OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bapulapadu mandal

Bapulapadu mandal is one of the 25 mandals in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The headquarters of this mandal is located at Bapulapadu town. The mandal is bordered by Nuzvid mandal and Agiripalle mandal to the north, West Godavari district to the east, Nandivada mandal to the south and Unguturu mandal to the west.

## Demographics

As of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 84,922 living in 24,036 households. The total population constituted 42,406 males and 42,516 females, for a sex ratio of 1,003 females per 1000 males. There were 8,403 children in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 4,359 were boys and 4,044 were girls, for a sex ratio of 928. The average literacy rate stands at 72.19% with 55,236 literates, of which 28,807 are males and 26,429 are females. There were 21,375 members of Scheduled Castes and 2,036 members of Scheduled Tribes.

### Labor Statistics

As per the report published by Census of India in 2011, 42,835 people were engaged in work activities, including 26,215 males and 16,620 females. In the census, 39,636 workers describe their work as main work, 3,393 as cultivators, 26,510 as agricultural labourers, 462 in household industry and 9,271 were involved in other works. Of these, 3,199 were marginal workers.

## Administration

Bapulapadu mandal is administered under the Gannavaram Assembly constituency of the Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency. It is one of the 8 mandals those falls under Gudivada revenue division.

## Towns and villages

As of 2011 census, there are a total of 28 settlements in the mandal. Bapulapadu is the largest and Kuripirala is the smallest in terms of population.
The settlements in the mandal are:
* Ampapuram
* Arugolanu
* Bandarugudem
* Bapulapadu
* Billanapalle
* Bommuluru
* Bommuluru Khandrika
* Chirivada
* Dantaguntla
* Kakulapadu
* Kanumolu
* Kodurupadu
* Kothapalle
* Koyyuru
* Kuripirala
* Madicherla
* Mallavilli
* Ogirala
* Ramannagudem
* Rangannagudem
* Remalli
* Serinarasannapalem
* Singannagudem
* Sobhanadripuram
* Tippanagunta
* Veeravalli
* Veleru
* Venkatapuram
* Venkatrajugudem

## Education

The mandal plays a major role in education for the rural students of nearby villages. The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided by private schools, under the School Education Department of the state. As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, the mandal has more than 9,583 students enrolled in over 103 schools.
# Jamaica United Party

The Jamaica United Party was a political party in Jamaica. It first contested national elections in 1967, but received only 163 votes and failed to win a seat. It did not contest any further elections.
# Jerome Alexander (chemist)

Jerome Alexander (1876–1959) was an American chemist, a leading expert on colloidal chemistry and among the first American researchers to use an ultramicroscope.

## Life

Alexander was born in New York City on 21 December 1876 and studied at the College of the City of New York, graduating Master of Science in 1899. After working for a number of companies, in 1921 he set up independently as a consulting chemist and chemical engineer.
Alexander died on 18 January 1959. The archive of his correspondence is held by the New York Public Library.

## Publications
### As author
#### Books

* Colloid Chemistry: An Introduction, with Some Practical Applications (1919)
* with others, Colloid Chemistry, Theoretical and Applied (1926)

#### Articles

* "Glue and Gelatin" and "Colloid Chemistry" in Roger's Industrial Chemistry (1912)
* "Albuminoids or Scleroproteins" in Allen's Commercial Organic Analysis (1913)
* "Colloid Chemistry" in Liddell's Handbook for Chemical Engineers (1920)

### As translator

* Richard Zsigmondy, Colloids and the Ultramicroscope (1909)
# Ballands Castle

Ballands Castle was a castle near the village of Penselwood, Somerset, England.

## History

Balland Castle was a motte and bailey castle, probably built after the Norman conquest of England in 1066, near the village of Penselwood in Somerset. The castle sits close to the contemporary Norman castles of Cockroad Wood and Castle Orchard, and may have been built as part of a system of fortifications to control the surrounding area.
The motte of the castle is now around 5 m high, and up to 9 m wide. The bailey lies to the south, and both the motte and the bailey are surrounded by ditches.
Today the castle site is a scheduled monument.
# Clavatula matthiasi

Clavatula matthiasi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Clavatulidae.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off Angola.
# Jacques von Bedriaga

Jacques Vladimir von Bedriaga, sometimes Bedryagha (Russian: Яков Владимирович Бедряга; 1854 - 1906) was a Russian herpetologist who was a native of Kriniz, a village near Voronezh.
In scientific papers Bedriaga would sometimes alter his name to agree with the language of the country in which he was publishing. As a result, the following variations are encountered: Jacob Vladimirovich Bedriaga, Johann von Bedriaga, and Jean de Bedriaga.

