OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mirafra

Mirafra is a genus of lark in the family Alaudidae. Some Mirafra species are called "larks", while others are called "bush larks". They are all found in Africa except for the singing bush lark that is found through South Asia to Australia.

## Taxonomy

The genus Mirafra was introduced in 1821 by the American naturalist Thomas Horsfield to accommodate a single species, Mirafra javanica the singing bush lark, which is therefore considered as the type species. The derivation of the genus name is unknown.
A 2023 molecular phylogenetic study of the lark family Alaudidae by the Swedish ornithologist Per Alström and his collaborators found that the genus Mirafra contained deep internal genetic divergences. They therefore split Mirafra into four genera, each corresponding to a major clade. Species were moved to Plocealauda, Amirafra and Corypha leaving only seven species remaining in Mirafra.

### Extant species

The genus contains seven species:
| Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
| Mirafra passerina | Monotonous lark | southern Africa. |
| Mirafra pulpa | Friedmann's lark | East Africa. |
| Mirafra cordofanica | Kordofan lark | Mauritania and Senegal to Niger, eastern Chad, southern Sudan and northern South Sudan |
| Mirafra williamsi | Williams's lark | northern Kenya |
| Mirafra javanica | Singing bush lark | Australia and much of Southeast Asia. |
| Mirafra cheniana | Melodious lark | South Africa (Eastern Cape, the Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and North West Province), Botswana and Zimbabwe |
| Mirafra albicauda | White-tailed lark | western Chad, eastern Sudan, northeastern South Sudan, south-central Ethiopia, and from Uganda and western Kenya to central Tanzania |

### Former species

Some authorities, either presently or formerly, recognize several additional species as belonging to the genus Mirafra, including:
* Short-clawed lark (as Mirafra chuana)
* Dusky lark (as Mirafra nigricans)
* Rufous-rumped lark (as Mirafra erythropygia or Mirafra nigricans erythropygia)
* Indian desert finch-lark (as Mirafra phoenicuroides)
* Rufous-tailed lark (as Mirafra phoenicura)
* Madagascan lark (as Mirafra hova)
* Sabota lark (as Mirafra sabota)
* Bradfield's lark (as Mirafra naevia)
* Pink-breasted lark (as Mirafra poecilosterna)
* Foxy lark (as Mirafra alopex)
* Masai fawn-coloured lark (as Mirafra intercedens)
* Fawn-coloured lark (as Mirafra africanoides)
* Karoo lark (as Mirafra albescens or Mirafra nivosa)
* Red lark (as Mirafra burra)
* Dune lark (as Mirafra erythrochlamys)
* Barlow's lark (as Mirafra erythrochlamys barlowi)
* Rudd's lark (as Mirafra ruddi)
* Archer's lark (as Mirafra archeri)
* Sidamo lark (as Mirafra sidamoensis)
* Ngaundere sun lark (as Mirafra strümpelli)
* Uele sun lark (as Mirafra bucolica)
# Helmut Rethemeier

Helmut Rethemeier (born 8 June 1939) is a German equestrian and Olympic medalist. He competed in eventing at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, and won a silver medal with the German team.
# Lacuisine

Lacuisine (French pronunciation:; Gaumais: La Keûjine) is a village of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Florenville, located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.
Prior to the merger of municipalities in 1977, Lacuisine was an independent municipality. It includes the hamlet of Martué.

## Geography

The village is located north of Florenville, on the banks of the Semois river (a tributary of the Meuse).

## Points of interest

* Church of Saint Nicholas
* Village watermill
* Roussel forge, which was made famous by Edmond Picard's eponymous novel La Forge Roussel, scènes de la vie judiciaire (1881)
* Les Épioux (nature reserve, ponds, site of a forge in the 17th century)
* Roche Pinco, Roche de l'Écureuil and Roche du Chat, with a view over the Semois

## Culture

Each year, inhabitants of Lacuisine and Martué celebrate the end of winter. For a long time, Tordus and Marticots gathered together in front of a huge bonfire. Since 2012, after Candlemas, they hunt the spirits of "cold weather" thanks to a light celebration with which a Légende de l'Ours (bear legend) is associated. Creative activities, dance, tales and concerts give the meeting its tempo. All around the Tafia de l'Ours refreshment area, the light celebration is brightened up with candles put under the windows as well as a release of sky lanterns in the air.
# Changsha stinky tofu

