OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bu-Ali Sina University

Buali Sina University, also written Bu-Ali Sina University (Persian: دانشگاه بوعلی سينا, Danushgah-e Bu'li Sina), or simply BASU, is a public university in the city of Hamedan in the Hamedan province of Iran. The university was established with the assistance of France in February 1973. Bu-Ali Sina University ranked in the fifth place of Iranian national universities (QS 2023) The university's programs include Chemistry, Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Engineering, and Agricultural Engineering.

## History

The first steps for founding Bu-Ali Sina University were taken after a treaty between the governments of Iran and France in Esfand 1351 (February 1973). The University was established in 1353 (1975).

## Academics

Bu-Ali Sina University has five faculties, one higher education complex, and two junior schools. Faculties include Agriculture, Art and Architecture, Engineering, Literature and Humanities, Science, Malayer Junior Faculty of Education, and Junior School of Veterinary Medicine.
It has 439 full-time faculty members. It has more than 10,000 students who are studying in 319 education programs at B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. levels. Bu-Ali Sina University has 32 departments.

## Faculties and schools

* Faculty of Agriculture
* Faculty of Art and Architecture
* Faculty of Engineering
* Faculty of Engineering of Toyserkan
* Faculty of Literature and Humanities
* Faculty of Science
* Faculty of Chemistry
* Faculty of Economics and Social Science
* Junior School of Veterinary Medicine
* Nahavand Junior School of Physical Education
# Hanson Turner

Hanson Victor Turner VC (17 July 1910 – 7 June 1944) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

## Details

Turner was 33 years old, and an acting sergeant in the 1st Battalion, The West Yorkshire Regiment (The Prince of Wales's Own), British Army during the Second World War. He was awarded the VC for his actions on 6/7 June 1944 during Operation U-Go at Ningthoukong, India, when he almost "single-handedly" and with "doggedness and spirit of endurance of the highest order" held off Japanese attacks until the morning by running back to replenish his supplies. He was killed while throwing a grenade.

### Citation

   In Burma, at Ningthoukong on the night of 6th–7th June, 1944, an attack was made by Japanese with medium and light machine guns. The attack largely fell on the position held by a platoon of which Serjeant Turner was one of the Section Commanders. The enemy were able to use grenades with deadly effect. Three machine-guns in the platoon were destroyed and the platoon was forced to give ground. Serjeant Turner with coolness and fine leadership reorganised his party and with a doggedness and spirit of endurance of the highest order repelled all attacks. The position was held throughout the night. When it was clear that the Japanese were attempting to outflank the position, Serjeant Turner, armed with grenades, boldly and fearlessly attacked them single handed. He went back five times for more grenades; and on the sixth occasion, still singlehanded, he was killed while throwing a grenade among the enemy. His conduct on that night will ever be remembered by the Regiment. His superb leadership and undaunted will to win in the early stages of the attack was undoubtedly instrumental in preventing the enemy plan from succeeding. The number of enemy found dead the next morning was ample evidence of the effect his grenade throwing had had. He displayed outstanding valour and had not the slightest thought of his own safety. He died on the battlefield in a spirit of supreme self-sacrifice.
The citation refers to Ningthoukong as being in Burma, but it is actually in the state of Manipur in India.

## Legacy

Although Hanson Victor Turner was 'originally' a 'Duke', he was serving with The West Yorkshire Regiment (The Prince of Wales's Own) when he was awarded his VC. When his medal was put up for sale, at auction, it was purchased by the Halifax Town Council, as he was a local, Halifax, resident. It is displayed in The Duke of Wellington's Regiment Regimental Museum in Bankfield Museum, Halifax, West Yorkshire, England.
# Montford Bridge

Montford Bridge is a village and bridge. The village is in Shropshire, England, UK. The bridge is in that village. It lies on the River Severn and is close to the town of Shrewsbury.

## Village

Most of the village is in the Montford parish, but some is covered by the Bicton parish.
The A5 road used to run through the village (over the Montford Bridge), but has been diverted via the Shrewsbury bypass. There are still some services, such as a shop (closed as of 2011) and a pub (the Wingfield Arms), in the village.

