# Kapangan

Kapangan, officially the Municipality of Kapangan, (Ilocano: Ili ti Kapangan; Tagalog: Bayan ng Kapangan), is a municipality in the province of Benguet, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 19,297 people.

## History
### Pre-colonial period

Kapangan was formerly called Takdang (or Tacdang), which means "people from the east". The early natives, who came from eastern settlements such as Tinec in Buguias and Bontoc, settled along the Amburayan River and lived by the kaingin system. They traveled to Naguilian in La Union to trade goods with the Ilocano people The appointed first town president (before now mayor) is Espiritu Cariño (1898–1900) .

### Spanish period

During the Spanish Regime, Kapangan was organized into four barrios; Balacbac, Paykek, Pongayan, and Taba-ao. The Spaniards appointed Espiritu Cariño as the first Capitan del Barrio, whose duty was overseeing tax collection from local land owners. They also appointed Juan Ora-a Cariño to the position, eventually promoting him to Commandantes, one of the highest ranks in office during the time. Both Espiritu Cariño and Juan Ora-a Cariño appointed eight people in eight different barrios to serve as barrio capitans, whose tasks were to oversee the construction of Spanish trails throughout the mountain region.

### American period

Under the American Civil Government, Kapangan was established as one of the 19 townships of the province of Benguet, upon the issuance of Act No. 48 on November 22, 1900
On August 13, 1908, Benguet was established as a sub-province of the newly created Mountain Province with the enactment of Act No. 1876. Six townships of Benguet were later abolished, one of which was Balakbak, which was integrated into the township of Kapangan.
According to some stories, Kapangan got its name when an American once asked a local resident what was the name of the place. Since the resident doesn't understand English and so happened that they were about to eat in the party where they were in, she just said "kapangan" which means go eat in English. The American thought that the name of the place is Kapangan and hence the name .

### Post-war era

On June 25, 1963, then-President Diosdado Macapagal issued Executive Order No. 42 converting eight (8) of the thirteen (13) towns (designated as municipal districts) of Benguet sub-province into regular municipalities. Kapangan was among them.
On June 18, 1966, the sub-province of Benguet was separated from the old Mountain Province and was converted into a regular province. Kapangan remained to be a component municipality of the newly established province.

## Geography

Kapangan is at the mid-western section of Benguet. It is bounded by Kibungan on the north-east, Atok on the east, Tublay on the southeast, Sablan and Bagulin on the south-west, San Gabriel on the mid-west, and Sugpon on the north-west.
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 164.39 square kilometres (63.47 sq mi)  constituting 5.94% of the 2,769.08-square-kilometre- (1,069.15 sq mi) total area of Benguet.
The municipal's terrain is characterized by rugged mountains and hills. Rugged mountains have slopes of 50% while hills have slopes from 30%-50%. The highest elevation is 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) above sea level with the lowest at 200 metres (660 ft) above sea level.
Kapangan is 27 kilometres (17 mi) from the capital town of La Trinidad, 32 kilometres (20 mi) from Baguio, and 282 kilometres (175 mi) from Manila.

### Barangays

Kapangan is politically subdivided into 15 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.
| PSGC | Barangay | Population | Population | Population | ±% p.a. | ±% p.a. |
| | | 2020 | 2020 | 2010 | | |
| 141108001 | Balakbak | 6.2% | 1,205 | 1,372 | ▾ | −1.29% |
| 141108002 | Beleng‑Belis | 4.0% | 772 | 984 | ▾ | −2.40% |
| 141108003 | Boklaoan | 2.4% | 465 | 644 | ▾ | −3.20% |
| 141108004 | Cayapes | 4.4% | 849 | 962 | ▾ | −1.24% |
| 141108006 | Cuba | 5.3% | 1,018 | 995 | ▴ | 0.23% |
| 141108008 | Datakan | 9.8% | 1,883 | 1,699 | ▴ | 1.03% |
| 141108009 | Gadang | 7.1% | 1,378 | 1,534 | ▾ | −1.07% |
| 141108010 | Gasweling | 5.2% | 1,005 | 1,129 | ▾ | −1.16% |
| 141108011 | Labueg | 8.8% | 1,702 | 1,572 | ▴ | 0.80% |
| 141108013 | Paykek | 7.7% | 1,488 | 1,550 | ▾ | −0.41% |
| 141108014 | Poblacion Central | 8.4% | 1,618 | 1,841 | ▾ | −1.28% |
| 141108016 | Pongayan | 4.5% | 869 | 945 | ▾ | −0.83% |
| 141108015 | Pudong | 6.4% | 1,231 | 1,373 | ▾ | −1.09% |
| 141108017 | Sagubo | 10.3% | 1,982 | 1,697 | ▴ | 1.56% |
| 141108018 | Taba‑ao | 9.5% | 1,832 | 1,787 | ▴ | 0.25% |
| | Total | Total | 19,297 | 19,297 | | 0.00% |

