OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Metropolitan Session Courts in Bangladesh

Metropolitan Session court is a type of Sessions Court which are situated in metropolitan cities of Bangladesh. These types courts are exclusively criminal court to deal with only criminal cases. Judges appointed to such courts do not hear or try any civil matter, unlike judges of session courts in districts. According to the Code of Criminal Procedure (Bangladesh), a Session Judge shall be established by the Government in each of metropolitan city. Initially, two types of courts, the Courts of Sessions and the Courts of Magistrates were recognized by the code. The code was amended in 1976 with the introduction of the metropolitan police and came to effect in 1979. This amended ordinance made it essential for the government to establish the separate metropolitan session courts for metropolitan areas. Currently, there five Metropolitan courts are in function in Bangladesh.

## Classification

There are two types of Metropolitan Sessions courts. Those are,
* Metropolitan Sessions Judge Courts
* Metropolitan Magistrate Court

### Metropolitan Sessions Judge Court

Metropolitan Sessions Judge courts are presided by Sessions judges. It has been started function from 1999. Metropolitan Sessions Judge court has three tier structure consisting,
* Metropolitan Sessions Judge Courts
* Addition Metropolitan Sessions Judge courts
* Joint Metropolitan Sessions Judge courts

### Metropolitan Magistrate Court

Metropolitan Magistrate Courts are presided by Judicial Magistrates. Metropolitan Magistrate Court similarly has three tier structure consisting,
* Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Court
* Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Courts
* Metropolitan Magistrate Courts(1st Class)

## List of Metropolitan Session Courts

As of 2024, there are Seven Metropolitan Session Courts, namely:
* Metropolitan Sessions Court, Dhaka
* Metropolitan Sessions Court, Chittagong
* Metropolitan Sessions Court, Khulna
* Metropolitan Sessions Court, Sylhet
* Metropolitan Sessions Court, Rajshahi
* Metropolitan Session Court, Barishal
* Metropolitan Session Court, Rangpur
* Metropolitan Session Court, Gazipur
# Gagny station

Gagny station is an RER station in Gagny and near of Villemomble in north suburb of Paris, in Seine-Saint-Denis department, France It is situated on the RER E suburban railway line.
# Peak complexity

Peak Complexity is the concept that human societies address problems by adding social and economic complexity but that process is subject to diminishing marginal returns. Adding additional complexity will then impose growing burdens on those societies, making them more vulnerable to external threats.

## Origin and Definitions

Who first coined the term is unclear. The first published use of the term may have been by Christopher Burr Jones, in the context of climate change, in 2019, although the term had been used online before that. The 'peak' element refers by analogy to peak oil and peak minerals, although the comparisons are not exact. The concept is credited to Joseph Tainter, who argued that ancients civilisations collapsed because they encountered diminishing marginal returns on complexity. Tainter did not use the term peak complexity, however.
Melia defines peak complexity as: "the diminishing marginal returns, and proliferating unintended consequences, of increasing social or technical complexity."
This definition applies to the process rather than the moment of the peak, which may or may not be reached.

## Evidence for Peak Complexity in Modern Societies

Whether they use the specific term or not, several writers have produced evidence to support the view that the growing complexity of modern globalised societies is: becoming less effective at solving problems and/or producing unintended consequences which burden those societies in different ways.
Although Tainter's original work was mainly concerned with ancient civilisations, he and others have subsequently researched what they term the diminishing marginal returns on innovation. By analysing a database of US patent applications, they showed that over time more authors are needed to produce each new patent, and that the impact of each new patent has, on average, declined over time.
Dekker shows how the growing complexity of economic systems makes them more vulnerable to breakdown. This point was made by him and others as a contributor to the 2007–2008 financial crisis.
Melia points to evidence of declining satisfaction with the customer services of large organisations, particularly in the handling of complaints. These problems are caused by information overload and the inability of employees to understand and correct the errors caused by organisations' systems.

## Reasons for Peak Complexity

For Tainter, complexification flows from the need for societies to solve problems. The first problems encountered by ancient societies include how to grow food supply, and protect it, to support growing populations. That process leads to the specialisation of labour and technological innovation. It initially produces positive results, so the process continues even when it begins to produce more problems.
Psychologists have identified a cognitive bias known as additive bias, which may explain why human societies tend to complexify over time. Klotz published a series of laboratory experiments demonstrating how subjects presented with a problem are more likely to address it through addition than subtraction, even when subtraction would produce a better outcome.
# Badminton at the 2007 All-Africa Games

Badminton at the 2007 All-Africa Games was held from July 13 to July 19, 2007 in Algiers, Algeria.

