# Washington County, Missouri

Washington County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 23,514. The county seat and largest city is Potosi. The county was officially organized on August 21, 1813, and was named in honor of George Washington, the first President of the United States.

## History

The French explorers Renault and La Motte entered the area of present-day Potosi in 1722–23. However, no permanent settlements were made until 1763, when François Breton settled near Potosi and began to operate a mine bearing his name. The Bellview Valley, near Caledonia and Belgrade, was settled in 1802 by the families of William and Helen Watson Reed, their sons, Robert, Joseph, and Thomas Reed, William Reed's brother and nephew, Joseph and William Reed, Annanias McCoy, and Benjamin Crow. Washington County was officially organized on August 21, 1813, out of Ste. Genevieve County.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 762 square miles (1,970 km$^2$), of which 760 square miles (2,000 km$^2$) is land and 2.6 square miles (6.7 km$^2$) (0.3%) is water.

### Adjacent counties

* Franklin County (north)
* Jefferson County (northeast)
* St. Francois County (east)
* Iron County (south)
* Crawford County (west)

### National protected area

* Mark Twain National Forest (part)

## Demographics

| Largest ancestries (2000) | Percent |
| American | 19.8% |
| French | 15.6% |
| German | 10.4% |
| Irish | 9.6% |
| English | 5.9% |
As of the census of 2000, there were 23,344 people, 8,406 households, and 6,237 families residing in the county. The population density was 31 inhabitants per square mile (12/km$^2$). There were 9,894 housing units at an average density of 13 units per square mile (5.0/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 95.47% White, 2.48% Black or African American, 0.66% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.15% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. Approximately 0.73% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 8,406 households, out of which 36.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.60% were married couples living together, 10.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.80% were non-families. 22.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.05.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.60% under the age of 18, 9.80% from 18 to 24, 29.20% from 25 to 44, 22.70% from 45 to 64, and 11.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 106.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.40 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $32,001, and the median income for a family was $38,193. Males had a median income of $27,871 versus $18,206 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,095. About 17.10% of families and 20.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.40% of those under age 18 and 12.90% of those age 65 or older.

### Religion

According to the Association of Religion Data Archives County Membership Report (2000), Washington County is a part of the Bible Belt with evangelical Protestantism being the majority religion. The most predominant denominations among residents in Washington County who adhere to a religion are Roman Catholics (36.73%), Southern Baptists (21.74%), and Baptist Missionary Association of America (16.86%).

### 2020 Census

Washington County Racial Composition :
| Race | Num. | Perc. |
| White (NH) | 21,378 | 91% |
| Black or African American (NH) | 610 | 2.6% |
| Native American (NH) | 78 | 0.33% |
| Asian (NH) | 40 | 0.17% |
| Pacific Islander (NH) | 1 | 0.004% |
| Other/Mixed (NH) | 1,180 | 5% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 227 | 0.97% |

## Politics
### Local

Republicans hold a sizeable majority of the elected positions in the county.

