OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nicolae Ionescu

Nicolae Ionescu (1820 in Bradu, Neamț County – January 24, 1905 in Bradu) was a Romanian politician, jurist and publicist, brother of the agronomist Ion Ionescu de la Brad. He was leader of the Free and Independent Faction, serving several terms in Chamber and Senate, most often as a representative of Roman County, and was helped to establish several liberal coalitions in the 1860s and '70s. His career peaked just before the Romanian War of Independence, when he was Minister of Foreign Affairs in the cabinet of Ion Brătianu. Ionescu ended his career in politics with the National Liberal Party. A professor of world history and a rector of Iași University, he was also one of the founding members of the Romanian Academy.
# John W. Pollard

John William Pollard (c. 1846 – 1932), born in Virginia into a family of free black farmers while the slave trade was still thriving in the South, was among the first group of African Americans to join the Union Army in 1862, serving in a colored unit during the American Civil War. He later worked as a barber and eventually settled with his wife Catherine Amanda Hughes in Chicago, where his family included five boys and three girls who made pioneering achievements in sports, music, film, and community service. Pollard lived at 1928 Lunt and had his barber shop at 7017 North Ravenswood. Several family members are buried at Rosehill Cemetery.

## Family history

Pollard's family was emancipated near the end of the American Revolution and settled in a community of freedmen in Northern Virginia. His father died in a lumbering accident when Pollard was eight; his mother, fearing that Pollard and his sister would be kidnapped and sold, sent them to be raised and educated in Kansas Territory.
At the age of 16 in 1862, using the name Jackson Ridgway, Pollard joined the Union Army to serve in the Civil War, during which he became regimental boxing champion, returning to Kansas after service. His determination to further his education was frustrated when he contracted smallpox on his way to Oberlin College, where he planned to study law. When he recovered, he became a barber in Mexico, Missouri, where he met his future wife Catherine "Amanda" Hughes (1856–1937). She worked as a seamstress and was of mixed heritage. They married and had their first three children, before moving to Chicago and settling in the Rogers Park neighborhood, an area of mostly white German immigrants, where educational opportunities were better and they had a further five children.
His eldest son Luther Jay Pollard was a star athlete who entered the advertising business after being denied entry into the segregated world of professional sports. He fronted Ebony Film Corporation. Another of his sons, Leslie Pollard, was an accomplished athlete in high school, played football for Dartmouth College, and coached at Lincoln University in Oxford, Pennsylvania, from about 1910 until 1915, when he died of accidental gas asphyxiation in an apartment. Hughes Pollard (January 5, 1892–1926) was an accomplished high school athlete and trap drummer with The Melody Four. He was injured in a gas attack while serving with the French army during World War I, and died several years later from complications. College and Professional Football Hall of Famer Fritz Pollard (born January 27, 1894) was his youngest son. According to a 1970 interview Fritz gave at Brown University, his sisters Ruth, Artemesia, and Naomi also had successful athletic and academic careers. Fritz Pollard Jr. was a hurdler who won an Olympic bronze medal.
# James Buffington (politician)

James Buffington (March 16, 1817 – March 7, 1875) (also known as "Buffinton") was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts. He was born in Fall River on March 16, 1817. He attended the common schools, and Friends College in Providence, Rhode Island. He studied medicine but never practiced, then engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was a member of the Fall River Board of Selectmen from 1851 to 1854, and served as the first Mayor of Fall River under the new city government from 1854 to 1855. He was elected as a candidate of the American Party to the Thirty-fourth Congress and as a Republican to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1863). Buffington was chairman of the Committee on Accounts (Thirty-seventh Congress, Forty-second and Forty-third Congresses), and the Committee on Military Affairs (Thirty-seventh Congress).
Buffington was mustered into the service April 24, 1861, and discharged June 15, 1861. He was not a candidate for renomination to Congress in 1862. He was a special agent of the United States Treasury and was an internal revenue collector for the district of Massachusetts 1867–1869. Buffington was elected to the Forty-first and to the three succeeding Congresses and served from March 4, 1869, until his death in Fall River on March 7, 1875. His interment was in Oak Grove Cemetery in Fall River.
# Phallata

