OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mining in Bhutan

Mining of industrial minerals was insignificant to Bhutan’s economy except for the production of ferrosilicon. The country’s rugged terrain provides sites to harvest hydropower, which has driven rapid growth in the transport and construction sectors, including the startup of a number of local cement operations.

## Production

The country’s mineral industry was small and insignificant to its economy and was dominated by the production of cement, coal, dolomite, gypsum, and limestone. Known resources included deposits of beryl, copper, graphite, lead, mica, pyrite, tin, tungsten, and zinc. A graphite processing plant was established in Paro.

## Structure of the mineral industry

The Government, a private-sector company, and a Japanese company formed a joint venture to produce ferrosilicon and other alloys. Cement production also was under the control of the Government.
The Department of Geology and Mines under the Ministry of Economic Affairs has two divisions: the Geological Survey of Bhutan and the Mining Division. The latter is responsible for the inspection and regulation of various mines. In addition, the Ministry’s Department of Energy is in charge of the hydropower development in the energy sector.

## Commodity review

Bhutan Ferro Alloys Ltd. produced mainly ferrosilicon, which was exported to India and Japan. The production capacity of its plant at Phuentsholing was 18,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of ferrosilicon, 4,200 t/yr of micro silica, and 2,400 t/yr of magnesium ferrosilicon. Indigenous quartzite produced by the company’s own captive mines was supplied to the plant. Bhutan Ferro Alloys ordered an 18-megavoltampere smelting furnace to produce other silicon and manganese alloys. The expansion was completed in 2005. The company was a joint venture of the Government, Marubeni Corp. of Japan, and the local Tashi Commercial Corp.
Dolomite quarrying near the Pugli hills at Gomtu in southwestern Bhutan affected agriculture (tea plantations) and wild animals in neighboring Indian State of West Bengal. Landslides and erosion caused by quarrying left 14 properties prone to flooding. Dolomite sediments turned the tea plantations’ soil alkaline and airborne dust from the quarry choked the plants. Animals were unable to drink river water made red and cloudy by the quarrying.
[[Bhutan is one of the first nation states to start mining Bitcoin for its governments sovereign wealth fund. It is using renewable hydroelectric power to run the mining operastions. This effort is expected to increase projected GDP/GNP dramatically in next few years]]
# Cornell N. Dypski

Cornell N. Dypski (September 23, 1931 – January 20, 2009) was a member of the Maryland Senate representing the 47th district and a member of the Maryland House of Delegates representing the 46th district.

## Early life

Cornell N. Dypski was born and raised in a two-story rowhouse on Dillon Street in Baltimore on September 23, 1931. His father was an Austrian immigrant and his mother worked in a cannery in Canton. His father died from an automobile accident when he was a child. He graduated from the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute in 1950 and attended the University of Baltimore.

## Career

Dypski worked as an insurance salesman. He also worked as a court constable. He then worked as an administrative officer at the Maryland Motor Vehicle Administration from 1972 to 1994.
He represented 47th District of the Maryland State Senate from 1975 to 1983. It was redistricted into the 46th District in 1983. In 1995, he was a member of the Governor's Commission on Baltimore City Automobile-Insurance Rate Reduction. He also represented District 46 of the Maryland House of Delegates from January 14, 1987, to January 8, 2003.
He was a four year recipient of the Community Service Award for work as a chair of the United Charity Campaign.

## Personal life

Dypski married Joyce Houtz. Together, they had one son: Michael C. Dypski.
Dypski was friends with fellow state senator Julian L. Lapides. His older brother, Raymond A. Dypski, was also a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in the 46th District in 1966.

## Death

Dypski died on January 20, 2009, at Gilchrist Hospice Care in Hunt Valley, Maryland.
# Luboš Motl

Luboš Motl (Czech:; born 5 December 1973) is a Czech physicist and blogger. He was an assistant professor in physics at Harvard University from 2004 to 2007. His scientific publications were focused on string theory.

