OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cerro del León

Cerro del León is a stratovolcano located in El Loa province, Antofagasta Region, Chile. It is part of the Chilean Central Volcanic Zone and forms a volcanic lineament with neighbouring Paniri and Toconce that was active into the Holocene. Cerro del León itself was constructed in three stages by andesitic–dacitic lava flows and was subject to glacial erosion.

## Geology

The volcano has a diameter of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) and is constructed from andesites erupted through three stages of activity. Two nested craters lie on its summit and have diameters of 260–270 metres (850–890 ft). Volcán Lagunita is a neighbouring volcano and is more heavily eroded and hydrothermally altered.

### Regional setting

Cerro del León is part of the Central Volcanic Zone, a volcanic belt in the Andes. Volcanic activity occurs since the Oligocene and includes dacitic–rhyolitic ignimbrites. On top of these the main volcanic arc, including andesitic-dacitic stratovolcanoes, has formed 300–350 kilometres (190–220 mi) away from the Peru–Chile Trench on a crust 120 kilometres (75 mi) thick. San Pedro and Lascar have historical activity, but only a few volcanoes have been studied, namely Lascar, Ollagüe and Parinacota.
The volcano is part of the San Pedro-Linzor lineament, a 65 kilometres (40 mi) long volcanic chain that extends northwest-southeastward. It was constructed on top the Toconce and Sifon Ignimbrites. The alignment was active during the late Pleistocene–Holocene and contains San Pedro-San Pablo–Paniri–Cerro del León–Toconce–Linzor.

### Eruption history

The volcano was constructed in various phases. The base of the volcano is constructed from andesitic lava flows that directly overlie the ignimbrite basement. These at first erupted in the west and east, subsequently northwest and southeast. Dacites and andesites form the last stage and the bulk of the edifice.
The volcano was subject to glaciation, leaving moraines down to 5,200 metres (17,100 ft) altitude, formed during the last glaciation 15,000–11,000 years ago. Glacial effects are noticeable on the north-northwest flanks.

### Petrology

Lavas contain phenocrysts of plagioclase with variable amounts of biotite, clinopyroxene, opaque minerals, and orthopyroxene. The matrix is glassy and contains hornblende and plagioclase. The lavas have vesicular and minor proportions of amygdaloid, porphyric, trachytic and vitrophyric texture. Hydrothermal alteration has been reported.

## Religious importance

Cerro del Leon is a holy mountain for the local territory. An Inca religious site is located on its summit.
# Wolfgang Behrendt

Wolfgang Behrendt (born 14 June 1936) was a bantamweight amateur boxer from East Germany, won the gold medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics for the United Team of Germany. He subsequently became the first Olympic champion for East Germany. He was born in Berlin.

## Amateur career

He won the gold medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics and became the first Olympic champion for East Germany.

### Amateur highlights

Record: 188 Wins – 8 Losses – 5 Draws
* 1955 East German Bantamweight Champion, 3rd place (Flyweight) at European Championships in Berlin.
* 1956 Gold Medalist (Bantamweight) in a unified German team at the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne. Results were:
** Defeated Henrik Ottesen (Denmark) KO-2
** Defeated Owen Reilly (Great Britain) PTS
** Defeated Freddie Gilroy (Ireland) PTS
** Defeated Song Soon-Chun (South Korea) PTS
* 1957 East German Bantamweight Champion
* 1960 East German Featherweight Champion
# Thienothiophene

In organic chemistry, thienothiophene is any of several compounds consisting of two fused thiophene rings. They have the molecular formula C$_6$H$_4$S$_2$. Three constitutional isomers have been synthesized: thieno[3,2-b]thiophene, thieno[2,3-b]thiophene, and thieno[3,4-b]thiophene. The other isomer features S(IV) and is less stable. Thieno[2,3-b]thiophene was the first member of the series to be isolated. It was obtained in very low yield upon heating citric acid, a source of a six-carbon linear chain, with P$_4$S$_{10}$. More efficient syntheses of this and the other two stable thienothiophenes involve cyclization reactions of substituted thiophenes.
Three thienothiophenes, being aromatic and bicyclic, are often compared to naphthalene. They are the topic of academic research. They have no commercial applications nor are they or their derivatives found naturally.
* Isomers of thienothiophene
* Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene CAS RN 251-41-2 m.p. 56.0-56.5 °C white solid.
* Thieno[2,3-b]thiophene CAS RN 250-84-0 b.p. 102 °C at 16 mmHg colorless oil.
* Thieno[3,4-b]thiophene CAS RN 250-65-7 m.p. 7.0-7.5 °C colorless oil.
* 2λ$^4$δ$^2$-Thieno[3,4-c]thiophene CAS RN 24976-21-4 not isolated.
# Heinrich Hopfgarten

Heinrich Hopfgarten, O.S.A. (died 1460) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Auxiliary Bishop of Mainz (1455–1460) and Titular Bishop of Rhosus (1455–1460).

