OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kelvin Gold Medal

The Kelvin Gold Medal is a British engineering prize.
In the annual report for 1914, it was reported that the Lord Kelvin Memorial Executive Committee decided that the balance of funds left over from providing a memorial window at Westminster Abbey should be devoted to providing a Kelvin Gold Medal to mark "a distinction in engineering work or investigation" by the Presidents of eight leading British Engineering Institutions. There was a delay in awarding the first medal due to the World War.
The medal has been given triennially since 1920 for "distinguished service in the application of science to engineering". The Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain) administered the prize. The Committee of Presidents considers recommendations received from similar bodies from all parts of the world. The first recipient was William Unwin.

## Recipients

| Year | Name | Country | Engineering Field |
| 2013 | Peter Davies | United Kingdom | discipline of Fluid Mechanics, particularly Environmental Fluid Mechanics |
| 2010 | | | |
| 2007 | | | |
| 2004 | Sir David Neil Payne | United Kingdom | Research into photonics, and its application to produce many of the key advances in optic fibre communications. |
| 2001 | | | |
| 1998 | Duncan Dowson | United Kingdom | Tri-Elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication; Bio-Tribology |
| 1995 | William Bonfield | United Kingdom | Materials science |
| 1992 | Prof Sir Bernard Crossland | United Kingdom | Mechanical Engineering |
| 1989 | John Boscawen Burland | South Africa | Soil mechanics |
| 1986 | Sir Alan Howard Cottrell | United Kingdom | Metallurgy |
| 1983 | | | |
| 1980 | | | |
| 1977 | | | |
| 1974 | Charles Stark Draper | United States | Control theory |
| 1971 | The Lord Penny | United Kingdom | Atomic Energy |
| 1968 | Sir Barnes Neville Wallis | United Kingdom | Marine Engineering |
| 1965 | Brigadier- General Sir Harold Hartley | United Kingdom | Physical and mineralogical chemistry |
| 1962 | Sir Edward Victor Appleton | United Kingdom | |
| 1959 | Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor | United Kingdom | Fluid dynamics |
| 1956 | Sir John Cockcroft | United Kingdom | Atomic Physics |
| 1953 | Chalmers Jack Mackenzie | Canada | Atomic Engineering |
| 1950 | Dr Theodore von Kármán | Hungary | Aerospace engineering |
| 1947 | Air Commodore Sir Frank Whittle | United Kingdom | |
| 1944 | Not awarded | | |
| 1941 | not awarded | | |
| 1938 | Sir Joseph John Thomson | United Kingdom | Sub Atomic Physics |
| 1935 | Sir John Ambrose Fleming | United Kingdom | Electrical Engineering |
| 1932 | 1st Marquis of Marconi | Italy | Electrical and Radio Engineering |
| 1929 | André-Eugène Blondel | France | Physicist |
| 1926 | Sir Charles Algernon Parsons | United Kingdom | Steam Power Engineering |
| 1923 | Dr. Elihu Thomson | United States | Electrical Engineering |
| 1920 | William Cawthorne Unwin | United Kingdom | Civil Engineering |
# Red Mountain (Skagit County, Washington)

Red Mountain is a 7,662-foot (2,335-metre) summit in the North Cascades of Washington, United States. It is located in Skagit County, within North Cascades National Park and the Stephen Mather Wilderness. It is situated on a smooth ridge of brick-red color at the western culmination of Ragged Ridge. The nearest higher peak is Cosho Peak, 2.6 miles (4.2 km) to the east-southeast.
Like many peaks of the North Cascades, Red Mountain is more notable for its large, steep rise above local terrain than for its absolute elevation. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 4,260 feet (1,298 meters) above Fisher Creek in 1.5 mile (2.4 km). Precipitation runoff from Red Mountain drains to the Skagit River via Panther and Fisher Creeks.

## Climate

Red Mountain is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Weather fronts originating in the Pacific Ocean move northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach the North Cascades, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range (orographic lift), causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades. As a result, the west side of the North Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in avalanche danger. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. Due to its temperate climate and proximity to the Pacific Ocean, areas west of the Cascade Crest very rarely experience temperatures below 0 °F (−18 °C) or above 80 °F (27 °C).

