OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Trams in Białystok

Trams in Białystok were a tramway communication system operating in Białystok, Poland, between 1895 and 1915.

## History

In 1893, the City Council of Białystok signed a contract with Leontiy Feldzer to operate the first city's horse tram. In 1895 the first carts set off from the railway station through Lipowa Street to Świętojańska Street. During World War I stables and tram carriages burnt down, and the liquidation of tram tracks from the city area began.
In 1922 the Tram Society in Białystok was established. At the same time, a project for building an electric tram was started, but was never completed.
# Buproridae

Buproridae is a family of crustaceans belonging to the order Cyclopoida.
Genera:
* Buprorides Kim & Boxshall, 2021
* Buprorus Thorell, 1859
# Henry Waitt

Henry Waitt (died 1902) was an American businessman who co-founded Waitt & Bond with Charles Henry Bond.
Waitt was born in Malden, Massachusetts. He spent most of his life in the Franklin Park section (also known as North Revere) of Revere, Massachusetts. Waitt became involved in the tobacco business.
In 1870, he and Bond established Waitt & Bond in a shop in Saugus, Massachusetts. The business grew rapidly and it was relocated to a large factory in Boston. Waitt & Bond eventually became the largest cigar manufacturer in New England and one of the largest in the United States.
In 1898, Waitt moved to Newton, Massachusetts. He died on May 7, 1902, at his home after an illness.
The city of Revere named the elementary school in Franklin Park after Waitt. The Henry Waitt School opened in 1910 and was sold to a private owner in 1980.
# Ditylenchus angustus

Ditylenchus angustus (Rice stem nematode) is a plant pathogenic nematode.
# James Thompson (jurist)

James Thompson (October 1, 1806 – January 28, 1874) was a lawyer, politician and jurist from Pennsylvania. He served in the United States Congress and in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, where he was Speaker in 1835. He also served as a federal judge and as a member of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

## Life and career

Thompson was born in Middlesex Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania on October 1, 1806. After learning the printing trade, Thompson studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1829 and practiced as a lawyer in Erie, Pennsylvania.
Thompson served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1832 to 1834 and in 1855 and served as Speaker in 1834.
He was a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1838, and the presiding judge of the sixth judicial district court from 1838 until 1844, when he was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives.

### Congress

Thompson served in the Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth, and Thirty-first Congresses, from March 4, 1845 until March 3, 1851. He was the chairman of the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary during his second term. In the 31st Congress, Thompson became the first recorded Democratic Caucus Chairman and the first official chairman of any party caucus in either house of Congress.

### Pennsylvania Supreme Court

Thompson did not run for reelection in 1850, but instead returned to practicing law. He became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from 1857 to 1866, and served as chief justice of that court from 1866 to 1872.

### Later career and death

He returned to private practice until his death in Philadelphia on January 28, 1874.
Thompson is interred in Woodlands Cemetery.
# Nat G. Kiefer

Ignatz Gerard Kiefer, known as Nat G. Kiefer (February 26, 1939 – July 10, 1985) was an attorney from his native New Orleans, Louisiana, who served in both houses of the Louisiana State Legislature. He was a state representative from 1968 to 1970, and thereafter until his death in office fifteen years later a state senator.

## Biography

Kiefer ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of New Orleans in 1977, finishing third in the jungle primary by 242 votes to Councilman Joseph V. DiRosa, or less than a half a vote per precinct. DiRosa lost the runoff (general election) to Louisiana Court of Appeals Judge Ernest Morial, who became New Orleans' first black mayor.

## Family

Kiefer married Carol Ann Hazard (born June 18, 1940); the couple had four children, Nat Gerard Kiefer, Jr., Kent Christopher Kiefer, Karen Anne Kiefer, and Kris Patrick Kiefer.

### Death

Kiefer died at the age of forty-six of a liver ailment at the University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center.
In 1987, the UNO Lakefront Arena was officially renamed the "Senator Nat G. Kiefer University of New Orleans Lakefront Arena".
* United States portal
* Law portal
* Politics portal
# Saint-Bruno, Quebec

    For other places named Saint-Bruno in Quebec, see Saint Bruno (disambiguation).
Saint-Bruno (French pronunciation:) is a municipality in Quebec, located within the regional county municipality of Lac-Saint-Jean-Est.
The municipality had a population of 2,636 as of the Canada 2011 Census.

