OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Domatowo

Domatowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Puck, within Puck County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Kashubia in northern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Puck and 47 km (29 mi) north-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the historic region of Pomerania.
Domatowo was a private church village within the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Puck County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, owned by the monastery in Oliwa.
During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), the Germans murdered seven Poles in Domatowo in October 1939. Polish farmers from Domatowo were imprisoned in nearby Puck, and on November 3, 1939, murdered in the Piasnica massacre.
# Battle of Sokal

The Battle of Sokal was a battle between the army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland under the command of the Grand Hetman of the Lithuanian Prince Konstanty Ostrogski against the Crimean Khanate, which took place on August 2, 1519. The battle ended in victory for the Crimeans.

## Battle

On July 1519, a large Crimean Tatar force of 40,000 men, crossed the Bug River. The Lithuanian hetman, Konstanty Ostrogski, gathered Podil and Galician nobility along the way. The combined Polish-Lithuanian forces set up a camp at the southern Bug River, not far from the city of Sokal. The Polish-Lithuanian army consisted of 7,000 men. Seeing the Crimeans numerical superiority, Ostrogski proposed not to engage them in an open battle but instead impose a maneuver on them by attacking them at night or while they were crossing as the Crimeans were overburdened with convoys and loot.
The Polish commanders refused the advice of Ostrogski, labeling him as indecisive. They advocated for an open battle. Ostrogski, not having the opportunity to convince his opponents of his plan, offered at least not to cross the river, but, using a strong position in the allied camp and wait for the approach of reinforcements for 600 Moldavian regiment soldiers. The Polish army was not able to convince him and decided to take on the Crimeans on their own without waiting for reinforcements.
On August 2, the Polish crown took their banners and began crossing the Bug River. They attacked the Crimean battle formations. The Crimeans, led by Bogatyr-Girey, used their usual tactic, feigned retreat, and lured them into the territory of Sokal, they began bombarding them with a hail of arrows which forced the Poles to retreat to the bank river. Ostrogski, seeing what was happening, led a force of 1,000 cavalry and attacked the flank of the Crimenas to cover the rear of the army. This improved the situation better for the moment; however, the Poles had to retreat to the right bank of the Bug River, suffering heavy losses. The army lost many knights and Osrtogski barely managed to break through the Crimenas lines and escape with his life. The Polish-Lithuanian army suffered 1,200 killed.
# Canadian Centre for Alternatives to Animal Methods

The Canadian Centre for Alternatives to Animal Methods (CCAAM) was a research centre founded in 2017 and based at the University of Windsor, in Canada. Its goal was "to develop, validate, and promote laboratory methods and techniques that don't use animal test subjects". It was the first centre in Canada dedicated to non-animal testing and the promotion of human-relevant alternatives. The CCAAM ceased operations on May 31, 2024 due to budget cuts at the University of Windsor.

## Mission and projects

The CCAAM's mission was based on three pillars:
* scientific research relying exclusively on human-based biomaterials and human biology-based methodologies, including human cells, stem cells, tissues from cadavers, biopsies, and explanted organs from surgeries;
* academic training for scientists, ethicists, regulators, and policy makers, including development of a one-year masters programme;
* regulatory initiatives for changing chemical safety methods in Canada, with academic, industry, government, and public partnerships.
One of its main focuses of research is diabetes, using “human stem cells to create diabetes in a dish”. The CCAAM is opposed to animal testing based on ethical and scientific reasons. The director, biochemist Dr. Charu Chandrasekera who specializes in heart disease and diabetes, states that “Ninety-five per cent of drugs tested to be safe and effective in animal models fail in human clinical trials”.

## Funding

In 2018, it received a $1 million donation from the Eric S. Margolis Family Foundation, considered “the largest research donation in University of Windsor history”, part of which will be used to create a research and training facility.
# Ditsaan-Ramain

Ditsaan-Ramain, officially the Municipality of Ditsaan-Ramain (Maranao: Inged a Ditsaan-Ramain; Tagalog: Bayan ng Ditsaan-Ramain), is a municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 24,406 people.

## History

Ditsaan-Ramain is part of the SHAKBA (Bubong, Buadi-Puso, Ditsa-an Ramain and Kapai). SHAKBA is a Maranao word which means links or interconnection. Shakba has many rivers and links to each other and this is where the name derives. Ditsa-an Ramain (shakba) is considered as peaceful among the municipalities of the province.

