OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Robertgurneya

Robertgurneya is a genus of copepods, containing the following species:
* Robertgurneya arabica (Noodt, 1964)
* Robertgurneya brevipes Wells & Rao, 1987
* Robertgurneya dactylifer (C. B. Wilson, 1931)
* Robertgurneya dictydiophora (Monard, 1928)
* Robertgurneya diversa Lang, 1965
* Robertgurneya ecaudata (Monard, 1936)
* Robertgurneya erythraea (A. Scott, 1902)
* Robertgurneya falklandiensis (Lang, 1936)
* Robertgurneya hopkinsi Lang, 1965
* Robertgurneya ilievecensis (Monard, 1935)
* Robertgurneya intermedia Bozic, 1955
* Robertgurneya oligochaeta Noodt, 1955
* Robertgurneya remanei Klie, 1950
* Robertgurneya rostrata (Gurney, 1927)
* Robertgurneya simulans (Norman & T. Scott, 1905)
* Robertgurneya smithi Hamond, 1973
* Robertgurneya soyeri Apostolov, 1974
* Robertgurneya spinulosa (G. O. Sars, 1911)
* Robertgurneya tenax (Brian, 1927)

## Taxonomic history

The genus Robertgurneya was first diagnosed by Karl Georg Herman Lang in 1944, with the name commemorating Robert Gurney. Since Lang did not designate a type species, as required by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature for generic names published since 1930, that name is not "available". The first authors to explicitly designate a type species were Apostolov & Marinov in 1988, and they are therefore considered the authors of the genus.
# Shomrim

Shomrim or Shemira are Hebrew words meaning "watchers", "guards" and "protection", and may refer to:
* Shomrim, Orthodox Jewish civilian volunteer patrols
* Shomrim Society, fraternal organization of Jewish police officers
* Shomer, a custodian in Jewish law, singular of shomrim
* Shemira, the Jewish custom of watching over a dead body before burial; watchers are known as shomrim
* Hashomer (Hebrew: השומר, "The Watchman"), a Jewish defense organization in Palestine
* Hashomer Hatzair youth movement
# Equestrian at the 2015 SEA Games

Equestrian at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games was held in Singapore Turf Club Riding Centre, Singapore from 6 to 10 June 2015. Medals were awarded in second disciplines for both individual and team competitions.

## Participating nations

A total of 38 athletes from eight nations competed in equestrian at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games:
* Brunei (1)
* Cambodia (4)
* Indonesia (6)
* Malaysia (7)
* Myanmar (4)
* Philippines (4)
* Singapore (8)
* Thailand (4)

## Competition schedule

The following is the competition schedule for the equestrian competitions:
| Q | Qualification | F | Final |
| Event↓/Date → | Sat 6 | Sun 7 | Mon 8 | Tue 9 | Wed 10 |
| Individual dressage | | Q | | F | |
| Team dressage | F | | | | |
| Individual jumping | | | | | F |
| Team jumping | | | F | | |

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Individual dressage | Larasati Iris Richka Gading on Wallenstein 145 (INA) | Caroline Chew Pei-Jia on Tribiani (SIN) | Alfaro Menayang on Desperado 172 (INA) |
| Team dressage | Indonesia (INA) Larasati Iris Richka Gading on Wallenstein 145 Ferry Wahyu Hadiyanto on Douceur 3 Dewi Kunti Njoto on Don Alvarito Alfaro Menayang on Desperado 172 | Singapore (SIN) Caroline Chew Pei-Jia on Tribiani Catherine Oh Yung-Wen on Vlicka Soh Wei Chi on Mirabel Hojris Natalie Pinruo Tan on Romaniero | Malaysia (MAS) Shaiful Azwan Mohamad Din on Thor de Martinpre Mohd Izry Razali on Cookie 'n Cream Natalya Aira Wah Idris on Tallong Coral |
| Individual jumping | Sharmini Christina Ratnasingham on Arcado L (MAS) | Catherine Chew Yen-Tu on Coquira (SIN) | Sailub Lertratanachai on Cagena Z (THA) |
| Team jumping | Singapore (SIN) Cheong Su-Yen on Claim Collin Catherine Chew Yen-Tu on Coquira Janine Khoo Su Pheng on Snoopnose Predrag Marjanovic on Calypso 419 | Malaysia (MAS) Ahmad Imtaz Amir Hamzah on PRTC Gin Fizz van de Gasthoeve Mohammad Nabil Fikri Ismail on Urgola Sharmini Christina Ratnasingham on Arcado L Natasha Ines Wah Idris on Wachintha | Thailand (THA) Sailub Lertratanachai on Cagena Z Siengsaw Lertratanachai on Dakota Korntawat Samran on Amadeus 882 |

