OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Secondary metabolism

Secondary metabolism (also called specialized metabolism) is a term for pathways and small molecule products of metabolism that are involved in ecological interactions, but are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism. These molecules are sometimes produced by specialized cells, such as laticifers in plants. Secondary metabolites commonly mediate antagonistic interactions, such as competition and predation, as well as mutualistic ones such as pollination and resource mutualisms. Examples of secondary metabolites include antibiotics, pigments and scents. The opposite of secondary metabolites are primary metabolites, which are considered to be essential to the normal growth or development of an organism.
Secondary metabolites are produced by many microbes, plants, fungi and animals, usually living in crowded habitats, where chemical defense represents a better option than physical escape. It is very hard to distinguish primary and secondary metabolites due to often overlapping of the intermediates and pathways of primary and secondary metabolism. As an example can serve sterols, that are products of secondary metabolism, and, at the same time, represent a base for a cell structure.

## Important secondary metabolites

* Antibiotics, such as streptomycin and penicillin
* Pigments, such as delphinidin
* Scents, such as ionone
# Chapei dang veng

The Chapei Dang Veng (Khmer: ចាប៉ីដងវែង) or chapey (ចាប៉ី) is a Cambodian two-stringed, long-necked guitar that is usually plucked.
Chapei Dang Veng has two double courses of nylon strings. The top and bottom strings are typically tuned to G and C respectively, with the 12 frets having notes 1 D, 2 E, 3 F, 4 G, 5 A, 6 B, 7 C, 8 D, 9 E, 10 F, 11 G, 12 A.
Chapei Dang Veng also encapsulates in a broader scale a musical tradition closely associated with the life, customs and beliefs of the Cambodian people. The Chapei Dang Veng is often accompanied by singing. Song lyrics range from the educational and a type of social commentary, to satire while incorporating traditional poems, folk tales or Buddhist stories. The tradition is considered to have multiple functions within Cambodian communities, such as safeguarding traditional rituals; transmitting social, cultural and religious knowledge and values; providing exposure to the Old Khmer language; creating a space for social and political commentary; entertaining; connecting generations; and building social cohesion. Apart from musical talent, skills required to be a chapei player include wit, the ability to improvise and be a good storyteller. While performers are generally male, there are no gender restrictions on who can play the chapei. Transmitted orally within families and informal master-apprentice relationships, today the art form is practised by few performers and even fewer masters exist. The Khmer Rouge regime severely affected the bearer population and disrupted transmission of the practice with long-term implications as communities now face the prospect of a tradition that could potentially disappear.
Chapei Dang Veng has been inscribed as World Intangible Heritage in 2016.
# Ian McColl, Baron McColl of Dulwich

Ian McColl, Baron McColl of Dulwich, CBE, FKC (born 6 January 1933), is a British surgeon, professor, politician and Conservative member of the House of Lords. McColl was made a life peer for his work for disabled people in the Queen's Birthday Honours in 1989, which was gazetted on 29 July 1989 with the style and title of Baron McColl of Dulwich, of Bermondsey in the London Borough of Southwark. He was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Prime Minister John Major (of which he served concurrently with John Ward MP) from 1994 to 1997 for which he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1997.
From 1997 to 2000, he was a Shadow Minister for Health. He is also a trustee and surgeon to the international charity Mercy Ships.
McColl was educated at Hutchesons' Grammar School, Glasgow, and St. Paul's School, London. He studied medicine at the University of London and was Professor of surgery at Guy's Hospital until 1998. He is a Fellow of King's College London, where he continues to teach on the Guy's Campus.

## Legislative proposals

In June 2015, he introduced a private member's bill to prohibit the advertising of prostitution, the Advertising of Prostitution (Prohibition) Bill 2015–16.
On 26 June 2017, he introduced the Modern Slavery (Victim Support) Bill, a private member's bill to "make provision about identifying and supporting victims of modern slavery". The Bill completed its House of Lords stages on 10 May 2018 and was presented to the House of Commons on 18 May 2018. The Bill would amend the period of assistance and support offered to victims with a conclusive grounds status to 12 months after a 45-day period of "reflection and recovery" ends. The same Bill was re-introduced for a First Reading in the House of Lords on 13 January 2020, and, as of 27 October 2022, is in the Second Reading in the House of Lords.
Coat of arms of Ian McColl, Baron McColl of Dulwich :
* CrestA demi-lion rampant Or, head and mane Gules, gorged with three barrulets wavy Argent, flanked by oak branches formed chevronwise as an “M” leaved Argent and fructed Or, on an escroll Proper.
* EscutcheonAzure, a cross Or between in the first quarter a leg embowed in armour; in the second quarter a dove volant to the sinister; in the third quarter a fleam, and in the fourth quarter a fish haurient, all Argent.
* SupportersDexter, a dachshund rampant Proper, sinister, an eagle close also Proper armed Or and crowned with an ancient crown Gold.
* MottoDare Quam Accipere
# Silvio Padoin

