OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gaffer tape

Gaffer tape (also known as gaffer's tape, gaff tape or gaffa tape as well as spike tape for narrow, colored gaffer tape) is a heavy cotton cloth pressure-sensitive tape with strong adhesive and tensile properties. It is widely used in theatre, photography, film, radio and television production, and industrial staging work.
While sometimes confused with duct tape, gaffer tape differs in the composition of both the backing, which is made from fabric as opposed to vinyl or other plastics, and the adhesive, which is more resistant to heat and more easily removed without damaging the surface to which it adhered.

## History

The precise origin of the name is unknown, one hypothesis being that it is named for the gaffer (chief lighting technician) on a film crew. When cables are taped down on a stage or other surface, either to prevent tripping hazards or conceal them from view of the audience or camera, they are said to be gaffed or gaffered.
Gaffer tape was invented in 1959 by Ross Lowell, director, cinematographer, and founder of Lowel-Light. Lowell reworked Johnson & Johnson's Permacel duct tape product by combining the Permacel adhesive with a silver fabric backing to create gaffer tape which could hold a flat metal plate to a window.

## Properties and uses

Gaffer tape is manufactured in many colors, including fluorescent and custom colors, but perhaps the most common variety is matte black. A matte finish keeps the tape from reflecting light, so that it blends in with a typical stage floor. It is sold in a variety of widths, from 1⁄4 in (6 mm) to 4 in (102 mm), with 1 in (25 mm) and 2 in (51 mm) being the most common. Gaffer tape is strong, yet can be torn by hand, so no cutting tools are necessary, and it can easily be ripped into narrower strips when desired. The synthetic adhesive typically leaves little or no residue and will generally not damage most surfaces when it is removed. Gaffer tape is usually more expensive than duct tape because it is manufactured in smaller quantities, has more exacting specifications, and is marketed for professional use.
A common application for gaffer tape is securing cables to a stage floor, podium, or other surface, either for safety or concealment. It is also frequently used whenever a quick ad hoc fix is required, from temporarily attaching fixtures or props, to salvaging a broken piece of production equipment. A narrow version of gaffer tape, called spike tape, is used in theater productions for floor layout.
In the absence of console tape or artist tape, live sound engineers or light board operators may use a strip of white gaffer tape along the bottom of a mixing board to label the channels or submasters used for a particular show.
In rock climbing gyms, gaffer tape can be used to mark climbs on the wall. It is preferable to duct tape because it is stronger and lasts longer on the wall.
# Luther Patrick

Luther Patrick (January 23, 1894 – May 26, 1957) was a U.S. Representative from Alabama.

## Early life

Born near Decatur, Alabama, Patrick attended the local public schools, Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge, and Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. He graduated from the law department of the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa in 1918. During the First World War, Patrick served as a private. He was assigned to the Army training detachment and to the Central Officers' Training School, from June 14, 1918, to December 4, 1918. He was admitted to the bar in 1919 and commenced practice in Fairfield, Alabama. He was author of many poems and books.
He served as the city attorney of Fairfield from 1920 until 1922. He began a career as a radio commentator in 1925. He served as assistant attorney general of Alabama 1927–1929. He served as assistant United States district attorney of the northern Alabama district in 1933 and 1934.

## Political career

Patrick was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-fifth. He ran in the Democratic primary that constituted the competitive contest in Alabama at the time on a platform that ardently supported President Roosevelt's New Deal. He successfully defeated incumbent Congressman George Huddleston on this platform in 1936 in a hard-fought campaign that saw Congressman Huddleston strike Patrick with a sauce bottle in a restaurant after a heated argument.
He was reelected to the Seventy-sixth and Seventy-seventh Congresses. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1942, and served as a consultant to the War Production Board in 1943 and 1944, before winning back his seat in the Seventy-ninth Congress (January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1947). He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1946 and resumed law practice in Birmingham, Alabama. He served as delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1956.
According to Variety: "Patrick, running as a radio wit and debunker, astonished seasoned politicians when he ran without a platform, without professing to know anything about complex economic problems and without promising anybody anything."

