OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Manson engine

The Manson engine is a hot air engine that was first described by A. D. Manson in the March 1952 issue of Newnes Practical Mechanics-Magazines. Manson engines can be started in either direction (clockwise or anti-clockwise). It has a stepped piston. The front part acts as a displacer and the back part acts as a work piston (the displacer and the work piston move as a single component). The engine only requires three moving parts: piston, piston rod, and crank.
The engine is double acting, using both the expansion of the warmed air and atmospheric pressure overcoming the reducing pressure of the cooling air to do work.
The engine currently has no commercial or practical applications. The engines are built mainly as desk toys, physics demonstrations, and novelties.

## Functioning mechanism

* Phase 1 (cooling down the work medium, suction stroke)
** when the Piston is moved toward the heat source, the hot gas inside the engine is moved to the cool side of the cylinder.
** the gas is cooled there, resulting in pressure dropping below atmospheric, further moving the piston toward the heat source.
* Phase 2 (top dead centre)
** When the piston reaches top dead centre, the inlet valve is open, releasing the vacuum.
** the flywheel keeps the piston moving
* Phase 3 (heating up the work medium, expansion stroke)
** when the piston is moving away from the heat source, the air is pushed toward the heat source.
** the air is then heating up, resulting in the air expanding and the piston being further pushed away from the heat source
* Phase 4 (bottom dead centre)
** when the piston reaches bottom dead centre, the exhaust valve is open, releasing the build up pressure and hot air.
** the flywheel keeps the piston moving

## Differences from Stirling engines

Stirling engines are typically closed systems, while Manson engines are open systems. The displacer and work piston of the Manson engine have zero phase angle.

## Variations

* Manson-Guise Engine
The valves and gas paths are considered by some to be complicated to manufacture, so various variants exist with improved, modified, or simplified valves and gas paths.

## Sources

* 1 2 3 4 "The Manson experimental double acting engine". stirlingengines.org.uk.
* 1 2 3 "Nano Disc Manson-Guise Engine". stirlingengine.co.uk.
* 1 2 3 4 "Manson". techref.massmind.org.
* 1 2 "New generation of hot air engines: Manson engine". Archived from the original on 2019-09-13. Retrieved 2021-06-18. (gone)
* 1 2 "Manson". geocities.ws.
* ↑ "Principes de fonctionnement du moteur Manson". December 22, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-12-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
* ↑ "Manson-Motor". w-haag.de.
* ↑ https://journeymans-workshop.uk/images/downloads/manson.pdf
* 1 2 C2 DE 19904269 C2, Michael Ruppel, "Heißluftmotor - Heat engine has a simplified design with combined piston and valve and with alternate sides of the piston vented in either limits of the piston movement", published 2000-11-9, issued 2001-6-5
* ↑ GB application 2554458A, Christopher Guise, "Improvement to Manson engine", published 2000-11-09
# Mavrovo i Rostuše Municipality

Mavrovo i Rostuše (Macedonian: Маврово и Ростуше; Turkish: Mavrova ve Rostuşa) is a municipality in western North Macedonia. The municipal seat is located in the village of Rostuše. This municipality is part of the Polog Statistical Region.

## Geography

The municipality borders Gostivar Municipality to the north, Kičevo Municipality to the east, Debar Municipality to the south and Albania to the west.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 North Macedonia census, this municipality has 5,042 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the municipality include:
| | 2002 | 2002 | 2021 | 2021 |
| | Number | % | Number | % |
| TOTAL | 8,618 | 100 | 5,042 | 100 |
| Turks | 2,680 | 31.1 | 1,555 | 30.84 |
| Macedonians | 4,349 | 50.46 | 1,474 | 29.23 |
| Albanians | 1,483 | 17.21 | 470 | 9.32 |
| Bosniaks | 31 | 0.36 | 35 | 0.69 |
| Serbs | 6 | 0.07 | 6 | 0.12 |
| Roma | 10 | 0.12 | 3 | 0.06 |
| Vlachs | | | 2 | 0.04 |
| Other / Undeclared / Unknown | 59 | 0.68 | 1,092 | 21.67 |
| Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources | | | 405 | 8.03 |
* Religious affiliation according to the 2002 Macedonia census and 2021 North Macedonia census:
| | 2002 | 2002 | 2021 | 2021 |
| | Number | % | Number | % |
| TOTAL | 8,618 | 100 | 5,042 | 100 |
| Islam | 7,627 | 88.5 | 3,669 | 72.8 |
| Orthodox | 848 | 9.84 | 700 | 18.9 |
| Christians | 0 | 0.00 | 254 | 18.9 |
| Catholics | 14 | 0.16 | 1 | 18.9 |
| Others | 129 | 1.50 | 13 | 0.26 |
| Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources | n/a | n/a | 405 | 8.04 |
Mother tongues declared, per the 2021 North Macedonia census, include the following:
* Macedonian: 4,120 (81.2%)
* Albanian: 355 (7.0%)
* Turkish: 138 (2.7%)
* Others: 24 (0.5%)
* Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources: 405 (8.0%)
# Joseph Grinnell (politician)

