OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gilbert Mountain

Gilbert Mountain is an 8,023-foot (2,445-metre) massif located in Okanogan County in Washington state. It is part of the Methow Mountains which are a subrange of the North Cascades. The mountain is situated within the Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness which is managed by Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest. The northwestern extreme of the Gilbert massif connects to the southern end of Kangaroo Ridge. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into the Twisp River. Topographic relief is significant as it rises over 4,000 feet (1,200 meters) above the river in approximately one mile.

## Climate

Gilbert Mountain is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Weather fronts originating in the Pacific Ocean travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach the North Cascades, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range (orographic lift), causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades. As a result, the west side of the North Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in high avalanche danger. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer.

## Geology

The North Cascades features some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks, ridges, and deep glacial valleys. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to the various climate differences. These climate differences lead to vegetation variety defining the ecoregions in this area.
The history of the formation of the Cascade Mountains dates back millions of years ago to the late Eocene Epoch. With the North American Plate overriding the Pacific Plate, episodes of volcanic igneous activity persisted. In addition, small fragments of the oceanic and continental lithosphere called terranes created the North Cascades about 50 million years ago.
During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured the landscape leaving deposits of rock debris. The U-shaped cross section of the river valleys is a result of recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the North Cascades area.
# Chuck Moss

Charles J. (Chuck) Moss (born 1953) was the Republican State Representative representing the 40th District, which covers the municipalities of Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, Keego Harbor, Michigan, Orchard Lake Village, Michigan, Franklin, Michigan, Bingham Farms, Michigan, Beverly Hills, Michigan and Sylvan Lake, Michigan.

## Biography

Moss grew up in Midland, Michigan and graduated from Herbert Henry Dow High School in 1971. He received a B.A. from Michigan State University's James Madison College. He obtained a J.D. from the University of Detroit law school.
Moss is a practicing attorney, and also has an active involvement with Detroit local media. He has hosted a number of shows on WXST, WJIM and was the co-host of "Back to Back" on WTVS. He has also been a freelance writer for the Oakland Press Detroit News, and Computer Gaming World.
He resides in Birmingham with Alice Moss and his two daughters.

## Political career

Moss served on the Birmingham Traffic and Safety Board from 1993-1997 before being elected to the City Commission. In 2000 he was elected mayor.
Later in 2000, Moss was elected to the Oakland County Commission. He served as the chair of the Finance Committee. He served on the Commission until 2006.
In November 2006, Moss was elected to the State House, defeating Democrat Syed Jafry.
In his time in the State House, Moss has attempted to pass legislation easing regulatory burdens by State government. He supported a bill that would Michigan's Department of Environmental Quality's enforcement actions.
He also has introduced legislation that would transfer the management of the Detroit water and sewer system to a regional authority governed by representatives from the City of Detroit, and St. Clair County, Lapeer County, Macomb County, Oakland County, Washtenaw County, Genesee County and Wayne County.

### Election history

Michigan House 40th District Election Results, 2006–present :
| 2006 Candidate | Party | Popular votes | Vote percentage |
| Chuck Moss | Republican | 28,092 | 65% |
| Syed Jafry | Democrat | 14,880 | 35% |
# Rodney Madgwick

Rodney Neville Madgwick KC is a former Australian judge who served as a judge of the Federal Court of Australia from 3 October 1995 to 21 April 2008. He was based in the Sydney registry of the court. He attended Sydney Boys High School from 1954-58. He was President of the Australian Society of Labor Lawyers and the New South Wales Society of Labor Lawyers in 1981.
# Philip Mastin

Philip O. Mastin Jr. (May 27, 1930 – November 28, 2012) was an American politician from Pontiac, Michigan.
Mastin served as a Democrat in the Michigan House of Representatives' 69th District and then in the Michigan State Senate's 8th District. He was removed from his state senate seat after losing a recall election in 1984, becoming the first Michigan state legislator to be successfully recalled.

