OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Structural fracture mechanics

Structural fracture mechanics is the field of structural engineering concerned with the study of load-carrying structures that includes one or several failed or damaged components. It uses methods of analytical solid mechanics, structural engineering, safety engineering, probability theory, and catastrophe theory to calculate the load and stress in the structural components and analyze the safety of a damaged structure.
There is a direct analogy between fracture mechanics of solid and structural fracture mechanics:
Analogy between fracture mechanics of solid and structural fracture mechanics :
| | Fracture mechanics | Structural fracture mechanics |
| Model | Solid with a crack | Multi-component structure with a failed component |
| Defect driving force | Stress intensity factor | Overload stress |
| System property | Fracture toughness | Reserve ability / Structural robustness |
There are different causes of the first component failure:
* mechanical overload, fatigue (material), unpredicted scenario, etc.
* “human intervention” like unprofessional behavior or a terrorist attack.
There are two typical scenarios:
* A localized failure does NOT cause immediate collapse of the entire structure.
* The entire structure fails immediately after one of its components fails.
If the structure does not collapse immediately there is a limited period of time until the catastrophic structural failure of the entire structure. There is a critical number of structural elements that defines whether the system has reserve ability or not.
Safety engineers use the failure of the first component as an indicator and try to intervene during the given period of time to avoid the catastrophe of the entire structure. For example, “Leak-Before-Break” methodology means that a leak will be discovered prior to a catastrophic failure of the entire piping system occurring in service. It has been applied to pressure vessels, nuclear piping, gas and oil pipelines, etc.
The methods of structural fracture mechanics are used as checking calculations to estimate sensitivity of a structure to its component failure.
The failure of a complex system with parallel redundancy can be estimated based on probabilistic properties of the system elements.
# Vincent Pala

Vincent H Pala (born 14 February 1968) is an Indian politician belonging to Indian National Congress. He is serving as the incumbent MP from Shillong constituency in the 17th Lok Sabha.

## Early life and personal life

Vincent H Pala was born to John Dkhar and Hermelinda Pala on 14 February 1968, in Lamyrsiang village in East Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya. He graduated in civil engineering from Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College and later he worked as assistant chief engineer in the Public Works Department of the Government of Meghalaya.
He married Dimorine Tariang and has four daughters: Dr. Wanmancy, Daphihi, Fiola, and Azaria. He resides at Edamanry Cottage, Dhankheti, Shillong.

## Political career

Pala was a member of Shillong in the 2009 election. He held this seat in the 2014 elections and became a member of the 16th Lok Sabha. Pala had been elected to the 15th Lok Sabha in 2009 representing Shillong. This was the first time he stood as a candidate for the Lok Sabha election. Initially he worked as Union Minister of States, Water Resources and later was selected as the Union Minister of State, Minority Affairs. He was re-elected in the 2014 election and was a member of the 16th Lok Sabha representing Shillong. He was again re-elected in the 2019 election from Shillong in the 17th Lok Sabha.

## Positions held

Pala has also served in the following positions:
* President, Meghalaya Pradesh Congress Committee
* Chief Coordinator, Meghalaya Pradesh Congress Committee
* Asst. Chief Engineer, Public Works Department, 2000–2008, Government of Meghalaya
* Treasurer, Meghalaya Pradesh Congress Committee
# Frank Ludlow

Frank Ludlow OBE (10 August 1885 – 25 March 1972) was an English officer stationed in the British Mission at Lhasa and a naturalist.

## Life

He was born in Chelsea, London and studied at West Somerset County School and Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. Ludlow received a Bachelor of Arts from Cambridge in the natural science in 1908. During this time he studied botany under Professor Marshal Ward, father of Frank Kingdon-Ward. He taught at Sind College Karachi (where he became vice principal and professor of biology and lecturer in English).
During World War I he was commissioned into the Indian Army Reserve of Officers as a Second Lieutenant 22 July 1916 and was attached to the 1st battalion, 97th Deccan Infantry 31 January 1917. He was promoted Lieutenant 22 July 1917.
After the war he went into the Indian Education Service.
In the Birthday Honours 1927 (London Gazette 3 June 1927) he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. In 1927 he retired to Srinagar, Kashmir and travelled extensively in the Himalayas including Tibet and Kashmir. In 1929 he met George Sherriff while staying in Kashgar with the consul general Frederick Williamson. He later took charge of the British Mission in Lhasa from 1942 to 1943. During his time in India he studied natural history and collected birds and botanical specimens. He made expeditions to parts of the Himalayas and Tibet along with George Sherriff (1898-1967).
He collected nearly 7000 bird specimens which are now in the Natural History Museum. The species Alcippe ludlowi, Bhutanitis ludlowi and several other taxa including a subspecies of hedgehog (originally described as Paraechinus ludlowi Thomas) Paraechinus aethiopicus ludlowi Thomas from Hit, Iraq are named after him.
# S17 (St. Gallen S-Bahn)

