OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rohini Kuner

Rohini Kuner (born 28 July 1970 in Bombay) is an Indian-born German pharmacologist and director of the Institute of Pharmacology at Heidelberg University.

## Vita

After studying pharmacology in India she obtained her PhD from University of Iowa in the laboratory of Gerald Gebhart studying the role of spinal NMDA-receptors in nociception.
From 1995 she was a Postdoc with Peter Seeburg at Heidelberg University. In 2002 she started her own lab through the Emmy Noether Program of the German Research Council. Since 2006 she is the chair for molecular pharmacology at Heidelberg University.
Since 2015 she heads the collaborative research center "SFB 1158: From nociception to chronic pain".
Rohini Kuner is married to the German neuroscientist Thomas Kuner. In October 2018 she was elected as member of the Heidelberg University Council.

## Research

She aims at understanding molecular mechanisms underlying chronic pain resulting from long-lasting inflammation or cancer. A major focus is laid on addressing signalling mechanisms which underlie activity-dependent changes in primary sensory neurons transmitting pain (nociceptors) and their synapses in the spinal dorsal horn. Her current work spans molecular, genetic, behavioural, electrophysiological and imaging approaches in vitro as well as in vivo in rodent models of pathological pain.

## Awards

* 2024: Leibniz Prize
* 2019: Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
* 2018: Phoenix Prize for Pharmacology and Clinical Medicine
* 2018: Feldberg Foundation Prize
* 2017: HMLS Investigator Award
* 2017: Novartis Award for Therapy-Related Research
* 2015: Novartis Award
* 2012: ERC Advanced Grant
* 2010: Pat Wall International Young Investigator Award, International Association for the Study of Pain
* 2007: Pain Research Award, German Society for the Study of Pain
* 2007: Ingrid-zu-Solms-Science Award
* 2006: Chica and Heinz Schaller Award
* 2006: Bergius-Kuhn-Meyerhof-Young Researcher Award (Heidelberg Roatry Club)
* 2005: Rudolf-Buchheim-Award of the German Society for experimental and clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
# Downward ejection

In firearms, downward ejecting refers to firearms which eject spent cases downward from the firearm's receiver, rather than the more conventional designs which eject the brass to the side. This feature simplifies use by left-handers, and can help prevent gases and debris from being ejected near the shooter's face.

## Examples

* AR-57
* Bren light machine gun
* Browning BPS shotgun
* Browning Semi Automatic 22
* Calico Light Weapons Systems
* FN P90 submachine gun
* Ithaca M37 shotgun
* Kel-Tec KS7 shotgun
* Kel-Tec KSG shotgun
* Kel-Tec RDB rifle
* MG 34, MG 42 and MG 3 machine gun
* Owen machine carbine
* Remington Model 10 shotgun
* Remington Model 17 shotgun
* Remington Model 105CTi shotgun
* Springfield Light Rifle
* Smith & Wesson M&P 12 shotgun
* Smith & Wesson Model 1940 Light Rifle
* American-180 submachine gun
# Saraidhela

Saraidhela is a neighbourhood in Dhanbad in Dhanbad Sadar subdivision of Dhanbad district in Jharkhand state, India.

## Geography
### Location

Saraidhela is located at 23°49′N 86°28′E﻿ / ﻿23.81°N 86.46°E﻿ / 23.81; 86.46.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
The former census town was combined with other urban units to form Dhanbad Municipal Corporation in 2006.
Saraidhela is part of Ward No. 39 of Dhanbad Municipal Corporation.

### Overview

The region shown in the map is a part of the undulating uplands bustling with coalmines in the lowest rung of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The entire area shown in the map is under Dhanbad Municipal Corporation, except Belgaria which is under Baliapur (community development block). The places in the DMC area are marked as neighbourhoods. The DMC area shown in the map is around the core area of Dhanbad city. Another major area of DMC is shown in the map of the southern portion of the district. A small stretch of DMC, extending up to Katras is shown in the map of the western portion. The region is fully urbanised. Jharia (community development block) has been merged into DMC. Three operational areas of BCCL operate fully within the region – Sijua Area, Kusunda Area and Bastacola Area.

