OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mizlou Television Network

Mizlou Television Network, Inc. or Mizlou Communications, Inc., was a sports broadcast television network active from 1968-1991. In 1968, its predecessor, the Unisphere Broadcasting System (UBS) was re-established as Mizlou Television Network, Inc., which is now based in Tampa, Florida. Mizlou later branched out into cable sports channels.

## Operation

The network was not a full-time network, but produced sports and entertainment television shows offered to a set of affiliates set up event by event. It was seen on affiliates of NBC, ABC, and CBS, and on independent television stations and cable channels.
Mizlou utilized the AT&T system to distribute signals to television stations nationwide via land lines and microwave facilities.

## History
### Unisphere Broadcasting System

In mid-1965, radio businessman Vincent C. Piano proposed UBS. The service would have operated 2.5 hours each night. However, Piano had difficulty signing affiliates; a year later, no launch date had been set, and the network still lacked a "respectable number of affiliates in major markets."

### Mizlou TV Network

By 1968, the business changed to Mizlou Television Network. After the name change, Mizlou began syndicating college football bowls in 1968.
Maryland sold Mizlou rights to two of its Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball games along with the women's basketball Maryland versus Immaculata game on January 26, 1975. This was the first national broadcast of a women’s college basketball game with 100+ stations signing on to the telecast.
Mizlou broadcast the first three Fiesta Bowl starting in 1971 and lost money on the first broadcast. In 1979, the Network broadcast the Miss Black Universe USA and International beauty pageants. The network carried the 1975 Blue-Gray Football Classic, angering the all-star game's committee by convincing the game clock operator to cut three minutes off the clock in the first quarter.
Mizlou was hired by U.S. Tobacco to broadcast the College National Final Rodeo in 1981. In 1985, Mizlou decided not to renew the Holiday Bowl broadcast contract. In 1986, the network signed a three-year deal with the Freedom Bowl adding them to their bowl line up of Bluebonnet, Cherry, Independence and Hall of Fame Bowls for that year.
In August 1989, Mizlou Communications announced the November launch of Sports News Network, a 24-hour sports news and interview basic channel. Mizlou in February 1990 made a private placement of securities to keep SNN going. Mizlou made another attempt before July 1990 and attempted a third placement of $15–$20 million in July 1990 for the network. SNN went dark on December 17, 1990 as parent Mizlou Communications filed for bankruptcy. Mizlou was in talks with Landmark Communications and Telecable Corporation as a potential buyer of the channel and other assets. In January 1991, Landmark dropped plans for a sport news channel and its discussions with Mizlou for the purchases of Sports News Network due to Tele-Communications Inc.'s planned launch of Prime Sports News, an all-sports news cable channel.
# Eugène Drenthe

Eugène Constantijn Donders Drenthe (12 December 1925 in Laarwijk, Surinam – 30 March 2009 in Rotterdam, Netherlands) was a prominent Surinamese poet and playwright.

## Biography

Drenthe was born in Laarwijk, Surinam, as an illegitimate child of Louise Drenthe and the local police officer who was also the parish clerk. Drenthe used to talk about it as if it was normal. This down-to-earth attitude also characterized his plays which showed the normal life of the Creoles in Suriname. The plays were successful, Geheim in het gezin was performed 57 times in Suriname. Drenthe produced 25 plays in all, which include Rudy (1959), Kedjaman (1969) and Djomp abra (1977). From 1968 onwards, the plays of Drenthe were being performed outside of Suriname. First to Curaçao, Aruba, and Puerto Rico, and later to the Netherlands.
Drenthe was one of the founding members and first president of NAKS. NAKS was founded in 1948 as a social and cultural organization to promote Afro-Surinamese culture and expression. In 1982 Drenthe started to publish poetry in Dutch and Sranan Tongo. His first publication was Skuma/Schuim (1982).
Drenthe was offered a knighthood in the Order of Orange Nassau in 1972, but refused to accept it, because he had done nothing special. He moved to the Netherlands in 1977. He died on 30 March 2009 in Rotterdam, at the age of 83.
# Oskar Trautmann

Oskar Trautmann (7 May 1877 – 10 December 1950) was a German diplomat and writer.

