OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Driver circuit

In electronics, a driver is a circuit or component used to control another circuit or component, such as a high-power transistor, liquid crystal display (LCD), stepper motors, SRAM memory,$^{:30}$ and numerous others.
They are usually used to regulate current flowing through a circuit or to control other factors such as other components and some other devices in the circuit. The term is often used, for example, for a specialized integrated circuit that controls high-power switches in switched-mode power converters. An amplifier can also be considered a driver for loudspeakers, or a voltage regulator that keeps an attached component operating within a broad range of input voltages.
Typically the driver stage(s) of a circuit requires different characteristics to other circuit stages. For example, in a transistor power amplifier circuit, typically the driver circuit requires current gain, often the ability to discharge the following transistor bases rapidly, and low output impedance to avoid or minimize distortion.
In SRAM memory driver circuits are used to rapidly discharge necessary bit lines from a precharge level to the write margin or below.
# St Peter's Church, Aberdeen

St Peter's Church is a Roman Catholic Parish church in Aberdeen, Scotland. It was built from 1803 and opened in 1804. It is situated on Justice Street between Peacock's Close and Market Stance, next to St Andrew's Cathedral in the centre of the city. It was the first permanent Roman Catholic Church to be built in Aberdeen after the Reformation and is a category B listed building.

## History
### Foundation

In 1774, a small chapel was built on the site of the present church. It was on the ground floor of a house and had a residence above it. The resident priest there was the Vicar Apostolic of the Lowland District, James Grant. In July 1795, Fr Charles Gordon became the resident priest in Aberdeen.

### Construction

In early 1803, materials and funds for the construction of a church were collected by Fr Gordon. The chapel became too small for the increasing Catholic population of the city and a new, larger church needed to be built. On 24 February 1803, digging started on the site. On 15 April 1803, the foundation stone was laid by Fr Gordon. He estimated that the total cost of the church would be £1,049. It was designed by the architect James Massie in the Gothic Revival style. The first Mass was said in the next building on 13 November 1803. Construction continued on the site until August 1804. On 19 August 1804, the church was dedicated by the Vicar Apostolic of the Lowland District, Alexander Cameron.
In 1815, a gallery was added to the church. In 1817, the church facade was finished. It was designed by Harry Leith. From 1895 to 1899, the High altar was installed in the church. It was designed and built in Belgium.

### Closure and reopening

In 1860, the church was closed, because St Mary's Cathedral had opened. For the proceeding two years, the church was used as a chapel for a nearby boys' school. In 1862, the presbytery became a "home for the aged and infirm" run by a group of religious sisters from Hammersmith. In 1872, the church was closed again. In 1880, it finally re-opened.

## Parish

Within the parish is the Catholic Chaplaincy of the University of Aberdeen. Sunday Mass for the chaplaincy is at 6:30pm in the university's King's College Chapel.
There are two Sunday Masses in St Peter's Church: 6:00pm on Saturday and 11:30am on Sunday.
# Kenneth Hare

Fredrick Kenneth Hare, CC OOnt FRSC (February 5, 1919 – September 3, 2002) was a Canadian climatologist and academic, who researched atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate change, drought, and arid zone climates and was a strong advocate for preserving the natural environment.

## Biography

Born in Wiltshire, England, he received a Bachelor of Science in 1939 from King's College London. During World War II, he was a meteorologist with the UK Air Ministry, and joined McGill University as an assistant professor after the war. In 1950, he received a PhD in Geography from the Université de Montréal.

### Scientific career

Hare was Dean of Arts and Science at McGill starting 1962 before returning to England in 1964. He was Master of Birkbeck College from 1966 to 1968, during which he served as president of the Royal Meteorological Society.
In 1968, he accepted the position as fifth president of the University of British Columbia, which he served until he resigned on January 31, 1969. He joined the University of Toronto (U of T) becoming a Professor of geography and physics in 1974. From 1974 to 1979 he was director of the Institute for Environmental Studies at the U of T. From 1979 until 1986 he was Provost of Trinity College. From 1988 to 1995 he was the sixth Chancellor of Trent University. From 1992 until his death in 2002, he chaired Canada's national Climate Program Planning Board.

