OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Horns of Ammon

The horns of Ammon were curling ram horns, used as a symbol of the Egyptian deity Ammon (also spelled Amun or Amon). Because of the visual similarity, they were also associated with the fossils shells of ancient snails and cephalopods, the latter now known as ammonite because of that historical connection.

## Classical iconography

Ammon, eventually Amon-Ra, was a deity in the Egyptian pantheon whose popularity grew over the years, until growing into a monotheistic religion in a way similar to the proposal that the Judeo-Christian-Islamic deity evolved out of the Ancient Semitic pantheon. Egyptian pharaohs came to follow this religion for a while, Amenhotep and Tutankhamun taking their names from their deity. This trend caught on, with other Egyptian gods also sometimes being described as aspects of Amun.
Ammon was often depicted with ram's horns, so that as this deity became a symbol of supremacy, kings and emperors came to be depicted with Horns of Ammon on the sides of their head in profile, as well as the deities not only of Egypt, but other areas, so that Jupiter was sometimes depicted as "Jupiter Ammon", replete with Horns of Ammon, after Rome conquered Egypt, as was the Greek supreme deity Zeus. Alexander the Great's deification as a conqueror had involved being declared the metaphorical "Son of Ammon" by the Oracle at Siwa. This tradition is thought by some to have continued for centuries, with Alexander the Great being allegedly referred to in the Quran as “Dhu al-Qarnayn” (The Two-Horned One), a supposed reference to his depiction on Middle Eastern coins and statuary as having horns, consistent with the view of most scholars on Islamic exegesis that Dhu al-Qarnayn was Alexander the Great.
Pliny the Elder was among the earliest writers known to have associated spiral shells with the deity Ammon, referring to them as ammonis cornua (horns of Ammon) in his book Naturalis Historia. Considering the relative rarity of ammonite fossils in Egypt, this may have originated with fossil snail shells like natica hybrida found in Mokattam limestone near Cairo.
The direct attribution of the Horns of Ammon with fossil cephalopod shells became common during Medieval times with mentions by writers like Georgius Agricola and Conrad Gesner. These led to a widespread association that climaxed with paleontologist Karl Alfred von Zittel naming the class of animals Ammonoidea in 1848.
# The Two Tigers (film)

The Two Tigers (Italian: Le due tigri) is a 1941 Italian historical adventure film directed by Giorgio Simonelli and starring Massimo Girotti, Luigi Pavese and Sandro Ruffini. It is based on the 1904 novel The Two Tigers by Emilio Salgari, featuring the character of Sandokan. It was made back-to-back with another Sandokan adventure Pirates of Malaya.
It was shot at the Cinecittà Studios in Rome. The film's sets were designed by the art director Alfredo Montori.

## Cast

* Massimo Girotti as Tremal-Naik
* Luigi Pavese as Sandokan
* Sandro Ruffini as Yanez de Gomera
* Alanova as Surama
* Cesare Fantoni as Sujodana
* Enzo Gerio as Aghur
* Giovanni Onorato as Sambigliong
* Arturo Bragaglia as Il taverniere
* Amedeo Trilli as Sirdar
* Bruno Smith as Il caporale della ronda
* Agnese Dubbini as La moglie di Sambigliong
* Delia Lancelotti as La piccola Darma
* Virgilio Tomassini as Il manti
* Totò Majorana as Un sergente Inglese
# Jantar, Poland

Jantar, formerly known in Polish between 1945 and 1947 as Paców) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stegna, within Nowy Dwór Gdański County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.
It lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) north of Nowy Dwór Gdański and 27 km (17 mi) east of the regional capital Gdańsk.
The word "Jantar" comes from the Lithuanian word for amber.

## Gallery

* Beach to the west of Jantar (summer).
* Sea ice on the beach in Jantar (winter).
# Jarcewo

Jarcewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chojnice, within Chojnice County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Chojnice and 100 km (62 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Jaromierz, Człuchów County

Jaromierz is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Człuchów, within Człuchów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Człuchów and 120 km (75 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Jaroszewy

Jaroszewy is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Skarszewy, within Starogard County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-west of Skarszewy, 14 km (9 mi) north-west of Starogard Gdański, and 42 km (26 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kociewie in the historic region of Pomerania.