## Death

His death occurred in Birmingham, Alabama. He was interred in Elmwood Cemetery.
# Joseph L. Pfeifer

Joseph Lawrence Pfeifer (February 6, 1892 – April 19, 1974) was an American physician and politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for New York's 8th congressional district from 1935 to 1951.

## Early life and education

Born in Brooklyn, he attended St. Nicholas Parochial School, St. Leonard's Academy, and St. Francis College in Brooklyn. He graduated from Long Island College of Medicine in 1914 and was licensed to practice the same year.

## Career

He was a lecturer and author on surgical topics and during the World War I he served on the medical advisory board, instructing medical officers going overseas.

### Tenure in Congress

Pfeifer was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-fourth and to the seven succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1951).
A confidential 1943 analysis of the House Foreign Affairs Committee by Isaiah Berlin for the British Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office stated that Pfeifer
   Has a mixed record on foreign policy. He dissented on (1) lifting of arms embargo; (2) neutrality revision; (3) extension of conscription; (4) lifting of belligerent zones; but on other major issues of foreign policy, such as conscription, Lend-Lease (and the various appropriations for it) and the repeal of the ban on arming United States ships, he supported the Administration. Age 51. Internationalist.

### Later career

Pfeifer was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1950 to the Eighty-second Congress and resumed the practice of medicine.

## Personal life

He retired and resided in Brooklyn, where he died in 1974; interment was in St. John's Cemetery, Middle Village.
# John Abner Race

John Abner Race (May 12, 1914 – November 9, 1983) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Wisconsin.
He was born in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin and graduated from Fond du Lac High School and attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison School for Workers. In 1958, Race was elected to the Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors. He ran unsuccessfully against Earl F. McEssy for the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1958. He also served on the state vocations board. He came to Congress on the coattails of Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 as part of the 89th Congress when the Democrats gained a net of 36 seats. From 1965 to 1967 Race served on the House Committee of Interior and Insular Affairs. He was defeated for reelection to the 90th United States Congress in 1966 by William A. Steiger and also defeated in his run for the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1970.
Race was in the machine tool industry, where he operated a crane for the Giddings & Lewis company, and was involved in the labor union, serving as chairman of the bargaining and grievance committee of Local Lodge 1420 of the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers. He was heavily involved with local units of the Democratic Party. He died in Fond du Lac and is interred at the Estabrooks Cemetery, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.
# Sergey Rusak

Sergey Grigoryevich Rusak (Belarusian: Сяргей Рыгоравіч Русак; Russian: Сергей Григорьевич Русак; born 3 September 1993) is a Belarusian footballer who plays for Maxline Vitebsk.
# Charles Rankin Deniston

Charles Rankin Deniston (1835–?) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1874 and 1875.
Deniston was born in 1835 in Green County, Wisconsin, the son of John W. Deniston and Elizabeth Van Sant. He attended Mount Morris College and Lawrence University. During the American Civil War, he visited the 22nd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment in 1863 and was captured by the Confederates at Brentwood, Tennessee. He married Susan C. Coryell (1838–1873), and after her death married a second time in 1877 to Hattie M. Bramhall (1859–1941).
# John Quinn (New York politician)

John Quinn (Irish: Seán Ó Cuinn) (August 9, 1839 – February 23, 1903) was an American businessman and politician who served one term as a U.S. Representative from New York from 1889 to 1891.

## Life

Quinn was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, immigrated to the United States in 1866, and settled in Manhattan, New York City. He engaged in the real estate and building business. He was president of the West Side Electric Light & Power Company and was one of the founders and a director of the Homestead Bank of New York.

### Political career

Quinn was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 17th D.) in 1883; and was a member of the board of aldermen in 1885–1887. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1884 and 1888.

#### Congress

Quinn was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-first Congress (March 4, 1889 – March 3, 1891).

