OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Doug Jamerson

Douglas Lee "Tim" Jamerson, Jr. (October 16, 1947 – April 21, 2001) was a Florida Commissioner of Education. He was appointed to the position in 1993 after Betty Castor resigned to become President of the University of South Florida. He was defeated in his bid for a full term in 1994 by Frank Brogan.
Jamerson grew up in the poor neighborhoods in St. Petersburg, Florida. He planned to attend Gibbs High School, but his grandmother encouraged him to go to Bishop Barry High School (now St. Petersburg Catholic High School) instead, where he was the school's first black student. Jamerson graduated from St. Petersburg Junior College and received his bachelor's degree in criminal justice from the University of South Florida. He also was a graduate of St. Petersburg Police Academy.
Jamerson was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 1982 from District 55 and served five and a half terms in that capacity. Governor Lawton Chiles appointed him state education commissioner in 1993, but he lost the seat to Frank Brogan in the 1994 election, in which Republicans made substantial gains. After his loss, Chiles appointed him as secretary of the state Department of Labor.
Jamerson died of cancer at the Tallahassee Memorial Hospital in 2001, at the age of 53.
Party political offices :
| Preceded byBetty Castor | Democratic nominee for Education Commissioner of Florida 1994 | Succeeded byPeter Rudy Wallace |
| Preceded byBetty Castor | Florida Commissioner of Education 1993 – 1995 | Succeeded byFrank Brogan |
# 1831 in Norway

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events in the year 1831 in Norway.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Charles III John.

## Arts and literature

* The first opera was performed in Norway, Deux mots by Nicolas Dalayrac, it was performed in Oslo, directed by August Schrumpf with Augusta Smith in the main part.
* Emilie da Fonseca is employed at Christiania Theatre.

## Births

* 5 January – Niels Stockfleth Darre Eckhoff, architect (d.1914)
* 18 June – Peter Nicolai Arbo, painter (d.1892)
* 21 August – Hans Lars Helgesen, Member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
* 4 November – Peter Andreas Blix, architect and engineer (d.1901)

### Full date unknown

* Hans Rasmus Astrup, politician (d.1898)
* Louise Brun, actor (d.1866)
* Svend Adolph Solberg, politician (d.1890)

## Deaths

* 22 January – Johan August Sandels, soldier and politician (b.1764)
* 28 January – Hans Hein Nysom, priest and politician (b.1767)
* Hilchen Sommerschild
# Japanese hardcore

Japanese hardcore is the hardcore punk scene in Japan, which originated to protest the social and economic changes sweeping the country in the 1980s. The band SS is regarded as the first, forming in 1977. Bands such as The Stalin and GISM soon followed, forming in 1980 and 1981 respectively. Occasionally, Japanese hardcore musicians include elements of avant-garde, crossover thrash, thrash metal, anarcho-punk, horror punk, D-beat, post-hardcore and grindcore in their songs.

## List of notable bands

* Anti Feminism
* Aburadako
* Bastard
* Bachikaburi (early)
* BBQ Chickens
* Bomb Factory
* Boredoms
* The Comes
* Confuse
* Crow
* Crude
* Death Side
* Disclose
* Envy
* Fuck On The Beach
* GISM
* Gai
* Garlic Boys
* GAS
* Gastunk
* Gauze
* Gendo Missile
* The Gerogerigegege
* Gloom
* Gudon
* Kuro
* Lip Cream
* The Mad Capsule Markets
* Masturbation
* Melt-Banana
* Nightmare
* S.O.B.
* SS
* The Stalin
* Think Again
* Vivisick
* Zouo
# 1820 in Norway

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events in the year 1820 in Norway.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Charles III John.

## Arts and literature

* The song Sønner av Norge is written by Henrik Anker Bjerregaard and Christian Blom.

