OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Menachem Penner

Menachem (Marc) Penner (Hebrew: מנחם פעננער; born 1971) is an American Modern Orthodox rabbi and executive vice president of the Rabbinical Council of America (RCA). He formerly served as the Max and Marion Grill Dean of the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary of Yeshiva University and Dean of Men's Undergraduate Torah Studies Program at Yeshiva University. Penner is the Rabbi Emeritus of the Young Israel of Holliswood.

## Education

Following high-school, Penner attended Yeshivat Har Etzion in 1988, then headed by Aharon Lichtenstein and Yehuda Amital. He graduated from Yeshiva College in 1991 and received Semicha from RIETS in 1994.

## Career

Penner served as the spiritual leader of the Young Israel of Holliswood in Queens for 20 years, a position he was elected to in 1996. He is now the Rabbi Emeritus. He continues to teach, focusing on Tanach, Tefillah and Machshavah in Queens and in communities worldwide.
In 2013, Penner was elected Max and Marion Grill Dean of the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary. He succeeded Yona Reiss and began his deanship on July 1, 2013. In December 2023 it was announced that Rabbi Penner would be leaving RIETS and beginning a new position as vice president of the Rabbinical Council of America.

## Personal

Penner is the parent of an individual with special needs. He speaks across the United States on issues of families facing disabilities. Penner also has a son who is a member of the LGBTQ community.
# Meertens number

In number theory and mathematical logic, a Meertens number in a given number base $b$ is a natural number that is its own Gödel number. It was named after Lambert Meertens by Richard S. Bird as a present during the celebration of his 25 years at the CWI, Amsterdam.

## Definition

Let $n$ be a natural number. We define the Meertens function for base $b>1$ $F_{b}:\mathbb {N} \rightarrow \mathbb {N}$ to be the following:
    $F_{b}(n)=\prod _{i=0}^{k-1}p_{k-i-1}^{d_{i}}.$
where $k=\lfloor \log _{b}{n}\rfloor +1$ is the number of digits in the number in base $b$, $p_{i}$ is the $i$-prime number, and
    $d_{i}={\frac {n{\bmod {b^{i+1}}}-n{\bmod {b}}^{i}}{b^{i}}}$
is the value of each digit of the number. A natural number $n$ is a Meertens number if it is a fixed point for $F_{b}$, which occurs if $F_{b}(n)=n$. This corresponds to a Gödel encoding.
For example, the number 3020 in base $b=4$ is a Meertens number, because
    $3020=2^{3}3^{0}5^{2}7^{0}$.
A natural number $n$ is a sociable Meertens number if it is a periodic point for $F_{b}$, where $F_{b}^{k}(n)=n$ for a positive integer $k$, and forms a cycle of period $k$. A Meertens number is a sociable Meertens number with $k=1$, and a amicable Meertens number is a sociable Meertens number with $k=2$.
The number of iterations $i$ needed for $F_{b}^{i}(n)$ to reach a fixed point is the Meertens function's persistence of $n$, and undefined if it never reaches a fixed point.

## Meertens numbers and cycles of F$_b$ for specific b

All numbers are in base $b$.
| $b$ | Meertens numbers | Cycles | Comments |
| 2 | 10, 110, 1010 | | $n<2^{96}$ |
| 3 | 101 | 11 → 20 → 11 | $n<3^{60}$ |
| 4 | 3020 | 2 → 10 → 2 | $n<4^{48}$ |
| 5 | 11, 3032000, 21302000 | | $n<5^{41}$ |
| 6 | 130 | 12 → 30 → 12 | $n<6^{37}$ |
| 7 | 202 | | $n<7^{34}$ |
| 8 | 330 | | $n<8^{32}$ |
| 9 | 7810000 | | $n<9^{30}$ |
| 10 | 81312000 | | $n<10^{29}$ |
| 11 | $\varnothing$ | | $n<11^{44}$ |
| 12 | $\varnothing$ | | $n<12^{40}$ |
| 13 | $\varnothing$ | | $n<13^{39}$ |
| 14 | 13310 | | $n<14^{25}$ |
| 15 | $\varnothing$ | | $n<15^{37}$ |
| 16 | 12 | 2 → 4 → 10 → 2 | $n<16^{24}$ |
# Thomas Crampton (politician)

Thomas Crampton (died September 25, 1854) was an American politician from Maryland.

