OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vernaison

Vernaison (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Metropolis of Lyon in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France.

## Geography

The commune is located south of Lyon, on the right bank of the Rhône, facing several islands in the river.

## Population

Inhabitants of Vernaison are called Vernaisonnais in French.

## History

* Bronze Age: Along the Rhône bronze casters settle. Several remains have been found south of Lyon. In the 19th century, the trésor de Vernaison was discovered, the first indication of bronze casting. Nowadays this treasure is exhibited at the Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon.
* 1213: The village is founded by Johan Rufus, the abbot of Ainay Abbey (Lyon)
* 13th century: Toll is exacted at the tour de Genetière (nowadays the Tour de Millery)
* 14th century: Houses are constructed along the river of a combination of adobe and pebbles (pisé et galets).
* 15th century: Wine grapes are grown
* 1439: Benedictine monks quit the village and cede it to inhabitants of Lyon.
* 1787: A cloth factory is established by three Swiss coming from Geneva.
* 1887: One of the first associations for a water sport Joute nautique (still practised today) is founded.
* 1995: A program is started to revalue the side arms of the Rhône.
* 2003 : A kindergarten is opened
In 1153 Vernaison (Veyrneyson) was noted for the first time in a written document. The etymology of the village name is not well known, although one can distinguish the name Verne ("alder"), a tree common in wet environments.
The parish of Vernaison was a dependency of Charly until 1791.

## Economy

Vernaison houses traditional enterprises and shops as well as advanced technology firms.
The market is held Wednesday morning and Saturday morning.

## Transportation

Vernaison is linked with
* Lyon (Place Bellecour) by bus line 15 of the TCL. This line is one of the oldest of Grand Lyon, dating from 1906, and stopping in Vernaison from 1980 on.
* Givors by bus line 215 (bus) of the TCL; this line was established in September 2007.
* Lyon Perrache by the railway line of the SNCF Saint-Étienne/Lyon.
# Levan Sharashenidze

Levan Sharashenidze (Georgian: ლევან შარაშენიძე; Russian: Леван Леванович Шарашенидзе, Levan Levanovich Sharashenidze) (24 March 1931 – 2012) was a Soviet and Georgian military officer and Defense Minister of Georgia (1992).

## Education and career

Born in Tbilisi, Sharashenidze was trained at the Alma-Ata Airborne Service School. He also studied law at the Vilnius University and was further educated at the Lenin Military-Political Academy in Moscow. In 1953, he joined the Soviet military, going through the ranks from a paratrooper platoon commander to deputy chief of political directorate of the Transcaucasian Military District (1976-1979) and military commissar of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1979-1992). In 1989 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general of the Soviet army.

## Service in independent Georgia

Sharashenidze retained his post of the country's military commissar after Georgia declared independence from the Soviet Union in April 1991. He was involved in a military coup against Georgia's first elected president Zviad Gamsakhurdia (December 1991–January 1992). In the course of the coup, the rebel Military Council appointed Sharashenidze Georgia's defense minister on January 3, 1992. On May 8, 1992, Eduard Shevardnadze, Georgia's new head of state, dismissed Sharashenidze as the minister, replacing him with Georgia National Guard chief Tengiz Kitovani. Sharashenidze was, instead, made a chief adviser to the Ministry of Defense of Georgia. In his capacity, he was present at the Georgian headquarters and was involved in the diplomatic efforts with Russia during the war with separatists in Abkhazia (1992–1993). He has described himself as being of a "pro-Russian" orientation. After 1995, Sharashenidze has had no noticeable political and military role in Georgia.

## Death

Sharashenidze in 2012, at the age of 81.
# Deh Now-e Fazeli

Deh Now-e Fazeli (Persian: ده نوفاضلي, also Romanized as Deh Now-e Fāẕelī and Dehno-e Fāẕelī) is a village in Sheykh Amer Rural District, in the Chah Varz District, Lamerd County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 183, in 44 families.
# Exosphaeroma pentcheffi

Exosphaeroma pentcheffi is a species of marine isopod of the family Sphaeromatidae.

