OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Arnaud Beauvais

Arnaud Julie Beauvais (September 6, 1783 – November 18, 1843), also known as Armand Beauvais, or Arnaud Jules Beauvais, was the seventh Governor of Louisiana, as well as member and Speaker of the Louisiana House of Representatives, and member and President of the Louisiana State Senate. His governorship oversaw little change, aside from the transition of the capital of Louisiana being moved from New Orleans to Donaldsonville. He worked as a merchant and plantation owner, as well.

## Biography
### Early life

Arnaud Beauvais was born on September 6, 1783, in Pointe Coupee Parish to slaveholding, wealthy, parents Pierre Charles St. James Beauvais and Marie Françoise Richer. He was the youngest of eight siblings and received limited education in the form of private tutoring. By 1806, he purchased a plantation from his widowed mother and a slave. His plantation included eleven arpents (2,112 feet) of frontage land on the Mississippi River. In 1810, he married Louise Delphine Labatut.
A French Louisianian, he was Catholic.

### Career

His first political role came about when William C. C. Claiborne named him the Justice of the peace of Pointe Coupee Parish in 1810. Shortly thereafter, he became an administrators of the Point Coupee school district. His career continued, and he, a supporter of John Quincy Adams, soon thereafter was elected into the Louisiana House of Representatives, serving in 1814, 1816, and 1818. He then took a short break, before returning in 1821 to serve as the Speaker of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1821 to 1823. During his tenure as Speaker of the House, he also ran for State Senate office as a Whig, being elected in 1822. He would soon thereafter serve as President of the Louisiana State Senate from 1827 to 1830, but was soon thereafter required to serve as the Governor.
After his governorship, he served on the House from 1833 to 1834 after the resignation of a Representative Chenevert.

#### Governor

As President of the Senate, Arnaud was next in line to governorship. This came when Governor Pierre Derbigny was thrown from a carriage after ten months in office, dying from injuries sustained.
Under Beauvais, the Louisiana capital was moved from New Orleans to Donaldsonville. His three-month period as acting Governor ended when his bid for reelection as Governor during the special election of 1830 failed. He only ended up receiving 18% of the vote. This campaign was financed using a loan, which he eventually had to pay off, leading to financial woes and the selling of his estate in 1839.

### Death

Arnaud Beauvais died in his New Orleans home on 18 November 1843. He is buried in Saint Louis Cemetery No. 2.
# Ischnopoda

Ischnopoda is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae.
Species:
* Ischnopoda constricta (Erichson, 1837)
* Ischnopoda atra (Gravenhorst, 1806)
* Ischnopoda leucopus (Marsham, 1802)
* Ischnopoda scitula (Erichson, 1837)
# Benjamin F. Jonas

Benjamin Franklin Jonas (July 19, 1834 – December 21, 1911) was an American politician who was a Democratic U.S. Senator from Louisiana and an officer in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was the third Jew to serve in the Senate. Jonas was also the last Jewish Senator from the Deep South until Jon Ossoff won his seat in Georgia in 2021.

