OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Perdition Peak

Perdition Peak is a 7,675-foot (2,339-metre) mountain summit located in North Cascades National Park in Skagit County of Washington state. The peak lies 1.33 mi (2.14 km) northwest of Dorado Needle and 2.12 mi (3.41 km) northwest of Eldorado Peak. It can be seen from the North Cascades Highway west of Marblemount at a road pullout alongside the Skagit River. Perdition Peak is the highest peak of Backbone Ridge, and other peaks on this ridge include In Spirit Point, Cervical Point, Thoracic Point, Lumbar Point, The Sacrum, and The Coccyx. The first ascent of the peak was made on August 27, 1967, by John Roper via the serrated west ridge. Being a doctor, Roper named some of his many first ascents for anatomical parts of the body. Precipitation runoff and glacier meltwater from the mountain drains into tributaries of the Skagit River.

## Climate

Perdition Peak is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts coming off the Pacific Ocean travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach the North Cascades, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range (orographic lift), causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades. As a result, the west side of the North Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in high avalanche danger. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer.

## Geology

The North Cascades features some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks, spires, ridges, and deep glacial valleys. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to the various climate differences.
The history of the formation of the Cascade Mountains dates back millions of years ago to the late Eocene Epoch. With the North American Plate overriding the Pacific Plate, episodes of volcanic igneous activity persisted. In addition, small fragments of the oceanic and continental lithosphere called terranes created the North Cascades about 50 million years ago.
During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured and shaped the landscape. A small glacial remnant lies on the south slope of Perdition Peak, whereas the northern slope maintains the more extensive Perdition and Backbone Glaciers. The U-shaped cross section of the river valleys is a result of recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the North Cascades area.

## Gallery

* Perdition Peak (left) and Eldorado Peak seen from North Cascades Highway near Rockport.
* Perdition Peak centered with Backbone Ridge to left and Dorado Needle in upper right. This view looking north from Hidden Lake Peaks.
# Francis Jones (physicist)

Francis Edgar Jones (16 January 1914 – 10 April 1988) was a British physicist who co-developed the Oboe blind bombing system.

## Education

Jones was born in Wolverhampton, the son of a teacher. In 1921 the family moved to Dagenham, Essex, where he attended the Royal Liberty School at Romford. He then attended King's College London.

## Research

During World War II Jones worked in the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) and collaborated with Alec Harley Reeves to develop the Oboe blind bombing system. After the war he directed investigations in the Basic Research Division of TRE on the detection and properties of infra-red and millimetre-wave radiation. He also made very accurate measurements of propagation velocity of electro-magnetic radiation at radio frequencies and studied applications of radar in meteorology. He became Deputy Head of the Division (later renamed the Physics Department, Royal Radar Establishment)
In 1953, as Chief Scientific Officer and Deputy Director, Royal Aircraft Establishment (Farnborough), he initiated joint rocket programme with Royal Society for exploration of upper atmosphere and, together with Desmond King-Hele, studied the orbits of artificial satellites. In 1957 he was co-author with R.A. Smith and R.P. Chasmar of The Detection and Measurement of Infra-Red Radiation.

## Awards and honours

Jones was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1969. He was awarded an MBE in 1945.
# Johnsen–Rahbek effect

The Johnsen–Rahbek effect occurs when an electric potential is applied across the boundary between a metallic surface and the surface of a semiconducting material or a polyelectrolyte. Under these conditions an attractive force appears, whose magnitude depends on the voltage and the specific materials involved. The attractive force is much larger than would be produced by Coulombic attraction.
The effect is named after Danish engineers F. A. Johnsen and K. Rahbek, the first to investigate the effect at length.
# Draka, Bulgaria

Draka is a village in Sredets Municipality, in Burgas Province, in southeastern Bulgaria. As of 2012, this rural settlement has a population of fewer than 100 people.