## Births

* 5 April – Josephine Thrane, teacher and political activist (d.1862).
* 18 June – Martin Andreas Udbye, composer and organist (d.1889)
* 12 August – Hans Henrik Wærenskjold, politician (d.1909)
* 27 December – Jens Amundsen, ship-owner (d.1886)

### Full date unknown

* Lars Kristiansen Blilie, politician (d.1892)
* Erik Eriksen, ice sea captain (d.1888)
* Jørgen Aall Flood, politician, vice consul and businessman (d.1892)

## Deaths

* 5 May – Søren Georg Abel, priest and politician (b.1772)
# The Summit (TV miniseries)

The Summit is a Canadian thriller drama television miniseries, which premiered in 2008. Directed by Nick Copus and written by John Krizanc, the miniseries centres on the preparations for an international Group of Seven summit of world leaders which is disrupted by a bioterrorism threat when mysterious forces plan to release an engineered drug-resistant strain of smallpox at the summit opening.
The miniseries stars Bruce Greenwood as Canadian Prime Minister Richard Adderly, Christopher Plummer as U.S. President P. J. Aimes, Wendy Crewson as presidential chief of staff Ellie Bruckner, James Purefoy as Centres for Disease Control investigator Thom Lightstone and Rachelle Lefevre as Adderly's anti-globalization activist daughter Leonie, as well as Mía Maestro, K. C. Collins, Nigel Bennett, Peter MacNeill, Lisa Ray, Stephen McHattie, Denis Akiyama and Raoul Bhaneja in supporting roles.
The miniseries was produced by Shaftesbury Films for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, with shooting taking place in England, Ecuador and locations throughout Ontario including Toronto, Hamilton, Huntsville, Parry Sound and Sudbury. Despite being a Canadian production commissioned by a Canadian network, it was aired in the United States by Ion Television in June 2008, in advance of its CBC Television premiere on July 29, 2009.

## Awards

The series won three Gemini Awards at the 25th Gemini Awards in 2010, for Best Dramatic Miniseries, Best Original Music Score for a Dramatic Program, Mini-Series or TV Movie (Tom Third) and Best Achievement in Casting (John Buchan, Jason Knight). It was also nominated for Best Actor in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series (Greenwood), Best Supporting Actor in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series (Plummer), Best Supporting Actress in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series (Crewson), Best Direction in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series (Copus), Best Writing in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series (Krizanc) and Best Makeup (Shauna Llewellyn, Carmela Dos Santos).
# 1828 in Norway

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events in the year 1828 in Norway.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Charles III John.

## Births

* 20 March – Henrik Ibsen, playwright (d.1906)
* 14 April – Johan Lauritz Sundt, industrialist (d.1889).
* 15 November – Johannes Skaar, bishop and hymnologist (died 1904).

### Full date unknown

* Gunleik Jonsson Helland, Hardanger fiddle maker (d.1863)
* Bøicke Johan Rulffs Koren, politician and Minister (d.1909)

## Deaths

* 22 June – Lars Ingier, military officer, road manager, land owner and mill owner (b.1760).
* 15 August – Isaach Isaachsen, politician (b.1774)
* 2 September – Mathias Bonsak Krogh, bishop and politician (born 4. October 1754)

### Full date unknown

* Johan Ernst Berg, politician (b.1768)
* Christian Krohg, politician and Minister (b.1777)
# 1814 in Norway

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events in the year 1814 in Norway.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Frederick VI (until February 7), then Christian Frederick (May 17 – October 10), then Charles II (since November 4)

## Overview

1814 has historically been considered the most important year in the history of Norway. Sovereignty was transferred from the King of Denmark to the King of Sweden. The Constitution of Norway was signed at Eidsvoll on May 17, later to be designated and celebrated as Norwegian Constitution Day. For a detailed account of the events surrounding the re-formation of the country in modern times, see the article Kingdom of Norway (1814).

