OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# By Any Means (mixtape)

By Any Means is the eleventh commercial mixtape by American rapper Kevin Gates. It was released on March 17, 2014, by his Breadwinners Association label, distributed by Atlantic Records. The mixtape debuted at number 17 on the Billboard 200, selling 17,000 copies in the United States. On DatPiff, this mixtape has been downloaded over 1,038,543 times, as of January 22, 2019.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| HipHopDX | |
| Pitchfork | (7.5/10) |
By Any Means received positive reviews from music critics. AllMusic's David Jeffries praised Gates for making tweaks to the above-average mixtape, singling out "Movies" and "Posed to Be in Love" as "unexpected excellence buried on a stopgap release, all of them making this mixtape quite necessary for fans of Gates' albums." Christina Lee of HipHopDX praised Gates' storytelling lyricism and beat choices for remaining consistent in finding the middle-ground between underground and mainstream, calling the mixtape "a smart display of his skills that aims for Rap radio airplay but doesn’t sacrifice too much personality, and a reliable stopgap between now and what’s ahead." Renato Pagnani of Pitchfork praised Gates for mixing the different styles from his previous mixtapes to deliver a strong precursor to his full-length debut, concluding that "With By All Means he completes a three-release run that's as solid as any in recent memory, even if the answer to the question of whether he has another gear in him remains unanswered for the time being."

## Commercial performance

By Any Means debuted at number 17 on the US Billboard 200, selling 17,000 copies in its first week of release. On September 7, 2018, the mixtape was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Joseph Palacio

Joseph Palacio (born 1943) is a Garifuna Belizean anthropologist. He was the first Belizean Garifuna to complete a doctorate degree in anthropology and is a leading promoter of Garifuna language, history, and culture. He also serves as Chairman of the Barranco Village Council, his birth village.

## Biography

Joseph Palacio was born in Barranco, the southernmost village in Belize. He attended secondary school in Belize City before continuing his education at the University of Toronto, the University of Manitoba at Winnipeg and earning a PhD in Anthropology from the University of California-Berkeley in 1982. He is married to Myrtle Palacio, a politician and activist - their wedding was in 1968. He served as Belize’s Archaeological Commissioner from 1971 to 1976 where he was instrumental for developing legislation relating to the excavation and preservation of Belizean archeological sites. Palacio then joined the faculty at the University of the West Indies where he taught indigenous history and community development alongside founding the first formal Garifuna language training program. He was a founding member of the Caribbean Organization of Indigenous People’s (COIP).
Palacio has written many monographs and academic articles, including a collection of essays titled “The Garifuna: A Nation Across Borders.”
# Bycroft

Bycroft is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Chris Bycroft, English basketball player for John Carr Doncaster in the 1980–81 National Basketball League season
* Christine Bycroft, New Zealand statistician and demographer
* John Bycroft, player on the Macedonia national cricket team
* Scott Bycroft, 2010 winner of the Australian National Photographic Portrait Prize
* Syd Bycroft (1912–2004), English footballer and manager
# Tegostoma subditalis

Tegostoma subditalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Zeller in 1852. It is found in Kenya and South Africa.
# Janet Parshall

Janet Parshall (born 1950) is an American nationally syndicated radio talk show host known for the Christian program In the Market with Janet Parshall, which is broadcast on the Moody Radio network on over 700 stations. She was also the host for the 2004 documentary, George W. Bush: Faith in the White House. Parshall has authored several books.
Parshall is a graduate of Carroll College (now Carroll University), in Waukesha, Wisconsin. She serves on the board of directors and served on the executive committee of the National Religious Broadcasters.

## Biography

Janet Parshall, who is married to the Christian lawyer and best-selling fiction writer Craig Parshall, is the daughter of Vince DiFrancesca, an American football player and coach, and of Thora Margaret Paul.

