OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Siege of Polotsk (1579)

The siege of Polotsk (Russian: Осада Полоцка, Polish: Oblężenie Połocka, Belarusian: Аблога Полацка) was a siege by forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth under Stefan Bathory on the Russian-held city of Polotsk. Polotsk had been captured and heavily fortified by the Russians under Ivan the Terrible in 1563 because the river Dwina, which led to the key city of Riga, flowed through it. Hungarian soldiers, led by Caspar Bekes, Polish soldiers, led by Mikolaj Mielecki, and Lithuanian soldiers, led by Mikolaj Radziwill, converged at the Dzisna fortress, joined Bathory's men, and moved on to Polotsk, with a total force of about 42,000. Polotsk had three fortresses: the central one, nearby Strelec fortress, and the walled town of Zapolochie. The primary focus was on the central fortress: first with artillery, which failed because it only punctured the wooden walls, then with cannons, and eventually with fire. The Russians defended Polotsk with trenches and artillery, but after the Hungarian contingent captured Zapolochie, the Russians surrendered. After taking the city, Bathory's forces then moved to besiege Velikiye Luki.

## Citations

* ↑ Kupisz 2003, pp. 88–89.
* ↑ Kupisz 2003, p. 165.
* 1 2 Kupisz 2003, p. 127.
* ↑ Kupisz 2003, p. 103.
* 1 2 Penskoi 2021, p. 105.
* 1 2 Kupisz 2003, pp. 155–156.
* ↑ Kupisz 2003, p. 153.
* 1 2 Perrie & Pavlov 2014.
* ↑ Szabo 2009, pp. 717–721.
# Hypatius

Hypatius or Hypatios is a masculine name of Greek origin meaning highest, supreme.
It may refer to:
* Hypatius of Gangra or Hypatius the Wonderworker, 4th-century bishop and saint
* Hypatius (consul 359)
* Hypatius of Bithynia (died 450 circa), 5th-century monk
* Hypatius (consul 500)
* Hypatius of Ephesus (fl. c. 530), metropolitan of Ephesus
* For the 1st-century saint, see Leontius, Hypatius and Theodulus
# Harikumar Pallathadka

Harikumar Pallathadka (Harikumar P in short) is a prominent Indian Right to Information (RTI) (known as FOI in the west), Social Activist, Senior Administrator, Eminent Professor, Scientist and expert in Constitutional Law.

## Activism

His series of RTI applications on Indian Income Tax system have highlighted the fact that barely 3% of Indians pay income taxes as of 2006. This issue has widely been discussed in the media and forums.
His RTI applications on security of Electronic Voting Machines led to the Election Commission of India to divulge details regarding the EVM's and to publicly release the copy of the expert Committee report on security of EVM's headed by Prof. PV Indiresan.
In January 2008, the Government of India was forced to update and properly maintain the official website of the RTI following the order of the CIC acting upon the complaint of Harikumar. The CIC has also commended the efforts of Harikumar in its order and asked the department to implement and to introduce various public friendly initiatives for the effective implementations of the RTI Act, 2005.
He raised the matter of frequent accidents of Sea Harrier fighter jets with the Indian Navy through media. After that even the media has continued raising the questions of safety of security of older Sea Harrier fighter jets with the Indian Navy. Finally in August 2009, after another crash, The Indian Navy has grounded the entire Sea Harrier fighter jet fleet for probe.
His RTI applications on internal border disputes within India led to the Government of India revealing in 2006 that there were nearly a dozen of unsolved and pending disputes of that type.
His series of RTI applications on Indian prisoners of war has shed light on inconsistencies of official figures between various departments of Government of India, and this has led to various measures being taken by the Government of India in the matter of Indian Prisoners of War.
After an RTI concerning pesticides, 25 pesticides were banned for manufacture, import and use in India which involved a health hazard to human beings, animals and damage to the environment, and others faced partial curbs by the Government of India.
He has also attempted to highlight the problem faced by students due to the existence of more than "200 fake educational institutions" that prey on students in India. He has tried to shed light on various socially relevant subjects including Indians believed to be detained in Pakistani jails. He has fought many cases against several private universities across various Indian States for the implementation of RTI and public disclosure in the private universities, including the states of Punjab, Nagaland, and Meghalaya.

## Research and Publications

He has authored hundreds of Research Papers and holds hundreds of national and international patents to his credit.

## History

He was a National General Secretary of India Against Corruption from September 2013.
# B. F. Langworthy

Benjamin Franklin Langworthy (January 20, 1822 – January 23, 1907) was a politician in the state of Minnesota.

