OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nicolás Palacios

Nicolás Palacios Navarro (September 9, 1854 – June 11, 1931) was a Chilean physician and writer born in Santa Cruz, best known for his writings on the "Chilean race" and national identity. His 1904 (second edition 1918) book Raza chilena form the ideological backbone of many Chilean nativist groups. Palacios witnessed the Santa María School massacre of 1907 writing a key account of it.

## The Chilean Race

Palacios identifies what is typically Chilean with the figure of the roto and a supposed Chilean race. He elevates the Chilean mestizo in status since, according to his writings, the Chilean is a mix of two bellicose master races: the Visigoths of Spain and the Mapuche of Chile.
Palacios traces the origins of the Spanish component of the "Chilean race" (Spanish: Raza Chilena) to the coast of the Baltic Sea, specifically to Götaland in Sweden, one of the supposed homelands of the Goths. He says that at most 10% of the Visigoths mixed with the native Iberians of Spain, while the rest remained racially pure through the Middle Ages. The conquest of Chile and the War of Arauco that followed for many years attracted adventurous Spaniards of martial lineage to Chile, thus giving Chile an overwhelming amount of Visigoth heritage and blood, in contrast to other more prosperous Spanish colonies where "merchant peoples" dominated. These Spaniards of supposed Visigoth ancestry would have mingled with native Mapuches, producing the common Chilean roto. According to Palacios, about 25,000 Goths arrived to Chile during the first five generations after its initial conquest in the 1540s and 1550s.
Palacios goes on to say that both the blond and the bronze-coloured Chilean mestizo share a "moral physiognomy", and that both think and reason in the same way, a similarity that can be found in early Spanish literature about Chile including the epic poem La Araucana, where Mapuches are frequently compared to the "barbaric" Germanic tribes that fought the Roman Empire. He says that the "Chilean roto" has nothing "Latin" except the language and the surname, rather than being racially a "Latin". Palacios finds in alcoholism also a similarity with the Germanic peoples of Northern Europe.
Palacios warns against immigration from Southern Europe and says that on medical grounds, mestizos descended from Southern Europeans lack "cerebral control", and are thus a social burden, given the fact that Southern Europeans have more darker-colored features than Germanic people from Northern Europe who have light-colored hair, eyes, and skin. He adds that the Latin race cannot produce a "Miguel Cervantes" or "Michelangelo" in Chile or elsewhere, because the Latin race in the 20th century is very different from that in the Renaissance.
# Bernard Swindell

Bernard Hopkinson Swindell (27 March 1901 – 23 July 1968) was a British trade unionist, who served as chairman of the National Union of General and Municipal Workers (NUGMW).
Swindell was born in Tideswell, Derbyshire on 27 March 1901 as one of ten children. He left school at the age of thirteen to work in a cotton mill. He later moved to work in a quarry in Dove Holes, Derbyshire, and became active in the Amalgamated National Union of Quarryworkers and Settmakers. This became part of the National Union of General and Municipal Workers, and Swindell became first a shop steward, then served on district committees, and in 1958 became the union's Lancashire District Secretary.
In 1962, Swindell was elected as national chairman of the NUGMW. He was also elected to the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC), and became chair of the TUC's Nursing Advisory Committee. He also served on the Industrial Training Council, various Joint Industrial Councils, and the Lancashire Regional Board for Industry and Industrial Development Association. He retired from his posts in 1966.
In his spare time, Swindell served as a magistrate, and on his local Rural District Council. He was also very interested in hospitals, serving on a regional board and as chair of his local hospital group.
# Badminton at the 2013 Summer Universiade

Badminton was contested at the 2013 Summer Universiade from July 5 to 11 at the Tennis Academy in Kazan, Russia. Men's and women's singles, men's, women's, and mixed doubles, and mixed team events will be contested.

## Medal summary
### Medal table

* Host nation (Russia)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | South Korea (KOR) | 5 | 0 | 2 | 7 |
| 2 | Thailand (THA) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 3 | China (CHN) | 0 | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 4 | Chinese Taipei (TPE) | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 5 | Russia (RUS)* | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 6 | Malaysia (MAS) | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Totals (6 entries) | Totals (6 entries) | 6 | 6 | 12 | 24 |

