OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hitting time

In the study of stochastic processes in mathematics, a hitting time (or first hit time) is the first time at which a given process "hits" a given subset of the state space. Exit times and return times are also examples of hitting times.

## Definitions

Let T be an ordered index set such as the natural numbers, ⁠$\mathbb {N} ,$⁠ the non-negative real numbers, [0, +∞), or a subset of these; elements ⁠$t\in T$⁠ can be thought of as "times". Given a probability space (Ω, Σ, Pr) and a measurable state space S, let $X:\Omega \times T\to S$ be a stochastic process, and let A be a measurable subset of the state space S. Then the first hit time $\tau _{A}:\Omega \to [0,+\infty ]$ is the random variable defined by
    $\tau _{A}(\omega ):=\inf\{t\in T\mid X_{t}(\omega )\in A\}.$
The first exit time (from A) is defined to be the first hit time for S \ A, the complement of A in S. Confusingly, this is also often denoted by τ$_A$.
The first return time is defined to be the first hit time for the singleton set {X$_0$(ω)}, which is usually a given deterministic element of the state space, such as the origin of the coordinate system.

## Examples

* Any stopping time is a hitting time for a properly chosen process and target set. This follows from the converse of the Début theorem (Fischer, 2013).
* Let B denote standard Brownian motion on the real line ⁠$\mathbb {R}$⁠ starting at the origin. Then the hitting time τ$_A$ satisfies the measurability requirements to be a stopping time for every Borel measurable set ⁠$A\subseteq \mathbb {R} .$⁠
* For B as above, let τ$_r$ (r > 0) denote the first exit time for the interval (−r, r), i.e. the first hit time for $(-\infty ,-r]\cup [r,+\infty ).$ Then the expected value and variance of τ$_r$ satisfy
${\begin{aligned}\operatorname {E} \left[\tau _{r}\right]&=r^{2},\\\operatorname {Var} \left[\tau _{r}\right]&={\tfrac {2}{3}}r^{4}.\end{aligned}}$
* For B as above, the time of hitting a single point (different from the starting point 0) has the Lévy distribution.

## Début theorem

The hitting time of a set F is also known as the début of F. The Début theorem says that the hitting time of a measurable set F, for a progressively measurable process with respect to a right continuous and complete filtration, is a stopping time. Progressively measurable processes include, in particular, all right and left-continuous adapted processes. The proof that the début is measurable is rather involved and involves properties of analytic sets. The theorem requires the underlying probability space to be complete or, at least, universally complete.
The converse of the Début theorem states that every stopping time defined with respect to a filtration over a real-valued time index can be represented by a hitting time. In particular, for essentially any such stopping time there exists an adapted, non-increasing process with càdlàg (RCLL) paths that takes the values 0 and 1 only, such that the hitting time of the set {0} by this process is the considered stopping time. The proof is very simple.
# Figure skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics

Figure skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics took place at the Olympic Center Arena in Lake Placid, New York. Three figure skating events were contested: men's singles, ladies' singles, and pair skating. The competitions were held from Monday, 8 February to Friday, 12 February 1932. It was the first time the events were held indoors.

## Medal summary
### Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's singles | Karl Schäfer (AUT) | Gillis Grafström (SWE) | Montgomery Wilson (CAN) |
| Ladies' singles | Sonja Henie (NOR) | Fritzi Burger (AUT) | Maribel Vinson (USA) |
| Pair skating | Andrée Brunet and Pierre Brunet (FRA) | Beatrix Loughran and Sherwin Badger (USA) | Emília Rotter and László Szollás (HUN) |

### Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Austria | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 2 | France | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | Norway | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | United States | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 5 | Sweden | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 6 | Canada | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 6 | Hungary | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (7 entries) | Totals (7 entries) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 9 |

## Participating nations

Two figure skaters competed in both the singles and the pairs event.
A total of 39 figure skaters (18 men and 21 ladies) from 13 nations (men from ten nations and ladies from nine nations) competed at the Lake Placid Games:
* Austria (2) (men 1, women 1)
* Belgium (1) (men 0, women 1)
* Canada (6) (men 2, women 4)
* Czechoslovakia (1) (men 1, women 0)
* Finland (1) (men 1, women 0)
* France (2) (men 1, women 1)
* Germany (1) (men 1, women 0)
* Great Britain (4) (men 0, women 4)
* Hungary (4) (men 2, women 2)
* Japan (2) (men 2, women 0)
* Norway (1) (men 0, women 1)
* Sweden (2) (men 1, women 1)
* United States (12) (men 6, women 6)
# Catherine Besterman

Catherine Besterman (née Katarzyna Lejtin; 8 August 1904 – February 1985) was a Polish-American children's author. Her book The Quaint and Curious Quest of Johnny Longfoot was a Newbery Honor recipient in 1948.

