OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ahom artillery

Ahom artillery included many gunpowder-related armaments and was a very important dimension of the Ahom military technology. It is believed that fire-arms were first introduced at the time of Afghan invader Turbak Khan's invasion in 1485, but reference related to firearms is found much prior to that date, in 1489, Ahoms received 69 fire-arms after defeating the Chutiyas. More sources mention firearms being employed in the service of Ahoms, before the Mughal origins. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier even believed in that "it was from Assam that the use of gunpowder had entered the kingdom of China."
A Mughal account states in 1662:
   "They cast excellent matchlocks and bachadar artillery and show great skill in this craft. They make first-rate gunpowder..."
Ram Singh, who led the invasions of Assam in the 1660s-70s, commented:
   Every Assamese soldier is expert in rowing boats, inshooting arrows, in digging trenches and in wielding guns and cannons. I have not seen such specimens of versatility in any other part of India
The Ahoms excelled in making various kinds of guns, matchlocks, artillery, and cannons. They also possessed a large number of them at their disposal and also had an elite regiment of musketeer princes (Hiloidari Konwars). The materials for making gunpowder were locally sourced and developed an indigenous method for producing it. For the manufacture of firearms, a department was created under the supervision of an officer called Kharghariya Baura.
There were various types of cannons and guns, five types of cannons, and eleven types of guns.

## Gallery

* Big Ahom cannon near the dist.court, Sivasagar, 1902.
* Bell metal musket of Ahom era.
* Ahom musket with inscription.
* Haat noliya hiloi.
* Hatimuriya bortup.
* Artillery battery of Gadadhar Singha with lion like shaped muzzle.
* Cannon with inscription.
# Élie Castor

Élie Castor (April 28, 1943, in Cayenne, French Guiana, France – June 16, 1996, in Clermont Ferrand, France) was a French politician from French Guiana who served in the French National Assembly from 1981 to 1993, representing the Guianese Socialist Party. Before entering politics he had worked as both a teacher and a policeman.
He was the author of several books, including 1981–1985 La gauche au pouvoir : Pour la Guyane : l'espoir, and a book on Félix Éboué (1984).
# Hexapleomera

Hexapleomera is a genus of crustaceans belonging to the family Tanaididae. There are 8 species in the genus.

## Species

* Hexapleomera bultidactyla Esquete & Fernandez‑Gonzalez, 2016
* Hexapleomera edgari Bamber, 2012
* Hexapleomera moverleyi (Edgar, 2008)
* Hexapleomera robusta (Moore, 1894)
* Hexapleomera satella Bamber, 2012
* Hexapleomera ulsana Wi, Jeong & Kang, 2018
* Hexapleomera urashima Tanabe, Hayashi, Tomioka & Kakui, 2017
* Hexapleomera wombat Bamber, 2012
* Hexapleomera crassa Riggio, 1975 (nomen nudum)
# Albert premetro station

vteBrussels Premetro North-South Axis :
Legend :
Albert (French pronunciation: ; Dutch pronunciation: ) is a premetro (underground tram) station located on the border between the municipalities of Saint-Gilles and Forest in Brussels, Belgium. The station is at the crossroad between the Avenue Albert/Albertlaan on the Greater Ring and the Chaussée d'Alsemberg/Alsembergsesteenweg, between Forest Park and Saint-Gilles Prison.
The station is the last stop south of the North–South Axis, a tram tunnel crossing the city centre from Albert to Brussels-North railway station. Tram routes 4 and 10 stop at this station. There is also a connection at ground level with tram route 51, as well as bus routes 48 and 54.
As line 3 of the Brussels Metro is built, Albert station will be reconfigured; tram routes 2 and 3 will terminate there.
# Bill Gunn (writer)

William Harrison Gunn (July 15, 1934 – April 5, 1989) was an American playwright, novelist, actor and film director. His 1973 cult classic horror film Ganja & Hess was chosen as one of ten best American films of the decade at the Cannes Film Festival, 1973. In The New Yorker, film critic Richard Brody described him as being "a visionary filmmaker left on the sidelines of the most ostensibly liberated period of American filmmaking." Filmmaker Spike Lee had said that Gunn is "one of the most under-appreciated filmmakers of his time." Gunn's drama Johnnas won an Emmy Award in 1972.