### Medal events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's singles details | Tanongsak Saensomboonsuk Thailand | Gao Huan China | Iskandar Z. Zainuddin Malaysia |
| Men's singles details | Tanongsak Saensomboonsuk Thailand | Gao Huan China | Chou Tien-chen Chinese Taipei |
| Women's singles details | Sung Ji-hyun South Korea | Tai Tzu-ying Chinese Taipei | Yao Xue China |
| Women's singles details | Sung Ji-hyun South Korea | Tai Tzu-ying Chinese Taipei | Porntip Buranaprasertsuk Thailand |
| Men's doubles details | South Korea (KOR) Ko Sung-hyun Lee Yong-dae | Russia (RUS) Vladimir Ivanov Ivan Sozonov | South Korea (KOR) Hong Ji-hoon Kim Ki-jung |
| Men's doubles details | South Korea (KOR) Ko Sung-hyun Lee Yong-dae | Russia (RUS) Vladimir Ivanov Ivan Sozonov | Malaysia (MAS) Loh Wei Sheng Jagdish Singh |
| Women's doubles details | South Korea (KOR) Jang Ye-na Kim So-young | China (CHN) Luo Yu Tian Qing | South Korea (KOR) Lee So-hee Shin Seung-chan |
| Women's doubles details | South Korea (KOR) Jang Ye-na Kim So-young | China (CHN) Luo Yu Tian Qing | Malaysia (MAS) Chow Mei Kuan Lee Meng Yean |
| Mixed doubles details | South Korea (KOR) Kim Ki-jung Kim So-young | China (CHN) Liu Cheng Tian Qing | Russia (RUS) Vladimir Ivanov Nina Vislova |
| Mixed doubles details | South Korea (KOR) Kim Ki-jung Kim So-young | China (CHN) Liu Cheng Tian Qing | Chinese Taipei (TPE) Chen Hung-ling Wang Pei-rong |
| Mixed team details | South Korea (KOR) Jang Ye-na Hong Ji-hoon Kim Ki-jung Kim Min-gi Kim So-young Ko Sung-hyun Lee So-hee Lee Yong-dae Shin Seung-chan Sung Ji-hyun | China (CHN) Chen Luoxun Chen Xi Gao Huan Li Gen Liu Cheng Luo Yu Sun Yu Suo Di Tian Houwei Tian Qing Yao Xue Zhang Zhijun | Thailand (THA) Savitree Amitrapai Akarawin Apisuk Inkarat Apisuk Pacharakamol Arkornsakul Porntip Buranaprasertsuk Chanida Julrattanamanee Suwat Phaisansomsuk Pisit Poodchalat Rawinda Prajongjai Tanongsak Saensomboonsuk Pijtjan Wangpaiboonkij Sermsin Wongyaprom |
| Mixed team details | South Korea (KOR) Jang Ye-na Hong Ji-hoon Kim Ki-jung Kim Min-gi Kim So-young Ko Sung-hyun Lee So-hee Lee Yong-dae Shin Seung-chan Sung Ji-hyun | China (CHN) Chen Luoxun Chen Xi Gao Huan Li Gen Liu Cheng Luo Yu Sun Yu Suo Di Tian Houwei Tian Qing Yao Xue Zhang Zhijun | Chinese Taipei (TPE) Chen Hung-ling Chiang Kai-hsin Chou Tien-chen Kuo Yu-wen Lin Yen-jui Lu Chia-bin Pai Hsiao-ma Tai Tzu-ying Tsai Pei-lin Wang Chih-hao Wang Pei-rong Yang Chih-hsun |
# Wasser

Wasser means "Water" in German. It may refer to:

## People

* Anna Waser (1678–1714), Swiss painter
* Annemarie Waser (born 1940), Swiss alpine skier
* Ed Wasser (born 1964), actor
* Edgar Wasser (born 1990), German musician
* Joan Wasser ((born 1970), American musician, singer-songwriter and producer
* Julian Wasser (1933–2023), American photographer
* Laura Wasser (born 1968), attorney
* Markus Wasser (born 1968), bobsledder
* Thierry Wasser (born 1961), Swiss perfumer

## Places

* Wasser, Germany, a village

## Other uses

* Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt, a regional German agency responsible for the administration of federal navigable waters
* Wasser- und Zugvogelreservate, several bird reserves in Switzerland
* Wasser im Wind, album by keyboardist Hans-Joachim Roedelius
# Achachi Qala (Cairoma)

Achachi Qala (Aymara for "gigantic stone", also spelled Achachi Khala) is a mountain in the Bolivian Andes which reaches a height of approximately 2,500 m (8,200 ft). It is located in the La Paz Department, Loayza Province, Cairoma Municipality.
# W. Godfrey Hunter

Whiteside Godfrey Hunter (December 25, 1841 – November 2, 1917) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky.

## Early life

Born near Belfast, Ireland, Hunter completed preparatory studies. He immigrated to the United States in 1858 and settled in New Castle, Pennsylvania. He studied medicine in Philadelphia and was admitted to practice.

