OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William V. Lucas

William Vincent Lucas (July 3, 1835 – November 10, 1921) was a United States politician, within the Republican party. He served as the State Auditor of Iowa; and later a member of the United States House of Representatives from South Dakota.

## Biography

Born near Delphi, Indiana, Lucas moved to Iowa in 1856. At the start of the American Civil War Lucas joined the Union Army, enlisting as a private, and then receiving a First Lieutenant's commission in Company B, 14th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He was a Captain when he was discharged at the end of the war.
After returning to Iowa, Lucas served as Bremer County Treasurer from 1866 until 1872. He was editor of the Waverly Republican from 1872 to 1876, and editor of the Cerro Gordo Republican from 1876 to 1883.
A Republican. in 1878 he was appointed Chief Clerk of the Iowa House of Representatives, a post he held until 1880. From 1879 to 1880 Lucas served as Mayor of Mason City.
Lucas served as Iowa's State Auditor from 1881 until 1882. At the completion of his term he moved to Chamberlain, South Dakota. Lucas became a farmer, and served as Treasurer of Brule County from 1888 to 1890.
When the Soldiers Home in Hot Springs was constructed in 1890, Lucas was appointed the first commandant with the rank of Colonel, and he served from 1890 until 1894.
In 1892 Lucas was elected to Seat B, one of South Dakota's two at-large seats in the United States House of Representatives, and he served one term, March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1895. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1894, and served as a Delegate to the 1896 Republican National Convention.
In 1897 Lucas moved back to Chamberlain, where he served as Register of the United States Land Office until 1901. Lucas served as commandant of the Hot Springs Soldiers Home again from 1901 to 1903.
In 1904 Lucas moved to Santa Cruz, California, where he lived in semi-retirement while writing a column, Pen Points, for the Santa Cruz Sentinel. He was active in the Presbyterian Church and the Grand Army of the Republic. In addition, letters Lucas submitted for publication to the Waverly Democrat in Iowa were compiled and published as 1918's Pioneer Days of Bremer County, Iowa.
During World War I Lucas was a Four Minute Man, one of thousands of volunteers who made speeches in support of the war effort. In addition, he served as a member of Santa Cruz's draft board.
Lucas died in Santa Cruz on November 10, 1921. He was buried at Oakwood Memorial Park in Santa Cruz, California.
# Roger D. McKellips

Roger D. McKellips (January 26, 1923 – August 18, 2017) was an American politician and banker. He was a member of the South Dakota Senate from 1977 to 1978 and then from 1981 to 1994; he was the minority leader of the senate from 1983 to 1992 and the majority leader from 1993 to 1994.

## Background

McKellips was born in Alcester, South Dakota. He went to Morningside College. McKellips served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. He was stationed in China and India. McKellips moved with his wife and family to Lawrence, Kansas. He received his bachelor's degree in business from University of Kansas. He moved back to Alcester and worked in the banking business. In 2008, McKellips and his wife moved to Dow Rummel Village in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. McKellips passed away there in 2017.
# Fields of Force

Fields of Force: The Development of a world view from Faraday to Einstein is a book by William Berkson, published in 1974 by Routledge in the U.K. and John Wiley & Sons in the U.S.. It is an extension of his doctoral thesis, which was supervised by Karl Popper and examined by A.I. Sabra. Berkson credits the book with an influence from Joseph Agassi. It was republished in 2014 by Routledge, as part of their Library Editions: 20th Century Science. A Spanish Translation, Las teorías de los campos de fuerza was published in 1981 by Alianza Editorial.

## Summary

Fields of Force has a preface, an introduction, ten chapters, a historiographical appendix on field theory, and name and subject indexes. The introduction and the ten chapters all consist of 6 or more sections.

