# Royal Borough of Greenwich

The Royal Borough of Greenwich (/ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ/ , /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/, /ˈɡrɪnɪtʃ/ or /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/) is a London borough in southeast Greater London, England. The London Borough of Greenwich was formed in 1965 by the London Government Act 1963. The new borough covered the former area of the Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich and most of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich to the east. The local council is Greenwich London Borough Council which meets in Woolwich Town Hall.
Greenwich is the location of the Greenwich prime meridian, on which all Coordinated Universal Time is based. The prime meridian running through Greenwich, and the Greenwich Observatory is where the designation Greenwich Mean Time, or GMT began, and on which all world times are based. In 2012, Greenwich was listed as a top ten global destination by Frommer's – the only UK destination to be listed.
To mark the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, Greenwich became a Royal Borough on 3 February 2012, due in part to its historic links with the royal family, but also to its UNESCO World Heritage Site status as home of the Prime Meridian.

## History

The area of the modern borough had historically been part of the county of Kent. From 1856 the area was governed by the Metropolitan Board of Works, which was established to provide services across the metropolis of London. In 1889 the Metropolitan Board of Works' area was made the County of London. From 1856 until 1900 the lower tier of local government within the metropolis comprised various parish vestries and district boards. In 1900 the lower tier was reorganised into metropolitan boroughs, two of which were called Greenwich and Woolwich.
The London Borough of Greenwich was created in 1965 under the London Government Act 1963. It covered the combined area of the two metropolitan boroughs of Greenwich and Woolwich, with the exception that North Woolwich, on the north side of the River Thames, went instead to the London Borough of Newham.
The name 'Charlton' was briefly considered as the name for the new borough. Greenwich Council applied for city status in 2002, but was turned down.
In 2012, to mark the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, the borough was given the additional honorific status of being a royal borough, in recognition of the area's historic links with the Royal Family and its status as home of the Prime Meridian and as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## Geography

The borough lies along the south bank of the River Thames between Deptford and Thamesmead. It has an area of 5,044 hectares. Because of the bends of the river, its waterfront is as long as 8.5 miles. Travelling south away from the waterfront, the ground rises: Shooters Hill in the east and the high ground of Blackheath in the west bookend the borough, Eltham to the south of these hills falls away slightly.
Greenwich is bounded by the London Boroughs of Bexley to the east, Bromley to the south, Lewisham to the west and across the River Thames to the north lie Tower Hamlets, Newham and Barking and Dagenham.

## Governance

The local authority is Greenwich Council, which meets at Woolwich Town Hall and has its main offices at the adjoining Woolwich Centre.
Shaped like an astrolabe, the 18-carat gold badge on the mayor's chain depicts the time-ball on the principal building of the old Greenwich Royal Observatory, the meridian line, and lines of latitude and longitude. The ‘time-ball’ is set with small rubies.

### Greater London representation

Since 2000, for elections to the London Assembly, the borough forms part of the Greenwich and Lewisham constituency.

### UK parliament

The borough contains the constituencies of:
* Eltham
* Erith and Thamesmead (shared with the London Borough of Bexley)
* Greenwich and Woolwich
All three have represented by Labour MPs continuously since the 1997 General Election.

## Demographics

The borough's population in 2011 was 254,557. 52.3% of the community defined themselves as White British. The largest minority groups represented were of Black and Asian heritage.
Approximately 44,500 international migrants arrived in the Royal Borough between the years 2001 and 2011. Of these, 25% arrived from EU member states, 24.5% arrived from central and western Africa, and 18.9% arrived from southern Asia. The most common country of birth in this period was Nigeria.
The Royal Borough in 2015 had a general fertility rate of 72.7 live births per 1,000 aged 15–44, higher than the London average of 63.9 and the England average of 62.5.