### Death

Quinn died in New York City on February 23, 1903, at the age of 63, he is interred in Calvary Cemetery, Woodside, New York.
# William Rossa Cole

William Rossa Cole (November 20, 1919 – August 2, 2000) was an American editor, anthologist, columnist, author, and writer of light verse. He produced around 75 books, most of them anthologies.
Cole was born William Harrison Cole on November 20, 1919 to William Harrison Cole and Margaret O'Donovan-Rossa of Staten Island, New York. He was the brother of Rossa Cole. His grandfather was the Irish Fenian leader Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa.
Cole worked in a deli and a bookstore in the 1930s. After military service in the infantry in World War II from 1940 to 1945 (during which he earned a Purple Heart), he took various jobs in the publishing industry, serving as publicity director at Alfred A. Knopf from 1946 to 1958, publicity director and editor at Simon & Schuster from 1958 to 1961, and, with Viking Press, co-publisher of William Cole Books.
He was also a prolific writer and anthologist, editing and writing over 75 books. Many of his books were honored by the American Library Association, including I Went to the Animal Fair: A Book of Animal Poems (named a notable book of 1958, and on the List of Notable Children's Books of 1940–1959), Beastly Boys and Ghastly Girls: Poems (named a notable book of 1964), and The Birds and Beasts Were There: Animal Poems (honored in 1965).
Cole's whimsical poetry often appeared in Light Quarterly and was widely anthologized, as in The Oxford Book of American Light Verse and various collections by Willard R. Espy.
Reviewing eleven collections of poetry for children, Selden Rodman (aided by his own three children) found Cole's Oh, How Silly! and Jack Prelutsky's Toucans Two the only two among them that were "literate and consistently readable". The former was a "really masterful collaboration" by Cole and its illustrator, Tomi Ungerer.
Cole wrote the regular column "Trade Winds" in Saturday Review from 1974 to 1979; a book review column for Endless Vacation, from around 1990 to 2000; and contributed to Atlantic Monthly, Harper's, The New York Times Book Review, and The New Yorker.
Cole died in his Manhattan home, aged 80, on August 2, 2000. He was memorialized in a poem by Seamus Heaney, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Cole was married twice: to Peggy Bennett in 1947 and to Galen Williams in 1967. Both marriages ended in divorce. He was survived by two daughters and two sons.
# George Henry Craig

George Henry Craig (December 25, 1845 – January 26, 1923) was a U.S. Representative from Alabama.
Born in Cahaba, Alabama, Craig attended the Cahaba Academy. He entered the Confederate States Army as a private in Colonel Byrd's regiment, Alabama Volunteers, at Mobile, in 1862. He attended the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa as a cadet in 1863. He was promoted to first lieutenant of Infantry, and in 1863 again entered the Confederate service and remained until the end of the war. He resumed his studies at the University of Alabama in 1865. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in December 1867 and commenced practice in Selma, Alabama.
Craig was elected solicitor of Dallas County in 1868. He was appointed sheriff of Dallas County in March 1869.
Craig was elected as judge of the criminal court of Dallas County in March 1870. He was appointed by the Governor in July 1874 judge of the first judicial circuit to fill an unexpired term and was elected to this position on November 4, 1874, and served until 1880. He resumed the practice of law in Selma, Alabama. He successfully contested as a Republican the election of Charles M. Shelley to the Forty-eighth Congress and served from January 9, 1885, to March 3, 1885. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1884 to the Forty-ninth Congress. He was appointed United States attorney for the middle and northern districts of Alabama by President Arthur. He was appointed by President Cleveland a member of the Board of Visitors to the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1894. He resumed the practice of law in Selma, Alabama, and died there January 26, 1923. He was interred in Live Oak Cemetery.
# Robert H. Shadley

Robert Hale Shadley (April 7, 1926 – August 26, 2022) was an American politician in the state of Florida. He served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1967 to 1968, representing the 40th district. Shadley died in Maitland, Florida on August 26, 2022, at the age of 96.
# Primal Carnage: Evolution

%5B%5BWikipedia%3ARedirects+for+discussion%5D%5D+debate+closed+as+delete
#REDIRECT Primal Carnage: Extinction
# Sphodromantis viridis

Sphodromantis viridis is a species of praying mantis that is kept worldwide as a pet. Its common names include African mantis, giant African mantis, and bush mantis.

