OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ben Cottrell

Ben Aaron Cottrell (born 31 October 2001) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Slovak First Football League club Zemplín Michalovce.

## Club career
### Arsenal

Born in Watford, Cottrell joined the academy of Premier League club Arsenal on 3 June 2010, at the age of eight. He progressed through the club's Hale End academy, where his performances drew interest from German and French sides, Borussia Dortmund and Marseille, respectively. He signed his first professional contract with the club in July 2019.
Cottrell made his unofficial debut in Arsenal's 4–1 pre-season friendly win against Milton Keynes Dons; coming on as a second-half substitute for Kieran Tierney, he impressed in an unnatural left wing-back position. Later in the same season, he was included in Arsenal's senior squad ahead of a UEFA Europa League fixture against Norwegian opposition Molde, alongside fellow academy graduate Miguel Azeez. Despite not featuring in Arsenal's 3–0 win, he remained on manager Mikel Arteta's radar, and made his professional debut in Arsenal's 4–2 win against Irish side Dundalk on 10 December 2020, coming on as a second-half substitute for Emile Smith Rowe.
Having been ruled out for most of the 2021–22 season, only playing in two games, he returned to regular action the following year, but found first-team opportunities limited, despite impressing in the Premier League 2.

### Mura

In August 2023, he completed a permanent transfer to Slovenian side Mura, becoming the first Englishman to play for the club.

### Zemplín Michalovce

On 9 December 2024, Cottrell joined Slovak First Football League club Zemplín Michalovce on a two-and-a-half year deal, once again becoming the first Englishman to represent the club.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of match played 12 May 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National Cup | National Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Europe | Europe | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Arsenal U21 | 2019–20 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Arsenal U21 | 2020–21 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| Arsenal U21 | 2021–22 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Arsenal U21 | 2022–23 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Arsenal U21 | Total | Total | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| Arsenal | 2020–21 | Premier League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Arsenal | 2021–22 | Premier League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Arsenal | 2022–23 | Premier League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Arsenal | Total | Total | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Mura | 2023–24 | Slovenian PrvaLiga | 11 | 0 | 2 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 11 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
* 1 2 Appearances in the EFL Trophy
* ↑ Appearances in the UEFA Europa League
# Heron cylinder head

A Heron cylinder head, or simply Heron head, is a design for the combustion chambers of the cylinder head on an internal combustion piston engine, named for engine designer S. D. Heron. The head is machined flat, with recesses only for inlet and exhaust valves, spark plugs, injectors and so on. The combustion chamber itself is contained within a dished depression in the top of the piston. The Heron head is suitable for petrol and diesel engines, for ohv and ohc valve-gear, and for small and large engine displacement capacities.
While a flat cylinder head could be combined with simple flat-top pistons, that option ignores the reasons for having a depression in the top of each piston, namely: (i) it provides a compact space for combustion to begin, allowing an optimal flame front; and (ii) it creates significant "squish" as the piston reaches TDC. This causes turbulence, which is desirable because it promotes more extensive mixing of the fuel/air mixture: cf: cf1, cf2, cf3. Having no space available at the top of piston travel to maintain compression ratio would also mean that the air-fuel mixture would be compressed to zero volume (or close), which is far too high a compression ratio for any internal combustion engine to run on (due to detonation before the piston even reached top dead center) unless the stroke was carefully designed to leave a small gap between the top of the cylinder and the head when the piston is at TDC; in a normal engine the size of the combustion chamber dictates the compression ratio of the engine (i.e. the volume of the cylinder is compressed into the space of the chamber at TDC; a flat piston and flat head would leave no space for the air-fuel mixture, unless designed so the piston doesn't actually reach the top of the cylinder bore).

## Pros and cons

* Advantages include: simplicity of manufacture; compact dimensions; accuracy of the flat machined surface; simplified valve-gear; efficient combustion with good fuel economy.
* Disadvantages include: the greater size and weight of each piston; volumetric efficiency poorer than conventional cylinder heads with non parallel valves.