## Events

* 14 January – Frederick VI of Denmark-Norway ceded the Kingdom of Norway to Charles XIII of Sweden in return for Swedish Pomerania, otherwise known as Western Pomerania. Denmark also keeps the Norwegian overseas possessions: Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland, as part of the Treaty of Kiel.
* 11 February – Norway's independence was proclaimed, marking the ultimate end of the Kalmar Union.
* 16 February – The meeting of notables took place at Eidsvoll verk.
* 10 April – The Norwegian Constituent Assembly convened at Eidsvoll.
* 12 April – The Royal Norwegian Navy was re-established.
* 16 May – The Constitution of Norway was adopted by the Constituent Assembly.
* 17 May – The Constitution of Norway was signed and the Danish Crown Prince Christian Frederik was elected King of Norway by the Constituent Assembly.
* 20 May – The last day in session for the Constituent Assembly.
* 26 July – The Swedish campaign against Norway started.
* 14 August – The Convention of Moss was signed, ending the Swedish campaign against Norway with a Swedish victory.
* 4 November – The first session of the Norwegian Parliament elected Charles II as King in a personal union between Sweden and Norway.

## Births

* 9 February – Andrine Christensen, actress and dancer (died 1853)
* 1 April – Søren Jaabæk, politician and farmer (died 1894)
* 7 May – Henriette Hansen, actress and ballerina (died 1892)
* 27 May – Harald Nicolai Storm Wergeland, military officer, politician, Minister and mountaineer (died 1893)
* 18 December – Marie Colban, writer (died 1884).

### Full date unknown

* Peder Krabbe Gaarder, jurist and political theorist (died 1883)
* Ketil Motzfeldt, politician and Minister (died 1889)
* Nils Fredrik Severin Thambs, politician (died 1885)

## Deaths

* 30 January – Christian Kølle, educator (born 1736)
* 28 August – Erik Must Angell, jurist and politician (born 1744)
* 9 September – Niels Andreas Vibe, military officer (born 1759).
* 17 December – Christian Colbjørnsen, chief justice (born 1749)
# 1804 in Norway

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events in the year 1804 in Norway.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Christian VII.

## Events

* 6 January - Mathias Bonsach Krogh became the first Bishop of the Diocese of Hålogaland.
* 24 September - Trondhjems amt was split into two, with the northern part becoming Nordre Trondhjems amt and the southern part becoming Søndre Trondhjems amt.
* The first Agdenes Lighthouse was established.

## Births

* 29 May – Søren Wilhelm Thorne, priest and politician (d. 1878)
* 6 June – Georg Wallace, politician (d. 1890)
* 5 July – Anton Theodor Harris, politician (d. 1866)
* 9 September - Kristoffer Nilsen Svartbækken Grindalen, criminal, killer and thief (d. 1876).
* 17 September – Hans Biørn Wenneberg, politician (d. 1878)
* 19 September – Elling Eielsen, minister and Lutheran Church leader in America (d.1883)
* 20 September – Christopher Henrik Holfeldt Tostrup, timber merchant and land-owner (d. 1881)
* 12 October – Eskild Bruun, barrister, judge and businessman (d. 1877).
* 4 November – Peder Balke, painter (d. 1887)
* 8 November – Hans Eleonardus Møller, politician and businessperson (d.1867)
* 21 November – Henrik Heftye, businessman and philanthropist (d. 1864)
* 25 November – Jens Matthias Pram Kaurin, professor of theology, biblical translator, and Lutheran priest (d. 1863).
* 19 December – Carl Siegfried Bonnevie, naval officer (d. 1856)

### Full date unknown

* Paulus Flood, merchant and politician (d.1847)
* Jens Christian Folkman Schaanning, politician
* Jacob Worm Skjelderup, politician and Minister (d.1863)
* Hans Biørn Wenneberg, politician

## Deaths

* 17 March – Hans Tank, skipper, merchant and endowment founder (b. 1742).
* 29 June – Halvor Blinderen, farmer (born 1733).
* 4 December – Jens Holmboe, bailiff (b. 1752)

### Full date unknown

* Kristofer Sjursson Hjeltnes, farmer and businessperson (b.1730)
# 1786 in Norway

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events in the year 1786 in Norway.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Christian VII.

## Events

* The trade with Iceland is opened to all Danish and Norwegian traders.
* 2 October - Lofthusreisingen begins, a large peasant revolt in South Norway.

