OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Entropy coding

In information theory, an entropy coding (or entropy encoding) is any lossless data compression method that attempts to approach the lower bound declared by Shannon's source coding theorem, which states that any lossless data compression method must have an expected code length greater than or equal to the entropy of the source.
More precisely, the source coding theorem states that for any source distribution, the expected code length satisfies $\operatorname {E} _{x\sim P}[\ell (d(x))]\geq \operatorname {E} _{x\sim P}[-\log _{b}(P(x))]$, where $\ell$ is the number of symbols in a code word, $d$ is the coding function, $b$ is the number of symbols used to make output codes and $P$ is the probability of the source symbol. An entropy coding attempts to approach this lower bound.
Two of the most common entropy coding techniques are Huffman coding and arithmetic coding. If the approximate entropy characteristics of a data stream are known in advance (especially for signal compression), a simpler static code may be useful. These static codes include universal codes (such as Elias gamma coding or Fibonacci coding) and Golomb codes (such as unary coding or Rice coding).
Since 2014, data compressors have started using the asymmetric numeral systems family of entropy coding techniques, which allows combination of the compression ratio of arithmetic coding with a processing cost similar to Huffman coding.

## Entropy as a measure of similarity

Besides using entropy coding as a way to compress digital data, an entropy encoder can also be used to measure the amount of similarity between streams of data and already existing classes of data. This is done by generating an entropy coder/compressor for each class of data; unknown data is then classified by feeding the uncompressed data to each compressor and seeing which compressor yields the highest compression. The coder with the best compression is probably the coder trained on the data that was most similar to the unknown data.
# The Hood Maker

"The Hood Maker" is a short story by Philip K. Dick, originally published in the June 1955 issue of the magazine Imagination. It was adapted by Matthew Graham into an episode for the 2017 TV series, Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams.

## Plot

The Free Union, a repressive regime, uses people with telepathic powers called "teeps" to root out and eliminate its political opponents. Walter Franklin, a government appointee, is caught up in a struggle between the teeps and ordinary humans when he receives a hood which blocks his thoughts from being read. He is accused of subversion, called "deviation" by a teep named Ernest Abbud and forced to flee. When he meets the titular "hood maker", James Cutter, he learns a secret that could put an end to the teeps' plans to seize power.

## TV adaptation

The story was loosely adapted by Matthew Graham for Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams, which aired on September 18, 2017 on Channel4 in the UK.
The whole emphasis is different. The Free Union, a repressive regime, uses people with telepathic powers called "teeps" to root out and eliminate its political opponents. The telepaths are unhappy and oppressed, and the entire society is run down and violent. All telepaths have skin markings on their face for unexplained reasons.
Agent Ross, a police detective, is given a telepathic woman as a partner. He also learns that someone is distributing hoods which block telepathy.
# Gilbert T. Seelye

Gilbert Thompson Seelye (September 9, 1877 – February 14, 1962) was an American farmer and politician from New York.

## Life

He was born on September 9, 1877, in Burnt Hills, Saratoga County, New York, the son of Nathan Alson Seelye and Mary Susan (Thompson) Seelye. He attended the district school, and Schenectady High School. Then he worked on his family's farm.
Seelye was a member of the New York State Assembly (Saratoga Co.) in 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917 and 1918; and was Chairman of the Committee on Public Health from 1914 to 1918.
On April 9, 1928, he married Elsie (also "Betty") Langdon Bogert (1892–1991), and they had two daughters, Mary Elizabeth Seeley (Mary "Bunny" Seelye Guyer) and Nancy Seeley.
He was Supervisor of the Town of Ballston from 1936 to 1938.
He was a member of the New York State Senate from 1939 to 1960, sitting in the 162nd, 163rd, 164th, 165th, 166th, 167th, 168th, 169th, 170th, 171st and 172nd New York State Legislatures.
He died on February 14, 1962, in Glenridge Hospital in Glenville, Schenectady County, New York; and was buried at the Calvary Episcopal Cemetery in Burnt Hills, New York.

## Sources

* ↑ New York Red Book (1917, pg. 188)
* ↑ Around Burnt Hills by Katherine Q. Briaddy ("Images of America" series, Arcadia Publishing, 1998; pg. 29 and 35) [with photo of Gilbert and "Betty"]
* ↑ Sen. Seelye's death sorrows community in the Ballston Journal, of Ballston Spa, on March 1, 1962
# St. Peter am Hart

St. Peter am Hart is a municipality in the district of Braunau in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.

## Geography

St. Peter lies in the region of Innviertel. About 15% of the municipality is forest and the other 63% of it is farmland.

