OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sulfonate

In organosulfur chemistry, a sulfonate is a salt, anion or ester of a sulfonic acid. Its formula is R−S(=O)$_2$−O$^−$, containing the functional group −S(=O)$_2$−O$^−$, where R is typically an organyl group, amino group or a halogen atom. Sulfonates are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids. Sulfonates are generally stable in water, non-oxidizing, and colorless. Many useful compounds and even some biochemicals feature sulfonates.

## Sulfonate salts

Anions with the general formula R−SO−3 are called sulfonates. They are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids with formula R−S(=O)$_2$−OH. As sulfonic acids tend to be strong acids, the corresponding sulfonates are weak bases. Due to the stability of sulfonate anions, the cations of sulfonate salts such as scandium triflate have application as Lewis acids.
A classic preparation of sulfonates is the Strecker sulfite alkylation, in which an alkali sulfite salt displaces a halide, typically in the presence of an iodine catalyst:
    RX + M$_2$SO$_3$ → RSO$_3$M + MX
An alternative is the condensation of a sulfonyl halide with an alcohol in pyridine:
    ROH + R'SO$_2$Cl → ROSO$_2$R' + HCl

## Sulfonic esters

Esters with the general formula R$^1$SO$_2$OR$^2$ are called sulfonic esters. Individual members of the category are named analogously to how ordinary carboxyl esters are named. For example, if the R$^2$ group is a methyl group and the R$^1$ group is a trifluoromethyl group, the resulting compound is methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate.
Sulfonic esters are used as reagents in organic synthesis, chiefly because the RSO$_3$$^−$ group is a good leaving group, especially when R is electron-withdrawing. Methyl triflate, for example, is a strong methylating reagent.
Sulfonates are commonly used to confer water solubility to protein crosslinkers such as N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (Sulfo-NHS), BS3, Sulfo-SMCC, etc.

### Sultones

Cyclic sulfonic esters are called sultones. Two examples are propane-1,3-sultone and 1,4-butane sultone. Some sultones are short-lived intermediates, used as strong alkylating agents to introduce a negatively charged sulfonate group. In the presence of water, they slowly hydrolyze to the hydroxy sulfonic acids. Sultone oximes are key intermediates in the synthesis of the anti-convulsant drug zonisamide.
Tisocromide is an example of a sultone.

## Examples

* Mesylate (methanesulfonate), CH$_3$−SO−3
* Triflate (trifluoromethanesulfonate), CF$_3$−SO−3
* Ethanesulfonate (esilate, esylate), CH$_3$CH$_2$−SO−3
* Tosylate (p-toluenesulfonate), p-CH$_3$−C$_6$H$_4$−SO−3
* Benzenesulfonate (besylate), C$_6$H$_5$−SO−3
* Closilate (closylate, chlorobenzenesulfonate), Cl−C$_6$H$_4$−SO−3
* Camphorsulfonate (camsilate, camsylate), (C$_{10}$H$_{15}$O)−SO−3
* Pipsylate (p-iodobenzenesulfonate derivative), p-I−C$_6$R$_4$−SO−3, where R is any group.
* Nosylate (o- or p-nitrobenzenesulfonate), o- or p-O$_2$N−C$_6$H$_4$−SO−3
# Sibogasyrinx

Sibogasyrinx is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cochlespiridae.
Previously it was considered a subgenus of Leucosyrinx Dall, 1889 in the family Pseudomelatomidae..

## Species

Species within the genus Sibogasyrinx include:
* Sibogasyrinx archibenthalis (Powell, 1969)
* Sibogasyrinx clausura Kantor & Puillandre, 2021
* Sibogasyrinx elbakyanae Kantor, Puillandre & Bouchet, 2021
* Sibogasyrinx filosa Ardovini, 2021
* Sibogasyrinx lolae Kantor & Puillandre, 2021
* Sibogasyrinx maximei Kantor & Puillandre, 2021
* Sibogasyrinx pagodiformis Kantor & Puillandre, 2021
* Sibogasyrinx pyramidalis (Schepman, 1913)
* Sibogasyrinx sangeri Kantor, Fedosov & Puillandre, 2018
* Sibogasyrinx subula Kantor & Puillandre, 2021

### Synonyms

* Sibogasyrinx filosus Ardovini, 2021: synonym of Sibogasyrinx filosa Ardovini, 2021 (wrong gender agreement of specific epithet)
# Scopula costata

Scopula costata is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Sri Lanka.

