OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Parazonium

A parazonium is a long triangular dagger, wide at the hilt end and coming to a point. In Roman mythology, it is frequently carried by Virtus, particularly in early representations. It is also sometimes carried by Mars, Roma, the emperor, tribunes and other senior officers, giving them the aura of courage.
In Roman statuary, the weapon is cradled in the bearer's left arm or, on Trajan's Column, for example, it is stuck into the left side of the officer's chest band. Existing examples on statuary show that the parazonium's scabbard shape is a direct copy of the few existing Greek parazonia on display at various Greek museums. The weapon's hilt, grip, and pommel are not copies of the Greek style. The pommel cap is either an eagle's head or a bi-lobed pommel. The details of the hand grip on the statues are no longer clear after 2,000 years. The guards, contrary to some reports, are authentic and are a rather theatrical "S" shape with inset detail. The Roman parazonium blade tended to be leaf shape and approximately 15–19 in (380–480 mm) long.

## Application

Its function as a weapon is confirmed directly or indirectly by other written sources, mainly inscriptions (e.g. CGIL II 164.33 ; 394.38). One of them (CGIL V 384, 33) clearly shows that the Romans were to borrow this weapon from the "Macedonians" (i.e. Greeks) of the Hellenistic East, who had earlier adopted it in turn from the Persians (the sword akinakes).
The use of the Roman parazonium tended to be somewhat theatrical in the sense that it was a mark of rank and it was used to rally the troops. It is known that the Roman army initially used the parazonium even for combat purposes; gradually, however, from the second century BCE it appears the normal procedure was for the officer to exchange his parazonium for a gladius or a spatha if he was directly threatened during a battle; though still a viable weapon.
   | Militiae decus hoc gratique erit omen honoris, arma tribunicium cingere digna latus. | A soldier’s distinction this will be and an omen of a welcome honor, arms worthy to gird the side of a tribune. |
# Kłączno

Kłączno (German: Ulrichsdorf) is a village in Gmina Studzienice, Bytów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) southeast of Bytów and 78 km (48 mi) southwest of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located on the western shore of Kłączno Lake in the region of Kashubia.

## History

In 1939, the Germans carried out arrests of local Polish activists, whereas a local Polish teacher was captured and murdered by the invading Germans near Kościerzyna (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation).
From 1975 to 1998 Kłączno was administratively located in Słupsk Voivodeship.
# Mirror Worlds

Mirror Worlds Technologies, Inc., was a company based in New Haven, Connecticut, that created software using ideas from the book Mirror Worlds: or the Day Software Puts the Universe in a Shoebox...How It Will Happen and What It Will Mean (1992) by Yale professor David Gelernter, who helped found the company with Eric Freeman and served as chief scientist.
Gelernter believed that computers could free users from being filing clerks, by organizing their data. The company's main product, Scopeware, was released in March 2001 and attempted to organize a user's files into time-based "streams" and make such data more easily accessible across networks and a variety of devices. The company saw few sales, and announced it would "cease operations effective May 15, 2004."
On March 14, 2008, Mirror Worlds, LLC, of Tyler, Texas (a subsidiary of Plainfield Specialty Holdings I, Inc.), filed suit against Apple, Inc., for patent infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,006,227 in United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas in Tyler, Texas. The infringement was alleged to occur in the Cover Flow, Time Machine, and Spotlight features found in Mac OS X and iOS software used for many of Apple's products.
On October 4, 2010, a jury awarded Mirror Worlds, LLC, $625.5 million in damages, but Apple appealed the award, citing various legal arguments, and the judge stayed the ruling to allow both parties to submit post-trial arguments. The initial ruling was "the second-biggest jury verdict in 2010, and the fourth-biggest patent verdict in U.S. history", according to Bloomberg News.
On April 4, 2011, "U.S. District Judge Leonard E. Davis of Tyler ruled that Apple did not infringe on (the) patent", and overturned the jury verdict.
On June 24, 2013, the Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear the appeal by Mirror Worlds, thereby letting stand the district court ruling that Apple didn't infringe on any patents.
On May 9, 2017, Mirror Worlds filed a second patent infringement lawsuit against Facebook, Inc. (later renamed Meta Platforms, Inc.) in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, alleging infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,006,227 (the same patent in the previous Texas case against Apple), as well as related U.S. Patent Nos. 7,865,538 and 8,255,439, based primarily on the Facebook "News Feed" and "Timeline" features. On March 8, 2022, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of Facebook/Meta, based on non-infringement of the three asserted patents. On December 4, 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit issued a precedential decision affirming the district court's summary judgment ruling.
# Alfred Wells

Alfred Wells (May 27, 1814 – July 18, 1867) was a U.S. Representative from New York.

