OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Newman Johnson

Newman Johnson (June 8, 1828 – December 17, 1900) was the fourth President of the Chico Board of Trustees, the governing body of Chico, California from 1879 to 1882.

## Early life and family

He was born June 3, 1829, in Haverhill, Massachusetts, the son of Joseph Johnson and Mary Chase. He was educated in Haverhill in the trade of shoe-making.

## Life in California

He came to California via the Central American isthmus in 1851, at the age of twenty-two. He mined in Grass Valley for about a year.
He became a clerk with the Steam Navigation Company on the Sacramento River, and remained in that job until 1856. He then made some money speculating in grain, tobacco, and sugar. He married Amelia H. Diffenderffer, a native of St. Louis and soon thereafter made a trip back East. He stayed about six months before returning.
Upon his return to California, he purchased cattle and started a dairy farm. He was profitable, until a flood came and killed his cattle.
Then he went to Sacramento and worked in the furniture business with a Mr. Vanhusen. Their partnership ended when a fire destroyed their business. He then went back to work for the Steam Navigation Company for about a year.
He bought government land in Monroeville, in what was then Colusa County. He built a house on it, and made other improvements.
He lived in Monroeville from 1860 until 1874, when he sold his land and went to Chico. He purchased property at the corners of Fourth and Wall streets, and, in 1887, at Third and Broadway where he established the Johnson House Boarding, Lodging and Grocery.
He served as the Director of the International Order of Odd Fellows which met in the building opposite the Johnson House. He also was a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen and the Knights of Honor. He served as a volunteer fireman of Engine Company Number 1.
As president of the board of trustees, he led the effort to get a bridge built over the Sacramento River near Chico. He also opposed the violent anti-Chinese movement in Chico, choosing instead to join with the Committee of One Hundred in efforts to limit Chinese immigration to Chico.
In 1896, Johnson retired from public life, selling his grocery store and hotel. Over the next four years Johnson's health deteriorated and in 1900, he suffered two strokes. On December 16, 1900 Johnson suffered a serious paralytic stroke and by 2:00 in the afternoon on the following day he had died.
He is buried in the Chico Cemetery.
# Marquis Weeks

Marquis Weeks (born October 2, 1980) is a former American football running back. He was originally signed by the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent in 2005. He played college football at Virginia
Marquis lettered in high school football, wrestling,winter and Spring track at Conestoga High School, located in Berwyn, PA.
In the summer of 2014, Weeks was hired to teach as a 5th grade social studies teacher in the Tredyffrin-Easttown School District at Valley Forge Middle School, the same school district in which he attended high school, Conestoga and went to school at Tredyffrin Easttown Middle School. In 2016, Marquis was hired as the head football coach at Conestoga High School his alma mater.
# Orders, decorations, and medals of Monaco

There are four orders of Monaco. These are:
* Order of Saint-Charles (French: Ordre de Saint-Charles), founded on 15 March 1858 by Prince Charles III and modified on 23 December 1966 by Prince Rainier III;
* Order of the Crown (Ordre de la Couronne), founded on 20 July 1960 and modified on 23 December 1966 by Prince Rainier III;
* Order of Grimaldi (Ordre des Grimaldi), founded on 18 November 1954 and modified on 19 July 1960, as well 23 December 1966 by Prince Rainier III;
* Order of Cultural Merit (Ordre du Mérite culturel), founded on 31 December 1952 by Prince Rainier III.
Monaco has a number of other decorations, including:
* Medal of Honour (Monaco) [it] created on 5 February 1894 by Prince Albert I, modified on 20 April 1925 by Prince Louis II, again modified on 13 November 1952 by Prince Rainier III;
* Monaco Red Cross Medal [it], created on 16 October 1950 by Prince Rainier III;
* Citation For Exceptional Service, created on 7 April 1951 and modified on 23 December 1966 by Prince Rainier III;
* Monaco Blood Donor Medal [it], created on 30 July 1993 by Prince Rainier III.
These are awarded by the Prince of Monaco, currently Albert II, Prince of Monaco.
# Richard Roman

Richard Roman (1811 – December 22, 1875) was a politician. Born in Fayette County, Kentucky, after leaving medical school he saw military service in the Black Hawk War in Illinois and later in the Texas Revolution, distinguishing himself at the Battle of San Jacinto. He was a member of the Texas Republic House of Representatives for two terms. He became mayor of Victoria, Texas, in 1844 and in the same year joined the Texas Republic Senate for two years. He went to California during the California Gold Rush of 1849 and would become the first California State Treasurer, 1849–54.
# NGC 252