## Births

* 15 May - Johan Bülow Wamberg, politician, (d.1852)
* 26 May - Engebret Soot, canal engineer (d.1859)
* 29 June - Peder Christian Hersleb Kjerschow, bishop (d.1866)

### Full date unknown

* Samuel Mathiassen Føyn, ship-owner and politician (d.1854)

## Deaths

* 18 February – Ludvig Daae, priest and landowner (born 1723).

### Full date unknown

* Anders Olsen, trader, explorer and colonial administrator (born 1718)
# 1750 in Norway

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events in the year 1750 in Norway.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Frederick V.

## Events

* 11 September - Jacob Benzon is appointed Vice Steward of Norway.
* 16 December - The Norwegian Military Academy is founded.
* The construction of Fredriksvern naval base was finished.

## Arts and literature

* The construction of Frogner Manor is finished.
* The oldest written account of Selma, a legendary sea serpent in Lake Seljord.

## Births

* 15 May - Christian Jensen Lofthuus, revolutionary peasant leader (died 1797)
# Ramol Sillamaa

Ramol Sillamaa (born 17 October 2004) is an Estonian footballer who plays as a winger for the KAA Gent.

## Early life

As a youth player, Sillamaa joined the youth academy of Estonian side JK Loo.

## Career

Sillamaa debuted for Estonian side Kalev at the age of fifteen.

## Style of play

Sillamaa mainly operates as a winger and is known for his speed and dribbling ability.

## Personal life

Sillamaa is a native of Väike-Maarja, Estonia.

## Career Statistics

    As of match played 10 February 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National cup | National cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Kalev | 2020 | Meistriliiga | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 6 | 0 |
| Kalev | 2021 | Esiliiga | 20 | 11 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 22 | 11 |
| Kalev | 2022 | Meistriliiga | 25 | 2 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 26 | 2 |
| Kalev | 2023 | Meistriliiga | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 14 | 2 |
| Kalev | Total | Total | 65 | 15 | 3 | 0 | — | — | 68 | 15 |
| KAA Gent II | 2023-24 | Belgian Division 3 | 15 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 15 | 1 |
| Career Totals | Career Totals | Career Totals | 80 | 16 | 3 | 0 | — | — | 83 | 16 |
* ↑ Includes Estonian Cup, Belgian Cup
# 1730 in Norway

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events in the year 1730 in Norway.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Frederick IV (until 12 October); then Christian VI.

## Events

* Siri Jørgensdatters witch trail, one of the last witch trials in Scandinavia.

## Births
### Full date unknown

* Kristofer Sjursson Hjeltnes, farmer and businessperson (died 1804)
# Jilarata

Jilarata is a 4,594-metre-high (15,072 ft) mountain in the Andes of Bolivia. It is located in the Oruro Department, Ladislao Cabrera Province, Salinas de Garci Mendoza Municipality. It lies near the Uyuni salt flat, north of Tunupa.
# List of puzzle topics

Part of a series on :
Puzzles :
Types
Guessing
Riddle
Situation
Logic
Dissection
Induction
Logic grid
Self-reference
Mechanical
Combination
Construction
Disentanglement
Lock
Go problems
Folding
Stick
Tiling
Tour
Sliding
Chess
Maze (Logic maze)
Word and Number
Crossword
Sudoku
Puzzle video games
Mazes
Metapuzzles :
Topics
Brain teaser
Dilemma
Joke
Optical illusion
Packing problems
Paradox
Problem solving
Puzzlehunt
Syllogism
Tale :
Lists
Impossible puzzles
Maze video games
Nikoli puzzle types
Puzzle video games
Puzzle topics :
vte :
This is a list of puzzle topics, by Wikipedia page.