## Early life

Besterman was born in Warsaw, Poland.

## Career

In Warsaw, she worked as a journalist. She married fellow journalist Władysław Besterman (1903–1974) in 1934. In 1941, during World War II, Besterman fled Poland to the United States through Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro, with her husband and their 4-year-old son, Karol. They resided in Washington, D.C. where her husband worked as a press attaché for the Polish Embassy during the war.
Before her departure from Poland, Besterman had considered adapting a Polish folktale for young readers. After arriving in the US, Besterman elected to do so; her first book, The Quaint and Curious Quest of Johnny Longfoot, was published in 1947. It was named to the Best Books of 1947 list by The Horn Book Magazine, and then was selected as a Newbery Honor title in 1948.
Besterman published one further novel, a sequel titled The Extraordinary Education of Johnny Longfoot in His Search for the Magic Hat (1949). Both books were illustrated by Warren Chappell.

## Personal life

Her husband was a foreign correspondent for the United Press International in Warsaw from 1928–39. In the United States, where he anglicized his name to Walter Maurice, he worked as an immigration aide and then a diplomat. The couple later returned to Europe, where Walter worked for the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration and was a senior vice president with the Tolstoy Foundation. He died in Geneva in 1974.
She died in Europe in February 1985.
# Dávid Hegedűs

Dávid Hegedűs (born 6 June 1985) is a Hungarian football player who plays for Eger.

## Club statistics

| Club | Season | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Europe | Europe | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Jászapáti |
| Jászapáti | 2005–06 | 26 | 7 | 2 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 28 | 7 |
| Jászapáti | Total | 26 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 7 |
| Bőcs |
| Bőcs | 2006–07 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 15 | 0 |
| Bőcs | Total | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 |
| Kazincbarcika |
| Kazincbarcika | 2006–07 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 12 | 0 |
| Kazincbarcika | 2017–18 | 32 | 1 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 32 | 1 |
| Kazincbarcika | Total | 44 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 1 |
| Eger |
| Eger | 2007–08 | 25 | 2 | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | – | 26 | 4 |
| Eger | Total | 25 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 4 |
| Szolnok |
| Szolnok | 2008–09 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 11 | 1 |
| Szolnok | Total | 10 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 1 |
| Heves |
| Heves | 2009–10 | 13 | 1 | 2 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 15 | 1 |
| Heves | Total | 13 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 1 |
| Mezőkövesd |
| Mezőkövesd | 2013–14 | 28 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | – | – | 34 | 0 |
| Mezőkövesd | 2014–15 | 17 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | – | – | 22 | 2 |
| Mezőkövesd | 2015–16 | 23 | 2 | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 24 | 2 |
| Mezőkövesd | 2016–17 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 12 | 0 |
| Mezőkövesd | Total | 76 | 3 | 9 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 92 | 4 |
| Kaposvár |
| Kaposvár | 2008–09 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 15 | 0 |
| Kaposvár | 2009–10 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 0 | – | – | 14 | 0 |
| Kaposvár | 2010–11 | 24 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 30 | 2 |
| Kaposvár | 2011–12 | 25 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | – | – | 31 | 0 |
| Kaposvár | 2012–13 | 19 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 21 | 1 |
| Kaposvár | 2018–19 | 23 | 2 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 23 | 2 |
| Kaposvár | 2019–20 | 20 | 2 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 20 | 2 |
| Kaposvár | Total | 131 | 7 | 12 | 0 | 11 | 0 | – | – | 154 | 7 |
| Career Total | | 340 | 22 | 27 | 3 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 385 | 25 |
Updated to games played as of 17 June 2020.
# Glyder (electoral ward)

Glyder is an electoral ward in the city of Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales, electing councillors to the city council and Gwynedd Council.