## Life and career

He was born in Williamsport, Grant County, Kentucky to Abraham Jonas (1801–1864), a merchant and lawyer, and Louisa Block. As a boy, he moved with his parents to Quincy, Illinois, where his father became a Republican state legislator and postmaster, and was acquainted with Abraham Lincoln. (In 1864, Lincoln appointed the widowed Mrs. Jonas postmaster in succession to her late husband.)
Benjamin attended the public schools in Quincy. In 1853, he moved to New Orleans, Louisiana; his maternal uncle, Abraham Block, was well known there, being an important figure in the nearby Red River settlements. He studied law at the University of Louisiana (now Tulane University). In 1855, he graduated, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in New Orleans.
Despite his family's strong Republican connections, Benjamin Jonas cast his lot with the South in the Civil War. In 1862 he enlisted in the Confederate States Army. He was a member of Fenner's Battery, and Adjutant of a Battalion of Artillery in Hood's Corps in the Army of Tennessee. He served till the end of the war, rising to the rank of major.
After the war, he returned to New Orleans and became active in state politics as a Democrat. In 1865, he was elected to the state House of Representatives, and served until 1868.
In 1872, he was elected to the State Senate, but declined to take the seat. In 1875, he was appointed city attorney of New Orleans, and served until 1879. He was again elected state Representative in 1876.
In 1879, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, and served from March 4, 1879 to March 4, 1885. In the 46th Congress, he was chairman of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. He sought another term in 1884, but was not re-elected.
In 1885, he was appointed Collector of the port of New Orleans, serving until 1889. He then resumed the practice of law.
Jonas died in New Orleans on December 21, 1911, and was buried in Dispersed of Judah Cemetery (listed in Historic Cemeteries of New Orleans).
He was the second Jewish U.S. Senator from Louisiana, the first having been Judah P. Benjamin (1853–1861), and the third Jewish Senator overall, the others being Benjamin and David Levy Yulee of Florida (1845–1851, 1855–1861). However, both Yulee and Benjamin married Christian wives, and did not openly practice Judaism afterward. Jonas was the first practicing Jew in the Senate. Jonas was also the first Ashkenazi Jew in the Senate; while the two previous Jewish senators were of Sephardic descent, as were the majority of U.S. Jews at the time. He was a member of The Boston Club of New Orleans.
# Meotica

Meotica is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.
Species:
* Meotica aegyptia Pace, 1983
* Meotica albanica Benick, 1953
# Blomquist

Blomquist (Swedish for 'flower branch'; pronounced) is a surname of Swedish American origin. Notable people with the surname include:
* Hugo Leander Blomquist (1885–1964), botanist
* Edwin W. Blomquist (1896–1963), American politician
* Kathleen Blomquist, United States Government official
* Michael Blomquist (born 1981), American rower and a former World Champion
* Rich Blomquist, staff writer for The Daily Show
# Mannai Thottu Kumbidanum

Mannai Thottu Kumbidanum (transl. Touch the soil and bow down) is a 1995 Indian Tamil language drama film directed by R. Umashankar, who had previously directed the film Thambi Oorukku Pudhusu (1991). The film stars Selva and Keerthana, with Rajesh, Rocky, Goundamani, Senthil, Vadivukkarasi and Kamala Kamesh playing supporting roles. It was released on 16 December 1995.

## Plot

Sathyamoorthy is a kind-hearted village chief who helps the poor villagers whereas Nallathambi is a heartless rich landlord who spreads terror among the villagers. His son Ramachandran and Rasathi fall in love with each other. When Sathyamoorthy becomes paralyzed, Ramachandran becomes the new village chief. In the meantime, Nallathambi wants to destroy Sathyamoorthy's family. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

## Cast

* Selva as Ramachandran
* Keerthana as Rasathi
* Rajesh as Sathyamoorthy
* Rocky as Nallathambi
* Goundamani as Desingu
* Senthil as Tyre (Rajadhi Raja Raja Maarthanda Raja Gambeera Raja Kulothunga Kathavaraya Krishna Kamaraj)
* Vadivukkarasi
* Kamala Kamesh as Nallathambi's mother
* Varalakshmi as Rasathi's mother
* Thideer Kannaiah as Mannaru
* Bayilvan Ranganathan
* Premi
* Devisri
* Sharmili
* Kavithasri
* S. N. Vasanth
* Joker Thulasi

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed by Deva.
| Song | Singer(s) | Lyrics | Duration |
| "Aatha Muthu Mariyamma" | K. S. Chithra, Chorus | Vaali | 4:38 |
| "Enaku Indru Deepavali" | S. Kuzhanthaivelu, Minmini | Kalidasan | 4:56 |
| "Eppo Mama Kacheri" | Mano, Swarnalatha | Vaali | 4:30 |
| "Manna Thottu Kumbidanum" | Malaysia Vasudevan, Chorus | Piraisoodan | 4:36 |
| "Seethatin Kaiyai Thotta" | K. S. Chithra, Swarnalatha | Vaali | 5:08 |
# Leonard H. Sims