Silvio Padoin (9 April 1930 – 31 October 2019) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop.
Padoin was born in Pieve di Soligo, Italy, in April 1930 and was ordained to the priesthood in 1955. He was Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pozzuoli, Italy, from 1993 to 2005.
# Manik Chand Jatav-vir

Rao Manik Chand Jatav- was a Dalit activist and Member of 1st Lok Sabha from Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan.

## Biography

Manik Chand Jatav-vir was born to Shri Bab Saheb Bhola Nath Jatav-Vir and Smt. Vishastra Devi in March 1897 at Agra, North-Western Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh). He got his education at St. John's College, Agra. He was imprisoned in connection with Dalit Uplift movement in 1947. He had a lifelong interest in Dalit Uplift and Social Services. He lived in Vir Bhawan, Raja ki Mandi, Agra (U.P.)

## Posts held

* Member of Parliament (Krishikar Lok Party) from Bharatpur-Sawai MadhopurRajasthan (Reserved for SC) in 1952.
* 1 D.; Businessman; Member, Sewa Samiti, Agra, 1912
* Member, Arya Kumar Sabha, Agra, 1912
* Founder, Shree Jatav Maha Sabha, 1917
* Member, Arya Mitra Sabha, 1915—18
* Incharge, Municipal Hospital, Agra, 1918—28
* Founder, Jatav-Vir Dal, 1923
* President, U.P. Depressed Classes League
* Founder, the "Jeevan Jyoti" and the "Jatav Granthmala", monthly magazines, 1934
* M.L.A., U.P., 1937—39
* Founder, Jatav-Vir Institute, Agra, 1937
* Chairman, District Scheduled Caste Education Board, Agra, 1938-45.
* Member, U.P. Provincial War Board, 1940—44
* Member, Provincial Civil Defence Committee, 1941
* Member, Provincial Reclamation Board, U.P., and Provincial Scheduled Castes Education Board, U.P., 1943—45

## Recognition

* In 1943, Viceroy awarded a prize for services to Depressed Classes
* Became Rao Sahib and then Jagir in 1945.
# Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music

The Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music is one of the annual film awards given by the Los Angeles Film Critics Association.

## Winners
### 1990s

| Year | Winner | Composer(s) |
| 1990 | The Sheltering Sky | Richard Horowitz and Ryuichi Sakamoto |
| 1991 | The Double Life of Véronique (La double vie de Véronique) | Zbigniew Preisner |
| 1991 | At Play in the Fields of the Lord | Zbigniew Preisner |
| 1991 | Europa Europa | Zbigniew Preisner |
| 1992 | Damage | Zbigniew Preisner |
| 1993 | Blue (Bleu) | Zbigniew Preisner |
| 1993 | The Secret Garden | Zbigniew Preisner |
| 1993 | Olivier, Olivier | Zbigniew Preisner |
| 1994 | Ed Wood | Howard Shore |
| 1995 | A Little Princess | Patrick Doyle |
| 1996 | Kansas City | Hal Willner and The Hey Hey Club Musicians |
| 1997 | Kundun | Philip Glass |
| 1998 | The Butcher Boy | Elliot Goldenthal |
| 1999 | South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut | Trey Parker and Marc Shaiman |

### 2000s

| Year | Winner | Composer(s) |
| 2000 | Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (Wo hu cang long) | Tan Dun |
| 2001 | The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring | Howard Shore |
| 2002 | Far from Heaven | Elmer Bernstein |
| 2003 | The Triplets of Belleville (Les triplets de Belleville) | Benoît Charest |
| 2004 | The Incredibles | Michael Giacchino |
| 2005 | Howl's Moving Castle (Hauru no ugoku shiro) | Joe Hisaishi and Youmi Kimura |
| 2006 | The Painted Veil | Alexandre Desplat |
| 2006 | The Queen | Alexandre Desplat |
| 2007 | Once | Glen Hansard and Marketa Irglova |
| 2008 | Slumdog Millionaire | A. R. Rahman |
| 2009 | Crazy Heart | T-Bone Burnett and Stephen Bruton |