## Description

The ward covers the western corner of the city on the Menai Strait, including three schools and several college campuses. In the westernmost corner of the ward is the Menai Suspension Bridge to Anglesey. The ward is partially bounded to the northwest by the A5 road, to the southeast by the Penrhos Road. Bangor University's Neuadd Reichel building is in the very northernmost corner.
The ward population, according to the 2011 Census, was 1,777.

## City ward

Glyder is a ward to Bangor City Council electing three of the twenty city councillors.

## County ward

Glyder has been an electoral ward to Gwynedd Council since 1995, electing one county councillor. At the 1995 and 1999 elections the ward was represented by an Independent. Since 2004 it has been represented by Plaid Cymru.
At a by-election in May 2011, Plaid Cymru only narrowly won the contest from the Liberal Democrats, by 13 votes. In the May 2012 county council election Plaid's Elin Walker Jones retained the seat with an increased 32 vote majority over the Lib Dems. In the 2022 Elections Plaid Cymru retained the Glyder ward with Plaid Cymru’s Elin Walker-Jones with 87.0% of the turnover at 467 votes, beating Independent Steven Bell with 13% of the turnover at 70 votes, a majority of 397 votes for Elin Walker-Jones.
# Elliot Steel

Elliot Steel is a British stand-up comedian and comedy writer.

## Biography

Steel started performing stand-up at age 16 and performed at Latitude and Reading Festivals in 2013. Steel has performed several stand-up comedy shows at the Edinburgh Fringe since 2015. He has also performed sets at the Comedy Store in London, Hot Water Comedy Club, Top Secret Comedy Club and others. He has appeared on Comedy Central's Roast Battle and voiced Ashley on BBC Radio 4's programme Unite with his father, Mark Steel. He co-wrote Unite with Ivo Graham, Mark Steel and Barry Castagnola. Steel has appeared on BBC Radio 1’s Comedy Lounge and BBC Radio 4.
He is the son of comedian Mark Steel.
# Grayson Shillingford

Grayson Cleophas Shillingford SAH (25 September 1944 – 23 December 2009) was a West Indian cricketer who played in seven Test matches from 1969 to 1972. His cousin Irvine Shillingford also played Test cricket for the West Indies.
Grayson Shillingford attended Dominica Grammar School in Roseau. He was a right-arm fast bowler who played for Windward Islands from 1967–68 to 1978–79. He toured England with the West Indies team in 1969 and 1973. His best first-class figures were 6 for 49 for the Combined Windward and Leeward Islands team against Trinidad in 1971–72.
He received Dominica's Sisserou Award of Honour in 2009. He moved to Canada after his cricket career ended and lived in Toronto for 24 years.
The Grayson Shillingford Stands are named in his honour at Windsor Park (Dominica).
# Ratan Shastri

Ratan Shastri, also called Ratandevi Shastri, was founder of Banasthali Vidyapith and a notable champion of women education. She was a notable woman freedom fighter of Rajputana and wife of Hiralal Shastri, first Chief Minister of Rajasthan. She was a recipient of Padma Shri in 1955, Padma Bhushan in 1975, and Jamnalal Bajaj Award for outstanding contribution in the field of uplift and welfare of women and children in 1990. Ratan Shastri was a strong pillar of Parajamandal Movement in Jaipur state during the Indian national Movement. She was a champion of female education and started a women's school, that later developed into a university, that contributed immensely to encourage and support female education in Rajasthan. She was a staunch adherent of Gandhian ideals and promoted Khadi.

## Life and Contribution

Ratan Shastri was born on 5 October 1912 in Madhya Pradesh. Her early education was in Kanya Pathshala in Ratlam. In 1924, she married Hiralal Shastri. Hiralal Shastri was a man committed to the cause of India's freedom and relinquished his prestigious office in the government of princely state of Jaipur. Not only Ratan Shastri but her parental family supported the young man and the wider nationalist cause.

### Gandhian Ideals

Ratan Shastri converted to the simple and frugal lifestyle as she embraced Gandhian ideals. Despite, coming from an affluent family, she dressed in coarse khadi fabric and ensured that her children also wore Khadi. She sold off all her jewellery and contrary to the mores of the Indian society for a married women did not keep even a nose ring on herself.