Changsha stinky tofu or stinky dry food (simplified Chinese: 长沙臭豆腐; traditional Chinese: 長沙臭豆腐; lit. 'Changsha smelly bean curd'), known in Chinese as Changsha chou doufu, also translated as Changsha-style stinky tofu, is a traditional snack in Changsha, Hunan, which belongs to Hunan cuisine. It is one of the renowned stinky tofu in Southern China.
Changsha stinky tofu, along with Yongfeng chili sauce and Xiangtan lotus seeds, are referred to as the "Three Treasures of Hunan". It is the most applauded one among the different types of stinky tofu throughout China.
Changsha stinky tofu is famed for its spicy flavor, and unlike Sichuan stinky tofu, it has black crackling. The local people in Changsha call it chou ganzi (smelly jerky).
Stinky tofu is one of the traditional Chinese snacks, which has the characteristics of "smelling smelly and tasting delicious".
There are considerable differences in the production methods and eating methods in various places. There are different types in the north and the south. Stinky tofu is also called chouganzi(臭干子) in the south. Although its name is tacky, it is humble on the outside and beautiful on the inside, unusual in the ordinary, and has a long history. It is a unique traditional Chinese snack, and it is addictive. The production materials include soybeans, tempeh, sodium carbonate, etc.
# Saldanha Marinho

Saldanha Marinho is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. As of 2020, the estimated population was 2,622.
# Otakar Pertold

Otakar Pertold (born in Jaroměř 21 March 1884, died 3 May 1965 in Prague) was a Czech Indologist, religious studies historian and ethnologist, generally considered the pioneer of Asian religious studies in Czechoslovakia. From 1934, he was Professor of Religious Studies at Charles University. A member of many learned bodies, he was a prolific author and among English readers is best known for his work on Sri Lanka.
# Eugene Kamenka

Eugene Kamenka (4 March 1928 – 19 January 1994) was an Australian political philosopher and Marxist scholar.

## Biography

Kamenka was born in Cologne in 1928 and migrated to Australia with his parents in 1937. He was of Russian-Jewish origin. He was educated at the Sydney Technical High School, and after interrupting his studies went to Jerusalem where he married his first wife Miriam Mizrachi. Later, he returned to Sydney University by her encouragement to complete his degree and begin work on his later published thesis "The Ethical Foundations of Marxism" for the Australian national university, published 1962. Professor John Anderson of Sydney University was a key influence in his early career.
Kamenka lectured in philosophy at the University of Singapore where he met his second wife, Alice Tay and went on to lecture and research around Europe, North America, and Asia. He was a Professor and the Head of the History of Ideas Unit at the Institute of Advanced Studies of the Australian National University, and lived in Canberra. Together with Tay, a professor of jurisprudence at Sydney University and scholar of comparative and Asian legal systems, he authored several works in philosophy of law and comparative law.
He died in Canberra.

## Works

* The Ethical Foundations of Marxism (1962)
* Marxism and Ethics (1969)
* A World in Revolution? (1970)
* The Philosophy of Ludwig Feuerbach (1970)
* Nationalism: The Nature and Evolution of an Idea (1976)
* The Portable Karl Marx (1983)
* Bureaucracy (1989)
# Czarne, Kościerzyna County

Czarne is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Dziemiany, within Kościerzyna County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-east of Dziemiany, 19 km (12 mi) south-west of Kościerzyna, and 69 km (43 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Czarne Górne

Czarne Górne is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gardeja, within Kwidzyn County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) east of Gardeja, 17 km (11 mi) south-east of Kwidzyn, and 88 km (55 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Lala, Lanao del Norte

Lala, officially the Municipality of Lala (Cebuano: Lungsod sa Lala; Maranao: Inged a Lala; Tagalog: Bayan ng Lala), is a municipality in the province of Lanao del Norte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 73,425 people.
The town is famous for its specialized crab dishes and its Alimango festival, which is dedicated to its crab produce.

## History

Lala was created from Tubod through Executive Order No. 208 signed by President Elpidio Quirino on March 22, 1949.

## Geography

The Municipality of Lala is geographically situated in a vast plain within the Kapatagan Valley, with the area of 140.25 square kilometres (54.15 sq mi) along the coast of Panguil Bay. It is located about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from the municipality of Tubod, the seat of the provincial government, and 67.5 kilometres (41.9 mi) south-west of Iligan City, the commercial center of the province. It is geographically bounded on the north-west by Panguil Bay, on the north-east by the municipality of Baroy, on the south by the municipality of Kapatagan and on the east by the municipality of Salvador.

