OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Christopher de Hamel

Christopher Francis Rivers de Hamel FSA FRHistS (born 20 November 1950) is a British academic librarian and expert on mediaeval manuscripts. He is a Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and former Fellow Librarian of the Parker Library. His book Meetings with Remarkable Manuscripts is the winner of the Duff Cooper Prize for 2016 and the Wolfson History Prize for 2017.

## Early life and education

Christopher de Hamel was born on 20 November 1950 in London, England. At the age of four he moved with his parents to New Zealand, where he was educated at King's High School, Dunedin, and graduated with an honours degree in history from the University of Otago.
He was subsequently awarded a Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) degree by Oxford University for his research on 12th-century Bible commentaries. His thesis was titled "The production and circulation of glossed books of the Bible in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries". He has been awarded honorary Doctorates of Letters from the University of Otago and from St. John's University, Minnesota.

## Career

Between 1975 and 2000 de Hamel worked for Sotheby's in its Western Manuscripts Department. He was elected as the Donnelley Fellow Librarian of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge in 2000, and elected a member of the Roxburghe Club the following year.
He held the 2003–2004 Sandars Readership in Bibliography. He delivered the 2009 Lyell Lectures at Oxford University on the subject of "Fragments in Book Bindings". In 2017, his then-newly-published Meetings with Remarkable Manuscripts was shortlisted for Waterstones Book of the Year 2016, and won both the £40,000 Wolfson History Prize and the Duff Cooper Prize.

## Published works

De Hamel has written a number of historical works within his field of expertise:
* Geoffrey Chaucer – Prologue to the Canterbury Tales – A Hitherto Unrecorded Variant Reading (Privately printed, 1980)
* A History of Illuminated Manuscripts (Phaidon, 1986; second revised edition, 1994)
* Syon Abbey: The Library of the Bridgettine Nuns and Their Peregrinations After the Reformation (Roxburghe Club, 1991)
* Scribes and Illuminators (British Museum, 1992)
* The Book: A History of the Bible (Phaidon, 2001)
* The Rothschilds and Their Collections of Illuminated Manuscripts (British Library, 2005)
* The Macclesfield Alphabet Book: A Facsimile, with Patricia Lovett (British Library, 2010)
* Gilding the Lilly: A Hundred Medieval and Illuminated Manuscripts in the Lilly Library (Lilly Library, Indiana University, 2010)
* Meetings with Remarkable Manuscripts (Allen Lane, 2016)
* Making Medieval Manuscripts (Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, 2018)
* The Book in the Cathedral: The Last Relic of Thomas Becket (Allen Lane, 2020)
* The Posthumous Papers of the Manuscripts Club (Allen Lane, 2022)
# Zawiść, Orzesze

Zawiść (German: Zawisc) is a sołectwo in the east of Orzesze, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It was an independent village but as a part of gmina Gardawice was administratively merged into Orzesze in 1975. It has an area of 6.6 km$^2$ and about 1,933 inhabitants.

## History

The village could have been first mentioned as Czawsch among villages given by John II, Duke of Opava-Ratibor to his wife, Helena, in the early 15th century. The first certain mention was in 1574, when it was sold by Wawrzyniec Trach to Jerzy Orzeski.
In the years 1733-1914 a glass mill Ernestyna operated here. In the 18th century also two brick factories and a coal mine. A palace was also built in the time.
In the 18th century the village was annexed by Prussia, and in 1871 it became part of Germany. After World War I in the Upper Silesia plebiscite 199 out of 279 voters in Zawiść voted in favour of reintegrating with Poland, which just regained independence, against 79 opting for staying in Germany.
Shortly after capturing the settlement during the invasion of Poland, which started World War II, German troops murdered several Polish defenders in Zawiść on September 3, 1939 (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation). German occupation ended in 1945.
# Muineh

Muineh (Persian: موئينه) is a village in, and the capital of, Horr Rural District of Dinavar District, Sahneh County, Kermanshah province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 362 in 101 households. The following census in 2011 counted 471 people in 113 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 324 people in 95 households.
# Judith Hamer

Judith Hamer (born 3 December 1990) is a 4.0 point British wheelchair basketball player who represented Great Britain at the 2012 and 2016 Paralympic Games. She won a Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Award for bravery and trekked across the Andes Mountains in Ecuador as part of a reality television show, Beyond Boundaries.