### Freedom Movement

Ratan Shastri was quite active in the Prajamnadal Movement of Jaipur state that had been revived by her husband and other political leaders. In 1939, Jaipur state arrested several leaders. In these circumstances, Ratan Shastri rose to the occasion and played a more active and leadership role. She organised and mobilised the agitations and became an inspiration for the Satyagrahis.

### Inspiration

Beside her active engagement, her institution Banasthali Vidyapith mobilised the students to execute supportive activities for the movement. She played a great part in inculcating the values of nationalism, activism, and patriotism in the younger generation.

## Bansthali Vidyapith

Inspired by the dream of her deceased daughter, Ratan Shastri started a school for girls on 6 October 1935. It was named Shri Shantabai shiksha Kutir in memory of her daughter. In its second year, the name was changed to ShriRajasthan Balika Vidyalaya. In 1943, when BA programme was introduced, its name became Banasthali Vidyapith. In 1983, this institution has been granted the status of deemed university by University Grants Commission.

## Legacy

Bansthali Vidyapith emphasised holistic education and instilled confidence in girls. Many politicians, educationists, and freedom fighters of Rajasthan were former students of this institution like Kamla Swadhin, Geeta Bajaj etc. Ratan Shastri remained a maternal figure and inspiration for her students who fondly called her Bhabhuji throughout their lives. She died in 1998 at the age of 86.
# Himmelpforten Monastery (Harz)

Himmelpforten Monastery (German: Kloster Himmelpforten) was an Augustinian hermitage in the Harz Mountains of Germany, halfway between Hasserode (in the borough of Wernigerode ) and Darlingerode. The name "Himmelpforten" means the "Gates of Heaven".

## History

The monastery was founded in 1253 by the lords of Hartesrode in a sheltered, wooded valley, northwest of Hasserode. They chose this site because Hermits of St. William had previously resided here. The Augustinian friars bred fish and even grew vineyards. Martin Luther visited Himmelpforten on 6 August 1517, where he met his friend and fellow friar, at that time the Vicar General of the Order, Johann von Staupitz, with whom he discussed the sale of indulgences.
The Luther memorial tablet (Luthergedenkstein) erected in 1917 commemorates that meeting.

## Personalities

The noted theologian and preacher, Friar Andreas Proles, served in this monastery as prior until his death in 1503.
# Anatopynia

Anatopynia is a genus of non-biting midges of the bloodworm family Chironomidae.

## Distribution and Ecology

At present A. plumipes (Fries, 1823) is the only species of Anatopynia (Johanssen, 1905) known from the Palaearctic. The larvae live in the littoral zone of ponds and small lakes. They can be found in polluted standing waters on anaerobic sediments and may be absent from nearby waters with a better water quality. A. plumipes is a predator that feeds on other benthic invertebrates including Ostracods and Chironomus larvae that may be ingested in one piece.
# Benjamin Boone Chism

Benjamin Boone Chism (March 12, 1845 - January 15, 1924) was a soldier, farmer, lawyer and politician in Arkansas. He served as a state legislator in the Arkansas State Senate from 1877 and as Secretary of State of Arkansas 1889-1893.

## Early life

Chism was born March 12, 1845 in Booneville to state senator Stephen H. Chism and Jennatta Logan. She was the daughter of James Logan for whom Logan County, Arkansas is named. His education was in the local common school and then the Academy and Wallace Institute in Van Buren.

## Civil War

He enlisted into the Confederate Army joining the 5th Arkansas Infantry Regiment at the age of sixteen and later moved to the 17th Arkansas Infantry. He served in the American Civil War from 1861 until 1865 and was involved in many battles including the Battle of Wilson's Creek in Missouri and Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas. By the age of 18 he was commanding a company that fought in the battle at Corinth, Mississippi and rose to the rank of Captain. He was taken prisoner and later badly wounded during his service.

