OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# List of FlixTrain services in Germany

The List of FlixTrain services in Germany provides a list of all railway services of FlixTrain (FLX) in Germany.

## 2023 Timetable

The information is up to date to July 2023. The 2023 timetable shows following routes:
| Line | Route | KBS | Frequency | Material | Operator |
| FLX 10 | (Basel Bad – Weil am Rhein – Freiburg Hauptbahnhof – Offenburg – Baden Baden – Karlsruhe – ) Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof – (Wiesloch-Walldorf – ) Heidelberg Hauptbahnhof – Mannheim Neu-Edingen/Friedrichsfeld – Darmstadt Hauptbahnhof – Frankfurt (Main) Süd – Fulda – (Bad Hersfeld – ) Eisenach – Gotha – Erfurt Hauptbahnhof – Halle (Saale) Hauptbahnhof – Berlin Südkreuz – Berlin Hauptbahnhof – (Berlin Gesundbrunnen) | 1240 1241 1243 1244 1246 1247 | Up to 3x per day | Siemens ES64U2 + railway coaches | Flixtrain |
| FLX 15 | Hamburg Hauptbahnhof – Hamburg-Harburg – (Lüneburg) – Hannover Hauptbahnhof – Göttingen – Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe – Marburg – Gießen – Friedberg – Frankfurt (Main) West – (Darmstadt Hauptbahnhof) – (Mannheim Hauptbahnhof) – (Heidelberg Hauptbahnhof) – Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof | 1800 1802 1804 1805 1807 | 5x per week | | Flixtrain |
| FLX 20 | Köln Hauptbahnhof – Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof – Duisburg Hauptbahnhof – Essen Hauptbahnhof – Gelsenkirchen Hauptbahnhof – Münster (Westf) Hauptbahnhof – Osnabrück Hauptbahnhof – Hamburg-Harburg – Hamburg Hauptbahnhof | 1340 1341 1342 1343 | Up to 2x per day | Siemens ES64U2 + railway coaches | Flixtrain |
| FLX 30 | (Aachen Hauptbahnhof –) Köln Hauptbahnhof – (Neuss Hauptbahnhof) – Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof – Duisburg Hauptbahnhof – Essen Hauptbahnhof – Bochum Hauptbahnhof – Dortmund Hauptbahnhof – Hamm Hauptbahnhof – Gütersloh Hauptbahnhof – Bielefeld Hauptbahnhof – (Herford Bahnhof) – Hannover Hauptbahnhof – Stendal Hauptbahnhof – (Berlin-Spandau) – Berlin Hauptbahnhof (– Berlin Südkreuz – Lutherstadt Wittenberg – Leipzig Hauptbahnhof – Dresden-Neustadt – Dresden Hauptbahnhof) | 1230 1233 1235 1236 1239 | Up to 2x per day | Siemens ES64U2 + railway coaches | Flixtrain |
| FLX 35 | Hamburg Hauptbahnhof – Berlin-Spandau – Berlin-Charlottenburg – Berlin Hauptbahnhof – Berlin Ostbahnhof – Berlin Südkreuz – Leipzig Hauptbahnhof | 1321 1326 1331 1356 1375 1358 1360 1361 1365 | Up to 2x per day | | Flixtrain |
# Tour-en-Bessin Airfield

Tour-en-Bessin Airfield is a now-abandoned World War II military airfield near the commune of Tour-en-Bessin in the Normandy region of northern France.
The United States Army Air Force established a temporary airfield on 12 July 1944, shortly after the Allied landings in France. It was constructed by the IX Engineering Command, 833rd and 846th Engineer Aviation Battalions.

## History

Known as Advanced Landing Ground "A-13", the airfield consisted of a main 5000 foot long (1500 m) pierced steel planking (PSP) runway aligned 12/30 and a secondary 5000 foot PSP runway aligned 01/19. Tents were used for billeting and support facilities. An access road was built to the existing road infrastructure, as were a dump for supplies, ammunition, and gasoline drums, along with a potable water and electrical power for communications and station lighting.
The 373rd and 406th Fighter Groups flew P-47 Thunderbolts from Tour en Bessin. The fighters flew support missions during the Allied push into France, patrolling roads, strafing German military vehicles and bombing gun emplacements, anti-aircraft artillery, and concentrations of German troops in Normandy and Brittany. The B-26 Marauder 394th Bombardment Group also was assigned to the airfield.
After US forces moved east into central France with the advancing Allied armies, the airfield was used as a resupply and casualty evacuation airfield for several months, before being closed on 22 December 1944. The land returned to agricultural use.

