OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications

Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications (BIMSA), located in Huairou district of Beijing, is an international mathematics research institution, co-sponsored by Beijing Municipal Government and Tsinghua University.
BIMSA is dedicated to advancing research in mathematics, theoretical physics, computer science, and related fields. Its goal is to promote inter-disciplinary collaboration and to bridge the gap between fundamental research and real-world applications.
The International Congress of Basic Science (ICBS) is held at BIMSA.

## History

On June 12, 2020, with the support of the Beijing Municipal Government and the efforts of the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission and the Huairou District Government, the Beijing Yanqi Lake Institute of Applied Mathematics (referred to as "Beijing Institute of Applied Mathematics") was officially established. This new research and development institution leverages the mathematical resources of Tsinghua University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences and was initiated by world-renowned mathematician Professor Shing-Tung Yau, director of the Center of Mathematical Sciences at Tsinghua University. Tsinghua University signed a cooperation agreement with the newly established Beijing Institute of Applied Mathematics.
The first president is Shing-Tung Yau, a mathematician known for his work in differential geometry and mathematical physics. He is a Fields Medalist and a Wolf Prize in Mathematics laureate.

## Research

The BIMSA conducts research across a wide range of areas in mathematics, physics and information science, from theoretical to applied.
BIMSA has more than 10 research groups active across a range of topics. The research areas include:
* Algebraic Geometry
* Algebraic Topology and its Applications
* Analysis and Geometry
* Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
* Computational Mathematics
* Digital Economy
* Mathematical Physics and General Relativity
* Number Theory and Representation Theory
* Quantum Fields and Strings
* Quantum Symmetry
* Statistics, Probability and Data Science

## Graduate Program

BIMSA has established long-term cooperative relationships with various universities to jointly train doctoral students, leveraging the teaching and research strengths of both parties. Graduates receive doctoral degree certificates and diplomas from the respective universities. Currently, BIMSA is conducting joint doctoral training programs with the Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Institute of Statistics and Big Data at Renmin University of China. The first cohort of joint doctoral students with the Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Beihang University officially started and enrolled in 2023.
# Sir Edward Smyth, 2nd Baronet

Sir Edward Smyth, 2nd Baronet (28 September 1637 – 24 June 1713) was an English landowner who served as Sheriff of Essex.

## Early life

Smyth was baptised on 28 September 1637 at Thaxted, Essex. He was the second, but first surviving, son of Sir Thomas Smyth, 1st Baronet, of Hill Hall, Essex, and Joan Altham, a daughter of Sir Edward Altham of Mark Hall, Essex, and Joan (née Leventhorpe) Altham. After his mother's death in 1658, his father married the former Hon. Beatrice Annesley, the daughter of Francis Annesley, 1st Viscount Valentia and Dorothea Philipps (a daughter of Sir John Philipps, 1st Baronet of Picton Castle), widow of both James Zouche and Sir John Lloyd, 1st Baronet.
Among his siblings were James Smith (who married Elizabeth Parkhurst, daughter of Sir Robert Parkhurst), and Ven. Charles Smith, Archdeacon of Colchester. Smyth's maternal grandparents were the former Bridget Fleetwood (daughter of Thomas Fleetwood, Master of the Mint) and Col. Sir William Smith, the nephew, and eventual heir, of Sir Thomas Smith, the Secretary of State during the reigns of King Edward VI and Queen Elizabeth I, three-time Ambassador to France and Chancellor of the Order of the Garter.
Smyth was admitted to Gray's Inn in c. 1656.

## Career

Edward succeeded his father, becoming second Baronet of Hill Hall on 5 May 1668. He was Lord of the manor of Thaxted, and owned Horham Hall there (which had been acquired by his grandfather in 1617). He served as High Sheriff of Essex from 1680 to 1681.