## Writings

* Parshall, Janet. Buyer Beware: Finding Truth in the Marketplace of Ideas. Moody Publishers, 2012. ISBN 0802405614
* Parshall, Janet and Sarah Parshall Perry. When the Fairy Dust Settles: A Mother and Her Daughter Discuss What Really Matters. New York: Warner Faith, 2004. ISBN 978-0-446-69317-2
* Parshall, Craig and Janet Parshall. Traveling a Pilgrim's Path: Preparing Your Child to Navigate the Journey of Faith. Wheaton, Ill: Tyndale House Publishers, 2003. ISBN 978-1-58997-048-9
* Parshall, Craig and Janet Parshall. The Light in the City: Why Christians Must Advance and Not Retreat. Thomas Nelson, Harper Collins Christian Publishing, 2000, ASIN: B003RWS622
* Parshall, Janet, and Craig Parshall. Tough Faith. Eugene, Or: Harvest House Publishers, 1999. ISBN 978-1-56507-997-7
# Bradina erilitoides

Bradina erilitoides is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Strand in 1919. It is found in Taiwan and Japan.
# Colin Bannatyne

Colin Archibald Bannatyne (1849–1920) was a Scottish minister who twice served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland both in 1900/1901 and 1906/1907.
He is the "Bannatyne" of the Free Church court case Bannatyne v Overtoun from 1904.

## Life

He was born on 5 June 1849 near Oban in the parish of Kilmore and Kilbride in Argyll. He was son of Rev Archibald Bannatyne (1810-1863) and Louisa Jane Macdonald. His father had left the established Church of Scotland in the Disruption of 1843 and was one of the original ministers of the Free Church of Scotland. In 1853 the family moved to Glasgow when his father was translated to the Knox Church. The family lived at 12 Rutland Crescent.
From around 1865 he studied at the University of Edinburgh graduating with an MA in 1871. He then studied divinity at New College until 1874. He was ordained by the Free Church of Scotland at Coulter, Lanarkshire in 1876, replacing Rev James Proudfoot. At the Union of the Free Church with the Church of Scotland in 1900 he remained in the Free Church and served as their first Moderator in their reduced form. In 1905 he was appointed Professor of Church History and Principles at the Free Church College. He then moved permanently to Edinburgh, living at 11 Brights Crescent in the Blacket district.
He died in the Grange district in south Edinburgh on 22 November 1920.

## Family

His uncle was the Rev Ninian Bannatyne (1802-1874).
# 1997 Games of the Small States of Europe

The VI Games of the Small States of Europe were held in 1997 in Reykjavík, Iceland.

## Competitions

* Athletics (details)
* Basketball (details)
* Cycling (details)
* Gymnastics (details)
* Judo (details)
* Shooting (details)
* Squash (details)
* Swimming (details)
* Table tennis (details)
* Tennis (details)
* Volleyball (details)

## Medal count

Final Table:
* Host nation (Iceland)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Iceland (ISL)* | 33 | 32 | 32 | 97 |
| 2 | Cyprus (CYP) | 30 | 25 | 14 | 69 |
| 3 | Monaco (MON) | 7 | 6 | 14 | 27 |
| 4 | Malta (MLT) | 5 | 10 | 12 | 27 |
| 5 | Luxembourg (LUX) | 4 | 3 | 9 | 16 |
| 6 | San Marino (SMR) | 3 | 5 | 11 | 19 |
| 7 | Andorra (AND) | 3 | 5 | 10 | 18 |
| 8 | Liechtenstein (LIE) | 2 | 3 | 3 | 8 |
| Totals (8 entries) | Totals (8 entries) | 87 | 89 | 105 | 281 |
# Joseph Pallikaparampil

Mar Joseph Pallikaparambil is a bishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church and the current Bishop Emeritus of Pala, Kottayam, India. He was the Second Bishop of Palai after Bishop Sebastian Vayalil.
On 18 March 2004, Joseph Kallarangatt was appointed as the 3rd Bishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palai, after the resignation of Bishop Pallikaparampil.
# 1998 European Short Course Swimming Championships – Men's 200 metre butterfly

The finals and the qualifying heats of the Men's 200 metres Butterfly event at the 1998 European Short Course Swimming Championships were held on the first day of the competition, on Friday 11 December 1998 in Sheffield, England.