## Biography

Langworthy was born Benjamin Franklin Langworthy on January 20, 1822, to Cyrus and Charlotte Langworthy in Mansfield, Ohio. Eventually he would move to Oshkosh, Wisconsin and Mower County, Minnesota. His father served in the Ohio State House of Representatives. Two first cousins, Lucius Hart Langworthy and Edward Langworthy, would become involved in politics in Iowa. He died on January 23, 1907, in Brownsdale, Minnesota.

## Career

Langworthy served in the Minnesota State House of Representatives from 1859 to 1860.
# John H. Pell

John H. Pell (January 1, 1831 - February 6, 1902) was a member of the Minnesota State Senate (District 10), under the 3rd Minnesota Legislature, elected 1861. He was also a soldier in the American Civil War, serving in the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, Company I from April 29, 1861 - March 26, 1863. He later served in the United States Volunteers, Adjutant General Department (Captain and Assistant Adjutant General) from May 25, 1863 - May 25, 1865.
He is the founder of Oakwood Township, Wabasha County, Minnesota.
# Joel Monteiro

Joel Filipe Sousa Monteiro (born 1 May 1991 in Porto) is a Portuguese footballer who plays as a right-back for Varzim.

## Football career

On 26 August 2015, Monteiro made his professional debut with Famalicão in a 2015–16 Segunda Liga match against Vitória Guimarães B.
# Lee Bit-na

Lee Bit-na (Korean: 이빛나, born August 29, 1995) is a South Korean actress.

## Early life

Lee was born on August 29, 1995.

## Career

Lee started her acting career in 2009 and acted in her first television drama 4 years later, in 2013. She is signed under Urbanworks Entertainment.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role |
| 2009 | Descendants of Hong Gil-Dong | Food Styling |
| 2010 | A Long Visit | Mi-jung (14 years old) |
| 2011 | My Long Journey In The Sunshine | Mi-ji (young) |
| 2012 | The Russian Novel | Ga-rim |
| 2013 | Rough Play | Advertisement Girl |
| 2015 | The Avian Kind | Bit-na |
| 2015 | Tattoo | High School Girl 1 |
| 2016 | Dongju: The Portrait of a Poet | Yun Dong-ju's younger sister |
| 2016 | End Of April | Joo-hee |
| 2016 | Wonderful World | Han Bok-hee |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role |
| 2013 | Family Pang | Yoon Bit-na |
| 2014 | Steal Heart | Hyun-jung |
| 2014 | Magic Thousand Character Classic | Son Ban-ji |
| 2015 | Heart to Heart | Cha Hong-do (teens / ep.1) |
| 2015 | Wedding Story: "Yang Zone Couple's 100 Year Story" | Choi Jeom-nam (young) |
| 2015 | In Still Green Days | Oh Jin-sook |
| 2015 | Divorce Lawyer in Love | Go Cheok-hee (young) |
| 2015 | Cheo Yong 2 | Lee Ji-yeon (ep.8) |
| 2016 | Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok-joo | Bitna |

### Web series

| Year | Title | Role |
| 2015 | Noble, My Love | Choi Ra-mi |
| 2016 | Hot & Sweet | High School Student |

### Music video

| Year | Song Title | Artist |
| 2011 | "Cry Out With My Heart" | J-Cera ft. December |
| 2012 | "Because I Don't Know" | SpinEL |
| 2015 | "I Will Love You Like Now" | 2BiC |

## Endorsements

| Year | Product | Notes |
| 2011 | Chungjunwon Hongcho | |
| 2012 | Paldo Bibimyeon | |
| 2013 | SK Telekom | |
| 2016 | J-Route | CF for Japan Trips |
# Sean Fingleton

Sean Fingleton (born 1950) is an Irish visual artist who works mainly in oil and is noted for Irish landscapes and seascapes.

## Biography

Fingleton was born in Malin, County Donegal in 1950. He attended University College Dublin, where he earned a BA in Philosophy and English Studies. He also received an H.Dip in Higher Education and studied art at Letterkenny RTC and the National College of Art and Design. In 2019, 8 pieces of his work related to Donegal were loaned to and placed on display at Letterkenny Institute of Technology, successor to one of his almae mater.

## Recognition and holdings

Fingleton received the Royal Hibernian Academy’s Fergus O'Ryan Award in 1983 and the Guinness Peat Aviation Emerging Artists Award in 1986, as well as the Independent Artists Painting Bursary. He was elected by his peers to the Irish national artists' academy, Aosdána.
Two of his works are in the collection of the Irish Museum of Modern Art, his painting, Coastal Scene, is part of the European Parliament art collection in Strasbourg, and his work is also on display at the Royal Hospital in Gloucester in England, and the residence of the President of Ireland, Aras an Uachtarain.
# Patrick Walshe

Patrick John Walshe (born November 1952) is an Irish painter.