### Police station

There is a police station at Saraidhela.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Saraidhela had a population of 24,183. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Saraidhela has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 72%. In Saraidhela, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## Transport

NH 18 passes through Saraidhela.
# William D. Daly

William Davis Daly (June 4, 1851 – July 31, 1900) was an American Democratic Party politician who represented New Jersey's 7th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1900.

## Early life and education

Daly was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. He attended the public schools, and from the age of fourteen until he was nineteen was employed as an iron molder. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1874 and commenced practice in Hudson County, New Jersey.

## Career

He was an assistant United States attorney for New Jersey 1885-1888. He was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1889 to 1891, and a judge of the district court of Hoboken from 1891 until his resignation in 1892. He was a member of the New Jersey Senate from 1892 to 1898. He was a delegate to the 1896 Democratic National Convention, chairman of the Democratic State convention in 1896 and member of the State committee from 1896 to 1898.

## Tenure in Congress

Daly was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-sixth Congress and served from March 4, 1899, until his death at Hoboken, New Jersey. His funeral was held at the First Presbyterian Church in Hoboken and was interred in New York Bay Cemetery (now known as Bayview – New York Bay Cemetery) in Jersey City, New Jersey.
# Daniel Garrison

Daniel Garrison (April 3, 1782 – February 13, 1851) was a Representative from New Jersey; born in Pennsville Township, New Jersey near Salem, New Jersey.

## Early life and career

He pursued an academic course and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1806 to 1808, and was surrogate of Salem County, New Jersey from 1809 to 1823.

## Congress

Garrison was elected as a Jacksonian Democratic-Republican to the Eighteenth Congress and reelected as a Jacksonian to the Nineteenth Congress, serving in office from March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1827. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1826.

## Later career

After leaving Congress, Garrison was appointed by President Andrew Jackson as inspector of the revenue and collector of the customs at the port of Bridgeton, New Jersey, in 1834 and served until 1838.
He died in Salem on February 13, 1851, and was interred there in St. John's Episcopal Cemetery.
# Ezra Miller (politician)

Ezra Miller (May 12, 1812 – July 9, 1885) was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate and the New Jersey Senate.
Miller was born in Bergen County, New Jersey.
In 1833, he joined the 2nd New York Militia. Miller married his wife, Amanda, in May 1841. They had three children and moved to Magnolia, Wisconsin. In 1851, he was commissioned a colonel in the 8th Wisconsin Militia.
In 1863, he was granted the first in a series of patents for railroad couplers which came to be known as the Miller platform.
Miller died on July 9, 1885, in Mahwah, New Jersey.

## Political career

Miller was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate from the 17th district from 1853 to 1854. Additionally, he was a justice of the peace in Magnolia and Postmaster of Janesville, Wisconsin. Miller joined the New Jersey Senate in 1884. He was a Democrat.
# Daniel Coghlan

Daniel Coghlan (January 1, 1812 – March 22, 1877) was an Irish-American industrialist and politician. He was a member of New Jersey General Assembly from 1868 - ? for the Morris County 1st District, then encompassing Chatham, Hanover, Morris and Passaic townships.
In 1855, Coghlan purchased the Jefferson mill, near Monroe, and operated it until it burned down in 1861.
He purchased the Eden papermill in Whippany, New Jersey in 1861.
He was a founding trustee of Seton Hall University as a signatory to the college's 1861 charter.
He founded Our Lady of Mercy in Whippany, New Jersey for the Catholic employees of his paper mills.
He was a director of the First National Bank of Morristown.
He died suddenly of a heart attack on March 22, 1877, while in New York City on a business trip.
# Mrvan

Mrvan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Frank J. Mrvan (born 1969), U.S. representative from Indiana, son of Indiana state senator Frank Ed Mrvan Jr.
* Frank Mrvan Jr. (born 1933), U.S. politician, Indiana state senator, father of U.S. federal representative Frank John Mrvan
# Robert Gilchrist Jr.

Robert Gilchrist Jr. (August 21, 1825 – July 6, 1888) was the Attorney General of New Jersey from 1870 to 1875.

