OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ludwig Rottenberg

Ludwig Rottenberg (11 October 1865 – 6 May 1932) was an Austrian/German composer and conductor.

## Biography

Rottenberg came from a German-speaking Jewish family in Czernowitz, the then-capital of Bukovina, which was part of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy at the time. He studied music in his birthplace, and later at the Vienna Conservatory.
He conducted an amateur orchestra and worked as a Lieder accompanist during his studies. He started his professional conducting career at the Brno opera house.
In 1892 he succeeded Felix Dessoff as Erster Kapellmeister at the Frankfurt Opera. He was recommended for the position by Johannes Brahms and Hans von Bülow, being preferred to two other famous applicants, Richard Strauss and Felix Mottl.
He held this position until 1926. During his tenure he worked with six different artistic directors, and helped establish the Frankfurt Opera as one of the leading opera houses of its time. Numerous contemporary operas were staged there during this period, among others the world premiere performances of Der ferne Klang (1912), Die Gezeichneten (1918) and Der Schatzgräber (1920) by Franz Schreker. Other important performances, partly German premieres, included Hans Pfitzner's Der arme Heinrich (1897), Claude Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande (1907), Richard Strauss’ Elektra (1909) and further operas by Ferruccio Busoni, Leoš Janáček, Béla Bartók and Paul Hindemith.
One of his works was also premiered at the Frankfurt Opera in 1915: his one-act opera Die Geschwister, composed in 1913 after a poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Apart from that, Rottenberg primarily composed Lieder and piano works.
His daughter Gertrud (1900–1967) married the composer Paul Hindemith in 1924.
Rottenberg died in Frankfurt am Main in 1932.
# Chatterton (disambiguation)

Thomas Chatterton (1752–1770) was an English poet and forger of pseudo-medieval poetry.
Chatterton may also refer to:

## Places

* Chatterton, Indiana (extinct)
* Chatterton, Lancashire

## Other uses

* Chatterton (horse), a racehorse
* Chatterton (surname)
* Chatterton (de Vigny), an 1835 drama by Alfred de Vigny
* Chatterton (opera), an 1876 opera by Ruggiero Leoncavallo
* "Chatterton," a song released in 1967 by French singer, songwriter, actor and director Serge Gainsbourg
* Chatterton (album), a 1994 album by French singer Alain Bashung
* Chatterton (novel), a 1987 book by Peter Ackroyd
# Gyrodactylus arcuatoides

Gyrodactylus arcuatoides is an ectoparasite. It was found on the sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus) in European coastal waters.
# Gyrodactylus salaris

Gyrodactylus salaris, commonly known as salmon fluke, salmon killer, or the Norwegian salmon killer is a tiny monogenean ectoparasite which lives on the body surface of freshwater fish. This leech-like parasite has been implicated in the reduction of Atlantic salmon populations in the Norwegian fjords. It also parasitises other species, including rainbow trout. G. salaris requires fresh water, but can survive in brackish water for up to 18 hours.
The parasite is 0.5 mm (0.02 in) long, and cannot be seen with the naked eye, but it can be seen with a magnifying glass. On its posterior end is a haptor, a specialized organ for attaching to the host fish, which has sixteen hooks around its edge. The parasite is viviparous, that is, it produces live offspring. The parasites give birth to live young nearly as big as themselves and at this time, a further generation is already growing inside the neonates.

## Interactions with host fish

When feeding, the parasite attaches its anterior end to the fish with cephalic glands. It everts its pharynx through the mouth and releases a digestive solution with proteolytic enzymes which dissolves the salmon skin. Mucus and dissolved skin are then sucked into the gut. Attachment of many parasites can cause large wounds, damaging the epidermis of the host fish, which allows secondary infections.

## History

G. salaris was first described in 1952, after being removed from a Baltic strain of Atlantic salmon kept at the Hölle Laboratory in Sweden, near to the river Indalsälv. At the time, it was not thought to cause disease in the host fish. The presence of G. salaris on fish became a World Organisation for Animal Health notifiable disease in 1983.
Catastrophic losses of Atlantic salmon occurred in Norway in the 1970s following the introduction of G. salaris. By 2001, the salmon populations of 41 Norwegian rivers had been virtually wiped out in this way.
Historically, Gyrodactylus-infected rivers have been treated with the indiscriminate pesticide/piscicide rotenone. A newer method of treatment employs dosing small volumes of aqueous aluminium and sulfuric acid into the river. A huge advantage of this method is its ability to kill the parasites without harming the hosts. This new method has shown promising results in Batnfjordelva and Lærdalselva, two rivers in Norway.
# Chevrolet Code 130R

The Chevrolet Code 130R is a compact 2-door sports coupe concept revealed by American automobile manufacturer Chevrolet at the 2012 North American International Auto Show inspired by the Chevrolet Nova.