## Life

Walshe was born in Ennis in the West of Ireland, Walshe was educated at the Benedictine Abbey of Glenstal from 1964 to 1970. He then attended Trinity College, Dublin, 1970-74 where he studied for an Honours degree in business. He was president of the Art Soc from 1971 to 1974. He had his first exhibition at the Tom Caldwell Gallery on Baggot Street, Dublin with fellow artist Tim Booth, late of Dr. Strangely Strange in 1976. In 1982 he moved to New York and lived in a loft in Brooklyn and while working as a chef at the Water Club he was part of the East Village art scene of the time, exhibiting at the Beuhlahland Gallery, on Avenue A, owned by Susan Hannaford-Rose, in 1984. From there Walshe moved to Los Angeles in 1986, again working as a chef to support his painting. He exhibited widely, with Renata Beuhler in North Wells Street in Chicago 91989 and 1990)and numerous Los Angeles galleries (John Thomas, Wilshire Tower Gallery and Fullerton County Museum). In 1992 Walshe left the U.S. and spent two years travelling and painting across Asia and Africa before settling back in Ireland with his family. He now lives and paints in County Wicklow and exhibits regularly in both Britain and Ireland. He is in many collections throughout the world, but because of his early restlessness he remains somewhat of an outsider in the art world.

## Recent work

Since 2004, Walshe has developed a technique of painting on canvas overlaid with silver leaf in order to give a three-dimensional quality to his images. He has exhibited these paintings in Russborough House, courtesy of the Sir Alfred Beit Foundation in 2009 and 2010, The Orangery, Holland Park, London 2010 and most importantly in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin in April 2012. Exhibition at Art Hub, Abu Dhabi, June 2010. www.arthub.ae
# Lakshmi Niwas

Lakshmi Niwas is a Rana palace in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. The palace complex, located north of the Bagmati river, was incorporated in an impressive and vast array of courtyards, gardens and buildings. It was built by Chandra Shumsher JBR, at the time prime minister and the executive leader of Nepal.

## History

The palace complex was built by Chandra Shumsher JBR for his son Mohan Shumsher JBR in 1905 under first engineer brothers of Nepal Kumar Narasingh Rana and Kishor Narasingh Rana. Mohan Shumsher moved to Lakshmi Nivas permanently from his fathers palace Singha durbar only after death of his father Chandra Shumsher in 1929 until 1948, when he moved back to Singha Durbar as prime minister. Later after the fall of the Rana dynasty in 1951, Mohan Shumsher left Singha Durbar for Lakshmi Niwas in 1953 after he was ordered by His Majesty's Government to leave the palace while claiming back Singha Durbar as a National Property.

## Under Government of Nepal

After the fall of the Rana regime, Lakshmi Niwas was occupied and owned by Mohan Shumsher JBR but later he fled from Nepal, causing the nationalization of all his property along with Lakshmi Niwas. Currently the palace is occupied and owned by the Nepal army.
# Hula Hoop (disambiguation)

A hula hoop is a toy hoop that is twirled around the waist, limbs or neck.
Hula Hoop may also refer to:

## Television

* "Hula Hoop", an episode of the TV series Pocoyo

## Music

* "The Hula Hoop Song", a 1958 single by Georgia Gibbs
* "Hula Hoop Song", a 1958 single by Maureen Evans
* "Hula Hoop" (Omi song), 2015
* "Hula Hoop" (Loona song), 2021
* "Hula Hoop", a song by Stella Mwangi from the 2011 album Kinanda

## Other uses

* Hula Hoops, a snack food
# Levi Ruggles Church

Levi Ruggles Church (May 1836 – August 30, 1892) was a Quebec doctor, lawyer, judge and political figure.
He was born in Aylmer in Lower Canada around May 24, 1836, the son of a doctor. He first studied medicine at Victoria College in Cobourg, the Albany Medical College in New York state and McGill College, then studied law and was called to the Lower Canada bar in 1859. He was a Conservative member of the Quebec Legislative Assembly who represented the Ottawa electoral district from 1867 to 1871 and Pontiac from 1874 to 1881. In 1868, he became crown attorney for Ottawa district and became a Queen's Counsel in 1874. He served in the provincial cabinet as attorney general from 1874 to 1876. He was a member on the first board of the Bank of Ottawa (later merged with Scotiabank), president of the Pontiac Pacific Junction Railway and a director of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Lower Canada. He was appointed a justice in the Court of Queen's Bench in 1887 and served in that post until January 1892.
He died in Montreal in 1892.
His uncle, Basil R. Church, was a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada.
# The Master Key (Togawa novel)

