OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Aldose reductase inhibitor

Aldose reductase inhibitors are a class of drugs being studied as a way to prevent eye and nerve damage in people with diabetes.

## Mechanism

Their target, aldose reductase, is an enzyme that is normally present in many other parts of the body, and catalyzes one of the steps in the sorbitol (polyol) pathway that is responsible for fructose formation from glucose. Aldose reductase activity increases as the glucose concentration rises in diabetes in those tissues that are not insulin sensitive, which include the lenses, peripheral nerves, and glomerulus. Sorbitol does not diffuse through cell membranes easily and therefore accumulates, causing osmotic damage which leads to retinopathy and neuropathy.

## Examples

* Alrestatin
* Epalrestat
* Fidarestat
* Imirestat
* Lidorestat
* Minalrestat
* Ponalrestat
* Ranirestat
* Salfredin B$_{11}$
* Sorbinil
* Tolrestat
* Zenarestat
* Zopolrestat
Natural sources reported to inhibit aldose reductase include indian gooseberry, spinach, cumin seeds, fennel seeds, basil leaves, lemon, black pepper, orange, curry leaves, cannabis, cinnamon and lichen. Luteolin, a type of flavonoid found mostly in leaves, and their synthetic derivatives are potential inhibitors of aldose reductase.
Other ARIs:
* Risarestat
* Exisulind
* Govorestat: CNS-penetrant ARI
* Caficrestat: AT001
* AT003

## Diabetic cataract

Diabetic cataract formation follows an increase in sugars in the lens. The excess sugar within the lens is reduced by aldose reductase to its alcohol, but the lens capsule is relatively impermeable to sugar alcohols. Because of the excess sugar alcohol (polyol), the lens imbibes water, causing osmotic imbalance. Eventually, increased sodium and decreased potassium levels and decreased glutathione levels lead to cataract formation. Topical administration of aldose reductase inhibitors have been shown to prevent the cataract in rats.

## Asthma and COPD

This class of drugs is also under investigation as a possible root pathology modulating treatment for asthma and COPD since it has been shown that they inhibit goblet cell metaplasia in the respiratory epithelium, thereby reducing the copious mucous secretion associated with these.
# Hephaestus (DC Comics)

Hephaestus is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is adapted from the Greek god of the same name. Hephaestus first appeared in Wonder Woman #226.

## Fictional character biography

Hephaestus is the Olympian Gods' blacksmith whose history is largely the same as his mythological counterpart. Post-Crisis, Hephaestus forged Wonder Woman's golden Lasso of Truth and bracelets.
In The New 52, Hephaestus is assisted by a group of laborers who were abandoned male children from Themyscira. Wonder Woman attempts to release them, but they choose to stay.

## Powers and abilities

Like the Olympian Gods, Hephastus has supernatural abilities that include size-changing, shapeshifting, and immortality. He also has genius-level intellect and is an expert blacksmith.

## In other media

* Hephaestus appears in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Hawk and Dove", voiced by Ed Asner.
* Hephaestus appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
# Terra Tower

Terra Tower is a 5,790-foot-elevation (1,760-meter) sandstone pillar located in Colorado National Monument, in Mesa County of western Colorado, United States. This 350-foot-high tower is situated on the Redlands escarpment, approximately seven miles west of the community of Grand Junction. Topographic relief is significant as it rises 1,000 feet (300 meters) above the Tiara Rado Golf Course in approximately one-half mile. The first ascent of the summit was made in 1979 by Harvey Carter and Tom Merrill via the class 5.11 route, Way Bazaar.

## Geology

This tower is the remnant of a differentially eroded fin composed primarily of cliff-forming Wingate Sandstone, which consists of wind-borne, cross-bedded quartzose sandstones deposited as ancient sand dunes approximately 200 million years ago in the Late Triassic. The caprock at the summit consists of fluvial sandstones of the resistant Kayenta Formation. The slope around the base of Terra Tower is Chinle Formation. Precipitation runoff from this geographical feature drains to the Colorado River, approximately two miles to the northeast.

## Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Terra Tower is located in a semi-arid climate zone. Summers are hot and dry, while winters are cold with some snow. Temperatures reach 100 °F (38 °C) on 5.3 days, 90 °F (32 °C) on 57 days, and remain at or below freezing on 13 days annually. April through October offer the most favorable weather to visit.