## Overview

The Chevrolet Code 130R concept was revealed at the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS) on January 9, 2012 in Detroit, Michigan, revealed alongside the Chevrolet Tru 140S concept. It is a compact 2-door, 4-seat sports coupe inspired by the 1962 Chevrolet Nova and is designed to be a US$20,000 car for younger buyers.
The Code 130R was designed by Joe Baker, designer of three Ford concepts; the 2003 427, 2004 Bronco, and 2007 Interceptor.

## Specifications
### Technical specs

The Chevrolet Code 130R uses GM's 150-horsepower 1.4L Ecotec turbocharged DOHC I4 with eAssist technology and is in the front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout. It has a 6-speed automatic transmission and is built on the General Motors Alpha platform, which was also used by the 2013 Cadillac ATS, also shown at the 2012 NAIAS, and later on used by the 2014 CTS, 2020 CT4, and CT5 as well as the 2016 Chevrolet Camaro.

### Exterior

Chevrolet built three Code 130R concepts—the original one painted in red shown at NAIAS, another painted in sky blue shown at the 2012 Paris Motor Show, and a third painted in slate gray at the 2012 LA Auto Show—all of which feature 20-inch matte anodized gold rims. The Code 130R concept features Chevrolet's cross flag badge on the fenders, which is used as the Corvette's badge, and other 'Code 130R' badges throughout the car.

## Production model

At the North American International Auto Show, Chevrolet held a poll, asking which compact coupe concept the showgoers prefer; the rear-wheel drive Code 130R or the front-wheel drive Tru 140S. The vast majority of votes were for the Code 130R, which—if built—would be a US$20,000 Chevrolet Nova successor. This car was never built, however. Although, the sixth-generation Chevrolet Camaro did carry over many design cues which were featured on the Code 130R concept, mainly in the side and rear profiles.
# Luis García (football manager)

Luis Osvaldo García (born 7 March 1988) is an Argentine football manager, currently in charge of Atlanta.

## Career

After beginning his career as an under-15 manager at Nueva Chicago, García also worked at Boca Juniors' youth categories before being named assistant of Nueva Chicago in 2016. In June of that year, he was also an interim coach of the club, as manager Alejandro Nanía was unavailable.
In August 2016, García joined Gabriel Cosenza's staff at Ecuadorian side Deportivo Cuenca, as an assistant. He returned to his home country in the following year, as an assistant coach at Atlanta, and later worked for a brief period at River Plate's youth categories before being named assistant of Nanía at Barracas Central in November.
In 2018, García returned to Nueva Chicago to take over the reserve side. He left in March 2019 to join Nanía's staff at Colegiales, but was appointed manager shortly after, as Nanía was named general manager of the club. He resigned from the side after just three matches.
In August 2019, García was appointed César Farías' assistant in the Bolivia national team. He left his role in March 2022, after Farías resigned.
On 6 June 2022, García was appointed manager of Bolivian Primera División side Royal Pari, but was sacked on 28 July after just six matches. In November, he agreed to become manager of Deportivo Maipú back in his home country for the upcoming season.
On 22 December 2023, García switched teams and countries again, after being named manager of Ecuadorian Serie A side Deportivo Cuenca. He left the club on 6 April, and took over Atlanta in his home country four days later.
# Lupinus nipomensis

Lupinus nipomensis is a species of lupine known by the common name Nipomo Mesa lupine. It is endemic to the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes on the California Central Coast. Specifically, the plant is limited to the Guadalupe Dunes at the southern border of San Luis Obispo County. There are five to seven colonies growing in a strip of sand dunes measuring less than three square miles in area. These colonies are generally considered to make up a single population. The number of individual plants remaining has been observed to vary between 100 and 1,800, its abundance is not correlated to precipitation, is highly variable and exact mechanisms driving abundance unknown. This is a California state and federally listed endangered species.
Nipomo Mesa lupine is a small, spreading annual herb with a stem reaching 10 to 50 centimeters in length. Each palmate leaf is made up of 5 to 7 narrow, succulent leaflets between 1 and 1.5 centimeters long and just a few millimeters wide. The herbage is hairy in texture, but can sometimes be glaborous and new stems emerge in equidistant sets of threes. When first emerging the seedlings have a reddish/purple hue from anthocyanin to help reduce ultraviolet damage. The inflorescence is a small, crowded raceme of flowers each 6 to 7 millimeters long. The flower is pink with a lighter, sometimes yellowish spot on its banner. The fruit is a legume pod up to 2 centimeters long. No traditional pollinators have been found to be associated with this plant - however, it does host a diverse suite of other arthropod interactions. Notably, they are visited by Trigonoscuta (Sand weevil) species which are potentially rare and endemic to sand dunes. It was found that they are negatively impacted by, a gall maggot from the family Anthomyiidae, Delia lupini. D. lupini creates galls on the plant and when vacated, have been observed to host other pests such as Scaphomorphus beetles.