## Berkson on Field Theory

The book reconstructs theoretical frameworks originally used in building up the concept of a field. It shows that the field of Faraday's electricity and the field of Einstein's relativity are distinct; although both make different assumptions about physical reality, Berkson suggests that the assumptions of either conception of the field still remain as plausible today as when first conceived. These separate field theories share at least one significant and testable difference in comparison with Newtonian physics: whereas Newton's action-at-a-distance occurs instantaneously, the field theories predict a propagation delay. Berkson explains that Faraday's prediction of a physically measurable propagation delay (finite velocity) from his own conception of a physical field permeating space is one important difference separating this idea from that of Newton's (infinite velocity).
    All these field theories (Eintstein's, Faraday's, and Maxwell's) remain inconsistent with quantum mechanics. For they assume nature to be continuous, while quantum theory assumes it to be discrete.
# Great Zlatoust Church

56°50′03.82″N 60°36′03.65″E﻿ / ﻿56.8343944°N 60.6010139°E﻿ / 56.8343944; 60.6010139 The Bolshoi Zlatoust (Большой Златоуст) is a 77-metre (253 ft)-high bell tower that used to dominate the skyline of Yekaterinburg before the Russian Revolution. It was the tallest building in the Urals region. It was destroyed in 1930 and rebuilt 80 years later.
The name translates as "Great (or Big) Chrysostom", a reference to the Orthodox church in the name of St. John Chrysostom, who was (and is), along with St. Basil the Great and St. Gregory of Nazianzus, one of the most honoured Holy Fathers in Russia. This church occupied the place during the early 19th century. The bell tower was designed in 1847 by Vasily Morgan in a Russo-Byzantine style derived from Konstantin Thon's works. It required almost 30 years to build. The church in the ground floor was dedicated to St. Maximian, one of the Seven Sleepers and the patron saint of the Czar's son-in-law, Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg.
After the Russian Revolution the church of St. Maximian was closed for worship, eventually dismantled in 1930, and replaced with a statue of Lenin and Stalin. The church was rebuilt in the early 21st century. The builders relied on old photographs and descriptions.
* The church in 1910 (a Prokudin-Gorsky photo)
* The church before destruction (late 1920s)
* The church during reconstruction (2008)
* The church after reconstruction (2013)
* The church in 2022
* The church in 2023
* The church in March 2024
# Deh Now, Kazerun

Deh Now (Persian: ده نو) is a village in Jereh Rural District, Jereh and Baladeh District, Kazerun County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 97, in 20 families.
# World Rivers Day

World Rivers Day is an annual global event celebrated on the fourth Sunday of every September, emphasizing the importance of rivers and fostering greater public awareness and stewardship for river conservation worldwide. It was founded by Canadian conservationist Mark Angelo.

## History

In 2005, pursuant to the commencement of the United Nations' Water for Life Decade, river advocate Mark Angelo proposed the formation of World Rivers Day. This international endeavor was spurred by the success of BC Rivers Day in Canada, started by Angelo in 1980. The first event in 2005 witnessed celebrations in various nations and has expanded to engage millions.
World Rivers Day is an annual celebration held on the fourth Sunday of September. It underlines the value of rivers and attempts to improve public awareness while supporting better care of rivers internationally.

### Celebrations

World Rivers Day is observed by a variety of events that emphasize the value of rivers.
In the United Kingdom and Canadam, several activities are undertaken to remove fish barriers and restore river ecosystems, emphasizing the need of conserving healthy waterways. Similarly, public awareness initiatives are designed to educate people about the value of rivers and the need to protect them. World Rivers Day is marked in Bangladesh with activities that emphasize the importance of rivers in daily life and the environment. These festivals usually incorporate educational programs, community cleanups, and cultural activities that bring people together to celebrate and conserve their local rivers. In Dharamshala, India, several organizations and volunteers gathered at the Bhagsu riverside to celebrate World Rivers Day 2024 with the theme “Waterways of Life.” The event included a mass cleanup and an interactive seminar organized by the Tibet Policy Institute.
# Tiki Tower

Tiki Tower is a thin 300-foot (91-meter) tall sandstone pinnacle located in the Airport Tower/Monster Tower/Washer Woman area of the Island in the Sky District of Canyonlands National Park, in San Juan County, Utah. It is situated one-half mile northwest of Airport Tower, and is composed of Wingate Sandstone, which is the remains of wind-borne sand dunes deposited approximately 200 million years ago in the Late Triassic. Access to this tower is via the four-wheel-drive White Rim Road. The top of this spire rises 1,100 feet above the road in a little more than one mile. Precipitation runoff from Tiki Tower drains southeast into the nearby Colorado River via Buck and Lathrop Canyons. The first ascent of Tiki Tower was made in November 1991 by Jeff Widen and Mitch Allen, via Brave Little Toaster (5.11, 3 pitches), with Fred Lifton and Paul Frank working the first pitch.

