OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pulavar K. Govindan

Pulavar K. Govindan (1916-1991) was a writer, historian, rationalist and politician. He was an elected Member of the Legislative Assembly of Madras State and later, the state of Tamil Nadu. He served as the Deputy Speaker of the Madras Legislative Assembly from 1967 to 1968 and Speaker for two terms from 1969 to 1971 and 1973 to 1977. He has written extensively on Tamil literature and his works were nationalized by the Tamil Nadu State Government in 2007.

## Biography
### Early life: 1916–34

Pulavar K. Govindan was born on 14 April 1916, at Tiruvathipuram, in the then North Arcot District, of the Madras Presidency. His parents were V. Kanga Mudaliar and Sundaram Ammaiyar. He was educated at the Government Boys High School, Cheyyar, from where he graduated in 1934. After his initial schooling, he started learning Tamil literature under the tutelage of Avvai Su. Duraisamy Pillai, who was an authority in many literary texts.
Pulavar soon organized a group of Avvai Duraisamy's students into the Avvai Thamizh Maanavar Kazhagam (Avvai Tamil Students' Association) in 1935. This association was instrumental in publishing the ingurunooru (Tamil: ஐங்குறுநூறு) text of Avvai Duraisamy. The first anniversary of the Avvai Tamil Students' Association was held over three days (24-26 May 1936). This was a grand occasion, with the attendance of the prominent Tamil scholars of the time, such as Maraimalayadigal, Karandhai Thamizhvel, Umamageswaram Pillai, Na.Mu, Venkatasamy Nattar, and Gnaniyaradigal. 1936 also marked the year Pulavar wedded his cousin Kannammaal.
Pulavar Govindan's private Tamil studies culminated in his successful completion of the "Tamil Vidwan Examination." Denouncing the Sanskrit term "Vidwan," he adopted the Tamil word "Pulavar" as his title. Though many followed him in changing the title, K. Govindan soon became eminent enough to be simply addressed as "Pulavar." He started working as a teacher.
# Kalejak

Kalejak (Persian: كلجك) is a village in, and the capital of, Nargesan Rural District of Jebalbarez-e Jonubi District, Anbarabad County, Kerman province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 637 in 110 households. The following census in 2011 counted 344 people in 97 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 248 people in 74 households.
# Model 39 grenade

The Model 39 "Eihandgranate", M39 or Eierhandgranate 39 ("egg hand grenade") was a German fragmentation hand grenade introduced in 1939 with 84.2 million produced until the end of World War II and thus in fact being more common than the iconic Stielhandgranate of which 75.5 million were produced.

## Description

The Eihandgranate were issued to the Fallschirmjäger from early till the end of the war. The grenade used the same fuse assembly (the BZE 39) as the Model 43 Stielhandgranate ("Stick Grenade"), which was screwed into the top of the sheet-metal body.
To activate, the dome-shaped cap was unscrewed and pulled with a coiled pull-cord that is pulled before throwing. The color of the cap indicated the burning time of the type of fuze fitted. Typically, a delay of around four seconds was used. It could also be used in place of the bottom side screw cap on the "Stielhandgranate" stick grenades.
If it was to be used as a fixed booby-trap, then an instantaneous or one-second fuse would be fitted. Sometimes, this style of grenade was discarded in plain view for the enemy to use, particularly on the Eastern Front and in the Western Front. They were used in France as part of Erwin Rommel's asparagus. Obstacles, such as wooden poles, were used to hinder airborne landings, which could tear the wings of gliders and kill the soldiers inside, as these poles were connected with wires to either these grenades or S-mines (Bouncing Betty) against paratroopers.
Later in Italy they were used as booby traps to slow down Allied advances on the Italian peninsula, in ambushes or in street fighting and as traps for the Italian Partisans when they raided German supplies and weapon caches. Another type of trap was to wire a short-fuse grenade to a door-frame in an abandoned building with the pull-cord attached to the door. When the door was breached by opposing troops, the grenade would detonate right next to the enemy.
The offensive high explosive version of the grenade used a small Donarit filling, which was considered extremely ineffective in comparison to the standard stick grenade models: large amounts of these grenades would be thrown in a short amount of time or at once for the desired effect.
The defensive fragmentation version of the grenade had a fragmentation sleeve wrapped around the exterior of the grenade, which would turn into high speed shrapnel when the grenade exploded, giving it a longer range and greater damage ability to the enemy but also include the thrower in the danger zone.

