OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lophorina

Lophorina is a genus of birds in the birds-of-paradise family Paradisaeidae that are endemic to New Guinea, formerly containing a single species, but as of 2017, containing three species.

## Taxonomy

The genus Lophorina was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot for a single species, Paradisea superba, the Vogelkop lophorina. This is now the type species. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek lophos meaning "crest" or "tuft" with rhis, rhinos meaning "nostrils. The genus formerly contained a single species, the superb bird-of-paradise, which had five subspecies. In 2017 the Swedish ornithologist Martin Irestedt and collaborators suggested that the superb bird-of-paradise should be split into three species. They also proposed a neotype from the Kobowre Mountains in New Guinea for the no longer extant type specimen for Paradisea superba. The original type specimen for superba had been assumed to come from the Bird's Head Peninsula (known as Vogelkop in Dutch and Indonesian). Although, the split was generally supported by other ornithologists, the designation of the neotype and the resulting assignment of subspecies were strongly disputed. The taxonomy adopted here rejects the designation of the neotype but splits the superb bird-of-paradise into three species.
The genus contains three species:
* Vogelkop lophorina, Lophorina superba
* Greater lophorina, Lophorina latipennis
* Lesser lophorina, Lophorina minor

## Description

All members sport a jet-black to black body found only in males, while their female counterparts sport brown upperparts (shade depends on the species) with barred underparts; they have a relatively long to shortish, slender, crow-like bill, and various ornaments. All three species have a distinctive cape found on the nape that they push forward, an iridescent blue-green crown, and an iridescent blue-greenish breast shield that appears to be "smiling" (L. superba) and "frowning" (L. niedda) that the males use to court females. When it comes to the courtship of the female lophorina, males tend to start crouching, showing a repeated display of their breast shield and an exaggerated downward movement to show their crown to the female. During a high intensity display, the male will also fan his nape cape, forming a semi-circle overhead, and around breast shield, all while hopping around the female. When in full display, the birds look like an otherworldly cartoon character with a fully black face, blue eyes, and blue mouth as they try their best to hop and dance around a potential mate.
# James T. Nulty

James T. Nulty (May 9, 1857 – February 26, 1935) was an American politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania who served as a Fusion Democrat member of the Pennsylvania Senate for the 8th District from 1911-1914. He was a funeral home owner and an inventor who held multiple patents in steel production.

## Early life

Nulty was born in the Frankford section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and was educated in the public and parochial schools.

## Business career

He began working for William and Harvey Rowland and was promoted to the position of metal roller. While working at Rowlands, he invented a railroad spike and a two-piece rail which doubled as an electrical power line conduit and short grounding system (U.S. Patent No. 372,273). The two-piece rail was sold to the Johnstown Railway Company in 1888.
In 1882, Nulty established a funeral home business in the Frankford section of Philadelphia.
As an embalmer, Nulty was the inventor of the "Derma" formula embalming process that was used by undertakers throughout the nation at the turn of the 20th century.
The Nulty family continues to operate the Nulty Funeral Home business.

## Political career

He was elected to the Pennsylvania Senate for the 8th district and served from 1913-1914. During his legislative tenure, Nulty served on Senate committees for Military Affairs, Public Supply of Light, Heat and Water and Education.
He died in Philadelphia and is interred at the Saint Dominic Church Cemetery in the Torresdale neighborhood in Philadelphia.

## Personal life

Nulty was a member of the Knights of Columbus, Ancient Order of Hibernians, St. Patrick's Alliance, Foresters of America, B.P.O.E. No. 2 and the Undertakers Association.
# Grass Pond (Stillwater Mountain, New York)

Grass Pond is a small lake south-southwest of Stillwater in Herkimer County, New York. It drains south via an unnamed creek which flows into the Independence River.
# Louis Tuttle Shangle

Louis Tuttle Shangle (March 18, 1862 – September 2, 1935) was an American politician.
L. T. Shangle was born on March 18, 1862, to parents Amos L. and Mary Wick Shangle and raised on the family farm in Prairie Township, Mahaska County, Iowa. He was educated in county schools, and graduated from William Penn College in 1883. Shangle read law at the firm Bolton & McCoy until passing the bar in 1889, and moved to Grand Island, Nebraska, the following year, where he began a legal practice. In 1895, Shangle moved his residence and legal practice to Oskaloosa, Iowa.
Shangle was a member and secretary of the Oskaloosa School Board from 1903 to 1921, and served William Penn College as a trustee, executive committee member, and treasurer. He ran in the 1932 Iowa Senate election as a candidate affiliated with the Democratic Party, and won the District 14 seat. Shangle died in office on September 2, 1935, and was succeeded by Albert Earl Augustine. William Penn University established a Louis Tuttle Shangle Professorship of History.
# Watteau (disambiguation)

