OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John A. Byrnes

John A. Byrnes (c. 1897 – July 24, 1963) was an American lawyer, politician, and judge from New York City.

## Life

Byrnes was born in around 1897 in New York City, New York.
Byrnes attended the parochial schools, Cathedral high school and college. He received an A.B. degree in 1918. He then went to Fordham University School of Law and received an LL.B. degree from there in 1923. He was admitted to the bar in 1924, and by 1926 he practiced law and had a law office at 261 Broadway. In 1925, he was elected to the New York State Assembly as a Democrat, representing the New York County 12th District. He served in the Assembly in 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, and 1936.
While in the Assembly, Byrnes accused some of Governor Herbert H. Lehman's anti-crime bills as "crackpot" legislation and a "hodge-podge of ill-advised measures." Lehman then singled him out in a message to the Legislature on better law enforcement, calling him a reactionary and an opponent of wholesale changes in criminal court proceedings. In 1936, Tammany Hall nominated him to succeed the retiring Justice Edward B. La Fetra to the City Court. He was elected to the City Court that November, was sworn into office that December by Surrogate James A. Foley, and was inducted into office in January 1937.
In 1943, the 22 City Court Justices unanimously Byrnes Chief Justice of the City Court, which at 46 made him the youngest person to hold that position until then. He was re-elected to the City Court in 1946. In 1956, a New York City Bar Association committee launched an inquiry into Byrnes' qualifications, and then asked the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division to investigate charges of nepotism and widespread absenteeism. He admitted to having a personal relationship with three members of his staff, including a son, a sister, and his wife's cousin, although he denied the absenteeism. He was re-elected to the City Court unopposed in the November election that year, but in March 1957 he didn't run for re-election as Chief Justice of the City Court and was succeeded to that position by Justice Peter A. Quinn. He resigned as Justice of the City Court in 1959 and was succeeded as Justice by Harry Harris.
Byrnes died at St. Vincent's Hospital on July 24, 1963. He was survived by his wife Mae and his sons James, John, and William.
# King-of-the-salmon

King-of-the-salmon (Trachipterus altivelis), is a species of ribbonfish in the family Trachipteridae. Its common name comes from the legends of the Makah people west of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, which hold that this fish leads the salmon annually to their spawning grounds. Catching or eating king-of-the-salmon was forbidden, as it was feared killing one would stop the salmon run. This myth is reflected by a former specific epithet used for this fish, rex-salmonorum, rex being Latin for "king". The king-of-the-salmon is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean from Alaska to Chile. It is usually found in the open ocean to a depth of 900 meters (3,000 feet), though adults sometimes feed on the sea bottom.
This species attains a known length of 1.83 meters (6.0 feet), though larger specimens have been reported. It has an elongated, ribbon-shaped body with a long dorsal fin running along its entire length. The dorsal fin is highest in the front and contains 165–184 soft rays. The pectoral fins are small and rounded, the pelvic fins are greatly reduced, and the anal fin is absent. The dorsal lobe of the caudal fin, containing 7–8 rays, points upward at a 45° angle to the body axis, while the ventral lobe is reduced to 5–6 spines. The eyes are large and the mouth is small but highly protrusible. The fish is silver with crimson-colored fins; the area above the eye is blackish.
Reproduction is oviparous, with pelagic eggs and larvae. Spawning appears to take place year-round with no specific peak. In the Northern Hemisphere, the density of the eggs is greatest towards the southern extents of its range, suggesting a relationship between spawning and warmer water temperatures. The eggs measure 2.6–3.7 mm (0.10–0.15 in) in diameter. The juveniles have longer fins than the adults, especially the first 5 rays of the dorsal fin and the pelvic fins, which are elongated with rows of pigmented swellings. Juvenile coloration is silvery with red fins and 3–5 dark blotches on the sides above the lateral line.
Large king-of-the-salmon feed on copepods, krill, small pelagic fishes, young rockfishes, squid, and octopus, while small individuals feed on copepods, polychaete worms, and fish larvae. Off the coast of Oregon, juveniles have different diets depending on habitat. Offshore juveniles feed mainly on the hyperiid amphipod Phronima, also taking small numbers of other amphipods, copepods, and free-floating fish scales. Inshore juveniles feed mainly on copepods and fish larvae. Known predators of small king-of-the-salmon include the bigeye thresher shark (Alopias superciliosus) and the longnose lancetfish (Alepisaurus ferox). This species is occasionally encountered while trolling for salmon, in nets, or washed up on the shore.
# Paul Postal

Paul Martin Postal (born November 10, 1936, in Weehawken, New Jersey) is an American linguist.

