OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Method chaining

Method chaining is a common syntax for invoking multiple method calls in object-oriented programming languages. Each method returns an object, allowing the calls to be chained together in a single statement without requiring variables to store the intermediate results.

## Rationale

Local variable declarations are syntactic sugar.
Method chaining eliminates an extra variable for each intermediate step. The developer is saved from the cognitive burden of naming the variable and keeping the variable in mind.
Method chaining has been referred to as producing a "train wreck" due to the increase in the number of methods that come one after another in the same line that occurs as more methods are chained together.
A similar syntax is method cascading, where after the method call the expression evaluates to the current object, not the return value of the method. Cascading can be implemented using method chaining by having the method return the current object itself. Cascading is a key technique in fluent interfaces, and since chaining is widely implemented in object-oriented languages while cascading isn't, this form of "cascading-by-chaining by returning this" is often referred to simply as "chaining". Both chaining and cascading come from the Smalltalk language.
While chaining is syntax, it has semantic consequences, namely that requires methods to return an object, and if implementing cascading via chaining, this must be the current object. This prevents the return value from being used for some other purpose, such as returning an error value.

## Examples

A common example is iostream in C++, where for example << returns the left object, allowing chaining.
Compare:
equivalent to:
Another example in JavaScript uses the built-in methods of Array:
Note that in JavaScript filter and map return a new shallow copy of the preceding array but sort operates in place. To get a similar behavior, toSorted may be used. But in this particular case, sort operates on the new array returned from filter and therefore does not change the original array.
# Sukanya (opera)

Sukanya is an opera composed by Ravi Shankar, with libretto by novelist Amit Chaudhuri. It is based on the mythological tale of Sukanya from the Hindu epic Mahabharata, and combines Western operatic conventions with Indian vocal music, konnakol, and Indian instruments.
It is Ravi Shankar's only opera and was left unfinished on his death in September 2012. British conductor and composer David Murphy, Shankar's collaborator on the project, finished the score using his detailed notes in 2017. Sukanya received its world premiere in May 2017 at the Royal Opera House in London.

## Composition history

In 1995, Shankar began composing the opera after he felt inspired by the similarity between the mythological tale of Sukanya, found in the Hindu epic Mahabharata, and his own love affair with his wife, also named Sukanya. Aiming to create a "21st-century opera: a cross-cultural, total art work for a globalized world", Shankar worked on the piece until his death.

## Instrumentation

Apart from the Western orchestra, the opera makes use of Indian instruments like tabla, sitar, shehnai, and mridangam.

## Performance history

After Shankar's death in 2012, British conductor and composer David Murphy worked on the piece for five years. He made use of extensive notations that Shankar had left behind, or vocally transmitted to Murphy while he was alive. The opera received its world premiere, in a collaboration with London Philharmonic Orchestra and BBC Singers and with funding by the Bagri Foundation, in May 2017 In addition to the opera house, it was performed at the Southbank Centre's Royal Festival Hall, Curve theatre in Leicester, and Symphony Hall, Birmingham.
The opera was revived in January 2020 at the Royal Festival Hall in London.
# Pałubice

Pałubice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sierakowice, within Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Sierakowice, 23 km (14 mi) west of Kartuzy, and 51 km (32 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Potentilla alba

Potentilla alba is a species of cinquefoil found in France
# Clunbury

Clunbury is a village and civil parish in south Shropshire, England.
It is near to the small town of Clun and the villages of Clunton, Purslow and Aston on Clun. In the village is the Norman Church of St Swithin and a Church of England primary school.
The village lies between 145m and 155m above sea level. To the north the Clun and Kemp rivers flow, before meeting to the northeast. A lane runs up to the B4368 / B4385 crossroads at Little Brampton, and crosses these rivers by bridges.

## History

The Domesday Book lists Cluneberie within the ancient hundred of Rinlau in 1086, one of many possessions of Picot de Say. From the 12th century through the 19th century, Clunbury was situated in Purslow hundred.

## Church

The church is called St Swithun's Church.

## Education

In November 2007, Clunbury Primary School was awarded the Becta ICT Excellence Award for its use of technology.

