OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cusp of Carabelli

The cusp of Carabelli, Carabelli's tubercle, or tuberculum anomale of Georg Carabelli is a small additional cusp at the mesiopalatal line angle of maxillary first molars. This extra cusp is usually found on the secondary maxillary first molars and is rarely seen on primary maxillary second molars even less likely on other molars. This cusp is entirely absent in some individuals and present in others in a variety of forms. In some cases, the cusp of Carabelli may rival the main cusps in size. Other related forms include ridges, pits, or furrows. This additional cusp was first described in 1842 by the Hungarian Georg Carabelli (Carabelli György), the court dentist of the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph I.
The cusp of Carabelli is a heritable feature. Kraus (1951) proposed that homozygosity of a gene is responsible for a pronounced tubercle, whereas the heterozygote shows slight grooves, pits, tubercles or bulge. Later studies showed that the development of this trait is affected by multiple genes. According to Stimson and Mertz, this trait is found in 50% of European Americans, 34% of African Americans, and 5-20% of Native Americans.
Although it is sometimes referred to in textbooks as the Cusp of Carabelli, it is actually a tubercle, as it is may be made only of enamel, and may not contain dentin but never has a root underneath. It is unlikely, but entirely possible for the cusp to have a pulp horn. If the cusp is large, approaching the size of a regular cusp, then it will typically be formed of dentin and enamel.
The Carabelli cusp is present in several archaic human species such as Neanderthals, and it is believed that it serves to reduce stress on the teeth by increasing their surface area.
# Alfred C. Chapin

Alfred Clark Chapin (March 8, 1848 – October 2, 1936) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the Mayor of Brooklyn and for one year as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1891 to 1892.

## Early life

Chapin was born to Ephraim Atlas Chapin who had interests in the railroad and Josephine, née Clark. He had a younger sister Alice Chapin who was an actress and suffragette.
He attended the public and private schools and graduated from Williams College (in Williamstown, Massachusetts) in 1869, and from Harvard Law School in 1871. He was admitted to the bar in 1872 and commenced practice in New York City with residence in Brooklyn.

## Political career

He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Kings Co., 11th D.) in 1882 and 1883, and was Speaker in 1883. On January 13, 1882, he was injured in the same train accident in which State Senator Webster Wagner was killed.
He was New York State Comptroller from 1884 to 1887, elected at the New York state election, 1883 and the New York state election, 1885.
He was Mayor of Brooklyn from 1888 to 1891.

### Tenure in Congress

Chapin was elected as a Democrat to the 52nd United States Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of David A. Boody and served from November 3, 1891, to November 16, 1892, when he resigned.

## Later life

Chapin served as railroad commissioner of New York State from 1892 to 1897, and continued the practice of law, He was also financially interested in various enterprises. He also owned a summer home in Murray Bay, Quebec.

## Personal life

On February 20, 1884, Chapin was married to Grace Stebbins (1860–1908). She was the daughter of Alice Holmes Schieffelin (1838–1913) and Russell Stebbins (1835–1894) and the granddaughter of Samuel Schieffelin, a religious author and businessman. Together, they were the parents of:
* Grace Chapin (1885–1960), who married Hamilton Fish III (1888–1991), a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.
* Beatrice Chapin (1889–1932)
After his first wife's death in 1908, he remarried to Charlotte (née Storrs) Montant (1860–1942), the widow of Charles Montant, on January 6, 1913.
Chapin died in the Ritz-Carlton Hotel while on a visit in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1936. Chapin's grandson Hamilton Fish IV also was a U.S. Representative from New York.
# Adel Arghand

Adel Arghand (Persian: عادل آرغند, born 21 March 2001) is an Iranian footballer who plays as a striker for Esteghlal Khuzestan in the Persian Gulf Pro League.
# Dürer Kert

Dürer Kert is a music venue in Budapest, Hungary, that plays a significant role in the music life of the city. It started operating in 2008 under Ajtósi Dürer sor but had to move to Újbuda due to property development of the building.

