OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# German frigate Nordrhein-Westfalen

Nordrhein-Westfalen (F223) is the second ship of the Baden-Württemberg-class frigates of the German Navy.

## Background

Nordrhein-Westfalen was designed and constructed by ARGE F125, a joint-venture of Thyssen-Krupp and Lürssen. She is part of the Baden-Württemberg class has the highest displacement of any class of frigate worldwide, and are used to replace the Bremen class.

## Construction and career

Nordrhein-Westfalen was laid down on 24 October 2012 and launched on 16 April 2015 in Hamburg. She was commissioned on 10 June 2020.
In late 2024 Nordrhein-Westfalen was patrolling in the Baltic Sea, coming from the port of Gdańsk, Poland. In late November the frigate was encountered a Russian convoy consisting of a not named tanker and a corvette in the Baltic Sea, potentially breaking the international sanctions imposed on Russian oil. When one of the NH90 helicopters from Nordrhein-Westfalen was sent to inspect the Russian vessels more closely, the corvette responded with five red flares instead of routine radio communication. The incident became public when German foreign minister Annalena Baerbock mentioned the act of aggression at a NATO meeting a week later.

## Gallery

* Nordrhein-Westfalen gallery
* Nordrhein-Westfalen moored opposite Rheinland-Pfalz on 31 August 2019
* Nordrhein-Westfalen being towed into dock 17 of the Blohm and Voss (B&V) shipyard on 10 November 2015.
* Nordrhein-Westfalen on 22 May 2019.
# Romanby

Romanby is a village and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. Romanby is situated south-west of and contiguous with Northallerton, and at the 2001 UK census had a population of 6,051, increasing to 6,177 at the 2011 Census.

## History

The name Romanby suggests that the village dates from Roman times, but derives from the Viking name Hromund. The village was mentioned in the Domesday Book as belonging to King William.
Romanby chapel, which dated from the 13th century, was demolished in 1523 on the orders of the Bishop of Durham, Thomas Wolsey. Its destruction was ordered because the vicar of Northallerton at the time, had questioned the bishop's authority. St James' Church was built in 1882. It is a grade II listed structure. Romanby Methodist Church dates from 1962.

## Geography

Before the railway was built, Romanby was separated from Northallerton by a 0.5-mile (0.8 km) strip of pasture land, but since the railway opened, the spread of each settlement means that the two are contiguous. The Wensleydale Railway passes over a bridge on the outskirts of Romanby village on its way to Redmire from Northallerton West railway station. A grade II listed packhorse bridge straddles the Willow Beck. Water from the beck powered a water-mill in the village, which was last listed in 1663. The beck flows southwards and enters the River Wiske before the A684 road. The River Wiske formed the western boundary of the old Allertonshire Wapentake.

## Governance

North Yorkshire County Council has its headquarters at County Hall in Romanby, on the site of a former a racecourse. It was designed by the York architect Walter Brierley for North Riding County Council. The main building constructed in 1904–14 is of two storeys of ashlar and red brick on a square courtyard plan, it has a 15-bay frontage and 23-bay returns. It is a grade II* listed building.
Romanby electoral ward does not cover all the parish and had a total population at the 2011 Census of 3,946.

## Amenities

The village has several shops, a post office, a dentist, a hairdressers and a public house, the Golden Lion.
Romanby is served by Romanby Primary School. The local secondary school and sixth form is Northallerton School.
Romanby Golf Course on the village outskirts has an 18-hole course, floodlit driving range and a clubhouse. Northallerton Town Football Club is located in Romanby.
# Survey of Activities of Young People

The Survey of Activities of Young People (SAYP) is a national household-based survey of work-related activities among South African children, conducted for the first time in 1999 by Statistics South Africa.

