OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gummy (song)

"Gummy" (stylized in all caps) is a song by American hip hop boy band Brockhampton and the lead single from their second studio album Saturation II (2017). The music video premiered on August 1, 2017, before the song was released to streaming services on August 2.

## Composition

The instrumental of the song has been described as infusing elements of West Coast hip hop and Middle Eastern music. It starts with a strings section that is stopped by the sound of a buzzer, followed by a "moaning oboe dirge", and features "eerie portamento synths" that provide a G-funk sound. Lyrically, the song is about valuing friendship over wealth and materialism. In the opening verse, Kevin Abstract mocks his critics who perceive him as "sappy". Abstract also performs the chorus, on which he revealed on Twitter that he was trying to imitate British rapper M.I.A. In another verse, Dom McLennon raps about "personal and societal realities".

## Critical reception

Sheldon Pearce of Pitchfork gave a positive review of the song, writing "The business-by-committee approach is effective here as they stack sidewinding, mismatched rap verses on top of each other." The song was also included on Pitchfork's list "Top 100 Songs of 2017" and Consequence of Sound's list "Top 50 Songs of 2017".
Live365 placed it at number seven in their list "Top 10 Brockhampton Songs".

## Music video

The music video was directed by Kevin Abstract. It sees Brockhampton cruising through Van Nuys, Los Angeles after having committed a bank robbery, as each member pops their head up from the sunroof and raps their verses. During Abstract's verse, his head is also shown floating and appearing above a couch. The visual features subtitles which recount the events of the heist, and an appearance from an alpaca called Mr. Snuggleupagus.
# Charlie Spedding

Charles Spedding (born 19 May 1952 in Bishop Auckland, County Durham) is an English former long-distance runner.

## Athletics career

Spedding was fourth in the 10,000 metres representing England, at the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. and was England's Amateur Athletic Association (AAA) 10,000 m champion in 1983 in a time of 28:08.12. His first marathon was the Houston Marathon in 1984, which he won by "the thickness of a vest".
Spedding followed this by winning the London Marathon in 1984 and the bronze medal for Great Britain in the marathon at the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, United States, finishing just 2 seconds behind silver medallist John Treacy. Although it was the first British Olympic marathon medal for 20 years, and the last won by Britain (male or female), the performance was one of 16 British medals in athletics that year, and it possibly did not get the recognition it deserved.
In 1985 he set a PB and English Marathon record of 2:08.33 (which stood until 2014) when he finished second behind Steve Jones in the London Marathon. As of August 2024, he is the seventh fastest British marathon runner of all time. He represented England in the marathon, at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland.
In 1987, he finished 8th in the London Marathon in 2:10.32. He also competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, finishing 6th.

## Post athletics

Spedding was a pharmacist by trade and worked in Ferryhill, County Durham. He is a real ale enthusiast and in 1976 co-founded the Durham branch of CAMRA. In September 2009, he published an autobiography of his running career called From Last to First.
He was awarded an Honorary Fellowship from the University of Sunderland in 2012.
In November 2019 he published a book Stop Feeding Us Lies: How Health and Happiness Come to Those Who Seek the Truth which examines dietary recommendations and lifestyle approaches which he analyses as being causes of high levels of obesity, type 2 diabetes and other illnesses.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Great Britain ||||||
| 1984 | Houston Marathon | Houston, United States | 1st | Marathon | 2:11:54 |
| 1984 | London Marathon | London, United Kingdom | 1st | Marathon | 2:09:57 |
| 1984 | Olympic Games | Los Angeles, United States | 3rd | Marathon | 2:09:58 |
| 1985 | London Marathon | London, United Kingdom | 2nd | Marathon | 2:08:33 |
| 1986 | Chicago Marathon | Chicago, United States | 3rd | Marathon | 2:10:13 |
| 1987 | London Marathon | London, United Kingdom | 8th | Marathon | 2:10:32 |
| 1988 | London Marathon | London, United Kingdom | 10th | Marathon | 2:12:28 |
| 1988 | Olympic Games | Seoul, South Korea | 6th | Marathon | 2:12:19 |
# Charmus

