OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Maria Sødahl

Maria Sødahl (born 31 December 1965) is a Norwegian film director and screenwriter who is best known for her internationally acclaimed film Hope (2019) and Limbo (2010). The former earned her the nomination of European Film Award for Best Director in 2020.

## Career

Sødahl debuted with the film Limbo in 2010. It was well-received and earned ten nominations at Amanda Awards, Norway's top film Awards. After a long hiatus of 9 years, she returned with the film Hope, which deals with a woman surviving cancer. It was set for a World Premiere at Toronto Film Festival. The film was selected as Norway's Official Submissions to Academy Awards.

## Personal life

Sødahl is married to film director Hans Petter Moland, with whom she has three children.

## Awards

* European Film Award for Best Director (2020) - nominated
# Hafir

A hafir, or haffir, is an artificially constructed water catchment basin with a circular earthen wall and diameters of between 70-250 m and heights of up to 7 m. Adapted to semi-desert conditions, the hafirs catch the water during the rainy season to have it available for several months during the dry season to supply drinking water, irrigate fields and water cattle. It is used in central Sudan from time immemorial.

## History

Part of a series on :
History of Nubia :
Topics
Nubia
Names of Nubia
History of Sudan
Military
Lower Nubia
Upper Nubia :
Kingdoms
A-Group
Alodia
B-Group
Blemmyes
C-Group
Kerma
Kingdom of al-Abwab
Kingdom of Kush
Kingdom of Sennar
Makuria
Medja
Meroë
Napata
Nobatia
X-Group :
MonarchyTitles
Kandake
Pharaoh
Qore
Viceroy
Rulers
Monarchs of Kerma
Monarchs of Kush
Monarchs of Makuria
Queens of Kush
Viceroy of Kush :
Locations
Al-Meragh
Amara
Aniba
Askut
Ballana
Bigeh
Deir el-Bahari
Debeira
Dodekaschoinos
Dongola
Dotawo
Elephantine
El-Hobagi
El-Kurru
Fadrus
Faras
Hamadab
Gala Abu Ahmed
Jebel Adda
Jebel Barkal
Jebel Dosha
Kadero
Kageras
Kawa
Kulb (Kulubnarti)
Kumma
Lisht
Meinarti
Musawwarat es-Sufra
Nubian Desert
Saï Island
Shalfak
Singa
Soba
Soleb
Umm Ruweim
Wad ban Naqa
Zuma :
Languages
Blemmye
Egyptian
Meroitic (Meroitic alphabet)
Old Nubian :
Religions
Christianity
Egyptian
Kushite
Sunni Islam :
Deities
A
Allah
Aman
Amanete
Amesemi
Anhur
Anaka
Apedemak
Aqedise
Arensnuphis
Ariten
Atari
B
Bastet
Bes
Breith
D
Dedun
H
Heka
Hemen
Horus
K
Khenmu
J
Jesus
M
Makedeke
Mash
Mehit
Menhit
Merul
Miket
N
Nu
R
Ra
S
Satis
Sabomakal
Sobek
T
Thoth
W
Wusa
Y
Yahweh :
Temples
Faras Cathedral
Kulubnarti church
Monastery in Ghazali
Philae temple complex
Qasr Ibrim
Qustul
Semna
Temple of Amun (Jebel Barkal)
Temple of Amun (Tabo)
Temple of Apedemak (Lion Temple)
Temple of Dendur
Temple of Mut
Throne Hall of Dongola
Tombos :
Architecture
Monumental depictions of Amanitore
Nubian architecture
Nubian pyramids
Nubian vault
Pyramids of Meroë
Sedeinga pyramids :
Technology
Bow and arrow
Gold mining
Hafir
Levallois technique :
Category :
vte :
Hafirs were an important feature of the Meroitic civilization in the Butana and were often built in the immediate vicinity of temples, for example the Great Hafir near the Lion Temple in Musawwarat es-Sufra. 800 ancient and modern hafirs have been registered in the Butana. Some scholars assume that the hafirs near temples were a Meroitic policy to control pastoralists’ movements and collect taxes.

