# Proto-Indo-Aryan language

Proto-Indo-Aryan (sometimes Proto-Indic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Aryan languages. It is intended to reconstruct the language of the Indo-Aryans, who had migrated into the Indian subcontinent. Being descended from Proto-Indo-Iranian (which in turn is descended from Proto-Indo-European), it has the characteristics of a satem language.

## History

Proto-Indo-Aryan is meant to be the predecessor of Old Indo-Aryan (1500–300 BCE), which is directly attested as Vedic and Classical Sanskrit, as well as by the Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni. Indeed, Vedic Sanskrit is very close to Proto-Indo-Aryan.
Some of the Prakrits display a few minor features derived from Proto-Indo-Aryan that had already disappeared in Vedic Sanskrit.
Today, numerous modern Indo-Aryan languages are extant.

## Differences from Vedic

Despite the great archaicity of Vedic, the other Indo-Aryan languages preserve a small number of conservative features lost in Vedic.
One of these is the representation of Proto-Indo-European *l and *r. Vedic (as also most Iranic languages) merges both as /r/. Later, however, some instances of Indo-European /l/ again surface in Classical Sanskrit, indicating that the contrast survived in an early Indo-Aryan dialect parallel to Vedic. (A dialect with only /l/ is additionally posited to underlie Magadhi Prakrit.) However, it is not clear that the contrast actually survived anywhere in Indo-Iranian, not even in Proto-Indo-Iranian, as /l/ is also found in place of original *r in Indo-Iranian languages.
The common consonant cluster kṣ /kʂ/ of Vedic and later Sanskrit has a particularly wide range of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and Proto-Indo-Iranian (PII) sources, which partly remain distinct in later Indo-Aryan languages:
* PIE *ks, *kʷs, *gs, *gʷs > PII *kš > Middle Indo-Aryan kh-, -kkh-
* PIE *dʰgʷʰ, *gʰs, *gʷʰs > PII *gʱžʱ > Middle Indo-Aryan gh-, -ggh-
* PIE *tḱ; *ǵs, *ḱs > PII *tć, *ćš > Middle Indo-Aryan ch-, -cch-
* PIE *dʰǵʰ, *ǵʰs > PII *ȷ́ʱžʱ > Middle Indo-Aryan jh-, -jh-

### Personal pronouns (nominative case)

Most personal pronouns are identical between Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-Aryan and show modest differences between Proto-Indo-Aryan and Sanskrit
| Pronoun | PIE | PII and PIA |
| I | *éǵ > *eǵHóm | *aȷ́Hám > *aȷ́ʰám > PIA *aźʰám > Skr अहम् (ahám) |
| You | *túh₂ | *túH > PIA *tuHám > Skr त्वम् (tvám) |
| He | *ey- (*eyóm?) *só | *sá |
| She | *séh₂ | *sáH > Skr सा (sā́) |
| It | *tód | *tád > Skr तद् (tad) |
| We | *wéy > *weyóm | *wayám |
| You (all) | *yū́ | *yúH > Skr यूयम् (yūyám) |
| They (m.) | *tóy | *táy > Skr ते (te) /tai/ |
| They (f.) | *téh₂es | *tā́s (or *táHas?) > Skr ताः (tāḥ) |
| They (n.) | *téh₂ | *tá > Skr तानि (tāni) |

### Numerals

Most numerals are identical between Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-Aryan. Most number show minimal differences between Proto-Indo-Aryan and Sanskrit (e.g., the loss of the fricative sound *H).
| Numeral | PIE | PII and PIA |
| One (1) | *h₁óynos > *h₁óykos | *Háykas > Skr एक (éka) /aika/ |
| Two (2) | *dwóh₁ | *dwáH > Skr द्व (dvá) |
| Three (3) | *tréyes | *tráyas > Skr त्रयः (tráyaḥ) [nom. plur.] |
| Four (4) | *kʷetwóres | *čatwā́ras > Skr चत्वारः (catvā́raḥ) [nom.] |
| Five (5) | *pénkʷe | *pánča |
| Six (6) | *swéḱs | *šwáćš > PIA *ṣwáṭṣ > Skr षट् (ṣáṭ) |
| Seven (7) | *septḿ̥ | *saptá |
| Eight (8) | *oḱtṓw | *Haštā́ > PIA *Haṣṭā́ > Skr अष्ट (aṣṭá) |
| Nine (9) | *h₁néwn̥ | *Hnáwa > Skr नव (náva) |
| Ten (10) | *déḱm̥ | *dáća > PIA *dáśa |