Joseph Grinnell (November 17, 1788 – February 7, 1885) was an American politician and businessman who was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts. He was a friend of Abraham Lincoln, and the brother of Moses Hicks Grinnell.

## Early life

Grinnell was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts on November 17, 1788. He was the son of Cornelius Grinnell (1758–1850) and Sylvia (née Howland) Grinnell (1765–1837). His siblings included Henry Grinnell and Moses Hicks Grinnell.
After completing preparatory studies he moved to New York City in 1809, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits.

## Career

In 1815, he aided in establishing the firm of Fish and Grinnell, which later became Grinnell, Minturn & Co. His two younger brothers, Moses and Henry Grinnell, became members of the firm in 1825. When Joseph retired in 1828, his place was taken by Robert B. Minturn.
He served as president of the First National Bank of New Bedford in 1832, president of the New Bedford & Taunton Railroad in 1839, and a member of the Governor's council from 1839-1841.
In 1840, he became a director of the Boston & Providence Railroad, the following year its president, resigning that position in 1846, but remaining a director until 1863. He also served as president of the Wamsutta Mills from 1847 until 1885.

### Public office

Grinnell was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-eighth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Barker Burnell. He was reelected to the Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth, and Thirty-first Congresses and served from December 7, 1843, to March 3, 1851. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1850. After serving in Congress, he resumed his former business activities.

## Personal life

Grinnell was married to Sarah Russell (1788–1862), the daughter of Abraham and Sarah (née Schumacher) Russell. Joseph lived in New Bedford for fifty-six years, often traveling to Europe.
His niece and adopted daughter Cornelia Grinnell married the poet N.P. Willis.
He died in New Bedford, Massachusetts, February 7, 1885 and was interred in Oak Grove Cemetery.
# Ctenotus rufescens

Ctenotus rufescens, the rufous finesnout ctenotus, is a species of skink found in Western Australia.
# Joseph Van Belleghem

Joseph Gustave Van Belleghen (September 6, 1901 in St. Vital, Manitoba – January 5, 1967) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal-Progressive from 1949 to 1953.
The son of Désiré Van Belleghem and Louise Bossuyt, Van Belleghem was educated at the École Provencher and St. Boniface College. He worked as an accountant for the Canadian National Railway and then operated a hotel at St. Boniface in partnership with his brother for several years. In 1929, Van Belleghem married Clara Ysenbaert. He served as an alderman in St. Boniface for eighteen years between 1931 and 1965.
Van Belleghem was elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1949 provincial election for the two-member constituency of St. Boniface, which elected members by a single transferable ballot. Van Belleghem finished first in this poll, with CCF leader Edwin Hansford finishing second. In 1952, he was the only member of the Liberal-Progressive caucus to support an electoral reform bill which attempted to correct the under-representation of urban members.
Van Belleghem initially planned to contest the Liberal-Progressive nomination in St. Boniface again in the 1953 election, but withdrew from the race after complaints that his campaign was not being informed of meeting times. He sought re-election as an Independent Liberal-Progressive and was defeated, He placed third on the first count, fell to fourth after transfers, then was eliminated.
He was later elected Mayor of St. Boniface, serving from 1955 to 1960. Fluent in Dutch and French, he was appointed Belgian Consul for Manitoba in 1964 and held this position until his death.
He died in St. Boniface.
An "École Van Belleghem" was opened in Winnipeg shortly after his death.
# Sergei Slepov

Sergei Viktorovich Slepov (Russian: Сергей Викторович Слепов; born 19 May 1999) is a Russian football player who plays for Bumprom Gomel.

