OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Larry J. Hopkins

Larry Jones Hopkins (October 25, 1933 – November 15, 2021) was an American businessman and politician who represented Kentucky's 6th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1993. He was the Republican nominee for governor of Kentucky in 1991 and lost to Brereton C. Jones.
He was the father of actor Josh Hopkins.

## Early life and education

Hopkins was born in Detroit and raised in Kentucky, the son of Louise Jones and James Glenn Hopkins. He attended public schools in the village of Wingo, Kentucky and later attended Murray State University.

## Career

Hopkins served in the United States Marine Corps from 1954 to 1956 and was a stockbroker with Hilliard Lyons. Hopkins served as Fayette County clerk before serving as the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1972 to 1978 and the Kentucky Senate in 1978.

### Congress

He served in the United States House of Representatives from January 3, 1979, to January 3, 1993. During his tenure in Congress, Hopkins was a member of the United States House Committee on Armed Services, where he was a principal House cosponsor of the Goldwater–Nichols Act. In 1991, Hopkins ran for governor and defeated Larry Forgy in the Republican primary. Hopkins lost the general election to Brereton C. Jones who polled 540,468 votes (64.7%) to Hopkins' 294,452 (35.3%).
Hopkins did not seek re-election to the House in 1992, due in part to his loss in the race for governor and also because of his role in the House banking scandal.
Hopkins was later exonerated of all charges.

### Later career

He later served as director of the Tobacco Division of the Agricultural Marketing Service in the G. H. W. Bush administration. He also worked as a lobbyist for Lott & Hopkins LLC Sonny Callahan & Associates LLC.

## Personal life

Hopkins was married to Carolyn Pennebaker in 1956 and had two daughters and a son, Josh Hopkins, who later became an actor.

## Death

Hopkins died on November 15, 2021, at age 88.
# Eleanor Jordan

Eleanor Jordan (born May 18, 1953) is an American politician who served in the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1996 to 2001 before becoming the Executive Director of the Kentucky Commission on Women.

## Politics

Jordan won a special election for her House seat in February 1996 and won the general election in November, as well as re-election in 1998. In 2000, she ran for Kentucky's Third Congressional District in the United States House of Representatives but lost against the incumbent, though she "raised more than $1.7 million, engaged scores of volunteers, and attracted national attention," including endorsements from President Bill Clinton, New Jersey Senator Bill Bradley, former Texas Governor Ann Richards, and 35 members of Congress, who traveled to Louisville to make the endorsements. She was the state's first black candidate for Congress or any national office.
In 2001, Governor Paul E. Patton appointed her executive director of the Office of the Ombudsman for the Cabinet for Families and Children.
During the 2000s, Jordan began caucusing with other female legislators, including Joni Jenkins, Susan Johns, Ruth Ann Palumbo, Mary Lou Marzian, and Kathy Stein, in order to track legislation in their individual fields of expertise and work together to affect legislation more easily than they could have done alone. One early victory involved "building statewide opposition to a bill that, before their organized effort, likely would have gone unnoticed and passed easily, [...] removing the requirement that educational institutions offer women's softball as well as men's baseball, violating the spirit if not the letter of Title IX."

## Personal life and education

Jordan was born in Louisville, Kentucky, on May 18, 1953. She attended the University of Kentucky and Western Kentucky University. She is a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority and the NAACP, and she has worked with the Council of State Governments and various organizations related to child care, education, libraries, and churches.