## Biography

He studied sciences at Moscow University under the direction of Anatoli Bogdanov (1834-1896), and afterwards moved to Germany, where he studied at the University of Jena with Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) and Carl Gegenbaur (1826-1903). In 1875, he obtained his doctorate with a thesis on the urogenital organs of reptiles.
After graduation, Bedriaga continued his research on reptiles with Gegenbaur, and made frequent scientific trips to regions around the Mediterranean. In 1880 he published an important work on Greek herpetology called Die Amphibien und Reptilien Griechenlands. Also, he made occasional visits back to Russia, where he studied collections reported from expeditions to Central Asia, including those of Nikolai Przewalski (1839-1888). In 1881 he moved to Nice for reasons of health, and later lived in Florence, where he died in 1906.

## Eponyms

Bedriaga has a handful of herpetological species named after him, including Bedriaga's rock lizard (Archeolacerta bedriagae), Bedriaga's fringe-fingered lizard (Acanthodactylus bedriagai), Bedriaga's skink (Chalcides bedriagai), Bedriaga's wonder gecko (Teratoscincus bedriagai), and the Levant water frog (Pelophylax bedriagae).

## Gallery

* Hyla arborea var. molleri Bedriaga, 1890

## Selected publications

* Ueber die Entstehung der Farben bei den Eidechsen (About the emergence of color in lizards), 1874.
* Die Amphibien und Reptilien Griechenlands (The amphibians and reptiles of Greece), 1880.
* Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Amphibien und Reptilien der Fauna von Corsika (Contributions to the knowledge of the amphibians and reptiles of the fauna of Corsica), 1883.
* Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Lacertiden-Familie. (Lacerta, Algiroides, Tropidosaura, Zerzumia und Bettaia) (Contributions to the knowledge of the family Lacertidae), 1886.
* Wissenschaftliche Resultate der von N. M. Przewalski nach Central-Asien unternommenen Reisen (Scientific results of the N.M. Przewalski expedition undertaken in Central Asia), 1898.
# Jónsson function

In mathematical set theory, an ω-Jónsson function for a set x of ordinals is a function $f:[x]^{\omega }\to x$ with the property that, for any subset y of x with the same cardinality as x, the restriction of $f$ to $[y]^{\omega }$ is surjective on $x$. Here $[x]^{\omega }$ denotes the set of strictly increasing sequences of members of $x$, or equivalently the family of subsets of $x$ with order type $\omega$, using a standard notation for the family of subsets with a given order type. Jónsson functions are named for Bjarni Jónsson.
Erdős and Hajnal (1966) showed that for every ordinal λ there is an ω-Jónsson function for λ.
Kunen's proof of Kunen's inconsistency theorem uses a Jónsson function for cardinals λ such that 2$^λ$ = λ$^{ℵ0}$, and Kunen observed that for this special case there is a simpler proof of the existence of Jónsson functions. Galvin and Prikry (1976) gave a simple proof for the general case.
The existence of Jónsson functions shows that for any cardinal there is an algebra with an infinitary operation that has no proper subalgebras of the same cardinality. In particular if infinitary operations are allowed then an analogue of Jónsson algebras exists in any cardinality, so there are no infinitary analogues of Jónsson cardinals.
# Taraxacum estrelense

Taraxacum estrelense is an apomictic species of dandelion, known from the Serra da Estrela and Gerês mountain ranges in Portugal, and the Courel range in Spain. It belongs to sect. Celtica.