## Conservation

This plant is restricted to a small system of sand dunes all located on privately owned land. The biggest threats to its existence include invasive species of plants, particularly perennial veldtgrass (Ehrharta calycina), and herbivory by Botta's pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae). They also face increased decrease in habitat due to land use change causing habitat conversion or habitat fragmentation. Recent studies have found that they have specific microhabitat preferences, overlooked in the past, that could be utilized to improve conservation efforts. More specifically, the species often preferred less exposed microhabitats such as dune swales and north facing slopes. Scientists and stakeholders are drafting plans to save the lupine from extinction.
# Gyeongju Bing clan

Gyeongju Ping clan (Korean: 경주 빙씨; Hanja: 慶州 氷氏) is one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan is in Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province. According to the research held in 2000, the number of Gyeongju Ping clan’s member was 722. Their founder was Ping Yeo gyeong [ja] who was from Ming dynasty. Ping Yeo gyeong [ja] passed Imperial examination and worked as Grand Scholar of Wenyuan Cabinet (Hanja: 文淵閣大學士) and munha sirang pyeongjangsa (문하시랑평장사; 門下侍郞平章事). After that, when Ping Yeo gyeong [ja] worked as Hanlin Academy, he went to Joseon and was naturalized in Korea. Sejo of Joseon treated Ping Yeo gyeong [ja] as a national guest and appointed him as Prince of Gyeongju. Sejo of Joseon also gave a government post named Ijo (이조, 吏曹) and Seungji to Ping Yeo gyeong [ja].
# Chelmsford (disambiguation)

Chelmsford is a city in Essex, England.
Chelmsford may also refer to:

## Australia

* Chelmsford, Queensland, a locality in the Southern Burnett Region
* Chelmsford Royal Commission, an Australian investigation into the Chelmsford Private Hospital.

## Canada

* Chelmsford, New Brunswick
* Chelmsford, Ontario

## United Kingdom

* Chelmsford (UK Parliament constituency)
* Chelmsford City F.C., a football club in the above town
* Chelmsford railway station, a railway station in the above town
* City of Chelmsford, a local government district
* Chelmsford 123, a sitcom set in the above town
* Maldon and East Chelmsford (UK Parliament constituency)
* West Chelmsford (UK Parliament constituency)

## United States

* Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Middlesex County, United States
** Chelmsford High School, a high school in the above town

## People

* Viscount Chelmsford, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
* Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford, known for command during the Anglo-Zulu War
* Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford
# Luisgé Martín

Luis García Martín (born 1962), known as Luisgé Martín, is a Spanish writer. He was born and raised in Madrid, and attended Complutense University. Influenced by Borges and Cortazar, he published his first book of stories in 1989. He has since written more than a dozen works of fiction and non-fiction. His most recent novel Cien noches won the Premio Herralde de Novela in 2020.
# Cheshmeh-ye Shir

Cheshmeh-ye Shir is a village in Baghlan Province in north eastern Afghanistan.
# Chess at the African Games

Chess has been contested at the African Games since the 2003 Games in Abuja, except for the 2015 Games in Brazzaville. The chess events have included individual and team events for men and women.
The open team event at the African Games is the successor of the African Team Chess Championship: the winner of the event gains the right to participate at the next World Team Chess Championship. The African Team Chess Championship was only held twice in Cairo in 1993 and 1997, and Egypt won both times.