The Master Key (大いなる幻影, Ōinaru gen'ei) is a 1962 novel by the Japanese novelist Masako Togawa which received the Edogawa Rampo Prize upon publication. The English translation by Simon Grove was first published by Dodd, Mead & Co in 1985.
It is a mystery story set in the 1950's postwar Ikebukuro, Japan with the setting of K Apartment for Ladies, reserved only for women. Many of the aging residents have their own secrets bound to the master key, which opens all of the 150 rooms in the K Apartment. All the secrets start to unravel when the building is slated for construction work to be moved four meters with the residents inside.

## Characters

Major Characters:
* Katsuko Tojo/Haru Santo - older receptionist with a limp/white haired mysterious resident.
* Kaneko Tamura - younger receptionist.
* Chikako Ueda - previous school teacher who waits for her dead husband.
* Toyoto Munekata - professor guarding her dead husband's manuscripts.
* Noriko Ishiyama - eccentric woman known to other residents as Ms. Bladderwrack who forages for fishbones at night.
* Suwa Yatabe - violinist who previously stole a Guarnerius violin from her teacher.
* Yoneko Kimura - retired school teacher who writes letters to her previous students.
Minor Characters:
* Yasuyo Aoki - mysterious guest of Chikako Ueda.
* Keiko Kawauchi (Mrs. Kraft) - divorced from Major Kraft after disappearance of their son.
* Major D. Kraft - U.S. Army major who returned to the U.S. after divorce from Keiko Kawauchi.
* George Kraft - son of Major Kraft, reported kidnapped and missing.
* Priest - leader of the Three Spirit Faith cult, performs seemingly miraculous revelations.
* Thumbelina the Vestal - small statured woman who is the medium of the séance.

## Translation

* Togawa, Masako. The Master Key. Translated by Grove, Simon. Dodd, Mead & Co. ISBN 9781782273639
# Jamadoba

Jamadoba is a neighbourhood in Dhanbad in Dhanbad Sadar subdivision in Dhanbad district in Jharkhand state, India.

## Geography
### Location

Jamadoba is located at 23°43′N 86°24′E﻿ / ﻿23.72°N 86.4°E﻿ / 23.72; 86.4. It has an average elevation of 153 metres (501 feet).
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
The earlier census town was combined with other urban units to form Dhanbad Municipal Corporation in 2006.
Jamadoba is part of Ward No. 43 of Dhanbad Municipal Corporation.

### Overview

The region shown in the map is a part of the undulating uplands bustling with coalmines. The Damodar River, the most important river of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, flows along the southern border. A major part of the area shown in the map is part of Dhanbad Municipal Corporation, an urban area. The places in the DMC area are marked as neighbourhoods. The western part of the region shown in the map is covered by Dhanbad (community development block). 57% of the population of Dhanbad CD block reside in rural areas and 43% reside in urban areas, The east-central part of the region shown in the map is covered by Baliapur (community development block). 86% of the population of Baliapur CD block reside in rural areas and 14% reside in urban areas. The places in the CD block areas are marked mostly as census towns. Three operational areas of BCCL operate fully within the region – Pootkee Balihari Area, Lodna Area and Eastern Jharia Area. The Moonidih sector of Western Jharia Area also operates in the region.

## Famous places

Tata park is a famous place at Jamadoba. The park is maintained by TATA. The park remains open everyday only for Tata employees and their families, but on Sunday, all are allowed to visit the park. Park remains open from 4pm to 7:30pm. On Sunday, many people visit this park for refreshment. There is no charge for entering park. The park is covered with plants and flowers. Tata park is a good place for amusement for people residing there.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Jamadoba had a population of 33,981. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Jamadoba has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 71%, and female literacy is 51%. In Jamadoba, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## Economy

Tata Steel leased six coal mines with metallurgical coal in Jharia coalfield between 1910 and 1918, These are grouped in two locations – Sijua and Jamadoba. The Bhelatand colliery of the Sijua Group was then acquired. Subsequently in 1918, Tata Steel acquired Malkera and Sijua as well as Jamadoba, Digwadih and 6&7 Pits Collieries of the Jamadoba Group.

## Education

Tata D.A.V School, Jamadoba was established at Jamadoba in 1987. An English-medium co-educational school, it is affiliated to the CBSE.
DAV Centenary Public School is located at Baniahir Lodna Area, PO Bhaga.
S.B. High School is located at Jamadoba.
# Chandaur

Chandaur is a neighbourhood in Dhanbad in Dhanbad Sadar subdivision of Dhanbad district in Jharkhand state, India.