## Medal table

* Host nation (Singapore)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Indonesia (INA) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 2 | Singapore (SIN)* | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
| 3 | Malaysia (MAS) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 4 | Thailand (THA) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Totals (4 entries) | Totals (4 entries) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 12 |
# Leverett Saltonstall I

Leverett Saltonstall (June 13, 1783 – May 8, 1845), was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts who also served as Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, President of the Massachusetts Senate, the first Mayor of Salem, Massachusetts and a Member of the Board of Overseers of Harvard College.
Saltonstall was a great-grandfather of Massachusetts Governor and U.S. Senator Leverett Saltonstall (1892–1979).

## Early life and education

Saltonstall was born in Haverhill, Massachusetts, June 13, 1783 as a member of the Saltonstall family. He pursued classical studies, attending Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, New Hampshire, and was graduated from Harvard University in 1802. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar association and commenced practice in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1805.

## Salem City Hall

Salem City Hall was built in 1837–1838 under the supervision of Mayor Leverett Saltonstall and a committee appointed for that purpose. The cornerstone was laid on September 6, 1837. Artifacts buried beneath the cornerstone included copies of local newspapers, the Mayor's speech for the organization of City Government (May 9, 1836), and the new City Charter.

## Estate of Simon Forrester

Saltonstall, his brother-in-law Dudley Leavitt Pickman and Nathaniel Bowditch all acted as trustees of the estate of Simon Forrester, a ship captain born in Ireland who became one of pioneers of Salem merchant shipping and one of Salem's leading merchants and philanthropists.

## Positions and offices

* A delegate to the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention in 1820.
* An unsuccessful candidate for election to the 17th United States Congress in 1820.
* A member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1813, 1814, 1816, 1822, 1829, 1834, and 1844.
* Served in the Massachusetts Senate, 1817–1819, 1831, and 1832, and was President of the Massachusetts Senate in 1831 and 1832.
* Elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1824.
* The first mayor of Salem, serving 1836–1837.
* Elected as a Whig to the 25th United States Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Stephen C. Phillips, and then reelected to the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Congresses, serving from December 5, 1838, to March 3, 1843.
* Chairman for the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Navy (Twenty-sixth Congress).
* Committee on Manufactures (Twenty-seventh Congress).
* Unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Twenty-eighth Congress.
* Overseer of Harvard University, 1835–1845.

## Death and burial

Leverett Saltonstall died in Salem, Essex County, Massachusetts, May 8, 1845, and rests in Harmony Grove Cemetery.
# James B. Reynolds

James B. Reynolds (1779 – June 10, 1851) was an American politician that represented Tennessee in the United States House of Representatives.

## Biography

Reynolds was born in County Antrim in the Kingdom of Ireland in 1779. He attended the common schools and immigrated to the United States in 1798. In 1804 he settled in Clarksville, Tennessee, and studied law. He was admitted to bar the same year.

## Career

Reynolds was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Fourteenth Congress, which lasted from March 4, 1815, to March 3, 1817. He was also elected to the Eighteenth Congress, which lasted from March 4, 1823, to March 3, 1825. He resumed the practice of law after each office. In 1835, Reynolds was a shareholder when The Branch Bank of Planters Bank, headquartered in Nashville, opened in Clarksville, Tennessee.

