OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Butterstone House School

Butterstone House Preparatory School was the only completely independent boarding preparatory school for girls in Scotland, until its merger with Kilgraston School in 2003.

## History

Butterstone House Preparatory School was founded in 1947 by The Hon Elizabeth Lyle, the younger daughter of Sir Archibald Sinclair of Ulbster, MP for Caithness and Sutherland, leader of the Liberal Party, Winston Churchill's wartime Secretary of State for Air and in 1952 created Viscount Thurso. Between 1947 and 1991 the school was located at Butterstone House, near Dunkeld in Perthshire.
Elizabeth Langlands was headmistress between 1973 and 1987. Langlands was succeeded by Christopher Syers-Gibson who remained at the school until his retirement in 1998.
Under the guidance of Christopher Syers-Gibson, the school moved to larger premises at Arthurstone House, Meigle, in 1991. (In 1992 Baroness Linklater of Butterstone, established the New School, Butterstone to cater for children with special needs.)
In June 2003, Butterstone announced that they would be merging with Kilgraston School, Bridge of Earn.

## Notable alumni

* Veronica Linklater
* Rosie Stancer
# Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008

The Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 is an Act of the Scottish Parliament passed in October 2008 to reform the courts of Scotland, to give statutory force to judicial independence, and to establish the Lord President of the Court of Session as Head of the Judiciary of Scotland.

## Provisions
### Judicial independence

Judicial independence is enshrined by Section 1 of the Act, which stipulates specific duties to uphold judicial independence on:
* The First Minister of Scotland
* The Lord Advocate
* The Scottish Ministers
* Members of the Scottish Parliament
* and others "with responsibility for matters relating to the judiciary or the administration of justice" in Scotland;$^{:Section1}$
All of those specified are barred from using any form of special access to influence the judgements or decisions made by the judiciary of Scotland.
# Tone Ng Shiu

Tone Ng Shiu (born 26 May 1994) is a New Zealand professional rugby union player who plays as a forward for the New Zealand national sevens team.

## International career

Ng Shiu made his international debut for New Zealand Sevens in 2017. He was named the 2019 New Zealand Rugby Sevens Player of the Year. He was named in the New Zealand squad for the Rugby sevens at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
Ng Shiu was part of the All Blacks Sevens squad that won a bronze medal at the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham. He was selected for the team again for the 2022 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Cape Town. He won a silver medal after his side lost to Fiji in the gold medal final.
He represented New Zealand at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris. He continued to play for New Zealand in the 2024-25 SVNS series.

## Personal life

He and his partner, Dhys Faleafaga, have twins, Kamari and Kaziel.
# Blattidae

Blattidae is a cockroach family in the order Blattodea containing several of the most common household cockroaches. Notable species include:
* Blatta orientalis: Oriental cockroach,
* Common shining cockroach: (Drymaplaneta communis)
* Florida woods cockroach: (Eurycotis floridana)
* Periplaneta spp: American cockroach, Australian cockroach, Brown cockroach, Smokybrown cockroach, Turkestan cockroach
* Botany Bay cockroach: (Polyzosteria limbata)

## Subfamilies and genera
### Archiblattinae

Auth. Kirby, 1904; distribution: SE Asia
* Archiblatta Snellen van Vollenhoven, 1862
* Bundoksia Lucañas, 2021
* Catara Walker, 1868
* Protagonista Latreille, 1810

