OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nazzareno Cipriani

Nazzareno Cipriani (23 October 1843, Rome - 1925, Rome) was an Italian painter and watercolorist; known for his views of Venice and his genre scenes.

## Biography

He was descended from a Venetian family. During his studies, he served an apprenticeship in the workshops of the Neapolitan painter, Achille Vertunni, alongside Pietro Barucci and Pio Joris. After three years, he began an independent career, focusing on historical and Biblical subjects.
He first gained popularity when he made his formal debut with Venetian and Roman landscapes, and genre scenes; very traditional in style and rendered in great detail. In 1870, he exhibited with the "Società degli Amatori e Cultori di Belle Arti" then, in 1873, he presented his depiction of a chicken market at the Vienna World's Fair. During this time, he was influenced by the works of Marià Fortuny and made his color scheme more complex. He also began painting with tempera and watercolors.
This was also a time when Orientalist works were very popular, so he made several trips to North Africa, creating sketches for inspiration. He also opened a studio on the Via Margutta, next door to the Orientalist, Enrico Tarenghi.
In 1875, he was one of the ten founders of the Associazione degli Acquarellisti romani [it] (Association of Watercolorists), and participated in their exhibitions until 1913. He also had a showing at the Exposition Universelle (1878). In 1901 and 1902, he exhibited with the progressive artists' group, In arte libertas [it]. He was also a member of the Accademia di San Luca. For most of his life, he gave private lessons.
Many of his work may be seen at the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea.

## Sources

* Gian Francesco Lomonaco, Acquerelli dell'Ottocento, La Società degli Acquarellisti a Roma, Roma, Fratelli Palombi, 1987 ISBN 88-7621-453-4
* Renato Mammucari, Acquerellisti romani: suggestioni neoclassiche, esotismo orientale, decadentismo bizantino, realismo borghese, Città di Castello (Perugia), Edimond, 2001 ISBN 88-500-0142-8
# Noida Sector 143 metro station

The Noida Sector 143 is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the Aqua Line of Noida Metro in the city of Noida, Uttar Pradesh. It was opened on 25 January 2019.

## The station

It serves residents from Logix Blossom Greens, Gulshan Ikebana etc.

### Station layout

Noida Sector 143 track layout :
Legend :
Station with two tracks and two side platforms :
| G | Street level | Exit/Entrance |
| L1 | Mezzanine | Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover |
| L2 | Side platform | Doors will open on the left | Side platform | Doors will open on the left |
| L2 | Platform 2 Southbound | Towards → Depot Next Station: Noida Sector 144 |
| L2 | Platform 1 Northbound | Towards ← Noida Sector 51 Next Station: Noida Sector 142 |
| Side platform | Doors will open on the left | |
| L2 | | |
# Newt (name)

Newt is a shortened form of the given name Newton. It may refer to:

## People

* Newt Allen (1901–1988), American Negro league baseball player
* Newt Gingrich (born 1943), American politician and former Speaker of the House
* Newt H. Hall (1873–1939), American Marine Corps officer who served during the Boxer Rebellion
* Newt Heisley (1920–2009), American commercial artist who designed the POW/MIA flag
* Newt Hudson (1926-2014), American politician and educator
* Newt Hunter (1880–1963), American Major League Baseball player
* Newt Joseph (1896-1953), American Negro league baseball player and manager
* Newt Kimball (1915-2001), American Major League Baseball pitcher
* Newt Loken (1919-2011), American gymnast and coach
* Newt V. Mills (1899–1996), American politician
* Newt Perry (1908-1987), American swimmer, coach and promoter of water theme parks
* Newt Randall (1880–1955), American Major League Baseball player

## Fictional characters

* Newt Dobbs, in the Western novel Lonesome Dove, the miniseries adaptation, and the sequel miniseries, Return to Lonesome Dove
* Rebecca "Newt" Jorden, in the film Aliens
* Newt Livingston from Cory in the House
* Oswald "Uncle Newt" Nightingale, one of the central characters in the ninth series of John Finnemore's Souvenir Programme
* Newt Scamander, the fictional author of J. K. Rowling's 2001 book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
* Newt, a character in Hollyoaks
* Newt, in the novel The Maze Runner, the two sequels and the film trilogy based on them
* Newt, a character from Xenoblade Chronicles 2
# Statue of Jeannette Rankin

