OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1832 Georgian plot

1832 Georgian plot (Georgian: 1832 წლის შეთქმულება, romanized: 1832 ts'lis shetkmuleba) was a political conspiracy involving Georgian royalty and nobility to restore Georgian statehood and its Bagrationi monarchy through an assassination of the Russian imperial administration.

## History

Eastern Georgian monarchy of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1801, breaking the terms of the Treaty of Georgievsk. Members of the royal Bagrationi dynasty were deported to the Russian provinces, and Russian control was acknowledged in 1813 by the Treaty of Gulistan. The Georgians, unsatisfied with the Russian rule, yearned for the removal of Russian dominance and the return of their royal dynasty. The goal of independence was kept alive principally by Prince Okropir of Georgia, a son of the last eastern Georgian monarch, George XII. Okropir and other Georgians held gatherings of Georgian students in Moscow and St. Petersburg, trying to inspire them with patriotic feeling towards their country under Russian rule. It resulted in creation of a secret society in Tbilisi whose main goal was the re-establishment of an independent kingdom under the dethroned Bagrationi. Okropir himself visited Georgia in 1830, and held talks with the principal conspirators, who included members of Georgian aristocrats from the Orbeliani and Eristavi princely houses, as well as the philosopher Solomon Dodashvili. The plot was also supported by the Georgians from western Georgia, i.e. from the Russian-abolished Kingdom of Imereti as well as the members of the House of Shervashidze that ruled Abkhazia.
Most of the Georgian conspirators were not liberal republicans, but rather monarchists and nationalists. It was proposed to invite the Russian commander-in-chief in Georgia together with other members of their administration to a grand ball in Tbilisi and at a given signal they would all be assassinated. The Georgians would then seize the Daryal Pass to prevent Russian reinforcements, and Prince Aleksandre of Georgia, son of the Georgian king Erekle II would return from Persia to be proclaimed king of Georgia.
The ball at which the Russian officers and administration members were to be killed was scheduled for 20 November 1832, but it was unexpectedly postponed, first to 9 December, then to 20 December. Early in December the whole affair was revealed to the authorities by one of the conspirators, Prince Iese Palavandishvili, and all of them were arrested. Ten of the accused conspirators were sentenced to death but later reprieved and deported to distant Russian provinces instead, largely because of their aristocratic status. The 1832 plot, though unsuccessful, would play an important role in the future national liberation movement that Georgians would seek to organize more fruitfully.
# Kim Cheon-heung

Kim Cheon-heong (Korean: 김천흥; Hanja: 金千興; February 9, 1909 – August 18, 2007) was designated as the first ingan-munhwage on 21 December 1968 for the jongmyo jerye which is an Important Cultural Property of Korea. He was the master of haegeum and ilmu (일무; 佾舞), which is a kind of Korean traditional dance during jongmyo jerye.

## Biography

Kim was born in Seoul, Korea. When he was 13, he started studying Korean traditional dance at Joseon's royal music school (이왕직아악부 아악생 양성소) in 1922. He was called "the last boy dancer" (무동; 舞童) of the Joseon Dynasty because he performed at the last king, Sunjong of the Korean Empire's 50th birthday celebration in 1923. He also learned haegeum and other Korean traditional musical instruments including the ajaeng from the master Lee Sun-yong. He extended the Joseon Dynasty's royal dances to 40 types from an original 12 types. He died at the age of 98.

## Career

* 1998 Honorary Chairman of the Performing Arts, Korea
* 1992~1993 President of the Republic of Korea Academy of Arts, Theatre, Film, and Dance Division
* 1983 Leader of Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea Performing Arts Company
* 1978 Member of The National Academy of Arts of the Republic of Korea
* 1973 President of corporation Daeakhoe (대악회)
* 1961 Committee of Cultural Properties
* 1955 Director of Kim Cheon-heong Classical Dance Institute
* 1951 Research, Advisory Committee of the National Gugak Center
* 1940 Music instructor at Ewha Woman's College, Oxford University, Hanyang University
In 2002, he donated about 2000 resources on the traditional music of Korea, which he had gathered for 80 years, to the University of Hawaii where he had been a visiting professor.