## Biography

Heinrich Hopfgarten was born in Erfurt, Germany and ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Augustine. On 21 Nov 1455, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Eugene IV as Auxiliary Bishop of Mainz and Titular Bishop of Rhosus. On 13 Jul 1456, he was consecrated bishop. He served as Auxiliary Bishop of Mainz until his death on 24 Mar 1460 in Mainz, Germany.
# Khanewal–Wazirabad Branch Line

Khanewal–Wazirabad Branch Line (Urdu: خانیوال-وزیرآباد فرعی ریلوے خط) is one of several branch lines in Pakistan, operated and maintained by Pakistan Railways. The line begins at Khanewal Junction station and ends at Wazirabad Junction station. There are 30 railway stations between these two junctions, across a total length of 325 kilometers (202 mi) of railway line. The line is important as it connects Faisalabad with other parts of the country by rail. The Khanewal–Wazirabad Branch Line was originally named the Wazirabad–Multan Railway under the North Western State Railway. A survey for a railway line began in 1892. The Wazirabad–Lyallpur began construction in 1894 and opened in 1896. The Lyallpur–Multan section began construction the following year and opened in 1899.

## Stations

The railway stations on this railway line are:
* Khanewal Junction
* Mian Shamir
* Makhdumpur Pahoran
* Jan Muhammad Wala
* Abdul Hakim
* Mouza Daultana (Abandoned)
* Dharkana
* Jarala
* Shorkot Cantonment Junction
* Sattar Wala Halt
* Chutiana
* Alisar Halt
* Dabanawala
* Toba Tek Singh
* Seowal (Abandoned)
* Janiwala
* Noorpur Halt
* Gojra
* Kot Salim Shahid Halt
* Kot Abadan Halt (Abandoned)
* Pakka Anna
* Sar Shamir Road
* Abbaspur (Abandoned)
* Risalewala
* Samanabad (Abandoned)
* Faisalabad
* Nishatabad (Abandoned)
* Faisalabad Dry Port
* Sultan Nagar (Abandoned)
* Chak Jhumra Junction
* Sahianwala
* Dar-ul-Ihsan
* Sangla Hill Junction
* Marh Balochan
* Rattan Halt (Abandoned)
* Sukheke
* Nautheh (Abandoned)
* Kaleke
* Madharian Wala
* Hafizabad
* Shori Chatta (Abandoned)
* Gajar Gola (Abandoned)
* Alipur Chatta
* Mancher Chatta (Abandoned)
* Jamke Chatta
* Dharowal Kang Halt
* Mansurwali
* Wadala Cheema Halt
* Wazirabad Junction
# Wolfgang Fischer (athlete)

Wolfgang Fischer (27 February 1928 – 25 November 1987) was a German hurdler. He competed in the men's 400 metres hurdles at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
# Robert J. Larson

Robert J. Larson is a former member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

## Biography

Larson was born on December 4, 1932, in Osseo, Wisconsin. During the Korean War, Larson served in the United States Air Force. He later graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire, the University of Wisconsin–Stout and the University of Minnesota. Larson is married with four children and six grandchildren.

## Political career

Larson was first elected to the Assembly in 1978. He is a Republican.
# Bentein Baardson

Bentein Baardson (born 6 November 1953 in New York City) is a Norwegian actor, instructor and theatre director.
He was born in New York, and is the son of Brynjolv Baardson.
Bentein Baardson graduated from Teaterhøyskolen in 1975. He has set up plays at a number of theatres, including Nationaltheatret, Det Norske Teatret, Den Nationale Scene and Agder Teater. He was theatre director at Rogaland Teater from 1986 to 1989, leading Agder Teater from its opening in 1991 to 1994, was art director for the opening and closing ceremonies at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, and theatre director at Den Nationale Scene from 1998 to 2001. In 2005 he directed the gala concert at Oslo Konserthus in connection with the 1905 jubilee. Baardson was the artistic and executive director of the 2006 Ibsen Year.
In 1980, Bentein Baardson was awarded the first Per Aabels ærespris, an annual honorary award which is named for respected Norwegian comic actor, Per Aabel. In 1998, Baardson received the Anders Jahres kulturpris, an honorary award named for Norwegian shipping magnate, Anders August Jahre. He was decorated Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 2000. He has been appointed member of the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature. Managing Director in Kilden Performing Arts Centre from February 2012.
# John J. Nash

