# Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area

The Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area is a linguistic area that includes over a dozen South American language families and isolates of the Mamoré–Guaporé region of eastern lowland Bolivia (the Llanos de Moxos and Chiquitania regions) and Brazil (Rondônia and Mato Grosso states).

## Languages

Crevels and van der Voort (2008) propose a Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area in eastern lowland Bolivia (in Beni Department and Santa Cruz Department) and Rondônia and northwestern Mato Grosso, Brazil. In Bolivia, many of the languages were historically spoken at the Jesuit Missions of Moxos and also the Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos. Language families and branches in the linguistic area are as follows.
* Chapacuran languages
* Tacanan languages
* a few Panoan languages
* Nambikwaran languages
* the Arawakan languages Moxo, Bauré, Paunaka, and other related varieties
Tupian branches in the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area are:
* Ramarama languages
* Puruborá language
* Mondé languages
* Tupari languages
* Arikem languages
* Guarayo languages (Tupi–Guarani group)
* some Guarani dialects (Tupi–Guarani group)
Macro-Jê branches in the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area are:
* Jabutian languages
* Rikbaktsá language
* Chiquitano (sister branch of Macro-Jê)
Language isolates in the linguistic area are:
* Cayuvava
* Itonama
* Movima
* Chimane/Mosetén
* Canichana
* Yuracaré
* Leco
* Mure
* Aikanã
* Kanoê
* Kwazá
* Irantxe
* Arara

## Linguistic features

Areal features include:
* a high incidence of prefixes
* evidentials
* directionals
* verbal number
* lack of nominal number
* lack of classifiers
* inclusive/exclusive distinction
Pieter Muysken et al. (2014) also performed a detailed statistical analysis of the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area.