## History

The building on Ajtósi Dürer sor used to be a Sacré Coeur Girls' School, later functioned as a socialist party school and then was occupied by Eötvös Lorand University. When the university moved out, an Israeli businessman bought the property in 2007. The building and the practice studios that belonged to it were subsequently rented out to Dürer Kert since 2008. From 2014, the club had a five-year contract to rent the space, but had to fight to keep their tenant rights every year, as property developers envisioned the space as a living quarters and an office building. It was also suggested at one point that the property would host the Capital Circus of Budapest. In 2018, the building was acquired by István Garancsi [hu]'s property development business and Dürer Kert started looking for another place to rent. During the Covid19 pandemic, the club had to close down and eventually had to leave the premises. The building was torn down to give way to a modern office building and apartment block.
The club found a new place to rent in Újbuda in the former techno and house club Rio II, which was leased to them by BudaPart Office and Residential Park. The building was remodeled to fit the vibe and profile of Dürer Kert and to harmonize with its surroundings, namely the Kelenföld power station nearby. The new venue has two music halls; one can host 950 spectators, the smaller one is fit for 270 people. The main hall has a panorama window to the Danube, while the second floor hosts an exhibition space, a bar and the backstage. The building is surrounded by a large green space, where an open-air stage is hosted, along with areas for barbecue and a street food court.

## Gallery

* The former Dürer Kert on Ajtósi Dürer sor
* The former lobby
* The bar
* The main stage with The Rose performing
* The new Dürer Kert
* The bigger hall
* The garden
# Wilson Global Explorer

The Wilson Global Explorer is an American-built amphibious aircraft of the early 1990s which has been utilised to assist the exploration of remote areas.

## Development

The high-wing twin-engine Global Explorer was designed and constructed in Idaho by Dean W. Wilson to the order of the explorer Hubert de Chevigny and the aircraft first flew in April 1991. A second aircraft was constructed later.
The Global Explorer has an unusually deep and wide fuselage design with many glazed areas, and accommodation at the rear for sleeping and other purposes. For added strength, the high-set wings are each supported by brace structures from the side fuselage and from the lower sponsons. The nose gear retracts forward of the hull and acts as a bumper for water operations. The mainwheels can be removed and the fixed side sponsons assist flotation and manoeuvering on water. Various Lycoming engines of between 200 hp and 300 hp have been fitted, depending on the expected altitude to be reached during planned operations.

## Operational history

The Explorer 1 (N376DT), painted in white, was used by Hubert de Chevigny and Nicolas Hulot. After a take off with the lift spoilers "on", the plane hit the trees and crashed near Port McNeill, British Columbia.
The Explorer 2 (N376LC), painted in yellow, has been used by Canal + for the French show Dans la nature with Stéphane Peyron, with the name "L'Avion", in the exploration and filming of a wide variety of locations including Australia's Great Barrier Reef, Argentina's Tierra del Fuego and Bolivia. It can be readily stripped down and shipped by sea to required locations and can carry and accommodate seven persons overnight. The aircraft flew finally from Australia to France in 1998 and it was then withdrawn from use and the project was abandoned due to the unique aircraft's high cost of maintenance. It crashed at Blois / Le Breuil aerodrome in 2001. It's now stored in the "Musée de l'Hydraviation" at Biscarrosse.

## Specifications (variant)

Data from coastcomp.com
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Capacity: 6 passengers and crew
* Length: 39 ft 10 in (12.14 m)
* Wingspan: 67 ft 0 in (20.42 m)
* Height: 22 ft 0 in (6.71 m)
* Empty weight: 4,995 lb (2,266 kg)
* Gross weight: 8,000 lb (3,629 kg)
* Powerplant: 2 × Lycoming IO-540 , 300 hp (220 kW) each
Performance
* Maximum speed: 120 mph (190 km/h, 100 kn)
* Cruise speed: 110 mph (180 km/h, 96 kn)
* Stall speed: 60 mph (97 km/h, 52 kn)
# Bilal Colony

Bilal Colony (Urdu: بلال کالونی) is a neighbourhood in the Korangi municipality of Karachi, Pakistan It was part of the Korangi Town borough until that was disbanded in 2011.

## Healthcare

The stink and other adverse effects from the tanneries and a refinery have polluted the environment of the nearby villages. The inhabitants of Bilal Colony are exposed to associated health risks.
# Harry C. Ransley

Harry Clay Ransley (February 5, 1863 – November 7, 1941) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania, serving eight terms from 1921 to 1937.

