OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vladimír Čermák

Vladimír Čermák (September 3, 1929 – July 21, 2004) was a Czech philosopher, political scientist, lawyer and judge.
He is author of the pentalogy called The Question of Democracy (Otázka demokracie), which was very likely the most systematic work on democracy from the perspective of political theory during the period of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia. The pentalogy was finished in 1988 but it could be published after the end of the communist regime. The titles of five volumes are: “Democracy and Totalitarianism”, “Man”, “Society and State”, “Values, Norms and Institutions” and “Functions of Democracy”. The pentalogy was not reflected enough by politologists in the Czech republic and abroad yet.
In 1993–2003 Čermák served as a judge of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic.
# Grethe Fossli

Grethe Fossli (born 21 December 1954 in Bærum) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
She was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Akershus in 1993, and was re-elected on two occasions.
# Henry Walsh

Henry Walsh may refer to:
* Henry Walsh (cricketer) (born 1993), New Zealand cricketer
* Henry A. Walsh, American priest of the Archdiocese of Boston
* Henry A. Walsh (architect), American architect of Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament
* Henry Alfred Walsh, Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1905 (1905 Birthday Honours)
* Henry Collins Walsh (1863–1927), founder of The Explorers Club in 1904
* Henry Sallows Walsh, Australian politician, mayor of Melbourne in 1858
* Henry Walsh, mayor of Waterford in 1556
* John Henry Walsh ('Stonehenge') (1810–1888), writer on sport
* Henry Walsh (runner) (born 1923), runner-up in the 5000 m at the 1945 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
# Beth Haller

Beth A. Haller (born 1961) is a professor of mass communication and communication studies at Towson University, specializing in the handling of disability in news and new media. She serves on the advisory board of the National Center on Disability and Journalism, and traveled in Australia as a Fulbright Scholar in 2015.

## Early life and education

Beth A. Haller was born in Fort Worth, Texas. She attended Baylor University as an undergraduate, as a journalism major, and graduated in 1983. She earned a master's degree in journalism at the University of Maryland College Park, and completed doctoral studies in mass media at Temple University in 1995, with a dissertation titled "Disability rights on the public agenda: Elite news media coverage of the Americans with Disabilities Act."

## Career

Haller joined the faculty at Towson University in 1996. She became a full professor in 2008, and retired in 2020. She serves on the advisory board of the National Center on Disability and Journalism, and is a co-founder and director of GADIM, the Global Alliance for Disability in Media and Entertainment.
Books by Haller include Representing Disability in an Ableist World (2010) and Byline of Hope: The Newspaper and Magazine Writing of Helen Keller (2015). Haller was co-editor of Disability Studies Quarterly from 2003 to 2006. In 2012, Haller was admitted into the Fulbright Specialists Program, and traveled in Australia as a Fulbright scholar in early 2015. While in Australia she spoke on such topics as disability in reality television, film portrayals of disabled people, and disability in science fiction.
Beyond academic publications, Haller is frequently interviewed on disability topics by fellow journalists.
# United States v. Reese

United States v. Reese, 92 U.S. 214 (1876), was a voting rights case in which the United States Supreme Court narrowly construed the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which provides that suffrage for citizens can not be restricted due to race, color or the individual having previously been a slave.
This was the Supreme court voting rights case under the Fifteenth Amendment and the Enforcement Act of 1870. A Kentucky electoral official had refused to register an African‐American's vote in a municipal election and was indicted under two sections of the 1870 act: section 1 required that administrative preliminaries to elections be conducted without regard to race, color, or previous condition of servitude; section 2 forbade wrongful refusal to register votes where a prerequisite step “required as foresaid” had been omitted.
The Court held that the Fifteenth Amendment did not confer the right of suffrage, but it prohibited exclusion from voting on racial grounds. The justices invalidated the operative section 3 of the Enforcement Act since it did not repeat the amendment's words about race, color, and servitude. They ruled that the section exceeded the scope of the Fifteenth Amendment.