Leonard Henly Sims (February 6, 1807 – February 28, 1886) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri.
Born in Burke County, North Carolina, Sims received a limited schooling. He moved to Rutherford County, Tennessee, in 1830 and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He served as member of the Tennessee House of Representatives for two terms. He settled near Springfield, Missouri, in 1839 and continued agricultural pursuits. He served as member of the Missouri State house of representatives 1842–1846.
Sims was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-ninth Congress (March 4, 1845 – March 3, 1847). He returned to Rutherford County, Tennessee, in 1847 and continued farming. He moved to Independence County, Arkansas, in 1859, settled on a farm near Batesville, and engaged in cotton raising and farming. He served in the Arkansas State Senate from 1866 to 1870 and 1874 to 1878. His photograph was included in a montage of 1866-1867 state senators in Arkansas. He died on his plantation near Batesville, Arkansas, February 28, 1886. He was interred in the family plot on his farm.
# Janet Adams

Janet Louise Jeanblanc Adams (born August 30, 1937) is an American politician.

## Early life

Adams was born on August 30, 1937, in Webster County, Iowa. She is the eldest child of Wilbur and Verda Jeanblanc and has a younger brother and sister, Donald and Joyce. She attended Eagle Grove High School, Eagle Grove Community College and Buena Vista College. After completing her studies in 1957, Jeanblanc married Ron Adams. They raised seven children. Janet Adams became a teacher.

## Political career

Politically, she was active as board member and president of the Iowa League of Women Voters, served on the school board of the Archdiocese of Dubuque, and sat on the Hamilton County Democratic Central Committee. She represented the Democratic Party and District 14 of the Iowa House of Representatives from 1987 to 1993.
# List of members of the 5th Western Cape Provincial Parliament

This is a list of the members of the fifth Western Cape Provincial Parliament.
| Name | Parliamentary group | Position |
| Albert Fritz | Democratic Alliance | Provincial Minister of Social Development |
| Bonginkosi Madikizela | Democratic Alliance | Provincial Minister of Human Settlements |
| Alan Winde | Democratic Alliance | Provincial Minister for Community Safety |
| Beverley Schäfer | Democratic Alliance | Provincial Minister of Economic Opportunities |
| Ivan Meyer | Democratic Alliance | Provincial Minister of Finance |
| Debbie Schäfer | Democratic Alliance | Provincial Minister of Education |
| Anton Bredell | Democratic Alliance | Provincial Minister of Local Government, Environment Affairs and Development Planning |
| Donald Grant | Democratic Alliance | Provincial Minister of Transport and Public Works |
| Nomafrench Mbombo | Democratic Alliance | Provincial Minister of Health |
| Anroux Marais | Democratic Alliance | Provincial Minister of Cultural Affairs and Sport |
| Helen Zille | Democratic Alliance | Premier |
| Denis Joseph | Democratic Alliance | Deputy Chief Whip of the Majority Party |
| Masizole Mnqasela | Democratic Alliance | Member |
| Richard Dyantyi | African National Congress | Member |
| Cameron Dugmore | African National Congress | Member |
| Piet Pretorius | Democratic Alliance | Deputy Speaker |
| Sharna Fernandez | Democratic Alliance | Speaker |
| Lorraine Botha | Democratic Alliance | Member |
| Bernard Daniel Joseph | Economic Freedom Fighters | Member |
| Carol Beerwinkel | African National Congress | Member |
| Reagen Allen | Democratic Alliance | Member |
| Trudy Dijana | African National Congress | Member |
| Maurencia Gillion | African National Congress | Member |
| Ferlon Christians | African Christian Democratic Party | Member |
| Sharon Davids | African National Congress | Member |
| Nceba Hinana | Democratic Alliance | Whip |
| Dorothea Gopie | African National Congress | Member |
| Basil Kivedo | Democratic Alliance | Member |
| Pat Lekker | African National Congress | Member |
| Pholisa Makeleni | African National Congress | Member |
| Ricardo Mackenzie | Democratic Alliance | Member |
| Khaya Magaxa | African National Congress | Leader of the Opposition |
| Daylin Mitchell | Democratic Alliance | Member |
| Nobulumko Nkondlo | African National Congress | Member |
| Matlhodi Maseko | Democratic Alliance | Member |
| Tertuis Simmers | Democratic Alliance | Member |
| Wendy Philander | Democratic Alliance | Member |
| Mireille Wenger | Democratic Alliance | Member |
| Siyazi Tyatyam | African National Congress | Whip |
| Mark Wiley | Democratic Alliance | Chief Whip of the Majority Party |
| Theo Olivier | African National Congress | Member |
| Pierré Uys | African National Congress | Chief Whip of the Official Opposition |
# Hugo Milner

Hugo Milner (born 2 September 1998) is a British triathlete and cross-country runner. He won the English national cross country title in 2024.

