OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Enoch Louis Lowe

Enoch Louis Lowe (August 10, 1820 – August 23, 1892) was the 29th Governor of Maryland in the United States from 1851 to 1854.

## Early life

He was the only child of Bradley Samuel Adams Lowe and Adelaide Bellumeau de la Vincendiere. He was born on August 10, 1820, in the manor-house of The Hermitage, on the Monocacy River, Frederick County, Maryland. At thirteen he entered Clongowes Wood College, Ireland, where he was schoolmates with Thomas Francis Meagher. Three years later he matriculated at Stonyhurst College, England, where he was friends with Francis Mahony and Miles Gerard Keon, the novelist. He graduated first in his class in 1839.
Studying with Judge John A. Lynch, of Frederick, he was admitted to the bar in 1842.

## Family

In 1844, Lowe married Esther Winder Polk, of Somerset County, Maryland, daughter of James Polk and cousin of James Knox Polk. They had eleven children of whom seven survived: Adelaide Victoire, married E. Austin Jenkins; Anna Maria, religiense of the Sacred Heart, died 1889; Paul Emelius; Vivian Polk; Victoire Vincendiere, married John M. Stubbs; Enoch Louis; Esther Polk; Mary Gorter, married Francis de Sales Jenkins.

## Political career

Lowe was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Frederick County in 1845, a member of the Democratic National Convention in 1856 and a U.S. Presidential elector in 1860. Lowe took the oath of office as Governor of Maryland on January 6, 1851. The most important events of his administration were the adoption of the Maryland Constitution of 1851, the completion of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to the Ohio River and a reduction of the state tax rate from 25 to 15 cents on a $100.
As of 2022, he is the last governor of Maryland to have lived in Frederick County.

## Civil War and later life

He supported the Confederacy during the Civil War. During the war, he lived at Richmond, Virginia, and Milledgeville, Georgia. After the war, he moved to Brooklyn, New York, joining the law firm of Richard F. Clarke and W. H. Morgan.
He is mentioned in the song "Maryland, My Maryland", which later became the state anthem.
He died at St. Mary's Hospital, Brooklyn, on August 23, 1892. He is buried at Saint John's Cemetery in Frederick, Maryland.

## Assessment

   He was, perhaps, the greatest stump speaker of his day. ... Few young men ever had a more brilliant career in this state than Enoch Louis Lowe. ... He had the advantage of collegiate training abroad, with which was combined a pleasing address, winning speech and clear-cut, States' rights, patriotic principles.
James McSherry, Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals of Maryland, writing to a member of his family, paid this tribute to Lowe's memory:
   The superb attainments of your father as a forensic and popular orator were perhaps never equalled by anyone who ever lived in this country.
# Richard N. Berry

Richard Nathaniel Berry (November 4, 1915 – January 31, 2018) was an American politician from Maine. Berry, a Republican, served in the Maine Legislature from 1960 to 1976. He spent 6 years in the Maine House of Representatives (1960-1966) and 10 years in the Maine Senate, including 4 years as Senate Majority Leader (1970-1974). In 1974, he sought the Senate Presidency but was unable to gain enough votes from his colleagues. He represented Cape Elizabeth, Maine in the House and Cape Elizabeth, South Portland and part of Scarborough while in the Senate. Berry was married to Sylvia Lehr, who died in December 2010. He died on January 31, 2018, at the age of 102.
# Lipinka, Pomeranian Voivodeship

Lipinka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowy Staw, within Malbork County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) east of Nowy Staw, 12 km (7 mi) north-east of Malbork, and 42 km (26 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Nicolae Cajal

Nicolae Cajal (October 1, 1919, in Bucharest – March 7, 2004) was a Romanian Jewish physician, academic, politician, and philanthropist. He was the president of Federation Jewish Communities of Romania from 1994 until his death.

