OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# German submarine U-597

German submarine U-597 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.
She was a member of eight wolfpacks, carried out two patrols but sank no ships.
She was sunk southwest of Iceland by a British aircraft on 12 October 1942.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-597 had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-597 was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

The submarine was laid down on 13 January 1941 at Blohm & Voss, Hamburg as yard number 573, launched on 1 October and commissioned on 20 November under the command of Kapitänleutnant Eberhard Bopst.
She served with the 8th U-boat Flotilla from 20 November 1941 for training and the 1st flotilla from 1 July 1942 for operations.

### First patrol

U-597 departed Kiel on 27 June 1942 and headed for the Atlantic Ocean. Her route took her through the gap between Iceland and the Faroe Islands toward Newfoundland
She arrived in Brest in occupied France on 16 August.

### Second patrol and loss

She departed Brest on 16 September and was sunk less than a month later on 12 October by depth charges dropped by a British B-24 Liberator of No. 120 Squadron RAF piloted by Squadron Leader Terry Bulloch.
Forty-nine men died in U-597; there were no survivors.

### Wolfpacks

U-597 took part in eight wolfpacks, namely:
* Wolf (13 – 30 July 1942)
* Pirat (30 July – 3 August 1942)
* Steinbrinck (3 – 11 August 1942)
* Blitz (22 – 26 September 1942)
* Tiger (26 – 30 September 1942)
* Luchs (1 – 6 October 1942)
* Panther (6 – 12 October 1942)
* Leopard (12 October 1942)
# Ostler

Ostler is a surname, and may refer to:

## People

* Andreas Ostler (1921–1988), German Olympic bobsledder
* Blake Ostler (born 1955), American attorney
* Dominic Ostler (born 1970), English cricketer
* Nicholas Ostler (born 1952), British linguist
* William Ostler (died 1614), English actor
* Rob Ostlere, English actor
* Gordon Ostlere (1921–2017), English surgeon and anaesthetist

## Other uses

* Hostler or ostler, a stableman
# Ludi Triumphales

In the Roman Empire of the 4th century, the Ludi Triumphales ("Triumphal Games") were games (ludi) held annually September 18–22 to commemorate the victory of Constantine over Licinius at Chalcedon in 324. No description of these games has survived, but they are significant in the historical transformation of Roman religious and state institutions under the Christian emperors, an era inaugurated by the conversion of Constantine. Forty-eight circus races (ludi circenses) are recorded for September 18, which was also celebrated as the birthday (dies natalis) of the emperor Trajan.

## On the calendar

The first day of the Ludi Triumphales—chosen in 335 for Constantine's elevation of his nephew as Caesar—coincided on the Roman calendar with the conclusion of the Ludi Romani ("Roman Games"), votive games for Jupiter Optimus Maximus ("Jupiter Best and Greatest"). The Roman Games were the oldest games instituted by the Romans, dating from 509 BC, and took up about half the month, running September 5–19 on the Julian calendar. Typically, the last day of victory games would mark the date of the actual victory, which in the case of Chalcedon was September 18. A five-day program of games would have placed the opening day of the Ludi Triumphales on September 13, the Ides, a religiously fraught day that Constantine presumably wished to avoid.
The Ides of September occurred in the middle of the Roman Games, when a major banquet for Jupiter had been held since Rome's archaic period. In the earliest period of Roman history, a nail-driving ritual in the Temple of Jupiter marked the passing of the political year, with the consuls at that time taking office on the Ides. The Byzantine antiquarian Johannes Lydus noted that this was one of three Roman new years: the priestly year began in January, the national in March, and the political cycle in September, which was also the beginning of the Imperial Roman tax year. The nail-driving ceremony occurred on the anniversary (dies natalis) of the temple, in a sacred space (templum) devoted to Minerva, on the right side of the shrine (aedes) of Jupiter.