### Ethnicity

| Ethnic Group | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year | Year |
| Ethnic Group | 1971 estimations | 1971 estimations | 1981 estimations | 1981 estimations | 1991 | 1991 | 2001 | 2001 | 2011 | 2011 | 2021 | 2021 |
| Ethnic Group | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % |
| White: Total | – | 96.3% | 190,718 | 92% | 181,193 | 87.3% | 165,357 | 77.1% | 159,002 | 62.5% | 161,006 | 55.7% |
| White: British | – | – | – | – | – | – | 151,291 | 70.6% | 133,130 | 52.3% | 119,665 | 41.4% |
| White: Irish | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4,871 | % | 4,291 | 1.7% | 4,230 | 1.5% |
| White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 430 | 0.2% | 385 | 0.1% |
| White: Roma | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 882 | 0.3% |
| White: Other | – | – | – | – | – | – | 9,195 | 4.2% | 21,581 | 8.3% | 35,844 | 12.4% |
| Asian or Asian British: Total | – | – | – | – | 12,765 | 6.14% | 17,118 | 7.98% | 29,894 | 11.7% | 38,028 | 13.1% |
| Asian or Asian British: Indian | – | – | – | – | 7,107 | 3.4% | 9,389 | % | 7,836 | 3.1% | 10,128 | 3.5% |
| Asian or Asian British: Pakistani | – | – | – | – | 1,251 | | 1,909 | % | 2,594 | 1.0% | 3,538 | 1.2% |
| Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi | – | – | – | – | 381 | | 1,236 | % | 1,645 | 0.6% | 2,395 | 0.8% |
| Asian or Asian British: Chinese | – | – | – | – | 1,681 | | 2,540 | % | 5,061 | 2.0% | 7,125 | 2.5% |
| Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | – | – | – | – | 2,345 | | 2,044 | % | 12,758 | 5.0% | 14,842 | 5.1% |
| Black or Black British: Total | – | – | – | – | 11,119 | 5.35% | 23,787 | 11.1% | 48,655 | 19.1% | 60,602 | 21% |
| Black or Black British: African | – | – | – | – | 3,903 | 1.87% | 15,312 | 7.3% | 35,164 | 13.8% | 44,185 | 15.3% |
| Black or Black British: Caribbean | – | – | – | – | 5,148 | 2.47% | 6,782 | % | 8,051 | 3.2% | 8,724 | 3.0% |
| Black or Black British: Other Black | – | – | – | – | 2,068 | | 1,693 | % | 5,440 | 2.1% | 7,693 | 2.7% |
| Mixed or British Mixed: Total | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5,850 | 2.7% | 12,274 | 4.8% | 17,297 | 6% |
| Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2,175 | % | 4,011 | 1.6% | 5,142 | 1.8% |
| Mixed: White and Black African | – | – | – | – | – | – | 933 | % | 2,699 | 1.1% | 3,302 | 1.1% |
| Mixed: White and Asian | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,353 | % | 2,361 | 0.9% | 3,491 | 1.2% |
| Mixed: Other Mixed | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,389 | % | 3,203 | 1.3% | 5,362 | 1.9% |
| Other: Total | – | – | – | – | 2573 | 1.23% | 2,378 | 1.1% | 4,732 | 1.9% | 12,132 | 4.2% |
| Other: Arab | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,069 | 0.4% | 1,462 | 0.5% |
| Other: Any other ethnic group | – | – | – | – | 2573 | 1.23% | 2,378 | 1.1% | 3,663 | 1.4% | 10,670 | 3.7% |
| Ethnic minority: Total | – | 3.7% | 16,519 | 8% | 26,457 | 12.74% | 49,133 | 22.29% | 95,555 | 37.5% | 128,059 | 44.3% |
| Total | – | 100% | 207,237 | 100% | 207,650 | 100% | 214,490 | 100.00% | 254,557 | 100.00% | 289,065 | 100% |

### Landmarks

Central Greenwich Town contains a UNESCO World Heritage Site centred on Christopher Wren's Royal Naval College and the Old Royal Observatory.

## Education
### Further education

Greenwich Community College is the main publicly funded provider of further education in the borough, offering a range of academic and vocational courses and qualifications. Anglian College London is a private college offering further and higher education courses to students from around London and overseas. In September 2013, The Royal Borough of Greenwich Equestrian Centre – a partnership between Hadlow College and the Royal Borough of Greenwich – opened. At present it offers Level 1 and Level 2 qualifications in horse care, as well as a range of part-time qualifications and a BSc (Hons) degree in Equine Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation.

### Universities

The University of Greenwich main campus is located in the distinctive buildings of the former Royal Naval College. There is a further campus of the university at Avery Hill in Eltham, and also, outside the borough, in Medway. The Faculty of Music of Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance (formerly known as Trinity College of Music) is also housed in the buildings of the former Greenwich Hospital. Ravensbourne University opened its new campus in September 2010 and is located next to The O2 on Greenwich Peninsula.

## Sport within the borough

Greenwich Council owns many sports centres and these are operated by Greenwich Leisure Limited (GLL). They also run an outdoor swimming pool, Charlton Lido.
The largest football club in the borough is Charlton Athletic F.C., a professional club playing in the EFL League One, There are three non-League football clubs, Bridon Ropes F.C. and Meridian F.C., who both play in Charlton at Meridian Sports & Social Club and Cray Valley Paper Mills F.C. who play in Eltham at Badgers Sports Ground. There are several rugby clubs, most notably Blackheath F.C., who played at Rectory Field for 158 years, moving to Eltham in 2016. Blackheath Cricket Club still plays at Rectory Field.
Greenwich was one of the five host boroughs for the 2012 Summer Olympics and hosted 34 events in nine sports at three venues across the borough. Greenwich Park hosted equestrian events and modern pentathlon; the Royal Artillery Barracks in Woolwich hosted shooting events; and The O2 arena hosted gymnastics and basketball finals.