## Biography

Thomas Crampton served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Frederick County from 1842 to 1843.
Crampton died on September 25, 1854.
# James Nelson (politician)

James Nelson was an American politician from Maryland. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Harford County from 1833 to 1836.
# German Standard German

German Standard German, Standard German of Germany, or High German of Germany, is the variety of Standard German that is written and spoken in Germany. It is the variety of German most commonly taught to foreigners. It is not uniform, which means it has considerable regional variation. Linguist Anthony Fox writes that British English is more standardized than German Standard German.
# Henry H. Johns

Henry H. Johns was an American politician from Maryland. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Harford County from 1828 to 1829, 1831 to 1834 and in 1841 and 1845.

## Career

Henry H. Johns served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Harford County from 1828 to 1829, 1831 to 1834 and in 1841 and 1845.
Johns ran for judge of the orphans' court in 1859, but was unsuccessful.
# Pembroke Lea Thom

Pembroke Lea Thom (died July 3, 1901) was an American politician from Maryland. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Baltimore in 1886.

## Early life and family

Pembroke Lea Thom was the son of Ella Lea (née Wright) and Joseph Pembroke Thom. He was the grandson of John Watson Triplett Thom, great-grandson of Maryland Governor Robert Wright and great-great-great-grandson of William Mayo. He attended Episcopal High School in Alexandria, Virginia, in 1874–1875.

## Career

Thom was a Democrat. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Baltimore in 1886. He succeeded his father in office and helped pass a bill to establish a state hospital for children. He served as aide-de-camp of Governor Henry Lloyd up until January 11, 1888.

## Personal life

Thom married Mary Isabel Rieman and had two children.
Thom died on July 3, 1901, aged 41, at his home at 204 West Lanvale Street in Baltimore.
# William Whiteford

William Whiteford was an American politician from Maryland. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Harford County from 1821 to 1823 and from 1840 to 1843.
# Calotis cuneifolia

Calotis cuneifolia commonly known as purple burr-daisy, is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae found in many parts of eastern and central Australia. It has purple, white or blue daisy-like flowers with variable shaped leaves.

## Description

Calotis cuneifolia is a small perennial upright or prostrate herb to 25–60 cm (9.8–23.6 in) high and covered with rigid hairs. The basal leaves more or less woody, soon withering, upper leaves wedge to spoon-shaped, lobed near the apex, 8–40 mm (0.31–1.57 in) long, 5–20 mm (0.20–0.79 in) wide, simple, sessile, occasional hairs and arranged alternately. The blue, white or purple flower heads 6–20 mm (0.24–0.79 in) in diameter, single or in two or three cymes on slender stems with a yellow disc. Flowering occurs mostly from September to December and the fruit is a flattened cypsela covered with barbed spines.

## Taxonomy and naming

Calotis cuneifolia was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown and the description was published in The Botanical Register: Consisting of Coloured Figures of Exotic Plants, Cultivated in British Gardens; with their History and Mode of Treatment. The type specimen was collected by Allan Cunningham on the banks of the Lachlan River in 1817. The specific epithet "cuneifolia" refers to the wedged shape leaves.

## Distribution and habitat

Purple burr-daisy grows in grassland and forests in a variety of soils in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia and the Northern Territory.
# Whitchurch RFC

Whitchurch Rugby Club is an amateur rugby union club in Whitchurch, Shropshire. The club was formed in 1936 and currently competes in the Regional 2 West Midlands, since their promotion as champions of Midlands 2 West (North) at the end of the 2017–18 season. Until the early 1970s, the club relied mainly on the facilities of the local Grammar School until the move to Edgeley Park where they now reside.