## Victory games

The Ludi Triumphales are one of nine imperial military victories recorded on the Calendar of Filocalus (354 AD). Eight of these are connected to the Constantinian dynasty, since the celebration of victory games is usually confined to the dynasty. The Triumphales began with the unusually high number of circus races on the opening day of September 18.
# Banani

Banani may refer to:

## People

* Bruno Banani (luger), a Tongan Olympian

## Places

* Banani, Mali a village
* Banani Model Town, a neighbourhood of Dhaka, Bangladesh
* Banani Lake, Dhaka, Bangladesh

## Other uses

* Bruno Banani, a German fashion company
* Banani International Secondary School, Chisamba, Zambia
* Banani railway station, Dhaka.
# Gmina Dębowiec

Gmina Dębowiec may refer to either of the following rural administrative districts in Poland:
* Gmina Dębowiec, Silesian Voivodeship
* Gmina Dębowiec, Subcarpathian Voivodeship
# Stanford Achievement Test Series

The Stanford Achievement Test Series, the most recent version of which is usually referred to simply as the "Stanford 10" or SAT-10, is a set of standardized achievement tests used by school districts in the United States and in American schools abroad for assessing children from kindergarten through high school. Millions of students have taken the test each year. First published in 1922, the test is now in its tenth version. It is produced by the publishing company Harcourt (now owned by Pearson), and should not be confused with the SAT college admission test published by the College Board. Although in many states it is being replaced by state-created tests (mandated by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001), it is not equivalent to most of these tests in that the Stanford series are more comprehensive in scope than the newer assessments. The test is available in 13 levels that roughly correspond to the year in school, but the correspondence is not exact. (Precise comparisons between the Stanford test and state standards are difficult because the Stanford test materials are proprietary.) Each level of the test is broken into subtests or strands covering various subjects such as reading comprehension, mathematics problem-solving, language, spelling, listening comprehension, science, and social science.
The Stanford Achievement Test Series is used to measure academic knowledge of elementary and secondary school students. The reports include narrative summaries, process and cluster summaries, and graphic displays to clarify the student's performance and guide planning and analysis.
The Stanford 10 is one of the few tests in the United States which continues to use stanines to report scores.
In Florida public schools, the SAT-10 was at one point mandatory, but this requirement was dropped in 2009 as a cost-cutting measure. Some Floridian school administrators provoked controversy in 2016 by refusing to allow a third-grade student to advance to the fourth grade, despite the student's classroom performance, because the student had opted out of the SAT-10 and refused to take the state's own standardized test, the Florida Standards Assessment.
The SAT-10 is used in educational research to evaluate the effectiveness of policies, such as tying teacher salaries to students' test results.
A 1937 study found that the performance of male teenage delinquents on the then-current edition of the Stanford Achievement Test improved under the influence of benzedrine.
# 1921 VMI Keydets football team

The 1921 VMI Keydets football team was an American football team that represented the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) during the 1921 college football season as a member of the South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association. In their second year under head coach Blandy Clarkson, the team compiled an overall record of 3–5–1.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 24 | Roanoke* | Alumni FieldLexington, VA | W 13–0 | |
| October 1 | Hampden–Sydney* | Alumni FieldLexington, VA | W 32–0 | |
| October 8 | Wake Forest* | Alumni FieldLexington, VA | W 20–0 | |
| October 15 | Virginia | Alumni FieldLexington, VA | L 7–14 | |
| October 22 | at Penn* | Franklin FieldPhiladelphia, PA | L 7–21 | 22,000 |
| October 29 | at NC State | Riddick StadiumRaleigh, NC | T 7–7 | |
| November 5 | vs. North Carolina | Mayo Island ParkRichmond, VA | L 7–20 | |
| November 12 | at Kentucky* | Eclipse ParkLouisville, KY | L 7–14 | |
| November 24 | vs. VPI | Fair GroundsRoanoke, VA (rivalry) | L 7–26 | |
| *Non-conference game ||||||
# V52

V52 may refer to:
* DB Class V 52, a German locomotive
* Jiabao V52, a Chinese microvan
* LFG V 52, a German sport aircraft
* Mali-V52, a SoC mobile GPU
* Vanadium-52, an isotope of vanadium
# Großfahner

Großfahner is a municipality in the district of Gotha, in Thuringia, Germany.
The town is known to music historians due to the 600 manuscripts from 1650-1750 copied by the church music director of the period - these include cantatas from forgotten Kleinmeistern such as Buttstedt, Friedrich Erhard Niedt, "Liebhold," Georg Friedrich Künstel and Johann Topf, as well as the only surviving copies of works by masters such as Pachelbel and Telemann.
# Vaginal melanoma

