OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lothar Gall

Lothar Gall (3 December 1936 – 20 June 2024) was a German historian known as "one of German liberalism's primary historians". He was a professor of history at Goethe University Frankfurt from 1975 until his retirement in 2005. His biography of Otto von Bismarck has been translated into English, French, Italian, and Japanese.

## Life and career

Gall was born in Lötzen on 3 December 1936. His father was Franz Gall, a Wehrmacht lieutenant general killed in Italy in December 1944. Gall studied history and Romance and German languages in Munich and Mainz. His 1960 doctoral thesis examined the political thought of Benjamin Constant, a French liberal, and its influence in Vormärz Germany. His 1967 habilitation at the University of Cologne was supervised by Theodor Schieder. His next book was a regional study of liberalism in Baden between 1848 and 1871. This informed an influential 1975 article about the effects of the 1848 revolution upon German liberalism: Gall argued that the revolution transformed liberalism from a constitutional movement committed to a classless society of burghers to an economically bourgeois ideology committed to free-market capitalism. His biography of Otto von Bismarck has been translated into English, French, Italian, and Japanese.
Gall was appointed as a professor at the Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen in 1968. Four years later he became a professor at the Freie Universität Berlin. He was a guest professor at the University of Oxford from 1972 to 1973. He taught at the University of Frankfurt starting in 1975, and became a professor emeritus in 2005. He focused on the history of liberalism in Europe. He was also an expert in Bismarck research. His 1980 book Bismarck. Der weiße Revolutionär. was regarded as the first modern biography of Bismarck.
Gall died on 20 June 2024, at the age of 87.

## Works

Gall's works include:
* Benjamin Constant; seine politische Ideenwelt und der deutsche Vormärz, 1963, ISSN 0537-7919).
* Bismarck. Der weiße Revolutionär., 1980, ISBN 3-549-07397-6. Translated by J. A. Underwood as Bismarck, the white revolutionary, 1986.
* Europa auf dem Weg in die Moderne, 1850–1890, 1984, ISBN 3-486-49771-5.
* Bürgertum in Deutschland, Siedler, Berlin 1989, ISBN 3-88680-259-0
* Bismarck. Ein Lebensbild. Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1991, ISBN 3-7857-0599-9.
* Krupp. Der Aufstieg eines Industrieimperiums. Siedler, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-88680-583-2.
* Der Bankier Hermann Josef Abs. Eine Biographie. Beck, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-406-52195-9.
* Otto von Bismarck – Bild und Image. Otto-von-Bismarck-Stiftung, Friedrichsruh 2006, ISBN 3-933418-30-5.
* Walther Rathenau. Portrait einer Epoche. Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-57628-7.
* Wilhelm von Humboldt. Ein Preuße von Welt. Propyläen-Verlag, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-549-07369-8.
* Franz Adickes. Oberbürgermeister und Universitätsgründer. Societäts-Verlag, Frankfurt 2013, ISBN 978-3-95542-018-5.
* Hardenberg. Reformer und Staatsmann. Piper, München 2016, ISBN 978-3-492-05798-1.

## Awards

* Wolf-Erich-Kellner-Preis [de] (1968)
* Leibniz Prize of the DFG (1988)
* Balzan Prize of history (1993)
* Hessian Order of Merit (2006)
# GPR124

Probable G-protein coupled receptor 124 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR124 gene. It is a member of the adhesion-GPCR family of receptors. Family members are characterized by an extended extracellular region with a variable number of protein domains coupled to a TM7 domain via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain.