## Description

Its wingspan is 26 millimetres (1.0 in). It is a white moth irrorated (sprinkled) with fuscous. Frons fuscous. Base of collar fulvous. Forewings with a fulvous costal fascia. There is an indistinct antemedial slightly waved oblique fuscous line, and more oblique narrow medial and two postmedial bands. A cell-speck is present, with a marginal specks series, and an indistinct marginal band. Hindwings with antemedial, postmedial, submarginal and marginal bands. Ventral side with fuscous suffusion in cell of forewings.
# William R. Vance

William R. Vance (1806–1885) was the seventh mayor of Louisville, Kentucky from 1847 to 1850. He was a Louisville attorney and member of the Whig Party elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives three times and Kentucky Senate once during the 1830s and 1840s. During his administration, he conveyed the tract of land that became Cave Hill Cemetery.
# Charles Biddle Shepard

Charles Biddle Shepard (December 5, 1808 – October 25, 1843) was a Congressional Representative from North Carolina; born in New Bern, North Carolina, December 5, 1808; attended private schools of his native city and graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1827; studied law; was admitted to the bar in 1828 and commenced practice in New Bern, N.C.; elected to the State house of representatives to fill out the unexpired term of Jesse Speight and served in 1831 and 1832; elected as a Whig to the Twenty-fifth Congress and reelected as a Democrat to the Twenty-sixth Congress (March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1841); resumed the practice of his profession; died in New Bern, N.C., October 25, 1843; interment in Cedar Grove Cemetery.
# Dog Eat Dog (role-playing game)

Dog Eat Dog is a tabletop role-playing game by Liam Liwanag Burke about the struggles between an island's colonizers and indigenous peoples. The wealthiest player in real life must play as all colonizing forces. The game won an Indie RPG Award.

## Gameplay

Character creation begins by collaboratively creating a general description of the colonizers and natives. Next, the players determine who among them is the richest; this player becomes responsible for all colonizing forces in the game. Native players choose defining characteristics.
Players have asymmetrical power within a token economy. The game begins with the rule that the natives are inferior to the colonizers. The colonizing player begins with more tokens, may enter a scene at any time, and may arbitrarily disregard the results of dice rolls. The colonizer may give natives tokens for obedience or take them away for disobedience. Losing all tokens results in character death. Natives may create new rules amongst themselves to cope with the situation.

## Reception

Dog Eat Dog won the 2012 Indie RPG Award for "Most Innovative Game."
Shut Up & Sit Down compared its goal of social justice education to the board game Freedom: The Underground Railroad and emphasized its encouragement of player discomfort, writing, "It’s such a good game. I’m still thinking about and being unsettled by it a week later. In fact, I’d say it’s probably the best game I never want to play again."
Walton Wood for Wyrd Science Magazine wrote:
   Dog Eat Dog’s mechanics elegantly render the struggle between a colonial force and subjugated people using only some tokens, a few dice, and conversation. Like Paul Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment or Jane Elliott's Blue Eyes / Brown Eyes exercise, it places ordinary people in a simulation of arbitrarily imbalanced power and privilege, illuminating invisible perspectives and socio-political positions. By experiencing them, we begin to discern the workings of injustice and, hopefully, points of intervention that can lead to change.

## Publication history

Dog Eat Dog was independently published in 2012 after raising $6,704 on Kickstarter.
# Josiah Collins (North Carolina politician)

Josiah Collins III (1807 – June 17, 1863) was a North Carolina lawyer and politician.
He was the son of Josiah Collins II, a wealthy planter of Edenton, North Carolina, was born at that place in 1807.
He graduated from Yale College in 1826. After leaving college, he entered the Litchfield Law School and qualified himself for the profession of the Law. He was a man of mark in the neighborhood of his residence at Edenton, taking an active interest in political affairs, and serving several years as a member of the North Carolina Senate. He died in the latter part of 1863, aged 56 years.
In 1829, he married Miss Riggs, of New Jersey.
His grandson was an attorney and Seattle civil servant serving as Fire Commissioner Josiah Collins V
This article incorporates public domain material from the Yale Obituary Record.
# William T. Faircloth

