OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Scratchwood

Scratchwood is an extensive, mainly wooded, country park in Mill Hill in the London Borough of Barnet. The 57-hectare site is a Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation and together with the neighbouring Moat Mount Open Space. It is a Local Nature Reserve.

## History and ecology

Scratchwood is a remnant of the once great Middlesex Forest, and has the largest area of ancient woodland which survives in Barnet. Parts of it may go back to the woods which grew up after the end of the last ice age, the Younger Dryas, 11,500 years ago. The ancient woodland consists mainly of sessile oak and hornbeam, with some wild service trees, while secondary woodland areas are mainly birch, hawthorns and sycamore. In the view of the London Ecology Unit, "Scratchwood is the Borough's best woodland in terms of floral diversity, especially of ancient woodland indicator species". The herb rich grassland and the pond have a number of rare plants. Breeding birds include nuthatch, lesser whitethroat and cuckoo.
The area of Scratchwood south of the entrance was once hay meadows, growing food for London's vast horse population, but in 1866 Scratchwood and Moat Mount were part of a 400-hectare estate which was purchased by Edward William Cox, and Scratchwood was then used for sport and rearing game. The areas which are now nature reserves were purchased by Hendon Urban District Council in 1923.
The main entrance is by the car park, which is accessed from the northbound lane of Barnet Way, a dual carriageway which is part of the A1 road, near Stirling Corner. There is also access by a footpath from Barnet Lane in Elstree. The London Loop crosses the reserve.
In December 2019 a murder victim was found inside a car which was parked next to the Scratchwood area.

## Mill Hill Golf Course

Mill Hill Golf Course is a 60-hectare Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade I, immediately south of Scratchwood at Grid Ref TQ206 942. 150 years ago it was farmland, and it later became part of a country estate which included Scratchwood and Moat Mount. The golf course was created in 1927.
The most important feature of the site is its rich birdlife, including the rare willow tit. Deans Brook rises on the course, and a number of small streams converge towards Stoneyfields Lake, created by damming the brook when the site was a country estate. The lake and streams support many species of water loving plants. The area close to Scratchwood is acid grassland which has uncommon species such as dyer's greenweed and heath speedwell. There are some larger areas of woodland, such as Hemmings Wood at the southern end of the course.
# Government Model College Deithor

Government Model College Deithor is situated in Deithor(Labanghat -Deithor Road)near Deopahar Numaligarh in the Bokajan Legislative assembly of Karbi Anglong district of Assam in India.The College is just 1.2km away from the NH39. It is the second government college after Diphu Government College and first Model Degree College of Karbi Anglong district established under Rastriya Uchahtar Siksha Abhiyan (RUSA) of the Directorate of Higher Education, Government of Assam. It is affiliated to Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh,Assam.
# Stripsenkopf

The Stripsenkopf is a 1,807-metre-high (5,928 ft) mountain in the Kaisergebirge range of the Northern Limestone Alps in Austria. It belongs to the Zahmer Kaiser group and its summit is covered in mountain pine.

## Location

The Stripsenkopf rises immediately north of the Stripsenjoch saddle, which separates the peak from the Wilder Kaiser. Its unique location makes the Stripsenkopf a very popular destination with its commanding view of the rock faces on the Karlspitzen and Totenkirchl. From the Stripsenkopf a wide ridge runs northeast over to the Feldberg (1,814 m), a frequently used climbing path heading along it toward Griesenau. On the west side the Stripsenkopf falls away into the Kaisertal valley, its slopes covered in mountain pine and woods. To the southeast its steep flanks and gullies drop into the Kaiserbach valley.

## Routes

Numerous signposted routes lead to the Stripsenkopf. As a rule they do not pose any problems and are therefore very frequently used. The normal route begins at the Griesner Alm (1,000 m) and leads via the Stripsenjochhaus to the summit with its wooden pavilion after about 2.5 hours. Considerably longer is the route from Kufstein via the Anton Karg Haus and the Hans Berger Haus to the Stripsenkopf in about 5 hours. In addition there is a climb from the Kohltal valley near Schwendt over the Tristecken and another route from Griesenau via the Scheibenbühelalm and the neighbouring Feldberg to the Stripsenkopf.
# Mabel Cratty

Mabel Cratty (June 30, 1868 - February 27, 1928) was an American educator and served as the General Secretary of the National Board of the YWCA from 1906 until her death in 1928.