## Editions

| Games | Year | Host city | Events | Events | Events | Best nation |
| Games | Year | Host city | Men | Women | Mixed | Best nation |
| VIII | 2003 | Abuja | 8 | 8 | — | Algeria |
| IX | 2007 | Algiers | 8 | 8 | — | Egypt |
| X | 2011 | Maputo | 7 | 7 | — | Egypt |
| XI | 2015 | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held |
| XII | 2019 | Rabat | 2 | 2 | 1 | Egypt |
| XIII | 2023 | Accra | 2 | 2 | 2 | Egypt |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Egypt (EGY) | 23 | 11 | 6 | 40 |
| 2 | Algeria (ALG) | 13 | 11 | 7 | 31 |
| 3 | Nigeria (NGR) | 8 | 3 | 8 | 19 |
| 4 | South Africa (RSA) | 2 | 16 | 9 | 27 |
| 5 | Angola (ANG) | 2 | 2 | 5 | 9 |
| 6 | Libya (LBA) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 7 | Zimbabwe (ZIM) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 8 | Zambia (ZAM) | 0 | 4 | 5 | 9 |
| 9 | Botswana (BOT) | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| 10 | Ethiopia (ETH) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 10 | Mozambique (MOZ) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 10 | Uganda (UGA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (12 entries) | Totals (12 entries) | 51 | 50 | 49 | 150 |
# Gynacantha cylindrata

Gynacantha cylindrata is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae. It is found in Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, and possibly Somalia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and shrub-dominated wetlands.
# Gynacantha immaculifrons

Gynacantha immaculifrons is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, and Tanzania. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and shrub-dominated wetlands. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Luusika

Luusika is a village in Vinni Parish, Lääne-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia. Between 1992 and 2017 (until the administrative reform of Estonian municipalities) the village was located in Laekvere Parish.
# Chevrolet Coupé SS

The Chevrolet Coupé SS is a stock car version of the Chevrolet Nova, designed to race in the Turismo Carretera series, and developed and built since 1968.

## Gallery

* Chevrolet Coupé of Marcos di Palma in 2008
# Gülhan Şen

Gülhan Şen (born July 16, 1978) is a -Bulgarian-Turkish television presenter, producer and speaker.

## Biography

Gülhan Şen was born in Shumen, Bulgaria and completed primary school there. In 1985, her name changed to Galina Hristova Mihaylova due to a compulsory name change law, and a compulsory immigration law applied to Turks brought her to Turkey in 1989.
Şen graduated from Muhsin Adil Binal Secondary School and Kabataş High School in Turkey, and studied radio and television at Istanbul University Communication Faculty. In London, Şen took courses on "Television News and Programs Preparation" at Reuters News Agency.

## Career

Şen worked at HBB, BRT, Star TV and CNN Türk. After directing Türk Sinemasi 2003 ("Turkish Cinema 2003") and Sis Bulutunun Ardında: Alzheimer ("Fog Clouds: Alzheimer"), she carried on her career by preparing, presenting and directing for the TV 8 Zamanın Ruhu: Zeitgeist ("Spirit of Time: Zeitgeist") programme. On 3 October 2007, her new programme Gülhan'ın Galaksi Rehberi ("Gülhan's Guide to the Galaxy"), a travel show primarily about travel abroad, began on TV 8.

## Productions

* Stardust (Star TV, 2002)
* Eğitim ve Kariyer ("Education and Career", CNN Türk, 2003)
* Zamanın Ruhu: Zeitgeist ("When Spirit: Zeitgeist", TV8, 2004–2007)
* Bayanlar Baylar ("Ladies and Gentlemen ", TV8, 2006)
* Gülhan'ın Galaksi Rehberi ("Gülhan's Guide to the Galaxy", TV8, later TRT Haber, 2007–)
* Pür Dikkat (TV8, 2009)
* Kanalizasyon (2009) – Presenter
* İşler Güçler (2012) – Deniz
# Gümele, Çamlıdere

Gümele is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Çamlıdere, Ankara Province, Turkey. Its population is 66 (2022).
# Gümerdiğin

Gümerdiğin is a neighbourhood of the town Şabanözü, Şabanözü District, Çankırı Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,189 (2021). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). Gümerdiğin is nearly 6 km northwest of Şabanözü and nearly 80 km from Ankara. Although Şabanözü is a district of Çankırı Province, Gümerdiğin is mostly in relation with Ankara.

## Economy

Agriculture is the main part of the economy. There are two artificial lakes and also Sanı Çayı is used to supply water for the fields. Wheat, beans, apple and a bunch of vegetables are the main produce.

## Education

In Gümerdiğin there's a primary and a middle school but not a high school. The students from some neighbouring villages also attend school here.

## History

The town was named after Seljuk commander Humar Tigin who came to the area after the Battle of Manzikert with his clan. The name was slowly corrupted over time to its present form Gümerdiğin.

## Health

In Gümerdiğin there's a state health office. In the office there a nurse, and a health officer but no doctor. When a doctor is needed people are transferred to Şabanözü where there's a State Hospital. Gümerdiğin is also lack of Pharmacy and the medicals can be obtained from Şabanözü also.

