OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Roger Planchon

Roger Planchon (French pronunciation:; born 12 September 1931 in Saint-Chamond, Loire, died on 12 May 2009 in Paris), was a French playwright, director, and filmmaker.

## Biography

Roger Planchon spent his childhood in the Ardèche, notably in Dornas. He found its inspiration from his rural origins and this issue was a recurring theme in his writings.
He started on stage in 1949 after winning an amateur theater. In 1952, he founded the Théâtre de la Comédie, located in the rue des Marronniers, in Lyon. He was the director of the Théâtre de la Cité of Villeurbanne since 1957 (which became the Théâtre National Populaire in 1972).
Roger Planchon transposed many works by Brecht, Molière, Shakespeare, and many works of contemporary authors, including Arthur Adamov and Michel Vinaver, but also opened the Théâtre National Populaire to Patrice Chéreau, then Georges Lavaudant.
As films, he directed George Dandin ou le Mari confondu by Molière, Louis, enfant roi, which was entered at Cannes, and another one by Lautrec.

### End of life

In 2002, Christian Schiaretti succeeded him as director of the TNP; he created his own company with which he continued to write and direct until his death.
He died on 12 May 2009 after a heart attack, he is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery (22nd division).

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1956 | A Man Escaped | Le garde cycliste | |
| 1973 | George Who? | Victor Borie / Michel de Bourges, l'avocat | |
| 1974 | The Others | Alexis Artaxerxès | |
| 1978 | Roads to the South | L'avocat parisien | |
| 1978 | Dossier 51 | Esculape 1 | |
| 1978 | Molière | Colbert | |
| 1979 | I as in Icarus | Le professeur David Naggara | |
| 1982 | The Return of Martin Guerre | Jean de Coras | |
| 1982 | Légitime violence | Philippe Miller | |
| 1982 | The Big Brother | Inspecteur Valin | |
| 1983 | Danton | Fouquier-Tinville | |
| 1984 | A Strange Passion | L'évêque | |
| 1984 | La 7ème cible | Le commissaire Paillard | |
| 1988 | Dandin | Le tragédien | |
| 1988 | Camille Claudel | Morhardt | |
| 1989 | Radio Corbeau | Faber - le maire de Saint-Meyrand | |
| 1990 | Jean Galmot, aventurier | Castellane | |
| 1991 | L'année de l'éveil | Le Capitaine / The captain | |
| 1993 | Louis, the Child King | Le vieux domestique | |
| 1993 | Pétain | Narrator | Voice |
| 1998 | Lautrec | Le vieil acteur | |
# Athletics at the 2009 Summer Universiade – Men's 5000 metres

The men's 5000 metres event at the 2009 Summer Universiade was held on 10–12 July.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Halil Akkaş Turkey | Bayron Piedra Ecuador | Elroy Gelant South Africa |

