OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2021 Russian gubernatorial elections

Gubernatorial elections in 2021 were held on a single-voting day, September 19, along with the elections to the 8th State Duma, Russia's lower house. Offices of the heads of 12 constituent entities of the Federation were contested. By decision of the Central Election Commission of Russia, voting was held for three days in a row — September 17, 18, and 19, 2021.

## List
### Direct elections

All incumbent governors have won.
| Region | Incumbent | Incumbent status | Losing candidates |
| Khabarovsk Krai | Mikhail Degtyarev (LDPR) | Acting governor appointed after ousting of Sergei Furgal | Marina Kim (SR-ZP) Vladimir Parfyonov (RPPS) Babek Yusif oglu Mamedov (Rodina) |
| Belgorod Oblast | Vyacheslav Gladkov (UR) | Acting governor | Vladimir Abelmazov (RPPS) Yevgeny Dryomov (LDPR) Yury Osetrov (SR-ZP) Kirill Skachko (CPRF) |
| Mordovia | Artyom Zdunov (UR) | Acting governor appointed after resignation of Vladimir Volkov | Dmitry Kuzyakin (CPRF) Yevgeny Tyurin (LDPR) Aleksandr Lemkin (RPPS) |
| Penza Oblast | Oleg Melnichenko (UR) | Acting governor appointed after ousting of Ivan Belozertsev | Pyotr Chugai (RPPS) Oleg Shalyapin (CPRF) Aleksandr Vasilyev (LDPR) Aleksey Shpagin (SR-ZP) |
| Tuva | Vladislav Khovalyg (UR) | Acting head of the republic appointed after resignation of Sholban Kara-ool | Aylanmaa Kan-ool (The Greens) Andrey Sat (PR) Choygana Seden-ool (CPRF) Vladimir Chesnokov (CPCR) |
| Ulyanovsk Oblast | Aleksey Russkikh (CPRF) | Acting governor appointed after resignation of Sergey Morozov | Gennady Budarin (The Greens) Svetlana Goreva (NL) Sergey Marinin (LDPR) |
| Tula Oblast | Aleksey Dyumin | Term-expiring | Yury Moiseyev (CPCR) Vladimir Isakov (CPRF) Vladimir Rostovtsev (RPPS) |
| Tver Oblast | Igor Rudenya (UR) | Term-expiring | Lyudmila Vorobyova (CPRF) Oleg Gorlov (LDPR) Dmitry Ignatkov (SR-ZP) Ilya Kleymyonov (CPCR) |
| Chechnya | Ramzan Kadyrov (UR) | Term-expiring | Isa Khajimuradov (SR-ZP) Khalid Nakayev (CPRF) |

### Vote in parliament

Unlike other gubernatorial elections, voting for the head of Dagestan was scheduled on 14 October 2021.
| Region | Incumbent | Incumbent status | Candidates | Governor-elect |
| Dagestan | Sergey Melikov | Acting governor appointed after resignation of Vladimir Vasilyev | Samir Abdulkhalikov (CPRF) Kamil Davdiev (SR-ZP) | Sergey Melikov 82 / 90 |
| North Ossetia | Sergey Menyaylo (UR) | Acting governor appointed after resignation of Vyacheslav Bitarov | Medeya Eldzarova (CPRF) Valery Balikoyev (SR-ZP) | Sergey Menyaylo 57 / 70 |
| Karachay-Cherkessia | Rashid Temrezov (UR) | Term-expiring | Renat Akbayev (SR-ZP) Oleg Zhedyayev (LDPR) | Rashid Temrezov 48 / 50 |
# Toshikoshi soba

Toshikoshi soba (年越し蕎麦) is a traditional Japanese noodle bowl dish eaten on ōmisoka (New Year's Eve, 31 December).
This custom is intended to enable the household to let go of the year’s hardship because soba noodles are easily cut while eating.