## Life and career

Motl was born in Plzeň, present-day Czech Republic. He won a Bronze Medal at the 1992 International Mathematical Olympiad. He received his master's degree from the Charles University in Prague, and his Doctor of Philosophy degree from Rutgers University (2001) and has been a Harvard Junior Fellow (2001–2004) and assistant professor (2004–2007) at Harvard University. In 2007, he left Harvard and returned to the Czech Republic.
Although an undergraduate at a Czech university where none of the faculty specialized in string theory, Motl came to the attention of string theorist Thomas Banks in 1996, when Banks read an arXiv posting by Motl on matrix string theory. "I was at first a little annoyed by [Motl's] paper, because it scooped me," said Banks. "This feeling turned to awe when I realized that Lubos was still an undergraduate". He then became a graduate student of Banks, and wrote his PhD thesis on matrix theory. While at Harvard, Motl worked on the pp-wave limit of AdS/CFT correspondence, twistor theory and its application to gauge theory with supersymmetry, black hole thermodynamics and the conjectured relevance of quasinormal modes for loop quantum gravity, deconstruction, and other topics. In 2006, he proposed the weak gravity conjecture with Nima Arkani-Hamed, Alberto Nicolis and Cumrun Vafa.
He is the author of L'équation Bogdanov, a 2008 French-language book discussing the scientific ideas and controversy of the Bogdanov brothers.

## The Reference Frame

Motl writes a science and politics blog called "The Reference Frame: Supersymmetric world from a conservative viewpoint", in which he expresses his scientific and right-wing political opinions, including invectives as well as personal insults. The blog has been described by George Musser as an "over-the-top" defense of string theory, defining one of the extremes of scientific opinions on that topic, with the other extreme being represented by Peter Woit. Following the example of Oriana Fallaci, Motl characterizes himself as a Christian atheist. He also describes himself as a "champion of the consistent histories interpretation of quantum mechanics", and has strongly criticised Erik Verlinde's entropic gravity theory. In April 2022, Motl retired the blog, citing censorship pressures and general dissatisfaction.
# 1902 in Australian literature

This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1902.

## Books

* Louis Becke – Breachley, Black Sheep
* Rolf Boldrewood – The Ghost Camp, or, The Avengers
* Guy Boothby
** The Childerbridge Mystery
** The Curse of the Snake
** The Kidnapped President
* Louise Mack – An Australian Girl in London
* Rosa Praed – The Insane Root: A Romance of a Strange Country
* Ethel Turner – The Raft in the Bush

## Short stories

* Barbara Baynton – Bush Studies
* Louis Becke — The Strange Adventure of James Shervinton and Other Stories
* Henry Lawson
** "A Child in the Dark, and a Foreign Father"
** Children of the Bush
** "Send Round the Hat"
* A. B. Paterson — "Sitting in Judgement : A Show Ring Sketch"

## Poetry

* E. J. Brady – The Earthen Floor
* Breaker Morant and Frank Renar – Bushman and Buccaneer: Harry Morant: His 'Ventures and Verses
* Breaker Morant – "Butchered to Make a Dutchman's Holiday"
* A. B. Paterson – Rio Grande's Last Race and Other Verses
* Victor J. Daley – "The Woman at the Washtub"
* J. Brunton Stephens – The Poetical Works of Brunton Stephens

## Drama

* Charles Haddon Chambers
** The Awakening: A Play in Four Acts
** The Open Gate: An Original Domestic Drama in One Act

## Biography

* J. H. M. Abbott – Tommy Cornstalk : Being Some Account of the Less Notable Features of the South African War from the Point of View of the Australian Ranks

## Births

A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1902 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.
* 22 February – Robert D. Fitzgerald, poet (died 1987)
* 2 May – Alan Marshall, novelist (died 1984)
* 16 July — Dorothy Cottrell, children's author, journalist, novelist (died 1957)
* 17 July – Christina Stead, novelist (died 1983)
* 19 July – Ada Verdun Howell, poet and writer (died 1981)
* 20 July – Gilbert Mant, journalist and writer (died 1997)
* 2 September — Florence James, novelist, literary agent (died 1993)
* 21 September – Dymphna Cusack, novelist (died 1981)