### Blattinae

Auth. Latreille, 1810; distribution: Worldwide; synonym Duchailluiinae Roth, 2003
* Afrostylopyga Anisyutkin, 2014
* Apterisca Princis, 1963
* Blatta Linnaeus, 1758
* Brinckella Princis, 1963
* Cartoblatta Shelford, 1910
* Deropeltis Burmeister, 1838
* Distylopyga Bey-Bienko, 1965
* Dorylaea Stål, 1877
* Duchailluia Rehn, 1933
* Eroblatta Shelford, 1910
* Eumethana Princis, 1951
* Hebardina Bei-Bienko, 1938
* Henicotyle Rehn & Hebard, 1927
* Homalosilpha Stål, 1874
* Macrostylopyga Anisyutkin, Anichkin & Thinh, 2013
* Maoriblatta Princis, 1966
* Mimosilpha Bei-Bienko, 1957
* Miostylopyga Princis, 1966
* Neostylopyga Shelford, 1911
* Pelmatosilpha Dohrn, 1887
* Periplaneta Burmeister, 1838 (synonym Shelfordella Adelung, 1910)
* Pseudoderopeltis Krauss, 1890
* Scabinopsis Bei-Bienko, 1969
* Thyrsocera Burmeister, 1838
* †Bubosa Šmídová, 2020 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian

### Macrocercinae

Auth. Roth, 1993; distribution: Australasia
* Macrocerca Hanitsch, 1930

### Polyzosteriinae

Auth. Tepper, 1893; distribution: central & South America, Pacific islands, Australasia
* Anamesia Tepper, 1893
* Celatoblatta Johns, 1966
* Cosmozosteria Stål, 1874
* Desmozosteria Shelford, 1909
* Drymaplaneta Tepper, 1893
* Eppertia Shaw, 1925
* Eurycotis Stål, 1874
* Euzosteria Shelford, 1909
* Laevifaciesquadrialata Liao, Wang & Che, 2019
* Leptozosteria Tepper, 1893
* Megazosteria Mackerras, 1966
* Melanozosteria Stål, 1874
* Methana Stål, 1877
* Platyzosteria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865
* Polyzosteria Burmeister, 1838
* Pseudolampra Tepper, 1893
* Scabina Shelford, 1909
* Temnelytra Tepper, 1893
* Zonioploca Stål, 1874
# Elias Mapes

Elias Mapes (May 12, 1833 – 1906) was an American union organizer and politician from New York.

## Life

He was born on May 12, 1833, in Parma, Monroe County, New York, the son of Caleb Mapes and Harriet (Avery) Mapes. He attended the common schools in Rochester. Then he became a machinist. He was active in the labor reform movement, and was Secretary of the Monroe County Working Men's General Assembly.
He also entered politics as a Whig, and joined the Republican Party upon its foundation. He left the party in 1870, and later ran in elections on independent and third-party tickets.
In November 1870, he ran in the 28th District for Congress, and received 50 votes in the election to fill the vacancy in the 41st Congress, and 658 votes in the election for the seat in the 42nd Congress.
In November 1877, he was elected to the New York State Assembly, nominated by the Greenback Party, the Working Men, and other independent labor reform organizations. The Republicans made no nomination at that election, and Mapes polled 7,400 votes, 3,807 more than his Democratic opponent. He was a member of the 101st New York State Legislature in 1878.
He died in 1906.

## Sources

* ↑ The Groton Avery Clan by Elroy McKendree Avery (Volume 1)
* ↑ Report of the State-Commission on Prison labor (1871; pg. liii)
* ↑ Complete Statement of the Official Canvass, in Detail, of Election Held November 8, 1870 (Vol. II; pg. 2044 and 2047)
* ↑ The Albany Evening Journal Almanac (1878; pg. 67 and 121f)
* ↑ THE STATE LEGISLATURE; ORGANIZATION OF BOTH HOUSES in The New York Times on January 2, 1878
* ↑ Elias Mapes at ancestry.com
New York State Assembly :
| Preceded byJames S. Graham | New York State Assembly Monroe County, 2nd District 1878 | Succeeded byCharles S. Baker |
# House of Iljo and Strezo Cubalevski

The House of Iljo and Strezo Cubalevski is a historical house in Galičnik that is listed as Cultural heritage of North Macedonia. It is in ownership of one branch of the family of Cubalevski.

