OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# "Wildman" Steve Brill

Steve "Wildman" Brill (born March 10, 1949) is an American forager, naturalist, environmental educator and author. He gained notoriety in 1986, when he was arrested in New York City's Central Park for eating a dandelion.

## Early life and career

Brill was born to a Jewish family and identifies as culturally Jewish. His grandmother taught him cooking when he was a child. His family often went berry picking and foraging. Brill was a pre-med student at George Washington University. He later changed his major to psychology, but learned botany, foraging, and gourmet vegan cooking on his own, after college.

## Career

Brill has been taking people on nature walks in New York's Central Park, and parks throughout the Greater NY area, since 1982. Brill says his tours had the approval of the parks department until they began refusing to issue him a weed-picking permit in 1983. He gained notoriety in 1986 when he was arrested by two undercover park rangers and charged with criminal mischief after allegedly eating a dandelion he had picked in New York's Central Park. Brill was released with a "desk-appearance ticket" pending trial. According to Brill, the New York City Parks Department "dropped the charges and hired me to lead the same tours I was busted for" until a change in park administration in 1990.
In 1994, Brill published his book: Identifying and Harvesting Edible and Medicinal Plants in Wild (and Not So Wild) Places which explains how to identify and forage for edible or medicinal plants. In 2001, Brill published The Wild Vegetarian Cookbook: A Forager's Culinary Guide; a 500 recipe wild and natural foods cookbook. In 2008, he released his self-published "Shoots and Greens of Early Spring in Northeastern North America, and in 2014, he released his self-published "Foraging with Kids."
In 2011, Brill released an iPhone app called Wild Edibles Forage with Winterroot, which gives information on "250 common North American plants". They also created an Android version. Both applications feature Brill's edible plant photos, his botanical illustrations, and hundreds of his vegan whole-foods recipes.
Brill is reported to be the foremost expert in The Northeast foraging and works with nature centers, schools, day camps, libraries, parks departments, land trusts, nature centers, museums, health food stores, farmer's markets, teaching farms, and other organizations, to educate the public on foraging in the Northeastern US. Many of his tours are co-led by his foraging expert daughter, Violet Brill (born 2004).
Steve Brill is also an artist who creates sculptures and paintings of plants which can be seen in his app and books.
# Sam Gilbert (rugby union)

Sam Gilbert (born 21 January 1999 in New Zealand) is a New Zealand rugby union player who plays on the wing for the Highlanders in Super Rugby. He has signed for the Highlanders for the Super Rugby Aotearoa competition.

## Reference list

* ↑ "Sam Gilbert". Ultimate Rugby. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
* ↑ "TEAM PREVIEW: The Highlanders". Super Rugby NZ. 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
* ↑ "Rugby: Five Bay of Plenty rugby players about to start New Zealand Under 20s 2019 campaign". New Zealand Herald. 26 April 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
* ↑ "Sam Gilbert". ESPN Rugby. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
# Β-Propiolactone

β-Propiolactone, often simply called propiolactone, is an organic compound with the formula CH$_2$CH$_2$CO$_2$. It is a lactone family, with a four-membered ring. It is a colorless liquid with a slightly sweet odor, highly soluble in water and organic solvents. The carcinogenicity of this compound has limited its commercial applications.

## Production

β-Propiolactone is prepared industrially by the reaction of formaldehyde and ethenone in the presence of aluminium- or zinc chloride as catalyst:
In the research laboratory, propiolactones have been produced by the carbonylation of epoxides.

## Reactions and applications

It reacts with many nucleophiles in a ring-opening reactions. With water hydrolysis occurs to produce 3-hydroxypropionic acid (hydracryclic acid). Ammonia gives the β-alanine, which is a commercial process.
Propiolactone was once widely produced as an intermediate in the production of acrylic acid and its esters. That application has been largely displaced in favor of safer and less expensive alternatives. β-Propiolactone is an excellent sterilizing and sporicidal agent, but its carcinogenicity precludes that use. It is used to inactivate a wide variety of viruses, for instance the influenza virus, as a step in vaccine production. The principal use of propiolactone is an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemical compounds.

## Safety

β-Propiolactone is "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" (IARC, 1999). It is one of 13 "OSHA-regulated carcinogens," chemicals regarded occupational carcinogens by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, despite not having an established permissible exposure limit.
# Ebenezer Raynale

Ebenezer Raynale (October 21, 1804 – March 24, 1881) was an American physician and politician. He served two terms in the Michigan Senate following the adoption of the first state constitution.

