OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Argenteuil station

Argenteuil is a railway station in Argenteuil, a northwestern suburb of Paris, France.

## Connections

The station is connected to a lot of bus services, mainly originating here.
* RATP 140 272 340 361
* R'Bus 1 2 4 6 7 8 9 18
* Busval d'Oise 30.49 95.19
* Valmy 16
* N52 (night bus)
A connection to the Tangentielle Nord is planned to open around 2027.
# Lucius Elmer

Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus Elmer (February 3, 1793 – March 11, 1883) was an American Democratic Party politician who represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district in the U.S. Congress from 1843 to 1845. He was son of Ebenezer Elmer and nephew of Jonathan Elmer, both of whom also served in Congress.

## Biography

Elmer was born in Bridgeton, New Jersey on February 3, 1793. He attended the private schools and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania. During the War of 1812, he served in the militia as a lieutenant of artillery, and was promoted to the rank of brigade major and inspector. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1815 and commenced practice in Bridgeton. He was prosecuting attorney for the State in 1824. He was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1820 to 1823, serving the last year as speaker. He was prosecutor of the pleas for Cumberland County in 1824 and U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey from 1824 to 1829.
Elmer was elected in 1843 as a Democrat to the Twenty-eighth Congress in a district which comprises Atlantic, Cape May, Cumberland, Gloucester and Salem Counties (Camden County was created out of Gloucester in 1844), serving in office from March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845, where he served as chairman of the Committee on Elections. He was an unsuccessful for reelection in 1844 to the Twenty-ninth Congress. As a lame-duck Congressman, Elmer was the lone New Jersey Democratic vote against the annexation of Texas in January 1845.
After leaving Congress, he served as New Jersey Attorney General of New Jersey from 1850 to 1852, and was an associate justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1852 to 1859 and again from 1861 until 1869 when he retired. He died in Bridgeton on March 11, 1883, and was interred in Old Broad Street Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Bridgeton.
Elmer married Catharine Hay on 6 October 1818 in Philadelphia. Catharine Hay, daughter of Daniel Hay and Catharine Ferrier, was born in 1794 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and died on 27 October 1884 in Bridgeton, New Jersey at age 90, and was interred on 30 October 1884 in Old Broad Street Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Bridgeton, New Jersey.

## Legacy

The Borough of Elmer in Salem County, New Jersey was named in his honor. Elmer helped obtain a post office for the community during his service as Congressman.
# John Bee Holmes

John Bee Holmes was the seventh intendant (mayor) of Charleston, South Carolina, serving one term between 1794 and 1795.
Holmes born in about 1760 to Isaac Holmes and Rebecca Bee. During the Revolutionary War, he was the aide-de-camp to General John Barnwell. He married Elizabeth Edwards in 1783 and was admitted to practice law the same year. He owned Washington Plantation on the Cooper River in St. John's Parish (Berkeley County).
Holmes was elected intendant in September 1794. He resigned in September 1795 and was followed in office by his brother-in-law, John Edwards. He also held state office, representing the Charleston area in the General Assembly of South Carolina from 1791 to 1797. He served in the South Carolina Senate from 1799 to 1801.
He died on September 5, 1827, and is buried at the Circular Congregational churchyard in Charleston.
# Relative neighborhood graph

In computational geometry, the relative neighborhood graph (RNG) is an undirected graph defined on a set of points in the Euclidean plane by connecting two points $p$ and $q$ by an edge whenever there does not exist a third point $r$ that is closer to both $p$ and $q$ than they are to each other. This graph was proposed by Godfried Toussaint in 1980 as a way of defining a structure from a set of points that would match human perceptions of the shape of the set.

## Algorithms

Supowit (1983) showed how to construct the relative neighborhood graph of $n$ points in the plane efficiently in $O(n\log n)$ time. It can be computed in $O(n)$ expected time, for random set of points distributed uniformly in the unit square. The relative neighborhood graph can be computed in linear time from the Delaunay triangulation of the point set.

## Generalizations

Because it is defined only in terms of the distances between points, the relative neighborhood graph can be defined for point sets in any dimension, and for non-Euclidean metrics. Computing the relative neighborhood graph, for higher-dimensional point sets, can be done in time $O(n^{2})$.