### State

Washington County is divided into three legislative districts in the Missouri House of Representatives.
* District 118 – Currently represented by Mike McGirl (R-Potosi) and consists of the northeastern part of the county and includes Cadet, Mineral Point, Old Mines, Richwoods, Tiff, and part of Potosi.
Missouri House of Representatives – District 118 – Washington County (2020) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Mike McGirl | 4,757 | 100.00% | |
Missouri House of Representatives – District 118 – Washington County (2016) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Democratic | Ben Harris | 3,955 | 100.00% | +53.95 |
Missouri House of Representatives – District 118 – Washington County (2014) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Democratic | Ben Harris | 1,316 | 46.05% | −53.95 |
| | Republican | Michael P. McGirl | 1,542 | 53.95% | +53.95 |
Missouri House of Representatives – District 118 – Washington County (2012) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Democratic | Ben Harris | 3,783 | 100.00% | |
* District 119 – Currently represented by Nate Tate (R-St. Clair). Consists of the northwestern part of the county, including Pea Ridge.
Missouri House of Representatives – District 119 – Washington County (2020) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Nate Tate | 535 | 98.35% | |
Missouri House of Representatives – District 119 – Washington County (2016) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Nate Tate | 495 | 100.00% | +35.35 |
Missouri House of Representatives – District 119 – Washington County (2014) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Dave Hinson | 193 | 65.65% | −35.35 |
| | Democratic | Susan J. Cunningham | 101 | 35.35% | +35.35 |
Missouri House of Representatives – District 119 – Washington County (2012) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Dave Hinson | 447 | 100.00% | |
* District 144 – Currently represented by Chris Dinkins (R-Annapolis). Consists of the southern parts of the county including Belgrade, Caledonia, Courtois, Hopewell, Irondale, and part of Potosi.
Missouri House of Representatives – District 144 – Washington County (2020) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Chris Dinkins | 3,335 | 98.73% | |
Missouri House of Representatives – District 144 – Special Election - Washington County (2018) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Chris Dinkins | 131 | 70.81% | |
| | Democratic | Jim Scaggs | 53 | 29.29% | |
Missouri House of Representatives – District 144 – Washington County (2016) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Paul Fitzwater | 3,177 | 100.00% | |
Missouri House of Representatives – District 144 – Washington County (2014) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Paul Fitzwater | 1,837 | 100.00% | −23.43 |
Missouri House of Representatives – District 144 – Washington County (2012) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Paul Fitzwater | 2,617 | 76.57% | |
| | Democratic | Michael L. Jackson | 801 | 23.43% | |
All of Washington County is a part of Missouri's 3rd District in the Missouri Senate and is currently represented by Elaine Gannon (R-De Soto).
Missouri Senate – District 3 – Washington County (2020) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Elaine Freeman Gannono | 8,440 | 98.60% | |
Missouri Senate – District 3 – Washington County (2016) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Gary Romine | 7,071 | 83.11% | +25.35 |
| | Green | Edward R. Weissler | 1,437 | 16.89% | +16.89 |
Missouri Senate – District 3 – Washington County (2012) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Gary Romine | 4,905 | 57.76% | |
| | Democratic | Joseph Fallert Jr. | 3,587 | 42.24% | |
Past Gubernatorial Elections Results :
| Year | Republican | Democratic | Third Parties |
| 2020 | 75.34% 7,442 | 21.47% 2,121 | 3.19% 315 |
| 2016 | 61.34% 5,681 | 33.91% 3,141 | 4.75% 440 |
| 2012 | 42.25% 3,697 | 55.12% 4,823 | 2.63% 230 |
| 2008 | 31.08% 2,993 | 67.05% 6,456 | 1.87% 180 |
| 2004 | 50.37% 4,622 | 47.87% 4,393 | 1.76% 162 |
| 2000 | 42.93% 3,536 | 49.90% 4,110 | 7.17% 591 |
| 1996 | 39.69% 3,097 | 57.77% 4,508 | 2.54% 198 |
| 1992 | 39.60% 3,049 | 60.40% 4,851 | 0.00% 0 |
| 1988 | 57.19% 3,978 | 42.64% 2,966 | 0.17% 12 |
| 1984 | 51.46% 3,460 | 48.54% 3,264 | 0.00% 0 |
| 1980 | 50.52% 3,278 | 49.35% 3,202 | 0.12% 8 |
| 1976 | 47.00% 2,855 | 52.84% 3,210 | 0.16% 10 |

