OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Flight Design MC

The Flight Design MC (Metal Concept) is a German light-sport aircraft, designed and produced by Flight Design, introduced at AirVenture in 2008. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

## Design and development

The MC design was based on the general shape of the CT series, but rendered in metal and with a strut-braced wing, in place of the CT series' composite construction and cantilever wing. The design goal was to provide a more robust design, primarily for flight school use. The resulting MC has a lower cruise speed as well as less payload and range than the comparable Flight Design CTLW.
The MC was designed to comply with US light-sport aircraft rules. It features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit, fixed tricycle landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.
The MC's structure is totally different from the CT series. Aircraft fuselage is made from welded steel tubing forming a safety cage around the cockpit, with crumple zones built in. The wings and tail are predominantly aluminum sheet. Its 9.5 m (31.2 ft) has an area of 11.3 m$^2$ (122 sq ft) and flaps. The landing gear legs are composite and are adapted from the CTLS. To simplify fuel management the wing fuel tanks all feed via a single lever fuel supply system. A ballistic parachute is standard equipment. Standard engines available are the 80 hp (60 kW) Rotax 912UL and the 100 hp (75 kW) Rotax 912ULS and Rotax 912iS four-stroke powerplants.

## Variants
### MCi

    Version with the Rotax 912iS 100 hp (75 kW) engine.

## Specifications (MC)

Data from Bayerl
General characteristics
* Crew: one
* Capacity: one passenger
* Wingspan: 9.5 m (31 ft 2 in)
* Wing area: 11.3 m$^2$ (122 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 360 kg (794 lb)
* Gross weight: 600 kg (1,323 lb)
* Fuel capacity: 100 litres (22 imp gal; 26 US gal)
* Powerplant: 1 × Rotax 912UL four cylinder, liquid and air-cooled, four stroke aircraft engine, 60 kW (80 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 220 km/h (140 mph, 120 kn)
* Cruise speed: 210 km/h (130 mph, 110 kn)
* Stall speed: 65 km/h (40 mph, 35 kn)
* Rate of climb: 5 m/s (980 ft/min)
# Maren Gaulke

Maren Birgit Gaulke (born 4 April 1955) is a German herpetologist whose research focus has been the biology of monitor lizards, snakes and turtles. She is a consultant with national and international institutions and contributes to status classifications of endangered species and the establishment of protected areas.

## Biography

A student of earth and life sciences, Gaulke received her doctorate from the University of Kiel in 1988. In the mid-1980s she began her field work in Southeast Asia and the Philippines, where her biological studies collected new insights into the ecology, ethology and trophic dependencies of tropical animals. This led to the first description of several new reptile species, including Cyclemys pulchristriata Fritz , Gaulke & Lehr, 1997, Dendrelaphis flavescens Gaulke, 1994, Gekko ernstkelleri Rösler, Siler, Brown, Demegillo & Gaulke, 2006, Luperosaurus corfieldi Gaulke, Rösler & Brown, 2007 and Lycodon fausti Gaulke, 2002.
Her main interest is monitor lizards, close relatives of the Komodo dragons, which are the world's largest living lizards. She described the species Varanus mabitang Gaulke & Curio, 2001, Varanus palawanensis Koch, Gaulke & Böhme, 2010, Varanus rasmusseni Koch, Gaulke & Böhme, 2010 and Varanus samarensis Koch, Gaulke & Böhme, 2010. In 2017, she was part of the first team to describe the Philippine frog species Sanguirana acai from the islands of Negros, Masbate and Panay.
Gaulke works as a consultant with national and international institutions on the status classification of endangered species and the establishment of protected areas. She is also an "extraordinary employee" at the Geobio Center at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich.

## Selected publications

As main author or co-author, Gaulke has published the books Nature Travel Guide Philippines (2002), Nature Travel Guide Australia (2007, with Alexander Volker Altenbach), Water Dragons and Sailors (2008, with Heiko Werning) and The Herpetofauna of Panay Island, Philippines (2011). She contributed chapters to the books Anoxia: Evidence for Eukaryote Survival and Paleontological Strategies (2012) by Alexander Volker Altenbach, Joan M. Bernhard and Joseph Seckbach and Varanoid Lizards of the World (2004) by Eric Pianka and R. Dennis King. In addition, her scientific contributions have appeared in several international journals, including Hamadryad, Zootaxa, Elaphe, Herpetozoa, Asiatic Herpetological Research, Salamandra and Copeia.