NGC 252 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1786.
One supernova has been observed in NGC 252: SN 1998de (type Ia, mag. 18.4) was discovered by the Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS) on 23 July 1998.
# Defterdar Mosque

The Defterdar Mosque, or the Defterdar Mahmut Efendi Mosque (Turkish: Defterdar Camii, Defterdar Mahmut Efendi Camii), is 16th century Ottoman mosque located in Eyüp, Istanbul, Turkey. It was commissioned by defterdar (chief finance secretary) Nazlı Mahmut Efendi (c. 1500–1546) and built by architect Mimar Sinan in 1542. Instead of a crescent, this mosque has "ink pot and pen" on top of its dome, representing the profession of the founder of the mosque (defterdar derives from defter, 'notebook, register', and the suffix -dar, 'doer'). The original pair was broken by a storm in 1997. Ten years later, on 30 May 2007, a new inkpot and a pen assembled on top of the dome of the mosque.

## Gallery

* Defterdar Mahmut Efendi Mosque front
* Defterdar Mahmut Efendi Mosque from side with minaret
* Defterdar Mahmut Efendi Mosque interior
* Defterdar Mahmut Efendi Mausoleum
# Leviathan (comic strip)

Leviathan is a comic strip by Peter Blegvad, an American musician, singer-songwriter, and cartoonist. Between 1992 and 1999, appeared in the review section of the British newspaper The Independent on Sunday during the 1990s.

## Plot

The title character, whose name is shortened in the strip to Levi, is drawn as a faceless baby who constantly carries a stuffed toy rabbit called either Bunny or Rabbit. A pet cat called Cat is often around to give advice. The strip describes Levi's experiences as he crawls around a surreal and often frightening landscape filled with disjointed words and objects, which perhaps reflect the incomprehensible nature of the world as seen by a baby, but which also raise philosophical questions of interest to adults.

## Collected editions

* The Book of Leviathan, Peter Blegvad, Overlook Press, ISBN 0-9535227-2-5
# Senjōjiki Cirque

Senjōjiki Cirque (千畳敷カール) is a cirque (glacial landform) that lies just under Mount Hōken, Kiso Mountains in Nagano prefecture, Japan. It is called "Senjōjiki Kaaru" in Japanese. "Senjōjiki" means the wideness of 1000 tatami mats.
Access to the cirque is easy via the "Komagatake Ropeway" aerial lift which runs all year from the bottom of cirque. It is useful not only for mountaineers but also by sightseers.
In summer, it is filled by numerous alpine flowers, and in winter it change to snowy mountain landscape. Skiing operates from the middle of April to the end of May.

## The landscape of Senjōjiki Cirque and its formation

There are several glacial landforms confirmed near Mount Hōken, such as Senjōjiki cirque, Nogaike cirque, and Snnosawa cirques. Mount Hōken itself is a pyramidal peak made by glacial-erosion. Senjōjiki Cirque is located on the top of Nakagoshodani Valley. It forms typical cirque landscape, with flat cirque bottom, steep cirque wall with naked rock. The bottom of the cirque is about 2600m above sea level. 11 terminal moraines are confirmed around the cirque bottom. Geologist Tatsuto Aoki examined glacial deposits from moraines of Senjojiki and Nogaike cirques, and found they were created 17 to 25 thousands year ago, at the time of the last maximum glacial age.

## Plants around Senjōjiki Cirque

In summer, Senjōjiki Cirque is filled by alpine flowers. Communities of Veratrum viride, Trollius riederianus var. japonicus, Geum pentapetalum, Anemone narcissiflora and others are seen. Botanist Takeo Hayashi confirmed 128 species around Senjōjiki Cirque.

## Avalanches

Because of the landscape, avalanches often occur. On 4 January 1995, 6 people were killed in one such event.
# Shapiro–Wilk test

The Shapiro–Wilk test is a test of normality. It was published in 1965 by Samuel Sanford Shapiro and Martin Wilk.