## History

The custom differs from area to area and it is also called misoka soba, tsugomori soba, kure soba, jumyō soba, fuku soba, and unki soba. The tradition started around the Edo period (1603-1867), and there are several traditions that long soba noodles symbolize a long life. The buckwheat plant can survive severe weather during its growth period, and so soba represents strength and resilience.
# Feinman

Feinman or Feinmann is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Barbara Feinman, ghostwriter of It Takes a Village
* Dinah Shtettin (1862–1946), later Feinman, Yiddish theater actress
* Eduardo Feinmann (born 1958), Argentine journalist
* Jay Feinman (born 1951), American legal scholar
* José Pablo Feinmann (1943–2021), Argentine philosopher and screenwriter
* Paul Feinman (1960–2021), American attorney
* Richard D. Feinman (born 1940), American biochemist
# Libuše Benešová

Libuše Benešová (born 5 July 1948) is a Czech politician who served as the President of the Senate from 1998 to 2000. Benešová was elected Senator from Benešov in the 1996 election, serving until 2000. After running for re-election as Senator for Benešov in 2000, she finished second behind Four-Coalition candidate Helena Rögnerová, who resultantly succeeded her.
# Saudi Arabian–Kuwaiti neutral zone

The Saudi Arabian–Kuwaiti neutral zone, also known as the Divided Zone, was an area of 5,770 km$^2$ (2,230 sq mi) between the borders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait that was left undefined when the border was established by the Uqair Convention of 2 December 1922.
According to Daniel Yergin, "The Neutral Zone was the two thousand or so square miles of barren desert that had been carved out by the British in 1922 in the course of drawing a border between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. In order to accommodate the Bedouins, who wandered back and forth between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia and for whom nationality was a hazy concept, it was agreed that the two countries would share sovereignty over the area."
In the area, which was later called the "Neutral Zone" or "Divided Zone", the Uqair Convention stated that "the Government of Najd and Kuwait will share equal rights until through the good offices of the Government of Great Britain a further agreement is made between Najd and Kuwait concerning it".
However, there was little interest in a more definitive settlement in the so-called "Neutral Zone" until the discovery, in 1938, of oil in the Burgan (Burqan) area of Kuwait. With the possibility of oil discovery within the "Neutral Zone" itself, concessions were granted in 1948–1949 by each government to Aminoil and Pacific Western Oil Corporation. Oil was discovered in March 1953. Later the two countries exploited the oil under a joint operating agreement.
In 1957, Saudi Arabia signed a concession agreement with the Japanese-owned Arab Oil Co., and Kuwait signed in 1958. That concession expired in 2000. The company made its first offshore discovery in January 1960.$^{:505–507}$
The partitioning negotiations commenced shortly after the rulers of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia met and decided, in October 1960, that the Neutral Zone should be divided. On 7 July 1965, the two governments signed an agreement (which took effect on 25 July 1966) to partition the Neutral Zone adjoining their respective territories. A demarcation agreement dividing the Neutral Zone was signed on 17 December 1967 but did not formally take effect until the exchange of instruments and signing which took place in Kuwait on 18 December 1969. Ratification followed on 18 January 1970, and the agreement was published in the Kuwaiti Official Gazette on 25 January 1970.
The zone was never assigned an ISO 3166 code since it was partitioned before the adoption of ISO 3166 in 1974.
The area was quickly, but briefly, overrun during the First Gulf War by the Iraqi forces in 1991 after they invaded and occupied Kuwait; however, Coalition forces composed of American and Saudi contingents repelled the Iraqi offensive and liberated the area and the rest of Kuwait.
Despite the zone being partitioned half a century ago, oil pumping is still done by agreements.
In December 2022, Saudi Aramco and Kuwait Gulf Oil Company signed a Memorandum of Understanding to jointly develop the Durra gas field, located in the neutral zone. The development aims at producing 280,000,000 cubic metres (9.9×10$^9$ cu ft) of natural gas and 84,000 barrels of LNG per day.
# Nookawarra Station

Nookawarra Station is a pastoral lease and sheep station located in the Mid West region of Western Australia. The station occupies an area of approximately 604,000 acres (244,430 ha).
Situated approximately 350 kilometres (217 mi) to the north-east of Geraldton, it includes a good length of the Murchison River within its boundary. The property adjoins Boolardy, Milly Milly and Mileura Stations.

