OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thomas Dwight

Thomas Dwight (1843–1911) was an American physician, anatomist and teacher.

## Early ife

Thomas Dwight was born on October 13, 1843, in Boston, Massachusetts. His father was also named Thomas Dwight (born September 27, 1807 – 1876), part of the New England Dwight family. His mother was Mary Collins Warren (b. Jan 19, 1816-Oct 22. 1900), whose father John Collins Warren (1778 –1856), and grandfather John Warren (1753–1815) were both surgeons.
Dwight joined the Catholic Church in 1856, and graduated from the Harvard Medical School in 1867. He then studied abroad.

## Career

Dwight was instructor in comparative anatomy at Harvard College, from 1872 to 1873. Hee also lectured at Bowdoin College. He succeeded Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. as Parkman professor of anatomy at Harvard Medical School in 1883.
In the Warren Museum of Anatomy at Harvard, Dwight arranged a section of osteology, considered one of the best in existence, and he had an international reputation as an anatomist.
Among his writings are: "Frozen Sections of a Child" (1872); "Clinical Atlas of Variations of the Bones of the Hands and Feet" (1907); "Thoughts of a Catholic Anatomist" (1911), a valuable work of Christian apologetics.

## Personal life

Dwight died September 8, 1911, in Nahant, Massachusetts, at age 68.

## Selected works

* The Anatomy of the Head. Boston: H.O. Houghton & Company, 1876.
* Frozen Sections of a Child. New York: William Wood & Company, 1881.
* Commonplaces of History. Boston: Review Pub. Co., 1900.
* A Clinical Atlas, Variations of the Bones of the Hands and Feet. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1907.
* The Church and Science. Boston: Review Pub. Co., 1908.
* Thoughts of a Catholic Anatomist. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1911.
* Human Anatomy. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1923.

### Articles

* "Remarks on the Brain, Illustrated by the Description of the Brain of a Distinguished Man," Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 13, 1877–1878.
* "The Significance of Anatomical Anomalies," The American Catholic Quarterly Review, Vol. XI, 1886.
* "Science or Bumblepuppy," The American Catholic Quarterly Review, Vol. XII, 1887.
* "The Range of Variation of the Human Shoulder-Blade," The American Naturalist, Vol. 21, No. 7, Jul., 1887.
* "Anatomy of the Contortionist," Scribner's, April 1889.
* "What Is Right-Handedness?," Scribner's, April 1891.
* "Observations on the Psoas Parvus and Pyramidalis. A Study of Variation," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 31, No. 140, 1893.
* "Sir Richard Owen," Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 28, 1892–1893.
* "Reminiscences of Dr. Holmes, as Professor of Anatomy," Scribner's, January 1895.
* "The Significance of Anomalies," The American Naturalist, Vol. 29, No. 338, 1895.
* "The Teaching of Anatomy," Science, New Series, Vol. 4, No. 83, 1896.
* "Anatomy Laws versus Body Snatching," The Forum, December 1896.
* "Mutations," Science, New Series, Vol. 21, No. 536, 1905.

## Gallery

* Dr. Thomas Dwight, lecturing students, 1906.
* Dr. Thomas Dwight, 1843–1911.
# List of marsupials by population

This is a list of estimated global populations of Marsupials species. This list is not comprehensive, as not all Marsupials have had their numbers quantified.
| Common name | Scientific name | IUCN Red List status | Global population estimate (year) | Population notes |
| Common wombat | Vombatus ursinus | LC | >915,090 (2020) | Only includes subpopulations from three islands (Maria, Flinders, and Tasmania) of two subspecies (V. u. ursinus and V. u. tasmaniensis). Mainland subspecies (V. u. hirsutus) numbers are not known. |
| Southern hairy-nosed wombat | Lasiorhinus latifrons | NT | 1,300,000 (2016) | |
| Northern hairy-nosed wombat | Lasiorhinus krefftii | CR | 315 (2021) | |
| Koala | Phascolarctos cinereus | VU | 100,000–500,000 | |
| Eastern grey kangaroo | Macropus giganteus | LC | >12,977,181 (2021) | Population estimate is only for the areas within Australia where commercial harvesting occur. The actual national populations would be significantly higher. |
| Western grey kangaroo | Macropus fuliginosus | LC | >2,571,158 (2021) | Population estimate is only for the areas within Australia where commercial harvesting occur. The actual national populations would be significantly higher. |
| Red kangaroo | Osphranter rufus | LC | >10,848,470 (2021) | Population estimate is only for the areas within Australia where commercial harvesting occur. The actual national populations would be significantly higher. |
| Wallaroo, euro | Osphranter robustus | LC | >2,338,076 (2021) | Population estimate is only for the areas within Australia where commercial harvesting occur. The actual national populations would be significantly higher. |
| Antilopine kangaroo | Osphranter antilopinus | LC | [data missing] | |
| Tasmanian devil | Sarcophilus harrisii | EN | 140,000 | |
| Thylacine | Thylacinus cynocephalus | EX | 0 (1936) | Last known individual died on 7 September, 1936. |
| Brown-eared woolly opossum | Caluromys lanatus | LC | 160,000,000 (2019) | |
| Brown four-eyed opossum | Metachirus nudicaudatus | LC | 128,000,000 (2019) | |
| Gray four-eyed opossum | Philander opossum | LC | 121,000,000 (2019) | |
| Linnaeus's mouse opossum | Marmosa murina | LC | 104,000,000 (2019) | |
# Ranjan Ramasamy