## Results

Following the ruling, states began to adopt measures that were designed to exclude Black Americans from voting, while keeping within the constraints of the Fourteenth Amendment as interpreted by the Court. They adopted devices such as poll taxes (which many poor black and white sharecroppers, who lived on credit, did not have ready cash to pay); literacy tests, usually subjectively administered by white election officials, who tended in practice to exclude even educated Black people which was often very rare; grandfather clauses, which admitted voters whose grandfathers had voted as of a certain date, chosen to also excluded Black Americans; and more restrictive residency requirements, which disqualified people who had to move to follow work.
As these measures were challenged in court, beginning with Mississippi's new constitution in 1890 that included them, the Supreme Court upheld their use, as formally they applied to all voters. The court did not believe it had a role in overseeing the practice or effect of these measures, which white Democrats quickly used to disenfranchise most black voters across the South. Through 1910, all the former Confederate states passed new constitutions or amendments to achieve disfranchisement.
# George McIver

George McIver (12 June 1859 – 1945) was a Scottish born Australian science fiction writer.
In 1894 Neuroomia: A New Continent: A Manuscript Delivered from the Deep was published which offers an account of the discovery of a high-tech society of Martians who had been sent to earth due to overcrowding on Mars.
# The Experts (1973 film)

The Experts (German: Die Sachverständigen) is a 1973 West German drama film directed by Norbert Kückelmann. It was entered into the 23rd Berlin International Film Festival where it won the Silver Bear award.

## Cast

* Mathias Eysen as Matthias Mainzer
* Eckhard Langmann as Amtsarzt
* Wolfgang Ebert as Gutachter
* Ernst Battenberg as Anstaltsdirektor
* Gisela Fischer
* Roland Wiegenstein
* Miriam Mahler
* Hans Brenner
* Alfred Edel [de] (as Alo Edel)
* Anna Czaschke
* Walter Sedlmayr
# Allosemitism

Allosemitism is a neologism that encompasses both philosemitic and antisemitic attitudes towards Jews as the Other.

## Origin of term

The term was coined by Polish Jewish literary critic Artur Sandauer and popularized by the Polish Jewish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman. Sandauer used the term "allosemitism" in his essay On Situation of Polish Writer of Jewish Descent In the 20th Century published as a book in 1982.
Zygmunt Bauman proposed the term in his 1997 essay "Allosemitism: Premodern, Modern, Postmodern" in which he argued that "allosemitism" should be used in place of "antisemitism". Bauman's argument was that allosemitism can represent a "radically ambivalent attitude" encompassing both philo-Semitism and anti-Semitism; allosemitism is a form of proteophobia, fear and horror of things that defy clean-cut categories, not, like anti-Semitism, of a simple fear of the "other"; and that Judeophobia is diverse, and, therefore, not adequately encompassed by the term "anti-Semitism".
Ruth Gruber describes the neologism as a response to "the idea that, good or bad, Jews are different from the non-Jewish mainstream and thus unable to be dealt with in the same way or measured by the same yardstick". According to Gruber, the term was coined by the Polish-Jewish literary critic Artur Sandauer.
In her 2010 book Modernism, Feminism, and Jewishness, the literary scholar Maren Tova Linnett described the term as having originated with both Sandauer and Bauman.

## Use

Linnett uses the term "to describe the multiple modes of difference that these women authors ascribed to the Jew in order to complicate what she views as the overly simplistic polarities of anti-Semitism and philo-Semitism".
The sociologist Eliezer Ben-Rafael uses the concept in his 2014 book Confronting Allosemitism in Europe: The Case of Belgian Jews.
# Handball at the 1991 All-Africa Games

The handball events at the 1991 All-Africa Games were held in Cairo, Egypt from 24 to 30 September 1991. The competition included the men's tournament for the fifth time and the women's tournament for third time.