## Career
### Local government

During his 25 years in Michigan government, Mastin served as Hazel Park City Councilman, Oakland County supervisor, Oakland County commissioner, deputy chairman and treasurer of the Oakland County Democratic Party, Pontiac city manager, and director of the Downtown Development Authority in Pontiac.

### Boards

Mastin served for two terms as president of the Mental Health Association in Michigan (1987–1988) and was a member of the state association's board of directors from 1977 and was elected an "honorary board member" in 2000. Additionally, he served on the National Mental Health Association's executive committee as well as their board of directors from 1989 to 1995. He was elected to the board of the United Way of Michigan in 1996, serving on the executive committee and as chairman of the state agency's Public Policy Committee.

### State legislature

Mastin served three terms in the Michigan House of Representatives, from 1971 to 1976.
Mastin served a partial term in the Michigan State Senate in 1983 before being recalled by his constituents.

## Michigan State Senate recall

Mastin voted in favor of a 38% tax increase (from 4.6% to 6.35%) in order to address the state budget crisis, which led to the anti-tax group Citizens Against Unnecessary State Expenditures (CAUSE) lobbying for his removal. Mastin was in the first year of his first Michigan State Senate term when the election to recall him took place on November 22, 1983. The event earned national attention for being the first time a Michigan state legislator was recalled from office by their constituents.
Sen. David Serotkin of Mt. Clemens was recalled soon after, with the events ultimately flipping majority control in the Michigan State Senate to the Republican Party for the first time in ten years. Republicans held this majority until the 2022 election. Governor James Blanchard, also a Democrat, faced and beat recall efforts from the same anti-tax group. Other recall efforts were stopped with court challenges.

## Personal life

Before his death, he and his wife, Donna, were members of Fenton First United Methodist Church. Phil served as president of his church golf league and served for 10 years as a member of his condominium association's advisory committee. He finally retired in 1994.
# Biotic material

Biotic material or biological derived material is any material that originates from living organisms. Most such materials contain carbon and are capable of decay.
The earliest form of life on Earth arose at least 3.5 billion years ago. Earlier physical evidences of life include graphite, a biogenic substance, in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in southwestern Greenland, as well as, "remains of biotic life" found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. Earth's biodiversity has expanded continually except when interrupted by mass extinctions. Although scholars estimate that over 99 percent of all species of life (over five billion) that ever lived on Earth are extinct, there are still an estimated 10–14 million extant species, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86% have not yet been described.
Examples of biotic materials are wood, straw, humus, manure, bark, crude oil, cotton, spider silk, chitin, fibrin, and bone.
The use of biotic materials and processed biotic materials (bio-based material) as alternative natural materials over synthetics is widespread with those who are environmentally conscious because such materials are usually biodegradable, renewable, and the processing is commonly understood and has minimal environmental impact. However, not all biotic materials are used in an environmentally friendly way, such as those that require high levels of processing, are harvested unsustainably, or are used to produce carbon emissions.
When the source of the recently living material has little importance to the product produced, such as in the production of biofuels, biotic material is simply called biomass. Many fuel sources may have biological sources and may be divided roughly into fossil fuels and biofuel.
In soil science, biotic material is often referred to as organic matter. Biotic materials in soil include humic substances such as humic acids, fulvic acids and humin. Some biotic material may not be considered to be organic matter if it is low in organic compounds, such as a clam's shell, which is an essential component of the exoskeleton of bivalve mollusks made of calcium carbonate (CaCO$_3$), but contains little organic carbon.
# Julio Cabrera

Julio Cabrera may refer to:
* Julio Cabrera (footballer), a Spanish footballer
* Julio Cabrera (philosopher), an Argentine philosopher living in Brazil
* Julio Cabrera (swimmer), a Spanish swimmer
# Michael Sak

Michael G. Sak (born 1959) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. He was a member of the Michigan State House of Representatives, representing the 76th district, located in urban Grand Rapids. He is a Democrat and was Speaker pro Tempore of the Michigan House.
In 2008 he was unable to run for re-election due to term limits and was replaced by Roy Schmidt.