## Localities

* Aching (80)
* Aham (55)
* Aselkam (174)
* Bergham (145)
* Bogenhofen (322)
* Dietfurt (219)
* Guggenberg (9)
* Hagenau (192)
* Hart (18)
* Heitzenberg (25)
* Hundslau (5)
* Jahrsdorf (183)
* Meinharting (8)
* Moos (136)
* Nöfing (106)
* Ofen (87)
* Reikersdorf (270)
* Schickenedt (14)
* Spraid (14)
* St. Peter am Hart (351)
* Wimm (9)
# Harry J. Palmer

Harry J. Palmer (February 28, 1872 – February 12, 1948) was an American politician from New York.

## Life

He was born on February 28, 1872, in Dover, Morris County, New Jersey, the son of Charles E. Palmer and Anne (Cowley) Palmer. His father died in 1878, and he and his mother moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1880. There he attended the public schools, and then began to work at a department store.
He moved to Port Richmond, Staten Island.
Palmer was a member of the New York State Senate (24th D.) from 1929 to 1934, sitting in the 152nd, 153rd, 154th, 155th, 156th and 157th New York State Legislatures; and was Chairman of the Committee on Internal Affairs of Towns, Counties and Public Highways from 1933 to 1934.
He died on February 12, 1948, at his home in Staten Island.

## Sources

* ↑ New York Red Book (1929; pg. 41)
* ↑ Staten Island and Its People: a History, 1609-1929 by Charles William Leng & William Thompson Davis (Lewis Publishing, 1930; Vol. 3, pg. 42)
* ↑ HARRY J. PALMER in The New York Times on February 13, 1948 (subscription required)
New York State Senate :
| Preceded byThomas J. Walsh | New York State Senate 24th District 1929–1934 | Succeeded byRae L. Egbert |
* This article about a member of the New York State Senate is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Maniac 2000

"Maniac 2000" is a song credited to Mark McCabe, and released as a single in February 2000. It was produced by Simon Fitzpatrick and Tim Hannigan. The song consists of McCabe rapping over the 1995 track "Maniac (Sound Crowd Remix)" by Irish act 4 Rhythm, which itself interpolates Michael Sembello's 1983 hit "Maniac". 4 Rhythm's "Maniac" was an Irish top 30 hit for Redeye Records, and was also produced by both Fitzpatrick and Hannigan.
"Maniac 2000" reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart, staying at the top position for ten weeks, from 4 March to 6 May. It was Ireland's best-selling single of 2000 and is the fifth best-selling single in the history of the chart. "Maniac 2000" has achieved cult status in Ireland. The song won best single at the national Meteor Music Awards in 2001. Despite the success the song experienced, it was not a hit in other countries, stalling at number 137 on the UK Singles Chart in late March. In 2015, on the 15th anniversary of its release, "Maniac 2000" re-entered the Irish Singles Chart at number 12.

## Background

Mark McCabe received his secondary education at Wesley College Dublin, this school allowed for his musical talent to flourish. McCabe was a DJ working at Dublin pirate radio station Pulse FM. As part of his sets, he would rap over the instrumental Sound Crowd version of 4 Rhythm's "Maniac", which led to demands that he record his version. McCabe was told by a local record shop owner that customers would come in each day requesting a copy of the song. McCabe recorded the song in the Clontarf Cricket Club in front of a live audience
# Namysłów Town Hall

Namysłów Town Hall was built in the second half of the fourteenth century. Formerly built in Gothic style but then built into the Renaissance style, in 2002 the town hall was renovated. Today it is recognised as one of the most beautiful cultural points of heritage in Namysłów. The town hall is the main building in the old town square in the city, located in the centre of the square. The town hall was added to the list of Registered Cultural Heritage with the position 939/64 in 1964.

## Architecture

The Namysłów Town Hall is built out of brick and from a bird's eye view resembles the letter L. The main building has two levels. The tower in the lower part has four sides and the upper half has eight sides, where there is a walkway with pinnacles. The bulbous octagonal spire is from the Baroque and is made from a copper plate and topped with a bearing.

