OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Laird Howard Barber

Laird Howard Barber (October 25, 1848 – February 16, 1928) was an American lawyer, jurist and politician who was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania, serving one term from 1899 to 1901.

## Life and career

Barber was born on a farm near Mifflinburg, Pennsylvania. He prepared for college in the Mifflinburg Academy, and graduated from Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania, in 1871. He taught school at Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania and was principal of the Mauch Chunk Public Schools from 1875 to 1880.
He studied law, was admitted to the bar in Carbon County, Pennsylvania, in 1881, and commenced practice at Mauch Chunk. He was elected in 1890 a director of the Mauch Chunk School Board and served as president and treasurer, and also served as secretary of the town council.

### Congress and judicial career

He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States House of Representatives in 1896. Barber was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-sixth Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1900.
He resumed the practice of law in Mauch Chunk.
In 1913, he was elected president judge of the fifty-sixth judicial district of Pennsylvania. He was reelected in 1923 and served until his death in Mauch Chunk in 1928. He is interred in Evergreen Cemetery in East Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "Laird H. Barber (id: B000123)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
* Laird Howard Barber at The Political Graveyard
U.S. House of Representatives :
| Preceded byWilliam Sebring Kirkpatrick | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district 1899 - 1901 | Succeeded byHoward Mutchler |
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# Pommer

Pommer or bombard (French hautbois; Italian bombardo, bombardone) describes the alto, tenor, bass, and contrabass members of the shawm or Schalmey family. They are similar in function to the modern cor anglais, tenoroon, bassoon, and contrabassoon, although the bassoon family's direct ancestor was the dulcian/curtal family.

## Overview

The name "Pommer" arose in Germany, named after artillery, and was large and powerful in tone. The shawm family was the prototypical consort instrument, built in seven sizes from high soprano to great bass, and an ensemble of double reed shawms was capable of producing a grand, full, and balanced sound. These instruments remained popular outdoor instruments and ceremonial instruments up until the development of the more refined and eloquent oboe family by the Philidors and Hotteterres in France during the middle of the 17th century. The cromorne family, not to be confused with the crumhorn, was a sort of transitional instrument that remained in use after the oboe, tenor oboe, and bassoon had been developed.
The main difference to the casual observer between the medieval instruments and those of our orchestra which were evolved from them would be one of size. In the Pommers no attempt had been made to bend the tube, and its length, equal to that of an open organ pipe of the same pitch, was outstretched in all its unwieldiness in an oblique position in front of the performer.
"The great contrabass pommer was 9 ft (2.7 m). long without the crook and reed, which, however, were bent downwards. It had five open fingerholes and five keys working inside a perforated case; in order to bring the holes within reach of the finger, they were cut obliquely through the tube. The compass extended from F below 8 ft (2.4 m). C to E or F in the bass stave, two octaves in all. The other members of the family were the bass Pommer, from 8 ft (2.4 m). C to middle C, corresponding to the modern bassoon or fagotto; the tenor or basset Pommer, a fifth higher in pitch; the alto pommer or nicolo, a fourth or a fifth above the tenor; and the high alto, or Klein Alt Pommer, an octave higher than the tenor, corresponding approximately to the cor-anglais."
# Tokyo Imperial University LB-2

The Tokyo Imperial University LB-2 was a small, single-engined light civil aircraft, designed by students of the Tokyo Imperial University as a two-year project. The sole example first flew in December 1939.

## Design and development

The aeronautics divisions of German universities had a tradition of student design projects, often gliders. In 1936 students at the Tokyo Imperial began a similar, two-year project, though for a small two seat powered aircraft. Their first design, the LB-1 (LB for light blue, the school colour), with side-by side seats was abandoned in favour of the LB-2 which had tandem seats.
It was a conventional high wing aircraft, though with an unusually refined wing plan; the inner half was rectangular but the outer panels were pointedly elliptical. Like the rest of the aircraft the wing structure was wooden and its covering fabric. The LB-2 was powered by a 60 hp (45 kW) air-cooled, inverted, six cylinder Train 6C, a French engine which proved unreliable.
Behind the engine the fuselage was flat sided, with an enclosed cabin under the wing. The tail was conventional with its tailplane on top of the fuselage and a triangular fin mounting a rounded rudder. Its conventional undercarriage was fixed, with rather small mainwheels.
After the students' design work was finished most of the LB-2's construction was undertaken by Nihon Koku Kogyo KK, a Yokohama-based company. They completed it in December 1939 and the first flight was made by Shigejiro Takahashi from Haneda Airport on 18 December 1939. The project was judged a success, though the LB-2's flying time was severely limited by the wayward Train engine. Only one was built, as normal with student project aircraft.