Vaginal melanoma is a rare malignancy that originates from melanocytes in the vaginal epithelium. It is also known as a melanocytic tumor or as a malignant melanoma. It is aggressive and infrequently cured. The median overall survival is 16 months. Vaginal melanoma accounts 5.5% of all vaginal cancers and only 1% of all melanomas diagnosed in women. Vaginal melanomas are frequently diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease. The prognosis is poor and the most important risk factor is the presence of lymph node metastases.

## Presentation

This cancer most often develops on the lowest third of the vagina. It is darkly pigmented and of an irregular T-shape, but amelanotic melanomas have been described in 7% of cases. Melanoma of the vagina can be several centimeters in size.

## Histology

When the tissue is assessed, the histological characteristics include:
* the shape of the cells appear similar to epithelial and spindle-shaped
* the growth occurs in the shapes of sheets and nests
* the presence of melanin in the cells
* the nucleus of the cells is large and abnormal

### Other cancers

Other cancerous conditions arise from vaginal epithelium:
* Vaginal squamous-cell carcinoma arises from the squamous cells of the vaginal epithelium
* Vaginal adenocarcinoma arises from secretory cells in the vaginal epithelium
* Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina this malignancy arises in some women prenatally exposed to diethylstilbestrol

## Diagnosis

A biopsy should be obtained from all suspicious lesions and Immunocytochemistry can reveal positive results for S-110 protein, HMB 45 and melan A. Once the diagnosis of vaginal melanoma is established, additional examinations should be performed to exclude the spread to regional lymph nodes or distant organs, as the diagnosis of vaginal melanoma is often delayed. Lymph-node involvement is the most important prognostic factor.

## Treatment

Surgery represents the primary treatment modality. Chemotherapy may be ineffective, but checkpoint inhibitors and BRAF and MEK inhibitors have been recently tested in vaginal melanomas. Less than 10% of vaginal melanomas have BRAF-mutations. Therefore BRAF-inhibitors play only a minor role in vaginal melanomas (unlike in skin melanomas). However, a recent study has shown that checkpoint inhibitors (inkluding CTLA-4 inhibitors and PD-1 inhibitors) are effective in the treatment of advanced vulvovaginal melanomas.
# Guizotia

Guizotia is a genus of African herbs in the family Asteraceae. They are often known as sunflecks. The species Guizotia abyssinica is occasionally found outside of cultivation in Europe, North America and Asia.

## Species

* Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.
* Guizotia arborescens Friis
* Guizotia candussioi Cif.
* Guizotia jacksonii (S.Moore) J.Baagøe
* Guizotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov.
* Guizotia schimperi Sch.Bip. ex Walp.
* Guizotia villosa Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.
* Guizotia villosula Cif.
* Guizotia zavattarii Lanza
# Avia BH-26

The Avia BH-26 was a two-seat armed reconnaissance aircraft built in Czechoslovakia in 1927. It was a single-bay unstaggered biplane with equal-span wings and a fixed tailskid undercarriage. Both upper and lower wings featured long-span ailerons, which were dynamically balanced by a small auxiliary airfoil mounted to the upper surface of the lower ailerons. Its design was typical of this type of aircraft built during World War I and the years following; pilot and observer sat in tandem open cockpits with the observer armed with a machine gun on a ring mount. As with many other Avia designs, the BH-26 originally had no fixed fin, only a rudder, but this was changed in service.

