OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rizhaw

Rizhaw (Persian: ریژاو) is a city in the Central District of Dalahu County, Kermanshah province, Iran, serving as the administrative center for Ban Zardeh Rural District. Rizhaw is in an agricultural and tourist area due to its picturesque nature.

## Etymology

The Kurdish word of Rijaw is a literal term meaning "water drop."

## History

In 2013, the village of Shahrak-e Rijab merged with the villages of Baba Jani-ye Abd ol Mohammad, Baba Jani-ye Shah Morad, Banmazaran, Darabi, and Shalan and was elevated to city status as Rizhaw.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, Shahrak-e Rijab's population was 800 in 170 households, when it was a village in Ban Zardeh Rural District. The following census in 2011 counted 881 people in 233 households. The 2016 census measured the population as 3,907 people in 1,108 households, by which time Shahrak-e Rijab was elevated to city status as Rizhaw.
# Bang Belushi

Rudolph Rinchere (born January 10, 1978), better known by his stage name Bang Belushi (previously Shim-E-Bango), is an American underground rapper from Detroit, Michigan. He is a current member of the Fat Killahz and also Obie Trice's hypeman.
Bango studied at Oak Park High School, Oak Park, Michigan.
Due to the Fat Killahz hiatus, Bango collaborated with producer Chanes to release his first solo extended play The Bridgecard EP in 2011 featured guest appearances by Guilty Simpson, Moe Dirdee, Invy Da Truth, F.K., and Miz Korona. In 2016, he collaborated with his fellow Fat Killahz bandmate King Gordy under Bango's new alias Bang Belushi to release Herojuana EP. In the beginning of 2017, he drops his second solo extended play Help Yourself.
It was announced via Twitter that Bango will release his debut full-length studio album The Adventures of Bang Belushi with producer Shane "Foul Mouth" Webb later following Help Yourself in 2017. However, the album was released on December 28, 2018 via Middle Finger Music.
Belushi stated Run-DMC, 2Pac, Notorious B.I.G., N.W.A. as his influence.

## Discography
### Studio albums

* 2005 - Guess Who's Coming to Dinner? (with Fatt Father, Marv Won and King Gordy, as the Fat Killahz)
* 2018 - The Adventures of Bang Belushi
* 2021 – Rudy

### Extended plays

* 2011 - The E.P. (with Fatt Father, Marv Won and King Gordy, as the Fat Killahz)
* 2011 - The Bridgecard
* 2016 - Herojuana (with King Gordy)
* 2017 - help yourself.

### Mixtapes

* 2003 - 2 Fat, 2 Furious (with Fatt Father, Marv Won and King Gordy, as the Fat Killahz)
* 2004 - WFKR 31.3 FKM: FK Radio the Mixtape (with Fatt Father, Marv Won and King Gordy, as the Fat Killahz)

### Guest appearances

* 2001 - "Everybody's Trippin'" by DJ Butter, Slickonez, Dogmatic, B-Boy R.E.G., King Gordy from Shit Happens
* 2001 - "These Dayz" by Lab Animalz from Let the Animalz Out
* 2003 - "Power of the Underground" by SickNotes, 5ela, Promatic, Obie Trice, King Gordy, Supa Emcee, Paradime from The Virus & Sick Note Soldiers
* 2006 - "It's About to Go Down" (prod. Kon Artis) by Salam Wreck from Trouble Soon
* 2006 - "Only Wanna Smoke" & "Place Ya Bets" by Alius Pnukkl & King Gordy from The Unknown Filez
* 2009 - "Get Back" by Marv Won & Fatt Father from Way of the Won
* 2010 - "Amen" by Fatt Father from Fatherly Advice
* 2011 - "14 Emcees" by D12, 3Six, Beez, Calicoe, Chacity, Fatt Father, Kid Vishis, Mae Day, Miz Korona, Moe Dirdee, Redd Bone, Seven the General, Shakia Snow, T. Dot from Return of the Dozen Vol. 2
* 2015 - "The Herb" by Knox Money & Steve O from Going Over
* 2016 - "In the Sky" by Hundred Barz from Solace
* 2018 - "'93 Jerry Ball" & "Bang and the Barfly" by Aztek the Barfly from Line King
# Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker

Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker (born 25 June 1939) is a German scientist and politician (SPD). He was a member of the German Bundestag and served as co-president of the Club of Rome jointly with Anders Wijkman from 2011 – 2019.