Antoine Watteau (1684–1721) was a French painter.
Watteau may also refer to:

## People with the surname

* Louis Joseph Watteau (1731–1798), French painter, nephew of Jean-Antoine
* François-Louis-Joseph Watteau (1758–1823), French painter, son of Louis Joseph

## Other uses

* Watteau (train), a Paris-Tourcoing express train 1978–1995
* Watteau dress, a stylistic school most influential in the design of gowns and their components
# Heta-uma

Heta-uma (ヘタウマ or ヘタうま) is a Japanese underground manga movement started in the 1970s with the magazine Garo. Heta-uma can be translated as "bad but good", designating a work which looks poorly drawn, but with an aesthetically conscious quality, opposed to the polished look of mainstream manga.
Some of heta-uma's main artists are Teruhiko Yumura (pen name "King Terry"), Yoshikazu Ebisu and Takashi Nemoto.
# Putilov Stal-2

The Stal-2 was a Russian mid-range passenger aircraft.

## Development and design

The Stal-2 was designed by the OOS (Otdel Opytnogo Samolyetostroeniya – section for experimental aircraft construction), the part of the NII GVF (Nauchno-issledovatel'sky Institut Grazdahnskovo Vozdushnogo Flota – civil air fleet scientific research institute), and built at Tushino GAZ-81 (Gosudarstvenny Aviatsionnyy Zavod – Tushino state aviation factory). It was a high-wing braced monoplane with an enclosed cockpit and passenger cabin, constructed of Enerzh-6 stainless steel. Trial flights began in 1931, but due to the experimental technology being used in its design and construction, production did not begin until 1934. 111 were produced before being replaced in 1935 on the production line by the Stal-3. The prototype was powered by an imported Wright J-6, early production aircraft used Bessonov M-26 engines with the bulk of production using Nazarov MG-31 engines. In 1934 the plane was shown at the 14th Paris Air Show.

## Variants

* Stal-2 bis – A single Stal-2 bis was built with frise ailerons.

## Operators
### Soviet Union

* Aeroflot

## Specifications

Data from
General characteristics
* Crew: one
* Capacity: four passengers
* Length: 9.74 m (31 ft 11.5 in)
* Wingspan: 16.2 m (53 ft 1.75 in)
* Wing area: 31.0 m$^2$ (333.7 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 1,030 kg (2,270 lb)
* Gross weight: 1,800 kg (3,968 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × M-26 or MG-31 , 224 kW (300 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 200 km/h (124.3 mph, 108.0 kn)
* Cruise speed: 170 km/h (106 mph, 92 kn)
* Range: 750 km (466 mi, 405 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 5,000 m (16,400 ft)
# Fly Salone

Fly Salone was an airline based in the United Kingdom that operated scheduled and charter flights between London and Freetown, Sierra Leone. The airline conducted its first flight on 11 December 2015. On 17 March 2016, Fly Salone announced it had ceased trading and operated its last flight the following day.

## History

Fly Salone was created in response to British Airways' suspension of nonstop flights from London Heathrow Airport to Freetown in August 2014, in the wake of the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa. In November 2015 the World Health Organization declared Sierra Leone free of Ebola, and in early December the UK Civil Aviation Authority lifted its ban on flights to the country.
The airline was registered in the United Kingdom but served as the flag carrier of Sierra Leone. The management team was entirely Sierra Leonean.
On 11 December 2015, the airline operated its first flight, departing London Gatwick Airport at night and arriving in Freetown Lungi International Airport the following morning. Flights operated twice a week using a Boeing 757 leased from Icelandair.
On 17 March 2016, Fly Salone announced it had ceased trading and would soon go into liquidation. No reasons were provided. The airline operated its final flight, from Freetown to London, the following day. The collapse of Fly Salone also caused the UK travel operator Kevin McPhillips Travel to cease trading. McPhillips Travel had been behind most direct flight operations between the UK and Sierra Leone for more than 20 years.

