OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# List of former cities of Latvia

Former cities of Latvia are entities that once had city rights and were located in the territory of Latvia. The main reasons why these entities have lost their status as cities of Latvia are destructions due to wars or mergers into larger entities.
| City | City rights | Lost | Reason |
| Abrene pronunciation | 1933 | | Transferred to the Russian SFSR in 1944 by the Soviet regime. Now Pytalovo in the Russian Federation |
| Gostiņi pronunciation | 1933 | 1956 | Merged into Pļaviņas |
| Grīva pronunciation | 1917 | 1956 | Merged into Daugavpils |
| Kalnciems pronunciation | 1991 | 2010 | The town and its rural territory was transformed into Kalnciems Parish |
| Krustpils pronunciation | 1920 | 1964 | Merged into Jēkabpils |
| Ķemeri pronunciation | 1928 | 1959 | Merged with Rīgas Jūrmala and Sloka to form Jūrmala |
| Lejasciems pronunciation | 1928 | 1939 | Economic stagnation, status revoked by the Latvian government |
| Rauna pronunciation | 1590 | | Largely destroyed by warfare in the 17th century; present village since 1900 |
| Rīgas Jūrmala pronunciation | 1920 | 1946 | Merged into Riga; later merged with Ķemeri and Sloka to form Jūrmala |
| Sēlpils pronunciation | 1621 | around 1705 | Lost its significance after the Great Northern War; modern name – Vecsēlpils |
| Sloka pronunciation | 1785 | 1959 | Merged with Rīgas Jūrmala and Ķemeri to form Jūrmala |
| Straupe pronunciation | 1356 | | Largely destroyed after the Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629) |
# Aliyu Abubakar (footballer)

Aliyu Audu Abubakar // (born 15 June 1996), is a Nigerian footballer who plays as a centre back for Malaysia Super League club Negeri Sembilan.

## Career
### Club

In December 2014, Abubakar signed a three-year contract with Ashdod, before leaving the club following their relegation at the end of the 2014–15 season. Following his release from Ashdod, Abubakar was linked with a move to an unnamed Serie A side. In March 2016, Abubakar signed a one-year contract with KuPS, after a successful trial, then a year later, in February 2017, Abubakar signed for Dila Gori.
In April 2018, Aliyu moved to PS Kemi in Veikkausliiga.
On 5 February 2020, Shakhter Karagandy announced the signing of Abubakar.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of match played 29 May 2021
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National Cup | National Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| KuPS | 2016 | Veikkausliiga | 25 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 26 | 0 |
| Dila Gori | 2017 | Erovnuli Liga | 19 | 0 | 2 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 21 | 0 |
| PS Kemi | 2018 | Veikkausliiga | 13 | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 14 | 1 |
| Slutsk | 2018 | Belarusian Premier League | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11 | 0 |
| Slutsk | 2019 | Belarusian Premier League | 12 | 0 | 2 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 14 | 0 |
| Slutsk | Total | Total | 23 | 0 | 2 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 25 | 0 |
| Olimpik Donetsk | 2019–20 | Ukrainian Premier League | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 0 |
| Shakhter Karagandy | 2020 | Kazakhstan Premier League | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 0 |
| Okzhetpes | 2020 | Kazakhstan Premier League | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 0 |
| Zhetysu | 2021 | Kazakhstan Premier League | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 97 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 103 | 1 |

## Honours

Nigeria U17
* FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2013
# Guarani das Missões

Guarani das Missões is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Guarani das Missões calls itself the Polish Capital of Rio Grande do Sul because it was settled primarily by Polish immigrants, starting over one century ago. The Polish language is still spoken and is maintained as a unique regionalism, alongside the national language, Portuguese.