## Finals

| RANK | FINAL | TIME |
| | James Hickman (GBR) | 1:52.96 |
| | Denys Sylantyev (UKR) | 1:54.13 |
| | Thomas Rupprath (GER) | 1:54.99 |
| 4. | Anatoly Polyakov (RUS) | 1:55.39 |
| 5. | Vesa Hanski (FIN) | 1:55.73 |
| 6. | Stefan Aartsen (NED) | 1:56.19 |
| 7. | Chris-Carol Bremer (GER) | 1:56.87 |
| 8. | Stephen Parry (GBR) | 1:57.94 |

## Qualifying Heats

| RANK | HEATS RANKING | TIME |
| 1. | James Hickman (GBR) | 1:54.89 |
| 2. | Anatoly Polyakov (RUS) | 1:56.15 |
| 3. | Denys Sylantyev (UKR) | 1:56.34 |
| 4. | Vesa Hanski (FIN) | 1:56.44 |
| 5. | Thomas Rupprath (GER) | 1:57.15 |
| 6. | Stefan Aartsen (NED) | 1:57.46 |
| 7. | Chris-Carol Bremer (GER) | 1:57.97 |
| 8. | Stephen Parry (GBR) | 1:58.22 |
| 9. | Philippe Meyer (SUI) | 1:58.93 |
| 10. | Jan Vitazka (CZE) | 1:58.96 |
| 11. | Michael Halika (ISR) | 1:59.75 |
| 12. | Lovrenco Franičević (CRO) | 1:59.91 |
| 13. | David Abrard (FRA) | 1:59.99 |
| 14. | Josef Horký (CZE) | 2:00.03 |
| 15. | Ales Abersek (SLO) | 2:00.63 |
| 16. | Ricardo Santos (POR) | 2:01.86 |
| 17. | Philipp Gilgen (SUI) | 2:02.06 |
| 18. | Colin Lowth (IRL) | 2:02.06 |
| 19. | Aleksanda Miladinovski (MKD) | 2:02.33 |
| 20. | Krzysztof Golon (POL) | 2:02.46 |
| 21. | Péter Kovács (HUN) | 2:02.68 |
| 22. | Mindaugas Bruzas (LTU) | 2:03.10 |
| 23. | Georgios Vaiou (GRE) | 2:04.36 |
| 24. | Tero Välimaa (FIN) | 2:04.87 |
# Tegostoma subterminalis

Tegostoma subterminalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1918. It is found in South Africa and Namibia.
# 1998 Swedish speedway season

The 1998 Swedish speedway season was the 1998 season of motorcycle speedway in Sweden.

## Individual
### Individual Championship

The 1998 Swedish Individual Speedway Championship final was held in Hagforson 16 August. Tony Rickardsson won the Swedish Championship for the fourth time.
| Pos | Rider | Team | Pts | Total |
| 1 | Tony Rickardsson | Valsarna | (3,2,3,3,3) | 14 |
| 2 | Mikael Karlsson | Örnarna | (2,3,3,1,3) | 12+3 |
| 3 | Peter Karlsson | Kaparna | (3,1,3,3,2) | 12+2 |
| 4 | Andreas Jonsson | Rospiggarna | (2,3,2,2,2) | 11 |
| 5 | Henrik Gustafsson | Indianerna | (3,2,2,2,2) | 11 |
| 6 | Jimmy Nilsen | Rospiggarna | (1,3,3,0,3) | 10 |
| 7 | Stefan Dannö | Valsarna | (3,2,2,0,1) | 8 |
| 8 | Niklas Klingberg | Örnarna | (2,1,2,3,0) | 8 |
| 9 | Conny Ivarsson | Vetlanda | (u,3,0,3,1) | 7 |
| 10 | Niklas Karlsson | Vargarna | (1,0,1,2,3) | 7 |
| 11 | Patrick Dybeck | Indianerna | (0,2,1,1,2) | 6 |
| 12 | Claes Ivarsson | Vetlanda | (2,0,1,0,1) | 4 |
| 13 | Peter Ingvar Karlsson | Masarna | (1,1,0,2,0) | 4 |
| 14 | Einar Kyllingstad | Rospiggarna | (1,0,0,1,1) | 3 |
| 15 | Robert Eriksson (res) | Indianerna | (0,1,1,0) | 2 |
| 16 | Patrick Olsson | Västervik | (0,1,0,0,0) | 1 |
| 17 | Peter Nahlin | Vargarna | (-,-,-,-,-) | 0 |
Key
* points per race - 3 for a heat win, 2 for 2nd, 1 for third, 0 for last
* +3 won race off, +2 2nd in race off, +1, 3rd in race off, +0 last in race off
* t - tape touching excluded
* u - fell
* w - excluded

### U21 Championship

Andreas Jonsson won the U21 championship.