## Career

A native of Philadelphia, Gunn wrote more than 29 plays during his lifetime. He also authored two novels and wrote several produced screenplays. In 1950, Gunn studied acting with Mira Rostova in New York's East Village. In 1954, he played a role in the Broadway production of The Immoralist with James Dean. Along with Dean, he joined a social circle that included Montgomery Clift, Eartha Kitt, and Marlon Brando. Gunn shared a house in Nyack, New York with Sam Waymon, brother of singer Nina Simone, who also wrote the musical score for Ganja & Hess. Gunn's directorial debut would have been Stop! (1970), which was funded by Warner Bros. under the plan of being the second studio film directed by an African American. It was intended as a drama involving two couples becoming involved with each other within homosexual and interracial sexual contact alongside surreal undertones. The film was shelved by the studio before release, and the studio later claimed they did not have the print in their archives. A 35mm print was shown at a retrospective upon Gunn's death, and a VHS copy of the film exists (found by Jack Hoffmeister, co-star of the film). He was also an advocate and friend of filmmaker and writer Kathleen Collins, playing a role in her film Losing Ground. He died when he was 54 years old from encephalitis at a Nyack, New York hospital the day before his play The Forbidden City opened at the Public Theater in New York City.
In 2021, an exhibition entitled "Till They Listen: Bill Gunn Directs America", dedicated to the work and legacy of Bill Gunn, was shown at the New York gallery Artists Space. The program series was organized by Gunn's artistic collaborators and scholars including, Hilton Als, Jake Perlin, Sam Waymon, Nicholas Forster, Awoye Timpo, Chiz Schultz, and Ishmael Reed. In 2021, Timpo adapted Gunn's play Black Picture Show for film in the form of a staged reading.
# Canadian Border Peak

Canadian Border Peak, 2,291 metres (7,516 ft), originally known simply as Border Peak, is a mountain at the head of Tamihi Creek in the Cascade Mountains of the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. As its name suggests, it is near the Canada–US border and is connected via a high ridge or col to American Border Peak, which is slightly higher at 2,437 metres (7,995 ft). The two together are known as the Border Peaks or American-Canadian Border Peaks and are most easily visible within nearby settled parts of Canada from the northern part of Sumas Prairie and the western part of Chilliwack Prairie in the area of Greendale, which is just east of the boundary between the cities of Chilliwack and Abbotsford.

## Climate

Canadian Border Peak is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach the North Cascades, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades. As a result, the west side of the North Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Due to its temperate climate and proximity to the Pacific Ocean, areas west of the Cascade Crest very rarely experience temperatures below 0 °F (−18 °C) or above 80 °F (27 °C). During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in high avalanche danger.

## Geology

The North Cascades feature some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks, ridges, and deep glacial valleys. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to the various climate differences.
The history of the formation of the Cascade Mountains dates back millions of years ago to the late Eocene Epoch. With the North American Plate overriding the Pacific Plate, episodes of volcanic igneous activity persisted. In addition, small fragments of the oceanic and continental lithosphere called terranes created the North Cascades about 50 million years ago.
During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured the landscape leaving deposits of rock debris. The U-shaped cross section of the river valleys is a result of recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the North Cascades area.

## Gallery

* Canadian Border Peak
# Charles W. Alderson

Charles William Alderson (June 21, 1846 – March 23, 1914) was an American politician who served in the Virginia House of Delegates.
# Philip F. Brown

Philip Francis Brown (June 2, 1842 – March 24, 1921) was an American politician who served in the Virginia House of Delegates.
# George W. Browning

George Wilber Browning (September 18, 1870 – January 31, 1961) was an American politician who represented Goochland and Fluvanna counties in the Virginia House of Delegates.
# Richard H. Cardwell

Richard Henry Cardwell (August 1, 1845 – March 19, 1931) was an American politician and jurist. He was Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates 1887–1895, and a justice of the state Supreme Court of Appeals 1895–1916.

