OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Peter Drummond (physicist)

Peter David Drummond FAA is a physicist and distinguished professor in the Centre for Quantum and Optical Science at Swinburne University of Technology.
Drummond was born in New Zealand in 1950, and was educated at Auckland University, where he graduated a B. Sc. (Hons), at Harvard where he received an A. M. (masters) degree, and at the University of Waikato in New Zealand, where his D.Phil. degree was supervised by Dan Walls and Crispin Gardiner. He worked as a postdoctoral researcher with Joseph H. Eberly at The University of Rochester, and then as an academic at Auckland University before being appointed to a chair of physics at Queensland University in 1989. He moved to Swinburne University of Technology in 2008.

## Areas of research

* Drummond and Crispin Gardiner developed the positive-P phase-space representation.
* His current research is at the intersection of atomic, molecular and optical physics, quantum information, quantum technology, condensed matter physics, and computational physics. The field is driven by an unprecedented level of experimental control of isolated quantum systems. Techniques used include novel computational methods that map quantum dynamics into stochastic equations on a generalized phase-space. These methods have applications to a wide range of complex physical, chemical and biological systems, including: photonics, condensed matter, Bose-Einstein condensates, strongly-correlated fermions, astrophysics, nano-chemical reactions, opto-mechanics and biophysics. Drummond's contributions to physics range from fundamental theorems in operator representation theory to the practical implementation of algorithms, and comparisons to experiment.

## Awards and honours

* In 2002 he was awarded the Forschungspreis, the Senior Research Award of the German Humboldt Society.
* In 2004 he was awarded the Harrie Massey Medal and Prize for his contributions to physics.
* In 2007 he was awarded the Moyal medal of Macquarie University.
* In 2008 he received the Boas medal of the Australian Institute of Physics.
* He was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after being nominated by their Forum on International Physics in 2000, for pioneering theoretical studies of quantum noise in nonlinear optical processes, including superfluorescence, optical bistability, parametric amplification and oscillation, fiber-optical solitons, proposed tests of quantum correlations, and the positive-P representation.
* He was also awarded the status of Fellow in the Australian Academy of Science in 2003, for tests of quantum theory, theory of solitons, computational physics, physics of communication and information, laser physics, and Bose-Einstein condensation.
# Henry Fitzhugh (assemblyman)

Henry Fitzhugh (August 7, 1801 "The Hive", Washington County, Maryland – August 11, 1866) was an American merchant, businessman and politician from New York.

## Life

He was the son of Col. William Fitzhugh, Jr. (1761–1839, one of the founders of Rochester, New York) and Ann (Hughes) Fitzhugh (1771–1829). Baptised and raised in Saint John's Parish, Henry removed with the Fitzhugh family at the age of 15 to a tract of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase in 1816. On December 11, 1827, Henry married Elizabeth Barbara Carroll (1806–1866, sister of Charles H. Carroll) at Groveland, New York.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Oswego Co.) in 1849. He was a Canal Commissioner from 1852 to 1857, elected on the Whig ticket in the New York state election, 1851 and New York state election, 1854.
He was buried at the Williamsburg Cemetery in Groveland, NY.
U.S. presidential candidates James G. Birney and Gerrit Smith, and State Senator Frederick F. Backus (1794–1858), were his brothers-in-law.

## Sources

* Official State Canvass, in NYT on January 1, 1852
* The Charges against Henry Fitzhugh, in NYT on April 4, 1853
* Whig Convention, in NYT on September 21, 1854, nominating Fitzhugh for re-election
* The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 42, 237 and 273; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858)
* Fitzhugh genealogy in Upstate Arcadia: Landscape, Aesthetics, and the Triumph of Social Differentiation in America by Peter J. Hugill (Rowman & Littlefield, 1995, ISBN 0-8476-7856-3, ISBN 978-0-8476-7856-3 ; page 50)
* Political Graveyard
* Transcriptions from Gravestones, at RootsWeb
* Fitzhugh genealogy
New York State Assembly :
| Preceded byM. Lindley Lee | New York State Assembly Oswego County, 1st District 1849 | Succeeded byWilliam Lewis, Jr. |
# Acetohalobium arabaticum

Acetohalobium arabaticum is the type species of the genus Acetohalobium. It is a prokaryote that can expand its genetic code from 20 to 21 amino acids (by including pyrrolysine) under different conditions of growth.