## Research interests and advocacy

Hare's research interests included atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate change, drought, and arid zone climates. He was a strong advocate of protecting the natural environment and served on a wide variety of commissions and committees on subjects that included acid rain, desertification, heavy metals, nuclear reactors (and their waste products), ozone, greenhouse gases and climate change. He was on the Research and Development Advisory Panel of Atomic Energy of Canada and conducted studies on nuclear waste management in Sweden and France.
Hare considered that the most pressing environmental challenge facing Canada is climate change caused by excessive use of fossil fuels. He advocated effectively managed nuclear power as a viable alternative. Throughout his life Hare was a tireless public speaker and writer about these issues.

## Awards and honours

Hare received the Massey Medal in 1974. In 1978 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Companion in 1987.
In 1987, he was presented with the Sir John William Dawson Medal, for important contributions of knowledge in multiple domains, from the Royal Society of Canada in which he was a Fellow. The same year, he was awarded the Cullum Geographical Medal by the American Geographical Society.
In 1989, he received the Order of Ontario and the International Meteorological Organization Prize from the World Meteorological Organization. He was awarded honorary degrees by 11 universities.
# Estabraq

Estabraq (Persian: استبرق) is a village in, and the capital of, Estabraq Rural District of the Central District of Shahr-e Babak County, Kerman province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,716 in 431 households. The following census in 2011 counted 2,215 people in 553 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 3,129 people in 820 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Gian Gheramo Dalle Catene

Gian Gheramo or Giovanni Gherardo Dalle Catene or Zangirardo Cathena (Parma, active 1520–1533) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance, active in Modena in a style reminiscent of Giovanni Bellini.

## Biography

He is known to have traveled to Rome and likely Tuscany. Of the few works and documentation, are two lawsuits. One is by a Jewish merchant in the city. The other is a suit by the Benedictine Monastery of San Pietro which demanded in payment an altarpiece with three figures including the Madonna, St Luke, and John the Evangelist, which had to be adjudicated to value 200 lire. This altarpiece was said to be in the sixth chapel on the right of the Abbey church.
# Edward P. Little

Edward Preble Little (November 7, 1791 – February 6, 1875) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts. He was born in Marshfield in 1791. He attended public schools. At the age of nine (in 1800) he was on the U.S. frigate Boston with his father, Capt. George Little, at the suggestion of President John Adams, who gave him a commission as midshipman. He engaged in agricultural pursuits.

## Career

Little served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-second Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Orin Fowler. He served from December 13, 1852, to March 3, 1853. He was not a candidate for renomination to the Thirty-third Congress, but served as collector of customs at the port of Plymouth.
Edward Preble Little was named after Commodore Edward Preble. His parents were Capt. George Little (1754–1809) and Rachel (Rogers) Little (1758–1838). Edward Preble Little married Edy Rogers (1789–1852) March 13, 1811 in Marshfield, Massachusetts. Source: "John Rogers of Marshfield" 1898 by Josiah H. Drummond, pages 69 and 87.

## Agriculture

Little resumed agricultural pursuits, and died in Lynn, Massachusetts on February 6, 1875. His interment was in the Congregational Church Cemetery in Marshfield Hills.
# Eli Jones Henkle

Eli Jones Henkle (November 24, 1828 – November 1, 1893) was a U.S. Congressman from the fifth district of Maryland, serving three terms from 1875 to 1881.
Henkle was born in Westminster, Maryland, and completed an academic course. He taught school in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, studied medicine, and was graduated from the University of Maryland at Baltimore in 1850. He practised his profession in Brooklyn, Maryland, and became a trustee and professor at the Maryland Agricultural College at College Park, which is now the University of Maryland, College Park.
Henkle became a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1863, and served as a member of the State constitutional convention in 1864. He served in the Maryland State Senate in 1867, 1868, and 1870, and was again a member of the House of Delegates from 1872 to 1875.
In 1872, Henkle served as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention. He was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth, Forty-fifth, and Forty-sixth Congresses (serving from March 4, 1875 until March 3, 1881). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1880 to the Forty-seventh Congress, and moved to Chicago, Illinois in 1889. He later returned to Baltimore, where he died in 1893. He is interred in Druid Ridge Cemetery in Baltimore.
# Torre Egger