## Description

This species lacks strong sexual dimorphism, with both sexes possessing prominent dorsal tubercles. The largest male specimen measured 6.8 mm, while the largest female measured 4.6 mm.

## Distribution and habitat

This species is known to inhabit the intertidal zone of the Palos Verdes Peninsula, Los Angeles, California.

## Taxonomy

Exosphaeroma pentcheffi is named for Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County researcher N. Dean Pentcheff. Pentcheff led the field trip for an invertebrate zoology lab course at Loyola Marymount University during which the species was discovered.
# Nicholas B. Doe

Nicholas Bartlett Doe (June 16, 1786 – December 6, 1856) was a U.S. Representative from New York.

## Biography

Born in New York City, Doe graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy, in Exeter, New Hampshire. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and settled in Saratoga County, New York to work as a lawyer. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Saratoga Co.) in 1825.
Doe was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-sixth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Anson Brown. He took his seat on December 7, 1840, and served until March 3, 1841. After his term as representative, he resumed practicing law, and became trustee of the village of Waterford, Saratoga County, in 1841.
Doe died at Saratoga Springs, New York, December 6, 1856. He was interred in Greenridge Cemetery.
# Canadian Business

Canadian Business is the longest-publishing business magazine based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and founded in 1927. The print edition terminated in the end of 2016. Beginning in January 2017, the magazine was published online only.
In October 2021, Canadian Business relaunched its print edition as a quarterly magazine.

## History and profile

The magazine was founded in 1927. The first issue appeared in February 1928 as The Commerce of the Nation, the organ of the Canadian Chamber of Commerce. The magazine was renamed Canadian Business in 1933. Canadian Business official association with the Chamber of Commerce ended in 1977, the position of official media partner is currently held by George Media's The Canadian Business Journal. It is owned by Rogers Communications. The company acquired the magazine in 1994. The former owner was Maclean Hunter.
Canadian Business is published every second week, monthly in January, July and August. Its special annual issues include: the Rich 100 (highlighting the wealthiest Canadians), the Investor 500 (comparing the largest 500 publicly listed Canadian companies), All-Star Execs (about the best corporate executives), the MBA Report, and the Best and Worst Boards.
Its main direct competition comes from Report on Business Magazine, published by and inserted in The Globe and Mail newspaper, Financial Post Magazine, formerly National Post Business, published by and inserted in the National Post newspaper and The Canadian Business Journal business magazine published by George Media.
Profit, targeting small and mid-sized businesses, is a sister title under the same ownership.
On March 20, 2019, Rogers announced a deal to sell the magazine to St. Joseph Communications.

## Annual report on wealthiest Canadians

For nearly 20 years, Canadian Business published an annual list of the "100 Richest Canadians." The list was last published in 2017.
    See List of Canadians by net worth

### 2008

In 2008 the Canadian Business magazine's annual report on the wealthiest Canadians calculated that the Irving family combined wealth rose 34 percent from 2007 to $US 7.11 billion. Only the Thompson family, with a net worth is $US 18.45 billion, are wealthier

### 2012

In their annual report on Canada's wealthiest, Canadian Business magazine described Ultra High Net Worth (UHNW) Canadians as having a very profitable year. The wealthiest are now among the 0.00028%, not just the 1%. Frank Stronach's net was $US 2.72 Billion in 2011-2012. The Chan family's net worth was $US 1.03 billion. JR Shaw's net worth was $US 1.5 billion up 4.41 percent from last year.
# Fernville, Pennsylvania

Fernville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of Northeastern Pennsylvania. The population was 481 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Bloomsburg-Berwick micropolitan area.