## Post-war

After the war he started as a farmer, rebuilding the family farm then was involved with general trading all the while studying law. He married Addie Titsworth in 1871 and they had six children together. He was admitted to the bar in Arkansas in 1873.
He was a delegate to the post-reconstruction constitutional convention in 1874. He was part of the post-reconstruction "redeeming" that took place with Democrats reasserting control and ousting Republicans and African Americans from political offices and voting rights. Chism was elected to the Arkansas State Senate in 1876 serving from 1877 representing the 8th district representing Yell County and Logan County, Arkansas. He was then elected as Secretary of State of Arkansas in 1888 as a Democrat and again in 1890. During his time in the State House he also repaired the gutters, repaired the roof and fixed the heating. Chism continued in politics until he retired in 1904 and a few years later in 1907 he moved to Fort Smith but still kept his home in Paris.
The log cabin home of his father, Dr. Stephen H. Chism, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Logan County and Chism, Arkansas as well as the Chism House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places are named for family members.
He died January 15, 1924 in Fort Smith at the house of his daughter, Mrs. Luther D. Reid. He is interned in Paris, Arkansas.
# Alfredo Scherer

Alfredo Vicente Scherer (5 February 1903–9 March 1996) was a Brazilian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Porto Alegre, Brazil from 1947 to 1981, and was elevated to the rank of cardinal in 1969.

## Biography

Alfredo Vicente Scherer was born in Bom Princípio, Rio Grande do Sul, as the second child of Peter and Anna (née Opermann) Scherer. His nephew Odilo Scherer became Archbishop of São Paulo in 2007. He studied at the seminary in Porto Alegre and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he was ordained to the priesthood on April 3, 1926. He then served as private secretary to Archbishop João Batista Becker until 1933, when he began pastoral work in Porto Alegre.
On 13 June 1946, Scherer was appointed the first auxiliary bishop of Porto Alegre and titular bishop of Hemeria by Pope Pius XII. However, Archbishop Becker died two days later, on 15 June, before Scherer received his episcopal consecration. Scherer was named as his successor as Archbishop of Porto Alegre on the following 30 December. He was consecrated on 23 February 1947, by Archbishop Carlo Chiarlo, Apostolic Nuncio to Brazil, with Bishops José Baréa and José de Almeida Baptista serving as co-consecrators.
In reference to divorce, the Archbishop once called for "prayers to God to take away from Brazil the calamity which threatens Christian families". Scherer also gave weekly radio broadcasts against "anarchists and followers of Communism" within the Church. He was strongly opposed to liberation theology, and denounced providing birth control pills to "uninformed, impoverished and unattended women" as "a criminal act".
From 1962 to 1965, he attended the Second Vatican Council and was recognized as one of the leading conservative prelates during the 1960s and 1970s. However, Scherer did support the succession of the left-wing João Goulart as president of Brazil following the resignation of Jânio Quadros, as required by the Constitution of Brazil.
Pope Paul VI created him cardinal priest of Nostra Signora de La Salette in the consistory of 28 April 1969. Scherer was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the conclaves of August and October 1978, which elected Popes John Paul I and John Paul II respectively. In January 1980, he was stabbed and robbed by unknown assailants, who left him in a ditch outside Porto Alegre when he could not meet their demands for more money.
He resigned as archbishop on 29 August 1981.
Scherer died in Porto Alegre on 8 March 1996 at age 93. He was buried near the altar of the Cathedral of Porto Alegre. In 2003, a commemorative site was arranged at his place of birth in Bom Princípio.
He was provedor of the Fraternity of the Holy House of Mercy until his death, he was also a member of the Rio Grande do Sul Institute of History and Geography.
# Tony Jewell (footballer)

Tony 'TJ' Jewell (born 8 December 1943) is a former Australian rules football player who played in the VFL between 1964 and 1970 for the Richmond Football Club.

## Playing career
### Richmond Football Club

He was recruited from Oakleigh in the VFA where he had led the club's goalkicking in 1962 and was placed 4th in the VFA's best & fairest award, the J. J. Liston Trophy, in 1963. Jewell played for Richmond Football Club, where he played a total of 80 games between 1964 and 1970.

## Coaching career

His initial coaching experience after leaving Richmond was with Caulfield then in the second division of VFA. He led them to the 2nd division premiership and promotion to the top division in 1973.

### Richmond Football Club

He was senior coach of Richmond from 1979 to 1981, which included winning the 1980 premiership, but was sacked to make way for Francis Bourke. He later returned to coach the Richmond Football Club as senior coach in his second stint from 1986 to 1987.

### St Kilda Football Club

He was also senior coach of St Kilda in 1983 and 1984.