## Major units assigned

* 373rd Fighter Group 19 July - 19 August 1944
    410th (R3), 411th (U9), 412th (V5) Fighter Squadrons (P-47)
* 406th Fighter Group 30 July - 17 August 1944
    512th (L3), 513th (4P), 514th (O7) Fighter Squadrons (P-47)
* 394th Bombardment Group 25 August - 18 September 1944
    584th (K5), 585th (4T), 586th (H9), 587th (SW) Bombardment Squadrons (B-26)

## Current use

Today there is little or no physical evidence of the airfield's existence, although the south end of the 01/19 runway is visible by the curvature of some fields, and some slight ground disturbance in a field to the east probably is from the 12/30 runway.
A memorial to the men and units that were stationed at Tour-en-Bessin was placed on the D613 (former N13) between Vaucelles and Tour-en-Bessin.
# List of encyclicals of Pope Pius VI

Pope Pius VI issued 8 papal encyclicals during his reign as Pope:
| No. | Title (Latin) | Subject | Date |
| 1. | Inscrutabile | On the problems of the Pontificate | 25 December 1775 |
| 2. | Adeo nota | Against the usurpation of the rights of the Church in Avignon | 23 April 1791 |
| 3. | In gravissimis | Provision for the Church in France | 19 March 1792 |
| 4. | Novae hae litterae | Against the Civil Constitution of the Clergy | 19 March 1792 |
| 5. | Dum Nos | Against the usurpation of the rights of the Church in Avignon | 19 April 1792 |
| 6. | Ubi Lutetiam | On the power of absolving from censure. Denounciaton of a false papal brief. | 13 June 1792 |
| 7. | Ignotae nemini | In praise of the Church in Germany | 21 November 1792 |
| 8. | Ad nostras manus | Condemnation of a French book | 31 July 1793 |
# Linda Gorton

Linda Gorton is an American politician currently serving as the mayor of Lexington, Kentucky. Gorton previously spent 4 years as vice mayor and 16 more on the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Council, becoming the longest-serving member of that council. She is also a registered nurse. Gorton was elected mayor in 2018 in a nonpartisan election. She was re-elected in 2022.

## Electoral history

Lexington mayoral election 2018, first round results :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Linda Gorton | Linda Gorton | 23,200 | 42% |
| Ronnie Bastin | Ronnie Bastin | 14,207 | 26% |
| Teresa A. Isaac | Teresa A. Isaac | 8,845 | 16% |
| Kevin O. Stinnett | Kevin O. Stinnett | 7,866 | 14% |
| Ike Lawrence | Ike Lawrence | 847 | 2% |
| William Weyman | William Weyman | 326 | 1% |
| Skip Horine | Skip Horine | 315 | 1% |
| Total votes | Total votes | 55,606 | |
Lexington mayoral election 2018, runoff results :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Linda Gorton | Linda Gorton | 67,480 | 63% |
| Ronnie Bastin | Ronnie Bastin | 40,365 | 37% |
| Bryan Garten (write-in) | Bryan Garten (write-in) | 9 | 0% |
| Caroll Montague Price Jr. (write-in) | Caroll Montague Price Jr. (write-in) | 8 | 0% |
| Will McGinnis (write-in) | Will McGinnis (write-in) | 4 | 0% |
| Total votes | Total votes | 107,866 | |
Lexington mayoral election 2022, first round results :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Linda Gorton | Linda Gorton | 32,664 | 71% |
| David Kloiber | David Kloiber | 6,436 | 14% |
| Adrian Wallace | Adrian Wallace | 6,022 | 13% |
| William Weyman | William Weyman | 830 | 1% |
| Total votes | Total votes | 45,952 | |
Lexington mayoral election 2022, second round results :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Linda Gorton | Linda Gorton | 67,083 | 71% |
| David Kloiber | David Kloiber | 27,360 | 29% |
| Total votes | Total votes | 94,443 | |
# Lawn bowls at the 1950 British Empire Games

The lawn bowls competition at the 1950 British Empire Games took place in Auckland, New Zealand from 4–11 February 1950.

