OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Joel West Flood

Joel West Flood (August 2, 1894 – April 27, 1964), the brother of Henry De La Warr Flood and uncle of Harry Flood Byrd, was a Virginia lawyer and judge and briefly United States Representative from Virginia from November 1932 to March 1933.

## Early and family life

He was born near Appomattox, Appomattox County, Virginia on August 2, 1894, to former CSA Major and Virginia General Assembly member Joel Walker Flood (1839-1916) and his second (or third) wife, Sallie Whiteman Delk, whom he had married in Philadelphia in 1892. Joel Flood had an elder half siblings Eleanor Bolling Flood Byrd (1864-1957)) and Henry De La Warr Flood (1866 -1921). He attended public schools in Appomattox and Richmond, Virginia, before receiving an undergraduate degree from Washington and Lee University. He also attended the University of Virginia School of Law (receiving a law degree) and Oxford University.

## Career

After his father's death and his own admission to the Virginia bar in 1917, Flood began a legal practice in Appomattox, Virginia.

### World War I

He also took over what remained of the family plantation. During World War I, Flood served from March 29, 1918, until his discharge July 18, 1919, as a private in Company A, Three Hundred and Fifth Engineers, Eightieth Division.

### Early political career

Appomattox County voters elected Flood Commonwealth attorney in 1919, a position once held by his elder half-brother Henry D. Flood. He was re-elected multiple times and served until November 8, 1932. Also, upon returning to Virginia, Flood became a member of the unofficial Byrd Organization created by his nephew Harry F. Byrd upon the demise of Sen. Thomas Staples Martin. Joel Flood also served as an assistant to Governor E. Lee Trinkle of Virginia from 1922 to 1926, and as special assistant to the Attorney General of Virginia from April 1, 1928, to July 1, 1932.

### Congress

Elected to Congress as a Democrat to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Henry St. George Tucker, he served from November 8, 1932, to March 3, 1933 (in the Seventy-second Congress). The seat was eliminated due to restructuring after the 1930 census. Flood was not a candidate for election to the Seventy-third Congress, but returned to his legal practice and agricultural pursuits. He also served as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1936. He was appointed assistant United States attorney for the Western District of Virginia and served from June 1, 1939, to January 28, 1940. Virginia legislators elected him as a judge of the fifth judicial circuit of Virginia in January 1940, in which capacity he served until his death.

## Death and legacy

Joel Flood died in the Richmond Veterans Administration hospital Chesterfield, Virginia on April 27, 1964. He is interred in the Flood Mausoleum, Appomattox Courthouse Square.
# Bracket creep

Bracket creep is usually defined as the process by which inflation pushes wages and salaries into higher tax brackets, leading to fiscal drag. However, even if there is only one tax bracket, or one remains within the same tax bracket, there will still be bracket creep resulting in a higher proportion of income being paid in tax. That is, although the marginal tax rate remains unchanged with inflation, the average tax rate will increase.
Most progressive tax systems are not adjusted for inflation. As wages and salaries rise in nominal terms under the influence of inflation they become more highly taxed, even though in real terms the value of the wages and salaries has not increased at all. The net effect is that in real terms taxes rise unless the tax rates or brackets are adjusted to compensate.

## Examples

Suppose a person earns $20,000 per year and is liable to 20% tax on earnings above a threshold of $5,000 per year. Then they pay ($20,000–$5,000)*0.2 = $3,000 in taxes, or 15% of their income. Now suppose that due to inflation, their wage goes up by 5%, but the government does not increase the tax threshold. They must now pay ($21,000–$5,000)*0.2 = $3,200 or 15.2% of their income as tax. Thus the proportion of the person's income that is paid as tax has increased. The average tax rate went up even though the tax payer remained in the 20% tax bracket. That is, the marginal tax rate did not change. Since the wage increase was due to inflation, the person's net real income declined.
In the United States, the Alternative Minimum Tax originally (1971) targeted 155 high-income households; based on 2004 law, it would affect 20% of households by 2010.