## Biography

Ebenezer Raynale was born in Hartland, Vermont, on October 21, 1804, the son of Ebenezer and Mary Raynale. His father, who died the month before Raynale was born, was a farmer, teacher, and surveyor. When Raynale was three, his mother moved him and his sister Harriet to Brooklyn, Pennsylvania, where she remarried a year later, to Jonathan Sabin. The family moved several more times, to Ovid, New York, Reading, New York, and then in 1819 to Cambria, New York, where they lived until Raynale was 19 years old. He returned to Brooklyn, Pennsylvania, for four years to study medicine, with one more year of study back in Cambria, before he was licensed to practice medicine and surgery in New York.
In May 1828, he sailed on the steamboat Henry Clay from Buffalo to Detroit, then settled in Franklin, Michigan, and began practicing medicine. At the time, he was the only physician in Southfield Township. He developed a reputation for sacrificing his own comfort in order to help the poor; he once got lost for an entire day and night in a snow storm after visiting a poor patient in the country, and his bill was just $3.
He served as the postmaster of Franklin for seven years after establishing the post office in the winter of 1828–1829. He built a sawmill in 1831 but sold it soon after. In 1835, he was chosen as a delegate to the state constitutional convention, and in October he was elected as a Democrat to a seat in the first session of the Michigan Senate, and was re-elected in 1837. He became violently ill during a session of the senate in Detroit, and his fellow senators put him in a bed in a covered wagon to go home, believing he was about to die. He recovered, and in the end was the last surviving member of the first session of the senate.
Following his time in the state senate, he moved to a farm in Bloomfield Township, and in 1839 he resumed practicing medicine after moving to Birmingham, Michigan. He was again chosen as a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1850.
Raynale was one of a group of 21 citizens who in 1846 purchased the property of Greenwood Cemetery in Birmingham and expanded it two four times its previous size. He died in Birmingham on March 24, 1881, and is buried in Greenwood Cemetery.

### Family

Raynale married Eliza Cassidy, of Springville, Pennsylvania, in October 1830. They had one child who died in infancy and four who lived to adulthood: Harriet E., Spencer B., Mary E., and Dr. Charles M. Raynale, who later took over his father's medical practice.
# Closing entries

Closing entries are journal entries made at the end of an accounting period to transfer temporary accounts to permanent accounts. An "income summary" account may be used to show the balance between revenue and expenses, or they could be directly closed against retained earnings where dividend payments will be deducted from. This process is used to reset the balance of these temporary accounts to zero for the next accounting period.
# Air-jet loom

An air-jet loom is a shuttleless loom that uses a jet of air to propel the weft yarn through the warp shed. It is one of two types of fluid-jet looms, the other being a water-jet loom, which was developed previously. Fluid-jet looms can operate at a faster speed than predecessor looms such as rapier looms, but they are not as common. The machinery used in fluid-jet weaving consists of a main nozzle, auxiliary nozzles or relay nozzles, and a profile reed.
Air-jet looms are capable of producing standard household and apparel fabrics for items such as shirts, denim, sheets, towels, and sports apparel, as well as industrial products such as printed circuit board cloths. Heavier yarns are more suitable for air-jet looms than lighter yarns. Air-jet looms are capable of weaving plaids, as well as dobby and jacquard fabrics.

## Method

In an air-jet loom, yarn is pulled from the supply package, and the measuring disc removes a length of yarn of the width of fabric being woven. A clamp holds the yarn and an auxiliary air nozzle forms it into the shape of a hairpin. The main nozzle blows the yarn, the clamp opens, and the yarn is carried through the shed. At the end of the insertion cycle, the clamp closes, the yarn is beaten in and cut, and the shed is closed. The jets are electronically controlled, with an integrated database.
Research has been done to analyze factors that contribute to compressed air use, a major source of energy consumption, in air-jet looms.

## History and production

The air-jet loom was invented in Czechoslovakia in the 1950 by Vladimír Svatý and was later refined by Swiss, Dutch, and Japanese companies.
Companies that produce air-jet looms include Toyota Industries and Tsudakoma, both based in Japan; RIFA (PICKWELL in India), based in China; Picanol, based in Belgium; Dornier, based in Germany; and RIFA, based in China; and Itema, based in Italy.
# Ted Verity

Edward Verity (born 19 August 1965) is a British journalist. He has been editor of the Daily Mail since 2021. He was formerly editor of Mail newspapers, with responsibility for the Daily Mail, The Mail on Sunday and You magazine. Before that, he was editor of The Mail on Sunday.