## History

In 1959 a pre-fabricated club house was opened in the town and then in 1970 a pitch was acquired on Edgeley Park followed in 1974 by a new clubhouse and changing rooms on the same site. Mini, junior, colts ladies and more senior teams followed. A major fire in 1986 did not prevent the club celebrating its golden jubilee that year and its diamond ten years later
By the 1980s Whitchurch established themselves as the leading Shropshire rugby union club; winning 9 from 11 county cups, becoming the first Shropshire club to secure the North Midlands Cup in 1997, again in 1999, and finalists in May, 2005. The senior team was placed in the North Midlands 1 division of the Courage League in 1987 and they progressed to Midlands 1 status in 1994. After the team won all 16 of their games in the 1997–98 season, Whitchurch were promoted to National Division Three North in 1998–99, which was maintained until 2002–03 when they dropped to Midlands 1, and in 2005–06 North 1. The club currently competes in the Midlands 1 West.
Investment in clubhouse facilities in 1975 and again in 2004, with the opening of a new stand, ensured that the club maintained their position as one of the leading sporting clubs in the area. Every week four full size pitches accommodate four senior men's sides, one ladies XV, under-19's, under-17's plus the mini and junior teams.
Whitchurch RUFC has a dedicated youth structure and has produced some top rugby players over the years. Current Northampton Saints number eight, Mark Hopley began his playing career in the mini and junior teams at Whitchurch.

## Honours

* North Midlands 1 champions: 1990–91
* Midlands 2 champions: 1993–94
* North Midlands Cup winners (2): 1996–97, 1998–99
* Midlands 1 champions: 1997–98
* North Midlands Cup Plate winners: 2015–16
* Midlands 2 West (North) champions: 2017–18

## Statistics

Whitchurch RFC have played 699 matches since RFU leagues started in 1987.
Playing Stats :
| Games | Total |
| Won | 348 |
| Drawn | 17 |
| Lost | 335 |
Information correct as of February 2023.
# Richard Hawkes (tennis)

Richard Neville Hawkes (29 November 1940 – 6 August 2001) was a New Zealand judge and tennis player.
Hawkes had a sporting background, with his father a New Zealand Universities rugby representative and his mother an all-round sportsperson from Taranaki. He was active on the international tour in the 1960s, featuring in the singles main draws of the French Open and US Open. In 1968 he represented the New Zealand Davis Cup team in a 1968 tie against Yugoslavia in Zagreb, partnering Brian Fairlie in the doubles rubber. He scored an upset win over former American Davis Cup captain Donald Dell at the 1970 New Zealand Open.
A graduate of Victoria University of Wellington, Hawkes was admitted as a New Zealand barrister in 1968 and relocated to Hong Kong during the late 1970s. He became a Hong Kong District Judge in 1991 and was appointed Chief District Judge in 1999, a role he held for two years before retiring due to ill health.
Hawkes married squash player Julie Lamb and they raised their four children in Hong Kong (three daughters and one son). One of their children is Commonwealth Games squash gold medalist Jaclyn Hawkes.
# Angler's loop

An angler's loop, otherwise known as a perfection loop, is a type of knot which forms a fixed loop. Useful for fine or slippery line, it is one of the few loop knots which holds well in bungee cord. It is quite secure, but it jams badly and is not suitable if the knot will need to be untied.

## Tying

Angler's loop may be tied
* alone and then used,
** it may be tied in the bight or at the working end
** it may be tied one handed
** it may be fashioned with several loops
** it may be locked for additional stability
** it may be tied at high speed in an emergency
* it may be tied through an object (typically a ring).
* Start with a loop near the working end
* Continue with two loops around standing end
* one large and one small in the middle
* Pull the large loop over the small (working end) and through the first loop
* Tighten pulling in all three directions.
Angler's loop may be tied around the hand, it may also be tied this way one handed, or with several loops if need be:
* Hold the working end, loop the standing end 3 times around the palm
* Pull the outmost loop inwards under the first two
* Pull the next outmost over the one(s) in the middle and under the now innermost loop
* Pull the now innermost loop(s) and the standing end to tighten.
* Done.
* Angler's loop may be locked additionally with half hitches
* Angler's loop may be fashioned with several loops (then locking may be necessary)