## Medal table

* Host nation (New Zealand)
Medals for lawn bowls by nation, ranked by number of golds—sortable :
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | New Zealand* | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 2 | South Africa | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 3 | Australia | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 4 | Fiji | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Totals (4 entries) | Totals (4 entries) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 9 |

## Medallists

Medallists for lawn bowls by event :
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |

## Results
### Results

Men's singles round robin results :
| Round | Date | Tie 1 | Tie 2 |
| Round 1 | Feb 6 | Aus 25 SAf 18 | Nzl 25 Fij 20 |
| Round 2 | Feb 6 | Fij 26 Can 21 | N/A |
| Round 3 | Feb 7 | Aus 26 Fij 18 | Can 26 SAf 19 |
| Round 4 | Feb 7 | Nzl 25 Can 22 | N/A |
| Round 5 | Feb 8 | Nzl 26 Aus 16 | Fij 26 SAf 17 |
| Round 6 | Feb 8 | Nzl 25 SAf 10 | Aus 25 Can 18 |
Men's singles round robin ranking :
| Pos | Player | P | W | L | F | A | Pts |
| 1 | James Pirret Jr. | 4 | 4 | 0 | 101 | 68 | 8 |
| 2 | Albert Newton | 4 | 3 | 1 | 92 | 80 | 6 |
| 3 | Lionel Garnett | 4 | 2 | 2 | 89 | 89 | 4 |
| 4 | Dr Weston Krupp | 4 | 1 | 3 | 87 | 94 | 2 |
| 5 | G Jacobs | 4 | 0 | 4 | 64 | 102 | 0 |

### Results

Men's pairs round robin results :
| Round | Date | Tie 1 | Tie 2 |
| Round 1 | Feb 6 | Nzl 23 SAf 16 | Fij 23 Aus 21 |
| Round 2 | Feb 7 | SAf 15 Fij 14 | Nzl 23 Aus 22 |
| Round 3 | Feb 8 | SAf 19 Aus 17 | Nzl 47 Fij 14 |
Men's pairs round robin ranking :
| Pos | Player | P | W | L | F | A | Pts |
| 1 | Robert Henry & Phil Exelby | 3 | 3 | 0 | 93 | 42 | 6 |
| 2 | W. Gibb & H. J. van Zyl | 3 | 2 | 1 | 50 | 54 | 4 |
| 3 | Leslie Brown & James Poulton | 3 | 1 | 2 | 41 | 83 | 2 |
| 4 | Bert Palm & Robert Lewis | 3 | 0 | 3 | 60 | 65 | 0 |

### Results

Men's fours round robin results :
| Round | Date | Tie 1 | Tie 2 |
| Round 1 | Feb 6 | Aus 44 Fij 8 | Nzl 19 SAf 11 |
| Round 2 | Feb 7 | Aus 23 Nzl 14 | SAf bt Fiji |
| Round 3 | Feb 8 | Nzl 41 Fij 6 | SAf 25 Aus 15 |
Men's fours round robin ranking :
| Pos | Player | P | W | L | F | A | Pts |
| 1 | Norman Snowy Walker (skip), Herbert Currer, Harry Atkinson, Alfred Blumberg | 3 | 2 | 1 | 50 | 48 | 4+ |
| 2 | James Cobley (skip), John Cobley, Len Knight, Charles Cordaiy | 3 | 2 | 1 | 82 | 46 | 4 |
| 3 | Pete Skoglund (skip), Noel Jolly, Fred Russell, Arthur Engebretsen | 3 | 2 | 1 | 74 | 40 | 4 |
| 4 | Patrick Costello (skip), Nathaniel Stuart Chalmers, Harold Brockett Gibson, Eric Hastings McIlwain | 3 | 0 | 3 | 28 | 100 | 0 |
+ Play Offs Eliminator - South Africa beat New Zealand 22-17 Final - South Africa beat Australia 23-14
# Field hockey at the 2007 SEA Games

Field hockey at the 2007 SEA Games was held at the Hockey Stadium at the Queen Sirikit Sport Centre, Pathum Thani Province, Thailand.

