OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Liberalism in North Macedonia

This article gives an overview of liberalism in North Macedonia. North Macedonia was not an independent country before 1991, so the parties from Serbia and Yugoslavia were active before that year. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ denotes another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it is not necessary for parties to label themselves as a liberal party.

## History

In the years immediately following independence, liberalism became a major force but, since 2000, the major political grouping has split into the liberal democrats and mainline factions. Nowadays, the liberals are divided into the Liberal Democratic Party (Liberalna Demokraticka Partija, member LI), part of the left of center government coalition, and the Liberal Party of Macedonia (Liberalna Partija na Makedonija, member ELDR), part of the right of center opposition coalition.

### From Union of Reformist Forces in Macedonia to Liberal Party of Macedonia

* 1990: The Macedonian followers of Ante Marković established the Union of Reformist Forces in Macedonia (Sojuz na Reformiskite Sili na Makedonija), led by Stojan Andov.
* 1991: The party was renamed Reformist Forces of Macedonia-Liberal Party (Sojuz na Reformiskite Sili na Makedonija-Liberalna Partija) after the Young Democratic-Progressive Party joined the party.
* 1994: The party was renamed Liberal Party of Macedonia (Liberalna Partija na Makedonija).
* 1997: The party merged with the Democratic Party into the Liberal Democratic Party (Liberalno-Demokratska Partija).
* 2000: The LDP split and the Liberal Party of Macedonia (Liberalna Partija na Makedonija) was reconstituted with Andov as leader.

### From Democratic Party of Macedonia to Liberal Democratic Party

* 1993: Petar Gošev left the SDSM and founded the centrist Democratic Party (Demokratska Partija)
* 1997: The party merged with the Liberal Party of Macedonia into the Liberal Democratic Party (Liberalno-Demokratska Partija)
* 2000: The LDP split and the Liberal Party of Macedonia was reconstituted. Most of the party continued as the Liberal Democratic Party, with Risto Penov as leader
# Abu'l-Hasan ibn Ali al-Qalasadi

Abū'l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Qurashī al-Qalaṣādī (Arabic: أبو الحسن علي بن محمد بن علي القرشي البسطي; 1412–1486) was a Muslim Arab mathematician from Al-Andalus specializing in Islamic inheritance jurisprudence. Franz Woepcke stated that al-Qalaṣādī was known as one of the most influential voices in algebraic notation for taking "the first steps toward the introduction of algebraic symbolism''. He wrote numerous books on arithmetic and algebra, including al-Tabsira fi'lm al-hisab (Arabic: التبصير في علم الحساب "Clarification of the science of arithmetic").

## Early life

Al-Qalaṣādī was born in Baza, an outpost of the Emirate of Granada. He received education in Granada, but continued to support his family in Baza. He published many works and eventually retired to his native Baza.
His works dealt with Algebra and contained the precise mathematical answers to problems in everyday life, such as the composition of medicaments, the calculation of the drop of irrigation canals and the explanation of frauds linked to instruments of measurement. The second part belongs to the already ancient tradition of judicial and cultural mathematics and joins a collection of arithmetical problems presented in the form of poetical riddles.
In 1480 the Christian forces of Ferdinand and Isabella, "The Catholic Monarchs", raided and often pillaged the city. Al-Qalasādī served in the mountain citadels which were erected in the vicinity of Baza. Al-Qalasādī eventually left his homeland and took refuge with his family in Béja, Tunisia, where he died in 1486. Baza was eventually besieged by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella and then sacked.

## Symbolic algebra

Like his predecessors, al-Qalaṣādī used an algebraic notation. While the 19th century writer Franz Woepcke believed that this algebraic symbolism was created by al-Qalaṣādī, these symbols had actually been used by other mathematicians in North Africa 100 years earlier. Al-Qalaṣādī represented mathematical symbols using characters from the Arabic alphabet, where:
* ﻭ (wa) means "and" for addition (+)
* إلا (illa) literally, "except"; means "less" for subtraction (−)
* في (fi) literally, "in"; means "times" for multiplication (*)
* على (ala) means "over" for division (/)
* ﺝ (j) represents jadah meaning "root"
* ﺵ (sh) represents shay' meaning "thing" for a variable (x)
* ﻡ (m) represents maal for a square (x$^2$)
* ﻙ (k) represents moka'aab for a cube (x$^3$)
* ﻝ (l) represents ya'adilu for equality (=)
# Dot and Anton

Dot and Anton (German:Pünktchen und Anton) is a children's book by Erich Kästner that was published in 1931.

