OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Graded category

In mathematics, if ${\mathcal {A}}$ is a category, then a ${\mathcal {A}}$-graded category is a category ${\mathcal {C}}$ together with a functor $F\colon {\mathcal {C}}\rightarrow {\mathcal {A}}$.
Monoids and groups can be thought of as categories with a single object. A monoid-graded or group-graded category is therefore one in which to each morphism is attached an element of a given monoid (resp. group), its grade. This must be compatible with composition, in the sense that compositions have the product grade.

## Definition

There are various different definitions of a graded category, up to the most abstract one given above. A more concrete definition of a graded abelian category is as follows:
Let ${\mathcal {C}}$ be an abelian category and $G$ a monoid. Let ${\mathcal {S}}=\{S_{g}:g\in G\}$ be a set of functors from ${\mathcal {C}}$ to itself. If
* $S_{1}$ is the identity functor on ${\mathcal {C}}$,
* $S_{g}S_{h}=S_{gh}$ for all $g,h\in G$ and
* $S_{g}$ is a full and faithful functor for every $g\in G$
we say that $({\mathcal {C}},{\mathcal {S}})$ is a $G$-graded category.
# Andreas Kübler

Andreas Kübler (born 1963) is a former West German-German slalom canoeist who competed from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s. He won a silver medal in the C1 team event at the 1985 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Augsburg.

## World Cup individual podiums

| Season | Date | Venue | Position | Event |
| 1991 | 10 Jul 1991 | Reals | 3rd | C1 |
| 1992 | 16 Feb 1992 | Murupara | 1st | C1 |
# Joseph P. O'Hara

Joseph Patrick O'Hara (January 23, 1895 – March 4, 1975) was a U.S. Representative from Minnesota.

## Early life

O'Hara was born in Tipton, Cedar County, Iowa, on January 23, 1895. He attended the public schools and graduated from Spirit Lake, Iowa, High School. During the First World War, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant of the Infantry in the Officers’ Reserve Corps and later promoted to captain in the Quartermaster Corps, serving from May 13, 1917, to August 15, 1919. With overseas service, he was commissioned as a major of Infantry in the Reserve Corps.
O'Hara also attended Inns of Court, London, England, and graduated from the law department of University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana. In 1920, he was admitted to the bar in 1921, and was commenced practice in Glencoe, Minnesota.

## Careers

O'Hara served as an attorney for various villages, cities, towns, and school districts, as well as county attorney of McLeod County (1934 – 1938).
He was then elected as a Republican to the 77th, 78th, 79th, 80th, 81st, 82nd, 83rd, 84th and the 85th congresses on January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1959.

### World War II

O'Hara was an outspoken ally of Charles Lindbergh, and was an avowed isolationist. This was considered particularly egregious at the time because this was after the fall of France and before Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union, and at that time Britain was very much alone. After an especially contentious argument outside of congress over a bill titled H.R. 1776 (which provided funding for the British military in early 1941), Edward E. Cox, Stephen Pace, Paul Brown, Albert Sidney Camp, Carl Vinson, Sam Hobbs, Pete Jarman, Henry B. Steagall, George M. Grant, Frank W. Boykin, L. Mendel Rivers, James P. Richards, Hampton P. Fulmer, Herbert Covington Bonner and John L. McMillan all denounced O'Hara to the press. All 15 of the aforementioned southern representatives attacked O'Hara personally when speaking to the media. Richards said that O'Hara's "lack of manhood was only surpassed by his lack of sense." George M. Grant called O'Hara "two-faced and gutless." Hery B Steagall said it was "unfortunate that Mr. O'Hara has no sense of honor." Herbert Covington Bonner called him "unmanly and shameful." Hampton P. Fulmer said O'Hara was "nothing but a damned fool." Peter Jarman said that "When Hitler says jump, Mr. O'Hara asks How High?." When asked "Do you respect Representative O'Hara?", Albert Sidney Camp responded "No!" Edward E. Cox said that it was "a shame, because Joseph O'Hara was a man once."
O'Hara voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1957.
He was not a candidate for reelection in 1958 to the 86th congress, but he resumed the practice of law in Washington, D.C., where he resided. He died in Bethesda, MD, on March 4, 1975. His interment is in Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Silver Spring, Maryland.
# Patrick Lowry

Patrick Lowry (19 December 1936 – 18 September 2014) was an Irish sprinter. He competed in the men's 100 metres at the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was educated at Synge Street CBS.
# Oziotelphusa minneriyaensis

Oziotelphusa minneriyaensis is a species of crustacean in family Parathelphusidae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Hnarakert

Hnarakert or Hunarakert (Armenian: Հնարակերտ or Հունարակերտ, Azerbaijani: Xunan qalası) is an antique castle which was located at the border of the Gugark and Utik provinces of Greater Armenia, on the Kura River (the Kazakh region of modern Azerbaijan).
According to Rafayel Matevosian, "From Koti the road diverts to Tiflis and from there to Hunarakert. The latter was the border point of Armenia, Georgia and Caucasian Albania."

