OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Symphyotrichum firmum

Symphyotrichum firmum (formerly Aster firmus), commonly known as shining aster, shiny-leaved aster, smooth swamp aster, and glossy-leaved aster, is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae native to Canada and the United States.

## Description

Symphyotrichum firmum is a perennial herbaceous plant that can reach heights of 2 meters (6+1⁄2 feet). It forms large colonies with long, creeping rhizomes. The stem is hairless or it may have stiff, short hairs, often formed in vertical lines. It is sometimes dark red or purple at the nodes (where the leaf connects to the stem). The leaves are alternate, up to 15 centimeters (6 inches) long and 3 cm (1+1⁄5 in) wide, and clasp the stem. The main vein on the lower leaf surface is hairless or slightly hairy near the tip.
It flowers August through October. The flower heads are 1.5 to 3.5 cm (5⁄8 to 1+3⁄8 in) across with up to 40 ray florets and 50 disc florets. The ray florets range from white to pale blue or lavender. The disc florets are yellow to cream-colored, becoming pink or purple with maturity.
S. firmum has a diploid chromosome count with a base number of x = 8 (2n = 16).
Compared to the closely related Symphyotrichum puniceum, S. firmum is less hairy overall, has denser inflorescences of smaller, whiter flowers, and grows in larger, denser patches.
* Symphyotrichum puniceum on left and S. firmum on right
* Involucre showing phyllaries and bracts

## Taxonomy

Symphyotrichum firmum is closely related and morphologically very similar to Symphyotrichum puniceum (purple-stemmed aster), and is not always treated as a separate species. However, there is little evidence of intergrades between the two taxa, and most sources now treat them as distinct.

## Distribution and habitat

Its range is poorly known due to confusion with the closely related Symphyotrichum puniceum. In Canada it has been recorded from Alberta to Quebec. In the United States, it occurs in the Midwest, some parts of the Northeast, and in the Appalachian Mountains south to Georgia. It is more common in the western part of its range.
Symphyotrichum firmum grows in moist and sunny areas such as fens and wet prairies. It is often found growing with S. puniceum. Unlike S. puniceum, it sometimes spreads into drier areas.

## Ecology

Bees that have been observed visiting the flowers include the bicolored striped-sweat bee (Agapostemon virescens), various bumble bees (Bombus species), small carpenter bees (Ceratina species), the sweat bee named Halictus ligatus, and Drury's long-horned bee (Melissodes druriellus).

## Conservation

As of December 2021, NatureServe listed Symphyotrichum firmum as Secure (G5) worldwide, Vulnerable (S3) in Quebec, and Presumed Extirpated (SX) in New Jersey.
# Bilaspur, Uttar Pradesh

Bilaspur is a town and tehsil in Rampur district, Uttar Pradesh. India on the bank of Bhakra river. It is situated on the Nainital road 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Rampur on NH-87 and 15 km from Rudrapur. 30% of the population is Muslim, 20% are Gangwar, Lodhi, 20% are Sikhs and the remaining 30% is Kayastha, Khatri, Jatav, and Bania and other castes. The main source of income is farming and Business, although new industries are coming. The major crops are rice, wheat, pea, sugarcane and vegetables. Mango, guava and papaya are grown here.

## Geography

Bilaspur is located at 28°53′20″N 79°15′58″E﻿ / ﻿28.889°N 79.266°E﻿ / 28.889; 79.266. It has an average elevation of 144 metres (472 feet).

## Demographics

As of the 2001 Census of India, Bilaspur had a population of 35,729. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%.

### Languages

While Hindi and Urdu are respectively the official and second official languages of the state of Uttar Pradesh, Punjabi is spoken by 47% of the population of Bilaspur.

## Administration

Bilaspur Municipal Board
This body is responsible for administration of Bilaspur Town area. Present chairman of the municipal board is Chitrak Mittal, while charge of Executive officer is with SDM Mayank Goswami P.C.S .
Assembly Representative & District Magistrate
The present MLA and SDM of Bilaspur are Shri Baldev Singh Aulakh and Shri Mayank Goswami P.C.S respectively.