## Applications

* Alfa Romeo Alfasud boxer engine
* Audi F103 pushrod four engine used in different Audi models of the 1960s and 1970s
* Chevrolet 348-409 V8 engines, 1958-1965
* Ford 383-410-430-462 "MEL" V-8 engines, 1958-1968
* Ford 401-477-534 "Super Duty" V-8 engines, 1957-1982
* Ford Essex V4 engine
* Ford Essex V6 engine
* Ford Kent engine
* Jaguar V12 engine
* Puma racing engines
* Moto Guzzi
* Moto Morini 3½ & 500
* Renault F-Type engine also named B18E/B18F/B18FT by Volvo applied to the Volvo 440/460 and Volvo 480.
* Rover 2000 P6
* Standard Wetliner I4 engine as used in Standard 2000 which is a licensed Rover SD1
* Volkswagen EA827 engine (e.g. the 1600cc 100 bhp engine of Audi 80 GT)
* Volkswagen EA111 engine (e.g. the 1300cc 54 bhp engine of VW Polo 86c2f)
* Volkswagen EA831 engine also used in Porsche 924
* Volkswagen Wasserboxer engine of Vanagon
* Volvo B200K/B230K engine applied to the Volvo 200, 360, 740 and 940 in some markets.
# Thamnocephalus

Thamnocephalus is a genus of fairy shrimp within the family Thamnocephalidae. There are currently 5 species assigned to the genus, along with 2 subgenera.

## Species
### Subgenus Simplicephalus

* Thamnocephalus salinarum Cohen, 2002

### Subgenus Thamnocephalus

* Thamnocephalus chacosaltensis Cohen, 2016
* Thamnocephalus mexicanus Linder, 1941
* Thamnocephalus platyurus Packard, 1877
* Thamnocephalus venezuelensis Belk & Pereira, 1982
# Lawrence Gresser

Lawrence Gresser (January 1, 1851 – January 30, 1935) was the Borough President of Queens, New York, USA from 1908 to 1911.
Gresser was born in the Kingdom of Bavaria. He was a shoemaker and emigrated to the United States. Gresser entered public service in Queens in 1898 and served as Commissioner of Public Works under Borough President Joseph Bermel. When Bermel suddenly resigned his office amid a political scandal in 1908, Gresser and Joseph Cassidy were contenders to take over the rest of his term. Cassidy was favored, having already held the office, but Gresser was named instead.
Gresser was elected to his own term in 1909, but barely six months into this term he was accused of abusing his office and being incompetent. These charges were brought to Governor Charles Evans Hughes, who appointed lawyer Samuel H. Ordway to investigate. After a lengthy investigation, Ordway recommended Gresser's removal for incompetence and inefficiency, and Governor John A. Dix removed Gresser from office on September 27, 1911.
# Quaker Hill, Connecticut

Quaker Hill is a village or neighborhood in the town of Waterford, in the southeastern part of Connecticut, United States.
It is located in the northeastern corner of the town, on the west bank of the Thames River (around Smith Cove) north of New London, and centered on the intersection of the Old Norwich Road and the Old Colchester Road.
The village center is included in the Quaker Hill Historic District, a historic district that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The historic district is the area around Old Norwich Road, extending as far south as the village of Thames View and as far north as Route 32.
Quaker Hill is the place name used for ZIP code 06375, which extends beyond Quaker Hill to encompass the entire northeastern portion of the town of Waterford, including Bartlett, Best View, Cohanzie, Harrisons and Thames View.

## History

The area became known as Quaker Hill by 1687 due to its association with the Rogerenes or Rogerene Quakers, a religious sect founded by a local farmer, John Rogers (1648–1721) at the house near Benham Avenue.
The first house was built circa 1740 by Benjamin Greene at Scotch Cap. The Robertson and Bingham paper mill, established in 1851, is said to be the first manufacturer of real tissue manila in the United States.