## History

Guarani das Missões began as a Jesuit reduction settlement east of the Uruguay River. In 1891 the federal government and colonial commission of Brazil assessed and divided the land for colonization. The land originally consisted of two centers, one on the banks of the Uruguay River and one further into the interior of the country on the banks of the Comandaí River. The colony on the banks of the Uruguay would become the modern municipality of Porto Lucena whereas the land close to the Comandaí would be foundation for Guarani das Missões. Revolutions in Brazil between 1894 and 1897 had caused a delay in the colonization of the region, with just an estimated 1,200 inhabitants between the Uruguay and Comandaí colonies. The early settlers were ethnically diverse, with Swedes being the first to arrive. They were followed by Poles, Germans, Italians, Russians, Portuguese, Czechoslovakians, Austrians, Spaniards, Ukrainians and others soon after. Poles began to become prominent in Guarani das Missões around 1900, around the same time that the colony began increased construction and surveyance of the land.
Between 1911 and 1959 Guarani das Missões was a district within the municipality of São Luiz Gonzaga. It name was changed several times during this time period, first being named Guarani then becoming the Colônia Guarani and then simplifying to just Guarani again, before undergoing a complete change to Guaramano. It finally became Guarani das Missões in 1950 and separated as its own municipality in 1959.

## Demographics

Called the Polish capital of Rio Grande Do Sul, the majority of the population is descended from Polish settlers. Today residents still celebrate an annual PolFest in celebration of Polish colonization and immigration. The festival consist of live music, a beauty queen contest, Polish cuisine, and locally made Miętówka, a kind of mint liquor that was brought by Polish immigrants. In addition to the large Polish descended population, a majority of the population is Catholic with a monument to Pope John Paul II and a shrine dedicated to Our Lady of Czestochova.
| Race/Skin color | Percentage | Number |
| White | 87.78% | 7115 |
| Pardo (brown) | 10.57% | 858 |
| Afro-Brazilian | 1.69% | 137 |
| Asian | 0.05% | 4 |
| Religion | Percentage | Number |
| Roman Catholics | 85.85% | 6,967 |
| Protestants | 12.53% | 1017 |
| No Religion | 1.50% | 122 |
| Spiritists | 0.07% | 6 |
| Unknown | 0.04% | 3 |
# Forced induction

In an internal combustion engine, forced induction is where turbocharging or supercharging is used to increase the density of the intake air. Engines without forced induction are classified as naturally aspirated.

## Operating principle
### Overview

Forced induction is often used to increase the power output of an engine. This is achieved by compressing the intake air, to increase the mass of the air-fuel mixture present within the combustion chamber. A naturally aspirated engine is limited to a maximum intake air pressure equal to its surrounding atmosphere; however a forced induction engine produces "boost", whereby the air pressure is higher than the surrounding atmosphere. Since the density of air increases with pressure, this allows a greater mass of air to enter the combustion chamber.
Theoretically, the vapour power cycle analysis of the second law of thermodynamics would suggest that increasing the mean effective pressure within the combustion chamber would also increase the engine's thermal efficiency. However, considerations (such as cooling the combustion chamber, preventing engine knock and limiting NOx exhaust emissions) can mean that forced induction engines are not always more fuel efficient, particularly in the case of high-performance engines.

### Diesel engines

Four-stroke diesel engines are well suited to forced induction, since the lack of fuel in the intake air means that higher compression ratios can be used without a risk of pre-ignition. Therefore, the use of turbochargers on diesel engines is relatively commonplace.
Two-stroke diesel engines have a significantly different operating principle to two-stroke petrol engines, and require some form of forced induction - generally a supercharger - in order to function.

### High altitude uses

A reduced density of intake air is caused by the loss of atmospheric density seen with elevated altitudes. Therefore, an early use of forced induction was in aircraft engines. At 18,000 feet (5,500 m), the air is at half the pressure of sea level, which means that an engine without forced induction would produce less than half the power at this altitude. Forced induction is used to artificially increase the density of the intake air, in order to reduce the loss of power at higher altitudes.
Systems that use a turbocharger to maintain an engine's sea-level power output are called "turbo-normalized" systems. Generally, a turbo-normalized system attempts to maintain a manifold pressure of 29.5 inHg (100 kPa).

## Types of compressors

The most commonly used forced-induction devices are turbochargers and superchargers. A turbocharger drives its compressor using a turbine powered by the flow of exhaust gases, whereas a supercharger is mechanically powered by the engine (usually using a belt from the engine's crankshaft).