### Barangays

Lala is politically subdivided into 27 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
* Abaga
* Andil
* Cabasagan
* Camalan
* Darumawang Bucana
* Darumawang Ilaya
* El Salvador
* Gumagamot
* Lala Proper
* Lanipao
* Magpatao
* Maranding
* Matampay Bucana
* Matampay Ilaya
* Pacita
* Pendolonan
* Pinoyak
* Raw-an
* Rebe
* San Isidro Lower
* San Isidro Upper
* San Manuel
* Santa Cruz Lower
* Santa Cruz Upper
* Simpak
* Tenazas
* Tuna-an

### Climate

Climate data for Lala, Lanao del Norte :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29 (84) | 30 (86) | 31 (88) | 31 (88) | 30 (86) | 30 (86) | 29 (84) | 30 (86) | 30 (86) | 30 (86) | 30 (86) | 29 (84) | 30 (86) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22 (72) | 22 (72) | 22 (72) | 23 (73) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 23 (73) | 23 (73) | 23 (74) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 69 (2.7) | 58 (2.3) | 67 (2.6) | 60 (2.4) | 109 (4.3) | 114 (4.5) | 83 (3.3) | 78 (3.1) | 76 (3.0) | 92 (3.6) | 86 (3.4) | 63 (2.5) | 955 (37.7) |
| Average rainy days | 12.8 | 11.6 | 14.8 | 17.4 | 24.8 | 23.5 | 20.7 | 18.5 | 17.4 | 22.5 | 21.6 | 15.6 | 221.2 |
| Source: Meteoblue ||||||||||||||

## Economy

Poverty incidence of Lala
* 10
* 20
* 30
* 40
* 50
* 2006 35.10
* 2009 37.00
* 2012 43.30
* 2015 42.01
* 2018 18.54
* 2021 27.36
* Source: Philippine Statistics Authority
# Czarny Młyn, Słupsk County

Czarny Młyn is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Główczyce, within Słupsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) west of Główczyce, 19 km (12 mi) north-east of Słupsk, and 98 km (61 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Leyte, Leyte

Leyte (IPA: ['lɛɪte]), officially the Municipality of Leyte (Waray: Bungto han Leyte; Tagalog: Bayan ng Leyte), is a municipality in the province of Leyte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 40,397 people.

## History

There are several versions as to how the place got its name. One of these relates that according to tradition, toward the west of the present town of Carigara, was a village ruled by Datu Ete. When the Augustinian Fathers heard of the region, they went to the place in order to Christianize the natives. They sailed by boat towards a small bay that swelled into a big river. Disembarking at a small village near the bank of the river, the friars asked the natives for direction. The natives, not knowing the language, answered, "Hira Ete" - which means, "the place belonged to Ete." The friars thought the natives meant that the name of the place was called Hiraete, hence their communications with their superiors referred to the place as Hiraite.

## Geography
### Barangays

Leyte is politically subdivided into 30 barangays.  Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.
* Bachao
* Baco
* Bagaba-o
* Basud
* Belen
* Burabod
* Calaguise
* Consuegra
* Culasi
* Danus
* Elizabeth
* Kawayan
* Libas
* Maanda
* Macupa
* Mataloto
* Palarao
* Palid I (Ilawod)
* Palid II (Iraya)
* Parasan
* Poblacion
* Salog
* Sambulawan
* Tag-abaca
* Tapol
* Tigbawan
* Tinocdugan
* Toctoc
* Ugbon
* Wague