The S17 is a railway service of the St. Gallen S-Bahn that provides hourly service between Sargans and Rapperswil, connecting stations in the cantons of St. Gallen and Glarus. Südostbahn (SOB), a private company primarily owned by the federal government and the canton of St. Gallen, operates the service.
On its journey, the S17 passes three disused railway stations: Bollingen, Weesen and Mols.

## Operations

The S17 operates hourly between Sargans and Rapperswil, using the Ziegelbrücke–Sargans and Rapperswil–Ziegelbrücke railway lines. The S6 also operates between Rapperswil and Ziegelbrücke, combining with the S17 for half-hourly service, with calls at every station. Between Uznach and Rapperswil, the S17 and S6 are additionally supported by the S4 and IR Voralpen-Express, both of which do not call at intermediate stations.
The three hours long Alpstein round trip (until December 2023 offered by the former S4 circle line), is still possible by combining the S4 and S17 services. At Sargans, the S17 continues as the S4 in direction of travel (and the S4 continues as S17 in the other direction), so that no change of trains is required; however, passengers do need to change trains either at Uznach or Rapperswil for the complete round trip.

## Route

S17 Rapperswil – Uznach – Ziegelbrücke – Sargans
* Sargans
* Mels
* Flums
* Walenstadt
* Unterterzen
* Murg
* Mühlehorn
* Ziegelbrücke
* Schänis
* Benken
* Uznach
* Schmerikon
* Blumenau
* Rapperswil

### Connections to boat lines and cable car

* Rapperswil and Schmerikon are close to landing stages on Lake Zurich (Obersee) served by the ZSG shipping company
* Mühlehorn, Murg and Unterterzen are close to landing stages on Lake Walen served by the Schiffsbetrieb Walensee
* Unterterzen is also close to the valley station of the cable car to Flumserberg resort area

## History

Prior to the 10 December 2023 timetable change, service over the Ziegelbrücke–Sargans railway line was provided by the S4, which operated in a bidirectional circular fashion. The expansion to dual track between Uznach and Schmerikon (constructed between 2021 and 2023) on the Rapperswil–Ziegelbrücke railway line permitted expanded service between Rapperswil and Uznach. The S4 was rerouted to run between Sargans and Rapperswil via St. Gallen, while Sargans to Rapperswil via Ziegelbrücke became the new S17.
# Amir Ali

Amir Ali or variants may refer to:
* Amir Ali (judge) (born 1985), American federal judge
* Amir Ali (Indian cricketer) (1939–1985), Indian cricketer
* Aamir Ali (born 1977), Indian television actor and model
* Aamir Ali (cricketer) (born 2002), Pakistani cricketer
* Syed Ameer Ali (1849–1928), Indian lawyer and scholar
* Aamer Ali (born 1978), Pakistani cricketer who plays for Oman
# Oleg Belakovsky

Oleg (Samuil) Markovich Belakovsky (Russian: Оле́г (Самуи́л) Ма́ркович Белако́вский; September 6, 1921, Yelisavetgrad, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union — July 19, 2015, Moscow) was a Soviet sports doctor, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation, Colonel of Medical Service in retired.

## Biography

Since 1955, directly involved in the training of medical support national top athletes and teams CSKA in various sports competitions to the charge. Is engaged to work with the national teams of the USSR and the Russian football and hockey, is a doctor of the USSR team in football - Olympic champion Melbourne (1956) and hockey — the champion of the Olympic Winter Games in Sapporo (1972), Innsbruck (1976), on the other responsible competitions (World and European championships in football and hockey, the first meeting with Canadian professionals in 1972 and 1974). As a physician Soviet national hockey team was repeatedly awarded with gold, silver and bronze medals at the World and European Championships.
Belakovsky is one of the authors of the introduction of the practice of medical support army sportsmen Brigadier method of medical examinations, a comprehensive approach to the restoration of the sick and injured athletes. They proposed a number of methods for determining the functional state of athletes, effective in practical activities medical teams.
Students whom Belakovsky currently run by the medical service of CSKA, are doctors of Russian national teams in various sports.
# Aretsou metro station