Jeannette Rankin is a bronze sculpture depicting the American politician and women's rights advocate of the same name by Terry Mimnaugh, installed in the United States Capitol Visitor Center's Emancipation Hall, in Washington, D.C., as part of the National Statuary Hall Collection. The statue was gifted by the U.S. state of Montana in 1985.
# New Ukraine

New Ukraine may refer
* People's Democratic Union "New Ukraine", a political union of Ukraine established in 1992
* People's Party New Ukraine, former name of Peasant Bloc Agricultural Ukraine
* Green Ukraine, a historical name for an area in the Russian Far East
# 2002 Champion Hurdle

The 2002 Champion Hurdle was a horse race held at Cheltenham Racecourse on Tuesday 12 March 2002. It was the 72nd running of the Champion Hurdle.
The race was won by Paul Green's Hors La Loi III, a seven-year-old French-bred gelding trained at Newmarket, Suffolk by James Fanshawe and ridden by Dean Gallagher. His victory was the first in the race for his owner and jockey. Fanshawe had previously won the race with Royal Gait in 1992.
Hors La Loi II started at odds of 10/1 and won by three lengths from the 25/1 outsider Marble Arch, with the French mare Bilboa in third. Istabraq who had won the race in 1998, 1999 and 2000 started the 2/1 favourite but was pulled up after jumping the first two hurdles. The second favourite Valiramix was fatally injured when he slipped and fell approaching the second last. Twelve of the fifteen runners completed the course.

## Race details

* Sponsor: Smurfit
* Purse: £270,000; First prize: £156,600
* Going: Good to Soft
* Distance: 2 miles 110 yards
* Number of runners: 15
* Winner's time: 3m 53.80

## Full result

| Pos. | Marg. | Horse (bred) | Age | Jockey | Trainer (Country) | Odds |
| 1 | | Hors La Loi III (FR) | 7 | Dean Gallagher | James Fanshawe (GB) | 10/1 |
| 2 | 3 | Marble Arch (GB) | 6 | Ruby Walsh | Hughie Morrison (GB) | 25/1 |
| 3 | ½ | Bilboa (FR) | 5 | Thierry Doumen | François Doumen (FR) | 14/1 |
| 4 | shd | Geos (FR) | 7 | Richard Johnson | Nicky Henderson (GB) | 16/1 |
| 5 | ½ | Landing Light (IRE) | 7 | Mick Fitzgerald | Nicky Henderson (GB) | 100/30 |
| 6 | 8 | Ansar (IRE) | 6 | Paul Carberry | Dermot Weld (IRE) | 50/1 |
| 7 | 19 | Mr Cool (GB) | 8 | Rodi Greene | Martin Pipe (GB) | 100/1 |
| 8 | 1¾ | Mister Morose (IRE) | 12 | Carl Llewellyn | Nigel Twiston-Davies (GB) | 100/1 |
| 9 | 2 | Liss A Paoraigh (IRE) | 7 | Norman Williamson | John Kiely (IRE) | 20/1 |
| 10 | 3½ | Chimes At Midnight (USA) | 5 | Martin Mooney | Luke Comer (IRE) | 150/1 |
| 11 | 2 | Rostropovich (IRE) | 5 | David Casey | Mouse Morris (IRE) | 100/1 |
| 12 | ½ | Regal Exit (FR) | 6 | J. R. Kavanagh | Nicky Henderson (GB) | 66/1 |
| PU | | Istabraq (IRE) | 10 | Charlie Swan | Aidan O'Brien (IRE) | 2/1 fav |
| SU | | Valiramix (FR) | 6 | Tony McCoy | Martin Pipe (GB) | 3/1 |
| PU | | Penny Rich (IRE) | 8 | Conor O'Dwyer | Tom Hogan (IRE) | 100/1 |
* Abbreviations: nse = nose; nk = neck; hd = head; dist = distance; UR = unseated rider; PU = pulled up; LFT = left at start; SU = slipped up