## Team
### Team Championship

Valsarna won the Elitserien and were declared the winners of the Swedish Speedway Team Championship for the first time in their history. The Valsarna team included Tony Rickardsson, Stefan Dannö and Rune Holta.
Masarna won the first division and Team Viking won the second division.
Elitserien :
| Pos | Team | Pts |
| 1 | Valsarna | 29 |
| 2 | Rospiggarna | 28 |
| 3 | Indianerna | 25 |
| 4 | Vetlanda | 23 |
| 5 | Örnarna | 18 |
| 6 | Västervik | 17 |
| 7 | Vargarna | 17 |
| 8 | Smederna | 8 |
| 9 | Kaparna | 8 |
| 10 | Bysarna | 7 |
Div 1 :
| Pos | Team | Pts |
| 1 | Masarna | 22 |
| 2 | Team Svelux | 21 |
| 3 | Filbyterna | 16 |
| 4 | Karlstad | 13 |
| 5 | Getingarna | 6 |
| 6 | Korparna | 4 |
| 7 | Nässjö | 2 |
Div 2 :
| Pos | Team | Pts |
| 1 | Team Viking | 22 |
| 2 | Piraterna | 18 |
| 3 | Lejonen | 14 |
# Bradina eremica

Bradina eremica is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by John Frederick Gates Clarke in 1986. It is found on the Marquesas Islands in French Polynesia.
# Canada men's national under-19 basketball team

The Canadian men's national under-19 basketball team represents Canada in international under-18 and under-19 (under age 18 and under age 19) basketball competitions. They are overseen by Canada Basketball, the governing body for basketball in Canada.
The 2017 team won the Canadian Press Team of the Year Award, becoming the first basketball team to win the award.
A prominent member was RJ Barrett who helped his country win the 2017 FIBA Under-19 Basketball World Cup, where he became the tournament's MVP. The head coach Roy Rana in later years would become an NBA assistant coach and Head Coach of the Egyptian men's national basketball team.

## Competitive record

A red box around the year indicates tournaments played within the Canada

### FIBA Under-19 World Cup

| Year | Position |
| 1979 | 7th |
| 1983 | 14th |
| 1987 | 6th |
| 1991 | 8th |
| 1995 | DNQ |
| 1999 | DNQ |
| 2003 | DNQ |
| 2007 | 10th |
| 2009 | 7th |
| 2011 | 11th |
| 2013 | 6th |
| 2015 | 5th |
| 2017 | |
| 2019 | 8th |
| 2021 | |
| 2023 | 7th |
| 2025 | Qualified |
| 2027 | TBD |
# Bycombia

Bycombia verdugoensis is a moth in the subfamily Thyatirinae and only member of the genus Bycombia. It was described by Hill in 1927. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from southern California.
The wingspan is about 33 mm for females and 30 mm for males. The forewings are blackish grey, tinged with rufous and irrorated with black. The basal line is obsolescent and there is double black line which is waved and jet black distally. The space between the double lines is tinged with rufous. The median line is blackish and there is an oblique black apical dash connected to a pale waved line, as well as a thin black terminal line. The hindwings are fuscous. Adults are on wing from January to April.
# Jose Capistrano

Jose "Junjun" Antiquisa Capistrano, Jr., was the former Administrator of the Intramuros Administration and the current President and CEO of Philippine Pharma Procurement Inc., a subsidiary of the Philippine International Trading Corporation under the Department of Trade and Industry. He succeeded Eustacio Orobia in 1986 as the 3rd Intramuros Administrator until 1990, and Bambi Harper in 2010 as the 8th Administrator until 2013.

## Career

Capistrano's career in government started with his appointment as Intramuros Administrator in 1989. From 1990 to 1992, he was the General Chairman and Vice-Chairman and from 1992 to 1998 the Director of the then Philippine Tourism Authority, now the Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority. During his stint there, he helped privatize Fort Ilocandia. He was with the Department of Tourism for various years starting in 1995 up to his appointment again as Intramuros Administrator in 2010. During his second term as administrator from 2010 to 2013, the reconstruction of PHP 100 Million San Ignacio Church as the future Museo de Intramuros was started. A monument to Ho Chi Minh was also erected in Intramuros in 2011 under his stewardship.
# Muhammad Ali hoji Madrasa

The Muhammad Ali hoji Madrasa was a madrasa located in Bukhara in present-day Uzbekistan. The madrasa has not been preserved until today.