## Destinations

At the time it ceased operations, Fly Salone was flying to the following destinations:
| Country | City | Airport | Notes |
| Sierra Leone | Freetown | Lungi International Airport | — |
| United Kingdom | London | Gatwick Airport | Base |

## Fleet

Prior to its collapse, Fly Salone operated a single Boeing 757-200 aircraft, leased from Icelandair.

## Air Sierra Leone

In a press release in October 2024, Sierra Leone government has announced the launch of a new airline Air Sierra Leone beginning flights between Freetown Lungi Airport and London Gatwick three times a week. Flights will be operated by wet leased aircraft of Xejet (Nigeria). Inaugural flight is set to take off December 2nd 2024.
# Putilov Stal-3

The Stal-3 (Stal – steel) was a transport aircraft designed and built in the USSR from 1933.

## Development

The Stal-3 was an enlarged development of the Putilov Stal-2, designed at the OOS (Otdel Opytnogo Samolyetostroeniya - section for experimental aircraft construction), with a simplified structure which reduced manufacturing man-hours and structural weight, whilst increasing the design load factor. The layout of the aircraft was very similar to the Stal-2, but featured larger dimensions, slotted flaps, a wide chord engine cowling, slotted ailerons, and spatted wheels with brakes, or skis depending on season.
Flight testing began in 1933 with acceptable results, leading to a production order for 79. The Stal-3 was an important aircraft with the GVF / Aeroflot until 1941, continuing to give service on utility duties with Aeroflot and the Soviet Air Force.

## Operators
### Mongolia

* Mongolian People's Aviation

### Soviet Union

* Aeroflot
* Soviet Air Force

## Specifications (Stal-3)

Data from Gunston, Bill. "Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875-1995". London:Osprey. 1995. ISBN 1-85532-405-9
General characteristics
* Crew: one/two
* Capacity: 6/7
* Length: 10.68 m (35 ft 0.5 in)
* Wingspan: 17.02 m (55 ft 10 in)
* Wing area: 34.8 m$^2$ (364.6 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 1,672 kg (3,686 lb)
* Gross weight: 2,817 kg (6,210 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × M-22 , 358 kW (480 hp)
Performance
* Range: 940 km (584 mi, 507 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 5,340 m (17,250 ft)
* Rate of climb: 3.333 m/s (656.2 ft/min)
# Voiced velar lateral approximant

The voiced velar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used as a distinct consonant in a very small number of spoken languages in the world. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʟ⟩, a small capital version of the Latin letter l (since 1989), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L\.
The velar laterals of the world often involve a prestopped realization [ɡ͡ʟ].

## Features

Features of the voiced velar lateral approximant:
* Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
* Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
* Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
* It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
* It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
* Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
The velar lateral [ʟ] involves no contact of the tip of the tongue with the roof of the mouth: just like for the velar stop [ɡ], the only contact takes place between the back of the tongue and the velum. This contrasts with the velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ] – also known as the dark l in English feel [fiːɫ] – for which the apex touches the alveolar ridge.

## Occurrence

| Language | Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
| English | Southern US | middle | [ˈmɪɾʟ̩] | 'middle' | May occur before or after a velar consonant, as in milk and cycle, when assimilating /ʊ/, as in wolf, or before labial consonants, as in help. See English phonology |
| English | Southern US | full | [ˈfʟ̩ː] | 'full' | May occur before or after a velar consonant, as in milk and cycle, when assimilating /ʊ/, as in wolf, or before labial consonants, as in help. See English phonology |
| Hiw | Hiw | r̄evr̄ov | [ɡ͡ʟəβˈɡ͡ʟɔβ] | 'evening' | Realized as prestopped [ɡ͡ʟ]. |
| Melpa | Melpa | paⱡa | | 'fence' | Realized as prestopped [ɡ͡ʟ]. |
| Mid-Wahgi | Mid-Wahgi | aglagle | [aʟaʟe] | 'dizzy' | Realized as prestopped [ɡ͡ʟ]. |
# Grassy Pond (Five Ponds, New York)

Grassy Pond is a small lake north-northwest of Little Rapids in Herkimer County, New York. It drains southwest via an unnamed creek which flows into Oven Lake.
# Thomas Walter Bickett

