# Cauchy's estimate

In mathematics, specifically in complex analysis, Cauchy's estimate gives local bounds for the derivatives of a holomorphic function. These bounds are optimal.
Cauchy's estimate is also called Cauchy's inequality, but must not be confused with the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality.

## Statement and consequence

Let $f$ be a holomorphic function on the open ball $B(a,r)$ in $\mathbb {C}$. If $M$ is the sup of $|f|$ over $B(a,r)$, then Cauchy's estimate says: for each integer $n>0$,
    $|f^{(n)}(a)|\leq {\frac {n!}{r^{n}}}M$
where $f^{(n)}$ is the n-th complex derivative of $f$; i.e., $f'={\frac {\partial f}{\partial z}}$ and $f^{(n)}=(f^{(n-1)})^{'}$ (see Wirtinger derivatives § Relation with complex differentiation).
Moreover, taking $f(z)=z^{n},a=0,r=1$ shows the above estimate cannot be improved.
As a corollary, for example, we obtain Liouville's theorem, which says a bounded entire function is constant (indeed, let $r\to \infty$ in the estimate.) Slightly more generally, if $f$ is an entire function bounded by $A+B|z|^{k}$ for some constants $A,B$ and some integer $k>0$, then $f$ is a polynomial.

## Proof

We start with Cauchy's integral formula applied to $f$, which gives for $z$ with $|z-a|<r'$,
    $f(z)={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w-a|=r'}{\frac {f(w)}{w-z}}\,dw$
where $r'<r$. By the differentiation under the integral sign (in the complex variable), we get:
    $f^{(n)}(z)={\frac {n!}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w-a|=r'}{\frac {f(w)}{(w-z)^{n+1}}}\,dw.$
Thus,
    $|f^{(n)}(a)|\leq {\frac {n!M}{2\pi }}\int _{|w-a|=r'}{\frac {|dw|}{|w-a|^{n+1}}}={\frac {n!M}{{r'}^{n}}}.$
Letting $r'\to r$ finishes the proof. $\square$
(The proof shows it is not necessary to take $M$ to be the sup over the whole open disk, but because of the maximal principle, restricting the sup to the near boundary would not change $M$.)

## Related estimate

Here is a somehow more general but less precise estimate. It says: given an open subset $U\subset \mathbb {C}$, a compact subset $K\subset U$ and an integer $n>0$, there is a constant $C$ such that for every holomorphic function $f$ on $U$,
    $\sup _{K}|f^{(n)}|\leq C\int _{U}|f|\,d\mu$
where $d\mu$ is the Lebesgue measure.
This estimate follows from Cauchy's integral formula (in the general form) applied to $u=\psi f$ where $\psi$ is a smooth function that is $=1$ on a neighborhood of $K$ and whose support is contained in $U$. Indeed, shrinking $U$, assume $U$ is bounded and the boundary of it is piecewise-smooth. Then, since $\partial u/\partial {\overline {z}}=f\partial \psi /\partial {\overline {z}}$, by the integral formula,
    $u(z)={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{\partial U}{\frac {u(z)}{w-z}}\,dw+{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{U}{\frac {f(w)\partial \psi /\partial {\overline {w}}(w)}{w-z}}\,dw\wedge d{\overline {w}}$
for $z$ in $U$ (since $K$ can be a point, we cannot assume $z$ is in $K$). Here, the first term on the right is zero since the support of $u$ lies in $U$. Also, the support of $\partial \psi /\partial {\overline {w}}$ is contained in $U-K$. Thus, after the differentiation under the integral sign, the claimed estimate follows.
As an application of the above estimate, we can obtain the Stieltjes–Vitali theorem, which says that a sequence of holomorphic functions on an open subset $U\subset \mathbb {C}$ that is bounded on each compact subset has a subsequence converging on each compact subset (necessarily to a holomorphic function since the limit satisfies the Cauchy–Riemann equations). Indeed, the estimate implies such a sequence is equicontinuous on each compact subset; thus, Ascoli's theorem and the diagonal argument give a claimed subsequence.

## In several variables

Cauchy's estimate is also valid for holomorphic functions in several variables. Namely, for a holomorphic function $f$ on a polydisc $U=\prod _{1}^{n}B(a_{j},r_{j})\subset \mathbb {C} ^{n}$, we have: for each multiindex $\alpha \in \mathbb {N} ^{n}$,
    $\left|\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial z}}^{\alpha }f\right)(a)\right|\leq {\frac {\alpha !}{r^{\alpha }}}\sup _{U}|f|$
where $a=(a_{1},\dots ,a_{n})$, $\alpha !=\prod {\alpha }_{j}!$ and $r^{\alpha }=\prod r_{j}^{\alpha _{j}}$.
As in the one variable case, this follows from Cauchy's integral formula in polydiscs. § Related estimate and its consequence also continue to be valid in several variables with the same proofs.