Torre Egger is one of the peaks in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field in South America, located between Argentina and Chile, west of Cerro Chalten (or Fitz Roy). Torre Egger lies between Cerro Torre, the highest in a four mountain chain and Cerro Standhardt. It is named after the Austrian alpinist Toni Egger (1926–1959), who died while climbing on Cerro Torre.

## First ascent

In 1976, John Bragg, Jim Donini and Jay Wilson from the United States climbed Torre Egger by climbing first to the col between the peak and Cerro Torre, the Col of Conquest, and then up the ridge to the peak. The ascent was hampered by bad weather and took from December 1975 to February 22, 1976, when the 3-person team summited.

## Other ascents

* 1986 Psycho Vertical (Southeast Face) (UIAA ED+ VII+ A3 90deg, 950m) Janez Jeglič, Silvo Karo, Franc Knez (Slovenia), December 7, 1986.
* 1987 Titanic (East Pillar) (UIAA VI+ A2 7b M5 WI4, 950m), Maurizio Giarolli and Elio Orlandi (Italy), November 2 to 5, 1987.
* 1994 Badlands (YDS VI 5.10 A3 WI4+, 1000m) Conrad Anker, Jay Smith and Steve Gerberding (US), FA 12 December 1994.
* 2005 Titanic (East Pillar) (UIAA VI+ A2 7b M5 WI4, 950m) Steph Davis, Dean Potter. The first female ascent of Torre Egger and likely the first one-day ascent of the mountain.
* 2012 Die another day (west face) (UIAA VIII A1) Matteo Bernasconi, Matteo Della Bordella. The route ends 25m below Col de Lux.
* 2013 Notti Magiche (West face) (UIAA VIII A1) Matteo Della Bordella [it], Luca Schiera. From Col de Lux to the top, followed the Huber-Sharf, 200m of rock and ice.
* 2016 Titanic (East Pillar) (UIAA VI+ A2 7b M5 WI4, 950m) Marc-André Leclerc. First winter solo.
* 2020 Marc-André’s Vision (East Pillar) (Grade unknown) Brette Harrington, Quentin Roberts, Horacio Gratton. A new route next to Titanic first spotted by the late Marc-André Leclerc while rappeling down. The route was named in his honor.
In January 2008, Rolando Garibotti and Colin Haley made the first complete traverse of the entire massif, climbing Aguja Standhardt, Punta Herron, Torre Egger and Cerro Torre together. They rate their route at YDS VI 5.11 A1 WI6 Mushroom Ice 6, with 2,200 m (7,200 ft) total vertical gain. This had been "one of the world's most iconic, unclimbed lines", first attempted by Ermanno Salvaterra.
# Voronezh State Pedagogical University

Voronezh State Pedagogical University (Russian: Воронежский государственный педагогический университет) is a public university located in Voronezh, Russia.

## History

Formed in 1931 as Voronezh Agrarian Pedagogical Institute. A year later, the institute was named after the Soviet historian - Marxist Pokrovsky M.N., distance learning was opened. In 1941, because of the war, the staff of the institute was evacuated to the city of Urzhum, Kirov Region, and in 1944 they were returned.
In 1981, the institute was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor for success in the education of personnel. In 1993 the institute was given the title of university.
# Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region