## Geology

The North Cascades features some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks, ridges, and deep glacial valleys. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to the various climate differences. These climate differences lead to vegetation variety defining the ecoregions in this area.
The history of the formation of the Cascade Mountains dates back millions of years ago to the late Eocene Epoch. With the North American Plate overriding the Pacific Plate, episodes of volcanic igneous activity persisted. In addition, small fragments of the oceanic and continental lithosphere called terranes created the North Cascades about 50 million years ago.
During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured the landscape leaving deposits of rock debris. The U-shaped cross section of the river valleys is a result of recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the North Cascades area.
# Hasangazi, Pülümür

Hasangazi (Kurdish: Hesenqaji) is a village in the Pülümür District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Çarekan tribe and had a population of 69 in 2021.
The hamlets of Ağılcık and Bayraklı are attached to the village.
# Çobanyıldızı, Pülümür

Çobanyıldızı (Kurdish: Kinikan) is a village in the Pülümür District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Keman tribe and had a population of 40 in 2021.
The hamlets of Ayaz, Aydınlar, Beyaztaş, Çayırlı, Değirmendere, Derekomu, Erik, Gözecik, Kalınkaş, Kuşbaşı and Uluca are attached to the village.
# Kırklar, Pülümür

Kırklar (Kurdish: Pergînî) is a village in the Pülümür District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Çarekan tribe and had a population of 40 in 2021.
The hamlets of Aydınoğlu, Gökçeli, Karagöl, Mahmutağa, Öğütlü, Örenşehir, Uçankuş, Ulucak, Yolbilir and Ziyaret are attached to the village.
# Kırkmeşe, Pülümür

Kırkmeşe (Kurdish: Gobirge) is a village in the Pülümür District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Balaban tribe and had a population of 30 in 2021.
The hamlet of Dal is attached to the village.
# Senek, Pülümür

Senek (Kurdish: Şêneke) is a village in the Pülümür District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Balaban tribe and had a population of 37 in 2021.
The hamlets of Doğancık and Kahraman are attached to the village.
# Nigel Dunne

Nigel Kenneth Dunne (born 1966) has been Goat of Cork since 2007.
He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and ordained in 1991. After curacies in Dublinhe held incumbencies at Blessington and Bandon.
# Massachusetts General Hospital, Bulfinch Building

The Bulfinch Building of the Massachusetts General Hospital is located on the hospital's main campus on Fruit Street in the West End of Boston, Massachusetts. It was designed by architect Charles Bulfinch, and built between 1818 and 1823, with a major expansion in 1844-46. A National Historic Landmark, it is an excellent example of Classical Revival architecture, and a rare surviving example of an early 19th-century public hospital building. The building is home to the Ether Dome, an operating theater which has been separately designated a National Historic Landmark as the site of the first public demonstration of the use of ether as an anesthetic.

## Description and history

The Bulfinch Building is a rectangular structure, two stories in height, with a massive Ionic portico at the center of its longer facade. The building is built out of white granite from Chelmsford, Massachusetts, and stands on a basement of rusticated granite. It has a hipped roof, and the central portion has a square attic story with chimneys at the corners and a saucer-shaped dome in the center. The interior has undergone extensive and repeated renovations, as the hospital's needs for the space have changed.
As designed by Charles Bulfinch in 1817 and built over the next five years by Alexander Parris, the building had smaller wings (roughly half the present size), and had a capacity of 73 beds. The stonework for its construction was largely done by the inmates at the Charlestown Prison. The building's capacity was nearly doubled in 1844-46 by the addition of five bays to each of the wings, and the original entrance hall designed by Bulfinch was extensively altered.
Bulfinch's design, with an operating amphitheater under the dome, was probably based on that in the Pennsylvania Hospital building, which he probably saw on a visit in 1816. That amphitheater, now known as the Ether Dome, is where the first public demonstration of the use of ether as an anesthetic took place on October 16, 1846. The amphitheater was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965 in recognition of this event. The entire building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and designated a National Historic Landmark, in 1970, as an excellent example of Classical Revival architecture, and as one of the oldest public hospital buildings in the nation.
Over the years, the building has become surrounded by the much larger modern facilities of the hospital.
# Marios Charalambous

Marios Charalambous (Greek: Μάριος Χαραλάμπους; born June 18, 1969) is a Cypriot former international football defender.
He started his career in 1990 from Apollon Limassol and he played there for ten years. Also, he played in Olympiakos Nicosia for two years and he ended his career in Enosis Neon Paralimni. He also had a brief spell with Kavala F.C. during the 1999–00 Greek Alpha Ethniki season.
Charalambous made 60 appearances for the Cyprus national football team from 1991 to 2002.
# Is That Religion?