## Early life

Cardwell was born in Madison, North Carolina. His father, Richard Perrin Caldwell, died when he was an infant, and he had great difficulty in obtaining an education. As a youth, he attended public school and worked on the family farm in the summer and fall. He attended, for brief sessions, the Beulah Male Institute and the Madison Male Academy.

## Career

In 1863, he became a private soldier in a North Carolina company of the Confederate Army and served until the end of the war. He then returned to his home but, in 1869, moved to Hanover County, Virginia, and, four years later, to Doswell, Virginia, where he lived for two years. Because he was devoted to the study of law, he carried on his education by studying at night and, for a while, in the office of Samuel C. Redd. He was admitted to the bar in 1874 and began practice in Richmond.
From 1881 to 1895, he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from Hanover County, serving as Speaker from 1887 onward. In 1894 he was elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals. He was made president of the court on June 12, 1916, but resigned on November 6, 1916.

## Personal life

Cardwell died at his home, Prospect Hill, on March 19, 1931, and was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in Ashland, Virginia. His son, William D. Cardwell, was Speaker of the House of Delegates from 1906 to 1908.
# Harold M. Macomber

Harold M. Macomber (1914 – June 12, 2002) was an American politician from Maine. Macomber, a Democratic, served as mayor of South Portland in 1975 and 1978. He also served two terms (1981–1992) in the Maine House of Representatives. During part of his time in the Legislature, Macomber served as chair of the Transportation Committee.
# Judith Uwizeye

Judith Uwizeye is a lawyer, academic and politician in Rwanda, who has served as the Cabinet Minister in the Office of the President, since 31 August 2017. From July 2014 until August 2017, she served as the cabinet minister of public service and labour in the Cabinet of Rwanda.

## Background

She was born in Rwanda, on 20 August 1979. She obtained her Bachelor of Laws from the National University of Rwanda in 2006. She then proceeded to the University of Groningen in the Netherlands where she graduated with a Master's degree in International Economic and Business Law.

## Career

In 2006, Uwizeye began teaching in the faculty of law at the then National University of Rwanda, in Huye. The institution has since merged with other public higher institutions of learning to become University of Rwanda. At the time of her ministerial appointment in 2014, she had risen to the rank of Assistant Lecturer, in international economics and business law.

## Personal

Judith Uwizeye is married to Manase Ntihinyurwa, a customs officer with the Rwanda Revenue Authority, and together are the parents of two young children.
# Alfred O. Hero Jr.

Alfred Olivier Hero Jr. (February 7, 1924 – January 20, 2006) was an American political scientist.
Hero was born in New Orleans on February 7, 1924, to parents Alfred O. Hero Sr. and Effel A. Pearson. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1945 and served with the 309th Infantry Regiment, part of the 78th Infantry Division, until 1948. From 1948 to 1950, he attended Vanderbilt University, earning master's degrees in political science and psychology.
Beginning in 1950, he worked in the Human Research Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Personnel, a division of the United States Department of the Army. Hero resigned from the Army in 1953 to pursue a doctorate in international relations at George Washington University. He subsequently worked as an editor for the journal International Organization and served as executive secretary of the World Peace Foundation until 1982. Subsequently, he became a visiting scholar at Harvard University's Center for International Affairs and a visiting professor at the University of Toronto.
Hero and his wife Barbara raised four children, including Alfred O. Hero III. Hero died on January 20, 2006.

## Selected publications

* Hero Jr., Alfred O. (1965). The Southerner and World Affairs. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 9780598252593.
* Hero Jr., Alfred O.; Starr, Emil (1970). The Reuther-Meany Foreign Policy Dispute. Oceana Publications. ISBN 9780379003673.
* Hero Jr., Alfred O. (1973). American Religious Groups View Foreign Policy: Trends in Rank and File Opinion, 1937–1969. Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822302537.
* Fox, Annette Baker; Hero Jr., Alfred O.; Nye, Joseph (1976). Canada and the United States: Transnational and Transgovernmental Relations. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231040259.
* Beigie, Carl E.; Hero Jr., Alfred O. (1981). Natural Resources in U.S.-Canadian Relations, Volume I: The Evolution of Policies and Issues. Westview Press. ISBN 9780891585541.
* Hero Jr., Alfred O.; Barratt, John (1981). The American People and South Africa: Publics, Elites, and Policymaking Processes. D. C. Heath. ISBN 9780669043204.
* Hero Jr., Alfred O.; Balthazar, Louis (1988). Contemporary Quebec And The United States, 1960-1985. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819168764.
* Hero Jr., Alfred O. (1995). Louisiana and Quebec: Bilateral Relations and Comparative Socio-Political Evolution, 1673-1993. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819196309.
# John B. Fournet