## Overview

The village has a local shop, a community center, and a small stream running through its grounds. Draka is also known for its traditional lifestyle, where some residents still maintain beekeeping, livestock such as goats and sheep, and use old-style carts pulled by donkeys or horses.
# Sydney Carnival

The Sydney Carnival, a.k.a. Sydney Autumn Carnival, is a major Australian Thoroughbred racing series held in Sydney in March and April each year. It consists of six weeks of racing conducted by Australian Turf Club across the city's two primary racecourses: Royal Randwick and Rosehill Gardens. The most important races include the AAMI Golden Slipper Stakes, the world's richest race for two-year-old horses, the BMW Stakes, the Rosehill Guineas, the Australian Derby, the Doncaster Handicap and the Sydney Cup. The 2015 Sydney Autumn Carnival consists of 20 Group 1 races, and offers $26.5 million in prize money.

## New Format - "The Championships"

Inaugurated in 2014 and dubbed "The Grand Finals of Australian Racing", The Championships is held on two days over the Easter Holiday period. The Championships have combined previous stand alone races such as the Doncaster Mile, The Australian Derby, the Queen Elizabeth Stakes and The Sydney Cup into two weekends of racing with nearly $10 million prize money on offer each Saturday. The 2015 Championships will be hosted at Royal Randwick, known as the home of Thoroughbred racing in Sydney. Racing days are 4 and 11 April 2015.
The Championships is attempting to attract global interest in Sydney Racing, and in 2015 six international horses will be participating. The Canterbury racetrack, after being granted federal government approval, is to be used as a quarantine training and stabling area for overseas horses.
In 2014, The Queen Elizabeth Stakes prize money was raised to $4 million, becoming the richest race of the Sydney Autumn Carnival. Another iconic race is the Doncaster Mile, which offers $3 million in prize money.
# Oretab Talai

Oretab Talai (also Talai) is one of the ortinwek or clans of the Kalenjin, a Nilotic tribe living in East Africa. Nandi Talai elders gained particular notability during the 2022 Kenyan general elections when a blessing ritual they performed on then Deputy President William Ruto gained symbolism as an act perceived as bestowing not just community leadership but also future national leadership. Much was made in the commentary surrounding the event of the fact that Nandi Talai elders had performed similar blessing rituals for the late Kenyan Presidents Jomo Kenyatta, Daniel Arap Moi, Mwai Kibaki and even the former Prime Minister Raila Odinga before they ascended to national leadership positions.
The perception of symbolism was heightened when Gideon Moi, former president Daniel Arap Moi's son and political heir, and William Ruto's primary competitor for regional political dominance at the time, attempted to have the blessings conferred upon him but was blocked. He later had the ceremony carried out by Nandi Talai elders from the Kapsisiywo family at Kabarak, the Moi family's seat of political power, both these events made national news and were widely commented upon.
The Nandi Talai have traditionally been noted for being the oret of the Orkoiik, most famously Koitalel and Kimnyole. The family later gave rise to the Kipsigis Orkoinotet which was established by Kipeles Arap Kipchomber, son of Kimnyole.

## Tiondo / Totem

The totem of the Talai among the Nandi and Kipsigis is the lion.

## The Pokot Talai

There are two Pokot Talai clans. One has the White Necked Raven as their totem. This group trace their roots to Teyoi hill commonly known as Patar hill in Cherangani ranges and is believed to have had the Lion originally as their totem.
The other Talai clan has baboon as their totem. They usually write their clan name as Talay and they trace the clan origin to Tapasiat, which is now known by its Karamojong name, Moroto.

## Role in the Nandi resistance

See; Nandi Resistance
The Talai and in particular the person and family of the Orkoiyot, Koitalel, were active participants and drivers of the Nandi Resistance. The clan suffered the brunt of the efforts to suppress the resistance.

### Colonial oppression & rights abuse

In 2022 a group of more than 100,000 Kenyans from the Kipsigis Talai clan wrote to Prince William to seek an apology, and his support for reparations for human rights abuses they claimed that they suffered during the British colonial settlement. A UN inquiry from 2021 had determined that gross human rights violations were committed particularly against the clan, including unlawful killing, sexual violence, torture, and arbitrary detention and displacement.

