OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Penkala 1910 Biplane

The 1910 Penkala Biplane also called the Leptir (English: Butterfly) was the first aircraft to fly in Croatia.

## Design and development

The Leptir was a single engine, sesquiplane aircraft with conventional landing gear. The open girder fuselage provides an unusually long distance to the tail surfaces, compared to modern aircraft. The flat bottom surface of the fuselage was covered, forming a long thin triangular surface intended to provide lift, which was not functional in level flight. The aircraft was tail heavy with a center of gravity at 70 percent of wing chord.

## Operational history

The first flight occurred on 22 June 1910 with pilot Dragutin Novak. The aircraft was crashed several months later.

## Variants
### 1910 Biplane

    Original design

### 1910 Leptir II

    Modifications to include skids

### 2010 CA-10 Replica

    Replica aircraft - Powered by 80 hp (60 kW) Rotax 912 with the center of gravity moved forward for safety.

## Specifications (Penkala Biplane)

Data from Sport Aviation
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Length: 11 m (36 ft 1 in)
* Wingspan: 11 m (36 ft 1 in)
* Empty weight: 330 kg (728 lb)
* Propellers: 2-bladed
# Zdenka Bujnáčková

Zdenka Bujnáčková (born 25 April 1955) is a Slovak gymnast. She competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Phoenix Air Phoenix

The Phoenix Air Phoenix is a Czech shoulder-wing, two-seat motor glider, designed and produced by Phoenix Air and provided as a complete ready-to-fly aircraft.

## Design and development

The Phoenix is a derivative of the Urban Air Lambada motorglider, developed by Martin Stepaneck who was formerly with Urban Air before that company's demise. The Phoenix was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules and US light-sport aircraft rules. It features a cantilever wing, a T-tail, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.
The aircraft is made from composites. Its 15 m (49.2 ft) span wing is convertible to 11 m (36.1 ft), by removing the wing tips and then re-installing shorter tips and the winglets for faster cruising speed when flying as a microlight. With the wing tips removed it has a wingspan of 10.4 m (34.1 ft) for storage. Standard engines available are the 80 hp (60 kW) Rotax 912UL, the 100 hp (75 kW) Rotax 912ULS, 85 hp (63 kW) Jabiru 2200 and the 60 hp (45 kW) HKS 700E four-stroke powerplants. With the 912S engine the aircraft can be employed as a glider tug. An electric-powered version is under development.
The European version has a gross weight of 472.5 kg (1,042 lb), while the LSA version has a gross weight of 600 kg (1,323 lb). The design appears on the Federal Aviation Administration's list of approved special light-sport aircraft.

## Specifications (Phoenix)

Data from World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011-12 and Phoenix Air
General characteristics
* Crew: one
* Capacity: one passenger
* Length: 6.50 m (21 ft 4 in)
* Wingspan: 15 m (49 ft 3 in)
* Height: 1.45 m (4 ft 9 in)
* Empty weight: 295 kg (650 lb)
* Gross weight: 472.5 kg (1,042 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Rotax 912ULS four cylinder, liquid and air-cooled, four stroke aircraft engine, 60 kW (80 hp)
Performance
* Cruise speed: 240 km/h (150 mph, 130 kn)
* Stall speed: 65 km/h (40 mph, 35 kn)
* Never exceed speed: 260 km/h (160 mph, 140 kn)
* Maximum glide ratio: 32:1 (35:1 when equipped with the HKS 700E powerplant)
* Rate of sink: 0.80 m/s (157 ft/min)
# Huff-Daland XB-1

The Huff-Daland XB-1 was a prototype bomber aircraft built for the United States Army Air Corps.
The XB-1 was the first aircraft named using just a B- designation. Prior to 1926, the U.S. Army used LB- and HB- prefixes, signifying 'Light Bomber' and 'Heavy Bomber'. The first XB-1, called the Super-Cyclops by Huff-Daland, was an extension of the earlier Huff-Daland XHB-1 'Cyclops'. It was essentially the same in size, but sported a twin tail and twin engines.

## Design and development

The XB-1's gunnery arrangement was new for an American bomber, but it had been previously used by the British and the Germans during World War I. The Army Air Corps had decided that single-engined bombers such as the XHB-1 performed worse, and weren't as safe as twin-engined bombers.

