OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Duke of Urach

The title of Duke of Urach (German: Herzog von Urach) was created in the Kingdom of Württemberg on 28 March 1867 for Friedrich Wilhelm Alexander Ferdinand, Count of Württemberg, with the style of Serene Highness. The first Duke of Urach was the first head of the House of Urach.

## Family

Wilhelm, 1st Duke of Urach, was the son of Duke Wilhelm of Württemberg (1761-1830) and his morganatic wife, Baroness (Freiin) Wilhelmine von Tunderfeldt-Rhodis (1777-1822), whom he married at Coswig on 23 August 1800. His paternal grandfather was Duke Friedrich II Eugen (1732-1797), from whom all claimants to the Kingdom of Württemberg are descended. Because of his first marriage to Théodolinde de Beauharnais, the first Duke had converted to Catholicism.
His second marriage to Her Serene Highness Princess Florestine of Monaco in 1863 led in part to Wilhelm's elevation in 1867 from being a Count of Wurttemberg to Duke (Herzog) von Urach. He had served the Kingdom well in his career, and the dukedom of 1867 elevated him to his wife's rank of Serene Highness.
The 2nd Duke of Urach was briefly chosen as Mindaugas II, King of Lithuania in 1918. In the same year the Monaco Succession Crisis of 1918 ended his claim through his mother to the throne of Monaco.
The family still owns Lichtenstein Castle, rebuilt by the first duke in the 1840s.

## Dukes of Urach (1867)

| No. | Name | Birth | Death | Reign started | Reign ended |
| 1 | Wilhelm | 6 July 1810 | 17 July 1869 (Aged 59) | 28 March 1867 | 17 July 1869 |
| 2 | Wilhelm Karl/Mindaugas II | 3 March 1864 | 24 March 1928 (Aged 64) | 17 July 1869 (As King of Lithuania: 11 July 1918) | 24 March 1928 (As King of Lithuania: 2 November 1918) |
| 3 | Karl Gero | 19 August 1899 | 15 August 1981 (Aged 81) | 24 March 1928 | 15 August 1981 |
| 4 | Karl Anselm | 5 February 1955 | (Age 68) | 15 August 1981 | 9 February 1991 |
| 5 | Wilhelm Albert | 9 August 1957 | (Age 66) | 9 February 1991 | |
| Heir apparent | Prince Karl Philipp of Urach | 1992 | | | |
All legal privileges of the nobility were officially abolished in 1919 by the Weimar Republic (1919-1933), and nobility is no longer conferred or recognized by the Federal Republic of Germany, former hereditary titles being allowed only as part of the surname.
# List of excommunicated Baháʼís

Excommunicated Baháʼís are people who were followers of the Baháʼí Faith but were declared covenant-breakers by the head of the religion, currently the Universal House of Justice. These people may still self-identify as Baháʼís, but are no longer permitted to participate in official activities of the Bahá'í community, and Bahá'ís are discouraged from associating closely with them.
From 2000-2020, twenty individuals were expelled by the Baháʼí Administration for Covenant-breaking; one per year on average.

## List
### Excommunicated by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá

* Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí
* Ibrahim George Kheiralla

### Excommunicated by Shoghi Effendi

* Ruth Berkeley White (1920s)
* Hermann Zimmer (1920s)
* Julia Lynch Olin (1939)
* Ahmad Sohrab (1953)

### After Shoghi Effendi

* Mason Remey (1960)
* Leland Jensen (1960)
# Harm de Blij

Harm J. de Blij (see IJ (digraph); closest pronunciation: "duh blay") (October 9, 1935 – March 25, 2014) was a Dutch-American geographer. He was a geography editor on ABC's Good Morning America and an editor of National Geographic magazine and the author of several books, including Why Geography Matters.