## Families
### Nandi

Among the Nandi, noted Talai families include the Kapturgat, the Kapsogon, the Kapchesang, the Kapmararsoi and the Kapsonet.

## Famous Talai

* Kimnyole arap Turukat
* Koitalel arap Samoei
* Barsirian arap Manyei
* Eliud Kipchoge
* Luke kibiwott arapjapan
# ANB Futbol

ANB Futbol was a Canadian semi-professional soccer club based in King, Ontario. The club was founded in 2007, as a soccer academy, and added its semi-professional club in League1 Ontario in 2014.
The club was one of the ten original founding men's teams in League1 Ontario, which was established in 2014, as well as one of eight original founding women’s teams in the women's division, which was established in 2015. Both teams withdrew from the league following the 2015 season. The club continues to remain active as a youth soccer academy.

## History

In 2007, ANB Futbol was launched as the academy division of parent company ANB Soccer Inc. by founder Bassam Naim.
In 2014, the semi-professional club was established to play in the newly formed League1 Ontario as one of the founding members. They were one of the three Ontario Soccer Association Recognized Non-Club Academies permitted to enter a team in the league, as well as one of three original clubs located in York Region. The club was based out of The Country Day School, but had to play its home matches out of the OSA Centre in Vaughan due to league stadium and lighting requirements. They played their inaugural match on June 1, 2014 against Woodbridge Strikers.
They added a women's club to participate in the inaugural League1 Ontario women's season. ANB Futbol did not renew their league license for the 2016 for either team, ending their participation in the league.
In 2021, they formed a partnership with League1 Ontario club 1812 FC Barrie, being set to take over and manage all aspects of 1812's technical staff beginning in the 2022 season, however, in early 2022, 1812 FC ceased operations and departed League1 Ontario.

## Seasons

Men
| Season | League | Teams | Record | Rank | Playoffs | League Cup | Ref |
| 2014 | League1 Ontario | 9 | 6–4–6 | 5th | – | Group Stage | |
| 2015 | League1 Ontario | 12 | 12–3–7 | 6th | – | Semi-finals | |
Women
| Season | League | Teams | Record | Rank | Playoffs | League Cup | Ref |
| 2015 | League1 Ontario | 7 | 4–1–13 | 5th | – | Group Stage | |

## Notable former players

The following players have either played at the professional or international level, either before or after playing for the League1 Ontario team:
* Oladapo Afolayan
* Raheem Edwards
* Adonijah Reid
# Church of Our Lady, Assens

The Church of Our Lady in Assens is located on (Fyn). It is a Church of Denmark parish church.

## History

The main chapel on the north side of the church and the lower, square part of the tower are remains of a Romanesque church. In 1488 the church stood in its present form. The Catholic past of the building is heralded in a monstrance, now located to the right of the altar, and a stoup in what was then the porch.
After the Reformation, it came into use as a protestant church. It underwent rough-handed restoration work in 1842-56 and 1881-84.

## Architecture

The church is a three-nave church built in large, red brick of the type in Denmark known as monk stone (munkesten). Typically of Gothic churches, the roofs of the aisles are lower than that of the central nave, allowing light to enter through clerestory windows.
The tower stands at 48 metres. Its octagonal upper part is unusual in Danish church architecture, the only similar design is that of the five towers of Church of Our Lady in Kalundborg.

## Furnishings

The altarpiece dates from about 1620. The painting is from 1826 and by Dankvart Dreyer. It was a gift from the painter who was born in Assens and settled there again later in life. Another work by a local artist found in the church is a marble angel created by the sculptor Jens Adolf Jerichau who was born in Assens in 1816, incidentally the same year as Dreyer.
The pulpit, from the second half of the 17th century, was made in Hans Nielsen Bangs's workshop and is decorated with woodcarvings depicting scenes from the Passion on the sides, and nine wooden figures on the edges, probably representing nine of the disciples. Figures of the last three disciples may have decorated the stairs leading up to the pulpit. It also has an hour glass from the 18th century, probably to ensure that the priest's services did not last more than one hour.
The wrought iron balustrade of the altar rails feature a crossed hammer and key, the trademark of King Christian IV's court smith, Casper Finck.
The pews are from 2007. Individual chairs were introduced as seating in the early 1940s. They have an integrated sound system in the backrests and heated seats.
* The altar
* Altar piece
* Pulpit
* Bronze font, 1910
* Jerichau's marble angel

