OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ibn Abd Rabbih

Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn ʿAbd Rabbih (Arabic: ابن عبد ربه; 860–940) was an Arab writer and poet widely known as the author of al-ʿIqd al-Farīd (The Unique Necklace).

## Biography

He was born in Cordova, now in Spain, and descended from a freed slave of Hisham I, the second Spanish Umayyad emir. He enjoyed a great reputation for learning and eloquence. Not much is known about his life. According to Isabel Toral-Niehoff,
   He came from a local family whose members had been clients (mawālī) of the Umayyads since the emir Hishām I (788–796). His teachers were Mālikī fuqahāʼ and muḥaddithūn who had travelled to the East in search of knowledge: Baqī b. Makhlad (816–889), Muḥammad b. Waḍḍāḥ (815–899), and a scholar named Muḥammad b. ʻAbd al-Salām al-Khushanī (833–899), who is said to have introduced much poetry, akhbār and adab from the Islamic East to Andalusia. Ibn ʻAbd Rabbih himself is said to have never left the Peninsula. In spite of his education as faqīh, he became more a man of letters than a jurist, and functioned as a court poet since the start of the emir ʻAbdallāh’s (888–912) reign. He reached the apogee of his career at the court of caliph ʻAbd al-Raḥmān III (912–961).

## Works

Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih was a friend of many Umayyad princes and was employed as an official panegyrist at the Umayyad court. No complete collection of his poems is extant, but many selections are given in the Yatima al-Dahr and Nafh al-Tip.
More widely known than his poetry is his great anthology, the al-ʿIqd al-Farīd (The Unique Necklace), a work divided into 25 sections. The 13th section is named the middle jewel of the necklace, and the chapters on either side are named after other jewels. It is an adab book resembling Ibn Qutaybah's `Uyun al-akhbar (The Fountains of Story) and the writings of al-Jahiz from which it borrows largely. Although he spent all his life in al-Andalus and did not travel to the East like some other Andalusian scholars, most of his book's material is drawn from the East Islamic world. Also, Ibn Abd Rabbih quoted no Andalusian compositions other than his own. He included in his book his 445-line Urjuza, a poem in the meter of the rajaz in which he narrates the warlike exploits of Abd al-Rahman al-Nasir, along with some of his eulogies of the Umayyads of al-Andalus.

## Books

Ibn Abd Rabbih’s book, Al-Iqd Al-Fareed, is one of the best known of such literary selections. The title means, The Unique Necklace. Ibn Abd Rabbih’s conception of his book is that it is a necklace made of 25 fine jewels, 12 pairs and a larger middle one. Under each one of these jewels he includes poetry, proverbs, anecdotes, fine prose, etc. speaking about the same topic. Yet the two topics of a pair of jewels need not have anything in common. Thus the first pearl speaks about government and governors, while the second pearl is devoted to anecdotes and funny incidents.
# Péter Orosz

Péter Orosz (born 19 August 1981) is a former football striker from Hungary.

## Career

He has previously played for Wacker Innsbruck in Austria and in Greece for OFI Crete.
# 1951 United Kingdom general election in Scotland

A general election was held in the United Kingdom on Thursday 25 October 1951, and all 71 seats in Scotland were contested. The Unionists, together with their allies the National Liberals, ended up narrowly ahead of Labour in terms of vote share, however the two were equal in terms of seats won, each taking 35 seats. When combined with results from across the UK, the Conservatives (with whom the Unionists sat at Westminster) won a majority of 17 seats, despite winning slightly fewer votes than Labour. The election is noteworthy for being, as of 2024, the last election in which the Conservatives did better in Scotland than in England.
The Liberals were reduced to one Scottish seat, Orkney and Shetland, losing their only other seat (Roxburgh and Selkirk) to the Unionists.

## Results

| Party | Party | Party | Seats | Seats change | Votes | % | % Change |
| | Conservative and Unionist (Total) | Conservative and Unionist (Total) | 35 | 4 | 1,349,298 | 48.6 | 3.8 |
| | | Unionist | 29 | 3 | 1,108,321 | 39.9 | 2.7 |
| | | National Liberal & Conservative | 6 | 1 | 240,977 | 8.7 | 1.1 |
| | Labour Party | Labour Party | 35 | 2 | 1,330,244 | 47.9 | 1.7 |
| | Liberal | Liberal | 1 | 1 | 76,291 | 2.7 | 3.9 |
| | Communist | Communist | 0 | | 10,947 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
| | SNP | SNP | 0 | | 7,299 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
| | Other | Other | 0 | 1 | 3,758 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
| Total | Total | Total | 71 | | 2,777,837 | 100 | |

### Votes summary

Popular vote
Unionist
48.6%
Labour
47.9%
Liberal
2.7%
Other
1.3% :
Parliamentary seats
Unionist
35 seats
Labour
35 seats
Liberal
1 seat :
# 2013 Multishow Brazilian Music Awards

The 2013 Multishow Brazilian Music Awards (Portuguese: Prêmio Multishow de Música Brasileira 2013) (or simply 2013 Multishow Awards) (Portuguese: Prêmio Multishow 2013) was held on 3 September 2013, at the HSBC Arena in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ivete Sangalo and Paulo Gustavo hosted the ceremony for the second time.

