OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jonathan S. Willis

Jonathan Spencer Willis (April 5, 1830 – November 24, 1903) was an American politician from Milford in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Republican Party, and served as U.S. Representative from Delaware.

## Early life and family

Willis was born in Oxford, Maryland, attended the district schools there and studied under private tutors.
Willis married twice. To Annie Barratt Townsend (1843–1885), they had one daughter, Elizabeth Townsend Willis (1864–1934). And to Edith Gillespie (1855–1914), they had one son Jonathan Spencer Willis Jr. (1892–1957).

## Professional and political career

He taught school seven years and then entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, serving charges in Maryland, Delaware, Philadelphia, New York City, and Stamford, Connecticut. He retired from the ministry in 1884 and settled on a farm near Milford and engaged in fruit growing.
Willis was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for election in 1892 to the 53rd Congress, but was elected to the 54th Congress, serving from March 4, 1895, to March 3, 1897. He was an unsuccessful candidate, however, for reelection in 1896 to the 55th Congress, and returned to the full effort of agricultural pursuits.

## Death and legacy

He died in Milford and was buried in the Barratt's Chapel Cemetery near Frederica, Delaware.

## Almanac

Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1. U.S. Representatives took office March 4 and have a two-year term.
# Rimmington

Rimmington may refer to:
* Edith Rimmington, English artist, poet and photographer
* Eric Rimmington, English painter
* Nathan Rimmington, Australian cricketer
* Norman Rimmington, English footballer
* Rebecca Rimmington, English cyclist
* Rikki-Lee Rimmington, Australian cricketer
* Russ Rimmington, former mayor of Hamilton, New Zealand
# Yamaha bravo

The Yamaha Bravo was a snowmobile manufactured by Yamaha Motor Company for 30 years, from 1982 to 2011. a movement to cleaner machines persuaded Yamaha to stop producing the snowmobile after the 2011 model.

## History

It was first launched in 1982 with a 249cc single cylinder two-stroke engine powering a 98 inch(length)x 15 inch(width)x .75 inch (paddle) track. In 1987 there came an option to replace the 98 inch long track with a 136 inch long track or with a 102-inch track. This track allowed the Bravo to float on the snow extremely well and appealed much to trappers and beginners on the sled. The Short track versions of the Bravo would do around 70 km/h and the long track would do around 55 km/h. Later Yamaha swapped the 249cc engine for a 246cc engine but little else changed and almost all parts were interchangeable.
In the late 1990s Yamaha removed both short track models from the market and only the 136 inch track was available. Yamaha Bravo was an extremely reliable sled and could go 20,000 or more km trouble free. The short tracked model of the Bravo weighed about 330 lbs and the long track version weighed just over 370 lbs.
The Yamaha Bravo was particularly popular in remote villages in the Arctic, particularly Nunavut, as they are known to be tough and reliable, and require little maintenance.
# Westridge, British Columbia

49°17′0.5″N 122°57′22.7″W﻿ / ﻿49.283472°N 122.956306°W﻿ / 49.283472; -122.956306
Westridge is a residential neighbourhood in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.

## Location

Westridge is located on the western slope of Burnaby Mountain. It is sliced almost in half by Inlet Drive. The western half of it lies close to the shores of Burrard Inlet and the railway tracks on which West Coast Express runs between Downtown Vancouver and Port Moody. The eastern half of Westridge climbs quite steeply up Burnaby Mountain. Westridge is located near Simon Fraser University to which it is linked by the newly built Burnaby Mountain Parkway.

## Transportation

Westridge was formerly served by the 135 bus route that ran between Downtown Vancouver and SFU; service through the neighbourhood was eventually discontinued, and the 135 was replaced by the 95 B-Line, which later became route R5 Hastings St. The R5 is still the nearest bus route, with stops along Hastings Street at Duthie Avenue. There is also the suburban 160 route, running along Inlet Drive, that serves commuters from Port Coquitlam.

## Parks and recreation

The biggest natural attraction in Westridge, in addition to the hiking trails of Burnaby Mountain itself, is Barnet Marine Park with its beach and views of Burrard Inlet and Indian Arm. The small Westridge Park west of Inlet Drive near its intersection with Hastings Street offers a children's playground and some tennis courts.