## Personal life

On 6 May 1674, Smyth was married to Jane Vandeput, daughter of Peter Vandeput and Jane (née Hoste) Vandeput. She was a sister of Sir Peter Vandeput, 1st Baronet. Together, they were the parents of:
* Sir Edward Smyth, 3rd Baronet (1686–1744), who married Anne Hedges, daughter of Rt. Hon. Sir Charles Hedges and Eleanor Smith, in c. 1709. After her death, he married Elizabeth Wood, daughter of John Wood.
Sir Edward died on 24 June 1713 and was buried at Theydon Mount, near Epping, Essex. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his only son, another Sir Edward Smyth, who died 16 August 1744, to be followed by three sons in succession: Sir Edward, died 1760; Sir Charles, died 1773; and Sir William, died 1777.

### Descendants

Through his only son Edward, he was a grandfather of Sir Edward Smyth, 4th Baronet (1710–1760), Sir Charles Smyth, 5th Baronet (1711–1773), and Sir William Smyth, 6th Baronet (c. 1719–1777), who attended Trinity College, Cambridge and was rector of Stapleford Tawney and Theydon Mount.
# Y-homeomorphism

In mathematics, the y-homeomorphism, or crosscap slide, is a special type of auto-homeomorphism in non-orientable surfaces.
It can be constructed by sliding a Möbius strip included on the surface around an essential 1-sided closed curve until the original position; thus it is necessary that the surfaces have genus greater than one. The projective plane ${\mathbb {R} P}^{2}$ has no y-homeomorphism.
# Martin Ferguson

Martin Ferguson may refer to:
* Martin Ferguson (footballer) (born 1942), Scottish footballer
* Martin Ferguson (politician) (born 1953), Australian politician
# Pycnoglypta

Pycnoglypta is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.
Species:
* Pycnoglypta aptera Campbell, 1983
* Pycnoglypta baicalica (Motschulsky, 1860)
# Massey H. Shepherd

Massey Hamilton Shepherd Jr. (March 14, 1913 – February 19, 1990) was an American priest and scholar of the Episcopal Church. A prominent liturgist, he was one of the few American members of other Christian churches honored with an invitation to observe the Second Vatican Council of the Roman Catholic Church in the 1960s. He served on the Episcopal Church's Standing Liturgical Commission from 1947 to 1976 and was a leading figure in developing the 1979 Book of Common Prayer used by the Episcopal Church.

## Early life

Shepherd was born on March 14, 1913, in Wilmington, North Carolina, the second child and only son of Alice Louise Gladstone Melville and Massey Hamilton Shepherd Sr. He spent many of his younger years in Columbia, South Carolina. He was confirmed in what is now Trinity Episcopal Cathedral, across from the State House in South Carolina's capital city.
Shepherd was married to Gabriella Taylor Connor, an artist and watercolorist. They had one daughter, Nancy Lloyd, who is married and has two children.

## Academic career

In 1928, he finished at the top of his class at Columbia High School at fifteen in Columbia, South Carolina. Less than four years later, he received both an undergraduate and a graduate degree simultaneously from the University of South Carolina in classical studies. Shepherd was one of the youngest students in the history of the university to achieve two degrees by age 19. In 1937, he received his Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Chicago and, in 1941, his Bachelor of Divinity degree from Berkeley Divinity School in New Haven, Connecticut, where he worked closely with its Dean, liturgical reformer William Palmer Ladd, whose work he was to continue.
Early in his teaching career he held a faculty position at the Episcopal Theological School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. For many years, he was a faculty member at the Church Divinity School of the Pacific in Berkeley, California, and also in the Graduate Theological Union.
He was instrumental in the success of the Sewanee Church Music Conference which began in July 1951 at the University of the South at Sewanee, Tennessee. Richard White (who served as registrar for 13 years) related: "He was probably the finest liturgist in the country. He could talk for fifty minutes (the length of the classes) on the Prayer Book, the psalms, the structure of the service, etc. with no notes and never searched for a word."
Shepherd also served as the head of the Church Historical Society for many years.
He was the author of over eighty publications, including The Living Liturgy (Oxford University Press, 1946), The Oxford American Prayer Book Commentary (Oxford University Press, 1950), and The Worship of the Church, Seabury Press, 1952).
He contributed commentaries on the Gospel According to John and the three Epistles of John to The Interpreter's One-Volume Commentary on the Bible (Abingdon Press, 1971).
In The Paschal Liturgy and the Apocalypse he refers to the Revelation to St. John the Divine in parallel to the Last Supper.
Shepherd died on February 19, 1990, in Sacramento, California.
# Barreh

Barreh (Persian: بره) is a village in Bakesh-e Do Rural District, in the Central District of Mamasani County, Fars province, Iran. As of the 2006 census, its population was 52, in 11 families.
# List of British spies

The following is a list of people engaged in spying for the UK.