## Developments

For 2022, the Tax Foundation estimates that "an average New Yorker making around $80,000 a year will be forced to shell out an extra $225 in taxes during this and next year's tax seasons".

## Political dimension

Nominal bracket creep can easily be countered by a system of index-linked tax brackets, but this may be politically undesirable. Many voters do not perceive the effects of bracket creep, and so the government may prefer to adjust tax brackets manually once every few years: in effect, restoring the real tax rates to their approximate pre-inflation levels but in a way that gives the government the appearance that they are cutting taxes.
# Shlomo Zemach

Shlomo Zemach (Hebrew: שלמה צמח; 2 June 1886 – 6 November 1974) was an Israeli author, agriculturalist, and early Zionist pioneer.

## Biography

Zemach was born in 1886 in Płońsk, Poland, then part of the Russian Empire, and was a descendant of Rabbi Avraham Gombiner (known as the "Magen Avraham") and his descendant, Rabbi Zvi Hirsch HaLevi of Plonsk (known as the "Plant (Zemach) of Avraham", from where Zemach's surname originates). His family was the wealthiest in Płońsk. He was a childhood friend of David Ben-Gurion. Zemach received a traditional Jewish education at cheder and beit midrash. In 1900, at the age of 14, Ben-Gurion and Zemach founded a Zionist youth association in Płońsk, under the name Ezra Association, whose members spoke only Hebrew.
In 1904, Zemach was the first Zionist to emigrate from Płońsk to Ottoman Palestine using 300 rubles his father had entrusted him to take to the bank. He worked as an agricultural worker for five years. In 1905, he was among the founders of the Hapoel Hatzair Zionist organisation. In 1906 he returned to Płońsk to make peace with his family and in early September traveled back to Palestine with Ben Gurion, Rachel Nelkin and her mother Shoshana.
Whilst in Rehovot in 1908 he met a secretly married Hemda Polansky. She was from a wealthy family. They moved to Jerusalem to an apartment in Jerusalem owned by her brothers. They held literary salons and Ben Gurion was a regular visitor. In the spring of 1911, they returned to Płońsk and divorced. Zemach then studied agriculture, literature and philosophy in France. In 1914, he qualified as an agricultural engineer and went to visit his parents' home in Płońsk, where he was caught up in the outbreak of the First World War. He was engaged in literary work in Warsaw and later on in Odessa. In 1921, he returned to then British-administered Palestine. He was employed as a teacher at the Mikveh Israel agricultural school and, in 1933, he was the principal founder of the Kadoorie Agricultural High School and served as its first headmaster.
He wrote a number of books and articles on agriculture. He was also a literary critic and edited the literary journal Maazanim.

## Awards

* In 1944, Zemach was awarded the Bialik Prize for Literature, jointly with Yehuda Karni.
* In 1955, he was awarded the Brenner Prize for Literature, jointly with Yeshuron Keshet.
* In 1965, he was awarded the Israel Prize, in literature.

## Published works

* Elijah Margaret (Roman), Warsaw: Jewish Press, 1921.
* First year, published by Am Oved, 1952.
* Stories from the Life of the Land, published by Rubin Mass Press, 1939.
* Essay and Criticism, published by Dvir, 1954.
# Kyriakos Aslanidis

Kyriakos Aslanidis (Greek: Κυριάκος Ασλανίδης; born 11 March 2002) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Super League club Volos.
# Pascal Koupaki

Pascal Irénée Koupaki (born 18 May 1951) is a Beninese politician who served as Prime Minister of Benin from May 2011 to August 2013. Koupaki worked as an official at the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and he was Director of the Cabinet of the Prime Minister from 1996 to 1998. Under President Yayi Boni, Koupaki was Minister of Finance from 2006 to 2007 and then Minister of State for the Exploration, Development, and Evaluation of Public Policy from 2007 to 2011.
Under President Patrice Talon, Koupaki has been Secretary-General of the Presidency since 2016.