## Awards

* 1997 Bangilyoung Gukaksang
* 1983 Korean Gukak
* 1970 The Republic of Korea Academy of Arts
* 1969 The Second Korea Culture Award
* 1968 Cultural Preservation Achievement Award
* 1960 Seoul City Culture Award
# Ross v HM Advocate

Ross v HM Advocate 1991 JC 210 is a leading Scots criminal case that concerns automatism as defence. The High Court of Justiciary clarified the rules for an accused to successfully argue automatism as a defence to a criminal charge.

## Background

Ross had been drinking beer from a can. Without his knowledge, five or six tablets of temazepam and some of LSD was put into his can. He ended up consuming the drugs alongside the beer. Thirty minutes after having consumed the drink, he started screaming and indiscriminately attacking other people with a knife. Several people were severely injured. Ross resisted arrest by the police and stopped screaming only after they had handcuffed him. He continued to struggle until he was taken to a hospital and administered a sedative drug.
The High Court at Glasgow tried Ross for various charges including nine counts of assault and seven counts of attempted murder. The jury found Ross guilty on several of the charges but found that while he committed the offences, he had been influenced by the drugs that were administered to him without his knowledge. He has appealed against his conviction on the ground that the trial judge misdirected the jury that they could not acquit him of the charges of which he was convicted.
Ross appealed the decision to the Court of Criminal Appeal. He argued that the trial judge had misdirected the jury by telling them that they could not acquit Ross of the offences, in spite of his involuntary intoxication.

## Appellate decision

A five-judge bench of the Appeal Court upheld Ross' appeal and set a precedent for successfully using automatism as a defence in Scots criminal law. The Lord Justice-General Hope identified three requirements for automatism:
* There must some external factor affecting the accused, and not a mental disorder.
* That external factor must not be self-induced or foreseeable to the accused.
* That external factor must result in a total alienation of reason for the accused.
Later cases suggested that the Scottish precedent established in Ross would be followed in England as well.
# Hurtig

Hurtig is a Swedish surname.

## Geographical distribution

As of 2014, 48.7% of all known bearers of the surname Hurtig were residents of Sweden (frequency 1:5,620), 18.5% of the United States (1:543,235), 14.4% of Germany (1:154,286), 7.6% of Finland (1:19,988), 4.1% of Canada (1:252,041), 1.2% of Poland (1:844,639) and 1.0% of Norway (1:138,982).
In Sweden, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:5,620) in the following counties:
* 1. Dalarna County (1:1,794)
* 2. Jämtland County (1:2,174)
* 3. Örebro County (1:2,971)
* 4. Gävleborg County (1:3,836)
* 5. Södermanland County (1:3,878)
* 6. Uppsala County (1:4,727)
* 7. Västra Götaland County (1:4,979)
* 8. Norrbotten County (1:5,016)
* 9. Skåne County (1:5,115)
In Finland, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:19,988) in the following regions:
* 1. Lapland (1:1,203)
* 2. Tavastia Proper (1:11,143)
* 3. North Ostrobothnia (1:11,724)
* 4. Ostrobothnia (1:12,414)

## People

* Catarina Hurtig (born 1975), Swedish journalist
* Jules Hurtig (1868–1928), American theatre producer
* Lina Hurtig (born 1995), Swedish footballer
* Lisa Hurtig (born 1987), Swedish football player
* Mel Hurtig (1932–2016), Canadian publisher, writer and politician
* Pär Hurtig (born 1957), Swedish rower
* Ralph Hurtig (1932–2017), Swedish rower
# Christene Brownlee

Christene Jackson Brownlee (born October 16, 1955) is an American politician. She was formerly the mayor of Gilmore, Arkansas and a former state legislator in Arkansas. She switched parties to become a member of the Republican Party, she served in the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1991 to 1994.
She graduated from Turrell High School in 1973.
# Bud Canada

Bud Canada (June 6, 1925 – December 21, 2009) was an American politician who served in the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1959 to 1962 and in the Arkansas Senate from 1973 to 2001.
He died on December 21, 2009, in Hot Springs, Arkansas at age 84.
# John Lipton

John M. Lipton (born February 26, 1936) is an American former politician. He was a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives, serving from 1969 to 1992. He is a member of the Democratic party.
# James L. Shaver Jr.