## Results
### Heats

Qualification: First 5 of each heat (Q) and the next 5 fastest (q) qualified for the final.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 2 | Mirko Petrović | Serbia | 13:54.77 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | Moorosi Soke | South Africa | 13:55.62 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | Diego Borrego | Mexico | 13:55.85 | Q |
| 4 | 2 | Tiidrek Nurme | Estonia | 13:57.05 | Q |
| 5 | 2 | Javier Guerra | Spain | 13:57.27 | Q |
| 6 | 1 | Halil Akkaş | Turkey | 13:58.65 | Q |
| 7 | 1 | Artem Kossinov | Kazakhstan | 13:58.78 | Q, SB |
| 8 | 1 | Bayron Piedra | Ecuador | 13:59.26 | Q |
| 9 | 1 | Elroy Gelant | South Africa | 13:59.35 | Q, PB |
| 10 | 1 | Ahmed Tamri | Morocco | 13:59.49 | Q, PB |
| 11 | 1 | Konstantin Vasilyev | Russia | 13:59.58 | q, SB |
| 12 | 2 | Tsuyoshi Ugachi | Japan | 14:00.22 | q |
| 13 | 2 | Liam Adams | Australia | 14:01.42 | q |
| 14 | 2 | Kemal Koyuncu | Turkey | 14:04.50 | q, SB |
| 15 | 1 | Joseph Chebet | Uganda | 14:04.99 | q |
| 16 | 1 | Akinobu Murasawa | Japan | 14:08.31 | |
| 17 | 1 | Michael Schmid | Austria | 14:09.67 | |
| 18 | 2 | Ren Longyun | China | 14:17.97 | |
| 19 | 2 | Ajmal Amirov | Tajikistan | 14:20.99 | PB |
| 20 | 1 | Liu Chao | China | 14:26.19 | |
| 21 | 2 | Luca Leone | Italy | 14:41.00 | |
| 22 | 1 | Isaiah Msibi | Swaziland | 14:49.60 | PB |
| 23 | 1 | Velimir Bojović | Serbia | 14:57.77 | |
| 24 | 2 | Wajid Ali | Pakistan | 16:18.38 | |
| | 2 | Lhoussein Boumezgour | Morocco | DNF | |
| | 1 | Faraj Entaifa | Libya | DNS | |
| | 1 | Samir Khadar | Algeria | DNS | |
| | 1 | Mainza Makunga | Zambia | DNS | |
| | 2 | Mohamed El-Zaydi | Libya | DNS | |
| | 2 | Manuel Manuelian | Lebanon | DNS | |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Halil Akkaş | Turkey | 14:06.96 |
| | Bayron Piedra | Ecuador | 14:07.11 |
| | Elroy Gelant | South Africa | 14:07.97 |
| 4 | Mirko Petrović | Serbia | 14:09.17 |
| 5 | Tiidrek Nurme | Estonia | 14:09.29 |
| 6 | Ahmed Tamri | Morocco | 14:09.48 |
| 7 | Javier Guerra | Spain | 14:11.49 |
| 8 | Konstantin Vasilyev | Russia | 14:12.27 |
| 9 | Moorosi Soke | South Africa | 14:12.46 |
| 10 | Liam Adams | Australia | 14:12.86 |
| 11 | Joseph Chebet | Uganda | 14:16.50 |
| 12 | Artem Kossinov | Kazakhstan | 14:21.24 |
| 13 | Tsuyoshi Ugachi | Japan | 14:23.82 |
| 14 | Kemal Koyuncu | Turkey | 14:25.61 |
| 15 | Diego Borrego | Mexico | 14:40.51 |
# James S. Clark

James Sterling Clark (October 7, 1921 – June 6, 2000) of Eufaula, Barbour County, Alabama, served as the mayor of the City of Eufaula from 1976 to 1978, and served four consecutive terms in the Senate of Alabama from 1958 to 1974. He served as the chair of the Senate Rules Committee for 12 of those 16 years. Clark was initially elected to the Alabama House of Representatives in 1983, representing Barbour and Russell Counties, during which he served as the chair of the House Rules Committee, and subsequently was reelected by the residents of his district for three additional terms, 1986 to 1990, 1990 to 1994, and 1994 to 1998.
Clark was entrusted by the members of the House with the Office of Speaker in 1987, 1991, and an unprecedented third term in 1995. Clark died in June 2000.
# Edwin Nolte

Edwin Nolte (January 27, 1885 - December 14, 1940) was an American politician from St. Louis, Missouri, who was elected to the Missouri Senate in 1930. He was educated at the St. Louis area Smith Academy.
# Cytoglobin

Cytoglobin is the protein product of CYGB, a human and mammalian gene.
Cytoglobin is a globin molecule ubiquitously expressed in all tissues and most notably utilized in marine mammals. It was discovered in 2001 in hepatic stellate cells during liver fibrosis. Thus, it was originally called "stellate cell activated protein" or STAP. It received its current name in 2002. It is thought to help in the distribution and storage of oxygen as well as protect against hypoxia by scavenging reactive oxygen species . The predicted function of cytoglobin is the facilitation of oxygen among tissues that don't express myoglobin.

## Function

Cytoglobin is a ubiquitously expressed hexacoordinate hemoglobin that may facilitate diffusion of oxygen through tissues, scavenge nitric oxide or reactive oxygen species, or serve a protective function during oxidative stress.