## Dedication names

In 2008, Gernot Vogel and Johan van Rooijen named the bronze snake species Dendrelaphis marenae in honor of Maren Gaulke.
# Berthold Otto

Berthold Otto (6 August 1859 – 29 June 1933) was a German educator and pedagogue who specialized in children's education. He founded a home school in Berlin-Lichterfelde in 1906 originally called the Hauslehrerschule which is now named after him. He believed in the individuality of children and the idea that every child was a genius until the age of six. He also founded a periodical called Der Hauslehrer.

## Life and work

Otto was born to Richard and Franziska née Wegener in Bienowitz (Silesia) and grew up in Rendsburg and Schleswig. He went to the University of Kiel in 1880 and studied philosophy, pedagogy, politics, and economics completing his studies at Berlin in 1883. He sought to study liberalism under Friedrich Paulsen for a doctorate but Paulsen did not accept the topic so he left studies in 1883. He worked as a private tutor and worked as an editor for the Hamburger Correspondenten and in 1890 became an editor at the Brockhaus-Verlag in Leipzig. He married Friederike Mann (1864–1921) in 1887 and he refused to put his children into the state school leading to conflict with the authorities. He started a private school and moved to Berlin-Lichterfelde in 1902 on the invitation of the Prussian Ministry of Culture. At his private school he believed in the use of natural teaching methods based on conversation, care and play and avoided authoritarian approaches. He believed in intellectual intercourse and the right of the child to ask questions. He promoted the idea of holistic living relationships with people. He considered education as a means to observe the world and one's own thinking. He however supported concepts of nationalism and wanted children to uphold communal traditions. He received a Kerschensteiner Medal in 1929 for his work on education. His approach influenced Cor Bruijn (1883–1978) in the Netherlands and the members of the commission under Konstantin Ventsel (1903) who were involved in Russian education for children.
# George Fertig

George Fertig (1915–1983) was a Canadian artist. He was born in Carmangay, Alberta and died in Burnaby, British Columbia. He began with photography in his early 20s and started oil painting at the age of 24. In 1941 he moved to Vancouver from Trail. He exhibited in the B.C. Artists Annual Exhibition in the 1940s and early 50s. But with the rise of abstractionism and the confines of the sociopolitical climate of the Vancouver Art Gallery and the Vancouver School of Art, his work was rarely seen outside of the Gallery of B.C. Arts in the 1960s and 70s. The Burnaby Art Gallery held a retrospective of his work in 2010 and his daughter Mona Fertig wrote and published The Life and Art of George Fertig, the 3rd book in the Unheralded Artists of BC series-Mother Tongue Publishing, for the exhibition.
He was profoundly influenced by world art: Gauguin, Chardin, and the writings of Carl Jung. Fertig, along with David Marshall, Peter Paul Ochs, Jock Hearn, LeRoy Jensen, Frank Molnar, and Jack Ackroyd, belongs to a group of neglected artists that are part of Vancouver art history of the 1940s, 50s & 60s. George Fertig was married to Evelyn (née Luxa) Fertig (1925–1994). They have two daughters.
# DANICS

The Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Civil) Services, abbreviated DANICS and formerly called the Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Civil Service is the civil service of the Union Territories of India. It is part of the Central Civil Services (CCS).
Candidates are recruited directly through the Civil Services Examination (CSE). Selected Group B officers are responsible for the administration of Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.

## Selection

Direct recruitments to DANICS are conducted through the Civil Services Examination (CSE) by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), comprising three-stages—preliminary exam, main exam, and personality test. Two thirds of the strength is filled by direct recruitment and the remaining by promotion.

## Cadre

The Union Territories Division of the Ministry of Home Affairs is the cadre controlling authority for DANICS. As of 2016, DANICS comprised 208 personnel, while the sanctioned strength was 367.