## Diplomatic career

After completing his doctorate in 1904, Trautmann embarked on a consular career. Trautmann entered the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in 1905 he was appointed Vice Consul in St. Petersburg, Russia. In 1907 he served as Secretary of the German delegation to the Hague Peace Conference. In 1911 he left his position in St. Petersburg and joined the manpower division of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1913 was appointed Consul General in Zürich, Switzerland. After the First World War, he filled positions that were related to the Far East. In 1921 he was appointed Consul General in Kobe, Japan, and in 1922 he was appointed Councillor of the Embassy in Tokyo.
Between 1935 and 1938 he served as Ambassador to China, serving in Nanjing, where he attempted to mediate the 2nd Sino-Japanese War.

## Early life

Trutamann was born on the 7th of May, 1877, to the small village of Stradow, Brandenburg. He first attended Erwin-Strittmatter-Gymnasium in Spremburg, then to the secondary school Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium, where he passed his school leaving examination in 1895. He studied law studies in Berlin, initially was interested in various subjects of legal history and legal philosophy before becoming interested about constitutional and international law, something that would later lead to his career. He was fascinated by "the East German mixture of Germanic and Slavic cultures," and even as a young man he learned the Russian language, "because it was so close to Wendish."

## Interest in Chinese cultural art

Trautmann was also a well-known Chinese painting and bronze collector within his time as Ministry of Foreign Affairs, collecting around 150 paintings and calligraphic works. He collected various contemporary art, meeting important Chinese artists at the time, such as Xu Beihong, Qi Baishi, and Zhang Daqian. Trautmann took his painting collection back to Germany, and included them in various exhibitions he organized.

## Works

* Trautmann, Oskar, Der Diplomat - Der Konsul (Berlin: Lehrmittelzentralt d. DAF. 1938)
* "Russia and the Great War 1914-1917" The XX Century (journal published in Shanghai)
* Mitter, Rana. Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937-1945. 2013.

## Sources

* Brief biography at the Bundesarchiv (German)
* Brief art biography, from The Sothebys (English)
# Chief Joseph Mountain

Chief Joseph Mountain is a 9,616-foot elevation (2,931 m) mountain summit located in Wallowa County, Oregon, US.

## Description

Chief Joseph Mountain is located five miles south of Joseph, Oregon, in the Wallowa Mountains. It is set within the Eagle Cap Wilderness on land managed by Wallowa–Whitman National Forest. The peak ranks as the 14th-highest summit in Oregon, and the 8th-highest of the Wallowa Mountains. The peak is situated southwest of Wallowa Lake and precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into tributaries of the Wallowa River. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises over 5,200 feet (1,600 meters) above the lake in approximately three miles. The bulk of the mountain is a complex geology of Mesozoic granodiorite of the Wallowa Batholith, limestone, greenstone, and a small relict summit cap composed of Columbia River basalt.

## Etymology

This landform's toponym was officially adopted in 1925 by the United States Board on Geographic Names to honor Chief Joseph (1840–1904), leader of the Wal-lam-wat-kain (Wallowa) band of Nez Perce tribe. Chief Joseph led his band of Nez Perce during the most tumultuous period in their history, when they were forcibly removed by the United States federal government from their ancestral lands in the Wallowa Valley. Ironically, Mount Howard which is immediately across the Wallowa Valley from Chief Joseph Mountain is named after Oliver Otis Howard, the Army officer responsible for evicting Chief Joseph in 1877. "Point Joseph" is an alternate official name for the summit and "Tunnel Mountain" has also been used in the past. The nearby town of Joseph is also named after him.

## Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, Chief Joseph Mountain is located in a subarctic climate zone characterized by long, usually very cold winters, and mild summers. Winter temperatures can drop below −10 °F with wind chill factors below −20 °F. Most precipitation in the area is caused by orographic lift.