## Death

Reynolds died in Clarksville on June 10, 1851, at about age 71 years. He is interred at the Riverside Cemetery in Clarksville, Tennessee, alongside family members Joseph Reynolds and Bridget McCue.
# Polo at the 2017 SEA Games

The polo competitions at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games in Kuala Lumpur took place at Putrajaya Equestrian Park and the Royal Selangor Polo Club. Polo returns to the competition schedule after edition of the games in 1983 and 2007.

## Competition schedule

* Official Draw For Polo (image)
* 29th SEA Games Polo Schedule

## Participating nations

* Brunei (7)
* Malaysia (7)
* Singapore (7)
* Thailand (7)

## Medal summary
### Medal table

Host nation
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Malaysia* | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | Thailand | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 3 | Brunei | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (3 entries) | Totals (3 entries) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |

### Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Team | Malaysia (MAS) Abdul Rashid Hasnan Amran Selamat Khairy Jamaluddin Mohd Zulhelmi Nadzar Muhammad Faizal Abu Bakar Shaik Reismann Ismail Tengku Ahmad Shazril Ezzani Suleiman | Thailand (THA) Aiyawatt Srivaddhanaprabha Apichet Srivaddhanaprabha Nattapong Pratumlee Nutthadith Sila-amornsak Ploy Bhinsaeng Satid Wongkraso Thanasin Chuawangkham | Brunei (BRU) Huzaimi Haji Mahari Mohamad Huzaimi Husin Muhamad Farid Abdullah Prince Abdul Qawi Prince Bahar Jefri Bolkiah Prince Abdul Mateen Princess Azemah Ni'matul Bolkiah |
# Robert Morrison (footballer)

Robert "Bob" Morrison (1926–2016) was an association football player who represented New Zealand at international level.
Morrison made his full All Whites debut, a 0–2 loss to New Caledonia on 19 September 1951 and ended his international playing career with 10 A-international caps to his credit, his final cap an appearance in a 5–3 win over Tahiti on 28 September 1952.
# Jujitsu at the 2019 SEA Games

Jujitsu at the 2019 SEA Games was held at the Laus Convention Centre in San Fernando, Pampanga in the Philippines, from 9 to 10 December 2019.

## Participating nations

* Cambodia (4)
* Indonesia (7)
* Malaysia (4)
* Philippines (11)
* Singapore (9)
* Thailand (11)
* Vietnam (10)

## Medal table

* Host nation (Philippines)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Philippines (PHI)* | 5 | 3 | 3 | 11 |
| 2 | Thailand (THA) | 2 | 2 | 6 | 10 |
| 3 | Singapore (SGP) | 2 | 1 | 4 | 7 |
| 4 | Indonesia (INA) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 5 | Cambodia (CAM) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 6 | Vietnam (VIE) | 0 | 2 | 6 | 8 |
| 7 | Malaysia (MAS) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Totals (7 entries) | Totals (7 entries) | 11 | 11 | 22 | 44 |

## Medalists
### Men

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| 56 kg | Carlo Angelo Peña Philippines | Rengga Richard Indonesia | Komkrit Keadnin Thailand |
| 56 kg | Carlo Angelo Peña Philippines | Rengga Richard Indonesia | Đào Hồng Sơn Vietnam |
| 62 kg | Noah Lim Singapore | Suwijak Kuntong Thailand | Cấn Văn Thắng Vietnam |
| 62 kg | Noah Lim Singapore | Suwijak Kuntong Thailand | Gian Taylor Dee Philippines |
| 69 kg | Banpot Lertthaisong Thailand | Marc Alexander Lim Philippines | Adam Akasyah Malaysia |
| 69 kg | Banpot Lertthaisong Thailand | Marc Alexander Lim Philippines | Paul Lim Singapore |
| 77 kg | Adrian Guggenheim Philippines | Willy Indonesia | Kwan Yan Wei Singapore |
| 77 kg | Adrian Guggenheim Philippines | Willy Indonesia | Rachata Ngamyoo Thailand |
| 85 kg | Dean Michael Roxas Philippines | Benjamin Chia Singapore | Hoàng Mạnh Tùng Vietnam |
| 85 kg | Dean Michael Roxas Philippines | Benjamin Chia Singapore | Sooknatee Suntra Thailand |
| 94 kg | Natdanai Netthip Thailand | Joshua Luigi Ladera Philippines | Yunus Junior Paays Indonesia |
| 94 kg | Natdanai Netthip Thailand | Joshua Luigi Ladera Philippines | Lê Duy Thành Vietnam |
| 120 kg | Muhammad Noor Indonesia | Phanuphong Kitpongpanit Thailand | Peter Lawrence Meimban Philippines |
| 120 kg | Muhammad Noor Indonesia | Phanuphong Kitpongpanit Thailand | Lưu Minh Thiện Vietnam |