## Winner's details

Further details of the winner, Hors La Loi III
* Sex: Gelding
* Foaled: 22 February 1995
* Country: France
* Sire: Cyborg; Dam: Quintessence III (El Condor)
* Owner: Paul Green
* Breeder: François Cottin
# Stechkin's lemma

In mathematics – more specifically, in functional analysis and numerical analysis – Stechkin's lemma is a result about the ℓ$^q$ norm of the tail of a sequence, when the whole sequence is known to have finite ℓ$^p$ norm. Here, the term "tail" means those terms in the sequence that are not among the N largest terms, for an arbitrary natural number N. Stechkin's lemma is often useful when analysing best-N-term approximations to functions in a given basis of a function space. The result was originally proved by Stechkin in the case $q=2$.

## Statement of the lemma

Let $0<p<q<\infty$ and let $I$ be a countable index set. Let $(a_{i})_{i\in I}$ be any sequence indexed by $I$, and for $N\in \mathbb {N}$ let $I_{N}\subset I$ be the indices of the $N$ largest terms of the sequence $(a_{i})_{i\in I}$ in absolute value. Then
    $\left(\sum _{i\in I\setminus I_{N}}|a_{i}|^{q}\right)^{1/q}\leq \left(\sum _{i\in I}|a_{i}|^{p}\right)^{1/p}{\frac {1}{N^{r}}}$
where
    $r={\frac {1}{p}}-{\frac {1}{q}}>0$.
Thus, Stechkin's lemma controls the ℓ$^q$ norm of the tail of the sequence $(a_{i})_{i\in I}$ (and hence the ℓ$^q$ norm of the difference between the sequence and its approximation using its $N$ largest terms) in terms of the ℓ$^p$ norm of the full sequence and an rate of decay.

## Proof of the lemma

W.l.o.g. we assume that the sequence $(a_{i})_{i\in I}$ is sorted by $|a_{i+1}|\leq |a_{i}|,i\in I$ and we set $I=\mathbb {N}$ for notation.
First, we reformulate the statement of the lemma to
    $\left({\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{i\in I\setminus I_{N}}|a_{i}|^{q}\right)^{1/q}\leq \left({\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{j\in I}|a_{j}|^{p}\right)^{1/p}.$
Now, we notice that for $d\in \mathbb {N}$
    $|a_{i}|\leq |a_{dN}|,\quad {\text{for}}\quad i=dN+1,\dots ,(d+1)N;$
    $|a_{dN}|\leq |a_{j}|,\quad {\text{for}}\quad j=(d-1)N+1,\dots ,dN;$
Using this, we can estimate
    $\left({\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{i\in I\setminus I_{N}}|a_{i}|^{q}\right)^{1/q}\leq \left({\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{d\in \mathbb {N} }N|a_{dN}|^{q}\right)^{1/q}=\left(\sum _{d\in \mathbb {N} }|a_{dN}|^{q}\right)^{1/q}$
as well as
    $\left(\sum _{d\in \mathbb {N} }|a_{dN}|^{p}\right)^{1/p}=\left({\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{d\in \mathbb {N} }N|a_{dN}|^{p}\right)^{1/p}\leq \left({\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{i\in I\setminus I_{N}}|a_{i}|^{p}\right)^{1/p}.$
Also, we get by ℓ$^p$ norm equivalence:
    $\left(\sum _{d\in \mathbb {N} }|a_{dN}|^{q}\right)^{1/q}\leq \left(\sum _{d\in \mathbb {N} }|a_{dN}|^{p}\right)^{1/p}.$
Putting all these ingredients together completes the proof.
# 2003 AAPT Championships

The 2003 AAPT Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Adelaide in Australia and was part of the International Series of the 2003 ATP Tour. The tournament ran from 30 December 2002 through 5 January 2003. Unseeded Nikolay Davydenko won the singles title.

## Finals
### Singles

Nikolay Davydenko defeated Kristof Vliegen 6–2, 7–6$^{(7–3)}$
* It was Davydenko's 1st singles title of his career.