## Education and career

De Blij was born in Schiedam, the Netherlands, and received his early schooling in Europe. He received his B.Sc. from the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa in 1955, and his M.A. in 1957 and Ph.D. in 1959 in the United States from Northwestern University. He published more than 30 books and over 100 articles and has received five honorary degrees. Several of his books have been translated into foreign languages. He was the editor of Oxford's Atlas of North America. A native of the Netherlands, he was a professor of geography and viticulture at Michigan State University and the University of Miami and a visiting professor at the Colorado School of Mines.
Dr. de Blij was a Distinguished Professor of Geography at Michigan State University. He held the George Landegger Chair in Georgetown University's school of Foreign Service and the John Deaver Drinko chair of geography at Marshall University; he also taught at the Colorado School of Mines and the University of Miami.

## Recognitions

* Ellen Churchill Semple award, Department of Geography, University of Kentucky, 1989
# Mike Brubaker

Michael W. Brubaker (born 1958) is an American politician and member of the Republican. He served in the Pennsylvania State Senate, representing the 36th District from 2007 until his retirement in 2015.

## Biography

Brubaker is a member of the Ephrata Area Chamber of Commerce, the National Rifle Association of America, the Millcreek Sportsmen Club, the Cooper Hill Sportsmen Club, the Farm Foundation and Bennett Round Table, Lancaster Evangelical Church, the Millport Conservancy, Penn-Ag Industries, the Pennsylvania Energy Advisory Board, the Pennsylvania Farm Bureau, the Lititz Dinner Club, and the Pennsylvania Grange.
He has received multiple honors, including the National Conservation Tillage Consultant of the Year Award in 1990, the Jaycees Outstanding Young Community Leader in 1991, the National Communicator of the Year Award in 1991, the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Administrators Award in 1991, the Agricultural Consultant of the Year in 1994, the Future Farmers of America Award in 1997, the Crop Professionals Hall of Fame award in 1998, and was a member of the Who's Who Leading American Executives list in 1992 and the Who's Who in the East list of 1995.

## Electoral history

Pennsylvania Senate elections, 2006 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Michael W. Brubaker | 48,660 | 65.7% | |
| | Democratic | Jason A. Leisey | 25,403 | 34.3% | |
Pennsylvania Senate elections, 2010 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Michael W. Brubaker | 65,163 | 99.1% | |
# Laurent polynomial

In mathematics, a Laurent polynomial (named after Pierre Alphonse Laurent) in one variable over a field $\mathbb {F}$ is a linear combination of positive and negative powers of the variable with coefficients in $\mathbb {F}$. Laurent polynomials in $X$ form a ring denoted $\mathbb {F} [X,X^{-1}]$. They differ from ordinary polynomials in that they may have terms of negative degree. The construction of Laurent polynomials may be iterated, leading to the ring of Laurent polynomials in several variables. Laurent polynomials are of particular importance in the study of complex variables.

## Definition

A Laurent polynomial with coefficients in a field $\mathbb {F}$ is an expression of the form
    $p=\sum _{k}p_{k}X^{k},\quad p_{k}\in \mathbb {F}$
where $X$ is a formal variable, the summation index $k$ is an integer (not necessarily positive) and only finitely many coefficients $p_{k}$ are non-zero. Two Laurent polynomials are equal if their coefficients are equal. Such expressions can be added, multiplied, and brought back to the same form by reducing similar terms. Formulas for addition and multiplication are exactly the same as for the ordinary polynomials, with the only difference that both positive and negative powers of $X$ can be present:
    ${\bigg\sum _{i}a_{i}X^{i}{\bigg )}+{\bigg\sum _{i}b_{i}X^{i}{\bigg )}=\sum _{i}(a_{i}+b_{i})X^{i}$
and
    ${\bigg\sum _{i}a_{i}X^{i}{\bigg )}\cdot {\bigg\sum _{j}b_{j}X^{j}{\bigg )}=\sum _{k}{\Bigg\sum _{i,j \atop i+j=k}a_{i}b_{j}{\Bigg )}X^{k}.$
Since only finitely many coefficients $a_{i}$ and $b_{j}$ are non-zero, all sums in effect have only finitely many terms, and hence represent Laurent polynomials.

