OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# State President of the Orange Free State

The state president of the Orange Free State had the executive authority in the Orange Free State. By the constitution of 1854, the president was elected by the Burghers, from a list of candidates nominated by the Volksraad for a term of five years. There were no term-limits.

## List of officeholders

| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Term of office | Term of office |
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Took office | Left office | Time in office |
| 1 | | Josias Philip Hoffman (1807–1879) | 24 February 1854 | 10 February 1855 | 351 days |
| – | | Jacobus Johannes Venter (1814–1889) | 10 February 1855 | 27 August 1855 | 198 days |
| 2 | | Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff (1808–1881) | 27 August 1855 | 6 September 1859 | 4 years, 10 days |
| – | | Esaias Reynier Snijman (1822–1884) Acting | 6 September 1859 | 8 February 1860 | 155 days |
| 3 | | Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1819–1901) | 8 February 1860 | 17 June 1863 | 3 years, 159 days |
| – | | Joseph Allison Acting for absent Pretorius | 18 March 1863 | 17 June 1863 | 91 days |
| Vacant (17 June – 20 June 1863) ||||||
| – | | Jacobus Johannes Venter (1814–1889) Acting | 20 June 1863 | 2 February 1864 | 227 days |
| 4 | | Sir Johannes Henricus Brand, GCMG (1823–1888) | 2 February 1864 | 14 July 1888 | 24 years, 163 days |
| – | | Pieter Jeremias Blignaut (1841–1909) | 14 July 1888 | 10 January 1889 | 180 days |
| 5 | | Francis William Reitz (1844–1934) | 10 January 1889 | 11 December 1895 | 6 years, 335 days |
| – | | Pieter Jeremias Blignaut (1841–1909) Acting | 11 December 1895 | 4 March 1896 | 84 days |
| 6 | | Martinus Theunis Steyn (1857–1916) | 4 March 1896 | 31 May 1902 | 6 years, 88 days |
| Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) ||||||
| – | | Christiaan Rudolf de Wet (1854–1922) Acting for Steyn | 29 May 1902 | 31 May 1902 | 2 days |
| Post abolished with the Treaty of Vereeniging British annexation (Orange River Colony) ||||||

## Last election

| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Martinus Theunis Steyn | 6,877 | 83.42 |
| John G. Fraser | 1,367 | 16.58 |
| Total | 8,244 | 100.00 |
| Source: South African History Online |||
# Abel Huntington

Abel P. Huntington Jr. (February 21, 1777 – May 18, 1858) was an American physician and politician who served two terms as a U.S. Representative from New York from 1833 to 1837.

## Life

Born in Norwich, Connecticut, Huntington received a liberal schooling. He moved to East Hampton, Long Island, New York, where he practiced medicine.

### Political career

Huntington was a presidential elector in 1820, voting for James Monroe and Daniel D. Tompkins.
He was a member of the New York State Senate (Southern D.) in 1822, and Supervisor of East Hampton 1829–1832 and in 1844.

### Congress

Huntington was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth Congresses (March 4, 1833 – March 3, 1837). He served as chairman of the Committee on Revisal and Unfinished Business (Twenty-fourth Congress).
He was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1846. He served as collector of customs at Sag Harbor, New York from 1845 to 1849. He is also known for promoting liberal values in elementary education and funding the creation of several schools, like Summerhill.

## Death

Huntington died in East Hampton, May 18, 1858. He was interred in South End Cemetery.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "Abel Huntington (id: H000994)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
U.S. House of Representatives :
| Preceded byJames Lent | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 1st congressional district 1833–1837 | Succeeded byThomas B. Jackson |
# Arabhavi Assembly constituency

Arabhavi Assembly constituency seat is one of the 224 constituencies in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly of Karnataka, a southern state of India. It is a segment of Belagavi Lok Sabha constituency. It is in Belgaum district.