## Related graphs

The relative neighborhood graph is an example of a lens-based beta skeleton. It is a subgraph of the Delaunay triangulation. In turn, the Euclidean minimum spanning tree is a subgraph of it, from which it follows that it is a connected graph.
The Urquhart graph, the graph formed by removing the longest edge from every triangle in the Delaunay triangulation, was originally proposed as a fast method to compute the relative neighborhood graph. Although the Urquhart graph sometimes differs from the relative neighborhood graph it can be used as an approximation to the relative neighborhood graph.
# William H. Kelsey

William Henry Kelsey (October 2, 1812 – April 20, 1879) was a U.S. Representative from New York.
Born in Smyrna, New York, Kelsey attended the common schools. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1843 and commenced practice in Geneseo, New York. He was the Surrogate of Livingston County 1840–1844 and served as district attorney of Livingston County 1850–1853.
Kelsey was elected as an Opposition Party candidate to the Thirty-fourth Congress and reelected as a Republican to the Thirty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1859). He served as chairman of the Committee on Engraving (Thirty-fourth Congress). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1858 to the Thirty-sixth Congress. He resumed the practice of his profession.
Kelsey was elected as a Republican to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (March 4, 1867 – March 3, 1871). He voluntarily retired from political life and resumed the practice of law in Geneseo, New York, where he died on April 20, 1879. He was interred in Temple Hill Cemetery.
His brother was Edwin B. Kelsey, who was a lawyer, businessman, and Wisconsin state legislator. Another brother, Charles S. Kelsey, was also a Wisconsin legislator whose son, Otto Kelsey, was a New York legislator.
# Paul Leidy

Paul Leidy (November 13, 1813 – September 11, 1877) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania, serving one term from 1857 to 1859.

## Biography

Born in Hemlock Township, Pennsylvania on November 13, 1813, Paul Leidy was a son of John and Sarah (Girton) Leidy. His father died when Paul was in his teens; a guardian, Samuel Brugler, was appointed for him in 1831. He attended the common schools and apprenticed as a tailor at roughly the age of sixteen.
He taught school in Danville, Pennsylvania, for several years beginning sometime around 1838 while also pursuing additional studies in law.
He was then admitted to the bar in 1837 and opened a law practice in Danville. His obituary states that, "He applied himself diligently to his chosen profession and built up a lucrative practice."
He served as district attorney of Montour County, Pennsylvania from 1852 to 1857.

### Congress

Leidy was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-fifth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John G. Montgomery. During his term, congress was involved in the dispute regarding the admission of Kansas as a state, a topic on which Leidy addressed the House (30 March 1858). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1858.

### Personal life

Paul Leidy was married three times. He married Jane Fruit Kitchen in 1842, by whom he had seven children. He was married to Eloise Hill in 1870, and was also married to Margaret Montgomery.

### Death

Leidy died in Danville on September 11, 1877, and was interred in the Odd Fellows Cemetery.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "Paul Leidy (id: L000231)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
* The Political Graveyard
U.S. House of Representatives :
| Preceded byJohn Gallagher Montgomery | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district 1857–1859 | Succeeded byGeorge W. Scranton |
# Lake Flower

Lake Flower is a 300-acre (120 ha) lake in Franklin County and Essex County in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York in the United States. The lake was created by damming the Saranac River in 1827. It was originally called the Mill Pond, but was later named for New York Governor Roswell P. Flower. It is the only lake within the village of Saranac Lake. The village and the lake are divided between the towns of Harrietstown and North Elba. The lake shore is almost entirely in private hands.
It is the site of the annual Willard Hanmer Guideboat & Canoe Race held each July in Saranac Lake since 1962; it is a race of ten miles (16 km), for guideboats, canoes and kayaks. The Adirondack Canoe Classic, a three-day 90-Mile race from Old Forge to Saranac Lake, ends on Lake Flower.
Lake Flower is the source of ice for Saranac Lake's Ice Palace, built each year during Winter Carnival.