## Early life

Sak received his Diploma from Grand Rapids Union High School in 1977, his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from Utah State University in 1982 and his Masters of Education degree from Grand Valley State University 13 years later.
He taught elementary school in Grand Rapids from 1992 to 1998. In 1998 he became an administrator in the Grand Rapids Public Schools as Coordinator of the Shared Time program. From 1999 to 2003, he served as the Eisenhower Grant Coordinator and an Assistant Principal at the Math Science Academy in Grand Rapids.

## Political career

In 1986, Sak was elected to the Kent County Board of Commissioners, and served until 2002. He was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives in 2002. He represents the 76th district, which is located in Kent County and encompasses the northwest, northeast and southeast portions of the City of Grand Rapids. It is the only strongly Democratic district in all of Kent County.
In 2004, Sak was elected to become the Democratic Assistant Floor Leader.
In 2006, Democrats won the majority in the Michigan State House, and Sak was subsequently elected to be the Speaker pro Tempore.
In 2007, "Sak allegedly tried to use his position on the House Appropriations Committee to get a ride from a state trooper after a gathering of the National Governors Association on July 20 in Traverse City, the trooper wrote in a memo. Sak told the trooper, who was assigned to work security at the Grand Traverse Resort, that he owed him a ride because, as a member of appropriations, he had saved his job from being eliminated in budget cuts, the trooper wrote". https://www.mlive.com/grpress/2007/08/sak_tells_different_story_abou.html

## Electoral history

* 2006 campaign for State House
** Michael Sak (D), 73%
** Ted Liberski (R), 25%
* 2004 campaign for State House
** Michael Sak (D), 67%
** Holly Zuidema (R), 30%
* 2002 campaign for State House
** Michael Sak (D), 61%
** Mark Kublik (R), 37%
# Marcia White

Marcia White is an American executive. White served as president and executive director of the Saratoga Performing Arts Center (SPAC), a music venue located on the grounds of Saratoga Spa State Park in Saratoga Springs, New York, from 2005 to 2016. In 2020, she was hired as interim president, and then appointed permanent president in 2021, of the College of Saint Rose in Albany, New York.

## Education

White received a bachelor's degree from the College of Saint Rose.

## Career

White was an aide to longtime New York State Senator Joe Bruno for nearly two decades. White worked on health care issues and served as Bruno's press secretary. White also helped initiate Generating Employment, a New York science program.
White is the president of Marcia White Consulting LLC.

### Saratoga Performing Arts Center (SPAC)

White became the executive director of SPAC in 2005. In 2006, she secured $2.1 million in New York State funds to rehabilitate the venue. Her twin goals were to raise money and to increase SPAC's profile as a cultural and concert venue. She continued the New York City Ballet summer residency at SPAC, which had experienced declining attendance through 2005. White also created a new logo and web presence for SPAC. In 2008, White focused on promoting the Philadelphia Orchestra summer residency at SPAC, introducing performers such as pianist Yuja Wang.
During her tenure as executive director, White served on a transition team for New York Governor Eliot Spitzer.
White retired from SPAC in 2016. According to the Albany Times Union, under White's leadership, "the nonprofit emerged from a decade and half of red ink to finish each year in the black".

### The College of Saint Rose

In 2020, White was named interim president of her alma mater, the College of Saint Rose. She was then appointed permanently to that position in 2021. White had previously served on the college's board of trustees for 18 years. The college had previously honored White with a Community of Excellence award in 2016 for her contributions to the college and to the Capital District.
In November 2023, the media announced that the College of Saint Rose would be closing at the end of the 2023-24 academic year. She attempted to find a merger partner for the college, but ultimately those negotiations fell through.
# Nathan Elbaz

Nathan Elbaz (Hebrew: נתן אלבז; 17 October 1932 – 11 February 1954) was an Israel Defense Forces soldier who sacrificed his life for his friends, receiving the Medal of Distinguished Service.