## Biography

Judith Hamer was born in Plymouth on 3 December 1990, with a short thigh bone in her right leg. She could walk wearing crutches and special shoes. After some 18 operations over thirteen years to attempt to correct it, and with her GCSE exams approaching, she told the doctors that enough was enough. In 2006 she had her right leg amputated below the knee. She won a Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Award for bravery. A few months later, she hiked across the Andes Mountains in Ecuador as part of a reality television show, Beyond Boundaries.
The idea of playing sport had not been uppermost in her mind, but in 2007 she became interested in wheelchair basketball. She attended a UK Sport Talent Day, and began playing for a local club in Exeter, the Otters in 2007, as a 4.0 point player. The Lord's Taverners gave her a £2,000 custom-made wheelchair basketball chair. in 2009, she made her international debut at the Paralympic World Cup. She played with the national side at the European championships, at which they won bronze. They went on to win bronze again in 2011, 2013 and 2015.
Hamer won bronze at the Women's U25 World Championships in St Catharines, Ontario in 2011, and silver at the Women's U25 European Championships in 2013. She was also part of the team at the 2012 Paralympic Games in London. "I think we may be at our best for Rio in 2016," she told reporters beforehand, "but 2012 will be the biggest thing I ever do, and I won't be able to play at a home Paralympics ever again."
The British women's wheelchair basketball team came 7th in London; but Hamer, now a biochemistry student at the University of Worcester, was selected as part of the team for the 2016 Paralympic Games. The British team produced its best ever performance at the Paralympics, making it to the semi-finals, but lost to the United States, and then the bronze medal match to the Netherlands.

## Personal life

Hamer is engaged to Lauren Rowles, a parasport rower.

## Achievements

* 2009: Bronze at European Wheelchair Basketball Championship (Stoke Mandeville, United Kingdom)
* 2010: Sixth at 2010 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship (Birmingham, United Kingdom)
* 2011: Bronze at European Wheelchair Basketball Championship (Nazareth, Israel)
* 2012: Seventh at 2012 Paralympic Games (London, United Kingdom)
* 2013: Bronze at European Championships (Frankfurt, Germany)
* 2014: Fifth at the World Wheelchair Basketball Championship (Toronto, Canada)
* 2015: Bronze at the European Championships (Worcester, England)
* 2016: Fourth at the 2016 Summer Paralympics (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
* 2017: Bronze at the European Championships (Tenerife, Spain)
* 2018: Silver at the 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship (Hamburg, Germany)
# Lutz Templin

Ludwig "Lutz" Templin (June 18, 1901 - March 7, 1973) was a German jazz bandleader.
Born in Düsseldorf, Templin played violin and saxophone, and studied composition, before finding work playing and arranging in dance ensembles. From 1941 to 1949, he led a big band in Germany, which recorded extensively and was broadcast on German radio. This ensemble also recorded as Charlie and his Orchestra, performing arrangements of American jazz hits with propagandistic lyrics inserted; these were broadcast on Nazi radio stations.
Templin's ensemble operated out of Berlin until 1943, when Allied bombing resulted in their relocation to Stuttgart. Templin remained in Stuttgart after the war, and continued performing there for most of the rest of his life. He died in Stuttgart, West Germany in 1973, aged 71.
# Sparks (Coldplay song)

"Sparks" is a song by the British rock band Coldplay. They wrote and co-produced it with producer Ken Nelson for their debut album, Parachutes (2000). Dubbed a "calming" piece, the song experienced a chart resurgence in the 2020s.

## Recording

According to producer Ken Nelson, "Sparks" was recorded at the same time as "We Never Change". He described it as "basically a live take", with Jonny Buckland adding his guitar parts afterwards. The lyrics of the song tell the story of a person asking for a second chance after letting down their partner ("And I know I was wrong" / "But I won't let you down"). Mary Siroky from Consequence noted that "the waltz tempo ensures a feeling of intimacy and romantic longing persists".

## Reception

"Sparks" has been ranked among Coldplay's best works by Billboard, and Consequence. The former also included the song on their "40 Best Deep Cuts of 2000" list, pointing out that it contains "many of the touchstones that would become synonymous with the British rock band in the ensuing decades", from the hopeless romanticism of the lyrics to the use of interjections. The song experienced a resurgence on the music charts in the 2020s, after going viral on TikTok.

## Performances

The band have consistently performed "Sparks" throughout the Parachutes (2000–01), and Music of the Spheres (2022–25) tours.

## Covers and samples

American R&B singer Brandy integrated the opening lyrics of the song in "I Tried", from her album Afrodisiac (2004). Kristina Train covered "Sparks" for I Give It a Year, a British romantic comedy released in 2013. Ten years later, Jordana shared a cover of the track as well.