## Climate

Spring and fall are the most favorable seasons to visit Tiki Tower. According to the Köppen climate classification system, it is located in a Cold semi-arid climate zone, which is defined by the coldest month having an average mean temperature below 0 °C (32 °F) and at least 50% of the total annual precipitation being received during the spring and summer. This desert climate receives less than 10 inches (250 millimeters) of annual rainfall, and snowfall is generally light during the winter.
# Kappa Trianguli Australis

Kappa Trianguli Australis (κ Trianguli Australis) is a star in the constellation Triangulum Australe. It is a yellow G-type supergiant with an apparent magnitude of +5.08, making it visible to the naked eye under good observing conditions. It is around 1,200 light years from Earth.
It is not generally listed as a variable star but Hipparcos photometry showed small amplitude brightness changes. The dominant period was around 600 days and the amplitude less than a hundredth of a magnitude.
# Melvin Burns

Melvin Burns (December 6, 1902 – October 30, 1983) was an American lawyer and politician.
A native of Larchwood, Iowa, born on December 6, 1902, Burns graduated from his hometown high school in 1921, then attended Morningside College for two years before transferring to the University of South Dakota. Burns was admitted to the South Dakota bar in 1928, having completed his legal studies at the University of South Dakota School of Law earlier that year. He subsequently relocated to California for two years to work within the trust department of the Los Angeles branch of the Bank of Italy. Burns moved his legal practice to Rock Rapids, Iowa, in 1932.
Burns served as Lyon County attorney from 1935 to 1936, and was elected to a single term on the Iowa House of Representatives between January 13, 1941, and January 10, 1943. He represented District 99 as a Republican. Burns later served a second stint as Lyon County attorney from 1945 to 1946. He died in a Luverne, Minnesota, hospital on October 30, 1983, aged 80.
# Bill Maloney

Bill Maloney is an American businessman and politician. He was a two-time candidate for the governorship of West Virginia. He was the Republican nominee in the 2011 West Virginia gubernatorial special election, in which he lost by 7,546 votes, and again for the regular election in 2012, which he lost by 31,434 votes.
Maloney co-founded a drilling company in 1984. He was involved in the Plan B rescue attempt during the 2010 Chilean mine disaster.

## Business career

With a business partner, Maloney founded a company called North American Drillers in Morgantown in 1984. The company specialized in drilling large-diameter shafts for the coal, oil and natural gas industries. The business grew to 150 employees when Maloney sold his interest in 2006. Maloney has also invested in start-up companies.
Maloney is a member of the Society of Mining Engineers, the West Virginia Coal Mining Institute, the Independent Oil and Gas Association of West Virginia, and the National Groundwater Association. He is a past chairman of the West Virginia chapter of Associated Builders and Contractors.

## Chilean mine rescue

Maloney used his drilling expertise in support of the Plan B attempt to rescue the 33 trapped Chilean miners. Maloney joined the Center Rock team led by Brandon Fisher. Maloney had invested in Fisher's company as start-up. The Plan B effort was ultimately successful, and the miners were saved.
Since returning to the United States, Maloney founded the Mine Rescue Drilling Fund, which supports mine rescues efforts and mine rescue technology in the United States.

## Political career
### Campaign for West Virginia governor, 2011

Maloney declared his campaign for governor in February. He ran in the special election to fill the unexpired term of Joe Manchin. Maloney's name was listed first on the Republican primary ballot.
Maloney is a conservative Republican. He wanted to reform the state's tax structure and legal system.
Maloney won the May 14 primary election with 45% of the vote, but lost the general election to Acting Governor Earl Ray Tomblin by less than 3%.

### Campaign for West Virginia governor, 2012

Maloney defeated Ralph William Clark in the May 8, 2012 primary election to become the Republican nominee. He faced Governor Earl Ray Tomblin and lost by 4.8%.

## Personal life

Maloney and his wife Sharon have two adult daughters and one grandson. He has a degree in industrial engineering from Lehigh University. Maloney is a member of Chestnut Ridge Church.
# Robert B. Gordon

Robert Bryarly Gordon (August 6, 1855 – January 3, 1923) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio for two terms from 1899 to 1903.