## Biography

Postal received his PhD from Yale University in 1963 and taught at MIT until 1965. That year, he moved to the City University of New York. In 1967 he was appointed to a research position at IBM and he remained on their research staff until 1994.
An important figure in the early development of generative grammar, he became a proponent of the generative semantics movement along with George Lakoff, James D. McCawley, and Haj Ross. In the 1970s, with David M. Perlmutter, he developed Relational Grammar. Later, with David E. Johnson, he developed Arc Pair Grammar. These non-transformational theories of grammar have had an indirect but major impact on modern syntactic analysis.
Since his involvement with generative semantics, he has been a vocal critic of Noam Chomsky and work done in Chomsky's frameworks.

## Selected bibliography

* Postal, Paul M. (1968). Aspects of phonological theory. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-045248-3
* Postal, Paul M. (1972). "The best theory". In S. Peters (Ed.), Goals of linguistic theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-357095-3
* Postal, Paul M. (1974) On Raising: One Rule of English Grammar and Its Theoretical Implications. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-26-266041-9
* Johnson, David E.; & Postal, Paul M. (1980). Arc pair grammar. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-608-03341-9
* Culicover, P. W., & Postal, Paul M. (2000). Parasitic gaps. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03284-1
* Postal, Paul M. (2003). "Policing the Content of Linguistic Examples". Language. 79 (1), 182–188.
* Postal, Paul M. Skeptical linguistic essays (Oxford University Press, US, 2004). ISBN 978-0-19-516671-2
# Coleophora flammea

Coleophora flammea is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in Afghanistan.
# Martin Bridge Limestone

The Martin Bridge Formation is a geologic formation in Idaho. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.
# Pattan

Pattan, is a sub-district town and a municipal community in Baramulla district within the Indian Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

## Location

Pattan is surrounded by Breng Block towards North, Kunzer block towards the south, Narbal block towards east, Singhpora block towards west. This place is near the border of the Baramulla, Budgam and Ganderbal districts. Budgam district and Beerwah are south of this place.

## Geography

Pattan is located at 34°10′N 74°34′E﻿ / ﻿34.17°N 74.57°E﻿ / 34.17; 74.57. It has an average elevation of 1,553 m (5,095 ft). Pattan is one of the historical capitals of Kashmir valley, located nearly in the centre of the valley. Pattan tehsil has remains of four palaces including two in the municipal limits.

## Transport

Pattan is accessible through Pattan railway station, Hamre railway station and Mazhom railway station. However, Jammu Tawi is the major railway station about 290 km (180 mi) from Pattan. Via Jammu-Srinagar National Highway, it is only 27 km (17 mi) from Summer Capital Srinagar. Sheikh-ul-Alam International Airport at Srinagar is the nearest airport, 27 km (17 mi) southeast.

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Pattan had a population of 19,538 of whom 12,580 are males and 6,958 are female. Literacy rate of Pattan is 74.28% higher than the erstwhile state average of 67.16%. In Pattan, Male literacy is around 83.92% while female literacy rate is 55.91%. Population of children with age of 0-6 is 2,053 which is 10.51% of total population age.
# Dan Eubanks

Daniel Paul Eubanks (born June 11, 1970) is an American politician, having represented District 25 as a Republican in the Mississippi House of Representatives since 2016.