## Biography

Elbaz was born in Morocco, to a Jewish family. He attended Hebrew school, and he and his friends dreamed of making aliyah. After the establishment of Israel in 1948, Elbaz and his friends were determined to move there. When he was 18, he left for Israel as part of Aliyat HaNoar ("Youth Aliyah").
Elbaz was inducted into the IDF in 1952 and served in the Infantry Corps. During his service, he was entrusted with the task of disassembling hand grenades. On 11 February 1954, Elbaz and another soldier were disassembling grenades, when a grenade he was holding was accidentally activated. He immediately called out a warning to his comrades to take shelter, but when he saw that there was no way to throw the grenade without endangering them, he ran away from them, pressing it to his chest and was thus killed. For this action he received a posthumous citation from chief of staff Moshe Dayan. The citation was replaced with the Medal of Distinguished Service, after the latter was established in 1970.

### Commemoration

The poet Natan Alterman published a poem praising his heroism. Amos Ettinger also wrote a poem in his memory, called "Nathan Natan". The song was composed and performed by Joe Amar.
Streets in Israeli cities were named after him: Tel Aviv, Haifa, Petah Tikva, Ashdod, Herzliya, Lod, Tirat Carmel, Kiryat Gat, Shlomi, Kiryat Ata, Ramla and Sderot. In addition, a synagogue and garden "Natan Elbaz" in the city of Dimona were named after him.
# Bożydar-Kałęczyn

Bożydar-Kałęczyn, also known as Bożydar, was a suburban town (jurydyka) near the town of Old Warsaw, and a part of Warsaw agglomeration. It was established in 1702, in an area around modern Książęca Street, Smolna Street, and Jerusalem Avenue. It was incorporated into the city of Warsaw in 1794. Currently, its area is divided between districts of Śródmieście (Śródmieście Południowe) and Ochota (Filtry, Old Ochota).
From 1774 to 1776, in the town was located the neighbourhood of Nowa Jerozolima (lit. from Polish: New Jerusalem), inhabited by the Jewish population. It was destroyed in 1776 in accordance to antisemitic laws, with its population being displaced.

## History

Bożydar-Kałęczyn was established in 1702 by J. Szwarcenberg-Czerny, in an area around modern Książęca Street, Smolnej Street, and the Jerusalem Avenue. It was partially built in an area of the village of Kałęczyn. Bożydar-Kałęczyn was suburban town in the Warsaw agglomeration, outside the administrative boundaries of Old Warsaw and New Warsaw. It legally functioned as the jurydyka, a suburban town, established with royal decree, independent from Warsaw, including free from paying taxes and following its laws. Its town hall was located at the 8/10 Nowy Świat Street.
In 1774, in Bożydar-Kałęczyn, then owned by August Kazimierz Sułkowski, was established the neighbourhood of Nowa Jerozolima (lit. from Polish: New Jerusalem), inhabited by the Jewish population. It was located between the modern the Artur Zawisza Square and the Kaliska Street. It existed in violation of the Privilegium de non tolerandis Judaeis law, which forbid Jewish people, from living in Old Warsaw, and in 2 mile (3.2 km) radius from it. As such the city hall of Old Warsaw had sued Sułkowski, demanding the neighbourhood to be destroyed. Despite protests of the Jewish population, the neighbourhood had been destroyed on 23 January 1776, with its inhabitants displaced, their trading goods confiscated, and the houses being torn down.
The Jerusalem Avenue in Warsaw, was named in the commemoration of the neighbourhood.
In 1791, in accordance to the Free Royal Cities Act, it was decided to combine Nowogrodzka, together with other suburban towns, as well as towns of Old Warsaw, and New Warsaw, into a singular entity, forming the city of Warsaw. The execution of the act was blocked by the Targowica Confederation, which delayed the unification to 1794.
# Winter View of the Hekelveld in Amsterdam