## Family

A member of the prominent Weizsäcker family, he is the son of physicist and philosopher Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and nephew of former German president Richard von Weizsäcker. Since 1969, he has been married to Christine von Weizsäcker. Together, they have five children, including MEP Jakob von Weizsäcker.

## Youth and education

Born in Zürich, Switzerland, Weizsäcker spent his childhood in Zürich and Göttingen. In 1966, he graduated from Hamburg University with a Diplom in physics. In 1968, he obtained his PhD in biology from Freiburg University.

## Career

In 1972, he was appointed full professor of biology at Essen University. In 1975, he was recruited as president of the then newly-founded University of Kassel. In 1981, he joined the United Nations in New York as director at the UN Center for Science and Technology. From 1984 to 1991 he headed the Institute for European Environmental Policy in Bonn. In 1991, Weizsäcker became founding president of the Wuppertal Institute, soon establishing itself as a leading environmental think tank.
In 1998, he was elected a member of the German Bundestag for the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and was re-elected in 2002. As a legislator, he chaired the select committee on globalization (2000–2002) and the environment committee (2002–2005). After his decision not to run in the 2005 election, he became Dean of the Bren School of Environmental Science & Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He returned to Germany in 2009 where is his an honorary professor at Freiburg University.
A bestselling author in Germany, his English language books include Earth Politics (1994), Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use (1995), Factor 5 (2009) and Limits to Privatization (2005).

## Other activities

* Commerzbank, Member of the Sustainability Advisory Board (since 2022)

## Awards and honours

* 2000 – Honorary doctorate of Sōka University
* 2001 – Takeda Award
* 2008 – German Environmental Prize
* 2009 – Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
* 2011 – Theodor Heuss Prize
* 2012 – Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
* Honorary Councillor of the World Future Council
# Mombaça

Mombaça is a municipality in the state of Ceará in the Northeast region of Brazil.
# Cheluviation

Cheluviation is the process in which the metal ions in the upper layer of the soil are combined with organic ligands to form coordination complexes or chelates, moving downwards through eluviation and then depositing.
Metal ions that can participate in chelation include Fe, Al, Mn, Ca, Mg and trace elements in soil, while the organic ligands combined with these metal ions come mainly from the soil organic matter. Soil organic matter includes relatively stable complex organic compounds (such as lignin, protein, humus, etc.), as well as some simple organic acids and intermediate products of microbial decomposition of organic matter. These organic coordination compounds all contain active groups to varying degrees. Chain organic coordination compounds are complexed with metal ions to generate complexes, and these generated complexes containing multiple coordination atoms in a cyclic structure with metal ions are called chelates. The stability of the chelate is related to the number of atoms in the chelate ring, the stability constant of the chelation reaction, and the concentration of organic chelating agents and metal ions. The chelates produced by fulvic acid and metal ions in soil humus have strong leaching and deposition effects, and therefore are an important manifestation of soil cheluviation, which is generally resulting in the formation of gray-white leaching layers and dark brown/red deposited layer.

## Dissolution and chelation of metal elements

Organic acids have the ability to dissolve soil minerals, and can destroy silicate minerals and iron and aluminum oxides, so that metal ions are precipitated and complexed with organic complexing agents through ion exchange, surface absorption, and chelation-reaction mechanisms. For example, at low pH, a large number of metal ions are complexed with organic acids. When the organic acid occupies the coordination position of the metal ion, it can prevent the precipitation and crystallization of the metal oxide and increase its solubility. Conversely, at high pH (e.g. 7–8), dissolved metal ions, such as Fe(III), will precipitate out of the solution as insoluble complexes.

## Eluviation of chelate compounds

The eluviation of chelate compounds is the downward movement of soil chelates. The eluviation of chelate compounds can be affected by:
* Acidity. Organic acids produced under acidic conditions can increase the solubility of metal elements such as iron and aluminum, thereby enhancing soil eluviation. Iron and aluminum are easily leached at low pH. As the pH increases, ferric hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide compounds precipitate.
* Redox conditions. Under reducing conditions, more organic acids are produced and metal ions are reduced to soluble metal complexes that migrate into the soil. Under oxidative conditions, metal ions are easily precipitated, and the chelate is easily polymerized, thereby separating the chelate from the metal ions.
* Soil texture. Clay has a certain adsorption capacity for chelates, which weakens the leaching of complexes. On the other hand, soils with a coarse texture and water-saturated soils will likely enhance the leaching effect of chelates.
# Corey Stevens

Corey Stevens (born August 6, 1954) is an American blues guitarist from Centralia, Illinois, United States.