## Operational history

The aircraft flew for the first time in September 1927. Its original Packard engines did not provide enough power for the aircraft, and it was refitted with more powerful Curtiss Aircraft "Conqueror" engines. This new configuration was designated the XB-1B.
Three other similar aircraft designs were requested by the Army Air Corps around the same time which competed against the XB-1 for the contract. Of these three (the XB-2 Condor, the Sikorsky S-37 and the Fokker XLB-2), the Curtiss model eventually won, and only a single XB-1 was ever produced.

## Specifications (XB-1B)

General characteristics
* Crew: 5
* Length: 61 ft 6 in (18.7 m)
* Wingspan: 85 ft 0 in (25.9 m)
* Height: 19 ft 3 in (5.9 m)
* Wing area: 1,604 sq ft (149.0 m$^2$)
* Empty weight: 9,462 lb (4,292 kg)
* Gross weight: 16,500 lb (7,480 kg)
* Powerplant: 2 × Curtiss V-1570-5 Conqueror liquid-cooled V12 engines, 600 hp (450 kW) each
Performance
* Maximum speed: 100 mph (160 km/h, 86 kn)
* Range: 700 mi (1,100 km, 610 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 15,000 ft (4,600 m)
* Wing loading: 5.899 lb/sq ft (28.80 kg/m$^2$)
* Power/mass: 0.072 hp/lb (120 W/kg)
Armament
* Guns: 6 × .30 in (7.62 mm) Lewis machine guns
* Bombs: 2,500 lb (1,100 kg); 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) on short runs
# Gerald Henry Summers

Sir Gerald Henry Summers KCMG (12 October 1885 – 29 November 1925) was a British army officer and colonial administrator.

## Biography

Gerald Henry Summers was born on 12 October 1885. He was educated at Bradfield College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. In 1904, he entered the army, and served with the Royal Sussex Regiment, the 93rd Burma Infantry and the 26th King George’s Own Light Cavalry.
Summers joined the Indian contingent of the King's African Rifles in Somaliland in 1912. He fought against a Dervish force in the battle of Dul Madoba in August 1913, when he was severely injured three times. In 1920, in an action planned by the Governor Geoffrey Francis Archer and carried out by Lieutenant Colonel Summers, almost the whole Dervish force was destroyed. The dervishes had a king named Diiriye Guure whose emir Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, known as the "Mad Mullah" to the British, fled to Abyssinian Somaliland, where, at the town of Imi, he died in January 1921.
He was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1920 and a Knight Commander of the same order in the 1925 Birthday Honours.
On 17 August 1922, Summers was appointed Governor of British Somaliland, holding office until his death.

## Family and death

In 1916, Summers married Margaret Frances Troath, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Swinburne. They had one son and one daughter.
In November 1925, Summers died in Sussex of the injuries sustained in 1913.
# Macchio

Macchio is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Baron Karl von Macchio (1859–1945), Austro-Hungarian diplomat
* Ralph Macchio (born 1961), American actor
* Ralph Macchio (born 1950), American comic book editor and writer
# Werner Mieth

Werner Mieth (April 28, 1912 – September 28, 1997) was a German-American football (soccer) halfback. He is a member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame. He spent most of his career in the American Soccer League and the German American Soccer League.
Mieth began his career in Germany as a junior player with Coswig. In 1925, he moved to the United States where he joined the junior team of the Newark Germans which competed in the German American Soccer League. He eventually found a place with the Americans’ first team as it won the 1931, 1932 and 1932 GASL titles. In 1933, Newark joined the American Soccer League. Mieth moved to McDonough S.C. in 1935 and to the Kearny Irish in 1937. He remained there for only one season before switching to the Trenton Highlanders for the 1938–1939 season and the Paterson Dovers for the 1939–1940 season. In 1940, Mieth joined the Philadelphia German-Americans where he spent the next twelve seasons. The German-Americans were renamed the Americans in 1941, winning the ASL championship in 1942, 1944, 1947, 1948 and 1952. In 1953, Uhrick Trucking purchased the team, renaming the team the Uhrik Truckers. In 1954, Truckers released Mieth and he moved to the Elizabeth Falcons. In 1962, he moved to the Westfield Lions which played in the Italian League. At some point, he returned to the Newark Germans.
# Werner Rank

