OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Uwe Becker

Uwe Becker (born 10 December 1955 in Rosche) is a German former middle-distance runner who competed primarily in the 1500 metres. He won the silver medal at the 1981 European Indoor Championships. In addition, he represented West Germany at the 1984 Summer Olympics as well as two World Championships.
His brother Volker was also a middle distance runner.
Becker became West German champion in the 1500 metres in 1983, 1984 and 1985. He won silver medals in 1979, 1982, 1985 and 1986 as well as a bronze medal in 1980. He became indoor champion in the same event in 1980, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1985 and 1988 with one additional silver medal in 1986 – as well as one national silver medal in the 800 metres in 1978. He represented the club VfL Wolfsburg.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing West Germany ||||||
| 1978 | European Championships | Prague, Czechoslovakia | 12th (sf) | 800 m | 1:48.2 |
| 1980 | European Indoor Championships | Sindelfingen, West Germany | 4th | 1500 m | 3:39.8 |
| 1981 | European Indoor Championships | Grenoble, France | 2nd | 1500 m | 3:43.02 |
| 1982 | European Championships | Athens, Greece | 6th | 1500 m | 3:38.17 |
| 1983 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 11th | 1500 m | 3:45.09 |
| 1984 | Olympic Games | Los Angeles, United States | 13th (sf) | 1500 m | 3:37.28 |
| 1985 | European Indoor Championships | Piraeus, Greece | 6th (h) | 1500 m | 3:40.89$^1$ |
| 1987 | World Championships | Rome, Italy | 21st (h) | 1500 m | 3:43.73 |
$^1$Did not finish in the final

## Personal bests

Outdoor
* 800 metres – 1:45.9 (Cologne 1979)
* 1000 metres – 2:18.80 (Cologne 1983)
* 1500 metres – 3:34.84 (Koblenz 1983)
* One mile – 3:52.36 (Koblenz 1982)
* 3000 metres – 7:51.37 (Ingelheim 1983)
Indoor
* 1500 metres – 3:39.8 (Sindelfingen 1980)
# José Luis Valiente

José Luis Valiente Giménez (born 18 May 1991) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.

## Career

Born in Alzira, Valencia, Valiente finished his formation with Alicante CF, making his senior debut with the reserves in the 2010–11 season, in Tercera División. He went on to represent UD Alzira in the same tier before joining Segunda División B club CD Olímpic de Xàtiva on 26 July 2014.
On 8 July 2015, Valiente agreed to a contract with Levante UD and was assigned to the B-team also in the third division. On 19 July 2016, he moved to fellow league team Lleida Esportiu, and made his debut for the latter on 21 August by playing the full 90 minutes of a 0–1 defeat against CF Badalona.
On 1 June 2018, after two full seasons as a starter with Lleida, Valiente terminated his contract. He moved abroad three days later, joining Greek club Asteras Tripolis FC after agreeing to a three-year deal. He made his professional debut on 2 August, starting in a 1–1 draw against Scottish club Hibernian FC in the UEFA Europa League.
Valiente scored his first professional goal on 25 September 2018, in a 2–1 home win against Apollon Smyrnis FC for the season's Greek Cup. His first league goal came on 22 October, in a 2–3 loss at Atromitos FC.

## Career statistics

    As of match played on 24 January 2022
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Olímpic Xàtiva | 2014–15 | Segunda División B | 33 | 3 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 33 | 3 |
| Levante B | 2015–16 | Segunda División B | 34 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 34 | 0 |
| Lleida Esportiu | 2016–17 | Segunda División B | 36 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 38 | 0 |
| Lleida Esportiu | 2017–18 | Segunda División B | 35 | 0 | 6 | 0 | — | — | 41 | 0 |
| Lleida Esportiu | Total | Total | 71 | 0 | 8 | 0 | — | — | 79 | 0 |
| Asteras Tripolis | 2018–19 | Superleague Greece | 25 | 2 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 34 | 5 |
| Asteras Tripolis | 2019–20 | Superleague Greece | 27 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 28 | 0 |
| Asteras Tripolis | 2020–21 | Superleague Greece | 32 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 34 | 0 |
| Asteras Tripolis | 2021–22 | Superleague Greece | 17 | 1 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 18 | 1 |
| Asteras Tripolis | Total | Total | 101 | 3 | 12 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 114 | 6 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 239 | 5 | 20 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 260 | 9 |
* ↑ Appearances in UEFA Europa League
# John H. Brinkerhoff