## Biography

Alfred Wells was born in Dagsboro, Sussex County, Delaware on May 27, 1814. He pursued classical studies, and later studied law in the office of Charles Humphrey and David Woodcock. He was admitted to the bar in 1837 and commenced practice in Ithaca, New York.
Wells became active in politics as an anti-slavery Democrat, and was one of the owners of the Ithaca Journal and Advertiser, a Democratic newspaper, from 1839 to 1853.
He served as District Attorney of Tompkins County from 1845 to 1847, and was Judge of the Tompkins County Court from 1847 to 1851. He continued his anti-slavery activism by joining the Anti-Nebraska Party and attending its conventions in Saratoga and Auburn in 1854.
Like most members of the short-lived Anti-Nebraska Party, Wells became a Republican before 1860. He was elected to represent the 27th Congressional District in the 36th Congress (March 4, 1859 – March 3, 1861). He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1860.
In 1862 Wells was appointed federal revenue assessor for the district which included Ithaca, responsible for the taxes enacted to finance the Union effort during the American Civil War, and served until his death.
Wells died in Ithaca on July 18, 1867. He was interred in the City Cemetery.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "Alfred Wells (id: W000280)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
* Alfred Wells at Political Graveyard
U.S. House of Representatives :
| Preceded byJohn M. Parker | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 27th congressional district March 4, 1859 – March 3, 1861 | Succeeded byAlexander S. Diven |
This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
# Manoa Thompson

Manoa Thompson (born 11 June 1968) is a Fijian former professional rugby league footballer. Primarily playing as a centre, he played his first grade career with the South Sydney Rabbitohs, Western Suburbs Magpies, and the Auckland Warriors in the NSWRL / ARL competition, as well as playing in the Super League for the Warrington Wolves. He represented the Fijian national team.
Thompson is the father of former professional NRL, NFL, and rugby sevens player, Jarryd Hayne.

## Early years

Thompson was born in Fiji to a Fijian mother, Elenoa Tokalautawa, and an Australian father, and moved to Australia when he was 11. He was adopted by his mother's younger sister, Ana Waqanibaravi Thompson. He played his junior football with the Alexandria Rovers. Thompson also played rugby union and toured Japan with a New South Wales schoolboys side that included Graham Mackay and Scott Gourley.

## Playing career

Thompson joined the South Sydney Rabbitohs, where he played in their champion under-21 side before playing in their under-23 side. He made his first grade début for Souths in round 11 of the 1989 season.
Thompson went on to play 61 first grade games for Souths between 1989 and 1993. He spent 1994 with the Western Suburbs Magpies, playing in only seven matches after having knee and ankle surgery during the off season. In 1995 he was part of the inaugural squad for the new Auckland Warriors franchise and played in the centres for the Warriors in their first ever competition game, a 25–22 loss to the Brisbane Broncos in front of 29,220 fans at the Ericsson Stadium in Auckland. However, he again only played in seven matches and was not retained for the 1996 season.
In November 1995 Thompson signed with English club Warrington and played for the club during 1996's inaugural Super League I. He left Warrington in February 1996 after failing to settle in Britain. Thompson represented Fiji in 1996. His only appearance saw a 72–4 loss to Great Britain at the Prince Charles Park in Nadi, the score being the record for the largest test win by the Lions.
After returning from England, Thompson trialed with the Canberra Raiders before signing with the Penrith Panthers. However he spent the season in reserve grade and returned to South Sydney during the off season.
After not securing a contract, Thompson moved to France and played for AS Saint Estève before spending a year in rugby union, playing for RC Narbonne alongside David Knox. Thompson then returned to league, spending a season with AS Carcassonne before retiring.

## Later years

In 2007 he was working as a delivery driver. He is still involved in rugby league, sitting on the Australian Fiji rugby league board and helping to coach that organisation's youth sides.
# Tony P. Mardesich

Anton P. Mardesich (January 11, 1919 – June 10, 1949) was an American commercial fisherman and politician in the state of Washington. He served in the Washington House of Representatives in 1949 for district 38. He was killed in a fishing accident in 1949, along with his father, Nicola. His brother, August P. Mardesich, who had survived the ordeal, later succeeded him in the House of Representatives.
# List of bishops of Aarhus

The succession of bishops of Aarhus began when the bishop of Aarhus Reginbrand was first mentioned by Adam of Bremen as attending the Synod of Ingelheim.