## Career

Hunter was a surgeon in the Union Army during the Civil War. He moved to Burkesville, Kentucky, at the close of the war. He served as member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1874 to 1878. He served as delegate to the 1880 and 1892 Republican National Conventions. He served as the United States Minister to Guatemala and Honduras from November 8, 1897, to December 8, 1902.
Hunter was elected as a Republican to the Fiftieth Congress (March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1889). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1888 to the Fifty-first Congress and for election in 1892 to the Fifty-third Congress.
Hunter was elected to the Fifty-fourth Congress (March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1897) and was instrumental in the election of Kentucky's first Republican governor, William O'Connell Bradley, in 1895. His bid for election to the U.S. Senate by the legislature was blocked by Republican factionalism. The winner of the election, William J. DeBoe, got President William McKinley to appoint Hunter as minister to Guatemala and Honduras in 1897 after Hunter was defeated for reelection in 1896 to the Fifty-fifth Congress.
Hunter was elected to the Fifty-eighth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Vincent S. Boreing and served from November 10, 1903, to March 3, 1905. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1904. He was interested in public utilities and the development of oil lands.

## Personal life

Hunter resided in Louisville, Kentucky, until his death there on November 2, 1917. He was interred in Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville.
# Verdejante

Verdejante is a city in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The population in 2020, according with IBGE was 9,553 inhabitants and the total area is 476.03 km$^2$.

## Geography

* State - Pernambuco
* Region - Sertão Pernambucano
* Boundaries - Ceará state (N); Salgueiro (S and W); São José do Belmonte and Mirandiba (E).
* Area - 476.03 km$^2$
* Elevation - 494 m
* Vegetation - Caatinga hiperxerófila
* Clima - semi arid - (Sertão)
* Annual average temperature - 24.8 c
* Distance to Recife - 500 km

## Economy

The main economic activities in Verdejante are based in agribusiness, especially creation of goats, sheep, pigss, cattle, chickens; and plantations of onions and beans.

### Economic Indicators

| Population | GDP x(1000 R$). | GDP pc (R$) | PE |
| 10.098 | 25.162 | 2.630 | 0.04% |
Economy by Sector 2006
| Primary sector | Secondary sector | Service sector |
| 13.29% | 8.93% | 77.78% |

### Health Indicators

| HDI (2000) | Hospitals (2007) | Hospitals beds (2007) | Children's Mortality every 1000 (2005) |
| 0.650 | 1 | 17 | 12.8 |
# Giovanni Tommaso Maria Marelli

Giovanni Tommaso Maria Marelli, C.O. (1673–1752) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop (Personal Title) of Imola (1739–1752) and Archbishop of Urbino (1716–1739).

## Biography

Giovanni Tommaso Maria Marelli was born in Robassomero, Italy on 2 Jul 1673 and ordained a priest in the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri on 21 Dec 1697. On 7 Dec 1716, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Clement XI as Archbishop of Urbino. On 21 Dec 1716, he was consecrated bishop by Sebastiano Antonio Tanara, Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati, with Filippo Carlo Spada, Bishop of Pesaro, and Antonio Polcenigo, Bishop of Feltre, serving as co-consecrators. On 23 Feb 1739, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Clement XII as Archbishop (Personal Title) of Imola. He served as Archbishop of Imola until his death on 9 Feb 1752.
While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of Bartolomeo Fargna, Titular Bishop of Emmaüs (1729).
# Cerro Cedral

The Cerro Cedral is the second highest mountain of the Cerros de Escazú, Costa Rica with 2,420 m (7,940 ft). Cedral means 'cedar forest' referring to an endangered tree species locally known as Cedro Dulce, which occurs there.
This mountain marks the southern limit of Escazú as a canton and of San José as a province.
The Agres river rises from the Cerro Cedral.
On January 15, 1990 a Sansa Airlines flight crashed into the Cerro Cedral killing all 23 crew and passengers on board. The pilot, flying a CASA C-212 Aviocar, was later determined to be under excessive fatigue at the moment.
# VPG

VPG may refer to:
* VPg, a viral protein
* Vaginal photoplethysmography, a measurement of vaginal vasocongestion
* Value-Added Producer Grants, program authorized by the Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000c. 6401)
* Vehicle Production Group, an American automobile manufacturer

## Places

* Vacchi Piedmont Glacier, glacier in Victoria Land, Antarctica
* Ventrapragada railway station, a railway station in India
* Victoria Peak Garden, a Chinese style garden near the summit of Victoria Peak in Hong Kong
* Victory Playground, Hyderabad, a playground in India
* IATA airport code for Vipingo Ridge Airstrip in eastern Kenya

## People

* V. P. Ganesan, a Sri Lankan trade unionist, politician, film producer and actor
* V. P. Gangadharan (born 1954), Indian oncologist
* Vasyl Panasovych Gogol-Yanovsky (1777–1825), Ukrainian playwright
* Ved Prakash Goyal (1926–2008), Indian politician
* Veigar Páll Gunnarsson (born 1980), Icelandic football striker
# San Martino, Este

San Martino is a Romanesque-style, Roman Catholic church located in the town of Este in the province of Padua, region of Veneto, Italy.