John H. Brinkerhoff (April 14, 1835 – August 6, 1915) was an American newspaper publisher, postmaster, and Republican politician. He served in the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing Fond du Lac County, and was the publisher of the Waupun Times newspaper.

## Biography

John H. Brinkerhoff was born in Seneca County, Ohio, on April 14, 1835. His father died when he was a child. He went to work in a printing office in Milan, Ohio, at age 18, and subsequently worked in the printing trade in Watertown, Wisconsin, Jefferson, Wisconsin, and Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. He finally moved to Waupun, Wisconsin, in 1857, and established the Waupun Times, which he published for nine years.
Brinkerhoff became a devoted Republican after that party was established in the 1850s. In 1861, he was appointed postmaster at Waupun by President Abraham Lincoln, and served as postmaster there for the next 30 years. He was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in the 1864 election, running on the National Union Party ticket. He represented Fond du Lac County's 2nd Assembly district, which then comprised the southwest corner of the county.
In the 1890s he gave up his office as postmaster to his son, James Edwin Brinkerhoff, who was appointed by President Grover Cleveland. The elder Brinkerhoff, however, continued to work as assistant postmaster to his son.
In the Summer of 1915 he suffered a stroke and died a few days later at his home in Waupun.

## Personal life and family

John Brinkerhoff was a son of Hezekiah Brinkerhoff, who served in the Pennsylvania militia during the War of 1812. The Brinkerhoffs were descended from Dutch colonists who arrived in Pennsylvania when it was part of the New Netherland colony, in the 17th century.
John Brinkerhoff married twice. His first wife was Lucy T. Stoddard, a daughter of Theodore Stoddard of New York state. They had four children before her death in 1863; two of their children died in childhood. Brinkerhoff subsequently married Jennie H. Gillette in 1867. Gillette was a daughter of M. S. Gillette of Fond du Lac. They had at least two more children.
# Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's discus throw F55

The Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Women's discus throw F55 event at the 2024 Summer Paralympics in Paris, took place on 3 September 2024.

## Classification

The event is open to F54 and F55 athletes. These athletes are seated when throwing, they have normal arm muscle power. F54 athletes have no trunk movement, while F55 have full or nearly full trunk movement. F55 athletes may have flickers of hip flexor.

## Records

Prior to the competition, the existing records were as follows:
F54 Records
| World Record | Nurkhon Kurbanova (UZB) | 20.40m | Tokyo | 27 August 2021 |
| Paralympic Record | Nurkhon Kurbanova (UZB) | 20.40m | Tokyo | 27 August 2021 |
F55 Records
| World Record | Marianne Buggenhagen (GER) | 27.80m | Beijing | 9 September 2008 |
| Paralympic Record | Marianne Buggenhagen (GER) | 27.80m | Beijing | 9 September 2008 |