## Present-day

Hafirs are still constructed and used today in central Sudan and South Sudan. Today's hafirs hold between 10,000 m$^3$ and 60,000 m$^3$ of water mostly administered by village communities and are used for irrigation. Only the hafirs excavated by the government are also accessible to the herds of nomads.
# Oedaspis maraisi

Oedaspis maraisi is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Oedaspis of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

South Africa.
# Bill Shanks

Bill Shanks is an American sports broadcaster and writer.

## Personal life

Shanks lives in Macon, Georgia. Shanks, originally from Waycross, Georgia, is a graduate of the University of Georgia. Shanks was a television sports anchor at WBSG in Brunswick, Georgia and WGXA in Macon, Georgia. Shanks also had a sports production company and produced and hosted weekly television shows with the Atlanta Braves, the Atlanta Hawks, and the Atlantic Sun Conference.

## Professional background
### Broadcasting

Bill Shanks hosts "The Bill Shanks Show" on WXKO Middle Georgia's ESPN in Macon. Shanks is also a columnist for The Athens Banner-Herald and hosts a weekly high school football show called The End Zone on WMGT-TV 41 NBC. Shanks has covered the Atlanta Braves for Fox Sports South.com and Scout.com. In 2006 Shanks was one of the co-hosts of the Braves Wrap-Up Show on the Atlanta Braves Radio Network. Shanks' show covers topics like the University of Georgia and Head Coach Mark Richt, who "lost him" in 2008.
Shanks started his daily radio show in March 2007 on WIFN 105.5 The Fan in Macon. The show was canceled on February 9, 2009. Six weeks later, on March 23, 2009, Shanks' show was back on the air on the Clear Channel (now iHeartRadio) affiliate.
After 7 years at iHeartRadio, he moved his show to his own station which is affiliated with ESPN Radio starting on June 1, 2016.
Shanks has provided Braves' reports on radio stations in Athens, Georgia on WRFC, in Spartanburg, SC on WSPG and in Florence, AL on WYTK.

### Writing

Shanks wrote a book called Scout's Honor: The Bravest Way to Build a Winning Team. He interviewed people for nine months and afterwards took six months to write the book. It is both Shanks' answer to Moneyball and the story of how the Braves became the successful organization that they are today. It tells how John Schuerholz rose through the ranks and tells the tales of individual Braves prospects, from Jeff Francoeur, Brian McCann, Adam LaRoche, John Smoltz, and Adam Wainwright. Some have questioned Shanks' objectivity in regards to John Schuerholz. Baseball writer Jon Heyman described Shanks' close relationship with John Schuerholz being "so close to John Schuerholz he’s practically his ghost writer.
David Leonhardt of The New York Times described Shanks as "openly contemptuous of the Lewis book". John Conniff of Scout.com criticized the book for "fail[ing] to develop any type of coherent argument, structure, or evidence to support his contention or to more importantly explain the reasons for the Braves success". The Sun-Sentinel's Mike Berardino praised the book for "present[ing] a fascinating and long-overdue look at Atlanta's baseball dynasty".

### Controversy

On May 3, 2016 Shanks authored a controversial column in the Macon Telegraph advocating the return of Chief Noc-A-Homa as the Braves mascot Shanks also called for a return of the teepee in the bleachers. The article immediately received criticism and the Macon Telegraph deleted the article within a few hours. The Telegraph’s sports editor claimed on Twitter that the piece was pulled because Shanks "had a better idea for a column."
# Billy Taylor with Four Flutes

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
Billy Taylor with Four Flutes is an album by American jazz pianist Billy Taylor featuring tracks recorded in 1959 for the Riverside label.

## Reception

Allmusic awarded the album 4 stars with reviewer Scott Yanow calling it "essentially bop, but the unusual instrumentation gives the set its own personality. Enjoyable music that certainly stands out from the crowd".