William Turner Faircloth (1829–1900) was the chief justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court from 1895 until his death on December 29, 1900.
According to his New York Times obituary, Faircloth was, at the time of his death, one of the wealthiest men in his hometown, Goldsboro, North Carolina, where he served on the board of directors of the Bank of Wayne. He was also described as "one of the most prominent Republicans in Eastern North Carolina."
Faircloth was born in Edgecombe County, North Carolina. He practiced law before serving in the Second North Carolina Infantry during the American Civil War. In 1867, he married Eviline Wooten.
Faircloth was elected to represent Wayne County in the North Carolina House of Commons and at a state constitutional convention, both in 1865. As of 1867, he was solicitor (district attorney) for the state's Second Circuit. He was appointed to the state Supreme Court in 1875 by Gov. Curtis Hooks Brogden, and served until 1879. He was the Republican nominee for Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina in 1884, losing to Charles M. Stedman. He was nominated by the Republicans for the state Supreme Court in 1890, but lost. In the 1894 election, as the "fusion" nominee of Republicans and Populists, Faircloth defeated incumbent Chief Justice James E. Shepherd.
Party political offices :
| Preceded byRufus Barringer | Republican nominee for Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina 1884 | Succeeded byJeter C. Pritchard |
| Legal offices |||
| Preceded byJames E. Shepherd | Chief Justice of North Carolina Supreme Court 1895–1900 | Succeeded byDavid M. Furches |
# Owen Rand Kenan

Owen Rand Kenan, (March 4, 1804 – March 3, 1887) was a North Carolina politician. He was born in Kenansville, North Carolina in Duplin County, and served in the North Carolina House of Commons from 1834 to 1838. He also represented the state during the Civil War in the First Confederate Congress from 1862 to 1864. He grew up in Kenansville and took over his father Thomas S Kenan’s Plantation Liberty Hall, which became a hot spot for gala affairs. He married Sarah Rebecca Graham, the daughter of a physician. Owen Rand Kenan was a successful and prosperous planter; he and Sarah had four children, three sons that served in the Civil War and a daughter Annie. His wife Sarah died in 1871 and Owen died in March 1887; both he and Sarah's grave stones are located at the present day Liberty Hall Restoration. At Owen's death his unmarried daughter Annie Kenan became Mistress of Liberty Hall.
# Elijah Benton Withers

Elijah Benton Withers (December 31, 1836 – April 23, 1898) was an American politician and lawyer from North Carolina and Virginia. He served as a member of the North Carolina House of Representatives in 1874.

## Early life

Elijah Benton Withers was born on December 31, 1836, at his father's farm in Caswell County, North Carolina, to Mary or Nancy Bethell (née Lawson) and Elijah Keen Withers. He graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1859.

## Career

Withers practiced law in Yanceyville, North Carolina, for about two years. He then volunteered in the Yanceyville Grays of the 3rd North Carolina Infantry Regiment and later served with the 13th North Carolina Infantry Regiment of the Confederate States Army during the Civil War. He was later promoted to lieutenant colonel and was injured at the Battle of South Mountain.
Withers served as a member of the North Carolina House of Representatives in 1874. In 1875, he was a delegate at the North Carolina constitutional convention. He was involved in North Carolina politics during the Reconstruction era.
After the war, Withers continued practicing law in Yanceyville. He was associated with Colonel Watt in the firm Watt & Withers. In 1876, Withers moved to Danville, Virginia, and continued practicing law in North Carolina. He was then admitted to the Virginia bar and after his son Eugene graduated, he formed the firm Withers & Withers with him in 1891. He practiced law until his death in 1898.

## Personal life

Withers married Mary Ann Price on March 25, 1863. They had two children, Eugene and Daniel Price. His wife died in childbirth in January 1869. Withers married his sister-in-law Lemma Price on December 6, 1875. They had four children, Daniel Price, Mary Stokes, Elijah Benton Jr. and Anna Gertrude.
Withers was a member of the Mount Vernon Church and was a Methodist.
Withers died on April 23, 1898, at his home in Danville. He was buried at Green Hill Cemetery.
# W. C. Coates

W. C. Coates was a state legislator in the state of North Carolina. He represented Northampton County in the North Carolina House of Representatives in 1899.
# Michel Gaudin (physicist)

Michel Gaudin (2 December 1931 – 4 August 2023) was a French physicist, known for the Gaudin model, in which a central spin is coupled to many surrounding spins.

## Biography

Michel Gaudin was born on 2 December 1931. After graduating with the degree of ingénieur des ponts et chaussées (civil engineer), Gaudin joined in 1956 the CEA in Saclay to work on neutron experiments. Two years later, he joined Claude Bloch's theorists' working group, to which he belonged for the rest of his career. In 1967 he received from the University of Paris-Sud in Orsay his doctoral degree in physics with thesis Étude d'un modèle à une dimension pour un système de fermions en interaction. Gaudin's research deals with, among other topics, the quantum-mechanical description of many-body systems, in particular, spin systems.
With M. L. Mehta in 1960 he published On the density of eigenvalues of a random matrix, an important paper on random matrices.
Gaudin received the Fondation Saintour Prize, awarded every two years since 1889 by the Collège de France. In 2019, he received, with two other physicists, the Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics from the American Physical Society.
Gaudin died on 4 August 2023, at the age of 91.