## Puzzles, by type

* Dexterity puzzle
** Ball-in-a-maze puzzle
* Brain teaser
* Chess puzzle
** Chess problem
* Computer puzzle game
* Cross Sums
* Crossword puzzle
* Cryptic crossword
* Cryptogram
* Maze
** Back from the klondike
** Ball-in-a-maze puzzle
* Mechanical puzzle
** Ball-in-a-maze puzzle
** Burr puzzle
* Word puzzle
** Acrostic
* Daughter in the box
* Disentanglement puzzle
* Edge-matching puzzle
* Egg of Columbus
* Eight queens puzzle
* Einstein's Puzzle
* Eternity puzzle
* Fifteen puzzle
* Fox, goose and bag of beans puzzle
* Geomagic square
* Globe puzzle
* Graeco-Latin square
* Gry
* Happy Cube
* Induction puzzles
* Insight
* Jigsaw puzzle
* Kakuro
* KenKen
* Knights and knaves
* Knight's Tour
* Lateral thinking
* Latin square
* Letter bank
* Lock puzzle
* Logic puzzle
* Magic square
* Mahjong solitaire
* Matchstick puzzle
* Mathematical puzzle
* Merkle's Puzzles
* Minus Cube
* Morpion solitaire
* N-puzzle
* National Puzzlers' League
* Nikoli
* Nine dots puzzle
* Nob Yoshigahara Puzzle Design Competition
* Nurikabe (puzzle)
* Packing problem
* Paint by numbers
* Peg solitaire
* Pentomino
* Pirate loot problem
* Plate-and-ring puzzle
* Problem solving
* Rattle puzzle
* Rebus
* Riddles
* Rubik's Cube
** Speedcubing
** Pocket Cube
* Rubik's Magic
* Rubik's Revenge
* Rush Hour (puzzle)
* Situation puzzle
* Sliding puzzle
* Snake cube
* Sokoban
* Soma cube
* Sphere packing
* Stick puzzle
* Sudoku
* Tangram
* Three-cottage problem
* Three cups problem
* Tiling puzzle
* Tour puzzle
* Tower of Hanoi
* T puzzle
* Tsumego
* Tsumeshogi
* Verbal arithmetic
* Wire puzzle
* Wire-and-string puzzle
* XYZZY Award for Best Individual Puzzle

## People

* Araucaria
* Emily Cox
* Henry Dudeney
* Tony Fisher
* Martin Gardner
* Scott Kim
* Lloyd King
* Sam Loyd
* Uwe Mèffert
* Larry D. Nichols
* Henry Rathvon
* Tom M. Rodgers
* Ernő Rubik
* Mike Selinker
* Will Shortz
* Jerry Slocum
* Stephen Sondheim
* Oskar van Deventer
* Nob Yoshigahara
* Kit Williams
* Arthur Wynne
# 1751 in Norway

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events in the year 1751 in Norway.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Frederick V.

## Events

* 21 September - Stromstad Treaty of 1751 is signed, it defined the border between Sweden and Norway.
** The Lapp Codicil of 1751 (addendum to the Stromstad Treaty) secures the right of the Sami people to continue their nomadic lifestyle between the borders.

## Births
### Full date unknown

* Johan Lausen Bull, jurist and politician (died 1817)
* Niels Treschow, philosopher and politician (died 1833)

## Deaths

* 23 January – Peter Schnitler, jurist and military officer (born 1690).
# Georg Ratzinger (politician)