## Track listing

All compositions by Billy Taylor except as indicated
* "The Song Is Ended" (Irving Berlin) - 3:54
* "Back Home" - 6:44
* "St. Thomas" (Sonny Rollins) - 2:28
* "Oh, Lady Be Good" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) - 4:40
* "No Parking" - 2:53
* "Koolbongo" (Mary Lou Williams) - 4:18
* "Blue Shutters" - 6:54
* "One for the Woofer" - 4:42
* "How About You?" (Ralph Freed, Burton Lane) - 4:54
* Recorded in New York City on July 20 (tracks 1, 2 & 7-9) and July 24 (tracks 3-6), 1959.

## Personnel

* Billy Taylor - piano
* Phil Bodner (tracks 1, 2 & 7-9), Herbie Mann (tracks 1-4 & 6-9), Seldon Powell (track 5), Jerome Richardson (tracks 1-6 & 8), Jerry Sanfino (tracks 3-6), Bill Slapin (tracks 3-7 & 9), Frank Wess (tracks 1, 2 & 7-9) - flute
* Tommy Williams - bass
* Dave Bailey (tracks 1, 2 & 7-9), Albert Heath (tracks 3-6) - drums
* Chino Pozo - congas
# 1990 Jordan League

The 1990 Jordanian League (known as The Jordanian League, was the 40th season of Jordan League since its inception in 1944. Al-Faysali won its 23rd league title .

## Teams

Jordanian League 1990 :
| Club | Location | Stadium | Capacity | Year Formed |
| Al-Faisaly | Amman | Amman International Stadium | 17,619 | 1932 |
| Al-Hussein | Irbid | Irbid Municipal Stadium | 5,500 | 1964 |
| Al-Ahli | Amman | Amman International Stadium | 17,619 | 1944 |
| Al-Ramtha | Ar-Ramtha | Irbid Municipal Stadium | 5,500 | 1966 |
| Al-Wehdat | Amman | Amman International Stadium | 17,619 | 1956 |
| Ain Karem | Amman | Amman International Stadium | 17,619 | 1964 |
| Al-Jazeera | Amman | Amman International Stadium | 17,619 | 1947 |
| Al-Qadisiya | Amman | Amman International Stadium | 17,619 | |
| Al-Baqa'a | Ain Albasha District-Balqa Governorate | Amman International Stadium | 17,619 | 1968 |
| Al-Arabi | Irbid | Irbid Municipal Stadium | 5,500 | 1945 |

### Map
## Overview

Al-Faysali won the championship. Al-Ramtha Withdrew from the return stage.

## League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 1 | Al-Faysali | 17 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 36 | 12 | +24 | 26 | Champions |
| 2 | Al-Hussein | 17 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 32 | 15 | +17 | 25 | |
| 3 | Al-Wahdat | 17 | 9 | 4 | 4 | 25 | 15 | +10 | 22 | |
| 4 | Al-Ramtha | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 16 | 4 | +12 | 17 | Withdrew |
| 5 | Al-Jazira | 17 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 15 | 18 | −3 | 15 | |
| 6 | Al-Qadisiya | 17 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 19 | 21 | −2 | 14 | |
| 7 | Al-Arabi | 17 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 15 | 24 | −9 | 14 | |
| 8 | Al-Ahly | 17 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 19 | −10 | 12 | |
| 9 | Ain Karem | 17 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 28 | −15 | 11 | Relegated |
| 10 | Al-Buq'aa | 17 | 2 | 2 | 13 | 13 | 37 | −24 | 6 | Relegated |
# J. Gregory Pavlovich

J. Gregory Pavlovich is a former brigadier general in the United States Air Force he joined in 1975 and retired in 2005. After being assigned to units within Europe (such as the 485th Tactical Missile Wing and RAF Mildenhall) he returned to the United States, and became executive program director in the Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Defense. In 1994, he was named chief of strategic planning and business process integration at the Defense Logistics Agency. The following year, he became assistant executive director of the Readiness Group. In 1998, he became the vice commander of the 341st Space Wing. He assumed command of the wing later that year. In 2000, he was assigned to Air Force Space Command as deputy director of operations. He became commander of the 45th Space Wing at Patrick Air Force Base.