## Club career

He made his debut in the Russian Premier League for FC Dynamo Moscow on 10 August 2020 in a game against FC Ural Yekaterinburg, he substituted Clinton N'Jie in the 89th minute.
On 22 June 2021, he joined FC Rotor Volgograd on loan for the 2021–22 season.

## Career statistics

    As of 11 May 2021
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| FC Dynamo-2 Moscow | 2016–17 | PFL | 5 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 5 | 1 |
| FC Dynamo-2 Moscow | 2020–21 | PFL | 14 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 14 | 0 |
| FC Dynamo-2 Moscow | Total | Total | 19 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 1 |
| FC Dynamo Moscow | 2020–21 | Russian Premier League | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 23 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 1 |
# James R. Pringle

James Reid Pringle was the thirtieth intendant (mayor) of Charleston, South Carolina, serving one term from 1830 to 1831.
Pringle was born in 1782 to Robert Pringle and Mary Reid. Pringle represented St. Philip's and St. Michael's parishes (i.e., the Charleston area) in South Carolina General Assembly from 1808 to 1813. He then served three sessions in the South Carolina Senate from 1814 to 1819 and served as the president of the Senate starting in 1818. He resigned when he was appointed as United States Collector for the Port of Charleston in 1819.
He was elected intendant on September 6, 1830, in what was described as "one of the hottest elections ever contested in Charleston" in a race between the Unionists (Pringle) and Nullifiers (Henry L. Pinckney). Both candidates supported President Andrew Jackson, but the issue of nullification predominated the contest. The turnout for the election was thought to have been the highest ever for a municipal contest; Pringle secured 838 votes while Laurens got 754. He served a single term before being beaten by the same candidate, Henry L. Pinckney, in September 1831.
Pringle was nominated for another term as Collector of Customs for Charleston in January 1832 in anticipation of the end of his current term on January 29, 1832. He was nominated again for the same post in anticipation of the end of his current term on January 29, 1840.
He died on July 11, 1840, and is buried in St. Michael's Episcopal churchyard.
# Buanak

Buanak (Persian: بوانك, also Romanized as Būānak, and also spelled as Bābūnak and Bādūnak) is a village in Kaftarak Rural District, in the Central District of Shiraz County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 674, in 151 families.
# Pile Gully, Queensland

Pile Gully is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Pile Gully had "no people or a very low population".

## Geography

The eastern part of the locality is lower land and used for grazing, while the western part is more mountainous and undeveloped. The very northern part of the locality is within the Malmaison State Forest while the south-western and southern parts of the locality are within the Pile Gully State Forest which extends into neighbouring Old Cooranga.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Pile Gully had a population of 3 people.
In the 2021 census, Pile Gully had "no people or a very low population"e.

## Education

There are no schools in Pile Gully. The nearest primary and secondary schooling is in Gayndah.
# Jonathan H. Hubbard

Jonathan Hatch Hubbard (May 7, 1768 – September 20, 1849) was an American lawyer and politician. He served as a U.S. Representative from Vermont.

## Biography

Hubbard was born in Tolland in the Connecticut Colony. At the age of eleven Hubbard moved with his parents to Claremont, New Hampshire. He was instructed by a private tutor. Hubbard studied law in Charlestown, New Hampshire, and was admitted to the bar in 1790. He commenced practice in Windsor, Vermont. Hubbard married Elizabeth Hastings in 1793 and they had one child, Marie E. Hubbard.
Hubbard was elected as a Federalist to the Eleventh Congress and served from March 4, 1809, to March 3, 1811. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Twelfth Congress in 1810. Hubbard served as justice of the Vermont Supreme Court from 1813 to 1815. After serving as justice, Hubbard resumed the practice of law.

## Death

Hubbard died on September 20, 1849, in Windsor, Vermont.
# Birdman Aircraft

Birdman Aircraft was a U.S. aircraft manufacturer that marketed the Birdman TL-1 ultralight in the 1970s and early 1980s, at the time, the lightest aircraft to have ever flown. The firm was based at the Daytona Beach International Airport in Florida.
# Marens lille ugle

Marens lille ugle (English: Maren's Little Owl) is a Norwegian children's book from 1957, written by Finn Havrevold. The story is about the young girl Maren and her rag owl, which needs comfort when Maren is anxious. The book was adapted for radio, and it was basis for the film Ugler i mosen from 1959, directed by Ivo Caprino.
# Jozef Pročko

Jozef Pročko (born 13 March 1965) is a Slovak comedian and politician. He has served as a Member of the National Council of Slovakia since 2020.