## Early life and career

Harry Ransley was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He served in the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives from 1891 to 1894. He was a member of the Select Council of Philadelphia for sixteen years and president for eight years. He was a delegate to the 1912 Republican National Convention. He served as sheriff of Philadelphia County from 1916 to 1920. He was chairman of the Republican city committee 1916 to 1919.

## Congress

Running as a Republican, in 1920, he sought election to the 66th United States Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of J. Hampton Moore. He won, and he was subsequently re-elected to the next seven sessions of Congress, serving from 1921 to 1937. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1936, losing to Democrat Leon Sacks.

## Death

He died on November 7, 1941, and was interred Interment at West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "Harry C. Ransley (id: R000061)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
* The Political Graveyard
# John E. Hurley

John E. Hurley (November 3, 1906 – September 22, 1992) was an American politician who served as a Massachusetts State Representative, and the Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts.

## Early life and education

Hurley was born on Buttonwood Street in the Boston neighborhood of Dorchester. Hurley attended St. Margaret's Grammar School in Boston, he was a 1926 graduate of Boston College High School, and a 1930 graduate of Boston College.

## Family

Hurley married Margaret M. Lee of Dorchester, Massachusetts. The couple had two children: a daughter, Janice L. Hurley, and a son, John E. Hurley, Jr.

## Political career
### Massachusetts House of Representatives

After his graduation from Boston College in 1930, Hurley ran for the Massachusetts House of Representatives. At the age of 21, Hurley was elected to represent Boston's Ward 16 in the legislature, serving from 1931 to 1935.

### Executive Secretary to Massachusetts Attorney General Paul Dever

When in 1934 fellow representative Paul Dever was elected Massachusetts Attorney General, Hurley became his executive secretary.

### Treasurer of Massachusetts

Hurley was elected Massachusetts Treasurer in 1944 and he served from 1945 to 1947.
Hurley was again elected Treasurer in the 1948 election, and served from 1949 until his resignation in 1952.
In 1952 Hurley had been running for reelection, but Governor Dever appointed Hurley clerk of the Boston Municipal Court. Hurley resigned as State Treasurer and Governor Dever then appointed Foster Furcolo to the office. Hurley served as clerk of the Boston Municipal Court until he retired in 1976.

## Death and burial

After a brief illness Hurley died in Milton Hospital, Milton, Massachusetts and was interred in Mount Benedict Cemetery, West Roxbury, Massachusetts.
# Asha Devi Sinha

Asha Devi Sinha (born 1966) is an Indian politician with Bharatiya Janata Party. She was elected to the Bihar Legislative Assembly from Danapur in Feb 2005, Oct 2005, 2010 and 2015. In the 2020 elections to Bihar Assembly, Asha Devi faced Ritlal Yadav, whose men allegedly murdered her husband Satyanarayan Sinha.

## About

Asha Sinha was born on 1 March 1966. She was married to BJP leader Satyanarayan Sinha. Sinha contested the 2002 by-poll from Danapur but he lost to Rama Nand Yadav.

## Career

SN Sihna was allegedly murdered by gang of Ritlal Yadav. After the imprisonment of Ritlal Yadav, Asha Sinha had been winning Danapur seat for 4 consecutive terms on the ticket of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
# Raymond F. Rourke

Raymond Francis Rourke (October 10, 1917 – May 24, 2004) was an American politician and firefighter who served for many years in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and as the seventy third Mayor of Lowell, Massachusetts.
His son Timothy Rourke (1952–1982) and daughter-in-law Susan F. Rourke also served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, representing Lowell.
# William L. Saltonstall

William Lawrence Saltonstall (May 14, 1927 – January 23, 2009), an American politician, was a member of the Massachusetts Senate from 1967 to 1979. He was a Republican and a resident of Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts. He led an unsuccessful campaign in 1969 to represent Massachusetts's 6th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives.

