OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Norma (play)

Norma, or A Politician's Love (Norwegian:Norma eller En Politikers Kjærlighed) is an eight-page drama written as an opera parody by Henrik Ibsen. It is influenced by Vincenzo Bellini's opera Norma, which Ibsen saw in 1851, but the characters are contemporary politicians. The play was first printed anonymously in the satirical magazine Andhrimner in 1851. The first book edition came in 1909, and the first performance of the play was at a student theatre in Trondheim 1994.

## List of characters

* Norma
* Adalgisa
* Severus
* Ariovist
* Norma and Severus' two sons
* Druids (chorus of men and women)
# Gurudev Chauraha metro station

Gurudev Chauraha is a metro station on the East-West corridor of the Orange Line of Kanpur Metro station in Kanpur, India. The station was opened on 28 December 2021 as part of the inaugural section of Kanpur Metro, between IIT Kanpur and Moti Jheel.

## Station layout

Gurudev Chauraha track layout :
Legend :
Station with two tracks and two side platforms :
| G | Street level | Exit/Entrance |
| L1 | Mezzanine | Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover |
| L2 | Side platform | Doors will open on the left | Side platform | Doors will open on the left |
| L2 | Platform 1 Eastbound | Towards → Moti Jheel Next Station: Geeta Nagar |
| L2 | Platform 2 Westbound | Towards ← IIT Kanpur Next Station: Vishwavidyalaya |
| Side platform | Doors will open on the left | |
| L2 | | |
# Natural filtration

In the theory of stochastic processes in mathematics and statistics, the generated filtration or natural filtration associated to a stochastic process is a filtration associated to the process which records its "past behaviour" at each time. It is in a sense the simplest filtration available for studying the given process: all information concerning the process, and only that information, is available in the natural filtration.
More formally, let (Ω, F, P) be a probability space; let (I, ≤) be a totally ordered index set; let (S, Σ) be a measurable space; let X : I × Ω → S be a stochastic process. Then the natural filtration of F with respect to X is defined to be the filtration F$_•$$^X$ = (F$_i$$^X$)$_{i∈I}$ given by
    $F_{i}^{X}=\sigma \left\{\left.X_{j}^{-1}(A)\right|j\in I,j\leq i,A\in \Sigma \right\},$
i.e., the smallest σ-algebra on Ω that contains all pre-images of Σ-measurable subsets of S for "times" j up to i.
In many examples, the index set I is the natural numbers N (possibly including 0) or an interval [0, T] or [0, +∞); the state space S is often the real line R or Euclidean space R$^n$.
Any stochastic process X is an adapted process with respect to its natural filtration.
# Anterior interosseous artery

The anterior interosseous artery (volar interosseous artery) is an artery in the forearm. It is a branch of the common interosseous artery.

## Course

It passes down the forearm on the palmar surface of the interosseous membrane.
It is accompanied by the palmar interosseous branch of the median nerve, and overlapped by the contiguous margins of the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus muscles, giving off in this situation muscular branches, and the nutrient arteries of the radius and ulna.
At the upper border of the pronator quadratus muscle it pierces the interosseous membrane and reaches the back of the forearm, where it anastomoses with the dorsal interosseous artery.
It then descends, in company with the terminal portion of the dorsal interosseous nerve, to the back of the wrist to join the dorsal carpal network.
The anterior interosseous artery may give off a slender branch, the median artery, which accompanies the median nerve, and gives offsets to its substance; this artery is sometimes much enlarged, and runs with the nerve into the palm of the hand.
Before it pierces the interosseous membrane the anterior interosseous sends a branch downward behind the pronator quadratus muscle to join the palmar carpal network.

## Function

The anterior interosseous artery supplies the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm, including the flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, and pronator quadratus muscles.

## Additional images

* Cross-section through the middle of the forearm.
* Arteries of the back of the forearm and hand.
* Anterior interosseous artery
* Anterior interosseous artery
* Anterior interosseous artery
# Gmina Wyszogród

Gmina Wyszogród is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Płock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Wyszogród, which lies approximately 39 kilometres (24 mi) south-east of Płock and 58 km (36 mi) west of Warsaw.
The gmina covers an area of 97.93 square kilometres (37.8 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 6,002 (out of which the population of Wyszogród amounts to 2,772, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 3,230).