Phallata (Aymara phallaña to burst, -ta a suffix, "burst" or "exploded", also spelled Pallada, Pallana) is a mountain north of the Cordillera Real in the Andes of Bolivia which reaches a height of approximately 4,780 m (15,680 ft). It is located in the La Paz Department, Larecaja Province, Sorata Municipality. It lies at a lake of that name (Pallada).
# Laserpitium siler

Laserpitium siler, the laserwort, is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Apiaceae. It is a robust perennial that can reach a height of about 30–100 centimetres (12–39 in). It has bipinnate, alternate leaves, and produces compound umbels of white five-stellate flowers from June to August.
This species can be found in central and southern Europe, in the Alps, the Balkans, the Apennine Mountains and the Iberian Peninsula. It occurs in gorges and rocky slopes at an elevation of 800–2,250 metres (2,620–7,380 ft).
The roots and seeds can be used as spices.

## Gallery

* Botanical Illustration (1867)
# Brachygobius nunus

Brachygobius nunus, the Golden banded goby, is a species of bumblebee goby, a small genus of gobies that takes its common name from their round bodies, big heads, and their overall yellow to golden coloration interrupted by four brown to black vertical stripes reminiscent of the striped pattern of a bumblebee. They have also been figuratively described as "buzzing" from one surface to another inside the aquarium. Like other members of its genus, it is popular as an aquarium fish.

## Description

B. nunus can reach a length of 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) SL. As in all true Gobiidae, the ventral fins of Brachygobius nunus have fused into a suction cup that they use to attach to surfaces in nature and even to glass inside an aquarium. This particular species can be identified by the one spine and seven rays that characterize its anal fin.

## Range

As with other Bumblebee gobies, B. nunus is native to Asia. Its natural habitat is saltwater swamps and stream estuaries in Borneo, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand.

## Captivity

While B. nunus can often survive in a freshwater aquarium, brackish conditions (with at least two teaspoons of sea salt mix per gallon of water) are recommended. Live or frozen brine shrimp, daphnia and whiteworms are optimal foods. While they might take flake food if hungry enough, a diet of dried prepared foods only is not recommended.
Breeding this species in captivity is facilitated by housing them in a relatively small enclosure well-decorated with little "caves" such as snail shells in which they can breed. One source says that placing a dozen juveniles B. nunus together in a 10-US-gallon (38 L) aquarium is a good way of successfully matching pairs for breeding. This same sources recommends large and frequent water changes, an increase in salinity ( from 2 tsp/gallon up to 1 tbsp/gallon), and "spoil(ing) them with live food" rather than frozen food as effective means to coax captive B. nunus into breeding.
Newly emerged B. nunus fry are tiny and should be isolated from adults so they are not cannibalized. A five gallon tank is big enough for them. The fry are very sensitive to water quality and changes in temperature or salinity so it is recommended to fill their new tank with water from their original tank and then maintain the water quality rigorously. Newly fry can be fed vinegar eels or commercially-prepared liquid fry food but are big enough to devour newly hatched brine shrimp within a few days.
# Avsunviroidae

The Avsunviroidae are a family of viroids. There are five species in three genera (Avsunviroid, Elaviroid and Pelamoviroid). They consist of RNA genomes between 246 and 375 nucleotides in length. They are single-stranded covalent circles and have intramolecular base pairing. All members lack a central conserved region.