## Deaths

A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1902 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.
* 19 January — Philip Holdsworth, poet (born 1851)
* 15 February – Arthur Patchett Martin, writer and editor (born 1851)
* 27 February – Breaker Morant, poet (born 1864)
* 29 June – James Brunton Stephens, poet and editor (born 1835)
* 9 August – Alexander Sutherland, educator, writer and philosopher (born 1852)
# Laura Thompson (politician)

Laura Thompson is a former independent member of the Texas House of Representatives. She represented District 120 after winning a special election on August 2, 2016, after former state representative Ruth McClendon retired. In the November 2016 general election, she ran for election to a full term but was defeated by Barbara Gervin-Hawkins. Thompson's brief tenure in the Texas House ended on January 9, 2017. Thompson was the first independent to serve in the Texas Legislature in over fifty years.
In October 2016, Democratic Party officials in Bexar County unsuccessfully sued to remove Thompson's name from the ballot in the November 2016 election, claiming that her nomination papers lacked enough valid signatures.
# Elizabeth, Mississippi

Elizabeth is a census-designated place and unincorporated community located in Washington County, Mississippi. Elizabeth is approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Leland and 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Stoneville.
It was first named as a CDP in the 2020 Census which listed a population of 127.

## Demographics
### 2020 census

Elizabeth CDP, Mississippi – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. :
| Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2020 | % 2020 |
| White alone (NH) | 23 | 18.11% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 96 | 75.59% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 4 | 3.15% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 4 | 3.15% |
| Total | 127 | 100.00% |

## Gallery

* Elizabeth Mississippi community sign
* Community park in the Elizabeth community
* Homes In The Elizabeth community
# The Trough

The Trough is a 6-mile long wooded gorge carved by the South Branch Potomac River (SBPR) and situated in the Allegheny Mountains of Hampshire and Hardy Counties, West Virginia, US. The area was the site of a 1756 skirmish of the French and Indian War, known as the "Battle of the Trough".
The steep slopes of the Trough are forested primarily with oaks, hickories, Virginia pine, large quantities of paw paw, with several rock outcrops visible on both sides. The two wooded ridges that define The Trough make it inaccessible from either side. Entry into The Trough is only by the South Branch Valley Railroad (the SVBR, along the foot of Mill Creek Mountain), by boat, or on foot.

## Geography

The Trough is a narrow valley bounded by Mill Creek Mountain to its west and Sawmill Ridge (1,716 feet) to its east with the SBPR flowing in between them. The Trough's opening is located at the southern slopes of Mill Creek Mountain and Sawmill Ridge at McNeill in Hardy County. Mill Creek Mountain is made up of several steep ridges and knobs while Sawmill Ridge is one long continuous sharp ridge. River Ridge (1,906 feet) is the first of Mill Creek Mountain's ridges to rise over the South Branch. For canoeists, The Trough officially begins at the SBVR’s trestle at Sycamore just below where Stony Run joins the river.
The Trough continues its northwestern course with several bends in the river and large boulders dislocated from the ridges above dotting its shores. The Trough passes into Hampshire County at High Knob (2,648 feet) on Mill Creek Mountain followed by a series of knobs separated by spring gaps. It is at the third spring gap where Wickham was once located at on the railroad. Following Wickham, Mill Creek Mountain's Long Knob (1,725 feet) flanks the Trough. Sawmill Ridge ends at the mouth of the Trough at the point where Sawmill Run descends the ridge and joins the river. The communities of Sector and Glebe are located here to the west and east, respectively. The concrete piers of the old bridge that once carried Fleming-Sector Road (County Route 8/3) connecting these two communities are still visible here as well. A typical Trough canoe run ends at the Harmison's Public Access Site below the old bridge and behind The Trough General Store.

## Recreation

The Trough is a popular canoeing/kayaking venue, although not a "true whitewater run" (difficulty level = Class I-II). It is, however, a markedly beautiful stretch of river. The Trough General Store in Glebe at The Trough's mouth offers canoe rentals and shuttles canoers and kayakers to The Trough's opening near McNeill in the South Branch Wildlife Management Area. Several primitive campsites are accessible along this stretch.
The area is well known as a habitat for bald eagles, hence its Potomac Eagle Scenic Railroad sightseeing train on the SBVR. Visitors can board the train at Wappocomo Station on West Virginia Route 28 in Romney.
# Harry Brooks (politician)

Harry Brooks is a Republican politician from Knoxville, Tennessee. He represented District 19 in the Tennessee General Assembly from 2002 to 2021.