## Medal table

* Host nation (Thailand)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Malaysia | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2 | Thailand* | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 3 | Singapore | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Totals (3 entries) | Totals (3 entries) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men | Malaysia (MAS) Ahmad Anuar Sham Kamar Baljit Singh Sarjab Hafifi Hafiz Hanafi Keevan Raj Kali Kavandan Khairulnizam Ibrahim Kuhan Shanmuganathan Logan Raj Kali Kavandan Mohd Fairus Wanasir Mohamad Herwan Pami Mohd Riduan Nasir Mohd Sallehin Abdul Ghani Mohd Sufian Mohamad Muhammad Amerrullah Abdul Aziz Muhammad Razie Abdul Rahim Nabil Fiqri Mohammad Noor Sasitheran Gopalan | Singapore (SIN) Chia Kai Bin Enrico Elifh Marican Harjeet Singh Sio Tarsem Hazmi Ibrahim Herman Mansor Kelvin Lim Yong Sheng Leon Roger Lim Shi Hao Mohd Farhan Kamsani Mohd Ishak Ismail Mohd Nurizzat Taib Mohd Sabri Yuhari Ng Wan Chiang Ong Kang Wee Saifulnizam Seftu Samuel Nee Yong Liang Shaun Lim Shi Hee | Thailand (THA) Kamonchai Rattanadechakul Nirut Sukruai Noppadon Prompimp Payung Inkaew Phorntep Potarod Pornthawee Yingkumpan Rachan Suwanmanee Sadakorn Vimuttanon Seksit Somoechai Sompop Boonsong Surasak Thammuangkun Suthiri Thiposod Sutus Ongart Teerapong Limbanyen Thewarat Maiprasout Yutana Sutanapat |
| Women | Malaysia (MAS) Catherine Lambor Chitra Dwi Arumugam Ernawati Mahmood Farah Ayuni Yahya Fazilla Sylvester Silin Intan Nurairah Khusaini Juliani Mohamad Din Kannagi Arumugam Nadia Abdul Rahman Noor Hasliza Ali Norbaini Hashim Norfaraha Hashim Nuraini Abdul Rashid Nurul Nadia Mokhtar Sebah Kari Siti Sarah Nurfarah Ismail | Thailand (THA) Boonta Duangurai Chantree Yuengyun Chittra Deemol Chutarat Sriyoorod Dokkoon Seedee Duangrut Chantaruck Jesdaporn Tongsun Jirawari Hoytong Kamolrat Thongkanarak Kannika Lewrungrot Kittiya Chotmanee Phannipa Phanin Ratsamee Jaturonratsamee Somkhoun Sensod Sukanya Ritngam Supannee Yimnual | not awarded |
# Lyman K. Bass

Lyman Kidder Bass (November 13, 1836 – May 11, 1889) was an American lawyer, politician, U.S. Representative from New York, and the 16th District Attorney of Erie County, New York.

## Early life

Born in the town of Alden, New York, Bass attended the common schools and was graduated from Union College, Schenectady, New York, in 1856. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1858. He commenced practice in Buffalo, New York.

## Career

In 1865, Bass ran against Grover Cleveland and was narrowly elected district attorney for Erie County. He served in this role from 1866 to 1871. He was renominated in 1871, but declined to accept. In 1870, he was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for election to the Forty-second Congress.
Bass was elected as a Republican U. S. Representative for the thirty-first district of New York to the Forty-third; and as Representative for the thirty-second district to the Forty-fourth Congresses. He served from March 4, 1873 to March 3, 1877. Because of ill health, he declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1876.
While in congress, Bass made a name for himself while serving on the House Committee on Expenditures in the War Department. During his time on the committee, it looked into spending by Secretary of War William Worth Belknap. In addition, Bass served on the Committee on Railways and Canals as well as the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Affairs of the District of Columbia. On June 22, 1874, President Ulysses S. Grant nominated Bass to be Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. He was confirmed by the Senate, but declined the position.
After moving to Colorado Springs, Colorado, in 1877, Bass was asked to be an associate counsel by the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad Co. Bass worked on a case against the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway regarding the right of way through the Arkansas Canon on the route from Denver to Leadville. The case went to the U.S. Supreme Court and was won due to Bass' argument. He was then appointed chief counsel of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad Co. and principal counsel of the Mexican National Railway.