## Gallery

* Northeast aspect
* North-northeast aspect of Chief Joseph Mountain reflected in Wallowa Lake
* East-southeast aspect of Chief Joseph Mountain seen from Mount Howard
* Hurwal Divide (left) and Chief Joseph Mountain (right) from Mt. Howard
# Time served

In typical criminal law, time served is an informal term that describes the duration of pretrial detention (remand), the time period between when a defendant is arrested and when they are convicted. Time served does not include time served on bail but only during incarceration and can range from days to, in rare cases, years. A sentence of time served means that the defendant has been sentenced to confinement, albeit retroactively fulfilled by the pretrial detention; therefore, the defendant goes free.
A sentence of time served may result from plea bargains in which in exchange for only receiving a sentence that involves no additional period of incarceration, a defendant accepts a guilty plea. Additional terms of sentence that may accompany a sentence of served also include a probation, a fine, or unpaid community service.
Statistics released in 2020 by the Victorian Sentencing Advisory Council show that 67% of people sentenced to prison in Victoria, Australia in 2017–18 spent at least one day in remand, up from 47% in 2011–12. In the same year, of the cases that Victorian courts issued imprisonment orders to, 66% exceeded time served (meaning additional time needed to be served), 29% matched time served (meaning no additional imprisonment), and 5% were less than time served (meaning the defendant was over-detained during remand). The council called the over-detention a "matter of concern", as the defendant spent longer in detention than the ultimate duration of the sentence. The council also highlighted that lower courts, such as magistrates' court, tended to give more time served sentences than higher courts.
# Jim L. Gillis Jr.

James Lester Gillis Jr. (October 2, 1916 – February 26, 2018) was an American politician in the state of Georgia.
Gillis was born in Locust Grove to the prominent Gillis family of Soperton, Georgia. His grandfather, Neil L. Gillis, was the founder of Treutlen County, Georgia and a member of the Georgia House of Representatives. His father, Jim L. Gillis Sr., and brother, Hugh Gillis, were former members of the Georgia State Senate.
Gillis graduated from the University of Georgia in 1937 with a degree in forestry.
Gillis served on the Georgia Forestry Commission Board and was a former president of the American Turpentine Farmers Association, Georgia Forestry Commission, State Association of County Commissioners, Bank of Soperton, and Georgia Bankers Association. Gillis was a member of the board of directors at the Bank of Soperton from October 29, 1974, to September 28, 2016. He was a member of the Georgia Forestry Commission on February 14, 1977, until January 1, 2017 (being president from January 1981 to January 2007). He was the founder of the Ohoopee River Soil and Water Conservation District and a member of the National Association of Conservation Districts (NACD) Hall of Fame. He was a member of a conservation board for over 75 years, the longest term of any member ever. Gillis was the district supervisor of the Ohoopee River Soil Conservation District from 1939 to 2009.
He served in the Georgia State Senate in 1938 and from 1945 to 1946 and on the Treutlen County commission.
Gillis turned 100 in October 2016 and died in February 2018 at the age of 101, over 80 years since his first gubernatorial election.
# Lewis Hippolytus Joseph Tonna

Lewis Hippolytus Joseph Tonna (3 September 1812 – 2 April 1857) was an English polyglot and campaigner on behalf of evangelical protestantism.
Born Liverpool, son of the Spanish vice-consul and consul for the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, his father died in 1828 while he was a student in Corfu and he was compelled to find employment as an interpreter aboard the Hydra. He served on various ships until returning to England in 1835 to become a director of the Royal United Services Institute.
Tonna married Charlotte Elizabeth Browne, a widow, in 1841 and the two were prolific pamphleteers for the evangelical Protestant cause. When Giacinto Achilli was interned following the fall of the Roman Republic, Tonna was prominent in the campaign for his release and return to England. Following Charlotte's death in 1846, in 1848 he married Mary Anne Dibdin, daughter of Charles Dibdin (the younger). Neither marriage produced children and Tonna died in London.

## Honours

* Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries;
* Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (1855).
# Częstocin

Częstocin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przywidz, within Gdańsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Przywidz, 27 km (17 mi) west of Pruszcz Gdański, and 33 km (21 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Lewis Edward Anderson

Lewis Edward Anderson (June 16, 1912 – February 1, 2007) was an American botanist dedicated to the study of mosses, and was an expert on the North American bryoflora.