## Replication

Replication occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Key features of replication include no helper virus required and no proteins are encoded for. Unlike the other family of viroids, Pospiviroidae, Avsunviroidae are thought to replicate via a symmetrical rolling mechanism. It is thought the positive RNA strand acts as a template to form negative strands with the help of an enzyme thought to be RNA polymerase plus 3 II. The negative RNA strands are then cleaved by ribozyme activity and circularises. A second rolling circle mechanism forms a positive strand which is also cleaved by ribozyme activity and then ligated to become circular. The site of replication is unknown but it is thought to be in the chloroplast and in the presence of Mg$^{2+}$ ions.

## Structure

Predictions of structure have suggested that they exist either as rod-shaped molecules with regions of base pairing causing formation of some hairpin loops or have branched configurations.
The family has four stretches of conserved nucleotides, guuuc, uc, ucag, ac from 5' to 3', plus their Watson-Crick pairings on the other end of the loop. This is part of its hammerhead ribozyme. Otherwise there is little structural similarity in the family. They do not have the conserved CCH, TCR, or TCH motifs, which is one of the features defining their separation from the Pospiviroidae.

## Classification

The family has three genera, with a total of five species.
* Family Avsunviroidae
** Genus Avsunviroid;
*** Species: Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd, acc. J02020, gen. len. 247nt)
** Genus Elaviroid;
*** Species: Eggplant latent viroid (ELVd, acc. AJ536613, gen. len. 333nt)
** Genus Pelamoviroid;
*** Species: Appler hammerhead viroid, Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid (CChMVd, acc. Y14700, gen. len. 399nt) and Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd, acc. M83545, gen. len. 337nt)

## Detection

The lack of a long, central conserved region makes Avsunviroidae harder to identify than Pospiviroidae. A method to detect them is to use their circularity: a computer can piece together many overlapping reads that appear to form repeats when placed linearly.
# Dubasiyin people

Dubasiyin is an ethnic group of more than 50,000 persons in Sudan. This ethnic group speaks Sudanese Arabic. They are part of the Arab, Sudan people cluster. The primary religion practiced by the Dubasiyin is Islam.
# Czaple, Kartuzy County

Czaple is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żukowo, within Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Żukowo, 16 km (10 mi) east of Kartuzy, and 14 km (9 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the historic region of Pomerania.
Czaple was a royal village of the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Gdańsk County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship.
# Sue Jenner

Susan Pamela Jenner (born 26 March 1960) is a British former competition swimmer.

## Swimming career

Jenner won a bronze medal in the 200-metre butterfly at the 1977 European Aquatics Championships. She also competed in the 4×100-metre medley relay and 100-metre butterfly at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, and finished sixth in the latter event.
She represented England in the butterfly events and won a bronze medal in the 4 x 100 metres medley relay, at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. She also won the 1978 ASA National Championship title in the 100 metres butterfly and the 1977 and 1978 200 metres butterfly titles.
# Co-Rux-Te-Chod-Ish

Co-Rux-Te-Chod-Ish (English: Mad or Angry Bear) was a Sergeant in Company A, Pawnee Scout Battalion, US Army Pawnee and the first Indigenous recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Indian Wars of the western United States. He was the first Native American to receive the Medal of Honor.

## Biography

Kuruks Tîčaris (translated as Mad or Angry Bear but is Pawnee for Grizzly Bear) was born circa 1847 in Nebraska, growing up as a Pawnee tribesman. He entered the U.S. Army at Columbus, Nebraska as an Indian Scout. On 8 July 1869, while chasing after a Cheyenne Dog Soldier near the Republican River in Kansas, he was thrown from his horse and was badly injured when another member of his unit shot him by mistake. Frank North's brother Luther North claimed that, because of the language barrier between the Pawnee and the Army, the name of Mad Bear was confused with the name of another Pawnee Scout, Co-Tux-A-Kah-Wadde (Traveling Bear), who was commended for his actions during the Battle of Summit Springs on 11 July 1869, and Traveling Bear was given a medal mistakenly engraved with Mad Bear's name. In reality, Mad Bear was not present in the fighting at the Battle of Summit Springs, still recovering from his injury, and Eugene Asa Carr's recommendation and the document acknowledging the receipt of the medal (bearing Mad Bear's English name and an "X" mark for his signature) both reference the actions of Mad Bear, not Traveling Bear. Mad Bear was the first Native American to receive the Medal of Honor. Co-Rux-Te-Chod-Ish died on 12 February 1913, at about age 65, and is buried in Oklahoma.