## Name

Sphodromantis viridis is popularly called the African mantis, but that common name is shared with not only other species in its genus (i.e. S. belachowski, S. centralis, S. gastrica, S. lineola, etc.), but also Miomantis caffra and others, as well.

## Range

Sphodromantis viridis is native to West Africa south of the Sahara Desert. It can also be found as an introduced species in areas outside its original range, including Israel and Spain.

## Description

Despite its scientific name (viridis is Latin for green) this insect ranges in color from bright green to dull brown. Females can reach 10 cm (3.9 in) in length. Sexual dimorphism is typical of mantises; the male is much smaller. Females may also be distinguished from males as they have a six-segmented abdomen compared to an eight-segmented abdomen of the male.
As adults, both sexes have a distinctive white spot on their wings. They have a yellowish color on their inner fore leg distinguishable from the black eyespot and white dots of the European mantis Mantis religiosa with which it shares some range.

## Reproduction

As with most mantis species, S. viridis males are frequently the victims of sexual cannibalism. A female produces an ootheca within a few days of mating and can produce several before she ends her lifecycle. Each ootheca produces up to 300 nymphs when it hatches. This species has also been noted to have reproduced parthenogenically.

## Cultivation

Because of its size and hardiness, S. viridis is popular among those who keep insects as pets. S. viridis "is an easy species to keep, very suitable for beginners...They will happily take food of their own size and they will also take pieces of meat if it is offered on a pair of tweezers". They are also more tolerant of changes in humidity and temperature than are many other species.
Another breeder of mantises states that S. viridis:
   ...is an attractive species due to its aggressiveness. Anyone interested in looking at how a praying mantis chase down its prey and devour it greedily, this is the species! ...they are not as bulky as Sphodromantis Lineola but aggressive nevertheless. This species was easy to raise, feed them plenty of roaches, crickets, and wild caught flying insects, and they will gladly accept the food. Mating this species was not difficult at all, [the] male will initiate the move and [the] female will be more cooperative when fed well. A warm, well-heated enclosure of about 90°F works as a catalyst to further improve the chances of mating.
# Gary M. Williamson

Gary M. Williamson (September 17, 1936 – June 24, 2023) was an American politician. He served as a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives.

## Life and career

Williamson was born September 17, 1936, in Atlanta to Oscar and Sally Williamson and enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in 1954 serving in the United States Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon.
Williamson served in the North Dakota House of Representatives from 1965 to 1968.
He was a bank shareholder in the First Western State Bank of Minot, North Dakota and was indicted with five other state Democrats over the alleged illegal use of bank funds for political contributions.
Williamson died on June 24, 2023, at his home, at the age of 86. He was survived by with wife Mavis and four children.
# Tsuneo Gōda

Tsuneo Gōda (合田 経郎, Gōda Tsuneo) is a Japanese stop motion animator. He is known for creating the character Domo (Domo-kun), the official mascot of Japanese public broadcasting company NHK, as well as directing an animated TV series starring Domo. He is also the founder of studio dwarf inc., an animation studio specializing in stop motion animation and character design.
He has also directed the stop motion animation film Komaneko - The Curious Cat and the three-minute stop motion music video "I am a Bear," which is based on the Hikaru Utada song "Boku wa Kuma."
In 2011, Gōda was awarded the Inkpot Award for his work on Domo and other animated productions from dwarf studios.