Aretsou (Greek: Αρετσού, listen) is an under-construction metro station serving Thessaloniki Metro's Line 2. The station gets its name from the neighbourhood it is in, Nea Aretsou, which in turn is named after the ancient Greek colony of Arethousa, modern-day Darıca. It is expected to enter service in 2025.
# Beiler

Beiler is a surname of German origin. Notable people with the surname include:
* Anna Fisher Beiler (1848–1904), British-born American missionary, newspaper editor
* Anne F. Beiler (born 1949), American businesswoman
* Egon Beiler (born 1953), Canadian sport wrestler
* Nadine Beiler (born 1990), Austrian singer
# Nakajima Matsuchi

Nakajima Matsuchi (中島 待乳, 1850–1938) was a Japanese photographer. He was taught by Yokoyama Matsusaburō.
# Gwynfi United F.C.

Gwynfi United F.C. is a Welsh football club from Blaengwynfi, a village in the Neath Port Talbot area of South Wales. They play in the Port Talbot Football League. The club played in the Welsh Football League for eleven seasons from 1996–97 until 2006–07 when they resigned from the league and their results from the season were expunged.

## History

Gwynfi United were an established club in the South Wales Amateur League, winning the Division Two title in 1985 and 1995. Newly promoted to Division One, Gwynfi won the league title, and joined the Welsh Football League.
The club won the Division Three title in their first season in the Welsh League. In 1999, they finished second in Division Two, achieving promotion to Division One, at the second tier of Welsh football. The following season they finished ninth, which was their highest ever league finish. In 2005, they were relegated to Division Two, and were again relegated the next season, returning to Division Three. In January 2007, the club resigned from the Welsh League, and took the place of their reserve team in the Port Talbot Football League.
In 2008, Gwynfi were promoted to the Port Talbot League Premier Division, following a second place finish in Division One. In their first season in the Premier Division they finished second, 18 points behind last season's Division One champions Real Bay View.
In 2012, Gwynfi left the Port Talbot League, following a 4th place finish in the Premier Division.

## Welsh Football League history

Information in this section is sourced from the Football Club History Database.
| Season | Pyramid Tier | League | Final position |
| 1996–97 | 4 | Welsh Football League Division Three | 1st - Champions (promoted) |
| 1997–98 | 3 | Welsh Football League Division Two | 4th |
| 1998–99 | 3 | Welsh Football League Division Two | 2nd - Runners-Up (promoted) |
| 1999–2000 | 2 | Welsh Football League Division One | 9th |
| 2000–01 | 2 | Welsh Football League Division One | 12th |
| 2001–02 | 2 | Welsh Football League Division One | 10th |
| 2002–03 | 2 | Welsh Football League Division One | 14th |
| 2003–04 | 2 | Welsh Football League Division One | 15th |
| 2004–05 | 2 | Welsh Football League Division One | 17th (relegated) |
| 2005–06 | 3 | Welsh Football League Division Two | 18th (relegated) |
| 2006–07 | 4 | Welsh Football League Division Three | Resigned from the league (record expunged) |

### Notes
## Honours

* Welsh Football League Division Three – Champions: 1996–97
* Welsh Football League Division Two – Runners-up: 1997–98
* South Wales Amateur League Division One – Champions: 1995–96
* South Wales Amateur League Division Two – Champions: 1984–85, 1994–95
* Port Talbot Football League Premier Division – Champions: 2019–20
# Vanderbilt

Vanderbilt may refer to:

## People

* Vanderbilt (surname)
* Vanderbilt family

## Places

In the United States:
* Vanderbilt, California, a former gold-mining town
* Vanderbilt, Michigan, a village
* Vanderbilt, Nevada, a ghost town
* Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site, Hyde Park, NY
* Vanderbilt, Texas, a census-designated place
* Vanderbilt, Pennsylvania, a borough
* Vanderbilt Avenue, three New York City streets
* Vanderbilt University, a private research university in Nashville, Tennessee, USA
** Vanderbilt Commodores, the athletics program of Vanderbilt University
* Vanderbilt Museum, in Centerport, New York, built with a bequest from William Kissam Vanderbilt II