John Joseph Nash (died February 1989) was a member of Seanad Éireann from 1961 to 1973 on the Cultural and Educational Panel. He represented Fianna Fáil. He resided in Templemore Co. Tipperary where he was the owner of Tipperary Glass. He died in an accident while on holiday in February 1989.
# Jean Tricart

Jean Tricart (16 September 1920 – 4 May 2003) was a French geomorphologist. In 1948, he became a professor at the University of Strasbourg, where he remained for the rest of his career. The Tricart's doctoral thesis dealt with the Paris Basin and resulted in a publication acclaimed in France. He often collaborated with his friend André Cailleux. From 1962 to 1974, he and Callieux published five works on the subject of geomorphology and climate. Most of his works were published in French.
Tricart considered that he had, 'a broad systems approach to landform genesis.'. This paper is response to Denys Brunsden's 'Tablets of Stone'.
He was awarded the Busk Medal by the Royal Geographical Society in 1985.
# Dedeline Mibamba Kimbata

Dedeline Mibamba Kimbata (born 5 February 1982) is a Congolese Paralympic track and field athlete.

## Personal life

Kimbata was born on 5 February 1982. She was born to a poor family living in Kinshasa, the capital and the largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
At the age of 18 she stepped on a landmine whilst crossing the border between the DRC and Angola. As a result, she lost her legs and had to stay in hospital for two years before being provided with prosthetic limbs by the Red Cross.
During her stay in London for the Paralympics she applied for political asylum, since she feared prosecution in the DRC because of her protest against president Joseph Kabila.

## Athletics

Kimbata had played basketball as a teenager and in 2011 decided to take up sport again. With the assistance of religious charities she began wheelchair racing at the Acoshi athletics club. She raced in her everyday wheelchair and despite her government providing funds to sports officials to buy her a racing chair it never arrived. She competes in the T54 Paralympic classification.
The International Paralympic Committee gave Kimbata a wildcard to allow her to compete at the 2012 Summer Paralympics held in London, United Kingdom, where alongside Levy Kitambala Kizito she made up the DRC's first ever Paralympic team. She came to her training camp at the University of Bedfordshire without a racing wheelchair but had one donated to her by Kenyan Paralympian Anne Wafula Strike after the two were put in contact by The Dream, a charity campaign run by organisations in Britain and Haiti.
At the Paralympics Kimbata carried the DRC flag during the Parade of Nations at the opening ceremony. She initially planned to compete in the F57–58 discus and the 1500 metres, but changed to competing in the discus and the T54 100 metres. Her discus event took place on 4 September and the 100 m event on 8 September, both in the Olympic Stadium in the Olympic Park, London. She finished seventeenth in the discus with a throw of 9.29 metres. In the 100 metres she finished seventh in her heat, in a season's best time of 23.08 seconds, but failed to qualify for the final.
# Charles McKinley Saltzman

Charles McKinley Saltzman (18 October 1871 – 25 November 1942) was an American Major General. He participated in several military campaigns and held the office of Chief Signal Officer.

## Military career

Charles M. Saltzman was commissioned as a second lieutenant of cavalry from the United States Military Academy in 1896. He was assigned to the Cavalry and served with the 1st Cavalry in Cuba, where he earned two Silver Stars for gallantry during the Battle of Las Guasimas and Santiago in 1898.
Saltzman became signal officer in General Leonard Woods staff and participated in the US campaign during the Moro Rebellion in the Philippine–American War. 1912 in London he was a delegate of the United States for the International Radiotelegraph Convention.
With the entry of the United States in World War I in 1918, Saltzman was transferred to the Division of Military Aeronautics. After the retirement of Chief Signal Officer George Owen Squier in 1924, Saltzmann was appointed as successor and held the post of Chief Signal Officer until his own retirement in 1928.

## Civilian career

US President Herbert Hoover nominated Charles M. Saltzman for the Federal Radio Commission, where he acted as chairman from 1930 to 1932.