## Biography

Dan Eubanks was born on June 11, 1970, in Hicksville, Ohio. He is a youth minister, and runs a small business. He was first elected to represent District 25 as a Republican in the Mississippi House of Representatives in 2015 for the 2016–2020 term. During his time in the Mississippi House of Representatives, Eubanks was a co-founder of the House's Freedom Caucus. He was re-elected for the 2020–2024 term. Eubanks put forward a bill in 2021 to charge abortion providers with murder. In 2022, Eubanks was one of six Republicans to vote against a bill to make equal pay for men and women a legal necessity.
He was a candidate in the 2024 United States Senate election in Mississippi, challenging incumbent Roger Wicker in the Republican primary. He lost, receiving 14% of the vote.
Eubanks is married to the former Corey Moore-Luckhardt.
# Ruslan Balanda

Ruslan Balanda (Ukrainian: Руслан Баланда; born 26 December 1992) is a Ukrainian Nordic combined skier. He was born in Kremenets.
He represented Ukraine at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 in Falun.
# Coleophora coliella

Coleophora coliella is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in North Africa.
The larvae possibly feed on Atriplex halimus.
# Kaldor's facts

Kaldor's facts are six statements about economic growth, proposed by Nicholas Kaldor in his article from 1961. He described these as "a stylized view of the facts", which coined the term stylized fact.

## Stylized facts of economic growth

Nicholas Kaldor summarized the statistical properties of long-term economic growth in an influential 1961 paper. He pointed out the 6 following 'remarkable historical constancies revealed by recent empirical investigations':
* The shares of national income received by labor and capital are roughly constant over long periods of time
* The rate of growth of the capital stock per worker is roughly constant over long periods of time
* The rate of growth of output per worker is roughly constant over long periods of time
* The capital/output ratio is roughly constant over long periods of time
* The rate of return on investment is roughly constant over long periods of time
* There are appreciable variations (2 to 5 percent) in the rate of growth of labor productivity and of total output among countries.
Kaldor did not claim that any of these quantities would be constant at all times; on the contrary, growth rates and income shares fluctuate strongly over the business cycle. Instead, his claim was that these quantities tend to be constant when averaging the data over long periods of time. His broad generalizations, which were initially derived from the U.S. and U.K. data, but were later found to be true for many other countries as well, came to be known as 'stylized facts'.
These may be summarized and related as follows:
* Output per worker grows at a roughly constant rate that does not diminish over time.
* Capital per worker grows over time.
* The capital/output ratio is roughly constant. (1+2)
* The rate of return on capital is constant.
* The share of capital and labor in net income is nearly constant.
* The wage grows over time. (2+4+5)
# All About My Father

All About My Father (Norwegian: Alt om min far) is a 2002 Norwegian biographical documentary film written and directed by Even Benestad. All About My Father is a personal documentary about the director's parent, the famous sexologist and trans person Esben Esther Pirelli Benestad, who lives in the southern Norwegian city of Grimstad.
The film won the Teddy Award for best documentary at the 2002 Berlin International Film Festival, the Critics' Award at the 2002 Gothenburg Film Festival, and the Documentary Award at The Norwegian Short Film Festival in Grimstad. It also won the 2002 Amanda Award for Best Film (Norwegian). The film was well received by critics, getting five out of six points from reviewers in Aftenposten, Dagbladet, Verdens Gang and the NRK radio show Filmpolitiet.
Internationally, the film was shown in several film festivals.
# Mechthild Bach

Mechthild Bach is a German soprano and a professor at the Hochschule für Musik Trossingen.

## Biography and career

Bach was born in Limburg an der Lahn, where she was a member of the Limburg Cathedral's girl choir from a very young age. After her abitur, she began her studies at the Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst Frankfurt am Main, under Elsa Cavelti's tutelage. During her time there she also made her operatic debut at the Staatstheater Darmstadt.
Since then, Bach has performed in such opera houses such as the Deutsche Oper am Rhein, the Nationaltheater München, and the Theater der Stadt Heidelberg, with conductors Reinhard Goebel, Peter Neumann, Ton Koopman, and Helmuth Rilling, among others. Additionally, she has performed the soprano parts in Mahler's symphonies, as Antigona in Handel's Admeto, and as Alice Ford in Verdi's Falstaff. She has also performed with the Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, and the Berlin Philharmonic. Bach is a professor at the Hochschule für Musik Trossingen [de].