## Education
### Quaker Hill School

Waterford Public Schools operates one elementary school in Quaker Hill. The original Quaker Hill School was built in 1915, replacing two one- room district structures and was opened in 1917, and demolished on February 23, 2007, to make way for construction of a new Quaker Hill Elementary School that was scheduled to open in August 2008. This school is now located on 285 Bloomingdale Road, Quaker Hill CT.

### Waterford Country School

Waterford Country School is a private nonprofit human services agency in Quaker Hill that offers a variety of special educational, residential treatment, and care services for children ages 10–18 from throughout eastern Connecticut. It was established in 1922 and moved to its current 350-acre (1.4 km$^2$) site in Quaker Hill in 1929.

## Notable person

* Eugene P. Wilkinson, Captain of the USS Nautilus, the world's first nuclear submarine, lived in Quaker Hill during the 1950s

## Fire and EMS service

The Quaker Hill Fire Company serves the residents of Quaker hill. The Fire house is located on Old Colchester Road.
# Pontevedra, Capiz

Pontevedra, officially the Municipality of Pontevedra (Capiznon/Hiligaynon: Banwa sang Pontevedra; Tagalog: Bayan ng Pontevedra), is a municipality in the province of Capiz, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 49,725 people.
Pontevedra is 19 kilometres (12 mi) from Roxas City.

## Geography
### Barangays

Pontevedra is politically subdivided into 26 barangays.  Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.
* Agbanog
* Agdalipe
* Ameligan
* Bailan
* Banate
* Bantigue
* Binuntucan
* Cabugao
* Gabuc (Caugiat)
* Guba
* Hipona
* Intungcan
* Jolongajog
* Lantangan
* Linampongan
* Malag-it
* Manapao
* Ilawod (Poblacion)
* Ilaya (Poblacion)
* Rizal
* San Pedro
* Solo
* Sublangon
* Tabuc
* Tacas
* Yatingan

### Climate

Climate data for Pontevedra, Capiz :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27 (81) | 28 (82) | 29 (84) | 31 (88) | 32 (90) | 31 (88) | 30 (86) | 30 (86) | 29 (84) | 29 (84) | 29 (84) | 27 (81) | 29 (85) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23 (73) | 23 (73) | 23 (73) | 24 (75) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 23 (73) | 24 (75) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 61 (2.4) | 39 (1.5) | 46 (1.8) | 48 (1.9) | 90 (3.5) | 144 (5.7) | 152 (6.0) | 145 (5.7) | 163 (6.4) | 160 (6.3) | 120 (4.7) | 90 (3.5) | 1,258 (49.4) |
| Average rainy days | 12.3 | 9.0 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 18.5 | 25.0 | 27.4 | 26.0 | 25.9 | 24.9 | 17.9 | 14.2 | 221 |
| Source: Meteoblue ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

In the 2020 census, the population of Pontevedra, Capiz, was 49,725 people, with a density of 380 inhabitants per square kilometre or 980 inhabitants per square mile.

## Economy

Poverty incidence of Pontevedra
* 10
* 20
* 30
* 40
* 2006 33.60
* 2009 17.75
* 2012 29.08
* 2015 17.91
* 2018 6.05
* 2021 15.71
* Source: Philippine Statistics Authority
# Chasetown (Church Street) railway station

Chasetown (Church Street) is a heritage railway station on the Chasewater Railway in the Chasetown suburb of Burntwood in the Lichfield District of Staffordshire, England. It is the north-eastern terminus of the line and consists of a single platform with a run-round loop. The station was constructed in 2000 as part of the extension of the line, that was undertaken following the construction of the M6 Toll Motorway. There are no station buildings.
The station is adjacent to Burntwood Rugby Club, and when the station was first built it was directly accessible from Chasetown, via the Rugby Club. Since the construction of phase 3 of the Burntwood Bypass in 2004, direct access to Chasetown is now via a footbridge. Chasewater Heaths railway station is just to the north, indeed to get to Chasetown by road one has to go past Chasewater Heaths.
| Preceding station | Heritage railways | Heritage railways | Heritage railways | Following station |
| Chasewater Heaths | | Chasewater Railway | | Terminus |
# Don Shoning