## Biography

Cajal held a Ph.D. degree in virology and chaired the Ștefan S. Nicolau Virology Research Center in Bucharest for years. He was a Member of the Romanian Academy, the Romanian Medical Sciences Academy, the British Royal Society of Medicine, and the New York Academy of Sciences. From 1966, he was an expert for the World Health Organization. In 1944, Cajal worked as an intern in the hospital laboratories, in the laboratories of the bacteriology department of the Medical Faculty of Bucharest, and since 1945 at the department of inframicrobiology - virusology.
As a specialist in virology, Cajal was a disciple of Ștefan S. Nicolau, founder of the Romanian School of Virology. His contributions were published in over 400 scientific papers.
In 1966, Cajal became a professor and head of the virology department at the Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy of Bucharest, having passed through all the didactic degrees, being, in turn, through the competition, trainer, assistant, head of works, lecturer. Starting in 1967, Cajal was the director of the Institute of Virusology of the Romanian Academy.
Cajal was an active member of civil society, involved in improving awareness of war crimes carried out in World War II Romania and of the genocide in Transnistria and other occupied areas (see Romania during World War II).
Between 1990 and 1992, he was a senator for Bucharest, representing the National Salvation Front, the new moderate-Socialist government party after the Romanian Revolution. In his parliamentary activity, Cajal was a member of the parliamentary groups of friendship with the People's Republic of China, the State of Israel, and with the French Senate.
He was elected as a correspondent member in 1963 and in 1990 a full member of the Romanian Academy. He was vice-president of the Romanian Academy (1990-1994), president of the Medical Sciences Section and president of the M. H. Elias Foundation. He was a member of the New York Academy of Sciences and Doctor Honoris Causa of the Universities of Oradea (1994), Timișoara (1995), Cluj-Napoca (1995), and Iași (1996).
# Arnold Marshall Rose

Arnold Marshall Rose (July 2, 1918 – January 2, 1968) was an American sociologist and politician. He was elected to the Minnesota Legislature and to the presidency of the American Sociological Association (ASA). He held faculty appointments at Bennington College, Washington University in St. Louis and the University of Minnesota. He had a special interest in the study of race relations.

## Biography

Born in Chicago in 1918, Rose earned several degrees from the University of Chicago, including undergraduate degrees in sociology and economics, then master's and doctoral degrees in sociology. He served in World War II in the Mediterranean Theater.
As a young man, he assisted Gunnar Myrdal on An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. He worked at the University of Minnesota from 1949 until his death. He also wrote The Negro in America and The Power Struggle. Studying the issue of race relations, Rose found that racism presented four problems. It limited a society's access to talent and leadership, aggravated social issues like poverty, cost a society money and time to defend, and damaged goodwill between nations. He spent stints as a Fulbright Professor at the University of Paris and the University of Rome in the 1950s.
Rose was elected to a seat in the Minnesota Legislature in 1962. He did not seek another term because he had been diagnosed with cancer by 1966. Rose married sociologist and professor Caroline Baer in 1943. He died in January 1968, shortly after being elected president of the ASA but before beginning his term of office. The organization chose to recognize him as one of its presidents.
Caroline Baer Rose led the Council for University Women's Progress and the Midwest Sociological Society. She died of cancer in 1975.
# David Stirling (polo player)

David Stirling Jr. (born January 4, 1981, in Young, Río Negro Department) is an Uruguayan polo player with a 10-goal handicap who currently plays in Argentina for La Dolfina Polo Team. He is ranked number 6, and considered one of the best polo players in the world. He is often referred to as Pelón. He won three consecutive Argentine Triple Crowns from 2013 to 2015.

## Controversies

In 2024, he was accused of being involved in a money laundering network, headed by Alessandro Bazzoni and Siri Evjemo-Nysveen, dedicated to the purchase of polo horses with money from corruption in the Venezuelan oil company PDVSA through the companies CGC One Planet and Clareville Grove Capital.
# Charlotte of the Palatinate (1628–1631)

Charlotte of the Palatinate (Princess Palatine Charlotte; 19 December 1628 – 14 January 1631), was the fourth daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine (of the House of Wittelsbach), the "Winter King" of Bohemia, by his consort, the English princess Elizabeth Stuart. Charlotte was born in the Dutch Republic, where her family had sought refuge after the sequestration of their Electorate during the Thirty Years' War. Charlotte's brother Charles Louis was, as part of the Peace of Westphalia, restored to the Palatinate.

## Biography

Princess Charlotte was born in The Hague, where her parents lived in exile after her father lost the Battle of White Mountain and was driven from the thrones of both Bohemia and the Palatinate.
Her paternal grandparents were Frederick IV and Louise Juliana of Nassau and maternal grandparents were James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark. She died on 14 January 1631, and her father, a Calvinist, died on 29 November 1632, the year after her.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Charlotte of the Palatinate :
# Cité Soleil massacre

The Cité Soleil massacre may refer to:
* July 2005 United Nations assault on Cité Soleil, which targeted armed rebels and killed between five and 80 people.
* 2024 Cité Soleil massacre, where a gang targeting Vodou practitioners killed at least 184 people.
# Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction

The Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC) is a political party in The Gambia. Founded by army officers who staged the 1994 coup, it was the ruling party from 1996 to 2016 under President Yahya Jammeh.