## Medal of Honor citation

Rank and organization: Sergeant, Pawnee Scouts, U.S. Army. Place and date: At Republican River, Kans., July 8, 1869. Entered service at: ------. Birth: Nebraska. Date of issue: August 24, 1869.
Citation:
   Ran out from the command in pursuit of a dismounted Indian; was shot down and badly wounded by a bullet from his own command.
# Anton Carpinschi

Anton Carpinschi is a Romanian political philosopher, professor emeritus at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University in Iași, and first head of the chair of politology of this university after the Romanian Revolution of 1989. He is an expert in political ideologies and international organizations, and the author of many publications in these fields. In December 2014 Carpinschi was awarded the 2012 Mircea Florian prize of the Romanian Academy for his book on recognition culture and human security, and its contribution to the development of Romanian culture and science in the fields of philosophy, theology, psychology and pedagogy.

## Early life and education

Born in Tulcea in 1947, Carpinschi attended the Spiru Haret Dobrujan College in his home town. He then moved to the city of Iași, where he would study at the faculty of philosophy of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, from which he graduated in June 1970. At this Romanian university Carpinschi would develop his entire academic career.

## Academic career

Carpinschi started his academic career at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University immediately after graduation in 1970, as an assistant teaching marxist philosophy at the faculty of philology. He also became a member of the university senate in this year as representative of the association of students. He earned his PhD in 1976 with a thesis on Sociology and political leadership. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Carpinschi was lector in the chair of philosophy and sociology from 1989 to 1990, reader in the chair of sociology and politology from 1990 to 1991, and professor in the chair of politology since 1991. He was the head of this newly created chair from 1989 to 2001, year in which he was succeeded by Petre Dumitrescu. The last years of Carpinschi's twelve-year service as head of department were marked by controversy, first due to his own re-appointment in 1999, which was criticised on the grounds it contravened a two-term limitation recently approved by the university, and later due to the appointment of Carpinschi's sister as a lecturer in the department he directed. In 2012 he was appointed professor emeritus. Carpinschi also had a prolific activity as a doctoral advisor, and years after his retirement he still coordinated a module on The Captive Mind for doctoral students in sociology, political science and communication. An expert in political philosophy, he is also invited by media to comment on current social and political issues. In 2022, Carpinschi was conferred an honorary doctorate by Petre Andrei University of Iași and recognised as the founder of the school of political science of this university.

## Selected works

* Organizaţii internaţionale (with Diana Margarit), Polirom, 2011. Available in English: International Organizations, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Press, Iaşi, 2012.
* Cultura recunoaşterii şi securitatea umană, Institutul European, 2012. Mircea Florian Prize of the Romanian Academy.
# Gabriela Dinu

Gabriela Groell-Dinu (born 16 April 1960) is a German former professional tennis player.
Originally from Romania, Dinu played on the professional tour in the 1980s as a West German. She featured in the main draw of the French Open on three occasions, with her best performance coming as a qualifier in 1985 when she won her way through to the third round. In 1987, she reached her best ranking of 123 in the world.