## 2007 oil spill

In July 2007, a large oil spill from a Kinder-Morgan pipeline ruptured by Cusano Contracting, working for the City of Burnaby, caused a major ecological damage to local residents' homes, the forested slopes, and the marine wildlife on the southern shore of Burrard Inlet. It also led to months of traffic disruptions on the busy Barnet Highway during the cleanup operations. According to Burnaby Now (January 5, 2008), Kinder Morgan Canada and Trans Mountain Pipeline have launched legal action against the City of Burnaby and Cusano Contracting, hired by the city to do sewer work.
# Pencak silat at the 2019 SEA Games

Pencak silat competitions at the 2019 SEA Games in Philippines were held at Subic Bay Exhibition and Convention Center from 2 to 5 December 2019.

## Schedule

The following is the schedule for the pencak silat competitions. All times are Philippine Standard Time (UTC+8).
| Date | Time | Event | Phase |
| Mon, 2 December 2019 | 10:00 | Seni – Men's singles | Final |
| Mon, 2 December 2019 | 10:00 | Seni – Men's team | Final |
| Mon, 2 December 2019 | 15:00 | Seni – Men's doubles | Final |
| Tue, 3 December 2019 | 10:15 | Seni – Women's singles | Final |
| Tue, 3 December 2019 | 11:00 | Tanding | Elimination round |
| Wed, 4 December 2019 | 10:00 | Tanding | Semifinals |
| Thu, 5 December 2019 | 10:00 | Tanding | Finals |

## Medal table

* Host nation (Philippines)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Indonesia | 2 | 3 | 2 | 7 |
| 2 | Singapore | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
| 3 | Malaysia | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| 4 | Philippines* | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 4 | Thailand | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 6 | Vietnam | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 7 | Laos | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 8 | Brunei | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (8 entries) | Totals (8 entries) | 9 | 9 | 14 | 32 |

## Medalists
### Seni (artistic)

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's singles | Edmar Tacuel Philippines | Muhammad Iqbal Abdul Rahman Singapore | Dino Sulistianto Indonesia |
| Men's doubles | Malaysia Mohd Taqiyuddin Hamid Sazlan Yuga | Philippines Alfau Jan Abad Almohaidib Abad | Laos Amphonh Khounchaleun Alisack Singsouvong |
| Men's team | Singapore Hamillatu Arash Juffrie Nujaid Hasif Zainal Abidin Muhammad Nazrul Mohd Kamal | Thailand Masofee Wani Fadil Dama Islamee Wani | Malaysia Muhammad Syafiq Ibrahim Mohd Juned Abdullah Nasrul Edzam Mohd Asri |
| Women's singles | Puspa Arumsari Indonesia | Mary Francine Padios Philippines | Anisah Najihah Abdullah Brunei |

### Tanding (match)
#### Men

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Class A 45–50 kg | Nitinai Thamkaeo Thailand | Khoirudin Mustakim Indonesia | Thanaphonh Simphilavong Laos |
| Class A 45–50 kg | Nitinai Thamkaeo Thailand | Khoirudin Mustakim Indonesia | Mohammad Khairi Adie Azhar Malaysia |
| Class B 50–55 kg | Muhammad Hazim Yusli Singapore | Nguyễn Đình Tuấn Vietnam | Hidayat Limonu Indonesia |
| Class B 50–55 kg | Muhammad Hazim Yusli Singapore | Nguyễn Đình Tuấn Vietnam | Dines Dumaan Philippines |
| Class D 60–65 kg | Zulfazly Zulfakar Malaysia | Hanifan Yudani Kusumah Indonesia | Adilan Chemaeng Thailand |
| Class D 60–65 kg | Zulfazly Zulfakar Malaysia | Hanifan Yudani Kusumah Indonesia | Nguyễn Ngọc Toàn Vietnam |

#### Women

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Class A 45–50 kg | Suci Wulandari Indonesia | Firdao Duromae Thailand | Atiq Syazwani Roslan Singapore |
| Class A 45–50 kg | Suci Wulandari Indonesia | Firdao Duromae Thailand | Phạm Thị Tươi Vietnam |
| Class B 50–55 kg | Trần Thị Thêm Vietnam | Jeni Kause Indonesia | Olathai Sounthavong Laos |
| Class B 50–55 kg | Trần Thị Thêm Vietnam | Jeni Kause Indonesia | Nurul Suhaila Singapore |
# John V. Lewis

John V. Lewis (died January 16, 1913) was an American politician and physician from Ohio. He served in the Ohio Senate from 1884 to 1886.

