# La Défense

La Défense (French:) is a major business district in France's Paris metropolitan area, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of the city limits. It is located in Île-de-France region's department of Hauts-de-Seine in the communes of Courbevoie, La Garenne-Colombes, Nanterre, and Puteaux.
La Défense is Europe's largest purpose-built business district, covering 560 hectares (1,400 acres), for 180,000 daily workers, with 72 glass and steel buildings (of which 20 are completed skyscrapers, out of 24 in the Paris region), and 3,500,000 square metres (38,000,000 sq ft) of office space. Around its Grande Arche and esplanade ("le Parvis"), La Défense contains many of the Paris urban area's tallest high-rises. Westfield Les Quatre Temps, a large shopping mall in La Défense, has 220 stores, 48 restaurants and a 24-screen movie theatre.
Paris La Défense Arena, the largest indoor arena in Europe, was inaugurated in 2017.
The district is located at the westernmost extremity of the 10-kilometre-long (6.2 mi) Axe historique ("historical axis") of Paris, which starts at the Louvre in Central Paris and continues along the Champs-Élysées, well beyond the Arc de Triomphe along the Avenue de la Grande Armée before culminating at La Défense. The district is centred in an orbital motorway straddling the Hauts-de-Seine department communes of Courbevoie, La Garenne-Colombes, Nanterre and Puteaux. La Défense is primarily a business district and hosts a population of 50,000 permanent residents and 75,000 students. La Défense is also visited by 8,000,000 tourists each year and houses an open-air museum.

## History

La Défense is named after the statue La Défense de Paris by Louis-Ernest Barrias, which was erected in 1883 to commemorate the soldiers who had defended Paris during the Franco-Prussian War.
In September 1958, the Public Establishment for Installation of La Défense [fr] (EPAD) buildings (of which the Esso Tower was the first) were constructed and began to slowly replace the city's factories, shanties, and even a few farms. The Centre of New Industries and Technologies (CNIT) was built and first used in 1958. These "first generation" skyscrapers were all very similar in appearance, limited to a height of 100 metres (330 ft). In 1966, the Nobel Tower was the first office skyscraper built in the area. In 1970, the RER line A railway was opened from La Défense to Étoile. In 1974, a contract for a Défense-Cergy high-speed hovercraft train was signed and soon abandoned.
In the early 1970s, in response to great demand, a second generation of buildings began to appear, but the economic crisis in 1973 nearly halted all construction in the area. A third generation of towers began to appear in the early 1980s. The biggest shopping centre in Europe (at the time), the Quatre Temps, was created in 1981. In 1982, the EPAD launched the Tête Défense competition to find a monument to complete the Axe historique, which eventually led to the construction of Grande Arche at the west end of the quarter. During the same period, hotels were constructed, the CNIT was restructured, and in 1992, Line 1 of the Paris Métro was extended to La Défense, which made the area readily accessible to more of the city.
On Bastille Day 1990, French electronic composer Jean-Michel Jarre staged an ambitious concert at the site, using the Grande Arche and three of the area's towers as projection screens, and building a pyramidal stage above the road. The free concert, titled Paris la Défense, attracted two million spectators, stretching all the way back to the Arc de Triomphe. This beat Jarre's own previous world record for the largest attendance for a musical concert. After Jean Michel Jarre, German DJ Sash! and the singer La Trec set the video clip for their song Stay at La Défense in 1997.
After a stagnation in new development in the mid-1990s, La Défense is once again expanding and is now the largest purpose-built business district in Europe.
Major corporations headquartered at La Défense include Neuf Cegetel, Société Générale, TotalEnergies, Aventis, Areva, and Arcelor. The tallest skyscraper, the Tour First belongs to AXA, constructed in 1974. It is 231 metres (758 ft) high, has 50 floors, and is the highest inhabited building in the Paris area. This title was previously held by the Tour Montparnasse, which was the tallest inhabited building until the Tour First was renovated between 2007 and 2011, bringing it to its current height from a previous 159 metres (522 ft); the tallest structure in Paris is the Eiffel Tower.
On 9 September 2008, La Défense celebrated its 50th anniversary with a huge fireworks display.
In December 2005, Bernard Bled, CEO and chairman of EPAD (La Defense Management and Development Office) announced an ambitious nine-year development plan called "La Defense 2006–2015". This important modernisation plan has to give a new dimension to the district and focuses on four main axes: regenerate outdated skyscrapers, allow new buildings, improve the balance between offices and residential housing, and make the transport of local employees from their homes to La Défense easier. There are three aims: building 150,000 square metres (1,600,000 sq ft) of offices within demolition/rebuilding projects, building 300,000 square metres (3,200,000 sq ft) of offices within new projects, and building 100,000 square metres (1,100,000 sq ft) of housing.
In July 2006, the government confirmed this plan, which has to be carried out around 2015. It is justified by the strong estate pressure, which plays in favour of building new skyscrapers near Paris. Those constructions have the advantage of being more economical than small buildings. But it will have to overcome some difficulties: the French economy faced a short-term slowdown; the government is trying to balance tertiary sector employment in the whole region again, because today La Défense concentrates a major part of those jobs; and traffic is already saturated in the district, while it would need huge investments to extend transport infrastructures.
It launched high-profile international competitions and/or construction approval of several key 300-to-320-metre (980 to 1,050 ft) tall sustainable development-style skyscrapers such as Tour Signal, Tour Phare, Hermitage Plaza, and Tour Generali. During said December 2005 Press Conference, EPAD released to the public an elaborate 3D animation film titled La Défense 2016.