Charmus of Kolyttus (fl. mid-6th century BCE) was an Athenian polemarch (557/6) during the Pisistratid dynasty, and also eromenos of Pisistratus.
He is known for being the father of Hipparchus of the deme Cholargos, archon of 496/5. Hipparchus was the first Athenian to be ostracized in 487 according to a law passed by Kleisthenes especially to banish him. The motive for Kleisthenes' actions was that Hipparchus was the leader and representative of the friends of the tyrants, and was working for the return of his brother-in-law, Hippias, exiled in 511/10, and for the appeasement of the Persians.
Charmus dedicated the statue of Eros in the Academy of Athens, where the runners in the sacred torch race light their torches, and he was the first Athenian to dedicate an altar to that god.
# Charlie Jackman

Charles Keith Quentin Jackman (4 February 1906 – 23 February 1988) was a cricketer who played first-class cricket for Canterbury and Auckland between 1935 and 1942 and represented New Zealand in 1935–36.
A wicket-keeper, Jackman made his first-class debut for South Island against North Island in 1934–35, making one catch and four stumpings. The next season, playing in the Plunket Shield for Canterbury against Wellington, he set a New Zealand record when he made seven stumpings in the match, six of them off the leg-spin of Bill Merritt. The record still stands. Later in 1935-36 he was selected for two of the four matches New Zealand played against the touring MCC.
Jackman was educated at Christ's College, Christchurch, and worked as an accountant. He married Cecil Vivian Addison McConnell in Auckland in September 1937.
# Luciano Mariani

Luciano Mariani (1801 – 10 June 1859) was an Italian operatic bass. Amongst the several roles he created were Rodolfo in Bellini's La sonnambula [Milan, Teatro Carcano, 1831], Alfonso d'Este in Donizetti's Lucrezia Borgia and Oroe in Rossini's Semiramide. His elder sister, Rosa Mariani, was also an opera singer (contralto) and sang Arsace in the premiere of Semiramide. They toured Italy singing together in many operas. Mariani sang in Lisbon at the Teatro São Carlos from 1839 to 1840, where he appeared in several Portuguese premieres of Italian operas, as well as the world premieres of Antonio Luís Miró's opera Virginia and Manuel Inocêncio Liberato dos Santos's opera Inês de Castro. Mariani was born in Cremona and died in Castell'Arquato, aged 58.
# Chauliacia canarisi

Chauliacia canarisi is a feather mite found on swifts.
# Chauliodes pectinicornis

Chauliodes pectinicornis known as Summer fishfly, is a species of fishfly from North America.

## Distribution

C. pectinicornis has a wide distribution in the eastern Canada and United States, from Maine in the north-east to Alachua, Liberty and Santa Rosa counties in Florida to the south-east, and as far west as Kansas.

## Taxonomic history

C. pectinicornis was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1763 work Centuria Insectorum.
Synonyms: Linnaeus 1763
Hemerobius pectinicornis, Hemerobius virginiensis, Semblis pectinicornis, Chauliodes virginiensis.

## Ecology

C. pectinicornis has a commensal relationship with Plecoptcracoluthus downesi larvae, which undergo their entire life cycle including pupation on the fishfly's mesothorax.
# Lucio Caracciolo, Duke of Roccaromana