## Results
### Final

The final in this classification took place on 30 August 2024:
| Rank | Athlete | Nationality | Class | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Best | Notes |
| | Érica Castaño | Colombia | F55 | 24.45 | 26.70 | 25.59 | 24.96 | 26.04 | 25.06 | 26.70 | |
| | Dong Feixia | China | F55 | 24.09 | 24.39 | 26.39 | 26.08 | 26.10 | 26.67 | 26.67 | AR |
| | Rosa María Guerrero | Mexico | F55 | 24.99 | 25.22 | 25.81 | 25.05 | 19.43 | 24.93 | 25.81 | SB |
| 4 | Diāna Krumina | Latvia | F55 | 23.74 | 23.87 | 24.31 | 20.63 | 22.83 | x | 24.31 | |
| 5 | Norelhouda El Kaoui | Morocco | F55 | 23.42 | 22.71 | 22.39 | x | 22.91 | 21.98 | 23.42 | AR |
| 6 | Rooba Alomari | Bahrain | F55 | 21.99 | 22.05 | 22.41 | 22.95 | 22.77 | 23.24 | 23.24 | |
| 7 | Maria Guadalupe Navarro Hernandez | Mexico | F55 | x | 21.51 | x | 21.35 | 21.66 | 20.52 | 21.66 | |
| 8 | Sakshi Kasana | India | F55 | 19.55 | x | x | 19.15 | 21.49 | 19.76 | 21.49 | SB |
| 9 | Jyoti Karam Karamjyoti | India | F55 | x | 17.78 | 17.87 | 17.67 | 20.04 | 20.22 | 20.22 | SB |
| 10 | Korotoumou Coulibaly | Mali | F55 | 14.78 | 16.91 | 17.40 | 18.57 | 18.41 | 12.48 | 18.57 | |
| 11 | Nurkhon Kurbanova | Uzbekistan | F54 | 15.33 | 17.01 | 16.69 | 16.46 | 16.71 | 17.26 | 17.26 | SB |
| 12 | Natalya Semyanova | Uzbekistan | F55 | x | 11.70 | 13.48 | 11.96 | x | 11.86 | 13.48 | |
| DNS | Iveth del Rosario Valdes Romero | Panama | F55 | | | | | | | DNS | |
# Daniel M. McCarthy

Daniel M. McCarthy (1888 – August 22, 1950) was an American Democratic politician and lawyer.
Born in Mankato, Kansas, McCarthy was a lawyer. He served in the Kansas State Senate in 1933 and 1935. He married Kathyrn O'Loughlin, who served in the United States House of Representatives.
# Kathryn Mullen

Kathryn Mullen (born February 10, 1940) is an American puppeteer, actress, and voice actress most closely associated with Jim Henson projects.

## History

Mullen began performing on The Muppet Show in its third season, primarily as Gaffer the Backstage Cat. She also voice directed Dog City for Nelvana, worked as a designer for The Muppet Movie, right-handed for Frank Oz on Yoda on The Empire Strikes Back, and was one of the creators of Between the Lions. While reprising Gaffer for several Muppet movies, she also performed Mokey Fraggle and Cotterpin Doozer on Henson's Fraggle Rock. She performed the Gelfling Kira in the movie The Dark Crystal, Allegra on Allegra's Window, and Leona the Lion on Between the Lions.
Mullen, with her husband, former Muppet designer Michael K. Frith, founded "No Strings" along with emergency aid worker Johnie McGlade. The company originally created a film for children in Afghanistan, warning of the dangers of land mines. In the film, "The Story of the Little Carpet Boy," one puppet loses several limbs before he learns to avoid land mines completely. Since the first film, No Strings has gone on to create films for children in need in areas including Africa, Haiti, Madagascar, Sudan, and Syria. In 2016 No Strings was awarded the 2016 Adela Dwyer-St. Thomas of Villanova Peace Award from Villanova University
In 2013, Mullen attended Dragon Con with Karen Prell and Michael K. Frith as part of the 30th Anniversary of Fraggle Rock where Kathryn Mullen performed Mokey Fraggle while Karen Prell performed Red Fraggle.

## Filmography
### Television

* Allegra's Window – Allegra
* Between the Lions – Leona Lion (2000–2001)
* Fraggle Rock – Mokey Fraggle, Cotterpin Doozer, Rock Hockey Hanna, Merboo Merggle, Magenta Fraggle, Mother Goose, A Pink Dancing Fraggle, Old Gypsy Lady, Wimple Fraggle, Mama Tree Bird, Sally Spotless, Tammy Shrub, Additional Muppets
* Jim Henson's Little Muppet Monsters – Penguin, Rat
* Sesame Street – Grover's Mommy, Sally Smith, Additional Muppets
* The Muppet Show – Wanda (1979) Gaffer the Cat, Mrs. Appleby, Prairie Dog, Beaker Clones, Additional Muppets
* The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss – Little Cat A (1996–1997), Junior Kangaroo (1996–1997), Morton the Elephant Bird (1996–1997), Mayor Stovepipe, Lieutenant Hopwood, Mrs. Casaba, Additional Muppets