## Biography

Born at St. Marys, Auglaize County, Ohio, Gordon attended the public schools. He served as Postmaster of St. Marys from 1885 to 1889, as auditor of Auglaize County from 1890 to 1896, and served as delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1896.
Gordon was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-sixth and Fifty-seventh Congresses (March 4, 1899 – March 3, 1903). He later engaged in the flour and grain business at St. Marys, Ohio. He served as superintendent of the document room of the House of Representatives from 1911 to 1913, and as Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives from 1913 to 1919. He died in Washington, D.C., and is interred in Elm Grove Cemetery, St. Marys, Ohio.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "Robert B. Gordon (id: G000314)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
# Platoon of the Wall

The Platoon of the Wall (Plugat Hakotel, Hebrew: פלוגת הכותל) was a group made up of Betar members in Mandatory Palestine that defended the rights of Jews at the Western Wall in the years 1937-1938, and guarded the Old City using concealed stores of arms and clubs and accompanied Jewish worshipers to and from the Western Wall. Members were also responsible for the blowing of the shofar at the Western Wall, which was deemed illegal by the British authorities.
On the evening of October 29, 1937, as a result of Arabs shooting at such a group, one Jew was killed and three wounded.

## Legacy
### Street

A street in the Old City of Jerusalem is named in its honor, "Plugat HaKotel Street".

### Museum

On May 15, 2018 the Beit Plugat HaKotel (lit. 'Platoon of the [Western] Wall House') museum was inaugurated at a special ceremony in the Old City of Jerusalem. The building was used as the Plugat HaKotel headquarters. It was later used to house IDF soldiers for special programming and for tour groups, specifically from the Betar youth group to which the original Plugat HaKotel members belonged. 97-year-old Yaakov (Sika) Aharoni, the last original member was in attendance and met with present-day Betar youth.
# Deh Now-e Sadat-e Bala

Deh Now-e Sadat-e Bala (Persian: دهنوسادات بالا, also Romanized as Deh Now-e Sādāt-e Bālā; also known as Dehnow-e Sādāt-e 'Olyā) is a village in Rostam-e Do Rural District, in the Central District of Rostam County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 367, in 85 families.
# Seven circles theorem

In geometry, the seven circles theorem is a theorem about a certain arrangement of seven circles in the Euclidean plane. Specifically, given a chain of six circles all tangent to a seventh circle and each tangent to its two neighbors, the three lines drawn between opposite pairs of the points of tangency on the seventh circle all pass through the same point. Though elementary in nature, this theorem was not discovered until 1974 (by Evelyn, Money-Coutts, and Tyrrell).
# Folkwang Kammerorchester Essen

The Folkwang Kammerorchester Essen is a chamber orchestra historically formed mostly by students of the Folkwang University in Essen, Germany, and other Musikhochschulen in North Rhine-Westphalia, to prepare them for a future position in an orchestra; however, it currently employs a core of permanent members from all over Germany and the world. Members are auditioned and trialed as in a professional orchestra, and, if successful, are offered a permanent contract up to the age of 35. It was founded in 1958 by the director of the Folkwangschule Heinz Dressel. More than 500 musicians were since employed in opera- and symphony orchestras in Germany and abroad.
The orchestra is the only one to perform regularly in the historic Villa Hügel. Young soloists have been chosen to also enjoy a stage for their performances. Artists such as Christoph Eschenbach, Maria Kliegel, Nils Mönkemeyer, Sabine Meyer, Vadim Repin and Christian Tetzlaff appeared with the orchestra early in their career. The orchestra has played also in Germany and Europe, including Austria, Italy, Lithuania, Switzerland. A 2010 tour led to Algeria. They have performed at festivals such as Rheingau Musik Festival, Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival and Schwetzinger Mozartfest. The orchestra is a regular partner of the Essener Bachchor [de] and has accompanied other choirs such as the Rheingauer Kantorei. Guest conductors have included Marc Piollet, Peter Schneider and Lothar Zagrosek. In 2015, the orchestra played a charity concert at the Aachen Cathedral. In the 2016/17 season, the orchestra scheduled concerts also in the Zeche Zollverein.
Dressel was the first chief conductor, succeeded by Heribert Beissel, Alexander Schwinck, Karl-Heinz Bloemeke, Stefan Fraas and Achim Fiedler (from 2006). The current chief conductor, Johannes Klumpp, has held the position from 2013.
# Benjamin Sesay