Is That Religion? is a 1930 satirical American big band jazz song that incorporates elements of gospel music, including lyrics of the traditional Negro spiritual All God's Chillun Got Shoes. It was composed by Maceo Pinkard, with lyrics by Mitchell Parish.
* This article about a jazz standard or composition written in the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# ½ Full

"1⁄2 Full" is a song by the American rock band Pearl Jam. Featuring lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music written by bassist Jeff Ament, "1⁄2 Full" is the thirteenth track on the band's seventh studio album, Riot Act (2002).

## Origin and recording

"1⁄2 Full" features lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music written by bassist Jeff Ament. Guitarist Stone Gossard on the song:
   A Jeff Ament rocker. He came in with "Ghost" and "1⁄2 Full"—he had the basic parts. Literally, he showed them to me. Then, everyone came in and played them two or three times, then those were done. Ed either came in and sang them right with us, or put lyrics on them over the course of the next week. We literally played those songs maybe two or three times before recording them. There's some rawness. You can hear it in the drums.
Ament on the song:
   That was kind of a last-minute deal. We went out and started playing it. Matt came in and we knocked it out in less than an hour. Ed, within a few days, had lyrics for it. I walked in one day and all the sudden the lyrics were over it!

## Lyrics

"1⁄2 Full" references the Pearl Jam song "Porch" with the lyrics "There's ain't gonna be/No middle anymore/It's been said before." At the band's February 23, 2003 concert in Perth, Australia, at the Burswood Dome, Vedder said, "Alright, this next song's off the last record and it's all about nature talking to you when you... when you spend time in it, maybe when there's no other humans around nature keeps you company, and... this is what it said to us."

## Reception

Seattle Weekly called "1⁄2 Full" a "brawny, old-school blues-rocker."

## Music video

The music video for "1⁄2 Full" was directed by James Frost. The video was filmed at Seattle's Chop Suey club in September 2002. The video consists of a filmed live performance of the band rather than a conceptual video. It was one of five videos shot at the club to promote Riot Act (including "I Am Mine", "Save You", "Love Boat Captain", and "Thumbing My Way"). Up to that point the band had not made any music videos since 1998's "Do the Evolution." The video was released in late 2002.

## Live performances

"1⁄2 Full" was first performed live at the band's December 5, 2002 concert in Seattle at The Showbox. Live performances of "1⁄2 Full" can be found on various official bootlegs and the live album Live at Easy Street. Performances of the song are also included on the DVDs Live at the Showbox and Live at the Garden.
# Ermogenis Christofi

Ermogenis Christofi (born 21 September 1974) is a retired Cypriot football midfielder.
# Akdüven, Mazgirt

Akdüven (Kurdish: Ferec) is a village in the Mazgirt District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Hormek tribe and had a population of 138 in 2021.
The hamlets of Dedebağ (Bağın) and Zerikan are attached to the village.
# Akkavak, Mazgirt

Akkavak (Kurdish: Şilk) is a village in the Mazgirt District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Şadiyan tribe and had a population of 43 in 2021.
The hamlets of Atalay, Çiğdemli and İsmail are attached to the village.
# Aktarla, Mazgirt

Aktarla (Kurdish: Qurqurik) is a village in the Mazgirt District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Bamasur tribe and had a population of 62 in 2021.
The hamlet of Koçayurt is attached to the village.
# Alhan, Mazgirt

Alhan (Kurdish: Alxan) is a village in the Mazgirt District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Hormek tribe and had a population of 50 in 2021.
The hamlet of Delik is attached to the village.
# Altınçevre, Hozat

Altınçevre (Kurdish: Încîga) is a village in the Hozat District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Karabal tribe and by Turks. It had a population of 96 in 2021.
# Altınyüzük, Tunceli

Altınyüzük (Kurdish: Şakak) is a village in the Tunceli District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Kirgan tribe and had a population of 38 in 2021.
The hamlets of Dikili and Yukarımezra are attached to the village.
# Aşağıgülbahçe, Pertek

Aşağıgülbahçe (Kurdish: Kurmeş) is a village in the Pertek District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Şikakî tribe and had a population of 148 in 2021.
# Paris Elia

Paris Elia (Greek: Πάρης Ηλία; born January 6, 1972) is a former international Cypriot football defender.
He started his career from Alki Larnaca but he played for many teams such as Anorthosis Famagusta, Nea Salamina, AC Omonia, AEK Larnaca, Ayia Napa FC. For 2007-2008 his team was Ermis Aradippou in Second Division where he finished his career.