## Properties

* A Laurent polynomial over $\mathbb {C}$ may be viewed as a Laurent series in which only finitely many coefficients are non-zero.
* The ring of Laurent polynomials $R\left[X,X^{-1}\right]$ is an extension of the polynomial ring $R[X]$ obtained by "inverting $X$". More rigorously, it is the localization of the polynomial ring in the multiplicative set consisting of the non-negative powers of $X$. Many properties of the Laurent polynomial ring follow from the general properties of localization.
* The ring of Laurent polynomials is a subring of the rational functions.
* The ring of Laurent polynomials over a field is Noetherian (but not Artinian).
* If $R$ is an integral domain, the units of the Laurent polynomial ring $R\left[X,X^{-1}\right]$ have the form $uX^{k}$, where $u$ is a unit of $R$ and $k$ is an integer. In particular, if $K$ is a field then the units of $K[X,X^{-1}]$ have the form $aX^{k}$, where $a$ is a non-zero element of $K$.
* The Laurent polynomial ring $R[X,X^{-1}]$ is isomorphic to the group ring of the group $\mathbb {Z}$ of integers over $R$. More generally, the Laurent polynomial ring in $n$ variables is isomorphic to the group ring of the free abelian group of rank $n$. It follows that the Laurent polynomial ring can be endowed with a structure of a commutative, cocommutative Hopf algebra.
# Colgate Clock (Jersey City)

40°42′43.3″N 74°02′02″W﻿ / ﻿40.712028°N 74.03389°W﻿ / 40.712028; -74.03389
The Colgate Clock is an octagonal clock facing the Hudson River near Exchange Place in Jersey City, New Jersey. The clock has a diameter of 50 feet (15 m). It was located atop of what was once the headquarters of the Colgate-Palmolive, until 1985, when it was moved to a ground-level location 1,300 feet (400 m) south of that building, which was demolished and replaced with the Goldman Sachs Tower.

## History

The Colgate Clock once perched atop the Colgate plant at 85-99 Hudson Street in Jersey City, New Jersey. This clock was built in 1924 to replace an earlier clock designed by Colgate engineer Warren Davey and constructed by the Seth Thomas Clock Company for Colgate's centennial in 1906. After it was replaced, the earlier clock was relocated to a Colgate factory in Clarksville, Indiana. The Jersey City clock was maintained by John A. Winters from the 1930s until his retirement in 1976.
As of 2005, the Colgate Clock stands on an otherwise empty lot. The other buildings in the complex were demolished in 1985 when Colgate left. The lot is located along the Hudson River waterfront and the clock itself is 100 metres (330 ft) south of the Goldman Sachs Tower, once the tallest skyscraper in the state of New Jersey. The construction of that building in the early 2000s forced a relocation of the clock southward. At that time, the size of the Colgate advertisement attached to it was reduced to comply with the Hudson River No Billboard law, and Goldman Sachs agreed to maintain the clock.
The clock is a mandatory reporting point for flights below Class B airspace in the Hudson River VFR corridor.
In 2013, the clock was refurbished, outfitted with LED lights, and reinstalled on the waterfront near the Goldman-Sachs tower.

## Gallery

* The original location of the clock
* The clock in 2007
* The rear of the clock, with Lower Manhattan in the background
* The clock at night, with the Goldman Sachs Tower in the foreground
* The clock and the bench at its foot. Visible in the background are the Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal and the Statue of Liberty.
* Inscribed on the bench at the foot of the clock are the words "The Colgate Clock: Marking the Passage of Time since 1908."
# James Ilgenfritz

