OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mannheim University of Applied Sciences

The Mannheim University of Applied Sciences is a public higher education institute located in Mannheim, Germany. Referred to as Technische Hochschule Mannheim in German and previously known as Fachhochschule Mannheim, it offers degree programs at bachelor's and master's level in the fields of engineering, informatics, biotechnology, design, and social affairs.

## History

The Mannheim University of Applied Sciences was founded in 1898 as a private school of engineering for the disciplines of mechanical and electronical engineering, subsidized by the city of Mannheim. In 1939, it was taken over by the city and named Mannheim School of Engineering. In 1969 finally, it was taken over again by the State of Baden-Württemberg and renamed State School of Engineering. As a consequence, the curriculum was broadened by adding, among others, the subjects chemical engineering, process engineering, and informatics. In 1971, the School of Engineering was officially promoted to the status of a University of Applied Sciences.
In 1995, the City College of Design was integrated into the university as the Faculty of Design, comprising institutes for interactive media, print media, time based media, photography, and design sciences. When the Mannheim School of Social Affairs joined the university in a merger in 2006, the university was renamed to Hochschule Mannheim. The university was one of the first German universities of applied sciences offering a degree program in biotechnology.

## Faculties

The university has the following faculties:
* Faculty of Biotechnology
* Faculty of Electronic Engineering
* Faculty of Design
* Faculty of Informatics
* Faculty of Information Technology
* Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
* Faculty of Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering
* Faculty of Engineering Management
* Faculty of Social Affairs
# AlGa

AlGa (Aluminum-Gallium) is a degenerate alloy that results from liquid gallium infiltrating the crystal structure of aluminium metal. The resulting alloy is very weak and brittle, being broken under the most minute pressure. The alloy is also chemically weaker, as the gallium inhibits the aluminum from forming a protective oxide layer. A video of gallium metal causing intergrain corrosion and breaking of aluminum can be found here.

## Uses

The alloy can be reacted with water to form hydrogen gas(H2), aluminum hydroxide and gallium metal. Normally, aluminum does not react with water, since it quickly reacts in air to form a passivation layer of aluminum oxide. AlGa alloy is able to create aluminum nanoparticles for the hydrogen producing reaction. Since this reaction forms hydrogen gas, it can be used as a source of fuel or simply as a hydrogen gas generator. This reaction can also be used to produce aluminum oxide from aluminum. As previously mentioned, aluminum normally won't react with water or air due to the presence of a protective passivation layer, but the reaction of suspended aluminum with water can effectively oxidize aluminum to form aluminum hydroxide which can then be heated to about 180 °C (356 °F), where it decomposes to produce aluminum oxide, and water vapor.

## Safety concerns

Due to AlGa's extreme lack of structural integrity and inability to form a protective oxide layer, gallium metal is considered to be corrosive. If AlGa were to form on an aluminum structure, the aforementioned structure could weaken or collapse. Gallium is subject to strict packaging requirements for transportation by aircraft as it could compromise the integrity of the aluminum hull.
# Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Electress of Brandenburg

Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate (19 November 1597 – 26 April 1660) was an Electress consort of Brandenburg as the wife of George William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, and the mother of Frederick William of Brandenburg, the "Great Elector".

## Biography

Elizabeth Charlotte was the daughter of Frederick IV, Elector Palatine, and Louise Juliana of Orange-Nassau. Her brother Frederick became famous as the Elector-Palatine and "Winter King" of Bohemia.
In 1616 Elizabeth Charlotte married George William, with whom she had three children.
The marriage was arranged to unite two Protestant dynasties. In 1618, her brother's deposition from the throne of Bohemia caused the Thirty Years' War. Her spouse was described as ambivalent and passive, but Charlotte ensured protection for her sibling when Brandenburg sided against Austria in the affairs of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire. At court, she favoured the Protestant party against the pro-Austrian party. She influenced her son to sympathize with the Protestant cause, and he came to have a great affection for his mother, closer than what was usually common during that age. She spent her last years at Crossen, where she died.