## Sources

* ↑ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lake Flower
* ↑ Tissot, Caperton (2012). Saranac Lake's Ice Palace: history of Winter Carnival's crown jewel (1st ed.). Saranac Lake, NY: Snowy Owl Press. pp. 6, 12. ISBN 9780615619613.
* Harder, Kelsie B., and Poole, Carol Payment, Place Names of Franklin County, New York, TEACH Services, Inc., 2008, ISBN 978-1572585188
* Jamieson, Paul and Morris, Donald, Adirondack Canoe Waters, North Flow, Lake George, NY: Adirondack Mountain Club, 1987. ISBN 0-935272-43-7.
# James H. Goss

James Hamilton Goss (August 9, 1820 – October 31, 1886) was a U.S. Representative from South Carolina during the Reconstruction era.
Born in Union, South Carolina, Goss attended the common schools and the Union Male Academy. He engaged in mercantile pursuits. He served with the South Carolina Militia during the Civil War.
He served as delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1867. Upon the readmission of the State of South Carolina to representation, he was elected as a Republican to the 40th Congress and served from July 18, 1868, to March 3, 1869. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1868.
He served as member of the board of commissioners of Union County from 1871 to 1874. He was appointed postmaster of Union August 12, 1875, and served until September 23, 1884.
He died in Union, South Carolina, October 31, 1886. He was interred in the Presbyterian Cemetery.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "James H. Goss (id: G000335)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
U.S. House of Representatives :
| Preceded byMilledge L. Bonham | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 4th congressional district 1868–1869 | Succeeded byAlexander S. Wallace |
# Alfred Moore Gatlin

Alfred Moore Gatlin (April 20, 1790 – February 23, 1841) was a Congressional Representative from North Carolina; born in Edenton, North Carolina, April 20, 1790; pursued classical studies at New Bern, North Carolina; graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1808; lawyer, private practice; elected as a Crawford Republican to the Eighteenth Congress (March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1825); unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Nineteenth Congress in 1824; died on February 23, 1841, in Tallahassee, Florida; interment in St. John's Episcopal Cemetery, Tallahassee, Fla.
# Anna 'Matlelima Hlalele

Anna 'Matlelima Hlalele (1929 – 24 March 2024) was a Mosotho politician who was an assistant government minister, who was considered to be the first female government minister in Lesotho.

## Biography

Hlalele was born in Teyateyaneng, Lesotho in 1929, to the family of a factory worker. She first attended Randfontein Methodist School, graduating with a first-class pass and heading to Basutoland High School, where she earned a Cape Senior Certificate and became an assistant teacher. A three-year course at the University of Bristol followed, at the end of which she received a certificate in education. In 1961 she became a community development specialist in the Department of Local Government, transferring to the Department of Agriculture the next year and launching pilot nutrition programs; she also began a series of weekly programs on cleanliness, child care, and nutrition on Radio Lesotho. From 1969 to 1970 Hlalele was at the University of Ibadan studying food sciences and applied nutrition, returning to Lesotho to head the nutrition and home economics branches of the Ministry of Agriculture. She retired from the civil service in 1977 and established and led a home economics department at Maseru's Machabeng High School.
After the 1986 coup d'état that deposed Leabua Jonathan, Hlalele became the first woman to serve in a high-level position in the cabinet of Lesotho when she was appointed to the position of assistant minister of state in the Ministry of Cooperatives, Rural Development, Youth, Sports, and Women's Affairs; she described Bernice Tlalane Mohapeloa and 'Masechele Khaketla as her role models. She traveled to Beijing in this capacity in 1987. In 1989 she joined the board of Lesotho Opportunities Industrialization Center; in 1991 she became chair of the SOS Children's Village Board, working to open a local branch in Lesotho. In 1995 the group opened a Hermann Gmeiner School in Lithabeneng. In 2001 she retired as chair, and became the first southern African to receive the Save Our Souls Children's Villages Order of Merit; she has also received nearly every award possible from the government of Lesotho. She established the Maseru Women Senior Citizens Association in 1992, and in 2002 the group joined the World Assembly on Aging in developing a strategy to protect the welfare of seniors worldwide. She has also worked to inform the elderly about AIDS and other human rights issues.
Hlalele died from complications of a fall in Maseru, on 24 March 2024, at the age of 94.
# James W. Gazlay

James William Gazlay (July 23, 1784 – June 8, 1874) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Ohio for one term from 1823 to 1825.