## Town hall today

The Namysłów Town Hall is the seat of the municipal government in Namysłów and various institutions and authorities: ZUS branch, the Kluczbork Resident Prosecutor's Office, notaries, and Pod Aniołami Restaurant. Every day at 12.00 from the town hall there is a Namysłów bugle call played with three trumpets composed by Eugeniusz Odoj.
# Charles E. Russell

Charles Edmund Russell (October 21, 1868 in Saugerties, Ulster County, New York – November 30, 1960) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

## Life

He was the son of Edmund McCarthy Russell (1840–1873) and Ellen H. (Lusk) Russell (1841–1900), and married Louise Matilda Clarke. Charles was a member of Delta Chi fraternity.
Russell entered politics as a Democrat.
Russell was a member of the New York State Senate (9th D.) in 1919 and 1920.
He was again a member of the State Senate in 1923 and 1924; and was Chairman of the Committee on Banks.
On January 7, 1926, he was elected to the State Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Frank E. Johnson. Russell remained in the State Senate until 1929, sitting in the 149th, 150th, 151st and 152nd New York State Legislatures. He resigned his seat on December 3, 1929, after having been elected to the Brooklyn City Court.
He died on November 30, 1960; and was buried at the Mountain View Cemetery in Saugerties.

## Sources

* SPECIAL ELECTION WON BY DEMOCRATS in NYT on January 8, 1926 (subscription required)
* CHARLES RUSSELL, RETIRED JUSTICE in NYT on December 1, 1960 (subscription required)
# Sunday Arts

Sunday Arts is a weekly program on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) in Australia every Sunday. It gives a broad view of the various artists working in Australia today ranging from theatre, music, visual art, film, literature, to indigenous, cultural, and street art. It was hosted by Michael Veitch from 2006 until its cancellation in November 2009.
# Schwand im Innkreis

Schwand im Innkreis is a municipality in the district of Braunau am Inn in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.

## Geography

Schwand lies in the Innviertel. About 6 percent of the municipality is forest and 88 percent farmland.
# George T. Burling

George G. Taylor Burling (February 16, 1849 in Harrison, Westchester County, New York – July 29, 1928 in Bronxville, Westchester Co., NY) was an American banker and politician from New York.

## Life

He was the son of John Burling (1807–1870) and Adaline F. (Taylor) Burling (1808–1883). He attended the district school, the Willets private school, Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, and also took a business course at Bryant and Stratton Business College. On December 25, 1867, he married Mary H. Lane (1848–1881), and they had four daughters. He engaged in the grocery feed and grain business in Brooklyn from 1869 to 1871. He was Supervisor of the Town of Harrison from 1878 to 1886. On October 2, 1883, he married Clara B. Sutton (1862–1928), and they had four children.
Later he engaged in the grain business again, continued active in Republican politics, and in 1907 became the first President of the Citizens Bank of White Plains.
He was Treasurer of Westchester County from 1909 to 1914; and a member of the New York State Senate (25th D.) from 1919 to 1922, sitting in the 142nd, 143rd, 144th and 145th New York State Legislatures.
He died on July 29, 1928, at his home in the Gramatan Hotel in Bronxville, New York; and was buried at the Friends Cemetery in Purchase, New York.

## Sources

* New York Red Book (1922; pg. 72)
* TEN DEMOCRATS, TEN REPUBLICANS in NYT on April 2, 1896
* WESTCHESTER IS REPUBLICAN in NYT on November 8, 1911
* GEORGE TAYLOR BURLING in NYT on July 31, 1928 (subscription required)
* The Burling Books (pg. 363 and 536ff)
New York State Senate :
| Preceded byJohn D. Stivers | New York State Senate 25th District 1919–1922 | Succeeded byWilliam W. Westall |
# Clinton T. Horton

Clinton Thompson Horton (1876 – 1953) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

## Life

Horton was born on October 31, 1876, in Petrolia, Butler County, Pennsylvania. He was the son of Elmer Horton and Christine (Thompson) Horton.
The family moved first to Silver Creek, New York, then to Buffalo. He graduated from Cornell University, B.A. in 1898, and LL.B. in 1899. At Cornell, he became a member of the Delta Chi fraternity. Then he practiced law in Buffalo. On July 2, 1903, he married Madge Marie Bates, and they had two children: Roger Bates Horton (1907–1941) and Virginia Horton (born 1911).
Horton was a member of the New York State Assembly (Erie Co., 2nd D.) in 1912, 1913 and 1914; and was Chairman of the Committee on Insurance in 1914.
He was a member of the New York State Senate (48th D.) in 1915 and 1916; and was Chairman of the Committee on Civil Service.
He was a member of the Erie County Board of Child Welfare from 1918 to 1921; and a justice of the New York Supreme Court (8th D.) from 1922 to 1935. Afterwards he was a Referee for the Supreme Court.
He died on January 25, 1953.