## Catholic See

* Reginbrand, 948–988, Ordained by Adaldag of Hamburg-Bremen
* Vacant (988–1060)
* Christian, 1060–??, Participated in one of the last Viking raids in 1069–70
* Ulfketil, 1102–1134, Fell in the Battle of Fotevik
* Eskil, ??–1157, Fell during raid to Wendland
* *Vacant (1157–1165)
* Svend I, 1165–1191, Founded the Cistercian abbey at Øm
* Peder Vognsen, 1191–1204, Initiated Aarhus Cathedral
* Skjalm Vognsen, 1204–1215
* Ebbe Vognsen, 1215–1224
* Peder Elevsøn, 1224–1246
** Vacant (1246–1249)
* Peder Ugotsøn, 1249–1260
* Tyge, 1261–1272
* Peder IV, 1272–1276
* Tyge II, 1276–1288
* Jens Assersøn, 1288–1306
* Esger Juul, 1306–1310
* Esger Bonde, 1310–1325
* Svend II, 1325–1352
* Paul, 1352–1369
* Olufsen, 1369–1386
* Peder Jensen Lodehat, 1386–1395
* Bo Mogensen, 1395–1424
* Ulrik Stygge, 1424–1449
* Jens Iversen Lange, 1449–1482
* Ejler Madsen Bølle, 1482–1490
* Niels Clausen, 1490–1520
* Ove Bille, 1520–1536

## After reformation

* Mads Lang, 1537–1557
* Lauritz Bertelsen, 1557–1587
* Peder Jensen Vinstrup, 1587–1590
* Albert Hansen, 1590–1593
* Jens Gjødesen, 1593–1626
* Morten Madsen, 1626–1643
** Vacant (1643–1645)
* Jacob Matthiesen, 1645–1660
* Hans Brochmand, 1660–1664
* Erik Grave, 1664–1691
* Johannes Bræm, 1691–1713
* Johannes Ocksen, 1713–1738
* Peder Jacobsen Hygom, 1738–1764
* Poul Mathias Bildsøe, 1764–1777
* Jørgen Hee, 1777–1788
* Hector Frederik Janson, 1788–1805
* Andreas Birch, 1805–1829
* Peter Hans Mønster, 1829–1830
* Jens Paludan-Müller, 1830–1845
* Gerhard Peter Brammer, 1845–1881
* Bruun Juul Fog, 1881–1884
* Johannes Clausen, 1884–1905
* Fredrik Nielsen, 1905–1907
* Hans Sophus Sørensen, 1907–1916
* Thomas Schiøler, 1916–1931
* Fritz Bruun Rasmussen, 1931–1940
* Skat Hoffmeyer, 1940–1962
* Kaj Jensen, 1962–1963
* Henning Høirup, 1963–1980
* Herlof Eriksen, 1980–1994
* Kjeld Holm, 1994–2015
* Henrik Wigh-Poulsen, 2015–present
# William Doty

William G. Doty (6 September 1852 – 1919) was a Michigan lawyer and politician.
He was born in the village of Manchester, in Michigan's Washtenaw County. His grandfather, Samuel Doty, had served a term in the Michigan House of Representatives in 1838.
Doty was Mayor of Ann Arbor, Michigan, from 1891 to 1893. He was a member of the Freemasons and the Knights Templar.
# Ephraim Smith

Ephraim Smith (April 13, 1819 – November 4, 1891) was a 19th-century American physician and businessman who served as the first mayor of Boise, Idaho Territory, in the mid 1860s. For years it was believed Smith's successor, Henry E. Prickett, was the city's first elected mayor until recent research proved otherwise. Smith is also believed to have been the first treasurer of Idaho Territory. In addition to his political career, Smith also operated a drug store and private hospital in Boise.
Smith was killed in 1891 after being run over by a streetcar in Toledo, Ohio. He is buried in Pioneer Cemetery in Boise.
# Comet Lemmon (disambiguation)

Comet Lemmon may refer to any comets below discovered by the Mount Lemmon Survey:

## Periodic comets
### Encke-type comets

* 349P/Lemmon
* P/2023 JN16 (Lemmon)

### Jupiter-family comets

* 363P/Lemmon
* 397P/Lemmon
* 405P/Lemmon
* 423P/Lemmon
* P/2011 FR143 (Lemmon)
* P/2017 TW13 (Lemmon)
* P/2020 WJ5 (Lemmon)
* P/2022 BV9 (Lemmon)

### Halley-type comets

* C/2007 S2 (Lemmon)
* C/2012 BJ98 (Lemmon)
* P/2016 WM48 (Lemmon)
* C/2018 DO4 (Lemmon)
* C/2018 R5 (Lemmon)
* C/2022 Y2 (Lemmon)
* C/2023 S3 (Lemmon)