## Bridge

The bridge was Thomas Telford's first bridge design. It was built by John Carline and John Tilley between 1790 and 1792. It has three masonry elliptical arch spans, two of 55 ft, and the central one of 58 ft.
They are built of red sandstone obtained from Nesscliffe Hill four miles distant. The bridge cost £5,800 to build. Regarding the bridge, Telford wrote:
   The contractors, Messrs. Carline and Tilley, being experienced workmen, it has proved a substantial edifice, having been completed upwards of forty years, and remaining quite perfect
It was widened in 1963 by adding a reinforced concrete slab. The bridge is now a Grade II listed building.
# John Hegarty (academic)

John Hegarty (born 1948) is an Irish physicist and academic who served as the 43rd Provost of Trinity College Dublin from 2001 to 2011.

## Early life and education

He was born in Claremorris, County Mayo, and was educated locally at St Colman's College. He holds a BSc in Physics/Chemistry/Mathematics/Philosophy from St Patrick's College, Maynooth, a HDipEd also from Maynooth and a PhD from University College Galway.

## Academic career

Following a postdoctoral stay at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, he was a research scientist at Bell Labs, New Jersey for six years. He returned to Ireland in 1986 as a Professor of Laser Physics at Trinity College. Producing over 140 publications, and developing several patents, he was a co-founder of Optronics Ireland and campus company Eblana Photonics. He is a member of the Royal Irish Academy, the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America, the Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers and Fellow of the Institute of Physics.
Before becoming Provost, Hegarty was Dean of Research and Head of the Physics Department.

## Personal life

Hegarty is married to Neasa Ní Chinnéide, President of the European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages, and they have two children, Cillian and Ciarán.
# Wangzhihe

Wangzhihe (Chinese: 王致和), or Beijing Ershang Wangzhihe Food Co. Ltd. (Chinese: 北京二商王致和食品有限公司) is a Chinese brand and company mainly engaged in the production of culinary condiments. The company was first founded in 1669 and is one of the China time-honored brands. It is also one of the oldest companies in China. The name Wangzhihe has become synonymous with fermented bean curd in Beijing.

## History

The founder of the company, Wang Zhihe, was originally a scholar from Anhui province who sold tofu during the Qing dynasty.
According to historical accounts, in the 8th year of Kangxi (AD 1669), he failed in the imperial examination in Beijing and ran a tofu shop in the capital to make a living. On one occasion, when Wang Zhihe salted some leftover tofu for preservation, it instead turned moldy and smelled strangely. It was a pity to throw it away and Wang took to eat it. He then discovered that it was of excellent taste, which then became its "fermented bean curd" today. Later, it was introduced into the royal palace and was highly praised by the Empress Dowager Cixi.
# Edigeison Gomes

Edigerson Gomes D'Almeida (born 17 November 1988) is a Bissau-Guinean professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for the Guinea-Bissau national team.

## Early life

Gomes was born in Guinea-Bissau and moved to Portugal at the age of 6 with his mother. However, when he was 11, he moved with his father and Danish stepmother to Denmark.

## Club career

Gomes started his professional football career when he was promoted to the Danish club Herlev IF's senior squad within the 2011–12 league season.
Gomes made his professional debut with Esbjerg in the qualifying of the Europa League in a match against Kairat 17 July 2014. Four days later, he appeared in his first top level match in the Superliga, in a 1–0 victory against Randers.
On 21 January 2015, Gomes transferred to Chinese Super League side Henan Jianye.
Left without club, Gomes trained with his former club, HB Køge, in 2020. He signed a short deal with the club on 21 May 2020 for the rest of the season. In July 2020, he signed a new one-year deal with Køge. In May 2021, Gomes once again signed a contract extension with Køge, this time until the end of 2022. However, on 31 January 2022 it was confirmed, that Gomes' contract had been terminated by mutual agreement.

## International career

Gomes represented Denmark Olympic at the 2016 Summer Olympics as one of the three allowed players with no age limit. At the end of May 2017, he agreed to play officially for Guinea-Bissau. He made his international debut on 10 June 2017 and scored the only goal of the match against Namibia.

## Personal life

Gomes also holds Portuguese and Danish citizenship.