## Early life

Milner attended Littleover Community School in Derbyshire, and in 2017 earned a scholarship to attend Harvard University where he studied Environmental Science and Public Policy.

## Career
### Cross country

A member of Derby Athletic Club, Milner won the Cardiff Cross Country challenge, and the Milton Keynes Cross Country challenge in 2021.
In 2022, he finished runner-up at the Liverpool Cross Challenge and finished 32nd at the 2022 European Cross Country Championships.
Milner secured a victory in cross country at the Liverpool Cross Challenge in November 2023. He competed in Brussels at the 2023 European Cross Country Championships, finishing fourth overall.
On 20 January 2024, he won the London International Cross Country event and in September won the English National Cross Country Championships at Weston Park. In November 2024, he finished runner-up at the Liverpool Cross Challenge. He was subsequently selected for the British team for the 2024 European Cross Country Championships in Antalya, Turkey, where he was a bronze medalist in the team race.

### Triathlon

After taking up triathlon two years previously, Milner won the World Triathlon Cup event in Miyazaki, Japan in October 2023, in only his fourth World Cup race. In his previous two races, he had also clocked the best run split times.
He finished eighth at the E World Triathlon Championships in London in April 2024.
# Severin doctrine

The Severin doctrine, established in the 1943 case Severin v. United States, 99 Ct. Cl. 435, is a legal principle in United States federal contract law. It stipulates that a prime contractor cannot sue the federal government to recover damages incurred by a subcontractor unless the prime contractor is liable to the subcontractor for those damages.

## Background

In Severin v. United States, the Court of Claims held that for a prime contractor to pursue a “pass-through” claim on behalf of a subcontractor against the government, there must be a direct liability from the prime contractor to the subcontractor for the claimed damages. If the prime contractor has been absolved of liability to the subcontractor through contractual provisions or releases, the government cannot be held responsible for the subcontractor’s damages.

## Application

The Severin doctrine is particularly relevant in federal procurement and construction contracts involving multiple tiers of contractors. For a prime contractor to successfully present a subcontractor’s pass-through claim against the government, it must demonstrate either that it has reimbursed the subcontractor for the damages or that it remains liable for such reimbursement. Absent this liability, the claim is barred under the Severin doctrine.

## Limitations and interpretations

Courts have generally applied the Severin doctrine narrowly, requiring an “iron-bound release” or a contract provision that completely immunizes the prime contractor from liability to the subcontractor to preclude a pass-through claim. The burden of proof rests on the government to establish that the prime contractor is not liable to the subcontractor.
In practice, the doctrine’s applicability depends on the specific terms of the contracts and any releases executed between the prime contractor and subcontractor. For instance, broad language in subcontractor progress payment releases can potentially bar pass-through claims if they do not expressly reserve the subcontractor’s claims.
# Caproni Ca.67

The Caproni Ca.66 and Caproni Ca.67 were Italian night bomber aircraft designed to re-equip the post-World War I Regia Aeronautica.

## Design and development

The Ca.66 was a well built wooden aircraft with ply veneer and fabric covering, intended to carry out night bombing. The single-bay inverted sesquiplane wings were braced with streamlined struts and wires and were characterized by their squared off wing-tips, constant chord, and moderate 3° 30' dihedral on the lower mainplanes. The square section fuselage, rounded off at the nose, housed the four crew in three open cockpits with pilot and co-pilot side by side. At the aft end of the fuselage a large triangular fin, with rudder, supported the biplane tailplanes, which were also strut-braced. The tail-skid undercarriage had mainwheels on divided axles, strut-supported beneath the engines and attached to the lower longerons of the fuselage. Controls were conventional with elevators on upper and lower tailplanes, large horn-balanced rudder and horn balanced ailerons on the lower wings only.
The Ca.67 was similar to the Caproni Ca.66 in overall design and span but differed in having 2 Lorraine-Dietrich 12Db engines and increased payload. Flight tests offered no real improvement in performance over the Ca.66, and the Regia Aeronautica did not order the aircraft into production.