## Early life

John V. Lewis was born in Greenford, Ohio. He received his education at schools in Canfield and Salem. He then became a teacher in Mahoning County. He studied medicine under Dr. Andrew Weikart. He then completed a medical course at Cincinnati Medical School.

## Career

After completing the course, Lewis moved back to Greenford. He then partnered with Dr. Weikart. In 1871, he moved to Alliance and worked there as a physician and surgeon. He retired from his medical practice around 1903.
Lewis was a Democrat. He served in the Ohio Senate, representing the 21st district from 1884 to 1886.

## Personal life

Lewis was married.
Lewis died on January 16, 1913, aged 77, at his home in Alliance. He was buried at Alliance Cemetery.

## Legacy

After his death, Lewis's library was donated to Union-Scio College as the Lewis Memorial and was placed in Chapman Hall.
# William F. Mahar Sr.

William Francis Mahar Sr. (January 1, 1919 – October 13, 2006) was an American politician.
Born in Belleville, Wisconsin, Mahar served in the United States Army during World War II and was a commissioned colonel. He participated in the Battle of the Bulge and was a Bronze Star recipient. He went to the University of Wisconsin, where he studied history and political science. He served on the Homewood, Illinois village board and as village president. Mahar served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1973 to 1981 and was a Republican. Mahar then served in the Illinois Senate from 1981 to 1985. His son William F. Mahar Jr. also served in the Illinois General Assembly.
# Haley Giavara

Haley Giavara (born 16 October 2000) is an American tennis player.

## Early life

Raised in San Diego, California by Jada Coleman and Jason Giavara, she attended Serra High School. She also ran track and played lacrosse at school. She started at University of California, Berkeley in 2019. She was coached as a youngster by her uncle, Ken Giavara, who runs the Giavara Tennis Academy along with her father, Jason.

## Career
### University

In December 2022, Giavara represented Team USA in a national university team tennis tournament in France.

### Professional

A graduate of University of California, Berkeley, she earned a wildcard into the 2024 Indian Wells qualifying in 2023 through the USTA SoCal Pro Series. She won her first ITF W50 title in doubles at the 2024 Kunming Open.

## ITF Circuit finals
### Singles: 3 (1 title, 2 runner–ups)

* Legend
* W35 tournaments
* W15 tournaments
* Finals by surface
* Hard (1–2)
| Result | W–L | Date | Tournament | Tier | Surface | Opponent | Score |
| Win | 1–0 | Jul 2023 | ITF Irvine, United States | W15 | Hard | Lu Jiajing | 6–1, 6–3 |
| Loss | 1–1 | Jul 2023 | ITF Lakewood, United States | W15 | Hard | Reese Brantmeier | 4–6, 4–6 |
| Loss | 1–2 | Aug 2024 | ITF Aldershot, United Kingdom | W35 | Hard | Mingge Xu | 4–6, 1–6 |

