OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thrombin receptor

There are three known thrombin receptors (ThrR), termed PAR1, PAR3 and PAR4 (PAR for protease-activated receptor).
G-protein-coupled receptors that are responsible for the coagulation effects and responses of thrombin on cells are known as protease-activated receptors, or PARs. These receptors are members of the 7-transmembrane g protein-coupled family of receptors, however, their method of activation is unique. Unlike most G-protein-coupled receptors, PARs are irreversibly activated by proteolytic mechanism and therefore, are strictly regulated.
Thrombin is an allosteric serine protease that is an essential effector of coagulation that is produced at sites of vascular injury and plays a critical role in cellular response to blood-related diseases. It binds to and cleaves the extracellular N-terminal domain of the receptor. A tethered ligand corresponding to the new N-terminus, SFLLRN, is then unmasked, binding to the second extracellular loop of the receptor and activating it.

## Tissue distribution

PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4 are activated by thrombin. There are species-specific differences in thrombin receptor expression in platelets and other cell types, in which differences in thrombin concentrations may considerably affect platelet activation of distinct PARs. As seen in human platelets, PAR1 and PAR4 are the functional thrombin receptors, whereas PAR3 and PAR4 are functional thrombin receptors in mouse platelets
Thrombin receptors are also differentially expressed in cell types, e.g. PAR1 is expressed in fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, sensory neurons and glial cells, whereas the other two are less clearly defined.
There are various roles depending on location of activation. Fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells induces growth factor and matrix production, migration and proliferation. Sensory neurons induces proliferation and release of neuroactive agents.

## Regulation of signaling
### Desensitization and internalization

Initial desensitization due to rapid phosphorylation of activated receptors by kinases, which increases affinity for arrestin. Arrestin prevents protein-receptor interaction and the receptor becomes dephosphorylated and inhibited from signaling. This is a sufficient and rapid form of termination of PAR signaling. Irreversibly activated PAR1 is internalized and terminated from further signaling by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and lysosome degradation, preventing replenishment at the cell surface.
Biased signaling is a form of regulating thrombin receptors by allowing specific ligands to activate certain pathways. It is known that thrombin activates PAR1 signaling, which can activate many pathways involving the G-protein-coupled receptors, however, with biased signaling it is different. Biased antagonists made for thrombin receptors are important for therapeutical therapies that can treat different inflammatory-related diseases. There have been studies of PAR-1 inhibitors, vorapaxar and atopaxar, which could provide an alternative treatment for atherothrombotic disease.
# Hennepin

Hennepin may refer to:

## Places in the United States

* Hennepin, Illinois, a village
* Hennepin, Oklahoma, a small community
* Hennepin Avenue, a street in Minneapolis, Minnesota
* Hennepin County, Minnesota
* Hennepin Township, Putnam County, Illinois

## Other uses

* Father Louis Hennepin (1626–1706), Belgian/French explorer of North America
* SS Hennepin, a shipwreck off the coast of Lake Michigan near South Haven, Michigan, United States
* USS Hennepin (AK-187) (1943–1946), US Navy cargo ship
* Hennepin Canal Parkway State Park, former site of the Hennepin Canal
# Administrative divisions of Astrakhan Oblast