## History

A church at the site is documented since the 11th century, but was likely more ancient. The dedication to St Martin of Tours is attributed to have occurred during the Lombard era. The Romanesque layout has a 14th-century apse that incorporated what was once a small adjacent church dedicated to St Laurence. The crossing has a round brick dome. The facades is simple with awkward Gothic-style windows. The nave has two flanking aisles. The belltower is peculiar in that it is leaning outward, a trait present since 1400. An inscription near the belltower reports reconstruction of the church in 1293.
The maom chapel has an 18th-century marble altar with two angel sculptures by Antonio Bonazza. The chapel of San Lorenzo has a 14th-century fresco by a follower of Giotto, depicting a Crucifixion with May and St John. Along the wall of the nave are fragments of a triptych depicting the Madonna and Child with St Peter and other saints and a Crucifixion of St Margaret of Antioch.
In the left nave, a polychrome marble altar originally dedicated to St Stephen, once held statues in niches depicting Saints Roch, Stephen, and Sebastian, but now displayed in the Museo Nazionale Atestino. The predella of the altar has reliefs of events of the life of the three saints: Roch captured and led to jail, St Stephen's Martyrdom and St Sebastian's Martyrdom.
In the 19th century, most of the canvases were removed, including a painting of the Martyrdom of St Lawrence by a painter of the school of Tintoretto, and other paintings by Antonio Zanchi.
# Morgan Jones (American politician)

Morgan Jones (February 26, 1830 – July 13, 1894) was an American businessman and politician who served one term as a U.S. Representative from New York from 1865 to 1867.

## Biography

Born in London, England, Jones immigrated in 1833 to the United States with his parents, who settled in New York City. He engaged in the plumbing business in 1850. He served as a member of the board of councilmen 1859–1863 and president of that body in 1860, 1861, and 1863. He served as a member of the board of aldermen in 1864 and 1865, the latter in which he served as president of the board.

### Congress

Jones was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Congress (March 4, 1865 – March 3, 1867).

### Later career and death

He resumed business interests in New York City until 1887, when he retired. He died in that city on July 13, 1894.
He was interred in Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York.
# Régie des alcools, des courses et des jeux

The Régie des alcools, des courses et des jeux (French pronunciation:, RACJ) is the board established by the government of Quebec to regulate the alcohol, lottery, publicity contests, gambling, racing, and combat sports industries. There are seventeen commissioners on the board, including a president, usually two vice-presidents, all appointed by the government for a term not exceeding five years.
# Biagio Caropipe

Biagio Caropipe (died 1524) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Telese o Cerreto Sannita (1515–1524) in Campania, Italy.

## Biography

On 1 June 1515, Biagio Caropipe was appointed Bishop of Telese o Cerreto Sannita by Pope Leo X.
He served as Bishop of Telese o Cerreto Sannita until his death on 10 July 1524.
# Triple Play (optical discs)

Triple Play is a form of home entertainment optical disc distribution which provides the buyer with a film or TV series in three different formats in a single keep case. The formats are Blu-ray Disc, DVD, and a digital copy. In some cases, an Ultraviolet copy will be included in place of a DVD.
# Under Suspicion: Uncovering the Wesphael Case

Under Suspicion: Uncovering the Wesphael Case is a Belgian crime drama television serial directed by Alain Brunard, created by Georges Huercano and Pascal Vrebos and starring Nadine Pirotton, Bernard Sohet and Bernard Wesphael. The five-part limited series is a co-production between RTL-TVI, Belgium and Netflix.

## Cast

* Nadine Pirotton
* Bernard Sohet
* Bernard Wesphael
* Luc Gochel
* Jean-Philippe Mayence
* Vincent Demonty
* Marc Metdepenningen
* Jean Thiel
* Patrice 'Topy' Dullens
* Diego Smessaert
* Ignacio de la Serna
* Jan Cordonnier
* Tom Bauwens
* Romuald Servranckx
* Oswald De Cock
# William Theopilus Jones

William Theopilus Jones (February 20, 1842 – October 9, 1882) was an American politician, lawyer, and judge who served a single term in the United States House of Representatives, representing the at-large congressional district of the Territory of Wyoming from 1871 to 1873 as a Republican delegate in the 42nd United States Congress.