### Climate

Climate data for Leyte, Leyte :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28 (82) | 29 (84) | 29 (84) | 31 (88) | 31 (88) | 30 (86) | 30 (86) | 30 (86) | 30 (86) | 29 (84) | 29 (84) | 29 (84) | 30 (85) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23 (73) | 22 (72) | 22 (72) | 23 (73) | 24 (75) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 23 (73) | 24 (75) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 73 (2.9) | 56 (2.2) | 75 (3.0) | 71 (2.8) | 114 (4.5) | 174 (6.9) | 172 (6.8) | 163 (6.4) | 167 (6.6) | 161 (6.3) | 158 (6.2) | 125 (4.9) | 1,509 (59.5) |
| Average rainy days | 15.2 | 12.5 | 16.2 | 17.3 | 23.9 | 27.3 | 28.4 | 26.9 | 26.9 | 27.1 | 23.8 | 19.3 | 264.8 |
| Source: Meteoblue ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1903 | 6,918 | — |
| 1918 | 11,214 | +3.27% |
| 1939 | 18,862 | +2.51% |
| 1948 | 20,559 | +0.96% |
| 1960 | 20,539 | −0.01% |
| 1970 | 23,670 | +1.43% |
| 1975 | 28,182 | +3.56% |
| 1980 | 29,288 | +0.77% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1990 | 32,575 | +1.07% |
| 1995 | 34,126 | +0.88% |
| 2000 | 35,241 | +0.69% |
| 2007 | 35,478 | +0.09% |
| 2010 | 37,505 | +2.04% |
| 2015 | 40,639 | +1.54% |
| 2020 | 40,397 | −0.12% |
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority :
In the 2020 census, the population of Leyte was 40,397 people, with a density of 220 inhabitants per square kilometre or 570 inhabitants per square mile.

## Economy

Poverty incidence of Leyte
* 10
* 20
* 30
* 40
* 50
* 60
* 2006 47.80
* 2009 46.74
* 2012 53.59
* 2015 47.09
* 2018 36.93
* 2021 38.42
* Source: Philippine Statistics Authority
# Czernica, Pomeranian Voivodeship

Czernica is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brusy, within Chojnice County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-west of Brusy, 17 km (11 mi) north of Chojnice, and 87 km (54 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Czerniewko

Czerniewko is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Trąbki Wielkie, within Gdańsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Trąbki Wielkie, 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Pruszcz Gdański, and 24 km (15 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Czymanowo

Czymanowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gniewino, within Wejherowo County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Gniewino, 19 km (12 mi) north-west of Wejherowo, and 55 km (34 mi) north-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Ernest Webb

Ernest James Webb (25 April 1874 – 24 February 1937) was a British athlete who competed mainly in the 10-mile walk and competed for Great Britain in the 1908 Summer Olympics held in London and the 1912 Summer Olympics in Sweden.

## Biography

Webb, born in Hackney, London, competed for the Herne Hill Harriers.
Webb became the National 7 miles champion after winning the AAA Championships title at the 1908 AAA Championships. He also finished second behind George Larner in the 2 miles walk event.
At the 1908 Olympic Games, Webb competed in the 10 mile walk, winning the silver medal behind fellow Brit George Larner. The two of them repeated this in the 3500 metre walk, giving Ernest Webb his second silver medal of the games.
Webb won four more AAA titles in the 2 miles and 7 miles walks, at the 1909 AAA Championships and 1910 AAA Championships.
Three years later in 1912, he returned to the Olympic Games in Stockholm, Sweden, where he competed in the inaugural 10 kilometre walk and finished off with his third Olympic silver behind Canada's George Goulding.
He died in Toronto, Canada.
# Pyruvate oxidase (CoA-acetylating)

In enzymology, a pyruvate oxidase (CoA-acetylating) (EC 1.2.3.6) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    pyruvate + CoA + O$_2$ $\rightleftharpoons$ acetyl-CoA + CO$_2$ + H$_2$O$_2$
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are pyruvate, CoA, and O$_2$, whereas its 3 products are acetyl-CoA, CO$_2$, and H$_2$O$_2$.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases , specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with oxygen as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is pyruvate:oxygen 2 - oxidoreductase (CoA-acetylating). This enzyme participates in pyruvate metabolism. It employs one cofactor, FAD.
# Marcus Cotton

Marcus Glenn Cotton (born August 11, 1966) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL).
Cotton was born in Los Angeles, California and prepped at Castlemont High School in Oakland. He played college football, and was All-Pac-10 (1986 and 1987), at the University of Southern California. As a junior he was honored by the Associated Press as a second-team All-American, and as a senior he was chosen for the first-team by the NEA/World Almanac.
Cotton was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the second round of the 1988 NFL draft with the 28th overall pick. He spent four years in the NFL, splitting time between the Falcons, Cleveland Browns, and Seattle Seahawks. He recorded a career high nine sacks in 1989.
Cotton finished his career with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the CFL, where he logged four sacks in eleven games played over the 1994 and 1995 seasons.
# Jacques Duchesneau de la Doussinière et d'Ambault

Jacques Duchesneau de la Doussinière et d'Ambault, chevalier (.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}French pronunciation:; died 1696, Ambrault, near Issoudun, Berry), was intendant of New France from 1675 to 1682. His other offices included counsellor to His Majesty, treasurer of France, commissary for the generality of Tours c. 1664 and general of the king's finances in Touraine. He was the son of Guillaume Chesneau, chevalier, seigneur, cup-bearer to the king, and of Anne de Lalande.