## Personnel

Credits adapted from Tidal.

### Band members

* Guy Berryman – bass, songwriter
* Jonny Buckland – guitar, piano, backing vocals, songwriter
* Will Champion – drums, percussion, backing vocals, songwriter
* Chris Martin – lead vocals, acoustic guitar, keyboards, songwriter

### Additional personnel

* Ken Nelson – producer, engineer
* Andrea Wright – assistant engineer
* Jon Coles – assistant engineer
* Paul Read – assistant engineer
* Simon Barnicott – assistant engineer
* George Marino – mastering engineer
* Michael H. Brauer – mixing engineer
* Mark Phythian – programmer

## Charts

Chart performance for "Sparks" :
| Chart (2022–2024) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA) | 92 |
| Global 200 (Billboard) | 174 |
| Greece International (IFPI) | 52 |
| Portugal (AFP) | 95 |
| Singapore (RIAS) | 19 |

## Certifications

Certifications for "Sparks" :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | 2× Platinum | 140,000$^‡$ |
| Denmark (IFPI Danmark) | Gold | 45,000$^‡$ |
| Italy (FIMI) | Gold | 50,000$^‡$ |
| New Zealand (RMNZ) | 2× Platinum | 60,000$^‡$ |
| Portugal (AFP) | Platinum | 40,000$^‡$ |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | Gold | 30,000$^‡$ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Platinum | 600,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Thomas Rickard

Thomas Rickard (1866–1911) was a mining engineer, an early resident of Berkeley, California, and served as the last President of the Town Board of Trustees from 1903 to 1909, before the new city charter went into effect, creating the office of Mayor.
Rickard was born in France on August 28, 1866, to Reuben Rickard and Mary E Humphreys. Both of his parents were English-born. He immigrated to the United States with his family in the 1875. In 1889 he married his wife Alice Whitmore. They had four children: Leontine (b. May 1889), Helen (b. June 1891), Donald (b. August 1894), and Thomas, Jr. (b. January 1899).
Rickard had a cousin whose name was also Thomas, but regularly used his middle initial "A" (for Arthur). Thomas A. Rickard was a prominent writer on the subject of mining, who, in 1896, was appointed by the Governor to the position of State Geologist of Colorado. He served in that position until 1901.
Rickard graduated from the University of California in 1887, with a degree in mining engineering. From 1901 until his death, he served as vice president of the San Francisco mining firm of Harron, Rickard and McCone. He also served as a trustee of the California Institute for the Deaf and Blind, located in Berkeley.
Rickard's father Reuben Rickard also served as President of the Town Board of Trustees in Berkeley from 1891 to 1893 and again for about a month in 1895. He was also a mining engineer, having worked throughout the western United States. Thomas' brother Edgar Rickard was the editor of a mining newspaper in London and a close acquaintance of Herbert Hoover.
Thomas Rickard died on March 25, 1911.
# David Hill

David Hill may refer to:

## Arts and music

* David Octavius Hill (1802–1870), Scottish painter and arts activist
* David Hess (1936–2011), American actor, singer, and songwriter, also known as David Hill
* David Hill (author) (born 1942), New Zealand author of fiction
* David Hill (producer) (born 1946), American executive producer of television, mainly with the Fox organization
* David Hill (choral director) (born 1957), British choral conductor and organist
* David Hill, British former member of the band Ballistic Brothers and founder of Nuphonic record label

## Politics

* David Hill (Oregon politician) (1809–1850), American politician, founder of the city of Hillsboro, Oregon
* David B. Hill (1843–1910), American politician, Governor of New York, 1885–1891, U.S. Senator from New York, 1892–1897
* David Jayne Hill (1850–1932), American academic, diplomat and author, U. S. Assistant Secretary of State, 1898–1903
* David Hill (Labour adviser) (1948–2024), British political adviser
* David Hill (Canadian politician) (born c. 1978), Canadian politician, Ottawa city councillor

## Sports

* David Hill (Rangers footballer) (fl. 1881–1882), Scottish footballer (Rangers and Scotland)
* David Hill (footballer, born 1881) (1881–1928), Scottish footballer (Third Lanark and Scotland)
* David Hill (cricketer) (1915–1974), Guyanese cricketer
* David Hill (rugby league) (fl. 1967–1978), British rugby league player (Wigan and Great Britain)
* David Hill (tight end) (born 1954), American football player (Detroit Lions)
* David Hill (footballer, born 1965), English footballer for Bradford City
* David Hill (wide receiver) (born 1977), American football player
* David Hill (rugby union) (born 1978), New Zealand rugby union player
* David Hill (parathlete) (born 1989), British Paralympic swimmer and triathlete

