OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hampden Park, Eastbourne

Hampden Park is a suburb of Eastbourne, in the Eastbourne district, in the county of East Sussex, England. It is notable for its unique railway station, where trains on the East Coastway Line often travel through twice, and is thought to be the busiest level crossing in Europe This station, now known as Hampden Park station, was once named 'Willingdon Halt'.

## Attractions

Hampden Park itself is a large pleasant space with a fair sized lake. There is a park cafe called Lakeside Cafe, a children's playground, outdoor tennis courts, playing fields and plenty of routes for joggers and strollers, as well as a large area of sports fields. The area is the home of Eastbourne Rugby Club and two bowls clubs are nearby. Its main inhabitants are the grey squirrel, and several species inhabit the lake, notably mallard ducks, Canada geese, mute swans, moorhen, herons, gulls and the rock pigeon.
In 2011 there was a large pond enhancement program carried out on the Decoy Pond. This was funded by Eastbourne Borough Council and a large grant obtained from the Big Lottery Fund by The Friends of the Hampden Park.

## History

Prior to 1901 the land now called Hampden Park was part of the Ratton Estate owned by Lord Willingdon. Ratton is mentioned in the Domesday survey of 1087 and for a long time the woodland and lake had been a decoy attracting wildfowl for the estate kitchens. By the end of the 19th century the lake had probably fallen into disuse. Lord Willingdon agreed to sell 78 acres (320,000 m$^2$) to Eastbourne Corporation on condition that a new main road, Kings Drive, was built from Eastbourne to Willingdon. Hampden Park, named after Lord Willingdon's grandfather, Viscount Hampden, was opened by Lord Rosebery on 12 August 1902 and was the first Corporation-owned park in Eastbourne.
The parish was formed on 1 April 1911 from part of Willingdon. In 1911 the parish had a population of 988. On 1 April 1912 the parish was abolished and merged Eastbourne.
St Mary's Church is the Anglican parish church of Hampden Park. Edward Maufe's Perpendicular Gothic Revival building of 1952–54 replaced a church of 1908 which had been destroyed by a bomb in 1940. It is a Grade II listed building.
# Sophia Fry

Sophia Fry later Lady Fry (11 June 1837 – 30 March 1897) was a British political activist, notable for founding the Women's Liberal Federation.

## Life

Born in Darlington as Sophia Pease, she was brought up as a Quaker and as an activist in liberal politics. Her parents were John Pease who was a Quaker and a director of the Stockton and Darlington Railway and Sophia Pease who was also a Quaker. She and her sister Mary Anna were educated at home, and for one year at a school in Frenchay, where she met Sarah Sturge and Theodore Fry. She developed an interest in education for the working class, and started running weekly training for pupil-teachers, and ran cookery classes.
Sophia married Fry in 1862, the couple settling in Darlington, and had eight children. Sophia was a founder of the Girls' Friends Day School in Bristol and was active in the North of England College, run by the British and Foreign School Society.
At the 1880 UK general election, Theodore was elected as the Member of Parliament for Darlington and, inspired by this and by William Gladstone's Midlothian Campaign, Sophia formed a Women's Liberal Association in the town in 1881. While there was not yet consensus that women should play a role in politics, Fry was determined that women should campaign for the Liberal Party. She corresponded with members of various women's liberal associations around the country, and in 1886 invited fifteen of them to her house to discuss forming a national federation. This was agreed, and the Women's Liberal Federation (WLF) was established in London in 1887, Fry becoming its honorary secretary. It grew rapidly, and had 75,000 members within five years.
In 1892, the WLF split over whether to support women's suffrage. While Fry was personally in favour, she felt it was a divisive issue and should not become the policy of the group. As a result, when the policy was voted in, she left to become a founder of the rival Women's National Liberal Association, serving as its vice-president.
Theodore was made a baronet in 1894, so Sophia became Lady Fry. In 1896, the couple holidayed in Italy, but she suffered a severe accident, and died in March 1897 in Biarritz.
# Aerocomp VM-1 Esqual

The Aerocomp VM-1 Esqual is a Swedish ultralight aircraft, produced by Arsi AB (formerly Aerocomp AB) of Alingsås. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction or as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