| Astrakhan Oblast, Russia | |
| Administrative center: Astrakhan ||
| As of 2015: ||
| Number of districts (Russian: районы) | 11 |
| Number of cities/towns (города) | 6 |
| Number of urban-type settlements (посёлки городского типа) | 7 |
| Number of selsovets (сельсоветы) | 151 |
| As of 2002: ||
| Number of rural localities (сельские населённые пункты) | 427 |
| Number of uninhabited rural localities (сельские населённые пункты без населения) | 8 |
* Towns under the federal government management:
** Znamensk (Russian: Знаменск)
* Cities and towns under the oblast's jurisdiction:
** Astrakhan (Астрахань) (administrative center)
*** city districts:
**** Kirovsky (Кировский)
**** Leninsky (Ленинский)
**** Sovetsky (Советский)
**** Trusovsky (Трусовский)
* Districts:
** Akhtubinsky (Ахтубинский)
*** Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
**** Akhtubinsk (Ахтубинск)
*** Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction:
**** Nizhny Baskunchak (Нижний Баскунчак)
**** Verkhny Baskunchak (Верхний Баскунчак)
*** with 12 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
** Chernoyarsky (Черноярский)
*** with 10 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
** Ikryaninsky (Икрянинский)
*** Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction:
**** Ilyinka (Ильинка)
**** Krasnye Barrikady (Красные Баррикады)
*** with 15 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
** Kamyzyaksky (Камызякский)
*** Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
**** Kamyzyak (Камызяк)
*** Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction:
**** Kirovsky (Кировский)
**** Volgo-Kaspiysky (Волго-Каспийский)
*** with 16 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
** Kharabalinsky (Харабалинский)
*** Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
**** Kharabali (Харабали)
*** with 9 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
** Krasnoyarsky (Красноярский)
*** with 16 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
** Limansky (Лиманский)
*** Urban-type settlements under the district's jurisdiction:
**** Liman (Лиман)
*** with 14 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
** Narimanovsky (Наримановский)
*** Towns under the district's jurisdiction:
**** Narimanov (Нариманов)
*** with 12 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
** Privolzhsky (Приволжский)
*** with 12 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
** Volodarsky (Володарский)
*** with 21 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
** Yenotayevsky (Енотаевский)
*** with 14 selsovets under the district's jurisdiction.
# Bazegney

Bazegney (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France.
# Frenelle-la-Grande

Frenelle-la-Grande (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

## Geography

Frenelle-la-Grande is adjacent to the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, at 7 km northwest of Mirecourt. Frenelle-la-Petite is a neighbor to the west.
# Frenelle-la-Petite

Frenelle-la-Petite (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France.
# Gircourt-lès-Viéville

Gircourt-lès-Viéville (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France.
# Oëlleville

Oëlleville (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France.
Inhabitants are called Oëllevillois.

## Geography

The commune is positioned at the confluence of various minor roads approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) to the west-north-west of Mirecourt and a slightly longer distance to the north-north-east of Vittel. Over 12% of the commune land is forested.

## Tradition

The village makes a particular feature of the feast of St Nicholas on December 6. Each year a member of the community, chosen for his imposing physique and the steely firmness of his eyes, is selected to dress up as The Saint, who is accompanied by Père Fouettard (better known to some English speakers as Hans Trapp in Alsace or Zwarte Piet in Flanders) with his own bag of less welcome seasonal gifts. A procession and other seasonal gift related celebrations and rituals ensue.
# Ramecourt, Vosges

Ramecourt (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France.
Inhabitants are called Ramecurtiens.

## Geography

Ramecourt is a small rural village approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) to the west of Mirecourt and 18 kilometres (11 mi) to the north-east of Vittel. The village enjoys the soothing presence of the little stream that flows along the Arol Valley (Val d’Arol). The proximity of several thermal resorts, the sunlit mountains, and the trout fishing available in the stream make the village one that welcomes visitors. The picturesque orchards, pastureland and hedges that surround the village reflect the nature of the local agriculture.

## Victor Hugo

The deaths of Jean Hugo and of his wife, Catherine Mansuy, paternal great-great-grandparents to Victor Hugo, are mentioned in the parish register of the adjacent commune of Domvallier as having occurred respectively in November and December 1731. Jean had been born at Vaudémont in 1648, and that is where he married his wife in 1673, but around 1700 they came to live at Ramecourt. Their children included Jean Philippe Hugo, apparently married to another Catherine. These produced Joseph Hugo 1727 - 1799, grandfather to the famous writer.
There had been a Hugo family in Ramecourt earlier. On 20 August 1631 Claudon Hugo, known according to one source as 'The Hollander', signed a contract with the town of Mirecourt for the burial of plague victims. At the date of the contract he was residing with his uncle François Hugo of Ramecourt. Claudon Hugo was for many years believed to be a direct ancestor of Victor Hugo: it is now thought that the shared kinship of these two was less direct, however.
# Hymont

Hymont (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

## Geography

The river Madon flows through the commune.
# Crick, Brenner et al. experiment

The Crick, Brenner et al. experiment (1961) was a scientific experiment performed by Francis Crick, Sydney Brenner, Leslie Barnett and R.J. Watts-Tobin. It was a key experiment in the development of what is now known as molecular biology and led to a publication entitled "The General Nature of the Genetic Code for Proteins" and according to the historian of Science Horace Judson is "regarded...as a classic of intellectual clarity, precision and rigour". This study demonstrated that the genetic code is made up of a series of three base pair codons which code for individual amino acids. The experiment also elucidated the nature of gene expression and frame-shift mutations.