## History

The APRC was formed in 1996 to support coup organiser Yahya Jammeh's successful campaign in the 1996 presidential election. The party ruled over the next twenty years, winning a series of controversial elections. For instance, no other candidates ran in 33 of the 45 National Assembly seats won by the APRC in the 2002 parliamentary elections, as the main opposition boycotted what it described would be an unfair vote.
Despite such criticisms, the APRC was described as very popular amongst the Jola ethnic group. In terms of nationwide percentage, the party's best parliamentary election result was in 2007 (59.7%), while the best presidential election result came in 2011 (71.5%).
Jammeh was ultimately denied a fifth term in the 2016 presidential election by activist Adama Barrow, and the APRC lost a whopping 38 seats in the following year's parliamentary vote, going into opposition for the first time.
New leader Fabakary Jatta has sought to distance the party from the alleged crimes committed by Jammeh during his twenty year rule, and endorsed Barrow's successful re-election campaign in 2021. Jammeh criticised the decision. After the 2022 parliamentary election resulted in a hung parliament for the first time in the country's history, the APRC formed a coalition agreement with Barrow's National People's Party. This caused internal turmoil, as many members, including within the party establishment, remain loyal to Jammeh.

## Electoral history
### Presidential elections

| Election | Candidate | Votes | % | Results |
| 1996 | Yahya Jammeh | 220,011 | 55.8% | Elected Y |
| 2001 | Yahya Jammeh | 242,302 | 52.8% | Elected Y |
| 2006 | Yahya Jammeh | 264,404 | 67.3% | Elected Y |
| 2011 | Yahya Jammeh | 470,550 | 71.5% | Elected Y |
| 2016 | Yahya Jammeh | 208,487 | 39.6% | Lost N |

### National Assembly elections

| Election | Party leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position | Government |
| 1997 | Yahya Jammeh | 160,470 | 52.13% | 33 / 49 | New | 1st | Supermajority |
| 2002 | Yahya Jammeh | 29,097 | 51.05% | 45 / 53 | 12 | 1st | Supermajority |
| 2007 | Yahya Jammeh | 157,392 | 59.70% | 42 / 53 | 3 | 1st | Supermajority |
| 2012 | Yahya Jammeh | 80,289 | 51.82% | 43 / 53 | 1 | 1st | Supermajority |
| 2017 | Fabakary Jatta | 60,331 | 15.91% | 5 / 53 | 38 | 3rd | Opposition |
| 2022 | Fabakary Jatta | 15,710 | 3.19% | 2 / 53 | 3 | 5th | Coalition (NPP-NRP-APRC) |
# Mattigaikurichi

Mattigaikurichi is a village in Kallakurichi District in State of Tamil Nadu, India.
This small village is located on the north bank of the river Gomuki, It is 6 km away from Kallakurichi, in Sankarapuram Taluk, Villupuram District.
As per 2011 India census, Mattigaikurichi had a population of 1658. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Most of the villagers are farmers.
There is an elementary school, built by the villagers and since 1969 there has also been a Government Middle school.

## Demographics

Census :
| Religion | Religion | Percent(%) | Percent(%) |
| Female Population | Female Population | 51.1% | 51.1% |
| Male Population | Male Population | 48.9% | 48.9% |
| Total Literacy | Total Literacy | 60.0 % | 60.0 % |
| Female Literacy | Female Literacy | 25.4 % | 25.4 % |
| Male Literacy | Male Literacy | 73% | 73% |
According to 2011 census, Mattigaikurichi had a population of 1658 with a sex-ratio of 848 Females & 810 Males. The average literacy of the village was 67.08% and there were a total of 1300 workers, comprising 840 cultivators, 400 main agricultural labourers.

## Climate

The climate is moderate to hot, with the maximum temperature being 38 °C and the minimum at 21 °C. The Village gets its rainfall from the northeast monsoon during the winter months and the southwest monsoon during the summer months. The average annual rainfall is 1,070 mm.
# O'Che 1867

O'Che 1867 (Chinese: 謝利源) is a family-owned goldsmith and jewelry business in Macau, China. It was founded in 1867 during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor in the Qing dynasty. The family's history in the business spans four generations. The name "O'Che 1867" was originally "Ourivesaria Che Lee Yuen," whereas "Ourivesaria" is Portuguese for goldsmiths and "Che" ("Tse" in Hong Kong) is the romanized form of the family's Chinese surname.

