# Mary Heilmann

Mary Heilmann is an American painter based in New York City and Bridgehampton, NY. She has had solo shows and travelling exhibitions at galleries such as 303 Gallery (NY, NY) and Hauser & Wirth (Zurich) and museums including the Wexner Center for the Arts (Columbus, OH) and the New Museum (NY, NY). Heilmann has been cited by many younger artists, particularly women, as an influential figure.

## Early life and education

Heilmann was born in San Francisco, California, in 1940. In 1947 her family relocated to Los Angeles, California. While in Los Angeles she became a member of her local diving and swimming team, an activity that she would devote herself to until 1953 when her father died of cancer and the family moved back to San Francisco. Upon returning Heilmann enrolled in a small Catholic school. As a high school student in late-1950s San Francisco she experienced the emergence of the Beat poetry and City Lights poetry scene.
In 1959 Heilmann started at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She recalled that it was “the beach, the surf, the surfers, the great shacky beach houses” that drew her there, an extension of the life she had made for herself in her late teens at San Francisco's North Beach. After graduating with a bachelor's degree in literature, with an art minor, in 1962, Heilmann returned to San Francisco in 1963 to attend San Francisco State College (now San Francisco State University) in the hopes of earning a teaching credential.
While at SFSC she met the artist Ron Nagle and began studying ceramics in earnest, having dabbled in the medium while at UC Santa Barbara. In 1965 she began the Master's program in ceramics and sculpture at the University of California, Berkeley, drawn as so many were to the modernist ceramicist Peter Voulkos. While there she studied not only with Voulkos, but also with the sculptor and ceramicist Jim Melchert, and the painter and print-maker Karl Kasten. During her time at Berkeley Heilmann became friends with the artist Bruce Nauman, who was in school at University of California, Davis. Naumann introduced Heilmann to his teacher, the artist William T. Wiley who would also teach Heilmann for a short time.

## Career
### 1960s

Heilmann moved to New York City after graduating from Berkeley in 1968. She felt that both her interests and the work she was making (see Ooze, 1967) would find a kinship with shows like Dick Bellamy's Arp to Artschwager Show at Noah Goldowski Gallery; Lucy Lippard’s Eccentric Abstraction at Fischbach Gallery; and the Primary Structures Show at the Jewish Museum. But such fellowship was not to be. Heilmann was excluded from a number of shows from that era, with 1969’s Anti-Illusion at the Whitney Museum of American Art being particularly crushing. It was this rejection that led Heilmann away from sculpture (see The Big Dipper, 1969) and towards painting. She chose not to embrace the Color Field painting of the moment, and instead produced what she has called a “materials-based sort of conceptual, anti-aesthetic, earth-colored, ironic painting that was often hard to look at.” Her move into painting saw her further experiment with new spontaneous and casual styles, techniques and mediums, bright colors, drips, flatness, and unusual biomorphic geometries. These early paintings were, in her view, devoid of emotional content, possessed of a non-inflected, pure color. For Heilmann the goal was a painting that eschewed craft and seduction, and was instead “tough” and “plain.”
Heilmann places her work in the tradition of geometric painting—though she has also said that “abstraction” is a perfectly suitable term as well—and sees herself in conversation with Kazmir Malevich, Piet Mondrian, Josef Albers, and Ellsworth Kelly.

### 1970s

One of Heilmann's earliest successes as a young painter was her 1972 inclusion in the Annual Exhibition at the Whitney Museum of American Art, where she exhibited a red monochrome piece entitled The Closet, also known as Ties in My Closet. Of her approach to painting, Heilmann said:
   When I make a painting, I’m like a kid stacking blocks; I push the shapes around in my mind, I count. It’s a way to begin. I was a potter first, and that’s an activity that also depends upon geometry, a round topological geometry of surfaces and spirals. Then I was a sculptor. I became a painter in the early ‘70s, but my orientation has always been that of someone who builds things.
From 1976 until 1981 Heilmann was a regular in exhibitions at New York's influential Holly Solomon Gallery, with two solo shows there during that time (1976's The Vent Series and 1978's New Paintings).In 1977 Heilmann moved to the neighborhood that is now known as TriBeCa (Triangle Below Canal), having previously lived in SoHo and Chinatown. But her time there was short, as Gordon Matta-Clark died in August 1978, this was a turning-point moment for Heilmann. The “family” that she had formed in New York City—including Matta-Clark, Norman Fisher (who died in 1977), Keith Sonnier, Liza Bear, Jackie Winsor, and Suzie Harris, among others—dispersed after Matta-Clark's death. Heilmann returned to San Francisco. While there she would paint The End, an homage to her friendship with Matta-Clark and Fisher and a requiem for the life she once had in New York City. Heilmann said of this time in San Francisco:
   Now the work came from a different place. Instead of working out of the dogma of modernist, non-image formalism, I began to see that the choices in the work depended more on the content for their meaning. It was the end of modernism, and though I hadn’t heard the news, the beginning of postmodernism. It was a big minute for me. Everything would be different.
Heilmann returned to New York in 1979, the same year she finished Save the Last Dance for Me, a painting that would go onto symbolize a break between the work she made before 1979 and the more mature work she produced after.