## Venue

* Salle OMS El Biar, El Biar (Algiers)

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's singles | Nabil Lasmari | Eli Mambwe | Karim Rezig |
| Men's singles | Nabil Lasmari | Eli Mambwe | Edwin Ekiring |
| Women's singles | Grace Daniel | Michelle Edwards | Catherina Paulin |
| Women's singles | Grace Daniel | Michelle Edwards | Stacy Doubell |
| Men's doubles | Roelof Dednam and Chris Dednam | Dorian Lance James and Willem Viljoen | Greg Okunghae and Ibrahim Adamu |
| Men's doubles | Roelof Dednam and Chris Dednam | Dorian Lance James and Willem Viljoen | Jinkan Ifraimu and Ocholi Edicha |
| Women's doubles | Michelle Edwards and Chantal Botts | Grace Daniel and Susan Ideh | Hadia Hosny and Alaa Youssef |
| Women's doubles | Michelle Edwards and Chantal Botts | Grace Daniel and Susan Ideh | Stacy Doubell and Kerry-Lee Harrington |
| Mixed doubles | Georgie Cupidon and Juliette Ah-Wan | Okuonghae Greg and Grace Daniel | Roelof Dednam and Michelle Edwards |
| Mixed doubles | Georgie Cupidon and Juliette Ah-Wan | Okuonghae Greg and Grace Daniel | Eli Mambwe and Ogar Siamupangila |
| Teams | Nigeria | South Africa | Seychelles |
| Teams | Nigeria | South Africa | Algeria |

## Final results

| Category | Winners | Runners-up | Score |
| Men's singles | Nabil Lasmari | Eli Mambwe | 21–17, 21–13 |
| Women's singles | Grace Daniel | Michelle Edwards | 21–16, 21–14 |
| Men's doubles | Roelof Dednam & Christoffel Dednam | Dorian Lance James & Willem Viljoen | 21–10, 21–15 |
| Women's doubles | Michelle Edwards & Chantal Botts | Grace Daniel & Susan Ideh | 21–12, 9–21, 22–20 |
| Mixed doubles | Georgie Cupidon & Juliette Ah-Wan | Greg Okuonghae & Grace Daniel | 21–14, 21–17 |

## Medal count

| Pos | Country | | | | Total |
| 1 | South Africa | 2 | 3 | 3 | 8 |
| 2 | Nigeria | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 3 | Algeria | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 3 | Seychelles | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 5 | Zambia | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 6 | Egypt | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 6 | Uganda | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
# Eye to Eye (Chaka Khan song)

"Eye To Eye" is a 1985 song by American R&B singer Chaka Khan from her album I Feel For You. The song was a major hit in the United Kingdom where it peaked at number 16. Later, it was used as the theme song to Philippine TV talk show Eye to Eye (1988-1996).

## Remixes

The song was remixed for Chaka Khan's album Life Is A Dance - The Remix Project, this remixed version was included on Khan's compilation album The Platinum Collection. The remix was done by British musician Paul Simpson.

## Charts

| Chart | Peak Position |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 12 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 43 |
| United Kingdom (UK Singles Chart) | 16 |
# Maryam Eisler

Maryam Eisler (née Homayoun) is an Iranian-born, London-based artist and former marketer. She is known as a photographer, writer, book editor, art collector, and she serves on many boards.

## Early life and education

Born in Tehran, Iran in 1968, Eisler emigrated to Paris, France at age 10.
Eisler holds a BA degree in Political Science from Wellesley College (1989) and an MBA degree from Columbia University (1993).
She has worked in consumer marketing at L'Oreal (1993–1998) followed by Estee Lauder (1998– 2001) in both London and New York City.

## Career

Eisler's first series, in 2016, was Searching for Eve in the American West. Her second major series, in 2017, was Eurydice in Provence.
Eisler is a regular writer and contributor to Harpers Bazaar and has also contributed articles to Vanity Fair UK, Art and Auction magazine, and Canvas Magazine.
She has edited six books on art published by Thames & Hudson.
In 2014, Eisler was voted by Artnet as one of the "100 Most Powerful Women in Art" for her art collection, and one of "The Most Influential Women in the European art world".
In 2019, her exhibition Imagining Tina: A Dialogue With Edward Weston was held at the Tristan Hoare gallery, London.

