convention and state senate. He then moved to Illinois, where he served with the Union Army in the Civil War. A longtime prisoner of war, Bates was commissioned a brevet brigadier general. Upon his return from the war, he served in the Illinois House of Representatives and as Illinois Treasurer.

## Biography

Erastus Newton Bates was born in Plainfield, Massachusetts, on February 29, 1828. When he was eight, his family moved to Ohio. After his father died, Bates lived with an uncle, teaching and working to raise money for college. He was accepted to Williams College in Massachusetts, where he graduated in 1853. He first studied law in New York City, New York, but soon moved to Minnesota, where he practiced law in Minneapolis. There, he was a member of the Minnesota Constitutional Convention of 1856. He was elected as a Republican to the first session of the Minnesota Senate the next year.
Bates moved to Centralia, Illinois in 1859. Three years later, he opened a law office there. He then was commissioned a major of the 80th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the Civil War. He was later promoted to lieutenant colonel before he was captured by the Confederates. He was held prisoner of war in Libby Prison for fifteen months. He escaped, but was then immediately recaptured and transferred to Morris Island. After his release, he accepted a full colonelcy and a brevet as brigadier general.
When he returned to Centralia, he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives, serving one two-year term. This was followed by his election as Illinois Treasurer, serving two two-year terms. He married Lucy A. Sanders in 1855. Bates died in Minneapolis, Minnesota on May 29, 1898. He was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois.
# Manhattan Design

Manhattan Design was a graphic design collective in New York City from 1979 until 1991. The studio is known for having designed the MTV logo, as well as album packaging, posters, books, and magazines. They also conceived the adaptation of the MTV "moon man" as the award for the MTV Video Music Awards, based on the original concept by MTV's first creative director, Fred Seibert, a video that played at the top of every hour of every day for almost four years (75,000 times).

## History

Partners Pat Gorman, Frank Olinsky, and Patti Rogoff met at the Arica Institute, where they worked in the in-house design department. They founded Manhattan Design in 1979, opening their first office in a tiny room in the back of the New York School of T'ai Chi Chuan, on the second floor above C.O. Bigelow Apothecaries, in Greenwich Village.

### MTV logo design

Late in 1980, before the channel had been formally named (it was originally called "The Music Channel" after its sister network, The Movie Channel), MTV creative director Fred Seibert approached the team to design the network's logo. He had known Olinsky since childhood, and Olinsky had designed record covers for Seibert's company Oblivion Records in 1975. Manhattan Design created hundreds of preliminary designs, but when the 'MTV' name was chosen, partner Gorman sketched out the now familiar "M" in a bold 3-d sans serif, a "new wave" style "TV" was added by Olinsky, and the design was presented to the network. Seibert and partner Alan Goodman wanted the "TV" redesigned, and Olinsky took a large version of the "M" into the studio stairwell, spray painted a graffiti-style "TV" on it, and presented it, paint drips and all, to the network.
After the logo was approved, the partners were asked to come up with the "corporate colors" for the logo. A revolutionary decision was made: there wouldn't be any corporate colors. The "M" and the "TV" could be made of anything at all. The influence of the MTV logo's chameleon-like look can be seen today.
As a result of their association with MTV, Manhattan Design became highly sought after for all sorts of "hip" design projects, working with such notables as The B-52s, The Cars, Billy Idol, Duran Duran, R.E.M., Sting, 10,000 Maniacs, Suzanne Vega, and others.

## Closing

When Manhattan Design closed up shop in 1991, Patti Rogoff was hired to work in-house for the MTV Networks Creative Services group, Frank Olinsky went on to become a leading designer of album packages, and Pat Gorman became an acupuncturist.
# Vinnie Dean

Vincent Nicholas diVittorio (August 8, 1929 – September 14, 2010), known professionally as Vinnie Dean, was an American jazz saxophonist and businessman, primarily active in the 1950s and 1960s.

## Life and career

Dean was primarily an alto saxophonist, although he also performed on flute and piccolo. He played in New York City after World War II with Shorty Sherock and Johnny Bothwell, and recorded with Charlie Spivak and Charlie Barnet in the late 1940s. Between 1950 and 1955 he played with Elliot Lawrence, Stan Kenton, Ralph Burns, and Eddie Bert, recording with all of them. He was less active from the late-1950s, but still performed or recorded later in his career with Hal McKusick, Ray McKinley, Urbie Green, Sal Salvador, and Benny Goodman, as well as returning to play with Lawrence and Barnet. From the 1960s onward, he was involved in the music business, operating a publishing outlet, a booking agency, a recording studio, and a vinyl shop. Dean died in Danbury, Connecticut on September 14, 2010, at the age of 81.
# Thinkful

Thinkful is an online interactive platform that offers a variety of online coding bootcamps in several areas including web development, mobile development, and design.