## Non-periodic comets

* C/2006 WD4 (Lemmon)
* C/2007 K1 (Lemmon)
* C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)
* C/2013 G6 (Lemmon)
* C/2016 X1 (Lemmon)
* C/2017 E5 (Lemmon)
* C/2018 EF9 (Lemmon)
* C/2018 KJ3 (Lemmon)
* C/2018 R3 (Lemmon)
* C/2019 J1 (Lemmon)
* C/2019 S4 (Lemmon)
* C/2019 T2 (Lemmon)
* C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)
* C/2020 B2 (Lemmon)
* C/2020 F7 (Lemmon)
* C/2020 H7 (Lemmon)
* C/2020 S8 (Lemmon)
* C/2020 T5 (Lemmon)
* C/2021 T1 (Lemmon)
* C/2021 T4 (Lemmon)
* C/2022 S4 (Lemmon)
* C/2022 T1 (Lemmon)
* C/2022 V2 (Lemmon)
* C/2023 H2 (Lemmon)
* C/2023 TD22 (Lemmon)
* C/2023 V1 (Lemmon)
* C/2024 B2 (Lemmon)
* C/2024 J4 (Lemmon)

## Hyperbolic comets

* C/2009 S3 (Lemmon)
* C/2009 UG89 (Lemmon)
* C/2012 K8 (Lemmon)
* C/2014 L5 (Lemmon)
* C/2015 XY1 (Lemmon)
* C/2017 F1 (Lemmon)
* C/2017 S7 (Lemmon)
* C/2018 B1 (Lemmon)
* C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)
* C/2018 U1 (Lemmon)
* C/2019 NJ3 (Lemmon)
* C/2019 Q1 (Lemmon)
* C/2020 W5 (Lemmon)
* C/2021 C6 (Lemmon)
* C/2023 H5 (Lemmon)
* C/2023 X2 (Lemmon)
* C/2024 B1 (Lemmon)

## Others

"Comet Lemmon" may also be an incomplete reference to a comet co-discovered by the Mount Lemmon Survey. These include:
* Comet Lemmon–ATLAS
** C/2022 A3 (Lemmon–ATLAS)
* Comet Lemmon–PANSTARRS
** 302P/Lemmon–PANSTARRS
** 445P/Lemmon–PANSTARRS
** 457P/Lemmon–PANSTARRS
** 481P/Lemmon–PANSTARRS
** C/2014 W5 (Lemmon–PANSTARRS)
** P/2015 B4 (Lemmon–PANSTARRS)
** P/2015 D6 (Lemmon–PANSTARRS)
** P/2015 TO19 (Lemmon–PANSTARRS)
** P/2019 A6 (Lemmon–PANSTARRS)
** P/2020 K9 (Lemmon–PANSTARRS)
** C/2021 F1 (Lemmon–PANSTARRS)
* Comet Lemmon–Read
** P/2018 C1 (Lemmon–Read)
* Comet Lemmon–Siding Spring
** C/2008 FK75 (Lemmon–Siding Spring)
* Comet Lemmon–Yeung–PANSTARRS
** C/2015 VL62 (Lemmon–Yeung–PANSTARRS)
* Comet PANSTARRS–Lemmon
** P/2020 A4 (PANSTARRS–Lemmon)
** C/2020 H11 (PANSTARRS–Lemmon)
* Comet van Houten–Lemmon
** 271P/van Houten–Lemmon
* Comet WISE–Lemmon
** 453P/WISE–Lemmon
# Paso Pehuenche

Paso Pehuenche is an Andean mountain pass and international border crossing between Chile and Argentina. It connects Talca and San Clemente in Chile with Malargüe in Argentina.

## Sources

* Andes portal
* PASO PEHUENCHE- COMPLEJO FRONTERIZO PEHUENCHE
* This Maule Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# List of armed groups in the Algerian Civil War

Several non-governmental armed terrorist groups were involved in the Algerian Civil War, most against the government:
* Islamic Salvation Army (AIS)
* Islamic Armed Movement (MIA)
* Islamic Front for Armed Jihad (FIDA)
* Islamic State Movement (MEI)
* Islamic Movement for Preaching and Jihad (MIPD)
* Islamic League for Da'wa and Jihad
* Armed Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA)
* Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC)
* Takfir wal-Hijra (minor)
Government Loyalists
* Garde communale
* Organisation of Young Free Algerians (OJAL)
* Patriots Militia [fr]
# Greg Farshtey

Gregory Todd Farshtey (born July 14, 1965) is an American writer professionally known for his work on the Bionicle series of novels (2003–2010), the Bionicle comics (2001–2010), and the Ninjago graphic novel series.

