OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Strong ground motion

In seismology, strong ground motion is the strong earthquake shaking that occurs close to (less than about 50 km from) a causative fault. The strength of the shaking involved in strong ground motion usually overwhelms a seismometer, forcing the use of accelerographs (or strong ground motion accelerometers) for recording. The science of strong ground motion also deals with the variations of fault rupture, both in total displacement, energy released, and rupture velocity.
As seismic instruments (and accelerometers in particular) become more common, it becomes necessary to correlate expected damage with instrument-readings. The old Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM), a relic of the pre-instrument days, remains useful in the sense that each intensity-level provides an observable difference in seismic damage.
After many years of trying every possible manipulation of accelerometer-time histories, it turns out that the extremely simple peak ground velocity (PGV) provides the best correlation with damage. PGV merely expresses the peak of the first integration of the acceleration record. Accepted formulae now link PGV with MM Intensity. Note that the effect of soft soils gets built into the process, since one can expect that these foundation conditions will amplify the PGV significantly.
"ShakeMaps" are produced by the United States Geological Survey, provide almost-real-time information about significant earthquake events, and can assist disaster-relief teams and other agencies.

## Correlation with the Mercalli scale

The United States Geological Survey created the Instrumental Intensity scale, which maps peak ground velocity on an intensity scale comparable to the felt Mercalli scale. Seismologists all across the world use these values to construct ShakeMaps.
| Instrumental Intensity | Velocity (cm/s) | Perceived shaking | Potential damage |
| I | < 0.0215 | Not felt | None |
| II–III | 0.135 – 1.41 | Weak | None |
| IV | 1.41 – 4.65 | Light | None |
| V | 4.65 – 9.64 | Moderate | Very light |
| VI | 9.64 – 20 | Strong | Light |
| VII | 20 – 41.4 | Very strong | Moderate |
| VIII | 41.4 – 85.8 | Severe | Moderate to heavy |
| IX | 85.8 – 178 | Violent | Heavy |
| X+ | > 178 | Extreme | Very heavy |

## Notable earthquakes

| PGV (max recorded) | Mag | Depth | Fatalities | Earthquake |
| 318 cm/s | 7.7 | 33 km | 2,415 | 1999 Jiji earthquake |
| 215 cm/s | 7.8 | 10 km | 62,013 | 2023 Turkey-Syria Earthquakes |
| 183 cm/s | 6.7 | 18.2 km | 57 | 1994 Northridge earthquake |
| 170 cm/s | 6.9 | 17.6 km | 6,434 | 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake |
| 152 cm/s | 6.6 | 10 km | 11 | 2007 Chūetsu offshore earthquake |
| 147 cm/s | 7.3 | 1.09 km | 3 | 1992 Landers earthquake |
| 145 cm/s | 6.6 | 13 km | 68 | 2004 Chūetsu earthquake |
| 138 cm/s | 7.2 | 10.5 km | 356 injured | 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes |
| 117.41 cm/s | 9.1 | 29 km | 19,747 | 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami |
| 108 cm/s | 7.8 | 8.2 km | 8,857 | April 2015 Nepal earthquake |
| 38 cm/s | 5.5 | 15.5 km | 0 | 2008 Chino Hills earthquake |
| 20 cm/s (est) | 6.4 | 10 km | 115-120 | 1933 Long Beach earthquake |
# Prisca (empress)

Aurelia Prisca (died 315) was a Roman empress as the wife of the emperor Diocletian.

## Biography

Prisca was already married and had a daughter with Diocletian when he became emperor. She was not granted the title of Augusta or Caesarissa but instead Nobilissima Femina. Lothar Wickert proposed in 1974 based on her daughter Galeria Valeria's name that Prisca's nomen gentilicium may have been Galeria. He also theorized that her husband picked Galerius as a son-in-law and heir because he was related to Prisca. An inscription on a statue base at a temple to Jupiter in Salona gives her name as Aurelia Prisca. Byron Waldron has proposed that the name Aurelia might have been added to Prisca's name when Diocletian and his co-emperor Maximian exchanged their respective names "Valerius" and "Aurelius" with each other, to strengthen dynastic ties.
When her husband retired to Spalatum in 305, Prisca stayed with her daughter and son-in-law in Thessalonica. When Galerius died in 311, Licinius was entrusted with the care of Prisca and her daughter Valeria. The two women, however, fled from Licinius to Maximinus Daia. After a short time, Valeria refused the marriage proposal of Maximinus, who arrested and confined her in Syria and confiscated her properties. At the death of Maximinus, Licinius had Prisca and her daughter killed.