## Demographics

Gümerdiğin's population is as follows;
Population in years :
| 2007 | Below 2000 |
| 2000 | 2.180 |
| 1997 | 2.515 |
| 1990 | 1.227 |
| 1965 | 2.000 |

## Mayors of Gümerdiğin Municipality

Mayor, parties and percentage of votes :
| Year | Mayor | Party | Percentage of vote |
| 2004 | Ömer Avşaroğlu | AKP | %41,93 |
| 1999 | Hüseyin Arıkanoğlu | DYP | |
| 1994 | Ömer Avşaroğlu | RP | %35.56 |
| 1989 | Muzaffer Arıkanoğlu | DYP | %36.03 |
| 1984 | Muzaffer Arıkanoğlu | DYP | %52.98 |
| 1977 | Ömer Kurtoğlu | | |
| 1973 | Abdullah Mülazımoğlu | CHP | %30.36 |
| 1968 | Ömer Karaağaç | GP | %40.44 |
| 1967 | Gani Bayramoğlu | AP | %60.52 |
# H. J. Wijesinghe

Harry J. Wijesinghe was a Ceylonese educationist. He was the first Ceylonese to serve as acting Principal of Royal College Colombo.
Born in Ceylon, he was educated at the Colombo Academy and at the University of London. He taught at S. Thomas' College, Mt Lavinia, before becoming a senior master at Royal College, Colombo. With the retirement of principal Lionel. H. W. Sampson, Wijesinghe was appointed as acting principal of the school between 1938 and 1939 until the arrival of E. L. Bradby, who became the last British principal of the college. In 1938, Wijesinghe was able to acquire the Maligawa (town house) of Sir James Obeyesekere, to use as the school's hostel, since for over 80 the school did not have a hostel. The H. J. Wijesinghe Memorial Endowment is awarded at Royal College, Colombo in his memory.
# Lulling

Lulling may refer to:
* Astrid Lulling (born 1929), politician in Luxembourg and Member of the European Parliament
* Jérôme Lulling, a linguist in Luxembourg
# Lullingstone Airfield

Lullingstone airfield was a proposed airfield in Kent, United Kingdom that was not constructed. Lullingstone railway station was constructed to serve the airport, but never opened to public services.

## History

In the late 1930s, it was reported that Imperial Airways was looking for an alternative to Croydon Airport. They were considering a site at Lullingstone, Kent, on which a new airport would be constructed. One of the problems affecting operators based at Croydon was a lack of hotel accommodation. The Southern Railway had an option to purchase the land and build the airport. Imperial Airways were to use it for their European services. However, Flight reported as early as March 1937 that Imperial Airways were not looking to move from Croydon, despite its problems with fog. The land on which the airfield was to have been built was owned by the Kemp Town Brewing Company, of Brighton, East Sussex. The airfield was to occupy 800 acres (320 ha).
The airfield was to have had four runways. A station on the Maidstone Line was partly built. It was situated between Lullingstone Tunnel and Eynsford Viaduct. It was planned to build a short double track branch line from Lullingstone station to the airfield. The station was planned to have had four platforms, two on the main line and two on the branch. The Southern Railway obtained approval from Parliament to construct the branch in February 1937. At that time, it was reported that the opening of the airport would be at least eighteen months away. Only the platforms and associated buildings on the main line part of the station were built. It was envisaged that trains from the station would run to London Victoria station.
At the 1938 Annual General Meeting, the Southern Railway stated that, in their opinion, the cost of levelling the ground and providing the necessary infrastructure associated with an airport, was something that was beyond a private company. They were of the opinion that it should be met partly by the state and partly by the County Council. It was stated that there would not be sufficient return on expenditure under the conditions then current to justify the expenditure necessary to construct the airport. The Southern Railway's option to purchase the land had expired by February 1939. It was reported that negotiations between the landowners and the Air Ministry were ongoing at that time. It was reported at that time that completion was then three years off.
During World War II, a decoy airfield was constructed at Lullingstone. Six dummy Hawker Hurricanes were placed on the airfield. It was in use from April 1940 to February 1942.
The station appeared on railway timetables from May 1939 to June 1954, and was shown as open on the 1940 Ordnance Survey map. A planned housing development did not take place. Post-war Green Belt legislation prevented the scheme from being carried out, with developers preferring Heathrow as the site of a new London airport, due to it already being partly built and thus a cheaper option. The station buildings were demolished in March 1955, with the platform canopies being re-erected at Canterbury East station.