## Education

Verity studied at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He attended alongside the former Labour MP David Miliband, matriculating in 1984.

## Career

Verity began his journalism career at the Stoke Evening Sentinel, and in 1990 joined Associated Newspapers.
He began as a reporter, going on to run the showbusiness desk at the Daily Mail. He had a stint as the Daily Mail's royal correspondent. He moved to a role at Femail before moving to an executive function at MailOnline.
In 2004 he moved to Ireland to take on a role at the Irish Mail, becoming editor-in-chief, overseeing the launch of the Irish Daily Mail and the conversion of Ireland on Sunday to the Irish Mail on Sunday in 2006.
In 2008 he returned to London to become executive editor at The Mail on Sunday, serving as fourth in command and described as a "Dacre golden boy".
In June 2018, it was announced that Verity would succeed Geordie Greig, who would in turn succeed Paul Dacre as editor of the Daily Mail in November 2018. He edited his first edition of The Mail on Sunday on 9 September 2018, slightly earlier than initially expected.
In November 2020 Verity wrote a letter in The Guardian defending his title's coverage of Marcus Rashford, specifically a story which referred to the player's ownership of buy-to-let properties.
That same month, Private Eye reported that Verity's title had obtained images of Carrie Symonds "garbed in Roman attire with chums at a university ball". Symonds reportedly applied pressure on senior press figures to have the photos withdrawn from publication, but the photographs were only moved from the front page to a less prominent position after a direct intervention to Verity was made by the Prime Minister.
In 2021 the Daily Mail lost in a high court claim made by the Duchess of Sussex alleging misuse of private information in five articles that reported the contents of a letter written by her father, Thomas Markle. It was reported that Verity had taken the side of editor-in-chief Paul Dacre, in contrast to the views of then Daily Mail editor Geordie Greig who had told the paper's proprietor Lord Rothermere to settle the claim. The New European reported at the time that relations between Verity and Greig were "strained", though the Mail is now appealing the case.
On 17 November 2021, Greig was "ousted" as editor and replaced by Verity, who began a new seven-day role as editor of Mail newspapers, with responsibility for the Daily Mail, The Mail on Sunday and You magazine.
On 17 December 2021, David Dillon was confirmed as editor of The Mail on Sunday.
In 2023, the New Statesman named Verity as the eighteenth most powerful right-wing political figure in the UK in 2023.
# Jerry Paxton

Jerry D. Paxton is an American politician and a Republican member of the Wyoming House of Representatives representing District 47 since January 8, 2013.

## Education

Paxton earned his BS in agricultural education and his MS in vocational education from the University of Wyoming.

## Elections

* 2012 When Republican Representative Jeb Steward retired and left the District 47 seat open, Paxton was unopposed for the August 21, 2012 Republican Primary, winning with 1,219 votes, and won the November 6, 2012 General election with 3,019 votes (74.4%) against Libertarian candidate Michael Hendricks.
# Petrocoptis

Petrocoptis is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae.
Its native range is Pyrenees to Northern Spain.

## Species

Species:
* Petrocoptis crassifolia Rouy
* Petrocoptis glaucifolia (Lag.) Boiss.
* Petrocoptis grandiflora Rothm.
* Petrocoptis guarensis Fern.Casas
* Petrocoptis hispanica (Willk.) Pau
* Petrocoptis montserratii Fern.Casas
* Petrocoptis montsicciana O.Bolòs & Rivas Mart.
* Petrocoptis pardoi Pau
* Petrocoptis pseudoviscosa Fern.Casas
* Petrocoptis pyrenaica (Bergeret) A.Braun ex Walp.
* Petrocoptis wiedmannii Merxm. & Grau
# Nikolai Nikolaeff

Nikolai Nikolaeff is an Australian actor who is best known for his roles in the television series Sea Patrol, Power Rangers Jungle Fury and Daredevil.
Nikolaeff was born in Melbourne, and is of Russian and Ukrainian descent. He began acting at the age of 12 and enrolled into the Victorian Youth Theatre. He attended school at Caulfield Grammar School and at 16, Nikolaeff landed a lead role in Crash Zone, which led to a number of roles in other children's television series. He took an arts degree at Monash University in Caulfield.