## Villages

Apart from the town of Wyszogród, Gmina Wyszogród contains the villages and settlements of Bielice, Bolino, Chmielewo, Ciućkowo, Drwały, Gródkówko, Grodkowo, Kobylniki, Marcjanka, Pozarzyn, Pruszczyn, Rakowo, Rębowo, Rostkowice, Słomin, Starzyno, Wiązówka and Wilczkowo.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Wyszogród is bordered by the gminas of Brochów, Czerwińsk nad Wisłą, Iłów, Mała Wieś, Młodzieszyn and Naruszewo.
# Glaslyn

Glaslyn (Welsh for 'Blue lake') is a lake in the Snowdonia National Park in Gwynedd, north-west Wales.

## Geography

It is found at approximately 600 metres (2,000 ft) above sea level in a cwm on the eastern flanks of Snowdon. It is a rough ellipse in shape, about 500 metres (1,600 ft) east–west and about 300 metres (1,000 ft) north–south, and the Miners' Track runs along the northern shore.
It has a maximum depth of 39 m (127 feet), and contains about 59 million cubic feet (1.7 million cubic metres) of water.
Glaslyn is the source of the Afon Glaslyn, the major river of Gwynedd, which runs east to the reservoir of Llyn Llydaw before turning south-west to reach the sea at Porthmadog.
In 2020, small particles of microplastic pollution – deposited by rain – were found in the lake, triggering a further investigation of the extent of environmental damage in UK lakes and mountains.

## Folklore

In Welsh folklore, Arthur had Bedivere throw his sword Excalibur into Glaslyn, where Arthur's body was later placed in a boat to be carried away to Afallon. Arthur's men then retreated to a cave on the slopes of Y Lliwedd, where they are said to sleep until such time as they are needed. Merlin is supposed to have hidden the golden throne of Britain among the cliffs north of Crib y Ddysgl when the Saxons invaded.
Glaslyn was also the final resting place of a water monster, known as an afanc (also the Welsh word for beaver), which had plagued the people of the Conwy valley. They tempted the monster out of the water with a young girl, before securing it with chains and dragging it to Glaslyn. A large stone known as Maen Du'r Arddu, below Clogwyn Du'r Arddu, is supposed to have magical powers. Like several other sites in Wales, it is said that if two people spend the night there, one will become a great poet while the other will become insane. Llyn Coch in Cwm Clogwyn has been associated with the Tylwyth Teg (fairies), including a version of the fairy bride legend.
# Baikonur (disambiguation)

Baikonur is a city in Kazakhstan rented by the Russian Federation for the Russian space program.
It can also be:

## Places

* Baikonur (river), a river in Kazakhstan
* Baikonur (Ulytau Region), a mining town in Kazakhstan that lent its name to the space city.
* Baikonur Cosmodrome, a Russian-operated spaceport in the Kazakhstan city.
* Baikonur Krayniy Airport, one of the airports for Baikonur.
* Baikonur (Almaty Metro), a metro station in Almaty, Kazakhstan.
* 2700 Baikonur, a minor planet.

## Sports

* FC Baikonur, a football club from Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan.
# Baglar

Baglar may refer to:
* Bağlar (disambiguation)
* Biglar (disambiguation)
# Glenea keili

Glenea keili is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Coenraad Ritsema in 1897. It contains the varietas Glenea keili var. pyrrha.
# Glaucocharis biconvexa

Glaucocharis biconvexa is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Wei-Chun Li and Hou-Hun Li in 2012. It is found in China (Hong Kong).
# Norakos

Norakos or Norak was an old Paionian city. The city was mentioned by Stephanus Byzantinus together with another Paeonian cities like Amidi, Dober and Bimaz. There is no further information about the city and its location.
# Bajada del Agrio

Bajada del Agrio is a village and municipality in the Picunches department in Neuquén Province in southwestern Argentina. It is located on the Agrio River, a tributary of the Neuquén River, 60 km north of Zapala through Provincial Route (RP) 14, is also close to the RP 10 and RN 40.

## Population

Bajada del Agrio had an estimated number of 883 inhabitants (Estadistica y Censos del gobierno de la Provincia del Neuquén, 2020), which represented an increase of 34% over the previous census when there were 656 inhabitants (INDEC, 2001).
# Bajaeolis bertschi

Bajaeolis bertschi is a species of sea slug, specifically an aeolid nudibranch. It is a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Facelinidae.