## Strains

Strain Z-7288 (= DSM 5501 = ATCC 49924) is the type strain of the species.
# Levi S. Chatfield

Levi Starr Chatfield (March 7, 1808 – August 4, 1884) was an American lawyer and politician.

## Life

He was the son of Enos Chatfield (1782–1858) and Hannah (Starr) Chatfield (1782–1857). He was born in that part of the Town of Butternuts which in 1849 was separated as the Town of Morris, in Otsego County, New York.
When the Village of Laurens was incorporated in 1834, he was chosen its first Town Clerk.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Otsego Co.) in 1839, 1840, 1841 and 1842, and was Speaker in 1842.
He was one of the first trustees of the Presbyterian church of Laurens when it was organized on January 16, 1844.
He was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention in 1846.
In 1847, he ran for Attorney General on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by Whig/Anti-Rent candidate Ambrose L. Jordan. In 1849, he was elected New York State Attorney General, and re-elected in 1851. He was in office from 1850 to 1853 when he resigned three weeks before the end of the term.
In 1853-54, he was the major stockholder of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad.
In 1869, he appeared for the plaintiff David Groesbeck in a suit against the Trinity Church "incorporators".
In 1871, he married Elizabeth C. Browne (1843–1917).
Minnesota Supreme Court Justice Andrew G. Chatfield (1810–1875) was his brother.

## Sources

* His argument in the Trinity Church Suit, in NYT on June 13, 1869
* Political Graveyard
* Short mention
* "Disclosures" about the A&P Railroad, NYT June 15, 1854
* Church history at Rootsweb
* Officers of Laurens Village at NY History
* Resignation of NYSAG Carmody, mentioning Chatfield, in NYT on July 21, 1914
* The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (page 167; Rutgers University Press, ISBN 0-8135-2318-4, ISBN 978-0-8135-2318-7 )
Political offices :
| Preceded byPeter B. Porter, Jr. | Speaker of the New York State Assembly 1842 | Succeeded byGeorge R. Davis |
| Legal offices |||
| Preceded byAmbrose L. Jordan | New York State Attorney General 1850–1853 | Succeeded byGardner Stow |
# William Clark (Montgomery County, NY)

William Clark (June 25, 1811, in Cooperstown, Otsego County, New York – May 28, 1885) was an American politician from New York.

## Life

He was the son of Cyrenus Clark (born 1772) and Rachel (Tracy) Clark (born 1777). In 1836, he married Anna Maria Newkirk (1819–1854).
He engaged in the produce and forwarding business at Fort Plain. He was at times Supervisor of the Town of Minden; and a trustee and President of the Village of Fort Plain.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Montgomery Co., 2nd D.) in 1852; and of the New York State Senate (15th D.) in 1863.

## Sources

* The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough, Stephen C. Hutchins and Edgar Albert Werner (1870; pg. 443 and 474)
* Biographical Sketches of the State Officers and the Members of the Legislature of the State of New York in 1862 and '63 by William D. Murphy (1863; pg. 53ff)
* Hyde Genealogy by Reuben H. Walworth (1863; pg. 453)
* DIED;... ANNA MARIA, wife of William Clark... in NYT on October 2, 1854
* OBITUARY NOTES; The Hon. William Clark... in NYT on May 29, 1885
New York State Assembly :
| Preceded byConrad P. Snell | New York State Assembly Montgomery County, 2nd District 1852 | Succeeded byAbram N. Van Alstine |
| New York State Senate |||
| Preceded byJohn Willard | New York State Senate 15th District 1863 | Succeeded byJames M. Cook |
# Zenas Clark

Zenas Clark (1795–1864) was an American politician from New York.

## Life

In 1816, he co-founded the first newspaper in Potsdam, the Potsdam Gazette.
He was Supervisor of the Town of Potsdam from 1830 to 1834.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (St. Lawrence Co.) in 1840 and 1841.
He was a member of the New York State Senate (15th D.) from 1854 to 1857, sitting in the 77th, 78th, 79th and 80th New York State Legislatures. He resigned his seat on February 13, 1857, due to ill health.
He was buried at the Bayside Cemetery in Potsdam.

## Sources

* The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 137, 139, 224f and 265; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858)
* History of Potsdam transcribed from Our County and Its people: St. Lawrence County, New York by Gates Curtis (1894), at Ray's Place
# Townsend D. Cock

Townsend Daniel Cock (December 3, 1838 – June 19, 1913) was an American farmer, banker and politician from New York.

