OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Microsoft Office password protection

Microsoft Office password protection is a security feature that allows Microsoft Office documents (e.g. Word, Excel, PowerPoint) to be protected with a user-provided password.

## Types

There are two types of passwords that can be set to a document:
* A password to encrypt a document restricts opening and viewing it. This is possible in all Microsoft Office applications. Since Office 2007, they are hard to break if a sufficiently complex password was chosen. If the password can be determined through social engineering, the underlying cipher is not important.
* Passwords that do not encrypt but restrict modification and can be circumvented.
** In Word and PowerPoint the password restricts modification of the entire document.
** In Excel passwords restrict modification of the workbook, a worksheet within it, or individual elements in the worksheet.

## History of Office encryption
### Weak encryptions

In Excel and Word 95 and prior editions a weak protection algorithm is used that converts a password to a 16-bit verifier and a 16-byte XOR obfuscation array key. Hacking software is now readily available to find a 16-byte key and decrypt the password-protected document.
Office 97, 2000, XP and 2003 use RC4 with 40 bits. The implementation contains multiple vulnerabilities rendering it insecure.
In Office XP and 2003 an opportunity to use a custom protection algorithm was added. Choosing a non-standard Cryptographic Service Provider allows increasing the key length. Weak passwords can still be recovered quickly even if a custom CSP is on.

### AES since Office 2007

In Office 2007, protection was significantly enhanced by using AES as a cipher. Using SHA-1 as a hash function, the password is stretched into a 128-bit key 50,000 times before opening the document; as a result, the time required to crack it is vastly increased, similar to PBKDF2, scrypt or other KDFs.
Office 2010 employed AES and a 128-bit key, but the number of SHA-1 conversions doubled to 100,000.
Office 2013 uses 128-bit AES, again with hash algorithm SHA-1 by default. It introduces SHA-512 hashes in the encryption algorithm, making brute-force and rainbow table attacks slower.
Office 2016 uses, by default, 256-bit AES, the SHA-2 hash algorithm, 16 bytes of salt and CBC (cipher block chaining).
Attacks that target the password include dictionary attacks, rule-based attacks, brute-force attacks, mask attacks and statistics-based attacks. Attacks can be sped up through multiple CPUs, also in the cloud, and GPGPU (applicable only to Office 2007-10 documents).

## Excel worksheets and macro protection

The protection for worksheets and macros is necessarily weaker than that for the entire workbook, as the software itself must be able to display or use them.
For XLSX files that can be opened but not edited, there is another attack. As the file format is a group of XML files within a ZIP; unzipping, editing, and replacing the workbook.xml file (and/or the individual worksheet XML files) with identical copies in which the unknown key and salt are replaced with a known pair or removed altogether allows the sheets to be edited.
# Lewis Beach

Lewis Beach (March 30, 1835 – August 10, 1886) was an American politician and a U.S. Representative from New York representing two different congressional districts, the fourteenth and the fifteenth. In all, he served three terms in office before his death in 1886.

## Biography

Born in New York City, Beach graduated from Yale Law School in 1856.

## Career

Beach was admitted to the bar in 1856 and commenced practice in New York. He moved to Orange County, New York, in 1861, and served as member and treasurer of the Democratic State central committee from 1877 to 1879.
Elected as a Democrat to the Forty-seventh and Forty-eighth Congresses, Beach was a U. S. Representative for the fourteenth district of New York from March 4, 1881, to March 3, 1885. He was elected to the Forty-ninth Congress for the fifteenth district and served from March 4, 1885, until his death on August 10, 1886. He served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures on Public Buildings during the Forty-ninth Congress.
He published a history of Cornwall, New York, in 1873.