## Reconstruction of Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé

Reconstruction of Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé language according to Jolkesky 2016:
| Number | Gloss | Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé | Ignaciano | Trinitário | Paunáka | Paikonéka | Bauré |
| 1. | abóbora | *mokuβɨ-re | makure | mkure | *mukubɨre | *mokoβire | mokovis |
| 2. | água | *ɨne | une | une | ɨne | ina | *ine |
| 3. | algodão | *kɔhɔ-re | kaha-re | kho-re | kuhu-e | kohoβu-re | kahawo-r |
| 4. | amendoim | *kɨrike-re | kurike-re | kriç-re | kɨike | - | *kirike-re |
| 5. | animal doméstico | *pero | -pera | -pero | peu | - | -per |
| 6. | anta | *samo | sama | samo | samu | i-somo | som |
| 7. | arco-íris | *ɔ | a-{ʔe} | o-{ʔe} | u-{e} || - || {ni}-aʔ |
| 8. | arraia | *ihino | ihina | hino-mo | ihinu | ihino | *sinu-mpe |
| 9. | árvore | *βoku | - | βku-çi | - | {ape}-oko | -wok(o) |
| 10. | asa | *-poβo | -paβa | -poβo | *-pubu | - | *-powo |
| 11. | assar | *-himo- | -a-hima-ka- | -o-hmo-ko- | -himu-k- | - | -himo- ‘queimar’ |
| 12. | avó | *-oʦe | -aʦe | -oʦe | -use | - | *-ose |
| 13. | avô | *-ɔʧɨko | -aʧuka | -oʧko | *-uʧiku | - | *-aʃiko |
| 14. | bêbado | *-kɔβɨ- | -kaβa-ʔa- | -koβo-o- | -kubɨ-u- | - | -kavi- |
| 15. | beber, tomar | *-er-o- | -er-a- | -er-o- | -e- | - | -er(o)- |
| 16. | beija-flor | *piʦe | pitse | pitse | pise ‘pássaro’ | pite | *pite |
| 17. | bicho-de-pé | *kitu-re | situ-re | stu-re | kitu-e | *sito-ri | - |
| 18. | bicho-preguiça | *puʔe | puʔe | puʔe | pue | - | poʔe |
| 19. | boca | *-nukɨ | -nuku ‘bocado’ | {hii}-nuku ‘bigode’ | *-nukɨ | - | -noki |
| 20. | brasas | *e-moni-ki | e-mani-ki | -moni | e-muni-ki | - | *e-moni-si |
| 21. | cana | *kute-nɔ | akute-na | ʔkute-no | - | kote-na-se | kote-n |
| 22. | cantar | *-akɔ- | - | - | -aku-suni | -aka- | -ak- |
| 23. | capivara | *uʧɨ | uʧu | uʧu | *uʧɨ | *aʔ-oʧi | oʃ(i) |
| 24. | carão | *koʧu-re | kaʧu-re | kʧu-re | - | - | koʃo-r |
| 25. | carne | *-eʧe | -eʧe | -eʧe | -eʧe | - | -eʃ |
| 26. | casa | *pe-nɔ | -pe-na (dep) | -pe-no (dep) | - | - | -pe-n ‘toca’ |
| 27. | céu | *anɨ | anu-ma | anu-mo | anɨ-mu | ani | ani |
| 28. | chifre | *-hiʔɨ | -hiʔu | -hiʔu | *-hiɨ | -hi | -hiʔ |
| 29. | chorar | *-ijɔ- | -ija-ʔ-a | -ijo-ʔ-o | -ju- | -ʧo- | -ja- |
| 30. | comer | *-ni-ko- | -ni-ka- | -ni-ko- | -ni-k- | -ni-ko- | -ni-(k)- |
| 31. | cortar | *-ʧu-ko- | -e-ʧuka- | -ʧukoʔo- | - | - | a-ʃok- |
| 32. | cupim | *moto-rɨ | mata-ru | mto-ru | - | moto-ri-pa ‘cupinzeiro’ | moto-ri |
| 33. | cutia | *peri | peʔi | peʔi | pei | peri | peri |
| 34. | dedo | *-βoʔɨ-ki | -βau-ki | -βu-çi | -buɨ | *-βoʔi-ne-si | *-woʔi-si |
| 35. | defecar | *-sɔ- | -sa-ka- | -so-ko- | - | - | -sa-(p)- |
| 36. | doente | *-huma | -ka-huma | -ko-hma | - | - | *-hom |
| 37. | doer | *-koti | -kati | -koti(-ʧo) | -kuti ‘doente’ | -koti ‘doente’ | -koti-c- |
| 38. | dois | *api- | api- | api- | - | - | api-n |
| 39. | dormir | *-imo-ko- | -ima-ka- | im-ko- | -imu-k- | -mo-k-o- | -imo-k- |