## Plot

The novel is about the girl Luise Pogge, called Dot, who lives in Berlin with her wealthy parents, and about the boy Anton Gast, whose standard of living is far below that of Dot. Anton lives alone with his sick mother in a very small apartment. He has to earn money and help his mother do chores all while also going to school in order to make ends meet.
Dot lives in a large apartment with her little brown Dachshund Piefke, the cook Berta (known as Fat Berta), the governess Miss Andacht and her parents: Fritz Pogge the walking-stick factory director and his wife, who both barely spend any time with her.
Even though her parents are quite well off, Dot has to go begging with Miss Andacht without her parents' knowledge because Miss Andacht's dubious fiancé (Dot calls him Robert the Devil) extorts money from her. While begging, she meets Anton, who also begs. However, he begs out of genuine need as his mother recently had a serious surgery and thus can't provide for the family. In spite of Anton and Dot being from different backgrounds, they become close friends and spend a lot of time together.
The climax of the story is Robert's attempt to break into the Pogge family's apartment. For this purpose, he has had his fiancé draw a map of the apartment and has acquired the keys. Anton, who has witnessed the handing over of the keys, warns Berta, who happens to be present, by telephone. She notifies the police but the burglar arrives before them and is knocked unconscious by Berta with a club upon entering the apartment. At the same time, Dot and Miss Andacht get caught begging by Mr and Mrs Pogge. The governess then flees and the Pogge family returns home where they not only meet the housekeeper but also the police and the arrested burglar, who Dot identifies as Miss Andacht's fiancé. He is taken away by the police and the others go to sleep.
Dot's father recognizes his social responsibility and that he had neglected his daughter. Therefore, Anton and his mother are allowed to move in with the Pogges. Anton's mother takes the place of Miss Andacht, who had fled after the attempted burglary.
Between the chapters of the story, Kästner has included so-called “afterthoughts” in which he addresses ethical questions based on details of the story.

## Adaptations
### Movies

* Annaluise and Anton (1953) – directed by Thomas Engel and starring Hertha Feiler, Paul Klinger and Jane Tilden
* Pünktchen und Anton (1958) – directed by Jörg Schneider and starring Gerda Rist, Paul Bühlmann, Alice Brüngger, Lotte Berlinger
* Annaluise & Anton (1999)– directed by Caroline Link and starring Elea Geissler, Max Felder, Juliane Köhler, August Zirner and Meret Becker

### Children's opera

The children's opera Pünktchen und Anton with music by Iván Eröd and a libretto by Thomas Höft had its premiere on May 8, 2010, in a production by Matthias von Stegmann in Vienna State Opera.
# Družba Pere Kvržice

Družba Pere Kvržice ("Pero the Lump's gang") is a 1933 children's novel written by Croatian children's novelist Mato Lovrak. The plot concerns a group of children headed by Pero "Kvržica", who secretly decide to restore a disused village mill. It remains Lovrak's second best known work, after his first novel, Vlak u snijegu.
In 1970 the novel was made into a theatrical film of the same title, directed by Vladimir Tadej. In 2011, it was adapted for theatre. It is required reading in the 4th grade in all Croatian primary schools.
# Penstemon franklinii

Penstemon franklinii, or Franklin penstemon, is a plant species endemic to Utah, United States, known only from Cedar Valley in Iron County. It grows in grasslands and in sagebrush communities.

