OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Raphael Widen

Raphael Widen (died 1833) was an Illinois pioneer and politician. He is thought to have been the first Swedish-American to reside in what would become the state of Illinois. He was first recorded in the state in 1814, when he was appointed a justice of the peace. Widen served four years in the Illinois House of Representatives and four years in the Illinois Senate.

## Biography

Raphael Widen's birth date and place are unknown. Little is known of his early life. His family moved from Sweden to France when he was eight so that he could study to be a Catholic priest. He immigrated to the United States at an unknown date. He was the first Swede known to have lived in Illinois.
While living in Cahokia, Illinois Territory, Widen was appointed justice of the peace of St. Clair County on January 12, 1814. In December 1818, he moved to Kaskaskia, where he became a justice in Randolph County. He held the role there until at least 1831. In 1820, he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives. He served until 1824, when he was elected to the Illinois Senate. He served as President of the Illinois Senate during one of its sessions in January 1826. In the Illinois legislature, Widen was an opponent of slavery. It is thought that Widen met Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette in Kaskaskia; Lafayette refers to an "Edward Widen", though this is thought to actually be Raphael.
Raphael Widen married Frances Lalemier in Cahokia, Illinois, in 1818. He died from cholera in Kaskaskia in 1833, after a cholera epidemic came through the area carried by Winfield Scott's troops during the Black Hawk War. His widow afterwards married Capt. E. Walker. She died in Chester, Illinois in 1874. The Chicago History Museum holds eleven of Widen's manuscripts.
# Adam W. Snyder

Adam Wilson Snyder (October 6, 1799 – May 14, 1842) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois as well as a member of the Illinois militia during the Black Hawk War.

## Early life

Adam W. Snyder was born in Connellsville, Pennsylvania on October 6, 1799. He moved to Cahokia, Illinois in 1817 and studied law. By 1820 he had been admitted to the bar and commenced practicing in Cahokia. He was appointed prosecuting attorney for the first judicial district in 1822, a position which he resigned in 1823. In the lead up to the Black Hawk War, from 1824 to 1832 Snyder worked in agriculture.

## Black Hawk War and political career

Snyder served as a member of the Illinois Senate in 1830 and was reelected in 1832. During the Black Hawk War he served as a captain in the Illinois militia. During the war he was involved as a commander at the first Battle of Kellogg's Grove. He moved to Belleville, Illinois in 1833 where he was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1834 to the 24th United States Congress. Adam Wilson Snyder was eventually elected as a Democrat to the 25th U.S. Congress and served from March 4, 1837–March 3, 1839. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1838.
Following his time in national office Snyder was again elected to the Illinois Senate in 1840 but resigned in 1841. He was nominated as a candidate for Governor of Illinois, but died in Belleville before the election. He was interred in nearby Green Mount Cemetery.
# Thomas J. Turner

Thomas Johnston Turner (April 5, 1815 – April 4, 1874) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.

## Biography

Born in Trumbull County, Ohio, Turner completed preparatory studies. He moved with his parents to Butler County, Pennsylvania in 1825. He moved to Lake County, Indiana in 1837 and to Freeport, Illinois in 1838. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1840 and commenced practice in Freeport. He served as judge of the probate court of Stephenson County in 1842, Postmaster of Freeport in 1844, and State district attorney in 1845. He established the first weekly newspaper (Prairie Democrat) in Stephenson County.
Turner was elected as a Democrat to the Thirtieth Congress (March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849). He served as member of the Illinois House of Representatives in 1854; he was speaker. While speaker, Turner was a member of the Anti-Nebraska movement.
Turner was elected first mayor of Freeport, Illinois, in 1855. He served as delegate to the peace convention held in Washington, D.C. in 1861, in an effort to devise means to prevent the impending war. Turner enlisted in the Union Army May 24, 1861, and served as colonel of the Fifteenth Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He resigned on account of ill health in 1862.
He served as member of the Illinois constitutional convention of 1863. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for United States Senator in 1871. He moved to Chicago in 1871 and resumed the practice of law. He died in Hot Springs, Arkansas, April 4, 1874. He was interred in the City Cemetery, Freeport, Illinois.
# Hillary Butler

Hillary Dourtha Butler (born January 5, 1971) is a retired professional American football linebacker who played in the National Football League and the NFL Europe League. In his four-year pro career he played for the Seattle Seahawks of the NFL, Frankfurt Galaxy of NFL Europe and a member of the SB XXXIII Denver Broncos. Hillary was on the field during the Terrell Davis breakout year of 2,000 + yard season. Butler played college football at the University of Washington. He now is the coach at Lakes High School in Washington
# Siegmund, Margrave of Bayreuth

Siegmund of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (27 September 1468, in Ansbach – 26 February 1495, in Ansbach) was the sixth, but third surviving, son of Albrecht III, Margrave of Brandenburg, Ansbach and Bayreuth. His mother was his father's second wife, Anna of Saxony. On the death of his father on 11 March 1486, his elder brothers Johann Cicero and Friedrich succeeded to Brandenburg and Ansbach respectively, and Siegmund succeeded to Bayreuth. He never married, and at his death Bayreuth passed to his elder brother Frederick I of Ansbach.

