OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Robert Le Roy Livingston

Robert Le Roy Livingston (October 10, 1778 – April 14, 1836) was a United States representative from New York.

## Early life

Robert Le Roy Livingston was born on October 10, 1778 in Claverack, Columbia County to John Livingston (1749–1822) and Mary Ann Le Roy (1759–1797), daughter of Jacob Le Roy and Cornelia Rutgers,. After his mother's death in 1797, his father married Catherine (Livingston) Ridley, his first cousin, the daughter of William Livingston and the widow of Matthew Ridley. His siblings included: Cornelia Livingston (b. 1776), who married Nicholas G. Rutgers, Jacob Livingston (b. 1780) who first married Catherine Adriana de Peyster (granddaughter of Abraham de Peyster), and second married Levantia White, John G. Livingston (b. 1782), who died unmarried after being killed in a duel, Daniel Livingston (b. 1786) who married Eliza Oothout, Philip Henry Livingston (b. 1787), Anthony Rutgers Livingston (b. 1789), who married Anna Hoffman (daughter of Martin Hoffman and Beulah Murray), Henry Livingston (b. 1791), who married Ann Eliza Van Ness, and Herman Livingston (1793–1872), who married Sarah Lawrence Hallett (1795–1868) and inherited the family home from their father, John Livingston.
His parents were of Scottish and French Huguenot descent, whose families had been in the New York colony for generations. His paternal grandfather was Robert Livingston (1708–1790), the third and final Lord of Livingston Manor and a member of the assembly for the manor from 1737 to 1790.
Livingston attended private school and graduated from College of New Jersey.

## Career

He was commissioned a first lieutenant in the Twelfth United States Infantry on January 14, 1799 and honorably discharged on June 15, 1800. He was elected as a Federalist from New York to the Eleventh and Twelfth United States Congresses, serving from March 4, 1809 until May 6, 1812, when he resigned.
When the War of 1812 started, Livingston was commissioned lieutenant colonel of the Twenty-third Infantry on May 29, 1812 and served until February 1, 1813, when he resigned.

## Personal life

He was married to Anna Maria Digges (1792–1865), daughter of George Digges (1742–1792) and Catherine Brent (1768–1835). Together, they had seven children:
* Robert L. Livingston (b. 1812), who died unmarried
* Eliza C. Livingston (1814–1888), who married Andrew Pierce
* Cornelia Livingston, who married Abraham Pierce
* John L. Livingston (1816–1849), who married Margaret Lockwood
* William Le Roy Livingston
* Edward Livingston (1824–1872), who married Caroline Ann Van Rensselaer (1823–1896), daughter of Robert Hendrick Van Rensselaer (1779–1835) and Anna Ten Broeck (1783–1861)
* Norah Carroll Livingston (1830–1896), who married Ignatius Fenwick Young (1825–1892)
Livingston died in 1836.
# Tianlongshan Grottoes

The Tianlongshan Grottoes (Chinese: 天龙山石窟; pinyin: Tiānlóngshān Shíkū, English translation: Mountain of the Heavenly Dragon) are caves located in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China, that are notable for the Buddhist temples located within them. The temple complex spans two mountains: there are eight grottoes on the eastern mountain and 13 on the western mountain. The complex was constructed over a number of centuries, from the northern Qi dynasty until the Tang dynasty, and contains Buddhist art of high historic importance. The majority of the caves date to the Tang dynasty. The caves have been designated by the government as a Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level.

## Artwork

A number of works of Buddhist sculpture survived in the caves, including over 1,500 statues and 1,144 reliefs sculptures. Many of the sculptures are of painted stone. The subject matter includes images of Buddha and bodhisattvas. The caves' Tang sculptures are noted for their soft modeling, sensuous drapery, and naturalism. A connection to the Gandhara style of Buddhist sculpture has been proposed.

### Similarities with Central Asian Buddhist styles

The Buddhist art of Central Asia, particularly the area of Afghanistan, in the 7th-8th century CE shows a phase using "Sinicized Indian models". During this period, the Chinese Tang Empire extended its influence and promotion of Buddhism to the Kingdom of Central Asia, with a corresponding influx of Chinese monks, while there was conversely a migration of Indian monks from India to Central Asia, precisely looking for this protection. These events gave rise to the hybrid styles of Fondukistan and of the second artistic phase of Tapa Sardar in Afghanistan. This style is part of a cosmopolitan artistic idiom which spread from China to Central Asia at the time, with similarities visible for example in the Tang productions of Tianlongshan.