## Description

Penstemon franklinii is a perennial plant that grows between 4 and 25 centimeters (1.6 and 9.8 in) tall. The stems are herbaceous growing from a branched caudex. Plants are quite compact with the two lowest leaf nodes less than a third of the total height. The texture of the stems is retrorsely hairy, covered in backwards facing hairs giving a rough texture, low down on the plant and glandular-pubescent, covered in glandular hairs, on their upper parts.
Plants have both cauline and basal leaves, ones that are attached to the stems and leaves growing directly from the base of the plant, that are not leathery. They can be hairless on both sides or retrorsely hairy, mostly along the midvein on the upper side of leaves towards the top of the plant. The edges are variously all toothed or all smooth with the uppermost leaves more often toothed. The lower leaves are attached by petioles or very narrow bases. They measure 1.2 to 7.3 cm (0.5 to 2.9 in) in length and 2 to 9 millimeters in width.
On the stems plants have three to five pairs of leaves of leaves. Higher up on the stems the leaves have no petioles and the base of the leaf more or less clasps the stem. Their length only reaches 11–48 mm (0.4–1.9 in) with a width of 2–6 mm with a narrow lance-attenuate shape.
The inflorescence has three to five groups of flowers with two bracts immediately under them also lance-attenuate. Each group has two cymes with three to five flowers. The fused flower petals have a funnel shape 14 to 20 millimeters long. The zygomorphic flowers are blue to blue-purple with purple nectar guide lines and a palate, upper part inside the tube, that is covered in yellow, woolly hairs. The staminode reaches or falls short of reaching the flower opening at 7–9 mm in length with sparse to dense golden-yellow hairs covering the tip.

## Taxonomy

The botanical description and scientific name of Penstemon franklinii was published by Stanley Larson Welsh in 1993. It is in the Penstemon genus in the Plantaginaceae family. It has no varieties or synonyms.

### Names

The species name, franklinii, was selected by Welsh to honor M.A. "Ben" Franklin, who collected the type specimen with Welsh and for his outstanding field work in botany. In English it is called Franklin penstemon.

## Range and habitat

The species is endemic to Iron County, Utah and limited to just Cedar Valley southeast of the Escalante Desert in far southwestern Utah. The total range of the species is less than 100 square kilometers (39 sq mi) and is located at the north end of the valley. It is locally abundant in some places, but in others there are less 50 plants in a locality. It grows with three-awn grass, needle grass, matchweed, and black sagebrush.

### Conservation

The conservation organization NatureServe evaluated Penstemon franklinii in 2019 and rated it as critically imperiled (G1) due to its narrow endemic range with only four or five populations of the plant.
# Home Sweet Home (The Farm song)

"Home Sweet Home" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music band The Farm. It was released in October 2011 as the first single from their debut album The Farm. The song was written by band members Nick Hoffman, Damien Horne and Krista Marie with Danny Myrick.

## Critical reception

Billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave the song four and a half stars out of five, saying that "There’s something new with each spin, including some delicious imagery late in the song."

## Music video

The music video was directed by The Edde Brothers and premiered in February 2012.

## Chart performance

"Home Sweet Home" debuted at number 54 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of November 5, 2011.
| Chart (2011–2012) | Peak position |
| US Country Songs (Billboard) | 19 |
| US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 | 20 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2012) | Position |
| US Country Songs (Billboard) | 68 |
# Pierce Academy

Peirce Academy (1808–1880) was a college preparatory school in Middleborough, Massachusetts. The school was founded in 1808, fell into decline in 1872 when Middleborough High School opened, had only 12 students in 1876, and closed in 1880. The building was later used for the YMCA and G.A.R.
A deal was proposed for the school to provide high school education for up to 50 Middleborough students. From 1842 to 1871, John Whipple Potter Jenks was principal.

## Alumni

* William Crogman
* Major General Leonard Wood
# John B. Macdonald

John Barfoot Macdonald (February 23, 1918 – December 24, 2014) was a Canadian academic.