Ranjan Ramasamy is a medical researcher who specialises in immunology and vector-borne diseases. He has held positions at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and Babraham Institute, and was Professor of Immunology at the University of Brunei Darussalam and Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Jaffna. He served as Chairman of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka (2002-2004) and as a member of the International Council for Science Scientific Planning and Review Committee (2002-2009). He received his PhD in immunology from the University of Cambridge in 1974.
# Joseph Horace Lewis

Joseph Horace Lewis (October 29, 1824 – July 6, 1904) was an American lawyer, military leader and politician. He served as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, and later a U.S. Representative from Kentucky and justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals, the court of last resort in Kentucky at the time.

## Early life and family

Joseph H. Lewis was born near Glasgow, Kentucky on October 29, 1824. He was the son of John and Eliza Martz (Reed) Lewis. His father was a volunteer in the War of 1812, serving under Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans.
Lewis attained his early education in the local public schools. He then matriculated to Centre College in Danville, Kentucky, graduating in 1843. After graduation, he read law under Judge C. C. Thompkins. He was admitted to the bar in 1845 and commenced practice in Glasgow.
Lewis married Sarah Rogers, who died in 1858. The couple had two children – John Lewis and Eliza (Lewis) Burnham.

## Political career

Lewis was elected as a Whig to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1850. He was re-elected twice, serving until 1855. After the collapse of the Whig Party, Lewis became a Democrat. He was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1856 and 1860.
In September 1861, Lewis volunteered for service in the Confederate Army and was commissioned colonel of the 6th Kentucky Infantry. Following the Battle of Chickamauga, he was promoted to brigadier general for meritorious conduct. He was given command of the Orphan Brigade and remained their commander until the end of the war.
After the war, Lewis returned to Glasgow and resumed the practice of law. He was again elected to the Kentucky House in 1868 and chaired that body's Committee on Education. In 1870, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Jacob S. Golladay. At the next general election, he was elected to a full term. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1872. In all, he served from May 10, 1870, to March 3, 1873.
After retiring from Congress, Lewis briefly returned to the practice of law. He was elected judge of the Kentucky Court of Appeals in 1874. He was re-elected to subsequent terms and served until 1898. In 1883, Lewis married a widow named Cassandra F. Flournoy Johnson.
After leaving the court, Lewis moved to a farm in Scott County, Kentucky near Georgetown, where he died on July 6, 1904. He was interred in Glasgow Cemetery.
# Payrexx AG

Payrexx AG is a Swiss global payment service provider and a European payment institution.

## Overview

Payrexx AG is a software-as-a-service platform for payment processing through APIs, Shop Plugins and hosted e-commerce Tools. Licensed by FINMA, it supports various payment methods, including credit/debit cards, online transfers, mobile payments, such as Twint, QR-Invoice, Postfinance Card and PayPal.
Based in Thun, Switzerland, with an EU subsidiary, Payrexx AG Europe APS, Payrexx AG serves over 50,000 merchant customers in both consumer and business sectors, allowing them to offer payment services in their name with their brand, using Payrexx AG software. Among its clients are BKW, Carvolution, and Hotelcard, as well as public institutions.
Payrexx AG is a service provider for public institutions and authorities. The SECO (Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs), the Principality of Liechtenstein, the Canton of Ticino, the Canton of Solothurn, the Canton of Appenzell, and E-Umzug Schweiz use the infrastructure of Payrexx AG.

### Connections

Payrexx AG has developed payment plugins that can be used to integrate all relevant payment methods into the most important shop systems, including WooCommerce, Shopware, NopCommerce, Shopify, Magento, Prestashop, Gambio, Drupal, Ecwid, myCommerce, etc.