### Women

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| 45 kg | Meggie Ochoa Philippines | Đào Lê Thu Trang Vietnam | Kanjutha Phattaraboonsorn Thailand |
| 45 kg | Meggie Ochoa Philippines | Đào Lê Thu Trang Vietnam | Ai Jin Lee Malaysia |
| 49 kg | Jessa Khan Cambodia | Jenna Kaila Napolis Philippines | Teh May Yong Singapore |
| 49 kg | Jessa Khan Cambodia | Jenna Kaila Napolis Philippines | Dương Thị Thanh Minh Vietnam |
| 55 kg | Annie Ramirez Philippines | Cassandra Poyong Malaysia | Fiona Toh Singapore |
| 55 kg | Annie Ramirez Philippines | Cassandra Poyong Malaysia | Onanong Sangsirichok Thailand |
| 62 kg | Constance Lien Singapore | Nguyễn Ngọc Tú Vietnam | Apryl Eppinger Philippines |
| 62 kg | Constance Lien Singapore | Nguyễn Ngọc Tú Vietnam | Orapa Senatham Thailand |
# Kurash at the 2019 SEA Games

The kurash competitions at the 2019 SEA Games in Philippines were held at the LausGroup Event Centre in San Fernando, Pampanga between 1 and 2 December 2019.

## Medal table

* Host nation (Philippines)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Vietnam (VIE) | 7 | 1 | 2 | 10 |
| 2 | Thailand (THA) | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8 |
| 3 | Philippines (PHI)* | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 |
| 4 | Indonesia (INA) | 0 | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 5 | Malaysia (MAS) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 5 | Singapore (SGP) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 7 | Myanmar (MYA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (7 entries) | Totals (7 entries) | 10 | 10 | 15 | 35 |

## Medalists
### Men

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| 66 kg | Lê Đức Đông Vietnam | Songwuti Kaewpinit Thailand | Al Rolan Llamas Philippines |
| 66 kg | Lê Đức Đông Vietnam | Songwuti Kaewpinit Thailand | Hendi Hadiat Indonesia |
| 73 kg | Vũ Ngọc Sơn Vietnam | Joel Tseng Singapore | Natee Chokchiewchan Thailand |
| 73 kg | Vũ Ngọc Sơn Vietnam | Joel Tseng Singapore | Lloyd Dennis Catipon Philippines |
| 81 kg | Bùi Minh Quân Vietnam | I Komang Adiarta Indonesia | Nopphasit Lertsirisombut Thailand |
| 90 kg | Trần Thương Vietnam | Fakhrul Adam Fauzi Cruz Malaysia | Rick Jayson Senales Philippines |
| +90 kg | Kunathip Yea-on Thailand | Lê Đình Vũ Vietnam | Peter Taslim Indonesia |
| +90 kg | Kunathip Yea-on Thailand | Lê Đình Vũ Vietnam | Zin Myint Myanmar |