## Early life

Pročko was born in Halič on 13 March 1965. He studied physical education at the Comenius University and acting at the Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava, graduating in 1994.

## Career

Pročko was employed by various TV Channels and the New Scene theatre from 1994 until 1996. He was the first host of Koleso Štastia, the Slovak adaptation of Wheel of Fortune. Pročko has been an independent artist since 1996, performing and hosting a variety of comedy shows. He is a four-time winner of the OTO Awards in the entertainer category.
Pročko has operated a cultural centre Zbrojnica in Halič since 2000s. He also runs a foundation "Jožo Pročko for Children" which organizes summer camps for children from disadvantaged backgrounds and supports victims of domestic abuse. Pročko has been a Member of the National Council since 2020, being elected on OĽANO list.

## Personal life

Pročko is married and has two children. He lives in Bratislava.
# Rodolphe Radau

Jean Charles Rodolphe Radau (22 January 1835 – 21 December 1911) was a German astronomer and mathematician who worked in Paris at the Revue des deux Mondes for most of his life. He was the co-founder of the Bulletin Astronomique.
Radau was born in Angerburg, Province of Prussia (now Węgorzewo in Poland), and after studying in Königsberg and working on the Three-body problem, he moved to Paris to collaborate with other scientists. In 1871 he was awarded a Ph.D. in recognition of his work in mathematics.
Radau won the Prix Damoiseau of the French Academy of Sciences in 1892 working on planetary perturbations in the motion of the Moon. This work was of such a high quality that he was elected to the Academy in 1897.
A crater on Mars is named in Radau's honor.
His publications include the Wonders of Acoustics (1867).
# Bushkan-e Deylami

Bushkan-e Deylami (Persian: بوشكان ديلمي, also Romanized as Būshkān-e Deylamī; also known as Būshegān-e Deylamī, Būshgān, Būshgān-e Deylamī, and Būshīkān-e Deylamī) is a village in Anarestan Rural District, Chenar Shahijan District, Kazerun County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 656, in 161 families.
# Troikaa Pharmaceuticals

Troikaa Pharmaceuticals is an Indian multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Ahmedabad city of Gujarat, India. It is a public unlisted company and is classified as company limited by shares.

## History

Troikaa Pharmaceuticals limited was established in 1983 in Ahmedabad, Gujarat by Rajni V. Patel, one of the few pharmacy graduates, of the first batch of L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad in 1950. Ketan R. Patel is the current Chairman & Managing Director of the company. According to article, he was named as “India’s pain killer” for inventing world's first painless diclofenac injection, which helps alleviate acute pain and inflammation. Milan R. Patel is Joint Managing Director of the company.
In May 2020, Troikaa received US Patent for one of its products 'Dynapar QPS'.

## Operations

Troikaa has three manufacturing facilities in Gujarat and Uttarakhand certified by ISO 9001:2000 and WHO GMP (The World Health Organization for following Good Manufacturing Practices). Company has six marketing divisions & strength of more than 2300 employees. Company has presence in more than 70 countries.
Troikaa secures its innovations related to Novel Drug Delivery systems through Patent co-operation treaty in more than 100 countries of the world.

## Litigation

In 2016, Troikaa Pharmaceuticals filed petition in Delhi High Court seeking license cancellation of Diclofenac Sodium Injection 75 mg/ml, manufactured by Themis Medicare Pvt Ltd and marketed by Novartis India Ltd. under the brand name Voveran 1ml.
Troikaa Pharmaceuticals claimed that the diclofenac sodium 75 mg/ml injection contained Transcutol-P which caused damage to the kidneys. In July 2018, India's Drug Regulator canceled the license granted to M/S Themis Medicare for the sale of Diclofenac injection 75 mg/ml containing Transcutol-P.
In 2012, Troikaa Pharmaceuticals suits a patent infringement in Ahmedabad district court against Ahmedabad-based Lincoln Pharmaceuticals and Delhi-based Akums Drug & Pharmaceuticals Ltd, saying the two companies had infringed upon its patented high concentration, low viscosity diclofenac injection. The case was continued by Gujarat High Court and ordered to Akums Drugs not to infringe as per the patent specification and dismissed Lincoln Pharma's appeal.
In 2008, Troikaa filed a suit for infringement of design against a company manufacturing D’ shaped tablets. The company had challenged that Troikaa's D-shaped tablet registration was invalid. The suit was transferred to the High Court of Gujarat and later in its first case under the Designs Act, the High Court decided in favor of the Troikaa.