## Distribution

The holotype of this species was found at 10 m depth at Punta la Gringa, Bahía de los Ángeles, on the Gulf of California coast of Mexico. Additional specimens used in the original description were from nearby Isla de Corona and from Islas Perlas, Bahía de Panama, Panama. It has also been reported from Northern Peru.
# Bajadero, Puerto Rico

Bajadero is a community in the municipality of Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 3,710. Three barrios border each other and each contains a section of the community. The Bajadero community in the barrio of Arenalejos had a population of 2,380 in 2010. The Bajadero community in the barrio of Carreras had a population of 64 in 2010 and the Bajadero community in the barrio of Domingo Ruíz had a population of 1,266 in 2010. There is a U.S. Post office in the community of Bajadero and its zip code is 00616.
# Balderic I of Liège

Baldrick I was bishop of Liège and abbot of Lobbes from 955 until his death on 29 July 959.
Balderic appears in a 943 charter made in his favour by his paternal uncle Balderic, which was studied by Joseph Daris in 1896 and Léon Vanderkindere in 1900, leading to the following conclusions:
* His mother who is not named in the charter was a sister of Reginar III, Count of Hainaut.
* His mother's father was also named Reginar, and, we know from this document, was already dead in 943.
* His father was Count Nevelung, who was also already dead in 943.
* His father's brother, also named Balderic, was bishop of Utrecht from 918 to 975. He was able to grant the use of lands near Sint-Odiliënberg to the support of Nevelung's family.
* He had a younger brother named Rudolf, who was to receive benefit from the grant after his mother and elder brother died.
Against royal wishes he was made a bishop whilst still a child in place of his predecessor Rathier (bishop from 953 to 955). According to Rathier's own published complaints, Balderic gained the position thanks to the support of his father's brother Bishop Balderic, and two other uncles, Count Reginar and Ruduolt, who is normally equated to Rudolf the brother of Reginar who was named by Flodoard as a rebel in 944.

## Sources

* (in Dutch) Bijsterveld, Arnoud-Jan (2015) 'Machts- en territoriumvorming: van Karolingische kernregio tot territoriale lappendeken, 900-1200' in: Limburg. Een geschiedenis, tot 1500 (Limburgs Geschied- en Oudheidkundig Genootschap (LGOG) Maastricht)
* Daris, Joseph (1896) ‘Notes sur l’origine des deux Balderic, evêques de Liège’, Notices historiques sur les églises du diocèse de Liège 16 105-112.
* Vanderkindere, Léon (1900) ‘A propos d´une charte de Baldéric d’Utrecht’, Académie royale de Belgique Bulletin de la Classe des Lettres et des Sciences Morales et Politiques (Bruxelles),
Catholic Church titles :
| Preceded byRatherius | Bishop of Liège 955–959 | Succeeded byEraclus |
# Balderfonna

Balderfonna is a glacier in Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It is located on Ny-Friesland, between Hinlopen Strait and Lomfjorden. It is named after the Norse god Balder. Former names of the glacier include Lovén Plateau and Névé dôme Balder. Further north on Lomfjordhalvøya is Torsfonna.
# Gluta usitata

Gluta usitata, previously known as Melanorrhoea usitata, is an Asian tree species in the family Anacardiaceae. It may be known as Burmese lacquer, theetsee, thitsi or ringas.
It has been identified as an endangered species in Viet Nam, where it may be called sơn đào.

## Description

It is a medium to large deciduous tree from the dry deciduous forest with a straight clean cylindrical bole and a spreading crown of dark green leaves.
This species is used in Burma and northern Thailand as a source of lacquer used for producing varnish, waterproof or preservative paint, glue, ceramic and lacquerware. Timber (known as Borneo rosewood) is used for furniture and inlay work.
The tree's sap and sawdust can cause dermatitis and skin irritation.
An incompletely identified 4-heptadec(en)yl catechol, which was named thitsiol, has been reported to occur in this species. Sap also contains urushiol.
# Northern Hyperblast Live

Northern Hyperblast Live is a live album by Canadian death metal band Kataklysm. It is the last appearance of singer Sylvain Houde with the band. It also includes the EP Vision the Chaos.

## Personnel

* Sylvain Houde - Vocals
* Jean-François Dagenais - Guitars
* Maurizio Iacono - Bass
* Nick Miller - Drums
* Max Duhamel - Drums on "Vision the Chaos (Kataklysm Part I)" and "Shrine of Life"
* This 1990s death metal album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Balinsasayao

Balinsasayao or Balinsasayaw may refer to:
* Lake Balinsasayao in Negros Oriental, Philippines
* Balinsasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park in Negros Oriental, Philippines
* Kuapnit Balinsasayao National Park in Leyte, Philippines
* Swiftlets, family of birds
# Glycine-n-acyltransferase like 2

Glycine-N-acyltransferase like 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLYATL2 gene.
# Glaucopsyche argali

Glaucopsyche argali is a butterfly found in the East Palearctic (Altai) that belongs to the blues family.

