OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kagawa (surname)

Kagawa (written: 香川, 加川 or 賀川) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Hiroshi Kagawa (1924–2024), Japanese footballer and journalist
* Julie Kagawa (born 1982), American author
* Kiyoto Kagawa (香川 清登, 1895–1943), Imperial Japanese Navy admiral
* Kyōko Kagawa (香川 京子, born 1931), Japanese actress
* Manao Kagawa (香川 愛生, born 1993), Japanese shogi player
* Mitsuo Kagawa (賀川 光夫, 1923–2001), Japanese archaeologist
* Ryo Kagawa (加川 良, 1947–2017), Japanese folk singer
* Sachi Kagawa (香川 幸), Japanese footballer
* Shinji Kagawa (香川 真司, born 1989), Japanese footballer
* Susumu Kagawa (香川 征, 1944–2021), Japanese urologist
* Taro Kagawa (賀川 太郎, 1922–1990), Japanese footballer
* Teruyuki Kagawa (香川 照之, born 1965), Japanese actor
* Tetsuo Kagawa (香川 哲男, born 1969), Japanese astronomer
* Toyohiko Kagawa (賀川 豊彦, 1888–1960), Japanese pacifist and labor activist
* Yuki Kagawa (香川 勇気, born 1992), Japanese footballer
# Vainakh

Vainakh or Vaynakh may refer to:
* Vainakh peoples
* Vainakh languages
* FC Vaynakh Shali
# Steve Farmer

Steve Farmer may refer to:
* Steve Farmer (darts player) (born 1965), English darts player
* Steve Farmer (musician) (1948–2020), American guitarist and composer
# Morris Fiorina

Morris P. Fiorina (born 1946) is an American political scientist and co-author of the book Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America with Jeremy C. Pope (Brigham Young University).

## Biography

Fiorina received his B.A. from Allegheny College, and his M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Rochester. He currently serves as the Wendt Family Professor of Political Science, and is a senior fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. He was formerly the Thompson Professor of Government at Harvard University and has taught at the California Institute of Technology. He resides in Portola Valley, California.

## Selected works

* Disconnect: The Breakdown of Representation in American Politics
* Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America
* Congress: Keystone of the Washington Establishment
* Divided Government
* America's New Democracy
* Personal Vote
* Retrospective Voting in American National Elections
# Deneuille-lès-Chantelle

Deneuille-lès-Chantelle (French pronunciation:, literally Deneuille near Chantelle; Occitan: Denuelha de Chantela) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

## Geography

The river Bouble forms all of the commune's southern border.
# Félix Deltour

Nicolas Félix Deltour (8 September 1822, Paris – 12 November 1904) was a 19th-century French latinist, educated at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and the École normale supérieure. He then taught at various schools, was appointed academy inspector in 1871, Cabinet Secretary in the Ministry of Public Instruction in 1875 and served from 1879 as Inspector General of lower education.

## Works

* De Sallustio Catonis imitatore, seu quid, in scriptis C. Crispi Sallustii, ad imitationem M. Porcii Catonis censorii referri possit (1859). Paris, éd. Durand
* Les ennemis de Racine au XVIIe siècle. Didier et Durand, Paris 1857
* (in coll. with Charles Rinn) Choix de morceaux traduits des auteurs latins (Hachette, 1887)
* Histoire de la littérature romaine, éditions Charles Delagrave, Paris (1887-1889)

## Sources

Joseph Meyer; et al. (1879). "Racine, Jean". Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (4e : 1888–1890 ed.).
# Charles A.P. Bartlett

Charles Allen Parker Bartlett was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served in the Pennsylvania State Senate, representing the 18th district from 1939 to 1942. During his tenure, the 18th district represented the Northampton County, Pennsylvania.

## Biography
### Early life

Bartlett was born in Concord, Massachusetts, on November 17, 1880, to Charles H. Bartlett and Mary A. Née Hobson. As a child, his family moved to Easton, Pennsylvania, where he received a public high school education and didn't attend any college. He worked as a secretary, treasurer, and sales agent for local manufacturing firms from 1904 to 1933.

### Military Service

Bartlett joined the Pennsylvania National Guard in 1904 and during World War I, achieved the rank of Captain commanding Rainbow Division's 149th Machine Gun Battalion's Company A, as part of the American Expeditionary Forces from 1917 to 1919. After the war, he also served as a Major of the Pennsylvania National Guard's coastal artillery until 1923.