## Life

He was born and died on the family farm in Locust Valley, then in Queens County, now in Nassau County, New York. He attended the common schools, and then looked after the family farm. In 1858, he married Jane Deall Latting. Later he was President of the Oyster Bay Bank.
He was Supervisor of the Town of Oyster Bay for several terms beginning in 1867.
He was a member of the New York State Senate (1st D.) in 1872 and 1873; and of the New York State Assembly (Queens Co., 1st D.) in 1876, 1881 and 1882.

## Sources

* Life Sketches of Executive Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York by William H. McElroy & Alexander McBride (1873; pg. 63ff) [e-book]
* Townsend Daniel Cock in NYT on June 20, 1913
New York State Senate :
| Preceded bySamuel H. Frost | New York State Senate 1st District 1872–1873 | Succeeded byJohn A. King |
| New York State Assembly |||
| Preceded byL. Bradford Prince | New York State Assembly Queens County, 1st District 1876 | Succeeded byElbert Floyd-Jones |
| Preceded byWilliam J. Youngs | New York State Assembly Queens County, 1st District 1881–1882 | Succeeded byLouis K. Church |
# James E. Cooley

James Ewing Cooley (1802 – August 19, 1882 Bagni di Lucca, Italy) was a New York City bookseller, auctioneer and politician. He served in the New York State Senate for the First District in the session of 1852, and served on the advisory board which planned Central Park. He was married in 1833 to Maria Louisa Appleton, the daughter of publisher Daniel Appleton. Starting around that time under the firm name Cooley & Bangs, afterwards Cooley, Keese & Hill, he conducted the semi-annual New York City book trade sales at his auction rooms, in later years in conjunction with his son-in-law George Ayres Leavitt, who took over the business in 1866. He was the author of The American in Egypt: with Rambles Through Arabia Petraea and the Holy Land, During the Years 1839 and 1840 (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1842). He died in 1882 at the Bagni di Lucca near Florence, Italy, where he had been residing for several years.
# Luke F. Cozans

Luke F. Cozans (March 15, 1836 in Prince Edward Island, Canada – April 7, 1903 in Manhattan, New York City) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

## Life

He was the son of John Cozans and Mary (Comerford) Cozans (c.1796–1860). The family removed to New York City in 1839. He studied law with Ogden Hoffman, was admitted to the bar in 1857, and practiced in New York City.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 10th D.) in 1861; of the New York State Senate (5th D.) in 1864 and 1865; and again of the State Assembly (14th D.) in 1877. He was the Democratic candidate for Speaker in 1877, but was defeated by Republican George B. Sloan.
He died of "kidney trouble" at his home at 2016 Fifth Avenue, in Manhattan, and was buried in White Plains.

## Sources

* The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough, Stephen C. Hutchins and Edgar Albert Werner (1870; pg. 443 and 494)
* Biographical Sketches of the State Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York in 1861 by William D. Murphy (pg. 179f)
* The Legislature in The Madison Observer on January 10, 1877
* DEATH LIST OF A DAY; Luke F. Cozans in NYT on April 8, 1903
New York State Assembly :
| Preceded byJoseph P. Cooper | New York State Assembly New York County, 10th District 1861 | Succeeded byDaniel M. O'Brien |
| Preceded byPatrick J. Carty | New York State Assembly New York County, 14th District 1877 | Succeeded byJames Daly |
| New York State Senate |||
| Preceded byCharles G. Cornell | New York State Senate 5th District 1864–1865 | Succeeded byCharles G. Cornell |
# Charles M. Crandall

Charles M. Crandall (April 11, 1826 – October 4, 1867) was an American physician and politician from New York.