Donald W. Shoning (8 July 1915 – 11 February 1999) was an American politician.
Shoning was born in Battle Creek, Iowa, on 8 July 1915, to parents Harvey and Marie Shoning. He attended Danbury High School in Danbury, Iowa. Shoning met and married Danbury native Grace Richards, with whom he had two daughters. Shoning later attended business schools in Scranton, Pennsylvania and Oak Park, Illinois, and also served in the United States Army during World War II. After the war, Shoning was employed by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation.
Shoning was a member of the Republican Party who served on the Sioux City Council from 1966 to 1969. During his tenure as a city councilor, he was endorsed by the Woodbury County Labor Council. Shoning was active in discussions on municipal construction projects. Between 1972 and August 1981, Shoning was the zoning administrator for Woodbury County. Shoning contested his first state legislative election in 1982, losing to Democratic Party incumbent state representative Leo P. Miller. Miller's retirement left an open seat in District 3 of the Iowa House of Representatives, which Shoning won in 1984, against general election opponent Terry Kelley. At the start of his second term as a state representative, Shoning was appointed acting ranking minority member of the House State Government Committee in place of colleague George R. Swearingen. Shoning remained a state legislator for four consecutive terms, retiring in 1993. He died in Sioux City on 11 February 1999.
# Hugh McMahon (politician)

Hugh McMahon (born 17 June 1938) is a former Scottish politician, who served in the European Parliament.
McMahon was educated at Jordanhill College and the University of Glasgow. He became a head teacher, and also became active in the Labour Party, chairing the Socialist Education Association of Scotland from 1978 until 1982, and the Scottish Fabian Society from 1979 until 1984. He also served on the executive of the Scottish Labour Party from 1980 until 1983.
At the 1984 European Parliament election, McMahon was elected for Strathclyde West. He ceased to be an MEP, when Euro-constituencies were re-organised in 1999.
# F. D. Colson

Frederick D. Colson (September 5, 1875 – May 6, 1958) was a nationally known American amateur rower, rowing coach and lawyer. As a student at Cornell University he rowed for Coach Charles E. Courtney in several of the Cornell Navy’s most noted races. During his coaching career he was Courtney’s top assistant coach at Cornell as well Harvard University head rowing coach in 1904. After coaching he dedicated himself to public service including being the State of New York law librarian, and Deputy and Assistant Attorney General of New York.

## Cornell University

Colson started Cornell University in the fall of 1893. After rowing for the freshman crew in the summer of 1894, he made the Cornell varsity eight-oared team in his sophomore year under Coach Charles E. Courtney. That year he rowed in the Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in England. The following year he was part of the crew that defeated Harvard, Pennsylvania and Columbia at Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship regatta in Poughkeepsie, New York. In his senior year Colson was coxswain of the crew which defeated Yale and Harvard at Poughkeepsie on June 24, 1897 and Pennsylvania and Columbia on the same course less than two weeks later. Colson was elected to the Sphinx Head Society, Cornell's oldest senior honor society. He graduated in the spring of 1897, but returned to Cornell in the fall of 1898 to study law. That school year he captained the crew which defeated Yale and Harvard at New London, Connecticut.

## Coach

Colson graduated from Cornell with a law degree and practiced law for two years in Buffalo, New York. He then returned to Cornell to become instructor in procedure in the law school and assistant coach of the rowing team under Courtney. As the assistant coach, his main responsibility was to development of the freshman eight-oared crew. In 1904 Colson coached the Harvard University varsity crew. To coach at Harvard he received a leave of absence from Cornell for the spring term. In addition to coaching, he did research work and attended lectures in the Harvard law school. In Harvard’s annual intercollegiate regatta on the Thames with Yale. Colson’s Harvard crew split the two races, Yale capturing the eight-oared four-mile race by eight boat lengths, while Harvard took the four-oared two-mile race by a length after a Yale rower broke his oarlock. In the fall of 1904 Colson resumed his duties on the Cornell Law School faculty and his work with Coach Courtney.
Colson coached at Cornell until 1907. During his time as Courtney's assistant Cornell won several Intercollegiate Rowing Association National Championship as well as freshman National Championships in 1902, 1903, and 1905.