### Payment methods

Payrexx AG is a Swiss provider of payment methods such as TWINT, Postfinance, Swiss QR-Invoice (German: Swiss QR-Rechnung), Mastercard, VISA, Samsung Pay, Google Pay, CENTI, REKA, Viacash, and Apple Pay under a single acceptance agreement.
The platform supports over 40 payment providers and provides access to more than 200 payment methods and currencies worldwide, including digital currencies.

## History

Payrexx AG was founded in 2015 by Ivan Schmid, focusing on e-commerce payment services for German speakers.
In 2022, Payrexx AG was rated as the second most popular PSP.
In 2023, its turnover reached around 600 million Swiss francs. Payrexx AG was named the most popular payment service provider (PSP) among Swiss SMEs in the International Online Retailer Survey conducted by the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) and the Management Center Innsbruck (MCI).
# Palestinians in Egypt

Palestinians in Egypt refers to the Palestinian refugees who fled or were expelled to Egypt during the 1948 Palestine war, and their descendants, as well as Palestinians expelled from Jordan, following the events of Black September. Palestinians and their descendants have never been naturalized and so keep the distinct status of Palestinian refugee. Some Palestinians, mostly Christians, received Egyptian citizenship through marriage with Egyptian nationals or by other means.
There was also an earlier wave of Palestinian immigration, in which Palestinian Christians settled in Egypt and other surrounding countries, fleeing genocides during the Ottoman era, along with Lebanese and Syrians, forming what was known as the "Shawam" (شوام) Christian community.
The 1922 census of Palestine lists 1,612 Palestinians as living abroad in Egypt: 614 Muslims, 756 Jews, and 242 Christians.
Estimates of the size of the Palestinian population in Egypt range from 50,245 to 110,000.
During the Israel-Hamas war,it is estimated by the Palestinian Authority that at least 115,000 Palestinians from Gaza crossed into Egypt.
# Arrondissement of Perpignan

The arrondissement of Perpignan is an arrondissement of France in the Pyrénées-Orientales department (Northern Catalonia) in the Occitanie region. It has 39 communes. Its population is 292,142 (2021), and its area is 720.5 km$^2$ (278.2 sq mi).

## Composition

The communes of the arrondissement of Perpignan, and their INSEE codes, are:
* Baho (66012)
* Baixas (66014)
* Le Barcarès (66017)
* Bompas (66021)
* Cabestany (66028)
* Calce (66030)
* Canet-en-Roussillon (66037)
* Canohès (66038)
* Cases-de-Pène (66041)
* Cassagnes (66042)
* Claira (66050)
* Espira-de-l'Agly (66069)
* Estagel (66071)
* Llupia (66101)
* Montner (66118)
* Opoul-Périllos (66127)
* Perpignan (66136)
* Peyrestortes (66138)
* Pézilla-la-Rivière (66140)
* Pia (66141)
* Pollestres (66144)
* Ponteilla (66145)
* Rivesaltes (66164)
* Sainte-Marie-la-Mer (66182)
* Saint-Estève (66172)
* Saint-Féliu-d'Avall (66174)
* Saint-Hippolyte (66176)
* Saint-Laurent-de-la-Salanque (66180)
* Saint-Nazaire (66186)
* Saleilles (66189)
* Salses-le-Château (66190)
* Le Soler (66195)
* Tautavel (66205)
* Torreilles (66212)
* Toulouges (66213)
* Villelongue-de-la-Salanque (66224)
* Villeneuve-de-la-Raho (66227)
* Villeneuve-la-Rivière (66228)
* Vingrau (66231)

## History

The arrondissement of Perpignan was created in 1800. In January 2017 it lost 24 communes to the arrondissement of Céret and 23 communes to the arrondissement of Prades.
As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Perpignan were, as of January 2015:
* Canet-en-Roussillon
* La Côte Radieuse
* Elne
* Latour-de-France
* Millas
* Perpignan-1
* Perpignan-2
* Perpignan-3
* Perpignan-4
* Perpignan-5
* Perpignan-6
* Perpignan-7
* Perpignan-8
* Perpignan-9
* Rivesaltes
* Saint-Estève
* Saint-Laurent-de-la-Salanque
* Saint-Paul-de-Fenouillet
* Thuir
* Toulouges
# Runic animal

Runic animals (Swedish: rundjur) are the decorative animal figures on runic inscriptions, especially on runestones, which belong to Germanic animal ornamentation [sv] and the like. These figures traditionally take the shape of slender serpentine creatures, such as serpents, dragons and other beasts, and usually form the runic bands on which the inscription is affixed by framing the runes with their silhouette so that the inscription band and the runic animal's body are one.
They are traditionally carved in meandering loops together with elements that attach them to the writing, for example through so-called binding, which means that one or more runic animals are chained or intertwined with themselves or each other to form ring patterns.