## Structure

Cytoglobin has 30-40% sequence homology with myoglobin, and has a similar oxygen binding affinity. One of the major differences is the presence of a 20 amino acids extension at both the n and c terminus.
Cytoglobin is a hexacoordinate heme protein. The heme iron in coordinated with histidine residues on both sides, HisF8 and HisE7. The HisE7 is considered to be an "endogenous ligand." In order for oxygen or another gaseous ligand to bind, the HisE7 must dissociate from the iron, making the binding kinetics relatively slow.
In an oxidizing environment, a disulfide bond between Cys38 and Cys83 of the protein forms and causes a conformational change to move HisE7 out of the way, allowing oxygen to bind. Thus, oxygen binding is dependent on the redox state of the tissue.

## Applications

CYGB expression can be used as a specific marker with which hepatic stellate cells can be distinguished from portal myofibroblasts in the damaged human liver.
# Broerkerk

The Broerkerk in Groningen, Netherlands, was a medieval church connected to the Franciscan cloister in Groningen. The church was situated in the Broerstraat in Groningen. The Broerkerk was the first church in the town used by the Protestants.
In 1702 Arp Schnitger built an organ for the Broerekerk in Groningen. For the organ he used pipe-work from the previous instrument built by Hendrick Hermans van Loon in 1679. In 1815 the organ was moved by J.W. Timpe to the Der Aa-kerk because the Broerkerk/Academiekerk had to be restored to the Roman Catholic Church.
After the city joined the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, the church became the church of the University of Groningen (1614). In the 19th century the church was given back to the Roman Catholics. The church was in such a bad condition that the decision was taken to demolish it. The remains of the buried bodies found in and around the church were reburied at the Roman Catholic churchyard in town. In 1895 a new church was built on the same site as the former Broerkerk. The new church was named Sint Martinuskerk.

## Saint Martinuskerk

The Saint Martinuskerk in Groningen was built in 1895. The Neogothic church was designed by P.J.H. Cuypers. The church was built with brick and the interior was sober. In 1956 the church became a Cathedral when the bishopric of Groningen was formed. In 1970 the church was no longer used as church. The plans of changing the church into a library for the University of Groningen were too expensive and in 1982 the church was demolished. At its place the new library of the university was built.
The statue of Christ the King Jesus made by Jan Eloy Brom and his brother Leo Brom (placed in the church in 1936), was relocated to the Roman Catholic Churchyard cemetery in town.
# Seth Hastings

Seth Hastings (April 8, 1762 – November 19, 1831) was a United States representative from Massachusetts. Born in Cambridge in the Province of Massachusetts Bay to Seth and Hannah (Soden) Hastings, he was a descendant of the colonist Thomas Hastings who came from the East Anglia region of England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634. He graduated from Harvard University in 1782, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1786 and commenced practice in Mendon, Massachusetts. He was town treasurer in 1794 and 1795, and was elected one of the first school commissioners in 1796.
Hastings was elected as a Federalist to the Seventh Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Levi Lincoln. He was reelected to the Eighth and Ninth Congresses and served from August 24, 1801, to March 3, 1807. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1806 and was a member of the Massachusetts State Senate in 1810 and 1814. From 1819 to 1828, he was chief justice of the court of sessions for Worcester County. Hastings died in Mendon; interment was in the Old Cemetery.

## Legacy

Hastings' son, William Soden Hastings, also represented Massachusetts in the House of Representatives.
# Achatnahalli

Achatnahalli is a village in the Kolar taluk of the southern state of Karnataka, India and within the Division of Bangalore. As of the 2011 Indian Census, the village included a total population of 520 people consisting of 266 females and 254 males. The census also noted the village held a total of 129 households.

## Politics

Under the Indian Constitution and the 1993 Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act the village elects a Gram Panchayat with a Sarpanch as its leader, to act as village administrators and representatives.
The village falls under the Kolar Assembly Constituency, represented by Vartoor R Prakash of the Independent Party since 2008. It also falls within the Kolar (Lok Sabha constituency), which is currently represented by K. H. Muniyappa of the Indian National Congress. The major political parties competing in Achatnahalli are the Indian National Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party, and Janata Dal (Secular).