## Etymology

See Hnarakert for etymology.
# Andreas Lippoldt

Andreas Lippoldt (born 3 July 1967) is a German former archer. He competed in the men's individual and team events at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
# Disclosure (The Gathering album)

Disclosure is the tenth studio album by the Dutch rock band The Gathering, released via Psychonaut Records on 12 September 2012.

## Background

The Gathering have evolved drastically in their 23 years of existence, going from death-doom metal in their early days, through gothic metal to more progressive sounds and settling somehow in a genre popularly labelled as "trip hop".

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Metal Hammer | |
| Sputnikmusic | 4/5 |
Jonathan Selzer of Metal Hammer stated, "Less low-key, more electronics-infused than 2009's The West Pole, it's still at the mercy of melancholic driftwinds, Silje's rich, ruffled Arctic floe able to bear devastation with haunting, soul-cleansing grace. If you're fond of frill-free, fragile emotional hinterlands that don't dissolve under scrutiny, Disclosure will reach down deep." Sputnikmusic review observed, "From start to finish, Disclosure is an extraordinary endeavor into the farthest reaches of The Gathering's progressive/experimental side. Silge Wergeland plays a major role in Disclosure's success, but it is important not to overstate her responsibility at the expense of the rest of the band. Selecting even just a few tracks at random is enough to understand the quality and depth of their imagination, not to mention their strength of execution."

## Charts

| Chart (2012) | Peak position |
| Belgian Albums Chart (Wallonia) | 146 |

## Personnel
### The Gathering

* Silje Wergeland – vocals
* René Rutten – guitars, theremin, backing vocals
* Hans Rutten – drums, backing vocals
* Frank Boeijen – keyboards, vocals, backing vocals
* Marjolein Kooijman – bass, backing vocals

### Additional musicians

* Jos van den Dungen – violin and viola on track 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7
* Noel Hofman – trumpet on track 2 and 4
* Maaike Peterse – cello on track 1, 3, 6 and 7
* Bjørnar Nilsen – speaking voice on track 7

### Production

* Bass, Backing Vocals – Marjolein Kooijman
* Design [Design & Dtp] – Martijn Busink
* Engineer [Additional drums, all additional recordings] – René Rutten
* Engineer [Drums] – George Konings
* Engineer [Vocals] – Arve Isdal, Herbrand Larsen
* Illustration – Carlos Manuel Vergara Rivera
* Keyboards, Backing vocals, vocals – Frank Boeijen
* Lyrics By – F. Boeijen (tracks: 2), S. Wergeland
* Mastered By – Paul Matthijs Lombert
* Mixed By – Guido Aalbers
* Music By – F. Boeijen (tracks: 1 to 7), R. Rutten (tracks: 2 to 4, 7, 8)
* Photography By [Band] – Marcus Moonen
* Producer – René Rutten
# Ciliopagurus obesus

Ciliopagurus obesus is a fossil species of hermit crab, described from Rupelian (Oligocene) sediments at Sint-Niklaas, Belgium.
# Charles Robinson Jr.

Charles Robinson Jr. (November 6, 1829 – July 30, 1891) was a Massachusetts politician who served as the eighth mayor of Charlestown, Massachusetts. Robinson was the brother of Massachusetts Governor George D. Robinson.

## Early life

Robinson was born in Lexington, Massachusetts to Charles and Mary (Davis) Robinson, on November 6, 1829.
# Bernard Smith (New Jersey politician)

Bernard Smith, (July 5, 1776 – July 16, 1835) was an American politician who served one term as a United States Representative from New Jersey from 1819 to 1821.

## Biography

He was born in Morristown, New Jersey. After completing preparatory studies he was collector of customs in 1809 and 1810, and then postmaster of New Brunswick from 1810-1819.