### 1980s

However, Heilmann's return coincided with what she felt was a sort of painting in exile. Having given up drugs and alcohol after Suzie Harris's death, Heilmann no longer believed she had a place in New York's Downtown scene. Though she would go on to make a number of artistic breakthroughs during this time, notably the painting Rosebud (1983). It was not until she met the gallerist Pat Hearn in 1986—and her subsequent representation by and show at the gallery later that year—that Heilmann recovered her sense of place in the New York City art world.

### 1990s

As the 1980s rolled into the 1990s Heilmann “abandoned” her picture of herself as an outsider, moving up the art world ranks with Pierson, Ross Bleckner and David Reed. Younger artists like Jessica Stockholder and Lari Pittman looked up to Heilmann. No longer longing to be “alienated,” she embraced that she had become part of the establishment, what she saw as a sort of return to her roots, a place of, as she called it, the “Catholic middle class of schoolteachers, engineers, cops, and nurses.” Since the 1990s Heilmann's influence among a younger generation of painters has grown. The curator Elizabeth Armstrong observed that Heilmann has “played a significant role in the revival of painting, especially on the West Coast, where former students such Ingrid Calame, Laura Owens, and Monique Prieto were helping to reinvigorate painting for a new generation.” In 1995 Heilmann moved her studio out of her TriBeCa loft to a farm in the town of Bridgehampton on Long Island. With the purchase of the house and the subsequent shift away from the city, Heilmann's work returned to its earlier emphasis on the importance water and the ocean, as was evident not only in the titles she chose for her paintings, but in her palette and use of wave imagery.

### 2000s

The 2000s have seen Heilmann return to her connection with ceramics, producing cups, plates, and saucers with the artist Steve Keister, thereby reincorporating the vessels into her practice. Further, starting in 2002 Heilmann expanded her interests and began making furniture, specifically the creation of simple yet vibrantly colorful chairs (plywood and nylon), what she calls “home arts.” Heilmann's furniture making follows in the tradition of artists like Donald Judd and Franz West, however in having the chairs speak with and relate to the paintings Heilmann engages with them not merely as objects to be sat in but rather works of art installed in conversation with the paintings themselves. She said of her pairings: “I have designed the chairs to fit in sculpturally and pictorially with the look and feel of the rest of my work. Sometimes I even make a painting and a chair to work well together.”
Since the beginning of the 2000s Heilmann has seen an increased interest in her work with solo shows at Whitechapel Gallery in London, 303 Gallery in New York, and Hauser & Wirth in Zurich. She has received grants from the National Endowment for the Arts, the Guggenheim Foundation, and an Anonymous Was a Woman award in 2006. Perhaps most importantly, Heilmann was welcomed into the art historical canon with her 2007-2008 retrospective, To Be Someone. The show began at the Orange County Museum of Art in Newport Beach, CA and travelled to the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, the Wexner Center for the Arts in Columbus, Ohio with its final stop at the New Museum in New York, NY. Writing in the New York Times the art critic Ken Johnson concluded that: “A part of Ms. Heilmann rebels against the elevation of fine art over the applied arts and resists the separation of art and life. The furniture and dishes reveal an expansive impulse to produce a holistic world…she continues to funnel her most ambitious energies into the concentrative art of painting and in doing so she achieves states of grace that are harder won than they look.”

### 2010s

In 2016 a retrospective of Heilmann's work was held at the Whitechapel Gallery in London.

### 2020s

Heilmann's work was included in the 2021 exhibition Women in Abstraction at the Centre Pompidou.

## Public Collections
### Museums

* AD&A Museum UC Santa Barbara, California
* Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois
* Brooklyn Museum, New York
* Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University, California
* Cincinnati Art Museum, Ohio
* Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio
* de Young Fine Arts Museums, San Francisco, California
* Hammer Museum, Los Angeles, California
* High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Georgia
* Musée de Grenoble (The Museum of Grenoble), France
* Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, Illinois
* Museum of Modern Art, New York
* Museum De Pont (De Pont Museum of Contemporary Art), Tilburg, Netherlands
* National Academy of Design, New York
* National Gallery of Art, Washington DC
* Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, California
* Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia
* Rose Art Museum, Waltham, Massachusetts
* San Diego Museum of Art, California
* Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington DC
* Städel Museum, Frankfurt, Germany
* Whitney Museum of American Art, New York