John Baptiste Fournet (July 27, 1895 – June 3, 1984) was an American attorney and politician who served as Speaker of the Louisiana House of Representatives, lieutenant governor of Louisiana from 1932 to 1935, and a justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court, serving as an associate justice from 1935 to 1949, and as Chief Justice by seniority from 1949 to 1970.

## Early life, education, and career

Born in St. Martinville, Fournet attended Louisiana State Normal College, and was a teacher, and even principal at Morganza High School for a period before entering the law school of LSU in 1917. His studies were interrupted by service in World War I, after which he received an LL.B. from Louisiana State University in 1920.

## Political and judicial career

A supporter of Huey P. Long, Fournet served in the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1928 to 1932, and as lieutenant governor of Louisiana from 1932 to 1935, when Fournet was elected to the Louisiana Supreme Court. Fournet was walking next to Long when the latter was assassinated later that year.
Fournet became chief justice of Louisiana by seniority in 1949, and remained on the court until 1970, when he reached the maximum age of service of 75.
# People's Commissariat of Munitions

The People's Commissariat of Munitions of the USSR (Russian: Народный комиссариат боеприпасов - НКБ), was one of the central ministries of the Soviet Government, who oversaw production of the armaments industry, mainly ammunition and explosives.
The seat was located in Moscow at Kirov St. (ул. Кирова) 29 (now of Miasnickaya St. - Мясницкая).

## History

On 11 January 1939 the People's Commissariat of Defence Industry of the USSR (Народный комиссариат оборонной промышленности) was divided into several departments, among which was the People's Commissariat of Munitions (shortened to NKB in Russian).
It oversaw the work of 53 production plants and 12 design offices, five construction companies, 5 universities and 11 technical schools. In 1939 it employed 337,141 workers.
On 7 January 1946 the commissariat was renamed People's Commissariat of Agricultural Engineering of the USSR (Наркомат сельскохозяйственного машиностроения CCCP), before being transformed into a Ministry later that year.

## Ministers

Source:
* Ivan P. Sergeev (11.1.1939 - 8.3.1941)
* Peter Goremykin (8.3.1941 - 16.2.1942)
* Boris Vannikov (16.2.1942 - 7.1.1946)
# Clark Bissell

Clark Bissell (September 7, 1782 – September 15, 1857) was the 34th governor of Connecticut. He served as an associate justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court from 1829 to 1839. He had previously served as a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives representing Norwalk and the Connecticut Senate representing the 12th District.

## Early life

Bissell was born in Lebanon, Connecticut on September 7, 1782. He studied at Yale College and graduated in 1806. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1809. He married Sally Sherwood and they had six children.

## Career

Becoming a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1829, Bissell was re-elected in 1841, and served in the Connecticut Senate from 1842 to 1843. He also succeeded Jeremiah G. Brainard as an associate judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors from 1829 to 1839.

### Governor of Connecticut

Bissell ran unsuccessfully for the Connecticut governorship in 1846. However, he was elected in 1847 as Governor of Connecticut and was re-elected in 1848. During his term, he advocated for reform in education, taxes, and liquor prohibition, however, only insignificant legislation was passed. He vetoed a resolution on divorce, and it was looked upon as sabotaging the legislature's power. Because of this, he was not renominated for the 1849 election.
After completing his term as the Governor, Bissell continued as a Professor of Law at Yale University, a position he was appointed to during his governorship. He also served in the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1850.

