# 1981 in science

The year 1981 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.

## Biology

* September – Pantanal Matogrossense National Park designated in Brazil.
* Publication of Stephen Jay Gould's critique of biological determinism, The Mismeasure of Man, in the United States.

## Chemistry

* A German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt bombard a target of bismuth-209 with accelerated nuclei of chromium-54 to produce 5 atoms of the isotope bohrium-262

## Computer science

* March 5 – The ZX81, a pioneering British home computer, is launched by Sinclair Research, going on to sell over 1.5 million units worldwide.
* April 3 – The Osborne 1, the first successful portable computer, is unveiled at the West Coast Computer Faire in San Francisco.
* July 9 – Nintendo releases the arcade game Donkey Kong featuring the debut of Mario.
* August 12 – The IBM Personal Computer is released.
* September 12 – The Chaos Computer Club, a European association of hackers, is established in Berlin by Wau Holland and others.

## Mathematics

* Alexander Merkurjev proves the norm residue isomorphism theorem for the case n = 2 and ℓ = 2.

## Medicine

* April 26 – Dr. Michael R. Harrison of the University of California, San Francisco, performs the world's first human open fetal surgery.
* June 5 – AIDS pandemic begins when the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports an unusual cluster of Pneumocystis pneumonia in five homosexual men in Los Angeles.
* Bruce Reitz leads the team that performs the first successful heart–lung transplant on Mary Gohlke at Stanford Hospital.
* LeCompte maneuver first performed.
* English psychiatrist Lorna Wing introduces the term "Asperger syndrome".

## Space exploration

* April 12 – The first launch of a Space Shuttle: Columbia launches on the STS-1 mission.
* October 6 – UoSAT-1, the first modern microsatellite, is launched into Low Earth orbit.

## Technology

* July 7 – Electric aircraft Solar Challenger, designed by an American team led by Paul MacCready and piloted by Stephen Ptacek, makes a 163-mile (262 km) crossing of the English Channel using only solar power from wing-mounted photovoltaic cells.
* July 17 – Hyatt Regency walkway collapse: Structural failure due to a late design change causes two internal suspended walkways at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Missouri to collapse, killing 114.

## Awards

* Nobel Prizes
** Physics – Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Leonard Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn
** Chemistry – Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann
** Medicine – Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel
* Turing Award – Edgar F. Codd

## Deaths

* January 5
** Frederick Osborn (b. 1889), American philanthropist and eugenicist.
** Harold Urey (b. 1893), American winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
* February 26 – Jennie Smillie Robertson (b. 1878), Canadian gynecological surgeon.
* March 8 – Joseph Henry Woodger, British theoretical biologist (b. 1894)
* March 9 – Max Delbrück (b. 1906), German biologist.
* April 3 – Leo Kanner (b. 1894), Austrian American clinical child psychiatrist.
* May 11 – Odd Hassel, Norwegian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
* July 4 - Niels Erik Nørlund (b. 1885), Danish mathematician.
* July 27 – Elizabeth Rona (b. 1890), Hungarian American nuclear chemist.
* July 31 – Ernest Melville DuPorte (b. 1891), Black Canadian insect morphologist.
* September 8 – Hideki Yukawa, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907)
* September 9 – Jacques Lacan (b. 1901), French psychoanalyst.
* November 15 – Walter Heitler (b. 1904), German physicist Fellow of the Royal Society
* November 17
** Wilhelm Pelikan (b. 1893), Austrian chemist.
** Sibyl M. Rock (b. 1909), American mathematician.
* November 22 – Hans Krebs (b. 1900), German medical doctor and biochemist; discoverer of the citric acid cycle.
* December 6 – Harry Harlow (b. 1905), American psychologist.