## Removal of the sculptures

In the 1920s, a number of the sculptures were removed and sold to collectors abroad. In particular, the publication by Japanese art dealer Yamanaka Sadajirō of a book on the caves' contents led to a sharp increase in collector interest. For this reason, many sculptures originating from Tianlongshan are currently housed in foreign museums.

## Sculpture digitization

The Tianlongshan Grottoes exist today in a damaged state in Taiyuan with so many of the sculptures now missing, that visitors to the caves cannot imagine how they looked in the past. Many of the sculptures from the caves are now in museums around the world. Researchers at the University of Chicago initiated the Tianlongshan Caves Project in 2013 to pursue research and digital imaging of the caves and their sculptures. The Project seeks to record and archive the sculptures and to compile data that can identify the fragments and their places of origin.

## Gallery

* Torso of a sitting Buddha
* Sitting bodhisattva
* Standing bodhisattva
* Tang Bodhisattva Head, Tianlongshan
# Selah B. Strong

Selah Brewster Strong (May 1, 1792 – November 29, 1872) was an American lawyer and politician from New York, serving one term in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1843 to 1845.

## Life

He was born on May 1, 1792 at Brookhaven, New York, the son of Judge Thomas Sheppard Strong and Hannah Brewster. His mother was the daughter of Joseph Brewster of Setauket and Rebecca Mills. She was also a descendant of Elder William Brewster (c. 1567 – April 10, 1644), the Pilgrim leader and spiritual elder of the Plymouth Colony and a passenger on the Mayflower, through his son Jonathan Brewster. (This lineage appeared in some genealogies of the Strong family. However, she was actually descended from Rev. Nathaniel Brewster of New Haven and his wife Sarah Ludlow. They died in the Town of Brookhaven.) She was also a descendant of Lt. Gov. Roger Ludlow.
His paternal grandmother was Anna Strong, the only female member of the Culper Ring, based in Setauket, NY.
He was also a descendant of Lion Gardiner, an early English settler and soldier in the New World, who founded the first English settlement in what became the state of New York. His legacy includes Gardiners Island which remains in the family and is the largest privately owned island in the United States. He graduated from Yale College in 1811. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1814, and commenced practice in New York City.
On August 14, 1823, he married Cornelia Udall, who was born at Islip on March 20, 1806, the daughter of Dr. Richard Udall and Prudence Carll, daughter of Silas Carll of Huntington, Long Island, New York. She was the sister of Richard Udall, who studied law under Strong.
During the War of 1812 he was commissioned as an ensign and quartermaster in the 10th Regiment, Third Brigade, New York City and County Troops, and in 1815 was promoted successively to lieutenant and captain. He was master in chancery in 1817, moved to Brookhaven in 1820, and was District Attorney of Suffolk County from 1821 to 1847, except for nine months in 1830. He was appointed judge advocate of the First Division of the New York State Infantry in 1825.

### Congress

He was elected as a Democrat to the 28th United States Congress, and served from March 4, 1843, to March 3, 1845. Afterwards he resumed the practice of law. In March 1846, he was appointed judge of the Second Judicial Circuit, but did not take office. He was a justice of the New York Supreme Court (2nd District] from 1847 to 1849 and from 1852 to 1859, and was ex officio a judge of the New York Court of Appeals in 1849 and 1859. He was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1867–68.

### Death

He died at Setauket in 1872; interment was on his estate.
# William Patterson (New York politician)

William Patterson (June 4, 1789 – August 14, 1838) was an American farmer, manufacturer and politician. He served as a United States representative from the U.S. state of New York.

## Early life

Patterson was born in Londonderry, Rockingham County, New Hampshire, the son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Wallace) Patterson. He attended the common schools and moved to Rensselaerville, Albany County, New York in 1815. The following year Patterson moved to Lyons, Wayne County where he engaged in the manufacture and sale of fanning mills. In 1822, he moved to a farm near Warsaw, New York and engaged in agricultural pursuits, and then settled in Warsaw in 1837.