## Climbing

Established rock climbing routes on Terra Tower:
* Way Bazaar – class 5.11 First ascent 1979
* Tom Stubbs Memorial Route – class 5.11 – 4 pitches – FA 2012 – James Stover, Doug McKee
# Kamauoha

Kamauoha is a Hawaiian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* George Panila Kamauoha (c. 1859–1920), Hawaiian politician
* Joseph A. Kamauoha (1861–1886), Hawaiian student
# Gregg Schmedes

Gregg Schmedes is an American physician and politician serving as a member of the New Mexico Senate from the 19th district. He previously served as a member of the New Mexico House of Representatives from the 22nd district, which includes portions of Bernalillo, Sandoval, and Santa Fe counties.

## Early life and education

Schmedes was born and raised in Texas. He earned a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin and Doctor of Medicine from the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center.

## Career

In addition to serving in the New Mexico House of Representatives, Schmedes has also worked as an assistant professor of surgery at the University of New Mexico Hospital. He also serves as New Mexico’s director for the American Academy of Medical Ethics. Schmedes was elected to the New Mexico House in 2018. In 2020, Schmedes announced that he would not seek re-election and instead run for New Mexico Senate. He won the November general election, defeating incumbent Republican James White. He assumed office on January 19, 2021.

## Personal life

Schmedes and his wife, Kelley, have seven children.
# Bill Tallman

Bill G. Tallman (born c. 1940) is an American politician serving as a member of the New Mexico Senate. from the 18th district Tallman previously served as deputy city manager of Santa Fe, New Mexico.

## Education

Tallman earned a Bachelor of Arts from Syracuse University in 1968 and a Master of Public Administration from the University of Cincinnati in 1972.

## Career

Tallman has worked as the City Manager of Moline, Illinois, New Castle, Pennsylvania, and Norwich, Connecticut. He also served as Town Manager of Smithfield, Rhode Island. After relocating to New Mexico to become Deputy City Manager of Santa Fe, he remained in the area and ran for a seat in the New Mexico Senate. A Democrat, Tallman represents the 18th district, which includes a portion of Albuquerque, New Mexico.
# Don Tripp

Don L. Tripp (born February 23, 1946, in Pasadena, California) is an American politician who served as a Republican member of the New Mexico House of Representatives for District 49 from January 1999 to 2017.

## Education

Tripp earned his BA from New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology.

## Elections

* 2012 Tripp was unopposed for the June 5, 2012, Republican Primary, winning with 1,661 votes and won the November 6, 2012, General election with 9,213 votes (98%) against Democratic write-in candidate Dell Washington.
* 1998 To challenge District 49 incumbent Democratic Representative Michael Olguin, Tripp won the June 2, 1998, Republican Primary with 1,760 votes (77.1%) and won the November 3, 1998, General election with 3,425 votes (52.8%) against Representative Olguin (the results are reversed).
* 2000 Tripp was unopposed for the 2000 Republican Primary, winning with 1,281 votes; former Representative Olguin won against a challenger, setting up a rematch. Tripp won the November 7, 2000, General election with 4,000 votes (58.9%) against former Representative Olguin.
* 2002 Tripp was unopposed for the 2002 Republican Primary, winning with 1,432 votes and won the November 5, 2002, General election, winning with 3,900 votes (66.4%) against Democratic nominee Salomon Mantano.
* 2004 Tripp was unopposed for the June 1, 2004, Republican Primary, winning with 1,064 votes and won the November 2, 2004, General election with 7,376 votes (60.6%) against Democratic nominee Ravi Bhasker.
* 2006 Tripp was unopposed for both the June 6, 2006, Republican Primary, winning with 1,641 votes and the November 7, 2006, General election, winning with 7,651 votes.
* 2008 Tripp was unopposed for both the June 8, 2008, Republican Primary, winning with 2,061 votes and the November 4, 2008, General election, winning with 9,688 votes.
* 2010 Tripp was unopposed for both the June 1, 2010, Republican Primary, winning with 2,250 votes and the November 2, 2010, General election, winning with 8,089 votes.
# Bennett Rosamond

Bennett Rosamond (May 10, 1833 – May 18, 1910) was a Canadian manufacturer and politician.
Born in Carleton Place, Upper Canada, the eldest son of James Rosamond and Margaret Wilson, Rosamond was educated at the grammar school in Carleton Place. He was president and managing director of the Rosamond Woollen Company and vice-president and managing director of the Almonte Knitting Company, both of which were inherited from his father James Rosamond. He was Reeve and Mayor of Almonte. He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in an 1891 by-election for the riding of Lanark North. A Conservative, he was re-elected in 1896 and 1900.
# Kathy Campbell

Kathy Campbell (born Kathy Kuester, December 1, 1946) was a member of the state legislature in the U.S. state of Nebraska.
Campbell was born in Norfolk, Nebraska. In 2008, she was elected to represent the 25th Nebraska legislative district, which encompasses the northeast quarter of Lancaster County including the city of Waverly and the eastern portions of the city of Lincoln.
In 2009, Campbell, with Bill Avery and Gwen Howard, introduced LB 136, a bill to expand the eligibility for children to qualify for the State's Children Health Insurance Program (SCHIP).
# Karate at the 2002 Asian Games – Men's kumite 60 kg

The men's kumite 60 kilograms competition at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan was held on 12 October at the Yangsan College Gymnasium.