James Levesque "Jim" Shaver Jr. (November 23, 1927 – May 27, 2021) was an American politician. He was a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives, serving from 1961 to 1994. He also served from 1968 to 1971 as an assistant to Attorney General Joe Purcell. He was a member of the Democratic party.
He was the son of former Arkansas Lieutenant Governor James L. Shaver and his wife, Louise Davis. In 1949, he married the former Bonnie Wood, and they enjoyed 52 years of marriage until her death in 2001. Bonnie and Jim were loving parents to a son, Jimmy, who died in 1978 and a daughter, Bonnie Sue Shaver Huff, who currently resides in Wynne. They also have two grandsons – Michael and Jimmy – and five great-grandsons – Michael, Evan, Shaver, William and Tanner. Jim is lovingly known as “Poppy” to these generations, most of whom were, or currently are, being raised in Wynne or being raised to know and love the community.
# Chebyshev–Markov–Stieltjes inequalities

In mathematical analysis, the Chebyshev–Markov–Stieltjes inequalities are inequalities related to the problem of moments that were formulated in the 1880s by Pafnuty Chebyshev and proved independently by Andrey Markov and (somewhat later) by Thomas Jan Stieltjes. Informally, they provide sharp bounds on a measure from above and from below in terms of its first moments.

## Formulation

Given m$_0$,...,m$_{2m-1}$ ∈ R, consider the collection C of measures μ on R such that
    $\int x^{k}d\mu (x)=m_{k}$
for k = 0,1,...,2m − 1 (and in particular the integral is defined and finite).
Let P$_0$,P$_1$, ...,P$_m$ be the first m + 1 orthogonal polynomials with respect to μ ∈ C, and let ξ$_1$,...ξ$_m$ be the zeros of P$_m$. It is not hard to see that the polynomials P$_0$,P$_1$, ...,P$_{m-1}$ and the numbers ξ$_1$,...ξ$_m$ are the same for every μ ∈ C, and therefore are determined uniquely by m$_0$,...,m$_{2m-1}$.
Denote
    $\rho _{m-1}(z)=1{\Big /}\sum _{k=0}^{m-1}|P_{k}(z)|^{2}$.
Theorem For j = 1,2,...,m, and any μ ∈ C,
    $\mu (-\infty ,\xi _{j}]\leq \rho _{m-1}(\xi _{1})+\cdots +\rho _{m-1}(\xi _{j})\leq \mu (-\infty ,\xi _{j+1}).$
# Cost per lead

Cost per lead, often abbreviated as CPL, is an online advertising pricing model, where the advertiser pays for an explicit sign-up from a consumer interested in the advertiser's offer. It is also commonly called online lead generation.
Contrary to cost per mille (CPM) and cost per click (CPC) pricing models, where advertisers are charged for impressions (a.k.a. "views") and clicks, respectively, in a CPL pricing model advertisers pay only for a qualified sign-up regardless of how many impressions or clicks their advertisement receives. CPL advertising enables advertisers to generate guaranteed returns on their online advertising money.

## Difference between CPL and CPA advertising

In CPL campaigns, advertisers pay for an interested lead – i.e. the contact information of a person interested in the advertiser's product or service. CPL campaigns are suitable for brand marketers and direct response marketers looking to engage consumers at multiple touchpoints – by building a newsletter list, community site, reward program or member acquisition program.
In Cost per action campaigns (CPA), the advertiser typically pays for a completed sale involving a credit card transaction. CPA is all about 'now' – it focuses on driving consumers to buy at that exact moment. If a visitor to the website does not buy anything, there is no easy way to remarket to them.
There are other important differentiators:
* CPL campaigns are advertiser-centric. The advertiser remains in control of their brand, selecting trusted and contextually relevant publishers to run their offers. On the other hand, CPA and affiliate marketing campaigns are publisher-centric. Advertisers cede control over where their brand will appear, as publishers browse offers and pick which to run on their websites. Advertisers generally do not know where their offer is running.
* CPL campaigns are usually high volume and light-weight. In CPL campaigns, consumers submit only basic contact information. The transaction can be as simple as an email address. On the other hand, CPA campaigns are usually low volume and complex. Typically, consumer has to submit credit card and other detailed information.
CPL advertising is more appropriate for advertisers looking to deploy acquisition campaigns by re-marketing to end consumers through e-newsletters, community sites, reward programs, loyalty programs and other engagement vehicles.
# Michael E. Davis (politician)