## Burials

More than 450 people were buried inside the church in the 18th century. Some were covered with richly decorated tomb stones while others were covered with brick or simple wooden planks. All the burials were removed from the church in the beginning of the 19th century when burials inside churches were abolished due to health risk. The tomb stones were then placed along the external walls of the church.
# Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research

The Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research (CIFAR no relation to the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research) was a research institute created via collaboration between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and The Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) and the Arctic research community through the University of Alaska for research related to the Western Arctic, specifically the Bering Sea region. The institute dissolved in 2018 due to a discontinuation in funding.
CIFAR was established through a Memorandum of Understanding between NOAA and the University of Alaska. CIFAR was exclusively concerned with Arctic research. It worked closely with NOAA's Arctic Research Office and the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL). Partnerships with NOAA also included the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the National Ocean Service (NOS), and an emerging relationship with the National Weather Service.

## Research
### Key research areas

Source:
* Ecosystem Forecasting and Studies
* Coastal Hazards
* Climate Change and Variability
A key funded research study awarded to the institute was The Russian-American Long-term Census of the Arctic (RUSALCA). It was a US-Russian joint research program in the Bering and Chukchi Seas which focused on sampling and instrument deployment in US and Russian waters. The long term goals of the project were to understand the causes and effects of the reduction in sea ice in the aforementioned areas of the Arctic Ocean, partially to understand climate change better.
# 2M

2M or 2-M may refer to:
* 2m, or two metres
* 2 million
* Amateur radio 2-meter band
* 2M (alliance), a container shipping industry alliance between Maersk Line and MSC
* 2M TV, a Moroccan state-owned TV station
* Moldavian Airlines, IATA airline designator 2M
* a prefix used by the Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS)
# Espoo Cathedral

Espoo Cathedral (Finnish: Espoon tuomiokirkko, Swedish: Esbo domkyrka) is a medieval parish church and cathedral in Espoo, Finland. It is the seat of the Evangelical Lutheran Diocese of Espoo, established in 2004. The cathedral is located in the district of Espoon keskus, near the Espoonjoki river. The oldest parts of the church were completed in the 1480s and it is thus the oldest preserved building in the city.
The church became a cathedral in 2004 after the Diocese of Espoo was split off from the Diocese of Helsinki. The cathedral grounds include a graveyard, a vicarage and a parish hall completed in 1995. In addition to being the seat of the Diocese of Espoo, it serves as the church for the Espoo Cathedral Parish and hosts various concerts and other events including the "Organ Night and Aria" concert series.

## History

The church was originally designed in the late 15th century by an unknown "Espoo master" and built between 1485 and 1490 under his supervision. The only remaining parts of the medieval church are the eastern and western parts of the nave. The weapons room was removed between 1804 and 1806 and certain other parts of the church, including the original sacristy, were taken apart between 1821 and 1823 when the building was converted into a more spacious cruciform church.
The vaults and walls of the older parts of the cathedral are decorated with murals, largely painted in the 1510s, that depict both biblical scenes and events in the daily life of the people. The paintings were covered in the 18th century as they were thought to be "crude and superstitious" but uncovered again and conserved during renovations in 1931. The current campanile of the cathedral was completed in 1767 and its top part was redone between 1868 and 1869.