## Geography
### Barangays

Ditsaan-Ramain is politically subdivided into 35 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
* Bago a Ingud
* Bayabao
* Buada Babai
* Buadi Alao
* Buadi Oloc
* Pagalongan Buadi Dingan
* Dado
* Dangimprampiai
* Darimbang
* Dilausan
* Ditsaan Proper
* Gadongan
* Pagalongan Ginaopan
* Barimbingan
* Baclayan Lilod
* Baclayan Raya
* Buayaan Lilod
* Bubong Dangiprampiai
* Buayaan Raya
* Linamon
* Lumbatan Ramain
* Buayaan Madanding
* Maindig Ditsaan
* Mandara
* Maranao Timber
* Pagalongan Proper
* Pagalongan Masioon
* Polo
* Pugaan
* Ramain Poblacion
* Ramain Proper
* Rantian
* Sundiga Bayabao
* Talub
* Sultan Pangadapan
* Upper Pugaan

### Climate

Climate data for Ditsaan-Ramain, Lanao de Sur :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 25 (77) | 26 (79) | 26 (79) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 21 (70) | 21 (70) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 21 (70) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 20 (69) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 159 (6.3) | 143 (5.6) | 166 (6.5) | 183 (7.2) | 357 (14.1) | 414 (16.3) | 333 (13.1) | 309 (12.2) | 289 (11.4) | 285 (11.2) | 253 (10.0) | 166 (6.5) | 3,057 (120.4) |
| Average rainy days | 18.4 | 17.2 | 20.6 | 23.4 | 29.3 | 29.2 | 29.9 | 29.4 | 27.7 | 28.7 | 25.5 | 19.9 | 299.2 |
| Source: Meteoblue (modeled/calculated data, not measured locally) ||||||||||||||

## Economy

Poverty Incidence of Ditsaan-Ramain
* 10
* 20
* 30
* 40
* 50
* 60
* 70
* 80
* 2000 30.33
* 2003 37.23
* 2006 33.00
* 2009 41.89
* 2012 67.04
* 2015 64.23
* 2018 72.98
* 2021 25.34
* Source: Philippine Statistics Authority
# Yoon Ha Lee

Yoon Ha Lee (born 1979 in Houston, Texas) is an American science fiction and fantasy writer, known for his Machineries of Empire space opera novels and his short fiction. His first novel, Ninefox Gambit, received the 2017 Locus Award for Best First Novel.

## Life

Lee attended high school at Seoul Foreign School, an English-language international school, as his Korean American family lived in both Texas and South Korea. He went to college at Cornell University, majored in mathematics, and earned a master's degree in secondary mathematics education at Stanford University. He has worked as an analyst for an energy market intelligence company, done web design, and taught mathematics. Lee is a trans man.

## Career

Since his first sale in 1999, Lee has published short fiction in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Clarkesworld, Lightspeed and elsewhere. Three of his stories have been reprinted in Gardner Dozois's The Year's Best Science Fiction anthologies. Dozois wrote that Lee is "one of those helping to move science fiction into the twenty-first century".
In 2012, Lee wrote Winterstrike, a browser-based text adventure game, for Failbetter Games.
Aliette de Bodard wrote the introduction for Conservation of Shadows and has twice recommended one of Lee's stories in her best of year-round-ups: she selected "Ghostweight" as a favorite of 2011 and "The Knight of Chains, the Deuce of Stars" was chosen in her 2013 eligibility and recommendations post as "the one that most blew me away this year". "Flower, Mercy, Needle, Chain" and "Ghostweight" were both nominated for the Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award and Locus Award and were both reprinted in two "Year's Best" anthologies. "The Pirate Captain's Daughter" was nominated for the WSFA Small Press Award.
His debut novel, Ninefox Gambit, received the 2017 Locus Award for Best First Novel. It was also nominated for the 2016 Nebula and Hugo Awards for Best Novel and the 2017 Clarke award. Revenant Gun, the third novel in the Machineries of Empire series, was nominated for a 2019 Hugo Award.
Dragon Pearl, the first book of the middle grade Thousand Worlds series, was released on January 15, 2019, and published by Disney Hyperion under the "Rick Riordan Presents" publishing imprint and became a New York Times bestseller. Dragon Pearl won the 2020 Locus Award for Best Young Adult Book and the 2020 Mythopoeic Award for Children's Literature. It was a finalist for the 2020 Lodestar Award for Best Young Adult Book and the 2019 Andre Norton Award.
Lee announced on his website that a third book in the middle grade Thousand Worlds series and Lancers, a new young adult space opera series, are forthcoming.
In 2021, Lee's short story "The Mermaid Astronaut" was nominated for a Hugo Award.
# List of airlines of Chad