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The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region (Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي- مصر Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-Arabi Al-Ishtiraki – Misr) is an Egyptian Ba'athist political party. It is the Egyptian regional branch of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party.
The party supports the removal of Bashar al-Assad as President of Syria while opposing any foreign intervention in the conflict, whether by Israel, Turkey or Iran, as the party believes all such countries have ulterior motives and seek to undermine Syria.
The party was outlawed in the early 1990s and two Iraqi Intelligence Officials were detained on 14 April 1991 with $38,000 in their possession, money which the Egyptian authorities claimed was to be used to fund sabotage operations in Egypt.
Several other Egyptian Ba'athists, including the poet Muhammad Afifi Matar, were also detained in April 1991 on suspicion of involvement in an Iraqi terrorist plot.
# Colin Tatz

Colin Tatz AO (18 July 1934 – 19 November 2019) was a South African-Australian academic and public intellectual. He was the director of the Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies and Professor of Politics at the University of New England, Armidale, and Macquarie University, Sydney.

## Early life

Colin Tatz was born and raised in the inner city suburb of Berea in Johannesburg, South Africa on 18 July 1934 to Jewish parents. He attended Yeoville Boys School, a primary school in a then predominantly Jewish Yeoville in inner-city Johannesburg. He then attended King Edward VII School in the city. He had his Bar Mitzvah at Berea Shul. He graduated from the University of Natal in Pietermaritzburg in Natal province. He funded his studies by working for the local newspaper, The Natal Witness. He studied for a master's degree at the University of Natal under Edgar Brookes, concentrating on native administration.

## Career

He emigrated to Australia in 1961, at the age of twenty-six. He made the journey with his wife, Sandra, his cousin Doreen and her daughters, including Shira Nayman. In 1964 Tatz received his PhD from the Australian National University, publishing a thesis entitled Aboriginal Administration. He was later employed at Monash University as a senior lecturer of politics and sociology. He later had tenures as a politics professor at University of New England and Macquarie University.
From 2011, he was involved with the School of Politics and International Relations at the Australian National University as a visiting fellow, then visiting professor and honorary lecturer. He authored several books and published articles on race politics, genocide, the Holocaust, antisemitism, and racism and discrimination in sport.
# Yasuki

Yasuki is a masculine Japanese given name.

## Written forms

Yasuki can be written using many different combinations of kanji characters. Here are some examples:
* 康樹, "healthy, tree"
* 康機, "healthy, opportunity/machine"
* 康基, "healthy, foundation"
* 康輝, "healthy, sparkle"
* 康起, "healthy, rise/wake up"
* 靖樹, "peaceful, tree"
* 靖機, "peaceful, opportunity/machine"
* 靖基, "peaceful, foundation"
* 靖輝, "peaceful, sparkle"
* 靖起, "peaceful, rise/wake up"
* 安樹, "tranquil, tree"
* 安機, "tranquil, opportunity/machine"
* 安輝, "tranquil, sparkle"
* 保樹, "preserve, tree"
* 保機, "preserve, opportunity/machine"
* 保輝, "preserve, sparkle"
* 泰樹, "peaceful, tree"
* 泰機, "peaceful, opportunity/machine"
* 泰輝, "peaceful, sparkle"
* 易機, "divination, opportunity/machine"
* 易起, "divination, rise/wake up"
The name can also be written in hiragana やすき or katakana ヤスキ.

## Notable people with the name

* Yasuki Chiba (千葉 泰樹, 1910–1985) Japanese director and actor
* Yasuki Hiramatsu (平松 保城, 1926–2012), Japanese artist
* Yasuki Ishidate (石舘 靖樹, born 1984), Japanese footballer
* Yasuki Kimoto (木本 恭生, born 1993), Japanese footballer
# Johann Georg, Chevalier de Saxe

Johann Georg, Chevalier de Saxe (21 August 1704 – 25 February 1774), also called Johann Georg of Saxony, was a Saxon Field Marshal and Governor of Dresden.
He was an illegitimate son of August the Strong, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Elector of Saxony, and Ursula Katharina of Altenbockum, divorced Princess Lubomirska, since August 1704 Imperial Princess (Reichsfürstin) of Teschen.