## Death and legacy

He died on 25 November 1942 in Washington, D.C. Saltzman was buried in Arlington National Cemetery with his wife, Mary Eskridge Saltzman.
# Oligonema

Oligonema may refer to:
* Oligonema (protist), a genus of slime mold in the order Trichiales
* A synonym of Grindelia, a plant genus in the family Asteraceae
# Wolfgang Hamberger

Wolfgang Hamberger (born 29 July 1942) is a German sports shooter. He competed in the men's 50 metre running target event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
# Walter Madeley

Walter Bayley Madeley (Woolwich, England, 28 July 1873 – Boksburg, South Africa, 12 May 1947) was a leader of the South African Labour Party and a cabinet minister.

## Background

Madeley was born in Woolwich, England and got his schooling at Bombay Cathedral High School in India. In 1889, he became an apprentice at the Woolwich Arsenal. In 1896 he immigrated to South Africa where he was a fitter in a mine on the Rand. He joined the Amalgamated Society of Engineers and took part in various strikes. He was also the first vice-president of the Kimberley Trades Council, but was one of five of its leaders sacked by De Beers for their trade union activism. This led him to start giving public speeches, in opposition to victimisation. He relocated to the East Rand to find work, but was repeatedly victimised, and was compelled to start his own business in order to make a living.
Madeley was soon considered a leading figure in the Labour Party because of his exceptional ability. In the 1910 general election, he was first elected to the House of Assembly of South Africa as a Labour MP. He represented the districts of Springs (1910-1915), then Benoni (1915-1945).
J.B.M. Hertzog's National Party formed a coalition government with Labour following the 1924 election in order to oust Jan Smuts's South African Party government. In November 1925, Madeley joined the cabinet as minister of post and telegraph services and public works. Even as minister, he advocated socialist policies such as nationalization of the means of production, to the embarrassment of his National Party colleagues.
In 1928 he received, against the express wishes of Hertzog, a delegation of the Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union, an unrecognized union which had Black members and grieved the working conditions of Black employees in his department. Hertzog asked him to resign, but when he refused, Hertzog dropped him from the cabinet. This created a rift within the Labour Party whose leader, Frederic Creswell, supported Hertzog and remained in the government while Madeley's faction went in opposition and became known as "National Council Labour". The split continued until the 1933 election when Creswell's faction dissolved into Hertozg's National Party leaving Madeley to become undisputed leader of the Labour Party.
With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the Labour Party voted against the Prime Minister Hertzog's motion of neutrality and supported Jan Smuts, whose party had entered into coalition with Hertzog in 1934 to form the United Party with Smuts as deputy prime minister. Hertzog was forced to resign, and Smuts became prime minister for the duration of the war. Labour entered the wartime coalition government and Madeley served as Minister of Labour until the party left the coalition at the end of the war in 1945, he also served as minister of social affairs from 1939 to 1943. Madeley resigned as party leader in 1946 and died the next year.
# Elaine Chan

Elaine Chan Yu-ning (Chinese: 陳宇寧; Jyutping: can$^4$ jyu$^5$ ning$^4$; born March 15, 1988) is a two-time Olympic swimmer from Hong Kong, specialized in freestyle events. At age sixteen, Chan first competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, where she finished forty-seventh in the women's 50 m freestyle, with a time of 27.48 seconds. Following her remarkable performance at the Olympics, Chan granted a full scholarship to the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, where she trained with the college swimming team for 18 months. In 2007, Chan returned to Hong Kong to pursue her education with a bachelor's degree in economics and finance at the University of Hong Kong, while she trained with the national team in preparation for the Olympics. She qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, and competed for the second time in women's 50 m freestyle. She swam in the seventh heat of the competition, with a time of 26.54 seconds, bettering her personal best from the previous Olympics, but finishing only in forty-fourth place.
# Kazimierz Karczmarz

Kazimierz Karczmarz (7 May 1933 – 20 July 2011) was a Polish botanist, bryologist, university teacher, long-time head of the Plant Systems Department of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, retired in 2003 .
Between 1965 and 1971 he edited several exsiccatae.

