OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Amadu Wurie

Amadu Wurie (27 August 1898 – 13 June 1977) was an early Sierra Leonean educationist and politician.

## Biography

Wurie was born in Gbinti, Port Loko District, in the Northern Province of British Sierra Leone, the son of a Fula paramount chief. He was educated at the Bo School in Bo, one of the first set of pupils (Admission Number 55) when the school opened in 1906.
In 1916, he was in the first class of Sierra Leoneans that passed the British civil service exam and was appointed the assistant headmaster of the Bo School that year. By 1935, Wurie rose to the position of Senior assistant headmaster which allowed him to be the first African to serve even temporarily as the Headmaster. From 1935 to 1955, Wurie served in various locations across the colony, primarily as headmaster and inspector of schools.
Upon national independence in 1961, Wurie was elected as an MP under the banner of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), a party he helped found. He was first appointed Minister of Education and later Minister of Interior, a position he kept until he lost his seat in 1967. He then retired to Mahera in the Port Loko District and later made a Hajj to Mecca. In 1973, Wurie was honoured with an honorary doctorate degree from University of Sierra Leone. Wurie died in June 1977 at the age of 79.
# Knoxville Symphony Orchestra

The Knoxville Symphony Orchestra is a professional orchestra in Knoxville, Tennessee. The KSO was selected among a competitive pool of orchestras in 2020 to perform at the Kennedy Center as part of the SHIFT Festival of American Orchestras.
The orchestra was established in 1935 and is the oldest continuing orchestra in the southeastern United States. The founding conductor was Bertha Walburn Clark, who led the group until 1946. Other former conductors were Lamar Stringfield (1946-1947 season), David Van Vactor (1947 to 1972), Arpad Joó (1973-1978), Zoltán Rozsnyai (1978-1985), Kirk Trevor (1985-2003), and Lucas Richman (2003-2015). The KSO has been led by Music Director Aram Demirjian since 2016.
Underneath the KSO umbrella, a highly successful youth orchestra was established in 1975, known as the Knoxville Symphony Youth Orchestra (KSYO). They are currently conducted by James Fellenbaum, who also serves as the Knoxville Symphony Orchestra's Resident Conductor.
The Orchestra attracts internationally renowned soloists and conductors each year, such as Midori, Stefan Jackiw, Cho-Liang Lin, Frank Sinatra Jr., and others.
# Benjamin F. Marsh

Benjamin Franklin Marsh (November 19, 1835 – June 2, 1905) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois in the late 19th century to early 20th century. He was also a lawyer, soldier, agriculture manager, stock raiser, and Illinois State Railroad and Warehouse Commissioner.

## Early life

Benjamin Marsh was born in 1835 in Warsaw, Illinois (Hancock County). He first studied law in Warsaw, and after attending law school was admitted to the bar in 1860. He continued to study law after the American Civil War until 1877, when he was elected Illinois State Representative.

## Civil War

Benjamin enlisted into the 16th Illinois Infantry Regiment as a private. He was later commissioned as a colonel. Benjamin received the Purple Heart when he received a piece of shrapnel in the foot. He participated in battles such as Shiloh and Antietam. Marsh "served continuously until January, 1866, having campaigned in every seceding state except Virginia and the two Carolinas; he received four gunshot wounds and carries in his body rebel lead". After the war ended he continued his law practices until 1877.

## Government office

Benjamin Marsh first started his way into the Illinois Government office by becoming the Republican candidate for membership of the Illinois State Constitutional Convention and was elected. He served until 1869.
In 1877 he was elected as a Republican to the 45th, 46th and 47th Congress. (March 4, 1877 – March 3, 1883)
Marsh then became chairman for the Committee on Pensions, and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1882 to the 48th Congress.
Then, Marsh became delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1888; and was elected to the 53rd, 54th, 55th, and 56th Congresses, which he served March 4, 1893 – March 3, 1901.
He then became chairman on the Committee of the Militia (54th through 56th Congresses).
Marsh then was unsuccessful when he ran for reelection for the 57th Congress, but was successful when he ran for election to the 58th and 59th, which he served until his death.