## The experiment

In the experiment, proflavin-induced mutations of the T4 bacteriophage gene, rIIB, were isolated. Proflavin causes mutations by inserting itself between DNA bases, typically resulting in insertion or deletion of a single base pair.
Through the use of proflavin, the experimenters were able to insert or delete base pairs into their sequence of interest. When nucleotides were inserted or deleted, the gene would often be nonfunctional. However, if three base pairs were added or deleted, the gene would remain functional. This proved that the genetic code uses a codon of three nucleotide bases that corresponds to an amino acid. The mutants produced by Crick and Brenner that could not produce functional rIIB protein were the results of frameshift mutations, where the triplet code was disrupted.
Brenner and Crick et al. were also able to correct their frameshift mutations through the use of proflavin. If they had a nonfunctional gene due to a deleted base pair, by inserting a base pair into the general area of the deleted one, they were able to rescue the function of the gene. This is because the bases were shifted back into the correct reading frame.
In addition to discovering the triplet nature of the codon, this experiment confirmed the non-overlapping structure of the genetic code, identified the presence of "nonsense coding", and revealed the high degree of degeneracy in codon specification.

## Implications

This demonstration of the triplet nature of the genetic code, although carried out with bacteriophage, later proved to be universally applicable to all forms of life.
Decades after its execution, the experiment remains a beacon of inspiration for scientists with its eloquent argumentation and straightforward yet impactful experiments, revealing fundamental insights into living organism organization. The results of this experiment inspired many to begin decoding the triplet code discovered by Brenner and Crick et al. Once this paper was published in 1961, researchers knew that there are 64 possible triplet codons, since there are four nitrogenous bases (4 x 4 x 4 = 64). Today, scientists have decoded what all 64 codons encode for, and the assignments have proven to be nearly universal.
# Rapey

Rapey (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France.
# Battle of Down

The Battle of Down, also known as the battle of Drumderg (Irish: Druim Dearg) took place on or about 14 May 1260 near Downpatrick, in modern-day County Down, Northern Ireland. A Gaelic alliance led by Brian O'Neill (High-King of Ireland) and Hugh O'Connor were defeated by the Normans.
The forces of Brian O'Neill had been raiding the Norman Earldom of Ulster after 1257 in an attempt to assert their independence and form a coalition of the Irish against the Normans. O'Neill allied with Hugh McPhelim O'Connor (Aedh mac Fedhlimidh Ua Conchobhair) of Connacht and together with their men went into battle against the Normans. According to the Annals of Innisfallen, the Normans had gathered an army of mostly Irish Gaelic levies to fight against the coalition, and the Normans themselves played only a small role in the fighting. Many of the Irish clans in Leinster, Ulster, Munster, Meath, and Breifne, which were under Norman rule at the time, provided the Normans with the bulk of their fighting forces, serving as mercenaries and retained bands. Thus, most of the battles between the Normans and Irish at this time would have seemed more like battles between the Irish themselves. Brian O'Neill was defeated and killed together with a number of O'Cahan chiefs.
The Annals of Innisfallen state:
   Brian Ua Neill, king of Cenél Eógain, to whom the Gaedil gave hostages, and who paid-neither tax nor tribute to the king of England, was slain by the Gaedil (Irish) themselves and by some of the foreigners (Anglo-Normans) {at Dún dá Lethglas}.
The Annals of Ulster state:
   The battle of Druim-derg was fought (in a place which is called Dromma-derg) at Dun-da-leathglas by Brian Ua Neill and Aedh, son of Feidhlimidh Ua Conchobair, against the Foreigners of the North of Ireland, wherein were killed many of the nobles of the Gaidhil, namely, Brian Ua Neill and Domnall Ua Cairre and Diarmait Mag Lachlainn and Maghnus Ua Cathain and Cian Ua Inneirghi and Donnsleibhe Mag Cana and Concobur O'Duibhdirma and Aedh, his son, and Amlaim Ua Gairmleaghaidh and Cu-Uladh Ua hAnluain. But one notable thing happened: fifteen men of the nobles of Clann-Cathain were killed on that spot. There were killed of the Connachtmen there: Gilla-Crist, son of Conchobar, son of Cormac Ua Mailruanaigh and king of Magh Luirg and Cathal, son of Tighernan Ua Conchobair and Maelruanaidh, son of Donnchadh Ua Mailruanaigh and Cathal, son of Donnchadh, son of Muircertach and Aedh, son of Muircertach the Fair and Tadhg, son of Cathal, son of Brian Ua Mailruanaigh and Diarmait, son of Tadhg, son of Muiredhach, son of Tomaltach Ua Mailruanaigh and Conchobur Mac Gille-Arraigh and Tadhg, son of Cian Ua Gadhra and Gilla-Beraigh Ua Cuinn and many other persons.
# Xaronval