Thomas Walter Bickett (February 28, 1869 – December 28, 1921) was the 54th governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1917 to 1921. He was born in Monroe, North Carolina.
Bickett was a graduate of Wake Forest College. Prior to being elected Governor, Bickett practiced law in Louisburg, represented Franklin County in the North Carolina General Assembly and then served as North Carolina Attorney General for two terms (1909–1917).
On November 29, 1898, he married Fanny Neal Yarborough of Rose Hill Plantation.
In 1916, Bickett became the first state governor who was nominated by means of a Democratic Party primary election (in which he defeated Lt. Gov. Elijah L. Daughtridge). Under Bickett's leadership, various reforms were implemented including improvements in child welfare, public health, electricity, and running water. He also persuaded the legislature to establish the state's first income tax. He also had to lead the state through World War I.
Walter Bickett Elementary in Monroe, North Carolina (where he was born), is named for him. Two school locations have his name. The original Walter Bickett School opened in March 1922 on Lancaster Avenue as Monroe High School, the city's first high school, and was named "sometime later" for Bickett. It remained a high school until the present Monroe High School was built in 1960, and was replaced in 2003 with a new Walter Bickett Elementary. The older building became Walter Bickett Pre-K Education Center.
# Huntsville Symphony Orchestra

The Huntsville Symphony Orchestra is a symphonic orchestra located in Huntsville, Alabama. The current conductor and music director is Gregory Vajda. Vajda has been the conductor since the 2011-2012 season. The orchestra's resident conductor is Joseph Lee.

## History

The Huntsville Symphony was founded in 1955 by Alvin Dreger, a cellist from Huntsville. Forty musicians participated, many of whom were scientists in German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun's team. The symphony's first conductor was Dr. Arthur M. Fraser.
The HSO is the oldest continuously-operating professional orchestra in the state of Alabama. Past conductors include Arthur Fraser (1954-1959), Russell Gerhart (1959-1971), Marx Pales (1971-1988), Taavo Virkhaus (1989-2003) and Carlos Miguel Prieto (2003-2011).
The yearly concert programs include a Classical series, a Pops series and a "Casual Classics" series. Notable guest performers have included renowned cellist Yo-Yo Ma, the Canadian Brass and classical guitarist Manuel Barrueco.
# Alabama Symphony Orchestra

The Alabama Symphony Orchestra is a major orchestra based in Birmingham, Alabama. The orchestra's resident and principal conductor is Christopher Confessore. The Orchestra was first formed in April 1921 but had to close because of financial issues in 1993. It re-opened in 1997 after substantial fundraising.

## Programs

Since its rebirth in 1997, The Alabama Symphony Orchestra has undertaken an ambitious effort to reach every corner of the city and the state with a varied and impressive program of music. The ASO now includes 6 subscription series and 11 special event concerts in its seasons annually. The ASO also offers a very successful series for school children–Young People's Concerts (YPC). Each season, thousands of students attend a total of six YPCs. Teachers receive study guides in advance to help prepare students for these concerts and to enhance the educational experience.
On June 29, 2011, the ASO received the John S. Edwards Award for its strong commitment to new American music, demonstrating an enthusiasm for performing the works of living composers. In addition to the concert season in Birmingham, concerts have included Tuscaloosa, Anniston, Decatur, Point Clear, Montgomery (Huntingdon College), Florence, Selma, Dothan and Enterprise. The ASO's association with the Alabama Ballet and Opera Birmingham flourishes as the orchestra accompanies many of their performances. The ASO also planned to collaborate with the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute, Alys Stephens Center, Summerfest Performing Ensemble, and the Birmingham Concert Chorale in concert performances.

## Music Directors

* Carlos Izcaray (2015–)
* Justin Brown (2006–2012)
* Richard Westerfield (1997–2004) In May 2004, he stepped down from a 6-year tenure as music director of the Alabama Symphony.
* Paul Polivnick (1985–1993)
* Amerigo Marino (1964–1984)
* Arthur Winograd (1960–1964)
* Arthur Bennett Lipkin (1949–1960)
* Dorsey Whittington (1933–1942)
# A Winter Scene with Skaters near a Castle

