# Lee County, Iowa

Lee County is the southernmost county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 33,555. The county seats are Fort Madison and Keokuk. Lee County is part of the Fort Madison–Keokuk, IA–IL–MO Micropolitan Statistical Area. It was established in 1836.

## History

Fort Madison dates to the War of 1812. Lee County was the location of the Half-Breed Tract, established by treaty in 1824. Allocations of land were made to American Indian descendants of European fathers and Indian mothers at this tract. Originally the land was to be held in common. Some who had an allocation lived in cities, where they hoped to make better livings. Lee County as a named entity was formed on December 7, 1836, under the jurisdiction of Wisconsin Territory. It would become a part of Iowa Territory when it was formed on July 4, 1838. Large-scale European-American settlement in the area began in 1839, after Congress allowed owners to sell land individually. Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) under the direction of Brigham Young fled persecutions in Missouri to settle in Illinois and Iowa. Nauvoo, across the border in Hancock County, Illinois, became the main center of Latter-day Saints settlement, but there was also a Latter Day Saints stake organized in Lee County under the direction of John Smith, the uncle of Joseph Smith, land that was sold to them by Isaac Galland in 1839.
Lee has two county seats—Fort Madison and Keokuk. The latter was established in 1847 when disagreements led to a second court jurisdiction. Lee County's population grew to about 19,000 in 1850, the first US census, to 37,000 per the 3rd census in 1870, peaking at 44,000 people in 1960. It has continuously decreased since and as of 2020, 33,555 people lived there, comparable to the years between 1860 and 1870.

### Name

There is no consensus about the derivation of the name "Lee." It has been variously proposed that the county was named for Marsh, Delevan & Lee, of Albany, New York, and the 'New York Land Company', who owned extensive interests in the Half-Breed Tract in the 1830s; Robert E. Lee, who surveyed the Des Moines Rapids; or Albert Lea, who helped explore the interior of Iowa.$^{:398}$

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 539 square miles (1,400 km$^2$), of which 518 square miles (1,340 km$^2$) is land and 21 square miles (54 km$^2$) (4.0%) is water. The lowest point in the state of Iowa is located on the Mississippi River in Keokuk in Lee County, where it flows out of Iowa and into Missouri and Illinois.

### Major highways

* U.S. Highway 61
* U.S. Highway 136
* U.S. Highway 218
* Iowa Highway 2
* Iowa Highway 16
* Iowa Highway 27

### Transit

* Fort Madison station

### Adjacent counties

* Henry County (north)
* Des Moines County (northeast)
* Henderson County, Illinois (across the river east)
* Hancock County, Illinois (southeast)
* Clark County, Missouri (southwest)
* Van Buren County (west)

## Demographics
### 2020 census

The 2020 census recorded a population of 33,555 in the county, with a population density of 62.0765/sq mi (23.9679/km$^2$). 94.67% of the population reported being of one race. There were 15,858 housing units, of which 14,036 were occupied.
Lee County Racial Composition :
| Race | Num. | Perc. |
| White (NH) | 29,888 | 89.1% |
| Black or African American (NH) | 896 | 3% |
| Native American (NH) | 48 | 0.14% |
| Asian (NH) | 139 | 0.41% |
| Pacific Islander (NH) | 8 | 0.02% |
| Other/Mixed (NH) | 1,466 | 4.4% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 1,110 | 3.31% |

### 2010 census

The 2010 census recorded a population of 35,862 with a population density of 69.3133/sq mi (26.7620/km$^2$). There were 16,205 housing units, of which only 14,610 were occupied.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 38,052 people, 15,161 households, and 10,248 families residing in the county. The population density was 74 inhabitants per square mile (29/km$^2$). There were 16,612 housing units at an average density of 32 per square mile (12/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 94.24% White, 2.80% Black or African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.03% from other races, and 1.21% from two or more races. 2.37% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 15,161 households, out of which 30.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.70% were married couples living together, 10.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.40% were non-families. 28.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.93.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.40% under the age of 18, 7.80% from 18 to 24, 26.70% from 25 to 44, 24.60% from 45 to 64, and 16.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.40 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $36,193, and the median income for a family was $42,658. Males had a median income of $32,286 versus $21,821 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,430. About 7.10% of families and 9.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.60% of those under age 18 and 9.60% of those age 65 or over.