## Personal life

He married Frances Esther Metcalfe, a daughter of James Harvey Metcalfe and Erzelia Frances (née Stetson) Metcalfe. She was also the sister of critic James Stetson Metcalfe. Before his early death, they were the parents of one child:
* Lyman Metcalfe Bass (1876–1955), who married Grace Holland, a daughter of Nelson Holland.
Bass died of consumption, in New York City's Buckingham Hotel on May 11, 1889. He is interred at Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo, New York. After his death, his widow married U.S. Senator from Colorado, Edward O. Wolcott.
# Nierybie

Nierybie is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Debrzno, within Człuchów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Debrzno, 22 km (14 mi) south-west of Człuchów, and 136 km (85 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# The Dirt Road (song)

"The Dirt Road" is a song written by Mark Miller and Gregg Hubbard, and recorded by American country music band Sawyer Brown. It was released in November 1991 as the lead-off (or the second if "The Walk" is counted) single from their 1992 album The Dirt Road. It peaked at number 3 in the United States, while it was a number-one hit in Canada.

## Content

The song's narrator is wanting to take the dirt road in his life, as he's been walking on it for years, and it has taken him where he needs to go. The dirt road represents working hard in life in contrast to walking on the a paved road which is considered "easy street."

## Music video

The song's music video was directed by Michael Salomon, and features a man walking on a road, and the band performing the song in a barn. The band's guest star is banjo legend Earl Scruggs.

## Chart positions

| Chart (1991–1992) | Peak position |
| Canada Country Tracks (RPM) | 1 |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 3 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1992) | Position |
| Canada Country Tracks (RPM) | 11 |
| US Country Songs (Billboard) | 51 |
# Nicola Pende

Nicola Pende (April 21, 1880, in Noicattaro – June 8, 1970, in Rome) was an Italian endocrinologist.

## Biography

He was born on April 21, 1880, in Noicattaro, in the ancient Via Garibaldi where he lived with his family during his whole childhood. After receiving his degree in Medicine and Surgery in Rome, he taught at university in Bari, Genoa, and Rome. In 1925, he founded the University of Bari and became its first chancellor. He gave birth to the modern new-ippocratism.
In 1934 he was appointed Reign Senator after declining the nomination of Academy of Italy. At the end of the thirties he joined fascism. He died on June 6, 1970, in Rome and is now buried at Campo Verano cemetery.

## Citations

* ↑ Tagarelli 1976, p. 73.
* ↑ Tagarelli 1976, p. 77.
* ↑ Noicattaro 1973, p. 92.
* ↑ Tagarelli 1976, p. 78.
# William F. Griffin

William F. Griffin was an American politician. He served as lieutenant governor of Louisiana from 1856 to 1860.
# Henry Y. Cranston

Henry Young Cranston (October 9, 1789 – February 12, 1864) was a U.S. Representative from Rhode Island, brother of Robert B. Cranston.
Born in Newport, Rhode Island, Cranston attended the public schools. He engaged in mercantile pursuits in New Bedford, Massachusetts. He moved to Newport, Rhode Island, in 1810, and engaged in business as a commission merchant until 1815. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1819 and commenced practice in Newport. He served as clerk of the court of common pleas 1818–1833. He held the rank of colonel in the Rhode Island Militia and commanded the Artillery Company of Newport from 1825–1828. He served as member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives from 1827 to 1843. He served as member and vice president of the convention that framed the State constitution in 1842.
Cranston was elected to the Twenty-eighth Congress as a Law and Order Party of Rhode Island candidate. He was reelected as a Whig to the Twenty-ninth Congress (March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1847). He was again a member of the state House of Representatives from 1847 to 1854, and served three years as Speaker of the House. He was among the signatories of the letter calling for the creation of the Constitutional Union Party in 1860. He died in Newport, Rhode Island, February 12, 1864. He was interred in the Island Cemetery in Newport.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "Henry Y. Cranston (id: C000878)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
U.S. House of Representatives :
| Preceded byDistrict created | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Rhode Island's 1st congressional district March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1847 | Succeeded byRobert B. Cranston |
# Damon Wilson (American football)