### Doubles: 12 (8 titles, 4 runner–ups)

* Legend
* W60 tournaments
* W40/50 tournaments
* W35 tournaments
* W15 tournaments
| Result | W–L | Date | Tournament | Tier | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| Win | 1–0 | Jul 2023 | ITF Irvine, United States | W15 | Hard | Katherine Hui | Eryn Cayetano Isabella Chiv | 6–2, 6–4 |
| Loss | 1–1 | Jul 2023 | ITF Feira de Santana, Brazil | W60 | Hard | Abigail Rencheli | Léolia Jeanjean Valeriya Strakhova | 5–7, 4–6 |
| Win | 2–1 | Nov 2023 | ITF Guadalajara, Mexico | W40 | Clay | Layne Sleeth | Veronika Miroshnichenko Fanny Östlund | 6–4, 6–3 |
| Loss | 2–2 | Jan 2024 | ITF Arcadia, United States | W35 | Hard | Brandy Walker | Angela Kulikov Ashley Lahey | 3–6, 2–6 |
| Win | 3–2 | Jan 2024 | ITF Le Gosier, Guadeloupe | W35 | Hard | Jaeda Daniel | Émeline Dartron Emma Léné | 6–2, 7–6$^{(0)}$ |
| Win | 4–2 | May 2024 | Kunming Open, China | W50 | Clay | Li Yu-yun | Feng Shuo Park So-hyun | 6–3, 6–1 |
| Win | 5–2 | May 2024 | ITF San Diego, United States | W15 | Hard | Kelly Keller | Dasha Ivanova Lisa Zaar | 2–6, 6–2, [10–5] |
| Loss | 5–3 | Jul 2024 | ITF Køge, Denmark | W35 | Clay | Oana Gavrilă | Denisa Hindová Karolína Kubáňová | 3–6, 2–6 |
| Win | 6–3 | Aug 2024 | ITF Verbier, Switzerland | W35 | Clay | Diāna Marcinkēviča | Inès Ibbou Naïma Karamoko | 2–6, 6–3, [10–7] |
| Loss | 6–4 | Sep 2024 | Rancho Santa Fe Open, United States | W75 | Hard | Rasheeda McAdoo | Maria Kononova Maria Kozyreva | 2–6, 6–7$^{(4)}$ |
| Win | 7–4 | Nov 2024 | ITF Chihuahua City, Mexico | W50 | Hard | Dalayna Hewitt | Laura Samson Ana Sofía Sánchez | 6–1, 6–3 |
| Win | 8–4 | Nov 2024 | ITF Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic | W35 | Hard | Hiroko Kuwata | Kolie Allen Yuliana Monroy | 5–7, 6–4, [10–6] |
# Hurdcott House

51°06′21″N 1°45′30″W﻿ / ﻿51.1059°N 1.7584°W﻿ / 51.1059; -1.7584
Hurdcott House is a 19th-century country house in Winterbourne Earls, Wiltshire, England, in the Bourne valley about 3 miles (5 km) north-east of Salisbury. It became a Grade II listed building on 29 May 1987.
The two-storey house with three bays dates to the early-mid 19th century, and features Flemish bond brickwork with a slate roof, and a Tuscan doorcase. At the base of the rear wings of the house are four-flue brick stacks.

## Hurdcott House, Barford St Martin

There is another Hurdcott House in the west of Barford St Martin parish, on the banks of the River Nadder about 4 miles (6 km) west of Wilton (the house and the hamlet of Hurdcott were transferred to Barford from Baverstock parish in 1884). This house, which is not a listed building, was rebuilt in the 1970s.
The entomologist John Henry Leech had his home at Hurdcott House, and died there in 1900. He is buried in St Editha's churchyard, Baverstock.
# Juan de Posada

Juan de Posada, was a governor of Florida and Santa Elena from 1588 to 1589.

## Biography

Juan de Posada was born in Llanes, in Asturias, and was the son of Pedro de Tarapiella and Teresa Díaz de Posada.
Juan de Posada began serving in the Spanish military in 1570, and by October 1, 1578 he was living in La Florida, where he was the tenedor de bastimentos (person in charge of the distribution of food). On August 19, 1588, Governor Menéndez Márquez named him captain of the fort of Santa Elena, and the same year he was appointed as the governor of Florida, an office he retained until 1589. De Posada was named treasurer of Saint Augustine on 17 April 1592, but drowned the same year while sailing to Florida.