## Education

Bilaspur has one engineering college, Apex Institute of Technology and one nursing college, PSM Nursing College. Apart from that Bilaspur has one Govt PG College and 4 Govt Inter colleges.
# Merelaus the Emperor

Merelaus the Emperor is the name of one of the stories from the 13/14th c. collection Gesta Romanorum. It tells of the patience and virtue of the wife of Merelaus the Emperor, who is betrayed successively by her husband's brother, a steward in an earl's household, a thief she rescued, and a ship captain. The tale was retold by Christine de Pisan and by Thomas Hoccleve.
# Richard Leslie (actor)

Richard Leslie was an actor in theater and then Vitagraph short comedy films from 1912 to 1916. He was listed among Vitagraph's "Prominent Personages" in 1915 newspaper advertorial. He wrote that he worked for a tea company before become interested in theater.
He wrote in 1916 in a Motion Picture Classic illustrated article that he was born 33 years prior in Liverpool, England and became make-up manager for the Vitagraph Company. He described himself as Vitagraph's official "drunk, parson, and butler. He reportedly made up 738 people for Lincoln's Speech at Gettysburg and 500 for The Little Minister. He wrote about the difference between makeup for staged performances and film. He also discussed the use of color on film sets and makeup to achieve affects. He recommended the eyes of Irish brunettes for their luminosity, which he stated could not be recreated on film with makeup.
Actress Gladys Leslie was his sister.

## Filmography

Acting roles :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Ref. |
| 1912 | The Valet | | | |
| 1912 | Doctor Bridget | | | |
| 1912 | It All Came Out in the Wash | Valet | | |
| 1913 | The Golf Game and the Bonnet | | | |
| 1913 | The Sale of a Heart | | | |
| 1913 | Matrimonial Manoeuvres | | | |
| 1913 | He Fell in Love with His Mother-in-Law | | | |
| 1913 | Those Troublesome Tresses | | | |
| 1913 | When the Press Speaks | William | | |
| 1913 | The Intruder | Valet | | $^{:136}$ |
| 1913 | Gilbert Gray's Valet | | | |
| 1913 | Dr. Crathern's Experiment | | | |
| 1913 | The Drop of Blood | | | |
| 1913 | The Fortune | as Third Jokester | | $^{:158}$ |
| 1913 | The House in Suburbia | Gerald Brooks | | |
| 1913 | The Mouse and the Lion | Jack | | |
| 1913 | Beau Brummel | Lord Beaconsfield | credited as Dick Leslie | |
| 1913 | The Skull | | | |
| 1913 | What a Change of Clothes Did | | | |
| 1913 | The Butler | | | |
| 1914 | The Little Minister | McKenzie - Friend of Rintoul | | |
| 1914 | An Instructor | | | |
| 1914 | Our Fairy Play | | | |
| 1914 | The Village Cutup | | | |
| 1914 | The Adventure of the Rival Undertakers | John | | |
| 1914 | The Old Fire Horse and the New Fire Chief | | | |
| 1914 | The Tattoo Mark | Steve Brogan | | |
| 1914 | Her Great Scoop | Dick Perkins | | |
| 1914 | The Misadventures of a Mighty Monarch | | | |
| 1914 | Bunny's Little Brother | | | |
| 1915 | The Conquest of Constantia | Teddy | credited as Dick Leslie Jr. | |
| 1915 | Lillian's Husbands | | | |
| 1915 | The Mystery of Mary | | | |
| 1915 | Elsa's Brother | | | |
| 1915 | When Greek Meets Greek | | | |
| 1915 | Breaking In | | | |
| 1915 | Mother's Roses | Perkins the Butler | | |
| 1916 | Autumn | | | |
# Reddy Ice

Reddy Ice (stylized ReddyIce) is the largest packaged ice manufacturer in the United States, serving approximately 82,000 customer locations under the Reddy Ice brand name.
It was originally formed in 1972 as a division of the Southland Corporation (the parent company of 7-Eleven), who sold it off to what would become Suiza Foods in 1988. It was sold to private investors in 2000 and went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 2005.
The company declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy in April 2012, in Dallas, citing $434 million in assets against $531 million in liabilities. Centerbridge Partners invested and assumed control of Reddy Ice. Stone Canyon Industries Holdings LLC, purchased Reddy Ice in July 2019 from Centerbridge Partners.
On January 16, 2013, their CEO Gilbert Cassagne resigned, the position was taken over by Bill Corbin, who was named board chairman in November. Deb Conklin was CEO from July 2019 to December 2022. In January 2023, Lonny Warner was named CEO.
# Bhagyashree Thipsay

Bhagyashree Thipsay (née Sathe; born 4 August 1961) is an Indian chess player holding the title of Woman International Master (WIM). She won five times the Indian Women's Championship (1985, 1986, 1988, 1991 and 1994) and the Asian Women's Championship in 1991. In 1984 she was joint winner with Vasanti Unni of the British Ladies' Championship. She competed in the Women's World Chess Championship 2000, losing in the first round to Peng Zhaoqin.
She is recipient of Padma Shri and Arjuna award. After marriage to the chess Grandmaster Praveen Thipsay she changed her name to Bhagyashree Sathe Thipsay. She works for IDBI as an officer in Mumbai.
# Gwilym Bradley

Gwilym Bradley (born 10 September 2000) is a Welsh rugby union player, currently playing for Pro14 side Cardiff Rugby academy. His preferred position is flanker.