## Christianity

According to the Latin writer Lactantius, Prisca and her daughter Valeria were "forced to be polluted" by sacrificing to the Roman gods during the Great Persecution of 303. Lactantius is, perhaps, implying that Prisca and Valeria were Christian or favorably disposed to Christianity. In later antiquity two Christian saints, Serena of Rome and Saint Alexandra, became known in legends as Diocletian's wife.
# United States capital (disambiguation)

The capital of the United States is Washington, D.C.
United States capital may also refer to:
* A misspelling of United States Capitol, the building that houses the legislative branch of the United States government
* Any city on the list of capitals in the United States, including state, territorial, and former national capitals
# Antilochus (bug)

Antilochus is an Old World genus of true bugs in the family Pyrrhocoridae, erected by Carl Stål in 1863. Species in this genus occurs in tropical Africa including Madagascar, South and Southeast Asia, the Malay Archipelago, and New Guinea.

## Description

Antilochus are brightly coloured, usually red and black, and easily differentiated from other pyrrhocorids by the head being transversely depressed behind the eyes. They are often confused with bugs in the family Lygaeidae, but can be distinguished by the lack of ocelli on the head. Unlike most pyrrhocorids, Antilochus species are predatory, rather than herbivorous.

## Species

Biolib includes:
* Antilochus boerhaviae (Fabricius, 1794)
* Antilochus coquebertii (Fabricius, 1803)
* Antilochus nigripes (Burmeister, 1835)
* Antilochus nigrocruciatus (Stål, 1855)
* Antilochus reflexus Stål, 1863
* Antilochus russus Stal, 1863
# Teva Canada

Teva Canada is one of Canada's largest generic pharmaceutical companies. The company was founded as Novopharm by Leslie Dan in 1965. After its acquisition by pharmaceutical giant Teva Pharmaceutical Industries in 2000, it was renamed Teva Novopharm. The Novopharm name was dropped in 2010, when it became Teva Canada.

## History of the company

Novopharm was founded by pharmacist and businessman Leslie Dan in 1965. Its first product was the generic antibiotic, tetracycline. The company expanded to become Canada's second largest generic drug manufacturer and it also owned sites in the US and Hungary by the mid 1990s. In Hungary, the company owned a small subsidiary called Human. In the US, it operated a distribution center in Schaumburg, Illinois, although all products continued to be made in Canada. Novopharm was the first generic company to market a generic version of Glaxo's Zantac for the US market.
Novopharm remained privately held by the Dan family until 2000, when it was acquired by Teva Pharmaceuticals. At the time, Novopharm was Canada's second largest drug manufacturer. Teva, a generic drug manufacturer based in Jerusalem, Israel, was already one of the world's largest generic manufacturers. The acquisition made Teva the largest generic drug company in North America.

## Facilities and markets served

Teva Canada maintains several facilities in the Toronto area, including its headquarters in Scarborough, a specialized antibiotics manufacturing facility in Markham, and their main manufacturing facility in Stouffville. Their headquarters is also home to their main laboratory, packaging, and warehousing operations. According to their promotional brochure, their Markham site, which underwent a major expansion in 2004, is the largest antibiotic manufacturing facility in North America.
In addition to the Canadian drug market, products manufactured by Teva Canada are exported worldwide under the Teva name.
# Stuart Stadium

Stuart Stadium was a ballpark located in Beaumont, Texas and home to the Texas League Beaumont Exporters from 1929 to 1955 except for 1943–1945 when the Texas League ceased operations during World War II. The Lamar Cardinals baseball team also used the stadium as their home field for the team's first three seasons (1952–1954). The stadium was demolished in order to use the stadium grounds as the site of the Stadium Shopping Center.

## Exporters' Success

The Beaumont team was not always a good team, but they did have some years of success while at Stuart Stadium. The Exporters lost a playoff for the first half title in 1931, won the Texas League title the next year in 1932, lost in the first round in 1934, finished as runner-up in 1935 to the Oklahoma City Indians, won another Texas League title in 1938, finished as runner-up to the Houston Buffaloes in 1940, and finished as runner-up to the Shreveport Sports in 1942 before returning to mediocrity.