## Specifications

Data from Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1928
General characteristics
* Crew: 2 - pilot and observer
* Length: 8.93 m (29 ft 4 in)
* Wingspan: 10.8 m (35 ft 5 in)
* Height: 3.35 m (11 ft 0 in)
* Wing area: 31 m$^2$ (330 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 1,080 kg (2,381 lb)
* Gross weight: 1,760 kg (3,880 lb)
* Fuel capacity: 380 kg (840 lb) fuel and oil
* Powerplant: 1 × Walter-built Bristol Jupiter 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 340 kW (450 hp)
* Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller
Performance
* Maximum speed: 250 km/h (160 mph, 130 kn)
* Stall speed: 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kn)
* Range: 530 km (330 mi, 290 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 7,500 m (24,600 ft)
* Rate of climb: 6.3 m/s (1,240 ft/min)
* Time to altitude: 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 13 minutes 20 seconds; 6,000 m (20,000 ft) in 17 minutes 30 seconds; 7,000 m (23,000 ft) in 27 minutes
* Wing loading: 55.6 kg/m$^2$ (11.4 lb/sq ft)
* Power/mass: 0.205 kW/kg (0.125 hp/lb)
Armament
* Guns: 2x fixed, forward-firing, synchronised 7.7 mm (0.303 in) Vickers machine-guns in the forward fuselage upper decking and 2x 7.7 mm (0.303 in) Lewis guns on a flexible mount in the rear cockpit.
# Gerhard Wohlgemuth

Gerhard Wohlgemuth (16 March 1920 in Frankfurt – 26 October 2001 in Halle (Saale)) was a German composer and literary editor. He wrote several film scores.

## Film scores

* Der kleine Kuno (1959)
* Doctor Ahrendt's Decision (1959)
* Mord an Rathenau (1961)
* The Adventures of Werner Holt (1964)
* Die Ohrfeige (1966/67)
* Rotkäppchen (1962)
* Rüpel (1963)
* Das Tal der sieben Monde (1967)
* Turlis Abenteuer (1967)
* Die Toten bleiben jung (1968)
* Die große Reise der Agathe Schweigert [de] (1971/72)
* Mann gegen Mann (1976)
# Ostkäslausch

Ostkäslausch is a Low Prussian dialect of Low German spoken in an area of Poland, that used to be part of Germany.

## Geography

It used to be or is spoken in Warmia in East Prussia.
Its border ran through Warmia. Ostkäslausch used to be spoken around Reszel and used to have borders to Breslausch, Natangian and Standard German.
It has features of Eastphalian, Westphalian and East Pomeranian dialect.
The Eastern border of Ostkäslausch was the old border of Catholic Warmia to Protestant State of the Teutonic Order, it bordered to Natangian. It occurred, that Ostkäslausch and High Prussian were spoken in the same village.

## Phonology

There is gutturalisation of nd and nt to ng; usually an i added (Schtuing 'hour', cf. Standard German Stunde), but not in the preterite of strong verbs (jebunge 'bound', cf. Standard German gebunden). Ostkäslausche also has diphthongization of e and long o after ei and ou. O frequently has become io or iu. Ostkäslausch has influence of High Prussian. Most cases of Natangian diphthongization of e to ei and every o to ou occur in Ostkäslausch.

## Grammar

It has the preterite forms kam and nam.
# Ludi magister

A ludi magister was a teacher at a Roman school (Ludus). Magistri were often Greek or other educated slaves. The ludi magister was the teacher of the first stage of Roman education, the equivalent of an elementary school teacher. He would have a class of around thirty students. Students would go to a ludi magister at multiple ages and leave at the age of eleven. Classes would be held in a room rented by the ludi magister or outside.

## Role of a ludi magister

The subjects taught by a ludi magister were mainly reading and writing accompanied by a small knowledge of arithmetic and numbers. Teachers were allowed to employ corporal punishments if students were late or were disobedient and could be whipped.
Many Roman boys attended this first stage of education; there was a medium fee and the skills learnt were essential. The skills were reading and writing Greek and Latin. However, only very rich families sent their daughters to school and most taught their daughters themselves or had their son teach them. For a girl other household skills such as making fabric and cooking were more important. A child would often be sent with a slave, a paedagogus, to school who would carry equipment and make sure they got there safely.
The equipment used at this stage consisted of wax tablets (tabulae) which would be written on with a stick (stilus) with a pointed end for writing and a flat end for rubbing the wax back so it could be written on again. Also, papyrus rolls and quills with black and red ink could be used, almost an equivalent to paper and pens but papyrus rolls were much rougher. As well as that, the ink was more durable as it was made of soot and resin. This was thinned by adding water to the thick substance. Some of the more durable and costly inks have been known to survive years buried under the ground.