### Federal

U.S. Senate – Missouri – Washington County (2016) :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| Republican | Roy Blunt | 5,083 | 55.41% | +15.32 |
| Democratic | Jason Kander | 3,516 | 38.33% | −15.13 |
| Libertarian | Jonathan Dine | 269 | 2.93% | −3.52 |
| Green | Johnathan McFarland | 179 | 1.95% | +1.95 |
| Constitution | Fred Ryman | 126 | 1.37% | +1.37 |
U.S. Senate – Missouri – Washington County (2012) :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Republican | Todd Akin | 3,486 | 40.09% |
| Democratic | Claire McCaskill | 4,648 | 53.46% |
| Libertarian | Jonathan Dine | 561 | 6.45% |
Washington County is included in Missouri's 8th Congressional District and is currently represented by Jason T. Smith (R-Salem) in the U.S. House of Representatives. Smith won a special election on Tuesday, June 4, 2013, to finish out the remaining term of U.S. Representative Jo Ann Emerson (R-Cape Girardeau). Emerson announced her resignation a month after being reelected with over 70 percent of the vote in the district. She resigned to become CEO of the National Rural Electric Cooperative.
U.S. House of Representatives – District 8 – Washington County (2020) :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Republican | Jason T. Smith | 7,473 | 77.68% |
| Democratic | Kathy Ellis | 1,915 | 19.91% |
| Libertarian | Tom Schmitz | 219 | 2.28% |
U.S. House of Representatives – District 8 – Washington County (2016) :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| Republican | Jason T. Smith | 6,186 | 69.70% | +10.33 |
| Democratic | Dave Cowell | 2,424 | 27.31% | −5.81 |
| Libertarian | Jonathan Shell | 265 | 2.99% | +0.83 |
U.S. House of Representatives – District 8 – Washington County (2014) :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| Republican | Jason T. Smith | 2,990 | 59.37% | −5.99 |
| Democratic | Barbara Stocker | 1,668 | 33.12% | +1.33 |
| Libertarian | Rick Vandeven | 109 | 2.16% | +1.09 |
| Constitution | Doug Enyart | 113 | 2.24% | +0.72 |
| Independent | Terry Hampton | 156 | 3.10% | +3.10 |
U.S. House of Representatives – District 8 – Special Election – Washington County (2013) :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| Republican | Jason T. Smith | 732 | 65.36% | −2.73 |
| Democratic | Steve Hodges | 356 | 31.79% | +2.66 |
| Libertarian | Bill Slantz | 12 | 1.07% | −1.71 |
| Constitution | Doug Enyart | 17 | 1.52% | +1.52 |
| Write-In | Wayne L. Byington | 3 | 0.27% | +0.27 |
U.S. House of Representatives – District 8 – Washington County (2012) :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Republican | Jo Ann Emerson | 5,868 | 68.09% |
| Democratic | Jack Rushin | 2,510 | 29.13% |
| Libertarian | Rick Vandeven | 240 | 2.78% |