## Biography

Gilchrist was born in Jersey City, New Jersey in 1825 to Robert Gilchrist and Frances (Fanny) Vacher. His father served as Clerk of Hudson County from 1840 to 1865 and as mayor of Jersey City from 1850 to 1852. He attended private schools, studied law, and was admitted to the New Jersey Bar in 1847. In 1859 he served in the New Jersey General Assembly.
At the first call for troops in the Civil War, Gilchrist enlisted as a Captain in the 2nd New Jersey Regiment, serving from 1861 to 1865. In 1866, he was the Democratic candidate for the House of Representatives in the Fifth District but was defeated by the Republican George A. Halsey.
In 1869, Gilchrist was nominated by Governor Theodore Fitz Randolph as Attorney General. He was reappointed for a full five-year term in January 1870. In 1873, Governor Joel Parker appointed him to a commission assigned to revise the New Jersey State Constitution. Gilchrist retired from the position of Attorney General in 1875.
After serving as Attorney General, Gilchrist returned to private practice in Jersey City. He married late in life to Fredericka Raymond Beardsley, who wrote The True Story of Hamlet and Ophelia (1889). Gilchrist died at his home in Jersey City in 1888.
# Chelmen Sang-e Sofla

Chelmen Sang-e Sofla (Persian: چهل من سنگ سفلي, also Romanized as Chelmen Sang-e Soflá; also known as Chelmen Sang-e Pā’īn, Chelmeh Sang-e Soflá, and Cholmeh Sang) is a village in Abravan Rural District, Razaviyeh District, Mashhad County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 857, in 175 families.
# Chenaqchi-ye Olya

Chenaqchi-ye Olya (Persian: چناقچي عليا, also Romanized as Chenāqchī-ye 'Olyā and Chonāqchī-ye 'Olyā; also known as Chenāqchī-ye Bālā, Chunāqcheh 'Uliya, and Janāqchī-ye Bālā) is a village in Duzaj Rural District, Kharqan District, Zarandieh County, Markazi province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 262, in 74 families.
The historical antiquity of the village of Upper Chanaghchi refers to the Safavid period.
# Engina bonasia

Engina bonasia is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pisaniidae

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Indian Ocean off Chagos, Aldabra and the Mascarene Islands.
# Chenar-e Olya, Kermanshah

Chenar-e Olya (Persian: چنارعليا, also Romanized as Chenār-e 'Olyā) is a village in Jalalvand Rural District, Firuzabad District, Kermanshah County, Kermanshah province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 59, in 11 families.
# Chenareh-ye Olya

Chenareh-ye Olya (Persian: چناره عليا, also Romanized as Chenāreh-ye 'Olyā; also known as Chenāreh-ye Bālā and Chenāreh) is a village in Yusefvand Rural District, in the Central District of Selseleh County, Lorestan province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 222, in 49 families.
# Traktornyi Zavod (Kharkiv Metro)

Traktornyi Zavod (Ukrainian: Тракторний завод, pronunciation; Russian: Тракторный завод) is a station on the Kharkiv Metro's Kholodnohirsko–Zavodska Line. It opened on 11 August 1978. It is named after the Tractor plant located nearby.
* This Kharkiv Metro article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* This article about a Ukrainian railway station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Herman I, Lord of Lippe

Herman I was Lord of Lippe from 1158 through 1167.
# Light of Faith (political party)

Light of Faith (Kyrgyz: Ыйман нуру, romanized: Iyman nuru), officially the Political Party for Justice and Development "Light of Faith" (Kyrgyz: “Ыйман Нуру” Адилетүүлүк жана өнүгүү саясий партиясы; Russian: Политическая партия справедливости и развития «Ыйман Нуру») and sometimes translated as Beam of Conscience or Ray of Faith, is a political party in Kyrgyzstan. The party participated in the 2020 parliamentary elections, in which they garnered 66,747 votes (3.1%), which was below the 7% electoral threshold. In the 2021 elections (for which the threshold was reduced to 5%), the party performed better, obtaining a 5.98% stake and five seats.
# Yasuomi

Yasuomi is a masculine Japanese given name.

## Written forms

Yasuomi can be written using many different combinations of kanji characters. Here are some examples:
* 靖臣, "peaceful, retainer"
* 康臣, "healthy, retainer"
* 安臣, "tranquil, retainer"
* 保臣, "preserve, retainer"
* 泰臣, "peaceful, retainer"
* 八洲臣, "8, continent, retainer"
* 易臣, "divination, retainer"
The name can also be written in hiragana やすおみ or katakana ヤスオミ.