## Beyond the ludi magister

The second stage of Roman education was study under a grammaticus, and the third and final stage, only undertaken by young men from wealthy backgrounds, was instruction from a rhetor (the rhetor was almost always Greek and taught the art of public speaking). The ancient Romans did not have universities but they did have extra schooling taken by only the wealthiest families.
An account cited that it was the custom among the wealthy Romans to pursue liberal education and that their elementary years were spent studying with a grammaticus and later, a rhetor. On the other hand, the students who came from the lower class studied under the ludi magister, suggesting that this teacher instructed in some form of trade school. Indeed, a description of the school noted that the ludi magister's place of work was small, lowly, noisy, and a familiar part of the Roman life. It was also said that the ludi magister's school competed with other schools and so his goal was to have a large number of students to earn the approval of his master.
# Bananera Airport

Bananera Airport (ICAO: MGBN) is an airport serving the city of Morales in Izabal Department, Guatemala.
The runway is within the city. The Puerto Barrios VOR-DME (Ident: IOS) is located 21.4 nautical miles (39.6 km) northeast of the airstrip.
# Hispanoamérica

Hispanoamérica is an administrative neighborhood (barrio) of Madrid belonging to the district of Chamartín.
It has an area of 1.707406 km$^2$ (0.659233 sq mi). As of 1 March 2020, it has a population of 32,181.
Several of the placenames in the neighborhood make a reference to locations in Hispanic America, including the plazas of Cuzco, Lima, Ecuador, República Dominicana and Perú, and the streets of Veracruz, Valparaíso, Oruro, Cochabamba, Potosí, Colombia, Uruguay, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico and Chile.
# Northern cave bat

The northern cave bat (Vespadelus caurinus) is a vesper bat that occurs throughout most of Australia.

## Description

A species of Vespadelus, smaller insectivorous microbats, which are tiny in size and often dwell in caves. The weight range is 2.3 to 4.2 g (0.081 to 0.148 oz), with an average of 3.1 g (0.11 oz). The length of the forearm is 27 to 32 mm (1.1 to 1.3 in), the head and body measure 32 to 40 mm (1.3 to 1.6 in), the tail is 24 to 35 mm (0.94 to 1.38 in) long, the ear from base to tip is 8 to 12 mm (0.31 to 0.47 in) long. The fur colour is greyish brown, darker at the base and warmer brown at the rump. They are exceptionally agile in their flight capabilities.
The birthing season of V. caurinus is around October to February, the austral summer, and they produce up to two young.

## Taxonomy

The description was first published in 1914 by Oldfield Thomas, naming it as a species of genus Eptesicus. Vespadelus caurinus is one of several species referred to cave vespadeluses.
Vernacular for V. caurinus include:, northern, little northern, or western cave bat and little brown bat.

## Range and habitat

The species occurs in the monsoonal tropics of Australia from the Kimberly region of Western Australia, throughout the Top End of the Northern Territory and the lower Gulf of Carpentaria into north-western Queensland. They inhabit the inside of caves or boulder piles, beneath overhanging rocks, or occupying small crevices and cracks at cliff faces. Some built structures are also exploited by Vespadelus caurinus, abandoned mines and buildings and subterranean installations such as storm-water culverts. They are also known to occupy the nests of fairy martins, the bird species Petrochelidon ariel. V. caurinus forages for insects in monsoonal forest and open woodland close to running water.
The species is one of many bats found near the northern city of Darwin. They occur at the Casuarina Coastal Reserve, inhabiting the observation posts installed during the second world war. They are observed to cohabitat with other microbat species, the common sheathtail species Taphozous georgianus and dusky leaf-nosed species Hipposideros ater.
Vespadelus caurinus superficially resembles the species Vespadelus douglasorum, except for the larger size and tinges of yellow in the fur of that species; both species occur in the Kimberley region of the northwest. They may only be easily distinguished from Vespadelus finlaysoni by the locality, which do not overlap, or comparison of forearm length as less than 32 mm and usually smaller size overall; the second method of diagnosis is less certain as size ranges are variable in both species.

## Conservation

Vespadelus caurinus is listed with the conservation status of least concern at state registers in the Northern Territory and in Queensland.