Xaronval (French pronunciation: or) is a commune in the Vosges department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

## Geography

The river Madon flows through the commune.
# Kai Tak (constituency)

Kai Tak is a former constituency in the Kowloon City District.
The constituency returned one district councillor to the Kowloon City District Council, with an election every four years. The seat was last held by Yeung Chun-yu of the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood before it was abolished in 2015.
Kai Tak constituency was loosely based on the old Kai Tak Airport part of Ma Tau Kok with estimated population of 20,636 in 2011.

## Councillors represented

| Election | Election | Member | Party |
| | 1991 | Lam Ming | Independent |
| | 1994 | David Chu Chor-sing | Independent |
| | 199? | David Chu Chor-sing | Progressive Alliance |
| | 2002 by-election | Bruce Liu Sing-lee | ADPL |
| | 2011 | Yeung Chun-yu | ADPL |
| 2015 | 2015 | Constituency abolished | Constituency abolished |

## Election results
### 2010s

Kowloon City District Council Election, 2011: Kai Tak :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| ADPL | Yeung Chun-yu | 1,427 | 49.6 | +6.8 |
| Economic Synergy | Alexander Ip Chi-wai | 636 | 22.1 | −4.2 |
| DAB (FTU) | Cheung Fan-lan | 625 | 21.7 | −9.2 |
| People Power | Lee Hon-sam | 190 | 6.6 | |
| ADPL hold | ADPL hold | Swing | | |

### 2000s

Kowloon City District Council Election, 2007: Kai Tak :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| ADPL | Liu Sing-lee | 863 | 42.8 | −21.6 |
| DAB | Szeto Kin-wa | 623 | 30.9 | −0.8 |
| Liberal | Alexander Ip Chi-wai | 531 | 26.3 | +22.3 |
| ADPL hold | ADPL hold | Swing | | |
Kowloon City District Council Election, 2003: Kai Tak :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| ADPL | Liu Sing-lee | 1,454 | 64.4 | +17.7 |
| DAB | Hui Ching-po | 715 | 31.7 | +4.5 |
| Nonpartisan | Alexander Ip Chi-wai | 90 | 4.0 | +1.7 |
| ADPL hold | ADPL hold | Swing | | |
Kai Tak By-election, 2002 :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| ADPL | Liu Sing-lee | 886 | 46.7 | |
| DAB | Hui Ching-po | 516 | 27.2 | −14.6 |
| Democratic | Lam Ho-yeung | 215 | 11.3 | |
| HKPA | Lam Ming | 187 | 9.9 | −37.0 |
| Independent | Alexander Ip Chi-wai | 43 | 2.3 | |
| ADPL gain from HKPA | ADPL gain from HKPA | Swing | | |

### 1990s

Kowloon City District Council Election, 1999: Kai Tak :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| HKPA | David Chu Chor-sing | 992 | 56.9 | +0.1 |
| DAB | Hui Ching-po | 729 | 41.8 | |
| HKPA hold | HKPA hold | Swing | | |
Kowloon City District Council Election, 1994: Kai Tak :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| Independent | David Chu Chor-sing | 851 | 56.8 | +10.7 |
| LDF | Pao Ping-wing | 629 | 42.0 | |
| Independent gain from Independent | Independent gain from Independent | Swing | | |
Kowloon City District Council Election, 1991: Kai Tak :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| Independent | Lam Ming | 718 | 53.0 | |
| Independent | David Chu Chor-sing | 624 | 46.1 | |
| Independent win (new seat) | Independent win (new seat) | Independent win (new seat) | Independent win (new seat) | Independent win (new seat) |
# Polycnemum arvense

Polycnemum arvense is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Amaranthaceae.
It is native to Europe to China.
# Second Battle of Mi County

The Battle of Mi County was fought at Xinmi, near Zhengzhou between forces supporting Chiang Kai-shek and those opposing him.
# Burrill B. Battle

Burrill Bunn Battle (October 24, 1838 – December 21, 1917) was a justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court from 1885 to 1910.