## Personal life

Posada married Catalina Menéndez Márquez, a sister of Pedro Menéndez Márquez. One of their daughters, María Menéndez y Posada, married future governor of Florida Juan Menendez Marquez when she was only 12 years old. The marriage was arranged by the uncle of both, Pedro Menéndez Márquez. Maria Menéndez y Posada inherited the title of royal treasurer of Saint Augustine, which had originally been carried by his father.
# Sammy D. Dalton

Sammy Dale Dalton (born August 29, 1951) is an American educator and politician who served in both houses of the West Virginia Legislature. First elected to the House of Delegates as a 23-year old graduate student at Marshall University, he was elevated to the state senate in 1990. In 1994, his predecessor, Lloyd G. Jackson II, ran again and defeated him in the Democratic primary, after which Dalton returned to the House for two more terms. He attempted to win back a seat in the Senate in 2002 and 2012 but lost the primary races to Tracy Dempsey and Art Kirkendoll, respectively.
In 2021, Dalton was arrested on a prostitution-related charge in a sting conducted by the Charleston Police Department.
# Rowing at the 2019 SEA Games

Rowing at the 2019 SEA Games was held at Triboa Bay at Subic, Philippines from 6 to 8 December 2019.

## Participating nations

* Indonesia
* Malaysia
* Myanmar
* Philippines
* Thailand
* Vietnam

## Medal table

* Host nation (Philippines)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Indonesia (INA) | 3 | 0 | 2 | 5 |
| 2 | Philippines (PHI)* | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| 3 | Vietnam (VIE) | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 4 | Thailand (THA) | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 5 | Myanmar (MYA) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Totals (5 entries) | Totals (5 entries) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 |

## Medalists
### Men

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Lightweight single sculls | Cris Nievarez Philippines | Siripong Chaiwichitchonkul Thailand | Kakan Kusmana Indonesia |
| Lightweight double sculls | Indonesia Mahendra Yanto Ihram | Vietnam Nguyễn Văn Hà Nhữ Đình Nam | Philippines Edgar Ilas Roque Abala Jr. |
| Pairs | Indonesia Denri Maulidzar al Ghiffari Ferdiansyah | Thailand Nuttapong Sangpromcharee Jaruwat Saensuk | Vietnam Lê Mậu Trường Phan Mạnh Linh |

### Women

| event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Lightweight single sculls | Melcah Jen Caballero Philippines | Rojjana Raklao Thailand | Mutiara Rahma Putri Indonesia |
| Lightweight double sculls | Philippines Joanie Delgaco Melcah Jen Caballero | Vietnam Đinh Thị Hảo Tạ Thanh Huyền | Myanmar Shwe Zin Latt Nilar Win |
| Pairs | Indonesia Julianti Yayah Rokayah | Vietnam Lê Thị Hiền Phạm Thị Huệ | Myanmar Shwe Zin Latt Nilar Win |
# George Wharton (died 1609)

Sir George Wharton KB (1583 – 8 November 1609), of Wharton Hall, Westmorland, was a Member of Parliament for Westmorland in 1601.
Wharton was known for his disputes with other courtiers. In September 1608 he argued with the Earl of Pembroke over a game of cards. On the next day while hunting, Wharton hit Pembroke's page with a stick. Pembroke and Wharton argued over this insult. Later the same day Wharton rode towards Pembroke, and Pembroke hit him. The King intervened to prevent a duel.
On 8 November 1609, another argument over playing cards escalated between Wharton and Lord Blantyre's son Sir James Stewart, Master of Blantyre, and husband of Dorothy Hastings. They fought in a duel and killed each other in Islington and were buried in the same grave.
The Venetian ambassador Marc' Antonio Correr wrote that King James moved out of London in response to the duel, to avoid any bad feeling against his Scottish courtiers. He identified Wharton as a brother of the sister-in-law of Henry Wotton, the English ambassador in Venice. (Margaret Wharton was the wife of Edward Wotton, 1st Baron Wotton).
# FM

FM or Fm may refer to:

## Technology and computing

* Frequency modulation, a radio broadcasting technology
** FM broadcasting
** FM broadcast band
* .fm, country-code top-level domain (ccTLD) of the Federated States of Micronesia
* FM Towns, Fujitsu personal computers
* Nissan FM platform, a car layout
* Volvo FM, heavy truck range
* Adobe FrameMaker, document processing software

## Science and medicine

* Femtometre (fm), a unit of length
* Femtomolar (fM), a unit of molar concentration
* Fermium, (Fm) a chemical element
* FM (chemotherapy) regimen
* Family medicine

