# Marie Darrieussecq

Marie Darrieussecq (French pronunciation:; born 3 January 1969, Bayonne) is a French writer. She is also a translator, and has practised as a psychoanalyst.
Her books explore the unspoken and abandoned territories in literature. Her work is dense, marked by a constant renewal of genres and registers. She is published by the French publisher P.O.L.
Her first book, Truismes (Pig Tales), published at the age of 27, the metamorphosis of a woman into a sow, was a worldwide success, with a circulation of more than one million copies in France and abroad, translated into forty languages.
In 2013, she was awarded the Prix Médicis and the Prix des Prix for her novel Il faut beaucoup aimer les hommes (Men, A Novel of Cinema & Desire). In 2019, she held the biannual Writer-in-Residence's Chair at Sciences Po in Paris.

## Biography
### Education

In 1986, she passed the Baccalauréat in French Literature in Bayonne. After a two-year preparatory course (Hypokhâgne and Khâgne) in literature at the Lycée Montaigne in Bordeaux and the Lycée Louis-Le-Grand in Paris, she studied at the École Normale Supérieure de la Rue d'Ulm in Paris from 1990 to 1994, followed by the Sorbonne Nouvelle. In 1992, she passed her aggregation in Modern Literature, coming sixth.
Her doctoral thesis under the direction of Francis Marmande, defended in 1997 at the Université Paris VII, was entitled: "Critical Moments in Contemporary Literature. Tragic Irony and Autofiction in the Works of Georges Perec, Michel Leiris, Serge Doubrovsky and Hervé Guibert."

### Personal life

Her first husband was a mathematician and her second is an astrophysicist. Darrieussecq has three children.

## Novels

Darrieussecq locates her work in the realm of fiction and qualifies The Baby as her "only autobiographical book." Almost all her characters are women, and most of them are narrators. They write, mostly in notebooks, in order to bear witness to events and to survive. Although they seem to resemble the author by their profession (several are psychologists), they are never completely like her. For example, not one of them is an author.
She either writes short monologues or novels in the third person that focus on the world as a whole, through a group of people from a fictive village called Clèves in south-west France, in the Basque country:
   “I called this fictive, autobiographical village Clèves as a tribute to the Princesse de Clèves. I had had enough of inventing characters. Now I draw them from the reservoir of Clèves, and watch them grow older, from the 80s till much later. Solange, Rose, Christian, etc. (…) There is often an important theme, imposed by what’s happening in the world. I recently wanted to write about the migrants, like everybody else… But in my own way, far from clichés and pre-digested sentences.”
Pig Tales and My Phantom Husband can be read as two early novels that announce the total body of her work: she writes about the body and its metamorphosis, overflow and loss, with an unprecedented approach to feminine issues, while resorting to the fantastic, ghosts and monsters. Monsters play an important role in Darrieussecq's poetics: she conceives writing as being "available to phantoms," a way of making absence present, making the reader hear the inaudible, and considering, in metaphysical cycles, the encounter between the origin of life and the silence of death.
This leads to a dense body of work that unfolds in time and leaves room for experimentation. Darrieussecq has published eighteen novels, a play, a biography, two children's books and several artists’ catalogues.
She works on clichés and structures her novels around commonplaces. The journalist Raphaëlle Leyris wrote in 2011:
   “Marie Darrieussecq’s subject has always been same since Pig Tales: examining what language has to say about experience, the way words, namely commonplaces, express reality and, in return, shape reality.”
The title Il faut beaucoup aimer les hommes (Men. A Novel of Cinema and Desire) was taken from a sentence by Marguerite Duras in La Vie matérielle: "We have to love men a lot. A lot, a lot. Love them a lot to love them. Otherwise it’s impossible, we couldn’t bear them."

## Themes

As a writer of the metamorphic body, she is interested in mutation, the feminine, the masculine and the non-binary.
The body's relationship to excess and deficiency, outrageousness and disappearance, is a major theme in her work. She says she writes: "for the body and towards the body, within the meaning of what doesn’t speak inside us." Ghosts wander through all her books, the disappearance of a man, a child or a world. Darrieussecq explores zones of silence and the unsaid: "Putting words on what has no words, where words do not yet exist, or do not exist anymore."
Her characters are generally well-travelled and move between Antarctica (White), Australia (Tom Is Dead), Los Angeles and The Congo (Men) and the Mediterranean on a cruise ship (La Mer à l’envers). She associates psychology and history in her novels with different forms of geography. Nathalie Crom, in an article on her novel Le Pays in La Croix, wrote that she raises "the question of belonging (to a language, a landscape, or a nation), without the slightest nostalgia for a classical or traditional vision of taking root."
She pays special attention to geography in its relationship with space as well as time, and the Anthropocene Era, conscious that the planet has a limited lifespan. Wild animals and endangered species abound. Darrieussecq makes Gilles Deleuze's assertion her own: "Writers are responsible for dying animals." She writes for and in the place of disappearing animals. In an interview with the journalist Mia Funk, she declared: "When the last elephant has disappeared, we will miss him. We miss the Tasmanian tiger."
In 2013, she wrote in a chronicle in the newspaper Libération: "We don’t know what will remain of us, once we live on a planet without wild animals. When what is missed is missed to the extent that its name is no longer known, even the hollow form can no longer be felt, and we lose a part of ourselves, we become more stupid, compact and less labile. Less animal, one could say."