## Events
### Men's tournament

Final standing is:
| Rank | Team | Pts | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA |
| | Egypt | 15 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ?? | ?? |
| | Algeria | 13 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 98 | 72 |
| | Nigeria | ? | 5 | ? | ? | ? | ?? | ?? |
| 4 | Cameroon | ? | 5 | ? | ? | ? | ?? | ?? |
| 5 | Senegal | ? | 5 | ? | ? | ? | ?? | ?? |
| 6 | Ethiopia | ? | 5 | ? | ? | ? | ?? | ?? |
| - | Madagascar | Withdraw | Withdraw | Withdraw | Withdraw | Withdraw | Withdraw | Withdraw |
| - | Namibia | Withdraw | Withdraw | Withdraw | Withdraw | Withdraw | Withdraw | Withdraw |

### Women's tournament

Final standing is:
| Rank | Team |
| | Angola |
| | Ivory Coast |
| | Nigeria |
| 4 | Senegal |
| 5 | Cameroon |
| 6 | Egypt |
# MIT Center for Collective Intelligence

The MIT Center for Collective Intelligence (CCI) is a research center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, headed by Professor Thomas W. Malone, that focuses on the study of collective intelligence.
The Center for Collective Intelligence brings together faculty from across MIT to conduct research on how new communications technologies are changing the way people work together. It involves people from many diverse organizations across MIT including the MIT Media Lab, the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, and the MIT Sloan School of Management.

## History and mission

CCI was founded in 2006 by professor Thomas W. Malone. To a great extent, this is a continuation of the research Malone and his colleagues have conducted at the Center for Coordination Science, as well as within initiatives such as "Inventing the Organizations of the 21st Century."
The center's mission is to find novel answers to one basic research motif: "How can people and computers be connected so that—collectively—they act more intelligently than any individuals, groups, or computers have ever done before?"
In order to answer this question, the researchers conduct three types of research:
* Collecting examples and case studies of collective intelligence applications
* Creating new examples and tools that harness the collective intelligence of people
* Systematic studies and experiments
Finally, they also work on developing theories to explain the phenomena of collective intelligence.
The center is sponsored by several corporates and non-profit organizations.

## Members

Professor Thomas W. Malone is the founder and director of CCI. In addition to Malone, the faculty steering committee includes: Professor Randall Davis (Research Director, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science), Alex (Sandy) Pentland (Toshiba Professor of Media Arts and Science and Director, Human Dynamics Group at the Media Laboratory), and Josh Tenenbaum - Paul E. Newton Associate Professor and Head, Computational Cognitive Science Group (Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences).
The advisory board includes Tim Berners-Lee, Jimmy Wales and Alpheus Bingham (former CEO of Innocentive, Inc.). The center also has an active community of research scientists, students, scholars and other affiliates.
# Léon Bouthillier, comte de Chavigny

Léon Bouthillier, comte de Chavigny (March 28, 1608 – October 11, 1652) was a Foreign Minister of France to Louis XIII.

## Life

He was associated with his father, Claude Bouthillier, who took him to all major courts of Europe, tutoring in diplomacy, from 1629 to 1632. To differentiate Bouthillier father and son, Leo was called "The Younger". Léon's brother Victor became archbishop of Tours.
On March 18, 1632, he was appointed Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. In 1635, he signed a treaty of alliance with Holland and Sweden.
He acts as messenger between Gaston d'Orleans and the government. He is also a friend of Mazarin, but their friendship does not survive the period of the regency.
After the death of Louis XIII, he relinquished his office June 23, 1643 but he was sent as plenipotentiary in the negotiations of Munster. Returning to France, he intrigued against Mazarin and approaches the Prince of Conde. He was arrested twice during the Fronde.
In October 1652, just before his death he made a large donation to Anthony Singlin, Jansen, Director of Port Royal, who is even suspected of extortion on this occasion.
His son, Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé, was the founder of the Trappist order. Another son, François-Denis, was bishop of Troyes and Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sens.
Political offices :
| Preceded byClaude Bouthillier | Foreign Minister of France 18 March 1632 – 23 June 1643 | Succeeded byHenri-Auguste de Loménie, comte de Brienne |
# George Washington Clark