## Awards

* 1986: A grant from the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes
* 1993: Innsbrucker Radiopreis für Alte Musik, for her album Thomaskantoren vor Bach with Cantus Cölln
* 2002: Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik, for her recording of Zelenka's Missa Dei Patris, with Frieder Bernius
# Chin Han

Chin Han may refer to:
* Chin Han or Jinhan confederacy (辰韓), Korean confederacy from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century AD
* Chin Han (actor, born 1938) (金漢), retired Hong Kong actor originally from mainland China, active in Hong Kong and Taiwanese cinema from 1963 to 1983
* Chin Han (actor, born 1946) (秦漢), Taiwanese actor originally from mainland China, active in Taiwanese, Hong Kong and Chinese cinema from 1970 until present
* Chin Han (actor, born 1969) (黃經漢), Singaporean actor active in Hollywood
# White Knob Formation

The White Knob Formation is a geologic formation in Idaho. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.
# Little Faringdon

Little Faringdon is a village and civil parish in West Oxfordshire, about 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Lechlade in neighbouring Gloucestershire. The 2001 Census recorded its population as 63.

## Manor

In the late Anglo-Saxon era Little Faringdon was part of a large estate that included Faringdon (formally Great Faringdon), from which it took its name. The manor was one of several in the area granted to the Cistercian Beaulieu Abbey as part of its Faringdon estate by a charter of 1203 or 1204. Beaulieu held its estates until it had to surrender them to the Crown in the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538. The manor was then held by the Bourchier and Perrott families. In about 1860 it was sold to Charles Ponsonby, 2nd Baron de Mauley, whose descendants hold it today. Until the 20th century Little Faringdon was an estate village. In 1910 the lord of the manor owned almost all the houses.

## Local government

Little Faringdon was historically a township of the parish of Langford, which until the 13th century was in Oxfordshire. For the next six centuries it was an exclave of Berkshire, until the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844 returned it to Oxfordshire. In 1864 Little Faringdon was made a separate ecclesiastical parish and in 1866 a separate civil parish. Since the 1974 boundary changes it has been part of West Oxfordshire District. The parish has a parish meeting, but no parish council.

## Parish church

The parish church is Norman, built in the 12th century as a dependent chapelry of Langford. It has Norman lancet windows in the chancel. In about 1200 the church was enlarged with the addition of a north aisle. The arcade between the nave and north aisle is in a transitional style between Norman and Early English Gothic. In the 14th century the porch and south door were added. A south aisle seems to have been added at about the same time but has since been lost. In about 1500 two Perpendicular Gothic clerestory windows were added to south side of the nave. The west window of the nave is also a late Medieval Perpendicular Gothic addition.
The church became the parish church when Little Faringdon became a separate parish in 1864. The vicarage to the south of the church was designed by the Gothic Revival architect William Butterfield and completed in 1867. The church's original dedication is unknown. In 2000 it was dedicated to St Margaret of England. The church is a Grade II* listed building. The parish is now part of the Benefice of Shill Valley and Broadshire, which includes also the parishes of Alvescot, Black Bourton, Broadwell, Broughton Poggs, Filkins, Holwell, Kelmscott, Kencot, Langford, Shilton and Westwell.

## Gallery

* St Margaret's parish church: paired lancet windows in Norman opening
* St Margaret's parish church: west arch of south arcade, with corbelled respond on west side
* St Margaret's parish church: blocked Norman north doorway in north aisle
* St Margaret's parish church: monument to Margaret Vizard, died 1833
# Bean bag

A bean bag (also beanbag) is a sealed bag containing dried beans, PVC pellets, expanded polystyrene, or expanded polypropylene. The bags are commonly used for throwing games, but they have various other applications.

## Furniture

Designed by Piero Gatti, Cesare Paolini and Franco Teodoro and produced by the Italian company Zanotta in 1969, beanbags have become a globally recognized piece of furniture. It is said that they noticed the staff would sit on bags filled with styrofoam during their coffee and cigarette breaks. The original beanbag chair is called "Sacco", which is a pear-shaped leather bag filled with Styrofoam beans and is still in production today.
Bean bags can be made from materials including leather, suede, corduroy and fake fur. Polyester bean bags are waterproof and can be used outdoors. Giant bean bags can also be used as a cheap alternative to buying a sofa or couch.
In August 2014, Ace Bayou Corp recalled 2.2 million bean bag chairs in the United States due to a design fault which allowed the chairs to be unzipped by children. Two children died from suffocation after climbing inside the chairs and inhaling the foam beads.