## Sources

* "Baseball in the Lone Star State: Texas League's Greatest Hits," Tom Kayser and David King, Trinity University Press 2005
* "The Texas League 1888-1987: A Century of Baseball," Bill O'Neal, c.1987
# Nikkor 13mm f/5.6

The Nikkor 13mm f/5.6 is an ultra-wide angle rectilinear lens which was manufactured by Nikon for use on Nikon F mount cameras until 1998. It has been dubbed 'The Holy Grail', for its low-distortion ultra-wide capabilities. The lens was produced by Nikon only upon receipt of an order, thus making it one of the Nikon lenses with the least number manufactured.

## Introduction

The lens was prototyped in 1973 and released on an 'order only' basis from March 1976. It was designed by Mr Ikuo Mori, First Optical Section, Optical Designing Department (now retired) and built in Japan.

## Features

* Very little distortion (less than typical 50 mm normal lenses) and lateral chromatic aberration.
* Close Range Optical Correction (CRC) system: floating lens elements are used to reduce aberrations at close focusing distances.

## Construction

* 16 lens elements in 12 groups
* Extreme retrofocus optical design with backfocus of more than three times the focal length.
* Triplet/Tessar type master lens group behind the aperture.
* Wide-angle lens group in front of the aperture to reduce the image size.

## Versions

* Nikkor F 13mm f/5.6 - March 1976 (non-AI). Serial numbers began with: 175021.
* AI Nikkor 13mm f/5.6 - June 1977. Serial numbers began with: 175055.
* AIS Nikkor 13mm f/5.6 - March 1982. Discontinued in 1998. Serial numbers began with: 175901
# Lipoptena grahami

Lipoptena grahami is a species of fly in the family Hippoboscidae. It is found in China.
# Thomas Frye

Thomas Frye (c. 1710 – 3 April 1762) was an Anglo-Irish artist, best known for his portraits in oil and pastel, including some miniatures and his early mezzotint engravings. He was also the patentee of the Bow porcelain factory, London, and claimed in his epitaph to be "the inventor and first manufacturer of porcelain in England," though his rivals at the Chelsea porcelain factory seem to have preceded him in bringing wares to market. The Bow porcelain works did not long survive Frye's death; their final auctions took place in May 1764.
Frye was born at Edenderry, County Offaly, Ireland, in 1710; in his youth he went to London to practice as an artist. His earliest works are a pair of pastel portraits of boys, one dated 1734 (Earl of Iveagh). For the Worshipful Company of Saddlers he painted a full-length portrait of Frederick, Prince of Wales (1736, destroyed 1940), which he engraved in mezzotint and published in 1741. With his silent partner, a London merchant Edward Heylyn, he took out a patent on kaolin to be imported from the English colony of Virginia in November 1745, and became manager of the Bow factory from its obscure beginnings in the 1740s. He retired to Wales in 1759 for the sake of his lungs, but soon returned to London and resumed his occupation as an engraver, publishing the series of life-size fancy portraits in mezzotint, by which he is most remembered. He died of consumption on 2 April 1762 and was buried at Hornsey.
Frye had five children; his two daughters assisted him in painting porcelain at Bow until their marriages. One of them, who married a Mr Willcox, was employed by Josiah Wedgwood at the Wedgwood Etruria works in painting figure-subjects from 1759 to 1776, the year of her death.
* Girl Building a House of Cards Attributed to Thomas Frye
* Old woman leaning on crutch. Mezzotint from the 'Twelve heads drawn from nature and as large of life' series. London, 1760. Chester Beatty Library
* Self-portrait. Mezzotint from the 'Twelve heads drawn from nature and as large of life, series. London 1760. Chester Beatty Library
* Her most excellent Majesty Charlotte, Queen of Great Britain. Mezzotint, London, 1762. Chester Beatty Library
# Herbert Pugh

Herbert Pugh (fl. 1758–1788) was an Irish landscape-painter.

## Life

Pugh was born in Ireland, and came to London about 1758. He lived in the Piazza, Covent Garden. He drank to the detriment of his health, and died soon after 1788.