## Filmography
### Films

| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| 2003 | Subterano | Todd | |
| 2004 | Stealth | Russian Fighter Pilot No. 2 |
| 2006 | Forged | Juda | Short film |
| 2007 | Valentine's Day | Jodie |
| 2009 | Kin | Vlad | Supporting role |
| 2018 | Mile 22 | Aleksander | |
| 2019 | Togo | Dan Murphy | |
| 2023 | Last Voyage of the Demeter | Petrofsky | |

### Television

| Year | Television series | Role | Notes |
| 1999–2001 | Crash Zone | Mike Hansen | Main role, 26 episodes |
| 1999–2004 | Blue Heelers | Aiden Wiltshire/Stephen Chernov | 2 episodes |
| 1999 | High Flyers | Nick | 1 episode |
| 2000 | Round the Twist | Snorrison | 2 episodes |
| 2000 | Pig's Breakfast | Nick | 3 episodes |
| 2000 | Eugenie Sandler P.I. | Bogdan | 1 episode |
| 2003 | Subterano | Todd | 1 episode |
| 2003 | The Saddle Club | Drew Regnery | 19 episodes |
| 2004 | Stingers | Slug | 1 episode |
| 2005 | Scooter: Secret Agent | Ed | 1 episode |
| 2005–2006 | Wicked Science | Jack Bailey | Supporting role, 26 episodes |
| 2006 | Penicillin: The Magic Bullet | James | Television film |
| 2008 | Canal Road | Vladimir | 2 episodes |
| 2008 | Mark Loves Sharon | Robbie Kane | 1 episode |
| 2008 | Power Rangers Jungle Fury | Dominic/Rhino Ranger | 14 episodes |
| 2009 | The Pacific | Rear Echelon Man | 1 episode |
| 2009–2011 | Sea Patrol | Leo "2Dads" Kosov-Meyer | 10 episodes |
| 2013 | Camp | David "Cole" Coleman | Main role, 10 episodes |
| 2015 | Daredevil | Vladimir | 6 episodes |
| 2016 | The OA | Mr. Azarov | 4 episodes |
| 2017 | Fargo | Drug Dealer | Episode: "The Law of Non-Contradiction" |
| 2018 | Six | Prince | 9 episodes |
| 2019 | NCIS: New Orleans | Luca Osman | Episode: "The River Styx, Part I" |
| 2020 | NCIS | Xavier Zovotov | Episode: "On Fire" |
| 2022 | Stranger Things | Ivan | 4 episodes |

### Video games

| Year | Film/TV | Role | Notes |
| 2021 | Call of Duty: Vanguard | Private Desmond "Des" Wilmot | |
| 2023 | Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III | Andrei Nolan | |
# Papa Pingouin

"Papa Pingouin" (French pronunciation:; "Poppa/Daddy Penguin") is a song recorded by French twin sisters Sophie & Magaly, with music composed by Ralph Siegel and Bernd Meinunger, and lyrics by Pierre Delanoë and Jean-Paul Cara. It represented Luxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest 1980, held in The Hague.

## Background
### Conception

The song was composed by Ralph Siegel and Bernd Meinunger –who are normally associated with Germany as a composer-lyricist combination–, with French lyrics by Pierre Delanoë and Jean-Paul Cara, and was recorded by Sophie & Magaly. It describes the fantasy life of the title character, a bored penguin who imagines flying like a seagull and travelling around the world, listing various places he visits in his imagination. The song ends with the penguin's realisation that life "on the ice floe" is not as bad as he had thought, so he "burns his suitcase" to signify that his desire to travel is over. Sophie & Magaly also recorded the German-language version of the song titled "Papa Pinguin".

### Eurovision

The Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion (CLT) internally selected the song as its entrant for the 25th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest.
On 19 April 1980, the Eurovision Song Contest was held at the Nederlands Congresgebouw in The Hague hosted by Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (NOS), and broadcast live throughout the continent. Sophie & Magaly performed "Papa Pingouin" fourth on the night, following Greece's "Autostop" by Anna Vissi and The Epikouri and preceding Morocco's "Bitaqat Hub" by Samira. Norbert Daum conducted the live orchestra in the performance of the Luxembourgian entry.
By the end of the night, the song had received 56 points, placing ninth out of nineteen entries.

## Chart history
### Weekly charts

| Chart (1980) | Peak position |
| France (IFOP) | 18 |

## Legacy
### Pigloo version

A remake of this song performed by animated penguin Pigloo became a hit in France in 2006, reaching number one on the SNEP Singles Chart for three weeks. The single remained on the chart for twenty-seven weeks, becoming the fifth-best-selling single in France that year. The song also charted on Swiss Singles Chart, where it peaked at number 24. A German version title "Papa Pinguin" also charted in German-speaking Europe, reaching number four in Austria and number six in both Germany and Switzerland.