### Electoral history

New York's 14th congressional district election, 1880 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Lewis Beach | 16,664 | 49.84 |
| | Republican | Charles T. Pierson | 16,134 | 48.25 |
| | Greenback | Addison J. Clements | 590 | 1.76 |
| | Prohibition | Stephen Merritt | 50 | 0.15 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 18,438 | 100.00 |
| | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican |
New York's 14th congressional district election, 1882 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Lewis Beach (incumbent) | 13,454 | 49.98 |
| | Republican | Henry R. Low | 12,823 | 47.64 |
| | Greenback | George W. Pimm | 420 | 1.56 |
| | Prohibition | Isaac Carey | 220 | 0.82 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 26,917 | 100.00 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
New York's 15th congressional district election, 1884 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Lewis Beach (incumbent) | 17,728 | 51.68 |
| | Republican | William W. Snow | 15,794 | 46.04 |
| | Prohibition | Gideon Hall | 591 | 1.72 |
| | Greenback | John Law | 191 | 0.56 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 34,304 | 100.00 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |

## Death

Beach died, from typhoid fever and Bright's disease, at his home, "Knoll View" in Cornwall, Orange County, New York, on August 10, 1886 (age 51 years, 133 days). He is interred at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York.
# Harold Logie Tucker

Harold Logie Tucker (born December 13, 1968) is a Sierra Leonean politician and the current mayor of Bo, the second largest city in Sierra Leone. He is a member of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), the main opposition party in Sierra Leone. He is a Development consultant by profession.
Tucker was elected the mayor of the Municipality of Bo, with 69.07%, defeating his closest opponent Sheik Sillah of the All People's Congress (APC) who took 21.37% in the 2012 Sierra Leone Local Council Elections . Tucker was sworn in as Mayor of Bo on December 21, 2012. His Inauguration ceremony in Bo was attended by Sierra Leone's President Ernest Bai Koroma, and some senior members of the SLPP and APC parties . Tucker succeeded his fellow SLPP member Wusu Sannoh as mayor of Bo.
# Deh-e Maleku

Deh-e Maleku (Persian: ده ملكو, also Romanized as Deh-e Malekū; also known as Deh-e Malek) is a village in Kuhestan Rural District, Rostaq District, Darab County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 96, in 26 families.
# Rabigus

Rabigus is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe, Japan and Northern America.
Species:
* Rabigus abauriae (Gridelli, 1924)
* Rabigus alienus (Eppelsheim, 1889)
# Tlhabi

Tlhabi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Lesego Tlhabi (born 1988), South African writer and comedian
* Redi Tlhabi (born 1978), South African journalist
# Dorilus Morrison

Dorilus Morrison (December 27, 1814 – June 26, 1897) was an American banker, businessman, and Republican politician. He was the first and third Mayor of Minneapolis and was a member of the Minnesota Senate.

## Life and career

Morrison was born in Livermore, Maine. His first business was as a merchant supporting the lumber industry near Bangor, Maine. In 1854, Morrison visited Minnesota to investigate potential lumber interests. He was sufficiently impressed that he sold his businesses in Maine and moved to St. Anthony, Minnesota within a year. He became involved in the local lumber and milling industries (along with his fellow Mainer William D. Washburn) and became an early investor in the Minneapolis Milling Company (forerunner of today's General Mills).
In 1863, Morrison was elected to represent the 5th district in the Minnesota State Senate and served from 1864 to 1865. When the city of Minneapolis was formally incorporated in 1867, Morrison was elected as its first mayor. He was re-elected to a second term in 1869 and ran unsuccessfully for a third in 1872.
Morrison supported the initial construction of the Northern Pacific Railroad along with William Washburn, George A. Brackett, William S. King and others. When the Northwestern National Bank of Minneapolis was chartered in 1872, Morrison was its first president. Around that same time, he began building a streetcar line in the city. He joined with other businessmen, and eventually hired Thomas Lowry, who got the line up and running in 1875. The line eventually merged with a line in neighboring St. Paul to become Twin City Rapid Transit.
Morrison died in 1897.

## Electoral history

* Minneapolis Mayoral Election, 1867
** Dorilus Morrison
* Minneapolis Mayoral Election, 1869
** Dorilus Morrison 859
** Henry G. Sidle 756
* Minneapolis Mayoral Election, 1872
** Eugene McLanahan Wilson 2,208
** Dorilus Morrison 1,534
# Kamouraska Regional County Municipality

Kamouraska (French pronunciation: ) is a regional county municipality in eastern Quebec, Canada. The regional county municipality seat is Saint-Pascal, but the largest town is La Pocatière.
The area is an important research, development and education centre for agriculture. Factories in the region produce metal products and public transportation equipment. One of the people instrumental in settling and developing this area was Pascal Taché, an early seigneur.
The name "Kamouraska" comes from an Algonquin word meaning "where rushes grow at the water's edge".