## Sources

* Courts and Lawyers of New York (1925; pg. 1263)
* CLINTON T. HORTON in NYT on January 27, 1953 (subscription required)
New York State Assembly :
| Preceded byOliver G. La Reau | New York State Assembly Erie County, 2nd District 1912–1914 | Succeeded byRoss Graves |
| New York State Senate |||
| Preceded byJohn F. Malone | New York State Senate 48th District 1915–1916 | Succeeded byRoss Graves |
# Walter R. Herrick

Walter Richmond Herrick (May 11, 1877 in Albany, New York – July 20, 1953) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

## Education and career

He was the son of Assemblyman Jonathan R. Herrick (1818–1890) and his second wife Charlotte Jackson (Brown) Herrick (1847–1918). He graduated from Princeton University in 1898, and from Albany Law School in 1900.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 27th D.) in 1911; and of the New York State Senate (17th D.) in 1913 and 1914.
In 1919, he was appointed by Gov. Al Smith as Narcotic Drug Control Commissioner, holding that office for three years.
He was appointed Manhattan Park Commissioner by Mayor James J. Walker, remaining in that position from 1927 to 1933.
Judge D-Cady Herrick (1846–1926) was his half-brother.

## Personal life and death

On July 5, 1916, Herrick married Mary Douglas Bosworth, and they had a daughter: Eileen J. Herrick (born 1919). In 1939, Herrick made the news when he and his wife allegedly prevented Eileen, then an adult, from seeing George Lowther III, a suitor with whom she was enamored, leading Lowther to take the parents to court seeking a writ of habeas corpus. The young couple eloped early the following year, but divorced in 1946.
Herrick died in Albany at the age of 76.
# Martti Kosma

Martti Johannes Kosma (26 March 1922 – 29 July 1999) was a Finnish football player and manager.

## Playing career

A forward, Kosma began his career at KuPS. In 1953, Kosma moved to Kajaanin Palloilijat, playing for the club for a year, before returning to KuPS.

## Managerial career

Following his playing career, Kosma moved into management. In 1958, Kosma managed KuPS to the 1958 Mestaruussarja title. Kosma moved to Reipas Lahti, winning the Mestaruussarja in 1963, 1967 and 1970, as well as the Finnish Cup in 1964. In 1975, Kosma managed the Finland national team for two games.
# Fred E. Allen

Fred E. Allen (March 26, 1855 – August 21, 1935) was an American merchant and politician from New York.

## Life

Allen was born on March 26, 1855, in Lisle, New York, the son of James F. Allen and a descendant of Ethan Allen. He attended Whitney's Point High School.
Allen lived in Whitney's Point and commenced his merchant business in 1883. He initially clerked for J. P. Griffin and at one point had a partnership with Jesse Babcock. He began his own business with a dry goods and grocery stock in the C. H. Parsons store. He developed a successful mercantile business with one of the largest stocks in town. His brother Herbert was his business partner. He retired in 1930.
Allen served as town clerk for several years, village trustee, a board of education member for fifteen years, and president of the school board for eight years. A Republican, he was a member of the Republican County Committee. In 1901, he was elected to the New York State Assembly as a Republican, representing the Broome County 2nd District. He served in the Assembly in 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, and 1906. He also served as secretary of the Broome County Agricultural Society for nine years and as postmaster for eight years.
Allen was a trustee of the local Baptist Church. He was a member of the Freemasons. In 1875, he married Atala Babcock. Atala died in 1910. In 1911, he married Delia Stafford Robinson.
Allen died at home on August 21, 1935, a little over a month after his wife Delia's death. He was buried in Riverside Cemetery.
# Guttaring

Guttaring (Slovene: Kotarče) is a town in the district of Sankt Veit an der Glan in the Austrian state of Carinthia.

## Geography

Guttaring lies between Krappfeld and Görtschitztal and is traversed by the Silberbach.
# Matafao Peak

Matafao Peak (Samoan: Fa’asi’usi’uga o Matafao) is a mountain in American Samoa, on the island of Tutuila. With an elevation of 653 metres (2,142 ft), it is the highest peak on Tutuila Island. The mountain, like Rainmaker Mountain across Pago Pago Harbor, is a remnant of a volcanic plug and is part of the volcanic origins of the island. The mountain can be hiked from the high point of the Pago Pago-to-Fagasa Road. It is designated a National Natural Landmark above the 492-foot (150 m) level, an area known as Matafao Peak National Natural Landmark.
The village of Fagatogo is located at the foot of Mount Matafao.

## Etymology

The name “Matafao” is said to refer to the fact that, from its peak, in fair weather, one can see as far as Mount Fao on Upolu Island. The name of the mountain, Matafao, is derived from the Samoan language and translates into English as “Spear Head".