## Members of Legislative Assembly

| Year | Name | Party |
| 1967 | A. R. Panchaganvi | Indian National Congress |
| 1972 | Veeranna Koujalgi | Indian National Congress |
| 1978 | Veeranna Koujalgi | Indian National Congress (I) |
| 1983 | Veeranna Koujalgi | Indian National Congress |
| 1985 | R. M. Patil | Janata Party |
| 1989 | Veeranna Koujalgi | Indian National Congress |
| 1994 | Veeranna Koujalgi | Indian National Congress |
| 1999 | Veeranna Koujalgi | Indian National Congress |
| 2004 | Balachandra Jarkiholi | Janata Dal (Secular) |
| 2008 | Balachandra Jarkiholi | Janata Dal (Secular) |
| 2009^ | Balachandra Jarkiholi | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2013 | Balachandra Jarkiholi | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2018 | Balachandra Jarkiholi | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2023 | Balachandra Jarkiholi | Bharatiya Janata Party |

## Election results
### 2018

2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election: Arabhavi :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | BJP | Balachandra Jarkiholi | 96,144 | 54.34 |
| | JD(S) | Bhimappa Gundappa Gadad | 48,816 | 27.59 |
| | INC | Aravind Dalawai | 23,523 | 13.14 |
| | Independent | Chunappa Uddappa Pujeri | 2,962 | 1.67 |
| | SJPA | Ashok P. Hanaji | 1,745 | 0.99 |
| | NOTA | None of the Above | 1,398 | 0.79 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 47,328 | 26.75 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,76,936 | 76.31 |
| | BJP hold | BJP hold | Swing | |
# Stratos Apostolakis

Stratos Apostolakis (Greek: Στράτος Αποστολάκης; born 17 May 1964), nicknamed The Turbo, is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a defender or a defensive midfielder.

## Career

Apostolakis was no stranger to controversy as a player, his switch from Olympiacos to Panathinaikos in 1990 led to the cancellation of the Greek Super Cup as the authorities feared riots.
As a footballer he played his best years for Panathinaikos being one of the key players behind club's European runs in 1991–92 and 1995–96. He played with Panathinaikos through 1998.
During his playing career, Apostolakis was capped 96 times by the Greece national team scoring five goals. and was a member of the 1994 World Cup squad. His 96 caps stood as a Greek record until it was broken by Theodoros Zagorakis.
He also spent six months as a coach with Panathinaikos in 2001, before resigning from his position at the end of the year and eventually taking up the task of coaching the Olympic team for Athens 2004.

## Personal life

Apostolakis is the father of Kostas, who plays as a professional footballer at Panathinaikos.
# Kees Blom

Cornelis Wilhelmus Petrus Maria (Kees) Blom (born 1946) is a Dutch ecologist. He was a professor at the Radboud University Nijmegen, where he also served a rector magnificus from 2000 to 2007. He took over the position from Theo van Els. When he himself handed the position over to Bas Kortmann [nl] he was the longest serving rector, with seven years, four months and twenty-one days.
Blom was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1997.
# Qaleh Rural District (Manujan County)

Qaleh Rural District (Persian: دهستان قلعه) is in the Central District of Manujan County, Kerman province, Iran. It is administered from the city of Manujan.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 21,981 in 4,387 households. There were 29,132 inhabitants in 7,416 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 29,332 in 7,945 households. The most populous of its 138 villages was Sarras, with 2,350 people.
# Sahlbergotettix

Sahlbergotettix is a genus of true bugs belonging to the family Cicadellidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe.
Species:
# Barry Squires

Barry Squires (29 July 1931 – 18 August 2017) was an English professional footballer who played as an outside left in the Football League for Birmingham City and Bradford City.