## History

* 1850: Founder, Mr Che Yue Tong was born in Macau
* 1867: At the age of 17, Mr Che set up "Ourivesaria Che Lee Yuen" in Kiu Tsai Tou, Macau.
* 1880: Began making gold jewelry
* 1910-20: Two sons, Choi Sang and Wing Sang joined the business, shop moved to No. 24 Rua dos Mercadores.
* 1942: The third generation, Chi San (son of Choi Sang) joined the company.
* 1944-46: First in the Greater China region to use electrolysis to refine gold in commercial scale and first to use carbon for dissolving platinum.
* 1967: 100th Anniversary of the Company
* 1992: Business expanded and shop moved to the present address at Rua F.X. Pereira 105A.
* 1996: Chi San's second son, Stephen Tse, the 4th generation joined the business.
* 1997: The Company's sub-brand - RingMaster, a new concept jewelry store was created and opened, the first of its kind in Macau.
* 2007: 140th Anniversary of the Company. A new concept store was established in the Grand Canal Shoppes, the Venetian Macao, specializing in fine jewelry.
* 2008: The Company exhibited for the first time at an international jewelry event, the "JMA Macau 2008"
* 2015: Shops opened at the Harborview Hotel, Fisherman Wharf and at No. 16-18 Travessa do Mastro, Macau.
* 2016: Store opened at the Sands Cotai Central shopping mall.
* 2018: On-line shops opened at T-Mall
* 2018: First China Store opened in Zhuhai, PRC.
* 2019: The company was appointed to create the crown for Miss Macau Pageant 2019 and became the official sponsor and manufacturer of the crowns for the event.
# Frank Mrvan

Frank Mrvan may refer to:
* Frank J. Mrvan (born 1969), U.S. representative from Indiana, son of Frank Ed Mrvan Jr.
* Frank Mrvan Jr. (born 1933), U.S. politician, Indiana state senator, father of Frank John Mrvan
# David Bradstreet

David Bradstreet (born London, England) is a Canadian-based musician. He spent his childhood in Oakville, Ontario and began his music career in the late 1960s. He is best known for his song "Renaissance" ("Let’s Dance That Old Dance Once More") that was performed by Canadian country and folk musician Valdy. He won a Juno Award in 1978 for "most promising male vocalist" and was nominated three more times for best instrumental album.

## Awards and recognition

* 1978: winner, Juno Award, most promising male vocalist
* 1999: nominee, Juno Award, with Dan Gibson for best instrumental album, Whispering Woods
* 2000: nominee, Juno Award, with Dan Gibson for best instrumental album, Natural Sleep Inducement
* 2002: nominee, Juno Award, with Dan Gibson for best instrumental album, Angel's Embrace

## Partial discography

* 1976 David Bradstreet
* 1977 Dreaming in Colour
* 1980 Black & White"
* 1998 Renaissance
* 2006 Lifelines
* 2007 TheraSleep
* 2007 TheraCalm
* 2010 08.20.10 Bradstreet & Keesee
* 2020 Best Foot Forward
* 2023 Hindsight
# Prądnik Biały

Prądnik Biały is one of 18 districts of Kraków, located in the northwest part of the city. The name Prądnik Biały comes from a village of the same name that is now a part of the district.
According to the Central Statistical Office data, the district's area is 23.42 square kilometres (9.04 square miles) and 69 135 people inhabit Prądnik Biały.

## Subdivisions of Prądnik Biały

Prądnik Czerwony is divided into smaller subdivisions (osiedles). Here's a list of them.
* Azory
* Bronowice Wielkie
* Osiedle Gotyk
* Górka Narodowa
* Górka Narodowa Wschód
* Górka Narodowa Zachód
* Osiedle Krowodrza Górka
* Osiedle Witkowice Nowe
* Prądnik Biały
* Tonie
* Witkowice
* Żabiniec
# Groupe GEOS

GEOS is an international corporation based in France. The core activity of the group is risk management.

## Chronology
### Establishment

GEOS was set up in 1997. The ambition of the group’s founders, Stéphane Gérardin and Thierry Laulom, was to deliver a French security management solution for companies faced with criminal threats and political risk.