## Life

Crandall was born on April 11, 1826, in Belfast, New York, the son of Benjamin G. Crandall. He was left an orphan when he was six and was raised by his grandfather Samuel Van Campen of Amity.
Crandall studied medicine in Castleton Medical College in Vermont, graduating from there in 1850. He then began practicing medicine in Belfast. He served as treasurer and president of the County Medical Society and was a member of the State Medical Society. He was also town supervisor of Belfast in 1859 and 1860, and in 1862 he became examining surgeon of Allegany County.
During the American Civil War, Crandall offered his services to help the sick and wounded from the Battle of Fair Oaks and the Battle of Fredericksburg. Seeing the conditions there led him to believe in the necessity of sending medical agents to help the wounded, and in the 1863 New York State Medical Society meeting he proposed a resolution to appoint a medical agent to Washington to look after New York's sick and wounded. The resolution was presented to and passed by the Governor and Legislature. When two of his brothers were wounded outside of Atlanta in 1864, he came to their assistance and worked in Nashville and Louisville hospitals for several weeks. He was appointed Surgeon of the 141st New York Volunteer Infantry, with the unanimous vote from the regiment's officers. As he was only just nominated for re-election to the State Assembly, he declined. In April 1865, Governor Fenton appointed him New York Military Agent at City Point, Virginia. He also served as Visiting Agent of Military Hospitals and worked in the various hospitals of the Department of the Potomac.
In 1863, Crandall was elected to the New York State Assembly as a Republican, representing the Allegany County 1st District. He served in the Assembly in 1864, 1865, and 1867.
In 1854, Crandall married a daughter of Alvah Wood. His son, Floyd M., was a physician in New York City. Crandall was also a trustee of the Binghamton Inebriate Asylum and State Commissioner of Public Charities.
Crandall died on October 4, 1867. He was buried in Riverside Cemetery in Belfast.
# William A. Dart

William Allen Dart (October 25, 1814 – March 8, 1890) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

## Life

William A. Dart was born in West Potsdam, New York on October 25, 1814, the son of Simeon Dart (1770–1859) and Phebe (Allen) Dart (1778–1873). He worked on his father's farm, attended St. Lawrence Academy and taught school. In 1834, he became a clerk in the law office of John Leslie Russell in Canton, New York, and the next year began to study law with Judge Horace Allen in Potsdam. Dart was admitted to the bar in 1840, and practiced in Potsdam. In September 1841, he married Judge Allen's daughter Harriet S. Allen (b. 1822), and they had two daughters.
He was appointed Postmaster of Potsdam in 1845, and was District Attorney of St. Lawrence County from 1845 to 1847. He joined the Free Soil Party in 1848.
He was a member of the New York State Senate (15th D.) in 1850 and 1851. He was among the 12 state senators who resigned on April 17, 1851, to prevent a quorum in the Senate; and was re-elected at the special election on May 27.
Upon its foundation in 1855, he joined the Republican Party. In April 1861, he was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln as United States Attorney for the Northern District of New York, and remained in office until 1866 when he was removed by President Andrew Johnson.
In 1869, he was appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant as U.S. Consul-General at Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and remained in office until 1878 when he resumed his law practice at Potsdam, in partnership with his son-in-law George Z. Erwin (1840–1894).
He died in Potsdam on March 8, 1890.
# John H. Derby

John Hamilton Derby (June 20, 1845 – November 26, 1925) was an American manufacturer and politician from New York.

## Life

Derby was born on June 20, 1845, in Sandy Hill (now Hudson Falls), New York. He was the only child of George Ferris Derby (1817–1873) and Jane F. Howland (1823–1871).
When Derby was 16 he joined his father (a railroad contractor) as the latter worked in western New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Derby worked as a clerk for the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad. He married Margaret Forster Steuart (1845–1919) in Meadville, Pennsylvania, on September 6, 1870. John and Margaret had four children: George Hamilton (1875–1875), Archibald Steuart (1876–1973), Anna Louise O'Hara (1879–1918).
Derby returned to Sandy Hill in 1873, where he joined the firm Howland & Co. The firm was succeeded in 1892 by the Howland Paper Co., which was itself sold to the Union Bag and Paper Co. in 1899. He was involved in all of these companies for decades, serving as company director and vice president. He was also president of the Sandy Hill Power Co., director of the Sandy Hill National Bank, and a charter member of the local Royal Arcanum council. He was also a member of the Sons of the American Revolution, via his great-grandfather Benjamin Derby.
A politically active Republican, Derby was on the local board of education for 20 years, where he was president of the board, and represented Kingsbury on the board of supervisors for three years. In 1891, he was elected to the New York State Senate, where he represented the 16th District (Rensselaer and Washington counties). He served in the Senate in 1892 and 1893.
Derby died on November 26, 1925, in Orlando, Florida. He was buried in Union Cemetery in Fort Edward, New York.
# Baird Bryant

Wenzell Baird Bryant (December 12, 1927 – November 13, 2008) was an American filmmaker. He was well known in documentary circles for his hand-held ability to almost instantaneously capture live action as it was happening. Hired as the cameraman on Gimme Shelter, the Albert and David Maysles film of The Rolling Stones 1969 American Tour, Baird caught on camera the fatal stabbing of concertgoer Meredith Hunter by Hells Angels member Alan Passaro at the Altamont Free Concert in December 1969.