## Demographics

The population of Achatnahalli as of the 2011 Indian Census breaks down as follows:
| Demographic | Percentage of Total Population | Raw Total | Male | Female |
| 0–6 years old | 11.73% | 61 | 25 | 36 |
| Total Workers | 33.65% | 175 | 165 | 10 |
| Full Time Workers | 100% of total employed | 175 | 165 | 10 |
| Scheduled Cast Membership | 5.19% | 27 | 14 | 13 |
| Scheduled Tribe Membership | 0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
The village has a substantially higher female population than the surrounding state of Karnataka, with Achatnahalli's ratio of female to male standing at 1047:1000, in contrast to Karnataka's 973:1000. This ratio is even greater among children and young people, with the ratio of females to males among village young people at 1440:1000, as against Karnataka's 948:1000.
The aggregate literacy of the village is 67.97%, with 81.66% of males and 54.35% of females literate according to the Census definition. This is a lower rate of literacy than Karnataka where literacy is at an average of 75.36%.

## Industry

The primary industry of Achatnahalli is farming and cultivation. Of the 175 total workers in 2011, 113 were cultivators (owners or co-owners of farm properties) while nine were agricultural labourers.

## Location

The village is located eighteen kilometres west of Kolar, the regional centre. It stands fifty two kilometres from the state capital, Bangalore. Surrounding towns include Narasapura, Vokkaleri, Hungenahalli, Shivarapatna, and Chowdadenahalli, each within ten kilometres. The taluk in which Achatnahalli resides is surrounded by the Malur taluk to the south, the Hoskote taluk to the west, the Bangalore Rural taluk to the south east, and the Vijayapura taluk to the north. The primary post office serving the village is located in Narasapura.
# Oberea lateapicalis

Oberea lateapicalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Maurice Pic in 1939.
# Yegizaw Michael

Yegizaw Michael, also known as Yeggy, is an Eritrean artist based in the United States. He was raised in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and fled to Kenya due to a fear of persecution. Michael has since exhibited his work in Kenya, Uganda, Austria, Eritrea, and the United States.
In 1995 he was the Best Artist of the Year in Kenya. He is also a two-time winner of Eritrea's Raimok National Art Award for 1996 and 1997. In 1997 Yegizaw was the initiator, organizer and artist director of the historic Artists Against AIDS national awareness campaign in Eritrea. It involved over 30 Eritrean artists, musicians, poets who collaborated in a nationwide campaign to educate and sensitize people about AIDS.
Michael is based in Seattle and has produced several works of public art in the region, including mosaics for the Seattle Children's Museum and Seattle Housing Authority's Yesler Terrace project. His mural "Point of Connection" was installed by Sound Transit at Marymoor Village station in 2024.
# Athletics at the 1965 Summer Universiade – Men's 800 metres

The men's 800 metres event at the 1965 Summer Universiade was held at the People's Stadium in Budapest on 25, 26 and 27 August 1965.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Bill Crothers Canada | George Germann United States | Rudolf Klaban Austria |

## Results
### Heats

| Rank | Heat | Athlete | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | John Boulter | Great Britain | 1:51.6 | Q |
| 2 | 1 | Petr Blaha | Czechoslovakia | 1:51.8 | Q |
| 3 | 1 | Jacques Pennewaert | Belgium | 1:52.0 | Q |
| 4 | 1 | Roberto Curti | Switzerland | 1:52.2 | Q |
| 5 | 1 | Leszek Targos | Poland | 1:54.7 | |
| 6 | 1 | Elio Sicari | Italy | 1:54.7 | |
| | 1 | Virgilio González | Spain | DQ | |
| 1 | 2 | Bill Crothers | Canada | 1:52.7 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | Lorant Stoll | Hungary | 1:52.8 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | Michel Samper | France | 1:53.2 | Q |
| 4 | 2 | Karl-Uno Olofsson | Sweden | 1:53.2 | Q |
| 5 | 2 | Dave Cropper | Great Britain | 1:53.3 | |
| 1 | 3 | George Germann | United States | 1:50.3 | Q |
| 2 | 3 | Jan Kasal | Czechoslovakia | 1:50.7 | Q |
| 3 | 3 | Didier Gustin | France | 1:50.7 | Q |
| 4 | 3 | Arnd Krüger | West Germany | 1:50.87 | Q |
| 5 | 3 | Imre Nagy | Hungary | 1:51.3 | |
| 6 | 3 | Norbert Haupert | Luxembourg | 1:52.4 | |
| 7 | 3 | Gianfranco Carabelli | Italy | 1:56.7 | |
| | 3 | Ioannis Hrisanthopoulos | Greece | DQ | |
| 1 | 4 | Franz-Josef Kemper | West Germany | 1:53.8 | Q |
| 2 | 4 | Rudolf Klaban | Austria | 1:53.8 | Q |
| 3 | 4 | Henri De Ridder | Belgium | 1:54.3 | Q |
| 4 | 4 | Janusz Grzeszczuk | Poland | 1:54.3 | Q |
| 6 | 4 | Vladimir Rusin | Soviet Union | 1:55.3 | |
| 7 | 4 | Konstantinos Mihailidis | Greece | 1:56.7 | |
| 8 | 4 | Hanspeter Born | Switzerland | 1:58.1 | |