## Games

* Beanbag was a game referred to at the turn of the twentieth century by Finley Peter Dunne as the antithesis of roughness of politics, Politics ain't beanbag!.
* Cornhole is a bean bag tossing game similar to horseshoes and quoits, played with bean bags and two goals.
* Footbag (also known as Hacky Sack, a trademark) is a type of ball-shaped bean bag that is used to play various games.
* Bean bags are also commonly used for juggling.
* In gridiron football beanbags are used to mark the point of a change of possession (where a punt or kickoff is caught, an interception is made, or a fumble occurs)
* Bean bags are often used for a game similar to dodgeball where small square bean bags are slid across the floor with the object to hit the opposing team's players in the foot. The game is particularly popular in American elementary schools as a safer alternative to dodgeball.

## Other uses

* Bean bags are used as bean bag round ammunition for non lethal impact weapons.
* In benchrest and long-range shooting, bean bags or "shooting bags" are often used to support the gun's fore-end and buttstock, and allows the shooter to fine-adjust the aim by gently squeezing the rear bag.
* Clutching technology for robots makes use of bean bags.
* Smaller bean bags can be used to stabilize a camera when a tripod is not available.
# Trans-St-Laurent

Trans-St-Laurent is a ferry built in 1963 by the Davie Shipbuilding Company at Lauzon, Quebec, Canada. It was launched to meet the growing demand in Quebec for the Rivière-du-Loup–Saint-Siméon ferry route across the Saint Lawrence River. This ferry has been a critical transport link, connecting the Bas-Saint-Laurent region with Charlevoix.

## History

The Trans-St-Laurent entered service in 1963 following its construction at the Davie Shipbuilding yard. The ferry was designed to carry both passengers and vehicles, addressing the increasing transportation needs of the area. The vessel can transport approximately 100 vehicles and up to 380 passengers per voyage.
In 1964, the Quebec Ministry of Transport began the construction of a new dock east of the existing facilities at Rivière-du-Loup to accommodate the Trans-St-Laurent and improve ferry services.

## Operations

The ferry operates on the Rivière-du-Loup–Saint-Siméon route, a 27-kilometre (17 mi) journey that typically takes around 65 minutes. The ferry service is managed in partnership with the company Traverse Rivière-du-Loup-Saint-Siméon Ltée.

## Ownership

The vessel is registered in Quebec, and as of the latest information, it is owned by Clarke Inc., headquartered in Beechville, Nova Scotia.
# Ardleigh

Ardleigh /ˈɑːrdli/ is a village and civil parish in Essex, England. It is situated approximately 4 miles (6 km) northeast from the centre of Colchester and 26 miles (42 km) northeast from the county town of Chelmsford.

## History

Ardleigh appears in Domesday Book of 1086, when it is described as a holding of Geoffrey de Mandeville.
The area includes a number of smallholdings founded after the First World War by the Land Settlement Association. Though the Great Eastern Main Line passes close to the village, the railway station closed in November 1967.

## Transport and geography

The closest railway station is Manningtree, 3 miles (5 km) northeast. The village is on the A137 road, a route from Colchester to Ipswich, Suffolk. Ardleigh Reservoir is less than 1 mile (1.6 km) to the southwest.

## Governance and population

Ardleigh is in the district of Tendring and the parliamentary constituency of Harwich and North Essex. The village has its own Parish Council. It is part of the electoral ward called Ardleigh and Little Bromley, and includes the area known as Crockleford Heath. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was 2,311, growing from a population of 2081 recorded in the 2001 census.
# Ardington and Lockinge

Ardington and Lockinge are two civil parishes in the Vale of White Horse district, centred about 2 miles (3 km) east of Wantage, Oxfordshire, that share a single parish council. The two parishes were part of Berkshire until 1974 when they were transferred to Oxfordshire.

## Description and villages

The combined parish council was created in 2012 by merging the formerly separate parish councils of Ardington and Lockinge. The combined area of the two parishes is about 10 square miles (26 km$^2$). Most land and property in the area is owned and managed by the Lockinge Estate. Ginge Brook and its tributary Goddard's Brook drain the parishes into the River Ock a few miles to the north. The Great Western Main Line between Didcot and Swindon passes through the parishes.
The two parishes include the following villages:
* Ardington
* Ardington Wick, a hamlet
* East Lockinge
* West Lockinge
* West Ginge
* Remnants of Betterton, a "lost" or depleted hamlet