## Issue

* Louise Charlotte (1617–1676), married Jacob Kettler, Duke of Courland
* Frederick William (1620–1688), the "Great Elector"
* Hedwig Sophia (1623–1683), married William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Electress of Brandenburg :
# Jean Baptiste Eblé

Jean Baptiste Eblé (French pronunciation:; 21 December 1758 – 31 December 1812) was a French General, Engineer and Artilleryman during the Napoleonic Wars. He is credited with saving Napoleon's Grand Army from complete destruction in 1812.

## Biography

Eblé was born in Saint-Jean-Rohrbach, Moselle.
He, like his father, started out in the artillery when he joined the army in 1793. He was commissioned as an officer two years later. Rising rapidly through the ranks, he served in northern Germany, and commanded an artillery brigade at Austerlitz in 1805 before becoming governor of Magdeburg in 1806 and Minister of War for Westphalia in 1808.
The following year, he was assigned to Spain serving in the army of Marshal Masséna where he commanded the French artillery at Ciudad Rodrigo and Almeida.
In 1811, Eblé was put in command of the Dutch Pontoon bridge builders (pontonniers) for the Grande Armée which Napoleon was assembling for his invasion of Russia. Eblé discovered he had inherited a rag-tag collection of boatmen, yet in less than a year he had turned them into a disciplined, highly trained and skilled force who would soon prove indispensable. Besides training, Eblé also issued his pontonniers specialized tools and equipment, the most notable of which were the mobile wagon-mounted forges, that could quickly make any needed but unavailable metal parts or items.
During the disastrous retreat from Moscow in 1812, Napoleon ordered Eblé to destroy the pontonniers' mobile forges, so that these valuable pieces of engineering technology would not fall into enemy hands. Eblé argued with his Emperor, that without the forges his men could not perform their duty and the greater danger to the Armée was to be caught between an uncrossable river and a vengeful, pursuing enemy. Napoleon insisted they be destroyed, but Eblé went against his orders and kept the vital equipment intact.
When the Armée arrived at the Berezina River it found itself trapped, with the Russians fast bearing down and no way to cross. Eblé's men worked feverishly in dangerously frigid water to complete the bridges in time for the Armée to escape. With the way across the Berezina opened, most of the surviving remnants successfully crossed. But the campaign had taken a heavy toll on General Eblé's men and his health. He died in Königsberg shortly after returning from Russia.

## References and links

* THE BRIDGES THAT ÉBLÉ BUILT: THE 1812 CROSSING OF THE BEREZINA
* Caulaincourt, Armand-Augustin-Louis de, Duc de Vicence, With Napoleon in Russia. Grosset & Dunlap, 1959
* Chandler, David, Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars. London 1979
* Haythornthwaite, Philip, Who Was Who in the Napoleonic Wars, London, 1998.
* 1812: Napoleon's Fatal March on Moscow, Adam Zamoyski, ISBN 0-00-712375-2
# Carelli

Carelli is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alberto Carelli, retired Italian football striker
* Anthony Carelli, Canadian professional wrestler known as "Santino Marella"
* Beniamino Carelli, Italian composer and singing teacher
* Emilio Carelli, Italian journalist
* Emma Carelli, Italian operatic soprano
* Francesco Carelli, Italian numismatist and archaeologist
* Gabor Carelli, Hungarian operatic tenor
* Rick Carelli, American racecar driver
* Family of Italian painters:
** Consalvo Carelli
** Gabriele Carelli
** Giuseppe Carelli
** Raffaele Carelli
# Bannerman High School

Bannerman High School is a state secondary school in the Baillieston suburb of Glasgow, Scotland. It is a non-denominational, co-educational, comprehensive school within the Glasgow City Council local education authority. The school teaches pupils from years S1 to S6. It has a capacity for 1400 pupils and has approximately 100 members of teaching staff. The current head teacher is Seonaidh Black.

## Associated primary schools

The six associated primary schools are Caledonia Primary, Carmyle Primary, Mount Vernon Primary, Garrowhill Primary, Sandaig Primary and Swinton Primary. Together with these six partner primary schools and two pre-5 establishments, the school is part of the Bannerman Learning Community, although some pupils in the area have alternatively attended Eastbank Academy in neighbouring Shettleston.