## Economy

Bombardier Transportation has a minor engineering facility located in Saint-Bruno.
# Tricia Hunter

Patricia Rae Hunter, (February 2, 1949) known by her nickname Tricia, is a former state legislator in California. She served in the California Assembly. A nurse by profession and a former member of the Registered Nurse Board, she won a special election to the state Assembly in 1989 in a major upset that caught both political parties by surprise. In the Assembly, she became known as an expert in health care and an advocate for the practicing registered nurses. Considered a moderate, she was disliked by conservatives and faced vigorous primary challenges. She was reelected by a comfortable margin in 1990, and in 1991, an attempt was made to recall her but it failed. However, the following year, redistricting dramatically changed the boundaries of her district and she had to run in a different district in 1992. That year, she was narrowly defeated by Democrat Julie Bornstein. After the election, she also worked for the Flannery Group, a lobbying firm. She sought to return to the state Assembly in 1996, but lost a close race to Democrat Howard Wayne, a former state Assistant Attorney General. After her second election loss, she was appointed Special Assistant to the Health and Human Services Agency and to the California Medical Assistance Commission by Governor Pete Wilson. In 2004, she sought to return to the state Assembly again in, but lost the election to Democrat Lori Saldaña.
Hunter is currently a member of the Government Relations Group, a lobbying group that she helped found. She continues to be outspoken on health care issues and do volunteer nursing work.
# Lockheed Martin RQ-3 DarkStar

The RQ-3 DarkStar (known as Tier III- or "Tier three minus" during development) is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Its first flight was on March 29, 1996. The Department of Defense terminated DarkStar in January 1999, after determining the UAV was not aerodynamically stable and was not meeting cost and performance objectives.

## Design and development

The RQ-3 DarkStar was designed as a "high-altitude endurance UAV", and incorporated stealth aircraft technology to make it difficult to detect, which allowed it to operate within heavily defended airspace, unlike the Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk, which is unable to operate except under conditions of air supremacy. The DarkStar was fully autonomous: it could take off, fly to its target, operate its sensors, transmit information, return and land without human intervention. Human operators, however, could change the DarkStar's flight plan and sensor orientation through radio or satellite relay. The RQ-3 carried either an optical sensor or radar, and could send digital information to a satellite while still in flight. It used a single airbreathing jet engine of unknown type for propulsion. One source claims it used a Williams-Rolls-Royce FJ44-1A turbofan engine.
The first prototype made its first flight on March 29, 1996, but its second flight, on April 22, 1996, ended in a crash shortly after takeoff. A modified, more stable design (the RQ-3A) first flew on June 29, 1998, and made a total of five flights before the program was canceled just prior to the sixth and final flight planned for the airworthiness test phase. Two additional RQ-3As were built, but never made any flights before program cancellation.
The "R" is the Department of Defense designation for reconnaissance; "Q" means unmanned aircraft system. The "3" refers to it being the third of a series of purpose-built unmanned reconnaissance aircraft systems.
Although the RQ-3 was terminated on January 28, 1999, a July 2003 Aviation Week and Space Technology article reported in April 2003 that a derivative of the RQ-3 had been used in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. There has been no independent confirmation.

## Survivors

* The second RQ-3A (A/V #2) is at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton, Ohio. Although part of the Museum's Research & Development Gallery, it is displayed hanging over the C-130E in Building 4's Global Reach Gallery.
* The third RQ-3A (A/V #3) is on display in the Great Gallery of the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington.
* The fourth RQ-3A (which never flew before the program ended) is held by the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., but is not on display.

## Specifications

General characteristics
* Length: 15 ft 0 in (4.6 m)
* Wingspan: 69 ft 0 in (21.3 m)
* Height: 3 ft 6 in (1.1 m)
* Empty weight: 4,360 lb (1,980 kg)
* Gross weight: 8,500 lb (3,860 kg)
* Powerplant: 1 × Williams-Rolls-Royce FJ44-1A turbofan, 1,900 lbf (8.5 kN) thrust
Performance
* Cruise speed: 288 mph (464 km/h, 250 kn)
* Range: 575 mi (925 km, 500 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 45,000 ft (13,500 m)
# Kuttikrishna Marar

Kizhakke Marathu Kuttikrishna Marar (15 June 1900 – 6 April 1973) was an Indian essayist and literary critic of Malayalam literature. He was known for Bharathaparyaadanam, a critical study of the Mahabharata, which is counted by many among the most influential books in Malayalam and was a recipient of the Sahitya Akademi Award and Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award.