## Geography
### Adjacent counties and municipalities

* Aroostook County, Maine – southeast
* L'Islet Regional County Municipality, Quebec – southwest

## Subdivisions

There are 19 subdivisions within the RCM:

## Transportation
### Access routes

Highways and numbered routes that run through the municipality, including external routes that start or finish at the county border:
# Jovan Krkobabić

Jovan Krkobabić (Serbian Cyrillic: Јован Кркобабић, pronounced; 27 February 1930 – 22 April 2014) was a Serbian politician. He was the leader of the Party of United Pensioners of Serbia, Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia in charge of social affairs, appointed on 7 July 2008 and Minister of Labour, Employment and Social Policies from 27 July 2012 until his death on 22 April 2014.

## Personal life

His surname derived from the last name Babić of his ancestors who lived near Krka river in Skradin.

## Career

Krkobabić graduated from the University of Belgrade's Faculty of Political Sciences, where he earned his doctoral degree.
His party contested the 2007 Serbian parliamentary election together with Nebojša Čović's Social Democratic Party and won no seats. PUPS also took part in 2008 parliamentary election coalition with the Socialist Party of Serbia and United Serbia and won five seats.

## Death

Jovan Krkobabić died in 2014, aged 84. His successor as party leader is his son, Milan Krkobabić.
# Erasmus W. Beck

Erasmus Williams Beck (October 21, 1833 – July 22, 1898) was a slave owner and U.S. Representative from Georgia.

## Life

Born in McDonough, Henry County, Georgia, he attended the local schools of his native county, a private school, and Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, for two years. After returning to McDonough in 1855 due to ill health, he began the study of law. The following year, he relocated to Griffin, Georgia, where he continued his law studies. Admitted to the bar in 1856, he began to practice law in Griffin, Georgia.
Enrolled for a short period in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War, he was discharged due to ill health.
During the war, he was appointed solicitor general of the Flint circuit.
Beck was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-second Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Thomas J. Speer and served from December 2, 1872, to March 3, 1873. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1872. He resumed the practice of his profession at Griffin, Georgia. He served as judge of the city court of Griffin from 1890 until his death in that city on July 22, 1898. He was interred in Oak Hill Cemetery.
U.S. House of Representatives :
| Preceded byThomas J. Speer | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia's 4th congressional district December 2, 1872 – March 3, 1873 | Succeeded byHenry R. Harris |
# John Conrad Bucher

John Conrad Bucher (December 28, 1792 – October 15, 1851) was a Jacksonian member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
He was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the son of John Jacob Bucher (1764–1827) and Susanna Margaret Horter (1774–1838). His father represented Dauphin county in the Pennsylvania Legislature, sitting at Lancaster, nine successive terms from 1803, and was later appointed by Governor Findlay an associate judge for the county of Dauphin.
He studied law, and was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Harrisburg. He served as clerk of the land department of Pennsylvania in 1813. He was a member of the borough council of Harrisburg and a member of the board of school directors.
Bucher was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-second Congress. He served as a trustee of Harrisburg Academy, Franklin College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and Marshall College in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania. He became an associate judge of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, by appointment of Governor David R. Porter from 1839 until his death in Harrisburg, in 1851. He was buried at Harrisburg Cemetery, of which he was one of the founders.
In 1820, he married Ellen Isett (1797–1881). They had five children: Maria-Elizabeth, John-Conrad, Susan, Ellen, and Eliza-Isett.