This is a list of airlines currently operating in Chad:
| Airline | IATA | ICAO | Callsign | Commenced operations |
| flytchad | | | | 2018 |
| Avmax Chad | | | | 2012 |
| RJM Aviation | | | | 2010 |
| Toumaï Air Tchad | 9D | THE | TOUMAI AIR | 2004 |
# Hamaticolax

Hamaticolax is a genus of parasitic copepods belonging to the family Bomolochidae. Its members can only be distinguished from the closely related genus Acantholochus by the presence of an accessory process on the claw of the maxillipeds. It includes the following species:
* Hamaticolax attenuatus (C. B. Wilson, 1913)
* Hamaticolax embiotocae (Hanan, 1976)
* Hamaticolax galeichthyos (Luque & Bruno, 1990)
* Hamaticolax maleus (Oldewage, 1994)
* Hamaticolax occultus (Kabata, 1971)
* Hamaticolax paralabracis (Luque & Bruno, 1990)
* Hamaticolax prolixus (Cressey, 1969)
* Hamaticolax scutigerulus (C. B. Wilson, 1935)
* Hamaticolax spinulus (Cressey, 1969)
* Hamaticolax unisagittatus (Tavares & Luque, 2003)
# Chiasognathus sombrus

Chiasognathus sombrus is a beetle which belongs to the family of stag beetles (Lucanidae) in the group Scarabaeoidea.

## Appearance

A medium-sized (22-28 millimeter), long-legged, semi-matt, brown stag beetle. The body is short and wide. The pronotum has a bronze-like metallic lustre, and has a small spike at the back corner, in this species it is almost without hair except as a brim along the edge. The legs are slender, the legs (tibiae) with pointed thorns. The jaws of the male are relatively short, knife-shaped, bent down and inwardly bent at the end. The inner edge has a pair of teeth. The head is relatively small, the antennae have a long, thin shaft but no striking fan. The males have four clearly separated, round eyes, one pair sitting on the upper side of the jaws and one on the lower side. The cover wings are quite short and wide, without pointed rows. The legs are quite long, especially the front legs.
The females lack the males' greatly enlarged jaws, although the jaws of the females are also quite strong.

## Life

These beetles live in the Valdivian temperate forests along the west side of the Andes. The adult beetles move around a lot up in tall trees, where the males fight for the females with the help of their long jaws. The species likes to fly in the sunshine. The males' jaws probably prevent them from eating, most likely the females do not feed themselves as adults either. The larvae live in the soil where they eat roots.

## Distribution

The species is known from Chile.

## Systematic division

* Order Beetles, Coleoptera
** Suborder Polyphaga
*** Superfamily Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeoidea
**** Family Stag beetles, Lucanidae Latreille, 1806
***** Subfamily Lucaninae Latreille, 1806
****** Tribe Chiasognathini
******* Genus Chiasognathus Stephens, 1831
******** Subgenus Chiasognathus (in the narrow sense)
********* Chiasognathus sombrus Paulsen & Smith, 2010
# Matthew Currie Holmes

Matthew Currie (born May 26, 1974) is a Canadian actor, screenwriter, producer, and director who has appeared in over 40 film and television projects.

## Filmography
### As an actor and producer

Currie Holmes has appeared in the Canadian television series Godiva's and Edgemont. His feature film credits include Jet Boy (2001), Dawn of the Dead (2004), The Fog (2005), Firewall (2006), and Wrong Turn 2: Dead End (2007). Currie Holmes produced and starred in the short film My Charlotte (2009), which was chosen as an official Cinéfondation selection at the Cannes Film Festival.
Currie Holmes won the Leo award for Best Supporting Performance By A Male in a Dramatic Series in 2005, and was again nominated for the award in 2006.

### As a writer and director

Currie Holmes has written and story edited dozens of projects for producers and directors in both Hollywood and Canada. Most recently, he co-wrote the action/horror film Demonology with X-men, X2, and Watchmen scribe David Hayter, which as of December 2011, is in development.
Currie Holmes has recently joined forces with writer/director Tracy L. Morse to form The Blood Bros, a creative company dedicated to the art, honor and preservation of well-written American/Canadian horror. Together Matthew and Tracy have a slate of films in various stages of development. In 2012, they directed their first feature film, entitled P5Ych.
His feature debut, The Curse of Buckout Road, was released in 2017.