### Semifinals

| Rank | Heat | Athlete | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | Bill Crothers | Canada | 1:51.4 | Q |
| 2 | 1 | Rudolf Klaban | Austria | 1:51.6 | Q |
| 3 | 1 | George Germann | United States | 1:51.7 | Q |
| 4 | 1 | Michel Samper | France | 1:51.7 | Q |
| 5 | 1 | Petr Blaha | Czechoslovakia | 1:52.0 | |
| 6 | 1 | Arnd Krüger | West Germany | 1:52.2 | |
| 7 | 1 | Roberto Curti | Switzerland | 1:54.3 | |
| 8 | 1 | Henri De Ridder | Belgium | 1:59.3 | |
| 1 | 2 | Didier Gustin | France | 1:51.5 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | John Boulter | Great Britain | 1:51.6 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | Jan Kasal | Czechoslovakia | 1:51.7 | Q |
| 4 | 2 | Karl-Uno Olofsson | Sweden | 1:51.8 | Q |
| 5 | 2 | Jacques Pennewaert | Belgium | 1:52.5 | |
| 6 | 2 | Janusz Grzeszczuk | Poland | 1:54.5 | |
| 7 | 2 | Lorant Stoll | Hungary | 1:58.5 | |
| 8 | 2 | Franz-Josef Kemper | West Germany | 1:58.5 | |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Bill Crothers | Canada | 1:47.7 |
| | George Germann | United States | 1:47.8 |
| | Rudolf Klaban | Austria | 1:48.2 |
| 4 | Jan Kasal | Czechoslovakia | 1:48.8 |
| 5 | John Boulter | Great Britain | 1:48.9 |
| 6 | Michel Samper | France | 1:49.2 |
| 7 | Karl-Uno Olofsson | Sweden | 1:49.2 |
| 8 | Didier Gustin | France | 1:49.5 |
# Ch'uñawi (Cochabamba)

Ch'uñawi (Aymara for a place where potatoes are spread as part of the procedure to prepare ch'uñu, also spelled Chunahui, Chuñahui) is a mountain in the Bolivian Andes which reaches a height of approximately 3,700 m (12,100 ft). It is located in the Cochabamba Department, Quillacollo Province, Sipe Sipe Municipality. Ch'uñawi lies southeast of Tikrasqa.
# Saly Greige

Saly Greige (Arabic: سالي جريج) is a Lebanese engineer, TV Host and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Lebanon 2014. She represented Lebanon at Miss World 2014 and Miss Universe 2014. She then worked as a TV Host in Lebanon and in Dubai, hosting one of the most reputable TV shows in the middle “The Insider” on Dubai Tv.

## Career

Greige studied civil engineering at the University of Balamand. She was crowned as Miss Lebanon 2014 on October 5, 2014. Elsa Hajjar came in the second place and Rouba Monzer won the 2nd runner up. In January 2015, Greige came under criticism in her country for appearing in a photograph with Miss Israel, Doron Matalon, at the Miss Universe pageant in Miami, United States.
In 2017, she became a TV host of Sahtak Bildini at LBCI, then The Insider at Dubai TV in 2019.