James Ilgenfritz (born 1978) is an American composer, bassist and multi-instrumentalist. He is also a jazz sideman.
As a composer, he is known for his surreal experimental multimedia chamber operas, including The Ticket That Exploded (2011, in residency at ISSUE Project Room), and I Looked At The Eclipse (2019, in residency at Roulette Intermedium), and frenetic chamber works including In The Summer Every Truth Is Like A Saturday (2019).
As a jazz and experimental music sideman, he has collaborated with Lukas Ligeti and Eyal Maoz (in the trio Hypercolor), Elliott Sharp, Pauline Oliveros, Roscoe Mitchell, Anthony Braxton, John Zorn, Miya Masaoka, JG Thirlwell, Annie Gosfield, SEM Ensemble, Liturgy, and Ghost Ensemble.
Ilgenfritz studied at UCSD with Mark Dresser, Charles Curtis, and Miller Puckette.

## Discography

* You Scream A Rapid Language - CD (Infrequent Seams, December 2019)
* Opalescence - CD (Telegraph Harp, July 2018)
* Origami Cosmos - CD (Infrequent Seams, March 2017)
* The Ticket That Exploded (An Opera) - CD (Con D'Or, 2015)
* Compositions (Braxton) - CD (Infrequent Seams, 2012)
# Nikon PC-E Nikkor 24mm f/3.5D ED

The Nikon PC-E Nikkor 24mm f/3.5D ED Lens is a tilt-shift, wide-angle prime lens that provides the equivalent of the corresponding view camera front movements on Nikon F-mount camera bodies. Its ultra-wide perspective control features tilt, shift and rotation capability, well-suited for architectural and nature photography.
The lens is designed for Nikon's full frame (FX) cameras, such as the Nikon D610, Nikon D750, Nikon D810, Nikon D700, Nikon D800, Nikon D600, Nikon D3, Nikon D4, and Nikon D5, for which it provides an 84° angle of view. It can be used with Nikon DX format cameras with the angle of view reduced to 61° (equivalent to a 36mm lens). The lens allows an 8.5° tilt with respect to the film or sensor plane and 11mm shift with respect to the center of the image area. Each movement can be rotated ±90° about the lens axis.
This lens features automatic aperture control. When it is mounted on a compatible Nikon camera, the user can use all exposure modes to take photographs without operating the aperture stop-down button. Previous Nikkor PC lenses cannot do this.
On October 19, 2016, Nikon introduced a wider-angle shift-tilt lens, the 19mm f/4 Nikkor PC-E ED Lens. With similar features to the 24mm earlier lens, it has a bulbous protruding lens element needed to reach the 19mm angle.
# Theresia van der Pant

Theresia Reiniera van der Pant (27 November 1924, Schiedam – 4 February 2013, Amsterdam) was a Dutch sculptor. Examples of her work include the Equestrian statue of Queen Wilhelmina, which stands on Rokin street in Amsterdam.
# Ulakanthura

Ulakanthura is a genus of isopod crustaceans within the family Leptanthuridae, containing 7 species.

## Species

* Ulakanthura colac Poore, 1978
* Ulakanthura cooma Poore, 1978
* Ulakanthura crassicornis (Haswell, 1881)
* Ulakanthura lara Poore, 1978
* Ulakanthura marlee Poore, 1981
* Ulakanthura namoo Poore, 1978
* Ulakanthura wanda Poore, 1978
# Equestrian events at the 1994 Asian Games

Equestrian events were held at the 1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan, from 3 to 9 October 1994. There were two equestrian disciplines: dressage and jumping. Both disciplines were further divided into individual and team contests for a total of four events.

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Individual dressage details | Mieko Yagi Japan | Yoshitaka Serimachi Japan | Shin Chang-moo South Korea |
| Team dressage details | Japan Mieko Yagi Masumi Shimoda Yoshitaka Serimachi | South Korea Shin Chang-moo Suh Jung-kyun Choi Myung-jin | Chinese Taipei Lan Chung-hsiung Chen Hsiang-fu Kang Yu |
| Individual jumping details | Konoshin Kuwahara Japan | Ryuzo Okuno Japan | Natya Chantrasmi Thailand |
| Team jumping details | Japan Yoshihiro Nakano Ryuzo Okuno Konoshin Kuwahara Naoki Otani | Chinese Taipei Chen Hui-ming Huang Han-wen Chou Min-kun Su Cheng-hung | Iran Shahrokh Moghaddam Kazem Vojdani Ezzatollah Vojdani Davoud Bahrami |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Japan (JPN) | 4 | 2 | 0 | 6 |
| 2 | Chinese Taipei (TPE) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 2 | South Korea (KOR) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | Iran (IRI) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Thailand (THA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (5 entries) | Totals (5 entries) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 12 |
# Tusitala (miniseries)