## History

Jaroszewy was a private church village within the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Tczew County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, owned by the monastery in Pelplin.
During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), in October 1939, the Germans deceitfully ordered a formal meeting for local Polish farmers at a local school. 46 farmers were then arrested and transported to the nearby village of Mestwinowo and murdered there by the SS and Selbstschutz. In November 1939, the Germans expelled 76 Poles from the village. The farms of expelled Poles were then handed over to Germans as part of the Lebensraum policy. In 1942, the occupiers changed the name to Eberhardsdorf to erase traces of Polish origin. German occupation ended in 1945, and the historic name of the village was restored.

## Notable residents

* Karl-Heinz Prudöhl (born 1944), German rower
# Jarzębnik, Pomeranian Voivodeship

Jarzębnik is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Przechlewo, within Człuchów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Przechlewo, 25 km (16 mi) north of Człuchów, and 103 km (64 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Madison Marye

Madison Ellis Marye (December 3, 1925 – February 23, 2016) was an American farmer and politician.
Born in Richmond, Virginia, Marye served in the United States Army during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. He was a farmer and raised beef cattle in Shawsville, Virginia. Marye served in the Senate of Virginia, from 1973 to 2002, representing parts of southwest Virginia. He was a Democrat.
# T. M. Yesufu

Tijani M. Yesufu was a Nigerian academic and administrator who was the first Nigerian Vice-Chancellor of the University of Benin. Yesufu was an important figure in the development of industrial relations as an academic course in Nigerian universities.
He was also an executive director of the Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

## Life

Yesufu was born in 1926 in Agbede, Edo State. He completed secondary education studies at Government College, Ibadan and earned an economics degree from University of Exeter and doctorate degree in Applied Economics from the London School of Economics, a college of the University of London.
Yesufu served in the United Nations agency the International Labour Organization in the Far East, Switzerland and Kenya, until 1973.
Yesufu's academic career began at University of Ibadan's Extra Mural Studies department, he then moved to Lagos as a pioneer staff of the Faculty of Social Science, University of Lagos, he joined University of Benin in 1974 as its first Nigerian Vice-Chancellor.
Yesufu was involved in various organizations and economic policy issues of the time. His 1962 book, An Introduction to Industrial relations In Nigeria was a pioneering work on the changes between the employee-employer relationship from the late colonial period to the early independence era. In 1971, he was editor of the book Manpower Problems and Economic Development in Nigeria.
Yesufu passed away in October 2014 in Benin City, Nigeria.
# Société Belge d'Études Coloniales

The Société d'Études Coloniales (lit. 'Society for Colonial Studies') was a society that promoted the creation and maintenance of Belgian overseas colonies which was established in 1894. For some years it was headquartered in the Hôtel Ravenstein [fr] in Brussels (along with similar groups such as the Cercle Africain and the Ligue Nationale pour l'Oeuvre Africain). By 1902 it had a library.
Auguste Couvreur served briefly as its first chairman. Other members included Alexandre Halot [fr]. "Of the twenty-nine founding members of the Société, fourteen had civil functions (eleven were lawyers), nine were intellectuals,...five were soldiers,...one was a businessman.
As of 2008, the Society's archives were reported to have been lost.
# Curtain raiser