## Early history

The station was taken up as early as 1875 by Edward Wittenoom and his brother Frank Wittenoom; Edward moved on after about five years but Frank stayed on and sold the property in 1926.
The Murchison amateur racing club was established at Nookawarra by Frank Wittenoom in 1881. Races were held at the property for the next 16 years with Wittenoom winning many races.
In 1886, the 500,000-acre (202,343 ha) property held 10,000 sheep under the management of Mr. J. Judge, as well as 250 cattle and 170 horses. It was observed at this time that the land was in good condition and was open grass plain lightly wooded with gum trees, acacia and mulga. The property was watered with clay holes and shallow wells.
The Governor of Western Australia, Frederick Broome, visited the station as part of his tour of the Mid West in 1887.
The Murchison pastoral show was held at the station showgrounds in 1894.
Charles Pretlove, who died in 1898, managed the station during the mid-1890s.
John Hearn managed the station in the late 1890s for Wittenoom; he later went to purchase Gabyon Station.
Edward Telfer also managed the station in the early 1900s.
John Judge managed the station through the 1900s; he died in 1909 in Geraldton hospital after a protracted illness.
An Aboriginal man named Peter was killed by two other Aborigines at the station in 1912. The two men accused were thought to have killed him as part of a revenge attack. The two accused were later released for lack of a witness.
1929 was a good year, with 13,000 sheep and lambs being clipped for satisfactory results. The flock contained 3,800 lambs and the blowfly was said to be very active and needing extra attention. The station also made a "satisfactory" cattle sale.

## Notable events

Jack Smith, an employee at Nookawarra, was accidentally shot in the chest with a .310 rifle. The mishap occurred in 1949 when Smith and another man were shooting from the car they were in and a rifle accidentally discharged. The bullet entered Smith's chest, pierced his lung and exited through his back. Smith was taken to Geraldton hospital to recover.
Les Schubert purchased the station from Nookawarra Pastoral Company for $75,000 in 1972 when it was carrying 22,000 sheep. Wool prices were disastrously low at the time.
On 9 October 1985, Mervyn Tomkins ran out of fuel and crashed his airplane, a Cessna 150G VH-KPP, on the property while out mustering sheep with a number of jackaroos on the ground on motorcycles. He survived with no substantial injuries. The aircraft was replaced by Cessna 150L VH-EKL in 1992.
Mervyn Tomkins, station manager in 1997, was cleared of dumping a pair of jackaroos, Bradley John Carr, 21, and Benjamin Goeree, 19 in the desert in 1997.
# Houguan County

Houguan County (Chinese: 侯官縣; pinyin: Hóuguān-xiàn) is a former county in Fujian Province, China that is now mostly part of Minhou County, Fuzhou. Established during the Eastern Han dynasty, it was dissolved soon after the founding of the Republic of China in 1912.

## People

* Chen Menglei, Qing dynasty scholar and author
* Lin Xu, politician executed by the Qing dynasty during Empress Cixi's reign
# Chaim Paltiel

Chaim Paltiel (known as Paltiel of Falaise) was a French Biblical commentator of the thirteenth century and grandson of the tosafist Samuel of Falaise (Sir Morel). An anonymous commentator on the Pentateuch (Munich MS. No. 62) frequently quotes another commentary (pshatim) on the Pentateuch, the author of which he on one occasion calls "my teacher, Ḥayyim of Falaise"; in other places he speaks of "Ḥayyim," but more often of "Ḥayyim Paltiel." Many passages from Ḥayyim's commentary are given by Isaac b. Judah ha-Levi in his "Pa'aneaḥ Raza" (Munich MS. No. 50). The commentary is called there "Peri 'Eẓ, Ḥayyim," and the author is called "Ḥayyim Paltiel" or, more often, "Paltiel Gaon"; he is also mentioned as teacher of Isaac b. Judah.