## Pre-WWI

* Pierre Alamire
* John André
* Benedict Arnold
* Edward Bancroft
* Rachel Charlotte Biggs
* Arthur Conolly
* John Croft
* Andrew Dalgleish
* Sarat Chandra Das
* John Henry
* John Howe
* William Melville
* Balaji Pant Natu
* Charles Carroll Tevis
* Bernard Frederick Trench
* William Wickham
* Richard Francis Burton
* Charles Hamilton Smith

## World War I

* Aaron Aaronsohn
* Sarah Aaronsohn
* Gertrude Bell
* Louise de Bettignies
* Joseph W. Boyle
* R. H. Bruce Lockhart
* Cecil Aylmer Cameron
* Marthe Cnockaert
* Claude Dansey
* Paul Dukes
* Avshalom Feinberg
* Gerard H. L. Fitzwilliams
* Herambalal Gupta
* George Alexander Hill
* Vernon Kell
* Vincent Kraft
* Henry Landau
* Gerard Leachman
* René Lefebvre
* Yosef Lishansky
* W. Somerset Maugham
* William Melville
* Robert Nathan
* Nili
* Conrad O'Brien-ffrench
* Oren
* Gabrielle Petit
* St John Philby
* Oswald Rayner
* Hugh Sinclair
* Kirpal Singh
* Mansfield Smith-Cumming
* Bertrand Stewart
* Basil Thomson

## Interwar period

* Christopher Draper
* Peter Ashmun Ames
* John Wheeler-Bennett

## World War II

* Carl Aschan
* Sverre Bergh
* Margery Booth
* John Brown
* Odette Marie Celine (Lise)
* Gösta Caroli
* Eddie Chapman
* Noor Inayat Khan
* Brian Cleeve
* Roman Czerniawski
* Roald Dahl
* Claude Dansey
* Wilfred Dunderdale
* Ian Fleming
* Gordon Fraser
* Graham Greene
* George Alexander Hill
* Ralph Izzard
* Johnny Jebsen
* Ron Jeffery
* Ginette Jullian
* Dagmar Lahlum
* George Langelaan
* René Lefebvre
* Charles Letts
* Peter Lunn
* Juan March Ordinas
* Ferdy Mayne
* Stewart Menzies
* Merlin Minshall
* Graham Russell Mitchell
* Mutt and Jeff
* Arthur Owens
* Kim Philby
* Dušan Popov
* Juan Pujol García
* Paddy Ridsdale
* Roland Rieul
* Eric Roberts
* William de Ropp
* Vera von Schalburg
* Wulf Schmidt
* Nathalie Sergueiew
* Peter Smithers
* Halina Szymańska
* Amy Elizabeth Thorpe
* Ted Tinling
* Jona von Ustinov
* Marie-José Villiers
* Valentine Vivian
* Edward Wharton-Tigar
* Archduke Wilhelm of Austria
* Alexander Wilson

## Post WWII

* Mark Allen
* Paddy Ashdown
* Denis Donaldson
* Kevin Fulton
* Peter Lunn
* Oleg Lyalin
* Howard Marks
* Martin McGartland
* Omar Nasiri
* Michael Oatley
* Sergei Skripal
* Stakeknife
* Richard Tomlinson
* Sydney Wignall
# Aurach am Hongar

Aurach am Hongar is a municipality in the district of Vöcklabruck in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.
# Henry M. Hyams

Henry Michael Hyams (March 4, 1806 – June 25, 1875) was an American lawyer, planter and Democratic politician. He served as the 7th Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana from 1862 to 1864 under Governor Thomas Overton Moore during the American Civil War, when Louisiana joined the Confederate States of America. He was an advocate of slavery in the United States.

## Early life

Henry M. Hyams was born on March 4, 1806, in Charleston, South Carolina. His cousin was Judah P. Benjamin (1811–1884).