### Fuse cap colour-codes

* Red – 1 second delay (for coloured smoke, but also booby-trap)
* Blue – 4.5 second (standard issue)
* Yellow – 7.5 seconds (used on the Hafthohlladung 3 – magnetic shaped charge)
* Grey – No delay (used for demolition work or as booby-trap)
# Academia Chilena de la Lengua

The Academia Chilena de la Lengua (Spanish for Chilean Language Academy) is an association of academics and experts on the use of the Spanish language in Chile. It is a member of the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language and is a part of the Instituto de Chile.

## History and purpose

The academy was founded in Santiago de Chile on June 5, 1885. It started out with 18 members designated by the Royal Spanish Academy. Its stated aims, according to its bylaws, are: to ensure the purity and splendor of the Spanish language, to contribute to the work of the Royal Spanish Academy and the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, and to collaborate with other institutions on matters related to the language and its literature, particularly Chilean literature.
Today, its members are chosen by co-option. The academy currently has 36 members, as well as a variable number of correspondent members in various Chilean regions and abroad. It has several honorary members, including the Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral, the Spanish philologist Víctor García de la Concha, and Pope John Paul II.

## Prizes

The academy gives out five prizes every year:
* The Academy Prize, to the author of the best literary work published in Chile
* The Alejandro Silva de la Fuente Prize, to a journalist who has demonstrated distinguished use of the language in their work
* The Alonso de Ercilla Prize, to a person or institution that has contributed to the understanding and promotion of Chilean literature
* The Doctor Rodolfo Oroz Prize, to authors of scientific research related to the language
* The Oreste Plath Prize, to a person or institution that has distinguished itself for the promotion and spread of Chilean folk art

## Publications

The academy produces the following periodicals:
* Boletín de la Academia de la Lengua, since 1915 (72 nearly annual issues)
* Cuadernos del Centenario, since 1985, a series that pairs tributes to deceased members and specialized work
* Notas Idiomáticas, since 1996, a quarterly bulletin in cooperation with UNESCO in Chile
It has also published dictionaries, including the 1976 Diccionario del Habla Chilena.

## Directors

Since its founding, the academy has been led by the following directors:
* José Victorino Lastarria (1885–1888)
* Monseñor Crescente Errázuriz Valdivieso (1914–1931)
* Miguel Luis Amunátegui Reyes (1931–1949)
* Alejandro Silva de la Fuente (1949–1952)
* Ricardo Dávila Silva (1952–1959)
* Rodolfo Oroz Scheibe (1959–1980)
* Alejandro Garretón Silva (1980)
* Roque Esteban Scarpa (1980–1995)
* Alfredo Matus Olivier (1995–2018)
* Adriana Valdés Budge (2018–present)
# Samar Raion

Samar Raion (Ukrainian: Самарівський район), until 2024 known as Novomoskovsk Raion (Ukrainian: Новомосковський район), is a raion (district) of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, southeastern-central Ukraine. Its administrative centre is located at Samar. Population: 167,526 (2022 estimate).
On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast was reduced to seven, and the area of Novomoskovsk Raion was significantly expanded. One abolished raion, Mahdalynivka Raion, as well as the city of Novomoskovsk (which was previously incorporated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to the raion), were merged into Novomoskovsk Raion. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 71,613 (2020 est.).
On 19 September 2024, the Verkhovna Rada voted to rename Novomoskovsk Raion to Samar Raion.

## Subdivisions
### Current

After the reform in July 2020, the raion consisted of eight hromadas:
* Cherkaske settlement hromada with the administration in the rural settlement of Cherkaske, retained from Novomoskovsk Raion;
* Chernechchina rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Chernechchina, transferred from Mahdalynivka Raion;
* Hubynykha settlement hromada with the administration in the rural settlement of Hubynykha, retained from Novomoskovsk Raion;
* Lychkove rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Lychkove, transferred from Mahdalynivka Raion;
* Mahdalynivka settlement hromada with the administration in the rural settlement of Mahdalynivka, transferred from Mahdalynivka Raion.
* Pereshchepyne urban hromada with the administration in the city of Pereshchepyne, retained from Novomoskovsk Raion;
* Pishchanka rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Pishchanka, retained from Novomoskovsk Raion.
* Samar urban hromada with the administration in the city of Samar, transferred from the city of oblast significance of Novomoskovsk;

### Before 2020

Before the 2020 reform, the raion consisted of four hromadas:
* Cherkaske settlement hromada with the administration in Cherkaske;
* Hubynykha settlement hromada with the administration in Hubynykha;
* Pereshchepyne urban hromada with the administration in Pereshchepyne;
* Pishchanka rural hromada with the administration in Pishchanka.
# Natalya Seleznyova

Natalya Igorevna Seleznyova (Russian: Ната́лья И́горевна Селезнёва; born 19 June 1945) is a Soviet and Russian theater and film actress.