## Theory

The Shapiro–Wilk test tests the null hypothesis that a sample x$_1$, ..., x$_n$ came from a normally distributed population. The test statistic is
    $W={\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}x_{(i)}\right)^{2} \over \sum _{i=1}^{n}(x_{i}-{\overline {x}})^{2}},$
where
* $x_{(i)}$ with parentheses enclosing the subscript index i is the ith order statistic, i.e., the ith-smallest number in the sample (not to be confused with $x_{i}$).
* ${\overline {x}}=\left(x_{1}+\cdots +x_{n}\right)/n$ is the sample mean.
The coefficients $a_{i}$ are given by:
    $(a_{1},\dots ,a_{n})={m^{\mathsf {T}}V^{-1} \over C},$
where C is a vector norm:
    $C=\|V^{-1}m\|=(m^{\mathsf {T}}V^{-1}V^{-1}m)^{1/2}$
and the vector m,
    $m=(m_{1},\dots ,m_{n})^{\mathsf {T}}\,$
is made of the expected values of the order statistics of independent and identically distributed random variables sampled from the standard normal distribution; finally, $V$ is the covariance matrix of those normal order statistics.
There is no name for the distribution of $W$. The cutoff values for the statistics are calculated through Monte Carlo simulations.

## Interpretation

The null-hypothesis of this test is that the population is normally distributed. If the p value is less than the chosen alpha level, then the null hypothesis is rejected and there is evidence that the data tested are not normally distributed.
Like most statistical significance tests, if the sample size is sufficiently large this test may detect even trivial departures from the null hypothesis (i.e., although there may be some statistically significant effect, it may be too small to be of any practical significance); thus, additional investigation of the effect size is typically advisable, e.g., a Q–Q plot in this case.

## Power analysis

Monte Carlo simulation has found that Shapiro–Wilk has the best power for a given significance, followed closely by Anderson–Darling when comparing the Shapiro–Wilk, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, and Lilliefors.

## Approximation

Royston proposed an alternative method of calculating the coefficients vector by providing an algorithm for calculating values that extended the sample size from 50 to 2,000. This technique is used in several software packages including GraphPad Prism, Stata, SPSS and SAS. Rahman and Govidarajulu extended the sample size further up to 5,000.
# Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 82

Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 82 (P. Oxy. 82) is a declaration by a strategus, written in Greek. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The document was written on the middle of the third century. Currently it is housed in the British Library (758) in London. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898.
The letter contains a declaration on oath made by a strategus of Oxyrhynchus, made on taking up his office. The name of the author is unknown. In the oath, the strategus affirms that he will distribute the leitourgiai (λειτουργίαι) fairly, carry out his other duties regularly, and provide a surety for his good behavior. The measurements of the fragment are 53 by 65 mm.
# Simone Edwards

Simone Ann-Marie Edwards (November 17, 1973 – February 16, 2023) was a Jamaican-American basketball player who played for the New York Liberty and the Seattle Storm and was the first Jamaican player in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). The 6'4" center was known to fans as the "Jamaican Hurricane."

## Career

Edwards did not play basketball in high school. She was spotted by an American college basketball coach after competing in a track meet in Jamaica, where she was undefeated as a sprinter throughout high school. She first garnered attention on the court during junior college, at Seminole State College in Seminole, Oklahoma, leading the team to an undefeated conference record, ranking in the National Junior College Athletic Association Top 10. During her tenure, she became the First Kodak All-American in the school’s history. In 1996–97, she led the University of Iowa Hawkeyes in field-goal percentage (.557) during her senior season.
Edwards was one of three players picked out of over 300 athletes at a New York Liberty tryout camp. She was chosen as a developmental player by the Liberty in 1997, but never saw a game until signing on with the newly inaugurated Seattle Storm in 2000. She was the only player to be a part of the team for every game of its first six seasons. Edwards won a WNBA championship with the Storm in 2004.
On May 19, 2006, just prior to the start of the 2006 WNBA season, Edwards announced her retirement from the WNBA. She retired as the team's all-time leader in rebounds, minutes, and games played.
From 1997 to 2007, Edwards played professional basketball in Europe and Israel. Edwards coached the Jamaican women's national basketball team and led them to a 2014 Caribbean Championship. On August 5, 2007, she was hired as an assistant coach at Radford University. Edwards was an assistant at George Mason University from 2008 to 2011.