## Transport
### River crossings

There are foot tunnels under the River Thames between Greenwich and Island Gardens in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and between Woolwich and North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham. The Woolwich Ferry takes vehicle traffic and links the North Circular Road to the South Circular Road which runs through the borough. A cable car crossing linking Greenwich Peninsula to the Royal Docks opened on 28 June 2012.

#### River transport

The Thames Clippers commuter ferry service runs from Woolwich to Canary Wharf and the City.

### Railway stations

* Abbey Wood
* Blackheath
* Charlton
* Eltham
* Greenwich
* Kidbrooke
* Maze Hill
* Mottingham
* New Eltham
* Plumstead
* Westcombe Park
* Woolwich
* Woolwich Arsenal
* Woolwich Dockyard
All stations except Woolwich are served by Southeastern. Woolwich is served by the Elizabeth line. Abbey Wood is served by both.

### Tube/DLR stations

The only London Underground station in the borough is North Greenwich on the Jubilee line. It was opened in 1999 and it is close to the Millennium Dome, which is now The O$_2$. The DLR serves Greenwich more extensively and a list of the stations is below:
* Cutty Sark (DLR)
* Deptford Bridge (DLR)
* Elverson Road (DLR)
* Greenwich (DLR)
* Woolwich Arsenal (DLR)

### Travel to work

In March 2011, the main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were driving a car or van, 17.5% of all residents aged 16–74; train, 10.2%; bus, minibus or coach, 10.2%; underground, metro, light rail, tram, 9.7%; on foot, 4.1%; work mainly at or from home, 2.5%; and bicycle, 1.5%.

## Economy
### Tourism

Tourism is becoming an increasingly important factor in Greenwich's economy. In 2015, 18.5 million people were expected to visit the borough for a day or more, generating over £1.2 billion; this figure was expected to increase by more than 25% by 2018. Evidence of the tourism boom included the construction of a 452-room InterContinental Hotel near the O2 Arena (opening in 2015). Apart from the many museums and historic buildings in Greenwich town and Greenwich Park, the main tourist attractions are the Cutty Sark, The O2 Arena, the London Cable Car, Eltham Palace (which expected over 100,000 visitors in 2015), Charlton House and the Thames Barrier. In addition, the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich is starting to promote itself as a tourist attraction.

## Places
### Parks and open spaces

The borough contains the Greenwich Royal Park. A small part of the Metropolitan Green Belt is within the borough.

### Entertainment district

The O2 (formerly the Millennium Dome) is located on the Greenwich Peninsula. It includes an indoor arena, a music club, a Cineworld cinema, an exhibition space, piazzas, bars, and restaurants.

## Religion

The following table shows the religious identity of residents residing in Greenwich according to the 2021 census.
| Religion | 2021 | 2021 |
| Religion | Number | % |
| Christian | 129,112 | 44.7 |
| Muslim | 24,715 | 8.5 |
| Jewish | 603 | 0.2 |
| Hindu | 11,647 | 4.0 |
| Sikh | 3,229 | 1.1 |
| Buddhism | 5,034 | 1.7 |
| Other religion | 1,802 | 0.6 |
| No religion | 94,208 | 32.7 |
| Religion not stated | 18,716 | 6.5 |
| Total | 289,068 | 100.0 |

## Coat of arms

Arms were originally granted to the London Borough by letters patent dated 1 October 1965. Although much of the 1965 design has been retained, the arms have been altered in 2012 by the addition of a representation of the Thames. In addition a crest and supporters were added to the arms.

## Twinning

The Royal Borough of Greenwich is twinned with:
* Reinickendorf, Berlin, Germany (since 1965). The initiative of the twinning with this Berlin borough dates from the times of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich. A London telephone box and a red pillar box beside Lake Tegel were gifted by Greenwich borough. A Berlin Buddy Bear in General Gordon Square (Woolwich) commemorates the 50th anniversary of the twinning.
* Maribor, Slovenia (since 1966). The 50th anniversary of the town twinning with Slovenia's second largest city was celebrated with a ballet performance in Woolwich Town Hall and the revealing of a plaque in the renamed Maribor Park in the Royal Arsenal.
* Tema, Ghana (since 2000). The town twinning with Tema has led to the opening of Tema's first Information Technology Centre (by the Duke of Edinburgh in 2000), the gifting of a mobile ICT learning centre to Tema (2005), the shipping of a converted Greenwich council passenger services bus, packed with books for school libraries and second-hand computers, as well as regular youth exchanges between Greenwich and Tema.