## History

The official results were released in October 2002, and provides a national, quantitative picture. It also gives an indication of the different categories of working children who are most in need or who are at the greatest risk of exploitation in work and employment.
The survey constituted the first step in the development of the South African Child Labour Programme of Action which was provisionally adopted in September 2003.
A household-based survey cannot pick up some of the worst forms of child labour — for this reason, qualitative research projects are undertaken or planned by the "Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour" (TECL) Programme.
# Billy Harvey (politician)

Billy Vernon Harvey (October 11, 1932 – March 2, 2006) was an American politician who served in the Mississippi State Senate from 1988 until his death in 2006. At his death, he was chairman of the Senate's Forestry Committee.
# Orchestra Iowa

Orchestra Iowa is Iowa's premier American symphony orchestra based in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The current music director and conductor is Timothy Hankewich. Established in 1923 as the Cedar Rapids Symphony Orchestra, the orchestra has 68 professional musicians and a full season of over 180 performances, including a fine arts series, a chamber series, a popular series, and performances with the Cedar Rapids Opera Theatre and Ballet Quad Cities. The orchestra principally performs at the Paramount Theatre located in downtown Cedar Rapids. They also perform regular concerts at Iowa City West High School. The chamber series is performed at the Coralville Center for the Performing Arts in Coralville, Iowa. The orchestra showcases its artistic excellence each season through an accomplished array of classical, ballet, opera, popular and chamber performances, in addition to extensive community education and involvement.

## History

Orchestra Iowa began as the Cedar Rapids Symphony Orchestra. Its first concert was held on April 23, 1923 in the Sinclair Auditorium at Coe College, with general admission costing $0.75 and season tickets for $5. By 1928 the orchestra was playing its concerts at Veterans Memorial Coliseum. They continued playing during the Great Depression and World War II. It was not until the 1950s that the orchestra had a paid music director and began to pay the musicians. A string quartet was established in the 1970s. By 1980 the orchestra moved to its current location at the Paramount Theatre. The orchestra has an outreach program to area students and the Orchestra Iowa School was begun in 1988 to teach string instrumentalists. An endowment program was begun in 1990.
In 2004 the administrative offices and the school moved to the new Symphony Center. It includes music studios and the Rockwell Collins Recital Hall. Orchestra Iowa has partnered with nationally syndicated From the Top radio program, Iowa Public Television, and Iowa Public Radio to bring symphonic music and music education programs to more people. The Symphony Center was extensively damaged in 2008 by the flooded Cedar River that submerged downtown Cedar Rapids. The orchestra had to perform in a variety of venues as a result. They will return to the Paramount Theatre for the 2012–2013 season.
Orchestra Iowa became the orchestra for the Cedar Rapids Opera Theatre in 2009. The Opus Concert Café, which opened in 2011, provides a space for chamber concerts and other performances. With the 2012–2013 season they began a collaboration with Ballet Quad Cities. They perform with the ballet at both the Paramount Theatre in Cedar Rapids, and at the ballet's main performance venue the Adler Theatre in Davenport, Iowa.

## Music directors

* Joseph H. Kitchen (1923–1952)
* Henry Denecke (1952–1970)
* Richard Williams (1970–1981)
* Christian Tiemeyer (1981–2006)
* Timothy Hankewich (2006–present)
# Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok, Ayodhya

A memorial of the Korean Queen Heo Hwang-ok is located in Ram Katha Park, near the ghats, on Sarayu River, in the holy Hindu city of Ayodhya, in Uttar Pradesh. The stone memorial, with an inscription of the legend of Queen Heo, sits inside a park. Planned upgrades featuring Korean and Indian architectural elements and landscaping, including a traditional pavilion, are expected to be completed in 2 years by the end of 2020 at the cost of INR 30 million.
Queen Heo's tomb is situated in Gimhae City, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea.