## Geography

Fernville is located in western Columbia County at 41°0′14″N 76°27′57″W﻿ / ﻿41.00389°N 76.46583°W﻿ / 41.00389; -76.46583 (41.003980, -76.465813), across Fishing Creek from Bloomsburg, the county seat. Fernville is in the southeastern corner of Hemlock Township.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.83 square miles (2.14 km$^2$), of which 0.81 square miles (2.09 km$^2$) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km$^2$), or 2.33%, is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 488 people, approximately 196 households, and 149 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 599.6 inhabitants per square mile (231.5/km$^2$). There were 209 housing units at an average density of 256.8 per square mile (99.2/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.52% White, 1.23% African American, 0.61% Asian, 1.23% from other races, and 0.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.43% of the population.
There were 196 households, out of which 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.8% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.5% were non-families. 20.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.81.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.0% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.3 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $43,571, and the median income for a family was $53,750. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $24,107 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $29,098. About 2.6% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.0% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

The school district is Bloomsburg Area School District.
# Robert Twycross

Robert Geoffrey Twycross (29 January 1941 – 20 October 2024) was a British physician and writer. He was a pioneer of the hospice movement during the 1970s, when he helped palliative care gain recognition as an accepted field of modern medicine.

## Education and early achievements

Twycross was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead, and graduated from Oxford University with a BM BCh in 1965. After completing his MRCP, in 1971 he was appointed a Clinical Research Fellow at St Christopher's Hospice by Dame Cicely Saunders.
During his tenure there, Twycross completed studies on the effectiveness of morphine, diamorphine and methadone in managing cancer pain. These studies helped standardize and simplify the treatment of pain, eliminating more complicated treatments such as the Brompton cocktail. This research led to Dr. Twycross being awarded the University of Oxford higher degree of Doctor of Medicine.

## Later career and international influence

Twycross served as the Director of the World Health Organization's Collaborating Centre for Palliative Care from 1988 to 2005, which signalled a period of extensive travel and teaching around the world, most notably to Poland, India, and Argentina. He also served for 25 years at Sir Michael Sobell House in Oxford, from 1976 to 2001, first as the NHS Medical Director and later as Clinical Reader in Palliative Medicine, Oxford University, and Consultant Physician. In 1996 he was elected Fellow of the Royal College of Radiologists "for services to medicine", the first physician to be elected from the field of palliative medicine and hospice care. Dr Twycross retired from Oxford University and the National Health Service in 2001. He was appointed a trustee of the Foundation for Palliative Care Education (PACED) in 2019.

## Palliativedrugs.com

In 2000, Twycross, along with Dr Andrew Wilcock, founded palliativedrugs.com Ltd, to provide "essential independent information for health professionals worldwide about drugs used in palliative and hospice care." at www.palliativedrugs.com where the information from the Palliative Care Formulary is available on-line. The website has received positive reviews, and had some 30,000 registered members in 169 countries in 2018, when the company was taken over by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society. The 6th edition of the Palliative Care Formulary was published in October 2017.

## Death

Twycross died on 20 October 2024, at the age of 83.

## Honours

* Plaque of Honour, Indian Association of Palliative Care, 2012
* Honorary membership of the Polish Society for Palliative Medicine, 2011
* Lifetime Achievement Award, American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 2008
* Lifetime Achievement Award, Indian Association of Palliative Care, 2008
* Vittorio Ventafridda Award, International Association for Hospice & Palliative Care, 2006
* Fellow of the Royal College of Radiologists, 1996
* Sertürner Award, Germany, 1995
* Founder's Award, National Hospice Organization, 1994
* Aid and Cooperation Medal, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Poland, 1993
# Vasil Sikharulidze

Vasil Sikharulidze (Georgian: ვასილ სიხარულიძე) (born May 30, 1968) is a Georgian diplomat and politician. He worked as a foreign affairs advisor to the President of Georgia Mikhail Saakashvili from August 27, 2009. He had previously served as Ambassador to the United States (2006-2008) and Georgia's Minister of Defence (2008-2009).

## Early life and education

Born in Tbilisi, then-Soviet Georgia, Sikharulidze graduated from Tbilisi State Medical University in 1993 and practiced psychiatry from 1993 to 1995.