## Typology

Swedish archeologist Anne-Sofie Gräslund established and dated a stylistic typology for the ornamentation of runestones during the 1990s. Her system was a breakthrough and has now become widely accepted.
Gräslund established among other that the older runic animals mainly consisted of snakes and serpents (serpent bands), while later types replaced the serpents with dragons or potentially lindworms (dragon bands).
# Revolting Puppets

Revolting Puppets are a punk band that formed in Bern, Switzerland in 2014. Revolting Puppets are a characteristic bands in the cyberpunk scene and based in Switzerland, especially in Bern, where they have played in iconic concert halls like Reitschule.
The band has a characteristic cyberpunk style, which is particularly noticeable in their performances, as the band wears very particular costumes, with helmets made with electronic elements and LED illuminated glasses.
The band has a classic punk sound mixed with electronic tones, and also adds elements of noise and synthwave.

## Style
### Musical style

Revolting Puppets are characterized by a mixture of styles in a very aggressive way, so while a punk influence seems to prevail, there are many purely electronic effects and a strong influence of rock. Moreover, according to their cyberpunk style, the band uses chiptune effects to generate a retro style sound.
This eclectic musical style can also be appreciated in the band influences, since the band quotes as its inspirations not only classic rock bands like Pink Floyd, but also contemporary bands like Daft Punk.

### Revolting Puppets universe

The Revolting Puppets have created a parallel universe around the band. In this fiction world, an evil elite, known as the M-Pire, rules all aspects of society and oppresses the weak. This Orwellian view of the world connects with our own world, and is used as a hyperbole to highlight where our society could become.
   We can't bear living in the world, the M-Pire has created for us. A world, where people live in golden cages, losing any sense of humanity. A world, so shallow and artificial, so cold and grey.
   With happy thoughts only, there is no room for improvement. Mankind is standing still. And innocent people die and no one cares.
   We must bring back the stuff that touched the heart. That made us think, sad, angry. That provoked us, gave us a new view.
This clear cyberpunk vision is a symbol of the social engagement of the band, with frequent political allusions in its concerts and also with some songs like Dear MTV, openly critical with the evolution of MTV's musical selection which is a metaphor for modern society decadence.
# Nicolás Ern

Nicolás Ern (Russian: Николай Францевич Эрн, 18 December 1879, Tiflis, Russian Empire – 19 July 1972, Asunción, Paraguay) was a Russian and Paraguayan soldier with the rank of general.

## Biography

Nicolás Ern was born Nikolai Frantsevich Ern in Tiflis (today Tbilisi, Georgia) to Franz Karlovich Ern, of Swedish-German origin, and Olga Pavlovna Rayskaya, who was half-Polish, half-Russian. He was the brother of the philosopher Vladimir Ern.
In 1906 he graduated from the Nicholas General Staff Academy. At the start of World War I he became a staff officer in the 4th Corps of the Caucasus Army. In 1915 he had the rank of colonel and was chief of staff of the 1st Caucasus Cossack Division, and then chief of staff of the 1st Caucasian Cavalry Corps in the Persian campaign. In 1916 he commanded the 18th Dragoon Seversky Regiment, and in 1917 attained the rank of major general.
In the Russian Civil War, he fought on the side of the White Russian forces in the Volunteer Army and the Armed Forces of South Russia. After the White Russians evacuated Crimea, he spent a few years teaching military history in Bela Crkva, Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

### Paraguayan career

In 1924, Ern emigrated to Paraguay. He taught at the military academy, and later took part in the Chaco War against Bolivia. He held the rank of lieutenant general in the Paraguayan army.
In the Chaco War he helped organize the defense of Nanawa alongside fellow Russian émigré general Juan Belaieff. He is also credited with helping to decipher Bolivian military codes.

### Later life and legacy

During the Korean War he helped recruit Russian emigrants for the US Army.
Some of his papers from the Persian campaign are in the collection of Columbia University archives.
# Ruth Bietenhard

Ruth Bietenhard, née Lehmann (11 January 1920 in Bern – 19 February 2015 in Thun), was a Swiss author and teacher. She became known as the editor of the Bernese German Dictionary and for her Bible translation into Bernese German.