George Washington Clark (1834-1798) was the forty-first mayor of Charleston, South Carolina, serving from 1868 until 1869 when the South Carolina Supreme Court confirmed the validity of the election he lost to Gilbert Pillsbury.
Clark was born on December 26, 1834, in Indiana; married Sara Robinson; and died on May 22, 1898, in Washington, D.C. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
Clark was appointed colonel of the 34th Iowa Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War. He led his regiment during the Vicksburg Campaign, Battle of Brownsville, and Battle of Fort Blakeley. He was in command of a brigade at the siege of Fort Morgan during the Battle of Mobile Bay.
Clark was appointed mayor by General E.R.S. Canby, commander of the Second Military District, on July 6, 1868. Following an election that same year against Gilbert Pillsbury, he refused to leave office. In March 1869, Pillsbury arrived at City Hall and demanded that Clark surrender his office. When Clark refused (he claimed that the statehouse had lacked authority to adopt laws about the local elections), Pillsbury sought an arrest warrant, which was issued. On March 5, 1869, Clark was arrested on the misdemeanor charge of continuing to hold office in spite of the statehouse's recent vote. Clark arrived at the magistrate's office and, with the backing of business leaders, posted a $3000 recognizance bond and left.
Finally, after the South Carolina Supreme Court ruled against him in an election dispute, in May 1869, he was replaced by Pillsbury in office.
# Pentazole

Pentazole is an aromatic molecule consisting of a five-membered ring with all nitrogen atoms, one of which is bonded to a hydrogen atom. It has the molecular formula HN$_5$. Although strictly speaking a homocyclic, inorganic compound, pentazole has historically been classed as the last in a series of heterocyclic azole compounds containing one to five nitrogen atoms. This set contains pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, triazoles, tetrazole, and pentazole.

## Derivatives

Substituted analogs of pentazole are collectively known as pentazoles. As a class, they are unstable and often highly explosive compounds. The first pentazole synthesized was phenylpentazole, where the pentazole ring is highly stabilized by conjugation with the phenyl ring. The derivative 4-dimethylaminophenylpentazole is among the most stable pentazole compounds known, although it still decomposes at temperatures over 50 °C. It is known that electron-donating groups stabilize aryl pentazole compounds.

## Ions

The cyclic pentazolium cation (N$^+$ $_5$) is not known due to its probable antiaromatic character; whereas the open-chained pentazenium cation (N$^+$ $_5$) is known. Butler et al. first demonstrated the presence of the cyclic N$^−$ $_5$ in solution through the decomposition of substituted aryl pentazoles at low temperature. The presence of N $_5$H and N$^−$ $_5$ (held in solution through the interaction with zinc ions) was proven primarily using $^{15}$N NMR techniques of the decomposition products. These results were initially challenged by some authors, but subsequent experiments involving the detailed analysis of the decomposition products, complemented by computational studies, bore out the initial conclusion. The pentazolide anion is not expected to last longer than a few seconds in aqueous solution without the aid of complexing agents. The discovery of pentazoles spurred attempts to create all-nitrogen salts such as N$^+$ $_5$N$^−$ $_5$, which should be highly potent propellants for space travel.
In 2002, the pentazolate anion was first detected with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry In 2016, the ion was also detected in solution. In 2017, white cubic crystals of the pentazolate salt, (N$_5$)$_6$(H$_3$O)$_3$(NH$_4$)$_4$Cl were announced. In this salt, the N$^−$ $_5$ rings are planar. The bond lengths in the ring are 1.309 Å, 1.310 Å, 1.310 Å, 1.324 Å, and 1.324 Å. When heated, the salt is stable up to 117 °C, and over this temperature it decomposes to ammonium azide. Under extreme pressure conditions, the pentazolate ion was also synthesized. It was first obtained in 2016 in the form of the CsN$_5$ salt by compressing and laser-heating a mixture of CsN$_3$ embedded in molecular N$_2$ at 60 GPa. Following the pressure release, it was found metastable down to 18 GPa. In 2018, another team reported the high pressure synthesis of LiN$_5$ above 45 GPa from a pure lithium surrounded by molecular nitrogen. This compound could be retained down to ambient conditions after the complete release of pressure.
# Oppido Lucano

Oppido Lucano (Oppidano: Òppete; Latin: Oppidum; Oscan: Opinum) is a town and comune in the province of Potenza, in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata. It is bounded by the comuni of Acerenza, Cancellara, Genzano di Lucania, Irsina and Tolve.