## Early life

Anderson was born to a farming family in a rural area of Batesville, Mississippi. He began his education in a small school that convened first grade only every other year, so he started at age 5 and was more or less moved along as teachers recognized comprehension, so he left high school at 15 and graduated from Mississippi State University with a Bachelor of Science at 19. He undertook postgraduate studies in botany at Duke University and received a master's degree in 1933. It was here where Anderson became interested in mosses while studying under Hugo Leander Blomquist. At age 22, he earned his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania.

## Career

In 1936, Anderson was added to the botany faculty at Duke University to specialize cytology, and he was given the responsibility of curating the moss herbarium. Anderson's research then began to shift from cellular cytology to the ecology and classification of mosses. He, with the help of his colleague Ruth Margery Addoms, built the institution's first general botany course.
Throughout his career, Anderson was assisted by his wife, Pat, whom he met while she was a nursing student at Duke. They married in 1941 and after having 5 children between 1942 and 1947, she accompanied him on field trips, marking topography maps with collection sites and managing specimen packets. She also helped prepare and distribute "The Bryologist", journal of The American Bryological Society.
During World War II, Anderson took leave from Duke to serve in the Navy and was intelligence officer from February through September, 1945 on the USS Hancock, an aircraft carrier in the Pacific. He was awarded a Bronze Star and was discharged as a lieutenant commander.
Anderson frequently collaborated with Howard A. Crum, and in 1981, the two published a two-volume flora on the mosses of eastern North America. With Crum he edited the exsiccata Mosses of North America. Anderson continued to expand the bryophyte herbarium at Duke, and he helped to develop a graduate program in bryology. He retired from Duke in 1982.

## Legacy

The moss genus Bryoandersonia was named after him by Harold E. Robinson. Some species, including Bryocrumia andersonii, also bear his name.
In 1998, the bryophyte herbarium at Duke University was officially named the L.E. Anderson Bryophyte Herbarium. It holds approximately 260,000 specimens.

## Selected publications

* Crum, Howard A.; Anderson, Lewis Edward (1981). Mosses of Eastern North America. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231045162.
* Anderson, Lewis Edward; Shaw, Arthur Jonathon; Shaw, Blanka (2009). Peat Mosses of the Southeastern United States. New York Botanical Garden. ISBN 9780893275051.
# Universality (philosophy)

In philosophy, universality or absolutism is the idea that universal facts exist and can be progressively discovered, as opposed to relativism, which asserts that all facts are relative to one's perspective. Absolutism and relativism have been explored at length in contemporary analytic philosophy.
Also see Kantian and Platonist notions of "universal", which are considered by most philosophers to be separate notions.

## Universality in ethics

When used in the context of ethics, the meaning of universal refers to that which is true for "all similarly situated individuals". Rights, for example in natural rights, or in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, for those heavily influenced by the philosophy of the Enlightenment and its conception of a human nature, could be considered universal. The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights is inspired by such principles.
Universal moralities contrast with moral relativisms, which seek to account for differing ethical positions between people and cultural norms.

## Universality about truth

In logic, or the consideration of valid arguments, a proposition is said to have universality if it can be conceived as being true in all possible contexts without creating a contradiction. A universalist conception of truth accepts one or more universals, whereas a relativist conception of truth denies the existence of some or all universals.

## Universals in metaphysics

In metaphysics, a universal is a proposed type, property, or relation which can be instantiated by many different particulars. While universals are related to the concept of universality, the concept is importantly distinct; see the main page on universals for a full treatment of the topic.
# Maurice Johannessen

Kaare Maurice Johannessen (born July 16, 1934) is an American politician from California and a member of the Republican Party. Johannessen made his living in real estate before being elected to the Redding City Council, where he served as Mayor from 1988 until 1989. In 1990, he won election to the Shasta County Board of Supervisors, serving as its chairman in 1992. He ran for the California State Senate in a 1993 special election for the 4th district left vacant when Democratic incumbent Mike Thompson won election to the neighboring 2nd district (where his home wound up after redistricting). Johannessen defeated former 7th district Assemblywoman Bev Hansen in the August GOP primary by a comfortable margin and went on to win reelection in 1994 and 1998.
Upon leaving the State Senate in 2002, Johannessen was appointed by Democratic Governor Gray Davis as Secretary of the California Department of Veterans Affairs, a post he held until 2003. Johannessen is the father of sons Steven Johannessen, George Johannessen, Mark Johannessen and Scott Johannessen and daughter Sheila Cleveland. Johannessen resides in Redding with his wife, Marianne.
# William Moseley Jones

William Moseley Jones (1905–1988) was a Democratic attorney from Montebello, California, who served several terms in the California State Assembly, including one term as Speaker.