## Family history

The Cubalevski/Cubalevci trace roots from the Kolačevci family which originates from Albania. It is said that Kolačevci moved out from Albania after the fall of Gjerg Kastrioti.

### Notable members of the family

* Kuze Cubaleski - 19th century local teacher (daskal).
* Strezo Cubaleski - local sports activist.
* Mitre Cubaleski - local sports activist.
# Chester and Crewe Railway

The Chester and Crewe Railway was an early British railway company, authorised in 1837 by the Chester and Crewe Railway Act 1837 (7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict. c. lxiii).
It was absorbed by the Grand Junction Railway in 1840 via the Chester and Crewe Railway Act 1840 (3 & 4 Vict. c. xlix). The company built the section Chester–Crewe of the North Wales Coast line, 21 miles (34 km) in length, the engineer was Robert Stephenson and the contractor for the work was Thomas Brassey. It was the absorption of this company that led the Grand Junction Railway to building its locomotive works at Crewe, which led to Crewe becoming a major railway town.
# Lizzie (disambiguation)

Lizzie or Lizzy is a feminine given name.
Lizzie(s) or Lizzy may also refer to:

## Films

* Lizzie (1957 film), a film starring Eleanor Parker
* Lizzie (2018 film), a film starring Chloë Sevigny and Kristen Stewart

## Other uses

* Lake Lizzie, a lake in Minnesota, United States
* The Lizzies, nickname for the IT Journalism Awards in Australia
* The Lizzies, an all-female gang in the 1979 film The Warriors
* The Lizzies, an all-female gang in the video game The Warriors
* The Lizzies, sports teams at the Elizabeth Playground in Toronto, Canada, coached by Bob Abate
* Lizzy, one of the side characters from the webseries Murder Drones (2021-2024)
# Nazario Escoto

Nazario Escoto Donaire was acting President of "Democratic" Nicaragua after the death of Francisco Castellón (1815–1855) during the Granada-León civil war.
# Jorugaa Husharugaa

Jorugaa Husharugaa (transl. Loud and smart) is a 2023 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by Anu Prasad and starring Viraj Ashwin and Pujita Ponnada. The film was released to average reviews.

## Cast

* Viraj Ashwin as Santhosh
* Pujita Ponnada as Nitya
* Sonu Thakur
* Siri Hanumanthu
* Madhunandan as Anand
* P. Sai Kumar as Santhosh's father
* Rohini as Santhosh's mother
* Brahmaji as Church father

## Reception

A critic from 123telugu wrote that "On the whole, Jorugaa Husharugaa is a love drama that lacks proper execution. The film has healthy comedy and acceptable performances from the leads, especially Viraj Ashwin. Predictable moments, emotional gaps, and pacing issues are the drawbacks".
# Aki Nawaz

Haq Nawaz Qureshi (born 15 March 1961) is a British singer, rapper and musician, known professionally and mainly by his stage name, Aki Nawaz. He is part of the band Fun-Da-Mental, and is best known for his controversial lyrics.