## History

Muhammad Ali hoji Madrasa was founded in 1707–1708 in Qosh madrasa quarter, during the reign of Ubaydullakhan of Ashtarkhanids, the ruler of the Bukhara Khanate, by Muhammad Ali hoji, one of the emirs of Bukhara Khan Subhonqulikhan. He taught as a third-degree senior mudarris (teacher) at the madrasa. According to Abdurauf Fitrat, the annual waqf amount given to the madrasa was 150,000 tangas.
Muhammad Ali hoji Madrasa was one of the most famous madrasas in Bukhara. The annual salary of the mudarris who worked at this madrasa was 85-90 tillas. More than five waqf documents related to the activities of the madrasa have been preserved. A decree of Bukhara Amir Amir Muzaffarkhan issued in August 1875 states that qazi askar domulla Khodjakalon taught half a share at Muhammad Alikhan Madrasa.

## Architecture

Muhammad Ali hoji Madrasa consisted of 19 rooms (17 according to Sadri Ziyo). Two students lived in each room. The madrasa was built in the style of Central Asian architecture, and was made of baked brick, wood, stone and gypsum.
# 1998 European Short Course Swimming Championships – Men's 100 metre freestyle

The finals and the qualifying heats of the Men's 100 metres Freestyle event at the 1998 European Short Course Swimming Championships were held on the first day of the competition, on Friday 11 December 1998 in Sheffield, England.

## Finals

| RANK | FINAL | TIME |
| | Lars Frölander (SWE) | 47.54 |
| | Pieter van den Hoogenband (NED) | 47.68 |
| | Mark Veens (NED) | 47.97 |
| 4. | Lars Conrad (GER) | 48.61 |
| 5. | Yoav Bruck (ISR) | 48.78 |
| 6. | Sion Brinn (GBR) | 48.80 |
| 7. | Stephan Kunzelmann (GER) | 48.97 |
| 8. | Karel Novy (SUI) | 49.02 |

## Qualifying Heats

| RANK | HEATS RANKING | TIME |
| 1. | Lars Frölander (SWE) | 47.92 |
| 2. | Pieter van den Hoogenband (NED) | 48.07 |
| 3. | Mark Veens (NED) | 48.31 |
| 4. | Lars Conrad (GER) | 48.85 |
| 5. | Sion Brinn (GBR) | 48.96 |
| 6. | Karel Novy (SUI) | 48.97 |
| 7. | Yoav Bruck (ISR) | 49.15 |
| 8. | Stephan Kunzelmann (GER) | 49.34 |
| 9. | Indrek Sei (EST) | 49.38 |
| 10. | Jere Hård (FIN) | 49.41 |
| 11. | Aleh Rukhlevich (BLR) | 49.50 |
| 12. | Matthew Kidd (GBR) | 49.62 |
| 13. | Marijan Kanjer (CRO) | 49.66 |
| 14. | Ludovic Depickère (FRA) | 49.76 |
| 15. | Thierry Wouters (BEL) | 49.80 |
| 16. | Anders Dahl (NOR) | 49.96 |
| 17. | Christophe Bühler (SUI) | 50.09 |
| 18. | Sebastien Lequeux (FRA) | 50.14 |
| 19. | Roman Yegorov (RUS) | 50.17 |
| 20. | Ivo Benda (CZE) | 50.58 |
| 21. | Dzmitry Kalinouski (BLR) | 50.65 |
| 22. | Nick O'Hare (IRL) | 50.75 |
| 23. | Maciej Kajak (POL) | 50.90 |
| 24. | Rastislav Kanuk (SVK) | 51.32 |
| 25. | Ľuboš Križko (SVK) | 51.42 |
| — | Hugh O'Connor (IRL) | DNS |
# 1998 Swiss referendums

Ten referendums were held in Switzerland during 1998. The first three were held on 7 June on a federal resolution on a balanced budget and two popular initiatives "for the protection of life and environment against genetic engineering (Gene-protection initiative)" and "Switzerland without secret police". Whilst the balanced budget proposal was approved, both popular initiatives were rejected by voters. The next three referendums were held on 27 September on a federal law on truck tolls based on engine size (following the approval of a federal resolution on the matter in a 1994) and two popular initiatives "for well-priced foodstuffs and ecological farms" and "10th revision of the Aged and Bereaved Insurance without raising the retirement age". Whilst the toll law was approved, both initiatives were rejected.
The final set of referendums was held on 29 November on an amendment to the federal law on labour in trade and industry, two federal resolutions on building and financing public transport infrastructure and for a temporary article in the Swiss Federal Constitution on grain, as well as a popular initiative "for a prudential drug policy". All were approved except the popular initiative.