## Biography

William Moseley Jones was raised in Las Vegas, Nevada. He attended Occidental College and received a law degree from the University of Southern California in 1927. After practicing law in Los Angeles for five years, Jones was elected to represent the 51st Assembly District (Montebello) in 1932. In 1934, Jones was an "EPIC Democrat" and was their choice for Speaker of the Assembly. In the 1936 elections, California Democrats gained their first Assembly majority in the 20th century and elected Jones as Speaker for the 1937 session.
Jones was a Mason, Redmen, Elk, and was President of the Belvedere Gardens Lions Club in the 1930s.
In 1944, Jones helped organize a savings and loan that, in 1953, became Pacific Savings and Loan. Jones served as President of Pacific Savings and Loan for many years thereafter. In 1969, Jones was elected President of the California Savings and Loan League.
Jones died at age 82 on March 24, 1988, and is buried at Pacific View Memorial Park in Newport Beach, California.
# Lawrence Kapiloff

Lawrence Kapiloff (September 22, 1929 - January 12, 2019) was an American politician. He served in the California State Assembly from 1973 to 1982, as a Democrat for the 78th district. He was born in Brooklyn, New York.
# Fred W. Marler Jr.

Fred William Marler Jr. (April 6, 1932 – September 19, 1998) was an American politician and judge.

## California Senate

Marler served in the California State Senate for the 5th district from 1965 to 1967 and the 2nd district from 1967 to 1974.
# Vincent Makori

Vincent Makori is Managing Editor Television at Voice America and host of VOA’s weekly TV interview program Straight Talk Africa . Voice of America’s English television live news magazine show that broadcasts daily from Washington D.C. The program brings information about Africa, the United States, and the world to viewers across Africa.
Africa 54 features news, interviews with newsmakers, analysts, American and African government officials and everyday citizens presenting a variety of opinions on issues affecting the African continent.
Before joining the Voice of America, Vincent Makori was an Editor and on air talent with Germany's international broadcasting agency, Deutsche Welle in Cologne. He joined Deutsche Well in 1998 after having worked as a reporter, News Editor, anchor and talk show host with Kenya Broadcasting Corporation television and radio. As a reporter, Vincent interviewed then president George W. Bush in 2003 and thereafter travelled with the president and the White House press corps on a five nation trip to Africa. Vincent has also interviewed a number of sitting and former African presidents including then president of Ghana, John Kufuor; Hifikepunye Pohamba of Namibia; Bingu wa Mutharika of Malawi along with prominent scholars, celebrities and experts of various fields.

## Early life

Vincent Makori hails from the Kisii region of Kenya but grew up in the capital, Nairobi. He earned a postgraduate diploma in mass communication from the University of Nairobi. Vincent holds a bachelor's degree in English literature from Moi University, in Eldoret, Kenya. He has attended numerous journalism training programs in Kenya, Germany and the US.

## Career

Vincent Makori worked with Kenya Broadcasting Corporation's Radio and TV as reporter, editor and anchor for four years. While at KBC, Makori also hosted two prime time live TV shows, Face to Face and the current affairs program Mambo Leo. Later he left for Germany and joined Deutsche Welle Radio in 1998. In 2001 Vincent was hired by the Voice of America (VOA) and moved to Washington D.C.

## Notable reporting and interviews

During his career, Vincent has covered a wide range of stories including, president George W. Bush's trip to five African nations; the Africa Union Summit in Lusaka, Zambia, the UN General Assembly in New York; International Trade and Technology Fairs in Berlin and Hanover Germany, The International AIDS Conference, in Mexico City, Mexico, and the G-20 Summit in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In January 2014, Mr. Makori interviewed Dr. Thomas Mensah world-renowned scientist, inventor and first black person to obtain seven US patents in a space of six years.

## Awards

Makori is a recipient of numerous awards, among them are the BBG Gold Medal Award and VOA's Superior Accomplishment Award.