## Profile

Nawaz was born in Bradford on 15 March 1961 and he is of Pakistani origin. His parents had come from Pakistan to the UK in the early 1950s and settled in Bradford, North England. He was raised in a working class family in the West Bowling area. In the 1980s, using his proper name Haq Qureshi, he played drums with the gothic rock band Southern Death Cult, a forerunner to The Cult, featuring Ian Astbury on vocals. When Astbury moved on to found his own band, the remaining musicians stayed together for a time as Getting the Fear, recruiting new singer Bee Hampshire from Futon, but eventually broke up. In 1986, Nawaz moved to London, set up a management company and signed artists to major record labels. Two years later, he formed Nation Records as a label primarily focused on creating fusions between different musical forms from all over the world for a more youth-oriented audience.
Nawaz advocates a certain Islamic orthopraxy, expressing total opposition to alcohol and drug use. He believes that there should be a unity between Afro-Caribbeans and Asians because he believes that the struggles that the two groups faced are exactly the same. Through his music, Nawaz attempts to "normalize" the Islamic presence in Britain as well as to explain the reasons for fundamentalist tendencies among Muslim youth. Nawaz has collaborated with many traditional musicians, both in the studio and live: these include Huun Huur Tu, Rizwan Muazzam Qawwal-Mighty, Zulu Nation (a South African hip-hop group), and Gazi Khan (an artist from Rajasthan).
Fun-Da-Mental worked with progressive Asian bands to help fight racism and spoke at anti-racist benefits. The group emphasizes militancy and self-defence when tackling racism.
Nawaz has been criticized by Islamic community members not only for his lyrics, but also for his group Fun-Da-Mental's recital of verses from the Qur'an over musical beats. Some Muslims believe this goes against what they regard as a fundamental tenet of Islam. In this sense, Nawaz's musical contributions are considered controversial for their lyrics as well as for their religious content. Nawaz claims he is prepared to face the consequences of any of his albums' releases, saying, "I'll take all the blame. If they're going to lock anyone up they'll lock me up."

## Controversy over lyrics

The controversy behind "All is War" lies in its lyrics, which could be interpreted as glorifying terrorism. One of the songs, "Cookbook DIY," (the song's title being likely a reference to The Anarchist Cookbook) includes instructions for making a home-made bomb. The video to this song makes many visual references to America. The video ends with a shot of graffiti which quotes John F. Kennedy's statement "If we make peaceful revolution impossible, we make violent revolution inevitable."
# Walden Ridge

Walden Ridge (or Walden's Ridge) is a mountain ridge and escarpment located in Tennessee in the United States. It marks the eastern edge of the Cumberland Plateau and is generally considered part of it. Walden Ridge is about 74 miles (119 km) long, running generally north-south. Its highest point is at Hinch Mountain (near Crossville), which reaches 3,048 feet (929 m) above sea level. Sometimes Walden Ridge is called the Cumberland Escarpment.

## Geology

Sequatchie Valley, a long valley in the Cumberland Plateau, is located just west of the southern part of Walden Ridge. Being part of the Cumberland Plateau, Walden Ridge is also part of the Appalachian Plateau physiographic province. The Sequatchie River runs through the valley. To the east of Walden Ridge are the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians and the Tennessee River. Walden Ridge is significantly higher than the Cumberland Plateau, and its eastern slope, descending over 1,000 feet (300 m) from the plateau to the Tennessee Valley, is steep and escarpment-like. Geologically, Walden Ridge continues south into Georgia and Alabama as Sand Mountain. Walden Ridge originally extended across the present path of the Tennessee River to Sand Mountain but was eroded when the Tennessee River Gorge was formed.

## History

According to the USGS, variant names of Walden Ridge include Waldens Ridge, Walldenns Ridge, Wallens Ridge, Walden's Ridge, and Walden Ridge Plateau.
# Rezi

Rezi - village is a village in Zala County, Hungary. Nearby are the ruins of a 13th-14th century hilltop castle, which looks down off a 418-meter hill.
# James Hadfield (rugby union)

James Hadfield is an English professional rugby union player who plays as a hooker for Premiership Rugby club Saracens.