## Disambiguation

Contrary to Ziemlich's supposition, Gross concluded that Ḥayyim of Falaise must not be identified with Ḥayyim Paltiel b. Jacob, rabbi of Magdeburg, who corresponded with Meir of Rothenburg and who is quoted by Solomon b. Adret. On the other hand, Zunz mentions ten liturgical pieces composed by "Ḥayyim b. Baruch, called Ḥayyim Paltiel," who may be the same as Ḥayyim of Falaise. Zunz says (l.c.) that he is probably the Ḥayyim Paltiel of Magdeburg, forgetting that the latter's father was called Jacob and not Baruch.

## Commentary style

Ḥayyim's commentary is aggadic in character, and shows the author to have possessed a thorough knowledge of the Talmud. Ḥayyim was decidedly a great Ashkenazi Rishon and typically presents finely woven elucidations of the words and verses against backdrop of midrashic thought, though at times venturing into the area of remez—the hidden messages which offer further insight into broader applications of Torah passages.
# Mary Chiappe

Mary Chiappe was a Gibraltarian writer and former Gibraltar Minister for Education in the 1960s. She was the author of several books, including the Giovanni Bresciano series of detective novels set in the 18th and 19th centuries, which she had written in conjunction with the Gibraltarian writer and historian Sam Benady. She had written a regular weekly column in the Gibraltar Chronicle since 2001. With Dr Sam Benady, she received a Gibraltar Heritage Trust Award in October 2015 for historical detective series: for making Gibraltar's history of the period and cultural heritage accessible to readers. She died on Friday 8 December 2017 in Gibraltar, surrounded by friends and family.
* Cabbages and Kings (2006) Essays
* The Grapes of Warmth (2003) Autobiographical
* A Handful of Poems (1995) Serious light verse
* The Murder in Whirligig Lane (2010) with Dr. Sam Benady
* Fall of a Sparrow (2010) with Dr. Sam Benady
* The Pearls of Tangier (2011 )with Dr. Sam Benady
* The Prince's Lady (2012) with Dr. Sam Benady
* Mosaic of an Unquiet Time (2013) Novel
* The Devil's Tongue (2013) with Dr. Sam Benady
* Death in Paradise Ramp (2014) with Dr. Sam Benady
* The Dead Can't Paint (2015) with Dr. Sam Benady
* Shaking the Dandelions (2017)
# Seymour S. Cohen

Seymour Stanley Cohen (April 30, 1917-December 30, 2018) was an American biochemist. Cohen was born in Brooklyn, New York in April 1917. He attended City College of New York and his PhD came from Columbia University under the supervision of Erwin Chargaff. In the 1940s he worked on plant viruses and for the Rockefeller Institute. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1945. He is known by his studies with marked of radioactive isotopes, whose results suggested an essential role of DNA in hereditary genetic material. This result would be checked in 1952 by Hershey and Chase.
# N. Indrasena Reddy

Nallu Indrasena Reddy is an Indian politician from Telangana. He is the current Governor of Tripura. He is an ex national secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was earlier president of the United state unit of the party. Indrasena Reddy was elected as MLA 3 times first in 1983 at the age of 33, in 1985 from Malakpet in Hyderabad and he was elected again in 1999.
Indra Sena Reddy has been appointed Tripura governor on 18 October 2023. He was sworn in as the 20th Governor of Tripura at Raj Bhawan on 26 October 2023.

## Personal life

Nallu Indrasena Reddy was born to Nallu Ram Reddy in Hyderabad present Telangana State.