## Biography

Born in New York City, Gazlay moved with his parents to Dutchess County, New York, in 1789. He attended the common schools, after which he pursued an academic course. He studied law in Poughkeepsie, New York. He was admitted to the bar in 1809 and practiced. He moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1813 and continued the practice of law.

### Congress

Gazlay was elected as a Jackson Republican to the Eighteenth Congress (March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1825). His opponent was Ohio State Senator and future President William Henry Harrison. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1824 to the Nineteenth Congress.

### Later career

He edited a weekly paper called the Western Tiller in 1826 and 1827. He engaged in literary pursuits.

### Death and burial

He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, June 8, 1874. He was interred in Spring Grove Cemetery.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "James W. Gazlay (id: G000109)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
U.S. House of Representatives :
| Preceded byThomas R. Ross | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 1st congressional district 1823–1825 | Succeeded byJames Findlay |
# Ulysses Mercur

Ulysses Mercur (August 12, 1818 – June 6, 1887) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania and chief justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

## Early life and education

Ulysses Mercur was born in Towanda, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1842. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Towanda in 1843. He was a delegate to the 1856 Republican National Convention. He was president judge of the thirteenth judicial district of Pennsylvania from 1861 until March 4, 1865, when he resigned to enter Congress.

## United States House of Representatives

Mercur was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-ninth and to the three succeeding Congresses and served until his resignation on December 2, 1872. He served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Private Land Claims during the Forty-second Congress.
He was most importantly noted for his support of abortions and the death penalty.

## Supreme Court of Pennsylvania

He served as associate justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from 1872 to 1883. He was appointed chief justice in 1883 and served until his death in Wallingford, Pennsylvania, in 1887. He was Interred in Oak Hill Cemetery in Towanda, Pennsylvania.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "Ulysses Mercur (id: M000646)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
* The Political Graveyard
U.S. House of Representatives :
| Preceded byHenry W. Tracy | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district 1865–1872 | Succeeded byFrank C. Bunnell |
| Legal offices |||
| Preceded byGeorge Sharswood | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania 1883–1887 | Succeeded byIsaac G. Gordon |
# Thompson H. Murch

Thompson Henry Murch (March 28, 1838 – December 15, 1886) was a nineteenth-century politician, stonecutter, editor, publisher and merchant from Maine. He was among the first trade unionists elected to the United States Congress.

## Life and career

Murch was born in Hampden, Maine, the son of Mary and Thompson Henry Murch. Murch attended common schools as a child and spent his early life at sea. His father was a sea-captain who died when Murch was an infant. Murch learned the trade of stonecutting and engaged in that occupation for eighteen years, living in a rented house on Dix Island, the site of a major granite quarry. He became editor and publisher of the Granite Cutters' International Journal in 1877 and was secretary of the Granite Cutters' International Association of America in 1877 and 1878.
Murch was elected a Greenbacker to the United States House of Representatives in 1878, serving from 1879 to 1883. Murch's election, along with fellow Greenback candidate George W. Ladd from nearby Bangor, greatly embarrassed the state and national Republican establishments, who'd come to consider Maine safe for the party. Murch was attacked in the New York Times and other papers as "the Communist candidate" as well as "Murch, the stonecutter". A front-page New York Times article caricatured him as "an ignorant stone-cutter who was never heard of until a few months ago, a Communist, a demagogue of the lowest type".
Other sources described Murch as honest, decent, and a devoted family man. The Reading (Penn) Eagle suggested that even thousands of Republicans supported Murch as "the man who broke the Blaine, Hale, Hamlin Ring", referring to the three most prominent Republican politicians in Maine, one of whom (Hale) Murch had defeated.
After his defeat in the 1882 election, Murch engaged in mercantile pursuits until his death in Danvers, Massachusetts on December 15, 1886. He was interred in Hampden Cemetery in Hampden, Maine.
# Frederick A. Johnson

Frederick Avery Johnson (January 2, 1833 – July 17, 1893) was an American politician and banker who served a U.S. Representative from New York from 1883 to 1887. He was a member of the Republican Party and a resident of Glens Falls, New York.