## Career

Hyams worked for the Canal Bank in Donaldsonville, Louisiana. He was admitted to the Louisiana bar in 1830, and he joined the law firm Dunbar and Elgee in Alexandria, Louisiana, becoming one of the first Jews living in Alexandria. He also operated a plantation.
Hyams moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1853, where he practised the law. He then served as a clerk of the District Court of Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. He was elected to the Louisiana State Senate as a Democrat in 1855. He then served as the Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana from 1862 to 1864.
Hyams supported slavery. Indeed, as early as the 1830s, he joined a vigilante group to defend the institution of slavery.

## Personal life and death

Hyams was an observant Jew. He married Laurel Matilda Smith and had thirteen children. His son, Henry M. Hyams Jr. (1846–1887), became a lawyer and practiced law in New Orleans.
Hyams died on June 25, 1875, in New Orleans, Louisiana. His funeral was held by Rabbi James Koppel Gutheim, and he was buried in Lafayette Cemetery in New Orleans. His obituary in The Times-Picayune described him as "a standard-bearer of the ancient regime."
# Pycnota

Pycnota is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe.
Species:
* Pycnota aleocharaesimilis (Scheerpeltz, 1972)
* Pycnota fuegina Pace, 1999
# Karen Paullada

Karen Paullada is a Welsh Actress who has worked extensively in television and theatre roles. She is best known for playing Nadine in the Sky1 TV comedy drama series Stella.

## Filmography
### TV

| Year | Title | Character | Production | Notes |
| 2012–16 | Stella | Nadine Bevan | Sky 1 | series 1 – 6 |
| 2005 | The Green Green Grass | Rhian | BBC1 | series 1, 2 episodes |
| 2016 | Ordinary Lies | Nina | Series 2 | Does not appear |
| 2020 | The Worst Witch | Miss Arabella Hempnettle | CBBC, ZDF, Netflix | Series 4, 6 episodes (main cast) |
| 2023 | Steeltown Murders | DSI Jackie Roberts | BBC1 | 4 episodes |
# Thomas Gallaudet (priest)

Thomas Gallaudet (June 3, 1822 – August 27, 1902), an American Episcopal priest, was born in Hartford, Connecticut. His father, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, was the renowned pioneer of deaf education in the United States. His mother, Sophia Fowler Gallaudet, who was deaf, was the founding matron of the school that became Gallaudet University. His brother, Edward Miner Gallaudet, was founder and President of the university.

## Biography

After graduating from Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, Gallaudet accepted a teaching position at the New York Institution for Deaf-mutes, where he met and married a deaf woman, Elizabeth Budd. They had seven children, one of whom died in infancy, named Laurent Clerc Gallaudet. He was most certainly named after the man his father brought back from France to help start his deaf-mute school, Laurent Clerc.
Following in his father's footsteps, in 1852, Gallaudet established St. Ann's Church for Deaf Mutes in New York City.
In 1872 Gallaudet, Jane Middleton, and the Church Mission to Deaf-Mutes established the Home for Aged and Infirm Deaf-Mutes in a brownstone located at 220 East 13th Street in New York City. Jane served as the first Superintendent and Matron of the home from 1872 until her death in 1885.
In 1886, after years of hard work and fund raising, the Home was moved to Poughkeepsie and was renamed the Gallaudet Home for Deaf-Mutes.
Gallaudet was also instrumental in the work of the Sisterhood of the Good Shepherd, a group of women engaged in urban ministry in and around New York City.
One of Gallaudet's students, Henry Winter Syle, became the first deaf person to be ordained by the Episcopal Church. Both Gallaudet and Syle are listed in the Episcopal Church's Calendar of Saints for August 27.
Gallaudet is buried in Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford, Connecticut.
# Battle of Belmont order of battle

The order of battle for the Battle of Belmont includes:
* Battle of Belmont order of battle: Confederate
* Battle of Belmont order of battle: Union
# Sri Aurobindo Circle

Sri Aurobindo Circle is an annual periodical of the Sri Aurobindo Ashram that was originally published in Bombay, but later from the Pondicherry ashram. It was established in 1945. During 1947 instalments of Savitri were published in it. As with other ashram journals it contained, besides the writings of Sri Aurobindo, essays and poems written by his disciples and devotees and by students of his thought.
# Glen E. Brown