## Winners and nominees

The nominees were announced on 26 August 2013. Anitta, Caetano Veloso, Ivete Sangalo, Luan Santana and Metá Metá received the most nominations with three each. Anitta was the biggest winner, receiving two trophies. Winners are listed in bold.

### Voted categories

The winners of the following categories were chosen by fan votes.
| Best Male Singer | Best Female Singer |
| Luan Santana Di Ferrero Fiuk Thiaguinho Xande de Pilares | Ivete Sangalo Ana Carolina Cláudia Leite Marisa Monte Paula Fernandes |
| Best Group | Best Show |
| Sorriso Maroto Chiclete com Banana O Rappa Restart Revelação | Paula Fernandes Caetano Veloso Ivete Sangalo Luan Santana Naldo Benny |
| Best Song | Earworm Song |
| "Buquê de Flores" – Thiaguinho "Combustível" – Ana Carolina "Dançando" – Ivete Sangalo "Largadinho" – Cláudia Leite "Te Vivo" – Luan Santana | "Show das Poderosas" – Anitta "Camaro Amarelo" – Munhoz & Mariano "Dança Sensual" – MC Koringa "Gatinha Assanhada" – Gusttavo Lima "Lancinho" – Turma do Pagode |
| Try It ||
| Oba Oba Samba House Lia Sophia P9 Roberta Campos Sambô ||

### Professional categories

Winners of the following categories were chosen by members of the music industry.
| Best Album | New Song |
| Condição Humana – Guilherme Arantes Abraçaço – Caetano Veloso MetaL MetaL – Metá Metá | "Amor Pra Depois" – Silva "Now No One Has Anything" – Lucas Santtana "Palavra Escondida" – Wado |
| New Artist | New Hit |
| Karol Conká Anitta Clarice Falcão Strobo | "Calor do Amor" – Mahmundi "Maná" – Rodrigo Amarante "Quadradinho de Borboleta" – Bonde das Maravilhas |
| Version of the Year | Best Music Video |
| "Por Que Brigamos" – Barbará Eugênia "Let's Play That" – Metá Metá "Mais Feliz" – Silva | "Show das Poderosas" – Anitta "Despirocar" – Apanhador Só "Sandau" – Banda Tereza |
| Best Show | Shared Song |
| Turnê Abraçaço – Caetano Veloso Turnê Gang do Eletro – Gang do Eletro Turnê Baby Sucessos – Baby do Brasil | "MetaL MetaL" – Metá Metá "Batuk Freak" – Karol Conká "Ainda Bem Que Segui As Batidas do Meu Coração" – Real da Rima |
# You da Baddest

"You da Baddest" is a song by American rapper Future featuring Trinidadian-born rapper Nicki Minaj. It was released on July 28, 2017 as the fourth single from Future's sixth studio album, Hndrxx (2017). The song was written by Future and Minaj along with producer Detail and Andre Price, and was produced by Detail and Go Grizzly. Initially, "You da Baddest" was not included on HNDRXX, but later Future added it on to an updated version of the album, as the closing track.
Its music video was filmed in Miami, and released alongside the song.

## Charts

| Chart (2017) | Peak position |
| Australia Urban (ARIA) | 39 |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 53 |
| France (SNEP) | 95 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 38 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) | 19 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Gold | 40,000$^‡$ |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| Worldwide | July 28, 2017 | Digital download | EpicSyco | |
# Edmond Adam

Antoine Edmond Adam (19 November 1816 – 14 June 1877) was a French politician. He was a senator for life from 1875 until his death in 1877.
His wife was Juliette Adam.
# Eminooeciidae

Eminooeciidae is a family of bryozoans belonging to the order Cheilostomatida.
Genera:
* Eminooecia Hayward & Thorpe, 1988
* Isoschizoporella Rogick, 1960
* Macrocamera Gordon & d'Hondt, 1997
# Damayanti Beshra

Damayanti Beshra is a Santali author and Adivasi researcher. She is known for literature of Santali language. In 2020, she was honoured by Padma Shri for her remarkable contribution to Santhali literature.
She was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2009. She also published the first women's magazine in Santali language called Karam Dar.
She is the first female writer in the language to author and publish an anthology of poems Jiwi Jharna in 1994. She was awarded the Padma Shri in 2020.