## Structure

Overhand knot on standing part and half-hitch by the working end.
# Haliotis coccoradiata

Haliotis coccoradiata, common name the reddish-rayed abalone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 30 mm and 75 mm. "The rather thin, depressed shell has an oval shape. The distance of the apex from the margin measures about one-sixth the length of the shell. This shell is spirally striate, decussated by closer, finer growth-striae. The six perforations are nearly circular. They are separated by spaces about as wide as the holes. The color pattern of the shell is yellowish or olive, with irregular radiating stripes of vivid scarlet. The shell is rather small with a right margin decidedly less convex than the left. The upper surface is depressed, flattened, and has a spiral depression around the middle of the body whorl. The shell is radiately striped with scarlet, and the closed perforations are scarlet. The spire is pink. The surface has numerous unequal spiral threads, decussated by distinct, close growth-striae. There are also inconspicuous short folds radiating from the suture on the earlier portion of the body whorl, and just outside the median spiral depression on the body. The inner surface is bright silvery, with green and red reflections. The nacre has spiral folds. The columellar plate is flat but rather narrow, obliquely subtruncate at its base. The cavity of the spire is visible."

## Distribution

This marine species is endemic to Australia and occurs off New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria.
# Genus–degree formula

In classical algebraic geometry, the genus–degree formula relates the degree $d$ of an irreducible plane curve $C$ with its arithmetic genus $g$ via the formula:
    $g={\frac {1}{2}}(d-1)(d-2).$
Here "plane curve" means that $C$ is a closed curve in the projective plane $\mathbb {P} ^{2}$. If the curve is non-singular the geometric genus and the arithmetic genus are equal, but if the curve is singular, with only ordinary singularities, the geometric genus is smaller. More precisely, an ordinary singularity of multiplicity $r$ decreases the genus by ${\frac {1}{2}}r(r-1)$.

## Motivation

Elliptic curves are parametrized by Weierstrass elliptic functions. Since these parameterizing functions are doubly periodic, the elliptic curve can be identified with a period parallelogram with the sides glued together i.e. a torus. So the genus of an elliptic curve is 1. The genus–degree formula is a generalization of this fact to higher genus curves. The basic idea would be to use higher degree equations. Consider the quartic equation $\left(y^{2}-x(x-1)(x-2)\right)\,(5y-x)+\epsilon x=0.$ For small nonzero $\varepsilon$ this is gives the nonsingular curve. However, when $\varepsilon =0$, this is $\left(y^{2}-x(x-1)(x-2)\right)\,(5y-x)=0,$ a reducible curve (the union of a nonsingular cubic and a line). When the points of infinity are added, we get a line meeting the cubic in 3 points. The complex picture of this reducible curve looks like a torus and a sphere touching at 3 points. As $\varphi$ changes to nonzero values, the points of contact open up into tubes connecting the torus and sphere, adding 2 handles to the torus, resulting in a genus 3 curve.
In general, if $g(d)$ is the genus of a curve of degree $d$ nonsingular curve, then proceeding as above, we obtain a nonsingular curve of degree $d+1$ by $\varepsilon$-smoothing the union of a curve of degree $d$ and a line. The line meets the degree $d$ curve in $d$ points, so this leads to an recursion relation $g(d+1)=g(d)+d-1,\quad g(1)=0.$ This recursion relation has the solution $g(d)={\frac {1}{2}}(d-1)(d-2)$.

## Proof

The genus–degree formula can be proven from the adjunction formula; for details, see Adjunction formula § Applications to curves.