## Early life

Born in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, he was a son of Leverett Saltonstall (1892–1979), a Massachusetts governor and a U.S. senator. He was a member of the Saltonstall family, a Boston Brahmin family from the U.S. state of Massachusetts, notable for having had a family member attend Harvard University from every generation since 1659 when Nathaniel Saltonstall graduated, who later served as one of the judges at the Salem Witch Trials. The family traces its wealth back to the East India Company and political connections to the Lord Mayor of London in the 16th century. Upon migrating to England's North American colonies the family established strong political roots in Massachusetts.
While the Saltonstall men were known to join the U.S. Army, he instead enlisted the U.S. Navy on his eighteenth birthday. His first day of service was V-J Day in 1945. With World War II at its end, Saltonstall enrolled at Harvard College, from which he graduated in 1949. He later graduated from Harvard Business School.

## Career

After working as a security analyst for seven years, Saltonstall worked at his father's U.S. Senate office in Washington, D.C. He returned to Massachusetts in 1966 where he ran for the state Senate. He won, and went on to represent the Third Essex district from 1967 to 1975 and the First Essex and Middlesex district from 1975 to 1979. One of his top priorities was bicycle safety due to the death of his daughter, Claire. Saltonstall ran for the U.S. House in a 1969 special election to succeed the deceased William H. Bates from the 6th Massachusetts district, but lost to Democrat Michael J. Harrington.
Saltonstall chose to leave politics citing "family issues," but news reports at the time suggested Mr. Saltonstall chose to exit the public stage so he would not be required to disclose details of the family's trust, which would have been required under newly passed ethics legislation.

## Personal life

Saltonstall married Jane Chandler in 1953. They had three children, Abigail, Claire, and William, Jr. Claire was struck and killed by an automobile driver in 1974 while she was riding her bicycle. The Claire Saltonstall Bikeway from Boston's Emerald Necklace to Provincetown is named in her memory.
On a Friday evening in January 2009, after returning home from dinner with his wife, Saltonstall died "of an apparent heart attack or blood clot".
# Dylan Hoogerwerf

Dylan Hoogerwerf (born 9 August 1995) is a Dutch short track speed skater.
He qualified for the men's 500 metres and men's 5000 m relay event at the 2018 Winter Olympics.

## Biography

Hoogerwerf started doing short track speed skating when he was 9 years old, in The Hague.
Hoogerwerf studies Graphic Design at the Friesland College in Heerenveen.
# Harold Tompkins

Harold Tompkins was an American politician who was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1943 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1954.

## Early life

Tompkins was born on August 23, 1887, in Adamsville, Rhode Island. He grew up in Concord, Massachusetts, and attended public school there.
Outside of politics, Tompkins was an award-winning poultry farmer who bred Rhode Island Reds.

## Political career

Tompkins was a member of the Concord school committee for 21 years. From 1940 to 1947 he was chairman of the board. In 1942 he was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He did not run for reelection in 1950 and was succeeded by David B. Williams. In 1953, Williams was appointed to the Massachusetts Governor's Council and Tompkins won the special election to succeed him. Tompkins did not finish the term, as he died suddenly on May 25, 1954, at his home in Concord.
# Howard J. Whitmore Jr.

Howard J. Whitmore Jr. (May 9, 1905 – June 19, 1998) was an American politician who was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1947–1953 and Mayor of Newton, Massachusetts from 1954–1959.

## Early years

A native of Newton, Massachusetts, Whitmore played baseball for Newton High School. He went on to Harvard College, was a "star right-hander" pitching for the Crimson baseball team, and graduated in 1929. After his freshman year at Harvard in 1926, he played summer baseball for Chatham in the Cape Cod Baseball League.

## Political career

Whitmore's political career began in 1940 when he was elected to the Newton Board of Aldermen. From 1947–1953, he was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, where he was the Chairman of the House Committee on Ways and Means. He left the House in 1953 after being elected Mayor of Newton.
Whitmore did not seek reelection in 1959. He was considered to be a frontrunner for the Republican nomination for Governor in 1960, but dropped out of the race after he lost the convention vote to John A. Volpe. He was the Republican nominee for United States Senate in 1964. He lost to incumbent Ted Kennedy by over one million votes.