## Career

From 1975 to 1980, Pavlovich was assigned to the 341st Strategic Missile Wing at Malmstrom Air Force Base. He was then assigned to Strategic Air Command from 1981 to 1984 and Vandenberg Air Force Base from 1984 to 1986.
In 1986, Pavlovich was transferred to the 485th Tactical Missile Wing at Florennes Air Base in Belgium. From there, he became a squadron commander at RAF Mildenhall.
After returning to the United States, Pavlovich became executive program director in the Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Defense. In 1994, he was named chief of strategic planning and business process integration at the Defense Logistics Agency. The following year, he became assistant executive director of the Readiness Group.
In 1998, he returned to Malmstrom Air Force Base as vice commander of the 341st Space Wing. He assumed command of the wing later that year. In 2000, he was assigned to Air Force Space Command as deputy director of operations. He became commander of the 45th Space Wing at Patrick Air Force Base in 2002 before retiring in 2005.
Awards he received include the Defense Superior Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, the Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, the Defense Meritorious Service Medal, the Meritorious Service Medal with three oak leaf cluster, the Air Force Commendation Medal, the Joint Meritorious Unit Award, the Outstanding Unit Award with silver oak leaf cluster and four bronze oak leaf clusters and the Combat Readiness Medal.
# H-reflex

The H-reflex (or Hoffmann's reflex) is a reflectory reaction of muscles after electrical stimulation of sensory fibers (Ia afferents stemming from muscle spindles) in their innervating nerves (for example, those located behind the knee). The H-reflex test is performed using an electric stimulator, which gives usually a square-wave current of short duration and small amplitude (higher stimulations might involve alpha fibers, causing an F-wave, compromising the results), and an EMG set, to record the muscle response. That response is usually a clear wave, called H-wave, 28-35 ms after the stimulus, not to be confused with an F-wave. An M-wave, an early response, occurs 3-6 ms after the onset of stimulation. The H and F-waves are later responses. As the stimulus increases, the amplitude of the F-wave increases only slightly, and the H-wave decreases, and at supramaximal stimulus, the H-wave will disappear. The M-wave does the opposite of the H-wave. As the stimulus increases the M-wave increases. There is a point of minimal stimulus where the M-wave is absent and the H-wave is maximal.
H-reflex is analogous to the mechanically induced spinal stretch reflex (for example, knee jerk reflex). "The primary difference between the H-reflex and the spinal stretch reflex is that the H-reflex bypasses the muscle spindle, and, therefore, is a valuable tool in assessing modulation of monosynaptic reflex activity in the spinal cord." Although stretch reflex gives just qualitative information about muscle spindles and reflex arc activity, if the purpose of the test is to compare performances from different subjects, H-reflex should be used. In that case, in fact, latencies (ms) and amplitudes (mV) of H-wave can be compared.
H-reflex amplitudes measured by EMG are shown to decrease significantly with applied pressure such as massage and tapping to the cited muscle. The amount of decrease seems to be dependent on the force of the pressure, with higher pressures resulting in lower H-reflex amplitudes. H-reflex levels return to baseline immediately after pressure is released except in high pressure cases which had baseline levels returned within the first 10 seconds.
After about 5 days in zero gravity, for instance in orbit around Earth, the h-reflex diminishes significantly. It is generally assumed that this is due to a marked reduction in the excitability of the spinal cord in zero gravity. Once back on Earth, a marked recovery occurs during the first day, but it can take up to 10 days to return to normal. The H-reflex was the first medical experiment completed on the International Space Station.

## History

It was first described by Paul Hoffmann (hence the name) in 1910.
# Hit FM Top 100 Singles of the Year

Hit FM Top 100 Singles of the Year (Chinese: Hit FM年度百首單曲) is the music industry record chart that ranks the most popular songs in Taiwan, published yearly by Hit FM since 1998. Chart rankings are based on online poll in Taiwan.
The first number-one song on this chart was "Look Over Here, Girl" by Richie Jen in 1998. With five songs topping this chart, Jolin Tsai has the most number-one songs on this chart.