## Career

Squires was born in 1931 in the Sparkhill district of Birmingham. He attended Golden Hillock Road School and captained its football team. He was a member of the Air Training Corps squadron associated with the BSA factory in Small Heath, and played for its football team, before completing his National Service with the RAF. During a lengthy posting to High Wycombe, he was able to play Isthmian League football for Wycombe Wanderers, and was selected to represent Berks & Bucks county. He was on the books of Wolverhampton Wanderers as an amateur, had trials with clubs including Portsmouth and Bristol City, and played for Lye Town, before signing professional forms with Birmingham City in May 1953.
Having to compete with Alex Govan for the outside left position meant Squires had little chance of first-team football. In February 1954, after Govan damaged a toe in training, he was in contention with Geoff Cox and Dennis Hill to start against West Ham United, but Hill was preferred. The only first-team appearance Squires made for the club was on 13 March in a 2–0 defeat away to Brentford in the Second Division, again in the absence of Govan.
He was listed for transfer at the end of the season, and joined Bradford City for a "moderate" fee. He made seven appearances in the Third Division North, and continued his career in non-league football with Yeovil Town, Gloucester City, Kidderminster Harriers, Rugby Town, and Gresley Rovers, for whom he scored once in five games playing at left half.
Squires died on 18 August 2017 at the age of 86.
# Elastic Aspects

Elastic Aspects is an album by American jazz pianist Matthew Shipp recorded in 2011 and released on Thirsty Ear's Blue Series. It was the debut studio recording by the trio with Michael Bisio on bass and Whit Dickey on drums, following a live performance included in Art of the Improviser.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Down Beat | |
In a review for JazzTimes Mike Shanley notes that "His playing here, and especially on the solo tracks, has a lyrical, delicate quality that should surprise anyone expecting more familiar avant-garde moves, like heavy thunder from the bottom of the keyboard."
The All About Jazz review by John Sharpe states "Shipp sounds like no-one else, with a style characterized by abrupt contrasts of crystalline delicacy rubbing shoulders with dissonant depth charges and insistent circular motifs."
The Down Beat review by Bill Meyer says that "Elastic Aspects can be seen as a companion piece to its predecessor in the way that it very explicitly breaks down the components of his trio music and isolates how they interact."

## Track listing

    All compositions by Matthew Shipp
* "Alternative Aspects" – 2:19
* "Aspects" – 0:27
* "Psychic Counterpart" – 4:47
* "Frame Focus" – 3:52
* "Flow Chart" – 1:30
* "Mute Voice" – 3:12
* "Explosive Aspects" – 3:19
* "Raw Materials" – 5:30
* "Rainforest" – 5:08
* "Stage 10" – 3:12
* "Dimension" – 3:24
* "Elastic Aspects" – 4:30
* "Elastic Eye" – 7:36

## Personnel

* Matthew Shipp – piano
* Michael Bisio – bass
* Whit Dickey – drums
# Sir Francis Lowe, 1st Baronet

Sir Francis William Lowe, 1st Baronet (8 January 1852 – 12 November 1929) was a British Conservative Party politician.
He was elected as the Member of Parliament for Edgbaston at a by-election in February 1898, and held the seat until he stood down at the 1929 general election, when he was succeeded by future UK Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain who had moved from Birmingham Ladywood.
He was made a Baronet in 1918, of Edgbaston in the City of Birmingham, and was appointed as Privy Councillor in the 1929 Dissolution Honours.
He was married to Mary Holden; they had four children, including his heir Francis Gordon, who was a well-known tennis player before the First World War, as was another son, Arthur. A third son, John, played first-class cricket.
# Pilithrude

Pilithrude (8th century – between 725 and 730) was a Duchess consort of Asti by marriage to Theobald of Bavaria and Grimoald of Bavaria.
She married her former brother-in-law, Grimoald, in 719. The marriage was extremely controversial in the eyes of the Catholic Church and resulted in the church refusing to acknowledge Grimoald's rule. During Charles Martel's invasions of Bavaria in 725 and 729, Grimoald was killed and Pilithrude was brought to Frankland, where she may have died in poverty.
# Takis Pantelis

Takis Pantelis (Greek: Τάκης Παντέλης; born 18 May 1955) is a retired Greek football goalkeeper.
# Jakuta Alikavazovic

Jakuta Alikavazovic (born 6 October 1979 in Paris) is a French writer. Her debut novel Corps volatils was awarded the prix Goncourt du premier roman. In 2021, her latest novel Night As It Falls was published in the United Kingdom by Faber & Faber.

