# Ghadamès language

Ghadamès (Berber: ⵄⴰⴷⴻⵎⴻⵙ / Ɛadēməs [ʕadeːməs], Standard Arabic غدامس /ɣadaːmis/, Libyan Arabic /ɣdaːməs/) also called Ghadamsi or Ghadamsian is a Berber language that is spoken in, and named after, the oasis town of Ghadames in Nalut District, western Libya.

## Research

Ghadamès language materials have been gathered by two linguists. The first materials were published in 1903 and 1904 by Adolphe de Calassanti Motylinski (1854–1907). A more copious and reliable source is provided by the works of White Father Jacques Lanfry (1910-2000), who stayed in Ghadames from 1944 to 1945 and who published his main works in 1968 and 1973. No new research has been undertaken on location since then. Recently, Kossmann (2013) has published a modern grammar of Ghadamès based on Lanfry’s materials.

## Number of speakers

Lanfry mentions the number of c. 4,000 speakers as an optimistic estimate. The actual number of speakers is not known with certainty. Ethnologue cites a number of 13,100 speakers in 2016, including 2,000 living outside the area. However, this number reflects the total number of inhabitants of Ghadames, who are not all native speakers of Ghadamès, while the number of 2,000 emigrant speakers is based on a very old source. Ethnologue classifies the language as 6b (Threatened).

## The language

Ghadamès is a Berber language on its own, preserving several unique phonological and morphological features, and the Ghadamès lexicon, as recorded by Lanfry, shows relatively little influence from Arabic. There is as yet no consensus on the classification of Ghadamès within the Berber language group. Aikhenvald and Militarev (1984) group it as Eastern Berber, and Kossmann (1999) specifically groups it together with Awjila. Ethnologue classifies it as East Zenati.

## Phonology
### Consonants

Like other Berber languages and Arabic, Ghadamès has both pharyngealized ("emphatic") and plain dental consonants. Gemination is contrastive. Consonants listed between brackets occur only very sporadically.
Consonant phonemes (IPA) :
| | | Labial | Inter- dental | Dental | Dental phar. | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | | n̪ | | | | | | |
| Plosive | voiceless | (p) | | t̪ | t̪ˤ | (tʃ) | k | q | | |
| Plosive | voiced | b | | d̪ | dˤ | ɟ | ɡ | | | |
| Fricative | voiceless | f | (θ) | s̪ | s̪ˤ | ʃ | x | | ħ | h |
| Fricative | voiced | β | (ð) | z̪ | z̪ˤ | ʒ | ɣ | | ʕ | |
| Approximant | Approximant | w | | l̪ | l̪ˤ | j | | | | |
| Trill | Trill | | | r̪ | r̪ˤ | | | | | |

### Vowels

Most Berber languages have just three phonemic vowels. Ghadamès, like Tamasheq, has seven vowels.
Vowel phonemes (IPA) :
| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i | | u |
| Close-mid | e | | o |
| Mid | | ə | |
| Near-open | | ɐ | |
| Open | | a | |