## Schedule

All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)
| Date | Time | Event |
| Saturday, 12 October 2002 | 11:00 | 1st preliminary round |
| Saturday, 12 October 2002 | 11:00 | Quarterfinals |
| Saturday, 12 October 2002 | 11:00 | Semifinals |
| Saturday, 12 October 2002 | 11:00 | 1st repechage |
| Saturday, 12 October 2002 | 11:00 | Final repechage |
| Saturday, 12 October 2002 | 16:30 | Final |

## Results
### Main bracket

| 1st preliminary round | 1st preliminary round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| | | Deepak Shrestha (NEP) | 1 | | | | |
| Rayappan Jebamalai Edward (SRI) | 5 | Ilkhom Karimov (UZB) | 10 | | | | |
| Ilkhom Karimov (UZB) | 7 | | | Ilkhom Karimov (UZB) | 0 | | |
| Kim Yong-jin (PRK) | 0 | | | Kenichi Imai (JPN) | 6 | | |
| Khurshed Mukhammedzhanov (TJK) | 8 | Khurshed Mukhammedzhanov (TJK) | 1 | | | | |
| Arief Taufan Syamsuddin (INA) | 3 | Kenichi Imai (JPN) | 9 | | | | |
| Kenichi Imai (JPN) | 4 | | | | | Kenichi Imai (JPN) | 3 |
| Filomeno Soares (TMP) | 0 | | | | | Hossein Rouhani (IRI) | 2 |
| Hussain Al-Qattan (KUW) | 7 | Hussain Al-Qattan (KUW) | 2 | | | | |
| Salem Al-Marzouq (JOR) | 0 | Hossein Rouhani (IRI) | 2 | | | | |
| Hossein Rouhani (IRI) | 2 | | | Hossein Rouhani (IRI) | 10 | | |
| Ernesto Halili (PHI) | 6 | | | Lee Jong-bin (KOR) | 2 | | |
| Chan Chun Ho (HKG) | 5 | Ernesto Halili (PHI) | 3 | | | | |
| | | Lee Jong-bin (KOR) | 8 | | | | |

### Repechage

| 1st repechage | 1st repechage | Final repechage | Final repechage |
| Arief Taufan Syamsuddin (INA) | 5 | Khurshed Mukhammedzhanov (TJK) | 1 |
| Khurshed Mukhammedzhanov (TJK) | 6 | Ilkhom Karimov (UZB) | 3 |
| Hussain Al-Qattan (KUW) | 2 | Lee Jong-bin (KOR) | 1 |
| Salem Al-Marzouq (JOR) | 0 | Hussain Al-Qattan (KUW) | 4 |
# Ganja Mall

Ganja Mall is a shopping mall located in Ganja, and it's the largest mall in the city. It was opened on October 10, 2017.
# Compagopiscis

Compagopiscis is an extinct genus of placoderm known from the Gogo Formation. It lived in the Upper Devonian (Frasnian stage) of Western Australia. The genus is monotypic, with its only species being Compagopiscis croucheri.

## Description

Compagopiscis is one of the earliest known vertebrates to have teeth. An analysis of its bite force suggests that it was a generalist predator, having a diverse diet. Fossils have been found in numbers, suggesting possible schooling behavior.

## Phylogeny

Compagopiscis was originally classified as a member of the family Plourdosteidae. However, phylogenetic analysis later found Plourdosteidae to be an invalid grouping, and the family was dismissed. Torosteus is now considered to be a member of the superfamily Incisoscutoidea, which belongs to the clade Coccosteomorphi, one of the two major clades within Eubrachythoraci. The cladogram below shows the phylogeny of Compagopiscis:
# Christopher Melchert

Christopher Melchert is an American professor and scholar of Islam, specialising in Islamic movements and institutions, especially during the ninth and tenth centuries. A prolific author, he is professor of Arabic and Islamic studies at the University of Oxford's Oriental Institute, and is a Fellow in Arabic at Pembroke College, Oxford.
Melchert received a PhD in History (1992) from the University of Pennsylvania. His thesis was later published as a book, titled The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law, with Brill Publishers, Leiden. Melchert more recently published a book on Ahmad ibn Hanbal, the Sunni hadith-scholar and jurist.
Having written about whether women can be prayer leaders according to the early Sunni and Shii jurists, he is one of the few expert historians who has written authoritatively on the question.

