OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Maurice Lévy (physicist)

Maurice Marc Lévy (7 September 1922 – 13 April 2022) was a French theoretical physicist known for his work on the Sigma model in particle physics. He was president of the CNES from 1973 to 1976.

## Education

Lévy was born in Tlemcen of the French Algeria. He obtained his baccalauréat at the Lycée Bugeaud in Algiers and then graduated in mathematics and physics from the University of Algiers. He then obtained a graduate degree in optics and entered the CNRS in 1945. He left Algeria for France and joined the Physical Research Laboratory of the Sorbonne (LRPS), directed by Jean Cabannes. After a brief stay at the University of Leiden, he defended his thesis in 1949 under the supervision of Jean Cabannes. Louis de Broglie participated in his thesis examination.

## Career

In 1949, Lévy visited the University of Manchester to work under the direction of Léon Rosenfeld. In 1950, he joined the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, directed by J. Robert Oppenheimer.
Lévy returned to France in 1952, became senior researcher at the CNRS and worked in the physics department of the École normale supérieure (ENS), directed by Yves Rocard. He taught quantum mechanics for twelve years to first-year students at the ENS. He was appointed professor at the Bordeaux Faculty of Science in 1953, then at the Paris Faculty of Science in 1954. He participated with Yves Rocard in the creation of the Linear Accelerator Laboratory (LAL). In 1960, he established the physics summer school of Cargèse in Corsica; eventually, the program grew to the Institut d'Études Scientifiques de Cargèse.
Lévy was a professor at the Pierre and Marie Curie University right from its foundation in 1971, and a researcher at the Laboratory of Theoretical and High Energy Physics (LPTHE), collaborating in particular with Jean-Louis Basdevant and with John Iliopoulos.

## Notable research and recognition

In 1960, he co-authored with Murray Gell-Mann a seminal paper on the Sigma model, which served as a cynosure for particle physics in the following decades, providing the modern framework for understanding the weak interactions and their interplay with chiral symmetry breaking by the strong interactions.
He was made Commandeur of the Légion d'honneur on 13 July 1993.
# Mnemonic Ascent

Mnemonic Ascent is an Australian hip hop group made up of BVA (Sam Harris), and Raph Boogie (Rafael Rashid) from Adelaide with DJ Ransom (Phil Ivanov) from Melbourne. They release their albums through Raph Boogie's Crookneck Records.

## Discography

* The Outside Inn (2001) - Crookneck Records
* The Book's Full (2005) - Crookneck Records
# 1977 Cook Islands Round Cup

The 1977 season of the Cook Islands Round Cup was the eighth recorded season of top flight association football competition in the Cook Islands, with any results between 1951 and 1969 currently unknown. Titikaveka won the championship, their eighth recorded championship in a row.
# Leforest

Leforest (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France about 12 miles (19 km) east of Lens.

## Population

The inhabitants are called Leforestois.
# George Papassavas

George Papassavas (born 28 January 1924) is a Greek painter who has traveled extensively throughout Latin America.
Born in Stavroupoli, Greece, Papassavas against his father's will taught himself the techniques of the classical artist at a young age. At the age of 17, he was put into exile and forced into labor by the invading Bulgarian army. After his return to Greece, he began formal study at the Athens School of Fine Arts. In 1955, after being enchanted by the book Brazil: A Land of the Future by Stefan Zweig, Papassavas journeyed with his wife to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where he studied under Candido Portinari. In search of artistic inspiration, Papassavas made several trips throughout South America observing both its people and natural environment. At the end of 1967, he moved to United States and continued his development in art at Harvard University.
The end of 1974, Papassavas moved to Florida, where he became a U.S. citizen in 1978. To this day he still paints. He and his wife currently divide their time between Florida, Maine, and Massachusetts. He has numerous one man and group shows throughout Europe, South America, and the United States. His work is included in museums, libraries, and both private and corporate collections. His art has also been featured in many newspapers, magazines, and books.
Bold outlines and warm colors characterize his dominate style in painting.
# Bela, Dang

Bela is a Village Development Committee in Dang Deokhuri District in Lumbini Province of south-western Nepal. The village borders Balrampur district of India in the south. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 11,245 persons living in 2,055 individual households. The main residents are Tharu, Yadavs, Chhetri, Magar, Bahun, Dalit, and Muslims.
It has been merged with the adjoining Rajpur Village Development Committee to form Rajpur Rural Municipality.
# Secure Freight Initiative

The Secure Freight Initiative (SFI) is a Department of Homeland Security (DHS) program and part of the SAFE Port Act of 2006. It uses non-intrusive Inspection (NII) and radiation detection technology. It also gathers data to measure trade activity for risk-management and protection of United States international trade. The Secure Freight Initiative builds on the current partnership between the Container Security Initiative (CSI) and the Department of Energy's Megaports Initiative.
The two sides of the Secure Freight Initiative are: the Container Security Initiative, also known as the International Container Security scanning project and the Importer Security Filing Program. A third pillar was to have been the Global Trade Exchange (GTX), a data acquisition program which was funded as part of the Homeland Security Budget for 2008 and 2009, but is delayed and remains under study.
The Secure Freight Initiative was kicked off in end-April 2007, with the commencement of the International Container Security project. The ICS is in pilot phases and is working to develop appropriate means to verify the safety of transport containers, using scanning technology including radiation portal monitors, non-intrusive imaging equipment, and optical character recognition systems. ICS is being implemented in foreign ports; Southampton (United Kingdom), Port Qasim (Pakistan), and Puerto Cortez (Honduras) will become the first seaports to implement the Secure Freight Initiative (SFI) in October 2007. These ports began by scanning all maritime containers destined for the United States for nuclear or other radiological materials. Data from these systems is then provided to U.S. officials at U.S. Customs and Border Protection's National Targeting Center for analysis.
A second leg of the SFI came to light vis-a-vis the new Importer Security Filing (ISF) program, also known as "10+2,". The ISF, "10+2" program was put forth as a risk-management program, part of the DHS strategy to assess and identify high-risk U.S.-bound maritime transport shipments.
# Nkambé

Nkambe is a city in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. It is the headquarters of the Mantungia department. Nkambe Central is also the name of one of the five communes in Donga-Mantung. Nkambe lies at the north edge of the Bamenda Grassfields, on the northeast arc of the Ring Road, farthest from Bamenda. The Nigerian border is only 25 or 40 km away, but roads toward the border are undeveloped jungle tracks.

## People

Most of the people in Nkambe Central commune are Wimbum - the three clans which speak the Limbum language. Nkambe Central contains the northwest part of Wimbum-land, including the villages of Kungi, Konchep, Binshua, Bih, Saah, Wat, Nwangri, Mbaa, Kup, Chup, Bongom, Mbot, Tabenken, Njap/Ngie Binka, Binjeng, and Nkambe-town. Ndu Commune contains the southeast part of Wimbum-land. Most Wimbum are farmers, raising maize, beans, njama-njama, Irish potatoes, cocoyams, plantains, bananas, etc. Scattered Fulani also live in the district, grazing cattle on the grasslands. The population of Nkambe Central was estimated around 170,000 in 2011.
Nkambe-town, long an administrative center, has attracted a more cosmopolitan mix than the surrounding villages, including Hausa traders, students from around Donga-Mantung, and civil servants from other parts of Cameroon. The town has a daily market, a government hospital, various schools, churches, a mosque, gas pumps, a gendarmerie, and administrative offices.
Images of Njap and Bih Villages
* Settlement area, Njap
* Traditional House in Njap Village
* View of Hills and Farm land in Njap
* Road to Bih settlement area
* Rocks in Bih Village
* Cattle grazing land, Bih

## Terrain

As mentioned above, Nkambe lies in the Bamenda Grassfields, in the chain of highlands that runs from São Tomé up into Nigeria. The land varies from cool grassy highlands like the 2200m Mount Binka, to lower warmer places like Chup at 1500m.
Parts of Nkambe commune lie in the Cameroonian Highlands forests eco-region. Bird species include the Western green tinkerbird, the Yellow-spotted barbet, the Cameroon greenbul, the Yellow-breasted boubou, the African hill babbler, the Green longtail, the Fernando Po Oliveback, Bannerman's weaver, and perhaps Bannerman's turaco.

## History

The Wimbum probably arrived in this area between the 1700s and the mid-1800s. In the 1800s, the Nkambe area saw some trade in elephant ivory, but the area was bypassed by the major long-distance trade routes north through Fonfuka and east through Ntem. Lack of economic power and lack of unified leadership made it somewhat vulnerable to external attack, and the area suffered from slave raids more than larger, centralized kingdoms like Nso and Bamum.
German administration of the Grassfields began around 1901. Fulani herders began to arrive in the area around 1910. Britain took over in 1916 and in 1922 re-instituted some native law under the policy of indirect rule. In 1949 Nkambe-town became the head of one of the three administrative units in Bamenda Province, alongside Bamenda and Wum. Nkambe-town's administrative role has continued since independence in 1961.
# Bill Townsend (footballer)

William Townsend (27 December 1922 – 21 December 1988) was an English football player and manager. A goalkeeper he played for Nuneaton Borough, before moving to Derby County as a wartime guest, then becoming a professional player, he would then end his career at Burton Albion and Banbury Spencer. He would later return to Burton Albion as a player and later manager.

## Career
### Early career

Townsend started his footballing career as a teenager at home town Nuneaton Borough before joining Derby County in 1939 as a wartime guest player. He signed a professional deal in 1942 and became a regular member of the Derby side during the war.

### Derby County

After World War II ended, Townsend made his Derby senior debut on 2 March 1946, in a FA Cup quarter final tie against Aston Villa in front of 74,588 fans at Villa Park. Towsend would play in the 2nd leg a week later which ended in a 1–1 draw at the Baseball Ground. However Vic Woodley was not eligible to play in the games against Villa would play in the semi-final and the 1946 FA Cup final, so Townsend missed out on a winners medal.
As league football returned the following season, Townsend would start as third choice keeper behind Woodley and Alick Grant. In 1947–48, Woodley and Grant would both leave Derby and Townsend had three seasons where he came first choice goalkeeper. Injuries however hit Townsend's time at Derby County and he missed Derby's 1947–48 FA Cup semi final loss against Manchester United. Terry Webster and Harry Brown took over goalkeeping duties and when Ray Middleton joined in 1951, Townsend went two years and nine months without making a first team appearance. Townsend would play four games in 1953, with his last game for Derby being in a 1–1 draw against Charlton Athletic on 7 February 1953. Townsend left Derby in July 1953, he played 93 times for Derby, 79 times in the Football League.

### Later career

Townsend would join Staffordshire club Burton Albion in July 1953, he played in Burton's 0–0 FA Cup third draw against Halifax Town where he made a string of impressive saves despite injuring a shoulder in the game. In June 1957, Townsend would join Banbury Spencer. He played for Banbury for two seasons.

## Managerial career

Townsend would return to Burton Albion in September 1959, as player-manager, Townsend would retire as a player in 1960 and he made 204 appearances in his two spells as a player. Townsend would remain as manager of Burton until October 1962.

## Personal life

After leaving Derby, Townsend became landlord of the Smiths' Arms in Branston.

## Death

Townsend died 21 December 1988, six days short of his 66th birthday in Thornton-Cleveleys.

## Honours

In 2021, Townsend was posthumously inducted into the Burton Albion Hall of Fame.
# Khemka

Khemka is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Asha Khemka (born 1951), British educator
* Ashok Khemka (born 1965), Indian administrator
* Prashant Khemka (born 1971), businessman and investor
* Uday Khemka, Indian Angel investor, entrepreneur, privileged royal, and philanthropist
# Atlantic Council of Serbia

The Atlantic Council of Serbia (Serbian: Атлантски савет Србије, romanized: Atlantski savet Srbije) is a non-governmental and non-profit organization in Serbia. Founded in 2001, the organization promotes Serbia's Euro-Atlantic integration.
# Jiaozhi Province

Jiaozhi Province was a province of the Chinese Ming dynasty that existed during its brief rule of northern Vietnam from 1407 to 1427, known in historiography as the Fourth Era of Northern Domination. The province's name, Jiaozhi, was an earlier Chinese name for northern Vietnam.

## History

Hồ Quý Ly had violently taken the Trần throne and changed the country's name to Đại Ngu. When the Ming dynasty found out, they demanded that he reestablish the Trần dynasty, which he agreed to. However, the Hồ forces instead ambushed the Ming convoy escorting the Trần pretender, who was killed during the attack, and started harassing the Ming border.
After this, the Ming invaded Đại Ngu, destroyed the Hồ dynasty and began the Fourth Northern domination (1407–1427). The entire country became the Jiaozhi Province.
The Ming dynasty crushed Lê Lợi's rebellion at first but indecisively. When Lê Lợi had rebuilt his force, the rebels defeated the Ming army on multiple occasions and tightened their siege of the province. Eventually, the Ming emperor accepted the de facto independence of the new kingdom. Later, when Lê Lợi offered to make his country a vassal of China, the Ming immediately declared him as king.
Lê Lợi dismissed all former administrative structures that the Ming implemented and divided the nation into 5 dao. The Ming formally abolished the Jiaozhi Province in 1428.

## Administration

Jiaozhi Province was structured in the same manner as the 13 existing provinces of the Ming Empire. It was divided into 15 prefectures (府) and 5 independent prefectures (直隸州):
* 15 prefectures: Jiaozhou (交州), Beijiang (北江), Liangjiang (諒江), Sanjiang (三江), Jianping (建平, Kiến Hưng in Hồ dynasty), Xin'an (新安, Tân Hưng in the Hồ dynasty), Jianchang (建昌), Fenghua (奉化, Thiên Trường in the Hồ dynasty), Qianghua (清化), Zhenman (鎮蠻), Liangshan (諒山), Xinping (新平), Yanzhou (演州), Yian'an (乂安), Shunhua (順化).
* 5 independent prefectures: Taiyuan (太原), Xuanhua (宣化, Tuyên Quang in the Hồ dynasty), Jiaxing (嘉興), Guihua (歸化), Guangwei (廣威)
Together with the 5 independent prefectures, there were other administrative divisions, which were under the normal prefectures. There were 47 divisions in total.
In 1408, the independent administrative divisions of Taiyuan and Xuanhua was promoted to a prefecture, which increased the number to 17. Afterwards, the Yanzhou prefecture was dismissed and its territory became an independent prefecture.
# Melanowo, Pomeranian Voivodeship

Melanowo is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Chojnice, within Chojnice County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south of Chojnice and 111 km (69 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Joseph Kerr

Joseph Kerr (1765 – August 22, 1837) was a Democratic-Republican politician from Ohio who served in the United States Senate.

## Biography

Kerr (pronounced "car") was born in Kerrtown, Pennsylvania (now Chambersburg), and moved to Ohio in 1792. He served in a number of positions as clerk, surveyor, judge and justice of the peace in the Northwest Territory.
He served as justice of the peace at Manchester, Adams County, Ohio in 1797. and as a judge of the first quarter session court of Adams County, Northwest Territory, in 1797.
Kerr's son, Joseph Kerr Jr., died in the Battle of the Alamo.

## Career

After statehood was declared, Kerr was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1808, 1816, 1818, and 1819. He was elected to the Ohio State Senate in 1804 and 1810. He also served as a brigadier general of Ohio Volunteers during the War of 1812, in charge of supplying provisions to the Army of the Northwest.
Kerr was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1814 to fill a vacancy created by the resignation of Thomas Worthington. Kerr served from December 10, 1814, to March 3, 1815, and did not seek re-election.