Winter View of the Hekelveld in Amsterdam is a 17th-century oil on canvas painting by the Dutch Golden Age painter Jacob van Ruisdael. It is in a private collection in Scotland.
The painting depicts the Hekelveld, a square in Amsterdam, with two frozen canals, both of which were filled in during the 19th century. In the distance one can discern the tower of the New Town Hall and the spire of the Nieuwe Kerk. This makes it highly likely that the painting was made after 1665, as records show that the town hall's tower was not finished until then, and in or before 1682, the year of Ruisdael's death.
The painting is catalogue number 9 in Seymour Slive's 2001 catalogue raisonné of Ruisdael, though is not present in the 1911 catalogue raisonné by art historian Hofstede de Groot. Its dimensions are 49.5 cm x 65 cm. It is signed in the lower left. It changed hands in 1996.
# Veterans for Medical Cannabis Access

Veterans for Medical Cannabis Access (VMCA), which was founded as Veterans for Medical Marijuana Access (VMMA) reflecting the pejorative word "marijuana", is an Elliston, Virginia-based non-profit service organization designed to assist American veterans who wish to be able to use marijuana for medical purposes with a doctor's recommendation. VMCA works towards the freedom for veterans to discuss the medical use of marijuana with their doctors without the risk of reprisal.

## Activity in the United States

When it was created in 2007, Veterans for Medical Cannabis Access was the first American veteran service organization designed to assist veterans with medical access to cannabis. Since then, VCMA has been lobbying and advocating both at the federal level (Veterans Affairs) and at the State-level, to geographically and qualitatively increase access to medical cannabis and derivates for US military veterans. The organization seeks to make sure that the United States federal government allows veterans access to medicines their doctor prescribes or recommends, and broaden the right to access and the affordability of medicines.

## Activity at international level

During the first decade of the 21st century, VMCA increased its presence and advocacy close to the relevant international institutions, in particular on policy issues at the Commission on Narcotic Drugs meetings, and close to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the International Narcotics Control Board. VMCA is also following the process of scientific review of cannabis by the World Health Organization towards a change in the scheduling of the substance at international level. VCMA has developed close collaborations with major European NGOs such as DrugScience, the European Coalition for Just and Effective Drug Policies or the FAAAT think & do tank. VCMA Executive Director Michael Krawitz has been named Senior Adviser of FAAAT, with which he has developed an active advocacy and research in relation with the WHO review of Cannabis for international scheduling. In 2015 in Prague, VMCA was involved in the creation of the IMCPC (International Medical Cannabis Patients' Coalition). Since 2017, VCMA collaborates in the United Nations Office in Vienna to the organization of the Legal Regulations Fora, series of civil society events aimed at spreading ground-up proposals that aim to impact national decision-makers gathered in these meetings.
# Kenneth De Groot

Kenneth Roy De Groot (October 16, 1929 – April 22, 1993) was an American politician who sat in the Iowa House of Representatives between 1979 and 1993 as a member of the Republican Party. He held the District 1 seat until 1983, when he began representing District 8.
De Groot was born in Perkins, Iowa on October 16, 1929. He was a graduate of Hull High School, and pursued tertiary education at Iowa State University and Northwestern College. After college, De Groot became a dairy farmer for 42 years. Alongside his sons, De Groot owned and operated DG Valley-View Farms. De Groot held membership and executive positions in several agricultural collectives, companies, and associations, among them, 4-H, the Dairy Herd Improvement Association, the Land O'Lakes Northwest Iowa Dairy Division, and the Farm Bureau.
De Groot moved to Doon in 1978, and served in the Iowa House of Representatives between 1979 and 1993 as a member of the Republican Party. He held the District 1 seat until 1983, when he began representing District 8.
De Groot died on April 22, 1993, months after completing his seventh and final term in office. A lung cancer diagnosis in late 1991 influenced his decision to retire from the Iowa General Assembly. He was additionally diagnosed with brain cancer in early 1993.