Benjamin Dondem Sesay (born April 18, 1981, in Sierra Leone) is a Sierra Leonean retired footballer who played a striker.
# Walter Conlon

Walter Conlon (born February 20, 1947) is an American politician and lawyer.
He was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, to parents Walter and Anastasia Conlon. The younger Walter Conlon graduated from Loras College in 1969, and served in the United States Army until 1971. He subsequently enrolled at the University of Iowa to complete a master' of arts degree, and earned his Juris Doctor from UI's College of Law in 1975. Conlon then practiced law with the Drake & Petersen and Mealy, Metcalf & Conlon firms in Muscatine.
Conlon served on the Iowa House of Representatives from January 10, 1977, to January 9, 1983, as a Republican legislator for District 76.
# Michael J. O'Connor (politician)

Michael J. O'Connor (December 15, 1928 – October 24, 2018) was an American politician in the state of South Dakota. He was a member of the South Dakota House of Representatives and South Dakota State Senate. He was President Pro Tempore of the Senate from 1975 to 1976.
O'Connor was an alumnus of Augustana College and was a printing executive and owner of O'Connor Printers. O'Connor was a farmer. He served in the United States Marine Corps. O'Connor also served on the Minnehaha County Commission. O'Connor died at the Sioux Falls VA Hospital in Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
# Jacob H. Bromwell

Jacob Henry Bromwell (May 11, 1848 – June 4, 1924) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1894 to 1903.

## Biography

Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Bromwell resided during his boyhood in Newport, Kentucky. He attended the public schools of Cincinnati and graduated from Hughes High School in 1864. He taught in the public schools of southern Indiana and Cincinnati for twenty-three years. He was graduated from Cincinnati Law School in 1870. He was admitted to the bar of Hamilton County in 1888 and commenced practice in Cincinnati. He served as mayor of Wyoming, Ohio from 1880 to 1886. He served as assistant county solicitor of Hamilton County 1888–1892.

### Congress

Bromwell was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-third Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John A. Caldwell. He was re-elected to the Fifty-fourth and the three succeeding Congresses and served from December 3, 1894, to March 3, 1903. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1902. He resumed the practice of law in Cincinnati. He served as judge of the court of common pleas of Hamilton County 1907–1913. He declined to be a candidate for renomination. He again engaged in the practice of law.

### Death

He died in Wyoming, Ohio, on June 4, 1924. He was interred in Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "Jacob H. Bromwell (id: B000866)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
U.S. House of Representatives :
| Preceded byJohn A. Caldwell | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 2nd congressional district 1894–1903 | Succeeded byHerman P. Goebel |
# Lazzaro Calvi

Lazzaro Calvi (1512–1587) was an Italian painter of the late-Renaissance period. He was born in Genoa and trained with his father Agostino Calvi and Perin del Vaga. Older sources claim he lived till the improbable age of 105 years

## Biography

His elder brother Pantaleone (died 1595) was also a painter. They worked together at Genoa and the different cities of the republic, as well as at Monaco and Naples. Pantaleono acting as the decorator for Luzzato's works. They painted a façade of the Palazzo Doria (now Palazzo Spinola). They painted a Continence of Scipio for a palace in Genoa. Lazzaro, irritated by the success of some of his contemporaries, prompted him to the commission the poisoning of Giacomo Bargone; and he hired persons to vilify the works of the ablest painters of the time, and to extol his own. While engaged in these schemes, he was engaged to paint the Birth and Life of St. John the Baptist, together with Andrea Semini and Luca Cambiaso, for the chapel of the Nobili Centurioni. Lazzaro was so mortified at this challenge, that he became a mariner, and withdrew himself from painting for twenty years. He returned, however, to his profession, which he continued till he was in his 85th year. His last works were for the church of Santa Cattaprina.
Pantaleone's sons: Aurelio, Marcantonio, Benedetto, and Felice; also became painters. Of these, Marcantonio Calvi was the most distinguished painting with his brothers decorations in palazzo Doria, and by himself in Pegli, San Pietro d'Ancona, and other palaces of Liguria, including the loggia degli Spinola. He then moved to Venice. The brothers painted in the Convent of Gesu e Maria in Genoa, and in the church of Santa Caterina.