## Career

Gōda graduated from the Japan Academy of Moving Images (formerly Japan Academy of Moving Images) in 1987 and began working at Dentsu Tec Inc. for three years until 1990. He freelanced for six years before joining TYO Productions Inc. in 1996 as part of their Creative Department. In September 2003, he established dwarf studios where he currently works as director and character designer.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role |
| 2006 | I am a Bear | Director |
| 2007 | Makuma’s Foreign Journey | Director |
| 2008 | Domo | Director, Producer |
| 2009 | Komaneko: The Curious Cat | Director |
| 2009 | The Curious Cat's Christmas | Director |
| 2011 | PLUG, the New World | Director, Writer |
| 2011 | I'm a Bear, too | Director |
| 2013 | Komaneko: Home Alone | Director |
| 2014 | By Your Side | Director |
| 2015 | Komaneko no orusuban | Director |
| 2016 | The Curious Kitty & Friends | Director, Executive Producer |
| 2017 | To & Kyo | Director |
| 2018 | Mogu & Perol | Director |
# George Bowen (New York politician)

George Bowen (September 28, 1831 – January 22, 1921) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

## Early life and education

Bowen was born in Shelby, New York, the son of Abiel Bowen MD and Anna (Cone) Bowen. He attended the common schools, Millville Academy. He graduated from the Cary Collegiate Institute in 1848.
He studied law in Batavia Town with John H. Martindale and Seth Wakeman and was admitted to the New York Bar in 1852. He practiced law in Batavia.

## Career

Early in his political career, Bowen was elected both village and town clerk of Batavia. He was district attorney of Genesee County from 1857 to 1859, postmaster of Batavia from 1862 to 1866, and a member of the New York State Senate (29th D.), sitting in the 93rd, 94th, 95th and 96th New York State Legislatures. He served two terms, from 1870 to 1873.

## Personal life

On December 17, 1856, he married Emerette A. Walker (1831–1918). He was buried at the Grand View Cemetery in Batavia.
# Athletics at the 2021 Summer World University Games – Women's 800 metres

The women's 800 metres event at the 2021 Summer World University Games was held on 2 and 3 August 2023 at the Shuangliu Sports Centre Stadium in Chengdu, China.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Laura Pellicoro Italy | Knight Aciru Uganda | Charne Swart South Africa |

## Results
### Round 1

Qualification: First 3 in each heat (Q) and the next 2 fastest (q) advance to final.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | Margarita Koczanowa | Poland | 2:06.07 | Q |
| 2 | 1 | Laura Pellicoro | Italy | 2:06.32 | Q |
| 3 | 1 | Wu Hongjiao | China | 2:06.99 | Q |
| 4 | 1 | Malin Nyfors | Norway | 2:07.13 | q |
| 5 | 1 | Michaela Oosthuizen | South Africa | 2:07.24 | q |
| 6 | 2 | Knight Aciru | Uganda | 2:07.25 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | Charne Swart | South Africa | 2:07.37 | Q |
| 8 | 2 | Veronica Vancardo | Switzerland | 2:07.66 | Q |
| 9 | 2 | Amanda Frøynes | Norway | 2:08.19 | |
| 10 | 1 | Marvarious Orishaba | Uganda | 2:08.22 | PB |
| 11 | 2 | Rokia Mouici | Algeria | 2:08.86 | |
| 12 | 1 | Gabriella Szabó | Hungary | 2:10.26 | |
| 13 | 1 | Laxita Sandilea | India | 2:10.50 | |
| 14 | 2 | Wu Chunling | China | 2:14.34 | |
| 15 | 2 | Soudi-Thasmy Moussa | Comoros | 2:54.72 | |
| – | 2 | Klara Andrijašević | Croatia | DNS | |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | Laura Pellicoro | Italy | 2:04.20 | |
| | Knight Aciru | Uganda | 2:04.34 | SB |
| | Charne Swart | South Africa | 2:04.73 | |
| 4 | Margarita Koczanowa | Poland | 2:04.86 | |
| 5 | Michaela Oosthuizen | South Africa | 2:06.26 | PB |
| 6 | Veronica Vancardo | Switzerland | 2:07.13 | |
| 7 | Wu Hongjiao | China | 2:07.30 | |
| 8 | Malin Nyfors | Norway | 2:08.58 | |