#### Political culture

Washington County is one of only two counties, alongside Webster County, West Virginia, to be carried by Barack Obama in 2008 and still give Donald Trump over 80% of the vote in 2020.
United States presidential election results for Washington County, Missouri :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 8,424 | 82.03% | 1,747 | 17.01% | 99 | 0.96% |
| 2020 | 8,047 | 80.56% | 1,804 | 18.06% | 138 | 1.38% |
| 2016 | 7,048 | 75.53% | 1,926 | 20.64% | 357 | 3.83% |
| 2012 | 5,071 | 58.32% | 3,417 | 39.30% | 207 | 2.38% |
| 2008 | 4,706 | 48.95% | 4,711 | 49.00% | 197 | 2.05% |
| 2004 | 4,641 | 50.57% | 4,459 | 48.58% | 78 | 0.85% |
| 2000 | 4,020 | 48.64% | 4,047 | 48.97% | 198 | 2.40% |
| 1996 | 2,259 | 28.78% | 4,315 | 54.97% | 1,276 | 16.25% |
| 1992 | 2,157 | 26.93% | 4,211 | 52.57% | 1,642 | 20.50% |
| 1988 | 3,240 | 46.29% | 3,744 | 53.49% | 16 | 0.23% |
| 1984 | 3,755 | 55.70% | 2,987 | 44.30% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1980 | 3,439 | 53.19% | 2,873 | 44.44% | 153 | 2.37% |
| 1976 | 2,526 | 41.36% | 3,543 | 58.01% | 39 | 0.64% |
| 1972 | 3,818 | 63.14% | 2,229 | 36.86% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1968 | 2,641 | 46.26% | 2,292 | 40.15% | 776 | 13.59% |
| 1964 | 2,286 | 36.91% | 3,908 | 63.09% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1960 | 3,437 | 56.47% | 2,649 | 43.53% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1956 | 3,383 | 58.70% | 2,380 | 41.30% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1952 | 3,338 | 55.33% | 2,684 | 44.49% | 11 | 0.18% |
| 1948 | 2,200 | 47.98% | 2,370 | 51.69% | 15 | 0.33% |
| 1944 | 2,900 | 58.30% | 2,065 | 41.52% | 9 | 0.18% |
| 1940 | 3,817 | 56.92% | 2,881 | 42.96% | 8 | 0.12% |
| 1936 | 2,909 | 49.29% | 2,942 | 49.85% | 51 | 0.86% |
| 1932 | 2,246 | 40.40% | 3,275 | 58.91% | 38 | 0.68% |
| 1928 | 3,019 | 58.96% | 2,091 | 40.84% | 10 | 0.20% |
| 1924 | 2,397 | 54.42% | 1,955 | 44.38% | 53 | 1.20% |
| 1920 | 2,618 | 58.36% | 1,837 | 40.95% | 31 | 0.69% |
| 1916 | 1,657 | 53.80% | 1,394 | 45.26% | 29 | 0.94% |
| 1912 | 1,059 | 41.27% | 1,121 | 43.69% | 386 | 15.04% |
| 1908 | 1,753 | 56.11% | 1,330 | 42.57% | 41 | 1.31% |
| 1904 | 1,673 | 54.64% | 1,339 | 43.73% | 50 | 1.63% |
| 1900 | 1,751 | 53.60% | 1,500 | 45.91% | 16 | 0.49% |
| 1896 | 1,547 | 51.41% | 1,458 | 48.45% | 4 | 0.13% |
| 1892 | 1,200 | 47.54% | 1,303 | 51.62% | 21 | 0.83% |
| 1888 | 1,222 | 47.73% | 1,336 | 52.19% | 2 | 0.08% |
At the presidential level, Washington County was a fairly independent-leaning or battleground county for many years; however, it has voted increasingly more Republican in recent elections. While George W. Bush carried Washington County in 2004, he narrowly lost the county to Al Gore in 2000, and both times the margins of victory were significantly closer than in many of the other rural areas. Bill Clinton also carried Washington County both times in 1992 and 1996 by convincing double-digit margins, and unlike most of the other rural counties in Missouri, Washington County was one of only nine counties in Missouri that favored Barack Obama over John McCain. Obama won Washington County by just five votes in the 2008 election.
Like most rural areas throughout Missouri, voters in Washington County generally adhere to socially and culturally conservative principles but are more moderate or populist on economic issues, typical of the Dixiecrat philosophy. In 2004, Missourians voted on a constitutional amendment to define marriage as the union between a man and a woman—it overwhelmingly passed Washington County with 81.37 percent of the vote. The initiative passed the state with 71 percent of support from voters as Missouri became the first state to ban same-sex marriage. In 2006, Missourians voted on a constitutional amendment to fund and legalize embryonic stem cell research in the state—it failed in Washington County with 56.48 percent voting against the measure. The initiative narrowly passed the state with 51 percent of support from voters as Missouri became one of the first states in the nation to approve embryonic stem cell research. Despite Washington County's longstanding tradition of supporting socially conservative platforms, voters in the county have a penchant for advancing populist causes like increasing the minimum wage. In 2006, Missourians voted on a proposition (Proposition B) to increase the minimum wage in the state to $6.50 an hour—it passed Washington County with 81.47 percent of the vote. The proposition strongly passed every single county in Missouri with 75.94 percent voting in favor as the minimum wage was increased to $6.50 an hour in the state. In 2018, Washington County rejected Proposition A which would have made Missouri a right-to-work state with 82.1 percent of the vote.

## Education

Among adults 25 years of age and older in Washington County, 62.5% possess a high school diploma or higher, while 7.5% hold a bachelor's degree or higher as their highest educational attainment.