### Film

* A Muppet Family Christmas – Mokey Fraggle, Additional Muppets
* Billy Bunny's Animal Songs – Billy Bunny's Mother, Frog, Gopher
* John Denver and the Muppets: A Christmas Together – Additional Muppets
* Labyrinth – Goblins (puppeteer)
* Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird – Grouch Diner Patron, Anything Muppet Girl
* The Christmas Toy – Apple
* The Dark Crystal – Kira (puppeteer)
* The Empire Strikes Back - Performing assistant for Yoda
* The Great Muppet Caper – Gaffer the Cat, Additional Muppets
* The Muppet Movie – Additional Muppets
* The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson – Joy Buzzer, Mokey Fraggle, Additional Muppets
* The Muppets Go Hollywood – Additional Muppets
* The Muppets Go to the Movies – Additional Muppets
* The Muppets Take Manhattan – Jill the Frog, Additional Muppets
# Josie Carey

Josephine Vicari Massucci Franz (August 20, 1930 – May 28, 2004), known by the stage name Josie Carey, was a lyricist and a host of several children's television shows.

## Biography

Carey was born in Pittsburgh and raised in Butler, Pennsylvania as Josephine Vicari and would later change her name at the suggestion of her television station's general manager. Carey was the host of Pittsburgh's children show, The Children's Corner on WQED from 1953 to 1961. Carey was one of the station's original employees, beginning work there in October 1953 — six months before WQED actually started broadcasting. She went door-to-door, raising money for the station selling $2 educational program guides.
Carey was partnered with Fred Rogers who would act as puppeteer of various puppets who would dance along to 68 songs which he wrote and for which Carey wrote the lyrics. Carey joined ASCAP in 1955 and she and Rogers produced such songs as "Goodnight God," "It's Morning," and "Why Hi, Don't I Know You?" — the theme song for her program. Carey once remarked on their collaboration, "He would make me very angry because I'd labor over my lyrics and he would sit at the piano and what took me four hours, he would do in four minutes." Carey wrote the lyrics to "Tomorrow," which Rogers sang at the end of each Mister Rogers' Neighborhood episode until 1972. The puppet characters included Daniel S. Tiger, Grandpère Tiger, King Friday XIII of Calendarland, his wife Queen Sara Saturday, X the owl, and Henrietta the cat.
The Children's Corner was syndicated on NBC for 39 weeks and won a Sylvania Award in 1955 for the best locally produced children's program in the country. The Children's Corner debuted puppet characters who would go on to future fame on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood; characters like King Friday XIII (who would dub four children "Prince" or "Princess" during the birthday greetings segment of the Children's Corner) and Daniel Striped Tiger, who was named after WQED's first general manager, Dorothy Daniel. The program also featured a wide range of human guests, including Johnny Carson, Shirley Jones, Van Cliburn, and Charles Schulz.
After her show was cancelled, Carey went on to host other children's programming, including Josie's Storyland and Funsville, which were aired on KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh; Wheee! in South Carolina in the 1970s; and most recently, Josie's Attic during the 1990s on WQEX in Pittsburgh.
On July 23, 1999, Carey was interviewed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences for its archives in North Hollywood. She continued to perform, act, and direct in Pittsburgh community theater until her death, which resulted from complications from a fall, at the age of 73.