## Personal life

Currie formerly resided in Burbank, California. Separated from his wife, Currie recently resurfaced in Venice, CA, and has been spotted frequenting the AMC Dine-In in Marina Del Rey.
# David Hunke

David L. Hunke was the chairman of USA Today. He served as the company's publisher from April 2009 until 2012. Hunke's tenure at USA Today involved overseeing the transition of the paper to its full digital model.
Hunke's career in journalism began in 1974, where he conducted advertising sales at The Kansas City Star. He subsequently worked as the advertising director of The Miami Herald. Hunke's later career spanned Gannett publications. He was the vice president of advertising for the Cincinnati Enquirer from 1992 to 1999. He served as president and publisher of the Rochester, New York Democrat and Chronicle from 1999 to 2005 and became CEO of the Detroit Media Partnership and publisher of the Detroit Free Press in 2005.
Following his work at USA Today, Hunke served on the board of the Potomac Riverkeeper Network, as an advisor at The Postrider, and as chief strategy advisor and board member at Digerati.
Hunke lives in Arlington County, Virginia.
# Expected transmission count

The ETX metric, or expected transmission count, is a measure of the quality of a path between two nodes in a wireless packet data network. It is widely utilized in mesh networking algorithms.

## History

Douglas S.J. De Couto was the first to describe ETX in his 2004 doctoral dissertation at MIT. Subsequently, it has been implemented in RoofNet/Meraki and OLSR mesh networking protocols, among others.
In the context of the OLSR protocol, a bidirectional link ETX was defined.

## Details

ETX is the number of expected transmissions of a packet necessary for it to be received without error at its destination. This number varies from one to infinity. An ETX of one indicates a perfect transmission medium, where an ETX of infinity represents a completely non-functional link. Note that ETX is an expected transmission count for a future event, as opposed to an actual count of a past event. It is hence a real number, and not an integer. For example, if it took 1898 transmissions to transfer 1024 packets without error, the ETX on the link is 1898/1024, or approximately 1.85. Due to varying characteristics of the transmission medium, the number may vary widely.
It is often useful to convert between ETX and the packet error probability $e_{pt}$:
$\mathrm {ETX} ={\frac {1}{1-e_{pt}}}$
An equivalent relation is used for bidirectional links in the context of the OLSR protocol: $ETX=1/(NLQ*LQ)$ where NLQ is the Neighbor Link Quality of the link and LQ is its link quality. Thus, $e_{pt}=1-NLQ*LQ$.
# Muhammad Murad Beg

Mir Muhammad Murad Beg (Persian: میر محمد مراد بیگ; 1780–1846) was Khan of the Kunduz Khanate in the 19th century. During Murad Beg's reign, he defeated Mir Yar Beg to take control of Badakhshan, and extended his rule north of the Amu Darya into regions like Qurghan Tappa and Kulab. Ahmed Beg was his dewan. He lost a war against Dost Mohammad Khan in the Afghan Turkestan Campaign of 1838-39, ultimately resulting in the decline of his power. Dates on his death are contradictory, ranging from 1838 to 1846.
# Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff

Jhr. Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff (7 August 1872 – 24 April 1957) was a governor-general of the Dutch East Indies and a Dutch minister for foreign affairs.

## Family

Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff was a descendant of the De Graeff-family from the Dutch Golden Age. He was a son of the general consul and Dutch minister in Japan Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek, and Bonne Elisabeth Royer. De Graeff married jonkvrouw Caroline Angelique van der Wijck, daughter of jonkheer Carel Herman Aart van der Wijck, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. They had seven children; a grandson of his is Jan Jaap de Graeff.

## Career

De Graeff was an unorthodox man of a Remonstrant background, who was mistakenly assumed to be a CHU sympathizer. Between 1890 and 1895 he studied law at Leiden University, where he met his friends for life, Johan Paul Count of Limburg Stirum and Jhr. Frans Beelaerts van Blokland, and then moved to the Dutch East Indies. De Graeff became secretary official and general secretary of the governor-general Alexander Willem Frederik Idenburg. In 1914 he became a member, and in the beginning of 1917 vice president of the Council of the Dutch East Indies.
After his East Indies stint, de Graeff became envoy in Tokyo (1919-1922) and in Washington (1922-1926), and was governor-general of the Dutch East Indies from 1926–1931. There, de Graeff tried in vain to conduct an ethical regime that catered to moderate nationalists.
De Graeff was also the Dutch minister for foreign affairs for an unspecified period during 1936 and 1937. During De Graeff's term as Foreign Minister, the Netherlands returned to pure neutrality. Throughout 1936, de Graeff served as a "sort of stooge" to British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden in relation to the question of weakening the League of Nations.
De Graeff wanted to modify the League until it became "purely consultative", coax Germany back into it, and abolish forever all sanctions "except the one Sanction that an aggressor would be automatically expelled from the League."