## Generalization

For a non-singular hypersurface $H$ of degree $d$ in the projective space $\mathbb {P} ^{n}$ of arithmetic genus $g$ the formula becomes:
    $g={\binom {d-1}{n}},\,$
where ${\tbinom {d-1}{n}}$ is the binomial coefficient.
# Arthur Lucas

Arthur Lucas (December 18, 1907 - December 11, 1962), originally from the U.S. state of Georgia, was one of the last two people to be executed in Canada, on 11 December 1962. Lucas had been convicted of the murder of 44-year-old Therland Crater, a drug dealer and police informant from Detroit. He is also assumed to have killed 20-year-old Carolyn Ann Newman, Crater's common-law wife, but was never tried in her death. Crater was shot four times, while Newman was nearly decapitated. The murders took place in Toronto on 17 November 1961.
A ring belonging to Lucas was found in a pool of Newman's blood. When Lucas was arrested, he was found to have recently cut his nails, and blood was found underneath one of them. He also had gunpowder imbedded in his hand. There were bloodstains found in the car used by Lucas to travel to Toronto, which matched that of Crater and Newman. The car in question was found to have been owned by the individual against whom Crater was supposed to testify: a drug dealer named Saunders.
Lucas, along with fellow prisoner Ronald Turpin (who had been convicted of an unrelated murder), was executed at the Toronto (Don) Jail by hanging, the only form of civilian capital punishment ever used in post-Confederation Canada, although the military employed execution by firing squad. In 1976, capital punishment for murder was removed from Canada's Criminal Code, but could still be used under the National Defence Act until 1998.
Chaplain Cyrill Everitt attended the double hanging and in 1986, shortly before his death, he revealed that Lucas's head was "torn right off" because the hangman had miscalculated the man's weight and that his head was hanging "by the sinews of his neck".
Lucas maintained his innocence, but said he was at peace with his punishment. He told Everitt that he had done many terrible things in his life and it was finally catching up with him.
# Alliance Party (Panama)

The Alliance Party (Spanish: Partido Alianza) is a centre-right political party in Panama.
The party was founded on March 2, 2018, by federal deputy José Muñoz (formerly of the Democratic Change party). As of April 2019 the party listed more than 39,000 members.
Initially, the party sought to have its own electoral offer and held its presidential primaries on October 7, 2018, having as winner José Domingo Arias, former presidential candidate of the CD during 2014; However, the low participation in the primaries and the subsequent resignation of Arias as a presidential candidate on December 26, 2018, led to the rapprochement of the party with the CD, and an alliance was formed between the two parties a few days later, to participate in the 2019 general election and having Rómulo Roux of the CD as the presidential candidate of the "A change to wake up" alliance.

## Platform

The party is considered a liberal nationalist one, supporting gender equality and defending the secular state.

## Election results
### Presidential elections

| Election | Candidate | Votes | Votes | Vote % | Vote % | Result |
| Election | Candidate | Party | Alliance Total | Party | Alliance Total | Result |
| 2019 | Rómulo Roux | 44,706 | 609,003 | 2.28 | 31.00 | N Lost |
| 2024 | José Raúl Mulino | 110,245 | 778,772 | 4.85 | 34.23 | Y Elected |

### National Assembly elections

| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Government |
| 2019 | José Muñoz | 43,670 | 2.42% (#6) | 0 / 71 | New | Opposition |
| 2024 | José Muñoz | 62,313 | 2.91% (#8) | 2 / 71 | 2 | Opposition |

### PARLACEN elections

The amount of seats allocated for the PARLACEN is based on the vote share obtained by each party in the presidential election.
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| 2019 | José Muñoz | 44,706 | 2.28% (#5) | 1 / 20 | New |
| 2024 | José Muñoz | 120,544 | 5.30% (#7) | 1 / 20 | 0 |
# 1970 LPGA Tour

The 1970 LPGA Tour was the 21st season since the LPGA Tour officially began in 1950. The season ran from February 12 to October 25. The season consisted of 21 official money events. Shirley Englehorn won the most tournaments, four. Kathy Whitworth led the money list with earnings of $30,235.
There were two first-time winners in 1970: Kathy Ahern and Jane Blalock.
The tournament results and award winners are listed below.