Damon Wilson is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach at Morgan State University in Baltimore. Wilson was previously the head football coach at Bowie State University in Bowie, Maryland for 12 years, from 2009 through May 2022. Wilson played college football at Bowie State, earning all-Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA) honors in 1997 and 1998.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs | AFCA$^#$ |
| Bowie State Bulldogs (Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (2009–2021) |||||||
| 2009 | Bowie State | 6–5 | 5–2 | T–1st (Northern) | | |
| 2010 | Bowie State | 6–4 | 6–1 | T–1st (Northern) | | |
| 2011 | Bowie State | 4–6 | 3–4 | T–3rd (Northern) | | |
| 2012 | Bowie State | 5–5 | 2–5 | 5th (Northern) | | |
| 2013 | Bowie State | 5–5 | 3–4 | T–3rd (Northern) | | |
| 2014 | Bowie State | 5–5 | 5–2 | T–2nd (Northern) | | |
| 2015 | Bowie State | 9–3 | 7–0 | 1st (Northern) | L NCAA Division II First Round | |
| 2016 | Bowie State | 7–4 | 6–1 | 1st (Northern) | | |
| 2017 | Bowie State | 9–2 | 6–1 | 2nd (Northern) | L NCAA Division II First Round | 23 |
| 2018 | Bowie State | 10–3 | 5–1 | T–1st (Northern) | L NCAA Division II Second Round | 19 |
| 2019 | Bowie State | 11–1 | 7–0 | 1st (Northern) | L NCAA Division II First Round | 18 |
| 2020–21 | No team—COVID-19 | | | | | |
| 2021 | Bowie State | 12–2 | 7–0 | 1st (Northern) | L NCAA Division II Quarterfinal | 6 |
| Bowie State: | Bowie State: | 89–45 | 62–21 | | | |
| Morgan State Bears (Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference) (2022–present) |||||||
| 2022 | Morgan State | 4–7 | 2–3 | T–3rd | | |
| 2023 | Morgan State | 4–6 | 3–2 | T–3rd | | |
| 2024 | Morgan State | 6–6 | 3–2 | 3rd | | |
| Morgan State: | Morgan State: | 14–19 | 8–7 | | | |
| Total: | Total: | 103–64 | | | | |
| National championship  Conference title  Conference division title or championship game berth |||||||
# 2MASS J0523−1403

2MASS J0523−1403 is a very-low-mass red dwarf about 40 light-years from Earth in the southern constellation of Lepus, with a very faint visual magnitude of 21.05 and a low effective temperature of 2074 K. It is visible primarily in large telescopes sensitive to infrared light. 2MASS J0523−1403 was first observed as part of the Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS).

## Characteristics

2MASS J0523−1403 has a luminosity of 0.000127 L$_☉$, a radius of 0.116 R$_☉$, and an effective temperature of 1,939 K. This makes this star one of the smallest and coolest main sequence stars. It has a stellar classification of L2.5 and a V−K color index of 9.42. The mass is estimated to be 67.54±12.79 M$_J$ (0.0644±0.0122 M$_☉$), though the CARMENES input catalogue estimates a mass around 103 M$_J$. Observation with the Hubble Space Telescope has detected no companion beyond 0.15 arcsecond. Sporadic radio emissions were detected by the VLA in 2004. H-alpha (Hα) emissions have also been detected, a sign of chromospheric activity.

## Hydrogen burning limit

Members of the RECONS group have recently identified 2MASS J0523−1403 as representative of the smallest possible stars. Its small radius is at the local minimums of the radius–luminosity and radius–temperature trends. This local minimum is predicted to occur at the hydrogen burning limit due to differences in the radius-mass relationships of stars and brown dwarfs. Unlike hydrogen-burning stars, brown dwarfs decrease in radius as mass increases due to their cores being supported by degeneracy pressure. As the mass increases an increasing fraction of the brown dwarf is degenerate causing the radius to shrink as mass increases. The minimum stellar mass is estimated to be between 0.07 and 0.077 M$_☉$, comparable to the mass of 2MASS J0523−1403.