A curtain raiser is a performance or performer that opens a show or event for the main attraction; it is usually shorter than the main attraction, but not always. The term is derived from the act of raising the stage curtain.
The fashion in the late Victorian era and Edwardian era was to present long evenings in the theatre, and so full-length pieces were often presented together with, usually shorter, companion pieces. Each full-length work was normally accompanied by one or two short companion pieces. If the piece began the performance, it was called a curtain raiser. One that followed the full-length piece was called an afterpiece. W. J. MacQueen-Pope commented, concerning the curtain raisers:
    This was a one-act play, seen only by the early comers. It would play to empty boxes, half-empty upper circle, to a gradually filling stalls and dress circle, but to an attentive, grateful and appreciative pit and gallery. Often these plays were little gems. They deserved much better treatment than they got, but those who saw them delighted in them ... they served to give young actors and actresses a chance to win their spurs ... the stalls and the boxes lost much by missing the curtain-raiser, but to them dinner was more important.
In Australian rules football, it is customary to have a youth game or lower-division "curtain-raiser" game prior to the start of some games.
# Little Lake Butte des Morts

Little Lake Butte des Morts is a lake in the US state of Wisconsin, eight miles north of Lake Butte des Morts. It is part of the Fox–Wisconsin Waterway and receives its inflow from a short segment of the Fox River which drains from the north end of Lake Winnebago around Doty Island. The north end of Little Lake Butte des Morts becomes the section of the Fox River running to Green Bay. The lake is part of the Butte des Morts region in Winnebago County, Wisconsin. The southern half of the lake is located within the cities of Menasha and Neenah.
The name "Butte des Morts" was given by French settlers, and means "Mound of the Dead" in reference to a nearby Indian burial mound. French archives state that in 1716, over 8000 civilians and over 500 soldiers lived within the fortified walls of Little Lake Butte des Morts. In 1716, during the Fox Wars, French expeditionary forces laid siege to the fort, in the battle of the Siege of Little Butte des Mortes, and massacred most of the inhabitants. Similar events occurred in another siege in 1730.
The Roland Kampo Memorial Bridge which carries the Tri-County Expressway (WIS 441/US 10) crosses the lake. The Fox Cities Trestle Bridge, a rail trail also crosses the lake. It carries the Loop the Lake Trail and Friendship State Trail.
# First Affiliated Hospital

First Affiliated Hospital may refer to:
* First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
* First Affiliated Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
* Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine First Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
* First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
* The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
# Charles Jean-Baptiste Fleuriau

Charles Jean-Baptiste Fleuriau, comte de Morville (30 October 1686, in Paris – 2 February 1732) was a French statesman.
Son of Joseph Fleuriau d'Armenonville, he was ambassador to Holland, then Secretary of State for the Navy from 28 February 1722 to 16 August 1723.
When cardinal Dubois entered his death throes, the duke of Orléans sent Fleuriau de Morville to Versailles to lay hands on Dubois's papers and, in reward, named him Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs on 16 August 1723. He remained in this post until 19 August 1727.
# John M. James

John M. James served as a member of the 1867-1869 California State Assembly, representing California's 1st State Assembly district.
# E. C. Parrish

E. C. Parrish served as a member of the 1865–1867 California State Assembly, representing the 2nd District.
# Charles M. Shortridge

Charles Morris Shortridge (August 24, 1857 – June 30, 1918) was an American politician and newspaper editor for San Jose Daily Mercury and The San Francisco Call. The brother of US Senator Samuel M. Shortridge and Clara Shortridge Foltz, he served as a member of the California State Senate from 1899 to 1907.

## Early life and career

Shortridge was born in Pleasant Grove on August 24, 1857, to Tabitha Shortridge and Elias Willetts Shortridge, being the second child of the two with his siblings being Clara Shortridge and Samuel M. Shortridge. He came to California with his family in 1874, having his first job as a porter for a hotel in Nevada City before the family relocated to San Jose in 1875. There, he attended public schools in the area and worked for the San Jose Gas Company.

## Newspaper editor and owner

After completing his schooling, he was employed by the San Jose Mercury-Herald as an office attendant. He left the company in 1883 to found his own newspaper, the San Jose Morning Times, which would compete with the Mercury-Herald. He later bought the Mercury-Herald from owner J. J. Owen in 1884, combining the newspaper with the Times Publishing Company. In 1895, he became the manager of the San Francisco Call.