## Biography

A former student of the École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, she holds an agrégation de Lettres degree.
In 2010, her second novel Le Londres-Louxor received a very enthusiastic welcome from the press and found itself in the selection of the Prix du Livre Inter. In 2012, she published La Blonde et le Bunker, which won the special mention of the jury of the Prix Wepler. Her fourth novel L'avancée de la nuit, published in 2017, was shortlisted for Le Monde's literary prize, the Prix Médicis, the Prix Femina and the Prix du Livre Inter. She won the 2021 Prix Médicis essai for Comme un ciel en nous.
Her books are translated into English, Italian, German and Chinese.
She has a monthly column in the national daily newspaper Libération. Her work has been published in Granta, Nouvelle Revue Française and El Malpensante.
She also wrote three books for children published by L'École des loisirs [fr] and has translated several books from English including works from David Foster Wallace, Anna Burns and Ben Lerner.

## Work
### Novels

* 2007: Corps volatils, Éditions de l'Olivier
* 2010: Le Londres-Louxor, Éditions de l'Olivier
* 2012: La Blonde et le Bunker, Éditions de l'Olivier
* 2017: L'avancée de la nuit, Éditions de l'Olivier / Night As It Falls, Faber & Faber

### Short stories

* 2006: Histoires contre nature, Éditions de l'Olivier
* 2008: Romeo y Julieta (un cratère), Éditions de l'atelier In 8°

### Journals and collective works

* 2013: "La mémoire des visages", Assises du Roman, Christian Bourgois/Villa Gillet/Le Monde
* 2013: "Nocturne", Nouvelle Revue Française n° 606, Gallimard
* 2014: "Risques et périls", Devenirs du Roman (vol.2), Éditions Inculte
* 2015: "Nos visages", Nouvelle Revue française n$^o$ 613, Éditions Gallimard
* 2017: "Des larmes", Nouvelle Revue française n$^o$ 623, Éditions Gallimard
* 2019: "À propos de certains types de circuits", Nouvelle Revue française, n$^o$ 636, Éditions Gallimard

### Books for children

* 2004: Holmes et moi, L'École des loisirs
* 2004: Leçon d'équilibrisme n°1, L'École des loisirs
* 2012: Irina vs Irina, L'École des loisirs

## Prizes and distinctions

* In 2007, Jakuta Alikavazovic was a laureate of the "Bourse du Talent écrivain" of the Jean-Luc Lagardère foundation
* In 2008, her novel Corps volatils was distinguished the Prix Goncourt du Premier Roman
* In 2012, La Blonde et le Bunker received the Mention Spéciale du jury of the Prix Wepler
* In 2013 and 2014, Jakuta Alikavazovic was a resident at the Villa Médicis in Rome
* In 2017, her novel L'avancée de la nuit was awarded the Prix du Zorba, the Prix Castel du Roman de la Nuit
# Omer Khairy

Omer Khairy (1939–1999; Arabic: عمر خيري; also known as George Edward Scuncucur), was a Sudanese artist and modern painter.