## Biography

She first took the stage at the age of six, participating in the Red Army Theatre plays. Her notable cinema work includes roles in films directed by Leonid Gaidai, like Operation Y and Shurik's Other Adventures and Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future.
In 1966 she graduated from the Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute (course of Boris Zakhava) and became an actress of Moscow Academic Theatre of Satire. In 1968, on the set of film "Caliph-Stork" met the actor Vladimir Andreyev, whom she married.
In the 1970s she became famous in the USSR as Mrs. Katarina, one of the main characters in "Pub "13 Chairs"" TV series.
In 2014, Seleznyova became an assistant to the Children's Rights Commissioner for the President of the Russian Federation (children's ombudsman).

## Awards

* Honored Artist of the RSFSR (30 September 1981)
* People's Artist of Russia (2 May 1996)
* Order of Friendship (1 December 2006)
* Order of Honour (Russia) (16 July 2015)

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1953 | Alyosha Ptitsyn Grows Up | Sashenka | |
| 1956 | The Girl and the Crocodile | Katya Pastushkova | |
| 1961 | Alenka | Elizabeta, sister Nyury | |
| 1965 | Operation Y and Shurik's Other Adventures (segment "Navazhdeniye") | Lida, student at the Polytechnic Institute | |
| 1966 | Sasha-Sashenka | Sasha Krylova, painter | |
| 1966 | Who invented the wheel? | Zoyka | |
| 1967 | I Loved You | Lidia Nikolayevna | |
| 1969 | Caliph-Stork | princess | TV |
| 1969-1981 | The 13 Chairs Pub | Pani Katarina | TV series |
| 1970 | Adventures of the Yellow Suitcase | Petya's mother |
| 1970 | As we were looking Tishka | nursery-governess | |
| 1972 | Dot, dot, comma ... | district doctor | |
| 1973 | Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future | Zinaida Mikhaylovna Timofeyeva | |
| 1974 | One of the lads | Alya Malysheva | |
| 1975 | It Can't Be! | Anatoly's wife | |
| 1978 | In streets of dresser were taken ... | Driver's fellow-traveller | |
| 1979 | The Theme | Svetlana, Yesenin's disciple | |
| 1979 | Adventure Nuki | mama Alyoshi | |
| 1979 | Seller birds | Countess | TV |
| 1981 | Caliph-Stork | Stork (voice) | TV Short |
| 1982 | Simply Awful! | Car repair worker | |
| 1982 | Take care of men! | Alla, a colleague and a friend of Martha Petrovna | |
| 1985 | City of brides | | |
| 1995 | House | | TV series |
| 1997 | Old songs 2 | | TV movie |
| 1998 | Old songs 3 | Zinaida Mikhailovna | TV movie |
| 1998 | Diva Mary | Inna | |
| 1998 | Attorney Jubilee | neighbor, Attorney | |
| 2000 | Agent in mini skirt | Natalya Ivanovna | |
| 2006 | You will not leave me | mother Vera | |
| 2008 | Swell mob | Aunt Sima, a neighbor Yuliya | TV movie |
# Yaathrayude Anthyam

Yaathrayude Anthyam is a 1989 Malayalam-language television film co-written and directed by K. G. George for Doordarshan. The film stars Murali as a reputed writer. The film depicts his intellectual and emotional relationship with an intellectual (M.G. Soman) who leads the life of a simple farmer in a remote village, and his worries about his widowed daughter (Annamma Abraham) who has a five-year-old girl child.The story is entirely based on these relationships. The story unfolds through the writer's bus journey to visit him. This film was never released in theaters. The film is based on the short story, "Kottayam Manathavadi", by Parappurath.

## Plot

VKV sets out for an overnight journey to meet his friend Abraham following the receipt of a telegram from Abraham's side. Perplexed on why such a telegram was sent instead of a letter, VKV recounts their relationship and how they inspired each other, throughout the journey. The journey focuses on the lives of fellow travelers also. An NRI in the bus, a wedding party etc. At the fag end of the journey, VKV sees the man sitting next to him, bride's father die. VKV reaches his destination only to find Abraham's dead body. Abraham's daughter tells VKV that her father was waiting for him on his dead bed and said VKV would be travelling in bus and will see him die while travelling. VKV gets shocked. Abraham in one of their old discussions had said life is a repetition of the set of same images, though the characters essentially only the people change.