## Personal life and death

Edwards was named the National Spokesperson for Caribbean American Heritage Month for June 2017. On June 9, 2017, she released Unstoppable: A Memoir of Adversity, Perseverance & Triumph. On August 6, 2017, the Government of Jamaica appointed Edwards an Officer of the Order of Distinction (OD), which is bestowed on citizens of Jamaica who have rendered outstanding and important service to Jamaica in their field.
Edwards died from ovarian cancer on February 16, 2023, at the age of 49.
# Joseph Cooksey Jackson

Joseph Cooksey Jackson KC (12 January 1879 – 26 April 1938) was a British barrister and Conservative politician. He was the Member of Parliament for Heywood and Radcliffe from 1931 to 1935.
He was educated at the Royal Grammar School, Lancaster and Clare College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1900. He was admitted to the Middle Temple in 1908, and was called to the bar in 1909.
He defended the boxer Jackie Brown on an assault charge in 1934, with Edgar Lustgarten as his junior. In 1936 he successfully prosecuted Dr Buck Ruxton, in the infamous killings known as the Jigsaw Murders.
# Malton Priory

Malton Priory, Old Malton, North Yorkshire, England, is near to the town of Malton. It was founded as a monastery of the Gilbertine Order by Eustace fitz John, the lord of Malton Castle. Fitz John founded both Malton Priory and Watton Priory around 1150; some sources suggest that this was an act of penance for his support for the Scots in the Battle of the Standard.
The prior was accused of taking part in the Pilgrimage of Grace.
After the Dissolution, the site was bought in 1540 by Robert Holgate, the former master of the Gilbertine Order, who was then Bishop of Llandaff. In 1545 Holgate became Archbishop of York. He founded three grammar schools in Yorkshire, including Malton School (on part of the monastic site).

## Priory church

The priory's main surviving building is the church, which is now a parish church. It is the only church of the Gilbertine Order still in regular use.
The priory church is much abused, though impressive.
The depletion of the church was gradual. For example; the upper level of the nave (the clerestory) was removed and the roof lowered in the 1730s. This alteration is not immediately apparent as the west front retains its full height, the only clue being the blocked upper portions of the main west window.
What now remains is the lowered nave and one of the original two west towers. The nave aisles, crossing tower, transepts and chancel have all long since vanished, for the most part. However, the lower parts of some of the original chancel pillars survive as ruins east of the nave, as do the remains of a chapel (including archway, bits of two walls, a piscina and a corner shaft) which once led off from the south side of the chancel.
The nave still shows evidence of a serious fire in 1500 which led to a partial rebuilding. There was also a major restoration in the nineteenth century by Temple Moore.

## Burials

* William de Aton, 2nd Baron Aton
* William FitzHugh, 4th Baron FitzHugh
# Hand Grenade (cocktail)

The Hand Grenade is a cocktail drink made with vodka, rum, gin, and melon liqueur, sold frozen or on the rocks exclusively through five licensed nightclub bars in the New Orleans, French Quarter.

## History

Pam Fortner and Earl Bernhardt, owners of the Tropical Isle bar founded during the 1984 Louisiana World Exposition, created the melon-flavored Hand Grenade as their signature cocktail. Since January 1992, the Hand Grenade has been served in a green, translucent, plastic yard glass container with a bulbous, textured base shaped like an oversized hand grenade.
Five French Quarter bars sell the Hand Grenade.

## Popularity

Cocktail enthusiasts' opinions about the sweet and potent drink range from classifying it as a "terrible drink" to describing it as "well worth the hangover".
Tropical Isle's website sells a prepared Hand Grenade mix for home use.
# Luis Amaranto Perea

Luis Amaranto Perea Mosquera (born 30 January 1979) is a Colombian former footballer, currently assistant manager of the Colombia national team. Gifted with incredible stamina and pace, the central defender could also be adapted at right-back.
He spent most of his senior career with Atlético Madrid, appearing in 314 competitive matches over eight La Liga seasons. In 2012, he signed with Cruz Azul.
Perea earned 72 caps for the Colombia national team in more than one decade.