## Postings

DANICS officers are initially posted as Assistant collector (District Administration, Delhi) or Sub Divisional Magistrate. On deputation in the autonomous Bodies of Delhi like Municipal Corporation of Delhi, North Delhi Municipal Corporation, Delhi District Administration etc. or as Deputy Secretary in different Ministries of Delhi Government. Other than Delhi DANICS officers are regularly posted to UTs of Daman & Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Lakshdweep Islands. Recently Three DANICS officers were transferred and posted to UT of Chandigarh thereby increasing the territorial extent of DANICS cadre. Ministry of Home Affairs is considering the inclusion of UT of Ladakh also into DANICS cadre but official notification in this regard has not been issued so far. After attaining seniority, they get promotion into Senior Grades (JAG-I and JAG-II/SAG) and get inducted into the AGMUT cadre of the Indian Administrative Service.
# Rainer Prachtl

Rainer Prachtl (15 January 1950 – 12 October 2024) was a German schoolteacher and politician. A member of the Christian Democratic Union, he served in the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern from 1990 to 2006.
Prachtl died in Neubrandenburg on 12 October 2024, at the age of 74.
# G. W. Mordecai

George Washington Mordecai (April 18, 1844 – June 14, 1920) served in the California State Assembly for the 70th district from 1891 to 1893 and the 62nd district from 1893 to 1895 and during the American Civil War he served in the Army of the Confederate States of America.

## Early life and family

Mordecai was born at "Rosewood", his family's farm near Richmond, Virginia, the son of Augustus Mordecai and Rosina Young Mordecai. He was named for his uncle, George Washington Mordecai (1801–1871). His grandfather was educator Jacob Mordecai; his aunts included educators Emma Mordecai and Rachel Mordecai Lazarus, and another uncle, Alfred Mordecai, taught at West Point. One of his first cousins was anarchist Marx Edgeworth Lazarus.

## Career

Mordecai served in the Confederate Army from 1862 to 1865. His uncle George, a lawyer and railroad president, helped Mordecai start a large sheep ranch in central California in 1868. He was a member of the California Water & Forest Association.
Mordecai served two terms in the California State Assembly, from 1891 to 1895. One of his actions as a legislator was to create Madera County, by dividing Fresno County, in 1893. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the California State Senate. Later in life, he was a member of the Democratic National Committee in 1912, and was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1916 and 1920.

## Personal life and legacy

Mordecai married Mississippi-born Louise Hunter Dixon in 1876; they had four children (George W. Jr., Louise, Brooke, and Ethelfleda). He died in Madera County, California, in 1920, at the age of 76. As of 2020, his ranch is still an active business in Madera County, and he is remembered as a local pioneer.
# L. Harris Hiscock

Luther Harris Hitchcock (May 2, 1824 – June 4, 1867) was a New York attorney, judge, and legislator. He was murdered by George W. Cole, a major general in the American Civil War and brother of Cornelius Cole.

## Biography

Known as L. Harris Hiscock, he was born in Pompey, New York on May 2, 1824. He taught school while studying law with Daniel Gott, and served as Pompey's School Superintendent from 1845 to 1847.
In 1848, he began to practice law in Tully. From 1849 to 1851, he was Pompey's Justice of the Peace.
Hiscock later moved to Syracuse, and in 1855, he founded with his brother Frank the law firm known today as Hiscock and Barclay. L. Harris Hiscock was prominent in Democratic politics and served as Onondaga County Surrogate Judge from 1852 to 1856.
In 1865, by now a Republican as a result of his pro-Union position during the American Civil War, Harris was elected to the New York State Assembly, and he served until his death.
While in Albany as a delegate to the state constitutional convention, Hiscock was murdered on June 4, 1867, by George W. Cole, a major general in the Union Army who accused Hiscock of having an affair with Mrs. Cole. Cole was acquitted at his 1868 trial on the grounds of "momentary insanity."
Hiscock was buried at Oakwood Cemetery in Syracuse.

## Family

L. Harris Hiscock was the brother and law partner of U.S. Senator Frank Hiscock. He was married to Lucy Bridgman (1828–1861). They were the parents of two children, including Judge Frank H. Hiscock.
# Precipitable water

Precipitable water is the depth of water in a column of the atmosphere, if all the water in that column were precipitated as rain. As a depth, the precipitable water is measured in millimeters or inches. Often abbreviated as "TPW", for Total Precipitable Water.