## Awards & honors

* "The national award for R&D 2015" for "Dynapar QPS" by Ministry of Science and Technology (India) in Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi.
* "India Pharma Innovation of the Year Award" 2018 by Shri Ananth Kumar, Union Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India
* Intellectual Property Excellence in India Award 2016
* IPA ACG Scitech Innovation Awards 2015
* In 2008, National Award for R & D efforts in the area of Physical & Biological Sciences, for developing Dynapar AQ.
# Elspeet

Elspeet is a tourist village in the Netherlands, in the Veluwe region, in the municipality of Nunspeet, Gelderland, Netherlands. The village is situated about 10 kilometers south of Nunspeet and about 4 kilometers north of Uddel, on the Northern Veluwe. It is surrounded by forest and heather. The village has 4,635 inhabitants.
The origin of the name Elspeet isn't entirely clear. El is thought to be referring to the word old and speet (spaded)i .e. to its older reclamation: ground first spaded over, as distinct from Nunspeet where this came later.
Elspeet is a conservative Protestant village. In the 2006 municipal elections, 70 percent of the local population voted for the Reformed Political Party (SGP). The three Christian parties in the elections (the Reformed Political Party, the Christian Union and the Christian Democratic Appeal) had a combined total of almost 90 percent of the votes.

## Gallery

* Restored Reformed Church
* Tea house
* Heath near Elspeet
* School in Elspeet
# John T. H. Worthington

John Tolley Hood Worthington (November 1, 1788 – April 27, 1849) was a U.S. Representative from Maryland and a slaveholder.

## Early life

John Tolley Hood Worthington was born on November 1, 1788, at "Shawan," near Baltimore, Maryland. He was the son of Walter Tolley Worthington (1765–1843) and Sarah Hood (ca. 1767–1850), daughter of John Hood, Jr. (1745–1794), by Hannah Barnes (ca. 1745–1772). Worthington received a limited schooling and engaged in agricultural pursuits.

## United States Congress

Worthington was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-second Congress (March 4, 1831 – March 3, 1833). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1832 to the Twenty-third Congress and for election in 1834 to the Twenty-fourth Congress.
Worthington was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Congresses, where he served from March 4, 1837, to March 3, 1841. After Congress, he resumed agricultural pursuits.

## Personal life

He was married to Mary Tolley Worthington (1790–1840), a cousin who was the daughter of John Worthington (ca. 1760–1834) and Mary Beale Worthington (1768–1839). Together, they had:
* Samuel Worthington (d. 1860)
* John Tolley Worthington (1813–1892), who married Mary Govane Hood (1813–1892), daughter of James Hood, of Hood's Mill, and Sarah Howard.
* Ann Maria Worthington (1821–1873), who married Charles Grosvenor Hanson (1815/6–1880), son of Alexander Contee Hanson (1786-1819)
* Comfort Mary Worthington (1823–1894), who married William B. Nelson, Jr.
In 1840 he owned 29 slaves according to the U.S. census. James Watkins, a fugitive slave from Maryland, mentions two daughters born out of wedlock by one or two enslaved women. He doesn't give the names of those daughters, but claims to have known them both personally. He calls the first one "a white slave" and reports that she remained enslaved until he (Watkins) freed her by bringing her to the Free States. According to Watkins, the second enslaved daughter was sold by her own father for $1800 for the purpose of breeding slave children. When she refused being used for that purpose out of her notion of Christian chastity, she was so severely flogged that she died in Watkins' presence.
Worthington died at "Shawan" in Baltimore County, Maryland, and was interred in a private cemetery on his farm. He was reinterred in St. John's Episcopal Churchyard in Worthington Valley, Maryland.
# Lane Carson

Lane Anderson Carson (born August 21, 1947, in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA) is a licensed building contractor, real estate broker, and attorney in private practice who resides in Covington, the parish seat of St. Tammany Parish.

## Career

Carson was 1st Platoon Leader, A Company, 1/11 Infantry, 5th Mech Infantry Division during the Vietnam War. He was wounded in operation Dewey Canyon II (Lam Son 719), discharged and returned home. He received the Purple Heart, Vietnam Campaign Medal, Vietnam Service Medal and Combat Infantryman Badge.
* Biography
* United States
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