## Jobs

* U.S. Representative (1877–1883) (1893–1901) (1903–1905)
* Lawyer
* Agricultural Manager
* 1889 State Railroad and Warehouse Commissioner
* Delegate to the Republican National Convention

## Death

Marsh died in office in 1905. He is buried at Oakland Cemetery in Warsaw, Illinois.
# Russian Winter. Hoarfrost

Russian Winter. Hoarfrost (Russian: Русская зима. Иней) is a painting made in 1969 by the Russian artist Nikolai Timkov (1912–1993). It depicts a winter view of Tver land, a picturesque corner near the Academic Dacha.

## History

In the artistic style of Nikolai Timkov, who was one of the Honored Artists of the Russian Federation and one of the leading representatives of the Leningrad School of Painting, this picture has a special place in the Russian artistic movement of the time. In the halls of Saint Petersburg Union of Artists opened in 1993, the author exhibited it in the center of the exposure. The painting shows the Msta River bank near the village of Valentinovka where Timkov lived and worked between 1960 and 1990, and where as noted by art historian Mark Etkind, it was a "primary landscape workshop" of Nikolai Timkov. Old poplars under the fluffy snow caps in the bluish frost passed as the epitome of beauty and grandeur of Russian nature. In the picture, perhaps for the first time so clearly and convincingly demonstrated new qualities in the artist's landscape painting – monumental imagery solutions, which arose after a trip a year earlier in the Urals Region, as well as a decorative spirit and intensity of color. The art historian Alexander Simuni in his article for the catalogue of the French exhibition of 1994 praises the painting as an example of the art of contemporary landscape painting.
The painting was exhibited for the first time in 1975 at the solo exhibition of works by Timkov in the Exhibition Halls of the Leningrad Union of Artists. The painting was reproduced in the exhibition catalog. In 1982 the painting was presented at the solo exhibition of Nikolai Timkov in the halls of the Moscow House of Artists at the Kuznetsk bridge, shown later in the Air Force Academy named after Yuri Gagarin, and in the famous Star City near Moscow. In 1994 the painting was displayed in Pont-Audemer, France, at the exhibition of works of masters of the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists. It was reproduced in the exhibition catalog.
In 2012 Russian Winter. Hoarfrost was exhibited in "Manezh" Central Exhibition Hall on Art Fair devoted to 80th Anniversary of Saint-Petersburg Union of Artists. The painting was reproduced in the exhibition catalog. In 2007 the painting was published among others by Timkov in the book Unknown Socialist Realism: The Leningrad School by Sergei V. Ivanov.
# Ford Model U

The Ford Model U was a concept car created by Ford. This vehicle was first introduced at the 2003 North American International Auto Show. This concept was one of a kind with its automatic features and recyclability. Ford wanted this vehicle to be a modern 21st century interpretation to the original Ford Model T.

## Engine

The Model U used a 2.3-liter, four-cylinder supercharged, intercooled hydrogen internal combustion I4 engine which also used a hybrid electric transmission. With this type of engine and transmission, this engine lived up to PZEV standards.

## Design

The Model U's exterior was soy-based and the interior was highly automated. It had a power-retractable canvas roof and could go from an SUV to a pickup truck with its automatic retractable behind. The interior featured a slot system to reduce clutter.
# Mater

Mater is a formal Latin term for mother and may refer to:

## Places

* Mater, Belgium, a village near Oudenaarde

## Health care
### Australia

* Mater Hospital, North Sydney, New South Wales
* Mater Group, Brisbane, Queensland
* Mater Health Services North Queensland, which incorporates:
** Mater Hospital Pimlico, Townsville, Queensland
** Mater Women's and Children's Hospital

### UK and Ireland

* Mater Infirmorum Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland
* Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (the best-known hospital in Ireland that is referred to as the Mater)
* Mater Private Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

## Music

* Mater, an album by Vladimír Godár
* "Mater", a song by The Beat Fleet from Pistaccio Metallic, 2011

## Other uses

* Mater (Cars), a character in the Disney/Pixar animated film Cars
* Mater, a major part of an astrolabe
* M.A.T.E.R., a football (soccer) club in Rome

## People

* Juris Māters (1845–1885), Latvian writer and journalist
* Rudy Mater (born 1980), French footballer
# 2024 in Scottish television

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
This is a list of events taking place in 2024 relating to Scottish television.