## Results

| Month | Question | For | For | Against | Against | Blank/invalid | Blank/invalid | Total | Registered voters | Turnout | Cantons for | Cantons for | Cantons against | Cantons against |
| Month | Question | Votes | % | Votes | % | Blank | Invalid | Total | Registered voters | Turnout | Full | Half | Full | Half |
| June | Balanced budget | 1,280,329 | 70.7 | 530,486 | 29.3 | 76,513 | 7,105 | 1,894,433 | 4,629,496 | 40.9 | 20 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
| June | Popular initiative on genetic engineering | 624,964 | 33.3 | 1,252,302 | 66.7 | 26,169 | 6,599 | 1,913,034 | 4,629,496 | 41.3 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 6 |
| June | Popular initiative on secret police | 451,089 | 24.6 | 1,383,055 | 75.4 | 56,644 | 6,836 | 1,897,624 | 4,629,496 | 41.0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 6 |
| September | Federal law on truck tolls | 1,355,735 | 57.2 | 1,014,370 | 42.8 | 26,674 | 7,481 | 2,402,260 | 4,636,259 | 51.8 | | | | |
| September | Popular initiative on foodstuffs and farms | 535,436 | 23.0 | 1,794,024 | 77.0 | 54,518 | 7,680 | 2,391,658 | 4,636,259 | 51.6 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 6 |
| September | Popular initiative on the retirement age | 973,966 | 41.5 | 1,374,139 | 58.5 | 38,203 | 7,716 | 2,394,024 | 4,636,259 | 51.6 | 5 | 0 | 15 | 6 |
| November | Public transport funding | 1,104,294 | 63.5 | 634,714 | 36.5 | 32,150 | 5,865 | 1,777,023 | 4,638,920 | 38.3 | 19 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
| November | Constitutional article on grain | 1,318,585 | 79.4 | 341,473 | 20.6 | 96,537 | 7,325 | 1,763,920 | 4,638,920 | 38.0 | 20 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
| November | Amendment to the federal labour law | 1, 072,978 | 63.4 | 620,011 | 36.6 | 68,253 | 6,452 | 1,767,694 | 4,638,920 | 38.1 | | | | |
| November | Popular initiative on drugs policy | 453,451 | 26.0 | 1,290,070 | 74.0 | 30,286 | 5,890 | 1,779,697 | 4,638,920 | 38.4 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 6 |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver |||||||||||||||
# Capital punishment in Portugal

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
Capital punishment in Portugal has been abolished. Portugal was a pioneer in the abolition of capital punishment. No executions have been carried out since 1846, with the formal abolition of capital punishment for civil wrong occurring in 1867.

## History

The method of capital punishment used in Portugal was by hanging. Portugal was the first country in the world to begin the process to abolish the death penalty, abolishing it in stages. For political crimes capital punishment was abolished in 1852, for all crimes except the military in 1867, and for all crimes in 1911. In 1916, Portugal entered in World War I and it was re-established for military crimes in wartime with a foreign country in the theatre of war.
With the new Constitution in 1976, capital punishment was again abolished for all crimes.
The last execution in Portugal took place in Lagos in 1846. The execution of a soldier of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps carried out in France during World War I was poorly documented until recently. Soldier João Augusto Ferreira de Almeida underwent an execution by firing squad on 16 September 1917. He was issued a "moral rehabilitation" by the Council of Ministers and the President of Portugal, also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces in 2017, which was the 100th anniversary of his execution and 150th anniversary of the end of capital punishment for civil crimes in Portugal. The action was purely symbolic, and not a reappreciation of the facts of the case, an exoneration, or a pardon. This was merely the "rehabilitation of the memory of a soldier convicted to a sentence contrary to human rights and the values and principles that have been long ingrained in Portuguese society."

## Public opinion

In the 2008 European Values Study (EVS), 51.6 percent of respondents in Portugal said the death penalty can never be justified, while only 1.5% said it can be always justified.

## Politics

Today, most political circles are opposed to the idea of reintroducing the death penalty, although it has support from some members of the Chega, a far right, anti-immigration and nationalist political party. In a 2020 Chega party referendum, 44 percent voted in favor of death penalty for crimes such as terrorism or child abuse.