## Awards

* 1965—Pittsburgh Post Gazette named Josie Carey "Woman of the Year."
* 1955—Sylvania Award - best locally produced children's program in the country
* Both Duquesne University and the Pittsburgh Junior Chamber of Commerce would honor Carey with awards for her efforts in children's programming.
# NGC 3583

NGC 3583 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. It is located at a distance of circa 90 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 3583 is about 85,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on February 5, 1788.
NGC 3585 has a bright nucleus and an elliptical bulge. It has a prominent bar which is about 30 arcseconds long. The spiral arms start approximately at the radius of the end of the bar. One arm emanates from northwest edge of the bulge. At its start is quite diffuse but after passing near the bar becomes better defined. After reaching the southeast part of the galaxy it starts to fade. The other arm emanates from the southeast end of the bar. It appears to branch after passing from the other side of the bar, with the two branches running parallelly.
The galaxy has many HII regions. The star formation rate in the galaxy based on the infrared luminosity is 9.8 M$_☉$ per year.
NGC 3583 is the foremost galaxy in the NGC 3583 galaxy group. Also member of the group is the galaxy NGC 3595, while a bit farther away lies NGC 3614 and its group. NGC 3583 forms a pair with a small elliptical galaxy, which lies 0.9 arcminutes from NGC 3583. Barred spiral galaxy NGC 3577 lies at a projected distance of 5 arcminutes.

## Supernovae

Two supernovae have been observed in NGC 3583:
* SN 1975P (type unknown, mag. 15) was discovered by Charles Kowal on 1 December 1975.
* ASASSN-15so (type Ia supernova, mag. 15.1) was discovered by ASAS-SN on 8 November 2015, about 10 days before maximum light.
# Fortunato Libanori

Fortunato Libanori (14 June 1934 – 11 July 2006) was an Italian Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. His best year was in 1956 when he finished fifth in the 125cc world championship.

## Motorcycle Grand Prix results

| Year | Class | Team | Motorcycle | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Points | Position | Wins |
| 1956 | 125 cc | MV Agusta | 125 Bialbero | IOM - | NED ? | BEL 2 | GER 4 | ULS - | NAT DNF | 9 | 5th | 0 |
| 1957 | 125 cc | MV Agusta | 125 Bialbero | GER - | IOM - | NED 5 | BEL - | ULS - | NAT 4 | 5 | 8th | 0 |
| 1957 | 250 cc | MV Agusta | 250 Monocilindrica Bialbero | GER - | IOM - | NED 4 | BEL - | ULS - | NAT - | 3 | 14th | 0 |
# Amyl and the Sniffers (album)

Amyl and the Sniffers is the debut studio album by Australian pub rock and punk band Amyl and the Sniffers. It was released on 24 May 2019 by Rough Trade Records and has received generally positive reviews.
The album reached No. 22 in Australia and No. 91 on the UK Albums Chart.
At the ARIA Music Awards of 2019, the album won the ARIA Award for Best Rock Album.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 81/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Clash | 8/10 |
| The Line of Best Fit | 8/10 |
| Pitchfork | 7.2/10 |
According to the review aggregator Metacritic, Amyl and the Sniffers received "universal acclaim" based on a weighted average score of 81 out of 100 from 14 critic scores.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Amy Taylor.

## Personnel

Amyl and the Sniffers
* Amy Taylor – vocals
* Dec Martens – guitar
* Bryce Wilson – drums
* Gus Romer – bass
Additional contributors
* Ross Orton – production, mixing, recording
* Dick Beetham – mastering
* David Kuratsu – engineering, production assistance, mixing assistance, recording assistance
* Ben Jones – artwork
* Jamie Wdziekonski – photography

## Charts

Chart performance of Amyl and the Sniffers :
| Chart (2018) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 22 |
| Scottish Albums (OCC) | 33 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 91 |
| UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC) | 3 |
| US Independent Albums (Billboard) | 28 |
# Andrey Shary

Andrey Shary (Russian: Андре́й Ша́рый; born June 17, 1965) is a Russian journalist, historical author and media manager. He studied journalism at the State Institute of International Relations in Moscow, graduating in 1987. Shary worked for the Soviet daily Pravda in 1987–1990, then moving to the weekly Rossiya (1990–1994). Since 1992 he collaborates with Radio Svoboda, the Russian Service of U.S. granted Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Inc. In 1994-1996 he worked as a field-reporter and commentator in former Yugoslavia, based in Zagreb. Since 1996 he is a senior broadcaster, since 2016 Director for Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty's Russian Service and an author of 15 books on the Yugoslav wars, history of Balkans, Central Europe, modern popular culture, and travel journals. Shary has written numerous articles and commentaries. He lives in Prague.