## Education

Paris La Défense brings together the cluster of Leonardo da Vinci University Center, the IA Institut, a campus of EPITA and 4 business schools: EDC Paris Business School, ESSEC Business School, ICN Graduate Business School and IESEG School of Management It is also home to the European School of Paris-La Défense, an international primary and secondary school that was accredited as a European School in 2020.

## Area specifications

* Divided into 4 major sectors
* 1,400 acres (5.7 km$^2$)
* 3,500,000 square metres (38,000,000 sq ft) of offices
* 310,000 square metres (3,300,000 sq ft) of flagstone and sidewalk
* 245,000 square metres (2,640,000 sq ft) of shops (including the 140,000 square metres (1,500,000 sq ft) Westfield Les Quatre Temps Shopping Mall)
* 110,000 square metres (1,200,000 sq ft) of greenery
* 180,000 employees
* 70,000 students
* 50,000 residents
* 2,600 hotel rooms
* 1,500 businesses
* 500+ companies
* 150 restaurants
* 61 skyscrapers, 76m (250 ft) average building height
* The name of the district comes from the statue of La Défense de Paris by Louis-Ernest Barrias which commemorates the Parisian resistance during the Franco-Prussian War.
* View from Arc de Triomphe at night.
* View from Eiffel Tower.
* The Mall "Westfield Les Quatre Temps", one of Europe's largest shopping centers.
* Skylight tower.
* Western part of La Défense as seen from the Grande Arche.
* La Défense from the top of the Grande Arche.

## Open-air museum

Besides the representative architecture, the area also houses an open-air museum with 70 statues and pieces of modern art, including the following works:
* César, Thumb (1965)
* Joan Miró, Two fantastic characters (1976)
* Alexander Calder, Red Spider (1976)
* Yaacov Agam, Fountain (1977)
* Richard Serra, Slat (1982)
* Shelomo Selinger, The Dance (1983)
* Bernar Venet, Two Indeterminate Lines (1988)
* Takis, Bright Trees (1990)
* Igor Mitoraj, Tindaro (1997)
* Emily Young, Four Heads (2002)
* Patrick Blanc, Green wall (2006)
* Louis-Ernest Barrias, La Défense de Paris (1883)
* François Morellet, La Défonce (1990)
* Guillaume Bottazzi, Peinture de 216 m$^2$ (2014)
* Guillaume Bottazzi, Untitled, c. 2014

