# Catulle Mendès

Catulle Mendès (French pronunciation:; 22 May 1841 – 8 February 1909) was a French poet and man of letters.

## Early life and career

Of Portuguese Jewish extraction, Mendès was born in Bordeaux. After childhood and adolescence in Toulouse, he arrived in Paris in 1859 and quickly became one of the protégés of the poet Théophile Gautier. He promptly attained notoriety with the publication in the La Revue fantaisiste (1861) of his Roman d'une nuit, for which he was condemned to a month's imprisonment and a fine of 500 francs. He was allied with Parnassianism from the beginning of the movement and displayed extraordinary metrical skill in his first volume of poems, Philoméla (1863). His critics have noted that the elegant verse of his later volumes is distinguished rather by dexterous imitation of different writers than by any marked originality. The versatility and fecundity of Mendès' talent is shown in his critical and dramatic writings, including several libretti, and in his novels and short stories. His short stories continue the French tradition of the licentious conte.
In his early period, Mendès sometimes published under the pseudonym Jacques Rollin.

## Personal life

In 1866, Mendès married Judith Gautier, the younger daughter of his mentor Théophile. They soon separated, and in 1869 he began cohabiting with the composer Augusta Holmès with whom he had five children, including:
* Huguette Mendès (1871–1964)
* Claudine Mendès (1876–1937)
* Helyonne Mendès (1879–1955)
The couple parted in 1886, and he later married the poet Jeanne Mette, who was to be his last companion.

### Death

Early on the morning of 8 February 1909, the body of Mendès was discovered in the railway tunnel of Saint Germain. He had left Paris by the midnight train on the 7th, and it is supposed that, thinking he had arrived at the station, he had opened the door of his compartment while still in the tunnel, although some biographers have suggested suicide. His body was interred at the Montparnasse Cemetery.

## Works
### Collections of poetry

* Philoméla (1863)
* Poésies, première série (1876), which includes much of his earlier verse
* Soirs moroses, Contes épiques, Philoméla, etc.; Poésies (7 vols., 1885), a new edition largely augmented
* Les Poésies de Catulle Mendès (3 vols., 1892)
* Nouveaux Contes de Jadis (1893), Editeur Paul Ollendorff, Paris
* La Grive des vignes (1895)

### For theatre

* La Part du roi (1872), a one-act verse comedy
* Les Frères d'armes (1873), drama
* Justice (1877), in three acts, characterized by a hostile critic as a hymn in praise of suicide
* Le Capitaine Fracasse (1878), libretto of a light opera, based on Théophile Gautier's novel
* Gwendoline (1886) and Briséïs (first performed 1897), for the music of Chabrier
* La Femme de Tabarin (1887)
* Isoline (1888), for the music of Messager
* Le Collier de Saphirs (1891), Pantomime in two tableaux, music by Gabriel Pierné
* Le Docteur Blanc (1893), Mimodrame Fantastique in one act, music by Gabriel Pierné
* Médée (1898), in three acts and in verse
* La Reine Fiammette (1898), a conte dramatique in six acts and in verse, set in Renaissance Italy, later set to music by Xavier Leroux, for which see: La reine Fiammette
* Le Cygne (1899), for the music of Lecocq
* La Carmélite (1902), for the music of Reynaldo Hahn
* Le Fils de l'étoile (1904), the hero of which is Bar Kokhba, the Syrian pseudo-Messiah, for the music of Camille Erlanger
* Scarron (1905)
* Ariane (1906) and Bacchus (1909), for the music of Massenet
* Glatigny (1906)
* La Vierge d'Avila (1906), for Sarah Bernhardt
In the same year, Catulle Mendès wrote in Le Figaro that it was after reading Gobineau's Les Religions et les Philosophies dans d´Asie centrale (The religions and philosophies of central Asia) that he had the idea to write a drama about the first woman disciple of the Báb: the Persian erudite and illustrious poet Tahéreh.

### Critical works

* Richard Wagner (1886)
* L'Art au théâtre (3 vols; 1896–1900), a series of dramatic criticisms reprinted from newspapers
* A report addressed to the minister of public instruction and of the fine arts on Le Mouvement poétique francais de 1867 à 1900 (new ed., 1903), which includes a bibliographical and critical dictionary of the French poets of the 19th century.

### Novels

* Zo'har (1886), a story of incest in which the woman is virile and the man is feeble
* Le Roi vierge (1880) in which he introduces Louis II of Bavaria and Richard Wagner
* L'Homme tout nu (1887)
* Méphistophéla (1890)
* La Maison de la vielle (1894)
* Gog (1897)
* Le Chercheur de tares (1898)

### Documents

* L'Évangile de la jeunesse de Notre-Seigneur Jésus-Christ d'apres S. Pierre mis en français par Catulle Mendès après le manuscrit de l'Abbaye de Saint Wolfgang (1894). Presented as a lost Latin document from the abbey of St. Wolfgang im Salzkammergut, with a translation by Mendès into French, although considered by most to have been a literary forgery entirely written by Mendès.

### Books in English

* Mendès, Catulle (2007). Bluebirds. Translated by Stableford, Brian. Snuggly Books. ISBN 9781943813254.