## Sources

* 1 2 3 United States Congress. "John Conrad Bucher (id: B001010)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
* 1 2 3 Egle, William Henry (1896). Pennsylvania genealogies; chiefly Scotch-Irish and German. Harrisburg Publishing Company. pp. 124–126.
# Deh-e Pagah, Kazerun

Deh-e Pagah (Persian: ده پاگاه, also Romanized as Deh-e Pāgāh) is a village in Famur Rural District, Jereh and Baladeh District, Kazerun County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 868, in 166 families.
# Scopaeus

Scopaeus is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
* Scopaeus abyssinicus Fagel, 1956
* Scopaeus admixtus Fagel, 1973
# Juan Miguel Rando

Juan Miguel Rando Gálvez (Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 26 March 1988) is a Spanish swimmer. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he finished 25th overall in the heats in the Men's 100 metre backstroke and failed to reach the semifinals.
# Scudder Parker

Scudder Parker (born August 16, 1943) is an American Democratic politician from Vermont. He served in the Vermont State Senate for eight years.

## Career

Parker grew up on a dairy farm in N. Danville, in a region of Vermont known as the Northeast Kingdom. Parker graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Williams College in 1965 and went on to receive his MDiv from Union Theological Seminary of Columbia University. Parker served as an ordained Protestant minister in UCC churches in East St. Johnsbury and Lower Waterford (1968-1989). Early in his political career, Parker became the first Democratic Party candidate to win a Vermont State Senate seat in the northeastern region of Vermont. He served four terms in the State Senate from 1981 to 1988. In the Senate, Parker served as chair of the Finance Committee. After serving in the Senate, Parker went on to become the Director of the Energy Efficiency Division of the Vermont Department of Public Service (1990-2003). Parker also served as the Chair of the Vermont Democratic Party (2001-2004). After running for office as the Democratic candidate for Governor of Vermont in the election of 2006, Parker worked for a year for Vermont Businesses for Social Responsibility. Parker then worked for the Vermont Energy Investment Corporation (2008-2017), first as the Director of the Consulting Division and then as VEIC's Policy Director. In retirement, Parker has become a published poet, with his first book of poetry, "Safe as Lightning" published in 2020 by Rootstock Publishing.

## Race for governor, 2006

In 2005, Parker announced his intention to run for the Democratic Party nomination for Governor of Vermont in the November 2006 Vermont gubernatorial election. He was assured that nomination when no other Democrat filed by the July 16, 2006 deadline.
Parker started his campaign in the fall of 2005, visiting counties in Vermont and staying there for several days at a time. In the summer of 2006, his campaign staff tripled in number, bringing on full-time field, finance, and communications directors, as well as several support staffers. He received $110,000 in donations in July 2006.
The Parker campaign focused on several issues, including energy, education, health care, and economic development. He released a series of position papers on energy in support of renewable energy sources.
The Republican Party incumbent Jim Douglas defeated Parker, winning 56% of the vote to Parker's 41%.
# Tetartopeus

Tetartopeus is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe, Japan and North America.
Species:
* Tetartopeus adanensis Assing, 2004
* Tetartopeus albipes (Lucas & P.H., 1846)
* Tetartopeus ciceronii Zanetti, 1998 endemic to Italy
* Tetartopeus frischi Anlaş, 2015
# Amandus (rebel)

Amandus or Aeneus Salvius Amandus Augustus was a rebel in Gaul in the time of Diocletian and leader of the Bagaudae.
He instigated a revolt in Gaul in 285. After the death of the emperor Carinus, he took charge of a group of peasants ruined by taxes, fugitive slaves, and thieves with the assistance of Aelianus.
The two crowned themselves emperor, burnt several villages, and ransomed several cities. In response, the emperor Diocletian sent Maximian. Maximiam weakened their forces in several battles, before forcing them to retreat to a citadel near Paris now known as Saint-Maur-des-Fossés. Maximian successfully destroyed the citadel and killed everyone inside, including Amandus.
# Xylostiba

Xylostiba is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe.
Species:
* Xylostiba bosnica (Bernhauer, 1902)
* Xylostiba congoensis (Bernhauer, 1934)
# Arbour (surname)