## Life and career

Khairy was born in Omdurman, Sudan in 1939. He was the last of seven children born to Abdallah Khairy and Fatima Al Hajj Mohamed, who lived in the Abasseya neighbourhood in Omdurman. He went to school at the Abbasiya Elementary School in 1947, where he was first introduced to art, learning to draw, etch, and produce works in clay. Inspired by his elder brother Abdul Aziz, who was an artist, he became interested in drawing, and focused particularly on portraits and animals, which he included in his animated scenes of the Sudanese city. He studied art at the Secondary School in Khartoum Polytechnic in 1957 and later trained at the College of Fine and Applied Arts in Khartoum, where he focused on drawing.
Having lost his father at a young age, Khairy was especially close to his mother. In 1963, following his mother's passing, he tragically suffered a nervous breakdown and travelled to Cairo, Egypt, for psychiatric treatment. Upon his return to Sudan, he wrote The Scuncucur Biography (1972) which told the life story of an imaginary Englishman that he referred to as George Edward Scuncucur. From this point on, he began to sign his works interchangeably as Omer Khairy and George Edward Scuncucur, and likely thought of himself as both people.

## Reception

From 4 May to 4 August 2024, Sharjah Art Foundation presented a group exhibition of drawings by 15 artists, titled Drawing Time: Duets, including drawings, letters, envelopes and sketches by Khairy. A common trait of the works was the notion of "the double, the pair, the rejoinder", reflected in Khairy's double identity. Other works by notable Sudanese artists in this show were drawings by Ibrahim El-Salahi and Kamala Ibrahim Ishag.
Works by Khairy have been collected by the Barjeel Art Foundation in the United Arab Emirates, the Sharjah Art Foundation, the Tigani Omar El Khatib Collection, the Khayat Private Collection, among others.
# Afyonkarahisar Castle

The Castle of Afyonkarahisar (Turkish: Afyonkarahisar Kalesi, lit. '"Black Opium Castle" Fortress') is a historical fortification, which was built around 1350 BC and is located in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. While Afyonkarahisar Castle (Literally: "Black Opium Castle" Fortress) refers specifically to the defensive fortification, Afyonkarahisar refers to the town containing the structure, and was renamed from Afyon to Afyonkarahisar in 2004.

## History
### Late Bronze

The Hittite king Mursilis II (c. 1320 BCE) built the original structure on the summit of a 226 meter high rock (from ground level) overlooking the modern town of Afyonkarahisar, due to its value as a defensive fortification.

### Later

Since the construction of the original, the castle has been rebuilt several times by various rulers. The most recent reconstruction was conducted by the Turkish government.
# Cosmic Lieder

Cosmic Lieder is an album by American jazz saxophonist Darius Jones and pianist Matthew Shipp, which was recorded in 2010 and released on the AUM Fidelity label. This 13-part song cycle was the first collaboration between Jones and Shipp.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Down Beat | |
In his review for AllMusic, Thom Jurek states "Cosmic Lieder isn't heavy or indulgent; it's deeply focused, curiously open-ended, and deeply satisfying."
The Down Beat review by Joe Tangari says "The brevity of Cosmic Lieder lends it the sense that this is just the beginning of the conversation and that there’s much more left to explore."
The All About Jazz review by Troy Collins states "Relatively brief and to the point, the oblique angles and abstruse detours of each concise tune invoke the art song tradition, making Cosmic Lieder an entirely appropriate title for this auspicious meeting."
In his review for JazzTimes Mike Shanley notes that "The 13 tracks on the duets project Cosmic Lieder sound like spontaneous inventions, but both men play pointedly and empathetically, and when they lock into a rhythmic groove it is especially rewarding."
The Point of Departure review by Brian Morton says "Lieder tend to deliver some kind of cyclical narrative, some sense of journey or soul’s progress, and that is exactly what these two remarkable musicians have created here: a sequence of out-of-body journeyings that you might reasonably imagine Sun Ra and John Gilmore making, significant as much in their silences and elisions as in anything actually said, full of dark matter and tonal dust, interrupted by violent outbursts, punctuated by calms that seem prepared to run on forever."