## Biography

Kuttikrishna Marar was born on 15 June 1900 in Triprangode, in Malappuram district of the south Indian state of Kerala to Karikkatt Marathu Krishna Marar and kizhakke Marattu Lakshmikutty Marasyar. He learnt percussion, which was the family profession, along with drawing as early education but his life took a turn when he joined Sree Neelakanta Government Sanskrit College Pattambi where he had the opportunity to study under two known teachers, Punnassery Nambi and Shambu Sharma. Subsequently, he passed the Sahityashiromani examination and started his career as Sahithyacharya at the Kerala Kalamandalam where he worked alongside Vallathol Narayana Menon for 15 years, during which period, he published many of his writings. From 1938 to 1961 he was the proofreader of the Malayalam daily newspaper, Mathrubhumi.
Marar married Kizhakkemarath Narayanikutty Marasyar in 1924 and they had seven children in that four sons and three daughters. Towards the later part of his life, he was more inclined to spiritual pursuits. He died on 6 April 1973, at the age of 72.

## Literary career

Kuttikrishna Marar was a harsh critic of literary indiscretions. His work, Bharathaparyadanam, a critical study of the Mahabharata is considered by many as a seminal work and is a part of the Central Board of Secondary Education syllabus. Another of his important works is Kala Jeevitham Thanne (Art is Life itself), which won him Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award, Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award and M. P. Paul Prize. Malayala Shaili, another of his notable works, is one of the most authentic treatises on proper Malayalam usage. Sahithyasallapam, Danthagopuram and Kaivilakku (collections of literary criticism) are some of his other works on literary criticism. Besides, he has also published over 19 collections of essays on literary criticism.

## Awards and honours

In 1967, Marar received Sahithya Ratnam award from Pattambi Sree Neelakanda Sanskrit College and Sahithya Nipunan award from Government Sanskrit College, Tripunithura. Sahitya Akademi awarded him their annual award in 1966, for his work, Kala Jeevitham Thanne. He received another award for the same work the same year, the inaugural Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism. He received the M. P. Paul Prize also in 1966. His life and work has been documented by many writers and Marar Lavanyabhavathinte Yukthi Shilpam, one such work written by M. Thomas Mathew was selected for Vayalar Award in 2009.
# Dith Munty

Dith Munty (Khmer: ឌិត មុន្ទី; born November 15, 1941) is a Cambodian politician and judge who served as the president of the Supreme Court of Cambodia from 1998 to 2023. He is a member of the Cambodian People's Party Permanent Committee.
# Scharnstein

Scharnstein is a municipality in the district of Gmunden in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.

## Geography

Scharnstein lies in the heart of the Alm valley. About 55 percent of the municipality is forest, and 36 percent is farmland.

## History

The municipality bears the coat of arms of its former lords, the Jörger von Tollet family.
# The Burghersdorp Gazette

The Burghersdorp Gazette was a newspaper that operated from Burghersdorp in the Cape Colony, for a brief period from 1872 to 1873.
# St. Mary Church, Isfahan

Saint Mary Church of New Julfa (Armenian: Նոր Ջուղայի Սուրբ Աստվածածին Եկեղեցի, Persian: کلیسای مریم مقدس) is a historical Armenian church in Isfahan, Iran, completed in 1613.

## History

In the 17th century the Armenian people of New Julfa built a small church named Surp Hakop Church. Surp Hakop Church is the oldest surviving church of New Julfa. It was built strictly for the religious needs of the people and did not have any kind of decorations. However, as the Armenian population in New Julfa increased, the church became insubstantial. Hence, Khoja Avedik, a wealthy silk merchant, went to the church and decided to expand the church when he could not attend a religious ceremony because the church was full. He decorated the church with lights, silver and gold chandeliers, and valuable canvases and paintings. He rebuilt the entire church using his own personal funds and named it St. Mary church. Khoja Avedik was then buried in the church after his death. Two large paintings painted by European artists have been bought by an Armenian businessman and have been donated to the church.