## Political career

After leaving the newspaper business, Shortridge started practicing law in San Jose. In 1898, Shortridge ran for California State Senate for the California's 30th State Senate district, winning the election as a Republican. In 1902, he ran in the California's 28th State Senate district due to redistricting, and instead of running as a Republican, he announced his campaign as an Independent, winning the election against three other opponents. He ran again in 1906 again as an Independent, but lost re-election to Republican Marshall Black.

## Personal life

Shortidge married Elizabeth Wright in Carson City, Nevada on July 1, 1899, with the two having three children.
In 1898, Shortridge suffered from severe heart attacks, with one heart attack making his critically ill at the Gilroy Yamato Hot Springs; doctors attending him had expected that he would die within the next day due to his condition. His condition slightly improved the next day only to worsen days later. He survived his illness and later moved to Carson City with his wife.
Shortridge died on June 30, 1918, in Berkeley, California after a year-long illness.
# Vividha Tirtha Kalpa

Vividha Tirtha Kalpa, originally named Kalpa-pradeepa, is a widely cited Jain text composed by Jinaprabha Suri in the 14th century CE. It is a compilation of about 60 Kalpas (sections), most of them give the accounts of major Jain Tirthas.
Vividha Tirtha Kalpa is an example of the tirtha-mala texts that are compilations about Jain Tirthas throughout India.
Jinaprabh Suri is said to have written three Jain prayers in Persian.

## Author

Jinaprabha Suri lived during the rule of Muhammad bin Tughluq. He travelled widely and has left a record of contemporary events as well as oral traditions. He was born in Mohilvadi, Gujarat in the Tambi clan of Shrimal Jain community. He was initiated at the age of 8 and became an Acharya in Kharatara Gaccha at 23.

## Composition time

Some of the Kalpas contain the date of compositions, although most are undated. The dates range from Samvat 1364 to Samvat 1389. The last section of the book was written in 1332 CE in Delhi during the rule of Muhammad Bin Tuglaq.

## Contents

The tirthas mentioned cover regions (as divided by Muni Jinvijay):
* Gujarat and Kathiawad
* Punjab and Uttar Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Rajasthan and Malava
* Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
* Karnataka and Telangana
He describes the building and destruction of many temples in recent period.
# Jim Weidner

Jim Weidner (born December 1968) is an American politician from the U.S. state of Oregon. A Republican, he is a former member of the Oregon House of Representatives, representing Yamhill County in District 24 from 2009 until 2017.

## Electoral history

2008 Oregon State Representative, 24th district :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Jim Weidner | 15,025 | 54.3 |
| | Democratic | Bernt (Al) Hansen | 12,603 | 45.5 |
| | Write-in | Write-in | 63 | 0.2 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 27,691 | 100% |
2010 Oregon State Representative, 24th district :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Jim S Weidner | 13,787 | 54.7 |
| | Democratic | Susan Sokol Blosser | 11,380 | 45.1 |
| | Write-in | Write-in | 53 | 0.2 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 25,220 | 100% |
2012 Oregon State Representative, 24th district :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Jim Weidner | 14,707 | 54.3 |
| | Democratic | Kathy Campbell | 11,755 | 43.4 |
| | Libertarian | Kohler Johnson | 603 | 2.2 |
| | Write-in | Write-in | 28 | 0.1 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 27,093 | 100% |
2014 Oregon State Representative, 24th district :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Jim Weidner | 12,083 | 51.1 |
| | Democratic | Ken Moore | 10,845 | 45.9 |
| | Libertarian | Kohler Johnson | 667 | 2.8 |
| | Write-in | Write-in | 41 | 0.2 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 23,636 | 100% |
# Alexander P. Fleming

Alexander Patterson Fleming (October 27, 1849 – December 15, 1920) was an American politician who served concurrently in the California State Assembly and on the Los Angeles City Council. He was the author of AB 626, which abolished the State Normal School at Los Angeles and created the Southern Branch of the University of California, which later became the University of California, Los Angeles.