Lucio Caracciolo, Duke of Roccoromana (1771 - 1836) was a Neapolitan aristocrat and general who was a distinguished member of the Courts of both Ferdinand IV and Joachim Murat.
In 1808 he was made colonel of a regiment of Veliti a cavallo in the army of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples. In 1810, a French Colonel Durand seeking to reassign several of the best cavalrymen in the Duke's regiment to a new regiment of Cuirassiers Durand had been ordered to form, the Duke felt himself affronted at having his men stolen and challenged Durand to a duel over the transfer. The two men met on horseback in full uniform and charged each other with sabres twice before Roccaromana's blade cut a wound along his opponent's arm and the affair was ended in the Duke's favour. In 1812, he was appointed by Murat to be his Grand Equerry. He accompanied his king on the Russian Campaign where, during the retreat, he lost all fingers on his left hand through frostbite. Having driven off an attack of cossacks, Roccaromana and his cavalry formed for a time part of Napoleon's escort as the Emperor was taken in a sleigh back to Vilna ahead of the main army. He was present at Battle of Tolentino in 1815, where his only son, Ernesto, then aged twenty-two, was killed before him and Murat's army totally defeated.
With the restoration of the Bourbon Ferdinand IV he was not punished for his loyalty to Murat's regime, and retained his favoured position at the royal court. He received the Royal Order of Saint George and upon the succession of Ferdinand II to the throne of the Two Sicilies he became Captain of the Royal Guard.
Having become acquainted with him during her Grand Tour in the late 1820s, the Countess of Blessington wrote of the now near sixty year old Duke that, at dinner, he "is full of anecdotes, and recounts them with a peculiar grace and vivacity: a better specimen of an Italian gentlemen could not be found; well-informed, dignified yet lively, and with a profound deference in his manner towards women, that reminds one of the days of chivalry." Adding that, despite his advancing age, the Duke's lively bearing and military manner nevertheless "give him the appearance of being at least twenty years younger. In his youth he was considered the flower of the Neapolitan nobility."
# Gunnar Andrésson

Gunnar Andrésson (born 28 November 1970) is an Icelandic former handball player who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics.
# Chemweno

Chemweno is a surname of Kenyan origin, mainly Keiyo and Marakwet males. The name is rarely used among the Tugen subtribe of the Kalenjin community. According to Kalenjin culture naming traditions, prefix kip/ki/kib is for males and prefix jep/je/jeb or chep/che/cheb is for females. Keiyo, Marakwet and Tugen subtribes used female prefixes on boys to conceal their identity during pre colonial era mainly attributed to tribal wars of cattle raiding and revenge. The larger Kalenjin use the names Kimweno and Kipngeno. Chemweno may refer to:
* David Chemweno (born 1981), Kenyan steeplechase runner
* Elizabeth Chemweno (born 1978), Kenyan marathon runner and twice winner at the Alexander the Great Marathon
* Mary Chemweno, Kenyan middle-distance runner and winner at the 1985 African Championships in Athletics
# Chaudhry Masood Ahmad

Chaudhry Masood Ahmad is a Pakistani politician who had been a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from August 2018 till January 2023.

## Political career

He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf from Constituency PP-257 (Rahim Yar Khan-III) in 2018 Pakistani general election.
# Chen Hang

Chen Hang (Traditional Chinese: 陳杭; Simplified Chinese: 陈杭) was born in 1931. She is a botanist and horticulturist.

## Career

Chen was born in Guangde County, Anhui Province. In 1949, she studied in the Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University. In 1953, she graduated from the Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Agricultural College (previous and current Zhejiang University.
Chen has worked in Beijing for a long time. Chen is a main founder of the modern Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC; 北京蔬菜研究中心), and she is the current Director of the center. Chen is the Vice-president and a researcher of the Beijing Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute (北京農林科學院/北京农林科学院). She is also a part-time professor at Zhejiang University.

## Recognition

Chen is a director of the Chinese Horticultural Society.
In 1990, Chen was awarded the Veitch Memorial Medal (Gold), by the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). She is the first Chinese to receive this honour.
# Lucre

Lucre usually refers to one of many slang terms for money. It may also refer to:
* Lucre District, Quispicanchi, a district in Peru
* Lucre, a hill in the novel The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan
* Lucre Island, a fictional island in the Monkey Island video-game series
# Gunnar Uldall

Gunnar Uldall (17 November 1940 – 14 November 2017) was a German politician and former state minister of Economy and Labour in Hamburg. He was a member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).
Uldall was born on 17 November 1940 in Hamburg, he was married with 3 children. After his Abitur in 1960 and his conscription to the armed forces (1960–1962), Uldall studied economics at the University of Hamburg and earned his degree in 1966. From 1966 he worked as a management consultant.
In 1962 Uldall became a member of the CDU and was elected to the Hamburg Parliament in 1966. He was a member of the state legislative until 1983, when he was elected to the German federal diet until 2001. From 2001 to 2008 Uldall was state minister of Economic Affairs and Employment.
Uldall died on 14 November 2017, shortly before his 77th birthday.
# Gustavo Celis