### Congress

He was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Sixteenth Congress (March 4, 1819 – March 3, 1821). He did not seek renomination in 1820.

### Later years

Following this, he was appointed register of the land office at Little Rock, Arkansas in 1821, and settled in that state. He was then secretary to the governor of Arkansas 1825-1828; appointed by Governor George Izard as subagent of the Quapaw in 1825, and served until his death.

### Death and burial

He died in Little Rock on July 16, 1835. Now, he is interred in Mount Holly Cemetery.
# Israeli barrier

Israeli barrier may refer to:
* Gaza–Israel barrier
* West Bank barrier
* Egypt–Israel barrier
# Robert Salus

Robert Salus (18 September 1877 in Plzeň - 1961 in Milan) was an Austrian-Czechs ophthalmologist known for describing Salus's sign. He studied at the German University in Prague, gaining his M.D. in 1902. He was habilitated in ophthalmology in 1909 and became professor of ophthalmology in Prague in 1916. He described rubeosis iridis in 1928, and vascular changes in hypertension in 1939. He was deported to Theresienstadt on July 8, 1943, and survived.
# Krępa Słupska

Krępa Słupska (German: Krampe) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Słupsk, within Słupsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Słupsk and 103 km (64 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Patrick Kavanagh (footballer, born 1919)

Patrick Kavanagh (22 June 1919 – 1 March 1993) was an Irish footballer of the 1940s, who played for the 1948 Irish Olympic team when they were knocked out of the 1948 Olympics by the Netherlands.
# Deputy inspector general of prisons

Deputy Inspector General of Prisons, shortened to DIG of Prisons or DIG Prisons, is a high-ranking official in the provincial prison service, usually the controlling officer or head of a region or circle of district, central, special and women jails/prisons, borstal institutions and remand homes within a province in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
# Chinchilla (language model)

Chinchilla is a family of large language models (LLMs) developed by the research team at Google DeepMind, presented in March 2022.

## Models

It is named "chinchilla" because it is a further development over a previous model family named Gopher. Both model families were trained in order to investigate the scaling laws of large language models.
It claimed to outperform GPT-3. It considerably simplifies downstream utilization because it requires much less computer power for inference and fine-tuning. Based on the training of previously employed language models, it has been determined that if one doubles the model size, one must also have twice the number of training tokens. This hypothesis has been used to train Chinchilla by DeepMind. Similar to Gopher in terms of cost, Chinchilla has 70B parameters and four times as much data.
Chinchilla has an average accuracy of 67.5% on the Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) benchmark, which is 7% higher than Gopher's performance. Chinchilla was still in the testing phase as of January 12, 2023.
Chinchilla contributes to developing an effective training paradigm for large autoregressive language models with limited compute resources. The Chinchilla team recommends that the number of training tokens is twice for every model size doubling, meaning that using larger, higher-quality training datasets can lead to better results on downstream tasks.
It has been used for the Flamingo vision-language model.

## Architecture

Both the Gopher family and Chinchilla family are families of transformer models.
In particular, they are essentially the same as GPT-2, with different sizes and minor modifications. Gopher family uses RMSNorm instead of LayerNorm; relative positional encoding rather than absolute positional encoding. The Chinchilla family is the same as the Gopher family, but trained with AdamW instead of Adam optimizer.
The Gopher family contains six models of increasing size, from 44 million parameters to 280 billion parameters. They refer to the largest one as "Gopher" by default. Similar naming conventions apply for the Chinchilla family.
Table 1 of shows the entire Gopher family:
Model specifications for Gopher family :
| Parameter count | Layers | Number of heads | Key/value size | Internal dimension | Max learning rate | Batch size |
| 44M | 8 | 16 | 32 | 512 | 6 × 10$^{−4}$ | 0.25M |
| 117M | 12 | 12 | 64 | 768 | 6 × 10$^{−4}$ | 0.25M |
| 417M | 12 | 12 | 128 | 1,536 | 2 × 10$^{−4}$ | 0.25M |
| 1.4B | 24 | 16 | 128 | 2,048 | 2 × 10$^{−4}$ | 0.25M |
| 7.1B | 32 | 32 | 128 | 4,096 | 1.2 × 10$^{−4}$ | 2M |
| Gopher 280B | 80 | 128 | 128 | 16,384 | 4 × 10$^{−5}$ | 3M → 6M |
Table 4 of compares the 70-billion-parameter Chinchilla with Gopher 280B.
Comparison between Chinchilla and Gopher :
| Parameter count | Layers | Number of heads | Key/value size | Internal dimension | Max learning rate | Batch size |
| Gopher 280B | 80 | 128 | 128 | 16,384 | 4 × 10$^{−5}$ | 3M → 6M |
| Chinchilla 70B | 80 | 64 | 128 | 8,192 | 1 × 10$^{−4}$ | 1.5M → 3M |
# George P. Sanger

George Partridge Sanger (November 27, 1819 – July 3, 1890) was an American lawyer, editor, judge, and businessman who served as the United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts from 1873 to 1886 and was the first president of the John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company.