### Doubles

Jeff Coetzee / Chris Haggard defeated Max Mirnyi / Jeff Morrison 2–6, 6–4, 7–6$^{(9–7)}$
* It was Coetzee's only title of the year and the 3rd of his career. It was Haggard's only title of the year and the 4th of his career.
# 2002–03 OGC Nice season

The 2002–03 season was the 99th season in the existence of OGC Nice and the club's first season back in the top-flight of French football. In addition to the domestic league, Nice also participated in the editions of the Coupe de France and Coupe de la Ligue during this season.

## Pre-season and friendlies

Win  Draw  Loss

## Competitions
### Overview

| Competition | First match | Last match | Starting round | Final position | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record |
| Competition | First match | Last match | Starting round | Final position | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Win % |
| Ligue 1 | 3 August 2002 | 24 May 2003 | Matchday 1 | 10th | 38 | 13 | 16 | 9 | 39 | 31 | +8 | 034.21 |
| Coupe de France | 4 January 2003 | 4 January 2003 | Round of 64 | Round of 64 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | +0 | 000.00 |
| Coupe de la Ligue | 7 December 2002 | 7 December 2002 | Third round | Third round | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 000.00 |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | 40 | 13 | 17 | 10 | 39 | 32 | +7 | 032.50 |
Source: Competitions

### Ligue 1
#### League table

| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 8 | Lens | 38 | 14 | 15 | 9 | 43 | 31 | +12 | 57 | Qualification to UEFA Cup qualifying round |
| 9 | Nantes | 38 | 16 | 8 | 14 | 37 | 39 | −2 | 56 | Qualification to Intertoto Cup third round |
| 10 | Nice | 38 | 13 | 16 | 9 | 39 | 31 | +8 | 55 | Qualification to Intertoto Cup second round |
| 11 | Paris Saint-Germain | 38 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 47 | 36 | +11 | 54 | |
| 12 | Bastia | 38 | 12 | 11 | 15 | 40 | 48 | −8 | 47 | |
* ↑ Lens qualified for the UEFA Cup qualifying round through the UEFA Fair Play ranking award.

#### Results summary

| Overall | Overall | Overall | Overall | Overall | Overall | Overall | Overall | Home | Home | Home | Home | Home | Home | Away | Away | Away | Away | Away | Away |
Source: Ligue 1

#### Results by round

| Round | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 |
| Ground | H | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | A |
| Result | L | W | W | W | D | W | D | W | L | W | D | D | D | W | W | D | L | W | L | D | W | D | D | L | W | L | D | D | D | D | L | W | W | D | D | L | D | L |
| Position | 15 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 10 |
# Geraldine (1953 film)

Geraldine is a 1953 American comedy film directed by R. G. Springsteen and written by Frank Gill Jr. and Peter Milne. The film stars John Carroll, Mala Powers, Jim Backus, Stan Freberg, Kristine Miller and Leon Belasco. The film was released on December 16, 1953 by Republic Pictures.

## Cast

* John Carroll as Grant Sanborn
* Mala Powers as Janey Edwards
* Jim Backus as Jason Ambrose
* Stan Freberg as Billy Weber
* Kristine Miller as Ellen Blake
* Leon Belasco as Professor Dubois
* Ludwig Stössel as Professor Berger
* Earl Lee as Professor Palmer
* Alan Reed as Frederick Sterling
* Nana Bryant as Dean Blake
* Carolyn Jones as Kitty
# Stellantis Vigo Plant

The Stellantis Vigo plant (Centro de Vigo de Stellantis) is a Spanish car manufacturing and assembly plant in Vigo, Galicia, Spain, owned by Stellantis (formerly Groupe PSA).
The plant was established by Citroën in April 1958 due to the high tariff barriers that protected Spain's domestic auto-makers.