## Subspecies

* G. a. argali Southeast Altai
* G. a. arkhar Lukhtanov, 1990 Saur, Manrak, Kurchum Mountains
* G. a. chingiz Churkin, 2005 Mongolia

## Description from Seitz

L. argali Elw. This species is said to be allied to melanops, but to have the upperside pale silver grey. — Elwes discovered this insect in the Altai.

## Biology

The larva feeds on Larva on Oxytropis spp.
# North American Communications

North American Communications (NAC) was an American provider of direct mail services to high-volume marketers. NAC was co-founded by Michael Herman in 1979.
The company had two facilities, in Duncansville, Pennsylvania, and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. The Duncansville site consisted of a 180,000 square feet (17,000 m$^2$) production facility.
The Mexico site closed in March 2019, while the US site closed on May 20, 2019. The sudden closure of the firm was in violation of the WARN Act, requiring at least 60 calendar days notification of closure for firms employing more than 100 people. The US and Mexican facilities employed between 175 and 270 (down from a peak of 700 in 2000), and 650 people, respectively.
The company collapsed as a consequence of several factors, one being unable to raise capital to support consolidation of its facilities to the Duncansville location, a move which stakeholders found to be necessary in the face of souring business and transit relations between the United States and Mexico. The inability to raise capital was compounded by an inability to merge or sell the company due to internecine litigation between NAC and the company's founder, litigation which also left the company unable to fund ongoing operations. Another factor contributing to the firm's collapse was a "prolonged contraction of client mail volumes".
# Balación

Balación, also known as Parao or Balasian, was a large native sailing outrigger ship of the Tagalog people of Laguna in the Philippines.
# Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism

The Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) is an Internet industry initiative to share proprietary information and technology for automated content moderation.

## History

Founded in 2017 by a consortium of companies spearheaded by Facebook (now known as Meta), Google/YouTube, Microsoft and Twitter (now known as X), it was created as an organization in 2019 and its membership has expanded to include 18 companies as of the end of 2021. The GIFCT began as a shared hash database of ISIS-related material but expanded to included a wider array of violent extremist content in the wake of the attack on two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand that was live streamed on Facebook.
Members include Microsoft, Meta Platforms (Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp), YouTube, Twitter, Airbnb, Discord, Dropbox, LinkedIn, Amazon, Mailchimp, Pinterest, JustPaste.it, Tumblr, WordPress.com and Zoom.
GIFCT maintains a database of perceptual hashes of terrorism-related videos and images that is submitted by its members, and which other members can voluntarily use to block the same material on their platforms. The material indexed includes images, videos and will be expanded to include URLs and textual data such as manifestos and other documents.

## Global Network on Extremism and Technology

The Global Network on Extremism and Technology (GNET) is described as the "academic research arm of GICFT". It is a collaboration of several academic research centers, led by the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence at King's College London.

## Criticism

GIFCT has been flagged by civil society activists and scholars as a "content cartel" similar to YouTube's Content ID, and a potential tool for "cross-platform censorship". GIFCT was questioned in a joint letter by human rights groups on removals of evidence of war crimes.

## Accusations of misuse

In 2022, Facebook, Inc., a subsidiary of Meta Platforms, was subject to a subpoena about GIFCT usage as OnlyFans was alleged to have used GIFCT to harm competitors by getting their content and accounts censored on Instagram. Facebook and OnlyFans have described these allegations as being "without merit".
# Gmina Dłutów

Gmina Dłutów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Dłutów, which lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south of Pabianice and 26 km (16 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.
The gmina covers an area of 100.47 square kilometres (38.8 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,167.

## Villages

Gmina Dłutów contains the villages and settlements of Budy Dłutowskie, Czyżemin, Dąbrowa, Dłutów, Dłutówek, Drzewociny, Huta Dłutowska, Kociołki-Las, Łaziska, Lesieniec, Leszczyny Duże, Leszczyny Małe, Mierzączka Duża, Orzk, Pawłówek, Piętków, Redociny, Ślądkowice, Stoczki-Porąbki, Świerczyna and Tążewy.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Dłutów is bordered by the gminas of Dobroń, Drużbice, Grabica, Pabianice, Tuszyn and Zelów.
# Gmina Dębowa Łąka

Gmina Dębowa Łąka is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Wąbrzeźno County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Dębowa Łąka, which lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) east of Wąbrzeźno and 42 km (26 mi) north-east of Toruń.
The gmina covers an area of 86.13 square kilometres (33.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 3,221.