## Biography

Stevens began playing guitar at age 11 and moved to Los Angeles after graduating from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, to pursue a career in the music business. Stevens worked as a school teacher for the Los Angeles Unified School District for ten years before signing a recording contract with the independent label, Eureka Records. He released his debut album in 1995, garnering comparisons to Stevie Ray Vaughan and Eric Clapton, and scored a rock radio hit with the single, "Blue Drops of Rain." "One More Time" from his 1997 follow up, Road To Zen, was his highest charting single. It reached the top ten in Radio & Records and number 22 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart.

## Discography
### Albums/CDs

* Blue Drops of Rain (Eureka/Discovery, 1995) U.S. Blues number 7
* Road to Zen (Eureka/Discovery, 1997) U.S. Blues number 4
* Getaway (Eureka, 2000)
* Bring on the Blues (Fuel 2000/Varèse Sarabande, 2003) U.S. Blues number 15
* Back to Zen (Self-released, 2003) - reissue of Road to Zen
* Mean and Lean (Self-released, 2003) - reissue of Getaway
* Alone at Last (Self-released, 2005)
* Albertville (Ruf Records, 2007)
* Myth Live (Self-released, 2008) - 2CD
* The Dreaming Man (Self-released, 2010)
* Galaxy Radio (Self-released, 2012)
* Rumors in the Ether (Self-released, 2014)
* The Party's Gonna Go On (Self-released, 2018)

### Singles

* 1995: "The Brothers" from Blue Drops of Rain
* 1996: "It's Over" from Blue Drops of Rain
* 1996: "Blue Drops of Rain" from Blue Drops of Rain
* 1996: "Crosscut Saw" from Blue Drops of Rain
* 1997: "Road to Zen" from Road to Zen
* 1997: "One More Time" from Road to Zen (U.S. Main Rock number 22)
* 1998: "My Neighborhood" from Road to Zen
* 2003: "Lonesome Road Blues" from Bring on the Blues
* 2003: "Triple Jack" from Bring on the Blues
* 2003: "You're So Evil" from Bring on the Blues

### Music videos

| Year | Video | Director |
| 1996 | "Blue Drops of Rain" | Susan Johnson |
| 1997 | "One More Time" | |
| 2002 | "Road To Zen Tour (DVD)" | |
# Greene Washington Caldwell

Greene Washington Caldwell (April 13, 1806 – July 10, 1864) was a Congressional Representative from North Carolina. He was born in Belmont, North Carolina in 1806.

## Education and career

In 1831, Greene Washington Caldwell graduated from the Medical Department of University of Pennsylvania. The following year, he served for several months as an assistant surgeon in the United States Army before deciding to leave the medical field to study law. After studying law, he was admitted to the bar and practiced in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Caldwell began his career representing North Carolinians in 1836 when he was elected to the North Carolina House of Commons. Caldwell stayed in this deleted position until 1841 when he was elected to the 27th U.S. Congress as a member of the Democratic Party. Caldwell remained a representative until 1843, serving a single term. He was not a candidate for renomination. The following year in 1844, Caldwell was appointed as Superintendent of the United States Mint in Charlotte.
Caldwell's government service was interrupted by the Mexican-American War where he served as a commissioned captain of the Third Dragoons on April 9, 1847. He was mustered out the following year on July 20, 1848.
Caldwell returned to political life and was elected to the North Carolina Senate in 1849. Two of his lieutenants, Davidson and Harrison, were also elected to the House of Commons. Caldwell was unsuccessful in a bid for Congress in 1851 and resumed his medical practice in Charlotte.

## Death

Caldwell died in Charlotte, North Carolina, on July 10, 1864, and was buried in Old Settlers' Cemetery in Charlotte.
# William Theophilus Dortch

William Theophilus Dortch (August 23, 1824 – November 21, 1889) was an American politician who served as a Confederate States senator from North Carolina from 1862 to 1865. He also served as Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives. He served in the North Carolina Senate from 1879 to 1885.

## Early life

Dortch was born August 23, 1824 to William Dortch and his wife, Drusilla at his father's plantation, situated in Nash County, North Carolina about 5 miles from the town of Rocky Mount, North Carolina.