## Variants
### Ca.66

    Inverted sesquiplane bomber powered by four 200–220 hp (150–160 kW) SPA 6A engines in strut-supported tandem pair nacelles between the mainplanes; one built.

### Ca.67

    A Ca.66 powered by two 400 hp (300 kW) Lorraine-Dietrich 12Db (Isotta Fraschini 12Db?) engines in tractor nacelles mounted on the lower mainplanes; one built.

## Specifications (Ca.67)

Data from , Aeroplani Caproni dal 1908 al 1935
General characteristics
* Crew: Four, pilot, co-pilot plus two gunners
* Capacity: 2,400 kg (5,300 lb) payload
* Length: 12.50 m (41 ft 0 in)
* Upper wingspan: 17 m (55 ft 9 in)
* Lower wingspan: 25 m (82 ft 0 in)
* Height: 5.60 m (18 ft 4 in)
* Wing area: 143 m$^2$ (1,540 sq ft) excluding ailerons
* Empty weight: 3,300 kg (7,275 lb)
* Gross weight: 5,700 kg (12,566 lb)
* Powerplant: 2 × Lorraine-Dietrich 12Db V-12 water-cooled piston engines, 300 kW (400 hp) each
* Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propellers
Performance
* Maximum speed: 180 km/h (110 mph, 97 kn) at ground level
* Cruise speed: 155 km/h (96 mph, 84 kn)
* Stall speed: 80 km/h (50 mph, 43 kn)
* Endurance: 4 hr with 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) bomb-load
* Service ceiling: 5,500 m (18,000 ft)
* Time to altitude: 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in 5 minutes; 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in 48 minutes
Armament
* Guns: 4 × 7.7 mm (0.303 in) machine guns in front and rear gunners cockpits on flexible mounts
* Bombs: 12 × 100 kg (220 lb) Lancia bombs
# Laforce

Laforce (French pronunciation:) is a municipality in northwestern Quebec, Canada, in the Témiscamingue Regional County Municipality.

## History

The place saw its first settlers in 1937, and was originally called Devlin, after the geographic township of Devlin, in turn named in honour of Charles Ramsay Devlin. In 1938, the Parish of Saint-Charles-Borromée-de-Devlin was founded. In June of that same year, the place received the name Laforce, named after Ernest Laforce (1879–1977), deputy minister of Colonization of Quebec at that time. In 1940, the Laforce Post Office opened.
On January 1, 1979, the Municipality of Laforce was created out of previously unincorporated area.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1976 | 303 | — |
| 1981 | 290 | −4.3% |
| 1986 | 264 | −9.0% |
| 1991 | 225 | −14.8% |
| 1996 | 295 | +31.1% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 2001 | 303 | +2.7% |
| 2006 | 174 | −42.6% |
| 2011 | 147 | −15.5% |
| 2016 | 231 | +57.1% |
| 2021 | 266 | +15.2% |
Population figures based on revised counts. Population counts are not adjusted for boundary changes. Source: Statistics Canada :
Mother tongue (2021):
* English as first language: 59.4%
* French as first language: 32.8%
* English and French as first language: 1.6%
* Other as first language: 6.3%

## Local government

List of former mayors:
* Patrice Rioux (1979–1979)
* Yves Nolet (1979–1981, 1987–1989)
* Bertrand Pichette (1981–1987)
* Alain Sinotte (1989–2000)
* Gérald Charron (2000–2013, 2017–present)
* Isabelle Morin (2013–2017)
# Hrlica

Hrlica (Hungarian: Gerlice) is a village and municipality in Revúca District in the Banská Bystrica Region of Slovakia.

## History

In historical records, the village was first mentioned in 1413 (Gerlyche), when it belonged to Derencsénny feudatories. In the 17th century it passed tu Muráň.

## Genealogical resources

The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia"
* Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1810-1896 (parish B)
* Lutheran church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1730-1895 (parish B)