## Other uses

* One Vanderbilt, a skyscraper in New York City
* Vanderbilt Club, a bidding system in the game of contract bridge, devised by Harold S. Vanderbilt
* Vanderbilt Cup, in American auto racing
* George Vanderbilt Sumatran Expedition
* Vanderbilt Mortgage and Finance, specializes in mortgages for manufactured homes
* Vanderbilt Prep, a fictitious private school in Degrassi
* Vanderbilt Trophy, a bridge-playing tournament
* Vanderbilt Tender, a type of steam locomotive tender with a round water tank
* USCS Vanderbilt, a survey ship in service with the United States Coast Survey from 1842 to 1855
* USS Vanderbilt, a passenger steamship converted to a cruiser during the American Civil War
* Condado Vanderbilt Hotel in Puerto Rico
# KM Arau

KM Arau is an offshore patrol vessel operated by the Malaysian Coast Guard. She was the second ship transferred from the Japan Coast Guard together with KM Pekan and KM Marlin. KM Arau was formerly known as Oki (PL-01) in the Japan Coast Guard.

## Overview

KM Arau has a length of 87 metres (285 ft 5 in) and displaces 993 tons. The ship is crewed by a contingent of 54. KM Arau has a helicopter deck to operate one medium-sized helicopter.
# Sergei Petrovich Trubetskoy

Prince Sergei Petrovich Trubetskoy (Russian: Серге́й Петро́вич Трубецко́й; 29 August 1790 – 22 November 1860) was one of the organizers of the Decembrist movement. Close to Nikita Mikhailovich Muravyov in his views, he was declared the group's leader on the eve of the December 26 uprising in 1825 but failed to appear, and instead sought refuge in the Austrian embassy.

## Early years

Trubetskoy was born in the noble Trubetskoy family. His father was Prince Pyotr Sergeyevich Troubetzkoy (1760–1817). His mother, Daria (d. 1796), was a daughter of the Georgian prince Alexander Bakarovich Gruzinsky.
Troubetzkoy received home education, in 1806 he started attending lectures at Moscow University. In 1808 he entered Leib Guards Semyonovsky regiment. As a soldier, he participated in all significant battles of the Sixth Coalition campaign in 1812-1814 including the Battle of Borodino, the Battle of Maloyaroslavets, the Battle of Lützen, the battle of Bautzen, and the Battle of Kulm, and received many orders. In the Battle of Leipzig he was badly wounded. After the war, he continued military service and in 1821 he was promoted to colonel.

## Decembrists

After the war Trubetskoy became a Freemason, a member of the Lodge of the Three Virtues. He was among the founders of the first proto-Decembrists societies - the Union of Salvation (1816) and later the Union of Prosperity (1819). The two unions were largely based on freemasonry. They sought gradual improvement of the Russian Empire, but had not adopted some goals the Decembrists did later: complete abolition of serfdom, introduction of constitution and constitutionally secured liberties, abolition of privileges of upper estates of the realm. In 1819 Trubetskoy went abroad for treatment. When he returned in 1821 he found the Union had ceased to exist. Trubetskoy was one of the founders and leaders of the Northern Society. Trubestkoy advocated Constitutional monarchy, but other Decembrists desired revolution, to execute the tsar and establish a republic (e.g. Ryleev and Pestel). He was elected "dictator" but did not come to Senate Square, most probably because he expected the revolt to fail.
He was arrested the next day at the apartments of Count Ludwig Lebzeltern, his brother-in-law and the Austrian Empire's minister to St. Petersburg.

## Katorga and exile

Trubetskoy was sentenced to death but the sentence was changed to katorga for life in Nerchinsk coal mines. Trubetskoy's wife Ekaterina Laval (a rich heiress of Ekaterina Kozitskaya's fortune) went to exile with him. Her feat (she voluntarily renounced all wealth and privileges and subjected herself to hard life in katorga) was subject of a famous poem by Nekrasov. In 1839 his family was allowed to live in exile in Irkutsk, and he eventually also received permission. In 1854 his wife died. In 1856, along with other surviving Decembrists, he was granted amnesty, his children were given their titles, and he was able to return from Siberia. He wrote memoirs which were published for the first time in 1863 by Alexander Herzen in London.
# Daxlanden

Daxlanden is a district of Karlsruhe, Germany. The former fishing village lies west of the city center of Karlsruhe, near the Rhine on the river Alb and comprises about 11,500 inhabitants.
The district is further divided into Alt-Daxlanden, Neu-Daxlanden, Daxlanden-Ost and Rheinstrandsiedlung.