### 2010s

| Year | Winner | Composer(s) |
| 2010 | The Ghost Writer | Alexandre Desplat |
| 2010 | The Social Network | Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross |
| 2011 | Hanna | The Chemical Brothers |
| 2012 | Beasts of the Southern Wild | Dan Romer and Benh Zeitlin |
| 2013 | Inside Llewyn Davis | T Bone Burnett |
| 2014 | Inherent Vice | Jonny Greenwood |
| 2014 | Under the Skin | Mica Levi |
| 2015 | Anomalisa | Carter Burwell |
| 2015 | Carol | Carter Burwell |
| 2016 | La La Land | Justin Hurwitz, Pasek and Paul |
| 2017 | Phantom Thread | Jonny Greenwood |
| 2018 | If Beale Street Could Talk | Nicholas Britell |
| 2019 | I Lost My Body | Dan Levy |

### 2020s

| Year | Winner | Composer(s) |
| 2020 | Soul | Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross |
| 2021 | Parallel Mothers | Alberto Iglesias |
| 2022 | RRR | M. M. Keeravani |
| 2023 | The Zone of Interest | Mica Levi |
| 2024 | Challengers | Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross |

## Multiple winners

3 Awards
* Zbigniew Preisner (for 7 films)
* Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross
2 Awards
* T-Bone Burnett
* Alexandre Desplat (for 3 films)
* Jonny Greenwood
* Mica Levi
* Howard Shore
# Juan Carlos Higuero

Juan Carlos Higuero Mate (born 3 August 1978) is a Spanish middle distance runner, who mostly concentrates on the 1500 metres. He was born in Aranda de Duero, Burgos.
At the 2006 European Championships in Athletics Higuero won two bronze medals, over 1500 and 5000 metres. It was his international major event debut in the 5000 metres. He already had two silver medals from the European Indoor Championships.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Spain ||||||
| 1997 | European Junior Championships | Ljubljana, Slovenia | 6th | 5000 m | 14:31.79 |
| 1999 | European U23 Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 14th (h) | 1500 m | 3:45.34 |
| 2000 | European Indoor Championships | Ghent, Belgium | 6th | 1500 m | 3:44.07 |
| 2000 | Olympic Games | Sydney, Australia | 8th | 1500 m | 3:38.91 |
| 2001 | World Indoor Championships | Lisbon, Portugal | 9th | 1500 m | 3:56.71 |
| 2002 | European Indoor Championships | Vienna, Austria | 2nd | 1500 m | 3:50.08 |
| 2002 | European Championships | Munich, Germany | 5th | 1500 m | 3:45.81 |
| 2003 | World Indoor Championships | Birmingham, United Kingdom | 8th | 1500 m | 3:44.81 |
| 2003 | World Championships | Paris, France | 11th | 1500 m | 3:38.49 |
| 2004 | World Indoor Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 10th (h) | 1500 m | 3:42.25 |
| 2004 | Olympic Games | Athens, Greece | 17th (h) | 1500 m | 3:42.13 |
| 2005 | European Indoor Championships | Madrid, Spain | 2nd | 1500 m | 3:37.98 |
| 2005 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 6th | 1500 m | 3:40.34 |
| 2005 | World Athletics Final | Monte Carlo, Monaco | 10th | 1500 m | 3:45.45 |
| 2006 | European Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 3rd | 1500 m | 3:39.62 |
| 2006 | European Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 3rd | 5000 m | 13:46.48 |
| 2007 | European Indoor Championships | Birmingham, United Kingdom | 1st | 1500 m | 3:44.41 |
| 2007 | World Championships | Osaka, Japan | 13th | 1500 m | 3:38.43 |
| 2008 | World Indoor Championships | Valencia, Spain | 3rd | 1500 m | 3:38.82 |
| 2008 | Olympic Games | Beijing, China | 4th | 1500 m | 3:34.44 |
| 2009 | World Championships | Berlin, Germany | 14th (sf) | 1500 m | 3:37.33 |
| 2011 | European Indoor Championships | Paris, France | 6th | 1500 m | 3:42.29 |
| 2011 | European Team Championships | Stockholm, Sweden | 1st | 3000 m | 8:03.43 |
| 2013 | European Indoor Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 2nd | 3000 m | 7:50.26 |

### Personal bests

* 800 metres - 1:45.87 min (2007)
* 1500 metres - 3:31.57 min (2006)
* Mile - 3:52.49 min (2002)
* 3000 metres - 7:59.76 min (1999)
* 5000 metres - 13:33.65 min (2006)
# Melvin Bachelet

Melvin Bachelet (born 23 May 2003) is a French professional football player who plays for Championnat National 2 club Beauvais.