## Geography
### Location

Chandaur is located at 23°48′16″N 86°20′03″E﻿ / ﻿23.8045°N 86.3341°E﻿ / 23.8045; 86.3341.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
The earlier census town was combined with other urban units to form Dhanbad Municipal Corporation in 2006.
Chandaur is part of Ward No. 5 of Dhanbad Municipal Corporation.

### Overview

The region shown in the map is a part of the undulating uplands bustling with coalmines in the lowest rung of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The entire area shown in the map is under Dhanbad Municipal Corporation, except Belgaria which is under Baliapur (community development block). The places in the DMC area are marked as neighbourhoods. The DMC area shown in the map is around the core area of Dhanbad city. Another major area of DMC is shown in the map of the southern portion of the district. A small stretch of DMC, extending up to Katras is shown in the map of the western portion. The region is fully urbanised. Jharia (community development block) has been merged into DMC. Three operational areas of BCCL operate fully within the region – Sijua Area, Kusunda Area and Bastacola Area.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Chandaur had a population of 13,629. Males constitute 56% of the population and females 44%. Chandaur has an average literacy rate of 57%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 69% and female literacy of 41%. 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.
# Charmaleh-ye Olya

Charmaleh-ye Olya (Persian: چرمله عليا, also Romanized as Charmaleh-ye 'Olyā; also known as Charmaleh-ye Bālā) is a village in Bavaleh Rural District, in the Central District of Sonqor County, Kermanshah province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 386, in 81 families.
# Charmaleh-ye Sofla

Charmaleh-ye Sofla (Persian: چرمله سفلي, also Romanized as Charmaleh-ye Soflá; also known as Chalmala Pain, Chalmaleh Pāīn, Charmaleh, and Charmaleh-ye Pā‘īn) is a village in Bavaleh Rural District, in the Central District of Sonqor County, Kermanshah province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 861, in 193 families.
# Ezekiel S. Candler Jr.

Ezekiel Samuel Candler Jr. (January 18, 1862 – December 18, 1944) was an American politician and lawyer who served in the United States House of Representatives, representing the 1st congressional district of Mississippi for two decades as a Democrat. He subsequently served as the mayor of Corinth, Mississippi from 1933 to 1937.
Candler was the nephew of Milton A. Candler, a Confederate lawyer and politician from Georgia. He was also the cousin of Allen D. Candler, a United States Representative who served as both the 14th Secretary of State of Georgia and the 56th governor of Georgia.

## Early life and education

Candler was born in Belleville, Hamilton County, Florida on January 18, 1862. He was the first of five children born to Ezekiel Samuel Candler Sr. and Julia Beville. In 1870, Candler and his family moved to Tishomingo County, Mississippi.
Candler attended common schools in Mississippi, including Iuka Male Academy. He graduated from the law department at the University of Mississippi in 1881. He was admitted to the bar the same year, after which he commenced practice in Iuka.

## Career

Candler served as chairman of the Democratic executive committee of Tishomingo County in 1884. Candler also served as chairman of the Democratic executive committee of Alcorn County for several years. In 1887, Candler moved to Corinth, where he continued practicing law.
Candler served in the United States House of Representatives from 1901 to 1921, representing the 1st congressional district of Mississippi as a Democrat. Candler served from the 57th United States Congress to the 66th United States Congress.
While in the 62nd United States Congress, Candler served as chairman of the Committee on Alcoholic Liquor Traffic.
Candler was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1920, losing the Democratic primary to John E. Rankin. Candler's time in office concluded on March 3, 1921, almost 20 years after it began.
Following his tenure in Congress, Candler resumed practicing law. He served as the mayor of Corinth from 1933 to 1937.

## Personal life and death

Candler was related to both Milton A. Candler and Allen D. Candler. Milton, Candler's uncle, was a Confederate lawyer and politician from Georgia. Allen, Candler's cousin, was a United States Representative who served as both the 14th Secretary of State of Georgia and the 56th governor of Georgia.
Candler married Nannie Priscilla Hazlewood in Mississippi on April 26, 1883. Candler and Hazlewood had three children together. On January 14, 1924, Candler married Effie Merrill Neuhardt. On June 21, 1933, he married Ottie Hardenstein in Madison, Alabama.
Candler was a Baptist. He was a member of the Freemasons, the Odd Fellows, The Elks, the Knights of Pythias, and the Knights of Honor.
Candler died in Corinth at the age of 82 on December 8, 1944. He was interred at Henry Cemetery, located in Corinth.