## Biography

Born in Columbus, Indiana, his parents were Dr. William Bryant, a surgeon, and Daisy née Mortimer. On his mother's side, he is a descendant of the Revolutionary War patriot Famous Mortimer and also of the Revolutionary War heroine Charlotte Est Wenzell.
Bryant attended Deep Springs College in Big Pine, California, and graduated from Harvard University. In the 1950s, he lived in Paris and was a writer, living with William S. Burroughs, Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac. Bryant wrote Play This Love with Me (1955). Fluent in French, he also wrote the first English translation of Pauline Réage's erotic novel Story of O.
He began his filmmaking career in the early 1960s shooting The Seducers (1962), Greenwich Village Story (1963), The Cool World (1963) and Celebration at Big Sur (1971).
Bryant worked on Easy Rider in late February 1968 as part of the first crew that was hastily assembled to cover Mardi Gras in New Orleans with several 16 mm film hand-held cameras. He filmed the famous LSD scene with Peter Fonda on a statue in a cemetery. On account of the behaviour of Dennis Hopper, filming was "chaotic" at that point, and several of the crew had quit. "I showed up with my camera, and nobody else was there." A new crew was hired for the production of the road movie on 35 mm movie film.
He also worked on the Academy Award-winning film Broken Rainbow (1985), a documentary about the Navajo, and Heart of Tibet (1991), a film about the Dalai Lama. He was a practicing Tibetan Buddhist, and followed Chögyam Trungpa when he introduced Tibetan Buddhism to the west in Boulder, Colorado.
Bryant died in Hemet, California, on November 13, 2008.
# Louis H. Hahlo

Louis Herbert Hahlo (January 17, 1865 – May 25, 1932) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

## Life

Hahlo was born on January 17, 1865, in New York City, New York, the son of German immigrants Herman Hahlo and Rebecca Hoexter.
Hahlo attended the New York City public schools and graduated from the College of the City of New York in 1884. He then began studying law in the office of Blumenstiel & Hirsch. He also attended Columbia Law School, graduating from there in 1886. He was admitted to the bar later that year and practiced commercial law in New York City. By 1892, he had a law office at 280 Broadway.
In 1891, Hahlo was elected to the New York State Assembly as a Democrat, representing the New York County 21st District. He served in the Assembly in 1892 and 1893. While in the Assembly, he submitted bills that prevented debtors from giving preferences in judgement, provided for the recording of certificates showing mortgage payments, concerned the pavement of New York City streets, amended the Code of Civil Procedures for appeals, authorized the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund of New York to cancel certain assessments, and allowed the substitution of other fireproof material in buildings than stone, brick, or terra-cotta. He also served on the judiciary committee to investigate charges against New York Court of Appeals Justice Isaac H. Maynard.
Hahlo served as Assistant Corporation Counsel from 1898 to 1901 and from 1904 to 1917. During that time, he was in charge of all legal matters in the Department of Finance for seven years. In 1917, he became Deputy Comptroller of New York City. He resigned from the position in 1920, allegedly due to differences with Comptroller Charles L. Craig. He maintained a private law practice later in life.
Hahlo died from a heart attack in his hotel suite at the Hotel Martinique on May 25, 1932. He was unmarried. He was buried in Salem Fields Cemetery.
# Edward W. Hart

Edward W. Hart (October 28, 1852 – May 27, 1924) was an American politician from New York.

## Life

Hart was born on October 28, 1852, in New York City, New York. He was Catholic.
After finishing school, Hart worked as an office boy in the Howe Sewing Machine Company. He later became a clerk for the wholesale dry goods house Cochran, McLean & Co. After it went out of business, he began drifting to city politics. In 1877, he became a night watchman for the Fire Department. He then became foreman of a street repair gang with the Department of Public Works. In 1888, he was appointed to the City Excise Board.
In 1895, Hart was elected to the New York State Assembly as a Democrat, representing the New York County 7th District. He served in the Assembly in 1896 and 1897. In 1898, he was appointed Coroner of New York City. In 1903, he began working in the City Clerk's office. When the Marriage License Bureau was established in 1908, he was appointed its Chief Clerk. He retired in 1922, when he reached 70. He personally issued most of the nearly 550,000 licenses the Bureau granted until that point.
Hart died at home from heart disease on May 27, 1924.