## Interactions

GPR124 has been shown to interact with DLG1 and is involved in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway along with RECK. GPR124 is the predicted target of several Group IV (+)ssRNA neuroinvasive viruses; proteolytic cleavage of GPR124 by these viral proteases may be important for entry into the brain. GPR124 (ADGRA2) was predicted using SSHHPS.
Zebrafish embryos with Gpr124 loss of function demonstrate severe angiogenic deficiencies in the central nervous system.
# Meesapulimala

Meesapulimala is an Indian peak, the next south of the second highest peak (Manna Malai 2,659 metres (8,724 ft)) of the Western Ghats on the border of Idukki district, Kerala state. Its peak is 2,640 metres (8,661 ft) above sea level. The name derives from its appearance from the grass with prominent whiskers (meesa - mustache; pul - grass; mala - hill/mountain). It is located in between the Anaimalai Hills and Palani Hills near Suryanelli around 20 km away from Munnar. The Kolukkumalai tea estate, Top Station and Tipadamala (2135 m) is also nearby.
Treks to the peak via Rhodo Valley (favourable for rhododendron flowers) can be organized through the Kerala Forest Development Corporation in Munnar. The trekking path from Kolukkumalai to Meesapulimala is highly restricted.
Wildlife including the Nilgiri tahr, sambar deer, wild gaur, wild dogs and even the sloth bear.

## Citations

* ↑ U.S.Army Map Service (LU), Corps of Engineers "8661"(feet)
* ↑ toposheet "Dindigul, NC 43-8, Series U502" prepared by the Army Map Service (LU), Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Washington marks "Manna Malai" below "8724"
* ↑ toposheet prepared by the Army Map Service (LU), Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Washington shows an unnamed altitude of "8661", south of "8724" and "MANNA MALAI"
* ↑ KDHP Co. Pvt. Ltd. "Estates in High Range, Idukki District" Scale 1:63360 Map lists the following altitudes near the Theni (then Madurai) - Idukki border: south of Yellapatty - possibly "Kolukkumalai"(2103 M); un-named (2658 M); "Misappuli Malai" (2624 M); "Nagai Malai" (2334 M); "Thippada Malai"(2267 M); "Rasi Malai" (1996 M)
* ↑ "Meesapulimala Trekking Experience". Meesapulimala. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
* ↑ "Rhodo Valley - Rhodo Mansion". Kerala Forest Development Corporation Ltd. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
# Manwen Laodang

Manwen Laodang (Chinese: 滿文老檔) is a set of Manchu official documents of the Qing dynasty, compiled during the late Qianlong period based on Jiu Manzhou Dang.

## Two editions

It was difficult to understand Old Manchu, written in the script without dots and circles, in the Qianlong period. Translation of old archives into Standard Manchu was started in 1775. Two versions, namely the Beijing edition and the Mukden edition, were created. Both editions slept deep inside the palaces.
Each edition contains both "tongki fuka sindaha hergen i dangse" (archives in the script with dots and circles) and "tongki fuka akū hergen i dangse" (archives in the script without dots and circles). The former is written in Standard Manchu. The Beijing edition gives commentaries to arcane passages and Manchu translations to Mongolian texts. The latter is basically written in Old Manchu. Note that it is not identical with Jiu Manzhou Dang since duplications of original archives were eliminated from Manwen Laodang. Some old archives written in Standard Manchu are reduced to Old Manchu but the rest is kept in the original language.

## Discovery

The Mukden edition was discovered by the Japanese historian Naito Torajiro in 1905 and he named it Manwen Laodang (Mambun Rōtō). He filmed the archives in the script with dots and circles in 1912 and brought them to Japan. The Beijing edition was discovered in 1931.
# Department of Agrarian Reform

The Department of Agrarian Reform (Filipino: Kagawaran ng Repormang Pansakahan, abbreviated as DAR or KRP) is an executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the redistribution of agrarian land in the Philippines. The Secretary of Agrarian Reform is the head of the DAR.