## Other people

* David Hill (Mohawk) (1745–1790), Mohawk chief
* David Hill (missionary) (1840–1896), British Wesleyan Methodist missionary to China
* David Haworth Hill (1851–1926), British-born Australian civil servant and philatelist
* David Keynes Hill (1915–2002), British physiologist
* Tex Hill (David Lee Hill, 1915–2007), American fighter pilot and flying ace
* David L. Hill (1919–2008), American nuclear physicist
* David Hill (businessman) (born 1946), Australian businessman
* David Mark Hill (1960–2008), American spree killer
# George Dorn

George W. Dorn (c. 1836–1891) was the first President of the Chico Board of Trustees in 1872, when the city of Chico, California was first incorporated. He was the proprietor of Dorn's General Store at Second and Main Streets in downtown Chico.
On February 5, 1872, the first municipal election was held for members of the board of trustees. Upon election, the first trustees chose the length of their terms by lot. Dorn served for one year.
He is buried in the Chico Cemetery.
# Kashmir (disambiguation)

Kashmir mainly refers to the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent claimed by China, India, and Pakistan.
Kashmir may also refer to:

## Kashmir region

* Kashmir Valley, the largest valley in Jammu and Kashmir
* Kashmir Division, is a revenue and administrative division containing the Kashmir Valley region of Jammu and Kashmir.
* Jammu and Kashmir (princely state), former princely state in British India from 1846 to 1952.
* Jammu and Kashmir (state), former state in India from 1952 to 2019, divided into two union territories in 2019.
* Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), a union territory in India after 2019, part of Indian-administered Kashmir
* Ladakh, a union territory in India after 2019, part of Indian-administered Kashmir
* Azad Kashmir, a nominally self-governing province in Pakistan, part of Pakistani-administered Kashmir
* Gilgit-Baltistan, an administrative territory in Pakistan, part of Pakistani-administered Kashmir
* Aksai Chin, region administered partly as Xinjiang province and partly as Tibet, part of Chinese-administered Kashmir
* Trans-Karakoram Tract, region administered as a part of Xinjiang, part of Chinese-administered Kashmir

## Other places

* Kashmir, Iran, a village in Hormozgan province, Iran (not to be confused with Kashmar, a city in Razavi Khorasan Province)

## Music

* Kshmr, born Niles Hollowell-Dhar, a Kashmiri-American DJ and record producer (formerly of The Cataracs)
* Kashmir (Danish band), rock band from Denmark
* Kashmir (Pakistani band), rock band from Karachi, Pakistan
* "Kashmir" (song), 1975 song by rock band Led Zeppelin
* Kashmir: Symphonic Led Zeppelin, tribute album to Led Zeppelin
* "Kashmir", instrumental track by Scooter from Back to the Heavyweight Jam

## Other uses

* Kashmir (horse), a thoroughbred racehorse
* HMS Kashmir (F12), World War 2, Royal Navy destroyer
* Kashmeeram (Kashmir), a 1994 Indian Malayalam-language action by Rajiv Anchal
# Vale of Leven Rovers F.C. (Alexandria)

Vale of Leven Rovers Football Club was a Scottish association football club based in the town of Alexandria, Dunbartonshire.

## History

The club was founded in 1873. Owing to a club in Glasgow having an identical name, the media sometimes referred to the club as Rovers (Alexandria).
The club's first recorded matches took place in October 1875. and it first entered the Scottish Cup that season, the only one in which both the Alexandria and Glasgow Vale of Leven Rovers clubs both entered. However neither played a tie; the Glaswegian club scratching to Dumbreck, and the Alexandria club scratching to Vale of Leven, which was the strongest club in Dunbartonshire at the time.
The club's only matches in the competition came in 1876–77. The club drew twice against Renton Thistle in the first round, and, under the rules of the competition at the time, both clubs went through to the second round. Rovers then were drawn against Vale of Leven again; this time Rovers attended the tie, but lost 7–0, despite some "capital passing play".
The club's final Scottish Cup entry was in 1877–78, and was drawn to visit Renton, but scratched before the tie.
There are no records of the club after this withdrawal, probably due to the lack of a private ground (by now a requirement for Scottish Football Association members), and the name was revived in 1887 for the Vale of Leven second XI.