#### Formats and track listings

CD single
* "Le Papa pingouin" — 3:09
* "Les Manchots et les Pingouins" (instrumental) — 3:12
Digital download
* "Le Papa pingouin" — 3:09

#### Certifications and sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| France (SNEP) | Gold | 292,224 |
# Commmons

commmons is a Japanese record label founded by Japanese musician Ryuichi Sakamoto. Avex Group, Japan's biggest independent record label, is its official parent company.

## History

Commmons was founded in 2006 by Sakamoto with the help of Avex and its founder and president, Max Matsuura. The word commmons has three M's because the third 'M' stands for music. On the initiative's "About" page, the label is described as a project that "aims to find new possibilities for music, while making meaningful contribution to culture and society."

## Distribution

It is distributed by Rhythm Zone, Avex's urban and R&B record label, and uses the catalog code "RZCM-4****". It also serves as a distributing label for Thrill Jockey and Raster-Noton in Japan.

## Artists

* Aoki Takamasa
* Asa-Chang & Junray
* Boredoms
* Christian Fennesz
* Kotringo
* OOIOO
* Open Reel Ensemble
* Ryuichi Sakamoto (Founder)
* Penguin Cafe Orchestra
* Sōtaisei Riron (Mirai Records/commmons)
* Takeshi Ueda
* Yellow Magic Orchestra

## Slogan

Commmons' official slogan is Think Global, Act Local.
# Snap! (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Robert Christgau | B+ |
| The Encyclopedia of Popular Music | |
| The New Rolling Stone Album Guide | |
Snap! is a greatest hits album by The Jam, released on 14 October 1983, one year after the group disbanded. The double-album includes all sixteen of the band's UK singles, plus some B-sides, album tracks and rarities. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called it "one of the greatest greatest-hits albums of all time". A shorter version, removing the 8 non-singles, was released as a single CD in 1985 as Compact Snap!.

## Editions

Initial quantities of the album included a limited edition 4-track EP, Live, recorded at Wembley Arena during the farewell tour of 1982. Featuring the tracks "Get Yourself Together", "Move On Up", "The Great Depression" and "But I'm Different Now", the EP is notable for the fact that these songs were never re-issued on any other Jam compilation.
A shorter version, with 8 tracks less than the original so that it could fit on a single CD, was released in 1984 as Compact Snap!. The omitted tracks were the non-single tracks "Away from the Numbers", "Billy Hunt", "English Rose", "Mr. Clean", "The Butterfly Collector", "Thick As Thieves", "Man in the Corner Shop" and "Tales from the Riverbank". The result is that Compact Snap! is a collection of all The Jam's singles, with the exception of "Just Who Is the 5 O'Clock Hero?". The CD was repackaged in 1990 as All The Choice Cuts for the Australian market as part of the Polydor Startrax series. Compact Snap! has a similar track listing to The Very Best of The Jam with "Smithers-Jones" replacing "Just Who Is the 5 O'Clock Hero?".
Universal Music re-released the album in its entirety on CD in 2006, initial copies including the limited edition live EP. Cover Artwork by Simon Halfon

## Track listing
### Limited edition bonus EP (all tracks previously unreleased and recorded live at Wembley Arena, 2 & 3 December 1982)

* "Move On Up"
* "Get Yourself Together"
* "The Great Depression"
* "But I'm Different Now"

## Charts

Snap! spent 30 weeks on the UK album charts, which debuted and peaked at No. 2 for two weeks. The shorter version, Compact Snap!, also charted in the UK, peaking at No. 39 in July 2005.
| Chart (1983) | Peak position |
| Australian (Kent Music Report) | 70 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 2 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Platinum | 300,000$^^$ |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# Andy Schwartz

Andy Schwartz (born September 26, 1950) is an American politician and a Democratic former member of the Wyoming House of Representatives representing District 23 from January 5, 2015 until January 10, 2023.

## Elections
### 2014

After incumbent Republican Representative Keith Gingery announced his retirement, Schwartz announced his candidacy and ran unopposed in the Democratic primary. He faced Republican candidate Jim Darwiche in the general election and defeated Darwiche, 56% to 44%. Schwartz's win was one of three Democratic pickups in the state, as Democrats gained seats in the legislature.

### 2016

Schwartz ran unopposed in both the Democratic primary and the general election.