## Organizational Structure

The Department is currently headed by a Secretary with the following Undersecretaries and Assistant Secretaries:
* Undersecretary for Field Operations
* Undersecretary for External Affairs and Communications Operations
* Undersecretary for Support Services
* Undersecretary for Finance, Management and Administration
* Undersecretary for Policy, Planning and Research
* Undersecretary for Legal Affairs
* Undersecretary for Foreign Assisted and Special Projects
* Undersecretary for Special Concerns
* Undersecretary for Mindanao Affairs and Rural Development
* Assistant Secretary for Field Operations
* Assistant Secretary for Legal Affairs in Agrarian Law Implementation and Agrarian Legal Assistance (ALI-ALA)
* Assistant Secretary for Support Services
* Assistant Secretary for Finance, Management and Administration
* Assistant Secretary for Foreign Assisted and Special Projects
* Assistant Secretary for Policy, Planning and Research
* Assistant Secretary for Legal Affairs as an Ex-Officio Member of the DARAB in Adjudication of Agrarian Reform Cases (AARC)
* Assistant Secretary for Finance, Management and Administration - Human Resource and Information Systems Management (HRISM)
* Assistant Secretary for Special Projects under the Foreign Assisted and Special Projects Office (FASPO)

## Bureaus

* Bureau of Agrarian Reform Legal Assistance
* Bureau of Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Development
* Bureau of Land Tenure Improvement
* Bureau of Land Development
* Bureau of Agrarian Reform Information Education
# State senator

A state senator is a member of a state's senate in the bicameral legislature of 49 U.S. states, or a member of the unicameral Nebraska Legislature.

## Description

A state senator is a member of an upper house in the bicameral legislatures of 50 U.S. states or a member of the unicameral Nebraska Legislature.

## History

There are typically fewer state senators than there are members of a state's lower house; a senator's job is to represent the people at a higher level than a state representative in the lower house. In the past, this meant that senators represented various geographic regions within a state, regardless of the population, as a way of balancing the power of the lower house, which was apportioned according to population. This system changed in 1964, when the Supreme Court of the United States announced in Reynolds v. Sims that state legislatures must apportion seats in both houses according to population. However, the single-member district system remained, and as a result, the State Senates became redundant bodies, as other solutions, such as abolition (as in Canada) or switching to statewide proportional representation (as in Australia) have not been adopted.
# Andrew Parkinson (basketball)

Andrew Parkinson (born 21 September 1967) is an Australian former professional basketball player. He played ten seasons in the National Basketball League (NBL) with the Geelong Supercats (1989–1990), Southern Melbourne Saints (1991) and South East Melbourne Magic (1992–1998).
In 1991, Parkinson won the NBL Most Improved Player Award. In 1994, he was the NBL's Free Throw Percentage leader with 91.0% (131/144). He won two NBL championships with the Magic, the first in 1992 and the second in 1996.
# Kirtinath Kurtakoti

Kirtinath Kurtakoti (13 October 1928 – 31 July 2003) was a Kannada writer and critic who won among other awards, the Central Sahitya Akademi honour of India. Apart from Kannada, he was well-versed in other languages including Hindi and Sanskrit.

## Early life

Kurtakoti was born in the town of Gadag in the Indian state of Karnataka on 13 October 1928. He completed his graduation in Bachelor of Arts from Karnataka College in Dharwad and served as a teacher in few colleges, before moving to the town of Anand in Gujarat. He completed his post-graduation in English and was employed at the Sardar Patel University in Gujarat. He married Saraswati.

## Contribution

His most prominent Kannada work is Marathi Samskruti - Kelavu Samasyegalu (Marathi Culture - Some Problems) which was originally written in Marathi by Sham. Bha. Joshi. This won him the Karnataka Sahitya Akademi award. Kannada Book Authority (KBA) allegedly included this translated version in a publication that it brought out, without taking the permission of Kurtakoti, forcing him to send a legal notice to KBA. He won the central Sahitya Akademi Award in 1995 for his book Uriya Nalage. Other books include Chandragupta, Bhringada Benneri, Nadedu Banda Daari and Putta Bangara. He has also written plays like Aa Mani, which have been staged by troupes like Ninasam. His book Nadedu Banda Daari (Path Traversed) is a treatise on the achievement of Kannada literature from the past to the present, while his book Bhringada Benneri provides an overview of the poems of D. R. Bendre.

## Later life

He spent his retired life at Dharwad. He held certain positions like that of an adviser to Manohara Granthamele, a publishing house and was also nominated to the Jnanpith language panel. He was also a member of the syndicate of the Kannada University at Hampi. On 31 July 2003, aged 75, he died of cardiac arrest, just about three hours after his wife's death.