## Early life

Damyanti Beshra was born on 19 February 1962 in Bobeijoda village in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha as the eldest daughter of mother Pungi Majhi and father Rajmal Majhi. His nickname was Dhigij. According to Santhali tradition, the name was given after her grandmother. Even though there was no school in his village Babeijoda, a local resident used to teach the children in a small shade where she got his primary education. Along with other students, she also learned to write letters on the ground with Chalk. Her paternal uncle was very when he came to know that she was interested in studies and took her and got her admitted in a government school of Deuli village. There she studied till third class. After that, she studied till class 4 and 5 in the school of Chandida, 2 km away from their village. From class 6 to class 11, he studied at T.&R.W. Girls High School, Rairangpur. She passed matriculation there in 1977. As there were no colleges near Rairangpur, she enrolled at Rama Devi Women's University, Bhubaneswar, as an undergraduate. She passed I.A. in 1979 and then graduated in 1981 with honors in Odia. In 1983, she passed M.A.from Utkal University with a special paper in Linguistics.

## Awards and recognition

* 2009: Awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2009.
* 2020: Received Padma Shri for her remarkable contribution to Santhali literature.
# Volvo Gran Artic 300

The Volvo Gran Artic 300 is a proposed bi-articulated bus chassis manufactured by Volvo. It was developed in Brazil to operate on bus rapid transit systems. At 30 metres, it will be the longest bus in the world and be able to carry 300 passengers. It was launched in November 2016.
# Megalopelte

Megalopelte is a monotypic genus of gastropods belonging to the family Agriolimacidae. The only species is Megalopelte simrothi.
The species is found in Caucasus.
# Gustav Adolf Wilhelm von Ingenheim

Gustav Adolf Wilhelm Graf von Ingenheim (2 January 1789, Berlin – 4 September 1855, Wiesbaden) was a German art collector.

## Biography

He was the son of King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia and his morganatic wife, Julie von Voss, who had been given the title "Countess Ingenheim". She died of consumption two months after he was born. Upon turning twenty-one, he became a Royal Chamberlain. Following the German campaign of 1813, he was awarded the Iron Cross. Three years later, he was named a Privy Councilor, in service to his half-brother, King Friedrich Wilhelm III.
It was at then that he decided to devote his life to his true passion, art, and began acquiring a collection. In pursuit of that goal, he lived in Italy from 1816 to 1818, and again from 1822, purchasing works for the newly established museums in Berlin, as well as for himself. He also hosted a salon that alternated between Rome and Berlin, while cultivating contacts with well known contemporary artists, such as Johann Erdmann Hummel, Aloys Hirt, Christian Daniel Rauch and Karl Friedrich Schinkel. In addition, he supported Moritz Daniel Oppenheim and Franz Ludwig Catel with his own commissions and secured funds for the archaeological research being conducted by Eduard Gerhard.
In 1825, his half-sister, Countess Julie von Brandenburg [de], and her husband, Frederick Ferdinand, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen, converted to Catholicism. A year later, he followed suit and married Eugenie de Thierry (1808–1881), a distant relative. As a result, the King banned him from Berlin, cutting off the funds that were necessary to continue his collecting. He remained in Rome until 1833.
Some of the works he had already acquired were sold to museums. The remainder were kept at the Villa Ingenheim in Potsdam. In 1883, the collection was transferred to Castle Reisewitz, which had been purchased by his widow. The castle was looted in 1945, and the collection was scattered. Few of the works have been accounted for.
# Charlie Quarterman

Charles Baxter Quarterman (born 6 September 1998) is a British former cyclist, who competed as professional from 2017 to 2023.

## Career

For the 2017 season he joined the Luxembourg-based team Leopard Pro Cycling.
He won the Under-23 British National Time Trial Championships in 2019.
In August 2019, Quarterman joined UCI WorldTeam Trek–Segafredo as a stagiaire for the second half of the season, before joining the team permanently in 2020.

## Personal

Quarterman was educated at the Abingdon School from 2010 to 2017 and is now based near Annecy, France.