## Biography

Macdonald was born on February 23, 1918, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In 1942, he graduated in Dental Surgery from the University of Toronto. During the Second World War, he served in the Dental Corps. He received an M.S. in bacteriology from the University of Illinois in 1948 and a PhD from Columbia University in 1953. In 1949, he started teaching at the University of Toronto, then at Harvard University from 1956, up until 1962, when he became President of the University of British Columbia until 1967.
His 1962 report, Higher Education in British Columbia and a Plan for the Future, led to the establishment of Simon Fraser University and the University of Victoria. He also paved the way for the establishment of the National Sciences and Engineering Council, the Humanities and Social Sciences Council and the Medical Research Council. In the 1970s, he served as CEO of the Council of Ontario Universities.
He received honorary degrees from Harvard University, the University of Manitoba, Simon Fraser University, the University of British Columbia, Wilfrid Laurier University, Brock University, the University of Western Ontario, the University of Windsor and the University of Toronto. He was also named to the Order of Canada.
Macdonald died on December 23, 2014.
# Vladimír Hrivnák

Vladimír Hrivnák (23 April 1945 – 17 October 2014) was a Slovak football player and later a football manager. He played for Czechoslovakia, for which he played 13 matches. He helped Slovan Bratislava to the 1969 European Cup Winners' Cup Final where he scored one of their goals as they beat Barcelona 3–2.
He was a participant at the 1970 FIFA World Cup. He played mostly for Slovan Bratislava.
Hrivnák coached DAC Dunajská Streda, ZŤS Košice, Inter Bratislava, DAC Dunajská Streda, Matador Púchov, ŠKP Bratislava.
# The Miracle Roses

The Miracle Roses (Spanish: Las rosas del milagro) is a 1960 Mexican historical drama film directed by Julián Soler and starring Armando Silvestre, Crox Alvarado, and Jaime Fernández. It is set around the time of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

## Cast

* Armando Silvestre as Tlaltecalzin
* Crox Alvarado as Emperador Moctezuma
* Jaime Fernández as Nanoaltzin
* Magda Urvizu as Citlali
* Andrés Soler as Gran sacerdote
* Francisco Jambrina as Obispo Fray Juan de Zumárraga
* Miguel Manzano
* Manuel Calvo as Hernán Cortés
* Lilia del Carmen Camacho as La Virgen
* Arturo Soto Rangel as Bernardino
* Enrique García Álvarez as Fray Pedro de Gante
* José Chávez
* León Barroso as Fray Toribio de Benavente
* Enedina Díaz de León as Vieja nana indígena
* Antonio Bravo as Padre Francisco
* Armando Gutiérrez as Padre José
* Florencio Castelló as Fraile portero
* Margarito Luna
* Rubén Márquez
* Anna María Gómez
* Jorge Martínez de Hoyos as Juan Diego
* Isabel Vázquez 'La Chichimeca' as Mujer indígena
# Rex Reynolds

Rex Brian Reynolds is an American politician who is currently serving in the Alabama House of Representatives. He is a member of the Republican Party.
# Chah Morid

Chah Morid (Persian: چاه مريد) is a city in, and the capital of, Chah Morid District of Kahnuj County, Kerman province, Iran. It also serves as the administrative center for Chah Rigan Rural District.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, Chah Morid's population was 1,625 in 353 households, when it was a village in Howmeh Rural District of the Central District. The following census in 2011 counted 1,291 people in 313 households, by which time the rural district had been separated from the district in the formation of Chah Morid District. The village was transferred to Chah Rigan Rural District created in the new district. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 1,362 people in 374 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
After the census, Chah Morid was elevated to the status of a city.
# Willie Carrick

William Francis Carrick (26 September 1952 – 28 June 2023) was an Irish footballer who played as a goalkeeper in the Football League for Luton Town.

## Playing career

Born in Dublin, Ireland, Carrick joined Manchester United in 1967, before signing apprenticeship forms for the club in September 1970. During his time in the youth ranks at Manchester United, Carrick predominantly played as a goalkeeper, however during a game against Bury 'B' on 27 February 1971, Carrick scored five goals playing as a striker in a 6–0 win. At the end of the 1971–72 season, Carrick was released by Manchester United, briefly signing for non-league club Chelmsford City, making his debut in a 2–2 draw against Stafford Rangers in the Non-League Championship on 12 May 1972.
Before the 1972–73 season, Carrick signed for Luton Town, however found his opportunities at the club limited, playing just four games in the Football League, with Graham Horn and Keith Barber being above Carrick in the pecking order at Luton. Following one season at Luton, Carrick re-signed for Chelmsford.
Following his return to Chelmsford, Carrick competed with Larry Taylor to be first choice goalkeeper at Chelmsford, before departing in 1975. During his time away from Chelmsford, Carrick played for Enfield, Bishop's Stortford, Hornchurch and Hoddesdon Town, before returning to Chelmsford in August 1981. On 5 May 1984, Carrick scored a penalty in a 5–0 win against Dorchester Town on the final day of the 1983–84 Southern League season. Carrick retired from football at the end of the year, playing his final game for Chelmsford against Barking in a 4–1 win in the Eastern Floodlight Competition.