## Honours

Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff received various honours:
* Officer in the Order of Orange-Nassau, August 31, 1909
* Knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 30 August 1913
* Commander of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 29 April 1930
* Bearer of the Grand Cross Order of Oranje-Nassau, 10 September 1931
* Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion, 29 April 1937
# Dorothy, Lady Pakington

Dorothy, Lady Pakington (1623 – 10 May 1679) was an English friend and supporter of learned clergymen, and a writer of religious works. She was for many years reputed to be the author of The Whole Duty of Man. She enjoyed the esteem and friendship of the most eminent divines of her time. Dr. Henry Hammond resided at her home for several years.

## Early years

Dorothy Coventry was born in or near London about the middle of the reign of James I. She was the daughter of Sir Thomas Coventry, the Lord Keeper, and his second wife, Elizabeth (1583–1653), daughter of John Aldersey of Spurstow, Cheshire, and widow of William Pitchford.

## Career

She married Sir John Pakington, 2nd Baronet (1621–1680), of Westwood, Worcestershire. The couple had at least three surviving children: one son and two daughters.
A fervent royalist, Dorothy Pakington wrote manuscript prayers, and shared in the circulation of religious and philosophical manuscripts in the group of clergymen around the king's chaplain, Henry Hammond. The extent of her reputation is shown by the fact that contemporaries believed her the author of The Whole Duty of Man. Although George Ballard defended this attribution, modern scholars instead follow two nineteenth-century writers — Richard Barham and C. E. Doble — who attributed the work to Hammond's friend Richard Allestree. She led a retired life, and devoted herself to learning, piety, and good works. She was the author of several religious books: The Gentleman’s Calling, The Lady’s Calling, The Government of the Tongue, The Christian’s Birthright, and The Causes of the Decay of Christian Piety.
Pakington died 10 May 1679.
# Chaturdasha Temple

Chaturdasha Temple is a Hindu temple in Agartala, Tripura, India, and features the Tripuri dome patterned after the roofs of village huts in Tripura. The dome is surmounted by a stupa-like structure which reveals traces of Buddhist influence. This temple was built in honour of fourteen deities, together called the Chaturdasha Devata. Devotees visit the temple for the kharchi festival.
It was built by King Krishna Manikya of Tripura in 1760, when Agartala became the capital city.
In May 2023, the Tripura government began refurbishing the temple and capital complex.
# Avan Seputra

Avan Seputra (born May 18, 1994) is an Indonesian professional basketball player for the Satria Muda Pertamina of the Indonesian Basketball League (IBL).

## Professional career

Avan signed with Satria Muda Pertamina in 2012 shortly after he graduated from high school.
With the support of the Satria Muda management, represented by Christian Ronaldo Sitepu, they saw Avan's strong desire to develop. Because of that, Avan took a short break from the 2024 IBL season, to sharpen his basketball skills in Houston, Texas, where he is trained by former Satria Muda player, Mario Wuysang.
On his comeback for Indonesian basketball, specifically in the IBL All-Indonesian Cup, on a 72-67 win against Kesatria Bengawan Solo, he recorded a double-double with 14 points and 13 rebounds.

## National team career

Participated in the 2019 SEA Games as a member of the Indonesian national team.
# Günter Kowalewski

Günter Kowalewski (born 31 October 1943) is a German former wrestler who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics. He was born in Dortmund.
# Domyśl

Domyśl is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Czarne, within Człuchów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.
Until 1771 it was part of Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and then of Kingdom of Prussia (First Partition of Poland). For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Sapheosaurus

Sapheosaurus is an extinct genus of Late Jurassic sphenodont. Its skull was longer and narrower than that of Homoeosaurus. It was classified as a genus of sapheosaur by Michael Benton in 1985. It reached a length of 70 cm from snout to tail. Sapheosaurus belongs to the clade Sapheosauridae, that also includes other taxa like Kallimodon. It is believed to be one of two aquatic sphenodont lineages, with Pleurosauridae being the other.

## Species

Sapheosaurus laticeps (also known as Piocormus) differed from Sapheosaurus thiollierei by its smaller size and more vertebrae. S. thiollierei had 22 back and neck vertebrae, while S. laticeps had 26. Also, the two differ in relative limb length. S. laticeps lived in France and Germany.