## Later years

After his defeat in the 1964 Senate race, Whitmore was named Commissioner of the Metropolitan District Commission, a post he held until 1970. He died in Boston, Massachusetts in 1998 at age 93.
# William D. Weeks

William D. Weeks (1926 – August 17, 2023) was an American politician who served as Member of the Massachusetts Senate from the Plymouth and Norfolk District. He also ran for the United States House of Representatives in 1970 and 1972, losing to Hastings Keith and Gerry Studds.
# Samuel H. Wragg

Samuel H. Wragg (June 9, 1882 – May 13, 1959) was an American politician who served as President of the Massachusetts Senate from 1937 to 1939 and sheriff of Norfolk County, Massachusetts, from 1939 to 1959.

## Early life

Wragg was on June 9, 1882, in Needham, Massachusetts. He attended public schools in Needham and worked in manufacturing before entering politics.

## Political career

Wragg served on the Needham Board of Selectmen from 1914 to 1920 and in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1919 to 1924. In 1924, Wragg was elected to the Massachusetts Senate. During his tenure in the Senate, Wragg chaired the Joint Committee on Municipal Finance and the special commission on public expenditures and was a member of the rules, conservation, and public welfare committees. From 1931 to 1955, Wragg also served as Needham's town moderator.

### Senate leadership

In 1935, Republican James G. Moran was elected president of the Senate with the votes of 19 Democrats and 1 Republican. Moran routinely sided with the Democrats and the majority of Republican Senators voted to form a steering committee, chaired by Wragg, which would serve as the party's official organization in the Senate. In July 1936, Wragg announced that he would seek the Senate presidency in the 1937-38 session. Wragg secured more Republican support than floor leader Donald W. Nicholson and was elected president.

### Sheriff of Norfolk County

In 1938, Wragg was elected Sheriff of Norfolk County. He held the position until his death on May 13, 1959.
# Edward S. Zelazo

Edward S. "Red" Zelazo (May 27, 1924 – March 9, 2008) was a lawyer and state politician in Massachusetts.

## Early life and education

Edward Zelazo was born in Adams, Massachusetts to the late Stanley and Susanna (Siara) Zelazo. Zelazo attended schools in Adams during his childhood, and graduated from the former Adams High School in 1942, where he played basketball, football and baseball. Zelazo then entered the military during World War II, serving with the United States Navy aboard a destroyer in both the Atlantic and Pacific theaters. Upon his honorable discharge, he entered the University of Massachusetts at the Fort Devens branch to pursue his law degree on the GI Bill. He later transferred to the Boston University School of Law, where he graduated in 1951.

## Professional career

Zelazo returned to Adams after graduating from Boston University, and established his own law practice. He served on the Adams School Committee from 1952 to 1954, and the Emergency Finance Board from 1953 to 1959. He was then elected State Representative for the 2nd Berkshire District for two consecutive terms, from 1962 to 1966. Zelazo served on the Public Safety Committee during his first term from 1962 to 1964, and on the Counties and Legal Affairs Committees during his second term, from 1964 to 1966. He was later named to the Massachusetts Industrial Accident Board, where he was a hearing judge and later its chairman. After his tenure at the Massachusetts Industrial Accident Board, he returned to Adams and resumed his law practice, until retiring in 1993.

## Personal life

Zelazo married Catherine R. Perenick on October 10, 1953. They had 8 children. Additionally, Zelazo operated a farm in Florida, Massachusetts where he raised Christmas trees and blueberries for over 40 years.
# Arthur Kenneth Reading

Arthur Kenneth Reading (March 9, 1887 – March 1, 1971) was an American politician who served as Massachusetts Attorney General from 1927 to 1928.

## Biography

Reading was born on March 9, 1887, in Williamsport, Pennsylvania.
Reading was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1919 to 1922, he was the District Attorney of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, from 1923 to 1926 before being elected Attorney General in 1926.
Reading resigned as Attorney General on June 6, 1928, after the Massachusetts House of Representatives voted 196 to 18 to impeach him after he accepted $60,000 worth of bribes, the largest being a $25,000 bribe from Decimo Club, Inc.
After leaving office, Reading returned to private practice. In his first case following impeachment, Reading secured the acquittal of former hockey star Raymie Skilton, who was charged with larceny of $10,000 from the Framingham National Bank.
He died on March 1, 1971, in Orlando, Florida.
# Farrell Treacy

Farrell Treacy (born 29 April 1995) is a British short track speed skater. He competed in the 2018 Winter Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics.