# Visual literacy in education

Visual literacy in education develops a student's visual literacy – their ability to comprehend, make meaning of, and communicate through visual means, usually in the form of images or multimedia.

## History

Images have always been involved in learning with pictures and artwork to help define history or literary works. There is also a long tradition of using texts as educational images that reaches back to the Enlightenment. However, visual literacy in education is becoming a much broader and extensive body of learning and comprehension. This is due to the integration of images and visual presentations in the curriculum as technology and the increasing availability of computers.
Traditionally, in education in particular, the conventional approach was that young learners acquired conventions of print which made each student a discursive learner. As we have recognized that there are multiple learning styles which better suit some students, some are text oriented, others are visual, kinesthetic, auditory, or a combination of two or more, developers of educational materials have adapted and made use of new media and technology. In 1989, there was a call for new curriculum in social studies, which was uniquely suited to bringing visual information to educational programs by introducing map reading skills, charts and graphs for analyzing data, primary source visuals from the period ephemera, and paintings, sculpture, architecture, objects of daily use, and other evidence of material culture that is the archive from which historians draw their information about past and present cultures. Materials that were embraced for their visual energy, authenticity, and characteristic interest to engage students were prepared by a research and development group named Ligature, whose design director, Josef Godlewski (July 3, 1948 – April 8, 2013), a teacher of graphic design at The Rhode Island School of Design, brought to what is now the accepted integration of visuals with text that we see in print and media board learning programs.

## Advancements of multimedia

Multimedia advancements have redefined what it means to teach literacy in the classroom. Today, students must be able to present and decode written and visual images, presenting educators with the task of teaching visual literacy in the classroom. Students today are using PowerPoint, PhotoStory, MovieMaker and other tools to create presentations in the classroom. This presents a challenge to educators as they seek to empower their students with the necessary tools to thrive in a media-driven environment.
Educators now understand that students lack the skills to accurately decipher and make ethical decisions based on that image. According to Susan Metros of the University of Southern California, students find themselves able to view pictures, read a map and input data, but are unable to create an image, map data and understand why one chart is better than another. To better prepare students, school districts are taking it upon themselves to add a technology component to their curriculum. For example, instead of submitting papers, students can create short films or interactive essays. This promotes a hands-on approach to multimedia for students to learn new tools.

## Teaching visual literacy

Teaching visual literacy in the classroom means many things from film, dance, and mime through the use of diagrams, maps and graphs to children's picture books. Visual texts can be found in books, the internet, environmental signage, TV, tablet devices and touch-screen machines like ATMs. It includes teaching students to critically analyze the images presented to them through advertising and other media. It also entails equipping students with the tools to create presentations that effectively communicate content. Today teachers are using classroom blogs and wikis to keep their students up to date with class requirements and to encourage collaborative class discussions. More and more students are relying on technology to enhance their learning environments. As technology continues to advance, their availability and capability will create more tools for teachers to utilize.
An attempt to observe children reading and writing visual texts was made by twenty US and Australian teachers in 1990–1994, and followed up in 2011. The visual texts studied were limited to those used in information books, e-books, and websites, such as diagrams, maps, storyboards, flowcharts, time lines, webs, trees and tables. Moline claims that the strategy he calls recomposing assists in essay planning and comprehension. Recomposing is described as reading information in a lexical format (such as a paragraph of sentences) and summarizing it in a visual format (such as a flowchart or table). The visual text then forms the framework for the child when writing her/his essay on the topic.
Educators have increasingly advocated for visual literacy as an essential skill because of the growing use of visuals in society and education. Scholars like George argue for shifting writing pedagogy from analysis to design so students can create visual texts such as websites, brochures, and other multimedia. Emphasizing the visual aspects of communication relating to rhetorical education. Other research also highlights the need to support students in engaging with complex visual texts, guiding them in interpreting visual elements like color, layout, and symbolism, which Cappello suggests. This approach would not only enhance students' comprehension but also encourage creativity and critical thinking.

## Benefits

Computers have become a major part of society. People must learn to communicate through images, as technology continues to evolve.
The benefits of teaching visual literacy also extend to other skills such as improving communication, critical thinking, and creativity. Avgerinou and Ericson emphasize that visual literacy equips individuals with the skills to interpret and evaluate the visual media we consume daily and communicate more informally and effectively. There is also research that highlights how visual literacy can enhance problem-solving by encouraging students to integrate textual and visual information according to Lee and Khadka. For example, assignments like digital storytelling or visual presentations can help improve creativity and critical thinking skills.

### Uses in higher education

As technology advances, so too do the tools that teachers gain in teaching visual literacy skills to students. Scientific virtual models and figures, digital mapping, and other computer-based visual programs are all tools available as resources for higher education in schools. These tools can be used to "promote students' capabilities and skills" and create a new understanding of writing and learning in the classroom.
Visual literacy is also being increasingly recognized in higher education. Lee and Khadka discuss the role of multimedia curricula in improving the ability of students to navigate complex multimodal environments and visual and digital texts. Frisicaro-Pawlowski and Monge emphasize the value of collaborative instruction by partnering with librarians and FYC (first-year composition) instructors to teach visual literacy in the course. Through this collaboration, instructors can design assignments integrating textual and visual elements, such as infographics or multimodal essays, to help students analyze visual rhetoric works. This would help students improve their critical thinking skills, develop interdisciplinary collaboration, and help prepare for “navigating the multimodal landscape of communication in the digital age.”