## Design and development

The aircraft was originally designed in Spain by Vol Mediterrani to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules and production was later moved to Sweden. It features a cantilever low-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, tricycle landing gear or conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration. Early versions used conventional landing gear but the current manufacturer is producing the nosewheel version. A retractable gear version is under development.
The aircraft is made from high density PVC foam and epoxy resin composites. Standard engines available are the 100 hp (75 kW) Rotax 912S, 85 hp (63 kW) Jabiru 2200, 120 hp (89 kW) Jabiru 3300 and the 95 hp (71 kW) ULPower UL260i four-stroke powerplants. The landing gear is made from 7175-T6 aluminum alloy and employs a freely-castering nosewheel and main wheels brakes for steering. The wing features electrically-actuated flaps. Manual trim is standard with electric trim optional.

## Specifications (VM-1 Esqual)

Data from Bayerl and Aerocomp AB
General characteristics
* Crew: one
* Capacity: one passenger
* Length: 6.08 m (19 ft 11 in)
* Wingspan: 9.10 m (29 ft 10 in)
* Height: 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in)
* Wing area: 9.00 m$^2$ (96.9 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 265 kg (584 lb)
* Gross weight: 450 kg (992 lb)
* Fuel capacity: 100 litres (22 imp gal; 26 US gal)
* Powerplant: 1 × Rotax 912ULS four cylinder, liquid and air-cooled, four stroke, 75 kW (101 hp)
Performance
* Cruise speed: 230 km/h (140 mph, 120 kn)
* Stall speed: 62 km/h (39 mph, 33 kn)
* Never exceed speed: 320 km/h (200 mph, 170 kn)
# Franz Seraph of Orsini-Rosenberg

Prince Franz Seraph von Orsini-Rosenberg (18 October 1761 – 4 August 1832) was born a member of Orsini-Rosenberg family, son of Prince Vinzenz Fererius von Orsini-Rosenberg and Maria Juliana, Countess von Stubenberg.
He joined the army of Habsburg Austria and fought against the Ottoman Turks, winning a prestigious award for bravery. In the 1790s, he served in the wars against the First French Republic and received promotion to general officer. During the Napoleonic Wars he led a division in 1805 and an army corps in 1809. He became a member of the Hofkriegsrat (Aulic Council) in 1811. He was the Proprietor (Inhaber) of an Austrian light cavalry regiment from 1801 until his death.

## Wagram

At the Battle of Wagram, Rosenberg commanded the IV Armeekorps on the left flank.
# Scottish feudal barony of Lochmartnaham

The feudal barony of Lochmartnaham was a feudal barony with its caput baronium at Martnaham Castle on Martnaham Loch in Ayrshire, Scotland. The Crauford family held the barony prior to the 14th century, when the Campbells of Loudoun held the lands, followed by the Kennedys of Cassillis.
# Icklesham

Icklesham is a village and civil parish in the Rother district of East Sussex, England. The village is located about six miles (10 km) east of Hastings, on the main A259 Hastings to Rye road. The surrounding countryside is a made up of fields, hills, woods, orchards and vineyards.
The civil parish is large, and includes Icklesham itself, Winchelsea, Winchelsea Beach and Rye Harbour.

## History

Icklesham's historic roots can be traced back to 772, when it appeared as Icoleshamme in a land charter signed by Offa, King of Mercia. Strategically located on the River Brede, it was a prime target in the Norman invasion of 1066 (some 700 years later, evacuation plans were prepared in case of an invasion by Napoleon).
The 12th Century church of All Saints & St. Nicholas was restored by architect Samuel Sanders Teulon in the late 1840s. The church was originally dedicated to All Saints in the Norman period but was changed by Henry VIII to St. Nicolas. Nicholas is associated with protecting mariners, appropriate as Icklesham was still coastal at the time.

## Landmarks

Hogg Hill Mill which overlooks the village, is used as a recording studio by Sir Paul McCartney.
A sandstone circle is located to the east of the parish church in a field by the main A259 road. It was constructed in approximately 2012.
The parish contains three Sites of Special Scientific Interest—Winchelsea Cutting, "Dungeness, Romney Marsh and Rye Bay" and Rye Harbour. Winchelsea Cutting is a 0.3-acre (0.12 ha) roadside cutting with 33 feet (10 m) of exposed geological strata. Dungeness, Romney Marsh and Rye is a large site of 1,801 acres (729 ha), lying along the coast, and extending into the neighbouring county of Kent. Its interest is biological and geological, with various habitats of shingle, saltmarsh, sand dunes and saline lagoons. Rye Harbour is another 1,881-acre (761 ha) site of biological importance, with a varied habitat of shingle, intertidal mudflats and saltmarsh.