## Boards

Eisler is a trustee of the Whitechapel Gallery, London, co-chair of Tate's MENAAC (Middle East North African Acquisitions Committee), and is a member of Tate's International Council. Eisler is also a founding member of the British Museum's CaMMEA committee (Contemporary and Modern Middle East Acquisitions), and sits on the Strategic Advisory Panel for the Delfina Foundation and Columbia University Global Centers. Eisler sits on the advisory board for Photo London art fair, and is a nominator for the Prix Pictet Photography Prize, as well as an Ambassador for Unseen Fair in Amsterdam. She also served on Wellesley College's board between 2012 and 2015.

## Publications
### Publication by Eisler

* Voices: East London. London: Thames & Hudson; TransGlobe, 2017. ISBN 978-0500970850. With contributions by Gilbert & George and Jonny Woo.

### Publications edited by Eisler

* Unleashed: Contemporary Art from Turkey (2010). London: Thames & Hudson; TransGlobe. ISBN 9780500977026
* Art & Patronage: The Middle East (2010). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 9780500977040
* Sanctuary: Britain's Artists and their Studios (2012). London: Thames & Hudson; TransGlobe. ISBN 9780500977071
* Art Studio America: Contemporary Artist’s Spaces (2013). London: Thames & Hudson; TransGlobe. ISBN 9780500970539
* London Burning: Portraits from a Creative City (2015). London: Thames & Hudson; TransGlobe. ISBN 9780500970713
# Charles Edward Anton

Charles Edward Anton (1860 – 16 November 1935) was a Scottish businessman who was the 16th tai-pan of the Jardine, Matheson & Co. and a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.

## Biography

Anton was born in St Pancras, London, to Scottish parents George Anton, a merchant, and Mary Lindsay. He joined the Jardine, Matheson & Co. in 1884 and spent some time in the Shanghai office. He was authorised to sign per pro in 1904. In 1910, he was appointed a director and eventually retired in 1919. During 1917 when he was the director of Jardine he was also member of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce and the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.
Anton died of pneumonia at Broughty Ferry, Dundee, Scotland on 16 November 1935, leaving local estate sworn under £225,500 (£19.8 million as of 2024).

## Memory

Anton Street (Chinese: 晏頓街) in Wan Chai was named after him.
# David Petrikin

David Petrikin (December 1, 1788 – March 1, 1847) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
David Petrikin was born in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania. He studied medicine and was admitted to practice. He moved to Danville, Pennsylvania, and engaged in the practice of medicine. During the War of 1812, he served as a surgeon with the Second Regiment of the Pennsylvania Riflemen. After the war returned to Danville and continued the practice of medicine. He also erected and operated a woolen mill. He was elected prothonotary of Columbia County, Pennsylvania, on March 15, 1821. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. He served as postmaster of Danville from February 1, 1834, to March 21, 1837.
Petrikin was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Congresses. He served as the chairman of the United States House Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds during the Twenty-sixth Congress. He died in Catawissa, Pennsylvania, in 1847. Interment in Petrikin Cemetery in Danville, which was later converted into a memorial park.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "David Petrikin (id: P000267)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
* The Political Graveyard
U.S. House of Representatives :
| Preceded byAndrew Beaumont | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district 1837–1841 | Succeeded byBenjamin A. Bidlack |
* This article about a member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Compound of two inverted snub dodecadodecahedra

Compound of two inverted snub dodecadodecahedra :
| Type | Uniform compound |
| Index | UC$_{74}$ |
| Polyhedra | 2 inverted snub dodecadodecahedra |
| Faces | 120 triangles, 24 pentagons, 24 pentagrams |
| Edges | 300 |
| Vertices | 120 |
| Symmetry group | icosahedral (I$_h$) |
| Subgroup restricting to one constituent | chiral icosahedral (I) |
The compound of two inverted snub dodecadodecahedra is a uniform polyhedron compound. It's composed of the 2 enantiomers of the inverted snub dodecadodecahedron.
# Arnold M. Vickers

Arnold M. Vickers (August 8, 1908 – December 25, 1967) was the Democratic President of the West Virginia Senate from Fayette County and served from 1945 to 1949.
# Nocturnal (Heltah Skeltah album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Muzik | |
| RapReviews | 9/10 |
| Spin | 7/10 |
| The Source | |
Nocturnal is the debut studio album by American hip hop duo Heltah Skeltah. It was released on June 18, 1996, via Duck Down/Priority Records. The recording sessions took place at Chung King Studios, at Dollar Cab, at D&D Studios, and at Unique Recording Studios in New York City. It was produced by Da Beatminerz, Buckshot, Shaleek, Shawn J. Period, Supreme, E-Swift, Lord Jamar and Sean Price. It features guest appearances from Originoo Gunn Clappaz, Illa Noyz, Representativz and Vinia Mojica. The album peaked at number 35 on the Billboard 200 and number 5 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