## Description

Taraxacum estrelense is a medium-sized dandelion up to 30 cm tall, larger than the related Taraxacum triforme and Taraxacum algarbiense from southern Portugal. It has purple-spotted leaves with highly recurved and toothed leaf lobes. Pollen is scarce and produced only by the external flowers of the capitulum. The external phyllaries of the capitula have an inconspicuous white border. Achenes are olive-green, occasionally pink-streaked, with a discoloured pappus.
Records of Taraxacum algarbiense from Serra da Estrela refer to this species.
# Perrakee

The Perrakee are assumed to have been an indigenous Australian tribe, now extinct.

## People

The name Perrakee is mentioned only once in the ethnographic literature, by R. H. Mathews, writing in 1900, where he mentions this ethnonym, along with those of several other "large and important tribes" such as the Mariu, in the area straddling the Northern Territory and Western Australia. Norman Tindale, in his comprehensive list of Australian aboriginal tribes, could not identify the group, nor attribute to them any definite geographical location.
# Coenodomus fumosalis

Coenodomus fumosalis is a species of snout moth in the genus Coenodomus. It was described by George Hampson in 1903 and is known from India.
# Ballangeich, Victoria

Ballangeich is a locality in western Victoria, Australia on the Hopkins Highway. The locality is in the Shire of Moyne local government area, in what is commonly known as the Western District. It sits approximately 247 kilometres (153 mi) west of the state capital, Melbourne.

## History

Ballangeich was named by Captain John Eddington after the Pass of Ballangeich below Stirling Castle where he had played in his boyhood. He established the Ballangeich Run in 1841. He selected the property in 1840-41 and arrived there in 1842, establishing what is the Ballangeich Station of today. By 1872 he had acquired freehold to several allotments totalling over 2,000 acres and the north-west corner of Ballangeich following the 1869 Selection Act.
The old station has a private cemetery in which many of the old pioneers have been laid to rest. At the time that Ballangeich was thrown open for selection, someone selected this piece of land known as "The Groves" on the bank of the Hopkins River. On hearing of this, Captain Eddington started off on horseback – at night – to lodge a petition that it be declared a cemetery. The letter signed by the superintendent Charles La Trobe, made the necessary grant dated 1848.
On 16 February 1983, one of the Ash Wednesday fires started in Ballangeich, destroying many homes, farm buildings and livestock. The cause was believed to be poorly maintained power lines.

## Governance

In local government, Ballageich is covered by the Shire of Moyne. It was previously located in the Shire of Mortlake 1864 to 1994.

## Traditional ownership

The formally recognised traditional owners for the area in which Ballangeich sits are the Eastern Maar People who are represented by the Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation.

## Post offices

Ballangeich post office opened on 1 November 1868 and closed on 30 September 1957. A Ballangeich North post office was also open from 1909 until 1957.
# Meikarta

Meikarta is a planned city project in Indonesia, which is aimed to become a modern city of international scale. The township is being developed by PT Lippo Karawaci Tbk in Cikarang, Bekasi Regency. The township has land area of about 500 hectares. The project was officially launched on 17 August 2017. The project is located on the Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road. Meikarta expects to serve as the residential area of other industrial estates in Cikarang region such as Kota Jababeka and MM2100. Total investment for development of the township is about Rp 278 trillion (US$21.11 billion).

## Planned facilities

Other than residential facilities, the township will have business district, hospital, hotels, international and national schools, universities, IT hub, industrial research center, international exhibition center, stadium, library, art center, and shopping malls. The project consist of 200 skyscrapers, which will cost about $30 billion. At first phase 84 towers of residential towers will be built, each of which will be 42-story. In the first phase of the development there will be 250,000 apartment units which can accommodate up to 1 million people.
The township has 100-hectare central park, which is claimed to be the largest park in Indonesia. There is a lake spreading over 25-hectares in the park. There will be a botanical garden and a zoo, which each will have 25 hectares of land. The remaining space around the lake will be kept open for sporting activities, as a meeting point and a playground.
Orange County is the CBD of Meikarta. Orange County will have 12 apartment towers, 1 iconic tower as high as 61 floors with 5 star hotel, offices and service apartments.
Meikarta has claimed to have connection with the ongoing Jakarta-Bandung high speed rail project, though the closest station is Karawang HSR Station which is to be located in neighboring Karawang Regency.