## Publications

* M. Gaudin, Modèles exactement résolus , EDP Sciences (1996) ISBN 2-86883-264-4.
* M. Gaudin, La Fonction d'onde de Bethe , Masson, Paris (1983) ISBN 2-225-79607-6.
** The Bethe wavefunction. Cambridge University Press. 2014. ISBN 9781107045859; translated by Jean-Sébastien Caux{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
# John Sloane (Ohio politician)

John Sloane (November 3, 1779 – May 15, 1856) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio and later the Treasurer of the United States.
Born in York, Pennsylvania, Sloane moved to Ohio in early youth. He completed preparatory studies. He served as member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 1803 to 1805 and again in 1807. Sloane served as colonel of militia in the War of 1812. United States receiver of public moneys at Canton, Ohio from 1808 to 1816 and at Wooster 1816-1819.
Sloane was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Congresses, reelected as an Adams-Clay Republican to the Eighteenth Congress, and elected as an Adams candidate to the Nineteenth and Twentieth Congresses (March 4, 1819 – March 4, 1829). He served as chairman of the Committee on Elections (Seventeenth through Twentieth Congresses).
He was appointed clerk of the court of common pleas of Wayne County in 1831 and served several years. He was the Secretary of State of Ohio, 1841–1844.
Sloane was Treasurer of the United States from November 27, 1850, to April 6, 1853. He died in Wooster, Ohio, May 15, 1856. He was interred in Oak Hill Cemetery.
# Lisa Tetzner

Lisa Tetzner (10 November 1894 in Zittau, Saxony – 2 July 1963 in Carona, Switzerland) was a German-born Swiss children's book writer known for her work with fairy-tales. In 1924 she married Kurt Held, a Jewish Communist. They fled to Switzerland in 1933 to escape the Nazis and in 1948 became Swiss citizens. Her book, Die schwarzen Brüder was published in 1941. The Swiss censored her work fearing it may antagonise the wartime German government. Later her "socialist fairy-tales" became popular in East Germany. One of her best-known works is The Children From No. 67 series written as a collaboration with her husband. In the US Hans Sees The World was popular. It was a translation from her original German, published in 1934 by Covici-Friede.
# Rob Wilkey

Robert D. "Rob" Wilkey (born December 12, 1956) is a politician and a Democratic member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1997 to 2009, representing district 22. He served as Majority Whip. Wilkey was first elected to the house in 1996 after Republican incumbent Richard Turner retired. He did not seek reelection in 2008.

## Birth

Robert Wilkey was born on December 12, 1956.

## Religion

Robert Wilkey is Presbyterian.

## Family

Robert Wilkey is married to Terry, and together they have two children named Grace and Seth.

## Education

Wilkey received his education from the following institutions:
* JD, University of Louisville
* BA, University of Kentucky

## Political experience

Wilkey has had the following political experience:
* Majority Whip, Kentucky House of Representatives, 2007–2009
* Representative, Kentucky House of Representatives, 1997–2009

## Organizations

Wilkey has been a member of the following organizations:
* Board Member, Chamber of Commerce
* Chair, Ducks Unlimited
* Former President, Franklin-Simpson Chamber of Commerce
* Member, Kentucky Bar Association
* Former President, Optimist Club
* Elder, Bowling Green Presbyterian Church
# Ulrich Schulte-Wülwer

Ulrich Schulte-Wülwer is a German art historian, specializing in north German painters of the 19th and 20th centuries.

## Life

Schulte-Wülwer holds the position of Honorary Professor at the Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel. Schulte-Wülwer is listed in the Deutsche Biographie, Dictionary of National Biography.