## Early life

Sanger was born on November 27, 1819, in Dover, Massachusetts. He graduated from Harvard University in 1840 and after spending two years as a teacher in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, returned to Harvard as a Latin tutor and a law student.

## Legal career

Sanger graduated from Harvard Law School in 1844 and was admitted to the bar in 1846. He spent the next three years practicing law in Boston, first with Stephen Henry Phillips, and later with Charles G. Davis. In 1849, Sanger was named Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts.
Sanger was a member of the Charlestown Common Council from 1849 to 1850, and the Board of Aldermen from 1851 to 1853.
In January 1853, he was appointed to the staff of Governor John H. Clifford. In September of that year he was appointed District Attorney for Suffolk County, Massachusetts. The following year he was appointed Judge of the Massachusetts Court of Common Pleas. He remained on the bench until the Court was abolished in 1859.
In 1860, he was a member of the Boston Common Council.
From 1861 to 1869, Sanger again served as District Attorney for Suffolk County, Massachusetts.
In 1873, he was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Following the death of David H. Mason, President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Sanger United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts. He remained in this role until 1882.

## Editor

Sanger worked for Little, Brown and Company, where he was responsible for editing the Law Reporter and The United States Statutes at Large.
From 1842 to 1860, he was the editor of the American Almanac.

## John Hancock Insurance

On October 14, 1862, the John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company's Board of Directors elected Sanger the first president of the company. He held this position until August 1863.

## Personal life

Sanger married Elizabeth Sherburne Thompson of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1846. The couple had four sons:
* John White Sanger
* William Thompson Sanger
* George Partridge Sanger Jr.
* Charles Robert Sanger.

## Death

Sanger died on July 3, 1890, in Swampscott, Massachusetts.
# Władysław Dybowski

Władysław Dybowski (18 April 1838 – 27 August 1910) was a Polish zoologist, and a brother of Benedykt Dybowski. He mainly studied invertebrates, and specialized in the study of molluscs, including fossil species. He also worked on specimens sent by his brother from Siberia.
Dybowski was born in Adamaryna, Minsk district to Jan and Salomei née Przysiecka and studied at the Minsk Litewski gymnasium before going to the University of Dorpat. He received a gold medal for his dissertation on Silurian bryozoa and anthozoa. He received a PhD in 1878 for work on Silurian worms. He then lectured at the university before being forced by health problems to the estate of Umiastowski Niaňków in Niańkowo, Nowogródek in 1878. His brother Benedykt Dybowksi supplied him with specimens from Siberia, mainly aquatic invertebrates. Several new molluscs were described by Dybowski. From 1900 his heath deteriorated and he was taken care of by his sister Malwina Nargielewicz at Wojnowie where he lived until his death.
# Asen Vasilev

Asen Vaskov Vasilev (Bulgarian: Асен Васков Василев, born 9 September 1977) is a Bulgarian politician and economist who served as Deputy Prime Minister of Bulgaria from 2021 to 2022 and as Minister of Finance on three occasions from 2021 to 2024. A member of the PP party, which he co-founded and currently leads alongside Kiril Petkov, he is currently serving as Member of the National Assembly.

## Education

Vasilev earned a degree in economics from Harvard University in 2000 and continued studies at Harvard Business School.

## Professional career

Vasilev is a co-founder and president of Everbeard, an airline ticket pricing company. It is partly funded by the Singapore National Research Fund and the first Skype investor.
Vasilev was the co-founder and director of the Centre for Economic Strategy and Competitiveness. He is a lecturer in the Program for Economic Growth and Development, a branch of Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski” and with the Centre for Strategy and Competitiveness of Harvard Business School.
From 1999 to 2004, Vasilev worked as a consultant for Monitor Group in the US, Canada, Europe, and South Africa. He managed marketing and strategic development projects for large international companies in the fields of telecommunications, energy, mining, insurance, and several major consumer goods manufacturers.