## Ancestors

Ancestors of Siegmund, Margrave of Bayreuth :
# Charles D. Hodges

Charles Drury Hodges (February 4, 1810 – April 1, 1884) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.
Born in Talbot County, Maryland, Hodges attended the public schools and was graduated from Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, in 1829. He studied law in Annapolis, Maryland, gaining admission to the bar in 1831 and commencing practice in Annapolis.
He moved to Carrollton, Illinois, in 1833 and resumed the practice of law, also engaging in the mercantile business for a short time. He served as member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1851 to 1853, and was elected judge of Greene County, Illinois, in 1854. He was reelected for a four-year term in 1858 but resigned in 1859 having been elected to Congress. He was also secretary and treasurer of the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad in 1858, and afterward director for many years.
Hodges was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-fifth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Thomas L. Harris and served from January 4 to March 3, 1859. He was not a candidate for election to fill the vacancy in the Thirty-sixth Congress, caused also by the death of Mr. Harris.
He resumed the practice of law in Carrollton, Illinois. He was a circuit judge from 1867 to 1873, and served as member of the Illinois State Senate from 1873 to 1877. After his legislative service, he again practiced law in Carrollton, Illinois, until his death April 1, 1884. He was interred in the City Cemetery.
Hodges' house in Carrollton is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
# Norman B. Judd

Norman Buel Judd (January 10, 1815 – November 11, 1878) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois, and the grandfather of U.S. Representative Norman Judd Gould of New York.
Born January 10, 1815, in Rome, New York, son of Norman Judd and Catherine Van der Heyden. He received a liberal schooling. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1836 and commenced practice in his hometown. He moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1836 and continued the practice of his profession. He served as city attorney 1837–1839. He served as a member of the Illinois Senate from 1844 to 1860. He served as delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention. He was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the Kingdom of Prussia by President Abraham Lincoln on March 6, 1861, and served until 1865.
Judd was elected as a Republican to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (March 4, 1867 – March 3, 1871). He declined to be a candidate for reelection in 1870. He was appointed collector at the port of Chicago by President Ulysses S. Grant on December 5, 1872, and served until his death.
He married Adaline Rossiter on November 27, 1844, in Cook County, Illinois. She was the daughter of Newton Rossiter and Maria Gilbert. She was born February 11, 1821, in Torrington, Connecticut, and died December 19, 1904, in Seneca Falls, New York. They had five children: Frank Rossiter, Norman Rossiter, Julia Seammon, Mary Mitchell and Edward James Judd.
Norman Judd died November 11, 1878, in Chicago, Illinois at age 63. He was interred in Graceland Cemetery.
# Bosnia and Herzegovina–Russia relations

Bosnia and Herzegovina–Russia relations are the bilateral relations between the two countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Russia. Bosnia is one of the countries where Russia has contributed troops for the NATO-led stabilization force. Russia recognized the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 27 April 1992.

## History

At the beginning of 12 January 1996, Russia had sent troops in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, via Tuzla. The move was motivated, in part, by the desire to improve relations with the United States. Location of Russian troops deployment became subject of an international debate: The Russians wanted to be deployed in the Bosnian Serb territory, and the U.S. wanted them deployed in Bosnian Croat territory. During the 1999 Kosovo events, the 1996 agreement on joint operations in Bosnia was cited as an example of successful Russia-NATO cooperation.
Russian position on post-war reconstruction of Bosnia remains, as of 2008, in line with the Western policy. In particular, in October 2007 Russia upheld the Western denial of ethnic voting (defended by the Serbian minority and the government of Serbia).
In 2022 a number of Russian diplomats declared persona non grata by other countries have relocated to Bosnia and Herzegovina and been accredited, despite being identified with the Russian intelligence and security services.
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Igor Kalabukhov, Russia’s ambassador to Bosnia and Herzegovina, said that Russia would “react” if Bosnia decides to join NATO, in an apparent reference to using military force.