## Political career

Patterson held several local offices in Warsaw, and was elected as a Whig candidate to the Twenty-fifth Congress. He served in Congress from March 4, 1837 until his death in Warsaw on August 14, 1838. He is interred in the Warsaw Town Cemetery.

## Family life

Patterson's brother, George Washington Patterson, and nephew, Augustus Frank, were also members of the U. S. House of Representatives from New York.
# John Bailey (Massachusetts politician)

John Bailey (1786 – June 26, 1835) was an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts for three terms and part of a fourth from 1824 to 1831.

## Biography

Born in Stoughton, Massachusetts (in that part of Stoughton which later became Canton). Bailey graduated from Brown University in 1807. Bailey worked as a tutor and librarian in Providence, Rhode Island from 1807 until 1814.

### State House

Bailey was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives and served from 1814 to 1817. He then served as a clerk in the Department of State in Washington, D.C. from 1817 until 1823.
Bailey was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1816.

### Congress

Bailey presented credentials as a Member-elect to the Eighteenth Congress, but his election was contested on residency requirements. A House resolution on March 18, 1824, declared he was not entitled to the seat.
Upon returning to Canton, Bailey was elected as an Adams-Clay Republican. His subsequent re-elections allowed him to serve the Nineteenth and Twentieth Congresses. During his tenure Bailey chaired the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of State.
Bailey ran as an Anti-Jacksonian in the Twenty-first Congress but was not a candidate for renomination in 1830.

### State Senate

He was a member of the Massachusetts State senate from 1831 to 1834, and ran as the unsuccessful Anti-Masonic candidate for Governor of Massachusetts in 1834.

### Death

He died in Dorchester, Massachusetts on June 26, 1835.
# James Maurice

James Maurice (November 7, 1814 – August 4, 1884) was an American lawyer and politician who served one term as a United States Representative from New York from 1853 to 1855.

## Life

Born in New York City, he attended Broad Street Academy and became a clerk in a law office at the age of twelve years. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1835, and practiced in Maspeth. He became a notable figure during the Progressive Era, which spanned from the 1890s to the 1920s. He supported measures such as the direct election of senators, which was eventually realized with the 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
In addition to political reforms, Maurice was also involved in social reforms aimed at improving the living and working conditions of the urban poor. This included advocating for labor rights, better housing, and public health initiatives. James Maurice was once the most prominent citizen of Queens County, advocating for Newtown.

### Political career

He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Queens Co.) in 1851; and was a delegate to the Democratic state conventions of 1851, 1853 and 1856.
Maurice was elected as a Democrat to the 33rd United States Congress, holding office from March 4, 1853, to March 3, 1855. Afterwards he resumed the practice of law, and declined the nomination as justice of the New York Supreme Court in 1865.
He was again a member of the State Assembly (Queens Co., 2nd D.) in 1866.

### Death

He died in Maspeth on August 4, 1884; interment was in Mount Olivet Cemetery.
# Walter Underhill

Walter Underhill (September 12, 1795 – August 17, 1866) was a United States representative from New York.

## Biography

Born in New York City, he completed preparatory studies and became active with his brothers in a successful flour business which had been started by their father.
Underhill was also involved in several civic endeavors, and served in local government. He was a trustee of the New York House of Refuge, and Treasurer of New York City for several years.
He served on the board of managers of the Society for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents in the city of New York from 1845 to 1866, and was Treasurer from 1857 to 1866.
Underhill was elected as a Whig to the Thirty-first Congress, holding office from March 4, 1849, to March 3, 1851. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1850. Underhill advocated an end to slavery, and also supported efforts to have former slaves settle in Liberia, with compensation paid to their former owners. Regarded as a moderate on the slavery issue, Underhill frequently conversed with Alexander H. Stephens, later Vice President of the Confederate States of America, as they sought ways to end slavery which would obtain enough public approval to avert the coming American Civil War.
After leaving office Underhill was President of the Mechanics & Traders' Insurance Company in New York City.
Underhill died in Whitestone, Long Island in 1866, and was interred was in Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx.
# Uri Tracy

Uri Tracy (February 8, 1764 – July 21, 1838) was a United States representative from New York.