## Election results

Kentucky's 3rd Congressional District General Election (2000) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Anne Northup (Incumbent) | 142,106 | 52.87 |
| | Democratic | Eleanor Jordon | 118,875 | 44.23 |
| | Libertarian | Donna Walker Mancini | 7,804 | 2.90 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 268,785 | 100.00 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 67.9 |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |
# John W. Adams (Kentucky politician)

John W. Adams is an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1997 to 2005. Adams was first elected in 1996 when incumbent representative Ramsey Morris retired to run for Kentucky's 1st congressional district. Adams was defeated for renomination by James R. Carr in 2004.
# Dottie Sims

Dottie Sims is an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1997 to 2005 and again from 2007 to 2011. Sims was first elected in November 1996, defeating Republican Anthony Mello. Mello simultaneously won a special election to fill the seat for the remaining two months until January 1997. Sims was defeated for reelection in 2004 by Republican Terry Shelton. Sims challenged Shelton again in 2006, regaining her seat. She was defeated for reelection in 2010 by Republican Michael Meredith.
# Mukesh Jain

Mukesh K. Jain is an American physician-scientist specializing in cardiovascular medicine. Since March 2022 he has served as Dean of Biological Sciences at Brown University and Dean of Medicine at the Warren Alpert Medical School. Jain previously served as Chief Scientific Officer at University Hospitals Health System and Vice-Dean for Medical Sciences at Case Western Reserve University.

## Education

Jain was born in the 1960s. He received a bachelor of science in biochemistry from the University of Buffalo in 1987. He earned his M.D. from the University of Buffalo's Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in 1991. Jain completed his residency in internal medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts.

## Career

He subsequently completed fellowships at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and at Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School.
Jain worked at Harvard from 1998 to 2006, serving as an Instructor of Medicine, Assistant Professor, and later Director of the Cardiovascular Transcriptional Biology Program at Brigham and Women's Hospital. Jain joined Case Western in 2006 as the founding Director of the Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Professor of Medicine, and Ellery Sedgwick Jr. Chair and Distinguished Scientist. He was appointed Vice Dean for Medical Sciences at the university in 2016. In August 2021 he was appointed Distinguished University Professor.
In October 2021, Jain was appointed Dean of Medicine and Biological Sciences at Brown University. He began as dean in March 2022, succeeding Jack A. Elias.

## Advocacy

Jain is a vocal supporter of physician-scientists and advocate for increasing their ubiquity in the field. In a 2020 article in The Washington Post Jain, Paul J. Utz, and Vivian G. Cheung wrote "we need a well-trained group of readied physician-scientists who can be deployed at any time to meet our nation’s medical needs, whether a coronavirus pandemic or other health emergencies."
# Chief of Defence Forces (Georgia)

The Chief of Georgian Defence Forces (Georgian: საქართველოს თავდაცვის ძალების მეთაური, romanized: sakartvelos tavdatsvis dzalebis metauri) is a chief of defence and commander of the Defence Forces of Georgia, under the authority of the Government of Georgia.

## History

The position was (re)introduced in accordance with the Georgian Law on Defence of 31 October 2018. It had its precursor —the Commander-in-Chief of the Army— in the Democratic Republic of Georgia from 1918 to 1921. From the 1990s until 2018 the Chief of the General Staff was the highest-ranking military officer in the Georgian military, chief military adviser to the President, and wartime commander of the Armed Forces of Georgia.
The first holder of the position was Lieutenant General Vladimer Chachibaia. The incumbent is Major General Giorgi Matiashvili.

## Functions and responsibilities

The Chief of Georgian Defence Forces is a chief military officer in the Georgian Defence Forces (GDF). They oversee the coherence of the armed forces organization, combat readiness and mobilization as well as military development of the GDF, and are responsible for conduct of operations in war, including plans of use, general articulation of forces, and distribution of operational means between various groups of forces. The Chief of Georgian Defence Forces is aided, in their functions, by the General Staff of the Georgian Defence Forces. One of the Chief's deputies can, simultaneously, serve as the Chief of the General Staff.
The Chief of Georgian Defence Forces is appointed and dismissed by the President of Georgia (on the advice of the Prime Minister) after the candidacy has been nominated by the Minister of Defence and submitted to the Presidency by the Government of Georgia. The nominee must have the highest military rank and high military education. The Chief reports to the Minister of Defence, the Prime Minister, and the President.