## Specifications

Data from Japanese Aircraft 1910-1941
General characteristics
* Crew: one
* Capacity: one passenger
* Length: 7.59 m (24 ft 11 in)
* Wingspan: 13 m (42 ft 8 in)
* Height: 3.09 m (10 ft 2 in)
* Wing area: 16 m$^2$ (170 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 264 kg (582 lb)
* Gross weight: 460 kg (1,014 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Train 6C-01 six cylinder, air-cooled, inverted inline, 45 kW (60 hp)
* Propellers: 2-bladed wooden
Performance
* Maximum speed: 176 km/h (109 mph, 95 kn)
* Cruise speed: 144 km/h (90 mph, 78 kn)
* Range: 564 km (350 mi, 305 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 4,800 m (15,700 ft)
* Rate of climb: 2.9 m/s (570 ft/min) from sea level
# Pere Pastor Vilanova

Pere Pastor Vilanova (born 29 November 1968) is an Andorran judge and jurist. He has been a judge at the Constitutional Court of the Principality of Andorra since 18 November 2024.

## Education

Pere Pastor Vilanova graduated from Sciences Po Toulouse in 1990 with a degree in politics. He also holds a master’s degree in business, administrative and financial studies from the Montpellier Business School, which he obtained in 1992. He then continued his studies at the École nationale d’administration de Paris (promotion Saint-Exupéry) and was awarded a master’s degree in public administration in 1994. In 2002 he obtained a PhD in public law from the University of Toulouse 1 Capitole.

## Professional career

After three years as head of the Andorran Ministry of the Interior he became a trial judge (Batlle) in 1998. He held this position until October 2011, when he became the first judge of Andorran nationality to sit on the Supreme Court of Andorra. In parallel, between 2005 and 2015, he was a member of the Bioethics Committee (DH-BIO) of the Council of Europe.
In April 2015 he was elected by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe to be a judge of the European Court of Human Rights. He took office on 1 November 2015. He was elected Section President on 19 September 2022 for a two-year term. In October 2024, he was elected a judge of the Constitutional Court of the Principality of Andorra by the Consell General (Andorran Parliament). He thus became the first Andorran national to be appointed to the Constitutional Court by the Consell General. He took office on 18 November for a term of eight years. He was appointed Vice-President for a two-year term.
Since 2005, Pere Pastor Vilanova has also been a lecturer at the University of Toulouse-Capitole, a role for which he has been awarded the Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques, in particular for the dissemination of Andorran law within the French university system. He has been an elected member of the Board of Directors of Sciences-Po Toulouse since October 2023.

## Publications

He is the author of several legal books and articles, notably on human rights, the environment and family and labour law.
# University Hospital of São João

The University Hospital of São João (in Portuguese Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, abbreviated CHUSJ), or simply São João Hospital, is the main hospital of the city of Porto, Portugal, and also the Porto metropolitan area and the North of Portugal. It's also a medical school, the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto.
São João is the Portuguese name for John the Baptist.
The São João Hospital gives direct assistance to the population of the parishes of Bonfim, Paranhos, Campanhã e Aldoar, the councils of Maia and Valongo. It also serves as the main reference center for the districts of Porto (except Baião, Amarante and Marco de Canaveses), Braga and Viana do Castelo. It is the biggest hospital of the North of Portugal, and one of the biggest in the country.