## History

"Citroën Hispania" initially employed around 100 individuals. The selection of Vigo was influenced by its port and tax incentives from a "freeport" zone created by Francisco Franco. The first vehicle manufactured was the Furgoneta AZU, a locally assembled Citroën 2CV van, with the passenger car version following a year later. The first-year production totaled 400 vehicles.
In August 1959, the operations moved to the nearby Balaídos district, marking a phase of gradual expansion as production increased to 1,700 vehicles. Production mainly catered to the domestic market due economic conditions and high mutual tariffs with neighboring countries. By 1960, production reached 3,600 vehicles with a workforce of about 500.
Vigo's production remained limited to the 2CV and its derivatives until the mid-size Citroën GS began production at the plant in 1971. Citroën's Vigo facility sustained moderate growth, with a record output of about 110,000 vehicles in 1975 and employment rising to about 6,000 individuals.
After Peugeot bought Citroën, the Peugeot 504 began production in Vigo in 1977, followed by the Peugeot 505. However, the bulk of production were Citroën cars such as the Citroën Visa, Citroën BX, Citroën AX, Citroën ZX, Citroën Xsara, Citroën Xsara Picasso and Citroën C4 Picasso.
About 1.1 million units of the Citroën C15 van were produced from 1984 to 2005. The Citroën Berlingo and Peugeot Partner began production in 1996.

## Site

The 66-hectare (160-acre) site includes factory units covering panel stamping, welding, painting and assembly.

## Production

In 2005 Vigo produced 422,950 vehicles and 46,410 CKD kits. By 2007, supported by the success of the second generation Citroën Picasso, the plant reported a record output of 547,000, grouped into three production teams.
Centro de Vigo site produced 497,000 vehicles in 2020 and 495,400 in 2021.
# Gerald Roper

Gerald Roper (born November 7, 1959) is a former professional Canadian football offensive lineman who played 11 seasons in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for two different teams. He was a part of the BC Lions Grey Cup victory in 1985.
# Gerald Uelmen

Gerald F. Uelmen (born October 8, 1940) is an American attorney, writer, civil servant, and academic. He was part of O. J. Simpson's defense team during his trial, dubbed the "Dream Team." Uelmen says he devised the memorable line used by Johnnie Cochran in the closing argument, "If it doesn't fit, you must acquit."
Uelmen is currently a professor at the Santa Clara University School of Law, where he served as dean from 1986 to 1994. He served as defense counsel in the trials of Daniel Ellsberg and Christian Brando.
In 2006, he was appointed executive director for the California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice, created by the California State Senate to examine the causes of wrongful convictions and propose reforms of the California criminal justice system.
# Gerd Türk

Gerd Türk is a German classical tenor.

## Biography

Gerd Türk received his first musical training as a choir boy at the cathedral of Limburg. He studied in Frankfurt and then at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis with Richard Levitt and René Jacobs, continuing in master classes with Ernst Haefliger and Kurt Equiluz.
In the field of historically informed performance he has worked with Frans Brüggen, Philippe Herreweghe and Jordi Savall. He was a founding member of the ensemble Cantus Cölln and has collaborated with the Ensemble Gilles Binchois under Dominique Vellard specialising in Medieval music. He has appeared as the Evangelist in the Passions of Johann Sebastian Bach, took part in the project of Ton Koopman to record Bach's complete vocal works with the Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir and also in the complete recording by the Bach Collegium Japan under Masaaki Suzuki.
Since 2000 he has been teaching at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis and master classes at the University of Fine Arts in Tokyo.
# Bio-Blend Fuels

Bio-Blend Fuels Inc. is a company producing bio-diesel from various materials including beef tallow and vegetable oil. They are based in Manitowoc, Wisconsin and have an annual capacity of 2.6 million US gallons. The company is notable for producing bio-diesel from pig fat recovered from commercial bacon production facilities.

## History

The company was founded in 2005 by husband and wife Dan and Tracy Kaderabek. It was originally launched merely to supply the Kaderabek's boat business with cheap fuel. However, in May 2009, a new plant was opened with a capacity of 2.6 million US gallons (9,800 m$^3$) per year which provides biodiesel direct to the pump for sale to the public.
The company is a very small player even in terms of just the U.S market, but in terms of Wisconsin they have a significant share of the market for biodiesel. However, they are a long way behind the leading Wisconsin producer, Sanimax, who produce 20 million US gallons (76,000 m$^3$) per year.