## Controversy

It reaped protests from several parties, including the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia, Indonesian Consumer Institution Foundation (YLKI) and Deputy Governor of West Java Deddy Mizwar because it lacks necessary permission. As of December 2018, the project is under investigation by Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) due to the alleged gratification from the developer to Bekasi regent for the land permit. Neneng Hassanah Yasin, the Bupati regent at that time, has been arrested after being accused to receive Rp 13 billion from a Lippo Group executive. Billy Sindoro, a Lippo Group executive, has also been arrested for the case. The CEO of the company, James Riady, has also been questioned by the KPK for his role in the case. As of December 2018, the trial is still ongoing for the suspects.
Despite the case, the developer is still continuing the construction of the project and continues to market the property in festivals and in shopping malls.
# Stuart Dunnings III

Stuart John Dunnings III (born October 29, 1952) is an attorney who served for 19 years as the prosecutor for Ingham County, Michigan, and was the second African-American to be elected to such office in Michigan.

## Career

Prior to seeking elected office, Dunnings got his start at his father's law firm, Dunnings and Frawley, where he was a partner for 16 years. From 1987 to 1996, he was a member of the bar for Michigan's Standing Committee on Character and Fitness, and from 1989 to 1998 served as adjunct Professor of Law at Thomas M. Cooley Law School.
Dunnings was first elected Ingham County Prosecutor in November 1996, beating incumbent Donald Martin. He was most recently reelected for a fifth term in 2012. He had built a reputation of cracking down especially hard on prostitution, sexual assault, domestic abuse, and sex trafficking.

### Legal issues

On March 14, 2016, Dunnings was charged with one count of pandering, which is a felony, and 14 misdemeanor counts; ten of engaging a prostitute and four of willful neglect of duty. Following the charges, he was placed on "medical leave" with his duties being taken over by Chief Assistant Prosecutor Lisa McCormick. He announced his resignation effective July 2, 2016.
In May 2016, Gretchen Whitmer was appointed as interim Ingham County Prosecutor, assuming Dunnings' role until the end of his term, which expired January 1, 2017.
On August 2, 2016, Dunnings pleaded guilty to one count of misconduct in office (a five-year felony) and a misdemeanor count of engaging the services of a prostitute, as a part of a plea agreement with the office of Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette. In exchange for a guilty plea, Schuette's office will dismiss a total of 14 charges related to prostitution, including a pandering charge, which carried a maximum of 20 years in prison. His law license was subsequently suspended.
In November 2016, Dunnings was sentenced to three years of probation, with the first year served in jail. While still serving his prison sentence, the Michigan Attorney Discipline Board formally disbarred him on July 11, 2017, and on July 18 the U.S. District Court and U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Michigan banned him from practicing.
To avoid any conflicts or safety concerns at the Ingham County Jail, where he sent countless defendants over his two decades in office, Dunnings served his time in the Clinton County Jail. Due to good behavior, Dunnings was released from jail two months early just after midnight on September 24, 2017.

## Personal life

Dunnings was born to lawyer and activist Stuart John Dunnings, Jr., and Janet Taylor Dunnings. He has two siblings; Shauna, who is a judge, and Steven, who is also a lawyer.
Dunnings married Cynthia Dunnings in 1977. She filed for divorce in March 2016, following the charges made against him.
Dunnings is a Democrat, and supported Barack Obama in the 2012 presidential election, with his personal website advertising said support.
# Brumer bound

In mathematics, the Brumer bound is a bound for the rank of an elliptic curve, proved by Brumer (1992).
# 1990 Irish Greyhound Derby

The 1990 Irish Greyhound Derby took place during August and September with the final being held at Shelbourne Park in Dublin on 15 September 1990.
The winner The Other Toss won £30,000 and was trained by Matt O'Donnell, owned by John Houilhan and bred by Michael Lonergan. The race was sponsored by the Kerry Group's dog food product 'Respond'.