## Early life and education

Jones was born in Corydon, Indiana on February 20, 1842. He received a liberal schooling and studied law.

## Career

Jones served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He was commissioned as a first lieutenant in Company C of the 17th Indiana Volunteer Infantry on May 31, 1861; Jones was later promoted to captain on January 11, 1862, and major on February 2, 1863.
Jones's tenure with the regiment involved serving in both the Army of the Ohio and the Army of the Cumberland. Jones was involved with operations in Mississippi, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama, most notably the Battle of Chickamauga and the Battle of Chattanooga. Following his honorable discharge on March 29, 1864, Jones returned to Corydon, Indiana, where he was admitted to the bar the following year.
Jones settled in Cheyenne, Wyoming in 1869. He was appointed associate justice of the supreme court of the Territory of Wyoming that same year.
In 1870, Jones was elected as a Republican to represent the at-large congressional district of the Territory of Wyoming as a delegate in the 42nd United States Congress. His time in office began on March 4, 1871, and concluded on March 3, 1873.
Jones was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election in 1872 to the 43rd United States Congress. Following his tenure in Congress, Jones resumed practicing law in Corydon, Indiana until his death in 1882.
Jones was a member of the Republican National Convention from the Territory of Wyoming in 1872.

## Death

Jones died at the age of 40 in Corydon on October 9, 1882. He was interred in Cedar Hill Cemetery, located in Corydon.
# Exclusive Story

Exclusive Story is a 1936 American drama film directed by George B. Seitz and written by Michael Fessier. The film stars Franchot Tone, Madge Evans, Stuart Erwin, Joseph Calleia, Robert Barrat and J. Farrell MacDonald. The film was released on January 17, 1936, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

## Plot

In 1935, the numbers racket (selling of illegal lottery tickets) is big business throughout New York City, much of it controlled by mobsters, who are feared by the populace. Meanwhile, crusading, likeable young newspaper reporter Tim Higgins has just published an exposé of graft in the awarding of major city contracts, only to have his article challenged by the accused, who threatens to sue for libel. He is ordered by his editor to print an apology, Higgins is approached by Ann Devlin, the daughter of a kindly old shopkeeper near the waterfront. She pleads for Higgins to help her father, who was just visited and ordered by a mob representative to aggressively increase his sales of lottery numbers to gullible store patrons. Higgins over many days interviews Ann, her father, and other witnesses, sometimes over dinner dates. He jokes to his wife that he is dating a blonde. He gets help from Dick Barton, the newspaper's lawyer. At one point, they receive a package containing a dynamite bomb. Mr. Devlin eventually sells his store to a man he does not realize is a mobster, who throws in a free sea voyage to Cuba. Suddenly, radio news reports that Devlin's ship is aflame and sinking off North Carolina. Higgins and Barton hastily board an open-cockpit(!) airplane to fly and view the disaster, taking photographs of the burning ship. Devlin is among the passengers rescued, and he later tells his daughter that the cause of the fire can be laid at the feet of the mob. Due to having this incriminating knowledge, Devlin is killed by the mob. In the end, however, the murderer is tricked into a confession, not only of his role but of the identities of the men at the top.

## Cast

* Franchot Tone as Dick Barton
* Madge Evans as Ann Devlin
* Stuart Erwin as Timothy Aloysius Higgins
* Joseph Calleia as Ace Acello
* Robert Barrat as Werther
* J. Farrell MacDonald as Michael Devlin
* Louise Henry as Tess Graham
* Margaret Irving as Mrs. Higgins
* Wade Boteler as O'Neil
* Charles Trowbridge as James Witherspoon Sr.
* William "Bill" Henry as James Witherspoon Jr.
* Raymond Hatton as City Editor
* J. Carrol Naish as Comos
# Sir Thomas Clarges, 3rd Baronet

Sir Thomas Clarges, 3rd Baronet (1751–1782) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1780 to 1782.
Clarges was the son of Thomas Clarges of Aston, Hertfordshire and his wife Anne Shute of John Shute, 1st Viscount Barrington and was born on 4 October 1751. He succeeded his grandfather Sir Thomas Clarges, 2nd Baronet in the baronetcy on 19 February 1759. He was educated Eton College in 1765 and matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford in 1770. He married Louisa Skrine, daughter of William Skrine on 20 October 1777.
Clarges was elected Member of Parliament for Lincoln at the 1780 general election and held the seat until his death on 23 December 1782.