## In culture

   Clunton and Clunbury, Clungunford and Clun, Are the quietest places Under the sun.
Ida Gandy describes life in Clunbury in the 1930s in her book An idler on the Shropshire borders.
# Old Well

The Old Well is a small, neoclassical cyclostyle on the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill campus at the southern end of McCorkle Place. The current decorative form of the Old Well was modeled after the Temple of Love in the Gardens of Versailles and was completed in 1897. It was designed by the university registrar Eugene Lewis Harris (1856-1901), an artist and 1881 graduate of the institution, who served as registrar from 1894 to 1901. It is the most enduring symbol of UNC.
The Old Well is located between Old East and Old West residence halls. For many years, it served as the sole water supply for the university. In 1897, the original well was replaced and given its present signature structure by university president Edwin A. Alderman. In 1954, the university built benches, brick walls, and planted various flower beds and trees around the Old Well.
Passers-by can drink from a marble water fountain supplying city water that sits in the center of the Old Well. Campus tradition dictates that a drink from the Old Well on the first day of classes will bring good luck (or straight As).
The Old Well is recognized as a National Landmark for Outstanding Landscape Architecture by the American Society of Landscape Architects. The Old Well is also used on the official stamp of all apparel licensed by the university. Because of its status as a symbol of the university, it is the target of vandals around the time of Carolina – State sporting events.
In Kinston, North Carolina, there is a replica of the Old Well, created to honor UNC alumnus Harvey Beech. Beech was one of the first African-Americans to attend the University of North Carolina School of Law.

## Old Well Walk

On game days from the 2001–2012 football seasons, the North Carolina Tar Heels football team traveled from the team hotel and was dropped off in the center of campus, which is the Old Well. From there, the team walked from the Old Well through Tar Heel Town and into the Kenan Football Stadium. This walk was usually packed with fans hoping to see their favorite players. The Old Well walk started approximately two and a half hours prior to kickoff.
# Front Comtois

The Front Comtois is a French small political group, located in France, in the region Franche-Comté. Its ideologies include racism, islamophobia, antisemitism, historical revisionism, homophobia, opposition to the legalization of abortion and neo-nazism. It was created in 2008. Members degraded a mosque with blood and a pig's head and racist inscriptions. Now Front Comtois has between 30 and 100 members, and often demonstrate in Montbéliard, Belfort and Besançon and many other small cities. The organisation was condemned and fined in 2011 for incitement to racial and religious hatred, at 6400 euros of penalty.
# Musica leggerissima

"Musica leggerissima" ("Very light music") is a song written and recorded by Italian singer-songwriters Colapesce and Dimartino. Produced by Federico Nardelli and Giordano Colombo, the song was released as a single and included in I mortali², the 2021 re-release of the duo's album I mortali, originally released in 2020. The song competed in the Sanremo Music Festival 2021, placing 4th in a field of 26. It also received the "Lucio Dalla" Press, Radio, TV, & Web Award.

## Background

The song was written by Colapesce and Dimartino immediately after the release of their collaborative album I mortali, in June 2020. Its composition took a long time, since they struggled with finding the words to create a song full of meaning, but still light and simple.
In September 2020, they entered the studio and recorded the first demo of the song, working with producers Federico Nardelli and Giordano Colombo. After the song was chosen as one of the Sanremo Music Festival 2021 entries, they re-worked it with Adele Nigro, who recorded the song's background vocals, and violinist Davide Rossi. Following suggestions by the contest's artistic director Amadeus, the song's structure was also changed, removing an instrumental section.

## Music video

The music video for the song was directed by Salvo "Zavvo" Nicolosi.

## Certifications

Certifications for "Musica leggerissima" :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Italy (FIMI) | 5× Platinum | 350,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||

## Ana Mena version

Spanish singer Ana Mena recorded a Spanish-language version of the song, titled "Música ligera", with lyrics adapted by Ana Mena herself, José Luis de la Peña Mira, Bruno Nicolas and David Augustave. The song was produced by Dabruk, Federico Nardelli and Giordano Colombo, and it was released as a digital single on 25 November 2021 under Epic Records and Sony Music. On the following day, it was also released for airplay to radio stations in Italy and Spain.
A music video for the song was released on 26 November 2021. It was directed by Willy Rodriguez and produced by The Panda Bear Show. The video is a tribute to female icons of the 1960s and 1970s. According to Ana Mena, she chose to record the song despite being used to a different sound, closer to contemporary influences, as she felt it as a tribute to the kind of music which emerged during the 1960s and first created a link between Italy and Spain. Mena said: "It is an applause to Massiel, Mina, Cecilia etc. They opened the paths we walk now."