## Communities
### Cities

* Donnellson
* Fort Madison
* Franklin
* Houghton
* Keokuk
* Montrose
* St. Paul
* West Point

### Census-designated places

* Argyle
* Denmark
* Mooar
* Sandusky
* Wever

### Other unincorporated communities

* Charleston
* Croton
* Mount Hamill
* New Boston
* Pilot Grove
* Primrose
* Viele
* Vincennes

### Townships

* Cedar
* Charleston
* Denmark
* Des Moines
* Franklin
* Green Bay
* Harrison
* Jackson
* Jefferson
* Madison
* Marion
* Montrose
* Pleasant Ridge
* Van Buren
* Washington
* West Point

### Population ranking

The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Lee County.
† county seat
| Rank | City/town/etc. | Municipal type | Population (2020 Census) |
| 1 | † Fort Madison | City | 10,270 |
| 2 | † Keokuk | City | 9,900 |
| 3 | West Point | City | 921 |
| 4 | Donnellson | City | 885 |
| 5 | Montrose | City | 738 |
| 6 | Denmark | CDP | 425 |
| 7 | Mooar | CDP | 321 |
| 8 | Sandusky | CDP | 297 |
| 9 | Houghton | City | 141 |
| 10 | Franklin | City | 131 |
| 11 | St. Paul | City | 109 |
| 12 | Wever | CDP | 101 |
| 13 | Argyle | CDP | 91 |

## Notable people

* Cleng Peerson (1783–1865), pioneer settler in Lee County in 1840
* Richard Proenneke (1916–2003), naturalist, subject of books and documentary
* William Elliott Whitmore (born 1978), singer and songwriter
* Mark W. Balmert, U.S. Navy admiral
* Brad Bigler, head men's basketball coach at SMSU
* Ryan Bowen, NBA player
* James Duderstadt, President of the University of Michigan
* Todd Farmer, writer, actor, and film producer
* Bob Fry, professional golfer
* Kate Harrington, poet
* Thomas M. Hoenig, chief executive of the Tenth District Federal Reserve Bank, in Kansas City
* Patty Judge, 46th lieutenant governor
* Jerry Junkins, CEO of Texas Instruments, Incorporated
* Dick Klein, founder of the Chicago Bulls
* Dennis O'Keefe, actor, star of films such as Raw Deal
* James Theodore Richmond, writer and conservationist
* Aloysius Schulte, first President of St. Ambrose College
* Walter A. Sheaffer, founder of the W.A. Sheaffer Pen Company
* George Henry Williams, United States Senator
* Edward P. Alexander, author, historian, and educator
* Herman C. Baehr, 36th Mayor of Cleveland, Ohio
* William H. Clagett, politician
* Orion Clemens, first and only secretary of Nevada Territory and brother of Mark Twain
* William Lane Craig, analytic philosopher and Christian apologist
* Samuel Curtis, military officer
* Mary Fels, philanthropist, suffragist, Georgist
* Bud Fowler, first professional African American baseball player
* Nathaniel Lyon Gardner, botanist, born in Keokuk
* Jerry Harrington, baseball player
* James B. Howell, newspaper editor and U.S. senator, resided in Keokuk
* Howard Hughes, aviator, engineer, industrialist, film producer and director, and philanthropist
* Howard R. Hughes, Sr., businessman and inventor; father of Howard Hughes
* Rupert Hughes, novelist, screenwriter, film director, historian; uncle of Howard Hughes
* Dick Hutcherson, stock car driver
* Ron Hutcherson, stock car driver
* John N. Irwin, governor of Idaho Territory (1883) and of Arizona Territory (1890–1892)
* Edward Kimball, actor
* Lloyd Steel Lourie, orthodontist
* Samuel Taylor Marshall, lawyer and founder of Beta Theta Pi fraternity
* Elsa Maxwell, gossip columnist, socialite
* Edward Joseph McManus, U.S. federal judge and lieutenant governor of Iowa (1959–1961)
* Grace Medes, biochemist
* Samuel Freeman Miller, Supreme Court justice
* Conrad Nagel, actor and a founder of the Academy Awards
* Richard Page, lead vocalist and bass player for the band Mr. Mister
* George Pomutz, Union Army officer and diplomat
* Mike Pyle, NFL player
* Palmer Pyle, NFL player
* John M. Rankin, Iowa state legislator and judge
* Hugh T. Reid, Union Army general
* Jack Saltzgaver, Major League Baseball player, New York Yankees and Pittsburgh Pirates
* Jeremy Soule composer of video game soundtracks
* Frank Steunenberg, governor of Idaho (1897–1901)
* Ramo Stott, stock car driver
* James Vandenberg, football quarterback
* Don White, stock car driver
* Verner Moore White, artist, painted oil of Keokuk presented to President Theodore Roosevelt
* Annie Turner Wittenmyer, social reformer and relief worker