## Selected publications

* The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law, 9th-10th Centuries C.E. (Studies in Islamic law and society, v. 4). Leiden: Brill, 1997.
** Reviewed by W. B. Hallaq in International Journal of Middle East Studies 31, no. 2, (1999): 278-280
** Reviewed by P. Sanders in American Journal of Legal History 43, Part 1 (1999): 98
* Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Oxford: Oneworld, 2006 and 2012. (in 116 World Cat libraries)
* Before Sufism: Early Islamic Renunciant Piety

### Academia

* The formation of the Sunni schools of law, ninth–tenth centuries AD. 1992 Ph.D thesis, University of Pennsylvania
* Religious Policies of the Caliphs from al-Mutawakkil to al-Muqtadir, AH 232-295/AD 847-908, in Islamic Law and Society, 1996 - Brill
* The transition from asceticism to mysticism at the middle of the ninth century AD, in Studia Islamica, 1996 - JSTOR
* The adversaries of Ahmad ibn Hanbal, in Arabica, 1997 - Springer
* Islamic law, in Oklahoma City University Law Review, 1998 - HeinOnline
* How Hanafism Came to Originate in Kufa and Traditionalism in Medina, in Islamic Law and Society, 1999 - Brill
* Ibn Mujāhid and the establishment of seven Qur'anic readings, in Studia Islamica, 2000 - JSTOR
* Traditionist-jurisprudents and the Framing of Islamic Law, in Islamic Law and Society, 2001 - Brill
* The Ḥanābila and the Early Sufis, in Arabica, 2001 - JSTOR
* Sufis and competing movements in Nishapur, in Iran, 2001 - JSTOR
* Various additional papers.
# Hr4

hr4 is a German, public radio station owned and operated by the Hessischer Rundfunk (HR). Aimed at listeners aged 50 and above, hr4 mainly plays Schlager music and international Oldies.

## Reception

The station is available in Hesse via FM broadcasting and DAB+, and beyond Hesse via DVB-C, DVB-S and livestreaming.
# Wang Ming-ke

Wang Ming-ke (Chinese: 王明珂; born 1952) is a Taiwanese historian and anthropologist.

## Education and career

Wang earned bachelor's and master's degrees in history from National Taiwan Normal University in 1979 and 1983, respectively. He then earned a Ph.D. in history and anthropology at Harvard University in 1992, authoring the dissertation The Ch'iang of Ancient China through the Han Dynasty: Ecological Frontiers and Ethnic Boundaries.
Wang joined Academia Sinica as an assistant researcher in 1984, and was promoted to associate research fellow in 1993, after his doctorate was conferred. In 1999, Wang became a full research fellow, and continued in this role until 2014. He served twice as head of the anthropology division within Academia Sinica's Institute of History and Philology [zh], from 2002 to 2003, and 2003 to 2004. In Taiwan Wang served as a guest professor at Soochow University from 2000 to 2002, then left for a professorship of anthropology at National Taiwan University, which he held until 2004, and became a National Tsing Hua University professor of history through 2005. Between 2010 and 2013, Wang was dean of the College of Liberal Arts at National Chung Hsing University. He also led NCHU's Research Center for the Humanities and Social Sciences from 2011 to 2012. Since 2016, Wang has served as an adjunct chair professor of history at National Taiwan Normal University.
Wang's teaching career outside of Taiwan include a number of visiting positions, including a Fulbright Visiting Scholar position at the University of California, Los Angeles Department of Art History from 1998 to 1999, a visiting scholar position at Harvard's Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations and the Harvard–Yenching Institute from 2005 to 2006. He joined the University of California, Davis as a visiting scholar from 2009 to 2010, followed by Stanford University between 2013 and 2014, then moved to the International Research Center for Japanese Studies for 2014 and 2015.

## Honors and awards

In 2014, Wang was elected a member of Academia Sinica.
# Parliament House, Darwin

Parliament House in Darwin has been the seat of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly since 1994. Parliament House is located on State Square in the centre of Darwin, which is also the administrative centre of the Northern Territory law and government. It features Postmodern features and was designed by architect Tim Rogers, of Meldrum Burrows and Partners Pty Ltd. It is Australia's newest parliament building.
Construction of Parliament House began in 1990. The building was completed in 1994, and officially opened by the Governor-General of Australia, Bill Hayden on 18 August 1994. The Northern Territory Library is also housed in Parliament House.