### Women

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| 52 kg | Hoàng Thị Tình Vietnam | Maria Magdalena Ince Indonesia | Wanida Raksat Thailand |
| 52 kg | Hoàng Thị Tình Vietnam | Maria Magdalena Ince Indonesia | Helen Dawa Philippines |
| 57 kg | Saowalak Homklin Thailand | Jenielou Mosqueda Philippines | Đồng Thị Thu Hiền Vietnam |
| 63 kg | Estie Gay Liwanen Philippines | Khasani Nazmu Shifa Indonesia | Prapathip Narkkarach Thailand |
| 63 kg | Estie Gay Liwanen Philippines | Khasani Nazmu Shifa Indonesia | Nguyễn Thị Hương Vietnam |
| 70 kg | Nguyễn Thị Lan Vietnam | Bianca Mae Estrella Philippines | Siti Latifah Indonesia |
| +70 kg | Trần Thị Thanh Thủy Vietnam | Pattamaporn Tubkit Thailand | Sydney Sy Philippines |
# Soft tennis at the 2019 SEA Games

Soft tennis at the 2019 SEA Games was held at the Rizal Memorial Tennis Center, Manila, Philippines. It was held from 7 to 10 December 2019.

## Medal summaries
### Medal table

* Host nation (Philippines)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Philippines (PHI)* | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| 2 | Thailand (THA) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 3 | Indonesia (INA) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | Cambodia (CAM) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 5 | Laos (LAO) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (5 entries) | Totals (5 entries) | 3 | 3 | 6 | 12 |

### Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Women's singles | Noelle Mañalac Philippines | Anadeleyda Kawengian Indonesia | Meth Mariyan Cambodia |
| Women's singles | Noelle Mañalac Philippines | Anadeleyda Kawengian Indonesia | Dares Srirungreang Thailand |
| Women's doubles | Philippines Noelle Zoleta Noelle Mañalac | Thailand Sawitre Naree Natchatjira Kerdsomboon | Laos Aliya Maniphone Champamanivong Phonesamai |
| Women's doubles | Philippines Noelle Zoleta Noelle Mañalac | Thailand Sawitre Naree Natchatjira Kerdsomboon | Philippines Erdilyn Peralta Princess Catindig |
| Men's team | Philippines Mark Alcoseba Joseph Arcilla Noel Damian Jr. Kevin Mamawal Mikoff Manduriao Dheo Talatayod | Thailand Chaiwit Leampriboon Torlarp Songweera Teerapat Sujaritplee Thanarit Surarak Sakan Thansiriroj Kawin Yannarit | Cambodia Dim Som Sombat Kann Sophorn John Mada Orn Sambath Pel Vanny Yi Keavirak |
| Men's team | Philippines Mark Alcoseba Joseph Arcilla Noel Damian Jr. Kevin Mamawal Mikoff Manduriao Dheo Talatayod | Thailand Chaiwit Leampriboon Torlarp Songweera Teerapat Sujaritplee Thanarit Surarak Sakan Thansiriroj Kawin Yannarit | Indonesia Alexander Elbert Sie Fernando Sanger Mario Alibasa Muhammad Anugerah Ragil Wahyudiono Sunu Wahyu Trijati |
# Geoffrey Clough Ainsworth

Geoffrey Clough Ainsworth (9 October 1905 in Birmingham – 25 October 1998 in Derby) was a British mycologist and scientific historian. He was the older brother of Ruth Ainsworth.

## Education and work

Ainsworth received his doctorate in Biology from the University of London in 1934. From the 1930s to 1960s, he studied and wrote on fungi including their medical uses. Later, he wrote on the history of the field with An Introduction to the History of Mycology (1976), An Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology (1981), and An Introduction to the History of Medical and Veterinary Mycology in 1986.
In 1962 botanists Augusto Chaves Batista and Raffaele Ciferri circumscribed a genus of fungi (family Chaetothyriaceae) named Ainsworthia and named in Geoffrey Ainsworth's honour.

## Awards

* 1980 Linnean Medal, shared with Roy Crowson
# George Warren (South Carolina politician)

George Warren (November 25, 1887 – August 31, 1961) was an American attorney and politician who served in the South Carolina legislature and as the 1st circuit solicitor for the 14th judicial district of South Carolina between 1916 and 1920.

## Education and personal life

George Warren was born November 25, 1887, in Brunson, South Carolina in Hampton County, the son of attorney Jeff Warren and Clara Eloise Riley. He attended Morrison's Academy in Estill, South Carolina for his primary education and then graduated from Clemson College in 1908. He studied law under his uncle, attorney Major Frank Warren and was admitted to the bar in 1909. In 1911 he married Rita Louise Lightsey and they had two children before she died in 1918.