## Early life, education, and military service

Born in Hinds County, Mississippi, Battle's father was Judge Joseph J. Battle of Raleigh, North Carolina, who emigrated to Arkansas in 1844. Battle received a B.A. from Arkansas College in 1856, and an LL.B. from the Law Department of Cumberland University of Lebanon, Tennessee in 1858. Returning to Arkansas, he entered the practice at Lewisville, in Lafayette County. At the outbreak of the American Civil War he enlisted as a private in the artillery of the Confederate States Army, where he "serve under Gens. Cheatham and Cleburne", and "participated in all the great battles of the Army of Tennessee", including "the battles of Shiloh, Perryville, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and others".

## Legal and political career

After the war, Battle resumed the practice of the law at Lewisville, moving to Washington, in Hempstead County, in 1869. He served in the Arkansas House of Representatives in 1871. In 1880 he moved to Little Rock, where he formed a partnership with Judge Freeman W. Compton. This continued until 1885, when Battle was elected Associate Justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge John R. Eakin. Battle was continually re-elected until his voluntary retirement in 1911, at the expiration of his fourth term. After his retirement he continued to reside in Little Rock until his death. Battle was described as quiet and reserved, and having disliked the turmoil of the trial courts. He was considered to be conservative as a justice.

## Personal life

In his private life, Battle was "a leading member of the Baptist Church". He married Mrs. Josephine A. Witherspoon, née Cannon on November 29, 1871. She died in 1899. They had no children.
Burrill B. Battle died at his home in Little Rock on December 21, 1917.
# Ness, Wapengo

Ness is a heritage-listed natural coastal reserve at Reserve Road, Wapengo, Bega Valley Shire, New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

## History

Archaeological evidence and oral accounts indicate that this area was used by local Aboriginal people.
Oral tradition has it that clearing of part of the property was carried out in the 1880s by Chinese from the alluvial gold fields. The contours of possible Chinese garden plots are faintly discernible on the property.
European occupation of the property has not resulted in any buildings of historical significance although two structures of recent date relate to occupation of the site by alternative lifestyle "hippies" and include an interesting stone house with a large circular window.
In 1985 the owners of Ness, Professor Manning Clark and his wife, Dymphna Clark, wishing to protect the area's heritage and scenic values nominated the property for a Permanent Conservation Order. On 29 September 1987 a Permanent Conservation order was placed over the property.
On 2 April 1999 Ness was transferred to the State Heritage Register.

## Description

The property Ness at Lake Wapengo, located between Bermagui and Tathra on the NSW South Coast, is an area of 160 hectares (396 acres) with major frontage to the South Pacific Ocean, Bithry Inlet, Lake Wapengo and the northern section of Mimosa Rocks National Park. The area has spectacular coastal exposures of folded Wagonga Beds of Palaeozoic rocks. Rocky headlands, secluded coves, beaches and the tranquil waters of Lake Wapengo, with its mangroves and highly regarded oyster beds, give the area special quality.
The coastal strip retains its natural vegetation cover but some part of the property has been cleared for grazing.
Aboriginal sites have been recorded on the property.
European occupation of the property has not resulted in any buildings of historical significance although two structures of recent date relate to occupation of the site by alternative lifestyle "hippies" and include an interesting stone house with a large circular window.

## Heritage listing

Ness is considered to have aesthetic, natural and Aboriginal significance as an item of the State's environmental heritage. Ness is associated with Manning Clark, a principal Australian historian. Its nomination by Manning Clark represents his foresight and concern for preserving the values of the State's environmental heritage for his family and for all Australians.
Ness was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
Ness is considered to have aesthetic, natural and Aboriginal significance as an item of the State's environmental heritage. Ness Property is associated with Manning Clark, a principal Australian historian. Its nomination by Manning Clark represents his foresight and concern for preserving the values of the State's environmental heritage for his family and for all Australians.