## Notable people with the name

* Yasuomi Kugisaki (釘﨑 康臣, born 1982), Japanese footballer
* Yasuomi Maki (真木 保臣, 1813–1864), Japanese samurai
* Yasuomi Soda (左右田 泰臣, born 1988), Japanese kickboxer
* Yasuomi Umetsu (梅津 泰臣, born 1960), Japanese animator
# John Reed Jr.

John Reed Jr. (September 2, 1781 – November 25, 1860) was an American politician who was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts from 1813 until 1817 and the 17th lieutenant governor of Massachusetts from 1845 until 1851.

## Biography

Reed was born in West Bridgewater, Massachusetts, the son of politician John Reed Sr. He graduated from Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island in 1803, and was a tutor of languages in that institution for two years, and principal of the Bridgewater, Massachusetts Academy in 1806 and 1807. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Yarmouth, Massachusetts.
Reed was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1830.
He was elected as a Federalist to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Congresses (March 4, 1813 – March 3, 1817); elected to the Seventeenth through Twenty-third Congresses; elected as an Anti-Masonic candidate to the Twenty-fourth Congress, and elected as a Whig to the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Congresses (March 4, 1821 – March 3, 1841). He was chairman of the Committee on Revisal and Unfinished Business (Twenty-second Congress). He declined to be candidate for reelection in 1840.
He was the 17th lieutenant governor of Massachusetts (1845–1851).
Reed died in West Bridgewater, Plymouth County, Massachusetts. Interment was in Mount Prospect Cemetery, Bridgewater, Massachusetts.
# Apagado

Apagado (Spanish for Extinct, also known as Hualiaque) is a pyroclastic cone with scattered vegetation cover. It has an approximately 400 m (1,312 ft)-wide crater and a base diameter of approximately 2 km (1 mi). The volcano is located in Chile's Los Lagos Region, and lies 13 km (8 mi) west of the Hornopirén Volcano and southwest of Yate Volcano on a peninsula that borders the Reloncaví Estuary, Reloncaví Sound and Gulf of Ancud. Apagado has a nearly intact summit crater.
# Mat Gardner

Mat Gardner (born 24 August 1985) is a professional rugby league footballer.

## Playing career
### Huddersfield Giants

Gardner joined from Castleford Tigers and made his Super League début in a match against Wakefield Trinity on 4 March 2006 for Huddersfield. He enjoyed a solid début season with the Huddersfield in 2006, which included a memorable hat-trick against the Catalans Dragons, and also played several games, which saw him line-up against his brother Ade Gardner.
He played in Huddersfield's first seven games and scored 2 tries, although a long run in the reserves followed before he was recalled for the game against Harlequins RL.

### Salford Red Devils

With Huddersfield signing David Hodgson from Salford and Rod Jensen being established on the other wing, Mat Gardner left Huddersfield and signed for Salford for the 2008 season.

### Harlequins RL

Gardner moved to Harlequins RL for the 2009 Super League season. He then moved to Widnes, boarding and playing darts but never marking at The Sporties in St. Helens.

### Leigh Centurions

He signed for Leigh for the 2012 season scoring 26 tries in 58 appearances up till the beginning of the 2014 season.

### International

On 22 Feb 2020, Mat captained and coached Brazil in their 30-14 win over Peru in Sydney.

## International career

Gardner was called up to represent Brazil in rugby union sevens at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games.
In 2020 he played one game for the Brazil national rugby league team.
# Calbuco (volcano)

Calbuco (/kɑːlˈbuːkoʊ/ kahl-BOO-koh; Spanish: Volcán Calbuco, pronounced) is a stratovolcano in southern Chile, located southeast of Llanquihue Lake and northwest of Chapo Lake, in the Los Lagos Region, and close to the cities of Puerto Varas and Puerto Montt. With an elevation of 2,015 meters above sea level, the volcano and the surrounding area are protected within the Llanquihue National Reserve.
The most recent eruption, a major VEI 4 event, happened with little warning on April 22–23, 2015, followed by a smaller eruption on April 30. This was Calbuco's first activity since 1972.