## Events

* 1 January – STV's Bringing in the Bells is hosted by Alex Norton, Blythe Duff, Martin Compston and others to see in the New Year.
* 4 June – 2024 United Kingdom general election: The first leaders debate takes place in Scotland, with the leaders of Scotland's four main political parties taking part in a debate on STV.
* 11 June – BBC Scotland airs an election debate featuring the leaders of Scotland's five main political parties: John Swinney (SNP), Douglas Ross (Scottish Conservatives), Anas Sarwar (Scottish Labour), Alex Cole-Hamilton (Scottish Liberal Democrats) and Lorna Slater (Scottish Greens).
* 1 July – Steve Carson is to step down as Head of Multi-Platform Commissioning at BBC Scotland in September, in order to take up a senior role at Irish broadcaster RTÉ.
* 6 August – Ofcom approves planned changes to the BBC Scotland television channel that will see cutbacks to its news, with its hour-long 9pm weekday programme The Nine replaced by a 30 minute programme at 7pm.
* 9 December – BBC Scotland announces the launch of two new news programmes in early 2025: Reporting Scotland: News at Seven, a weeknight news bulletin presented by Laura Maciver and Amy Irons on the BBC Scotland channel from 6 January, and the Scotcast podcast with Martin Geissler launching on 13 January.

## Debuts

* 10 September – Salmond and Sturgeon: A Troubled Union on BBC Scotland

## Ongoing television programmes
### 1960s

* Reporting Scotland (1968–1983; 1984–present)

### 1970s

* Sportscene (1975–present)
* Landward (1976–present)
* The Beechgrove Garden (1978–present)

### 1990s

* Eòrpa (1993–present)

### 2000s

* River City (2002–present)
* The Adventure Show (2005–present)
* An Là (2008–present)
* Trusadh (2008–present)
* STV Rugby (2009–2010; 2011–present)
* STV News at Six (2009–present)

### 2010s

* Scotland Tonight (2011–present)
* Shetland (2013–present)
* Scot Squad (2014–present)
* Still Game (2016–present)
* Two Doors Down (2016–present)
* The Nine (2019–present)
* Debate Night (2019–present)
* A View from the Terrace (2019–present)

## Deaths

* 6 March – Nick Sheridan, 32, Irish journalist and television presenter (News2day, Reporting Scotland, The Nine)
* 14 May – Gudrun Ure, 98, actress (Super Gran)
* 26 June – Pat Heywood, 92, actress (Lucky Feller, Wuthering Heights, Inspector Morse, Root Into Europe)
* 28 July – John Anderson, 92, television referee (Gladiators)
* 5 August – Ron Bain, 79, actor (Naked Video)
* 9 August – Brian Marjoribanks, 82, Scottish footballer (Hibernian), actor and broadcaster (BBC Scotland).
* 2 November – Janey Godley, 63, comedian (Have I Got News for You) and actress (River City)
# Geomancers (comics)

Geomancers are a group of fictional comic book characters that appeared in various titles published by Valiant Comics.

## Publication history
### Original Valiant continuity

The Geomancers appeared in various comic titles published by Valiant Comics, including Eternal Warrior, Archer and Armstrong, Doctor Solar, Rai, Timewalker, Magnus and Secret Weapons. A separate Geomancer comic series was published in 1994, lasting eight issues.

### 2012 Valiant continuity
## Fictional character biography
### Original Valiant continuity

Geomancers are a lineage of men and women who, since 3500 BC, have been chosen by the Earth itself to defend it, with one Geomancer operating at a time. In the Viking era, it was a young boy. When a Geomancer dies, his or her chosen successor takes their place. When a Geomancer has reached the end of their life-cycle their power is removed by a suicide ritual called Bagh-Nakh.
Geomancers were instrumental in many pivotal events in the Valiant Universe, including the Unity Conflict, the birth and upbringing of Magnus, Robot Fighter, the struggle against the Darque Power and the Harbinger Wars. Gilad Anni-Padda served as the "Fist and Steel" of the Geomancers for most of his life, failing three times to save a Geomancer. In 1992, Geomancer Tashi Khatun authored a book entitled The Book of Geomancer, the tome of ultimate knowledge.
The first Geomancer was Khanit, who was chosen in 3500 BC. Later Geomancers included Buck McHenry, Geoff McHenry, Lucinda Mendez, Yuri Pierce, Ana Kawainui, Rokland Tate and Aram Anni-Padda.