## Architecture

The plan of the east-west rectangular church is of the type of domed halls in Armenian architecture. The building has several small arched domes, but its main dome, which has four skylights; is located in the middle of the building and is fixed on arches that rest on wide columns attached to the north and south walls.
These columns divide the interior of the church into three interconnected sections. In the eastern part of the building is the altar of the church and on both sides there are two rectangular chambers.
The materials used in the building are clay and brick. The interior walls of the building are covered with plaster, and on them are paintings with themes from the Bible. The area around the church, except for its eastern side, has a portico with twenty stone-carved columns. Arches connect all these columns.
The outer surface of the arches is decorated with glazed tiles in different colors, which adds to the beauty of the exterior of the church. There are various buildings in the churchyard. In 1848, the bell tower was built in the western part of the church and above its entrance.. Adjacent to the south side of the building is a small chapel called Stepanos. The Church of the Holy Sepulcher is located near and inside the courtyard of this church.

## Gallery

* ٍٍ Entrance facade
* Entrance to the church
# Pasil

Pasil, officially the Municipality of Pasil, is a municipality in the southwestern part of the Kalinga. It is bounded on the north by the municipality of Balbalan, on the south by the municipality of Tinglayan, on the east by Tabuk city, and on the west by the province of Abra and south-western part of the municipality of Sadanga, Mountain Province. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 10,577 people.

## Geography
### Barangays

Pasil is politically subdivided into 14 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.
* Ableg
* Bagtayan
* Balatoc
* Balenciagao Sur
* Balinciagao Norte
* Cagaluan
* Colayo
* Dalupa
* Dangtalan
* Galdang (Casaloan)
* Guina-ang (Poblacion)
* Magsilay
* Malucsad
* Pugong

### Climate

Climate data for Pasil, Kalinga :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21 (70) | 23 (73) | 24 (75) | 26 (79) | 26 (79) | 25 (77) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 23 (73) | 21 (70) | 24 (75) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14 (57) | 15 (59) | 16 (61) | 17 (63) | 19 (66) | 19 (66) | 19 (66) | 19 (66) | 19 (66) | 17 (63) | 16 (61) | 15 (59) | 17 (63) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 23 (0.9) | 28 (1.1) | 33 (1.3) | 64 (2.5) | 232 (9.1) | 242 (9.5) | 258 (10.2) | 266 (10.5) | 245 (9.6) | 201 (7.9) | 87 (3.4) | 69 (2.7) | 1,748 (68.7) |
| Average rainy days | 8.3 | 8.0 | 10.8 | 15.2 | 23.7 | 26.1 | 27.0 | 25.8 | 23.5 | 17.3 | 13.7 | 12.1 | 211.5 |
| Source: Meteoblue ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

In the 2020 census, the population of Pasil, Kalinga, was 10,577 people, with a density of 56 inhabitants per square kilometre or 150 inhabitants per square mile.

## Economy

Poverty incidence of Pasil
* 10
* 20
* 30
* 40
* 50
* 2006 44.80
* 2009 26.52
* 2012 41.18
* 2015 27.68
* 2018 18.15
* 2021 11.69
* Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

## Government
### Local government

Pasil, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Kalinga, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

### Elected officials

Members of the Municipal Council (2019–2022) :
| Position | Name |
| Congressman | Allen Jesse C. Mangaoang |
| Mayor | Alfredo B. Malannag Jr. |
| Vice-Mayor | Theodoro A. Mosing |
| Councilors | Marlo P. Bagni |
| Councilors | Robert Bilarmino D. Ganito |
| Councilors | Speedy D. Lapaddic |
| Councilors | Shirley T. Taclawan |
| Councilors | Washington B. Bakidan |
| Councilors | Cecilia C. Bawagan |
| Councilors | Leonardo A. Banatao |
| Councilors | Ronnie B. Bawalan |

## Folklore

In an earlier time, Kabunian–the supreme deity of the Kalinga–left a drop of water upon an ancient tree he passed on one of his travels. This drop trickled down and with a great force akin to magnetism, attracted nearby brooks and rivulets to form what is now called the Pasil River.
# Arnie Kogen