## Name and location

Calbuco is located partly in Puerto Varas Commune and partly in Puerto Montt Commune. It lies 49 km from the city of Puerto Varas and 69 km from Puerto Montt. Its name is thought to come from the Mapuche words "kallfü" (blue) and "ko" (water), meaning "blue water". It shares the name with Calbuco Island in nearby Reloncaví Sound as well as the city and commune of Calbuco, although it is not located there.

## Geology

Calbuco is a very explosive andesite volcano whose lavas usually contain 55 to 60% silicon dioxide (SiO$_2$). It is elongated in a SW-NE direction and is capped by a 400-500 meter wide summit crater. Its complex evolution included the collapse of an intermediate edifice during the late Pleistocene that produced a debris avalanche that reached Llanquihue Lake.

### Volcanic activity

Calbuco has had 36 confirmed eruptions during the Holocene, 13 of which have been recorded in historical times. 20th century eruptions took place in 1906, 1907, 1909, 1911, 1917, 1929, 1932, 1945, 1961, and 1972. A series of three eruptions occurred from April 22–30, 2015.
The 1893–95 Calbuco eruption was one of the largest ever to take place in southern Chile, with debris ejected to distances of eight kilometres, accompanied by voluminous hot lahars. The 1893 eruption disrupted the daily life of German settlers in eastern Llanquihue Lake. In this area potato fields, cattle and apiculture were negatively impacted. Cattle were evacuated from the area and settlers lobbied the government of Jorge Montt to be relocated elsewhere.
In the strong explosions of April 1917, a lava dome formed in the crater accompanied by hot lahars. Another short explosive eruption in January 1929 also included an apparent pyroclastic flow and a lava flow.
The major eruption of 1961 sent ash columns 12–15 km high, produced plumes that dispersed mainly to the south east and emitted two lava flows. There was a minor, four-hour eruption on August 26, 1972. Strong fumarolic emission from the main crater was observed on August 12, 1996.
The most recent eruption happened in April 2015, when on April 22, the volcano suddenly erupted with little warning, sending a large ash column into the atmosphere; another eruption occurred in the early hours of April 23. A smaller eruption occurred on April 30. The eruptions ranked as a 4 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. The volcano returned to the lowest alert level on August 18, 2015. The ash of the eruption dispersed nutrients into the sea which may have contributed to unleashing the algal bloom of 2016.
# Polyhexanide

Polyhexanide (polyhexamethylene biguanide, PHMB) is a polymer used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. In dermatological use, it is spelled polihexanide (INN) and sold under various brand names. PHMB has been shown to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasiliensis, enterococci, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Polihexanide, sold under the brand name Akantior is a medication used for the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis.
Products containing PHMB are used for inter-operative irrigation, pre- and post-surgery skin and mucous membrane disinfection, post-operative dressings, surgical and non-surgical wound dressings, surgical bath/hydrotherapy, chronic wounds like diabetic foot ulcer and burn wound management, routine antisepsis during minor incisions, catheterization, first aid, surface disinfection, and linen disinfection. PHMB eye drops have been used as a treatment for eyes affected by Acanthamoeba keratitis.
It is sold as a swimming pool and spa disinfectant in place of chlorine or bromine based products under the name Baquacil.
PHMB is also used as an ingredient in some contact lens cleaning products, cosmetics, personal deodorants and some veterinary products. It is also used to treat clothing (Purista), purportedly to prevent the development of unpleasant odors.
The PHMB hydrochloride salt (solution) is used in the majority of formulations.

## Medical uses

Polihexanide is indicated for the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis in people aged 12 years of age and older.

## Society and culture
### Legal status

In May 2024, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Akantior, intended for the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis, a severe, progressive and sight threatening corneal infection characterized by intense pain and photophobia. Acanthamoeba keratitis is a rare disease primarily affecting contact lens wearers. The applicant for this medicinal product is SIFI SPA. Polihexanide was approved for medical use in the European Union in August 2024.

### Safety

In 2011, polyhexamethylene biguanide was classified as category 2 carcinogen by the European Chemical Agency, but it is still allowed in cosmetics in small quantities if exposure by inhalation is impossible.

### Name controversy

In some sources, particularly when listed as a cosmetics ingredient (INCI), the polymer is wrongly named as polyaminopropyl biguanide.