### 2012 Valiant continuity

In the second Valiant continuity, Kay McHenry serves as the Geomancer. Being a great grand-niece of the late Buck McHenry, she first appears in issue #6 of Archer & Armstrong volume 2.

## Powers and abilities

Geomancers can psychically communicate with the Earth, receive psychic impressions from objects and living organisms, possess innate healing abilities, read minds, control over nature and its energy sources and cause objects to bend to their will.
# Edward Rappaport

Edward Neil "Ed" Rappaport (born November 18, 1957) served as the acting director of the National Hurricane Center from 2007 to 2008 and again from 2017 to 2018. He replaced former director Bill Proenza on July 9, 2007. Rappaport was replaced by Bill Read in 2008. He began serving as acting director again when Richard Knabb left the NHC in 2017 until Kenneth Graham was selected to succeed him in 2018. Rappaport was simultaneously the deputy director from 2000 to his retirement in 2021.
Rappaport joined the NHC in 1987, training as a post-doctoral fellow, then worked on an array of assignments as a research meteorologist starting in 1988. He ascended to assistant hurricane specialist and Tropical Satellite and Analysis Center meteorologist in 1990 before becoming a hurricane specialist in 1993. From 1998 to 2000, he was chief of the Technical Support Branch. Having both operational forecasting and research experience, Rappaport became deputy director in 2000. In November 2006, he declined to be nominated to replace Max Mayfield as director, citing personal reasons. Rappaport earned his B.S. and M.S. in 1979 and 1983, respectively, both from the University of Washington, and earned his Ph.D. in atmospheric science from Texas Tech University in 1988.
# Horace R. Byers

Horace Robert Byers (March 12, 1906 – May 22, 1998) was an American meteorologist who pioneered in aviation meteorology, synoptic weather analysis (weather forecasting), severe convective storms, cloud physics, and weather modification. Byers is most well known for his work as director of U.S. Weather Bureau's Thunderstorm Project in which, among other things, the modern cell morphology and life cycle of a thunderstorm were established. He is also known for his professional involvement with Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby and Tetsuya Theodore Fujita.

## Biography

During high school Byers developed a strong interest in journalism and worked as a reporter around the San Francisco Bay area, full-time for a year after graduation and then part-time while at the University of California, Berkeley. At university he became acquainted with science in the geography department and chose atmospheric sciences as his career. He graduated with an A.B. degree in geography in 1929, afterward studying meteorology under Rossby and Hurd C. Willett at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on a fellowship from the Daniel Guggenheim Fund, receiving his M.S. in 1932 with the thesis The Air Masses of the North Pacific. In 1934 he earned an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship to study meteorology, attaining his Sc.D. in 1935 with the dissertation The Changes in Air Masses During Lifting.
Byers joined the faculty of the University of Chicago in 1940, eventually helping establish the Department of Meteorology. There he developed internationally renowned work during his 25-year tenure, about half of that as chairperson of the department, including work on cloud seeding with Louis J. Battan. In 1965 he moved to Texas A&M University (TAMU) and was the first dean of geosciences until his retirement in 1974.
He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), president of the American Meteorological Society (AMS), and the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics (IAMAP).
# John Park Finley

John Park Finley (April 11, 1854 – November 24, 1943) was an American meteorologist and Army Signal Service officer who was the first person to study tornadoes intensively and pioneer tornado forecasting. He also wrote the first known book on the subject as well as many other manuals and booklets, collected vast climatological data, set up a nationwide weather observer network, started one of the first private weather enterprises, and opened an early aviation weather school.

## Biography

John Park Finley was born on April 11, 1854, in Ann Arbor, Michigan. In the late 1860s into the early 1870s, he attended Michigan State Agricultural and Mechanical College, now Michigan State University. He graduated with a Bachelors in Science in 1873, specializing in climate impacts on agriculture. In 1877, he enlisted in US Army Signal Service, and was subsequently assigned to the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania signal office, where he kindled an interest in severe weather and tornadoes. Finley was soon stationed in Washington, where he was frequently ordered by the service to survey nearby tornado damage. In subsequent years, Finley authored several books, including his Tornadoes: What They Are and How To Observe Them. He died on November 24, 1943, in Battle Creek, Michigan.