## Colours

The club's home colours were light blue shirts with white knickers and black hose.

## Ground

The club played on a public park in Alexandria, a two minute walk from Alexandria railway station.
# The Way We Laughed

The Way We Laughed (Italian: Così ridevano) is a 1998 Italian drama film directed by Gianni Amelio. It tells the story of two Sicilian brothers, Giovanni and Pietro, who emigrate to the city of Turin. Giovanni works hard to help Pietro study to be a teacher, but Pietro does poorly. Then Pietro disappears.
The film won the Golden Lion at the 55th Venice International Film Festival.

## Cast

* Enrico Lo Verso as Giovanni
* Fabrizio Gifuni as Pelaia
* Francesco Giuffrida as Pietro
* Rosaria Danzè as Lucia
* Renato Liprandi as the professor
* Paolo Sena as Prof.Rosini
# La Carbonara

La Carbonara is a 2000 Italian period comedy-drama film written and directed by Luigi Magni.

## Plot

Roman Campagna, early 1800. Cecilia is a commoner who runs an inn, where the specialty is the spaghetti alla carbonara. Moreover, the woman is tied to the movement of young patriots, named "Carbonari", who want a united Italy, and are struggling against the power of the pope. Cecilia believes she lost her husband in a fatal accident, and has made a new lover: Fabrizio, who is also a patriot. One day the guy's saved by a monk, when he is about to be imprisoned by the soldiers of Cardinal Rivarola. The monk is the husband of Cecilia, not dead in the accident, and now he helps her to fight against the power of Rome with the Carbonari.

## Cast

* Lucrezia Lante della Rovere: Cecilia, la Carbonara
* Valerio Mastandrea: Fabrizio
* Nino Manfredi: Cardinal Rivarola
* Claudio Amendola: Lupone
* Pierfrancesco Favino: The sergeant
* Fabrizio Gifuni: Zaccaria
# John Barnes European Football

John Barnes European Football is a soccer video game developed by Krisalis and published in 1992. The game was endorsed by footballer John Barnes.

## Gameplay

The game resembles Krisalis' previous video game Manchester United Europe. However, the camera is closer to the ball, producing a faster action.

## Reception

Review score :
| Publication | Score |
| Power Unlimited | 68/100 |
Power Unlimited gave a score of 68% summarizing: "With a side view instead of a camera angle high above the field, this game is different from others. However, proper control over the players is lacking, which means you are constantly lagging behind. However, there are a large number of options."
# Ahmet Reşit Rey

Ahmet Reşit Rey (1870 – 1955) was an Ottoman liberal politician and government minister, who served as Interior Minister twice in 1912-1913 and in 1920, serving his second term in the cabinet of Damat Ferid Pasha. He was the father of composer Cemal Reşit Rey.
# Barwala, Hisar

Barwala is a town situated 30 km northeast of Hisar city. It is one of the 4 sub-division of Hisar district in the state of Haryana, India.

## History

According to the local tradition, the town was founded by the Raja Bal, and wala in Hindi means of or belonging to. Hence, Bala+wala means [town] belonging to Bal, which in corrupted form came to be known Barwala.
Coins of Agratya were excavated here, which indicates that the town was once under the rule of nearby Agroha.
During Muhammad of Ghor's invasion of India, his generals - two brothers named Sayyad Niamat Ullah and Mir Hassan fought here. Niamat Ullah was killed at Hansi Fort, where he was buried; Mir Hassan's successors at Barwala.
A Shivalaya to the north of the town possibly dates back to the early medieval period.
Barwala is listed in the Ain-i-Akbari as a pargana under Hisar Sarkar, producing a revenue of 1,097,807 dams for the imperial treasury and supplying a force of 1500 infantry and 100 cavalry.
From 1852 to 1891, Barwala was a tehsil during the British Raj. It was made a tehsil again after the formation of Haryana.

## Geography

Barwala is located at map location of Barwala. It has an average elevation of 214 metres (702 feet).

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Barwala had a population of 43,384. Males constitute 52.5% of the population and females 47.5%. Barwala has an average literacy rate of 63.5%, above the national average of 59.5%; with 55% of the males and 45% of females literate. 8.5% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## Education

* Government College, Barwala

## History

Barwala was located in the honour of the king Raja Barwala. After his name the barwala city was named. In the 19th century there was the kingdom of Muslims.
Barwala is home to the Satlok ashram of Rampal. In November 2014, thousands of his followers gathered around his ashram to prevent the police from arresting him. Around 200 people were injured in the resulting violent clashes.