## Notable people

* Charles Kenward (1877–1948), first-class cricketer
* Richard Kenward (1875–1957), first-class cricketer
# Simon, Prince of Taranto

Simon, bastard son of Roger II of Sicily, was declared Prince of Taranto by his father in 1148, on the death of Roger III, Duke of Apulia, the eldest legitimate son of Roger II.
In 1154, Roger II died and the kingdom of Sicily passed to his fourth son, William I. William dispossessed his half-brother Simon immediately, claiming that Taranto was too important a fief to go to an illegitimate son. Simon held a grudge against the king and was called upon by Matthew Bonnellus to lead the revolt in the capital city of Palermo in 1161. This Simon did, with his nephew, Tancred of Lecce, the bastard son of Roger of Apulia, on 9 March. Simon and Tancred invaded the palace, detained King William, Queen Margaret, and their two sons, and incited a massacre of Muslims. Originally, the older of the king's sons, Roger IV, Duke of Apulia, was destined to be crowned in place of William, but soon the populace supported the accession of Simon himself. Before Simon could put himself forward as a candidate, however, the rebellion had broken down and the people were restless. The insurrectionists were forced to free the king and retreat to their castles. Pardon was given them on condition of exile and many, including Simon, took the offer.
Simon did not try to seize the crown on William's death in 1166, as had been feared. Instead, the new king's uncle, Henry, Count of Montescaglioso, laid claim to Taranto and all of Simon's former territories.
# Kuratowski Prize

The Kuratowski Prize (Polish: Nagroda im. Kazimierza Kuratowskiego) is a Polish annual mathematics award conferred jointly by the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) and the Polish Mathematical Society (PTM) for contributions in the field of mathematics granted to individuals under the age of 30. It is named in honour of Polish mathematician and logician Kazimierz Kuratowski (1896–1980).

## Description and history

The prize was established in 1981 on the initiative of physician and politician Zofia Kuratowska, who was personally the daughter of Kazimierz Kuratowski. It is presented annually by the Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Polish Mathematical Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne). The Kuratowski Prize ceremony takes place during the scientific session of the Polish Mathematical Society and the laureate of the prize is invited to give a speech on a chosen subject. It is considered the most prestigious award for young mathematicians in Poland.
In 2015, Joanna Kułaga-Przymus became the first woman to be awarded the prize. As of 2024, there have been two women mathematicians to receive this recognition, the other being Agnieszka Hejna (2023).
Notable laureates of the prize have included two Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science winners: Mariusz Lemańczyk (1987) and Tomasz Łuczak (1997); Erdős Prize winner Wojciech Samotij (2013); and Stefan Banach Prize winner Jerzy Weyman (1984).

## Laureates

The list of recipients of the Kuratowski Prize:
* Borys Kuca (2024)
* Agnieszka Hejna (2023)
* Jakub Skrzeczkowski (2022)
* Wojciech Górny, Marcin Sroka (2021)
* Mateusz Wasilewski (2020)
* Joachim Jelisiejew (2019)
* Piotr Pokora (2018)
* Adam Kanigowski (2017)
* Piotr Achinger (2016)
* Joanna Kułaga-Przymus, Mateusz Michałek (2015)
* Kamil Kaleta (2014)
* Wojciech Samotij (2013)
* Mateusz Kwaśnicki (2012)
* Piotr Przytycki (2011)
* Sławomir Dinew (2010)
* Radosław Adamczak (2009)
* Adam Skalski (2008)
* Mikołaj Bojańczyk (2007)
* Krzysztof Krupiński (2006)
* Grzegorz Bobiński, Tomasz Schreiber (2005)
* Dariusz Buraczewski (2004)
* Piotr Śniady (2003)
* Adrian Langer (2002)
* Grzegorz Zwara (2001)
* Krzysztof Oleszkiewicz (2000)
* Stanisław Kasjan (1999)
* Michał Kwieciński (1998)
* Rafał Latała (1997)
* Jacek Zienkiewicz (1996)
* Piotr Hajłasz, Jerzy Marcinkowski (1995)
* Jacek Graczyk (1994)
* Waldemar Hebisch (1993)
* Zbigniew Jelonek (1992)
* Tomasz Łuczak (1991)
* Jarosław Wiśniewski (1990)
* Adam Parusiński (1989)
* Piotr Biler (1988)
* Mariusz Lemańczyk (1987)
* Krzysztof Ciesielski (1986)
* Marusz Wodzicki (1985)
* Piotr Pragacz, Jerzy Weyman (1984)
* Józef H. Przytycki (1983)
* Ryszard Frankiewicz (1982)
* Feliks Przytycki (1981)
# Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug

Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug (5 May 1775, in Berlin – 3 February 1856, in Berlin), was a German entomologist. He described the butterflies and some other insects of Upper Egypt and Arabia in Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg and Wilhelm Friedrich Hemprich's Symbolæ Physicæ (1829 in Berlin – 1845). He was professor of medicine and entomology in the University of Berlin (known in the present day as the Humboldt University of Berlin) where he curated the insect collections from 1810 to 1856. At the same time he directed the Botanic Garden in Berlin which contains his collections. Klug worked mainly on Hymenoptera and Coleoptera. The plant genus Klugia (now called Rhynchoglossum, Family Gesneriaceae) was named in his honour as well as the butterflies Geitoneura klugii and Heliophisma klugii.
In 1855, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

## Works

(Partial List)
* Die Blattwespen nach ihren Gattungen und Arten zusammengestellt. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 6: 45–62, 276–310 (1814).
* Entomologische Monographieen. Berlin. p. 172–196 (1824).
* Insecta. in: Ehrenberg, C.G. Symbolae Physicae, seu icones et descriptiones corporum naturalium novarum aut minus cognitorum (1829–1845)
* Berich über eine auf Madagascar veranstaltete Sammlung von Insecten aus der Ordnung Coleoptera. Abhandlungen der Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 91–223 (1833).
* Uebersicht der Tenthredinetae der Sammlung (des Berliner entomologischen Museums). Jahrbücher der Insektenkunde 1: 233–253 (1834).
* With Carl Heinrich Hopffer and illustrated by Bernhard Wienker and Neue Schmetterlinge der Insekten-Sammlung des Königl. Zoologischen Musei der Universität zu Berlin Hft. (Volume) 1 – 2 Berlin : Bei dem Herausgeber BHL (1836)
* Fortsetzung der Diagnosen der neuen (und bereits seit mehreren Monaten vollständig gedruckten) Coleopteren, welche die Insectensendungen des Herrn Dr. Peters von Mossambique enthalten hatten, von der Familie der Staphylinii an bis zu den Lamelicornia, diese mit eingeschlossen.Berichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 20: 643–660 (1855)
* Ueber die Geschlechtsverschiedenheit der Piezaten. Erster Haelfte der Fabriciusschen Gattungen. Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 1: 68–80. (1807)
# Mother Lode (Methow Mountains)

Mother Lode is a 7,905-foot-elevation (2,409-meter) mountain summit located in the North Cascades, in Okanogan County, Washington. It is situated in the Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness, on land managed by Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest. The mountain is part of the Methow Mountains, which are a subset of the Cascade Range, and the peak is approximately two miles east of the crest of the range. Mother Lode is set approximately six miles south of Washington Pass, and the nearest higher neighbor is Gilbert Mountain, three miles to the northeast. Topographic relief is significant as the north aspect rises 3,500 feet (1,100 meters) above the South Fork Twisp River in one mile. The peak was climbed in 1983 by Rick La Belle and Glen Sterr via the north ridge, and the northeast ridge was climbed in 1985 by Carl and Gordon Skoog. Precipitation runoff from the peak drains into tributaries of Twisp River, which in turn is a tributary of the Methow River.

## Climate

Weather fronts originating in the Pacific Ocean travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach the North Cascades, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range (Orographic lift), causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades. As a result, the west side of the North Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in avalanche danger. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer.

## Geology

The North Cascades features some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks, ridges, and deep glacial valleys. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to the various climate differences. These climate differences lead to vegetation variety defining the ecoregions in this area. The history of the formation of the Cascade Mountains dates back millions of years ago to the late Eocene Epoch. With the North American Plate overriding the Pacific Plate, episodes of volcanic igneous activity persisted. In addition, small fragments of the oceanic and continental lithosphere called terranes created the North Cascades about 50 million years ago.
During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured the landscape leaving deposits of rock debris. The U-shaped cross section of the river valleys is a result of recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the North Cascades area.