## Major results
### 2016

    1st Mountains classification, Junior Tour of Wales
    3rd Overall Giro di Basilicata
    5th Omloop der Vlaamse Gewesten
    6th Grand Prix Bati-Metallo

### 2018

    2nd Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships

### 2019

    1st Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships

### 2022

    5th Time trial, National Road Championships
    7th Overall Tour de Normandie

### Grand Tour general classification results timeline

| Grand Tour | 2023 |
| Giro d'Italia | 115 |
| Tour de France | — |
| Vuelta a España | — |
# Petracola ventrimaculatus

Petracola ventrimaculatus, the spotted lightbulb lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Gymnophthalmidae. It is endemic to Peru.
# Vatomandry

Vatomandry is a town in and the administrative center of the Vatomandry District, Atsinanana Region, Madagascar. An airport serves the city.

## Etymology and location

Located on the coast, the town's name means 'Sleeping Rocks', derived from two black rocks near the shore. It is also on the path of the Canal des Pangalanes and National Road RN 11a

## History

In the pre-colonial era of the 19th century, Vatomandry was a center of Hova government with an active port.
Cyclone Manou caused great damage in 2003 to the town and left 68 people dead. Cyclone Giovanna in 2012 also caused significant damage.

## Religion

* Roman Catholic Apostolic Prefecture of Vatomandry

## Notable personalities

* Didier Ratsiraka (1936–2021), former President of Madagascar
* Jonah Ranaivo (1908-1988), politician
# Plate trick

In mathematics and physics, the plate trick, also known as Dirac's string trick (after Paul Dirac, who introduced and popularized it), the belt trick, or the Balinese cup trick (it appears in the Balinese candle dance), is any of several demonstrations of the idea that rotating an object with strings attached to it by 360 degrees does not return the system to its original state, while a second rotation of 360 degrees, a total rotation of 720 degrees, does. Mathematically, it is a demonstration of the theorem that SU(2) (which double-covers SO(3)) is simply connected. To say that SU(2) double-covers SO(3) essentially means that the unit quaternions represent the group of rotations twice over. A detailed, intuitive, yet semi-formal articulation can be found in the article on tangloids.

## Demonstrations

Resting a small plate flat on the palm, it is possible to perform two rotations of one's hand while keeping the plate upright. After the first rotation of the hand, the arm will be twisted, but after the second rotation it will end in the original position. To do this, the hand makes one rotation passing over the elbow, twisting the arm, and then another rotation passing under the elbow untwists it.
In mathematical physics, the trick illustrates the quaternionic mathematics behind the spin of spinors. As with the plate trick, these particles' spins return to their original state only after two full rotations, not after one.

### The belt trick

The same phenomenon can be demonstrated using a leather belt with an ordinary frame buckle, whose prong serves as a pointer. The end opposite the buckle is clamped so it cannot move. The belt is extended without a twist and the buckle is kept horizontal while being turned clockwise one complete turn (360°), as evidenced by watching the prong. The belt will then appear twisted, and no maneuvering of the buckle that keeps it horizontal and pointed in the same direction can undo the twist. Obviously a 360° turn counterclockwise would undo the twist. The surprise element of the trick is that a second 360° turn in the clockwise direction, while apparently making the belt even more twisted, does allow the belt to be returned to its untwisted state by maneuvering the buckle under the clamped end while always keeping the buckle horizontal and pointed in the same direction.
Mathematically, the belt serves as a record, as one moves along it, of how the buckle was transformed from its original position, with the belt untwisted, to its final rotated position. The clamped end always represents the null rotation. The trick demonstrates that a path in rotation space (SO(3)) that produces a 360 degree rotation is not homotopic to a null rotation, but a path that produces a double rotation (720°) is null-homotopic.
The belt trick has been theoretically constructed in 1-d Classical Heisenberg model as a breather solution.
# Mamadou Samassa

Mamadou Samassa may refer to the following Malian footballers:
* Mamadou Samassa (footballer, born 1986), forward for T–Team F.C. in Malaysia
* Mamadou Samassa (footballer, born 1990), goalkeeper for Troyes
# Chemicrazy

Chemicrazy is the fourth album by Irish alternative rockers That Petrol Emotion. The album was released in April 1990. It was produced by Scott Litt.
Four singles were taken from the album: "Abandon", "Hey Venus", "Sensitize" and "Tingle". Chemicrazy peaked at No. 62 on the UK Albums Chart. It was a hit on Billboard's College/Alternative Albums chart. The band supported the album with a North American tour.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Los Angeles Times | |
| Orlando Sentinel | |
The Los Angeles Times noted that, "after two albums of all groove and no song, the thrill is back at the incendiary level you'd expect from a band that descended from Northern Ireland's melodic punk boy wonders the Undertones." The Orlando Sentinel wrote that "Tingle" "is a breezy love song that lopes along and is pure pop at its best." The Houston Chronicle called the album "a strong, no-nonsense, uncompromising rock 'n' roll record from one of music's bright new bands."