## Career

Koupaki worked in Dakar at the BCEAO from September 1979 to December 1990, holding a series of high-level posts. Beginning in December 1990, he worked as Deputy Director of the Cabinet of Alassane Ouattara, the Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire. After Ouattara left office, Koupaki took a position at the IMF in September 1994; he then served as Director of the Cabinet of the Prime Minister of Benin, Adrien Houngbedji, from April 1996 to May 1998.
Following Houngbedji's resignation in May 1998, Koupaki worked at the BCEAO again; he was Director of the Research Department at the BCEAO and then Special Adviser to the Governor, as well as Director of the Department of Research and the Mint. He left the BCEAO when Yayi Boni took office as President of Benin and appointed Koupaki to the government as Minister of Finance in April 2006. A year later, Koupaki was moved to the post of Minister of State for the Exploration, Development, and Evaluation of Public Policy on 17 June 2007; he remained in the latter post until his appointment as Prime Minister on 28 May 2011. Having already been ranked second in protocol, after Boni, it was observed that Koupaki had already effectively been a prime minister and that the appointment merely formalized the situation.
Koupaki was viewed as a potential successor to Boni, but beginning in 2012 there was speculation in the press that he had "fallen out of favour". President Boni dismissed Koupaki and the rest of the government on 9 August 2013. When he appointed a new government on 11 August, it did not include the post of Prime Minister; Boni apparently intended to personally coordinate the government's work.
Koupaki stood as a candidate in the March 2016 presidential election. He was unsuccessful in the first round of voting and backed Patrice Talon for the second round. Talon won the election, and when he took office on 6 April 2016, he appointed Koupaki as Minister of State and Secretary-General of the Presidency.
# Kim Dong-hee (Go player)

Kim Dong-hee (born October 24, 1985) is a South Korean professional Go player.

## Biography

In 2005, he was runner-up for the BC Card Cup.

## Runners-up

| Title | Years Lost |
| Current | 1 |
| BC Card Cup | 2005 |

## Promotion record

| Rank | Year |
| 1 dan | 2003 |
| 2 dan | 2005 |
| 3 dan | 2011 |
| 4 dan | 2017 |
| 5 dan | |
| 6 dan | |
| 7 dan | |
| 8 dan | |
| 9 dan | |
# Willi Tiefel

Wilhelm Tiefel (14 July 1911 – 28 August 1941), nicknamed Willi, was a German footballer.
He played for the teams Union Niederrad, Eintracht Frankfurt, Berliner SV 92 and BSC Brandenburg. He also played 7 times for Germany, starting in 1935.

## Personal life

Tiefel was born in Frankfurt on 14 July 1911. He fought in World War II as a private in the German army, and died on 28 August 1941 in Narva on the Eastern Front at the age of 30.
# 50ft Queenie

"50ft Queenie" is a song by English singer-songwriter PJ Harvey, and the first single from her second studio album, Rid of Me (1993). It is performed by Harvey's trio, consisting of Harvey on vocals and guitar, Rob Ellis on drums and Steve Vaughan on bass. Released in April 1993 by Island Records, the song charted in the United Kingdom and was a top-30 hit, but failed to chart in the United States. A promotional music video directed by Maria Mochnacz was also filmed.

## Background and history

The song was recorded at Pachyderm Studios with Steve Albini, who had previously produced albums for Pixies and The Breeders. Harvey praised Albini's work because she thought "the instruments on the album sound like they're breathing and real".

## Music video

Directed by British photographer and music video director Maria Mochnacz, the accompanying music video for "50ft Queenie" shows PJ Harvey performing the song, with the small leopard skin coat as seen in the single's inlay artwork. The backdrop of the video reads "HEY I'M ONE BIG QUEEN". It was later used on Beavis and Butt-Head.

## Critical reception

Upon its release as a single, Gina Morris of NME picked "50ft Queenie" as one of the magazine's "single[s] of the week" and described it as "another startling, emphatic slab of potent punk rock, delivered in a flurry of intensity" and one which "again highlights Polly's ability to manoeuvre her voice to sound spent, torn and bleeding in emotive tension". Morris added that all four tracks on the single are "equally sublime" and "particularly the gripping" "Man-Size". David Bennun of Melody Maker considered it "pretty good, in a weird frenetic steel-tipped rockabilly kind of way" but added that it was "by no means the best thing on the [new] album". While he encouraged buyers to purchase the album instead, he noted that the single was "worth having for the stark demo version" of "Man-Size".