## Early life and education

Cratty was born to Harold and Mary Cratty in Bellaire, Ohio. Harold was a merchant and later an insurance agent. Cratty had one brother, Donald, and one sister, Anna. Her uncle was the Methodist bishop James Mills Thoburn.
Cratty attended public schools in Bellaire, with one year at the Lake Erie Seminary, receiving her teacher's education at Ohio Wesleyan University (OWU). She received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from OWU in 1922.

## Career

After graduating from OWU in 1890, Mabel became a public school teacher in Ohio and Delaware, as well as at the Wheeling (West Virginia) Seminary. From 1900 to 1904, she was the principal of a high school in Delaware, Ohio.
Cratty's involvement with the YWCA, an organization she came to call "the home of her spirit," came through college friends who convinced her to join the Ohio State Committee of the American Committee of Young Women's Christian Associations in 1902. In 1904 she resigned from the Delaware High School and moved to Chicago to become Associate General Secretary of the American Committee.
When the American Committee merged with the International Board of Women's and Young Women's Christian Associations to form the YWCA of the U.S.A. in 1906, Cratty moved to New York City to take charge of the new organization's Home Department. After a year or so working out administrative structure, by-laws, motto, seal, and articles of incorporation, the YWCA of the U.S.A. appointed Cratty General Secretary, the chief executive staff member. She held this position until her death from pneumonia in 1928.
Cratty credited her Scots-Irish Thoburn relatives with a singular determination to "transcend a narrow point of view." As an administrator, she quietly worked to shape the YWCA into an organization with "prophetic vision and courage." A New York Times editorial following her death in 1928 called her a "seer among her sisters" citing her "exceptional foresight in anticipating the direction which social and economic development of womanhood would take" in the first two and a half decades of the twentieth century.
In addition to this and other work with the YWCA, Mabel Cratty was involved with a variety of other organizations, including World Student Christian Federation (WSCF), and the National Committee on the Cause and Cure of War (CCCW).

## Death

Mabel Cratty died of pneumonia on February 27, 1928, in New York City. She was buried in the family plot in Bellaire, Ohio.

## Legacy

The Women's Building on the campus of George Williams College (GWC), built in 1926, was renamed Mabel Cratty Hall in her honor in 1930. Her papers from 1904 to 1928 are a part of the Sophia Smith Collection of Smith College. At the time of her death, she lived in New York City.
# Theo Doyer

Jan Jacob Theodoor "Theo" Doyer (December 29, 1955 – November 10, 2010) was a field hockey player from the Netherlands, who was a member of the Dutch National Team that finished sixth in the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Eight years earlier he was also on the Holland squad, that ended up fourth at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.

## Career

Doyer, a forward who played club hockey for HC Bloemendaal, was born in Amsterdam and earned a total number of 182 caps, scoring 44 goals, in the years 1975–1988. In 1987 he won the European title with the Dutch squad, after beating England on penalty strokes in the finale of the 1987 Men's Hockey European Nations Cup in Moscow.

## Retirement

After retiring as a player, Doyer started working at the then ministry of Welfare. He later worked for the Sports & Recreation department of the city of Amsterdam. At the start of 2008 he was diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and he died in November 2010, aged 54.
# Yakov Kutsenko

Yakiv Hryhorovych Kutsenko (Ukrainian: Яків Григорович Куценко, 22 November 1915 – 13 August 1988) was a Ukrainian heavyweight weightlifter. Between 1946 and 1950 he won two European titles and two silver medals at world championships, both times losing to John Davis. He was the Soviet heavyweight champion between 1937 and 1952, and in 1947 set three official world records in the clean and jerk.
Kutsenko served as the Soviet flag bearer at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He was prevented from competing by Soviet authorities who expected the flag bearer to win a gold medal and believed Kutsenko wouldn't be able to achieve that.
# Pierce Mountain (Washington)

Pierce Mountain is a 4,973-foot (1,516-metre) summit in the North Cascades of Washington, United States. It is located within North Cascades National Park and Stephen Mather Wilderness. It is situated above Ross Dam, at the eastern culmination of Sourdough Mountain. Like many North Cascade peaks, Pierce Mountain is more notable for its large, steep rise above local terrain than for its absolute elevation. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into the Skagit River via Pierce Creek and Ross Lake.