Werner Rank (born 15 June 1968) is a German former footballer.
# Werner Spannagel

Werner Spannagel (6 October 1909 – 11 August 1943) was a German boxer who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics. He was born in Dahlerau. At the 1932 Summer Olympics he was eliminated in the quarter-finals of the flyweight class after losing his fight to the upcoming bronze medalist Louis Salica. In the Second World War, he was sent to the Eastern Front and fought in the army of the Nazi Germany. News of his death was received on 23 December 1943.
# Wilhelm Baumann

Wilhelm Baumann (12 August 1912 in Berlin – 14 March 1990) was a German field handball player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was part of the German field handball team, which won the gold medal. He played two matches including the final.
# Willi Billmann

Willi Billmann (15 January 1911 – 5 July 2001) was a German international footballer.

## International career

He won 11 caps between 1937 and 1941 for the Germany national team.
# Willi Kund

Willi Kund (11 March 1908 – 30 August 1967) was a German international footballer.
# Willi Reinfrank

Wilhelm "Willi" Reinfrank (30 May 1903 – 1 January 1943) was a German weightlifter who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics. He was born in Mannheim and died in the battle of Stalingrad. In 1928, he finished fifth in the lightweight class.
# Willibald Schmaus

Willibald Schmaus (16 June 1912 – 27 April 1979) was an Austrian football defender. He represented both Austria and Germany internationally.

## Career

He earned 14 caps for the Austria national football team and participated in the 1934 FIFA World Cup. After the annexation of Austria by Germany, he earned 10 caps for the Germany national football team, and participated in the 1938 FIFA World Cup. He spent his club career at First Vienna FC 1894.
# William Foster (New York state senator)

William Foster (December 27, 1813 Lenham, Kent, England – July 26, 1893 Syracuse, Onondaga County, New York) was an American politician from New York.

## Life

He attended schools in Maidstone and Herstmonceux. In 1830, he emigrated to the United States, and became a clerk in a tannery near Oneida Lake. In 1837, he married Mary Cramp (1812–1883), and they had nine children. The couple removed to Ottawa, Illinois, and engaged in farming.
In 1839, he settled in Cleveland, New York and became again a bookkeeper in a tannery, and after the death of the owner, purchased the tannery. In 1851, he became a partner in the Union Glass Company which manufactured window glass. In 1867, he became a director of the New York and Oswego Midland Railroad.
He entered politics as a Whig, then became an Abolitionist, and joined the Republican Party upon its foundation. He was at times President of the Village of Cleveland; and Supervisor of the Town of Constantia. He was a member of the New York State Senate (21st D.) in 1872 and 1873.
He died at the home of his daughter Ellen (1838–1897) in Syracuse, and was buried at the Riverside Cemetery in Oswego.

## Sources

* Life Sketches of Executive Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York by William H. McElroy & Alexander McBride (1873; pg. 67f) [e-book]
* Bio transcribed from The Landmarks of Oswego County, NY (1895), at RootsWeb
* Extensive bio, at Rice University
New York State Senate :
| Preceded byWilliam H. Brand | New York State Senate 21st District 1872–1873 | Succeeded byCharles Kellogg |
# Fdformat

Fdformat is the name of two unrelated programs, both performing "low-level format" of floppy disks.

## DOS tool

FDFORMAT is written by Christoph H. Hochstätter in Pascal. It allows users to format a floppy to a higher than usual density, enabling the user to store up to 300 kilobytes more data on a normal high density 3.5" floppy disk. It also increases the speed of diskette I/O on these specially formatted disks using a technique called "Sector Sliding". In this technique, the physical sectors on the disk are ordered in such a way that when the drive advances to the next track, the next logical sector waiting to be read is immediately available to the read head.