## Gallery

* Mother Lode Peak
# Tortula virescens

Tortula virescens is a species of moss belonging to the family Pottiaceae.
It is native to Europe and Northern America.
# Fedor Jagor

Andreas Fedor Jagor (30 November 1816 – 11 February 1900) was a German ethnologist, naturalist and explorer who traveled throughout Asia in the second half of the 19th century collecting for Berlin museums.

## Life and work

Fedor Jagor dealt with ethnography inspired by a visit to Paris. On behalf of the Museum für Naturkunde (Museum of Natural History) in Berlin, he traveled extensively to South and Southeast Asia collecting for the museum. From 1857 to 1861, he was in India, East Asia, including Burma, and the Pacific Islands. He stayed on the island of Java and the rest of the Indonesian archipelago from 1873 to 1876 and from 1890 to 1893.
Since 1869, Jagor had been a member of the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory (Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte), and on January 9, 1879, he became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.
Jagor maintained an extensive correspondence with Rudolf Virchow and recorded his own travel experiences and observations in several books. He bequeathed his ethnographic collections, including 700 paper negatives of photographs, to the Ethnological Museum of Berlin. His fortune and art collection were donated to the city of Berlin. Following a reburial, his tomb is located at Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery.

## Writings (selection)

* "Singapore, Malacca, Java: Travel Sketches" Singapore, Malacca, Java: Reiseskizzen. J. Springer, Berlin 1866
* Travels in the Philippines. London: Chapman and Hall. 1875.
* "East Indian trade with regard to the European labor market" Ostindisches Handwerk und Gewerbe mit Rücksicht auf den europäischen Arbeitsmarkt. J. Springer, Berlin 1878
* Jagor, Fedor; et al. (2007). The Former Philippines Through Foreign Eyes (reprint ed.). Echo Library. ISBN 978-1406815429. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
* Jagor, Fedor; et al. (2007). The Former Philippines Thru Foreign Eyes. Echo Library. ISBN 978-1406847406. Retrieved 24 April 2014.

## Animals named after Jagor

* Jagor's sphenomorphus, Pinoyscincus jagori W. Peters, 1864
* Water snake, Enhydris jagorii W. Peters, 1863
* Greater Musky Fruit Bat, Ptenochirus jagori W. Peters, 1861
* Peters' Trumpet-eared Bat, Phoniscus jagorii W. Peters, 1866
# Pachychilon macedonicum

Pachychilon macedonicum is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is found in Greece and North Macedonia. Its natural habitats are rivers and freshwater lakes. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## Sources

* ↑ Ford, M. (2024). "Pachychilon macedonicum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T39272A137281798. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
* ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Pachychilon macedonicum". FishBase. December 2017 version.
* This Leuciscidae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Mount Irish Range

The Mount Irish Range is a mountain range in Lincoln County, Nevada. The range is bounded by the Coal Valley to the north, the Pahranagat Valley to the east, the Tikaboo Valley to the southwest and the Wild Horse Valley to the northwest. Surrounding ranges include the Seaman Range and Hiko Range to the east, the Pahranagat Range and East Pahranagat Range to the south and south east, the Groom Range to the southwest, the Timpahute Range to the west and the Golden Gate Range across Murphy Gap to the northwest.
Silver was mined on the east flank of Mount Irish along Silver Canyon just north of the ghost town of Logan in the 1860s and 1870s. The ghost town of Crystal Springs also populated during this time lies about 7 miles (11 km) to the east at the intersection of US Route 93, Nevada Route 318 and Nevada Route 375. The community of Hiko lies five miles north of Crystal Springs on Route 318. Route 375 crosses the extreme south end of the range at Hancock Summit.
The Mount Irish Wilderness lies to the south of Mount Irish and consists of 28,274 acres of the range. Designated by the U.S. Congress in 2004, the area is managed by the Bureau of Land Management. Elevations range from 4,800 feet (1463 m) to 7,504 feet (2287 m).
The Mount Irish Archaeological District consists of four sites on Logan Canyon Road just to the east of the old Logan townsite and just north of the Mount Irish Wilderness Area boundary.