### Political career

After completing his service Bartlett was elected president of Wilson, Pennsylvania, for four years and was also elected the borough's Treasurer for nine years before being elected to the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1939 to 1942, during which he served as chairman of the welfare committee. Afterwards he was elected the Pennsylvania Senate Librarian from 1943 to 1948.

### Later life

Bartlett married Mildred E. Née Richards. He died on March 18, 1948, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, at the age of 67. He is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in his native Concord.
# Colombia at the 2013 World Games

Host country Colombia competed at the 2013 World Games held in Cali, Colombia.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event |
| Gold | Andrés Rendón | Karate | Men's kumite 60 kg |
| Gold | José Ramírez | Karate | Men's kumite 67 kg |
| Gold | Lina Gómez | Karate | Women's kumite 61 kg |
| Silver | Ana Escandón | Karate | Women's kumite 68 kg |
| Bronze | Sara López | Archery | Women's compound |

## Archery

Sara López won the bronze medal in the women's compound event.

## Karate

In total three gold medals and one silver medal were won by Colombian karateka.
# Speed skating at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics – Mixed team sprint

The mixed team sprint speed skating competition of the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics was held at Hamar Olympic Hall on 17 February 2016.

## Results

The races were held at 10:30.
| Rank | Heat | Team | Time | Time Behind |
| | 3 | Team 6 Buyantogtokhyn Sumiyaa (MGL) Noemi Bonazza (ITA) Shen Hanyang (CHN) Chung Jae-woong (KOR) | 1:57.85 | |
| | 4 | Team 9 Karolina Gąsecka (POL) Elisa Dul (NED) Anvar Mukhamadeyev (KAZ) Austin Kleba (USA) | 1:58.80 | +0.95 |
| | 5 | Team 10 Mihaela Hogaş (ROU) Chiara Cristelli (ITA) Ole Jeske (GER) Allan Dahl Johansson (NOR) | 1:58.87 | +1.02 |
| 4 | 1 | Team 12 Yauheniya Varabyova (BLR) Lea Scholz (GER) Lukas Mann (GER) Daichi Horikawa (JPN) | 1:58.95 | +1.10 |
| 5 | 6 | Team 13 Elena Samkova (RUS) Sofya Napolskikh (RUS) Jaakko Hautamaki (FIN) Kim Min-seok (KOR) | 1:58.97 | +1.12 |
| 6 | 7 | Team 3 Viola Feichtner (AUT) Li Huawei (CHN) Kazuki Sakakibara (JPN) Li Yanzhe (CHN) | 1:59.20 | +1.35 |
| 7 | 4 | Team 1 Jasmin Güntert (SUI) Kim Min-sun (KOR) Isa Izmailov (RUS) Jeffrey Rosanelli (ITA) | 1:59.75 | +1.90 |
| 8 | 3 | Team 4 Camilla Evjevik (NOR) Kim Min-sun (KOR) Gaweł Oficjalski (POL) Jonas Kristensen (NOR) | 1:59.93 | +2.08 |
| 9 | 7 | Team 11 Hanna Nifantava (BLR) Yuna Onodera (JPN) Francesco Betti (ITA) Daan Baks (NED) | 2:00.13 | +2.28 |
| 10 | 6 | Team 2 Mariya Gromova (KAZ) Han Mei (CHN) Victor Rudenko (BLR) Mathias Hauer (AUT) | 2:00.79 | +2.94 |
| 11 | 2 | Team 5 Erika Lindgren (SWE) Isabelle van Elst (NED) Samuli Suomalainen (FIN) Yevgeny Bolgov (BLR) | 2:16.73 | +18.88 |
| | 5 | Team 8 Moe Kumagai (JPN) Natálie Kerschbaummayr (CZE) Kaspar Kaljuvee (EST) Dmitry Filimonov (RUS) | DQ | DQ |
| | 2 | Team 6 Viktoria Schinnerl (AUT) Karolina Bosiek (POL) Jan Świątek (POL) Louis Hollaar (NED) | DNF | DNF |
# Jarosław Ambroziak

Jarosław Ambroziak (born 8 July 1962) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a defender. He made 24 Polish top division appearances with Lechia Gdańsk.