## Biography

He was born in Norwich, Connecticut on February 8, 1764, to Daniel Tracy and Mary Johnson, he graduated from Yale College in 1789 and became a Presbyterian clergyman and missionary to Native Americans. He moved to Oxford, New York in 1791, where he married Ruth Hovey, daughter of General Benjamin Hovey, on August 28, 1793. He would live in Oxford for the rest of his life.
Tracy held a number of prestigious positions during his time in Oxford: He was the first principal of Oxford Academy in 1794, as well as the first Sheriff of Chenango County, serving from 1798 until his resignation in August 1801. Tracy was elected county clerk and served from 1801 to 1815, becoming a member of the New York State Assembly in 1803. He was first Postmaster of Oxford, holding that position from 1802 to 1805, and was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Ninth Congress, holding office from March 4, 1805, to March 3, 1807. Two years later, Tracy was elected to the Eleventh and Twelfth Congresses, holding office from March 4, 1809, to March 3, 1813. He was appointed first Judge of Chenango County, New York on July 8, 1819, and served until February 1823. Tracy died in Oxford, New York in 1838; his interment was in Riverview Cemetery in Oxford.
A tribute song, entitled "Lord Uri Tracy", was sung as the Oxford Academy school song until the 1960s. This song was performed at the Oxford Historical Society on August 11, 2011, and can be viewed on Video on YouTube.
# Joseph Kennedy (professor)

Joseph P. Kennedy (18 May 1928 - 21 July 2024) was a Distinguished Professor of Polymer Science and Chemistry at the University of Akron, noted particularly for inventing a polymer coating for a drug-tipped stent that is highly compatible to human tissue, and that was successfully commercialized by Boston Scientific and credited for saving the lives of 6 million patients. He made important contributions to the field of carbocationic polymerization.

## Personal

Kennedy spent his youth in Budapest, Hungary during World War II and the beginning of the Cold War. His father was killed by the Nazis, and his mother was imprisoned by communists. In 1948, he was kicked out of the college where he earned his first degree in chemistry, "for being too bourgeois".
At age 19, he fled to Austria as an illegal immigrant. He gained citizenship upon earning his doctorate in biochemistry from the University of Vienna, and he then completed postgraduate work at the Sorbonne in France.
In 1954, he immigrated to be close to family in Canada, and to take another postdoc position in Montreal. There he met Ingrid, who later became his wife.
Following many years of success in his field, Kennedy accepted an Honorary Doctorate from Kossuth University in 1989. He was also elected a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1993.

## Career

Kennedy's first employment in America was in 1957 with the chemical company Celanese in Summit, N.J. He later joined Exxon, where he apprenticed under Robert M. Thomas, and held a series of positions with increasing responsibility.
His interest in pure science eventually led him to seek a position in academia. In 1970, he accepted a position with the University of Akron, where he helped to develop the College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering.

## Awards

* Döbereiner Medaille, F. Schiller Universität, Jena, DDR, 1985
* Honorary Doctorate (Doctor Honoris Causa, D.H.C.), Kossuth University, Debrecen, Hungary, 1989
* Elected External Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1993
* George S. Whitby Award for Excellence in Teaching and Research, Rubber Division, Am. Chem. Soc., 1996
* Award for Distinguished Service to Polymer Science, Society of Polymer Science, Japan, 2000
* Charles Goodyear Medal, Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, 2008
* Honorary Doctorate (D.H.C.), The University of Akron, 2008
* Elected Fellow of American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE), 2010
* Heart Champion Award, American Heart Association, 2011
* Ohio Patent Legacy Award, The Ohio Academy of Science, 2011
# Thomas Sammons (politician)

Thomas Sammons (October 1, 1762 – November 20, 1838) was a United States representative from New York.
The son of Sampson Sammons and Rachel Schoomaker, Sammons was born in Ulster County. He attended the rural schools, served as an officer in the Revolutionary War, and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1801, and served as lieutenant, captain, and major in the State militia.
Sammons was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the 8th and 9th United States Congresses, holding office from March 4, 1803, to March 3, 1807. He was elected as a Federalist to the 11th, and as a Democratic-Republican to the 12th United States Congress, holding office from March 4, 1809, to March 3, 1813.
Afterwards he resumed his agricultural pursuits and died on the Sammons homestead in Montgomery County (near Johnstown). Interment was on the homestead in the Simeon Sammons Cemetery.
# John R. Scott (Iowa politician)