## Sports and games

* FIDE Master, a chess title
* Formula Mazda, in car racing
* Football Manager, a video game series

## Film and television

* FM (film), 1978
* FM Fun Aur Masti or FM, 2007 film
* FM (TV channel), US
* FM (American TV series), 1989–1990
* FM (British TV series), 2009

## Literature

* F.M. (novel), by Boris Akunin
* Famous Monsters of Filmland, magazine
* Code for United States Army Field Manuals

## Music
### Musical artists

* FM (British band)
* FM (Canadian band)
* FM Static, a Canadian duo
* Far East Movement, a quartet in Los Angeles, US

### Other uses in music

* FM (soundtrack) to the 1978 film FM
** "FM (No Static at All)", a song from the soundtrack
* FM Records, a record label
* "FM" (short for "frequent mutilation"), a song by The Slits
* FM (EP), 2015, by South Korean Crayon Pop
* FM!, a 2018 album by Vince Staples
* F minor, chords and scale
* FM (album), 2006, by the Turkish band Replikas

## Businesses and organizations

* First Manhattan, a New York-based financial management company
* FM Global, a mutual insurance company
* Franklin & Marshall College or F&M, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, U.S.
* Future Movement, a Lebanese political party
* Shanghai Airlines, IATA code

## People, jobs, characters

* FM-2030 (1930–2000), transhumanist philosopher

### Titles

* Field marshal, an army rank
* First Minister
* Finance Minister
* Foreign Minister

## Places

* Federated States of Micronesia (ISO 3166-1 country code, FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code, and postal code)
* Province of Fermo, Italy, vehicle registration code
* Fayetteville-Manlius Central School District (F-M), Syracuse, New York, U.S.

## Other uses

* Facility management, of logistics for buildings
* Farm-to-market road (FM), a designator for roads in Texas, US
# Mohamed Abdul Khalek Hassouna

Mohamed Abdulkhalek El Sayed Hassouna (Arabic: محمد عبد الخالق السيد حسونة; 28 October 1898 – 20 January 1992) was an Egyptian-Palestinian diplomat who served as the second Secretary-General of the Arab League

## Life and career

Born in Cairo in 1898, Abdel-Khalek Hassouna was the grandson of Al-Azhar Grand Sheikh Hassouna El-Nawawi. He obtained a degree in law in 1921. Hassouna Pasha as he was later known obtained his masters and doctorate degrees in economics and political science from the University of Cambridge in 1925, where he was a member of Magdalene College. He joined the Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1926 and served at the Egyptian embassies in Berlin, Rome, Prague and Stockholm.
Hassouna was the undersecretary of state at the Ministry of Social Affairs between 1939 and 1942. He served as governor of Alexandria from 1942 to 1948, during which time the University of Alexandria was completed. He served as social affairs minister between 1949 and 1952 and then minister of education and foreign affairs in 1952.
He succeeded Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam at the Arab League in 1952 and served for the next 20 years. He was succeeded by Mahmoud Riad in 1972, and died on 20 January 1992.

## Honour
### Foreign honour

* Malaysia:
** Honorary Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (PMN (K)) - Tan Sri (1965)
# Massafra

Massafra is a town and comune in the province of Taranto in the Apulia region of southeast Italy.

## History

According to some hypotheses, Massafra was founded in the 5th century by refugees from the Roman province of Africa, invaded by the Vandals. The first historical mention of the city dates however from the 10th century, when it was a Lombard gastaldate.
After the Norman conquest of southern Italy, it was given to a nephew of Robert Guiscard, who fortified it and restored the castle. Later it was part of the Principality of Taranto, to which, as a free town, it belonged until 1463. In 1484 it was assigned to Antonio Piscitello. In 1497 it was sacked by the troops of Charles VIII of France, and the fief went to Artusio Pappacoda, whose family held it for a century and a half. They were succeeded by the Carmignano and the Imperiale.

## Main sights

* Castle of Massafra, known from 970
* Mother Church (16th century)
* Gravina di San Marco (ravine)
* Natural reserves of Monte Sant'Elia and Stornara
* Numerous rock settlements, from the Neolithic to the High Middle Ages