Michael E. Davis (born August 15, 1946) is an American politician.
Davis was born in Massena, Iowa, on August 15, 1946. He was raised in California, where he attended University High School. Upon graduation in 1964, Davis enrolled at Grossmont College. He earned an associate degree in 1966, followed by a bachelor's degree in economics at the University of San Diego in 1968. In 1978, Davis completed a Master of Arts in Teaching at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. He was elected to four terms as a member of the Alaska House of Representatives from District 19, serving between 1982 and 1990, as a Democrat. Davis's tenure at the University of Alaska Fairbanks overlapped with his legislative service. He formally joined the UAF faculty in 1996, and continued teaching after he was granted emeritus status in 2014.
# Gene Guess

Walter Eugene Guess (December 30, 1932 – March 13, 1975) was an American lawyer and politician.
Born in Tutwiler, Mississippi, Guess graduated from George Washington High School in Alexandria, Virginia. In 1955, Guess graduated from the College of William & Mary. He served in the United States Army as an artillery officer at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. In 1959, Guess received his law degree from University of Virginia School of Law. He worked as an attorney for the United States Department of the Interior and settled in Anchorage, Alaska. He then practiced law in Anchorage. From 1965 to 1973, Guess served in the Alaska House of Representatives and was a Democrat. He served as speaker of the house in 1971. In 1972 and 1974, Guess campaigned for the United States Senate and lost the elections. Guess died of an aneurysm at the Baranof Hotel in Juneau, Alaska while on a business trip. His daughter Gretchen Guess also served in the Alaska Legislature.
# Hugh Malone

James Hugh Malone (January 22, 1944 – March 8, 2001) was an American surveyor and politician.
Born in Catskill, Greene County, New York, Malone moved with his family to Kenai, Alaska and went to school there. He was a land surveyor and worked with his father. Malone served in the Kenai City Council and Kenai Borough Assembly. From 1973 to 1985, Malone served in the Alaska House of Representatives and was a Democrat. In 1977 and 1978, Malone served as speaker of the house. While in the legislature Malone created and introduced legislation that would later create the Alaska Permanent Fund. Malone then served as a commissioner for the Alaska Department of Revenue. While on vacation with his wife in Italy, Malone died as the result of a head injury.
Malone was succeeded by Mike Navarre.
# Splendrillia bartschi

Splendrillia bartschi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.

## Description

The shell grows to a length of 11 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off Bermuda.
# Byron G. Rogers

Byron Giles Rogers (August 1, 1900 – December 31, 1983) was an American lawyer, politician, and World War I veteran from Colorado. From 1951 to 1971, he served ten consecutive terms in the U.S. House of Representatives.

## Early life

Rogers was the son of Peter and Minnie May Rogers. Born in Greenville, Texas, he moved with his parents to Oklahoma in April 1902. He attended the public schools of Checotah, Oklahoma.

### World War I

During the First World War, he served as a private in the Infantry, United States Army.

### Education

He attended the University of Arkansas in 1918, the University of Oklahoma from 1919 to 1922, and the University of Colorado in 1923 and 1924. He earned his LL.B. at Sturm College of Law, University of Denver, 1925, and commenced the practice of law in Las Animas, Colorado.

### Family

He married his secretary, Helen Kepler, in 1933, and they had two children, Shirley Ann and Byron Jr.

## Legal career

Rogers served as city attorney of Las Animas from 1929 to 1933. He was a member of the Colorado House of Representatives from 1932 to 1935, serving as speaker in 1933. He served as county attorney of Bent County, Colorado, in 1933, and was later on the legal staff of Agricultural Adjustment Administration and National Recovery Administration, Washington, D.C., in 1933 and 1934. He served as assistant United States Attorney for Colorado 1934–1936, and Attorney General of Colorado 1936–1941. He was a public member of the War Labor Board from 1942 to 1945.