### Charts

Weekly chart performance for "Música ligera" :
| Chart (2021–2022) | Peak position |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | 11 |
| Spain Airplay (PROMUSICAE) | 1 |

### Certifications

Certifications for "Música ligera" :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | 3× Platinum | 180,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Nabam Tatang

Nabam Tatang (born 10 July 1997) is an Indian cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut on 17 January 2021, for Arunachal Pradesh in the 2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy.
# Pałubin

Pałubin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stara Kiszewa, within Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) east of Stara Kiszewa, 21 km (13 mi) south-east of Kościerzyna, and 50 km (31 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Purslow

Purslow is a hamlet in south Shropshire, England. It is located on the B4368 between the towns of Clun and Craven Arms, on a minor crossroads.
Purslow gave its name to a hundred and there is a pub at the crossroads called the "Hundred House". There is also a manor house which has existed in some form since the twelfth century. It is believed the name originally comes from the naming of 'Pusse's barrow'. A coat of arms exists for the Purslow family.
Sited at the crossroads opposite the Hundred House pub is a war memorial in form of a stone obelisk to commemorate those fallen from the area, including an officer in the Gulf War (1991).
Although a tiny settlement, the annual summer Purslow Sports and Show attracts visitors (and relies on organisers) from all over the area. Highlights are a run up Clunbury Hill and the produce tent, where exhibitors compete for prizes in horticulture, cookery, and handicrafts. Held on August Bank Holiday Monday at Purslow Farm.
The hamlet forms part of the civil parish of Clunbury, a nearby village.
# Mathilde Wildauer

Mathilde Wildauer (7 February 1820 – 23 December 1878) was an Austrian actress, later an operatic soprano, taking leading roles at the Theater am Kärntnertor in Vienna.

## Life

Wildauer was born in Vienna, daughter of Vinzenz Wildauer, a stockbroker, and his wife Clara. Her acting debut, after success in amateur theatre, was at the Burgtheater in 1834, as Susette in Die Rosen des Herrn von Malesherbes by August von Kotzebue.
She went on to appear in comedies by Kotzebue, August Wilhelm Iffland, Roderich Benedix and Eduard von Bauernfeld, and became well liked by the public. She was particularly successful as Katherina in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew.
As an operatic soprano she first appeared in 1845 at the Theater in der Josefstadt, in operas including La fille du régiment by Gaetano Donizetti as Marie. In 1846 she appeared at the Theater an der Wien, and in 1849 at the Theater am Kärntnertor. During this period she continued in acting roles at the Burgtheater, where in 1848 she created the role of Nandl in the original production of the Singspiel Das Versprechen hinterm Herd (The promise behind the hearth) by Alexander Baumann [de]; this was regarded as one of her greatest successes.

### In opera

From 1851 she devoted her career to opera, and joined the company of the Theater am Kärntnertor. Roles included Susanna in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro, and Zerlina in Mozart's Don Giovanni; the title roles in Gaetano Donizetti's operas Lucia di Lammermoor and Linda di Chamounix; the title role in Die Zigeunerin (The Bohemian Girl) by Michael William Balfe; and Katharina in Der Nordstern (L'étoile du nord) by Giacomo Meyerbeer, who directed the Vienna production in 1855, insisting on Wildauer taking the role.
She was also successful as a concert singer, but rarely appeared outside Vienna. She retired after a final appearance in 1864, as Isabella in Meyerbeer's Robert der Teufel (Robert le diable).
Wildauer died in 1878, and was buried at Hietzing Cemetery in Vienna.
# Kirill Polkhovskiy

Kirill Polkhovskiy (Belarusian: Кірыл Палхоўскі; Russian: Кирилл Полховский; born 9 January 2002) is a Belarusian professional footballer.

## Honours

Dinamo Brest
* Belarusian Premier League champion: 2019
# Kimalu

Kimalu (Persian: كيمالو, also Romanized as Kīmālū) is a village in Bakhtegan Rural District, Abadeh Tashk District, Neyriz County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 100, in 21 families.
# R565 (South Africa)

The R565 is a Regional Route in North West, South Africa that connects Sun City with Rustenburg.

## Route

Its northern terminus is in Sun City, at a junction with the north-western terminus of the R556 (south of Pilanesberg National Park, east of Phatsima and west of the Sun City Resort). It heads south-south-east for 32 kilometres to pass through Phokeng and end at a junction with the R104 in Rustenburg (north-west of the city centre).
# Harutyunyan government

The Second Harutyunyan government was the governing body of Artsakh between 21 May 2020 to 1 September 2023. Arayik Harutyunyan is the President, who was elected in 2020 general election was the head of state and head of government.
It was a minority government of Free Motherland - UCA Alliance with the support of the United Motherland party.