| 40. | enguia | *iti-re | iti-re | ʔti-re-pi | iti-e | oti-ra | *iti-re |
| 41. | entrar | *-kiɔpo- | -siapa- | -siop- | bɨ-kupu- | - | -siap- |
| 42. | esposa | *-jeno | -jena | -jeno | -jenu | - | -jeno |
| 43. | espremer | *kopiti-ko- | -kapiti-ka- | -kopʧa-ko- | kupiti-k- | - | kopiti-e-k- |
| 44. | esquerda | *-sɔpa | -sapa | -sopa | - | - | -sap |
| 45. | folha | *-po- | -pa-ka-hi | -po-ko-hi | -pu-ne | - | -po-n |
| 46. | formiga | *koʦi-rɨ | kaʧi-ru | kʧi-ru | kusi-u | koʧi-ri | koʃi-ri |
| 47. | fritar | *-surɨ- | -suru-ka- | -suu-ko- | - | - | -sori- |
| 48. | fruta | *-ʔi | -ʔi | -ʔi | -i | -ʔi | *-ʔi |
| 49. | galho | *-aβo | -t-aβa | -t-aβo(-hi) | - | - | *-awo |
| 50. | genro | *-ʧina | -ʧina | -ʧina | - | - | ʃinaʔ |
| 51. | grande | *ʧo | i-ʧa-pe | ʔ-ʧo-pe | - | - | ʧo |
| 52. | grilo | *βiʦi | βiʧi | βiʧi | bisi | βiʧi | viʃi |
| 53. | homem | *hirɔ | a-haira | ʔ-hiro | - | - | hir(a) |
| 54. | ir | *-jono- | -jana- | -jono- | -jun- | -ʧono- | -jon(o)- |
| 55. | jacaré | *kɔhiɨ-re | kahiu-re | khʸu-re | kuhibu-e | *kohi-re | kahi-re |
| 56. | jacutinga | *huβi | huβi | huβi | *e-hubi | - | hovi-r(e) |
| 57. | lago | *kɔkiɨ | kakiu-re | koçu-re | - | - | aki |
| 58. | lavar | *-kipɔ- | -sipa-ka- | -sip-ko- | kipu-ch- | - | -sipa |
| 59. | levar | *-ɔmo- | -ama- | -omo- | -um- | - | -amo- |
| 60. | língua | *-nene | -nene | -nene | -pe-nene | i-pe-ne | -pe-nene |
| 61. | lobo-guará | *okɔrɔ | akara-ma | okro-mo | - | - | okara-nan |
| 62. | lua | *kohe | kahe | kohe | kuhe | kehe-re | kihe-r |
| 63. | luz, iluminar | *-mika- | -mika-ʔu | -mik-ʔu | - | - | -mika- |
| 64. | macaco | *ijo | ija | ijo | iju | iʧo-re | ijo-re |
| 65. | madeira | *jɔkɨ-ki | juku-ki | jku-çi | jɨkɨ-ke | ʧaki-se | *jaki-se |
| 66. | maduro | *-jɔ- | -ja-ʔa- | -jo-ʔo- | - | - | -ja-k- |
| 67. | mãe | *-eno | -ena | -eno | -enu | *-eno | -en(o) |
| 68. | mama, teta | *-ʧeni | -ʧene | -ʧene | -ʧene | - | *-ʃeni |
| 69. | mamar | *(-ɔ)-hi-ko- | -ahi-ka- | -oh-ko- | -uhi-k- | - | -hi-k- |
| 70. | mandioca | *kɨha | kuhu | kuh-pa | kɨha-pi | - | kaha-p |
| 71. | mão | *-βoʔɨ | -βaʔu | -βoʔu ‘pulso’ | -buɨ | *-βoʔi | -wo- |
| 72. | medo | *-piko- | -pika- | -piko- | -i-pik- | - | -piko- |
| 73. | milho | *moke | a-maki | ʔ-moçi | a-muke | o-mose | mos |
| 74. | morcego | *βite | βite | βite | bite | βite-re | vite-r |
| 75. | morrer | *-epeno- | -epena- | -epeno- | - | - | -epen(o-) |
| 76. | mosquito | *aniʔɨ | aniʔu | *ʔniʔu | anibɨ | oni | *aniʔ |
| 77. | mulher | *eʦeno | esena | ʔseno | -senu | *-iteno | eteno |
| 78. | mutum | *ukuʔi | ukuʔi | ʔkuʔi | - | - | wokoij |
| 79. | nariz | *-siri | -siri | -siri | - | -sere-ki | -siri-ki |
| 80. | ninho | *-moko | -maka-hi | -moko-hi | -muku-hi | - | ʃira-mok |
| 81. | noite | *joti | jati | joti | juti | - | *joti-ʔe |
| 82. | nuvem | *ɨko | uka-hi | uko-hi | ɨku ‘chuva’ | iko ‘chover’ | - |
| 83. | olho | *-βɨki | -uki-{ʔa} | -uç-{ʔa} | -bɨke | *-βiki-s(e) | -iki-se |
| 84. | onça | *iʧini | iʧini | ʔʧini | isini | iʧene | iʃini |