## Facilities

The school was opened in 1973 and is composed of three linked buildings. The school has playing fields, all-weather pitches, a workshop theatre, games hall and academic and practical classroom areas.
Facilities for pupils with physical disabilities are in place, although there is only one lift. The school was fully refurbished and upgraded during the course of 2002, as part of a citywide PFI project. The G-Unit for young people on the Autistic Spectrum opened in the school in August 2000 (which had then been known as the Communication Disorder Unit, then Bannerman Autism Unit, and currently Bannerman Language and Communication Resource).

## History

Prior to the school opening in the early 1970s, there was heated debate as to the naming of the school. The names put forward were.
1. Garrowhill Academy. The original suggestion was to call the new school, put forward by the councillor for the area because it was to be located near the residential area of Garrowhill.
2. Garrowhill High School. This was actually the name the Charles Anderson concrete sculpture purchase order was made out to. Ref Charles Anderson website.
3. Baillieston High School. The councillor for Baillieston, Jimmy McGuigan, strongly disagreed and he was supported by many residents. It was felt that the name should incorporate 'Baillieston'
4. Scott-Maxwell High School, This was very popular choice with older Bailliestonians. Bannerman HS was built in the Home Field of the Baillieston House Estate. The last proprietor of the Baillieston and Garrowhill Estates and Lands of Baillieston was John Maxwell Scott-Maxwell.
However the Education sub-committee of Lanarkshire county council eventually decided to name it after the retiring county architect Charles Bannerman. The school became under the control of Glasgow City Council when Baillieston was incorporated into the city's boundaries in 1975.
# Aghyazi

Aghyazi (Persian: آغ يازي, also Romanized as Āghyāzī; also known as Āqyāzī) is a village in Korani Rural District, Korani District, Bijar County, Kurdistan province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 64, in 15 families. The village is populated by Azerbaijanis.
# Rip Ryman

Irvin Carney "Rip" Ryman (January 9, 1934 – September 21, 2020) was an American politician who was a member of the Metropolitan Council of Nashville and Davidson County, representing the 10th district.

## Life and career

Rip Ryman was born in Nashville, Tennessee on January 9, 1934. He served in the U.S. military during the Korean War, from 1952 to 1954. He graduated from East High School in 1952, attended Belmont College from 1954 to 1955, and went to the University of Tennessee at Nashville from 1959 to 1962.
In October 2006, Vice Mayor Howard Gentry picked Rip Ryman to be Chair of the Budget and Finance Committee. He serves on both the Parks, Library, Recreation, and Public Entertainment Facility Committee and the Public Safety - Beer and Regulated Beverages Committee.
Ryman died in Goodlettsville, Tennessee on September 21, 2020, at the age of 86.

## Political views
### Proposals

Ryman proposed raising the mayor's salary from $136,500 to $160,000, an increase of 17%, after the Metro Civil Service Commission recommendation based on the salaries of mayors in 13 other comparable cities. Ryman also suggested amending the resolution to bring down the pay raise to only 9%, because Metro employees had their salaries raised by only 4% in the four previous years. Upset by a $10 parking ticket he got outside Metro City Hall, and difficulty finding parking spaces outside the building, he proposed restricting the on-street parking open to the public to Metro city council members during the afternoons.

### Votes

Ryman voted against Sylvan Park historic zoning, for Lower Broadway historic zoning, and against a Westin Hotel on Lower Broadway. On the third reading, he voted in favor of the proposal for a new ballpark for the Nashville Sounds, which included provisions for hotels, condos, shops and other businesses on the land adjacent to the stadium.

## Controversies

The faith-based drug/alcohol rehab program Teen Challenge accused Rip Ryman of using his political influence to block their attempts to get land use permits for a rehabilitation facility. After the Metro government granted the permits anyway, Ryman suggested a zoning change for the property that would have effectively blocked their plans. Teen Challenge sued the Metro government for $500,000 in damages as an institution and $50,000 for each of the three plaintiffs that would have been residents of the facility. The city of Nashville eventually settled the lawsuit in 2008. 1 male student and 2 female students received monetary damages.
# Mansonia uniformis

Mansonia (Mansonioides) uniformis is a species of zoophilic mosquito belonging to the genus Mansonia.