## Climate

Pierce Mountain is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Weather fronts originating in the Pacific Ocean travel east toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach the North Cascades, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range (orographic lift), causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snow onto the Cascades. As a result, the west side of the North Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in avalanche danger. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer.

## Geology

The North Cascades features some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks, ridges, and deep glacial valleys. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to the various climate differences. These climate differences lead to vegetation variety defining the ecoregions in this area.
The history of the formation of the Cascade Mountains dates back millions of years ago to the late Eocene Epoch. With the North American Plate overriding the Pacific Plate, episodes of volcanic igneous activity persisted. In addition, small fragments of the oceanic and continental lithosphere called terranes created the North Cascades about 50 million years ago.
During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured the landscape leaving deposits of rock debris. The U-shaped cross section of the river valleys is a result of recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the North Cascades area.

## Gallery

* The Pierce Mountain Trail offers beautiful views of the North Cascades
# Augustus White

Augustus Edward White (1839–?) was a 19th-century Member of Parliament in New Zealand.
White was born in 1839. He contested the Akaroa electorate against William Sefton Moorhouse, the incumbent for the seat and Superintendent of the Province of Canterbury. White and Moorhouse received 51 and 32 votes, respectively; a majority of 19 for White, who was thus elected. At the time of his election, he was aged about 22, one of the youngest members in the country's parliamentary history. White resigned in 1863, and Lancelot Walker won the subsequent by-election.
White's house Blythcliffe in 37 Rue Balguerie, Akaroa, is presumed to have been designed by Samuel Farr based on drawings prepared by the Australian architect John Verge. Built in 1857, it was "the grandest house of its day in Akaroa". Originally registered as Category II in 1983, its classification was later changed to Category I.
# John Todd Trowbridge

John Todd Trowbridge (October 23, 1780 – May 3, 1858) was an American sea captain, businessman, and Wisconsin pioneer. He was the first American settler at what is now the town of Dover in Racine County, Wisconsin, and represented Racine County in the Wisconsin Territory House of Representatives during the 4th Wisconsin Territorial Assembly.

## Biography

Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Trowbridge was a sea captain. During the War of 1812, he was captured by the British and held prisoner in Calcutta, India, and then Dartmoor Prison in England. After the war, Trowbridge was released and went to Rochester, New York, where he owned a shipping business. In 1836, Trowbridge, his wife, and family moved to Wisconsin Territory, where they settled in what is now Dover, Racine County, Wisconsin. There they built a log cabin that served as an inn. Trowbridge served as a justice of the peace. He was declared bankrupt in 1842. Trowbridge also served in the Wisconsin Territorial House of Representatives in 1843 and 1844. He ran for Racine County treasurer in 1851 as a Democrat. Trowbridge died in Dover, Wisconsin.
# Alanson Sweet

Alanson Sweet (March 12, 1804 – April 18, 1891) was an American pioneer, businessman and politician.
Born in Owasco, New York, in 1831, he settled on a farm in Naperville, Illinois. He served in a militia company in 1832 during the Black Hawk War. In 1833, he moved to Chicago, Illinois and helped incorporate the city. He then served on the Cook County Board of Commissioners. In 1835, Sweet moved to Milwaukee, Michigan Territory where he claimed some land and became a farmer and grain dealer. Sweet served on the Wisconsin Territorial Council of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, from 1836 to 1838, as a Democrat. He supported moving the Wisconsin territorial capital to Madison, Wisconsin. He also served on the Milwaukee Common Council from 1848 to 1849. Later he moved to Kansas, where he bought a farm near Arkansas City, Kansas, and then moved to Evanston, Illinois, where he died.
# Andrew B. Jackson