| 85. | orelha | *-ʧoka | -ʧaka-pe | -ʧoka | -ʧuka | - | -ʧok |
| 86. | osso | *-(n)ope | ij-ape | ʔj-ope-çi | e-upe | *e-nope | *e-nope |
| 87. | ouvir | *-samo- | -sama- | -samo- | -samu- | - | *-samo- |
| 88. | pai | *-ija | -ija | -ija | -ia | - | iaʔ |
| 89. | palmeira (bacuri) | *koʧi | kaʧi | koʧ-no | - | koʧi | koʃ |
| 90. | pato | *pohi | u-pahi | ʔ-pohi | u-puhi | i-pohi | ʔ-pohi |
| 91. | pato roncador | *βonono | βanana | βnono | - | - | wonon |
| 92. | peixe | *himo | hima | himo | himu | ʔimo | *himo |
| 93. | pele | *-(ʧ)uma | -uma-ma | -um-mo | - | i-tioma | *-ʧoma |
| 94. | pequeno | *-ʧepi | *-iʧepi-ʧu | *-ʔ-ʧeʔ-ʧu | -ʧepi-tɨ | - | -t-iʃepi |
| 95. | pescoço | *-pike-(nɨ) | -pike-nu | -piçe-nu | *-pike-nɨ | - | *-pihe |
| 96. | pessoa | *oʧane | aʧane | ʔʧane | uʧane | oʧane ‘homem’ | *oʧane |
| 97. | pimenta | *ʧeti | i-ʧeti | ʔ-ʧeti | u-ʧeti | *e-ʧeti | *ʃeti |
| 98. | piolho | *-ine | -iɲe | -iɲe | -ine | - | *-ine |
| 99. | piranha | *urɨmɔ | uruma | ʔrumo | *ɨmu | orimo | orima |
| 100. | porco | *ʦimo-rɨ | tsimaru | *ʦmoru | - | simori | simori |
| 101. | pulmão | *-haha | -haha | -haha | - | - | -hah |
| 102. | queimado | *-hɨ- | -i-hu- | -i-hu- | i-hɨ-e- | - | -him(o)- |
| 103. | rabo | *-ihi-ki | -ihi-ki | -ih-çi | *-ihi | - | -ihi-s |
| 104. | raposa | *ʧɨje | ʧuje | ʧuje | - | ʧiʔe | ʃijeʔ |
| 105. | rato | *koʦo | kaʦa | koʦo | kusu | *koso | kosio (Língua muxojeóne) |
| 106. | responder | *-kopo- | -hi-kapa- | -hi-kpo- | ha-kup- | - | -kopo-nia |
| 107. | roedor | *majuko | majuka ‘preá’ | mjuko ‘coelho’ | - | *maʧoko ‘preá’ | majak ‘preá’ |
| 108. | rosto | *-mirɔ | -mira | -miro | -miu-iɨke | -{mi}miro | -mira |
| 109. | saber | *-ʧo- | -eʧa- | -eʧo- ‘lembrar’ | *-eʧu-na- | - | -ʧo- |
| 110. | sangue | *-iti | iti | iti | -iti | - | -iti |
| 111. | sobrinho/a | *-ʧe-(hi) | -ʧe-hi | -ʧe-ra | - | - | -ʃi-h |
| 112. | sogra | *-mose | -i-mase | -i-mse | -muse | - | -mos |
| 113. | sogro | *-moʧɨuko | -i-maʧuka | -i-mʧuko | - | - | -moʃok |
| 114. | tartaruga | *kipɨ | sipu | sipu | kipɨ | sipi{-ra} | {ko-}sip(o) |
| 115. | terminar | *-ito- | -ita- | -ito- | - | - | -eto- |
| 116. | terra | *moʦe | mate-hi | mote-hi | mute-hi | mose | *mose |
| 117. | tia | *-aka | -aka ‘tia avó’ | - | - | - | -aka |
| 118. | tio | *-kɨko | -e-kuka | - | -kɨku | - | -kik |
| 119. | tomar banho | *-koβo- | -kaβa- | -koβo- | -kub- | - | -kowo-{jo-} |
| 120. | trazer | *-ɔpɔ- | -n-apa-na- | | -upu-n- | - | -apa- |
| 121. | três | *mopo- | mapa- | mopo-na | - | - | mpo-na |
| 122. | urucum | *nire | i-nire | ʔ-nire | - | - | nir |
| 123. | veado | *kɔhɔβɔ | kahaβa | khoβo | kusubu | kohoβo | kahaw |
| 124. | veado | *mukɔ | muka | muko | | | moka |
| 125. | velho | *-ʧɔ, *-ʧo | i-ʧa-si | ʔ-ʧo-si | -ʧu-bui | e-ʧo | - |
| 126. | veneno | *mɔti | -mati | ʔ-moti | - | - | mati |
| 127. | ver | *-imoʔɔ- | -ima-ʔa- | -im-ʔo- | -mu- | -ʔimo-ʔa- | - |
| 128. | vespa | *hane | hane | hane | hane | - | hane |
| 129. | voar | *-ɔro- | -ara- | -oro- | - | - | -aro- |