## Political career

Dortch was a member of the North Carolina General Assembly from 1852 to 1861. In 1860 Dortch served as Speaker of the House of Commons. During the Civil War, Dortch served as a senator from North Carolina in the First Confederate Congress and the Second Confederate Congress (from 1862 to 1865). During his term, Dortch was accused of sexual improprieties with a minor, but was exonerated after an investigation. After the war, he again served in the legislature, first in the North Carolina House of Representatives, and then in the North Carolina Senate from 1879 to 1885. He was President pro tempore of that body from 1881 to 1883.

## Death

Dortch died November 21, 1889 in Goldsboro, North Carolina and was buried in Willow Dale Cemetery.

## Personal life

Dortch married Elizabeth Pittman of Edgecombe County, North Carolina, they had seven children. Dortch later married Hattie Williams of Berryville, Virginia, they had four children.
# Frostingen

Frostingen is a local online and print newspaper in published in Frosta Municipality, Norway.

## History and profile

Frostingen was founded in 1919. It covers Frosta Municipality and the Åsen area in Levanger Municipality and is published in tabloid format. The newspaper is independently owned. It has one weekly issue, on Thursdays.
In 2013 Frostingen had a circulation of 1,422 copies.
# 1938 Santa Clara Broncos football team

The 1938 Santa Clara Broncos football team was an American football team that represented Santa Clara University as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In their third season under head coach Buck Shaw, the Broncos compiled a 6–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 97 to 26. They were ranked as high as No. 5 in the AP Poll before losing the last two games of the season.
Santa Clara tackle Alvord Wolff was a consensus first-team selection for the 1938 College Football All-America Team. Wolff was selected by the Chicago Cardinals with the 16th overall pick of the 1939 NFL Draft.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance |
| October 1 | | at Stanford | | Stanford StadiumStanford, CA | W 22–0 | 50,000 |
| October 8 | | Texas A&M | | Kezar StadiumSan Francisco, CA | W 7–0 | 35,000 |
| October 15 | | vs. Arizona | | Phoenix Union High School StadiumPhoenix, AZ | W 27–0 | 13,000 |
| October 22 | | Arkansas | No. 6 | Kezar StadiumSan Francisco, CA | W 21–6 | |
| October 29 | | at Michigan State | No. 5 | Macklin FieldEast Lansing, MI | W 7–6 | |
| November 6 | | vs. San Francisco | No. 8 | Kezar StadiumSan Francisco, CA | W 7–0 | 30,000 |
| November 13 | | vs. Saint Mary's | No. 8 | Kezar StadiumSan Francisco, CA | L 0–7 | 60,000 |
| November 27 | 2:00 p.m. | vs. Detroit | No. 19 | Sacramento StadiumSacramento, CA | L 6–7 | 16,000 |
| Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Pacific time ||||||||

## After the season
### NFL draft

The following Broncos were selected in the 1939 NFL draft following the season.
| Round | Pick | Player | Position | NFL team |
| 3 | 16 | Alvord Wolff | Tackle | Chicago Cardinals |
| 6 | 50 | Jerry Ginney | Guard | New York Giants |
| 12 | 107 | Jim Coughlan | End | Detroit Lions |
| 15 | 131 | Russ Clarke | Guard | Chicago Cardinals |
| 22 | 199 | Bill Gunther | Back | Green Bay Packers |
# William Alexander Smith (politician)

William Alexander Smith (January 9, 1828 – May 16, 1888) was a U.S. Representative from the state of North Carolina.
Smith was born in Warren County, North Carolina and attended the common schools. He engaged in agricultural pursuits and was a member of the State constitutional convention in 1865 following the American Civil War. He was a member of the North Carolina State Senate in 1870. He was president of the North Carolina Railroad in 1868 and of the Yadkin River Railroad. He was elected as a Republican from the 4th District to the Forty-third Congress, serving from March 4, 1873 to March 3, 1875. Smith died in Richmond, Virginia and is interred in the city's Hollywood Cemetery.
His home near Smithfield, North Carolina, the Atkinson-Smith House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
# Perspective of Spiritism on Jesus

For Spiritism, Jesus is the most perfect model of a human being that God has offered to serve as a guide. In this sense, Allan Kardec states that, "for humankind, Jesus constitutes the type of moral perfection that Humanity can aspire to on Earth. God offers him to us as the most perfect model, and the doctrine he taught is the purest expression of the Lord's law because, being the most spiritually pure of all those who have appeared on Earth, he was animated by the Divine Spirit".
According to Spiritist doctrine, Jesus came with the divine mission to fulfill the law previously revealed by Moses (with Moses representing the first revelation and Jesus the second). However, Jesus did not reveal everything; often he only unveiled the "germ of truth", which was completed by the "third revelation": Spiritism. The medium Francisco Cândido Xavier, in the work Emmanuel, sums it up: "Jesus was the manifestation of God's love, the personification of His infinite goodness".