Gustavo Celis is an American music engineer, mixer and producer. He has worked with many prominent names in music including Shakira (he mixed her classic albums Fijación Oral Vol. 1 and Oral Fixation Vol. 2, and singles "La Tortura" and "Don't Bother"), Ricky Martin (he mixed his single "Jaleo" and "Life"), Chicago (he recorded the soundtrack to the motion picture), Gloria Estefan (Caribbean Soul), Beyoncé (B'Day including the single "Beautiful Liar"), and many others.
He has been nominated twice for Mix Foundation's TEC Award, for "Best Record Production" in 2006 and "Best Surround Sound Recording" in 2008. Celis is an alumnus of Berklee College of Music.

## Selection of his work as a mix engineer

* She Wolf Album (2009)
* "Give It Up to Me" Single (2009)
* "Did It Again" Single (2009)
* "She Wolf" Single (2009)
* "Cantora 1" Mercedes Sosa (2009)
* Shakira's Fijación Oral Vol. 1 and Oral Fixation Vol. 2 albums and their singles "Don't Bother" and "La Tortura" and Laundry Service
* Ricky Martin's MTV Unplugged, Life, Almas del Silencio and Sound Loaded albums
* Chicago (2002 film)

## Selection of his work as a 5.1 surround mix engineer

* Shakira's Oral Fixation Tour (DVD)
# Gustav Jahoda

Gustav Jahoda, FBA, FRSE (11 October 1920 – 12 December 2016) was an Austrian-born psychologist who made a sustained contribution to the development of cross-cultural psychology and cultural psychology.

## Biography and career

He was born in Vienna to a Jewish family. Leopold Jahoda, a lawyer, was his father and Olga (nee Barany) his mother. He initially attended school in Vienna but was expelled because of his Jewish background. He then spent a year attending school in Paris. His family moved there after the Anschluss. In Paris, he studied civil engineering. With the outbreak of war, he joined the French army but when the French front collapsed he escaped to England. He initially worked in various engineering projects for the British Army and then was involved in some more secret work for the British government.
After he was invalided out of the army in 1942, Jahoda enrolled on a course on sociology and psychology at Birkbeck, University of London followed by an MSc and a PhD at the London School of Economics. His PhD thesis was entitled 'A study of the chief social determinants of occupational choice of secondary modern school leavers, with special reference to social class factors and the level of social aspiration'. He then obtained a lectureship in social psychology at the University of Manchester. In 1952 he took up a post at the University College of the Gold Coast (now Ghana) in the Department of Sociology, where he carried out pioneering research into cross-cultural psychology. He then worked at the University of Glasgow for three years.
In 1963, Gustav Jahoda was invited to set up a new psychology department in the University of Strathclyde. He recruited Heinz Rudolph Schaffer to assist him with this task. Despite his administrative responsibilities he continued to make field trips to West Africa. He retired in 1985 and was appointed Emeritus Professor but he continued to publish on both cultural psychology and the history of psychology.

## Research

He published works on cross-cultural psychology, socio-cognitive development and history of the social sciences. He published a series of books and more than 200 articles.

## Awards

Jahoda was elected fellow of the British Academy in 1988 and fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1993.

## Personal life

He married Jean Buchanan, a social worker, in 1952. When they moved to Scotland they settled in Cardross, Argyll and Bute. They had four children, Andrew, Colin, Paul and Catherine. Jean died in 1991. He subsequently developed a new relationship with Andrea Jack, a teacher. He died in 2016.