## Number-one singles

| Year | Single | Artist(s) |
| 1998 | "Look Over Here, Girl" (對面的女孩看過來) | Richie Jen |
| 1999 | "First Love" | Hikaru Utada |
| 2000 | "Tenderness" (溫柔) | Mayday |
| 2001 | "Abandon" (任性) | Stefanie Sun |
| 2002 | "Secret Sign" (暗號) | Jay Chou |
| 2003 | "Encounter" (遇見) | Stefanie Sun |
| 2004 | "Common Jasmine Orange" (七里香) | Jay Chou |
| 2005 | "Nocturnes" (夜曲) | Jay Chou |
| 2006 | "Marry Me Today" (今天你要嫁給我) | David Tao and Jolin Tsai |
| 2007 | "Sun Will Never Set" (日不落) | Jolin Tsai |
| 2008 | "Onion" (洋蔥) | Aska Yang |
| 2009 | "Sorry, Sorry" | Super Junior |
| 2010 | "Honey Trap" (美人計) | Jolin Tsai |
| 2011 | "Sailor Afraid of Water" (水手怕水) | Jay Chou |
| 2012 | "I Won't Let You Be Lonely" (我不願讓你一個人) | Mayday |
| 2013 | "Practice Love" (修煉愛情) | JJ Lin |
| 2014 | "Play" (Play 我呸) | Jolin Tsai |
| 2015 | "A Little Happiness" (小幸運) | Hebe Tien |
| 2016 | "Twilight" (不為誰而作的歌) | JJ Lin |
| 2017 | "Little Big Us" (偉大的渺小) | JJ Lin |
| 2018 | "Ugly Beauty" (怪美的) | Jolin Tsai |
| 2019 | "I Miss You More" (我比從前想你了) | Bii |
| 2020 | "Untold" (無人知曉) | Hebe Tien |
| 2021 | "Red Scarf" (如果可以) | William Wei |
| 2022 | "Steal Your Love" (偷走你的心) | Jiuze CP |
# Governor McDonald

Governor McDonald or MacDonald may refer to:
* Charles James McDonald (1793–1860), Governor of Georgia
* Jesse Fuller McDonald (1858–1942), Governor of Colorado
* Malcolm MacDonald (1901–1981), Governor of Kenya in 1963 and Governor-General of Kenya from 1963 to 1964
* William C. McDonald (governor) (1858–1918), Governor of New Mexico
# Bill Kraus

William James Kraus (June 26, 1947 – January 25, 1986) was an American gay rights and AIDS activist as well as a congressional aide who served as liaison between the San Francisco gay community and its two successive US representatives in the early 1980s.

## Early years

Kraus was born in Fort Mitchell, Kentucky. His father died when he was in his early teens. Kraus was a 1965 graduate of St. Xavier High School in Cincinnati, Ohio and was a national merit scholar. He attended Dartmouth College for a semester and then Ohio State University from which he graduated with a bachelor's degree in history and master's degree in political science. He went on to become an aide to U.S. representatives Phillip and Sala Burton.

## Political career and AIDS activist

Kraus moved to San Francisco in 1970 where he learned to practice politics from the Castro camera store owner and later City Supervisor Harvey Milk, who was among the first openly gay elected officials in the United States. After Milk's assassination in 1978, he helped Harry Britt to be elected as Milk's successor on the City Council. Kraus later became president of the Harvey Milk Democratic Club.
Kraus accepted a job as liaison to the gay community for US Congressman Phillip Burton and, after Burton's death in 1983, to his widow Sala Burton who was elected to succeed her husband. Together, they worked on legislation to authorize funding to fight the AIDS epidemic. Through the Harvey Milk Democratic Club, Kraus conducted a "safe sex" campaign, attempting to bring awareness to the gay community of the dangers of unsafe sexual practices. Part of his campaign was to urge the closing of San Francisco's gay bathhouses, a recommendation that was severely criticized by some in the city's gay community who called Kraus a "sexual Nazi" for viewing the bathhouses as a problem.
Kraus was himself diagnosed with the disease in October 1984. He traveled to Paris to be treated with the drug HPA-23, believed at the time to boost the immune systems of AIDS patients. In Kraus' case, it proved useless. He was in Paris when actor Rock Hudson arrived to pursue the same treatment. When it became clear the drug had failed, Kraus returned home to San Francisco where he died on January 25, 1986, at the age of 38.
After his death, his mother worked to continue his activism and raise awareness about AIDS.