## Works

* Uriya Nalage
* Marathi Samskruti-Kelavu Samasyegalu
* Yugadharma mattu Sahitya Darshana
* Nadedu Banda Daari
* Bhringada Benneri
* Chandragupta
* Pratyabhijnana
* Adhyayana mattu Parayana
* Putta Bangara
* Rajakeeya mattu Dharma
* Arthantara
* Aa Mani
# Artur Maliyevsky

Artur Yuryevich Maliyevsky (Belarusian: Артур Юр'евіч Маліеўскі; Russian: Артур Юрьевич Малиевский; born 21 August 2001) is a Belarusian professional footballer who plays for Neman Grodno.
# Irving P. Mehigan

Irving P. Mehigan (January 15, 1898 – August 4, 1980) was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate from 1924 to 1935.

## Biography

Irving P. Mehigan was born on January 15, 1898, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He graduated from Marquette Academy and the Marquette Law School in 1923.

## Career

Mehigan was elected to the Senate on December 30, 1924, in a special election following the death of Ben H. Mahon. He represented the 9th District from 1924 to 1935. He was a Republican and practiced law in Milwaukee.

## Death

Mehigan died of cancer on August 4, 1980.
# John Moses (American politician)

John Moses (June 12, 1885 – March 3, 1945) was the 22nd governor of North Dakota from 1939 to 1945, and served in the United States Senate in 1945 until his death that year. Excluding those appointed to fill brief vacancies, and those not seated at the beginning of their lawful terms, Moses is the shortest-serving U.S. senator ever, in office for just 59 days.

## Biography

Moses was born in Strand in Rogaland county, Norway in 1885. He was the son of Reverend Henrik B. and Isabella (Eckersberg) Moses. He attended public school in Norway, and graduated from the high school at Kongsvinger in 1900 and from junior college in Oslo in 1903. He came to the United States in 1905 and worked for the Great Northern Railway from 1906 to 1911. He entered the University of North Dakota in 1912, and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1914. He entered the University of North Dakota Law School and graduated with a Juris Doctor degree in 1915. He began practicing law at Hazen, North Dakota in 1917. He was married to Ethel Joslyn and had four children.

## Political career

From 1919 until 1923, and later from 1927 until 1933, Moses served as State's Attorney for Mercer County. In 1936 he came in third in the three-way governor's race, behind former governor William Langer and incumbent governor Walter Welford (both Republicans). Moses became governor in 1939, following William Langer's second term in the office. Moses worked hard to reduce Langer's influence. He sought to cut government spending and to balance the state's budget. Moses was in office during World War II. He tried to encourage war-time industries to locate in the state, but North Dakota ranked last in the nation for receiving war spending. Despite the lack of wartime appropriations, Moses' administration was a time of prosperity for the state. Rainfall was plentiful and there was a ready market for agriculture products. Moses was a popular governor. During his election campaign he gave speeches in English, German, or Norwegian, depending on his audience. A Democrat, Moses was noted for his support from both political parties. In 1944 Moses defeated Gerald P. Nye for a seat in the United States Senate.

## Death

Moses died on March 3, 1945, shortly after taking his place in the Senate. He is buried in St. Mary's Cemetery, Bismarck, North Dakota.
# James J. Boyle

James Joseph Boyle (November 15, 1891 - June 7, 1970) served in the California State Assembly for the 66th district from 1933 to 1939 and during World War I he served in the United States Army.
# David D. Aitken

David Demerest Aitken (September 5, 1853 – May 26, 1930) was an American lawyer, accountant and politician who served two terms as a U.S. Representative from the state of Michigan from 1893 to 1897. He also served as mayor of Flint, Michigan.

## Early life

Aitken was born on a farm in Flint Township, Michigan in Genesee County. His father, Robert P. Aitken, served in the Michigan House of Representatives from 1865 to 1868. Aitken attended the district schools and the local high school in Flint. He taught in a district school of Genesee County from 1871 to 1872 and moved to New Jersey in 1872, where he was employed as a bookkeeper. He studied law in New York City, was admitted to the bar in 1878, and commenced practice in Flint.