A Winter Scene with Skaters near a Castle is an oil-on-oak painting undertaken between 1608 and 1609 by the Dutch artist Hendrick Avercamp.
As with a number of Avercamp's works, the picture is part of the Flemish tradition of painting "the harmony of human activity and the cycle of nature". He was influenced in his subject by the Little Ice Age, particularly the cold winter of 1607–08, and was the first of the Dutch painters to specialise in snow scenes.
The painting was acquired by the National Gallery in London in 1891 and remains in its collection, as at 2020. On acquisition it was square in shape, but during cleaning in 1983 it was established that Avercamp's original was circular, and the surrounding pieces were made by another artist. The gallery removed the additions.
# Thomas F. Yewcic

Thomas F. Yewcic (born September 30, 1954) was a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing the 72nd District from 1993 until 2008. He and his wife live in Jackson Township and have 2 children. He retired prior to the 2008 election and was succeeded by Democrat Frank Burns.
# Denmark High School (Georgia)

Denmark High School is a public high school in Forsyth County, Georgia, United States. It serves grades 9–12 for Forsyth County Schools.

## History

The school's groundbreaking was on May 25, 2016 and construction was completed in July 2018. Denmark was opened with the main purpose of relieving overcrowding in South Forsyth High School and West Forsyth High School, current rivals of the school. It is named for the late Leila Daughtry Denmark (1898–2012), one of the first female pediatricians in Georgia, retiring in May 2001 at the age of 103. The school opened with an initial enrollment of 1,300 students, and only served grades 9–11 in its inaugural year. As of the 2022-2023 school year, its enrollment is 2,391 students. It is the largest public high school in Georgia by campus area, with a size of 110 acres. The school was built on the property of Dr. Leila Denmark.

## Academics

Denmark High School has been accredited by Cognia since June 2018.

## Student data

During the 2021–22 school year, Denmark had an enrollment of 2,373 students. The student body was 40.9% White, 29.1% Asian, 18.0% Hispanic, 8.8% Black, 2.9% Multiracial, and 0.3% Native American.
# Rosa Dorothea Ritter

Rosa Dorothea Ritter (29 July 1759 – 13 January 1833), also called Rosette Ritter and Baroness of Lindenthal after 1783, was a German woman who was the second mistress of William I, Elector of Hesse from 1779 until 1788. She was an ancestor of the Barons of Haynau.

## Biography

Rosa was the daughter of the apothecary Johann Georg Ritter and his wife Maria Magdalena Witz. She replaced Charlotte Christine Buissine.
William bought Rosa a property in Hanau and a country estate in the Rheingau and had her ennobled by the Holy Roman Emperor in Vienna. On 17 March 1783, the Emperor elevated them to the nobility of the Empire with the Privilegium Denominandi. William gave Rosa the Lindenthal estate near Wiesbaden, after which she called herself Freifrau von Lindenthal.

## Issue

With William I, Elector of Hesse, she had eight children, seven of whom lived to adulthood:
* Wilhelm Karl von Haynau (24 December 1779 – 21 January 1856)
* George Wilhelm von Haynau (27 February 1781 – February 1813)
* Philipp Ludway von Haynau (18 May 1782 – 5 June 1843)
* Wilhelmine von Haynau (20 July 1783 – 27 May 1866)
* Moritz von Haynau (4 July 1784 – 9 September 1812)
* Marie Sophie von Haynau (11 September 1785 – 21 April 1865)
* Julius Jacob von Haynau (14 October 1786 – 14 March 1853)
* Otto von Haynau (12 June 1788 – before 24 May 1792), died in childhood
The surviving children were all legitimized on 10 March 1800 and made Barons of Haynau.
In 1788, William hypocritically accused Rosa, who had been constantly pregnant with his children for most of the last decade, of infidelity and banished her to Babenhausen Castle. He replaced her with Karoline von Schlotheim. There, on 13 February 1794, Rosa married her guardian, Johann Georg Kleinhans (d. 17 February 1835), who later became Councilor of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, and was thereby released. Descendants from this marriage are said to live in the United States.
# David W. Krause

David W. Krause is a Canadian-born vertebrate paleontologist currently working as Senior Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, which he joined in 2016. Prior to that he was a Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Anatomical Sciences at Stony Brook University, where he was employed for 34 years. His work primarily focuses on fossils from the Cretaceous period of Madagascar, and he often travels to the island to uncover new fossils. He is most famous for his discoveries of Majungasaurus crenatissimus and Beezlebufo ampinga. Rapetosaurus krausei, another dinosaur from Madagascar, is named in his honor. Krause is also the founder of the Madagascar Ankizy Fund, which is dedicated to educating and providing healthcare for poor children in Madagascar.