## Background

The two made their debut on Smif-N-Wessun's 1995 album Dah Shinin'. Same year the duo teamed up with O.G.C. to form The Fab 5, and released the single "Blah" b/w "Leflaur Leflah Eshkoshka". "Leflah", which is included in the album, peaked at number 75 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became the biggest hit from the Boot Camp family to date. "Leflah" was re-released as an A-Side single in early 1996, featuring the first sole Heltah Skeltah track, "Letha Brainz Blo", as its B-Side. The first official single released from the album was "Operation Lock Down", produced by Tha Alkaholiks' E-Swift. Other singles released from the album were "Therapy" and "Da Wiggy".
The "Twin Towers" of the Boot Camp Clik gained much recognition and respect in the Hip Hop world with the release of their debut, now hailed as a 90's Hip Hop classic. Led by Rock's rough, booming voice and Ruck's strong lyrical ability, and backed by dark, grimy beats by Da Beatminerz, Shaleek, and others, the release received wide acclaim in the Hip Hop world, but didn't reach much further, selling around 250,000 copies in the US.

## Track listing
### Sample credits

* Track 2 contains samples from "The Look of Love" by Johnny Pate
* Track 3 contains samples from "Soul Girl" by Jeanne & the Darlings
* Track 13 contains samples from "Uzuri" by Catalyst
* Track 14 contains samples from "Danube Incident" by Lalo Schifrin
* Track 15 contains samples from "I Cover the Waterfront" and "Blame It on My Youth" by Gloria Lynne
* Track 16 contains samples from "Theme From Summer of '42" by George Benson

## Album singles

* Single information
* "Leflaur Leflah Eshkoshka"
* Released: October 31, 1995
* B-Side: "Letha Brainz Blo"
* "Operation Lock Down"
* Released: May 27, 1996
* B-Side: "Da Wiggy"
* "Therapy"
* Released: October 15, 1996
* B-Side: "Place to Be"

## Music videos

* "Leflaur Leflah Eshkoshka" (1995) Director: Marcus Turner
* "Operation Lock Down" (1996)
* "Therapy" (1996) Director: Gobi Najed

## Charts
### Singles

| Year | Song | Chart positions | Chart positions | Chart positions | Chart positions |
| Year | Song | US Hot 100 | US R&B/Hip-Hop | US Rap | US Dance/Maxi-Singles |
| 1995 | "Leflaur Leflah Eshkoshka" | 75 | 51 | 8 | 19 |
| 1996 | "Operation Lock Down" | — | 64 | 15 | 13 |
| 1996 | "Da Wiggy" | — | — | 15 | — |
| 1996 | "Therapy" | — | 77 | 16 | 21 |
# Le Blanc-Mesnil station

Le Blanc-Mesnil station is a station on the line B of the Réseau Express Régional, a hybrid suburban commuter and rapid transit line. It is named after the village of Blanc-Mesnil where the station is located.
# Badminton at the 2007 All-Africa Games – Mixed team

The mixed team badminton event at the 2007 All-Africa Games was held from 13 to 15 July at the Salle OMS El Biar in El Biar, Algiers.

## Schedule

All times based on West Africa Time (UTC+01:00)
| Date | Time | Event |
| Friday, 13 July 2007 | 09:00 | Group stage |
| Friday, 13 July 2007 | 16:00 | Group stage |
| Saturday, 14 July 2007 | 09:00 | Group stage |
| Saturday, 14 July 2007 | 16:00 | Group stage |
| Sunday, 15 July 2007 | 09:00 | Semi-finals |
| Sunday, 15 July 2007 | 16:00 | Gold medal match |

## Competition format

Nine teams were drawn into groups of two. The top two performing teams in each group advance to the knockout stage. Each tie consists of five matches, one for each discipline (men's / women's singles, men's / women's / mixed doubles). In the knockout stage, the winner of each group will face the runner-up of the opposite group.

## Knockout stage

| Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Gold medal match | Gold medal match | Gold medal match |
| A1 | Seychelles | 2 | | | |
| B2 | South Africa | 3 | | | |
| B2 | South Africa | 3 | B2 | South Africa | 0 |
| | | | B1 | Nigeria | 3 |
| A2 | Algeria | 0 | B1 | Nigeria | 3 |
| B1 | Nigeria | 3 | | | |
# Ahafo Ano North (Ghana parliament constituency)

Ahafo Ano North is one of the constituencies represented in the Parliament of Ghana. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Ahafo Ano North is located in the Ahafo Ano North district of the Ashanti Region of Ghana.