### Business development

In the beginning, the main activity of the company was security escort for dignitaries and security audits in Algeria. The service package was gradually expanded; in 2000 the group delivered a range of services in geographical zones including Africa, South-East Asia and North America. As of 2004, the group saw turnover increase making the opening of the company’s capital to investors possible. Continental Risk, a holding company, acquired 34% of the group’s capital. The firm is owned by Guillaume Verspieren.

### 2008: Reinforcement of share capital

With turnover of 34 million euro recorded in 2008 the expansion of the Group led to the reinforcement of shareholder positions, with Continental Risk currently holding the majority stake of the company. Guillaume Verspieren was named Chief Executive Officer of the Group.
# Kal Kash

Kal Kash (Persian: كل كش) is a village in Heydariyeh Rural District of Gowavar District, Gilan-e Gharb County, Kermanshah province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,864 in 417 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,843 people in 472 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,622 people in 508 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Zanzibar Blue

Zanzibar Blue was a jazz club located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Known for its live jazz each night and for Sunday brunch, it branded itself as "Philadelphia's Premier Jazz Club". Owned by brothers Robert and Benjamin Jr. Bynum, the club was located in Center City, Philadelphia below the Bellevue on the Avenue of the Arts. Zanzibar Blue opened in 1990 on 11th Street, between Spruce and Pine Streets and later moved to the Bellevue in 1996. The club closed on April 29, 2007, Robert Bynum stating, "we didn't think it was in our best interests to renew [the lease]. We'd rather own [our] building than lease." WJJZ, Philadelphia's smooth jazz radio station broadcast Sunday brunches from Zanzibar Blue, and performers such as Lou Rawls, Chick Corea and Chuck Mangione have played there.
# Stadionul Victoria (Carei)

Stadionul Victoria is a multi-use stadium in Carei, Romania. It is used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Victoria Carei. The stadium holds 4,000 people, but only 400 on seats. The stadium was renovated most recently in 2022, when 400 seats were added.
# Early Morning Shakes

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Early Morning Shakes is the third studio album by American rock n roll band Whiskey Myers. It was released on February 4, 2014, through Wiggy Thump Records in the United States.

## Personnel
### Whiskey Myers

* Cody Cannon - lead vocals, rhythm guitar
* John Jeffers - guitars, lap steel guitar, slide guitar, backing vocals
* Cody Tate - guitars, backing vocals
* Gary Brown - bass
* Jeff Hogg - drums

### Additional musicians

* Michael Webb - keyboards
* Chris Hennessee - harp
* Kristen Rogers - backing vocals

### Production

* Dave Cobb - producer, mixing
* Mark Needham - mixing
* Will Brierre - mixing assistant
* Pete Lyman - mastering
* Gary Dorsey & Kaysie Dorsey - art direction, artwork, photography

## Reception

Writing for Texas Music Pickers, Chris Fox concluded that the album is "true southern rock without trying to be – it’s authentic, which seems like such a hard thing for artists to accomplish these days." In his review for Louder Than War, Dave Jennings stated that the album "features a fine blend of country, blues, rock and touches of gospel and is evidence of a band that is clearly going places."
# Lublewo Lęborskie

Lublewo Lęborskie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Choczewo, within Wejherowo County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-east of Choczewo, 27 km (17 mi) north-west of Wejherowo, and 63 km (39 mi) north-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Jean-Pierre Grin-Hofmann

Jean-Pierre Grin stylized as Jean-Pierre Grin-Hofmann (French pronunciation:; born 16 March 1947) is a Swiss farmer and politician. He currently serves as a member of the National Council (Switzerland) for the Swiss People's Party since 2007. Grin is a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. He previously served as a member of the Cantonal Council of Vaud from 1998 to 2007.

## Responsibility for accident

In July 2012, Grin was involved in a deadly accident with his tractor. In June 2014, he was convicted of negligent homicide on 'average guilt' and sentenced to conditional sentence of 30 daily payments and a penalty of 1,000 Swiss Francs.

## Politics

Between 1967 and 1973, Grin served on the legislative of Pomy, in the municipal council and since 1974 in the executive office. Between 1994 and 2011 he was the mayor of Pomy. Between 1998 and 2007, Grin served as a member of the Cantonal Council of Vaud for the Swiss People's Party, where he was the president of his party. Since 2007, he serves as a member of the National Council (Switzerland).

## Personal life

Grin is married to Evelyne (née Hofmann) and resides in Pomy, Switzerland. He has one son (born 1971) and two daughters (born 1983 and 1984). His second eldest son (born 1974) died in a tragic accident with an agricultural machine.