## Image gallery

* Fresco
* Frescos
* Interior
* Pulpit
* Organ
* Organ
* Vault
* View from pew
# Ch'usiqani

Ch'usiqani (Aymara ch'usiqa (barn) owl,-ni a suffix to indicate ownership, "the one with the owl (or owls)", also spelled Chusekani) is a mountain northeast of the Apolobamba mountain range in the Andes of Bolivia, about 4,260 metres (13,976 ft) high. It is located in the La Paz Department, Franz Tamayo Province, in the north of the Pelechuco Municipality. Ch'usiqani lies near the Peruvian border, west of Yawa Yawa and southeast of Chawpi Wayq'u.
# Subhasish Chakraborty

Subhasish Chakraborty is an Indian politician, served in the Rajya Sabha.
# Qingjing Mosque

The Qingjing Mosque (Chinese: 清净寺; Arabic: مسجد الأصحاب, romanized: Masjid al-Aṣḥāb), also known as the Ashab Mosque, is a mosque located in the city of Quanzhou, Fujian, China. It is found on Tumen Street. In 2021, the mosque was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List along with other sites in and around Quanzhou because of its religious significance in the Song and Yuan dynasties, its importance to the medieval maritime trade of China, and its testimony to the global exchange of ideas and cultures during that time.

## History

Constructed in 1009, the Arab style mosque is the oldest of its kind in China.

## Architecture

Its area is 2,500 square metres. Many Song dynasty mosques were built in this Arabian style in coastal cities, due to communities of Arab merchants living in them. the entrance of Quanzhou Qingjingsi Mosque (Chinese: 泉州清净寺; pinyin: Quán Zhōu Qīng Jìng Sì) is the only example of stone entrances in mainland China. The inscriptions of the Quanzhou Qingjingsi mosque was dominated by the Arabic language.
# Tantkyitaung Pagoda

Tantkyitaung Pagoda (Burmese: တန့်ကြည့်တောင်စေတီ), located across the Ayeyarwady River in Pakokku District, Magway Division, Myanmar (Burma) is a prominent Burmese Buddhist pagoda near the historic city of Bagan, believed to enshrine four tooth relics of Gautama Buddha.
It was built by King Anawrahta in 397 ME on Tantkyi Hill, where the royal white elephant bearing the tooth relics rested for the second time, after it sat at a place, market by Shin Myethna Thettawshay Pagoda, then at a place where heavy rains fell, market by Shin Mogaung Pagoda, and at a place where the elephant mustered its strength, market by Sin Min Thwin Pagoda.
Tantkyitaung Pagoda is 90 feet (27 m) high with the base of 60 feet (18 m). Its nine tiers of umbrella contains a silver vane and the diamond bud. It has been renovated in successive periods. It has a depiction of The Buddha, a statue of Ananda and that of the forest guardian. A look down from the pagoda platform reveals the head of a dragon protruding from the walling down below. It is said that the tail end of this likeness of the dragon is around the site of Shwezigon Pagoda.
# Morioka Hachimangū

Morioka Hachimangū (盛岡八幡宮) is a Shinto shrine in the city of Morioka, Iwate in northern Japan. The shrine is noted for its annual festival on the second Saturday in June, which is famous for the Chagu Chagu Umakko, a horse parade which was recognized in 1978 as an Intangible Folk Cultural Property. In 1996 the sound of the bells of the Chagu Chagu Umakko was selected by the Ministry of the Environment as one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan. The shrine is also noted for its displays of yabusame horse archery during its annual festival on September 15.

## History

The Morioka Hachimangū was established in 1062 during the late Heian period when Minamoto no Yoriyoshi brought a bunrei of the Minamoto clan’s tutelary shrine, the Iwashimizu Hachimangū in Kyoto to pray for victory in his campaign against the Abe clan in the Former Nine Years War. It was originally called the Hatomori Hachimangū (鳩森八幡宮). The shrine was rebuilt in 1593 by the Nanbu clan to be the protective shrine for Morioka Castle. Under the State Shinto system of shrine ranking from 1871 through 1946, the Morioka Hachimangū was officially designated as a "prefectural shrine". The Edo-period shrine structures burned down in 1884. The present main structure dates from 2006.

## Shinto belief

The shrine is dedicated to the veneration of the Shinto kami Hachiman. Hachiman has been recognized as an amalgamation of the semi-legendary Emperor Ojin and his consort, Empress Jingū.