## ETA/ITF finals

* Legend
* $25,000 tournaments
* $10,000 tournaments

### Singles (4–2)

| Result | No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Opponent | Score |
| Loss | 1. | 26 May 1980 | Hamburg, West Germany | Clay | Katja Ebbinghaus | 2–6, 0–6 |
| Win | 2. | 17 August 1980 | Dachau, West Germany | Clay | Marie Pinterová | 6–3, 5–7, 6–2 |
| Loss | 3. | 25 April 1982 | Catania, Italy | Clay | Manuela Maleeva | 3–6, 1–6 |
| Win | 4. | 15 October 1984 | Haifa, Israel | Clay | Sabine Hack | 3–6, 7–5, 6–4 |
| Win | 5. | 22 October 1984 | Eilat, Israel | Hard | Isabel Cueto | 4–6, 7–5, 6–2 |
| Win | 6. | 17 August 1987 | Manhasset, United States | Clay | Marianne van der Torre | 7–6, 6–3 |

### Doubles (3–4)

| Result | No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| Loss | 1. | 26 May 1980 | Hamburg, West Germany | Clay | Andrea Pesak | Helga Masthoff Katja Ebbinghaus | 3–6, 6–2, 4–6 |
| Win | 2. | 3 May 1981 | Bari, Italy | Clay | Andrea Pesak | Susana Maria Villaverde Karin Stampfli | 6–1, 6–2 |
| Loss | 3. | 13 December 1981 | Neumünster, West Germany | Clay | Heidi Eisterlehner | Claudia Kohde-Kilsch Eva Pfaff | 6–7, 6–7 |
| Loss | 4. | 18 April 1982 | Catania, Italy | Clay | Karin Stampfli | Elisabeth Ekblom Lena Sandin | 2–6, 6–4, 2–6 |
| Win | 5. | 11 July 1983 | Båstad, Sweden | Clay | Patrizia Murgo | Catarina Lindqvist Maria Lindström | 6–2, 4–6, 6–4 |
| Loss | 6. | 15 April 1985 | Caserta, Italy | Clay | Sabina Simmonds | Patrizia Murgo Barbara Romanò | 6–4, 5–7, 4–6 |
| Win | 7. | 18 July 1988 | Rheda-Wiedenbrück, West Germany | Clay | Alice Danila | Henrike Kadzidroga Claudine Toleafoa | 1–6, 6–2, 7–6 |
# Malabo Mosque

Malabo Mosque (Spanish: Mezquita de Malabo; French: Mosquée de Malabo; Portuguese: Mesquita Malabo) also known as Malabo Central Mosque (Spanish: Mezquita Central de Malabo) is a mosque in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea. It is the largest mosque in Equatorial Guinea and can accommodate two thousand people.

## History

Hausa Muslims from Cameroon and Nigeria built a mosque in Malabo sometime in the early 20th century. They sold African masks and statues to European settlers and supplied plantation managers with imported goods such as medicine brought in from Nigeria. The mosque they built no longer exists, having been demolished due to its dilapidated state. It was replaced by a temporary mosque in the northern suburbs of Malabo.
In 2014, the First Lady of Equatorial Guinea, Constancia Mangue, agreed to finance the construction of a new mosque in the city. The approximate cost of the mosque was two billion Central African CFA francs or about three million euros.
On 21 July 2015, Malabo Mosque was officially opened by the President of Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, his wife and the two vice presidents Ignacio Milam Tang and Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue. The inauguration of the mosque was also attended by the Prime Minister of Egypt Ibrahim Mahlab, President of the Comoros Ikililou Dhoinine and Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic politician Mohamed Lamine Ould Ahmed who was both the Minister of Health and Special Envoy to the African Summit on Ebola. Mahlab and the Ministry of Awqaf provided imams and preachers to the mosque as part of Egypt's role spreading the teachings of Islam. The imam and spiritual leader of the Muslim community of Equatorial Guinea, Pedro Benigno Matute Tang began the ceremony with words of thanks. In his inauguration ceremony speech, President Obiang said that the mosque will be an "Islamic beacon of coexistence" for "social and religious tolerance". He also said that Islam cannot be viewed as a "religion of terror, discrimination or extremism".
In 2020, two Equatoguinean Muslims were given Samsung-branded products in an award ceremony at the mosque as part of a contest to encourage young people to read and study.