## Highrise buildings

* Tour First
* Tour Total
* Tour Areva
* Tour Trinity

### Completed highrise buildings above 50 m (164 ft) (1967–2024)

| Name | Built | Use | Height | Height | Levels | Municipality |
| Name | Built | Use | metres | feet | Levels | Municipality |
| Tour First (formerly tour AXA) | 1974/2011 | office | 231 | 758 | 50 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Hekla | 2022 | office | 220 | 722 | 51 | Puteaux |
| Tour Majunga | 2014 | office | 194 | 636 | 47 | Puteaux |
| Tour Total (Coupole) | 1985 | office | 187 | 614 | 48 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Engie (T1) | 2008 | office | 185 | 607 | 37 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Granite (Société Générale) | 2008 | office | 184 | 600 | 37 | Nanterre |
| Tour CB21 (formerly tour Gan) | 1974 | office | 179 | 587 | 42 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Areva | 1974 | office | 178 | 584 | 44 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Saint-Gobain | 2020 | office | 178 | 584 | 39 | Courbevoie |
| Tour D2 | 2014 | office | 171 | 561 | 37 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Alicante (Société Générale) | 1995 | office | 167 | 548 | 37 | Nanterre |
| Tour Chassagne (Société Générale) | 1995 | office | 167 | 548 | 37 | Nanterre |
| Tour EDF | 2001 | office | 165 | 541 | 41 | Puteaux |
| Tour Carpe Diem | 2013 | office | 162 | 531 | 38 | Courbevoie |
| Cœur Défense | 2001 | office | 161 | 528 | 40 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Alto | 2020 | office | 160 | 525 | 38 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Adria (Technip) | 2002 | office | 155 | 509 | 40 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Égée (Ernst&Young) | 1999 | office | 155 | 509 | 40 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Ariane | 1975 | office | 152 | 499 | 36 | Puteaux |
| Tour Trinity | 2020 | office | 151 | 495 | 32 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Dexia (CBX) | 2005 | office | 142 | 466 | 36 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Europlaza | 1995 | office | 135 | 443 | 31 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Défense 2000 | 1974 | residential | 134 | 440 | 47 | Puteaux |
| Tour Eqho (formerly tour Descartes) | 1988 | office | 130 | 427 | 40 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Les Poissons | 1970 | mixed | 129.5 | 425 | 42 | Courbevoie |
| Tour France | 1973 | residential | 126 | 413 | 40 | Puteaux |
| Tour Franklin | 1972 | office | 120 | 394 | 33 | Puteaux |
| Tour Sequoia (Bull, Cegetel, SFR) | 1990 | office | 119 | 390 | 33 | Puteaux |
| Tour Winterthur | 1973 | office | 119 | 390 | 33 | Puteaux |
| Tour CGI (CB16) | 2003 | office | 117 | 384 | 32 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Neptune | 1972 | office | 113 | 371 | 28 | Courbevoie |
| Préfecture des Hauts-de-Seine | 1974 | office | 113 | 371 | 25 | Nanterre |
| Grande Arche | 1989 | monument, office | 110 | 361 | 37 | Puteaux |
| Tour Manhattan | 1975 | office | 110 | 361 | 32 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Aurore | 1970 | office | 110 | 361 | 29 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Eve | 1975 | mixed | 109 | 358 | 30 | Puteaux |
| Tour Initiale | 1967 | office | 109 | 358 | 30 | Puteaux |
| L'archipel | 2021 | office | 106 | 353 | 24 | Nanterre |
| Tour Nuage 1, Tours Aillaud | 1976 | residential | 105 | 344 | 39 | Nanterre |
| Tour Nuage 2, Tours Aillaud | 1976 | residential | 105 | 344 | 39 | Nanterre |
| Tour Gambetta | 1975 | residential | 104 | 341 | 37 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Cèdre | 1998 | office | 103 | 338 | 26 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Opus 12 | 1973 | office | 100 | 328 | 27 | Puteaux |
| Tour Athéna | 1984 | office | 100 | 328 | 25 | Puteaux |
| Tour Europe | 1969 | office | 99 | 325 | 28 | Courbevoie |
| Tour AIG | 1967 | office | 99 | 325 | 27 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Prisma (Tour Kvaerner) | 1998 | office | 97 | 318 | 25 | Courbevoie |
| Tour Atlantique | 1970 | office | 95 | 312 | 27 | Puteaux |
| Tour Pascal | 1983 | office | 95 | 312 | 27 | Puteaux |
| Tour Pacific | 1992 | office | 90 | 295 | 25 | Puteaux |
| Skylight | 2017 | residential | 76 | 249 | 19 | Puteaux |
| Rose de Cherbourg residence | 2018 | housing | 75 | 246 | 20 | Puteaux |
| Tour Eria | 2021 | mix | 59.35 | 195 | 13 | Puteaux |

### Upcoming highrise buildings (2024–2027)

| Name | Use | Height | Height | Levels | Municipality | Status | Estimated Year of Completion |
| Name | Use | metres | feet | Levels | Municipality | Status | Estimated Year of Completion |
| The Link | office | 244 | 801 | 52 | Puteaux | under construction | 2025 |
| Tour Sister 1 | office | 229 | 718 | 55 | Courbevoie | approved | 2027 |
| Tour des Jardins de l'Arche | office & hotel | 210 | 656 | 54 | Nanterre | approved | 2027 |
| Tour C/ (Odyssey) | office | 187 | 613 | 42 | Courbevoie | approved | 2026 |
| Tour O/ (Odyssey) | mix | 174 | 570 | 33 | Courbevoie | approved | 2026 |
| Tours Sister 2 | office | 131 | 396 | 26 | Courbevoie | approved | 2027 |
| Tour D/ (Odyssey) | mix | 101 | 331 | ? | Courbevoie | approved | 2026 |

### Canceled projects

* Tour Sans Fins (1989): 425 m (1,394 ft)
* Hermitage Plaza (2022): 323 m (1,060 ft)
* Tour Generali (2011): 319 m (1,047 ft)
* Tour Signal (2009): 301 m (988 ft)
* Tour Phare (2018): 296 m (971 ft)