## Death

Kerr's extensive farm went bankrupt in 1826, and he moved to Memphis, Tennessee and then to rural Louisiana, where he purchased a homestead near Lake Providence. He died on August 22, 1837.
# Directory

Directory may refer to:
* Directory (computing), or folder, a file system structure in which to store computer files
* Directory (OpenVMS command)
* Directory service, a software application for organizing information about a computer network's users and resources
* Directory (political), a system under which a country is ruled by a college of several people who jointly exercise the powers of a head of state or head of government
** French Directory, the government in revolutionary France from 1795 to 1799
** Provisional All-Russian Government, a short-lived, anti-Communist government formed during the Russian Civil War, known as "the Directory"
* Business directory, a listing of information about suppliers and manufacturers
* City directory, a listing of residents, streets, businesses, organizations or institutions, giving their location in a city
* Telephone directory, a book which allows telephone numbers to be found given the subscriber's name
* Web directory, an organized collection of links to websites
# Counties Manukau cricket team

The Counties Manukau cricket team represents the southern part of the Auckland Region, including the Auckland outer suburbs of Manurewa, Manukau and Papakura and the surrounding rural areas, and including Tuakau in the Waikato region. It is one of the 21 teams from around New Zealand that compete in the Hawke Cup. Its base is in Manurewa, where its home ground is Weymouth Oval.
Teams that previously represented the area in the Hawke Cup were Franklin (1957 to 1977) and Counties (1979 to 1994). Counties Manukau began playing in 1996.

## History
### Franklin and Counties teams

Cricket was played in the region in the late 1850s, and possibly earlier. The Mauku Cricket Club, which still competes at senior level, was established in 1859. There was a Franklin Cricket Association in the 1890s and 1900s, and the Warin Cup was instituted for competition between the region's clubs beginning with the 1911–12 season. The Association lapsed but was revived in 1921.
Franklin, based in Pukekohe, was a part of the Auckland team's region until 1957, when the Franklin Cricket Association was affiliated with the New Zealand Cricket Council, entitling it to field a team in the Hawke Cup. By this new affiliation Franklin also became a constituent association of the Northern Districts team, which had begun competing in the Plunket Shield in 1956–57. Franklin competed for the first time in the Hawke Cup in December 1957, and continued doing so until 1977. In 1969-70 Philip Havill became the first Franklin player to represent Northern Districts in first-class cricket.
Franklin were succeeded by Counties, also based in Pukekohe, who competed in the Hawke Cup from 1979 to 1994. In their first season they were captained by the Test batsman John Wright. Neither Franklin nor Counties ever won the title.

### Counties Manukau

The Counties Manukau Cricket Association was established in 1996. Counties Manukau first challenged for the Hawke Cup in 2011–12. Captained by Luke Williamson, they won the title in the first challenge match of 2017-18 when they beat Bay of Plenty. They held the title against challenges from Taranaki and Canterbury Country at Weymouth Oval in Manurewa, before losing the last match of the season to Southland.
Counties Manukau and the other five Northern Districts association teams also compete each season in two-day matches for the Fergus Hickey Rosebowl. The winner has the right to challenge for the Hawke Cup. Counties Manukau also compete in the Brian Dunning Cup, the 50-over competition among the six Northern Districts teams.

## Clubs

In the Counties Manukau Cricket Association, 12 clubs compete for the Warin Cup (overall champions), the W. H. Taylor Shield (two-day matches), the Duthie Cup (one-day matches) and the Inder-Lynch Trophy (T20 matches): Clevedon, Glenbrook-Maramarua, Karaka, Manukau City, Mauku, Papakura, Pohutukawa Coast, Pukekohe Metro, Tuakau, United, Waiuku and Weymouth.
# Anne Morton

Anne Morton married name Anne Buswell (born 20 May 1937) is a British former swimmer. She competed in the women's 100 metre butterfly at the 1956 Summer Olympics.
Morton also represented England in the 110 yards butterfly at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff, Wales. At the ASA National British Championships she won the 110 yards butterfly title in 1956.