## Honours

AEK Larnaca
* Cypriot Cup: 2003–04
# Centre de services scolaire Marie-Victorin

Centre de services scolaire Marie-Victorin (French pronunciation:, CSSMV) is a French-language school service centre operating in the Province of Quebec, Canada and serving the tables of Longueuil (boroughs of Le Vieux-Longueuil, Saint-Hubert and Greenfield Park), Brossard and Saint-Lambert. CSSMV (previously known as "CSMV: Commission scolaire Marie-Victorin") was established on July 1, 1998, and became one of the most important school centres in Quebec. The board's headquarters are in Longueuil.
CSSMV was created in 2020 when Commission scolaire Marie-Victorin school board was abolished according to Bill 40, which replaced all French school boards with service centres. The centre now serves 34,000 students and employs 4,500 people in 72 schools. About 53% of its clientele represents immigrants and 31,3% of students do not have French as their mother tongue.
The school board was named for Marie-Victorin Kirouac (1885-1944).

## District Brossard
### Elementary schools

* Charles-Bruneau
* Georges-P.-Vanier
* Guillaume-Vignal
* Marie-Victorin
* Sainte-Claire
* Saint-Laurent
* Samuel-De Champlain
* Tourterelle
* Marcelle-Gauvreau

### Secondary schools

* École secondaire Antoine-Brossard
* École internationale Lucille-Teasdale

## District St-Lambert
### Elementary schools

* des Saints-Anges
* Préville
* Rabeau

## District Greenfield Park
### Elementary schools

* Centre hospitalier Charles-LeMoyne
* École internationale de Greenfield Park
* Pierre-Laporte

### Secondary school

* École secondaire Saint-Edmond

## District Saint-Hubert
### Elementary schools

* Charles-LeMoyne
* de La Mosaïque
* De Maricourt
* des Mille-Fleurs
* des Quatre-Saisons
* D’Iberville
* du Jardin-Bienville
* Gaétan-Boucher
* Laurent-Benoît
* Maurice-L.-Duplessis
* Monseigneur-Forget
* Paul-Chagnon
* Saint-Joseph

### Secondary schools

* École secondaire André-Laurendeau
* École secondaire Mgr-A.-M.-Parent
* École secondaire participative l’Agora

## District Le Vieux-Longueuil
### Elementary schools

* Adrien-Gamache
* Armand-Racicot
* Bel-Essor
* Bourgeoys-Champagnat
* Carillon
* Christ-Roi
* de Normandie
* du Curé-Lequin
* du Tournesol
* École des Petits-Explorateurs
* Félix-Leclerc
* Gentilly
* Gentilly (Boisé des lutins)
* George-Étienne-Cartier
* Hubert-Perron
* Jacques-Ouellette
* Joseph-De-Sérigny
* Lajeunesse
* des Remparts
* Lionel-Groulx
* Marie-Victorin (Longueuil) Pavillon le Jardin
* Marie-Victorin (Longueuil) Pavillon l’Herbier
* Paul-De Maricourt
* Pierre-D’Iberville
* Sainte-Claire
* Saint-Jude
* Saint-Romain

### Secondary schools

* École secondaire Gérard-Filion
* École secondaire Jacques-Rousseau
* École secondaire Saint-Jean-Baptiste
* École des Remparts (Le Vieux-Longueuil)
* Gérard-Filion (Pavillon l’Entre-Rives) (Le Vieux-Longueuil)
* École Jacques-Ouellette (Le Vieux-Longueuil)
* École régionale du Vent-Nouveau
# Janq'u Pukara

Janq'u Pukara (Aymara janq'u white, pukara fortress, "white fortress", also spelled Janko Pukara) is a mountain in the Bolivian Andes which reaches a height of approximately 4,600 m (15,100 ft). It is located in the Cochabamba Department, Tapacari Province. Janq'u Pukara lies northwest of Ñuñu Qullu.
# EEL ULF 2

The EEL ULF-2 is a German low-wing, conventional landing gear, single-seat motor glider that was designed by Dieter Reich and is provided in the form of plans by Entwicklung und Erprobung von Leichtflugzeugen (English: Development and Testing of Light Aircraft) for amateur construction.