## Linux tool

The Linux fdformat program works with the kernel floppy driver. It simply formats a floppy disk using whatever parameters is already known to the system. The setfdprm can be used to provide the system with unusual formatting parameters with which to format.
Functionality similar to Hochstätter's FDFORMAT is provided by fdutils, written by Alain Knaff.
# Edward Donnerstein

Edward I. Donnerstein (born 1945) is an American professor of communication and psychology. His interests include mass media violence and mass media policy.
Donnerstein earned a B.S. in psychology at the University of Florida (1967), and a Ph.D. in psychology from Florida State University (1972).
He was with UC Santa Barbara during 1986–2002, serving as Dean of Social Science and appointed the Arthur N. Rupe Professor of Mass Communication. Before that he was professor of communication at the University of Wisconsin.
Dean of the University of Arizona College of Social and Behavioral Sciences (2002-2009) and member of the faculty since then. He is currently Dean Emeritus at the University of Arizona.
He was member of many commissions, panels, and task forces related to violence, pornography, and mass media. He made many presentations and took part in various governmental hearings on the above issues. He is the author of over 250 academic publications.

## Personal

Donnerstein's spouse is Deborah Levine-Donnerstein, Ph.D. in Administration, Education Leadership and Policy Analysis from University of Wisconsin-Madison (1988).

## Recognition

2008: Distinguished Scientific Contribution to Media Psychology award from the American Psychological Association citing "outstanding empirical and/or theoretical contributions to the field of media psychology."
# Windhaag bei Perg

Windhaag bei Perg is a municipality in the district of Perg in the Austrian state of Upper Austria.

## Geography

Windhaag lies about 6 km north of Perg.
# Henry Lee (economist)

Henry Lee (February 4, 1782 – February 6, 1867) was a merchant, political economist and politician from Massachusetts whose writings were popular in England. He was the Nullifier Party's nominee for vice president of the United States in 1832, coming in third place out of four major candidates.

## Economics

Henry Lee established himself as a merchant in Boston as one of the owners of the firm H & J Lee & Company. After the economic collapse in 1811, the firm folded and Lee traveled to Calcutta, India for four years. He returned to Boston and became an importer of Indian goods, a business in which he had to pay a 30% tariff and compete with the local Boston Manufacturing Company (of which he later became a shareholder). When the textile business dried up, he began importing indigo, iron and sugar and sold salt to the Du Pont Company for the manufacture of munitions. He dedicated himself to the study of political economy and to the collection of financial and commercial statistics and exchanged correspondences with contemporary British economists such as McCulloch, Tooke, Villiers and Cobden, who considered him an authority. He assisted Albert Gallatin in preparing an analysis of the impact of the tariff on free trade in 1831 and became an advocate of free trade. He was a frequent contributor to the "Free Trade Advocate" and other periodicals and author of the book "Boston Reports" in 1827.

## Politics

As a free trade proponent, Lee became an ardent Federalist and in 1830 ran a spirited, but losing campaign, against tariff proponent Nathan Appleton for a United States House seat. Appleton would go on to help write the Tariff of 1832 and the Tariff of 1842.
Though his 1830 race was unsuccessful, it gained him further notoriety as a free trade supporter and so when the new Independent Democratic or Nullifier Party, which strongly opposed tariffs, met on November 20, 1832 in Charleston, South Carolina, Lee was well-known voice for the cause. Henry Lee was thus nominated as the party's candidate for Vice President of the United States in the 1832 election. Lee and his running-mate John Floyd received 11 electoral votes in the Election, coming in third place. The ticket won only one state, South Carolina, in the midst of the Nullification Crisis, and though he was on the ticket, Henry Lee was not a supporter of nullification. At the time, South Carolina was the only state which did not select its presidential electors via popular vote and so it was the legislature that awarded the electors to Floyd and Lee.
Following the 1832 election, Lee returned to his life as a merchant. He and his wife Mary Jackson Lee had six children. His two sons became prominent members of Boston society, both serving as colonels in the Civil War.
Lee died in Boston on February 6, 1867.
# Joe Earl