## Books

* After the Rain Falls. Yugoslavian Myths: Between the Old and the New Age. NLO, Moscow, 2002, ISBN 5-86793-180-3
* The Tribunal. Chronicles Of The Unfinished War. Human Rights Publishers, 2003, ISBN 5-7712-0279-7
* A Prayer for Serbia. The Secret of Zoran Djindjic’s Death. Human Rights Publishers, 2004, ISBN 80-903523-1-6 Co-author: Aja Kuge.
* Four Seasons. NLO, Moscow, 2006, ISBN 5-86793-394-6
* Sign 007: On Her Majesty’s Secret Service. NLO, Moscow, 2007, ISBN 5-86793-495-0 Co-author: Natalya Golitsyna.
* Sign F: Fantomas in Books and on the Screen. NLO, Moscow, 2007, ISBN 5-86793-517-5
* Sign W: Leader of the Red Skins in Books and on the Screen. NLO, Moscow, 2008, ISBN 978-5-86793-562-7
* Sign Z: Zorro in Books and on the Screen. NLO, Moscow, 2008, ISBN 978-5-86793-626-6
* Sign D: Dracula in Books and on the Screen. NLO, Moscow, 2009, ISBN 978-5-86793-711-9 Co-author: Vladimir Vedrashko.
* Sign 007: James Bond in Books and on the Screen. NLO, Moscow, 2010, ISBN 978-5-86793-761-4 Co-author: Natalya Golitsyna.
* The Roots and the Crown. Essays on Austria-Hungary: A Destiny of an Empire. KoLibri, Moscow, 2011, ISBN 978-5-389-01371-1 Co-author: Yaroslav Shimov.
* Austria-Hungary. A Destiny of an Empire. KoLibri, Moscow, 2015, ISBN 978-5-389-09313-3 Co-author: Yaroslav Shimov. 2nd edition.
* The Globe of Saint Petersburg. NLO, Moscow, 2011, ISBN 978-5-86793-909-0
* The Globe of Moscow. NLO, Moscow. 2013, ISBN 978-5-4448-0043-0 Co-author: Olga Podkolzina.
* Danube. An Imperial River. KoLibri, Moscow, 2015, ISBN 978-5-389-09312-6
* Dunărea. Fluviul imperrilor. Polirom, Iași, 2017 ISBN 978-973-46-6363-7
* Коріння та корона. Нариси про Австро-Угорщину: доля імперії. Dipa, Kyiv, 2018 ISBN 978-617-7606-07-8
* Balkans. Borderlines of the Empires. KoLibri, Moscow, 2018, ISBN 978-5-389-15148-2
* Дунай: ріка iмперій. Dipa, Kyiv, 2021 ISBN 978-617-7606-58-0
* Bohemian Times. Big History of a Small Country: from Saint Wenceslas to Vaclav Havel. Photos by Olga Bazhenova. KoLibri, Moscow, 2022, ISBN 978-5-389-19978-1
* For Nation and Order! Central Europe and Balkans between WWI and WWII. The Historical Expertise, Chișinău, 2025, ISBN 978-3-68959-007-9 Co-author: Yaroslav Shimov
# Abraham Elzevir

Abraham Elzevir (4 April 1592 — 14 August 1652) was a Dutch printer. Elzevir was born and died in Leiden. He inherited the House of Elzevir from his grandfather Louis Elzevir and his uncle Bonaventure Elzevir. In its best years it was reputedly the largest publishing business in the world, with branches in numerous European cities.
Abraham and Bonaventure launched a bestselling series of books called the Republics. Published in Latin between 1626 and 1629, each work in the series gave information on the geography, inhabitants, economy, and history of a particular country in Europe, Asia, Africa, or the Near East. The Republics are often considered the forerunner to the modern travel guide.