## Blends

Bio-Blend Fuels produce and sell 100% biodiesel (B100) manufactured from the raw materials by a process called transesterification. However, unblended biodiesel is problematic in that it tends to gel at a temperature of 32 °F or below. For this reason biodiesel sold for use in private vehicles is usually blended with petrodiesel, a common blend being 20% biodiesel to 80% petrodiesel (B20). A B20 blend gels at around 17 °F, a full 15 degrees below freezing and hence is much more reliable. Commercial users on the other hand, such as operators of farm vehicles, are better able to deal with the shortcomings of B100 with appropriate planning and may still wish to take advantage of the price difference. Bio-Blend Fuels are selling B100 at significantly below the national average cost of diesel. Other groups of users may wish to reach a different compromise with a different blend.
For this reason, Bio-Blend Fuels have installed a patented blending system at the new facility. This is able to deliver a blend at the pump to the individual needs of the customer. Sales direct to the public are made through a separate company, American Fuel Blending Systems which also carries out the on-site blending.

## Raw materials

A number of sources are used in the production of biodiesel, including the more traditional vegetable oils. However, much publicity surrounded Bio-Blend's decision to source its main ingredient from pig fat. This is largely obtained from meat rendering plants who are producing cooked bacon from pork in microwave ovens. The fat is an unwanted by-product of this process.
Amongst the claimed advantages of Bio-Blends biodiesel is that it has a sweeter smell than regular biodiesel. The product smells of bacon, unlike regular biodiesel, described by one reviewer, as smelling of "rancid popcorn".
The company has stated that it is researching the possibility of using algae as a raw material.
# Paradise Roof Garden

Hammerstein's Roof Garden (1899–1915) was the official name of the semi-outdoor vaudeville venue that theatre magnate, Oscar Hammerstein I, built atop the Victoria Theatre and the neighboring Theatre Republic, commonly known then as the Belasco Theatre. Unlike Hammerstein’s first roof garden theatre, which crowned his failed Olympia Theatre, the Paradise Roof Garden was able to rise to prominence and contend with its rivals for the better parts of two decades. For New York City theatre-goers, the name Hammerstein’s grew to encompass both the Victoria and its roof garden. From 1904 to 1914 it was run by Willie Hammerstein, who put on highly popular vaudeville acts.

## Design

The construction of the Victoria suffered from an anemic budget, and as a result, its roof garden developed incrementally. It opened in 1899 as the Venetian Terrace Roof Garden and featured a “‘grand promenade’ in the style of Monte Carlo.” The middle of its three tiers consisted of boxes; the third, an open-air café. In compliance with the city’s building code, Hammerstein added eight exits and two elevators to his “solid steel and concrete construction” before summer season of 1902 commenced. He also gained permission to install a roof that could open or close to accommodate the weather.
The bulk of the theatre rested over the Victoria, leaving the roof of the Belasco free for novelty features, including a pond, a Dutch-style dairy farm, and a windmill. The “Mute Revue” consisted of garden displays that paid tribute to the theatrical hits of the closing season. Just in time for the opening of the summer season of 1907, the entire venue was upgraded: the house was repainted in white and blue with splashes of red, and the boxes were remodeled and decked with geraniums.

## Variety and vaudeville

In addition to entertainment, the open-air Paradise Roof Garden offered patrons escape from the city’s oppressive summer heat. The table-and-chair seating configuration encouraged conversation in a house that was vulnerable to sunlight and outside noise; simple, wordless variety entertainment was well suited to such conditions. Some of the “dumb acts” that played on the roof included Barnold’s Dog and Monkey Pantomime Company, and wire-walker Bird Millman; in fact, William Glackens’s painting, titled simply Hammerstein’s Roof Garden, depicts such an act.

## Demise

As advancements in air-conditioning were rendering New York’s roof garden theatres obsolete, silent movies were luring patrons out of vaudeville theatres. With the selling of the Victoria in 1915, the roof garden closed as well.