## List
### Commanders-in-Chief of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)

| No. | Commander in Chief | Took office | Left office | Time in office |
| 1 | Kvinitadze, GiorgiMajor general Giorgi Kvinitadze (1874–1970) | 26 May 1918 | 13 December 1920 | 2 years, 201 days |
| 2 | Odishelidze, IliaGeneral of the army Ilia Odishelidze (1865–1924) | 13 December 1920 | 16 February 1921 | 65 days |
| (1) | Kvinitadze, GiorgiMajor general Giorgi Kvinitadze (1874–1970) | 16 February 1921 | 17 March 1921 | 29 days |

### Chiefs of Georgian Defence Forces (Since 2018)

| No. | Portrait | Chiefs of Defence Forces | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Ref. |
| 1 | | Chachibaia, VladimerLieutenant General Vladimer Chachibaia (born 1971) | 20 December 2018 | 1 July 2020 | 1 year, 194 days | |
| 2 | | Matiashvili, GiorgiMajor General Giorgi Matiashvili (born 1977) | 1 July 2020 | Incumbent | 4 years, 160 days | |
# James Patrick Sutton

James Patrick Sutton (October 31, 1915 – February 3, 2005) was an American politician and a member of the United States Congress from Tennessee.

## Biography

Sutton was born on October 31, 1915, near Wartrace, Bedford County, Tennessee. He attended the public schools of Wartrace, Tennessee, and Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee. He graduated from Middle Tennessee State College in Murfreesboro, Tennessee in 1939.

## Career

During World War II, Sutton served in the United States Navy from 1942 to 1946. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the Silver Star with oak leaf cluster, and the Purple Heart with two oak leaf clusters. On 3 February 1945, during a World War II battle to re-take the Philippines from the Japanese, elements of the U.S. Army's 1st Cavalry Division pushed into the northern outskirts of Manila, with only the steep-sided Tuliahan River separating them from the city proper. A squadron of the 8th Cavalry Regiment reached the bridge just moments after Japanese soldiers had finished preparing it for demolition. As the two sides opened fire on one another, the Japanese lit the fuse leading to the carefully placed explosives. Without hesitation, Lt. Sutton, a Navy demolitions expert attached to the division, dashed through the enemy fire and cut the burning fuse. This heroic act allowed the soldiers of the 1st Cavalry Division to cross the bridge and seize Manila.
Sutton was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-first and to the two succeeding Congresses. He served from January 3, 1949 until January 3, 1955. In 1954, he was an unsuccessful candidate for United States Senator.
Subsequently, Sutton served as the county sheriff for Lawrence County, Tennessee.
In 1963, he and his brother were indicted by a federal grand jury for counterfeiting. He pleaded guilty in 1964 and was sentenced to one year in prison, and two years probation. He served an additional 10 months in federal prison in 1965 after violating his probation. He later worked as an investment broker, and spent time restoring antiques.

## Death

Sutton died in the Lakeland Specialty Hospital, Berrien Center, Berrien County, Michigan, on February 3, 2005 (age 89 years, 95 days). He was cremated, and his ashes are interred at Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia.
# Frank Ploetz

Frank William Ploetz (April 27, 1870 – May 18, 1944) was an American farmer and politician.
Ploetz was born in Germany and emigrated with his parents to the United States in 1875. Ploetz eventually settled in Coloma, Wisconsin. Ploetz was a farmer. He was involved with the Coloma Creamery Company, the Coloma Telephone Company, the Coloma Produce Company, and the Pleasant Lake Summer Resort. Ploetz served in the Wisconsin Assembly from 1919 to 1923 and was a Republican. He also served on the Wisconsin Board of Vocational Education. Ploetz also served as the United States Prohibition agent and the United States Internal Revenue Collector.
# Ohtis

Ohtis is an American country rock band from Normal, Illinois. Their debut album Curve of Earth was released in 2019.

## History

Singer-songwriter Sam Swinson formed the band with Adam Pressley while in high school; they were later joined by multi-instrumentalist Nate Hahn. Despite initial popularity in and around Normal, Illinois, and several do-it-yourself releases, Swinson's heroin addiction and recovery caused the band to disintegrate. The band were subsequently mostly inactive from 2009 to 2016.