Arbour is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Al Arbour (1932–2015), Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and executive
* Amos Arbour (1895–1943), Canadian ice hockey player
* Beatrice Arbour (1920–2019), All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player
* Jack Arbour (1899–1973), Canadian ice hockey defenceman
* John Arbour (born 1945), Canadian ice hockey player
* Louise Arbour (born 1947), Canadian lawyer, prosecutor and jurist
* Madeleine Arbour (1923–2024), Canadian designer, painter, and journalist
* Nicole Arbour, Canadian cheerleader and singer
* Tony Arbour (born 1945), British Conservative Party politician
* Ty Arbour (1896–1979), Canadian ice hockey player
* Victoria Arbour, Canadian evolutionary biologist and palaeontologist
# 1865 in architecture

The year 1865 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.

## Events

* George Gilbert Scott wins the competition to design the St Pancras railway station hotel and buildings in London.

## Buildings and structures
### Buildings completed

* Amhuinnsuidhe Castle, Harris, Scotland, built for Charles Murray, 7th Earl of Dunmore, by David Bryce. In 2003 Amhuinnsuidhe Castle Estate purchases the castle (and its fishing rights).
* Cefn Coed Viaduct, Wales, designed by Alexander Sutherland and Henry Conybeare.
* Government House, Brisbane, Australia, designed by Benjamin Backhouse.
* Bataclan theatre in Paris, designed by Charles Duval.
* Iron-framed shipping warehouses at Saint-Ouen in Paris, designed by engineer Hippolyte Fontaine.
* Crossness Pumping Station, serving the London sewage system, designed by engineer Joseph Bazalgette and architect Charles Henry Driver.
* Westminster Chapel, London, designed by W. F. Poulton.
* Stowford and Magnolia Cottages, Stowford, Cheshire, England, designed by William Eden Nesfield.

## Awards

* RIBA Royal Gold Medal – James Pennethorne.
* Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Jules Machard, André Hennebicq, Gustave Huberti.

## Births

* April 27 – Archibald Leitch, Scottish architect, designer of football stadia (died 1939)
* September 20 – William Weir, Scottish-born conservation architect (died 1950)
* October 23 – Baillie Scott, British architect (died 1945)
* November 17 – Paul Charbonnier [fr], French architect (died 1953)
* date unknown
** Józef Gosławski, Polish architect (died 1904)
** Philip Mainwaring Johnston, English architect (died 1936)

## Deaths

* January 8 – John Dobson, English neoclassical architect (born 1787)
* June 8 – Joseph Paxton, English gardener, architect and Member of Parliament, best known for The Crystal Palace (born 1803)
* December 4 – Francis Fowke, British engineer and architect (born 1823)
* December 23 – Alan Stevenson, Scottish lighthouse engineer (born 1807)
# Hugh R. Belknap

Hugh Reid Belknap (September 1, 1860 – November 12, 1901) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.

## Biography

He was born in Keokuk, Iowa on September 1, 1860 to William W. Belknap.
Belknap attended the public schools, Adams Academy in Quincy, Massachusetts, and Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. At the age of eighteen he entered the service of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co. and worked in various capacities until he retired in 1892 to become superintendent of the South Side Rapid Transit Railroad of Chicago, Illinois. He successfully contested as a Republican the election of Lawrence E. McGann to the Fifty-fourth Congress. He was reelected to the Fifty-fifth Congress and served from December 27, 1895, to March 3, 1899. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1898 to the Fifty-sixth Congress. He resided in Chicago until 1901.
In March 1899, Belknap was appointed a Volunteer Paymaster in the U.S. Army. Two years later he was appointed a major in the regular Army. In July 1901, Belknap (accompanied by his wife) sailed for the Philippines. He started on his first pay trip within two weeks after arriving in Manila. His first stop was at Calamba (on the island of Laguna), where he became ill and required surgery. Word was immediately sent to Major Elijah W. Halford, Chief Paymaster, and his wife. Upon Major Halford's arrival, Belknap told him: "Major, I have two requests to make. I want you to be kind as possible to my poor wife, whom I must leave far away from her home and among strangers. And I want you to pray for me." Belknap died the next day, November 12, 1901, from intestinal problems. He was interred in Arlington National Cemetery.