## Career statistics

    As of match played 4 December 2021.
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| HB Køge | 2012–13 | 1. Division | 2 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 23 | 1 |
| HB Køge | 2013–14 | 1. Division | 27 | 3 | 2 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 14 | 1 |
| HB Køge | Total | Total | 29 | 3 | 2 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 31 | 3 |
| Esbjerg fB | 2014–15 | Danish Superliga | 13 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | – | – | 19 | 1 |
| Henan Jianye | 2015 | Chinese Super League | 27 | 0 | 2 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 29 | 0 |
| Henan Jianye | 2016 | Chinese Super League | 13 | 2 | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 14 | 2 |
| Henan Jianye | 2017 | Chinese Super League | 22 | 2 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 22 | 2 |
| Henan Jianye | Total | Total | 62 | 4 | 3 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 65 | 4 |
| FH (loan) | 2018 | Úrvalsdeild | 15 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 | – | – | 21 | 2 |
| HB Køge | 2020–21 | 1. Division | 21 | 1 | 2 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 23 | 1 |
| HB Køge | 2021–22 | 1. Division | 13 | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 14 | 1 |
| HB Køge | Total | Total | 34 | 2 | 3 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 37 | 1 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 374 | 103 | 20 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 397 | 108 |
# Sáchica

Sáchica is a municipality of Colombia situated approximately 34 km (21 mi) west of Tunja in the Ricaurte Province of the department of Boyacá. Sáchica borders Sutamarchán and Villa de Leyva in the north, in the east Chíquiza, Samacá and Ráquira in the south and in the west Ráquira and Sutamarchán.
Renowned for its unique cultural and social habits, Sáchica is known as the national capital of onions and its remarkable beer consumption. According to a report by El Tiempo, Sáchica holds the distinction of being the town with the highest per capita beer consumption in Colombia.

## History

In the centuries before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores, Sáchica was ruled by a cacique loyal to the zaque of Hunza. Evidence of long inhabitation has been found in the form of petroglyphs made by the Muisca who were organized in the Muisca Confederation. The Muisca had their own religion where their main gods were Sué (the Sun) and Chía; the Moon. In Sáchica monuments to both celestial bodies have been constructed.
Modern Sáchica was founded on July 16, 1556, by Juan Velasco and Carlos Rojas. In 1574 a total of 2500 indigenous people were living in Sáchica, presently only 5% is indigenous, the remainder mestizo.
In the Chibcha language of the Muisca, Sáchica means "our present domain", "fortress" or "mansion of the sovereign".

### Rock art

In a rock shelter in Sáchica, rock art in the form of pictographs has been discovered. The archaeologist Eliécer Silva Celis pioneered in the study of them in the 1960s. Later research has been performed by Carl Henrik Langebaek, Diego Martínez, Álvaro Botiva, Pedro Argüello García, and others. The black, red and white rock art is present at an altitude of 2,210 m (7,250 ft) at 5°35′29.058″N 73°31′15.926″W﻿ / ﻿5.59140500°N 73.52109056°W﻿ / 5.59140500; -73.52109056 and shows human faces, Suns, maize, eyes, mountains, masks, and other figures. The rock art has been produced in rock shelters of Lower Cretaceous formations.

## Paleontology

Fossilized skeleton of pliosaurid Sachicasaurus vitae almost 10 m long was found in the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) deposits near Sáchica. The generic name of this animal refers to Sáchica while the species epithet is meaning "life" in reference to "the vitality that this fossil has given to the Sáchica village since its discovery". Despite its large size, the found individual of Sachicasaurus is not an adult.
The ichthyosaur Platypterygius sachicarum (now Kyhytysuka sachicarum), found in the Paja Formation of Villa de Leyva, has also been named after Sáchica.

## Economy

Sachiquense economy is based on religious tourism, agriculture; onions and tomatoes, and mining; gypsum, marble and clay.