## Selected works

* Das Nibelungenlied in der deutschen Kunst und Kunstliteratur zwischen 1806 und 1871. Philosophische Fakultät der Universität Kiel, Dissertation, 1974.
* Das Nibelungenlied in der deutschen Kunst des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts (= Kunstwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen des Ulmer Vereins, Verband für Kunst- und Kulturwissenschaften. Bd. 9). Anabas, Gießen 1980, ISBN 3-87038-069-1 (zugleich: Kiel, Universität, Dissertation, 1974).
* (editor) Käte Lassen (1880–1956). Städtisches Museum Flensburg. Begleitheft anlässlich der Ausstellung im Städtischen Museum, 2.11.–7.12.1980. Städtisches Museum, Flensburg 1980.
* Schleswig-Holstein in der Malerei des 19. Jahrhunderts. Hrsg. von der Brandkasse-Provinzial-Versicherungsgruppe, Kiel. Boyens, Heide 1980, ISBN 3-8042-0247-0.
* Bildführer. Städtisches Museum Flensburg. Städtisches Museum, Flensburg 1981.
* Herbert Marxen (1900–1954). Ein Flensburger Karikaturist in den letzten Jahren der Weimarer Republik. Ausstellung im Städtischen Museum Flensburg vom 17.10.–28.11.1982/im Kieler Stadt- und Schiffahrtsmuseum vom 30.1.–27 March 1983. [hrsg. vom Städt. Museum Flensburg], Städtisches Museum, Flensburg 1982.
* Künstlerkolonie Ekensund am Nordufer der Flensburger Förde. Boyens, Heide 2000.
* Föhr, Amrum und die Halligen in der Kunst. Boyens, Heide 2003; völlig überarbeitete Neuausgabe 2012, ISBN 978-3-8042-1346-3.
* Künstlerinsel Sylt. Boyens, Heide 2005, ISBN 3-804-21171-2.
* "Der Mann verdient Beachtung." Die Wiederentdeckung des Malers Sophus Hansen. Zur Ausstellung des Malers Sophus Hansen in Schloss Glücksburg vom 4. bis 29. Oktober 2009: Sophus Hansen – ein Malerleben zwischen Glücksburg, Hamburg und Weimar. Boyens, Heide 2009, ISBN 978-3-8042-1296-1.
* Sehnsucht nach Arkadien: Schleswig-Holsteinische Künstler in Italien. Boyens, Heide 2009, ISBN 978-3-8042-1284-8.
# Diane Edelijn

Diane Hendrina Edelijn (born 12 June 1960) is a former backstroke swimmer from the Netherlands, who competed for her native country at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. There, she finished in eighth position in the 100m backstroke, while she was eliminated in the third heat of the 200m backstroke. With the Dutch relay team, Edelijn ended up in fifth place in the 4 × 100 m medley, alongside Wijda Mazereeuw (breaststroke), José Damen (butterfly), and Enith Brigitha (freestyle).
# Ulla Möllersvärd

Ulrika "Ulla" Ottiliana Möllersvärd (August 4, 1791–1878) was a Finnish courtier in service of the Russian Imperial court. She was rumored to have been the secret daughter of Princess Sophie Albertine of Sweden, and the lover of Tsar Alexander I of Russia.

## Life

She was one of seven children of the noble Carl Adolph Möllersvärd and Maria Charlotta L'Estrade, and sister of Carl Magnus Möllersvärd. She is foremost known for the occasion, where she danced with Tsar Alexander I of Russia at the Diet of Porvoo in 1809, which was repeated at Mäntsälä some days later and gave rise to rumors that they had an affair: the incident has been portrayed in fiction. She was the subject of much attention in contemporary Finland. She was claimed to be the foster child of Möllersvärd and in actuality the secret illegitimate daughter of Princess Sophia Albertina of Sweden; Möllersvärd was also reputed to have had a secret child with Tsar Alexander.
She was maid of honor to the Russian empress Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden) from 1811 to 1813. The last year, she left court to marry noble general major Odert Reinhold von Essen. She divorced him the following year and left him to live with her unmarried brother.

## Legacy

Möllersvärd has been portrayed in fiction, both literature and film. Her rumored affair with Tsar Alexander was portrayed in the novel Tanssi yli hautojen by Mika Waltari (1944), which was made into a film in 1950.
# Billy Tidwell

Billy Reyne Tidwell (August 3, 1930 – December 19, 1990) was an American football player and coach. Tidwell was drafted in the third round of the 1952 NFL draft by the San Francisco 49ers. He served as the head football coach at Sam Houston State University from 1974 to 1977, compiling a record of 11–30–1.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing |
| Sam Houston State Bearkats (Lone Star Conference) (1974–1977) ||||||
| 1974 | Sam Houston State | 4–7 | 4–5 | T–6th |
| 1975 | Sam Houston State | 3–8 | 3–6 | 7th |
| 1976 | Sam Houston State | 3–5–1 | 2–5 | 6th |
| 1977 | Sam Houston State | 1–10 | 1–6 | 7th |
| Sam Houston State: | Sam Houston State: | 11–30–1 | 10–22 | |
| Total: | Total: | 11–30–1 | | |