## Life

Bietenhard was the daughter of a Bernese notary. She attended the Muristalden Seminary School (Campus Muristalden), the Neue Mädchenschule and the Freies Gymnasium Bern, from which she graduated in 1938 with an A-matura. After studying Romance languages and literature in Bern, Geneva and Paris, she obtained a grammar school teaching diploma in French, Italian and Latin in Bern in 1945 and completed her doctorate in Romance languages and literature here in 1949 with the dissertation Le sémantisme des mots expressifs en Suisse Romande.
In 1969, her great-uncle Otto von Greyerz left her his linguistic legacy of around 5,000 words in Bernese German, from which she published the Bernese German Dictionary in 1976. She later wrote specialised articles and had a column on language and dialect for the newspaper Der Bund until 2003. She taught French at Seminar Thun from 1977 to 1980, taught Bernese German elsewhere and wrote other books. Together with her husband, she translated the New Testament into the Bernese German dialect from 1980 to 1984 and parts of the Old Testament from 1990 to 1994.
In 1946 she married the theologian Hans Bietenhard. They moved to Steffisburg and had six children together. She actively supported her husband until 1969 in building up the Sonnenfeld-Schwäbis parish, which was directly adjacent to the town of Thun. She also served as church council and parish president in Steffisburg. As a conservative woman, she belonged politically to the SVP, although she was also interested in feminist theology.

## Honours

* Burger Medal of the City of Bern.
* In 1993, she received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Theology of the University of Bern.
* In 1994, together with her husband, she became an honorary citizen of Steffisburg.

## Works

* Berndeutsches Wörterbuch (based on the work of Otto von Greyerz, first edition 1976), 9. Edition, 2008, ISBN 978-3-305-00255-9
* Oberländer Mundarten (1991) ISBN 3-85777-129-1
* Ds Nöie Teschtamänt Bärndütsch (together with her husband) (1984) ISBN 3-85570-086-9
* Ds Alte Teschtament bärndütsch (together with her husband and her son Benedikt) (1990) ISBN 3-85570-111-3
* Wörter wandere dür d Jahrhundert (1999) ISBN 3-305-00256-5
# Shorkot–Lalamusa Branch Line

Shorkot–Lalamusa Branch Line (Urdu: شورکوٹ-لالہ موسیٰ فرعی ریلوے خط) is one of several branch lines in Pakistan, operated and maintained by Pakistan Railways. The line begins from Shorkot Cantonment Junction station and ends at Lalamusa Junction station. The total length of this railway line is 325 kilometers (202 mi). There are 34 railway stations from Shorkot Junction to Akhtar Karnana last station before Lalamusa Junction. Currently, the sole train operating on this branch line is the Hazara Express, which travels from Karachi to Havelian via the Shorkot-Lalamusa branch line.

## History

The Shorkot–Lalamusa Branch Line was originally constructed as a metre gauge railway from Lala Musa to Malakwal in 1881 and named the Sind–Sagar Railway. In 1886, the Sind–Sagar Railway was amalgamated with other railways in the region to form the North Western State Railway. During this time period, the railway line was converted to broad gauge.

## Stations

* Shorkot Cantonment Junction
* Khanora (Abandoned)
* Waryam
* Rustam Sargana
* Gilmala Halt (Abandoned)
* Muddoki
* Jhang Sadar
* Jhang City
* Thatta Mahla
* Rivaz East Bank
* Rivaz West Bank
* Chund
* Shah Jewana
* Shah Nikdur
* Pang Pir
* Sobhaga
* Hafeezabad
* Haryanwala (Abandoned)
* Khalidabad
* Sillanwali
* Manguana Halt
* Aladana (Abandoned)
* Shahinabad Junction
* Pindi Rasul (Abandoned)
* Charnali
* Bajwa
* Tariqabad Halt
* Sargodha Junction
* Mitha Lak
* Chak Waraichanwala (Abandoned)
* Ajnala
* Qudratabad Halt (Abandoned)
* Bhalwal
* Wil Sonpur (Abandoned)
* Phularwan
* Ratto Kala
* Mona
* Pind Mukko Halt
* Pakhowal
* Banh Mianwala Halt
* Chak Saida
* Malakwal Junction
* Fateh Shahpur Halt
* Hariah
* Ala (Abandoned)
* Shahtaj
* Mandi Bahauddin
* Lakhnewala Halt
* Chillianwala
* Chak Sher Muhammad Halt
* Dinga
* Jafarabad Halt
* Pir Jhand Halt (Abandoned)
* Jaurah Karnana
* Akhtar Karnana Halt
* Lala Musa Junction