## Biography

Brooks was born September 4, 1946. He graduated from Maryville High School, competed his undergraduate work as a Speech and Communication major at Carson Newman College, and received his graduate degree from the University of Tennessee. He is married to Mary and has two children. He retired from law enforcement and was a business employer before pursuing politics.
He is from Knox County and represented the 19th District in the Tennessee General Assembly. During his time with the Tennessee General Assembly he served on the Education Committee, the State & Local Government Committee, the Finance Ways & Means Committee, and the Select Committee on Children and Youth. In 2009, he was appointed to chair the House Education Committee and in 2011 he was appointed to chair the Children and Family Affairs Committee as well as the Joint Ad Hoc Education Finance Committee.

## Legislation

In 2011, Brooks sponsored the Virtual Public Schools Act (HB 1030). The legislation, signed into law in May 2011, established provisions for state money to go to for-profit online schools.
# Kevin Dunlap

Kevin Dunlap (born May 3, 1978 in Rock Island, Tennessee) is an American politician. A Democratic Party member, he served in the Tennessee House of Representatives representing District 43 from January 13, 2015 to January 10, 2017. He lost his bid for reelection to Paul Sherrell.

## Education

Dunlap graduated from Warren County High School in 1996, third in a class of 400. Dunlap earned his BA in political science with honors from the University of Tennessee in 2000, and his Master's in Secondary Education in 2002 from the same university.

## Politics

According to the American Conservative Union he is one of the most conservative Democratic politicians in any state legislature. He voted for a bill on transgender students and restrooms. He co-sponsored a Bill designating the Bible as the state book. He is and advocate for workers issues.

## Elections

* 2014 Dunlap won the August 7, 2014 Democratic Primary, with 3,579 votes, and the November 4, 2014 General election, with 6,561 votes. Dunlap had a winning margin of 54 votes over his opponent, Republican Robert Dunham, who took 6,507 votes.
# Beverly Woolley

Beverly Massey Woolley (born July 25, 1939) is a former Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives representing District 136 which had covered the part of Harris County, Texas, before the district was moved to suburban Austin in Williamson County.
Woolley was the co-chair of the Tea Party caucus in the Texas House. In 2011, Woolley was chosen to replace the Democrat Craig Eiland of Galveston as Speaker pro tempore after Republicans captured a super majority of seats (101 of 150) in the 2010 elections.
Woolley owned property in the Stablewood subdivision in Houston and about 1994 had planned to build a house in the subdivision.
# Dirk Hermann

Dirk Johannes Hermann (born 13 January 1972) is a South African labour executive. He is chief executive officer of Solidarity, an Afrikaans union. He has authored four books.

## Personal life

Hermann is the son of Marthinus Nicolaas Hermann and Moira Crafford. He is a descendant of the 1820 British settler James Herman. Later descendants added a second "n" to the surname. He married Elsha Cornelia Coetzer, with whom he has four daughters.
He studied at North-West University, where he earned a BA in law, a BA in labour relations, a Master in industrial sociology, and published his PhD dissertation on affirmative action in 2006.

## Career

Hermann has been a trustee for Tabok trust, he was a director at Akademia, and vice-president of the convocation of North-West University. He is chief executive officer for the Solidarity trade union.

## Publications

* The Naked Emperor: Why Affirmative Action Has Failed
* Affirmative Tears: Why Representivity Does Not Equal Equality
* Basta! Ons voetspore is in Afrika
* Land of Sorrow: 20 Years of Farm Attacks in South Africa
# Fred Baser

Fred K. Baser (born November 4, 1947) is an American Republican politician. Since 2015 he serves as member of the Vermont House of Representatives from the Addison-4 district.
# Taylor Wilson

Taylor Wilson (born May 7, 1994) is an American nuclear physicist and science advocate. Wilson achieved controlled nuclear fusion in 2008 when he was 14 years old. He has designed a compact radiation detector to enhance airport security. Wilson works to expand applications for nuclear medicine, and to design and develop modular power reactor technology.