## Villages

Gmina Dębowa Łąka contains the villages and settlements of Dębowa Łąka, Kurkocin, Lipnica, Łobdowo, Małe Pułkowo, Niedźwiedź, Wielkie Pułkowo and Wielkie Radowiska.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Dębowa Łąka is bordered by the gminas of Bobrowo, Golub-Dobrzyń, Kowalewo Pomorskie, Książki and Wąbrzeźno.
# Gmina Skoczów

Gmina Skoczów is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. Its seat is the town of Skoczów.
The gmina covers an area of 63.27 square kilometres (24.4 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 26,943.

## Villages

| Skoczów (seat) | Bładnice* | Harbutowice | Kiczyce | Kowale | Międzyświeć |
| Ochaby* | Pierściec | Pogórze | Wilamowice | Wiślica |
Bładnice and Ochaby are further subdivided into Dolne (Lower) and Górne (Upper) parts.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Skoczów is bordered by the gminas of Brenna, Chybie, Dębowiec, Goleszów, Jasienica, Strumień and Ustroń.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Gmina Skoczów is twinned with:
* Hrádek, Czech Republic
# Titanebo californicus

Titanebo californicus is a species of running crab spider in the family Philodromidae. It is found in the United States.
# Tom Fogarty

Tom Fogarty may refer to:
* Tom Fogarty (hurler) (born 1951), Roman Catholic priest and hurler
* Tom Fogarty (footballer, born 1878) (1878–1922), Australian rules player for University, St Kilda and South Melbourne
* Tom Fogarty (footballer, born 1909) (1909–1984), Australian rules player for St Kilda
* Thomas J. Fogarty, known as Tom, American surgeon and medical device inventor
# Souto de Aguiar da Beira e Valverde

Souto de Aguiar da Beira e Valverde is a civil parish in the municipality of Aguiar da Beira, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Souto de Aguiar da Beira and Valverde. The population in 2011 was 451, in an area of 21.68 km$^2$.
# Armutlu District

Armutlu District is a district of the Yalova Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town of Armutlu. Its area is 166 km$^2$, and its population is 10,843 (2022).

## Composition

There is one municipality in Armutlu District:
* Armutlu
There are five villages in Armutlu District:
* Fıstıklı
* Hayriye
* Kapaklı
* Mecidiye
* Selimiye
# Gmina Wólka

Gmina Wólka is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It takes its name from the village of Wólka, which was the gmina seat until 30 December 1999. Since then the seat has been the village of Jakubowice Murowane (the gmina offices are in fact situated in part of that village which is administratively part of the city of Lublin).
The gmina covers an area of 72.65 square kilometres (28.1 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 12,394.

## Villages

Gmina Wólka contains the villages and settlements of Biskupie-Kolonia, Bystrzyca, Długie, Jakubowice Murowane, Kolonia Pliszczyn, Kolonia Świdnik Mały, Łuszczów Drugi, Łuszczów Pierwszy, Łysaków, Pliszczyn, Rudnik, Sobianowice, Świdniczek, Świdnik Duży, Świdnik Mały, Turka and Wólka.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Wólka is bordered by the towns of Lublin and Świdnik, and by the gminas of Łęczna, Mełgiew, Niemce and Spiczyn.
# Gunter Faure

Gunter Faure is a geochemist who currently holds the position of professor emeritus in the school of earth science of Ohio State University. He obtained his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1961.

## Books

* Introduction to Planetary Science: The Geological Perspective, Gunter Faure and Teresa M. Mensing, Springer, 2007, 526 pp. ISBN 978-1402052330
* Isotopes: Principles and Applications, Gunter Faure and Teresa M. Mensing, Wiley; 3rd edition, 2005.
* Origin of Igneous Rocks: The Isotopic Evidence, Gunter Faure, Springer, 2000, 496 pp. ISBN 978-3540677727 (2010 reprint ISBN 978-3642087288)
* Principles and Applications of Geochemistry, Gunter Faure, Prentice Hall, 1998, 2nd Ed., 625 pp. ISBN 978-0023364501
* Principles and Applications of Inorganic Geochemistry, Gunter Faure, Macmillan, 1991, 500pp. ISBN 978-0023364419
* The Transantarctic Mountains: Rocks, Ice, Meteorites and Water, Gunter Faure and Teresa M. Mensing, Springer, 2010, 804 pp. ISBN 978-1402084065