## Career

Ambroziak began his career playing with Stoczniowiec Gdańsk in the III liga, then the third tier of Polish football. During his time with Stoczniowiec, the club finished runners up of the III liga twice, failing in each occasion to be promoted to the II liga via the playoffs.
After five seasons with Stoczniowiec, he joined city rivals Lechia Gdańsk, who were playing in the I liga, Poland's highest division at the time. He made his I liga and Lechia debut on 3 August 1986, starting the match as Lechia would lose to Zagłębie Lubin. Playing in the top division for the first time, and with Lechia struggling throughout the season, Ambroziak became known as a hard hitting defender, being the most carded player in the Lechia team during the 1986–87 season. Lechia finished the season in the relegation playoffs, facing Ruch Chorzów in the match to decide who the final relegated team was to be. Lechia won the match 2–1, and Ambroziak was once again booked in the match. After his first season with Lechia, Ambroziak made only 4 more appearances for the club before being released during the winter break.
Ambroziak joined newly promoted German team VfL Herzlake in the Oberliga North for the 1988–89 season. He made 4 league appearances for Herzlake as they finished in a respectable 10th place. After the season, Ambroziak retired from professional football.

## Honours

Stoczniowiec Gdańsk
* III liga, group II runner-up: 1982–83, 1984–85
# Inland Productions

Inland Productions was a video game developer based out of Carol Stream, Illinois. It developed software for home video game consoles and for Microsoft Windows.
Inland Productions was founded by two former employees of development company Studio E. In early 1997 Studio E filed a lawsuit against the two founders and Inland Productions' publisher, THQ, alleging that their former employees had reneged on a deal to finish the game VMX Racing and used equipment that was Studio E property to start up Inland Productions.

## Games developed

| Year | Title | System | Published |
| 1998 | Bass Masters Classic: Tournament Edition | Windows | THQ |
| 1998 | WCW Nitro | Nintendo 64 Windows PlayStation | THQ |
| 1999 | Deer Hunt Challenge | Windows | Electronic Arts |
| 1999 | WCW/nWo Thunder | PlayStation | THQ |
| 2000 | Ultimate Hunt Challenge | Windows | Electronic Arts |
| 2001 | Outdoorsman Mania | Windows | Electronic Arts |
| 2002 | Monster Jam: Maximum Destruction | GameCube PS2 | Ubisoft |

## Games ported

| Year | Title | System | Developer | Publisher |
| 2001 | Arctic Thunder | PS2 Xbox | Midway Games | Midway Games |
# Lisa dagli occhi blu

"Lisa dagli occhi blu" (transl. 'Lisa with blue eyes') is a 1969 Italian song composed by Claudio Cavallaro (music) and Giancarlo Bigazzi (lyrics) and performed by Mario Tessuto. It is included in his debut album Lisa dagli occhi blu.
The song placed second at the 1969 Un disco per l'estate and topped the singles chart, marking Tessuto's breakthrough and becoming his signature song. The Lisa of the title was named after Cavallaro's grandmother. Described as "one of the iconic songs of the 1960s", the single sold over 1.000,000 copies.
The song was adapted into a musicarello film with the same title, directed by Bruno Corbucci and starring the same Tessuto and Silvia Dionisio.
Artists who covered the song include Nicola Di Bari, Gabi Novak, César Costa, Tommy Körberg, Enrico Simonetti, and Maurizio De Angelis.

## Charts

| Chart (1963) | Peak position |
| Italy (Musica e dischi) | 1 |
# Bodung Station

Bodung Station (Norwegian: Bodung holdeplass) is a railway station located in Bodung in Nes, Norway on the Kongsvinger Line. The station was built in 1913 as part of the Kongsvinger Line. The station is served hourly, with extra rush hour departures, by the Oslo Commuter Rail line R14 operated by Vy.
# Jennifer Green

Jennifer Green is a dance music artist whose Mike Rizzo-produced single "How Can I Be Falling" was major hit on the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, going all the way to #1 in the April 2, 2005 issue.
# Dirty Desire

"Dirty Desire" is a song by Japanese-American singer-songwriter Utada. The single was released exclusively in the fourth quarter of 2009 as a promotional single to US dance/club radio. The single later received a digital commercial release in December 2009 and peaked on the US Billboard Dance Club Songs chart at number 16.

## Composition

The song itself is about fantasizing over someone who is already in a relationship (somewhat similar to "Tippy Toe" from 2004's Exodus). It features repetition of the title, as though "dirty desire" is the only thing that can be thought of when thinking of said person. It has playful lyrics, such as with the line "And in my fantasies I love you long time". The song itself features synths and a very prominent drum beat, that lasts throughout the entire song. It finishes with the repeated line "Bring that beat back!" before fading out.

## Promotion and reception

In a review of This Is the One, Adam Benjamin Irby of Bleu Magazine called "Dirty Desire" his favourite song from the album, partly due to its "in-your-face sexual departure from her past work", and going on to say the song is "pure pop perfection". Not all reception was positive, as Daniel Robson of The Japan Times stated that the song is almost X-rated, particularly on the line "During my 9 to 5 / I'm thinking six and nine". He also added "Is this what it takes to find Stateside success? Whoring yourself both musically and lyrically?".