## History

In 1825 the king D. João VI created the Surgery Royal School of Porto. In 1883 changed to the name for Medical-Surgery School of Porto, with facilities next to Santo António Hospital. In 1911 the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (abbreviated FMUP) on the Medical-Surgery School of Porto.
On 28 May 1926, a coup d'état gave way to Estado Novo (Portugal) in 1933. A long process starts to build two big university hospitals, one in the country capital Lisbon (Santa Maria Hospital) and the other in the capital of the north of Portugal, the second biggest city, Porto.
The building of the São João Hospital was officially inaugurated on 24 July 1959 (Festa de São João do Porto), by president Américo Tomás. Projected as a university hospital, it rapidly became a national reference, at the level of teaching and medical investigation, and also as hospital assistance to the population. All the faculty of medicine also moved to the building. The old building was used by other medical school Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute.
The installing committee was directed by Hernâni Monteiro, anatomist and professor of the Faculty of Medicine, who had the honor of giving the first lecture on 9 November 1959.}
In 1984 the São João Hospital was made honor member of the Merit Order.
# Harry Gandy

Harry Luther Gandy (August 13, 1881 – August 15, 1957) was an American newspaperman, rancher, and politician who served three terms as a U.S. Representative from South Dakota from 1915 and 1921.

## Early life

He was born in Churubusco, Indiana, where he attended Smith Township public schools in Whitley County, Indiana. In 1901, he graduated from Tri-State College in nearby Angola, Indiana.

## Before politics

By 1907, Gandy had moved to Rapid City, South Dakota. While in South Dakota, he entered the newspaper business and worked as publisher of the Wasta, South Dakota Gazette from 1910 until 1918. He also owned a working cattle ranch from 1910 until 1945.

## Political career

In 1911, Gandy was appointed to South Dakota's State Senate. Two years later, he was appointed by Woodrow Wilson as the receiver of public moneys of the United States land office in Rapid City, a position he held until he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. He served as South Dakota's Third District representative from March 4, 1915 to March 3, 1921. He lost his bid for re-election to a fourth term.

## After politics

After politics, Gandy took up agricultural pursuits and returned to his Wasta ranch. In 1923, Gandy moved to Washington, D.C., after he was hired as a lobbyist as the executive secretary of the National Coal Association (NCA), a position he held until 1930. Between 1930 and 1937, Gandy worked for NCA member of the Pittston Company.
He left Pittson to become chairman of the Bituminous Coal Producers Board in Cincinnati, Ohio, between 1937 and 1940. He worked his remaining years until retirement in executive advisory roles for the Elk River Coal & Lumber Co. and Buffalo Creek & Gauley Railroad Co. in Widen, West Virginia.

## Death and burial

Gandy died on August 15, 1957, while retired in Los Gatos, California. He was interred in Mountain View Cemetery in Rapid City, South Dakota.
# Barry Curtis (bishop)

John Barry Curtis is a retired Anglican bishop in Canada.
Born on 19 June 1933, he was educated at Trinity College, Toronto and ordained after a period of study at Chichester Theological College in 1959. He began his ordained ministry as a curate in Pembroke, Ontario. After this he held incumbencies in Kanata, Ontario, Buckingham, Quebec, Westboro, Ottawa and Elbow Park, Calgary. He became Bishop of Calgary and Metropolitan of Rupert's Land in 1994, retiring from both posts in 1999.
# Langevin dynamics

In physics, Langevin dynamics is an approach to the mathematical modeling of the dynamics of molecular systems using the Langevin equation. It was originally developed by French physicist Paul Langevin. The approach is characterized by the use of simplified models while accounting for omitted degrees of freedom by the use of stochastic differential equations. Langevin dynamics simulations are a kind of Monte Carlo simulation.