## Death

Bissell died on September 15, 1857. He is interred at Norwalk Union Cemetery, Norwalk, Connecticut.
# Ed Long (politician)

Edwin Eugene Long (September 4, 1934 – October 12, 2017) was an American politician and businessman.
Long was born in Garber, Oklahoma and graduated from Garber High School. He then received his bachelor's degree in agricultural education from Oklahoma State University in 1956. Long moved to Enid, Oklahoma and owned several John Deere dealerships. Long served in the Oklahoma Senate from 1988 to 1996 and was a Democrat. After his retirement, Long moved to Stillwater, Oklahoma. He died in Stillwater, Oklahoma.
# Heusted W. R. Hoyt

Heusted Warner Reynolds Hoyt (November 1, 1842 – April 8, 1894) was a member of the Connecticut Senate representing the 12th District from 1869 to 1870 and from 1873 to 1874. He was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1886 to 1889, and he served as Speaker of the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1887 to 1889.

## Early life and family

Hoyt was born in Ridgefield, Connecticut on November 1, 1842. He was the son of the Rev. Warner Hoyt, the rector of St. Stephen's Episcopal Church, and Elizabeth Phillipina Reynolds. His father died when Heusted was three years old.

## Political career

He was elected a member of the Connecticut Senate in 1869 and in 1873.
He was elected a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1886 to 1889, and he served as Speaker of the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1887 to 1889.
He was elected the first judge of the Borough Court of Greenwich in 1889, and held that office as long as he lived.
# George S. Moulton

George S. Moulton (1829-1882) was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1871 and 1877. In 1878 he was elected to the Connecticut Senate from the Thirteenth Senatorial District.
He was born on September 13, 1829, in Mansfield, Connecticut. His parents were Harvey Moulton and Anna M. Turner. He married Caroline F. Hazen and had three children. He died June 8, 1882. Over the course of his career he had been a director of textile companies, banks and railroads.
# Ey Güzel Qırım

Ey, güzel Qırım (Crimean Tatar: «Ey, güzel Qırım», lit. ''Oh, Beautiful Crimea'') is a famous Crimean Tatar folk song. Its melody is universally recognized among Crimean Tatars, and is frequently played in Crimean Tatar concerts. The sorrowful lyrics mourn a life of exile and grieve over the loss of a beloved homeland. The origin of the song is unclear, but it is believed that it was composed anonymously sometime after the deportation of the Crimean Tatars. However, there are unconfirmed allegations that it was written during a visit to Alushta in 1968 by Fatma Halilova and Shurki Osmanov - Crimean Tatars who were exiled to Andijan. A small portion of the song that did not contain the word "Crimea" was incorporated into Jamala's song "1944" when she represented Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 and won.

## Lyrics
### Original version

| Crimean Tatar (Latin alphabet) | Crimean Tatar (Cyrillic alphabet) |
| Aluştadan esken yeller Yüzüme urdı. Balalıqtan ösken yerler Közüme tüşti. Men bu yerde yaşalmadım, Yaşlığıma toyalmadım, Vatanıma asret oldım, Ey, güzel Qırım. Bağçalarnıñ meyvaları, Bal ile şerbet. Suvlarıñnı içe-içe, Toyalmadım men. Bala-çağa Vatanım dep, Közyaşın töke, Qartlarımız elin cayıp, Dualar ete. | Алуштадан эскен йеллер Юзюме урды. Балалыкътан оскен йерлер Козюме тюшти. Мен бу йерде яшылмадым, Йашлыгъыма тойалмадым, Ватаныма асрет олдым, Эй, Гюзел Къырым. Багъчаларнынъ мейвалары Бал иле шербет Сувларынъны иче-иче Тойалмадым мен. Бала-чагъа Ватаным деп, Кёзйашын тёке, Къартларымыз элин джайып Дуалар эте. |

### Translation

Winds that blow in Alushta,
Hits my face,
Filling my eyes with tears
In the land of my fathers
    I could not live in this land,
    I could not enjoy my youth,
    I'm longing for my homeland,
    Oh, beautiful Crimea!
Fruits of the garden,
Are like honey and sherbet,
No matter how much I drink its waters,
It's not enough for me.
Kids will say homeland,
Immediately tears pour,
Old men stretch out their hands
And send all their prayers.