## Biography

Born in Fort Edward, New York, Johnson attended the common schools and graduated from Glens Falls Academy in nearby Glens Falls, New York. He married Harriet Elizabeth Locke on September 1, 1858.

## Career

Johnson engaged in banking and in the wool business in New York City and later in banking in Glens Falls. He served as president of the village of Glens Falls.
Elected as a Republican to the 48th United States Congress representing New York's eighteenth district, Johnson served from March 4, 1883, to March 3, 1885. He was then elected to the 49th United States Congress representing New York's twenty-first district from March 4, 1885, to March 3, 1887. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1886.

## Death

Johnson died at Glens Falls, Warren County, New York on July 17, 1893 (age 60 years, 196 days). He is interred at Glens Falls Cemetery (also known as Bay Street Cemetery), Glens Falls, New York.
# James Coffield Mitchell

James Coffield Mitchell (March 10, 1786 – August 7, 1843) was an American politician who represented Tennessee in the United States House of Representatives.

## Biography

Mitchell was born in Staunton, Virginia in March 1786 and attended the common schools. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practiced law. He moved to Tennessee and settled in Rhea County. From 1813 to 1817, he was the Solicitor General for the second district of Tennessee. He moved to Athens, Tennessee, in 1817.

## Career

Mitchell was elected as a Jacksonian to the Nineteenth and Twentieth Congresses. He served from March 4, 1825, to March 4, 1829. During the Twentieth Congress, he was chairman of the U.S. House Committee on Military Pensions. He was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election. He was judge of the eleventh circuit from 1830 to 1836.
Mitchell then moved to Hinds County, Mississippi, and settled near Jackson around 1837. He was an unsuccessful candidate on the Whig ticket for Governor of Mississippi and for the Mississippi House of Representatives. He engaged in agricultural pursuits as well. He owned slaves.

## Death

Mitchell died near Jackson, Mississippi on August 7, 1843, aged 57. The location of his interment is unknown. He was the author of Mitchell's Justice.
# Rashid Ahmed Ludhianvi

Rashid Ahmad Ludhianvi (Urdu: مفتی رشید احمد لدھیانوی; also known as Mufti Rashid Ahmad; 26 September 1922 – 19 February 2002), was a Pakistani Islamic scholar and faqīh, who founded the Al Rashid Trust and the Jamia Tur Rasheed in Karachi. He served as the head of Darul Ifta Wal Irshad, a jurisprudential institute of the Darul Uloom Karachi and authored books such as Anwaar-ur-Rasheed, Jawahir-ur-Rasheed and Allah Ke Baghi Musalman. His religo-legal edicts were compiled and published as Ahsan ul-Fatawa in ten volumes.

## Early life

Rashid Ahmad Ludhianvi graduated from the Darul Uloom Deoband where his teachers included Husain Ahmed Madani.

## Career

Ludhianvi taught at institutions including Madinatul 'Uloom, Hyderabad, Jamia Darul Huda Therhi, Jamia Darul Uloom, Karachi, and Darul Ifta Wal Irshad for approximately forty years. He served as the director of Education at Darul Ifta.. He established Al Rashid Trust, now called the Aid Organization of the Ulema. He also founded Jamia Tur Rasheed, an Islamic seminary in Karachi.

## Relations with the Afghan Taliban

He was also a notable supporter of the Afghan Taliban, and after he returned with "extremely positive impressions" from Afghanistan and wrote a book as advice for the Talibans, titled Obedience to the Amir and composed in 1998 or 1999, Mullah Omar was so impressed that he distributed Pashto and Dari versions of it to the visitors, saying it perfectly represented the Talibans’ ideology, while Barnett Rubin states that this "manual on how to run a militant organization" helped the Taliban "devise an organizational model that suppressed tribalism and patronage network more effectively than any other organization in Afghanistan."

## Books

He authored more than 150 books, including :
* Ahsanul Fatawa, his collection of fatwa in 10 volumes.
* Anwaar-ur-Rasheed
* Jawahir-ur-Rasheed
* Rasail-ur-Rasheed
* Har Preshani Ka Elaj
* Allah Ke Baghi Musalman