## Early life

Gregory Todd Farshtey was born in Mount Kisco, New York, and grew up in Monroe, New York, and Stamford, Connecticut.
After graduating with a B.A. in communications from the State University of New York at Geneseo, he worked as a reporter and sports editor before securing an editorial position with West End Games.

## Literary career

Over the next seven years at West End Games, Farshtey authored or co-authored over 35 role-playing game books. Farshtey contributed to the creation of the Shatterzone and Bloodshadows role-playing game universes. His authored works include Dragons Over England (1992), Strange Tales from the Nile Empire (1992), Shattered and Other Stories (1994), The River of God (1992), Hell's Feast (1994), and Demon's Dream (1996).
Farshtey joined the LEGO Group as a writer in late 2000, where he wrote for the LEGO Mania Magazine, LEGO Club Magazine, LEGO Club Jr. Magazine, and the Bionicle comic series.
Farshtey’s work includes novels and short stories written for Bionicle, Exo-Force, Hero Factory, and Ninjago. Farshtey was the editorial director at the LEGO Company.
# Delta (situational awareness system)

Delta is a situational awareness and battlefield management system developed by the Ukrainian military services for use in the Russo-Ukrainian War, especially following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
The system gathers and integrates information from diverse participants, including reconnaissance units, civilian officials, foreign intelligence partners, and vetted bystanders. Sources include commercial and military drones, sensor networks, satellite imagery, and intelligence from partner countries. Geolocated data is mapped in real time, along with pictures of enemy assets.
Delta covers a wide range of battlefield management tasks, including the planning of operations and combat missions, coordination between units, and secure exchange of information about the location of enemy forces.
On the backend side, it's a cloud native environment. On the client side, it runs on regular PCs, laptop, tablets or mobile phones.
Involved in the development and supervision of the system are the Center for Innovation and Development of Defense Technologies of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, the NGO Aerorozvidka and Mykhailo Fedorov, Minister of the Ukrainian Ministry of Digital Transformation.
The system became broadly operational in August 2022. The software was developed in coordination with NATO. The system was first tested in 2017, as part of a NATO initiative "to wean troops off Russian standards of siloing information among ground units instead of sharing it". Ukraine surprised NATO in quickly making this system even more accessible to troops than "more modern militaries". Delta, in its prototype phase, was first "pressed to its limits" during the Ukrainian counteroffensive to the Russian Kyiv convoy. The Ukrainian Defense Ministry credits Delta for helping identify 1500 confirmed, Russian targets daily during this time period.
In December 2022, Delta was the target of an adversarial phishing endeavor.
On 4 February 2023, the Ukrainian government gave approval to full deployment of the Delta system to the Armed Forces of Ukraine and permitted hosting of Delta's cloud-components outside of Ukraine to protect it against missile and cyber attacks.

## Centrality of drone warfare

Aerorozvidka specializes aerial reconnaissance and drone warfare and their main contribution to Delta likely lies in this sphere. Delta, in this view, serves as a key link between raw reconnaissance (often remote photographic telemetry), identification, prioritization, and attack, facilitating a more rapid response cycle across diverse and dispersed participants and resources, known in military parlance as the kill chain.
Systems such as Delta are poised to become a key information-management component of the rapid evolution of drone warfare on the modern battlefield. Mykhailo Fedorov, Minister of Digital Transformation, would like to see 10,000 drones operating continuously along the front lines. This vision entails a substantial network of digital coordination.
For reasons of ongoing operations security, the precise nature of the integration between Delta and drone warfare remains undisclosed.
# Buckleton Beach

Buckleton Beach is a small settlement on the southern side of Tāwharanui Peninsula in the Auckland Region of New Zealand. The beach is on Wanns Bay, which is a part of Kawau Bay.
A property developer, Mr J G Buckleton, bought the land in 1954 and subdivided it in 1957.
Omaio is a garden covering 7.3 hectares (18 acres) near Buckleton Beach, developed since 2005 and named as being of International Significance by the New Zealand Gardens Trust.

## Demographics

Statistics New Zealand describes Buckleton Beach as a rural settlement, which covers 0.13 km$^2$ (0.050 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 10 as of June 2024, with a population density of 77 people per km$^2$.
Buckleton Beach had a population of 15 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 9 people (150.0%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 9 people (150.0%) since the 2013 census. There were 6 males and 9 females in 9 dwellings. The median age was 64.3 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 6 people (40.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 6 (40.0%) aged 65 or older.
All people who responded identified as European (Pākehā) and spoke English.