## Political career

* 1983: Member of Legislative Assembly.
* 1985: Member of Legislative Assembly.
* 1999: Member of Legislative Assembly.
* 1999: BJP Floor Leader.
* 2003: BJP Andhra Pradesh President.
* 2014: National secretary for BJP
* 2020: Special Invitee for National Committee.

### Electoral history

| Year | Member | Political party |
| 1983 | Nallu Indrasena Reddy | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 1985 | Nallu Indrasena Reddy | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 1999 | Nallu Indrasena Reddy | Bharatiya Janata Party |
# César Charlone (politician)

César Charlone Rodríguez (5 October 1895 – 8 May 1973) was a Uruguayan political figure.

## Background

Charlone was prominent member of the Uruguayan Colorado Party during the 1930s. He was Minister of Finance from 1934 to 1938.

## Vice President of Uruguay

He was Vice President of Uruguay, and served from 1938 to 1943 under President Alfredo Baldomir. At the same time he was President of the Senate of Uruguay. He also held the portfolio of Minister of Finance from 1940 to 1943.

## Post Vice-Presidency

Charlone later served as Foreign Minister of Uruguay from 1949 until 1950 in the government of President of Uruguay Luis Batlle Berres.
He was Minister of Economy and Finance 1967–1971 in the Government of President of Uruguay Jorge Pacheco Areco.
He died on 8 May 1973, aged 77.
# Saint-Aulaire station

Saint-Aulaire is a railway station in Saint-Aulaire, Corrèze, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The station is located on the Nexon - Brive railway line. The station is served by TER (local) services operated by SNCF. The station was also on the Thiviers - Saint-Aulaire railway line, which was open between 1898 and 1986.

## Train services

The following services currently call at Saint-Aulaire:
* local service (TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine) Limoges - Saint-Yrieix - Brive-la-Gaillarde
| Preceding station | TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine | TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine | TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine | Following station |
| Objattowards Limoges | | 23 | | Le Burgtowards Brive-la-Gaillarde |
# Arles station

Arles station (French: Gare d'Arles) is a railway station serving the city of Arles, Bouches-du-Rhône, southeastern France. The station was opened in 1848 and is located on the Paris–Marseille railway. The train services are operated by SNCF.

## Train services

The following services call at Arles:
* High Speed services (TGV) Paris - Valence - Avignon - Miramas
* Intercity services (Intercités) Bordeaux - Toulouse - Montpellier - Marseille
* Express services (TER Occitanie) Narbonne - Montpellier - Nîmes - Arles - Marseille
* Express services (TER PACA) Lyon - Valence - Montélimar - Avignon - Marseille
* Local services (TER PACA) Avignon - Arles - Miramas - Marseille
# Anuradhapura massacre

The Anuradhapura massacre occurred in Sri Lanka in 1985 and was carried out by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. This was the largest massacre of Sinhalese civilians by the LTTE to date; it was also the first major operation carried out by the LTTE outside a Tamil majority area. Initially, EROS claimed responsibility for the massacre, but it later retracted the statement, and joined the PLOTE in denouncing the incident. The groups later accused the LTTE for the attack. Since then, no Tamil militant group has admitted to committing the massacre. However, state intelligence discovered that the operation was ordered by the LTTE's leader Velupillai Prabhakaran. He assigned the massacre to the LTTE Mannar commander Victor (real name Marcelin Fuselus) and it was executed by Victor's subordinate Anthony Kaththiar (alias Radha). The LTTE claimed the attack was in revenge of the 1985 Valvettiturai massacre, where the Sri Lanka Army killed 70 Tamil civilians in Prabhakaran's hometown. In 1988, the LTTE claimed that the massacre was planned and executed under the guidance of Indian intelligence agency, RAW.