## Personal life and education

Taylor Wilson was born in 1994 in Texarkana, Arkansas to Kenneth and Tiffany Wilson. His father is the owner of a Coca-Cola bottling plant, and his mother was a yoga instructor. Wilson was initially interested in rocketry and space science, before entering the field of nuclear science at age 10. He had a lot of support from his parents. He resides in Reno, Nevada.
In June 2012, Wilson was awarded a Thiel Fellowship. The two-year $100,000 fellowship requires recipients to forgo college for the duration of the fellowship. In 2017, Wilson was named a member of the Helena Group, a think tank focused on executing projects that improve the world.

## Scientific projects
### Fusion reactor

In 2008, Wilson achieved nuclear fusion that generated a temperature forty times as hot as that of the sun using an inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) device, which was a variation of the fusor that was invented by Philo T. Farnsworth in 1964.

### Nuclear detection

In May 2010, Wilson entered the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair in San Jose, California, and won several awards for his project titled "Fission Vision: The Detection of Prompt and Delayed Induced Fission Gamma Radiation, and the Application to the Detection of Proliferated Nuclear Materials."
In May 2011, Wilson entered his radiation detector in the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair in Los Angeles, California, against a field of 1,500 competitors and won a US$50,000 award. The project, “Countering Nuclear Terrorism: Novel Active and Passive Techniques for Detecting Nuclear Threats”, won the First Place Award in the Physics and Astronomy Category, Best of Category Award, and the Intel Young Scientist Award. Wilson stated he hopes to test and rapidly field the devices to US ports for counterterrorism purposes.
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Department of Energy offered federal funding to Wilson concerning research he has conducted in building inexpensive Cherenkov radiation detectors.

### Fission reactor

On February 27, 2013, at TED 2013, Wilson presented his ideas on the benefits of building small underground nuclear fission reactors that are self-contained and use down-blended uranium and plutonium from decommissioned nuclear weapons as fuel.

## In popular culture

He is the subject of the biography The Boy Who Played with Fusion, by Tom Clynes, published in 2015, the movie rights to which have been optioned by 20th Century Fox. Taylor also appears in How the Universe Works fourth season in first episode.
# Lindsey Williams

Lindsey Marie Williams is an American politician. She is a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania State Senate, representing the 38th district.

## Education

Williams earned a BA in political science from Dickinson College and a JD from Duquesne University School of Law.

## Career

Williams worked as director of advocacy for the National Whistleblower Center, but was laid off in 2012 after attempting to unionize the small workforce. She was offered a severance package but rejected it because of a confidentiality clause that would have prevented her from discussing her experiences. She appealed to the National Labor Relations Board, and eventually settled the case with her former employer.
In 2014, Williams became communications director for the Pittsburgh Federation of Teachers. She also previously worked for the International Brotherhood of Teamsters.

### Pennsylvania Senate

In 2018, Williams ran against Republican nominee Jeremy Shaffer in the general election, after Shaffer had defeated incumbent Randy Vulakovich in the Republican primary. The race was heavily watched, and Williams received an endorsement from former U.S. President Barack Obama. Both campaigns raised substantial amounts of funding—Williams raised over $700,000 and Shaffer raised over $1 million, including contributing $400,000 of his own money by the start of October and another $100,000 by the end of the month. Williams also campaigned and shared resources with other local female candidates, including Sara Innamorato. She narrowly defeated Shaffer (50.1% to 49.7%) in the election.
Weeks before the election, Republicans in the state claimed Williams did not meet the constitutional residency requirement and attempted to remove her name from the ballot. They contended that since she voted in Maryland in the 2014 general election, she had not been a resident of Pennsylvania for at least four years as required by the state constitution. However, the effort was rejected by a court. After she won the election, state Republicans renewed their opposition and challenged her ability to be seated in the legislature. After months of controversy, the Republican leadership in the Senate decided against preventing her inauguration based on the documents produced by Williams. She took the oath of office and was sworn in with other newly elected members on January 1, 2019.