## Personnel
### That Petrol Emotion

* Steve Mack – vocals, booklet design, arranger
* Raymond O'Gorman – guitar
* Damian O'Neill – guitar
* John Marchini – bass
* Ciaran McLaughlin – drums
with:
* Scott Litt – producer, engineer
* David Russo – programming, production assistant, piano on "Tingle", background vocals on "Sensitize"
* Hahn Rowe – violin on "Abandon", "Head Staggered" and "Sweet Shiver Burn"
* Joan Jones – trumpet on "Tingle"
* Steve Deutsch – bass on "Sweet Shiver Burn" and Help
* Clif Norrell – engineer
* Stephen Marcussen – mastering
* Gary Panter – cover painting
* Charles Peterson – photography
# Marianne Kürzinger

Marianne Kürzinger (1766 or 1767, Munich – 1809) was a German history and genre painter. In later life, she specialized in painting allegorical representations of Bavarian events of the times.

## Biography

Kürzinger was the daughter and pupil of the painter Franz Kürzinger (1730–1790) who had studied in Rome under Anton Raphael Mengs and Agostino Masucci. She was further instructed by Johann Jakob Dorner the Elder. By 1786, her earliest paintings had been recognized as displaying a "delicate sense of expression so typical of her gender". She exhibited at Dorner's first Munich Art Exhibitions in 1788 and 1789. For her sentimental depiction of Artemisia at her husband's grave, she was nicknamed "the Bavarian Angelica Kauffmann". Kauffman was an Austrian-born artist who became a leading painter in Britain. In 1791, Kürzinger married the actor and tenor singer Johann Kunz of Munich who died in 1795.
She spent the rest of her life as a widow in Munich, painting mainly history paintings and portraits. She specialized in allegorical depictions of events of the times such as the Arrival of Max Joseph in Munich (1799) or Death of the first French Grenadier, La Tour d'Auvergne, at Neuburg am Donau (1800). Her best known painting is probably Gallia schützt Bavaria (Gallia Protects Bavaria, 1805), an allegorical representation of the political situation in Bavaria. Little Bavaria in a white and blue robe is thrust against the chest of the larger armed Gallia bearing Napoleon's initial on the shield and the imperial eagle and tricolor feathers on the helmet.
Marianne Kürzinger died on 29 March 1809 in Munich. Her best paintings include:
* A Circassian Girl brought before the Sultan
* Circassian Girl dressed by a Woman
* Death of the first French Grenadier, La Tour d'Auvergne
* Christ on the Mount of Olives
# Kopkul

Kopkul (Russian: Копкуль) is a rural locality (a selo). It is the administrative center of the Kopkulsky Village Council, Kupinsky District, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia.
Population: 675 (2010 Census); 777 (2002 Census);

## Geography

Kopkul lies between three small lakes, Kopkul, Mokhovoye and Gorkoye, in the Baraba Steppe to the southwest of lake Malye Chany. The nearest inhabited places are Baskovo, 8 km (5.0 mi) to the north, Chumashki, 10 km (6.2 mi) to the northeast, and Novonikolayevka 12 km (7.5 mi) to the WNW.
# Isaura

Isaura may refer to:

## History

* Isaura Palaea, ancient settlement in Isauria
* Isaura Nea, ancient settlement in Isauria
* Isaura, feminine singular of Isauri, the inhabitants of Isauria
* several Roman legions:
** Legio I Isaura Sagittaria
** Legio II Isaura
** Legio III Isaura
* Titular bishopric of Isaura [de]

## People
### Given name

* Isaura (singer) (born 1989), Portuguese singer
* Isaura Borges Coelho (1926–2019), Portuguese activist
* Isaura Espinoza (born 1960), Mexican actress
* Isaura Gomes (born 1944), Cape Verdean politician
* Isaura Leal Fernández (born 1959), Spanish politician
* Isaura Maenhaut (born 1998), Belgian sailor
* Isaura Marcos Sánchez (born 1959), Spanish cloistered nun and photographer
* Isaura Menin (born 1994), Brazilian handballer
* Isaura Morais (born 1966), Portuguese politician
* Isaura Navarro (born 1973), Spanish politician
* Isaura Nyusi (born 1962), Mozambican civil servant
* Maria Isaura Pereira de Queiroz (1918–2018), Brazilian sociologist

### Surname

* Amalia de Isaura (1887–1971), Spanish actress

## Other

* Isaura S.A. [es], Argentine agrochemical company
* Isaura, synonym of the flower plant genus Stephanotis