## Track listing

    All compositions by Darius Jones & Matthew Shipp
* "Bleed" - 3:08
* "Ultima Thule" - 4:06
* "Zillo Valla" - 3:23
* "Multiverse" - 3:37
* "Mandrakk" - 3:10
* "Overvoid" - 2:37
* "Weeja Dell" - 3:42
* "Motherboxxx" - 2:43
* "Black Lightning" - 2:17
* "Nix Uotan" - 3:03
* "Jonesy" - 2:21
* "4-D Vision" - 3:07
* "Geh-Jedollah" - 2:38

## Personnel

* Darius Jones – alto sax
* Matthew Shipp – piano
# Arya Sasol polymer company

The Arya Sasol polymer Company, (Persian: شرکت پلیمر آریا ساسول) is an Iranian petrochemical company located in Asaluyeh, Iran. The establishment contract for this company was signed in April 2002 through a memorandum of understanding between the National Petrochemical Company of Iran and the German branch of Sasol, a South African company. According to this contract, it was decided that the olefin unit, as well as the two Low-density polyethylene, Medium-density, and heavy polyethylene units of Pars Petrochemical Company, would be separated and established as an independent company under the name Arya Sasol. The aim of this separation was for the new Arya Sasol company to become the best and leading polymer producer in the Middle East region. Arya Sasol's polymer is considered a legacy of the partnership between Iran and South Africa's Sasol in the early 2000s. The shares of this company are indexed on the Tehran Stock Exchange under the name "APOZ1".

## Products

Arya Sasol Polymer Company annually produces one million and one hundred thousand tons of ethylene in its olefin unit, 375 thousand tons of low-density polyethylene in its LDPE unit, and 375 thousand tons of medium and high-density polyethylene in its MDPE/HDPE unit.

## Awards

In the 5th Organization-Wide Innovation Award (2023), Arya Sasol was able to secure four top ranks for Iran and win the award.
# Push-to-type operation

Push-to-type operation: In telegraph or data transmission systems, that method of communication in which the operator at a station must keep a switch operated in order to send messages.
Push-to-type operation is used in radio systems where the same frequency is employed for transmission and reception.
Push-to-type operation is a derivative form of transmission and may be used in simplex, half-duplex, or duplex operation. Synonym press-to-type operation.
This is similar to Push-to-talk operation for radio phone communications.
# Kevin Barrett (rugby union, born 1966)

Kevin Edward Barrett (born 26 February 1966) is a New Zealand former professional rugby union player.

## Biography

Raised on the family farm in Pungarehu, Barrett was educated at Francis Douglas College in New Plymouth, which he left in fifth form to work on the farm. He played 167 games as a forward for Taranaki between 1986 and 1999. His nickname "Smiley" was coined at Taranaki from the faint smile he had during the physical on field battles.
Barrett joined the Hurricanes as injury cover in 1997 and made four appearances that season, including as a flanker in their semi-final loss to the Brumbies. In 1998, Barrett was used as a lock and played 10 Super 12 games.
Finishing up in New Zealand rugby in 1999, Barrett moved to County Meath, Ireland, the following year to manage a farm and he played rugby for Athlone-based club Buccaneers during the 2000–01 season.
Barrett once stated "I’m off to breed some All Blacks" when asked in a match programme what he would like to do in the future.

### Family

Barrett raised five sons and three daughters with wife Robyn. Four of his sons have played professional rugby, eldest Kane retired early due to concussion, while Beauden, Jordie and Scott all became All Blacks.
# Temple Guiting Preceptory

Temple Guiting Preceptory was a medieval monastic house of the Knights Templar in Gloucestershire, England. It was founded around the middle of the twelfth century, receiving grants of land from Gilbert de Lacy and Roger de Waterville. Following the closure of the order in 1308–1309, the last preceptor of Guiting was sent to a monastery in the Diocese of Worcester with a small maintenance charged upon the lands of Temple Guiting.
There was a fulling mill established at Temple Guiting, Gloucestershire by 1185 which was documented in Domesday Book.