## Main sights

* Church and Convent of St. Anthony
* Rock church of St. Antuono
* Norman castle, likely built in 1047-1051
* Convent of Santa Maria del Gesù

## People

* Francesca Lancellotti
* Obadiah the Proselyte
# Two-ten-jack

Two-ten-jack is a Japanese trick-taking card game for two players that takes its name from the three highest-scoring (and lowest-scoring) cards in the game: the 2, 10 and Jack in three different suits.

## Play
### Preliminaries

The object of two-ten-jack is to get the most points by taking tricks containing positive point cards while avoiding tricks containing negative point cards.
Two players receive six cards each from a standard 52-card deck ranking A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 and the remaining undealt cards are placed between the players to form the stock. Non-dealer leads the first trick and winner of each trick leads to the next. Players replenish their hands between tricks by each drawing a card from the stock with the winner of the last trick drawing first. Play continues until all of the cards in the entire deck have been played. Points are then tallied before the deck is reshuffled and dealt anew.

### Following, Trumping, and Speculation

In two-ten-jack a player may lead any card and the other player must play a card of the same suit if able, or otherwise must play a trump card if able. If a player has neither cards in the lead suit or trump, then any other card may be played. The highest trump card, or the highest card of the lead suit if no trumps were played, takes the trick
In two-ten-jack hearts are always the trump suit and the ace of spades is a special trump card known as speculation ranking above all of the hearts. Rules for playing speculation are as follows:
* If a trump (heart) is led, a player may follow with speculation and must play speculation if no other trumps are held in the hand.
* If a spade is led, a player may follow with speculation and must likewise play speculation if no other spades are held in the hand.
* If a club or diamond is led and the other player has neither of these, speculation may be played, and must be played if no other trumps are available.
* A player leading speculation must declare it as either a spade or trump.

### Scoring and winning

Cards are worth the following point values:
* 2♥, 10♥ and J♥ are worth +5 each
* 2♣, 10♣ and J♣ are worth -5 each
* 2♠, 10♠, J♠ and A♠ are worth +1 each
* 6♦ is worth +1 point
Hence the total number of card points per deal is +5. Winner is the first player to reach 31 points.
# Chess at the 2019 African Games

Chess at the 2019 African Games was held from 24 to 28 August 2019 in Casablanca, Morocco.

## Participating nations

* Algeria
* Angola
* Botswana
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* Djibouti
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Libya
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Morocco
* Namibia
* Nigeria
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Sierra Leone
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Egypt (EGY) | 5 | 3 | 0 | 8 |
| 2 | Algeria (ALG) | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 3 | Zambia (ZAM) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | Uganda (UGA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Zimbabwe (ZIM) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (5 entries) | Totals (5 entries) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 15 |

## Medal summary

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Rapid Mixed Team | Egypt Ahmed Adly Bassem Amin Shrook Wafa Shahenda Wafa | Algeria Bilel Bellahcene Adlane Arab Lina Nassr Sabrina Latreche | Zimbabwe Rodwell Makoto Emarald Takudzwa Mushore Linda Dalitso Shaba Colletah Wakuruwarewa |
| Rapid Men Individual | Ahmed Adly Egypt | Bassem Amin Egypt | Harold Wanyama Uganda |
| Rapid Women Individual | Shrook Wafa Egypt | Makumba Lorita Mwango Zambia | Sabrina Latreche Algeria |
| Blitz Men Individual | Bassem Amin Egypt | Ahmed Adly Egypt | Bilel Bellahcene Algeria |
| Blitz Women Individual | Shrook Wafa Egypt | Shahenda Wafa Egypt | Lina Nassr Algeria |
# Pietrapertosa

Pietrapertosa is a town and comune in the province of Potenza, in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata. It is bounded by the comuni of Accettura, Albano di Lucania, Campomaggiore, Castelmezzano, Cirigliano, Corleto Perticara, Gorgoglione and Laurenzana. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").
In 2019, CNN included Pietrapertosa among "20 of the most beautiful villages in Italy".
It was the lifelong home of Lucia Lauria Vigna, the oldest person in Italy for almost two and a half years.
Pietrapertosa is also home of one of the longest and highest zip lines in the world: Volo dell'Angelo (Angel Flight). This zip line goes mountain peak to mountain between the adjoining towns of Pietrapertosa and Castelmezzano.