## Congressional career

Rogers was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-second and to the ten succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1971). In 1970, due to his support of the Vietnam War, he was challenged in the primary by attorney Craig Barnes. Barnes, a tall, well-groomed, progressive 42-year old attorney, stood in marked contrast to 70-year old Rogers. Barnes ran an aggressive campaign, attacking Rogers on many issues, including the war, and actively recruited new, young voters. In the primary, Barnes would defeat Rogers by a mere 30 votes (27,218 to 27,188). Rogers alleged foul that Barnes' staff had registered University of Denver students who were non-residents from other states.
Had Barnes won, Rogers planned to challenge the general election in the House, however, instead many of Rogers' supporters, especially in Northwest Denver, bolted to the Republican candidate, Denver County District Attorney Mike McKevitt, who would defeat Barnes by more than 10,000 votes.
He voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957.

### Death and legacy

Rogers was a resident of Denver, Colorado until his death there December 31, 1983. He was interred in Mount Lindo Cemetery near Tiny Town, Colorado.
The Byron G. Rogers Federal Building and United States Courthouse was named in his honor in 1984.
# Charles M. La Follette

Charles Marion La Follette (February 27, 1898 – June 27, 1974) was an American lawyer and politician.
His great-grandfather was William Heilman, who was in the United States House of Representatives from Indiana.
He served as a Republican in the United States House of Representatives during the 1940s and took part in the post-World War II Nuremberg Trials.

## Early life and career

During World War I, La Follette was in the United States Army from 1917 to 1919, where he served in the 151st Infantry Regiment of the 38th Infantry Division.
After his military service, La Follette studied law at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, and was admitted to the Indiana State Bar Association in 1925. He set up practice in Evansville, Indiana.

## Congress

La Follette served as a Republican in the Indiana House of Representatives from 1927 to 1929, and in the United States House of Representatives from 1943 to 1947.
In 1947 he served as deputy chief of counsel for war crimes in the Nuremberg Trials.

## After Congress

La Follette then served as the director of Americans for Democratic Action from 1949 to 1950, and served on the Subversive Activities Control Board from 1950 to 1951.
He was a third cousin of Robert M. La Follette Jr. and Philip La Follette.
He died in Trenton, New Jersey, on June 27, 1974. His body was cremated and the ashes interred at Locust Hill Cemetery in Evansville, Indiana.
# King M. Trimble

King M. Trimble (March 27, 1943 – November 19, 1998) was a state legislator in the state of Colorado. He served in the Colorado House of Representatives from 1977 to 1980.
# Harry M. Locke

Harry Metcalf Locke (February 20, 1902 – October 15, 1974) was a Republican state senator from Colorado, U.S. He served in the state senate for 23 years, from 1951 to 1974. Born in Trinidad, Colorado, he later moved to Hartsel, Colorado and worked first as a car salesman and later for the South Park Mercantile Company.

## Elections

Locke first ran for state office in 1950, seeking to represent District 6 in the Colorado Senate. He won the Republican primary and the general election and began serving in the state senate in January 1951. He was re-elected in 1954, 1958, and 1962. Following 1960 redistricting, he moved to Salida, Colorado and won election there to represent District 15 in 1966. In 1970, he began representing Senate District 30. Then, following 1970 redistricting, he ran for election to District 33.
However, Locke died in office on October 15, 1974, while seeking election to Senate District 33. He won the Republican primary in the month prior to his death. A vacancy committee selected John B. Shawcroft, his primary opponent, as the Republican candidate for the general election, but the general election ballots had already been printed. Democrat Martin Hatcher won the election.
During his term in the senate, he served as chair of the powerful Joint Budget Committee, was vice-chair of the Senate Appropriations and State Affairs committees, and was a member of the Agriculture, Livestock, and Natural Resources Committee. A memorial published in the senate journal in the year following his passing stated he was "one of the most respected legislators to have ever served our state."

## Personal life

Locke was married to Marguerite Locke. They had no children. The Harry M. Locke Dam at Georgetown Lake in Georgetown, Colorado is named for him.
# Pierre Ouellet

Pierre Ouellet (French pronunciation:; born September 2, 1950) is a Québecois writer, critic, and literature professor. He won the Governor General's Literary Award for French non-fiction in 2006 and 2008.
In 2015, he was awarded the Government of Quebec's Prix Athanase-David. In 2004, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.
# Linn Fuhrman

Linn Fuhrman (November 14, 1944 – January 23, 1994) was an American politician who served in the Iowa Senate from the 5th district from 1987 to 1994.
He died on January 23, 1994, in Aurelia, Iowa at age 49.