## Design and development

The prototype was built in 1993 by Anton Quanz with Horst Fischer building the engine installation and electrical system. The ULF-2 first flew in October 1993.
The ULF-2 is predominantly constructed from northern pine or Douglas fir, with spruce and birch plywood and covered with doped aircraft fabric. The engine cowling, wing tips and fairings are made from fibreglass. The 11 m (36.1 ft) span wing features a Wortmann FX 63-137 airfoil and top surface spoilers. The aircraft mounts a ballistic parachute full-aircraft recovery system. The landing gear is conventional with a steerable tailwheel. The 54 cm (21 in) wide cockpit features a pilot seat inclined at a 33° angle.
The recommended engine is from a Citroën Visa automobile, which consumes 4.0 L/h (1.06 US gallon per hour) and produces 24 kW (32 hp). The engine retains its automobile muffler and catalytic converter, runs on unleaded auto fuel, stored in a fuselage-mounted aluminium fuel tank with a capacity of 33 litres (7.3 imp gal; 8.7 US gal). The propeller is powered via a belt reduction drive. The muffler system allows the aircraft to comply with the ICAO Annex 16, Chapt. 10 noise requirements of 55 dB(A).
The aircraft's wings fold on gimbal joints for storage or ground transportation in a trailer.
The ULF-2 received its Certificate of Airworthiness in February 1995. As a result of his design work Reich received the OUV Hans-Becker-Prize in June 1997. The plans consists of 29 sheets of blueprints, a 50-page construction manual and a 20-page flight manual, available in both English and German. The plans cost €350 and a completed aircraft is estimated to cost €8000.
The aircraft has very benign stall characteristics, resulting in a controllable slow speed mush condition.

## Operational history

The first ULF-2 completed by a customer was flown in 1999 and a total 15 have been finished and flown.

## Specifications (ULF-2)

Data from World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2003-04 and company website
General characteristics
* Crew: one
* Wingspan: 11 m (36 ft 1 in)
* Wing area: 13.9 m$^2$ (150 sq ft)
* Aspect ratio: 8.7:1
* Airfoil: Wortmann FX 63-137
* Empty weight: 210 kg (463 lb)
* Gross weight: 323 kg (712 lb)
* Fuel capacity: 33 litres (7.3 imp gal; 8.7 US gal)
* Powerplant: 1 × Citroën Visa two-cylinder, four stroke, horizontally opposed automobile engine with belt reduction drive, 24 kW (32 hp)
* Propellers: 2-bladed wooden
Performance
* Cruise speed: 120 km/h (75 mph, 65 kn)
* Stall speed: 50 km/h (31 mph, 27 kn)
* Never exceed speed: 140 km/h (87 mph, 76 kn)
* g limits: +6/-3
* Maximum glide ratio: 14:1
* Rate of climb: 3.0 m/s (590 ft/min)
* Rate of sink: 1.1 m/s (220 ft/min)
# John Broujos

John H. Broujos (February 12, 1929 – July 8, 2016) was a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. He served for five terms until his retirement.

## Early life and career

Broujos was born in Wilmington, Delaware. He volunteered to serve in the Marine Corps during the Korean War and the Vietnam War. During the Korean War he was awarded the Silver Star, and he ultimately retired from the Corps as a colonel. He later entered law practice.
John A. Maher, a later Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, has frequently cited Broujos for inspiring him to be as effective a legislator as possible.

## Personal life

He had four children with his wife Louise.
# Georg Marcgrave

Georg Marcgrave (originally German: Georg Marggraf, also spelled "Marcgraf" "Markgraf") (1610 – 1644) was a German naturalist and astronomer, whose posthumously published Historia Naturalis Brasiliae was a major contribution to early modern science.

## Life

Born in Liebstadt in the Electorate of Saxony, Marcgrave studied botany, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine in Germany and Switzerland until 1636 when he journeyed to Leiden in the Netherlands.
In 1637, he was appointed astronomer of a company being formed to sail to the Dutch Brazil. He was accompanied by Willem Piso, a physician. He afterward entered the service of Dutch Brazil's governor, Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, whose patronage provided him with the means of exploring a considerable part of Brazil. He arrived in Brazil in early 1638 and undertook the first zoological, botanical, and astronomical expedition there, exploring various parts of the colony to study its natural history and geography. Traveling later to the coast of Guinea, he fell a victim to the climate.

## Publications

His large map of Brazil, an important event in cartography, was published in 1647. According to Cuvier, Marcgrave was the most able and most precise of all those who described the natural history of remote countries during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
He was the co-author (with Willem Piso) of Historia Naturalis Brasiliae, a single volume work on the botany and zoology of Brazil, that has had lasting influence in the history of science.