## Rugby career

Originally from Brighton and Hove in East Sussex, Hadfield attended the University of Bath between 2017 and 2021, and represented their rugby union team while studying for a degree in health and exercise science. He helped the team to reach the semi-final stages of BUCS Super Rugby twice during this period. From 2019, Hadfield was also dual-registered with Premiership club Bath, appearing for the Bath United reserve team in the Premiership Rugby Shield.
Following graduation from university, Hadfield signed with RFU Championship club Richmond for the 2021–22 season, before transferring to league rivals Jersey Reds a year later. In the 2022–23 season, he scored 11 tries as Jersey won the Championship title for the first time in their history – including a try in the decisive 43–15 win against Ampthill.
On 29 September 2023, Hadfield was made redundant, along with the rest of the Jersey Reds playing squad and staff, after the club ceased trading and went into administration. However, a week later, he found a new club, signing for reigning Premiership champions Saracens – initially on a short-term deal, which was later extended until the end of the 2023–24 season. Hadfield made his Premiership debut away at Exeter Chiefs in October 2023, while his first Premiership tries arrived in the reverse fixture against Exeter in January 2024, when he scored a brace on the way to a 40–22 victory. Subsequently, he agreed an 18-month contract extension with Saracens.
In the 2024–25 season, Hadfield notably equalled the English top-flight record for most tries scored in a single match, when he crossed the whitewash 6 times for Saracens, during their 99–27 win over London Scottish in the Premiership Rugby Cup. He was also dual-registered with Championship club Ampthill for the duration of the season.
# Samuel Black Range

The Samuel Black Range is a mountain range in the angle of the upper Toodoggone and the Finlay Rivers in northern British Columbia, Canada. It has an area of 808 km$^2$ and is a subrange of the Omineca Mountains which in turn form part of the Interior Mountains. The range is named for Samuel Black, the first European to explore the area.
The highest mountain in the Samuel Black Range is the unofficially named Samuel Black SW13 at 2,120 m (6,955 ft).
# Lai Chi (football)

Lai Chi Sports Association (Chinese: 勵馳體育會), often abbreviated to Lai Chi, is a Macanese football team is going to play in the Terceira Divisão in 2025 because they finish in the third place in the 2024 Junior Divisão. It last completed in the Junior Divisão—the fourth level of Football in Macau and had competed in the 2ª Divisão de Macau. previously.
# Tellurium tetrachloride

Tellurium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound with the empirical formula TeCl$_4$. The compound is volatile, subliming at 200 °C at 0.1 mmHg. Molten TeCl$_4$ is ionic, dissociating into TeCl$_3$$^+$ and Te$_2$Cl$_{10}$$^{2−}$.

## Structure

TeCl$_4$ is monomeric in the gas phase, with a structure similar to that of SF$_4$. In the solid state, it is a tetrameric cubane-type cluster, consisting of a Te$_4$Cl$_4$ core and three terminal chloride ligands for each Te. Alternatively, this tetrameric structure can be considered as a Te$_4$ tetrahedron with face-capping chlorines and three terminal chlorines per tellurium atom, giving each tellurium atom a distorted octahedral environment

## Synthesis

TeCl$_4$ is prepared by chlorination of tellurium powder:
    Te + 2 Cl$_2$ → TeCl$_4$
The reaction is initiated with heat. The product is isolated by distillation. Crude TeCl$_4$ can be purified by distillation under an atmosphere of chlorine.
Alternatively TeCl$_4$ can be prepared using sulfuryl chloride (SO₂Cl₂) as a chlorine source. Yet another method involves the reaction of tellurium with sulfur monochloride (S$_2$Cl$_2$) at room temperature. This exothermic reaction rapidly forms white needle-like crystals of TeCl$_4$.

## Reactions

Tellurium tetrachloride is the gateway compound for high valent organotellurium compounds. Arylation gives, depending on conditions, Te(C$_6$H$_4$R)$_2$Cl$_2$, [Te(C$_6$H$_4$R)$_5$]$^−$, [Te(C$_6$H$_4$R)$_6$]$^{2−}$.
TeCl$_4$ has few applications in organic synthesis. Its equivalent weight is high, and the toxicity of organotellurium compounds is problematic. Possible applications of tellurium tetrachloride to organic synthesis have been reported. It adds to alkenes to give Cl-C-C-TeCl$_3$ derivatives, wherein the Te can be subsequently removed with sodium sulfide. Electron-rich arenes react to give aryl Te compounds. Thus, anisole gives TeCl$_2$(C$_6$H$_4$OMe)$_2$, which can be reduced to the diaryl telluride. TeCl$_4$ is a precursor to tellurium-containing heterocycles like tellurophenes.
Heating a mixture of TeCl$_4$ and metallic tellurium gives tellurium dichloride (TeCl$_2$).
In moist air, TeCl$_4$ forms tellurium oxychloride (TeOCl$_2$), which further decomposes with excess water to form tellurous acid (H$_2$TeO$_3$).