## Tournament results

The following table shows all the official money events for the 1970 season. "Date" is the ending date of the tournament. The numbers in parentheses after the winners' names are the number of wins they had on the tour up to and including that event. Majors are shown in bold.
| Date | Tournament | Location | Winner | Score | Purse ($) | 1st prize ($) |
| Feb 15 | Burdine's Invitational | Florida | Carol Mann (29) | 216 (E) | 40,000 | 6,000 |
| Mar 22 | Orange Blossom Classic | Florida | Kathy Whitworth (54) | 216 (E) | 18,500 | 2,775 |
| Apr 19 | Raleigh Ladies Invitational | North Carolina | Sandra Haynie (18) | 212 (−4) | 16,500 | 2,475 |
| May 3 | Shreveport Kiwanis Invitational | Louisiana | Sandra Haynie (19) | 214 (−2) | 15,000 | 2,250 |
| May 10 | Dallas Civitan Open | Texas | Betsy Rawls (53) | 214 (+1) | 25,000 | 3,750 |
| May 17 | Johnny Londoff Chevrolet Tournament | Missouri | Shirley Englehorn (8) | 216 (E) | 22,000 | 3,075 |
| May 24 | Bluegrass Invitational | Kentucky | Donna Caponi (3) | 214 (−2) | 20,000 | 3,000 |
| May 31 | O'Sullivan Ladies Open | Virginia | Shirley Englehorn (9) | 210 (−6) | 15,000 | 1,150 |
| Jun 7 | Lady Carling Open | Maryland | Shirley Englehorn (10) | 210 (−9) | 22,500 | 3,375 |
| Jun 13 | LPGA Championship | Massachusetts | Shirley Englehorn (11) | 285 (−7) | 30,000 | 4,500 |
| Jun 21 | George Washington Golf Classic | Pennsylvania | Judy Rankin (2) | 212 (−7) | 25,000 | 3,750 |
| Jun 28 | Len Immke Buick Open | Ohio | Mary Mills (7) | 216 (E) | 20,000 | 3,000 |
| Jul 5 | U.S. Women's Open | Oklahoma | Donna Caponi (4) | 287 (−1) | 30,000 | 5,000 |
| Jul 19 | Springfield Jaycee Open | Ohio | Judy Rankin (3) | 209 (−10) | 20,000 | 3,000 |
| Aug 9 | Lady Carling Open | Georgia | Jane Blalock (1) | 221 (+2) | 20,000 | 3,000 |
| Aug 16 | Cincinnati Open | Ohio | Betsy Rawls (54) | 210 (−6) | 20,000 | 3,000 |
| Aug 23 | Southgate Ladies Open | Kansas | Kathy Ahern (1) | 211 (−5) | 20,000 | 3,000 |
| Sep 13 | Wendell-West Open | Washington | JoAnne Carner (2) | 214 (−2) | 40,000 | 6,000 |
| Sep 26 | Lincoln-Mercury Open | California | Judy Rankin (4) | 217 (−2) | 23,000 | 3,450 |
| Oct 18 | Quality Chek'd Classic | Texas | Kathy Whitworth (55) | 205 (−11) | 15,000 | 2,250 |
| Oct 25 | Women's Golf Charities Open | Texas | Marilynn Smith (20) | 214 (−2) | 17,500 | 2,625 |

## Awards

| Award | Winner | Country |
| Money winner | Kathy Whitworth (5) | United States |
| Scoring leader (Vare Trophy) | Kathy Whitworth (5) | United States |
| Player of the Year | Sandra Haynie | United States |
| Rookie of the Year | JoAnne Carner | United States |
# Star News

Star News may refer to:
* Star News Group, an Australian media company based in Pakenham, Victoria
* ABP News (previously STAR News), an Indian news channel
* Pasadena Star-News, a paid local daily newspaper for Pasadena, California
* Star-News, the daily newspaper for Wilmington, North Carolina
* The Star-News (Chula Vista), a community newspaper in Southern California
* Star News Asia, the flagship daily evening television news programmes from Hong Kong on STAR World