## Career

Warren served in the South Carolina House of Representatives between 1912 and 1916. During that time, he helped pass legislation to create the 14th judicial district. In 1916, instead of running for re-election, he successfully ran for the new open Circuit solicitor seat. He served one term and retired to run for the U.S. Senate in 1920. Although his U.S. Senate campaign failed, he remained active in politics. He was a presidential elector in 1928, president of the South Carolina Democratic Party State Convention in 1940, and the 1948–49 president of the South Carolina Bar Association. He returned to the South Carolina Legislature and served in the South Carolina Senate from 1938 until his retirement in 1950.

## Death

Warren died on August 31, 1961.
# Gust Kundert

Gust Kundert (December 7, 1913 – March 3, 2000) was an American politician.
From Mound City, South Dakota, Kundert served in the South Dakota House of Representatives from 1983 to 1988 as a Republican. His father Otto Kundert and his sister Alice Kundert also served in the South Dakota House of Representatives.
# Vadzim Sarančukoŭ

Vadzim Sarančukoŭ (Belarusian: Вадзім Уладзіміравіч Саранчукоў) (born April 19, 1980) is a Belarusian politician, social activist and dissident. Since April 2021 he is the chairman of the BPF Party.

## Early life and education

Sarančukoŭ was born in Grodno on April 19, 1980. He studied from 1998 to 2001 at the Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno and graduated from the Faculty of Law specialising in civil law.

## Career

After university he started public activities in the BPF. He was repeatedly arrested. Since 1998, he has been engaged in entrepreneurial activities as well as in political activity. In 2004 he was fined for using the white-red-white flag of the Belarusian opposition.
Sarančukoŭ took part in public performances at the beginning of 2017. Popular demonstrations were caused by the tax on junk food. On March 14, 2017, Sarančukoŭ was brought to administrative responsibility for his activities.
During the 2019 Belarusian parliamentary election he was summoned to the electoral commission after allegedly disturbing materials before sharing them with the commission.
In 2020, Sarančukoŭ did not hold events dedicated to Freedom Day on March 25 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus. Sarančukoŭ refused to participate in the 2020 Belarusian presidential election. During the protests the erupted during that period he, together with group of protesters submitted a letter to the Grodno Executive Committee (city hall) with steps that should be taken.
In 2021, he left for Lithuania, due to possible punishment by the authorities, and then he left the country to Lithuania. After the jailing of the chairman of the BPF Party, Ryhor Kastusioŭ, from April 12, 2021, he was replaced by Sarančukoŭ. In an interview he gave to Belarusian radio station in Bialystok, Ratsia, he reaffirmed that the party is still active in Belarus.
In August 2024, Sarančukoŭ was sentenced in absentia to four years of imprisonment and a fine for "facilitating extremist activities".
# James Phelan Jr.

James Phelan Jr. (December 7, 1856 – January 30, 1891) was a nineteenth-century lawyer and politician from Tennessee. He served as a United States Congressman from Tennessee, representing the tenth district.

## Biography

Phelan was born in Aberdeen, Mississippi to James Phelan Sr., a member of the Confederate Congress, and Eliza J Phelan. He was of Irish descent on his father's side, and Scottish descent on his mother' side. He attended various schools. In 1874 he went abroad, and in 1878 received his Ph.D. from the University of Leipzig, having written his dissertation on the life and works of Philip Massinger. Returning to the United States, he married Mary Early of Virginia, with whom he had three children.

## Career

In 1881, Phelan became the owner of The Avalanche, a newspaper in Memphis, Tennessee. He was admitted to the Tennessee bar that same year, and began the practice of law in Memphis.
Elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives, Phelan served in that body from March 4, 1887, until his death in 1891. During his term in the House, he published his book, History of Tennessee, the Making of a State.

## Death

Phelan died in Nassau, Bahamas on January 30, 1891. He is interred at Elmwood Cemetery in Memphis, Tennessee.