## Works

Pugh was a contributor to the first exhibition of the Society of Artists in 1760, sending a ‘Landscape with Cattle.’ In 1765 he gained a premium at the Society of Arts, and in 1766 was a member of the newly incorporated Society of Artists. He continued exhibiting with them up to 1776. He tried his hand at some pictures in the manner of William Hogarth, but without great success, although some of these pictures were engraved.
A large landscape by Pugh went to the Lock Hospital. Two views of London Bridge by him were in the Century of British Art exhibition at the Grosvenor Gallery in 1888.
# Henry Tresham

Henry Tresham RA (c.1751 – 17 June 1814) was an Irish-born British historical painter active in London in the late 18th century. He spent some time in Rome early in his career, and was professor of painting at the Royal Academy of Arts in London from 1807 to 1809.

## Biography

Henry Tresham was born in about 1751. He received his first art instruction from W. Ennis, a pupil of Robert West at the Dublin Art School.
He moved to England in 1775, but spent most of the next fourteen years in Rome. There he became a friend of the British painter, Thomas Jones and the artist and dealer, Gavin Hamilton. Like many other artists in Rome he also acted as a dealer, working with Gavin Hamilton and Thomas Jenkins, and negotiating sales of antiquities to Frederick Hervey and John Campbell. He also acted as an intermediary between Campbell and the sculptor, Antonio Canova: a pastel by Hugh Douglas Hamilton of Antonio Canova in his studio with Henry Tresham and a plaster model for Cupid and Psyche, showing a work commissioned by Campbell, is in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
Tresham returned to Britain in 1788. His reputation was gained primarily through large-scale history paintings, somewhat similar in style to those of Henry Fuseli. These were based on his travels to Rome.
In 1791 he was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, and became a full Academician in 1799. Soon afterwards he was at the centre of a dispute over the running of the institution, having complained to the king that the law in the "Instrument of Institution" – its founding constitution – under which all its members were supposed to serve on its council in turn, was being ignored, and the vacancies balloted for instead. His appeal to the monarch was ultimately successful, and the practice of the rotation of the council members reinstated.
He was professor of painting at the Academy from 1807 to 1809. He was involved in several of the major history painting ventures of late 18th-century London, including Robert Bowyer's History Gallery, the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery and Thomas Macklin's Holy Bible.
He died in 1814.
# Gilbert Kurland

Gilbert Kurland (November 28, 1904 – February 26, 1978) was an American sound engineer and production manager. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Sound Recording for the films Imitation of Life (1934) and Bride of Frankenstein (1935).

## Biography

Kurland started work at Universal in the early 1920s, serving as second assistant director (by 1923), first assistant director (1927) and production manager of sound sequences (1930), before becoming head of sound and music at Universal in 1932. In 1938, he joined MGM as first assistant director and subsequently unit production manager (1941–45). He then rejoined Universal first as assistant production manager and then as studio production manager (1951–57). He then served as production manager for Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Productions. In 1964–65 he was production manager on two films for Universal, and he then served as production manager for Hanna-Barbera before retiring. A collection of his papers from 1927 to 1969, covering over 40 produced films as well as some unproduced ones, are archived as a special collection of the Margaret Herrick Library.

## Selected filmography

* Imitation of Life (1934)
* Bride of Frankenstein (1935)
* The Ziegfeld Follies (1946)
# Mirandola

Mirandola (Mirandolese: La Miràndla) is a city and comune of Emilia-Romagna, Italy, in the Province of Modena, 31 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of the provincial capital by railway.

## History

Mirandola originated as a Renaissance city-fortress. For four centuries it was the seat of an independent principality (first a county, then a duchy), a possession of the Pico family, whose most outstanding member was the polymath Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–94). It was besieged two times: in 1510 by Pope Julius II and in 1551 by Pope Julius III.
It was acquired by the Duchy of Modena in 1710. The city started to decay after the castle of Mirandola was partially destroyed in 1714.
On 29 May 2012, a powerful earthquake hit the Mirandola area. It killed at least 17 people and collapsed churches and factories. Also 200 were injured. The 5.8 magnitude quake left 14,000 people homeless.