## Track listing

* also known as the "Mike Rizzo Funk Generation Club Mix"

## Charts

Chart performance for "Dirty Desire" :
| Chart (2010) | Peak position |
| US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) | 16 |

## Release history

Release history and formats for "Dirty Desire" :
| Region | Date | Format |
| Japan | December 21, 2009 | Download |
| United States | December 21, 2009 | Download |
# Indicator value

Indicator value is a term that is used in the ecology of plants for two different indices. The older usage of the term refers to Ellenberg's indicator values from 1974, which are based on a simple ordinal classification of plants according to the position of their realized ecological niche along an environmental gradient. Since 1997, the term has also been used to refer to Dufrêne & Legendre's indicator value, which is a quantitative index measuring the statistical alliance of a species to any one of the classes in a classification of sites.

## According to Ellenberg

Ellenberg's indicator values were the first model of bioindication proposed and applied to the flora of Central Europe, and they have a long tradition in interpretation and understanding of plant communities and their evolution. The latest edition of Ellenberg's indicator values applies a 9-point scale for each of seven gradients:
R - reaction (soil or water acidity/pH)
N - nitrogen (but really soil fertility or productivity, and not mineral nitrogen)
F - soil humidity or moisture
S - salt (soil salinity) K - climatic continentality L - light availability T - temperature
Indicator values have also been published in 1977 by Elias Landolt for Switzerland, by Mark O. Hill and others for Great Britain, France (Baseflor, SOPHY, Ecoplant) and some other floras.

## According to Dufrêne and Legendre

The indicator value of Dufrêne and Legendre from 1997 is an integral part of the indicator value, which quantifies the fidelity and specificity of species in relation to groups of sites in a user-specified classification of sites, and tests for the statistical significance of the associations by permutation.
The indicator value of species i for class j is obtained with the equation
    IndVal$_{ij}$ = 100 · A$_{ij}$ · B$_{ij}$
Here
    A$_{ij}$ is specificity, i.e. the proportion of the individuals of species i that are in class j
    B$_{ij}$ is fidelity, i.e. the proportion of sites in class j that contain species i
# Treaty of Paris (1303)

The 1303 Treaty of Paris was a peace treaty between King Edward I of England and Philip IV of France that ended the 1294–1303 Gascon War. It was signed at Paris on 20 May 1303, largely provided for a return to the status quo ante, and maintained peace between the two realms until the 1324 War of Saint-Sardos.

## Background

The 1066 conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy, created an awkward situation whereby the kings of England were sovereign over some of their territory but bound by homage to the kings of France for other rich and well-populated lands on the Continent. Under Henry II and his wife Eleanor, this swelled into what has become known as the Angevin Empire. The 1259 Treaty of Paris acknowledged the loss of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Poitou but left the English kings dukes of Aquitaine. With Philip IV attempting to assert more control over his kingdom, a fishing conflict in 1293 escalated into an attempt to end all English rule in France. Revolts in Scotland and in Flanders led both kings to accept mediation under nuncios of Pope Boniface VIII, leading to the 1299 treaties of Montreuil and Chartres. Edward married Philip's sister Margaret the same year.
Negotiations for a final treaty were made on behalf of Edward I by Amanieu VII, lord of Albret; Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke; John of Pontoise, bishop of Winchester; Amadeus V, count of Savoy; Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln; and Otto de Grandson, lord of the Isles. Philip's envoys included his brother Louis, count of Évreux; Robert II, duke of Burgundy; John II, duke of Brittany; and his chamberlain Pierre de Chambly.

## Terms

The treaty was agreed upon at Paris on 20 May 1303 and ratified by the Edward I in Scotland on 10 July.
Under the treaty, Philip IV committed to make all efforts to restore English control of the Duchy of Aquitaine by the 15th of Pentecost (9 June 1303) in exchange for Edward I's pledge to come to Amiens and personally swear fealty for the lands on Marymas (8 September 1303). Aquitaine would thus return to its status as a French fief, and its nobles were to owe dual allegiance to Edward as their duke and Philip as their king. Amnesty was granted to both sides and all hostages freed without further payment or obligation. Edward committed to recompense Philip for any improvements made to the land during its occupation, and Philip to provide equivalent or better towns, estates, etc. for any that were not returned to the English as before.