## History

Daxlanden was first mentioned in 1261 as "villa daslar" in a papal document. However, the place is certainly older, as indicated by existence of the Weißenburg Monastery and Gottesaue Monastery.
In 1396, the "Appen Mill" in Daxlanden was first mentioned upon its donation to the hospital in Baden (today Baden-Baden). The Appen Mill remained property of the hospital until into the 18th century and was the official mill of the surrounding boroughs Bulach, Beiertheim, Daxlanden, Mühlburg and Knielingen.
In 1407, Archbishop to Cologne Friedrich III. von Saarwerden settled a dispute over hunting rights in the "Daheslarerau" and surrounding areas between Rupert, King of Germany, and Bernard I, Margrave of Baden-Baden in favour of the former.
In 1463, Daxlanden established its own parish, previously it belonged to the parish of Forchheim. With the division of the Margraviate of Baden, Daxlanden was designated to Baden-Baden and belonged therewith to the Ettlingen Council. The boom years Gold panning in the gold fields in Daxlanden were in 1579. From the 18th century on they have been fruitless.
On the 6th of March 1651 the worst catastrophe in the history of Daxlanden occurred. A break in the dam on the Rhein destroyed 700 acres of fields, 20 houses and the local church. As a consequence of this, half of Daxlanden was at risk of dropping into the Rhein. Following many such flooding catastrophes afflicting the borough, a new Daxlanden was established on a high bank further from the Rhein.
In 1665, the Appen Mill that had been destroyed in the Thirty Years War was rebuilt.
1673/77 saw new dams for the Rhein being constructed around Daxlanden and Rappenwörth. It had been attempted many times to restrain the Rhein through dam building.
# Italian destroyer Cesare Battisti

Cesare Battisti was one of four Sauro-class destroyers built for the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) in the 1920s. Completed in 1927, she served in World War II.

## Design and description

The Sauro-class destroyers were enlarged and improved versions of the preceding Sella class. They had an overall length of 90.16 meters (296 ft), a beam of 9.2 meters (30 ft 2 in) and a mean draft of 2.9 meters (9 ft 6 in). They displaced 1,058 metric tons (1,041 long tons) at standard load, and 1,600 metric tons (1,570 long tons) at deep load. Their complement was 8–10 officers and 146 enlisted men.
The Sauros were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam supplied by three Yarrow boilers. The turbines were rated at 36,000 shaft horsepower (27,000 kW) for a speed of 31 knots (57 km/h; 36 mph) in service, although Cesare Battisti reached a speed of 37 knots (69 km/h; 43 mph) from 41,280 shp (30,780 kW) during her sea trials while lightly loaded. The ships carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of 2,600 nautical miles (4,800 km; 3,000 mi) at a speed of 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph).
Their main battery consisted of four 120-millimeter (4.7 in) guns in two twin-gun turrets, one each fore and aft of the superstructure. Anti-aircraft (AA) defense for the Sauro-class ships was provided by a pair of 40-millimeter (1.6 in) AA guns in single mounts amidships and a pair of 13.2-millimeter (0.52 in) machine guns. They were equipped with six 533-millimeter (21 in) torpedo tubes in two triple mounts amidships. The Sauros could also carry 52 mines.

## Construction and career

Cesar Battisti was laid down by Odero-Terni-Orlando at their Genoa-Sestri Ponente shipyard on 9 February 1924, launched on 11 December 1926 and commissioned on 13 April 1927.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 4 Whitley, p. 160
* 1 2 3 Fraccaroli, p. 47
* 1 2 Roberts, p. 298
* ↑ McMurtrie, p. 281
# Leroy S. Chase

Leroy S. Chase (May 16, 1840 – March 28, 1926) was an American farmer, educator, and Republican politician. He was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly for two terms, representing southeast Winnebago County.

## Biography

Chase was born on May 16, 1840, in Woodstock, Maine. During the last year of the American Civil War, he served with the 46th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment of the Union Army.
Chase was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly during the 1875 and 1876 sessions. Previously, he was Town Supervisor of Omro, Wisconsin, in 1873. He was a Republican.
Chase died on March 28, 1926, in Long Beach, California.
# Sofie Pintens

Sofie Pintens (born 2 October 1974) is a former Belgian female short track speed skater. She competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics.
Sofie Pintens is the younger sister of Bea Pintens.