## Legal career

In the fall of 1908, Colson was appointed law librarian in the State Library in Albany, New York. With the appointment Colson resigned from the faculty of Cornell. After leaving the library he continued to dedicated himself to public service including being the Clerk of the State Court of Claims, (1915-1924); Deputy and Assistant Attorney General of New York, (1925-1931); and First Deputy State Reporter Court of Appeals (1931-1945).
# Socialist antisemitism

Socialist antisemitism concerns the manifestation of antisemitism in socialist movements and appears in various forms. While this phenomenon has been the subject of a significant number of scholarly writings, it is viewed by researchers as an understudied topic. Researchers have argued that while socialists were not all prejudiced against Jews, some socialist movements did harbor antisemitic views. Others extend their argument with the assertion that modern socialism is characterised by a longstanding antisemitic tradition.

## Overview

Some researchers have argued that in certain historical settings, the writings of Karl Marx have be interpreted in such a manner that allowed for a socialist antisemitism to be manifest. Other researchers have argued that the most important element in nineteenth-century socialist antisemitism concerns the role of fascism in the context of the socialist intellectual history.
European socialists and Jews have had a complex relationship. While socialist parties in the early 20th century aimed to create a classless society, they also grappled with antisemitism within their ranks and among the working class. And socialist antisemitism in this period was treated as distinct from racial and clerical variants of anti-Jewish prejudice. In Britain, Jewish workers were at times paradoxically viewed as a super-exploited fraction of the working class, but also an alien body, whose interests were antithetical to those of British workers.
One understudied area is the history of antisemitism in Dutch labor unions, especially concerning early socialist leaders like Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis. Researchers argue that prejudice against Dutch Jews explains why Dutch Jewish workers were late in joining socialist movements. Apparently, this was because Domela Nieuwenhuis used stereotypes about Jews to attack his opponents, who relied on Jewish diamond cutters for support. After this conflict ended, antisemitism became less central a feature in Dutch labor unions.
Lucien Chaze, French politician and mayor of Mustapha (1900-1903), has been described by researchers as one of the most active leaders of socialist antisemitism in French Algeria.
In 1915, the Labor Party politician, Frank Anstey, a proponent of socialism in Australia, published a pamphlet, The Kingdom of Shylock, which included antisemitic elements, some of which he removed in a later republication. Due to its antisemitic content, the circulation of the original pamphlet was suppressed.

## Postwar period

The 1968 Polish political crisis saw the rise of an antisemitic effort by the Polish United Workers' Party to rid Jewish academics from their posts.
In Hungary, between the 1950s and the 1970s, the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party (HSWP) adopted policies to adapt older antisemitic language as proported anti-Zionist rhetoric in order to shift antisemitic manifestations within the party without the need to substantially address the issue. The move was viewed by the Hungarian Jewish community as a cynical ploy. Furthermore, the HSWP placed significant restrictions on the practice of the Jewish faith, especially the Sabbath.
# Bukit Putus Viaduct

The Bukit Putus Viaduct (Malay: Jambatan Bukit Putus) is a motorway viaduct that carries Federal Route FT 51 near Bukit Putus, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. At 48 metres tall, it is the fourth highest bridge in Malaysia, after Jalan Bukit Kukus Paired Road, Rawang Bypass and Lojing Viaduct.
The viaduct was opened in November 2009, replacing the dangerous older section that winds up the Titiwangsa Mountains (redesignated as FT 361).
5°33′01″N 101°20′59″E﻿ / ﻿5.5504°N 101.34980°E﻿ / 5.5504; 101.34980
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