## Career

He was Flint city clerk from 1883 to 1886 and city attorney 1886-1890.

### Congress

Aitken was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives from the 6th District of Michigan for the 53rd and 54th Congresses, serving from March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1897. He was chairman of the House Committee on Mines and Mining in the 54th Congress.
He was not a candidate for renomination, running instead for Governor of Michigan in 1896.

### Later career

After losing that election to Hazen S. Pingree, Aitken resumed the practice of law and also engaged in banking. He served as mayor of the City of Flint in 1905 and 1906.

### Death and burial

He died in Flint on May 26, 1930, and is interred in his family's plot at historic Glenwood Cemetery in Flint.

## Legacy

His boyhood home at 1110 N. Linden Rd. in Flint Township, Michigan is listed on The National Register of Historic Places.
# Railroad Tycoon Deluxe

Sid Meier's Railroad Tycoon Deluxe is part of the Railroad Tycoon series, and was released in 1993.

## Gameplay

The deluxe version of Railroad Tycoon adds VGA graphics and new continents South America and Africa, and 11 new trains. It also adds new historical periods: two more for the Eastern and Western United States, and one more for Europe. It takes into account drastically falling stock prices to improve the depth of the economic model. Train Bandits were included in the North American scenarios, which attempt to prey on mail cargoes.

## Reception

Computer Gaming World in 1993 stated that "Railroad Tycoon Deluxe enhances an already classic game in ways that veteran players will appreciate and novice players will adore. It is a strategy game par excellence, one that can be enjoyed even by those not enamored by railroads".
Paul C. Schuytema for Compute! said "Railroad Tycoon Deluxe basically puts a pretty face on an otherwise solid game [...] if you never played the original, this is one rail line you'll want to hop aboard."
Paul Lakin for PC Zone said "Railroad Tycoon is one of the must buy games, so if it is still not in your collection, then Railroad Tycoon Deluxe ought to be on your shopping list."
PC Player of Germany gave the game a score of 92 out of 100. Aktueller Software Markt, also of Germany, gave the gave a total score of 10 out of 12. French magazine Tilt gave the game a score of 88%. Finnish magazine Pelit gave the game a score of 93 out of 100.

## Reviews

* PC Games (Germany) - Aug, 1993
* PC Joker
# Roy LeCraw

Roy LeCraw (May 1, 1895 – February 21, 1985) served part of one term as the 50th Mayor of Atlanta, Georgia before resigning to join the U.S. Army at the beginning of World War II.
He was a self-confident insurance man and an officer in the National Guard. A charter member and the 1924 President of the Atlanta Junior Chamber of Commerce, he served as president of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce starting in 1932 and ran for mayor in 1934, but was soundly defeated by James L. Key. The next mayor, William B. Hartsfield, saw many of Atlanta's best business and professional people begin to leave the city for life in the suburbs and a labor-friendly candidate such as LeCraw became more popular. This caused Hartsfield to start the campaign to annex Buckhead but in September 1941, LeCraw defeated Hartsfield by 111 votes.
His tenure was to be short-lived, however. He joined the Army, resigning his post in May 1942 when mayor pro tem George B. Lyle took over until a special election could be held on May 27, in which Hartsfield defeated eight opponents.
LeCraw served in Europe and after the war he returned and ran again in 1945 but was defeated by Hartsfield. In 1948, he served as a state senator, and in 1954 lost a bid for the U.S. Congress. He served in Korea and received the Bronze Star.
In the 1960s he raised money for and founded many Presbyterian churches in the various countries he had visited.

## Christian Service

LeCraw became a missionary later in life. He traveled to the far east and help start over 150 churches. A video of his life story is on vimeo. https://vimeo.com/16079161

## Honors

In 2002 a lamp was installed in his honor at 2970 Peachtree Road in Buckhead.