## Structure

The structure of the government of Artsakh consisted of twelve ministries and three other bodies. Each ministry was responsible for elaborating and implementing governmental decisions in its respective sphere.
| Office | Name | Party | Party |
| President | Arayik Harutyunyan | | Free Motherland |
| State Minister | Grigory Martirosyan | | Independent |
| Minister of Defence | Jalal Harutyunyan | | Independent |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Masis Mayilyan | | Independent |
| Minister of Economy and Industrial Infrastructures | Levon Grigoryan | | Independent |
| Minister of Finance | Vahram Baghdasaryan | | Free Motherland |
| Minister of Justice | Ararat Danielyan | | Independent |
| Minister of Education Science and Culture | Lusine Gharakhanyan | | Independent |
| Minister of Healthcare | Arayik Baghryan | | Independent |
| Minister of Agriculture | Ashot Bakhshyan | | Independent |
| Minister of Military Patriotic Upbringing, Youth, Sports and Tourism | Samvel Shahramanyan | | Independent |
| Minister of Labour, Social Affairs and Housing | Samvel Avanesyan | | Independent |
| Minister of Territorial Administration and Development | Zhirayr Mirzoyan | | Independent |
| Minister of Urban Planning | Aram Sargsyan | | Free Motherland |
| Minister of Internal Affairs | Karen Grigory Sargsyan | Non-party | |
# Piekło, Kościerzyna County

Piekło is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Kościerzyna, within Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Kościerzyna and 48 km (30 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Greta Beer

Greta Georgia Beer (née Deligdisch; 25 June 1921 – 23 January 2020) was a Romanian Jew who advocated the rights of thousands of other Holocaust survivors and their families, who collectively lost millions in assets during World War II. Her work culminated in a lawsuit against Swiss banks that resulted in a settlement of more than $1 billion. She spoke six languages fluently: Romanian, German, Polish, French, Italian, and English.
Beer was born and raised in Cernăuți, Romania (now Chernivtsi, Ukraine), and settled in the United States in the early 1950s, becoming a U.S. citizen in 1956.

## Life

Greta Beer (née Deligdisch) was born on June 25, 1921, in Cernăuti, Romania. Her father, Siegfried Deligdisch, owned a knitwear factory called Hercules SA that, at its peak, employed 1200 people.
In 1937 a fascist government came into power in Romania, and in 1940 it officially allied itself with the Axis powers of Nazi Germany, Italy and Japan.
The Beers family, which was Jewish, was persecuted under Romania's anti-Jewish laws.
Before the Beers fled the Nazis, Siegfried Deligdisch placed money in Swiss bank accounts. He had a person numbered account and a business account. He died in 1940. The Beer family, with Greta Beer, her mother, and her brother Otto, fled to the United States, where Greta became a citizen. In the 1970s her mother went from bank to bank in Switzerland trying to locate the bank accounts. Greta accompanied her, witnessing her treatment by the Swiss banks.
Realizing that her mother was not the only Jewish refugee whose assets were being kept by Swiss banks, Greta Beer shared her story with Wall Street Journal reporter Peter Gumbel, who wrote an expose on how Swiss banks were hiding the accounts from their refugees owners. On April 23, 1996, Beer testified before Congress.
# Clunton

Clunton is a village in south Shropshire, England, to the east of the small town of Clun.

## Location

It lies on the B4368 road between Clun and Craven Arms. It is part of the civil parish of Clunbury. The nearest railway station is Hoptonheath. The village is at 162 m (531 ft) above sea level. SO334813
The village centres on the B4368, though it branches southwards at Clunton Bridge (which crosses the River Clun). Near the centre is "The Crown" pub and St. Mary's Church.

## The Crown

In 1994 the village public house, The Crown, was threatened with closure. A group of locals clubbed together and bought it, rather than lose it altogether . They still own it today. The pub is co-owned by 30 people, mostly locals. It remains a traditional country pub, with a selection of local real ales; The Crown has an entry in the CAMRA Good Beer Guide 2015.

## Clunton Coppice

Nearby to the south of the village is Clunton Coppice, a 23.6 hectares (58 acres) remnant of the oak coppice woodland which was abundant in this part of Shropshire formerly, which is situated on a steep slope and grows over acidic rather infertile soil. This woodland is dominated by sessile oak with birch and hazel scattered among the oaks along with holly and rowan. The herb layer in these woods is typical of this type of woodland with its acid soil and includes wavy hair-grass, creeping soft-grass, greater woodrush, bilberry, ling, hard fern, common cow-wheat and bracken. One notable species, scarce in Shropshire, the oak fern has been recorded here. Also typical of these western woods the mosses Dicranum majus and Rhytidiadelphus loreus are abundant.

## In culture

In A Shropshire Lad, A. E. Housman used - but did not actually write - the verse:
   Clunton and Clunbury,
   Clungunford and Clun,
   Are the quietest places
   Under the sun.
North of Clunton Coppice there is a hill fort at Bury Ditches at which is reputed for its views and is a reminder that this area has been inhabited for millennia.
Leonard Arthur Bethell (1878-1950) soldier and author, lived at The Warren, Clunton, from 1946 to his death in 1950.
John Osborne (1929–1994) playwright, who wrote Look Back in Anger, lived at The Hurst in Clunton, where he died.