John R. Scott (born March 2, 1944) is an American lawyer and politician from Iowa.
John R. Scott was born on March 2, 1944, in Pocahontas, Iowa, the son of parents Lloyd and Lucille. Scott graduated from the Pocahontas Catholic High School before attending the University of Iowa, earning his Bachelor's of Arts degree in political science in 1962, followed by a Juris Doctor from the Iowa College of Law in 1969. The following year, Scott began working as a prosecutor for the Department of Justice. He left the DOJ after winning the 1976 Iowa Senate election, and served one term in the Iowa Senate, representing District 24 from January 10, 1977, to January 11, 1981, as a Democrat.
# Koba Davitashvili

Koba Davitashvili (Georgian: კობა დავითაშვილი; 31 July 1971 – 2 December 2020) was a Georgian politician, a member of Parliament of Georgia and Tbilisi City Assembly and a founder of the Georgian People's Party.

## Early life and career

Davitashvili was born in Tbilisi on July 31, 1971. After finishing the school he graduated Tbilisi State University with degree in International law. In 1993 he took part in War in Abkhazia and served as a head of artillery unit. In 90’s Davitashvili served in several governmental positions and also practiced jurisprudence. In 1998–1999 he was a member of Tbilisi City Assembly and worked as head of Department of Human Rights. Davitashvili was married and had five children.

## Political career

After meeting Mikheil Saakashvili he served as one of the main figures in newly founded United National Movement and was actively campaigning against president Eduard Shevardnadze. He didn't take active part in 2003 Georgian demonstrations because of the tensions that aroused between him and Saakashvili. However, he remained a member of Saakashvili's party until the end of 2004 Adjara crisis during which he was severely beaten by Abashidze's supporters. Davitashvili was elected as a member of Parliament of Georgia and shortly after end of elections left the UNM along with Conservative Party of Georgia. After moving to the opposition, he started active campaigning against President Saakashvili and at a certain point publicly accused him of cheating on his wife.
Davitashvili left his seat in Parliament of Georgia to take part in local elections to join Tbilisi City Assembly. Shortly after finishing of the elections, footage was released which allegedly showing Davitashvili taking bribe and selling seats in his party. Davitashvili denied the accusations and stated that footage was falsified by the government. Shortly after the scandal broke, he left the Conservative Party and founded Peoples party.
The same day 2007 demonstrations in Tbilisi were dispersed by riot police, Davitashvili was severely beaten reportedly by the members of governmental forces. After the beating, he was kidnapped and taken to Gori Military Hospital by the same people he was beaten by. Because of his disappearance and fact that his relatives weren't allowed to visit him, rumors emerged that Davitashvili was killed. However, on the next day he held a press conference and accused Saakashvilis government of targeting him. The incident was not investigated.
Davitashvili was an active member of Georgian opposition. He called Georgian opposition parties for unification against Saakashvili.
# George A. Bartlett

George Arthur Bartlett (November 30, 1869 – June 1, 1951) was a United States representative from Nevada.

## Biography

He moved with his parents to Eureka, Eureka County and attended the common schools. His marriage to Pearl Bartlett resulted in four children, including pilot, editor, and poet Margaret Bartlett Thornton.
Bartlett received a law degree from Georgetown University in 1894 and was accepted to the Nevada bar. He served district attorney of Eureka County in 1889 and 1890. He was elected as a Democrat to the Sixtieth and Sixty-first Congresses (March 4, 1907 – March 3, 1911) and did not seek re-election in 1910.
After serving in Congress, he resumed the practice of law in Reno. He was appointed United States assistant district attorney for the District of Nevada on March 3, 1915, and served until March 30, 1918. Between 1918 and 1931 Bartlett served as a judge in the Nevada state court system, after which he resumed the private practice of law. During his time on the bench he granted over 20,000 divorces, including those for Jack Dempsey, Tallulah Bankhead, and W. K. Kellogg earning him the nickname "the divorce judge". He later wrote a book called Men, Women and Conflict based on this experience which was edited by his daughter Margaret. Published in 1931, it was re-issued in 1947 as Is Marriage Necessary?.
He authored several books and was interred in Mountain View Cemetery in Reno upon his death.