Andrew B. Jackson (February 14, 1814 – March 25, 1878) was an American pioneer and territorial legislator.
Born in Wolcott, Connecticut, he settled in Racine County, Wisconsin Territory. While living in Racine County, Jackson served in the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, in the Wisconsin Territorial House of Representatives in 1846, and then served in the second Wisconsin Constitutional Convention of 1847–1848. In 1861, he moved to Menasha, Wisconsin, where he was the register of the land office. In 1869, he moved to Evanston, Illinois and then to Rogers Park, Chicago, where he died of pneumonia. Jackson was a member of the Democratic Party and then became a Republican when Abraham Lincoln became President in 1861.
# Charles E. Redman

Charles Edgar Redman (born December 24, 1943, in Waukegan, Illinois) is a former United States diplomat. From 1987 to 1989, he was Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs. He served as United States Ambassador to Sweden from 1989 to 1992, and United States Ambassador to Germany from 1994 to 1996. In 1996, he joined Bechtel Group, Inc. as senior vice president. He graduated from the United States Air Force Academy and Harvard University.
# Mark R. Clapp

Mark Richards Clapp (March 3, 1803 – April 23, 1891) was an American farmer and territorial legislator.

## Background

Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Clapp settled in Milford, Wisconsin Territory, in 1840. Clapp was a farmer. In 1846, he served in the Wisconsin Territorial House of Representatives. His brother was Joseph Dorr Clapp who served in the Wisconsin Senate.
# 3rd Lux Style Awards

The 3rd Lux Style Awards ceremony was held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The show was hosted by Humayun Saeed, Zara Sheikh and from the members of BNN. The show had the performances by Iman Ali and Reema Khan, Sana Nawaz, Veena Malik, Meera, Saba Qamar and Mikaal Zulfiqar etc. Some of the film and music categories were removed from the award. Most nominations in Television categories were received by serial Mehndi. It won all the categories in which it was nominated. Larki Punjaban led most nominations and awards in Film categories. PTV led most nominations and winning three.

## Film

| Category | Winners | Nominations |
| Best Film Director | Syed Noor-Larki Panjaban | Syed Noor-Commando Rauf Khalid-Laaj Fahim Burney-Pyar Hi Pyar Mein Sangeeta-Yeh Wada Raha |
| Best Film Actor | Shaan Shahid-Commando | Babar Ali-Larki Panjaban Shamil Khan-Larki Panjaban Ashaal-Pyar Hi Pyar Mein Talat Hussain-Laaj |
| Best Film Actress | Zara Sheikh-Laaj | Resham-Laaj Saima Noor-Larki Panjaban Saima Noor-Commando Meera-Commando |

## Television

| Category | Winner | Nominations |
| Best Television Play | Mehndi-PTV | Seeli Baarish-Geo TV Harjaee-Indus Vision Thori Si Mohabbat-Geo TV Ambulance-Indus Vision |
| Best Television Actor | Humayun Saeed-Mehndi (PTV) | Faysal Quraishi-Umrao Jaan Ada (TV series) (Geo TV) Faysal Quraishi-Harjaee (Indus Vision) Abid Ali-Mehndi (PTV) Sajid Hasan-Ishq Aatish (Geo TV) |
| Best Television Actress | Aaminah Haq-Mehndi (PTV) | Sonia Rehman-Ambulance (Indus Vision) Sania Saeed-Thori Si Mohabbat (Geo TV) Savera Nadeem-Ibn Adam (ARY Digital) Bushra Ansari-Umrao Jaan Ada (TV series) (Geo TV) |

## Music

| Category | Winner | Nominations |
| Best Album of the Year | Huqa Pani-Ali Zafar | Dhaani-Strings Sub to Sohniye-Faakhir Mehmood Yeh Moaomla Koi Aur Hai-Najam Sheraz Parastish-Ahmed Jahanzeb |
| Best Video Director | Shoaib Mansoor-Anarkali | Sohail Javed-Jogi Ghazali Farooqui-Janbaaz Jami-Chaaye Chaaye Jami-Akhiyaan |