## Safety considerations

As is the case for other tellurium compounds, TeCl$_4$ is toxic. It also releases HCl upon hydrolysis.
# 1946 René le Bègue Cup

The 1946 René le Bègue Cup was a Grand Prix motor race held in Paris on 9 June 1946.

## Classification

| Pos | No | Driver | Team | Car | Laps | Time/Retired | Grid |
| 1 | 3 | Raymond Sommer | Scuderia Milano | Maserati 4CL | 30 | 1:38:42.0 | 1 |
| 2 | 6 | Louis Chiron | Automobiles Talbot Darracq | Talbot-Lago T26 | 30 | +17.6 | 5 |
| 3 | 11 | Robert Mazaud | Ecurie Franco-Americaine | Maserati 4CL | 29 | +1 Lap | 6 |
| 4 | 5 | Arialdo Ruggeri | Scuderia Milano | Maserati 4CL | 29 | +1 Lap | 13 |
| 5 | 21 | Thomas Mathieson | Private entry | Maserati 8C | 28 | +2 Laps | 9 |
| 6 | 24 | Yves Giraud Cabantous Eugène Chaboud | Ecurie France | Delahaye 135S | 28 | +2 Laps | 10 8 |
| 7 | 8 | Georges Grignard | Ecurie France | Delahaye 135S | 27 | +3 Laps | 15 |
| 8 | 18 | Eric Verkade | Ecurie Blanche et Noir | Alfa Romeo 8C | 27 | +3 Laps | 17 |
| 9 | 9 | Henri Trillaud | Ecurie France | Delahaye 135S | 27 | +3 Laps | 19 |
| 10 | 14 | Discoride Lanza Maurice Trintignant | Ecurie Tricolore | Maserati 4CL | 26 | +4 Laps | 14 |
| 11 | 23 | Charles Pozzi | Ecurie France | Delahaye 135S | 26 | +4 Laps | 18 |
| Ret | 1 | Jean-Pierre Wimille | Alfa Corse | Alfa Romeo 158 | 19 | Gearbox | 2 |
| Ret | 2 | Giuseppe Farina | Alfa Corse | Alfa Romeo 158 | 15 | Gearbox | 3 |
| Ret | 15 | Henri Louveau | Scuderia Automovilistica Milan | Maserati 4CL | 14 | Shock absorber | 7 |
| Ret | 4 | Tazio Nuvolari | Scuderia Milano | Maserati | 14 | Engine | 4 |
| Ret | 7 | Eugène Chaboud | Ecurie France | Delahaye V12 | 10 | Piston | 8 |
| Ret | 17 | "Raph" | Ecurie Naphtra Course | Maserati 6CM | | | 11 |
| Ret | 10 | Paul Friderich | Ecurie Blanche et Noir | Delahaye 155 | | | 20 |
| Ret | 20 | Enrico Platé | Ecurie Autosport | Maserati 4CL | 8 | | 16 |
| Ret | 12 | Harry Schell | Ecurie Franco-Americaine | Maserati 6CM | 6 | Gearbox | 12 |
| Ret | 28 | Eugène Martin | Private entry | Salmson | 3 | Supercharger | 22 |
| Ret | 19 | Victor-Henri Serve | Private entry | Bugatti Type 35B | 1 | Magneto | 21 |
| DNS | 26 | Jean Lucas | Ecurie Blanche et Noir | Alfa Romeo 8C | | | |