## Career

After a brief tenure as an Executive Director of the Atlantic Council of Georgia, an umbrella organization that brings together Georgian NGOs working on Euro-Atlantic integration issues, Sikharulidze worked for the Parliament of Georgia as a leading specialist on defense and security issues from 1996 to 2000.
He headed the NATO division at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia from 2000 to 2002 and served as a deputy head of the Georgian Mission of NATO in Brussels. He worked for the National Security Council of Georgia in 2004 and served as a Deputy Minister of Defense in the years 2005-2006. He later earned a MPA from Harvard Kennedy School.
In March 2006, Sikharulidze was appointed the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Georgia to the United States, Canada and Mexico. He was recalled in December 2008 to replace, as the Minister of Defense of Georgia, Davit Kezerashvili, whose conduct during the August 2008 war with Russia had been criticized by the opposition. Sikharulidze held the post for eight months, overseeing the rebuilding of Georgia's shattered military after the war. On August 27, 2009, he was replaced with deputy Bacho Akhalaia, a close ally of President Mikheil Saakashvili and influential Interior Minister Vano Merabishvili, a decision subjected by the opposition to criticism. Sikharulidze was moved to the post of President's foreign policy advisor.
He currently serves as the Chairman of the Atlantic Council of Georgia in Tbilisi, Georgia.
# Exosphaeroma amplicauda

Exosphaeroma amplicauda is a species of marine isopod of the family Sphaeromatidae.

## Description

Exosphaeroma amplicauda has a chitinous exoskeleton, with overlapping, articulated dorsal plates, common to members of the order isopoda. This species exhibits strong sexual dimorphism. Females lack the dorsal tubercles present on the pereonites of the males. Males also have a larger pleotelson and uropods. The largest male measured 8.4 mm, the largest female 7.5 mm.
Exosphaeroma amplicauda is morphologically similar to E. russellhansoni. It can be distinguished by the lack of tubercles on the pereonites of the latter, as well as differences in the structure of the appendix masculina.

## Distribution and habitat

This species has been found in Marin, Sonoma, and San Mateo Counties, California. It inhabits the intertidal zone where it clings to the underside of rocks.

## Taxonomy

Exosphaeroma amplicauda was first described by William Stimpson in 1857. Stimpson's type specimens for the species are likely lost. In addition, his descriptions do not allow for a definitive identification, as five morphologically similar species exist in the same region. As a result, in 2015 a neotype was designated to stabilize the taxon, as well as to preserve the original species concept.
In the same paper, the type specimens for Sphaeroma octonctum Richardson, 1899 were examined. They were found to be indistinguishable from female E. amplicauda and were subsequently placed into junior synonymy with that species.
# Mouy-Bury station

Mouy-Bury is a railway station located in the communes of Angy and Mouy near Bury in the Oise department, France. The station is served by TER Hauts-de-France trains from Creil to Beauvais.
# Spur-throated locust

The spur-throated locust (Austracris guttulosa) is a native Australian locust species in the family Acrididae.
It is an agricultural pest in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria South Australia and Western Australia. The most significant recent outbreak was in central western Queensland in 2010. In north Australian savannas it remains a solitary species.

## Description

Adult females of A. guttulosa are typically 45–65 millimetres (1.8–2.6 in) long, and adult males are typically 35–45 mm (1.4–1.8 in) long. Adults are pale brown with colourless wings and white and dark markings on the thorax. The hind legs are yellow with two rows of white spines. Juvenile spur-throated locusts are green or yellow. The backs of older juveniles may also show a dark or pale stripe.
The spur-throated locust has a life span on between ten and 12 months, from autumn to summer. Overpopulation of spur-throated locusts is managed in Australia by the Australian Plague Locust Commission.
# Hakea trineura

Hakea trineura is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae. It is endemic to Queensland, Australia. The branches and leaves are covered with rusty hairs and the pendulous flowers are greenish-yellow.

## Description

Hakea trineura is a multi-stemmed shrub growing to 1–3 m (3–10 ft) high and forms a lignotuber. The branchlets and new leaf growth have flattened, brown, short soft silky hairs, or are smooth. The leaves grow on a petiole about 1–2.5 cm (0.39–0.98 in) long. They are narrowly elliptic to egg-shaped 7–20 cm (3–8 in) long by 1.3–7 cm (0.5–3 in) wide with three distinct longitudinal veins. The leaves narrow gradually to the apex ending either with a sharp point or rounded. The inflorescence consists of 60-80 greenish-yellow flowers on a smooth or with sparsely flattened soft hairs on a rachis up to 40–70 mm (2–3 in) long. The mid-green pedicel 2.3–3 mm (0.09–0.1 in) long and smooth. The deep yellow perianths are 7–8.5 mm (0.3–0.3 in) long and are smooth or with a few hairs when in bud. The styles are mid-green and the pistil 18–26 mm (0.71–1.02 in) long. Flowering occurs from May to September and the fruit are smooth, obliquely egg-shaped 2–4 cm (0.8–2 in) long by 1.5–2 cm (0.6–0.8 in) wide and slightly curved.