## Measurement

There are different measurement techniques:
* One type of measurement is based on the measurement of the solar irradiance on two wavelengths, one in a water absorption band, and the other not. The precipitable water column is determined using the irradiances in these bands and the Beer–Lambert law.
* The precipitable water can also be calculated by integration of radiosonde data (relative humidity, pressure and temperature) over the whole atmosphere.
* Data can be viewed on a Lifted-K index. The numbers represent inches of water as mentioned above for a geographical location.
* Recently, methods using the Global Positioning System have been developed.
* Some work has been performed to create empirical relationships between surface specific humidity and precipitable water based on localized measurements (generally a 2nd to 5th order polynomial). However, this method has not received widespread use in part because humidity is a local measurement and precipitable water is a total column measurement.
# Harvey Wilson

Harvey Wilson (born 9 December 1949) is a New Zealand equestrian. He competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics and the 1992 Summer Olympics.
Wilson and his wife Anne have also trained thoroughbred race horses from his Waverley base since 2004. As at 1 June 2024 he has achieved 63 race wins. His victories include "It's A Wonder" winning the 2019 Grand National Steeplechase (New Zealand)
# Hugh Fisher (canoeist)

Hugh Fisher, CM (born October 1, 1955) is a New Zealand-born Canadian sprint kayaker who competed from the mid-1970s to the late 1980s. He participated in three Summer Olympics: in 1976 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada; in 1984 in Los Angeles; and in 1988 in Seoul, Korea. He was also named to the 1980 Olympic team for Canada, but did not compete due to the Canadian boycott of those Games. At the 1984 Games with his racing partner Alwyn Morris, he won two medals, a gold in the K-2 1000 m and a bronze in the K-2 500 m events.
Fisher and Morris also won medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a silver in the K-2 1000 m in 1982 and a bronze in the K-2 500 m in 1983.
In 1985, he was awarded the Order of Canada for his athletic achievements. In 1985 he was also inducted into the British Columbia Sports Hall of Fame, and is the only canoeing athlete honoured. He was inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame in 1986, and to Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 2000.
Fisher was for many years a medical doctor in the towns of Pemberton and Whistler, British Columbia.
# United States v. Armstrong

United States v. Armstrong, 517 U.S. 456 (1996), was a case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the court held that the burden of proof for selective prosecution rests with the defendant, who must show the government declined to prosecute similarly situated suspects of other races.

## Syllabus

Respondents filed a motion to dismiss their indictment for "crack" cocaine and other federal charges, alleging they were selected for prosecution based on their race. The motion was granted by the District Court and affirmed by the Ninth Circuit en banc, which ruled the proof requirements do not compel the defendant to demonstrate the Government has failed to prosecute others who are similarly situated.
The Supreme Court held that:
* Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 16, which governs discovery in criminal cases, exempts the work product of Government attorneys and agents made in connection with the case's investigation.
* Under the equal protection component of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, the decision whether to prosecute may not be based on an arbitrary classification such as race or religion. Thus a defendant must produce credible evidence that similarly situated defendants of other races could have been prosecuted, but were not, in order to be entitled to discovery.
The Supreme Court reversed and remanded, 8–1. Chief Justice William Rehnquist wrote the opinion of the court, and was joined by Justices Sandra Day O'Connor, Antonin Scalia, Anthony Kennedy, David Souter, Clarence Thomas, and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Justice Stephen Breyer joined the majority opinion in part and also wrote a separate concurring opinion. Justice John P. Stevens wrote the dissenting opinion.
# F. Badger Ives

F. Badger Ives (November 21, 1858 – January 21, 1914) was an American businessman and politician.

## Biography

Born in New London, Wisconsin, Ives moved to Oshkosh, Wisconsin in 1871. He went to Oshkosh Business College and Oshkosh Normal School (now University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh). He was in the grocery and fruit business. Between 1890 and 1894, Ives lived in Chicago, Illinois and worked in the fruit business. He also went to the University of Chicago Law School. In 1894, Ives returned to Oshkosh and started his own business. Ives served on the Oshkosh Common Council and was a Republican. In 1899, Ives served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. He died in Oshkosh in 1914.
# Robert D. Wilson

Robert Dick Wilson (February 3, 1839 – December 4, 1930) was an American farmer and politician.
Born in Falkirk, Scotland, Wilson emigrated to the United States in 1854 and settled in the Town of Melrose, Jackson County, Wisconsin. Wilson was a farmer. Wilson served in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1880 and was a Republican. He later lived in West Virginia, where he was a mine superintendent, and then moved to Cumberland, Maryland, where he was involved in paper manufacturing. He died in Clarksburg, West Virginia.
# Simon Gillen

Simon Gillen (May 1, 1855 – July 6, 1918) was an American politician, farmer, attorney and jurist. He served one term in the Wisconsin State Assembly and held a number of local offices in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin.