### Public schools

* Kingston K-XIV School District – Cadet
** Kingston Elementary School (PK-05)
** Kingston Middle School (06-08)
** Kingston High School (09-12)
* Potosi R-III School District – Potosi
** Potosi Pre-School (PK)
** Potosi Elementary School (PK-03)
** Trojan Intermediate School (04-06)
** John A. Evans Middle School (07-08)
** Potosi High School (09-12)
* Richwoods R-VII School District – Richwoods
** Richwoods Elementary School (PK-08)
* Valley R-VI School District – Caledonia/ Belgrade
** Valley Elementary School (K-6) – Caledonia
** Valley High School (07-12)- Caledonia

### Private schools

* St. Joachim Elementary School – Cadet – (PK-08) – Roman Catholic

### Colleges and universities

* Mineral Area College Annex – Potosi – A satellite campus of Mineral Area College-Park Hills.

### Public libraries

* Washington County Library

## Government and infrastructure

The Potosi Correctional Center of the Missouri Department of Corrections is located in an unincorporated area in the county. The prison houses male death row inmates. 911 services are provided by the Washington County Central Dispatch Center. Major fire departments in the county include those of Potosi, Richwoods, Irondale, Belgrade, and Caledonia. The Washington County Sheriff's Office provides law enforcement for the county. Its sheriff is Zach Jacobsen.

## Attractions

* Big River Access – Belgrade
* Council Bluff Lake – Belgrade
* Berryman Camp & Trail National Forest – Berryman
* Bootleg Park Bootleg Access – Caledonia
* Buford Mountain – Caledonia
* Hughes Mountain Natural Area – Irondale
* Bismarck Conservation Area – Bismarck
* Little Indian Creek Conservation Area – Sullivan
* Pea Ridge Conservation Area – Sullivan
* YMCA of the Ozarks – Shirley

## Transportation
### Primary state highways

* Route 8. Hopewell-Potosi
* Route 21. Cadet-Potosi-Caledonia
* Route 32. Caledonia-Bismarck
* Route 47. Lonedell-Richwoods-Blackwell
* Route 104. Blackwell
* Route 185. Sullivan-Ebo-Potosi

### Secondary state highways

* State Route A. Richwoods-Sullivan
* State Route AA. Shirley
* State Route BB. Belgrade
* State Route C. Belgrade-Viburnum
* State Route CC. Blackwell
* State Route DD. Belgrade
* State Route E. Potosi-Cadet-Blackwell
* State Route EE. Sullivan
* State Route F. Potosi
* State Route H. Richwoods-Fletcher
* State Route JJ. Belgrade
* State Route M. Irondale
* State Route N. Sullivan
* State Route o. Mineral Point
* State Route P. Belgrade-Potosi
* State Route T. Richwoods
* State Route U. Irondale-Mineral Point
* State Route W. Bourbon
* State Route WW. Fletcher
* State Route N. Bourbon
* State Route Y. Viburnum-Belgrade-Berryman
* State Route Z. Belgrade

### Airports

* Washington County Airport

### Railroads

* Union Pacific Railroad

## Communities
### Cities

* Irondale
* Potosi (county seat)

### Villages

* Caledonia
* Mineral Point

### Unincorporated communities

* Anthonies Mill
* Aptus
* Baryties
* Bellefontaine
* Belgrade
* Berryman
* Bliss
* Cadet
* Cannon Mines
* Courtois
* Cruise Mill
* Delbridge
* Ebo
* Fertile
* Floyd
* French Town
* Frogtown
* Happy Hollow
* Hopewell
* Horton Town
* Hulsey
* Hurricane
* Latty
* Levy
* Maryden
* Northcut
* Old Mines
* Peoria
* Quaker
* Rabbitville
* Racola
* Richwoods
* Robidoux
* Shibboleth
* Shirley
* Summit
* Sunlight
* Theabeau Town
* Tiff

### Townships

* Belgrade
* Breton
* Concord
* Harmony
* Johnson
* Kingston
* Liberty
* Richwoods
* Union
* Walton