## Personal life

She married a lawyer, Toni Khouri, in 2015, and had her first child, Ray, in May 2018 in Dubai. In June 2021, she had her second son, James, at Houston Methodist Hospital.
# Adepalli

Adepalli is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Chintamani taluk of Chikkaballapura district in Karnataka.
# Visa policy of São Tomé and Príncipe

Visitors to São Tomé and Príncipe must obtain a visa online or from one of the diplomatic missions of São Tomé and Príncipe prior to arrival unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries.

## Visa exemption

Citizens of the following countries can visit São Tomé and Príncipe without a visa for up to 15 days.
| Andorra  Angola  Brazil  Canada  Cape Verde  Equatorial Guinea  Gabon | Guinea-Bissau  Iceland  Japan  Kuwait  Liechtenstein  Monaco  Morocco | Mozambique  Norway  Qatar  Russia  Rwanda  San Marino  South Korea | Switzerland  Timor-Leste  Turkey  United Arab Emirates  United Kingdom  United States  Vatican City |
* Date of visa changes
* 2015: Angola, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, European Union citizens, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, Timor-Leste and the United States
* 25 April 2017: Andorra, Gabon, Iceland, Japan, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Morocco, Norway, Qatar, Russia, San Marino, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Vatican
* N/A: Rwanda
Holders of diplomatic or service passports and passports for public affairs of China do not require a visa for 30 days.

### Future

Serbia and Sao Tome and Principe signed an agreement of abolishing visas for diplomatic and service passports on 6 July 2022.
Visa waiver agreements were signed between São Tomé and Príncipe and Saint Kitts and Nevis and Togo and they are yet to be ratified.

## Visa on arrival

Holders of ordinary passports issued by China, Hong Kong, and Macao may obtain a visa upon arrival valid for 15 days.

## e-Visa

Nationals of countries that require a visa may obtain online through an e-VisaST system. An e-Visa is processed within 7 working days.

## Substitute visa

Holders of a visa or resident permit issued by the United States or a Schengen area member state do not require a visa for stays up to 15 days.

## Transit

Transit passengers must have a confirmed onward ticket for a flight to a third country on the same calendar day. The passengers must stay in the international transit area of the airport and have documents required for the next destination.
# Chelonoidis niger microphyes

Chelonoidis niger microphyes, also known as the Volcán Darwin giant tortoise, Darwin Volcano giant tortoise or Tagus Cove giant tortoise, is a subspecies of Galápagos tortoise endemic to the Galápagos archipelago in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean. The specific epithet microphyes (“small when full-grown”) is based on the mistaken assumption by describer Albert Günther that the holotype specimen (with a carapace length of only 57.2 cm) was of an adult male.

## Taxonomy

This tortoise is a subspecies of Chelonoidis niger, and is sometimes considered to be a distinct species of its own. The type locality is Tagus Cove, near the base of Darwin Volcano on Isabela Island.

## Description

Male tortoises grow to about 135 cm and females to about 86 cm in length, with domed carapaces.

## Behaviour

The tortoises are mainly active in the early morning and late afternoon, resting in shade during the hottest part of the day and sleeping beneath shrubs at night. After heavy rain they wallow in muddy pools. Adults migrate seasonally from the caldera of the volcano to its lower slopes to graze on vegetation after wet season rains.

### Feeding

The tortoises feed on grass, leaves, berries and lichens in the wet season, and mainly cacti in the dry season.

### Breeding

Male tortoises compete with each other by extending their necks, gaping, biting and pushing. They utter loud guttural noises while mating. Females start nesting in May and June at the end of the wet season.

## Distribution and habitat

The tortoise's range is limited to an area of about 67 km$^2$ on the south-western slope of Darwin Volcano on the northern part of Isabela Island. There it inhabits deciduous and evergreen forests as well as dry grassland.

## Conservation

The tortoise population is estimated to comprise some 500–1,000 mature individuals, a decline of 94% since 1840, and the subspecies is considered to be Endangered. The tortoises were historically overexploited for food and oil by sailors and settlers. Ongoing threats include predation of eggs and hatchlings and competition for food by introduced animals, including feral dogs, feral cats, rats, mice, domestic pigs and goats, as well as habitat degradation and volcanic eruptions.