## Club career

Melvin Bachelet is a graduate of the Le Havre AC academy, where he was one of the most highly regarded U17.
He made his professional debut for Le Havre on the 15 May 2021, during the Ligue 2 3-2 home win against the league champions of ESTAC Troyes, debuting the game as a left-back.
# List of Olympic venues in rugby sevens

There are five venues that have been or are planned to be used for rugby sevens in the Summer Olympics:
| Games | Venue | Other sports hosted at this venue at these games | Capacity |
| 2016 Rio de Janeiro | Deodoro Stadium | Modern pentathlon (riding, combined run & shoot) | 15,000 |
| 2020 Tokyo | Tokyo Stadium | Football, Modern pentathlon (swimming, riding, combined run & shoot) | 48,000 |
| 2024 Paris | Stade de France | Ceremonies (closing), Athletics | 77,083 |
| 2028 Los Angeles | South Bay Stadium | Modern pentathlon (all except fencing) | 27,000 |
| 2032 Brisbane | Lang Park | Football (finals) | 52,500 |
# Christopher Columbus Harris

Christopher Columbus Harris (January 28, 1842 – December 28, 1935) was an American lawyer, banker, and Confederate Civil War veteran who represented Alabama's 8th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1914 to 1915.

## Early life

Harris was born in Lawrence County, Alabama near the community of Mount Hope. His education consisted of both the public schools and private tutoring.

### Civil War

When the American Civil War began, Harris enlisted in the Confederate States of America army. He was assigned to the Sixteenth Alabama Infantry, Company F. He progressed through the ranks, attaining the rank of lieutenant. At a point, Harris was captured and taken as a prisoner of war by the Union. He was held at Camp Chase, Ohio, until the war ended.

## Postwar activities

Upon returning to Alabama, Harris served as Clerk of the Circuit Court of Lawrence County from 1865 to 1867. He studied law and began to practice in Moulton, Alabama. In 1872, Harris moved to the larger city of Decatur, Alabama, where he continued his practice of law. In 1887 he was instrumental in establishing the First National Bank of Decatur and served as its president until 1913.

## Politics

In that year he established the Bank of Commerce and became its president. He also became the chairman of the Democratic executive committee for the 8th district and was elected to fill the unexpired term of William Richardson, who had died in office. He served from May 1914 until March 1915. He did not seek reelection.

## Later life

After his Washington work, Harris returned to Alabama and served as president of City National Bank in Decatur. He was later named to the Chairmanship of the bank.

### Death and burial

He died December 28, 1935 at the age of 93. He is buried in the Decatur City Cemetery, Decatur, Alabama.
# William C. Galvin

William C. Galvin (born October 18, 1956) is an American insurance broker and politician who represents the 6th Norfolk District in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. A member of the Democratic Party, he was first elected to the legislature in 1990.

## Political career

Galvin entered politics when he was elected to the Canton Board of Library Trustees, where he served from 1979 to 1987. He was then elected to the town's Board of Assessors, a position which he has held since 1987.
In 1990, with incumbent Representative John H. Flood retiring to run for governor, Galvin sought the Democratic nomination for the 6th Norfolk District. He won the primary with 57.4% of the vote and the general election with 44.4% against Canton Republican Avril T. Elkort.

### Committee Assignments

* Chairperson, House Committee on Rules
* Chairperson, Joint Committee on Rules
# Darnell Sankey

Darnell Sankey (born October 11, 1994) is an American professional football linebacker for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was signed by the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent after the 2016 NFL draft. He played college football at Sacramento State.

## Professional career
### Denver Broncos

On July 26, 2016, Sankey was signed to the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent. He was waived on August 29, 2016.

### Oakland Raiders

On September 28, 2016, Sankey was signed to the Oakland Raiders' practice squad. On October 4, he was waived but re-signed the next day, only to be released a week later.