## Associated technologies

Intercooling is often used to reduce the temperature of the intake air after it is compressed. Another less commonly used method is water injection (or methanol injection).
# Hala Badri

Hala Badri (Arabic: هالة بدري) is the director general of Dubai Culture and Arts Authority. She was appointed to the role in 2019 and previously worked in several other sectors, including oil, sustainability and marketing. She is also Vice Chairperson of the Dubai Women Establishment.
Prior to her appointment to Dubai Culture, she was executive vice president of brand and communications of du, the second largest telecommunications company in the UAE. She is also a former senior advisor to the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC).

## Education

Hala Badri is a certified director having completed the International Directors Program with INSEAD. She holds an MBA in Managing e-Business from Zayed University, and a Higher Diploma in Communications Technology (Journalism) from The Higher Colleges of Technology.

## Career

In April 2019, Hala Badri was appointed as the Director General of Dubai Culture and Arts Authority by a royal decree from His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, to spearhead Dubai's cultural and creative scene.
Prior to joining Dubai Culture, Badri was a senior advisor on strategic communications for Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC). During her tenure with ADNOC she was also seconded to the National Media Council as a senior consultant to oversee the content strategy and visitor experience for the UAE National Pavilion at Expo 2020 Dubai. Before ADNOC, she spent 11 years at UAE's second telecommunications company, du, as the Executive Vice President of Brand and Communications.

## Board Memberships

In addition to her current role as Director General of Dubai Culture and Arts Authority, she also occupies the following positions:
* Vice Chairperson for the Dubai Women Establishment Board of Directors
* Vice-Chairman of the Hamdan Bin Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum International Photography Award (HIPA) Board of Trustees.
* Member of the Board of Dubai Media Council
* Member of the Board of Trustees of the Higher Colleges of Technology
* Member of the Board of Trustees of Rashid and Latifa Schools Establishment
* Member of the board of governors of Citizens School

## Achievements

Hala Badri was named as The Holmes Report's 2018 Innovator 25 in EMEA, ranked at 33 of Forbes ME 200 most powerful Arab woman in the World in 2014, and at 37 of 100 most powerful Arab business women in Listed Companies in 2012 to name a few. In May 2024, she was also named one of Fast Company Middle East’s 43 Most Creative People in Business in the Bringing Good Things To More People category, in recognition of her role in transforming the creative and cultural sector in Dubai.
In 2012, she was also named as the 21st most powerful and influential personality in the Middle East's media, marketing and advertising industry in Communicate magazine's Power List 2012.
In 2003, she was twice awarded the Sheikh Rashid Award for Scientific Excellence, for outstanding academic achievement during her earlier education.
# Robert W. McConnell

Robert McConnell (April 2, 1806 – October 15, 1862) was an early settler in Illinois, namesake of McConnell, Illinois. He served as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1846 to 1848. Earlier, on August 6, 1838, he was elected a County Commissioner (known as the County Board of Supervisors) in Stephenson County.
He moved to Waddams Township in Stephenson County, Illinois, United States in 1838. He purchased a land development from John Dennison and John Van Zant. He renamed it McConnell's Grove and started a trading post, which became the current town of McConnell, Illinois.
In 1843 he married 19-year-old Elizabeth, who was born and raised in Jefferson County, Ohio. Elizabeth died on April 19, 1849, at the age of 25. Prior to Elizabeth's death, they had three children. One daughter, named Adeline, died on February 11, 1848, at the age of four. The second child's sex, age and resting place are unknown. The youngest child was a son named William Wylie Moore McConnell. The graves of Elizabeth and Adeline are located at Silent Hill Cemetery in McConnell.
After Elizabeth's death, McConnell met and married Laura Hibbard. Together they had two daughters, Ella Hibbard McConnell and an adopted daughter named Lizzie. Lizzie died on July 11, 1862, at the age of 18.
Robert McConnell's grave is located in the City Cemetery of Freeport, Illinois. Lizzie McConnell's grave is also located there; the resting places of Laura, Ella and William are unknown.
# William Thomas Grant

William Thomas Grant (1876–1972) was the founder of a chain of U.S. mass-merchandise stores bearing his name, W. T. Grant, and an important American philanthropist.