## Cast

* Murali as Writer VKV
* M.G. Soman as Abraham
* Karamana Janardhanan Nair as Kariyachan
* Annamma Abraham as Abraham's daughter Susanna
* Asha Jayaram as Molly
* Shyama as Molykutty's sister
* Aliyar as Man in the bus
* Kaveri as Child in the bus

## Critical response

For plumeriamovies, Arjun Anand wrote, Yaathrayude Anthyam is the most simplest film of the writer, it almost feels like a stretched out slice-of-life episode. But the filmmaking is quietly engaging. Death is a very melodramatic subject. If his contemporaries, Padmarajan in his Moonnam Pakkam, Lohithadas in Bharatham or Dennis Joseph in Akashadoothu among others, treated death and grief with melodrama and exuberant poignance, KG George's take on the subject―just like any other work of his―is subdued, objective and intellectual. The profoundness in his writing is not literary like MT/Lohi, it's rather rational.
# James Traill

James Traill may refer to:
* James Traill (bishop), Anglican bishop
* James Hamilton Traill, Australian flying ace
* James Traill (cricketer), English cricketer and barrister
* James Traill (botanist) (died 1853)
# Vallavanukkum Vallavan

Vallavanukkum Vallavan (transl. Expert of all experts) is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language action comedy film written and directed by Vijay Tesingu, starring Bobby Simha, Sshivada and Pooja Devariya. It has music composed by Raghu Dixit, editing by Vivek Harshan and cinematography by Padmesh. The film which was announced in 2015 and was completed in 2016, had a delayed release on 20 January 2023.

## Plot

Two swindlers, Alexander and Napoleon, convinced that money can resolve all their issues, plan to extort funds from evildoers. However, their troubles escalate when they encounter a crazy police officer.

## Cast

* Bobby Simha as Alexander
* Sshivada as Azhagi
* Pooja Devariya as Aandal
* Napoleon as Minister Aalavandhan
* Karunakaran as Napoleon
* Anandaraj as Inspector Poonthamalli
* Appukutty as Bangaru
* Sangili Murugan as Sethu Vinayagam
* Kalairani as Phonex Grandma
* Munnar Ramesh as Sura Peter
* Anthony Daasan as Tholar Karki
* R. K. Vijay Murugan as "Bulb" Paramu
* Gajaraj as Singadurai
* Supergood Subramani as Head Constable
* Sibi Pandian as Jeans

## Production

In September 2015, Bobby Simha said that he would produce and act in a venture called Vallavanuku Vallavan and that he had first heard and been impressed with the script in 2013. The film was to mark his first production venture, for which he set up the studio Assault Production, to co-produce the film alongside Sri Thenandal Films. Sshivada and Pooja Devariya were cast as the film's lead actresses during October 2015, while Raghu Dixit, Vivek Harshan and Padmesh were signed on as music composer, editor and cinematographer respectively. Production on the film took place throughout 2016, with the project garnering attention for featuring the actor in multiple roles.
The financial problems of Sri Thenandal Films prompted a long delay in the release of the film. In 2019, it was reported that the fil would be sold to, and released by Libra Productions, but the changes did not lead to the film's release. It eventually was released theatrically in January 2023.

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed by Raghu Dixit.

## Release and reception

Despite being completed in 2016, Vallanukkum Vallavan was released on 20 January 2023, seven years after the delay.
Latha Srinivasan of India Today gave a negative review citing "It's an age-old story which looks very 80s and Bobby Simha’s character is not a novelty factor. Though the director has tried to add some elements of comedy along with the con angle, it doesn’t work" and concluded the film "can be given a complete miss". Logesh Balachandran of The Times of India wrote "Vallavanukkum Vallavan would have definitely worked for the audience if it would have released few years ago as planned. But now, having witnessed a lot of films of this genre, it might hardly engage the viewers." Malini Mannath wrote, "The film released after lying in the cans for about six years may not give a stale feel. But it has a script which is weakly etched, the screenplay taking a downslide as the story telling progresses".
# Stegopodus

Stegopodus is an ichnogenus erected in 1998 for the second set of stegosaur tracks from the Morrison Formation. The tracks were found near Arches National Park, also in Utah. Unlike the first, this trackway preserved traces of the forefeet. Fossil remains indicate that stegosaurs have four digits on the forefeet and three weight-bearing digits on the hind feet. From this, paleontologists were able to successfully predict the appearance of stegosaur tracks in 1990, six years in advance of the first actual discovery of Morrison stegosaur tracks. Since the erection of Stegopodus, more trackways have been found, however none have preserved traces of the front feet, and stegosaur traces remain rare.
# Johann Peter Hasenclever

Johann Peter Hasenclever (18 May 1810, Remscheid - 16 December 1853, Düsseldorf) was a German genre painter, associated with the Düsseldorfer Malerschule.