## If This Country Had a Heart, That’s Where I Was Born (2008)

If This Country Had a Heart, That’s Where I Was Born was self-released in 2008. Reviewing the album for Tiny Mix Tapes, Laura Witkowski likened it to "Paul Simon putting his spin on late-’70s-era Talking Heads backed by a commune of accomplished hippie musicians", noted its theme of religious uncertainty, and described Swinson's songwriting as that of "a deep thinker with a sharp, wry wit."

## Curve of Earth (2019)

Ohtis' debut album Curve of Earth was released on March 29, 2019, 15 years after the band was first formed. The songs were written while Swinson was in drug rehabilitation and during relapse, and recorded after Swinson contacted Pressley and Hahn as part of a twelve-step program. The album also draws on religious themes, inspired by Swinson's early life spent in a cult.
Chris Conaton of PopMatters described the album as characterised by "an unusual musical variety in the songs that makes it an intriguing listening experience" and praised "Swinson's raw honesty and the band's musical creativity". Marcy Donelson of AllMusic noted that despite the album's subject matter, its "lyrics are delivered throughout the album with a relaxed, affable tone befitting the group's twangy, sauntering indie rock", and characterized the album as "30-minute set that plays like a character-centered short story."
In a five-star review in NME, Jordan Bassett wrote that "These eight country songs course with pain and regret, although there’s a strong seam of hope and optimism too." Bassett praised "Black Blood" and concluded that the album "contain[s] the chaos of addiction, crystallising mistakes into something much more beautiful. The result is extraordinary and life-affirming."
George O'Brien of London in Stereo wrote that the album "paints a picture of hope, through examining the bleakest moments", while Woody Delaney of Loud and Quiet described it as having an "aura that’s melancholic yet comforting". Reviewing the album in The Line of Best Fit, Evan Lilly wrote that "Curve of Earth is an intimate recollection that's meant to illuminate and heal our spirits, reminding us that even in dark times, light somehow manages to always pass through."
# Morlaix station

Morlaix station (French: Gare de Morlaix) is a railway station serving the town Morlaix, Finistère department, western France. It is situated on the Paris–Brest railway and the branch to Roscoff.

## Services

The station is served by high speed trains to Brest and Paris, and regional trains to Brest, Lannion and Rennes.
# Maurice Griffe

Maurice Griffe (1921–2013) was a French screenwriter. He also worked as an assistant director on two films.

## Selected filmography

* Colonel Chabert (1943)
* Paris Frills (1945)
* Father Goriot (1945)
* Women's Games (1946)
* Antoine and Antoinette (1947)
* Last Refuge (1947)
* Cruise for the Unknown One (1948)
* Impeccable Henri (1948)
* Rendezvous in July (1949)
* Mystery in Shanghai (1950)
* Lovers of Toledo (1953)
* Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (1954)
* Touchez pas au grisbi (1954)
* Mademoiselle from Paris (1955)
* Houla Houla (1959)
# Augustus N. Martin

Augustus Newton Martin (March 23, 1847 – July 11, 1901) was an American lawyer, educator, and veteran of the Civil War who served three terms as a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1889 to 1895.

## Biography

Born near Whitestown, Connoquenessing Township, Pennsylvania, Martin attended the common schools and Witherspoon Institute, Butler, Pennsylvania, and graduated in February 1867 from Eastman Business College in Poughkeepsie, New York.

### Civil War

On July 3, 1863, he enlisted in Company I, Fifty-eighth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Militia. He enlisted again, on February 22, 1865, in Company E, Seventy-eighth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and served until discharged for disability August 30, 1865.

### Career after the war

After his service in the Civil War, Martin taught school. He studied law in Bluffton, Indiana, in 1869. He was admitted to the bar in 1870 and practiced. He served as a member of the Indiana House of Representatives in 1875.