## Main sights

* The Palazzo del Comune is a 1468 edifice of Gothic style (largely restored in the 19th century), with the portraits of the Pico and other artworks, including an Adoration of the Magi once attributed to Palma il Giovane.
* The castle of the Pico family has been recently restored and it is now open to the public.
* Palazzo della Ragione, in late Gothic style.
* Palazzo Bergomi (15th century)
* The Church of Santa Maria Maggiore (known also as Duomo or Collegiata), dating from the end of the 15th century, has been restored.
* The Church of St. Francis is a fine Gothic church. It houses the tombs of the Pico family, including that of Prendiparte Pico (14th century). Collapsed during the second of the 2012 Emilia earthquakes.
* The Baroque Church of Jesus (1690).
* Teatro Nuovo, opera house and theater built in 1905 and renovated in 2005.
* Stadio Libero Lolli, sport venue

## Notable people

* Achille Salata, 19th-century sculptor
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola

## Twin cities

* Ostfildern, Germany
* Villejuif, France

## Sources

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mirandola". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
* ↑ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
* ↑ Source: Comune di Mirandola
* ↑ Dailystar, 17 dead and 200 injured in latest killer quake in northern Italy, May 30, 2012 12:40 AM, By Colleen Barry
# David Fullerton

David Fullerton (October 4, 1772 – February 1, 1843) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Democratic-Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district from 1819 to 1820.

## Biography

David Fullerton was born in the Cumberland Valley of the Province of Pennsylvania, near Greencastle to Humphrey and Martha (Mitchell) Fullerton. He is the uncle of David Fullerton Robison, the U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania. He served in the War of 1812 with the rank of Major. He settled in Greencastle and engaged in mercantile pursuits and banking. He owned slaves as well.
Fullerton was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Sixteenth Congress and served until his resignation on May 15, 1820. He was not a candidate for renomination. He resumed mercantile pursuits and banking.
He served as an Anti-Masonic member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 15th district from 1827 to 1838 and the 14th district from 1839 to 1840. He died in Greencastle in 1843.

## Footnotes

* 1 2 "Pennsylvania Senate - David Fullerton Biography". www.legis.state.pa.us. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
* ↑ "Congress slaveowners", The Washington Post, January 19, 2022, retrieved July 11, 2022

## Sources

* United States Congress. "David Fullerton (id: F000416)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
* The Political Graveyard
U.S. House of Representatives :
| Preceded byWilliam Maclay Andrew Boden | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district 1819–1820 alongside: Andrew Boden | Succeeded byThomas Grubb McCullough Andrew Boden |
| Pennsylvania State Senate |||
| Preceded byJames Dunlop | Member of the Pennsylvania Senate, 15th district 1827-1838 | Succeeded bySamuel M. Barclay |
| Preceded byJacob Cassat | Member of the Pennsylvania Senate, 14th district 1839-1840 | Succeeded byThomas C. Miller |
* This article about a member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Francis W. Cushman

Francis Wellington Cushman (May 8, 1867 – July 6, 1909) was a U.S. Representative from Washington.
Born in Brighton, Iowa, Cushman attended public schools in Brighton and Pleasant Plain Academy in Pleasant Plain, Iowa. In 1885, he moved to Albany County, Wyoming, where he worked as a ranch hand and a teacher. He was admitted to the bar in 1889 and began practising law in Bassett, Nebraska.
In 1891, he relocated to Tacoma, Washington, and continued his legal practice. He served as a member of Troop B, First Cavalry, Washington National Guard from 1896 to 1903.
Cushman was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-sixth and to the five succeeding Congresses and served from March 4, 1899, until his death in New York City on July 6, 1909.
* At Point Defiance Park Tacoma, Washington 2018
* Closeup
# Alces gallicus

Alces gallicus, also known as the Gallic moose, is an extinct species of moose, which has been found in Europe. It is believed to have lived in Pleistocene about 2 MYA. This species was smaller than recent moose, but it had longer antlers than it's modern relatives. Antlers structure similar to Cervalces, consisted of very long beams and relatively small palms. It is sometimes included in the genus Libralces or Cervalces.
# Mario Losada (politician)

Mario Losada (13 July 1938 – 27 June 2015) was an Argentine politician, who served as senator and president of the UCR.

## Biography

Born in Apóstoles, Mario Losada shares his name with his father, former governor of the Misiones province. He served as vice consul in Brazil during the term of office of his father. He also worked in Petrosur.
He ran for governor of Misiones, but lost to the Peronist, Julio César Humada. He was elected senator in the 1990s, and acted as president of the Radical Civic Union between 1991 and 1993. He ran for vice president in 2003, under the ticket of Leopoldo Moreau.
He died in Misiones on June 27, 2015, at the age of 76.