## Awards and decorations

* Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
* Gold Cross of Merit
* Medal of the Commission of National Education [pl]
* Hononary medals from Lublin Voivodship and Tarnobrzeg Voivodship
# Bob Jackson (Kentucky politician)

Robert L. Jackson (born 1962) is an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky Senate from 1997 to 2005. Jackson was first elected in a November 1997 special election following the death of incumbent senator Jeff Green. He did not seek reelection in 2004 and was succeeded by Republican Kenneth W. Winters.
Jackson has served as the president of Murray State University since 2018, and plans to retire at the end of the current school year in June 2025.
# Xaver Höger

Xaver Höger (7 April 1930 – 7 April 2014) was a German long-distance runner. He competed in the men's 10,000 metres at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
# Walter S. Hallanan

Walter S. Hallanan (1889/1890 – December 28, 1962) was a West Virginia political figure who served as temporary chairman of the 1952 Republican National Convention and vice-chairman of the Republican National Committee. He was named West Virginian of the Year for 1952. An oilman, he was installed as temporary convention chairman by his fellow supporters of Sen. Robert A. Taft, who went on to lose the nomination to Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Earlier in his career, Hallanan edited the Huntington Herald-Dispatch newspaper and served as West Virginia's state Tax Commissioner. He was elected to one term in the West Virginia Senate in 1926. After being defeated for re-election to the Senate, Hallanan was elected to serve as West Virginia's Republican National Committeeman in 1928. He remained an RNC member until his death in Charleston on December 28, 1962. He was buried in Spring Hill Cemetery.
# Chauncey B. Little

Chauncey Bundy Little (February 10, 1877 – September 29, 1952) was a U.S. Representative from Kansas.
Born in Olathe, Kansas, Little attended grade school and high school in Olathe and the Kansas State College at Manhattan. In 1898, he graduated from the law department of the University of Kansas at Lawrence. He was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced practice in Olathe. He was the city attorney of Olathe from 1901–06, and served as the county attorney of Johnson County, Kansas from 1909 to 1913.
Little was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-ninth Congress (March 4, 1925 – March 3, 1927). He was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election in 1926 to the Seventieth Congress. He resumed the practice of law. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Kansas in 1928. He died in Olathe, Kansas on September 29, 1952, and was interred in Olathe Cemetery.
# The Speech (Sanders book)

* This article is part of a series about Bernie Sanders
Political positions
Electoral history
Early life
Early career
University of Chicago sit-ins
Mayor of Burlington
Mayoral career
U.S. Representative from Vermont's at-large district
Representative career
CPC
Elections
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
U.S. Senator from Vermont
Senate career
Elections
2006
2012
2018
2024
Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act
2010 Tax Relief Act filibuster
Veterans Choice Act
Stop BEZOS Act
Yemen War Powers Resolution
Workplace Democracy Act
Presidential campaigns
2016
endorsements
"America"
primaries
convention
2020
endorsements
primaries
Published works
We Shall Overcome
Outsider in the White House
The Speech
Our Revolution
Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution
Where We Go from Here
It's OK to Be Angry About Capitalism :
vte :
The Speech: A Historic Filibuster on Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class is a 2011 political book authored by U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders and published by PublicAffairs. In 2015, it was reprinted by Bold Type Books with a new foreword.
The book is a transcript of the filibuster Sanders delivered on the U.S. Senate floor on December 10, 2010, against the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010. The speech lasted 8 hours and 37 minutes.

## Content

The book contains the text of the 8+1⁄2–hour speech Sanders delivered against the 2010 Tax Relief Act. The compromise bill proposed extending the Bush-era tax rates, while extending some of the provisions of the 2009 Recovery Act. Sanders argued that the legislation would favor the wealthiest Americans, mocking the need for the wealthy to own multiple homes. "Enough is enough! ... How many homes can you own?" he asked.
Despite his objections, the bill eventually passed the Senate with a strong majority, and was signed into law on December 17, 2010.

## Reception

Matt Taibbi of Rolling Stone praised the book, saying, “Bernie Sanders is such a rarity, and people should appreciate what he’s doing not just for his home state of Vermont, but for the reputation of all politicians in general.”
In response to the speech, hundreds of people signed online petitions urging Sanders to run in the 2012 presidential election, and pollsters began measuring his support in key primary states. Progressive activists such as Rabbi Michael Lerner and economist David Korten publicly voiced their support for a prospective Sanders run against President Obama. While Sanders declined to run for president in 2012 (instead running for re-election to the Senate), he would later run in 2016 and again in 2020.
On February 28, 2020 a lo-fi edit of the speech was published on Youtube and has over 3.8 million views as of November 2024.