## Biography

Born in the Town of Mitchell, Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, Gillen was a farmer. He served as chairman of the Mitchell Town Board and on the Sheboygan County Board of Supervisors in 1880 and 1881. In 1882, Gillen served in the Wisconsin State Assembly and was a Democrat. Then, in 1882, Gillen was elected Clerk of Circuit Court for Sheboygan County. In 1888, Gillen was admitted to the Wisconsin bar and was elected district attorney for Sheboygan County. In 1894, Gillen was elected county judge and served until 1898. Gillen also served on the Sheboygan Common Council in 1891 and from 1907 to 1909. Gillen died in Sheboygan, Wisconsin as a result of a stroke while working in his garden at his home.
# Jeff Simpson

Jeff Simpson (born 29 October 1950) is a former professional tennis player from New Zealand.

## Playing career

Over the course of his career, Simpson competed in five Davis Cup ties for the New Zealand team. He won a total of four rubbers, two in singles and two in doubles.
In 1973, Simpson reached the third round of both Wimbledon and the US Open. Those performances saw him reach his career best ranking of 66.
Simpson was a singles semi-finalist at Newport in 1973 and Auckland in 1975. As a doubles player he was runner-up at three Grand Prix events, in Tokyo, Christchurch and Roanoke.

## Coaching

Simpson was New Zealand's Davis Cup captain for 16 years, from 1984 to 1999, as well as Fed Cup captain for five years. He also coached New Zealand in the 1988 Summer Olympics and 1996 Summer Olympics.

## Personal life

Simpson is the elder brother of Russell Simpson, who was also a professional tennis player.
His son, Matt, competed for a while on the Futures circuit, retiring in 2013.

## Grand Prix career finals
### Doubles: 4 (1 title, 3 runner-ups)

| Result | W–L | Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| Loss | 0–1 | 1972 | Tokyo Outdoor, Japan | Marcello Lara | Dick Dell Sherwood Stewart | 3–6, 2–6 |
| Loss | 0–2 | 1973 | Christchurch, New Zealand | Jürgen Fassbender | Anand Amritraj Fred McNair | W/O |
| Loss | 0–3 | 1974 | Roanoke, United States | Ian Crookenden | Vitas Gerulaitis Sandy Mayer | 6–7, 1–6 |
| Win | 1–3 | 1975 | Washington Indoor WCT, U.S. | Mike Estep | Anand Amritraj Vijay Amritraj | 7–6, 6–3 |

## Challenger titles
### Singles: (1)

| No. | Year | Tournament | Surface | Opponent | Score |
| 1. | 1982 | Le Touquet, France | Clay | Roland Stadler | 6–7, 6–2, 6–1 |
# Jock Bilger

Jock Bilger (born 25 November 1936) is a New Zealand sailor. He competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1976 Summer Olympics.
# Joe McManemin

Joseph de Valley McManemin CBE QSO JP (2 January 1923 – 5 August 2014) was a New Zealand athletics coach and sports administrator.

## Biography

Born in Auckland in 1923, McManemin was educated at Auckland Grammar School and became a pharmacist, with a shop in the Auckland suburb of Mount Roskill.
A sprinter, McManemin was a member of the Old Grammarians' Club in Auckland. He became involved in athletics administration, and was elected to the committee of the Auckland Centre of the New Zealand Amateur Athletic Association in 1944. He went on to become a sprint coach, mentoring New Zealand representatives including Doreen Porter, Valerie Morgan and Maurice Rae.
McManemin went to the 1960 Rome Olympics as the New Zealand athletics team manager and was the general manager of the New Zealand team at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh. He was chef de mission of the New Zealand team at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich.
He served on the organizing committees for both the 1950 British Empire Games in Auckland and the 1974 British Commonwealth Games in Christchurch. With Norman Coop, he was co-founder of the 1990 Games Promotion Committee, which successfully bid in 1984 to stage the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland. McManemin then went on to chair the organizing committee for that event.
McManemin served as president of both Athletics Auckland and Athletics New Zealand. A Freemason, he was grand master of Freemasons New Zealand from 1986 to 1988.
He died in Auckland in 2014.

## Honours

In the 1974 New Year Honours, McManemin was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, for services to sport and the community. He was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for community service in the 1990 New Year Honours.