## Biography

Grant was born in Stevensville, Bradford County, Pennsylvania; his family moved to Massachusetts when he was approximately 5 years of age.
At age 7 Grant began his sales career by selling flower seeds. Years later, he wanted to sell people what they needed at prices they could afford, with only a modest profit. In 1906, at 30 years of age he opened his first "W. T. Grant Co. 25 Cent Store" in Lynn, Massachusetts.
His initial capital was $1,000 he had saved from his work as a salesman. This modest profit, coupled with a fast turnover of inventory, caused Grant's business to grow to almost $100 million in annual sales by 1936, the same year that he started the William T. Grant Foundation. The stores were generally of the dime store format located in downtowns.
Among his avocations were philosophy, painting, and local philanthropy. In his later years, Grant was chairman of the board of the W. T. Grant Company and president of the Grant Foundation, and later chairman of the board. He received honorary Doctor of Laws degrees from Bates College in Maine and the University of Miami.
Grant was the founder of the Grant Study, which was a longitudinal study of Adult Development at Harvard Medical School beginning in 1938 that followed 268 Harvard educated men in order to identify predictors of healthy aging. The study found that alcoholism was the leading cause of divorces, correlated strongly with depression and neurosis, and when combined with the negative effects of smoking cigarettes, was determined to be the single greatest contributor to early morbidity and ultimately death. The study also found that warmth in relationships, rather than intelligence, were the best predictor of financial success. Other findings from the study include how political mindedness correlates with physical intimacy, how marital satisfaction correlates with good health and aging, as well as the correlation between parental relationships in childhood and health, success, and life satisfaction.
He retired from both the W. T. Grant Company and the Grant Foundation at age 90, yet still served in an honorary capacity until his death in 1972 in Greenwich, CT at age 96. By that time his nationwide empire of W. T. Grant Co. (Grants) and Grant City stores had grown to almost 1,200, although the company failed in 1975 and was soon liquidated.
# Çankaya (İzmir Metro)

Çankaya is an underground station on the M1 Line of the İzmir Metro in Konak. Located beneath Fevzi Paşa Boulevard, it is one of the ten original stations of the metro system. The architecture of the station consists of a main hall with a high ceiling, with mezzanines on both sides. The only other station to share this architecture is Konak. Connection to ESHOT city bus service is available above ground. Service began on 24 March 2018, connection to the Konak Tram also became possible via Gazi Bulvarı station. Çankaya station is located near the northern entrance to the historic Kemeraltı marketplace.
Çankaya station was opened on 22 May 2000.

## Connections

ESHOT operates city bus service on Fevzipaşa boulevard.

## Nearby Places of Interest

* Kemeraltı
** Hisar Mosque
# Gabriel George

Gabriel “Gabe” George is a medically retired U.S. Navy Corpsman and an American Paralympic athlete.

## Military career

George joined the Navy in July 2005 as a corpsman. His first deployment included bringing him to the Mediterranean, Israel, Haifa, Greece, Croatia, Europe, and Turkey; the second was to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. He was medically retired in 2009 as a result of the injuries from his motorcycle accident

## Archery

In 2018, George was introduced to adaptive sports through the National Veterans Summer Sports Clinic in San Diego, where a Paralympic coach demonstrated how he could fire a bow using string—he went to buy a bow the next day. Soon George was looking to compete, participating in paralympic competitions while aiming to be included on Team USA. His dedication to the sport has led to participation in the 2019 DOD Warrior Games for Team Navy, candidacy for the Tokyo Paralympics in 2020 (prior to its cancellation), and an invitation to the Invictus Games in 2022 for Team USA.

## Advocacy
### Medical marijuana

Because of his motorcycle accident, George suffers from chronic pain due to nerve damage. His neurologist was the first to suggest medical marijuana as a potential treatment for the side effects of his pharmaceutical regimen. George has expressed that taking the drug improves his quality of life, combating the chronic pain while also not adding any side-effects

## Appearances

In 2019 George was a feature interviewee on the Making Good episode Veterans Oceans Adventures, aired by the BYUtv channel.
George was a contestant on the American Go Big Show, appearing for the first time on January 14, 2021 as a contestant on the episode “You Can’t Unsee This!” After earning the high score in his match-up, he moved on to be a semi-finalist and appeared a second time on February 25’s episode “Go Big, Fly High.”
# Mastermind: To Think Like a Killer

Mastermind: To Think Like a Killer is a 2024 American documentary series directed and produced by Abby Fuller. It explores the career of Ann Burgess, focusing on her work at the FBI developing means of tracking serial killers and other violent criminals based on her novel research into their behaviors.
It had its world premiere at Tribeca Festival on June 7, 2024. It premiered on July 11, 2024, on Hulu.