## History

Bloc was founded in February 2012 by Roshan Choxi and Dave Paola. They met at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2008, before moving to San Francisco where the company is currently headquartered. Subsequently, Paola and Choxi began tutoring students over Skype in 2012, then later introduced Bloc at the Launch Festival in San Francisco. The company raised $250,000 in seed funding in May 2012, another $2 million in December 2013, and $6 million in Series A funding in November 2014.
In April 2018, Bloc was acquired by online bootcamp Thinkful for an undisclosed sum. Officials at Thinkful said Bloc was not profitable and "almost breaking even" at the time the deal closed.

## Scholarships

Bloc offers two scholarships: the New Relic Diversity Scholarship in Software Development and Design, and the Veterans Scholarship in Software Development and Design. Both scholarships are offered to U.S. military veterans, and the New Relic Diversity Scholarship is offered to minorities.
# Albert R. Hall (Minnesota and Wisconsin politician)

Albert R. Hall (April 20, 1841 – June 2, 1905) was an American farmer, businessman, and Republican politician. He served seven terms in the Minnesota House of Representatives, representing Hennepin County, and was speaker from 1872 until 1874. He later moved to Dunn County, Wisconsin, and served six terms in the Wisconsin State Assembly (1891–1903). In historical documents, his name is sometimes abbreviated as A. R. Hall.

## Early life

Albert R. Hall was born in Hartford, Vermont, in 1841. At age four, his parents moved the family to Boston, Massachusetts. Hall attended Boston's public schools until 1856, when the family moved to the Minnesota Territory.

## Civil War service

At the outbreak of the American Civil War, Hall volunteered for service with the Union Army and was enrolled as a private in Company D, 2nd Minnesota Infantry Regiment. With this regiment, he served in the Army of the Cumberland in the western theater of the war and was promoted to corporal and then first sergeant. In the campaign for control of Middle Tennessee, he participated in the battles of Mill Springs, Perryville, Hoover's Gap, and Chickamauga. At Chickamauga, he was shot in the torso and left for dead on the battlefield. He survived and was captured, but was paroled after just ten days of captivity. He returned to his regiment near Resaca, Georgia, where he joined the Atlanta campaign. During this campaign, his three-year enlistment expired and he returned to Minnesota. He assisted in recruiting new volunteers for the 11th Minnesota Infantry Regiment and was commissioned as 1st lieutenant for Company G of the regiment. He returned to the field with the new regiment in the Fall of 1864 and was appointed provost marshal at Gallatin, Tennessee, where he remained until the end of the war.

## Postbellum career

Back in Minnesota, he served as a town clerk and justice of the peace and was elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives for seven terms.
He moved to the village of Knapp in Dunn County, Wisconsin, in 1880, where he resided for the rest of his life. In Wisconsin, he formed a business partnership named Hall & Dann for the manufacturing of staves. Their business continued until they exhausted their supply of timber.
He was elected chairman of the town board and was president of the Dunn County Agricultural Society. He was a member of the commission for the construction of the Dunn County Asylum and later served as a trustee of the asylum. He was elected to represent Dunn County in the Wisconsin State Assembly for six terms, retiring in 1903. His sister, Caroline A. Hall (one of the co-founders of The Grange), lived with him in later years.
He died at his home in Knapp on June 2, 1905, after a brief illness. His doctors diagnosed the cause of death as acute Bright's disease. His funeral was well-attended, and included Governor Robert La Follette and other prominent state officials. His body was then taken by train to Minneapolis and buried with his family at Lakewood Cemetery. His sister inherited the farm.
# Estadio Ciudad de Tudela

The Estadio Ciudad de Tudela, formerly Estadio José Antonio Elola, is a multi-use stadium located in Tudela, Navarre, Spain.
It is used for football matches and is the home stadium of CD Tudelano. It has a 11,000-spectator capacity. The stadium was inaugurated on August 17, 1969.
# Florence Eugene Baldwin

Florence Eugene Baldwin (March 7, 1825 – November 3, 1886) was a member of the Minnesota State Senate, and was the first Recording Secretary and a founding member of Phi Alpha Literary Society.
Baldwin was born in Bethany, Pennsylvania. He attended McKendree College, then moved to Illinois College in 1844. While at Illinois College he was a founding member of Phi Alpha Literary Society, and served on the three man committee that prepared its constitution. In 1851, he married Elizabeth Wilkinson, with whom he ultimately fathered 11 children. He was elected to the Minnesota State Senate on October 11, 1859, and served from 1859 to 1861. He also served several terms as a county attorney. He died in St. Cloud, Minnesota.