## Distribution

Nearly cosmopolitan distribution. It is found in Angola, Australia, Bangladesh, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Central African Republic, China, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guam, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea (Island); Papua New Guinea, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor, Uganda, Vietnam, and Zambia.

## Description

The female is a medium-sized mosquito with mottled brownish appearance. Proboscis mottled. Scutum with narrow golden scales. Wings also mottled with broad dark and pale scales on all veins. The mosquito mostly attacks humans and birds and bites mostly at night and during shady days. Larva can be found in unshaded open swamps.

## Medical importance

Mansonia uniformis can be a vector of human diseases, such as Ross River virus, Kunjin virus, Murray Valley encephalitis, and lymphatic filariasis.
# Amberlynn Weber

Amberlynn Weber (born 1993) is an American Paralympic track and fielder. At the 2011 Parapan American Games, she won gold medals in 100 m, 400 m, and 800 m and a bronze medal in 200 m. She also recently took home a gold medal in the Texas Regional Games. She is a dog lover, foodie, fishing enthusiast, and currently drives a 2015 honda fit.
# Windward Passage

Windward Passage (French: Passage au Vent; Spanish: Paso de los Vientos) is a strait in the Caribbean Sea, between the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. The strait specifically lies between the easternmost region of Cuba and the northwest of Haiti. 80 km (50 mi) wide, the Windward Passage has a threshold depth of 1,700 m (5,600 ft).
With Navassa Island on its southern approach, it connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Caribbean Sea, and is in the direct path of shipping between the Panama Canal and the eastern seaboard of the United States. From either the eastern tip of the Guantánamo Province of Cuba, or the western tip of Haiti's Nord-Ouest Department, it is possible to see lights on the other side of the Windward Passage.

## Territorial dispute

For decades, Cuba and Haiti had disputes over where the maritime boundary between the two nations was. In 1977, they settled by signing the Cuba–Haiti Maritime Boundary Agreement setting the official boundary.

## Geology

The Septentrional-Oriente fault zone passes through the Windward Passage from the southern coast of Cuba to the northern coast of Hispaniola. During the Holocene the slip rate between these two islands was 9 ± 3 mm (0.35 ± 0.12 in)/year. The Septentrional Fault extends east at least to the still active Mona Rift in the Mona Passage, where extension occurs between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. The last rupture of this fault occurred in 1842; the resulting earthquake and tsunami devastated Cap Haitien. Considerable seismic hazard continues to exist on this fault:
The Windward Passage region was studied in detail by a voyage of the EV Nautilus in August 2014, assisted by the ROV Hercules. This expedition provided measurements of water circulation through the straight, as well as observations of animal life on the deep continental shelf.
# Mainzer Kammerorchester

The Mainzer Kammerorchester is a chamber orchestra based in Mainz, the capital of the German state Rhineland-Palatinate. It was founded in 1955 by Günter Kehr. Its members are mostly professional orchestra players, and some instrumental students. Depending on a project, between eight and 25 players are recruited from this pool. The orchestra toured the globe, especially during the first 30 years. They produced around 130 recordings, especially for broadcasters. After Kehr's death in 1989, Volker Müller succeeded him, the vice president of the Peter Cornelius Conservatory. When he retired in 2017, his wife Renate Kehr took over the leadership.
# Beautiful Tonight

"Beautiful Tonight" is the fourth single from the album Make Some Noise by Krystal Meyers, released in the United States and Japan in 2008.