Tusitala is a 1986 three-part mini series for television based on the last years in the life of Robert Louis Stevenson, when he left Great Britain for Sydney and west Samoa.

## Samoa Connection

In the Samoan language Tusitala means writer of stories and it is there that Robert Louis Stevenson spent his last four years. He was buried there at Mount Vaea.

## Cast

* John McEnery as Robert Louis Stevenson
* Angela Punch McGregor
* Kirk Alexander as Henley
* Dorothy Alison as Maggie
* Norman Kaye as Rev. Clarke
* Lynn Dalby as Almelia Clarke
* Joseph Fürst as Von Pilsarch
* John Hamblin as Dr. Eisler
* Olivia Hamnett as Lady Jersey
* Julie Nihill as Belle Strong

## Production

There had been plans to film this in the 1960s by Cinesound Productions.
In 1983 producer Ray Alchin announced Ted Roberts would be the writer. The ABC deliberately aimed at an international co production. "We're branching out with an international figure," said Alchin.
The budget was $5 million.
Filming started June 1985 by which stage the writer had become Peter Yeldham. It was the only production Don Sharp ever directed in his native Australia.
# Cho Deok-je

Cho Deok-je (Korean: 조덕제, born October 26, 1965) is a former South Korea football player and manager current assistant manager of Malaysia.

## Playing career

After playing for Ajou University in his youth career, Cho signed for Daewoo Royals in 1988. The midfielder played over 200 times for Daewoo and was selected in the K League Best XI in 1989. While at Daewoo, the team won the Korean Super League (Now K League 1) in 1991.

## Managerial career
### Ajou University

After retiring from playing, Cho began coaching at Ajou University, a team he had played for during his youth career. He worked as a coach there between 1996 and 2001, before spending a year at the Barcelona Soccer School. In 2004, he took over as manager of Ajou University where he stayed for 7 years, before leaving to supervise all youth soccer in the city of Suwon.

### Suwon FC

Cho Jeok-je took over as Suwon FC (then known as Suwon City FC) manager for the 2012 season. In his first season, they finished 9th in the Korea National league but won the mid-season Korea National League Championship cup competition, defeating Ulsan Hyundai Mipo in the final.
As part of a league restructuring, Suwon FC were promoted to the K League Challenge for the 2013 season. After finishing 4th in 2013 and 6th in 2014, Suwon finished 3rd in 2015 before defeating Daegu FC, Seoul E-Land and Busan IPark in the promotion/relegation playoffs to be promoted to the K League Classic for the first time. Cho also won the 2015 K League Challenge Manager of the Year award after gaining promotion.
In the 2016 season, Suwon FC finished 12th of 12 in their inaugural K League Classic season and were immediately relegated back to the K League Challenge.
Cho Deok-je resigned towards the end of the 2017 season with Suwon outside of the playoffs.
After leaving Suwon FC, Cho served as chairman of the Korean Football Association.

### Busan IPark

On December 20, 2018 Cho was announced as the new manager of K League 2 side Busan IPark replacing Choi Yun-kyum for the 2019 season. Cho Deok-je was already considered a club legend for Busan IPark after playing over 213 games over 8 years when they were known as Daewoo Royals.
# Terraferma (film)

Terraferma is a 2011 Italian drama film directed by Emanuele Crialese, who co-wrote the screenplay with Vittorio Moroni. The film chronicles the intensification of the refugee crisis in Insular Italy in the beginning of the 2010's.
The film had its world premiere at the 68th Venice International Film Festival, and was selected as the Italian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards, but it did not make the final shortlist.