## Early life and education

Fleming was born on October 27, 1849, in Tipton, Iowa to a widowed mother, being the seventh child out of thirteen children. As a child, it was stated that his "only ambition was to provide for his dear mother," in which he would become a lawyer to help. It was also stated that Fleming had "a vivid memory of seeing and hearing Lincoln and of having carried the banners for his election."

## Political career

On November 29, 1910, Fleming was appointed to the Board Of City Planning Commissioners, serving until December 13, 1911. In 1918, he was a candidate for California State Assembly for the 72nd district, being endorsed by both the Republican and Democratic parties in the election. The next year, he announced his candidacy for the Los Angeles City Council without resigning from his seat in the State Assembly. In the primary, he and seventeen other candidates advanced to the general election. In May, Henry F. Woodward, considered a prime candidate for the City Council and for the motion picture industry, withdrew from the race and endorsed Fleming. In the general election, he won a seat as one of the nine members of the City Council.

## Personal life

Fleming married Ida V. Fleming. In November 1920, Fleming became ill at his home in Arlington Heights. Although his condition was reported to be improving, he died of heart failure on December 15, 1920. His death caused a vacancy in both the California State Assembly and in the Los Angeles City Council, and he was succeeded in the City Council by Edward J. Delorey, a former Supervisor and in the State Assembly by Willard E. Badham. Ida later died of heart failure as well a year later, with her death being attributed to her grieving of her husband.
# Francis K. Shattuck

Francis Kittredge Shattuck (March 6, 1824 – September 9, 1898) was the most prominent civic leader in the early history of Berkeley, California, and played an important role in the creation and government of Alameda County as well. He also served as the fifth mayor of the city of Oakland in 1859, and represented the 4th District in the California State Assembly from 1860-61. He also represented Oakland Township for many years on the Board of Supervisors of Alameda County, starting in 1857. He was elected to the board of trustees of the Town of Berkeley in 1884. He was instrumental in founding the First Congregational Church of Oakland.

## Biography

Shattuck was born in Crown Point, Essex County in northern New York state. His mother was Betsy Mather, a descendant of Increase Mather who was the president of Harvard from 1685 to 1701. His father Weston Shattuck, a native of Massachusetts, was a farmer who died when Francis was 12. Francis earned a teaching certificate by age 18 and was a schoolteacher for four years. He then moved to a small town in Vermont and worked as a store clerk, until he heard of the discovery of gold in California. He and a friend, George Blake, by then also his brother-in-law, took off for California.
In 1852, Shattuck and Blake, and two partners they met in the gold fields, William Hillegass and James Leonard, claimed four adjoining 160-acre (0.65 km$^2$) strips of land in the area that became the central part of Berkeley. (See Kellersberger's Map)
Shattuck was instrumental in getting the Central Pacific Railroad to construct a branch line into Berkeley in 1876, which connected the community and University of California with the main line and the railroad's ferry to San Francisco.
Shattuck died after he was knocked down by a man exiting from a train that Shattuck was trying to board on Shattuck Avenue. He was buried with his wife Rosa M. Shattuck, his sisters, and their husbands George Blake, Henry H. Havens and Benjamin F. Lee at the Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland.

## Legacy

Shattuck had four sisters, Millicent K. Blake, Elizabeth Havens, Mary A. Shattuck, and Eliza L. Lee. Millicent married Shattuck's original partner, George Blake. Shattuck, though married (wife: Rosa Maria Morse, b. 6/12/1834, d. 9/12/1908), died childless. His estate, including several Berkeley properties, went to his wife and to his nephew, John W. Havens, the son of his sister Elizabeth Helen Shattuck Havens.
The principal avenue in the city of Berkeley, Shattuck Avenue, is named for him, as is a smaller street, Kittredge. The Hotel Shattuck Plaza occupies the site of his original home.
# E. C. Tully

Edward Chaffin Tully (April 16, 1826 in Memphis, Tennessee March 3, 1907 in Bitterwater, California) served as a member of the 1859–1860 California State Assembly, representing the 4th District. During the Mexican–American War he served in the US Army.