## Politics

In recent presidential elections, Lee County had a strong Democratic lean, voting for the party's candidate in every election from 1984 to 2012. In 2016 however, the county swung hard to vote for Republican Donald Trump by a wide margin, a swing of over 31 points compared to 2012.
United States presidential election results for Lee County, Iowa :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 10,152 | 62.67% | 5,659 | 34.94% | 387 | 2.39% |
| 2020 | 9,773 | 58.40% | 6,541 | 39.09% | 420 | 2.51% |
| 2016 | 8,803 | 54.50% | 6,215 | 38.48% | 1,133 | 7.02% |
| 2012 | 7,785 | 41.17% | 10,714 | 56.65% | 412 | 2.18% |
| 2008 | 7,062 | 40.99% | 9,821 | 57.00% | 347 | 2.01% |
| 2004 | 7,472 | 41.84% | 10,152 | 56.85% | 234 | 1.31% |
| 2000 | 6,339 | 38.25% | 9,632 | 58.12% | 601 | 3.63% |
| 1996 | 4,932 | 31.49% | 8,831 | 56.38% | 1,899 | 12.12% |
| 1992 | 4,777 | 27.85% | 9,366 | 54.61% | 3,009 | 17.54% |
| 1988 | 6,228 | 36.02% | 10,911 | 63.11% | 151 | 0.87% |
| 1984 | 8,756 | 49.17% | 8,912 | 50.04% | 141 | 0.79% |
| 1980 | 8,793 | 48.14% | 8,204 | 44.92% | 1,268 | 6.94% |
| 1976 | 8,195 | 46.92% | 9,017 | 51.63% | 253 | 1.45% |
| 1972 | 9,748 | 55.33% | 7,510 | 42.63% | 360 | 2.04% |
| 1968 | 8,883 | 49.25% | 8,076 | 44.78% | 1,077 | 5.97% |
| 1964 | 6,321 | 34.02% | 12,244 | 65.89% | 17 | 0.09% |
| 1960 | 10,765 | 52.00% | 9,936 | 48.00% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1956 | 11,571 | 58.35% | 8,226 | 41.48% | 32 | 0.16% |
| 1952 | 12,289 | 58.61% | 8,625 | 41.13% | 55 | 0.26% |
| 1948 | 7,801 | 45.32% | 9,201 | 53.46% | 210 | 1.22% |
| 1944 | 9,406 | 53.03% | 8,252 | 46.53% | 78 | 0.44% |
| 1940 | 10,616 | 53.71% | 9,117 | 46.12% | 33 | 0.17% |
| 1936 | 8,955 | 46.36% | 9,630 | 49.85% | 732 | 3.79% |
| 1932 | 7,084 | 39.57% | 10,624 | 59.35% | 194 | 1.08% |
| 1928 | 11,645 | 59.86% | 7,785 | 40.02% | 25 | 0.13% |
| 1924 | 9,999 | 54.41% | 4,903 | 26.68% | 3,475 | 18.91% |
| 1920 | 10,763 | 65.94% | 5,177 | 31.72% | 383 | 2.35% |
| 1916 | 4,395 | 51.18% | 3,993 | 46.50% | 199 | 2.32% |
| 1912 | 2,016 | 23.66% | 3,891 | 45.67% | 2,613 | 30.67% |
| 1908 | 4,262 | 46.61% | 4,706 | 51.47% | 176 | 1.92% |
| 1904 | 4,612 | 52.71% | 3,848 | 43.98% | 289 | 3.30% |
| 1900 | 4,486 | 45.88% | 5,182 | 53.00% | 110 | 1.12% |
| 1896 | 4,847 | 47.70% | 5,153 | 50.71% | 162 | 1.59% |

## Education

School districts include:
* Central Lee Community School District
* Fort Madison Community School District
* Keokuk Community School District
* Mount Pleasant Community School District
* Van Buren County Community School District
Former school districts:
* Harmony Community School District