## Overview

A real world molecular system is unlikely to be present in vacuum. Jostling of solvent or air molecules causes friction, and the occasional high velocity collision will perturb the system. Langevin dynamics attempts to extend molecular dynamics to allow for these effects. Also, Langevin dynamics allows temperature to be controlled as with a thermostat, thus approximating the canonical ensemble.
Langevin dynamics mimics the viscous aspect of a solvent. It does not fully model an implicit solvent; specifically, the model does not account for the electrostatic screening and also not for the hydrophobic effect. For denser solvents, hydrodynamic interactions are not captured via Langevin dynamics.
For a system of $N$ particles with masses $M$, with coordinates $X=X(t)$ that constitute a time-dependent random variable, the resulting Langevin equation is $M\,{\ddot {\mathbf {X} }}=-\mathbf {\nabla } U(\mathbf {X} )-\gamma \,M\,{\dot {\mathbf {X} }}+{\sqrt {2\,M\,\gamma \,k_{\rm {B}}T}}\,\mathbf {R} (t)\,,$ where $U(\mathbf {X} )$ is the particle interaction potential; $\nabla$ is the gradient operator such that $-\mathbf {\nabla } U(\mathbf {X} )$ is the force calculated from the particle interaction potentials; the dot is a time derivative such that ${\dot {\mathbf {X} }}$ is the velocity and ${\ddot {\mathbf {X} }}$ is the acceleration; $\gamma$ is the damping constant (units of reciprocal time), also known as the collision frequency; $T$ is the temperature, $k_{\rm {B}}$ is the Boltzmann constant; and $\mathbf {R} (t)$ is a delta-correlated stationary Gaussian process with zero-mean, satisfying $\left\langle \mathbf {R} (t)\right\rangle =0$ $\left\langle \mathbf {R} (t)\cdot \mathbf {R} (t')\right\rangle =\delta (t-t')$
Here, $\delta$ is the Dirac delta.
If the main objective is to control temperature, care should be exercised to use a small damping constant $\gamma$. As $\gamma$ grows, it spans from the inertial all the way to the diffusive (Brownian) regime. The Langevin dynamics limit of non-inertia is commonly described as Brownian dynamics. Brownian dynamics can be considered as overdamped Langevin dynamics, i.e. Langevin dynamics where no average acceleration takes place.
The Langevin equation can be reformulated as a Fokker–Planck equation that governs the probability distribution of the random variable X.
The Langevin equation can be generalized to rotational dynamics of molecules, Brownian particles, etc. A standard (according to NIST) way to do it is to leverage a quaternion-based description of the stochastic rotational motion.
# A Dog Named Palma

A Dog Named Palma (Russian: Пальма) is a 2021 Russian children's drama film directed by Aleksandr Domogarov Jr., based on real events that took place in 1974–1976 at the Moscow's Vnukovo International Airport.
It was released theatrically on March 18, 2021 by Central Partnership.

## Plot

In 1977 Soviet Union, the owner of a German Shepherd named Palma flies abroad. But Palma hides at the airport and waits for her owner. She meets a boy named Kolya Lazarev, who has lost his mother, and they become best friends.

## Cast

* Viktor Dobronravov as Vyacheslav Lazarev, an aircraft commander
* Liliya (German Shepherd) as Palma
* Leonid Basov as Kolya Lazarev, a boy
* Vladimir Ilyin as Sergey Tikhonov, an airport technician, Nina Tikhonova's father
* Valeriya Fedorovich as Nina Tikhonova, a stewardess, Sergey Tikhonov's daughter
* Evgeniya Dmitrieva as Lyubov Zhurina, head of the flight squad of OJSC "Soviet Aeroflot"
* Igor Khripunov as Evgeny Golikov, head of the Soviet Security Service
* Pavel Maykov as Georgy Krasilov, co-pilot
* Vladimir Simonov as Ivan Lysko
* Yan Tsapnik as Igor Polsky, owner of the shepherd Palma
* Filipp Savinkov as Kravchenko, a male flight attendant
* Darya Luzina as Anna, a flight attendant
* Elena Anisimova as Raisa Semenovna, an aviation cashier
* Bain Bovaldinov as Fedya, a policeman

## Production

In 1976 the Komsomol Truth published an article about this called Waiting for Two Years, written by Yuri Rost, in 1988, based on the article, a feature film was made Tethered to the Runway (ru), directed by Vladimir Khmelnitsky.

### Casting

More than 300 children passed the casting for the role of the boy Kolya Lazarev, before the director approved Leonid Basov. For him, this is his film debut.

### Filming

Principal photography of the film took place in one of the airports near Moscow and the Belarusian Brest. The local airport, which retained its Soviet interiors and was not very busy, was best suited to reproduce the atmosphere of the 70s. About 500 residents of Brest were used as extras for the crowd scenes.