### Kansas City Chiefs

On December 5, 2016, Sankey was signed to the Kansas City Chiefs' practice squad. He was released on January 3, 2017.

### Minnesota Vikings

On July 29, 2017, Sankey was signed by the Minnesota Vikings. He was waived on August 20, 2017.

### Indianapolis Colts (first stint)

Three days after he was cut by the Vikings, Sankey was signed by the Indianapolis Colts on August 23, 2017. He was waived on September 2, 2017, and was signed to the Colts' practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on September 16, 2017. He was waived on September 18, 2017. He was re-signed to the practice squad on September 29. He was promoted back to the active roster on October 9, 2017. He was waived again on November 15, 2017.

### Baltimore Ravens

On November 29, 2017, Sankey was signed to the Baltimore Ravens' practice squad.

### Indianapolis Colts (second stint)

On January 11, 2018, Sankey signed a reserve/future contract with the Colts. He was waived by the Colts on May 1, 2018.

### Detroit Lions

On July 26, 2018, Sankey signed with the Detroit Lions. He was waived on September 1, 2018, and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was released on September 5, 2018.

### New Orleans Saints

On September 19, 2018, Sankey was signed to the New Orleans Saints' practice squad.
Sankey signed a reserve/future contract with the Saints on January 21, 2019. He was waived during final roster cuts on August 30, 2019.

### Calgary Stampeders

Sankey signed with the Calgary Stampeders on February 10, 2020. After the CFL canceled the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Sankey chose to opt-out of his contract with the Stampeders on August 31, 2020. He opted back in to his contract on January 12, 2021.

### Saskatchewan Roughriders

Sankey signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders on February 8, 2022.

### Arlington Renegades

Sankey signed with the Arlington Renegades of the XFL in February 2023. He won the 2023 XFL Championship on May 13, 2023. He was granted his release on August 3, 2023.

### Montreal Alouettes

On September 11, 2023, it was announced that Sankey had signed with the Montreal Alouettes. In 2023, he played in six regular season games, starting in five, where he had 31 defensive tackles, one sack, one interception, one forced fumble, and one fumble recovery. He would go on to win the Grey Cup with 8 defensive tackles and one sack.
# Courtney Marsh

Courtney Marsh is an American film director best known for her documentary Chau, Beyond the Lines for which she received an Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject) nomination at the 88th Academy Awards, with Jerry Franck.

## Filmography

* Amuse Bouche (2009)
* ZARI (2014)
* The Tulip Chair (2015)
* Chau, Beyond the Lines (2015)
* Where Did The Adults Go? (2024)

## Awards and nominations

* 2015: Austin Film Festival – Grand Jury Award – Best Documentary Short Film
* 2015: USA Film Festival – National Jury Award – Documentary Short Film
* 2015: Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival – Grand Jury Award – Best Documentary Short Film
* 2016: Irvine International Film Festival - Grand Jury Award - Best Documentary Short Film
* 2016: Academy Awards - Best Documentary - Short Subject
# Lordship of Phocaea

The Lordship of Phocaea (Greek: Ηγεμονία της Φώκαιας) was founded after in 1275, when the Genoese nobleman Manuele Zaccaria received the twin towns of Old Phocaea and New Phocaea as a fief from the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos. The Zaccaria family amassed a considerable fortune from their properties there, especially the rich alum mines. The Zaccaria held the lordship until 1340, when it was repossessed by the Byzantines under Andronikos III Palaiologos.

## Lords of Old and New Phocaea

* 1275–1288 Manuele Zaccaria
* 1288–1304 Benedetto I Zaccaria
* 1304–1314 Benedetto II Zaccaria
* 1314–1331 Andriolo Cattaneo (he married Aeliana Zaccaria)
* 1331–1340 Domenico Cattaneo

## Governors of Old and New Phocaea

* 1302–1307 Tedisio Zaccaria
* 1307 Nicolino Zaccaria
* 1307–1314 Andriolo Cattaneo
* 1329 Arrigo Tartaro

## Sources

* Ανέκδοτα νομίσματα και μολυβδόβουλλα των κατά τους μέσους αιώνας Δυναστών της Ελλάδος / υπό Παύλου Λάμπρου, Εν Αθήναις : Εκ του Τυπογραφείου αδελφών Πέρρη, 1880, pages 66–73
* Miller, William (1921). "The Zaccaria of Phocaea and Chios (1275-1329)". Essays on the Latin Orient. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–298. OCLC 457893641.
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