## Selected works

The University of Oklahoma holds a large collection of Finley's publications. Here are some selected works, which may or may not be contained in said collection:
* John P. Finley (1881). The tornadoes of May 29 and 30, 1879, In Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, and Iowa. Prof. Paper No. 4, U.S. Signal Service.
* John P. Finley, WB Hazen (1884). Charts of Relative Storm Frequency for a Portion of the Northern Hemisphere. U.S. Army Signal Office.
* John P. Finley (1884). Tornado predictions. American Meteorological Journal, 1, 85-8
* John P. Finley (1884). Report of the character of six hundred tornadoes. Prof. Paper No. 7, U.S. Signal Service, 116 pp.
* John P. Finley (1884). The Special Characteristics of Tornadoes, With Practical Directions for the Protection of Life and Property, 19pp.
* John P. Finley (1887). Tornadoes: What They Are and How to Observe Them. Insurance Monitor Press, New York, 196 pp.
* John P. Finley (1888). Tornadoes: What They Are, and How to Escape Them, 90pp.
* John P. Finley (1889). State Tornado Charts. Amer. Meteor. J., 5.
* John P. Finley (1888). Iowa Tornadoes for 51 Years, 1837-1887, 10pp.
* John P. Finley (1888). The Tornadoes of Illinois for 54 Years, 1835-1887, 12pp.
* John P. Finley (1888). Kansas Tornadoes for 29 Years, 1859-1887, 12pp.
* John P. Finley (1893). Certain Climatic Features of the Two Dakotas, 192pp.
# Mercury glass

Mercury glass (or silvered glass) is glass that was blown double walled, then silvered between the layers with a liquid silvering solution, and sealed. Although mercury was originally used to provide the reflective coating for mirrors, elemental mercury was never used to create tableware. Silvered glass was free-blown, then silvered with a solution containing silver nitrate and grape sugar in solution, heated, then closed. Sealing methods include metal discs covered with a glass round or a cork inserted into the unpolished pontil scar. "Mercury" silvered glass was produced originally around 1840 until at least 1930 in Bohemia (now the Czech Republic), Germany and was also manufactured in England from 1849 to 1855.
Edward Varnish and Frederick Hale Thomson patented the technique for silvering glass vessels in 1849. The double walled blanks were furnished by James Powell. The English examples were often cased with a layer of colored glass in jewel tones of ruby red, cobalt blue, amethyst purple and emerald green then cut to silver as illustrated in the photograph. English signatures on silvered glass include E. Varnish & Co. London, Thomson, London and Thomas Lund.
Blown glass is made utilizing a long metal blowpipe by the glass blower who shapes and heats the object. The piece is attached to a long, flat-topped iron called a pontil to the end of the piece, with a small piece of molten glass, and the blowpipe is now cracked off. The workman completes the object and then, the pontil rod or "punty" is cracked off leaving the familiar rough pontil scar.
Companies in the United States, including the Boston and Sandwich Glass Company, New England Glass Company, Union Glass Co., and the Boston Silver Glass Company, made silvered glass from about 1852–1880. The New England Glass Company displayed a variety of silvered glass articles including copper wheel engraved goblets, vases and other tableware at the 1853 New Crystal Palace Exhibition.
Silvered mercury glass from Bohemia was also decorated with a variety of techniques including painting, enameling, etching, and surface engraving.
Silvered "mercury" glass is considered one of the first true "art glass" types, that is, glass that was made for display and for its inherent artistic value rather than for utilitarian use.
Authentic antique silvered glass pieces are still available in a wide range of decorative items and usually sold as mercury glass.
There are many reproductions currently marketed as "mercury glass", in table form, ornaments and other objects. New "mercury glass" can be distinguished from antique silvered glass in several ways, including lack of a double wall, and solid bottoms that are different from true antique silvered glass.
# Astley Community High School

Astley Community High School is a coeducational upper school (styled high school) and sixth form located in Seaton Delaval in the English county of Northumberland.
It is a community school administered by Northumberland County Council, and admits pupils from Seaton Valley, particularly those graduating from Whytrig and Seaton Sluice Middle Schools. In 2022 plans were approved to relocate the school to a new campus within Seaton Delaval. The new campus will be shared with Whytrig Middle School.
Astley Community High School offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils, while students in the sixth form have the option to study from a range of A-levels and further BTECs. The school also offers the Duke of Edinburgh's Award programme.