## Background

"Beautiful Tonight" is a song about being human, fallible and finding redemption and restoration after falling into what Meyers called sin. It was written by Meyers and Adam B Smith and was sent to Rock Radio almost immediately after "My Freedom" peaking at No. 22 on R&R's Christian Rock Chart.
# Acleris rhombana

Acleris rhombana, the rhomboid tortrix, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in the Palearctic realm, from Europe to the Caucasus, Armenia, and Turkmenistan.
The wingspan is 14–18 mm. The forewings are suboblong, apex rather strongly prominent, whitish-ochreous to reddish-ochreous, sometimes much mixed with fuscous, strigulated with dark fuscous or ferruginous. The veins are dark fuscous and the tufts very slight. The edge of the basal patch is usually dark fuscous and the angulated central fascia and costal patch are often rather dark fuscous, sometimes united in the disc. The apical half of cilia is white on upper part of the termen. The hindwings are grey-whitish, indistinctly strigulated with grey. The larva is pale green-yellowish; head pale brown; anal plate green. Julius von Kennel provides a full description.
The moths are on wing from June to November depending on the location.
The larvae feed on various trees and shrubs, including Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus and Rosaceae species.
# Fictitious defendants

A fictitious defendant is a person that cannot be identified by the plaintiff before a lawsuit is commenced. Commonly this person is identified as "John Doe" or "Jane Doe".
As the statute of limitations for many torts such as medical malpractice is generally very short, plaintiffs under pressure to issue an originating process such as a statement of claim often use contrived names such as John Doe in the title of proceedings and identify the person's role in the lawsuit in the body of the pleading. Generally, this tactic preserves the limitation period and, with leave of the court, the plaintiff can later substitute the real name of the defendant once it is learned during the discovery process.
For example, in a medical malpractice case, the plaintiff may have been treated by doctors and nurses and did not know the names of those providers at the time. This is particularly true of plaintiffs who may have been unconscious during long periods of their treatment. At the beginning of the lawsuit, it may be impossible to determine which medical professional was negligent, so all persons who treated the plaintiff must be sued. However, the hospital records available to the plaintiff may be limited or unintelligible, and the hospital that does have the records may refuse to release them unless litigation is pending.
Typically, the plaintiff will plead as follows:
In the case of John Smith vs. Jones Memorial Hospital and Dr. John Doe.
* Jones Memorial Hospital is a hospital in the city of Anytown, USA.
* Dr. John Doe is a doctor employed by Jones Memorial, and at all relevant times was the plaintiff's treating physician. The identity of the treating physician is unknown to the plaintiff despite the plaintiff's best efforts to identify the doctor.
Once the originating pleading is issued, the plaintiff is usually required to work with all deliberate speed to determine the names of the fictitious defendants through discovery of the defendants it is aware of. If the plaintiff delays too long, the court generally will not allow amendment of the claim to substitute the names of the appropriate party, and any valid claims against those defendants may become statute barred. However, the plaintiff may not, through the action of the fictitious defendants or the other defendants to the lawsuit, be prejudiced by any delay caused by obstruction or refusal to reveal the identities of the fictitious witnesses.
# Hukuchivirus

Hukuchivirus is a genus of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect thermophilic bacteria. The genus was previously named Gammasphaerolipovirus.

## Taxonomy

The genus contains the following species:
* Hukuchivirus IN93 (formerly Thermus thermophilus phage IN93 (2014), Thermus virus IN93 (2015-2019))
* Hukuchivirus P2377 (formerly Thermus thermophilus bacteriophage P23-77 (2014), Thermus virus P23-77 (2015-2019, type species), H. P23-77 (2020))

## Morphology

The virus particle, called a virion, of viruses in the genus has a capsid that is icosahedral in shape. The capsid contains an internal lipid membrane between the capsid and the genome, which is in the center of the virion.
# Thomas Keys (MP)

Thomas Keys (by 1524–71), of St. Radigund's, near Dover, Kent, was an English Member of Parliament (MP). He was a Member of the Parliament of England for Hythe in November 1554.
# Behavioral modeling in hydrology

In hydrology, behavioral modeling is a modeling approach that focuses on the modeling of the behavior of hydrological systems.
The behavioral modeling approach makes the main assumption that every system, given its environment, has a most probable behavior. This most probable behavior can be either determined directly based on the observable system characteristics and expert knowledge or, the most frequent case, has to be inferred from the available information and a likelihood function that encodes the probability of some assumed behaviors.
This modeling approach has been proposed by Sivapalan et al. (2006) in watershed hydrology.