## Plot

On Linosa, fishermen are punished for saving illegal immigrants (refugees) from the sea and, back on shore, letting them go, because this amounts to facilitating illegal immigration. Therefore young local Filippo does not allow them on his boat. After witnessing several deaths, Filippo changes his mind and helps a family (a mother, a little boy and a newborn baby) adrift at the Mediterranean sea to arrive at the Italian mainland.

## Cast

* Filippo Pucillo as Filippo
* Donatella Finocchiaro as Giulietta
* Mimmo Cuticchio as Ernesto
* Giuseppe Fiorello as Nino
* Timnit T. as Sara
* Claudio Santamaria as Santamaria
* Tiziana Lodato as Maria

## Production

The film was produced through Italy's Cattleya with 10% co-production support from France, including 200,000 euro from France 2 Cinéma and money from the CNC. The total budget was €7.85 million.

## Release

The film had its world premiere at the 68th Venice International Film Festival where it was screened in the main competition, winning the Special Jury Prize.
It was released in Italian theaters on 7 September 2011 through 01 Distribution.

## Reception
### Critical response

Terraferma has an approval rating of 67% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 24 reviews, and an average rating of 6.3/10. Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Jay Weissberg of Variety described it as "a well-made movie with no pretension but also no crying need to be at a major film festival." Deborah Young of The Hollywood Reporter called it "a morally passionate social drama, muted by overly familiar storytelling." Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "The thematically rich production is grounded in deep moral and emotional reflection." Chuck Wilson of The Village Voice called it predictable and heavy-handed.
# John Morrow (Virginia politician)

John Morrow (birth and death dates unknown) was a U.S. Representative from Virginia.
Morrow was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Ninth and Tenth Congresses (March 4, 1805 – March 3, 1809).

## Electoral history

* 1805; Morrow was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives with 50.83% defeating Federalist James Stephenson.
* 1807; Morrow was re-elected unopposed.
* 1809; Morrow was defeated by Federalist Stephenson.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "John Morrow (id: M001005)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
U.S. House of Representatives :
| Preceded byJames Stephenson | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 2nd congressional district 1805–1809 | Succeeded byJames Stephenson |
This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
# Basania FC

Basania FC is an Albanian professional football club based in Bushat. They are currently competing in Kategoria e Dytë, Group A.

## History

Basania FC was established in 2020 as a youth football club by Ermir Shimaj, a local businessman and former footballer, to represent the village of Bushat, in Vau i Dejës municipality. The club's name pays homage to the Illyrian city of Bassania, historically located near Bushat. For the 2022–23 season, a senior team was introduced which competed in Kategoria e Tretë. The following season, they secured first place in Group A, earning a promotion to Kategoria e Dytë.

## Players
### Current squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| — | GK | ALB | Besmir Mucejani |
| — | GK | MLI | Cheick Oumar Keita |
| — | DF | ALB | Egzon Shimaj |
| — | DF | MLI | Salimou Kane |
| — | DF | ALB | Olsi Shema |
| — | DF | ALB | Erjon Mani |
| — | DF | ALB | Taulant Nikshiqi |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| — | MF | MLI | Ibrahim Sidibe |
| — | MF | ALB | Refajit Canja |
| — | MF | ALB | Ergys Puka |
| — | FW | ALB | Albert Mila |
| — | FW | ALB | Flori Leka |
| — | FW | ALB | Besard Limani |
| — | FW | ALB | Reisid Hasanaj |
| — | FW | ALB | Alsed Abdija |

### List of managers

| Name | Period |
| Fatjon Hasanaj | 19 August 2023—16 July 2024 |
| Haris Lika | 16 July 2024— |

## Honours
### League titles

* Kategoria e Tretë
    Champions (1): 2023–24