## Release

The Russian premiere of the film took place on March 18, 2021 by Central Partnership.
# Dayok

Dayok is a Philippine condiment originating from the islands of Visayas and Mindanao in the Philippines. It is made from fish entrails (usually from yellowfin tuna), excluding the heart and the bile sac. It is fermented with salt, and sometimes rice wine (pangasi) and various herbs. It has a sharp umami and salty flavor very similar to patis (fish sauce) and bagoong. They are sold in sealed glass bottles.
# Clay Pigeon (film)

Clay Pigeon (released in the UK as Trip To Kill) is a 1971 American action film directed by Lane Slate and Tom Stern and written by Ronald Buck, Jack Gross, Jr. and Buddy Ruskin. The film stars Tom Stern, Telly Savalas, Robert Vaughn, John Marley, Burgess Meredith and Ivan Dixon. The film was released in August 1971, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

## Plot

A Vietnam War veteran (Stern) has been using illegal drugs, but eventually decides that he wants to escape that life. But before he can leave it behind, a CIA narcotics agent (Savalas) recruits him to go undercover in Los Angeles to help expose other ex-soldiers who are involved in drug dealing and drug kingpin Neilson (Vaughn).

## Cast

* Tom Stern as Joe Ryan
* Telly Savalas as Redford
* Robert Vaughn as Neilson
* John Marley as Police Captain
* Burgess Meredith as Freedom Lovelace
* Ivan Dixon as Simon
* Jeff Corey as Clinic Doctor
* Marilyn Akin as Angeline
* Marlene Clark as Saddle
* Belinda Palmer as Tracy
* Mario Alcalde as Jason
* Peter Lawford as Government Agent

## Reception
### Critical response

Roger Greenspun of The New York Times wrote in his review: "Clay Pigeon also makes no sense. But its directors, Tom Stern and Lane Slate, have a certain willingness to take each moment as it comes, and its absurdities more often seem the products of a super-active exuberance than of a failed imagination. In its particular field—sex and violence—"Clay Pigeon" just falls short of being very good."

## Release

Clay Pigeon was released in theatres in August 1971. The film was released on DVD on April 27, 1999 and later on July 6, 2010 by PolyGram Filmed Entertainment.
# Korean Mathematical Olympiad

The Korean Mathematical Olympiad is a mathematical olympiad held by the Korean Mathematical Society (KMS) in Republic of Korea.

## History

In 1988, only high school students were tested and middle school students were supposed to take the 'high school exam'. From the 11th exam, the middle school students' test was introduced (JKMO, Junior Korean Mathematical Olympiad). In the 53rd International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO), the Korean delegation won 209 out of 252 out of the total score and 6 gold medals and ranked the first place for the first time in history. From then, Korean mathematicians have made outstanding achievements in advanced math research and International Mathematical Olympiad.

## Business Background

In order to obtain excellent grades in the International Mathematics Olympiad, the Korean Mathematical Society holds the Korean Mathematical Olympiad, and through the operation of the seasonal school, KMS will discover gifted students and educate them to contribute the development of mathematics, science, and engineering in Korea.
Students who have won higher than a bronze prize in a High School Level Secondary Test or those who have completed a Middle School Level Winter School are entitled to take a Final Test. This consists of 6 questions in a narrative form. It is taken for two days at the end of March, with students required to solve 3 problems in 4 hours and 30 minutes each day. Awards are divided into Grand Prize, Excellence Prize, and Encouragement Prize, and 13 people are selected as representative candidates. Six students are selected from the candidates to represent Korea in the IMO.

## Gauss Part and Euler Part

Since 2017, KMO has been divided into two parts: Gauss Part and Euler Part. The Gauss Part is open to all students under the age of 20 and the Euler Part is available for high school students other than science high school students.

## Final representative selection process

About 12 to 13 students (twice the number of final candidates) are selected based on the grades obtained by multiplying the grades of five tests (KMO second test, Romanian Master of Mathematics, winter school mock test, APMO, and KMO final exam) by the weights set by the Korea Math Olympiad Committee. IMO mock tests are conducted for these 12 students; based on their scores, six finalists will be selected by the Korea Mathematics Olympiad Committee. The final candidates and the target students will perform the weekend training for about 5 weeks in May, and the final representative students will hold intensive training before participation in IMO, which is held from June to July.
# Lenka Ovečková

Lenka Ovečková (born 16 November 1995) is a Slovak female volleyball player. She is part of the Slovakia women's national volleyball team. She competed at the 2019 Women's European Volleyball Championship.

## Clubs

* ŠŠK Bilíkova Bratislava (none–2012)
* VISTA real Pezinok (2012–2013)
* Doprastav Bratislava (2012–2014)
* BVK Bratislava (2014–2017)
* Strabag VC FTVŠ UK Bratislava (2017–2019)
* PVK Olymp Praha (2019–present)