## Gallery

* Central square and church
* Central square
* Church interior
* Gondava Lake
* View of Sáchica
* View of Sáchica
* View of Sáchica
* View of Sáchica
* Farmlands
* Farmlands
* Onion fields
* Sedimentary rocks
* Monument to the Sun
* Monument to the Moon
# South Tower

South Tower may refer to:
* South Tower (Brussels), a building in Brussels, Belgium
* South Tower, 2 World Trade Center prior to its destruction on September 11, 2001
** The South Tower (sculpture), an art piece by Don Gummer based on the collapse of 2 World Trade Center
* South Tower, 10 Hudson Yards, a skyscraper in New York City
# Irina Bespalova

Irina Nikolayevna Bespalova (born May 31, 1981) is a female butterfly swimmer from Russia, who represented her native country at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, PR China. She competed in the women's 100m butterfly and the women's 4 × 100 m medley at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
# Green Party – Green Alternative

Green Party – Green Alternative (Croatian: Zelena stranka – Zelena alternativa) is centrist, regional, green and minor non-parliamentary party in Croatia. It was registered in Pula in 2003 as "Democratic Green Union – The Greens" (Croatian: Demokratski savez zelenih – Zeleni) . It is one of seven green parties in Croatia. It is led by Josip-Anton Rupnik, who got elected in 2005 local elections for Istrian County Council on the Croatian People's Party/Liberal Party (HNS/LS) coalition list.
This green party is against the legalization of drugs and pro-natalist.
# Communal oven

The four banal (English: common oven) was a feudal institution in medieval France. The feudal lord (French: seigneur) often had, among other banal rights, the duty to provide and the privilege to own all large ovens within his fief, each operated by an oven master or fournier. In exchange, personal ovens were generally outlawed and commoners were thus compelled to use the seigniorial oven to bake their bread. Such use was subject to payment, in kind or money, originally intended merely to cover the costs associated to the construction, maintenance and operation of the oven. Seigniorial ovens were masonry ovens built on the Roman plan and were large enough to hold an entire community's ration of bread.
For example, in the hamlet of Nan-sous-Thil (Côte-d'Or, France), the villagers were required to bake their bread at the four banal, as at home they were permitted only a small oven placed under the hood of the chimneypiece, for baking "gâteau et flan". Those regulations sought to reduce the risk of fire where thatched cottages huddled together. The danger was real, as demonstrated in 1848 when a full quarter of the neighbouring hamlet of Thil-la-Ville was consumed by a fire that ignited from sparks when a housewife heated her oven.
The oven design, but not necessarily the feudal monopoly on oven operation, was carried to French colonies. In New France, it was the only banal right commonly established and the oven's fortified construction also served to protect the colonists during skirmishes.
The four banal system seems to have died out in France during the 18th century, though it was a time when some dormant seigneurial rights were being insisted upon by an aristocracy hard-pressed for cash, as an official mémoire suggests:
   The lord will do well not to raise the question, taking into consideration that times have changed, seeing the scarcity of wood and the poverty of the populace, whom the exercise of this right seems to greatly trouble. If it is through the negligence of the lord that this right has fallen into desuetude, let everyone profit from it without injury".
Traditions surrounding the four banal may have lasted as late as World War II. In some rural areas of France, the old communal ovens are still extant (illustration) and are sometimes used for community celebrations.
# Ed Meagher Arena

Ed Meagher Arena is an indoor ice hockey arena in the Notre-Dame-de-Grâce neighbourhood of Montreal, Quebec. It is the home arena for the Concordia Stingers women's and men's ice hockey teams. Opening in 1967, the arena was originally known as Loyola Arena. In 2000, it was renamed for Ed Meagher, who was an alumnus of Loyola College and the school's longtime athletic director. In 2012, it was announced that the arena would undergo a $6.5 million upgrade, funded jointly by the Quebec government and Concordia University. In 2013, the arena underwent renovations including the addition of a new rink surface that conforms to National Hockey League specifications.
It was home to the Montreal Jofa Titan of the National Women's Hockey League for the 1998–99 season.
# Francis B. De Witt

Francis Byron De Witt (March 11, 1849 – March 21, 1929) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio for one term from 1895 to 1897.