## Managerial career

Following his playing career, Carrick entered management, managing Essex clubs Witham Town and Basildon United.

## Death

On 28 June 2023, it was announced that Carrick had died at the age of 70.
# László Czéh

László Czéh (born 1 February 1968) is a Hungarian retired football player. He is currently the coach of Kecskemét TE.

## Career

In the 1998/99 season, Czeh scored 19 goals for Maccabi Netanya to clinch the title of Israel best goalscorer in the second league.

## Honours

* Hungarian Premier League: 1994–95
* Hungarian Cup: 1990, 1995
* Israeli Second Division: 1998–99
# John W. Hasper

John W. Hasper (November 6, 1935 – January 4, 2020) was an American politician who served in the New York State Assembly from the 136th district from 1987 to 1992.
He died on January 4, 2020, in Punta Gorda, Florida at age 84.
# Augustus Rhodes

Augustus Loring Rhodes (May 25, 1821 – October 23, 1918) was the 10th Chief Justice of California.

## Biography

Educated at Hamilton College, Rhodes studied law and then moved to Bloomfield, Indiana, being admitted to the bar there in 1846. He served one term as the prosecuting attorney for the circuit court (1849), and departed for California in 1854. Settling in San Jose, he became district attorney in 1859 and then State Senator for the 4th district in 1860.
In 1863, a constitutional amendment meant all of the seats of the Supreme Court of California were open for election. In October 1863, Rhodes was elected to the Supreme Court of California, and served from January 2, 1864, until 1880. He served as the 10th Chief Justice from 1870 to 1872. His first term expired January 1, 1872, and the Court referred the issue of whether he would continue to serve as Chief Justice to a panel of three San Francisco attorneys. They decided that Article 6, Section 3, of the 1862 state Constitution required the justice with the shortest remaining term to serve, and so Royal Sprague replaced Rhodes as chief justice. In October 1871, Rhodes was elected to a ten-year term. A new Constitution adopted in 1879 required elections for all Supreme Court positions. In 1879, he ran for Chief Justice but lost to Robert F. Morrison.
From 1899 to 1907, he served as a Superior Court judge in Santa Clara County. The vacancy on the trial bench caused by Rhodes's retirement (at the age of 88) was filled by John E. Richards.
Rhodes remained active to an advanced age; he gave an address at the annual convention of the California Bar Association in June 1918, four months before his death at the age of 97.

## Personal life

On September 30, 1846, Rhodes married Elizabeth Greene Cavins (April 7, 1829 – December 25, 1901), a judge's daughter in Greene County, Indiana. They had six children: Mary Rhodes (Barstow) (born 1848), who married the son of her father's law partner; James H. Rhodes (born 1849); Samuel R. Rhodes (born 1854), who became a doctor; Margaret Rhodes (1857-1870); Edward Livingston Rhodes (1860-1945), who joined his father's law firm of Rhodes & Barstow after graduating from the University of California, Berkeley, and later served as a justice of the peace in Chino, California; and Augusta E. Rhodes (born 1868).
# Göttelborn Solar Park

Gottelborn Solar Park (German: Solarpark Zeche Göttelborn) is an 8.4-MW$_p$ photovoltaic power station located in Göttelborn, in Quierschied municipality, Germany. The power plant was constructed by City Solar in two stages. The first stage was completed in August, 2004, followed by the second stage three years later in November 2007.
The first stage of the plant includes 23,500 solar modules from the French manufacturer "Photowatt" at an estimated efficiency of 14%, with a nominal power output of 4 MW$_p$ and occupies a total area of 50,000 square metres (538,196 sq ft) The construction of the second stage required another 50,000 PV modules.