## History

Heo Hwang-ok is a legendary Queen, wife of King Suro, and the first queen of Geumgwan Gaya, mentioned in the 13th-century chronicle Samguk Yusa. She is said to have come to Geumgwan Gaya from Ayuta. Based on speculative identification of Ayuta with Ayodhya because of phonetic similarities, she is asserted to be of Indian origin though the location of Ayuta is disputed by some scholars as the Ay kingdom (modern day Kanyakumari), a vassal to the Pandyas of Tamilakam.
In 2001, a Korean delegation, which included the North Korean ambassador to India, inaugurated a memorial stone dedicated to her in Ayodhya. The legend of Queen Heo is inscribed on the stone memorial in Korean and English. The park which surrounds the memorial is colloquial called "Korea Park". The monument was built in Korean traditional style, using a 3m high and 7,500 kg heavy stone shipped from Korea.
In March 2016, a 38-member South Korean delegation made a proposal to develop the memorial further. The proposal was accepted by the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Akhilesh Yadav. In July, the two countries had signed an agreement regarding the Queen Suriratna Memorial Project to facilitate upgrade and expansion of the existing monument commemorating Princess Suriratna (Queen Heo Hwang-ok). The regional tourism office of India released ₹30 million for the development of the memorial. It was decided that South Korean architects will survey the land, and prepare an action plan. In May 2017, during the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Seoul, a decision was taken to upgrade the monument as a joint project between India and South Korea. On November 6, 2018 on the eve of Deepavali celebration, South Korea's First Lady Kim Jung-sook laid the foundation stone for the expansion and beautification of the existing memorial.
Since a large number of Koreans trace their ancestry to Heo Hwang-ok, hundreds of South Korean tourists visit Ayodhya every year to pay tributes to their Queen, especially around jesa, in April.

## Sister City Agreement between Ayodhya and Gimhae

Based on formal Korean Governmental approval, the Mayors of the City of "Ayodhya" in India and the City of "Gimhae" in South Korea also signed an International "Sister City" bond in March 2001 to formalise the relationship and encourage cultural and mutual development.
# Pierre Victor Auger

Pierre Victor Auger (French pronunciation:; 14 May 1899 – 24 December 1993) was a French physicist, born in Paris. He worked in the fields of atomic physics, nuclear physics, and cosmic ray physics. He is famous for being one of the discoverers of the Auger effect, named after him.

## Early life

Pierre's father was chemistry professor Victor Auger. Pierre Auger was a student at the École normale supérieure in Paris from 1919 to 1922, the year when he passed the agrégation of physics. He then joined the physical chemistry laboratory of the faculté des sciences of the University of Paris under the direction of Jean Perrin to work there on the photoelectric effect.

## Career

In 1926, he obtained his doctorate in physics from the University of Paris. In 1927, he was named assistant to the faculté des sciences of Paris and, at the same time, adjoint chief of service to l'Institut de biologie physico-chimique. Chief of work to faculty in 1934 and general secretary of the annual tables of the constants in 1936, he was named university lecturer in physics to the faculty on the first of November 1937. He was charged with, until 1940, the course on the experimental bases of the quantum theory within the chair of theoretical physics and astrophysics. He was also adjoint director of the laboratory of physical chemistry. He then occupied the chair of quantum physics and relativity of the faculté des sciences of Paris.
At the end of World War II, he was named director of higher education from 1945 to 1948, which permitted him to introduce the first chair of genetics at the Sorbonne, conferred upon Boris Ephrussi.
The process where Auger electrons are emitted from atoms is used in Auger electron spectroscopy to study the elements on the surface of materials. This method was named after him, independently from Lise Meitner who discovered the process one year before in 1922, albeit in a different, and then controversial, context about the nature of the beta-rays versus Charles Drummond Ellis.

## Findings

In his work with cosmic rays, he found that the cosmic radiation events were coincident in time meaning that they were associated with a single event, an air shower. He estimated that the energy of the incoming particle that creates large air showers must be at least 10$^{15}$ electronvolts (eV) = 10$^6$ particles of 10$^8$ eV (critical energy in air) and a factor of ten for energy loss from traversing the atmosphere.

## Honors and achievements

* He was European Space Research Organisation (ESRO) first Director General and one of the forefathers for the CERN foundation.
* He was president of the Centre international de calcul (Rome). From 1948 to 1959, he directed at UNESCO the department of mathematical and natural sciences.
* He was elected a member of the Académie des sciences in 1977.
* He hosted a broadcast of popularization of exacting science on Friday evenings on the public radio station France Culture from September 1969 to June 1986, entitled Les Grandes Avenues de la science moderne.
* The world's largest cosmic ray detector, the Pierre Auger Observatory, is named after him.
# Joseph Allen (Maine politician)