## Media

Kraus appears in the 1984 documentary film The Times of Harvey Milk. He was also a central figure in Randy Shilts' book And the Band Played On about the early response to the AIDS epidemic. In 1993, the book was adapted into the HBO film of the same name, with actor Ian McKellen playing Kraus. The film dramatized, with some artistic license, both the book and real events in the life of Kraus.
# Mark Rubinstein

Mark Edward Rubinstein (June 8, 1944 – May 9, 2019) was a leading financial economist and financial engineer. He was Paul Stephens Professor of Applied Investment Analysis at the Haas School of Business of the University of California, Berkeley. He held various other professional offices, directing the American Finance Association, amongst others, and was editor of several first-tier academic journals including both the Journal of Financial Economics and the Journal of Finance. He was the author of numerous papers and four books.
Rubinstein was a senior and pioneering academic in the field of finance, focusing on derivatives, particularly options, and was known for his contributions to both theory and practice, especially portfolio insurance and the binomial options pricing model (also known as the Cox-Ross-Rubinstein model), as well as his work on discrete time stochastic calculus more generally. His book Option Markets,
was "the first work that popularized probabilistic and scientific methods in options, helping inaugurate the derivatives revolution." Along with fellow Berkeley finance professor Hayne E. Leland and adjunct professor John O'Brien, Rubinstein developed the portfolio insurance financial product in 1976. (This strategy later became associated with the October 19, 1987, Stock Market Crash; see Black Monday (1987) § Causes). With Leland and O'Brien he also introduced the first exchange-traded fund (ETF) in the United States. Rubinstein popularized the term "exotic option" in 1990/92 working paper "Exotic Options" (with Eric Reiner), with the term based either on "exotic wagers" in Horse racing, or due to the use of international terms such as "Asian option", suggesting the "exotic Orient".
Rubinstein had been on the Haas faculty since 1972. He was instrumental in building the Haas-Berkeley Master of Financial Engineering (MFE) Program, focused on equipping candidates with skills in financial engineering for careers as quants; he was also involved in teaching courses on the program; and previously various other finance courses, both on the Haas-MBA and at Berkeley. The Berkeley-MFE was considered by many as the number one financial engineering program in the US.
He held a BA in economics from Harvard University magna cum laude , an MBA in finance from Stanford University, and a PhD in finance from the University of California, Los Angeles.
# Indian Socialist Party

The Indian Socialist Party was a political party in the Indian state of Kerala. ISP was founded in May 1969, by the majority of the erstwhile Kerala Samyukta Socialist Party (a splinter group of the Samyukta Socialist Party). The two KSSP ministers in the state government, P. K. Kunju and P. R. Kurup, became members of ISP. The ISP declared that it sought to become an All India party in six months.
ISP had two ministers in the C. Achutha Menon cabinet formed in October 1969, O. Koran and N.K. Seshan.
# HMS Abercrombie

Three ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Abercrombie, after General Sir Ralph Abercromby, but using the variant spelling of his name:
* HMS Abercrombie (1809) was a 74-gun third rate, previously the French D'Hautpoul. She was captured in 1809 and sold in 1817.
* HMS Abercrombie (1915) was an Abercrombie-class monitor. She was originally planned as Farragut, then renamed Admiral Farragut, M1 and General Abercrombie, before being renamed HMS Abercrombie before her launch in 1915. She was sold in 1927.
* HMS Abercrombie (F109) was a Roberts-class monitor launched in 1942 and scrapped in 1954.