## Professional career

Born in Kingston upon Thames, Bradley played youth rugby for Cobham RFC before joining the London Irish academy. After leaving the academy, Bradley enrolled at University of Bath, pursuing a degree in Economics. While attending Bath, he played for their rugby club in the BUCS Super Rugby tournament.
A member of the Welsh Exiles programme, Bradley played for Wales U19 and U20.
Bradley is a member of the Cardiff academy. He made his Cardiff debut in Round 7 of the 2020–21 Pro14 against Leinster.

## Personal life

Bradley grew up in south west London. He qualifies for Wales through his Newport-born mother, supporting Wales throughout his childhood. Bradley’s younger brother Bryn has also represented Wales U20, and is a member of the Harlequins academy.
# José Arnulfo Castorena

José Arnulfo Castorena Vélez (born 27 May 1978) is a Mexican Paralympic swimmer who competes in international elite events. He is a four-time Paralympic champion, five-time Parapan American Games champion and a seven-time World champion.

## Personal life

Castorena was born with underdeveloped legs and a missing left arm. He had a difficult upbringing when his mother died after giving birth to him, his father abandoned him and his grandmother looked after him until she died when Castorena was of a young age.
# Brendan Carroll (hurler)

Brendan Carroll (born 1970) is an Irish businessman and retired hurler who played as a left wing-back for the Tipperary senior team.
Carroll joined the team during the 1993-94 National League and was a regular member of the team for just four seasons. During that time he failed to claim any honours at senior level.
At club level Carroll is a one-time county club championship medalist with Thurles Sarsfields.
Carroll is co-founder and managing director of recruitment company e-Frontiers. Prior to setting up e-Frontiers, Brendan worked at VISION Consulting for over 11 years having joined as a graduate. With VISION Consulting he delivered IT consultancy expertise from programming, analysis, business design through to project and programme management across numerous industry sectors including financial services, insurance, telecoms and sports/entertainment.
Carroll holds a B.Comm (UCD), MBS (Smurfit School of Business - UCD) and a Diploma in IT (NUI Maynooth).
# 1980 Oceania Cup final

The 1980 OFC Nations Cup Final was an association football match that took place on 1 March 1980 at Noumea Stadium, Noumea. It was the final match of the 1980 OFC Nations Cup which was the second edition of the OFC Nations Cup, a competition for national teams in the Oceania Football Confederation.
It was contested by Australia and Tahiti. The match was rescheduled from Sunday, 2 March to Saturday, 1 March at the request of Tahiti captain Erroll Bennett, who as a Latter Day Saint preferred not to play on Sundays. For Tahiti this was their second final after they appeared in the previous final which they loss to New Zealand. For Australia this was their first appearance at an OFC final after not entering the 1973 edition. Both teams won their groups to make to the final with Australia scoring twenty goals while conceding only two goals while Tahiti scored twenty-one goals and conceding five.
In the final, it was Australia who took out their first title as goals from Paul Kay, Danny Moulis and Vic Bozanic secured the 4–2 victory over Tahiti.
# Donald Spivey

Donald Spivey (born July 18, 1948) is an American historian and Distinguished Professor at University of Miami.

## Early life and career

Spivey was born in Chicago, Illinois, and attended Richard T. Crane High School. He was the president of his class, which was the last winter graduating class at the school in 1967. He graduated as class salutatorian and later enrolled at the University of Illinois of the Big Ten Conference and journeyed to Urbana-Champaign. In 1960s, he devoted himself to academics and a growing activism and was a member of the Black Students Association, Omega Psi Phi fraternity, and the fight to integrate the faculty and staff at the university, the anti-war movement, and the ongoing struggle for civil rights. Spivey holds a B.A. "with distinction in history" (1971) and a M.A. in history (1972) both from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
In 1976, he finished his PhD in history from the University of California where he studied under the tutelage of the renowned labor historian David Brody. Donald Spivey has taught at the University of California, Davis, Wright State University, the University of Michigan, and the University of Connecticut, where he was founding director of the Institute for African-American Studies.
In 1993, he joined University of Miami serving as chair of the department for five years. He is a frequent lecturer and commentator on TV, radio and in the print medium. See, for example, his lecture on "Satchel Paige and Negro Leagues Baseball in the Civil Rights Movement" broadcast on C-SPAN and his presentation on "The Historical Richness of Black Baseball in the New Negro Movement, 1919-1941", at the National Endowment for the Humanities, Washington University Humanities Center Summer Institute.
# Garden of Morning Calm

The Garden of Morning Calm (Korean: 아침고요수목원) is an arboretum in Gapyeong, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It is a popular tourist attraction in Gapyeong. Its name is a reference to a longtime nickname for Korea: "land of the morning calm". The park aims to showcase Korean gardening and artistic concepts.
On 330,000 m$^2$, it houses 5,000 species of plants. There are different festivals in this garden, especially in winter with a light festival.
The garden was created by Han San-kyung of Sahmyook University. The garden was first conceived of in 1992. Land was purchased for it in 1994. Its location was previously a barren stone lot, which had been cleared via slash-and-burn agricultural practices. Han and his wife designed and labored on the garden extensively themselves. At one point, while experiencing financial difficulties, that they sold off their house and lived in a small home on the garden's property.
The garden first opened to the public on May 11, 1996, with ten themed sections. Additional sections have since been continually added to the garden. As of 2024, it has 22 sections.

## Gallery

* A floral tunnel illuminated at night (2014)
* Flowers and a pavilion in the distance (2019)
* Primula sinensis flowers (2017)
* Sparaxis tricolor flowers (2017)
* Rhododendron brachycarpum flowers (2017)
# Patrol gunboat (hydrofoil)

Patrol gunboat (hydrofoil) was a type of vessel built by the U.S. Navy in the 1970s and tested by the U.S. Coast Guard.
The distinction between a standard Navy gunboat, such as a PC, was that the patrol gunboat (hydrofoil) was very fast, capable of speeds of up to 45 knots, while the standard PC was usually limited by hull resistance to speeds less than 20 knots.

## Example

* USS Flagstaff (PGH-1)
# Boga

Boga is a common name for fishes and may refer to:
* Haemulon vittata
* Haemulon vittatum
* Leporinus obtusidens
Boga may also refer to:
* Boga (soft drink), a Tunisian brand of soft drinks
* BOGA, the Bern Botanical Gardens in Switzerland
* Boga (noisemaker), from the Philippines
* Boga (Star Wars), a Varactyl from the Star Wars universe
* Lake Boga, Victoria, a postal district
* Boga, the definite form of Bogë, Albania
* Boga, the definite form of Bogë, Kosovo
* Boga language, an Afro-Asiatic language of Nigeria
* Boga (river), a tributary of the Crișul Pietros in Bihor County, Romania
* Jérémie Boga (born 1997), Ivorian footballer
* Leon Boga (1886–1974), Aromanian writer, schoolteacher and archivist in Romania
# Cadereyta

Cadereyta may refer to the following places in Mexico:
* Cadereyta de Montes, Querétaro
* Cadereyta Jiménez, Nuevo León
** Cadereyta Jiménez massacre
# Glenea hauseri

Glenea hauseri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.
# The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972

The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 is an Indian law that makes companies pay a one-time gratuity to retiring employees or employees who resigns after a minimum of 5 years of service. The law applies to all companies of at least 10 employees.
The gratuity is 15 days' wages for every year of employee service, or partial year over six months.

## Background

In India, gratuity is a type of retirement benefit. It is a payment made with the intent of monetarily helping an employee after his or her retirement. It was held by the Supreme Court of India in Indian Hume Pipe Co Ltd v Its Workmen that the general principle underlying a gratuity scheme is that by service over a long period the employee is entitled to claim a certain amount as a retirement benefit.
The Payment of Gratuity Act was passed by the Parliament of India on 21 August 1972 and it came into force on 16 September 1972.

## Application and extent

The act applies to all factories, mines, oilfields, plantations, ports and railway companies. But in the case of shops or establishments, other than those stated before, it applies to those organisations with 15 or more people employed on any day of the preceding 12 months.
If the number of employee is below 10, the employer must still pay gratuities. Thus, no employer will be able to refuse gratuity under this act based on the number of employees. The act does not apply to apprentices and persons who hold civil posts under the Central Government or State Governments and are subjected to any other act or rule other than this act.