Joseph W. Allen was an American politician from Maine. Allen, a Republican of Mount Vernon, served six years in the Maine Legislature between 1907 and 1916. Allen served one term in the Maine House of Representatives (1907–1908) and two terms in the Maine Senate (1913–1916). In the Senate, he was elected from the seventh senatorial district, which included Kennebec County, Maine.
# Chris Hart IV

Chris Hart (born August 11, 1968) in Fort Benning, Georgia.
Hart was a representative in the House of Representatives of the U.S. state of Florida. He received his bachelor's degree from the Florida State University in 1991, and his Master of Business Administration from the University of South Florida in 1999. He currently lives in [Thomasville, Georgia], with his wife, Amy. They own The Hare & The Hart, a Home decor, DIY paint, and gift shop.
# Terry Nelson (musician)

Terry Nelson Skinner (August 24, 1943 – November 14, 2014) was an American former disc jockey from Russellville, Alabama, United States. Together with a group of studio musicians, Nelson released a single in 1971 under the name C. Company featuring Terry Nelson. The single, entitled "Battle Hymn of Lt. Calley", was a spoken-word recording with a musical background which defended William Calley and the massacre at My Lai, for which Calley was court-martialed in 1970–71. Originally issued on a small local label, Quickit Records, it was reissued nationally on Plantation Records in April 1971. The single reached No. 37 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts and No. 49 on Hot Country Songs.
This disc sold over one million copies in just four days, and received a gold disc awarded by the Recording Industry Association of America on 15 April 1971. It went on to sell nearly two million copies.
That same year, C. Company and Terry Nelson released an album, Wake Up America, also on Plantation.
# Paustian

Paustian is a German language surname. It stems from the male given name Sebastian. Notable people with the surname include:
* Matthias O. Paustian, German economist
* Ole Paustian (born 1937), Danish rower
* Peter Paustian, German rower
* Ross Paustian (born 1956), American politician
* Samantha Paustian-Underdahl, American psychologist
* Timothy D. Paustian, American microbiologist
# Esau (name)

Esau is the name given to the older son of Isaac in the Hebrew Bible.

## People
### Given name

* Esau (judge royal) (fl. 1197–1198), Hungarian noble
* Esau, Palatine of Hungary (fl. 1197–1198), Hungarian noble
* Esau Adenji (born 1944), Cameroonian long-distance runner
* Esau Chulu (born 1974), Zambian judge
* Esau de' Buondelmonti (died 1411), despot
* Esaú Flores (born 1997), Honduran footballer
* Essau Kanyenda (born 1982), Malawian footballer
* Esau Khamati Oriedo (1888–1992), Kenyan Christian evangelist, philanthropist and entrepreneur
* Esau Jenkins (1910–1972), American activist
* Esau Mann (born 1971), Tongan rugby league footballer
* Esau Mwamwaya, member of The Very Best
* Esau McCaulley (born 1979), American biblical scholar
* Esau Owusu Dahnsaw (born 1984), Liberian actor and model
* Esava Ratugolea (born 1998), Australian rules footballer
* Esau Schafer (born 1952), Canadian politician
* Esau Simpson (born 1990), Grenadian swimmer
* Esau Thoms (1926–1979), political leader in Newfoundland and Labrador
* Esau Tjiuoro (born 1982), Namibian footballer

### Surname

* Abraham Esau (1884–1955), German physicist
* Bernhardt Esau (born 1957), Namibian politician
* Charlotte Esau (born 1961), American politician
* Gilbert Esau (1919–2012), American politician
* Katherine Esau (1898–1997), German-American botanist
* Keith Esau (born 1960), American politician
* Len Esau (born 1968), Canadian ice hockey player
* Lizzie Esau (born 1999), English musician
* Logona Esau (born 1987), Tuvaluan weightlifter
* Ron Esau (1954–2022), American racecar driver
* Shahid Esau, South African politician
# Puerto Guaqui

Puerto Guaqui is a small town in Bolivia.
# Jouko Väänänen

Jouko Antero Väänänen (born September 3, 1950 in Rovaniemi, Lapland) is a Finnish mathematical logician known for his contributions to set theory, model theory, logic and foundations of mathematics. He served as the vice-rector at the University of Helsinki, and a professor of mathematics at the University of Helsinki, as well as a professor of mathematical logic and foundations of mathematics at the University of Amsterdam. He completed his PhD at the University of Manchester under the supervision of Peter Aczel in 1977 with the PhD thesis entitled "Applications of set theory to generalized quantifiers". He was elected to the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters in 2002. He served as a member of the Senate of the University of Helsinki from 2004 to 2006 and the Treasurer of the European Mathematical Society from 2007 to 2014, as well as the Treasurer of the European Set Theory Society since 2012. Jouko Väänänen received the Magnus Ehrnrooth Foundation Prize in mathematics on April 29, 2024.