## Boundaries

The seat is located within the Ahafo Ano North District of the Ashanti Region of Ghana.

## Members of Parliament

| Election | Member | Party |
| 1992 | George Kwasi Adjei Annim | EGLE |
| 1996 | Baffour Annor | National Democratic Congress |
| 2000 | Kwame Owusu Frimpong | New Patriotic Party |
| 2008 | Richard Akuoko Adiyiah | New Patriotic Party |
| 2012 | Akwasi Adusei | National Democratic Congress |
| 2016 | Suleman Adamu Sanid | New Patriotic Party |

## Elections

2008 Ghanaian parliamentary election: Ahafo Ano North Source: Ghana Home Page :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | New Patriotic Party | Richard Akuoko Adiyiah | 16,029 | 51.5 |
| | National Democratic Congress | D.K. Addai-Amankwah | 14,641 | 47.0 |
| | People's National Convention | Attah Sampson | 335 | 1.1 |
| | Convention People's Party | Joseph Akpabli | 116 | 0.4 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 1,388 | 4.5 |
# Compound of two snub dodecahedra

Compound of two snub dodecahedra :
| Type | Uniform compound |
| Index | UC$_{69}$ |
| Schläfli symbol | βr{5,3} |
| Coxeter diagram | |
| Polyhedra | 2 snub dodecahedra |
| Faces | 40+120 triangles, 24 pentagons |
| Edges | 300 |
| Vertices | 120 |
| Symmetry group | icosahedral (I$_h$) |
| Subgroup restricting to one constituent | chiral icosahedral (I) |
This uniform polyhedron compound is a composition of the 2 enantiomers of the snub dodecahedron.
The vertex arrangement of this compound is shared by a convex nonuniform truncated icosidodecahedron, with rectangular faces, alongside irregular hexagons and decagons, each alternating two different edge lengths.
Together with its convex hull, it represents the snub dodecahedron-first projection of the nonuniform snub dodecahedral antiprism.
# Tammy Pustilnick

Tammy Solange Pustilnick Arditi (born 20 November 1986) is a Chilean lawyer and scholar who was elected as a member of the Chilean Constitutional Convention.
# Danger triangle of the face

The danger triangle of the face consists of the area from the corners of the mouth to the bridge of the nose, including the nose and maxilla. $^{:345–346}$ Due to the special nature of the blood supply to the human nose and surrounding area, it is possible for retrograde infection from the nasal area to spread to the brain, causing cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis, or brain abscess.
This is possible because of veinous communication (via the ophthalmic veins) between the facial vein and the cavernous sinus. The cavernous sinus lies within the cranial cavity, between layers of the meninges, and is a major conduit of venous drainage from the brain. Despite this relatively plausible anatomical argument, only severe facial infections (e.g., nasal abscess) can lead to a deeper central nervous system infection complication.
It was discovered that venous valves are present in the ophthalmic and facial veins. Thus, it is not the absence of venous valves but rather the existence of communications between the facial vein and cavernous sinus and the direction of blood flow that is important in the spread of infection from the face. Most people, but not all, have valves in these particular veins of the face.
The relationship between this area and a risk of cavernous sinus thrombosis was described as early as 1852. In 1937, a study found that 61% of the cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis were the result of boils on the upper part of the face. While the disorder has become extremely uncommon with the development of antibiotics, it still carries a very small chance to develop a high risk of death, and needs to be treated aggressively with antibiotics and blood thinners.

## Infection of cavernous sinus

If the cavernous sinus is infected, it can cause the blood within the sinus to clot, resulting in a cavernous sinus thrombosis. This affects the structures that are going through it or surround it. Inside the cavernous sinus, constriction of the following cranial nerves (CN) can be found: CN III (oculomotor nerve), CN IV (trochlear nerve), CN VI (abducens nerve), CN V (trigeminal nerve), specifically V1 (ophthalmic nerve) and V2 (maxillary nerve) branches. Failure of each of the nerves listed above will manifest in loss of function of the specific muscle, gland, or parasympathetic innervations (from CN III). In addition, it is possible that inflammation of the cavernous sinus will result in compression of the optic chiasm (resulting in vision problems) and/or the pituitary gland.
Failure of CN III will result in loss of function of the following muscles: medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique, as well as muscles that are responsible for opening the eyelid: the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and the superior tarsal muscle (Müller's muscle). CN III damage also results in loss of parasympathetic innervation of the eye (loss of pupillary constriction and lens accommodation).