## Biography

Born in Jackson County, Indiana, De Witt moved with his parents in 1854 to a farm in Delaware County, Ohio. During the Civil War enlisted in the Forty-sixth Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, at the age of twelve. Mustered out for temporary disability and reenlisted in 1862 in the One Hundred and Twenty-first Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the war. Prisoner of war in Salisbury, Danville, and Libby Prisons. He attended the common schools and high school in Galena, Ohio, National Normal School, Lebanon, Ohio, and Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio. He moved to Paulding, Ohio, in 1872 and taught school. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1875 and practiced his profession in Paulding until 1891, when he engaged in agricultural pursuits. He served as member of the State house of representatives 1892-1895.

### Congress

De Witt was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress (March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1897). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1896.

### Later career and death

He resumed agricultural pursuits near Paulding, Ohio. He moved to Standish, Michigan, in 1903 and resumed the practice of law. He served as register of deeds. He served as member of the Michigan House of Representatives 1920-1922.
De Witt was elected prosecuting attorney of Arenac County, Michigan, in 1926. He was reelected in 1928 and served until his death in Standish, Michigan, on March 21, 1929. He was interred in Live Oak Cemetery, Paulding, Ohio.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "Francis B. De Witt (id: D000286)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Offices and distinctions :
Ohio House of Representatives
Preceded byF. W. Knapp
Representative from Paulding County January 4, 1892-March 3, 1895
Succeeded byR. S. Murphy
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byDennis D. Donovan
United States Representative from Ohio's 5th congressional district March 4, 1895–March 3, 1897
Succeeded byDavid Meekison :
# Marius Aam

Marius Aam (born 14 November 1980) is a Norwegian former footballer who played as a defender, most notably in Tippeligaen for Aalesund.
He started his career in Aalesund, and played first-tier football for them in Tippeligaen 2003 and 2005. He was not a first-team regular, and quit the team in early 2006. The next season, he fielded for Ålesund's second best club at the time, Skarbøvik IF.
Leaving Skarbøvik ahead of the 2009 season, he later featured for sixth-tier club Hessa. He also made a comeback in Skarbøvik.
# Georgios Petmezas

Georgios Petmezas (22 March 1915 – 1999) was a Greek wrestler. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Summer Olympics.
# Albert Joseph McConnell

Albert Joseph McConnell (19 November 1903 – 19 November 1993) was an Irish mathematician and mathematical physicist who served as the 39th Provost of Trinity College Dublin from 1952 to 1974 and a member of the Council of State from January 1973 to June 1973. He spent his entire academic career at Trinity College Dublin.
He was born in Ballymena, County Antrim, in 1903. He studied Mathematics and Philosophy at Trinity College, Dublin, graduating with a B.A. in 1926. He carried out his postgraduate studies in the Sapienza University of Rome under the direction of Professor Tullio Levi-Civita and was awarded his doctorate there in 1928. That same year, he was the official Irish delegate to the International Congress of Mathematicians in Bologna, where he gave an invited address on "The Torsion of Riemannian Space"
Upon returning to Trinity College, he was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy (Physics) and was elected Fellow in 1930. He specialized in tensor calculus and published the book Applications of the Absolute Differential Calculus in 1931. He later co-edited The Mathematical Papers of Sir William Rowan Hamilton: Volume 2, Dynamics (1940).
He was appointed Provost of Trinity College in 1952 and served for 22 years until his retirement in 1974. As he was elected for life, his retirement was voluntary. During his tenure he reformed the structures of Trinity, allowing more junior academics to hold offices such as Bursar, Senior Lecturer, and Registrar. He also oversaw the reform allowing women to be elected as Fellows and Scholars of Trinity College and to be entitled to reside on campus.
On his retirement he was appointed by President Éamon de Valera to the Council of State.

## Books

* 1940 The Mathematical Papers of Sir William Rowan Hamilton: Volume 2, Dynamics, Cambridge, (co-edited with A. W. Conway)
* 1931 Applications of the Absolute Differential Calculus, Blackie & Son, reprinted by Dover in 1947 as Applications of Tensor Analysis
# Pohap Singh

Rana Pohap Singh was the ruler of Dholpur state in (1836) in Rajasthan, India. He was from Bamraulia clan. He was the elder son and successor of Rana Kirat Singh. He ruled for nine months and died in 1836. After his death his younger brother Rana Bhagwant Singh ascended to the throne.