## Basic vocabulary

Below is the Leipzig-Jakarta list for Ghadames, extracted from Lanfry (1973). Lanfry's unconventional transcription has been adapted to modern usage. Symbols ă, ḥ, j, š, ž, y are equivalent to IPA ɐ, ħ, ɟ, ʃ, ʒ, j. Lanfry's length notation on vowels probably represents lexical stress (Kossmann 2013: 5, 15).
| 1 | fire | ōfa |
| 2 | nose | tənzart |
| 3 | to go | as with verbal deictic n "thither" (cf. 11 to come) |
| 4 | water | aman (plurale tantum) |
| 5 | mouth | ame |
| 6 | tongue | ēləs |
| 7 | blood | dămmăn (plurale tantum) |
| 8 | bone | ɣăṣṣ |
| 9 | 2SG pronoun | šăgg(ən) (M), šămm(ən) (F) |
| 10 | root | aẓur "root of plant" |
| 11 | to come | as with verbal deictic d "hither" (cf. 3 to go) |
| 12 | breast | bab, admār |
| 13 | rain | anaẓar |
| 14 | 1SG pronoun | năšš(ən) |
| 15 | name | ism |
| 16 | louse | talləkt |
| 17 | wing | afraw |
| 18 | flesh/meat | aksəm |
| 19 | hand/arm | ōfəss "hand", āɣil "arm" |
| 20 | fly | izi |
| 21 | night | ēβăḍ |
| 22 | ear | ēsəm |
| 23 | neck | takorəmt (cf. 47 back) |
| 24 | far | (not attested) |
| 25 | to do/make | əqḍu "to do, achieve" < Arabic, ăj "to put, to make" |
| 26 | house | daž, taddart |
| 27 | stone/rock | ērəj |
| 28 | bitter | iẓēk "to be bitter" |
| 29 | to say | ăn |
| 30 | tooth | asēn "incisor", taɣməst "molar", tawjlet "canine" |
| 31 | hair | azaw |
| 32 | big | (not attested) |
| 33 | one | yōn (M), yōt (F) |
| 34 | who? | anno |
| 35 | 3SG pronoun | (n)itto (M), (n)ittāt (F) |
| 36 | to beat/hit | ŏwət |
| 37 | leg/foot | aḍar |
| 38 | horn | aškaw |
| 39 | this | -o |
| 40 | fish | (not attested) |
| 41 | yesterday | ənḍəβăd |
| 42 | to drink | ăsw |
| 43 | black | săṭṭăf "to be black" (perfective stem; aorist stem not attested) |
| 44 | navel | tamet |
| 45 | to stand | ăβdəd "to be standing", ăkkər "to stand up" |
| 46 | to bite | ămbər |
| 47 | back | akorm, təkurmēn (cf. 23 neck) |
| 48 | wind | aḍo "wind, odour" |
| 49 | smoke | ōβo |
| 50 | what? | ke, me |
| 51 | child (kin term) | ara, tarwa |
| 52 | egg | tasadəlt |
| 53 | to give | ăkf |
| 54 | new | (not attested) |
| 55 | to burn (intr.) | ărɣ |
| 56 | not | wăl, ak |
| 57 | good | samēḥ < Arabic |
| 58 | to know | ăssən |
| 59 | knee | ōfəd |
| 60 | sand | tamallilt |
| 61 | to laugh | ăḍs |
| 62 | to hear | ăsl |
| 63 | soil | tammurt "earth, soil" |
| 64 | leaf | təfra "leaf of tree" |
| 65 | red | azŭggaɣ "red one" (prob. /azəggʷaɣ/) |
| 66 | liver | tōsa |
| 67 | to hide | əkənn |
| 68 | skin/hide | ēlăm "animal skin" |
| 69 | to suck | ăzməm |
| 70 | to carry | ăbb "to carry, bring", ăškəl "to carry, lift" |
| 71 | ant | takəṭfet |
| 72 | heavy | ăẓẓāk "to be heavy" (perfective stem; aorist stem not attested) |
| 73 | to take | āβăʕ "to take", ōməẓ "to seize, hold" |
| 74 | old | imqōr, iwsər "to be old, elderly (human)" |
| 75 | to eat | ăšš |
| 76 | thigh | taɣma |
| 77 | thick | izwər "to be thick" |
| 78 | long | əzzəjrət "to be long" |
| 79 | to blow | sβəḍ |
| 80 | wood | asɣēr "(piece of) wood" |
| 81 | to run | ăzzəl |
| 82 | to fall | ōḍu |
| 83 | eye | awăll |
| 84 | ash | ēšəd |
| 85 | tail | tabaḥṣuṣṣ < Arabic? |
| 86 | dog | ēde |
| 87 | to cry/weep | ăẓẓəf |
| 88 | to tie | ăqqēn |
| 89 | to see | ălləm |
| 90 | sweet | (not attested) |
| 91 | rope | tazara |
| 92 | shade/shadow | tēle |
| 93 | bird | ajaḍiḍ |
| 94 | salt | tēsənt |
| 95 | small | imtēt "to be small" |
| 96 | wide | (not attested) |
| 97 | star | iri |
| 98 | in | dəj, -i |
| 99 | hard | (not attested) |
| 100 | to grind/crush | ăẓəd "to grind", ăddəβ "to crush (in a mortar)" |