## Sources

* France portal
* North America portal
* History portal
* Lamontagne, Léopold (1979) [1966]. "Duchesneau de la Doussinière et d'Ambault, Jacques". In Brown, George Williams (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
* This Kingdom of France-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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# Michel Bégon de la Picardière

Michel Bégon de la Picardière (French pronunciation:; 21 March 1667 – 18 January 1747) was an early administrator in charge of the French colony of New France, in what is now the province of Quebec, Canada.

## Early life

Bégons was born into a French family with a history of service to the King of France in fiscal and judicial matters. His father, Michel V Bégon, was intendant of the port of Rochefort from 1688 to 1710.

## Career

Bégon was appointed to serve as the intendant of New France in 1710. However, he, his new wife Jeanne-Élisabeth de Beauharnois de La Boische, and his brother Claude-Michel sailed for the colony in 1712. He replaced the co-intendants, Antoine-Denis Raudot and Jacques Raudot and held the position from 1712–1726. During his tenure he conducted a laissez-faire approach to governing the settlement's entrepreneurs. There are indications that he carried out questionable dealings in wheat and other agricultural products during his early years, using his position and the card money system to enrich himself. Many of his letters and reports to the government of France have been preserved; they show him to have been an avid naturalist, and included plans and suggestions for making the colony more self-sufficient. One of these suggestions was the introduction of slavery.
The last three years of his service as intendant were unexpected, as one successor died at sea before the new intendent, Claude-Thomas Dupuy, arrived. Upon the arrival of his replacement, Bégon left almost immediately for France where he continued his career.
# Superphenalene

Superphenalene is a very large, synthetic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with chemical formula C$_{96}$H$_{30}$. It can be formally considered to consist of three fused superbenzenes (hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene).
It can be considered as an overlapping structure of three hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes arranged symmetrically around a center. These have also been known as building blocks of molecular electronics since 2004 as they form self-assembling columns and nanotubes.
It and its hexa-tert-butyl derivative were first prepared in 1997, along with a collection of other very large PAHs. Due to the low solubility of these compounds, they could only be characterized by mass spectrometry when they were first synthesized, as neither NMR nor UV-Vis data could be collected.

## Properties

Superphenalene has a planar geometry. With 540,000 mesomeric boundary structures, it has significantly more than hexabenzocoronene (250), supernaphthalene (16,100) and also buckminsterfullerene (12,500). The molecule has a threefold symmetry axis perpendicular to the molecule (C$_3$).
# Helmut Schlöske

Helmut Schlöske (27 June 1904 – 9 October 1944) was a German athlete. He competed in the men's long jump at the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was killed in action during World War II.
# Funka

Funka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chojnice, within Chojnice County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north of Chojnice and 98 km (61 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# John W. Russell Jr.

John W. Russell Jr. (January 8, 1923 – December 5, 2015) was an American politician.
He was raised in Okmulgee, Oklahoma. Upon graduation from high school Russell attended the Oklahoma Military Academy. He then joined the 45th Infantry Division, which saw action in the European theatre of World War II and the Korean War. Russell earned a degree from the University of Oklahoma College of Law in 1949, and passed the bar that same year. He retired from the military in 1976, with the rank of colonel.
Russell was a member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives between 1947 and 1951. A Democrat from Okmulgee County, Russell served as speaker pro tempore in 1949. In 1952, Russell was elected to the Oklahoma Senate. After leaving the state legislature, Russell became attorney for Wagoner County. He was named assistant district attorney in 1972, and promoted to district attorney four years later, serving Adair, Cherokee, Sequoyah, and Wagoner counties until retirement in 1983. Russell was active in local civic organizations based in Wagoner, Oklahoma, and a Scottish Rite Freemason. He died in Ponca City, Oklahoma, on December 5, 2015, aged 92.