## Corporeal Nature of Jesus

However, a deep division arose within the Brazilian Spiritist movement regarding the corporeal nature of Jesus, bringing into conflict the ideas of Kardec and those defended by Jean-Baptiste Roustaing, his contemporary, who argued that Christ had a body different from others, of a fluidic nature (docetism). This point was refuted by Kardec himself in an article from 1866. However, the obligation to study Roustaing's work is indicated in the bylaws of the Brazilian Spiritist Federation, and an attempt to remove this requirement was contested in court.
Kardec mentions the issue in The Genesis, stating that he would not address it at that time: "Without pre-judging the nature of Christ, a subject that is beyond the scope of this work, considering him merely a superior Spirit...".
The examination of the nature of Christ, in fact, only became public after his death in the work that gathers his writings published in the Revista Espírita and other unpublished works – Posthumous Works. There, Kardec is categorical: discussions about the corporeal nature of Christ were the cause of major schisms within the Church, and in the chapter "Study on the Nature of Christ", he refutes all the foundations of the Church for the dogma of Jesus' divinity, which is why the belief in the "Trinity" has no basis in Spiritism.

## Jesus and mediumship

Emphasizing that, given the mission he fulfilled, Jesus was a direct messenger of God, more than a prophet, and that "as a man, he had the organization of carnal beings; however, as a pure Spirit, detached from matter, he had to live more from the spiritual life than from the physical life". Jesus did not act as a "medium", acting on his own and by his own personal power – except in moments when he acted as an intermediary of God's power.
# Joyous Gard

Joyous Gard (French Joyeuse Garde and other variants) is a castle featured in the Matter of Britain literature of the legend of King Arthur. It was introduced in the 13th-century French Prose Lancelot as the home and formidable fortress of the hero Lancelot after his conquest of it from the forces of evil. Le Morte d'Arthur identified it with Bamburgh Castle.

## Legend

As told in the Vulgate Cycle's Lancelot en prose and the works based on it, the Joyous Gard is given its name by the young Lancelot (who had just discovered his own identity) when he sets up his household at the castle. He does it after single-handedly capturing it against all odds and ending its evil enchantment during the task to prove his knighthood to King Arthur (even rescuing Arthur's illegitimate son in the process). Up until then, it had been known as Dolorous Gard (French Douloureuse Garde and other variants), belonging to the Saxon-allied king Brandin of the Isles; the various motifs and perceived symbolism of the Dolorous Gard episode were subjects of several analyses by modern scholars. In the prose stories of Tristan and Iseult, the pair later lives in the castle with Lancelot's permission as refugees from King Mark of Cornwall.
Following Lancelot's adulterous and treasonous affair with Arthur's wife Queen Guinevere, Lancelot rescues Guinevere, who is under sentence of death from Arthur, and brings her to the Joyous Gard. In the Stanzaic Morte Arthur and elsewhere, Arthur and Gawain unsuccessfully besiege the castle. Eventually, Lancelot abandons his castle and goes to an exile in today's France. After his death, Lancelot's body is taken to the Joyous Gard for burial. In the French prose cycles, he is laid to rest next to the grave of his dear friend Galehaut (in the Post-Vulgate Queste del Saint Graal, their remnants are later dug up and destroyed by King Mark).

## Suggested locations

In his Le Morte d'Arthur, the late-medieval English writer Thomas Malory identified the Joyous Gard with Bamburgh Castle, a coastal castle in Northumberland that was built on former location of a Celtic Briton fort known as Din Guarie. Before writing his work, Malory personally participated in the Yorkist siege of the castle during the War of the Roses. He also proposed the nearby Alnwick Castle. Joyous Gard is further associated with Château de Joyeuse Garde, an early medieval castle site in Brittany where the continental Arthurian tradition began.