Glen E. Brown (born April 15, 1943) is an American former politician in the state of Utah. He served in the Utah House of Representatives from 1977 to 1992, during which time he served stints as majority whip, majority leader, and Speaker of the House. Brown is a dairy farmer, having received a bachelor's degree in animal husbandry from Utah State University in 1966. Prior to serving in the state house, he was the Summit County, Utah Republican party chairman.
# Lloyd Inman Hendricks

Lloyd Inman Hendricks (March 26, 1942 – May 11, 2023) is an American politician. He served as a Democratic member of the South Carolina House of Representatives.

## Life and career

Hendricks was born in Greenville, South Carolina. He attended Dreher High School, the University of South Carolina and the University of South Carolina School of Law.
Hendricks served in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1977 to 1987.
Hendricks died on May 11, 2023, at the age of 81.
# Amnesty Act

The Amnesty Act of 1872 is a United States federal law passed on May 22, 1872, which removed most of the penalties imposed on former Confederates by the Fourteenth Amendment, adopted on July 9, 1868. Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the election or appointment to any federal or state office of any person who had held any of certain offices and then engaged in insurrection, rebellion, or treason. However, the section provides that a two-thirds vote by each House of the Congress could override this limitation. The 1872 act was passed by the 42nd United States Congress and the original restrictive Act was passed by the United States Congress in May 1866.
Specifically, the 1872 Act removed office-holding disqualifications against most of the secessionists who rebelled in the American Civil War, except for "Senators and Representatives of the thirty-sixth and thirty-seventh Congresses, officers in the judicial, military, and naval service of the United States, heads of departments, and foreign ministers of the United States."
In the spirit of the act, then United States President Ulysses S. Grant, by proclamation dated June 1, 1872, directed all district attorneys having charge of proceedings and prosecutions against those who had been disqualified by the Fourteenth Amendment to dismiss and discontinue them, except as to persons who fall within the exceptions named in the act. President Grant also pardoned all but 500 former top Confederate leaders.
The 1872 law cleared over 150,000 former Confederate troops who had taken part in the American Civil War.

## Text

   Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each house concurring therein), that all political disabilities imposed by the third section of the fourteenth article of amendments of the Constitution of the United States are hereby removed from all persons whomsoever, except Senators and Representatives of the thirty-sixth and thirty-seventh Congresses, officers in the judicial, military, and naval service of the United States, heads of departments, and foreign ministers of the United States.

## Legacy

The Amnesty Act of 1872 states that all political disabilities imposed by the Fourteenth Amendment "are hereby removed," but does not explicitly mention whether future disabilities under the same amendment are also to be considered removed. In March 2022, in the aftermath of the January 6 US Capitol attack, the US District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina ruled that the Act applies even to current members of Congress, automatically removing the political consequences of any alleged violation of Section 3. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit unanimously reversed that ruling. A different federal district court ruled that the Act does not apply to current members of Congress, and that Section 3 is still applicable. The plaintiff's appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit was dismissed as moot after it was determined that she had not violated Section 3.
# Scaphisoma

Scaphisoma is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
There are 770 known species in the genus. These include:
* Scaphisoma ablutum Löbl, 2015
* Scaphisoma absurdum Löbl, 1986
# Manny Aragon

Manny M. Aragon (born March 22, 1947) is a former New Mexico State Senator.

## Life

Manny M. Aragon was born to Charlotte and Mel Aragon.

## Career

Aragon served in the New Mexico Senate from 1975 to 2004 as a Democrat representing the Valencia and Bernalillo counties, District Fourteen.
Following the New Mexico State Penitentiary riot in 1980, Aragon assisted and comforted survivors.
In 1988, he was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate. He remained in that position until 2001.
In 2001, he served as the second Hispanic chairman of the Council of State Governments (CSG).
Aragon then served as president of New Mexico Highlands University.

## Later life

In 2009, as a private citizen, he was found guilty of three counts of conspiracy to defraud $4.4 million from the State of New Mexico during the construction of a new Court House. He was released in December 2013 after serving four and a half years in prison.
Aragon has two children.