Arnie Kogen is an American comedy writer and producer. He has written for TV, film, and is a longtime writer for Mad Magazine. Among his hundreds of Mad bylines, Kogen has written more than 100 film or television parodies.
Born in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, to Jewish parents, Kogen contributed to Mad soon after college at New York University. He wrote for many of the top stand-up comics of that time including Don Adams, Morty Gunty, and Jan Murray. He moved on to writing for Candid Camera, The Les Crane Show, The Jackie Gleason Show and The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.
In 1965 he co-wrote the feature film Birds Do It, starring Soupy Sales.
He moved to California with his family in 1968. His many variety and sitcom credits include The Dean Martin Show, The Carol Burnett Show, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Rich Little Show, The Tim Conway Show, The Golden Globes (1972–1975), Donny and Marie, An Evening at the Improv, Newhart, Empty Nest, and MADtv.
Kogen has written comedy material for many entertainers including Steve and Eydie, Totie Fields, Flip Wilson, Jackie Vernon, Sammy Davis Jr., Debbie Reynolds, Connie Stevens and Shelley Berman.
Kogen has won 3 Emmy Awards (7 nominations) and one WGA Award (3 nominations).
His son Jay Kogen, also an Emmy-winning comedy writer, was an original writer for the animated television series The Simpsons. His late daughter, Jill Arons, worked at The Bingo Bugle.
# Alex Smith (footballer, born 1938)

Alex Smith (29 October 1938 – 28 November 2023) was an English footballer who played as a goalkeeper in the Football League in the 1960s and 1970s, notably with Halifax Town.
He was the Accrington Stanley goalkeeper in all their games in the 1961–62 season, but following their resignation from the league, their results were expunged and he is not shown officially to have played any league games for them.
After Accrington's demise he moved to Bolton Wanderers, and then on to Halifax Town for whom he made over 300 league appearances. His final league club was Preston North End.
He later became the goalkeeping coach at Bolton's academy, leaving the club in 2009, where he went on to take over the day to day running of his family business, the Bolton Bed Centre
# Carolina mantis

The Carolina mantis (Stagmomantis carolina) is a species of praying mantis of the subfamily Stagmomantinae.
Sexual cannibalism occurs in roughly one quarter of all intersexual encounters of this species, though specimens of this species will engage in cannibalism regardless of age or gender if the opportunity presents itself.
The Carolina mantis is the state insect of South Carolina. Oothecae can be purchased in garden supply centers as a means of biological control of pest insects. However, only those labeled as this species should be released because most oothecae sold in the United States belong to the non-native Chinese mantis.

## Description

Adult females are 47 to 60 millimetres (1.9–2.4 in) in length while adult males are usually about 54 millimetres (2.1 in) in length. First instar nymphs are 7–12 millimetres (0.28–0.47 in) in length. When the nymphs eat more, their abdomens get much longer.
The Carolina mantis has a dusty brown, gray or green color useful as camouflage in certain environments. The Carolina mantis' color varies because the nymphs are able to adjust their color to match the environment they are in at the time of molting. They can adjust their color over each molt, if necessary, until they reach their final molt to adulthood.
An unusual trait is that its wings only extend three-quarters of the way down the abdomen in mature females; this trait is also seen in Iris oratoria, which can be distinguished by the large eyespots on the hind wings (inner wings) of both adult male and female Iris oratoria. Both adult male and female Stagmomantis carolina have a dark-coloured dot on each of their forewings (outer wings), which may be partially hidden in a brown or dark colour morph individual.
* Female mating with a half-eaten male
* Ootheca
* 1st instar nymph

## Distribution and habitat

Stagmomantis carolina is native to the Americas and can be found from the United States southwards to Brazil.
# Anise of Flavigny

Anise of Flavigny is a candy from Flavigny-sur-Ozerain in Burgundy.
Anise candies were first made by the Benedictine monks of the abbey of Flavigny (founded in 719), as reported by the Roman traveller Flavius.
After the French Revolution, several confectioners began making this delicacy using the same recipe. Only one manufacturer remains today at the abbey, Maison Troubat, who claims to follow a recipe which has been in use since 1591.
Each candy is made in a dragee process starting with a single anise seed: Over a period of 15 days it is covered with successive coats of flavored sugar syrup. The finished candy is always called "Anis" by its makers, even when the flavor is one of violet, rose, mint, jasmine, liquorice, or orange instead of anise.
# Moxwêra wa Babaso

Moxwêra wa Babaso was a newspaper published in Middelburg, Transvaal, South Africa, from 1903 to 1950, by the Berlin Missionary Society.