## History

The former Northern Territory Legislative Council established in 1948 was housed in various temporary buildings around Darwin until 1955, when the former site of the Palmerston Post Office, destroyed in the Bombing of Darwin in World War II, was redeveloped to house the Council. The current building stands on the same site. After 1974, the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly continued to operate from the site and adjacent government buildings. In 1988, the NT government announced the planned construction of State Square, which was to house a new Parliament House and Supreme Court. The buildings on the site were demolished in 1990 to allow commencement of the construction of Parliament House. From 1990 to the end of 1994, the Assembly temporarily met in the Chan Building.

## Current building

The current building was constructed between 1990 and 1994 as a part of State Square, which also includes the Supreme Court, car parks and landscaping at a total cost at the time of around $170 million. Two workers were killed during construction when a crane collapsed in March 1991 - the memorial fountain in the Speaker's Green is dedicated to their memory.
The building incorporates cyclone resistance features and passive solar building design in its parasol roof and façade, which diffuse about 80% of direct sunlight. The building was designed to serve for 100 years, and to be adaptable and able to accommodate increasing usage.
The colour scheme of the Legislative Assembly Chamber is green with eucalyptus motifs on the walls, commemorating the similar shading of the Australian House of Representatives, itself commemorating the brighter green of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The chamber provides for 25 members with room for further members in the future.
In addition to the Legislative Assembly Chamber, the building also houses the Department of the Legislative Assembly, parliamentary offices and Counsel, media facilities, a café, a craft shop, and the Northern Territory Library.

## Awards

In 2023 the building was awarded the Northern Territory Enduring Architecture Award by the Northern Territory Chapter of the Australian Institute of Architects. The award recognises longevity and civic contribution of the building to Darwin and the Territory.
# Gratefulness

Gratefulness, also Katanho (Khmer: កតញ្ញូ, romanized: Kâtânhnhu), is a Cambodian drama film, based on a true life of a young girl who lived in Phnom Penh. The film was considered one of the best films of the year in Cambodia. The film had a highly successful theatrical run and received several awards at the Khmer film festival. These included the best actress award for Ly Chan Siha. Despite being based on true life, the film has some similarity to Thailand's 1985 film Walli (thai:วัลลี) . as well as another film produced by Campro Production, Neang Neath which seem to be the remake of Nang Nak, Thai 1999s horror film. This film was released at the Kirirom cinema in Phnom Penh with English subtitles.

## Tag lines

She ran to school because she wanted to study, She ran back home because of her gratefulness

## Plot

This movie was based on a true story. Lyka was born in a poor family where she was living with her parent and a blind grandma but one day, her father was killed in a car accident when he on the way back home from his work in the Battam bong province. After his death, the mother worked every day and night to feed the family until one day, she was sick. So everything fell to Lyka; she took care of her sick mother and blind grand mother. She ran many kilometers to school and went home after the break and she tried to find another job to buy the medicines and food for her mom and grandmother.
One day, Lyka wrote an Essay which telling a misery life and gratefulness of herself to the class as well as the writing made every classmate including the teacher knew the true life of Lyka. Her essay about her life was published in a newspaper and generous donations flooded in both from inside Cambodia and from foreign countries to Lyka's family which fed her family and paid the hospital bills for Lyka's mother. Lyka's mother life was like the sunset as Lyka was too late to cure her mother from the illness.
At the end, we see Lyka was sitting on railway for a moment and then walking along it when thinking of her life at tomorrow while the sun sets.

## Awards

The film received many awards in Khmer film festival:
* Best Actress
* Best Shooting
* Best Acting
* Best Script
* Best Direction
* Third prize for bronze award of Best Movie

## Success of the actress

After her role in Gratefulness, Ly Chan Siha become a famous actress. She had roles in several other films including Moronak Meada and won the award for best actress.
# Empis lucida

Empis lucida is a species of fly in the family Empididae. It is included in the subgenus Anacrostichus. It is found in the Palearctic . It is a large (8–10 mm.) shining black species.
# Justine Lucas

Justine Kerry Lucas (born 3 May 1990) is an English rugby union player. She represents England and made her debut in 2013. She was named in the 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup squad for England.
Lucas began her rugby career at the age of 20 in her final year at Loughborough University where she attained a degree in Sports Science and Maths. She signed with Wasps Ladies for the Premier 15s in 2017.