## Taxonomy and naming

Hakea trineura was first formally described in 1868 by Ferdinand von Mueller who gave it the name Grevillea trineura and published the description in Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. In 1868, Mueller changed the name to Hakea trineura. It is said to be named from the Greek trineura, referring to the three-veined leaves. Trineura is however not attested in ancient Greek.

## Distribution and habitat

Hakea trineura is restricted to the Maryborough to Rockhampton area of Queensland. It grows in hilly eucalyptus woodland over hummock grasslands. It is a quick growing shrub in tropical areas.

## Conservation status

Hakea trineura is listed as "vulnerable" by the Australian Department of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act.
# Anne Mbusu

Anne Mbusu Ngulu (born 20th century) was appointed as a Democratic Republic of the Congo administrator for the territory of Masi-Manimba.

## Life

Anne Mbusu who was the administrator appointed by former President Joseph Kabila Kabang to manage the territory of Masi-Manimba. She was one of the women entrusted with such a role in the DRC. The town elects seven national deputies and the majority recently were from the Unified Lumumbist Party.
Mbusu faced the problem of an outbreak of a disease, peste des petits ruminants, that killed thousands of the local goats. She also realised that there was malnutrition in her territory and she arranged for external help in tackling the problem in 2012. The United Nations arranged for advice and a team studied the problem and advised on how to increase nutrition. This included making milk from peanuts.
# Metacharacter

A metacharacter is a character that has a special meaning to a computer program, such as a shell interpreter or a regular expression (regex) engine.
In POSIX extended regular expressions, there are 14 metacharacters that must be escaped — preceded by a backslash (\) — in order to drop their special meaning and be treated literally inside an expression: opening and closing square brackets ([ and ]); backslash (\); caret (^); dollar sign ($); period/full stop/dot (.); vertical bar/pipe symbol (|); question mark (?); asterisk (*); plus and minus signs (+ and -); opening and closing curly brackets/braces ({ and }); and opening and closing parentheses (( and )).
For example, to match the arithmetic expression (1+1)*3=6 with a regex, the correct regex is \(1\+1\)\*3=6; otherwise, the parentheses, plus sign, and asterisk will have special meanings.

## Other examples

Some other characters may have special meaning in some environments.
* In some Unix shells the semicolon (";") is a statement separator.
* In XML and HTML, the ampersand ("&") introduces an HTML entity. It also has special meaning in MS-DOS/Windows Command Prompt.
* In some Unix shells and MS-DOS/Windows Command Prompt, the less-than sign and greater-than sign ("<" and ">") are used for redirection and the backtick/grave accent ("`") is used for command substitution.
* In many programming languages, strings are delimited using quotes (" or '). In some cases, escape characters (and other methods) are used to avoid delimiter collision, e.g. "He said, \"Hello\"".
* In printf format strings, the percent sign ("%") is used to introduce format specifiers and must be escaped as "%%" to be interpreted literally. In SQL, the percent is used as a wildcard character.
* In SQL, the underscore ("_") is used to match any single character.

## Escaping

The term "to escape a metacharacter" means to make the metacharacter ineffective (to strip it of its special meaning), causing it to have its literal meaning. For example, in PCRE, a dot (".") stands for any single character. The regular expression "A.C" will match "ABC", "A3C", or even "A C". However, if the "." is escaped, it will lose its meaning as a metacharacter and will be interpreted literally as ".", causing the regular expression "A\.C" to only match the string "A.C".
The usual way to escape a character in a regex and elsewhere is by prefixing it with a backslash ("\"). Other environments may employ different methods, like MS-DOS/Windows Command Prompt, where a caret ("^") is used instead.