## Resident diplomatic missions

* Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Moscow.
* Russia has an embassy in Sarajevo.
* Embassy of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Moscow
* Embassy of Russia in Sarajevo
# Base-richness

In ecology, base-richness is the level of chemical bases in water or soil, such as calcium or magnesium ions. Many organisms prefer base-rich environments.
Chemical bases are alkalis, hence base-rich environments are either neutral or alkaline. Because acid-rich environments have few bases, they are dominated by environmental acids (usually organic acids). There is a positive correlation between base-richness and calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and carbonates (HCO3, and a negative correlation with pH, Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), and Aluminum (Al). However, the relationship between base-richness and acidity is not a rigid one – changes in the levels of acids (such as dissolved carbon dioxide) may significantly change acidity without affecting base-richness.
Base-rich terrestrial environments are characteristic of areas where underlying rocks (below soil) are limestone. Seawater is also base-rich, so maritime and marine environments are themselves base-rich.
Base-poor environments are characteristic of areas where underlying rocks (below soil) are sandstone or granite, or where the water is derived directly from rainfall (ombrotrophic).
There is no correlation between base-richness and availability of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K).

## Examples of base-rich environments

* Calcareous grassland
* Fen
* Limestone pavement
* Maquis shrubland
* Yew woodland

## Examples of base-poor environments

* Bog
* Heath (habitat)
* Poor fen
* Moorland
* Pine woodland
* Tundra
# William Melville Alexander (Illinois politician)

William Melville Alexander was an American politician, physician, and land speculator active in Illinois.
In 1817, Alexander laid out a settlement on behalf of a Cincinnati-based land company. The settlement, America, Illinois, was envisioned as a major city and possibly even an inland capital for the United States. The ambitious goals of the project were never realized. He was first elected to the Illinois House of Representatives in 1820 and reelected in 1822. In his second term, he was elected Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives by his colleagues.
In the 1824 United States presidential election, Alexander was an elector pledged to William H. Crawford. That same year, he ran for an appointment from the Illinois General Assembly to the United States Senate to succeed Ninian Edwards. Alexander lost to John McLean.
After a series of failed land ventures in Illinois, he moved to the Southern United States where he died. He is the namesake of Alexander County, Illinois.
# William Brown (Illinois politician)

William Brown (June 1, 1819 – January 15, 1891) was an English American businessman and politician. He served one term in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1864 to 1866, then was elected mayor of Rockford, Illinois for one term. Brown was elected to the Illinois Circuit Courts in 1870 and served there until his death in 1891.

## Biography

William Brown was born in Cumberland, England on June 1, 1819. He immigrated with his family to Oneida County, New York, United States in 1827. Brown studied law in Rome, New York and was admitted to the bar. He moved to Rockford, Illinois on November 10, 1846. Initially a public school teacher, Brown was soon elected a justice of the peace. In 1852, Brown was elected state's attorney for Winnebago, Stephenson, and Jo Daviess Counties, serving three years.
At the expiration of his term, he was elected mayor of Rockford, serving one year. He was named agent for the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad in 1857. From 1857 to 1860, he practiced law with future United States Representative William Lathrop. Brown then partnered with H. W. Taylor until 1870. From 1861 to 1865, he served as Rockford School Inspector. In 1864, Brown was elected as a Republican to the Illinois House of Representatives, serving one two-year term from the 55th district. Brown was elected judge in 1870 to fill a vacancy on the Illinois Circuit Courts created by the promotion of Benjamin R. Sheldon to the Illinois Supreme Court. He was re-elected to this post in every election until his death, serving 20 years.
Brown married Caroline H. Miller, the daughter of Horace Miller, on September 19, 1850. Their eldest son, Edward W., was thrice elected mayor of Rockford. They also had a son, Frank R., and a daughter, May. Brown attended the Centennial Methodist Church in Haight Village. He was chairman of the board and president for the Rockford Hospital from 1884 to 1886. Brown died on January 15, 1891. The William Brown Building, under construction at the time, was named in his honor.
# Samuel K. Casey

Samuel King Casey (June 27, 1818 – May 31, 1871) was an American politician.
Case was born in Smith County, Tennessee. He moved with his parents to Illinois Territory and eventually settle in Jefferson County, Illinois. Casey went to McKendree College and was a member of the Philosophical Literary Society. He served as county judge for Franklin County, Illinois and served as the warden for the Illinois Penitentiary. Casey was a farmer and lived in Mount Vernon, Illinois. Casey served in the Illinois Senate from 1868 until his death in 1871 and was a Democrat. He died at his home in Mount Vernon, Illinois. His father was Zadok Casey, the Governor of Illinois.
# Albert S. Coe