## Premise

The series explores the career of Ann Burgess, looking into her widely known and lesser-known cases. The series follows Burgess and her investigations at the FBI into serial killers and their victims.

## Production

In April 2023, it was announced Abby Fuller would direct and executive produce alongside Elle Fanning and Dakota Fanning a documentary series revolving around Ann Burgess for Hulu, with Burgess serving as a consulting producer.
# Meknassa Acharqia

Meknassa Acharqia is a commune in the Taza Province of the Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate administrative region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 7,532 people living in 1,266 households.
# Lawson Sibley

Lawson Sibley (1836 – March 18, 1898) was an American businessman and politician who served as the Mayor of Springfield, Massachusetts in 1892.

## Biography

Lawson Sibley was born in Barre, Massachusetts in 1836. He married Harriet Emmons Aiken in 1863, and they had two daughters. He worked in the flour and feed business.
A Democrat, he served as county commissioner of Hampden County, Massachusetts from 1873 to 1876.
He died at his home in Springfield on March 18, 1898.
# G. B. Hodge Center

G. B. Hodge Center is an 878-seat multi-purpose arena in Spartanburg, South Carolina. It is home to the USC Upstate Spartans' basketball and volleyball teams. It was opened in 1973 and is named for one of the university's founders.
In terms of seating capacity, the G. B. Hodge Center is the smallest arena in Division I men's basketball.

## History

The G. B. Hodge Center hosted its first-ever top-25 ranked opponent when it welcomed the No. 25-ranked Furman Paladins on December 8, 2018. The matchup between the Spartans and the Paladins was also the first time that USC Upstate had hosted a top-25 opponent since becoming an NCAA Division I program during the 2007–08 season. With 353 teams currently competing in NCAA Division I men's basketball, it also marked the first time that the division's smallest arena had hosted a ranked opponent. Although leading 34–30 at halftime, the Spartans ultimately fell to the Paladins, 74–60.
The Hodge Center served as a temporary home for UNC Asheville's volleyball team after their campus sustained damage from Hurricane Helene.

## Renovations

In October 2009, it was announced that the G. B. Hodge Center would undergo a large renovation thanks to the $4 million donation from alumnus Dolores Anderson. Anderson is a longtime fan of the University of South Carolina Upstate basketball team, particularly the men's team. She is the former co owner of Anderson Hardwood Company. This gift is the largest donation to the university athletic department and second largest ever to the university. Plans for the new arena include brand new floors, lighting, scoreboards, locker rooms, and seating. The university believes that the new renovation will help move into a second renovation later that would create a new entrance and new athletic department offices.
The newly renovated facility was dedicated on December 5, 2010, against East Tennessee State.
# Kei Saito

Kei Saito (齋藤慧, Saitō Kei) is a Japanese short-track speed skater. He is known for being the first case of doping at the 2018 Winter Olympics after he was found to have been using acetazolamide.
# Paula Julander

Paula Julander (born January 21, 1939) is an American politician who served in the Utah House of Representatives from the 24th district from 1989 to 1993 and in the Utah State Senate from 1999 to 2005.
# Toulouse-Saint-Agne station

Toulouse-Saint-Agne is a railway station in Toulouse, Occitanie, France. The station is located on the Toulouse–Bayonne and Toulouse–Saint-Agne–Auch railway. The station is served by TER (local) services operated by the SNCF.

## Train services

The following services currently call at Toulouse-Saint-Agne:
* local service (TER Occitanie) Toulouse–Colomiers–Auch
* local service (TER Occitanie) Toulouse–Foix–Latour-de-Carol-Enveitg
* local service (TER Occitanie) Toulouse–Saint-Gaudens–Tarbes–Pau

## Metro

Toulouse-Saint-Agne also lies on the Toulouse Metro network on line B which operates from Borderouge and Ramonville.

## Gallery

* The station platforms
* The entrance to the metro station
* A train passing through the station