## Track listing

All songs written by PJ Harvey.
* UK CD and European 12" single (Island Records, CID 538, 862 037–2 / 12IS 538, 862 037–1)
* "50 ft Queenie" – 2:26
* "Reeling" – 2:39
* "Man-Size" (demo) – 3:24
* "Hook" (demo) – 4:33
Note: Tracks 1 and 2 recorded by Steve Albini. Tracks 3 and 4 recorded by PJ Harvey. The demo version of "Hook" later appeared on 4-Track Demos.
* UK 7" single (Island Records, IS 538, 862 037–7)
* "50 ft Queenie" – 2:26
* "Reeling" – 2:39
* "Man-Size" (demo) – 3:24

## Charts

| Chart (1993) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA) | 179 |
| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) | 80 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 27 |
# 18 Merriman Street, Millers Point

18 Merriman Street, Millers Point is a heritage-listed residence located at 18 Merriman Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

## History

Millers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. Merriman Street contains a substantial collection of Georgian style houses and terraces. This cottage was built c. 1855, first tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1986.

## Description

Simple single storey, two bedroom, Georgian style Victorian cottage with later verandah addition. Stone sills and brick arched lintels to door and windows. Shutters on windows, fanlight over entry door. Storeys: 1 Construction: Painted brick work, corrugated galvanised iron, timber verandah and joinery. Style: Victorian Georgian.
Externally, the condition of the property is good.

### Modifications and dates

External: New front door recently added.

## Heritage listing

As at 23 November 2000, 18 Merriman Street contains housing groups of the utmost historical importance.
It is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of C19th adaptation of the landscape.
18 Merriman Street, Millers Point was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
# Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port station

Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port or Donibane Garazi is a railway station in Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The station was opened in 1898 and is located at the end of the Bayonne - Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port railway line. The station is served by TER (local) services operated by the SNCF.

## Train services

The following services currently call at Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port:
* local service (TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine) Bayonne - Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port
| Preceding station | TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine | TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine | TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine | Following station |
| Ossès-Saint-Martin-d'Arrossatowards Bayonne | | 54 | | Terminus |
# Dome Mountain (Colorado)

Dome Mountain is a 13,379-foot-elevation (4,078-meter) summit located in San Juan County, Colorado, United States.

## Description

Dome Mountain is situated five miles (8 km) northeast of the town of Silverton on land administered by the Bureau of Land Management. It is set five miles west of the Continental Divide in the San Juan Mountains which are a subrange of the Rocky Mountains. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into the Animas River and topographic relief is significant as the summit rises nearly 3,700 feet (1,100 meters) above the river in 1.25 mile (2 km). The mountain's toponym has been officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names, and has been recorded in publications since at least 1906.

## Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Dome Mountain is located in an alpine subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and cool to warm summers. Due to its altitude, it receives precipitation all year, as snow in winter and as thunderstorms in summer, with a dry period in late spring. Climbers can expect afternoon rain, hail, and lightning from the seasonal monsoon in late July and August.
# Velthuis

The Velthuis system of transliteration is an ASCII transliteration scheme for the Sanskrit language from and to the Devanagari script. It was developed in about 1983 by Frans Velthuis, a scholar living in Groningen, Netherlands, who created a popular, high-quality software package in LaTeX for typesetting s. The primary documentation for the scheme is the system's clearly written software Daniella and awwkeiwek. It is based on using the ISO 646 repertoire to represent mnemonically the accents used in standard scholarly transliteration.
See Devanagari transliteration for more information on comparing this and other such transliteration schemes.
The scheme is also used for the transliteration of other Indic scripts and languages such as Bengali and Pali. transliterate Indic scripts in contexts (such ashe fonts with these characters cannot be used.