### Political career

Martin was elected reporter of the Indiana Supreme Court in 1876 and served four years. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1880. He lived in Austin, Texas from 1881 to 1883, and returned to Bluffton in 1883.
Martin was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-first, Fifty-second, and Fifty-third Congresses (March 4, 1889 – March 3, 1895).
He served as chairman of the Committee on Invalid Pensions (Fifty-second and Fifty-third Congresses). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Fifty-fourth Congress.

### Later career and death

He engaged in the practice of law in Bluffton until his death at the Soldiers' Home Hospital, Marion, Indiana on July 11, 1901. He was interred in Fairview Cemetery in Bluffton.
# Aaron H. Cragin

Aaron Harrison Cragin (February 3, 1821 – May 10, 1898) was an American politician and a United States Representative and Senator from New Hampshire.

## Early life

Born in Weston, Vermont, Cragin completed preparatory studies, studied law, was admitted to the bar in Albany, New York in 1847 and commenced practice in Lebanon, New Hampshire.

## Career

Cragin was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1852 to 1855.
Elected by the American Party to the Thirty-fourth Congress and as a Republican to the Thirty-fifth Congress, Cragin served from (March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1859). While in the House of Representatives, he was chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of War (Thirty-fourth Congress).
Cragin resumed the practice of law and in 1859 was again a member of the State house of representatives. In 1860 he was a delegate to the Republican Convention in Chicago, and a delegate to the Philadelphia loyalists convention in 1866. He was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate in 1864; was reelected in 1870, and served from March 4, 1865, to March 3, 1877. While in the Senate he was chairman of the Committee on Engrossed Bills (Thirty-ninth Congress) and a member of the Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expense (Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses), the Committee on Naval Affairs (Forty-first and Forty-third Congresses), and the Committee on Railroads (Forty-third and Forty-fourth Congresses).
Appointed by President Rutherford Hayes as one of the commissioners for the purchase of the Hot Springs Reservation in Arkansas, Cragin served as chairman from 1877 to 1879.

## Death

Cragin died in Washington, D.C., on May 10, 1898 (age 77 years, 96 days). He is interred at School Street Cemetery, Lebanon, New Hampshire.

## Family life

Son of Aaron and Sarah Whitney, Cragin married Isabella Tuller and they had a son, Harry Wilton Cragin, who graduated from Yale University and was appointed third assistant in the United States Patent Office.
# Substrate adhesion molecules

Substrate adhesion molecules (SAMs), also known as cell-substrate adhesion molecules, cell-substratum adhesion molecules, substratum adhesion molecules, or cell-matrix molecules, are single-pass membrane proteins characterized by their role in binding cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM).
As it is commonly understood that individual members of this family bind ECM elements, publications often forego the SAM classification and will instead refer to these proteins under the broader classification for proteins involved in adhesion, cell adhesion molecules.

## Examples

* Integrins
* CD44

## Structure

The intracellular side will be anchored to the cytoskeleton (actin, in the case of integrins), while the substrate side will anchor to the ECM.
Integrins have two subunits, an α and a β. Both bind to the ECM on the substrate side, which activates the actin-binding activity of the β unit on the intracellular side. This forms what is called a focal adhesion, which enables external activity in the extracellular matrix to affect the shape and movement of the cell.
CD44 only has one subunit, with a long substrate-side N-terminal head and a short intracellular tail. The extracellular domain can bind many different molecules, including those composing the ECM. The intracellular domain can then bind with various effector proteins, including actin. CD44 is primarily involved in signaling.

## Relevance in Biology
### Neuronal Morphogenesis

SAMs play a key role in neuronal morphogenesis. Integrin organizes actin to aid in synaptic stability, synaptic plasticity, and dendritic stability on the dendritic end of a neuron. On the axonal end, focal adhesions are formed to aid the axon terminal in locomotion towards the proper location.

### Cancer Markers

CD44 is a prominent cancer marker because it plays many important roles in cancer pathology. It can trigger the digestion of the ECM to allow metastasis, trigger angiogenesis, inhibit the P53 apoptosis monitoring system, and, when bound to hyaluronic acid, trigger the MAPK cascade to promote proliferation.