## Incident

The LTTE hijacked a bus on May 14, 1985, and entered Anuradhapura. As the cadres entered the main bus station, they opened fire indiscriminately with automatic weapons killing and wounding many civilians who were waiting for buses. The cadres then drove to the Sri Maha Bodhi shrine and gunned down nuns, monks and civilians as they were worshipping inside the Buddhist shrine. The attackers had massacred 146 Sinhalese men, women and children in total, in Anuradhapura.
Before they withdrew, the attackers entered the Wilpattu National Park, taking the park warden Abraham hostage, they rounded up and massacred 24 employees of the Department of Wildlife Conservation. Only one survived.

## Retaliation

Anti-Tamil riots broke out in Anuradhapura town soon after the massacre. Sinhalese mob went on a rampage, burning and looting 8 Tamil-owned shops. Kathiresan Hindu temple and several Tamil houses were also burned. Between 15 and 20 Tamil civilians were brutally killed and burned to death. More Tamils were killed the following day. An angered army corporal shot dead 9 Tamil civilians who had sought refuge in the army camp, who kept shooting until he was killed by his commanding officer. On the two days following the attack, 75 Tamil civilians lost their lives.

## Aftermath

As the first massacre of Sinhalese civilians carried out by the Tamil militants outside the northern and eastern provinces, the Sinhalese public at large became conscious of the fact that the violence could be brought to their territory as well. The public shock was the primary reason that led to the cease-fire agreement between the government and the Tamil militant groups. The realization that the conflict couldn't be solved by purely military means softened the Sinhalese opposition to accommodation with the Tamils, thereby enabling the government for the first time to seriously consider a political settlement based on regional autonomy to the Tamil areas.
# Fismes station

Fismes station (French: Gare de Fismes) is a railway station located in the French municipality of Fismes, in the département of Marne.

## History

Opened by the Compagnie des chemins de fer des Ardennes on 16 April 1862, the line between Soissons and Reims included a station in Fismes.
Since 3 April 2016, the train link between Fismes and La Ferté-Milon has been replaced by a similar bus service.

## Services

The station building is equipped with a passenger waiting room, staffed ticket window and automatic ticket vending machines.
The station is served by TER Grand Est trains towards Reims.
Station facilities also include parking for personal automobiles and bikes.
# Castell de Sant Esteve de Mar

The Castell de Sant Esteve de Mar is a ruined castle perched atop a cliff in the town of Palamós, in Baix Empordà, between La Fosca and the Cala s'Alguer. Only the bases of some towers and some walls remain, and is currently surrounded by a fence that prevents access to visitors. It is accessed from the path leading from the beach of Fosca to S'Alguer that forms part of the GR 92 long distance footpath.

## History

Finds of pottery from the Roman period have been documented on the existing land next to the castle, together with remains of walls and pavements of opus signinum, which are believed to be part of a Roman villa. These remains indicate that the promontory of Sant Esteve was inhabited since Roman times, and was probably a settlement of the Iberian people before that.
Although the construction of the castle seems to date from the twelfth century, the first written reference is from the thirteenth century. Peter II of Barcelona (also known as Peter III of Aragon) had identified the need for a port to shelter his royal fleet on the coast between Barcelona and the border with France. In 1277, he bought the castle and its estate, with the intention of founding the town and royal port of Palamós. With the construction of the new town and port, the castle lost importance and by the 14th century it became the private property of a farmer. In the deed, the name of the estate of the castle of Sant Esteve is changed to that of the estate of Palamós.
The castle was later used for maritime surveillance, as part of a defensive system established against piracy and privateers. In 1567 it was used as a gunpowder store with a small body of guards. Maritime surveillance was maintained throughout the 18th century, but in that century a farmhouse was built on top of the castle, taking advantage of its materials and structures.
The farmhouse was inhabited until the end of the 19th century. Around 1930, the Georgian prince Alexis Mdivani bought the castle with the intention of restoring it, but his death prevented this. The property now belongs to Palamós City Council. The ruins have been consolidated as part of a program sponsored by la Caixa.