Albert Sheridan Coe (October 1, 1817 — October 17, 1869) was an American politician and agriculturist. He served in the Illinois House of Representatives in the 25th Illinois General Assembly and held various local public offices. He settled Coe Township, Rock Island County, Illinois, which was named for him.
He and his second wife, Lucy Coe (née Hollister) had six children, including Emma Louisa Coe who married Wallace Hugh Whigham, a professor at the University of Chicago Law School. Coe is a descendant of the American colonist and early politician Robert Coe. His brothers George and Decius, and his nephew, Clarence Coe were also politicians.
# John Dougherty (Illinois politician)

John Dougherty (May 6, 1806 – September 7, 1879) was an American politician from Ohio. After a stint mining and teaching, Dougherty became an understudy of Alexander Pope Field and was admitted to the bar. He served several terms in both the Illinois House of Representatives and the Illinois Senate over the next twenty years. In 1868, he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Illinois.

## Biography

John Dougherty was born in Duck Creek, Ohio, near Marietta in what is today Fearing Township, on May 6, 1806. He was the 4th child of Irish immigrant Charles Daugherty/Dougherty and Elizabeth Wolfe of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. When he was two, his family moved to Cape Girardeau, Louisiana Territory. His mother was soon widowed, and she took the family to Union County, Illinois Territory, after the New Madrid earthquakes. Dougherty attended public schools there until reaching adulthood. He took a job in the lead mines of Washington County, Missouri. After a year, he started to teach a school in Fredericktown, Missouri, where he taught for two and a half years. Dougherty returned to Union County, Illinois, in 1829.
After struggling to find a job, Alexander Pope Field offered Dougherty the opportunity to study law in his office. Dougherty was admitted to the bar in 1831. The next year, he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives for a two-year term. Dougherty was re-elected two years later, although he had to resign before the term was complete. However, he returned in 1836 for another term. Dougherty was elected again in 1840, then was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1842. He served in the upper house for six years. He advocated for free schools, financial reform, and canal funding.
Dougherty returned to the house in 1856 for another two years. Although in an area largely sympathetic to the Democratic Party, Dougherty joined the Republican Party prior to the start of the Civil War. Dougherty helped to raise volunteers for the Union from Southern Illinois. In 1864, Dougherty was named a presidential elector after his efforts canvassing the state. He was nominated as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in 1868 on a ticket with John M. Palmer and was elected. He again served as presidential elector in 1872. He ran for circuit court judge and was elected in 1877, serving until his death.
Dougherty married Katherine James on March 5, 1829. They had ten children, although three died in infancy. Eldest son William La Fayette served as a United States Marshal. Alexander N. worked as a lawyer, George M. worked for the Illinois Central Railroad, and John J. served in the United States Army. Dougherty died on September 7, 1879.
# Premium Plus

Premium (Premium Saltine Crackers) is a brand of soda cracker produced by Nabisco, which were first introduced in 1876. It is known as Premium Plus (Premium Plus Salted Tops) in Canada, under the Christie (formerly, Mr. Christie) banner. In the United States it is marketed as "Original Premium."
It is currently sold in these flavours: Unsalted (Original), Salted, Five Grain, and Whole Wheat.
The crackers are square in shape but round versions have been marketed as well.

## Packaging

The crackers are typically sold in boxes containing 4 "sleeves" of crackers sealed in plastic inside, for the home consumer. Larger packages containing 8 or 12 "sleeves" are also available. Bulk packages of individualized servings containing two or four crackers are also available, and are frequently used at restaurants. Occasionally the crackers are sold in tin cans.
Boxes are red in Canada and white in the United States.

## Controversy

In 1989, Phil Sokolof, an Omaha millionaire published ads in the Los Angeles Times accusing Nabisco of including unhealthy saturated fats in its products. At the time, Nabisco Saltine Crackers still contained lard, a semi-solid white fat product obtained by rendering the fatty tissue of a pig. At some point in the 1990s the company switched to a more vegetarian-friendly vegetable oil.
# Ninian Wirt Edwards

Ninian Wirt Edwards (April 15, 1809 – September 2, 1899) was an American politician.
Born in Sangamon County, Illinois, Edwards was the son of Ninian Edwards (who served as territorial and state governor of Illinois). He was married to Elizabeth Todd, sister of Mary Todd Lincoln who was married to President Abraham Lincoln. In 1834–1835, Edwards served as Illinois attorney general. Then during 1837–1841 and 1849–1853 he served in the Illinois House of Representatives. Edwards also served in the Illinois State Senate 1845–1849. He then served in the Illinois Constitutional Convention of 1847 and was Illinois superintendent of public instruction in 1854–1857.