### Climate

Climate data for Kapangan, Benguet :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 24 (75) | 25 (77) | 26 (79) | 27 (81) | 26 (79) | 25 (77) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) | 25 (77) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15 (59) | 16 (61) | 17 (63) | 19 (66) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 19 (66) | 19 (66) | 19 (66) | 18 (64) | 17 (63) | 16 (61) | 18 (64) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 42 (1.7) | 48 (1.9) | 74 (2.9) | 110 (4.3) | 269 (10.6) | 275 (10.8) | 362 (14.3) | 325 (12.8) | 330 (13.0) | 306 (12.0) | 126 (5.0) | 61 (2.4) | 2,328 (91.7) |
| Average rainy days | 11.2 | 12.0 | 17.1 | 21.2 | 27.1 | 26.8 | 28.1 | 27.0 | 26.0 | 24.5 | 17.7 | 12.4 | 251.1 |
| Source: Meteoblue ||||||||||||||
Climate is divided into two seasons – the wet and the dry. Wet season occurs from May to October while dry season occurs November to April.

## Demographics

In the 2020 census, Kapangan had a population of 19,297. The population density was 120 inhabitants per square kilometre (310/sq mi).

### Religion

* Ascension Episcopal Mission, Cabilisan, Pudong
* Balakbak Southern Baptist Church, Balakbak
* Duntog Kalbaryo Lutheran Church, Balakbak
* Iglesia ni Cristo, Lokal ng Balakbak
* Iglesia ni Cristo, Lokal ng Kapangan
* Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses, Central
* Mount Zion Lutheran Church, Liblibeng, Gadang
* Taba-ao Faith Baptist Church, Taba-ao
* Saint Andrew's Episcopal Parish, Paykek
* Saint Luke Lutheran Church, Taba-ao
* Saint Mark Episcopal Mission, Gadang
* Saint Mark Lutheran Church, Landing, Sagubo
* Saint Michael Catholic Mission, Labueg
* Solid Foundation Bible Baptist Church, Lomon

## Economy

Poverty incidence of Kapangan
* 10
* 20
* 30
* 40
* 2006 25.90
* 2009 37.65
* 2012 17.67
* 2015 13.52
* 2018 17.31
* 2021 2.51
* Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

## Government

Kapangan, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Benguet, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

### Elected officials

Members of the Municipal Council (2019–2022) :
| Position | Name |
| Congressman | Nestor B. Fongwan Eric G. Yap (since January 20, 2020) |
| Mayor | Manny E. Fermin |
| Vice-Mayor | Mayo D. Eslay |
| Councilors | Bruno M. Canuto |
| Councilors | Harris M. Dizon |
| Councilors | Jennylyn A. Ebes |
| Councilors | Santos M. Bastian |
| Councilors | Andrew C. Bentres Jr. |
| Councilors | Rex L. Balangcod |
| Councilors | Lauro C. Lorenzo |
| Councilors | Marcelo L. Tayaban |

## Education
### Public schools

As of 2014, Kapangan has 27 public elementary schools, 1 private secondary school, and 4 public secondary schools.
Elementary (2013–2014) :
| School | Barangay |
| Ampongot Elementary School | Sagubo |
| Baguionas Barrio School | Gaswiling |
| Balakbak Elementary School | Balakbak |
| Beleng-Belis Barrio School | Beleng-Belis |
| Boklaoan Elementary School | Ampucao |
| Catiaoan Barrio School | Gaswiling |
| Cayapes Barrio School | Cayapes |
| Cuba Barrio School | Cuba |
| Datakan Elementary School | Datakan |
| Gadang Elementary School | Gadang |
| Gaswiling Barrio School | Gaswiling |
| Kaliwaga Barrio School | Gaswiling |
| Kapangan Central School | Poblacion (Central) |
| Laoangan Barrio School | Gadang |
| Liblibeng Barrio School | Gadang |
| Lomon Elementary School | Paykek |
| Longboy Elementary School | Labueg |
| Pakawan Barrio School | Cuba |
| Paykek Elementary School | Paykek |
| Pongayan Barrio School | Pongayan |
| Pudong Elementary School | Pudong |
| Sagubo Elementary School | Sagubo |
| Taba-ao Elementary School | Taba-ao |
| Tadayan Barrio School | Pudong |
| Tawang Barrio School | Beleng-Belis |
| Toplac Barrio School | Cuba |
| Ubod Barrio School | Taba-ao |
Secondary (2013–2014) :
| School | Barangay |
| Governor Bado Dangwa Agro-Industrial School | Balakbak |
| Governor Bado Dangwa Agro-Industrial School Extension – Taba-ao Annex | Taba-ao |
| Kapangan Central National High School | Poblacion (Central) |
| Kapangan National High School | Sagubo |
Private School
Secondary (2023) :
| School | Barangay |
| Saint Theresita's High School of Kapangan Incorporated | Labueg |