## Club career

Perea was born in Turbo. He began his professional career with Independiente Medellín, moving in 2003 to Argentina with Boca Juniors, with whom he won that year's Intercontinental Cup.
In June 2004, Perea signed for Atlético Madrid on a four-year deal, as another centre-back, Pablo Ibáñez, also arrived that season. Both were the starters as the Colchoneros returned to the UEFA Champions League in 2008–09 after a 12-year absence, with Perea appearing in 30 La Liga matches; after the campaign kicked off, he received his Spanish passport.
After the signing of ACF Fiorentina's Tomáš Ujfaluši for the 2008–09, Perea saw some additional time at right-back, but eventually lost that place to another newly signed, John Heitinga. From 2009 to 2011, with the latter departed to Everton, he managed to total 56 league games, with qualification for the UEFA Europa League in his second season after a seventh-place finish.
On 29 September 2011, following a Europa League fixture against Stade Rennais FC, Perea became the foreign player with most competitive appearances for Atlético Madrid with 289, surpassing Argentine Jorge Griffa. He left the club at the end of the 2011–12 campaign at the age of 33, after having contributed 34 official games and won the Europa League.
Perea joined Mexico's Cruz Azul in June 2012 as a free agent, winning the following year's Copa MX and the 2013–14 CONCACAF Champions League. In December 2015, after one year out of football due to injury, the 36-year-old chose to retire, settling in Madrid and focusing on becoming a coach.
In late August 2018, following a brief spell in Atlético's youth academy, Perea was appointed at Leones F.C. in his country's Categoría Primera A for his first head coach experience. on 28 May 2019, with the team back in the Primera B after relegation, he resigned.

## International career

A Colombia international since 20 November 2002, in a 1–0 friendly loss with Honduras in San Pedro Sula, Perea appeared at the 2007 and 2011 Copa América tournaments. He was named team captain before the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Bolivia in La Paz, in a first-ever win in that country (2–1), and represented his nation for 12 years.
Perea joined the national team's coaching staff in June 2022.

## Honours

Independiente Medellín
* Categoría Primera A: 2002-II
Boca Juniors
* Argentine Primera División: 2003–04
* Intercontinental Cup: 2003
Atlético Madrid
* UEFA Europa League: 2009–10, 2011–12
* UEFA Super Cup: 2010
* UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2007
* Copa del Rey runner-up: 2009–10
Cruz Azul
* Copa MX: Clausura 2013
* CONCACAF Champions League: 2013–14
# Order of the Crown (Monaco)

The Order of the Crown (French: Ordre de la Couronne; Monégasque: U̍rdine d’a Curuna) is an order established in Monaco on 20 July 1960. This decoration is awarded to people who have done something exceptional or for their exceptional conduct.

## Award

It is awarded to people with high merit by the Grand-Master, currently Albert II, Prince of Monaco.

### Reception

According to the statutes, and except for Members of the Princely Family and foreigners, one can only receive the Order first with the rank of Knight. To be awarded the following higher ranks, one must hold the lower rank for a set number of years. To be promoted to Officer, one must serve four years as a knight, promotion from Officer to Commander is three years, Commander to Grand Officer is four years, and finally promotion from Grand Officer to Grand Cross requires a period of five years.
Nominations to the order belong to the Grand-Master. The Chancellor proposes promotions. According to the Prince's orders, the Chancellor proposes the projects of nomination and promotion ordonnances. The grantees must be received in the Order before wearing the decorations. The Grand-Master receives the Grand Crosses, Grand Officers and Commanders. The Chancellor receives the Officers and Knights. The exception being that foreigners will be admitted in the Order, but not received.

### Military honors

Members of the Order who are wearing their decorations are entitled to receive military honours from the Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince. Officers and Knights are honoured by the execution of the command "Port, ARMS" (Portez, Armes). For Grand Crosses, Grand Officers and Commanders, they are honoured by the execution of the command "Present, ARMS" (Présentez, Armes).

## Grades

The order is composed of five grades:
* Grand Cross. Badge hanging from the sash worn from the right shoulder to the left hip and breast star on the left chest.
* Grand Officer. Badge hanging from a necklet and breast star on the left chest
* Commander. Badge hanging from a necklet
* Officer. Badge hanging from a ribbon with rosette
* Knight. Badge hanging from a ribbon

## Insignia

The badge of the order is a cross pattée with fluted arms of silver and a central gold stripe. Between each set of arms of the cross is the monogram of the order's founder Rainier III, in gold. The medallion in the center of the cross bears a prince's crown. On the reverse of the badge the medallion bears the lozengy arms of Monaco and the House of Grimaldi. The badge is mounted by an oak and laurel wreath.
The star of the order is identical to the badge, but lacks the wreath for mounting. Additionally, the center medallion is surrounded by a ring of lozenges.
The ribbon of the order is olive green with a central red stripe.
Ribbon bars :
| Grand Cross | Grand Officer | Commander | Officer | Knight |

## Recipients

* Princess Benedikte of Denmark
* Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois

### Grand Masters

* Albert II, Prince of Monaco
* Rainier III, Prince of Monaco