## Flora

Matafao Mountain is predominantly covered with montane scrub vegetation. The mountain hosts a diverse range of plant species, including Dipteris conjugata, Dicranopteris linearis, Machaerina falcata, Freycinetia storckii, and Davallia epiphylla. Among these, Dipteris, a fern with leaves resembling those of Tacca, is notably rare in the Samoan Islands and has been recorded only on Mount Matafao and Rainmaker Mountain. In contrast, Dicranopteris and Davallia are more common across the islands. Machaerina is a large sedge, while Freycinetia is a coarse-leaved climbing or scrambling vine also found in the cloud forests of Taʻū Island. The mountain also supports a variety of tree species, including Pandanus reineckei, Rapanea myricifolia, Syzygium brevifolium, Astronidium, Spiraeanthemum samoense, Alstonia godeffroyi, Eurya japonica, and Weinmannia affinis. Remarkably, nearly half of the characteristic tree species on Mount Matafao are endemic to Samoa. Two species, Astronidium and Cyrtandra geminata, are entirely restricted to the trachyte plugs of Tutuila Island, highlighting the ecological and conservation significance of Mount Matafao.
# Walter L. Smith Jr.

Walter L. Smith Jr. (December 17, 1917 – July 10, 1994) was an American Republican politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1964 to 1971 and in the New Jersey Senate from 1971 to 1972.
While in the Legislature, he was a strong opponent to the state income tax and the raising of the sales tax.
He was married to Alice H. Smith and was the father of future State Senator Bradford S. Smith.
# Canadian punk rock

The first punk rock bands in Canada emerged during the late 1970s, in the wake of the US bands Ramones, The New York Dolls, and Blondie, and the UK band Sex Pistols. The Viletones, the Diodes and the Demics were among the pioneers, together with the Skulls (featuring Joey who formed DOA and Wimpy (Brian Roy) who led the Subhumans) from Vancouver, and Hamilton's Teenage Head, whose records and live shows earned them the nickname "Canada's Ramones". Vibrant local punk scenes sprung up in Toronto and Vancouver and other Canadian cities.

## History

Early Toronto punk bands included the Viletones, the Diodes, the Poles, the Ugly, Cardboard Brains, the Dents, the Mods, the Secrets, ARSON and the Scenics, and these were followed by the Demics, Crash Kills Five, Stark Naked and the Fleshtones and L'Étranger, plus Hamilton's Forgotten Rebels and Teenage Head. In Vancouver D.O.A. and the Subhumans led a 1978-79-80 scene that included Pointed Sticks, Braineaters, Young Canadians, and the Modernettes. A few years later and many bands across Canada were carrying the punk torch, including Young Lions, Youth Youth Youth, Bunchofuckingoofs, SNFU, Dayglo Abortions, the Nils, Direct Action, APB, Nomeansno and Chronic Submission.
Two of the biggest early punk shows in Toronto were The Last Pogo at the Horseshoe tavern in 1978, featuring Teenage Head, the Viletones, the Scenics, the Cardboard Brains, the Secrets, the Mods, and the Ugly, and the Rock Against Radiation concert July 19, 1980, at Nathan Phillips Square, featuring DOA, Stark Naked and the Fleshtones, the Viletones, the Forgotten Rebels, plus Joe College (promoter of the show) and the Rulers.
Canadian hardcore punk also originated in the early 1980s. D.O.A. are known as the first Canadian hardcore band, and with the release of their album Hardcore '81 they set the standards for the style of music. That album title is considered to be the origin of the term hardcore punk.
The punk tradition has carried on in Canada right up to modern bands like Fucked Up, The Salads, Alexisonfire, PUP, Cancer Bats.

## Notable record labels

* Cargo Records
* Deranged Records
* Fringe Product
* G7 Welcoming Committee Records
* The Great American Steak Religion
* Insurgence Records
* Mayday Records
* Mint Records
* Og Records
* Psyche Industry Records
* Raw Energy Records
* Smallman Records
* Stomp Records
* Sonic Unyon
* Sudden Death Records
* Quintessence Records
* Union Label Group
https://www.discogs.com/label/950909-Star-Records-55?srsltid=AfmBOooOB27rMil_1jEpZby7CitM7PsKWJXO03jFFFyIa15f3CFm8J8r&page=1 Star Records Oshawa

## Notable events

The Rock Against Radiation concert on July 19, 1980, at Nathan Phillips Square in Toronto was considered a seminal event in the Canadian punk scene, as it brought together bands from the Toronto and the Vancouver punk scenes on the same stage for the first time. Featured bands included DOA, Stark Naked and the Fleshtones, the Demics, the Viletones, Joe College and the Rulers, plus the Forgotten Rebels (from Hamilton).