## Publications
### Books

* Dependence Logic, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
* Models and Games, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
# William E. Gaines

William Embre Gaines (August 30, 1844 – May 4, 1912) was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.

## Biography

Born near Charlotte Court House, Virginia, Gaines attended local public school. During the Civil War, he enlisted as a private in Company K of the 18th Virginia Regiment (Pickett's division). He reenlisted and joined the Army of the Cape Fear, which surrendered with General Joe Johnston near Greensboro, North Carolina, in April 1865. He attained the rank of adjutant in Manly's artillery battalion.
After the war, Gaines studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practiced in Burkeville, Virginia. He also engaged in the tobacco business and in banking. He was elected to the Senate of Virginia and served from 1883 to 1887, when he resigned. He served as delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1884, and later was mayor of Burkeville. He also was a delegate to several state Republican conventions.
Gaines was elected as a Republican to the 50th United States Congress (March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1889). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1888.
He died in Washington, D.C., on May 4, 1912, and was interred in Glenwood Cemetery.

## Electoral history

1886 - Gaines was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives with 70.24% of the vote, defeating Democrat Mann Page.
# The Deep End (Spyro Gyra album)

The Deep End is the twenty-seventh album by Spyro Gyra, released on May 25, 2004. The album peaked at No. 3 on the jazz album chart at Billboard magazine.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| Tom Hull | B− |
Tom Hull dismissed the album as a "dud" in his "Jazz Consumer Guide" for The Village Voice in September 2004. In a commentary published on his website, he explained, "Spry funk, thick layers of guitar-keyb-sax that never let up, occasional tidbits of exotica, they don't aim for pablum, but they don't take risks either, so in the end they're as predictable as formula."

## Track listing

* "Summer Fling" (Jeremy Wall) – 4:58
* "Eastlake Shuffle" (Julio Fernandez) – 5:02
* "Monsoon" (Jay Beckenstein) – 7:00
* "As You Wish" (Beckenstein) – 4:36
* "Joburg Jam" (Beckenstein) – 6:10
* "The Crossing" (Fernandez) – 7:17
* "Wiggle Room" (Scott Ambush) – 6:48
* "Wind Warriors" (Tom Schuman) – 6:15
* "In Your Arms" (Schuman) – 4:46
* "Chippewa Street" (Beckenstein) – 5:46
* "Beyond the Rain" (Ambush) – 6:09

## Personnel

Spyro Gyra
* Jay Beckenstein – saxophones
* Tom Schuman – keyboards
* Julio Fernández – guitars, vocals (6)
* Scott Ambush – bass guitar
Guest musicians
* Billy Kilson – drums (1, 4, 10)
* Joel Rosenblatt – drums (2, 3, 6–9, 11)
* Ludwig Afonso – drums (5)
* Cyro Baptista – percussion (1, 3, 6)
* Daniel Sadownick – percussion (1–4, 7, 10, 11)
* Dave Samuels – vibraphone (4, 5, 7, 11)
* David Charles – percussion (8, 9)
* Don Harris – trumpet (1, 10)

### Production

* Jay Beckenstein – producer
* Jeremy Wall – producer (1)
* Julio Fernández – producer (2, 6)
* Scott Ambush – producer (7, 11)
* Tom Schuman – producer (8, 9)
* Doug Oberkircher – recording, mixing
* Eric Carlinsky – recording, assistant engineer
* Scott Hull – mastering at The Hit Factory (New York City, New York)
* Paul Blakemore – 5.1 surround sound mastering
* Colin Anderson – cover image
* Robert Hoffman – design
* Phil Brennan – management