Athol John "Joe" Earl (born 1 October 1952) is a former New Zealand rower who won two Olympic medals.
Earl was born in 1952 in Christchurch and grew up on a farm in Hawarden in North Canterbury. He received his education at St. Andrew's College, where he started rowing under Fred Strachan. As Strachan was one of the national rowing selectors, Earl was picked ahead of more experienced oarsmen (according to his own statement) for the New Zealand eight that was to contest the 1971 European Rowing Championships. The eight won gold, to the surprise of everybody, at the regatta in Copenhagen. At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich he teamed with Dick Joyce, Wybo Veldman, John Hunter, Lindsay Wilson, Tony Hurt, Trevor Coker and Gary Robertson and Simon Dickie (cox) to win the gold medal in the eights. He rowed with the men's eight in the 1975 World Rowing Championships in Nottingham, Great Britain, and won a bronze medal. At the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal he again crewed the eight which this time won the bronze medal. His crewmates this time were Alec McLean, Ivan Sutherland, Trevor Coker, Peter Dignan, Lindsay Wilson, Tony Hurt and Dave Rodger and Simon Dickie (cox).
Earl's father died on his way to Munich. Whilst doctors had advised against travel due to a weak heart, his parents went nonetheless and his father died when they were in Italy. Earl still went ahead with the competition, and Strachan remarked later that "he still performed". The funeral had to wait until the rowers had returned to New Zealand. Joe Earl took over his father's farm until 1992. Afterwards, he was farming at Blackball on the West Coast. He then went into real estate and was at first branch manager in Rangiora. Since about 2009, he has sold real estate from Christchurch for PGG Wrightson.
# Kruskal count

The Kruskal count (also known as Kruskal's principle, Dynkin–Kruskal count, Dynkin's counting trick, Dynkin's card trick, coupling card trick or shift coupling) is a probabilistic concept originally demonstrated by the Russian mathematician Evgenii Borisovich Dynkin in the 1950s or 1960s discussing coupling effects and rediscovered as a card trick by the American mathematician Martin David Kruskal in the early 1970s as a side-product while working on another problem. It was published by Kruskal's friend Martin Gardner and magician Karl Fulves in 1975. This is related to a similar trick published by magician Alexander F. Kraus in 1957 as Sum total and later called Kraus principle.
Besides uses as a card trick, the underlying phenomenon has applications in cryptography, code breaking, software tamper protection, code self-synchronization, control-flow resynchronization, design of variable-length codes and variable-length instruction sets, web navigation, object alignment, and others.

## Card trick

The trick is performed with cards, but is more a magical-looking effect than a conventional magic trick. The magician has no access to the cards, which are manipulated by members of the audience. Thus sleight of hand is not possible. Rather the effect is based on the mathematical fact that the output of a Markov chain, under certain conditions, is typically independent of the input. A simplified version using the hands of a clock is as follows. A volunteer picks a number from one to twelve and does not reveal it to the magician. The volunteer is instructed to start from 12 on the clock and move clockwise by a number of spaces equal to the number of letters that the chosen number has when spelled out. This is then repeated, moving by the number of letters in the new number. The output after three or more moves does not depend on the initially chosen number and therefore the magician can predict it.
# Johan Widerberg

Johan Olof Widerberg (born 16 March 1974) is a Swedish actor appearing in numerous Swedish films and TV series.

## Biography

Johan Widerberg was born in Stockholm, the son of Swedish director Bo Widerberg.
He was cast as a part in Ocean's Twelve which the director Steven Soderbergh, in the final script, had to cut out. Eventually, Johan turned out as an extra in the film.

## Filmography (selected)

* Bäckström (2020)
* The Wife (2017)
* A Man Called Ove (2015)
* Så olika (2009)
* Ocean's Twelve (2004)
* Norrmalmstorg (2003) (TV)
* Gossip (2000)
* Under solen (1998)
* Lithivm (1998)
* Selma & Johanna - en roadmovie (1997)
* Juloratoriet (Christmas Oratorio) (1996)
* Svart, vitt, rött (1996)
* Radioskugga (1995) (Guest in TV series)
* Lust och fägring stor (All Things Fair) (1995)
* Rapport till himlen (Report to Heaven) (1994) TV mini-series
* Polismördaren (The Police Murderer) (1994)
* Ebba och Didrik (1990) (TV series)
* Ormens väg på hälleberget (The Serpent's Way) (1986)
* Mannen från Mallorca (The Man from Majorca) (1984)