## Legacy

Peace was subsequently maintained between France and England until the 1324 War of Saint-Sardos. Edward II and Philip's daughter Isabella were married at Boulogne-sur-Mer on 25 January 1308. France resumed its policy of chipping away at English fiefs by hearing appeals at the Parlement de Paris. Continuing tensions over England's notional submission to the French king, however, set the stage for the 1337–1453 Hundred Years' War.
# Virophysics

Virophysics is a branch of biophysics in which the theoretical concepts and experimental techniques of physics are applied to study the mechanics and dynamics driving the interactions between virions and cells.

## Overview

Research in virophysics typically focuses on resolving the physical structure and structural properties of viruses, the dynamics of their assembly and disassembly, their population kinetics over the course of an infection, and the emergence and evolution of various strains. The common aim of these efforts is to establish a set of models (expressions or laws) that quantitatively describe the details of all processes involved in viral infections with reliable predictive power. Having such a quantitative understanding of viruses would not only rationalize the development of strategies to prevent, guide, or control the course of viral infections, but could also be used to exploit virus processes and put virus to work in areas such as nanosciences, materials, and biotechnologies.
Traditionally, in vivo and in vitro experimentation has been the only way to study viral infections. This approach for deriving knowledge based solely on experimental observations relies on common-sense assumptions (e.g., a higher virus count means a fitter virus). These assumptions often go untested due to difficulties controlling individual components of these complex systems without affecting others. The use of mathematical models and computer simulations to describe such systems, however, makes it possible to deconstruct an experimental system into individual components and determine how the pieces combine to create the infection we observe.
Virophysics has large overlaps with other fields. For example, the modelling of infectious disease dynamics is a popular research topic in mathematics, notably in applied mathematics or mathematical biology. While most modelling efforts in mathematics have focused on elucidating the dynamics of spread of infectious diseases at an epidemiological scale (person-to-person), there is also important work being done at the cellular scale (cell-to-cell). Virophysics focuses almost exclusively on the single-cell or multi-cellular scale, utilizing physical models to resolve the temporal and spatial dynamics of viral infection spread within a cell culture (in vitro), an organ (ex vivo or in vivo) or an entire host (in vivo).
# Treaty of Paris (1320)

The Treaty of Paris concluded the Franco-Flemish War. It was signed on May 5, 1320, by Philippe V of France and Robert III of Flanders. The original is preserved at the Departmental archives of Nord.

## Sources

* DehaisneThe Treaty of Paris of 5 May 1320 was intended to reconcile Robert III , Count of Flanders , with the French King Philip V. The signing was preceded by years of discontent on the Flemish side. The resentment stretched back at least as far as the Franco-Flemish War of 1300. Here the troops of the French King Philip IV succeeded in capturing Guido I of Dampierre , the then Count of Flanders, his son Robert and several noblemen. They were not released until 1305. The father had died during his imprisonment and his son Robert, Count of Nevers and also called Robert of Béthune, had become the new Count of Flanders. The condition for the release and return of the County of Flanders was the acceptance of the Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge dictated by France in 1305. The oppressive burdens imposed led to renewed opposition in Flanders . Even a peace sworn by Count Robert III in Pontoise on 11 July 1312 , with the towns of Lille , Douai and Béthune being pledged to the French crown, was short-lived, for from 1314 to 1316 the Flemish again went to war against France, which the kingdom won. New burdens were placed on the county. The latent warlike tendencies of the Flemish and their count affected the business of the cities in Flanders, which made good money from the cloth trade. Their insistence on peace paved the way for the Treaty of Paris. France's ruler, in turn, was interested in keeping the county in his sphere of influence, especially since the cities there would have liked to see their ruling house enter into a liaison with England. The treaty stipulated that Louis II of Nevers (he was the grandson of Robert III, whose son was Louis I of Nevers ) would marry Margaret of France , a daughter of the French King Philip V. The couple married on 21 July 1320. The towns of Lille, Douai and Orchies were definitively given to France in this treaty. Count Robert III of Flanders was excluded from the line of succession. The Flemish were to raise 30,000 livres for the king and not to support their count in the event of any breach of contract. Despite the forced fealty to the French king, Robert III did not become a loyal crown vassal. He boycotted financial obligations and strove for less French dependence for Flanders until his death in 1322.s, Chrétien (1899). Archives Départementales du Nord: inventaire sommaire des Archives Départementales Antérieures à 1790 (in French). Nord: Danel. p. 200. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
* Pirenne, Henri (4 October 2010). A History of Europe (Routledge Revivals): From the Invasions to the XVI Century. Routledge. p. 397. ISBN 9781136879340.
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