Georg Ratzinger (3 April 1844 – 3 December 1899) was a German Catholic priest, political economist, social reformer, author and politician. He saw the gospel and Catholic social teaching as a means of empowering the poor.
Ratzinger was a pupil at the gymnasium at Passau during the years 1855–63, studied theology at Munich, 1863–67, and was ordained priest in 1867. In 1868 he received the degree of Doctor of Theology at Munich. During the following years he devoted himself partly to pastoral, partly to journalistic work. In 1869 he was chaplain at Berchtesgaden; 1870–71 he was editor of the journal "Fränkisches Volksblatt" at Würzburg; 1872–74, chaplain at Landshut, then editor, until 1876, of the "Volksfreund", at Munich.
He was a member of the Parliament of Bavaria from 1875 to 1878 and of the German Reichstag from 1877 to 1878. During this period he belonged to the Centre Party.
With exception of a pastorate of three years at Günzelhafen, 1885–1888, he lived for a number of years at Munich, where he devoted himself to journalism and research.
In 1893 Ratzinger was again elected to the Bavarian Landtag, where he was now a moderate adherent of the "Bayerischer Bauernbund" (Bavarian Peasant Union) party, his views of social politics having caused him in the meantime to sever his connections with the Centre Party. In 1898 he was again elected a member of the Reichstag. He remained a member of both bodies until his death.
As a literary man Ratzinger deserves much credit for his scholarly work in political economy and in historical subjects. His chief works, distinguished by erudition, richness of thought, and animated exposition, are: "Geschichte der Armenpflege" (prize essay, Freiburg, 1868, 2nd revised ed., 1884); "Die Volkswirtschaft in ihren sittlichen Grundlagen. Ethnischsociale Studien über Cultur und Civilisation (Freiburg, 1881; 2nd. completely revised ed., 1895).
The later work maintains the ethical principles of Christianity as the only sure basis of political economy and opposes the materialistic system of what is called the "classical political economy" of Adam Smith.
"Forschungen zur bayerischen Geschichte" (Kempten, 1898) contains a large number of studies on early Bavarian history and on the history of civilization, based on a series of unconnected treatises, which had first appeared in the "Historisch-politische Blätter". Of his smaller works the following should be mentioned: "Das Concil und die deustche Wissenschaft" (anonymously issued at Mainz, 1872) appeared first in the "Katholik", 1872, I; "Die Erhaltung des Bauernstandes" (Freiburg, 1883).
His nephew was the police officer Joseph Ratzinger, Sr., father of Pope Benedict XVI and Georg Ratzinger, the priest and church musician.
# Pace (unit)

A pace is a unit of length consisting either of one normal walking step (approximately 0.75 metres or 30 inches), or of a double step, returning to the same foot (approximately 1.5 metres or 60 inches). The normal pace length decreases with age and some health conditions. The word "pace" is also used for units inverse to speed, used mainly for walking and running, commonly minutes per kilometer.
The word "pace" is also used to translate similar formal units in other systems of measurement. Pacing is also used as an informal measure in surveying, with the "pace" equal to two of the surveyor's steps reckoned through comparison with a standard rod or chain.

## Standardized units

Like other traditional measurements, the pace started as an informal unit of length, but was later standardized, often with the specific length set according to a typical brisk or military marching stride.
In the United States the pace is an uncommon customary unit of length denoting a brisk single step and equal to 2+1⁄2 feet or 30.0 inches or 76.2 centimetres.
The Ancient Roman pace (Latin: passus) was notionally the distance of a full stride from the position of one heel where it raised off of the ground to where it set down again at the end of the step: two steps, one by each foot. Under Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, it was standardized as the distance of two steps (gradūs) or five Roman feet (pedes), about 1.48 meters or 4 feet 10 inches. One thousand paces were described simply as mille passus or passuum, now known as a Roman mile; this is the origin of the English term "mile".
The Byzantine pace (Ancient Greek: βῆμα, bḗma) was an adaption of the Roman step, a distance of 2½ Greek feet. The double pace (βῆμα διπλοῦν, bḗma diploûn), meanwhile, was similar to the Roman unit, comprising 5 Greek feet.
The Welsh pace (Welsh: cam) was reckoned as 3 Welsh feet of 9 inches and thus may be seen as similar to the English yard: 3 paces made up a leap and 9000 a Welsh mile.
# Angareh

Angareh (Persian: انگره) is a village in Shesh Pir Rural District, Hamaijan District, Sepidan County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 86, in 19 families.
# 1752 in Norway

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events in the year 1752 in Norway.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Frederick V.

## Events

* 10 November – Holmestrand received city rights.
* Seminarium Lapponicum established in Trondheim, a school for preparing teachers to teach in Sami language.

## Births

* Jens Holmboe, bailiff (died 1839).