## Life

When he was legitimized, his father gave him the title of Chevalier de Saxe. Initially, Johann Georg chose a spiritual path and became a Knight of Malta, but later, like all of August's illegitimate sons, he joined the army, starting at the top (as a general). On July 27, 1763, he was appointed field marshal Generalfeldmarschall.
On 27 November 1764 Johann Georg acquired, for 14,000 thalers, the so-called Zinzendorfschen Garden, located outside Dresden's city gates. In the middle of the property, the building and landscape architect Friedrich August Krubsacius built magnificent palaces in a reserved form of the Rococo style. These were (after the Moszinskapalais and the Brühlschen Palais in Dresden-Friedrichstadt) the third "Maison de Plaisance" of the aristocracy outside the Dresden city walls. The interiors were not excessively large, emphasis being on the contemporary inclination towards elegance, intimacy and comfort. The palace annexes provided for functional spaces.
The garden was also extended into some fields on the property, being reshaped significantly. According to the principles of the French Baroque garden, it was severe in design. The palaces determined the centerline of the whole arrangement, with the salon overlooking all the garden's essential parts.
On 30 January 1770, the Chevalier took leave of the army and moved to his garden property, without however renouncing his right to the large urban royal suite. Four years later, aged sixty-nine, after a prolonged illness, he died.
In his will, the Chevalier declared his half-sister, Fredericka Alexandrine, Countess of Cosel (by marriage Countess Moszinska) his sole heir. For the separation of still more existing debts the obligation was imposed on her to offer the garden with the palace first to the Elector and then the prince Karl for 15,000 talers to the purchase. Only for the case of the refusal she should keep the garden, but against Erlegung of a capital of 10.000 talers for the separation of the debts.
Immediately after the reading of the will, it was contested by the Commander of the Knights of Malta, the Oberhofmeister Baron of Forell. He informed the Elector that the Chevalier had been a member of the Order since 1728, and that consequently his estate belonged to the Knights of Malta. In 1776, the lawsuit brought by the Order was decided in its favour. As the deceased had badly underestimated his debts, amounting to c. 36,000 talers, the estate was liquidated, with creditors realizing 80% of the debts owed them and the Order receiving only 5,000 talers.
Johann Georg was buried in the Roman Catholic Churchyard (Innerer Katholischen Friedhof) in Dresden.
# María Carvajal

María Belén Carvajal Peña (born 13 September 1983) is a Chilean international football referee. She became an international listed referees since 2007. She was an official at the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup in France. On 9 January 2023, FIFA appointed her to the officiating pool for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup in Australia and New Zealand.
# Peruvian Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)

The Peruvian Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) (Spanish: Partido Comunista Peruano (Marxista–Leninista)) is an anti-revisionist Marxist–Leninist communist party in Peru. It was founded in January 1964 following a split in the Peruvian Communist Party, and was originally known as the Peruvian Communist Party – Red Flag (Partido Comunista Peruano – Bandera Roja).

## History

The Sino-Soviet split separated the Peruvian Communist Party into two rival factions, one pro-Soviet and the other pro-Chinese. The latter subsequently split from the Peruvian Communist Party in January 1964 and adopted the name "Peruvian Communist Party – Red Flag". The party was originally led by Saturnino Paredes, José Sotomayor, and Abimael Guzmán. Due to internal disagreements among the party's three leaders, the party expelled several of its members in its early history. Two parties subsequently emerged from a 1969 split in the party: the Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland and the Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path led by Guzmán. Afterwards, Paredes became the party's sole leader and renamed the party "Peruvian Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)". In response to the Sino-Albanian split, the party dropped its commitment to Maoism and aligned itself with the Party of Labour of Albania and Hoxhaism.
The party participated in the 1978 Constituent Assembly election on the list of FOCEP. FOCEP won 12 of the 100 seats.
In July 2019, the Communist Party of Peru (Marxist–Leninist) participated in the Meeting of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations of Latin America and the Caribbean, hosted by the International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (ICMLPO). The party signed the subsequent political declaration made by the participating organizations.