## Payment of gratuity: Eligibility and calculation

Under Section 4, payment of gratuity is mandatory. Gratuity shall be payable to an employee on termination of employment after he has rendered continuous service for not less than five years in a single organisation. The termination can be due to: Superannuation, Retirement or resignation, and Death or disablement due to accident or disease. As per Section 4(1), the completion of continuous service of 5 years is not required where termination of employment is due to death or disablement. In such case mandatory gratuity is payable. The unpaid gratuity amount is seized by government which is further used in holiday, vacations, parties and other fun related activities.
Gratuity is paid at a rate of 15 days' wages for every completed year of service or part thereof in excess of six months. The wages here means wages last drawn by the employee. The "15 days' wages" will be calculated by dividing the last drawn wages by 26 and multiplying the result with 15. But under Section 4(3), the maximum gratuity that is payable is fixed at ₹20,00,000. Any gratuity amount paid in excess of ₹20,00,000 is taxable in the employee's hands.
# Jim Luken

James T. Luken (December 31, 1921 – July 12, 1979) was an American politician and labor union leader of the Democratic party, who served as mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio, in the 1970s.

## Career

After graduating from Norwood High School, Luken started a milk delivery route in 1941. At age 26, he was elected president of the Milk and Ice Cream Drivers and Dairy Workers Local 98 and would continue to serve in that role for the rest of his life. The Milk Driver's Union was a subsidiary of the Teamsters. Luken was one of the few Teamsters who stood up to the corrupt leadership of Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa. Luken withdrew the dairy workers from the Teamsters Union and testified against Hoffa before the United States Senate.
Luken served in the Ohio House of Representatives from January 1, 1973 until December 1, 1975, when he resigned after being elected to Cincinnati City Council. The following year he became Mayor of Cincinnati.

## Personal life

Luken was one of eight children in his family. His brother Tom Luken and his nephew Charlie Luken, both served as U.S. representatives and mayors of Cincinnati.
Luken died in 1979 and is interred at New St. Joseph Cemetery.
# Zebrida longispina

Zebrida longispina is a species of decapod in the family Pilumnidae.
# Jürgen Bohr

Jürgen Bohr (born 5 December 1953 in Merzig) is a West German sprint canoer who competed in the mid-1970s. He finished ninth in the K-4 1000 m event at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.
# Conchita Lacuey

Conchita Lacuey (born 30 September 1943) is a French politician. A former member of the National Assembly of France, she represented Gironde's 4th constituency as a member of the Socialist Party.

## Biography

Conchita Lacuey was born on 30 September 1943 in Bordeaux, France to exiled Spanish parents. Her father, a cabinetmaker by profession, was a leader of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE).
First elected Deputy of Gironde's 4th constituency on 1 June 1997, she was re-elected on 18 June 2002, 17 June 2007, and 17 June 2012. She was a member of the Socialist Group in the National Assembly.
She supported Martine Aubry during the 2011 French Socialist Party presidential primary.
In 2013, she resigned from her mandate as Mayor and announced she'd continue to sit on the municipal council of the commune. Her former deputy mayor, Jean-Jacques Puyobrau was elected mayor on 18 February 2013. She decided not to re-present herself during the 2017 French legislative election, leaving the field empty for Alain David of the Socialist Party and mayor of the neighbouring commune of Cenon.

### Family

Her daughter, Nathalie Lacuey, is currently a deputy mayor of Floirac and departmental councillor for the Canton of Cenon.

## Summary of mandates
### Municipal council and Mayor

* 1 April 1980 — 6 March 1983: Municipal councillor of Floirac.
* 6 March 1983 — 18 March 2001: Deputy mayor of Floirac.
* 18 March 2001 — 18 February 2013: Mayor of Floirac.
* Since 18 February 2013: Deputy mayor of Floirac.

### Deputy

Deputy of Gironde's 4th constituency:
* From 1 June 1997 to 18 June 2002.
* From 19 June 2002 to 19 June 2007.
* From 20 June 2007 to 20 June 2012.
* From 20 June 2012 to 20 June 2017.

### Candidacy

Legislative elections:
* 1997 — Victory during the 2nd round with 63.71% of the vote.
* 2002 — Victory during the 2nd round with 59.29% of the vote.
* 2007 — Victory during the 2nd round with 59.50% of the vote.
* 2012 — Victory during the 2nd round with 67.23% of the vote.