## Final result

At Shelbourne, 15 September (over 550 yards):
| Position | Winner | Breeding | Trap | SP | Time | Trainer |
| 1st | The Other Toss | The Other Risk - Knocknaboha Snap | 4 | 3-1 | 30.14 | Matt O'Donnell |
| 2nd | Pets Echo | Echo Spark - Ballyoughter Pet | 5 | 12-1 | 30.26 | Martin White |
| 3rd | Phantom Flash | Flashy Sir - Westmead Seal | 3 | 11-8f | 30.42 | Nick Savva |
| 4th | Monaleen Stag | The Other Risk - Snakes Whisper | 6 | 8-1 | 30.66 | Matt O'Donnell |
| 5th | Rosden Speedy | Aulton Villa - Keen Exile | 2 | 14-1 | 30.86 | Kenny Linzell |
| 6th | Toss Pit | Jamie Harmony - Moher Flash | 1 | 9-2 | 30.94 | Alan Black |

### Distances

1½, 1¾, 3, 2½, 1 (lengths)

## Competition Report

The short lived points system used in the 1989 Irish Greyhound Derby had been scrapped to the relief of the Irish racing public. However, there was a repechage which was lucky for Phantom Flash because the Nick Savva trained black dog failed to progress in the qualifying round. The ante-post favourite with a huge reputation had a chance to make amends and did with an extremely fast 30.24 to progress; it was better than the best qualifying round time of 30.50 set by Ballybrack Charm.
In the first round Phantom Flash went even faster defeating kennelmate Westmead Harry by six lengths in 30.10 and Ger McKenna had a treble with Concentration, Itsallovernow and Bordout. Adraville Bridge second in the betting behind Phantom Flash failed to make the second round following a virus and he was a non-runner.
Phantom Flash, The Other Toss and Maryville Kyle all impressed in round two and going into the semi-finals Phantom Flash was hot favourite to become the first ever British Bred winner of the classic. He scored an easy semi-final victory from Rosden Speedy and The Other Toss (who was 100-1 before the competition started) won again from Monaleen Stag. Finally Toss Pit scored a win ahead of Pets Echo to complete the final line up.
In the final as the traps lifted Phantom Flash made a terrible start ending his hopes. Pets Echo and The Other Toss made great starts and the latter soon took the lead from Pets Echo and ran out an impressive winner. The unlucky Phantom Flash made good ground to finish third.
# Bernów

Bernów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gowarczów, within Końskie County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Gowarczów, 13 km (8 mi) north of Końskie, and 50 km (31 mi) north of the regional capital Kielce.
# Taraxacum japonicum

Taraxacum japonicum is a species of dandelion that grows in Japan.

## Images

* The bud of Taraxacum japonicum Koidz. No ring of smallish, downward-turned bracts under the flower head.
* The length of outside bracteoles is about 1/3 of the length of inside bracteoles
* Head in full bloom. A Taraxacum japonicum flower has fewer florets than that of Taraxacum officinale.
# Coenodomus cornucalis

Coenodomus cornucalis is a species of snout moth in the genus Coenodomus. It is known from Papua New Guinea.
It has a wingspan of 22mm.
# Bagryanka

Bagryanka is a village in Momchilgrad Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.

## Landmarks

The Old Mosque, found in neighboring village Momchilgrad, is situated about 3 km (2 miles) from Bagryanka. Built approximately 300 years ago, it remains an active place of worship. It stands out in the region for having two minarets and draws many people for prayer.
The "Petrified Forest" is located in neighboring village Raven, roughly 11 km (7 miles) northeast of Bagryanka. This site features ancient trees that have turned to stone over about 30 million years. It is categorized as a protected landmark and attracts biologists, naturalists, and ecotourists, especially in the summer.
Reserve "Borovets" is another important location, situated around 11 km (7 miles) from the village. It is one of four reserves in the Eastern Rhodopes and plays a significant role in preserving the region’s pine forest habitat. The reserve includes various plant species like pine, oak, wild pear, apple, and prickly juniper. It also hosts several animal species listed in Bulgaria's Red Book and protected internationally.
# Meikandadevar

Meikanda Thevar (c. 11th century CE) was a Hindu poet and expert in Hindu metaphysics and theology.

## Personal life

Meikandadevar was born Shvetavana Perumal in the town of Venneinallur situated on the Pennar River.

## Works

Meikandadevar was a student of Paranjothi Tampiran. The most popular of his compositions is Sivagnana Bodham, a metaphysical and theological treatise.