## Life and work

His father, Johann Peter Hasenclever (1784–1864), was a toolsmith; involved in the local iron trade. In 1825, he went away to school in Ronsdorf and moved into the home of his teacher, Johann Peter Fasbender, who recognized and encouraged his talent for drawing. When he was seventeen, he enrolled at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, under the direction of Friedrich Wilhelm von Schadow. However, he left after only two years, when Schadow expressed serious doubts about his abilities. He made a second attempt in 1836, studying with Theodor Hildebrandt, a great admirer of Dutch Golden Age art. At that time, genre painting was relatively new to Germany, so this had a significant influence on Hasenclever's choice of subject matter.
His first success followed his move to Munich in 1838, where he was commissioned to create illustrations for the satirical poem Jobsiade [de], by Carl Arnold Kortum; the story of a "perpetual student", who ends up working as a night watchman. He created twenty paintings that were lithographed for the book. One of them, "Hieronymus Jobs at the Exam", was acquired by King Ludwig I of Bavaria in 1840. Three years, he returned to Düsseldorf as a famous painter and was named a member of the Prussian Academy of Arts. It was during this time that he became known for his depictions of everyday life in the Biedermeier period.
Shortly after returning, he married Caroline Anna Babette (1821–1895), said to be the illegitimate child of Major Alois Trentini (1790–1864) and Babette Winter, a blacksmith's daughter from Munich. They had three children, Carolina Laura Louisa (b.1844), who became a teacher, and two sons. Their first son, Peter (1847–1920) was a drawing professor at a gymnasium in Munich. Their second son, Ernst (b.1852), apparently became a painter, although little is known about him.
He took part in the political activities of the Vormärz, and was one of the first painters in Germany to produce art with social commentary. He became a member of the anti-academic artist's association, "Crignic", which gave rise to the organization known as "Malkasten" (Paintbox). From 1847, he contributed to the satirical Düsseldorfer Monathefte [de]. When the revolution of 1848 broke out, he became a deputy platoon leader for the vigilance committee.
He died of typhus, aged only forty-three. Shortly before his death, Karl Marx had praised his work in the New York Daily Tribune, specifically citing his painting "Worker's Delegation Before the Magistrate", as an example of proletarian art. In the 1960s and 70s, this would lead to a renewed interest in his works within the German Democratic Republic; beginning in 1964, when the art historian, Wolfgang Hütt, started investigating Marxist elements in the paintings of the Düsseldorf school.

## Selected paintings

* Worker's Delegation Before the Magistrate
* The Reading Room
* A Scene in the Studio
* Hieronymus Jobs at the Exam
# Charibert of Hesbaye

Charibert de Haspengau (c. 555–636) was a Frankish nobleman, possibly a comes. The identity of his parents is uncertain, though he is believed by some to be the son of King Charibert I of Paris. Charibert is described as Charibert nobilis in Neustria. No other information is available other than descriptions of his grandchildren (e.g., Lambertus, Bishop of Lyon), who are described as having "high rank and worthy of significant positions" within the palace.
Charibert married Wulfgurd of Hesbaye of unknown parentage. They had four children:
* Robert I, Bishop of Tours
* Aldebert, a monk, possibly at Fontenelle Abbey
* Erlebert, Seigneur de Quernes
* A daughter, whose name is unknown.
# The Unseen in Between

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AnyDecentMusic? | 7.3/10 |
| Metacritic | 79/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| American Songwriter | |
| Chicago Tribune | |
| Clash | 8/10 |
| DIY | |
| Paste | 7.6/10 |
| Pitchfork | 7.2/10 |
The Unseen in Between is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Steve Gunn. It was released on January 18, 2019 through Matador Records.

## Charts

| Chart | Peak position |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 54 |
| US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard) | 11 |
| US Independent Albums (Billboard) | 24 |