## Transliteration scheme

The Velthuis transliteration scheme is as given in the tables below.

### Vowels

| Devanagari | IAST | Velthuis | Velthuis permitted alternative |
| अ | a | a | |
| आ | ā | aa | A |
| इ | i | i | |
| ई | ī | ii | I |
| उ | u | u | |
| ऊ | ū | uu | U |
| ए | e | e | |
| ऐ | ai | ai | |
| ओ | o | o | |
| औ | au | au | |
| ऋ | ṛ | .r | |
| ॠ | ṝ | .rr | |
| ऌ | ḷ | .l | |
| ॡ | ḹ | .ll | |
| अं (added as anusvāra) | ṃ | .m | |
| अः | ḥ | .h | |
| अँ (chandrabindu) | | / | ~m |
| ् (virāma/halant) | | & | |
| ऽ (avagraha:elision during sandhi) | | .a | |
| Om | | O | |

### Consonants (in combination with inherent vowel a)

| Devanagari | IAST | Velthuis | Velthuis permitted alternative |
| क | ka | ka | |
| ख | kha | kha | Ka |
| ग | ga | ga | |
| घ | gha | gha | Ga |
| ङ | ṅa | "na | |
| च | ca | ca | |
| छ | cha | cha | Ca |
| ज | ja | ja | |
| झ | jha | jha | Ja |
| ञ | ña | ~na | |
| ट | ṭa | .ta | |
| ठ | ṭha | .tha | .Ta |
| ड | ḍa | .da | |
| ढ | ḍha | .dha | .Da |
| ण | ṇa | .na | |
| त | ta | ta | |
| थ | tha | tha | Ta |
| द | da | da | |
| ध | dha | dha | Da |
| न | na | na | |
| प | pa | pa | |
| फ | pha | pha | Pa |
| ब | ba | ba | |
| भ | bha | bha | Ba |
| म | ma | ma | |
| य | ya | ya | |
| र | ra | ra | |
| ल | la | la | |
| व | va | va | |
| श | śa | "sa | |
| ष | ṣa | .sa | |
| स | sa | sa | |
| ह | ha | ha | |
| ळ | ḷa | .la | |

### Irregular Consonant Clusters

| Devanagari | IAST | Velthuis |
| क्ष | kṣa | k.sa |
| त्र | tra | tra |
| ज्ञ | jña | j~na |
| श्र | śra | "sra |
# Willi Welscher

Willi Welscher (1 August 1906 – 20 February 1987) was a German hurdler. He competed in the 110 metres hurdles at the 1932 Summer Olympics and the 1936 Summer Olympics.
# Caipira culture

The Caipira culture refers to the traditional characteristics of the state of São Paulo and regions initially influenced by Paulista exploration activities, geographically considered part of the cultural region of Paulistania, which encompasses Brazilian states such as Paraná, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, and Mato Grosso do Sul, being these the main places where the values of the caipira people settled. These are the main areas where the values of the caipira people settled. Historians view it as the continuation of the culture of the bandeirantes, who later distanced themselves from their former tasks related to gold exploration, expansionism, and slavery.
# 18-20a Munn Street, Millers Point

18–20a Munn Street is a heritage-listed row of terrace houses located at 18, 18a, 20, 20a Munn Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

## History

Millers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. This Federation style terrace is one of two remaining terraces of an original group of six built c. 1911, the others having been demolished for the port expansion at Darling Harbour. It was first tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1986.

## Description

A group of four houses (upper and ground level dwellings), well-integrated with the Palisade Hotel site. Main entrances to the south are accessible from a shared verandah walkway. Side yards are located on Bettington Street. Art nouveau fretwork and cast iron fencing are particularly noteworthy.
The terraces are of face brick with sandstone trim to doors and windows (four pane), and with a two-storey verandah with timber balustrading.

## Heritage listing

This group of early twentieth century terrace houses was previously larger, some being demolished for Darling Harbour Port expansion.
It is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of nineteenth-century adaptation of the landscape.
18–20a Munn Street was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.