## A feminine point of view in literature

In Pig Tales, she relates the metaphor of a "monstrous form of puberty" through the metamorphosis of a woman into a sow. Darrieussecq introduces babies into literature with The Baby, a book she qualifies as a "militant literary gesture." In Clèves, she describes the transformation of a teenage girl with the arrival of her first period and her discovery of sexuality. Virginie Despentes wrote in Le Monde des Livres:
   “Clèves functions like a rewinding up of moments that have not been forgotten or occulted, just never consulted or celebrated.”
In 2016, she published Être ici est une splendeur, Vie de Paula M. Becker (Being Here Is Everything: Life of Paula M. Becker), the biography of the German painter Paula Modersohn-Becker, whose surname she amputated in the subtitle "Life of Paula M. Becker": "Women don’t have a name. They have first names. Their name is a transitory loan, an unstable, ephemeral sign. They find other landmarks for their claim to the world, presence, creation and signature. They invent themselves in a man’s world, by infraction."
After Virginia Woolf, Nathalie Sarraute and Marguerite Duras, Darrieussecq "accounts for the entire world," considering the fact that half of the world, women, does still not really have the right to speak.
However, she refuses to associate her books with feminist literature:
   “I have no problem in calling myself a feminist. But I don’t use the word to qualify my books. (…) It would be simplistic. My books are also ecological, for example.”

## Style

Darrieussecq's writing is characterized by its precision, concision and clarity; nervous, rhythmic, using internal prosody, often in octosyllables or in blank verse. Her minimalist style, full of anecdotes and scientific or geographical metaphors, serves a "physical form of writing", close to "writing as sensation", an expression she keyed for Nathalie Sarraute.

### Relationship with language

Darrieussecq, whose mother and two grandmothers spoke Basque, regularly claims in interviews that she doesn't sacralise French, and considers it as a language among others: "I believe writers have a special relationship with their mother tongue. They dare to touch it, consider it as something outside of themselves, and they can either break or play with this body of language." Her characters often move from one continent to another and are almost all confronted with foreign languages. In Tom Is Dead, the child's death was announced in English, since the French narrator was living in Australia:
   “After Tom’s death, my English, the way I actually understood English, had shrunk in a way. (…) But during the group therapy, I knew what people were talking about. So I could follow. It was with them that I learned how to speak again. My language lessons.” (Tom Is Dead)

### French as a masculine language

In Le Pays, Darrieussecq qualifies French as a "language of authority" in which "the masculine subject rules the sentence, supported by the verb." She demonstrates as follows:
   “The masculine dominates the feminine in the French language; if all the women in the world were accompanied by a dog, they would be constrained, these women and dogs, to be addressed in the masculine form, since women and dogs are obedient.”
Asked whether her writing is feminine, she replies:
"Writing has no gender or sex, because the novel is a place of metamorphosis."
Nevertheless, she adds in the preface to her translation of Virginia Woolf:
"I leave open the question of feminine writing, which is also the question of my life."

## Polemics and critical acclaim
### Polemics

In 1998, the writer Marie NDiaye accused Darrieussecq to have "aped" several of her books in order to write My Phantom Husband.
In 2007, upon the publishing of Tom is Dead, Camille Laurens, who was also published by P.O.L, accused Darrieussecq of "psychic plagiarism". Their publisher Paul Otchakovsky-Laurens defended Darrieussecq in a tribune in Le Monde entitled "No, Marie Darrieussecq did not pirate Camille Laurens." After these accusations, Darrieussecq published an essay in 2010, Rapport de police, on the question of plagiarism in literature. A Wikipedia page has been written on the conflict that followed the publication of Tom is Dead.

### Critical acclaim

In 1988, Marie Darrieussecq was awarded the Prix du jeune écrivain de langue française (the Young French Writer's Prize) for her short story La Randonneuse.
In 1996, the publication of Pig Tales propelled Darrieussecq, at 27 years old, onto the media scene and triggered a shock wave. That same year, Jean-Luc Godard bought the rights of the novel and then decided not to adapt it.
In Le Figaro, Eric Ollivier wrote about Pig Tales in an article entitled "A tale that makes you puke: You feel an internal rage, a falsely naïve and merry tone that impulsively relates horrors out of this world (…). Nonsense prevails, up till the epilogue. Disgusting and difficult to bear."
In 2003, J.M.G. Le Clézio wrote in Le Point:
"Marie Darrieussecq’s work reminds one of Lautréamont: the dream of the swine, in Canto IV, begins as follows: "I dreamed that I had entered the body of a swine… when I wanted to kill, I killed." Pig Tales was born. The passage when Falmer, or the ghost of Maldoror, flies over the Panthéon is My Phantom Husband. White is a hymn to the ocean, to amphibious man, or even the "girl of snow" who appears in Canto VI."
Upon the publication of Being Here is a Splendour, Life of Paula M. Becker, Etienne de Montety wrote in Le Figaro littéraire in 2016: "(...) nothing of what is feminine is unfamiliar to Marie Darrieussecq. It is her trademark."

## Commitments

Darrieussecq has been Patron of the Réseau DES France since 2001, an association that helps victims of Distelbène.
In 2007, she was elected Patron of Bibliothèques sans frontières.
During the French presidential campaign in 2007, she supported Ségolène Royale.
In 2012, she was "Marraine de l’association d’étudiants du Pays basque aux grandes écoles".
In 2014, she participated in Passés par la case prison (Served a prison sentence) and became Patron of the Observatoire des prisons.
In 2019, she was appointed president de l’Avance sur recettes (advance on earnings) for the CNC (Centre National du Cinéma et de l’image animée).