## Political career

In 2013 Vasilev was Minister of Economy, Energy and Tourism in the caretaker government of Marin Raykov. From 12 May to 16 September 2021, he was Minister of Finance in the caretaker government of Stefan Yanev.
On 19 September 2021, together with Kiril Petkov, Vasilev presented his new political project "We continue the change". He was the leader of the party list in Haskovo and Sofia 23 for the 2021 Bulgarian general election on 14 November. The party won the most seats in the new parliament and formed a coalition government on 13 December 2021.
Vasilev became Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance in the short-lived Petkov government.
The Petkov government's mandate ended in late June 2022 after Prime Minister Kiril Petkov resigned following a no-confidence vote, and on 1 July President Rumen Radev asked Vasilev to form a new government.
One week later as prescribed by the constitution Vasilev informed the president that his party only had the support of 117 members, falling four short of the majority. "Unfortunately, we failed to gather enough support to implement the politics that our...government would have wanted to push through. We could not get the support needed to rid Bulgaria of corruption and make the state work for the people, instead of channeling taxpayers’ money into a few select companies that can use it to corrupt the political class. We hope that in the next elections, the additional four deputies will be elected by the people."
In May 2024 Vassilev became embroiled in a scandal revealed when someone leaked wiretaps of conversations that should have remained private.

## Other activities

* European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (since 2021)
# Krępsk

Krępsk is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Człuchów, within Człuchów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north-west of Człuchów and 118 km (73 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the historic region of Pomerania.
Krępsk was a royal village of the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Człuchów County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship.
# Mukut Parbat

Mukut Parbat or Mukut Parvat (Hindi: मुकुट पर्वत) is a mountain in Uttarakhand India, and the 20th highest located entirely within India. Nanda Devi, is the highest mountain in this category. Mukut Parbat 96th highest peak in the world. There are two summits, the first one is 7,242 m (23,760 ft) and other one is 7,130 m (23,392 ft). It falls under Kamet Zaskar Range.

## Climbing history

Mukut Parbat was first climbed in 1951 by a team from New Zealand through its sharp and steep western ridge. Edmund Cotter, Pasang Dawa Lama and Earle Riddiford reached its summit from the Dakhini Chamrao glacier which joins the Saraswati from the east. Mukut Parbat lies in the Zaskar Range which does not receive the heavy monsoon.

## Neighboring and subsidiary peaks

Mukut Parbat is surrounded by three principal neighboring or subsidiary peaks:
* Abi Gamin, 7,355 m (24,130 ft), prominence = 217 m 30°55′57″N 79°36′09″E﻿ / ﻿30.93250°N 79.60250°E﻿ / 30.93250; 79.60250
* Kamet, 7,756 m (24,130 ft), prominence = 2825 m 30°55′12″N 79°35′30″E﻿ / ﻿30.92000°N 79.59167°E﻿ / 30.92000; 79.59167
* Chamrao Parbat 6,910 m (22178 ft)30°59′24″N 79°31′45″E﻿ / ﻿30.99000°N 79.52917°E﻿ / 30.99000; 79.52917

## Glaciers and rivers

The West (Paschimi) Kamet Glacier. The branches of the West Kamet Glacier head on the western slopes of Kamet, Abi Gamin, and Mukut Parbat and Dakhini Chamrao glacier
# Peach!!/Heart of Xmas

"Peach!!/Heart of Xmas" is the thirteenth single by Japanese artist Masaharu Fukuyama. It was released on November 5, 1998. It reached #4 on the Oricon chart.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Fukuyama Masaharu

## Charts

| Chart (1998) | Peak position |
| Oricon daily singles | 4 |
| Oricon weekly singles | 4 |
# Mission Pass

Mission Pass is a historic mountain pass in the Bridge River-Lillooet Country of the Interior of British Columbia, Canada, around 20 km (12 mi) west of Lillooet, towards the west end of Seton Lake. The summit is 1,187 metres (3,894 ft) above sea level.
# In Transit (Saga album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
In Transit is a live album by Canadian progressive rock band Saga. The album was recorded at the Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle in Munich on February 5, 1982, and at the Tivoli Concert Hall in Copenhagen on February 22, 23, and 24, 1982. The album went platinum in Canada, selling 100,000 copies and gold in Germany, selling 250,000 copies. The album reached #10 in Canada October 23rd and was #58 in the Canadian year end chart.