## Special

| Category | Winner |
| Chairperson's Lifetime Achievement Award (Male) | Muhammad Ali |
| Chairperson's Lifetime Achievement Award (Female) | Zeba |
# Messier 58

Messier 58 (also known as M58 and NGC 4579) is an intermediate barred spiral galaxy with a weak inner ring structure located within the constellation Virgo, approximately 68 million light-years away from Earth. It was discovered by Charles Messier on April 15, 1779 and is one of four barred spiral galaxies that appear in Messier's catalogue. M58 is one of the brightest galaxies in the Virgo Cluster. From 1779 it was arguably (though unknown at that time) the farthest known astronomical object until the release of the New General Catalogue in the 1880s and even more so the publishing of redshift values in the 1920s.

## Early observations

Charles Messier discovered Messier 58, along with the elliptical galaxies Messier 59 and Messier 60, on April 15, 1779. M58 was reported on the chart of the Comet of 1779 as it was almost on the same parallel as the star Epsilon Virginis. Messier described M58 as a very faint nebula in Virgo which would disappear in the slightest amount of light he used to illuminate the micrometer wires. This description was later contradicted by John Herschel's observations in 1833 where he described it as a very bright galaxy, especially towards the middle. Herschel's observations were also similar to the descriptions of both John Dreyer and William Henry Smyth who said that M58 was a bright galaxy, mottled, irregularly round and very much brighter toward the middle.

## Characteristics

Like many other spiral galaxies of the Virgo Cluster (e.g. Messier 90), Messier 58 is an anemic galaxy with low star formation activity concentrated within the galaxy's optical disk, and relatively little neutral hydrogen, also located inside its disk, concentrated in clumps, compared with other galaxies of similar morphological type. This deficiency of gas is believed to be caused by interactions with Virgo's intracluster medium.
Messier 58 has a low-luminosity active galactic nucleus, where a starburst may be present as well as a supermassive black hole with a mass of around 70 million solar masses. It is also one of the very few galaxies known to possess a UCNR (ultra-compact nuclear ring), a series of star-forming regions located in a very small ring around the center of the galaxy. This led to its being dubbed the "ring bearer galaxy" by the popular astronomy YouTube program "Deep Sky videos".

## Supernovae

Two supernovae have been observed in the M58 galaxy:
* SN 1988A (type II, mag. 13.5) was discovered by Kaoru Ikeya, Robert Evans, Christian Pollas and Shingo Horiguchi on January 18, 1988. It was found 40 arcseconds south of the galaxy center.
* SN 1989M (Type Ia, mag. 12.2) was discovered by Givi N. Kimeridze on 28 June 1989. It was found 33 arcseconds north and 44 arcseconds west of M58's nucleus.
# Mokgothu Seadimo

Mokgothu Dorcas Seadimo (born 4 May 1956) is a South African politician who served in the National Assembly from 2008 to 2009. A member of the African National Congress, she was sworn in on 24 July 2006, filling a casual vacancy that was created by Ngoako Ramatlhodi's resignation in 2005. She did not stand for re-election in 2009.
# Gertrude Shope

Gertrude Ntiti Shope OMSS (born 15 August 1925) is a South African former trade unionist and politician.

## Life and career

Born in Johannesburg on 15 August 1925, Shope was raised and educated in ,Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). She worked as a teacher before becoming a member of the African National Congress in 1954. Joining the campaign against Bantu education, she turned to teaching crafts instead. She then became active in the Federation of South African Women, and for a time led the Central Western Jabavu Branch of the ANC women's section. She lived in exile from 1966 to 1990, leading the party's delegation to the Nairobi Women's Meeting and working for the World Federation of Trade Unions. From 1970 until 1971 she was secretary to Florence Moposho, helping to establish publication of the newsletter Voice of Women. With her husband, Mark, she lived in a variety of locations during her exile, including Prague, Botswana, Tanzania, Czechoslovakia, Zambia, and Nigeria. In Lusaka she served as chief representative for the African National Congress. From 1991 to 1993 Shope headed the African National Congress Women's League. In the 1994 general election she was returned to parliament.