## Publications

* A History of Social Psychology: From the Eighteenth-Century Enlightenment to the Second World War (2007)
* Images of Savages: Ancient Roots of Modern Prejudice in Western Culture (1999)
* Crossroads Between Culture and Mind: Continuities and Change in Theories of Human Nature (1993)
* Psychology and Anthropology: A Psychological Perspective (1982)
* The Psychology of Superstition (1970)
* White Man: A Study of the Attitudes of Africans to Europeans in Ghana before Independence (1961)
# Gustav Jezek

Gustav Jezek was a Czechoslovakian luger who competed during the late 1930s. He won the bronze medal in the men's singles event at the 1939 European luge championships at Reichenberg, Czechoslovakia (now Liberec, Czech Republic).
# Gusztáv Kelety

Gusztáv Frigyes Kelety, originally Klette (13 December 1834, in Pozsony – 2 September 1902, in Budapest) was a Hungarian painter, graphic artist and art critic.

## Biography

His father, Károly Klette, was a court painter and drawing instructor for Archduke Joseph. In 1861, when a Hungarian title of nobility was granted, the family name was changed to Kelety.
Rather than follow his father's profession, Gusztáv originally trained in Vienna to be a lawyer, although he also took lessons from Carl Rahl. Upon the recommendation of his professor, Tivadar Pauler, he became a tutor to Loránd Eötvös, the son of Baron József Eötvös. That family's influence would later prove significant to his career. Soon, his law studies became secondary to his art studies and he spent some time at the Academy of Fine Arts Munich, where he studied with Johann Fischbach, Friedrich Voltz and Eduard Schleich.
In 1871, Baron Eötvös, who was then the Minister of Education, sent Kelety on a study tour to investigate how art instruction was conducted in other countries. He travelled to France, Belgium and Germany and produced a report titled The Function of Art Education in Our Country and Abroad, which recommended that a uniform system be established; including a "pre-art" school. The proposal was accepted and the "Hungarian Royal National School of Arts and Crafts" (now the Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design) was launched in 1880. Kelety became the first Director.
From the mid-1860s, he wrote art reviews of a mostly conservative nature, although he was among the first to notice the talents of many painters who later became well-known, such as István Nagy, Tivadar Kosztka Csontváry, Mihály Munkácsy and Pál Szinyei Merse.
In his later years, he became ill with tuberculosis and attempted suicide shortly before dying of the disease in 1902.

## Writings

* Béla Várdai (ed.), Művészeti Dolgozatok (Art "Papers", or "Dissertations"). Kisfaludy Society, 1910.
# Chedra inquisitor

Chedra inquisitor is a moth in the family Batrachedridae. It was described by Ronald W. Hodges in 1966 and is endemic to the US state of Illinois.
# Gutzwiller

Gutzwiller is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Kathryn Gutzwiller, American classicist
* Martin Gutzwiller (1925–2014), Swiss-American physicist
# Gyretria

Gyretria is a genus of flies belonging to the family Lesser Dung flies.

## Species

* G. biseta (Duda, 1925)
* G. melanogaster (Thomson, 1869)
# Gwyn Morgan (civil servant)

John Gwynfryn Morgan OBE (16 February 1934 – 21 April 2010) was a British Labour Party official and EU civil servant.
Morgan was born in Cwmdare, Wales, the son of a coal miner. He attended Aberdare Boys Grammar School before going on to the University College Wales, Aberystwyth, where he studied Classics. He also played Second XI Championship cricket for Glamorgan. From 1960 to 1962, Morgan was president of the National Union of Students. He was also Secretary General of the International Student Conference, a non-communist competitor of the International Union of Students.
Morgan served as head of the Labour Party's Overseas Department from 1965 to 1969, succeeding David Ennals. He was then assistant general secretary to Harry Nicholas from 1969 to 1972. Morgan was groomed to succeed Nicholas as General Secretary of the Labour Party, but when Nicholas retired the National Executive Committee instead narrowly selected Ron Hayward. The committee was deadlocked for three consecutive ballots, with the left-leaning Hayward finally winning on the casting vote of chairman Tony Benn.
In 1973, Morgan left the British political scene to go and work for the European Commission. Until 1975, he was chief of staff to George Thomson, the European Commissioner for Regional Policy. Morgan later held various EU administrative and diplomatic positions, and helped create the European Development Fund. He was prominent in the "Yes" campaign for the 1975 EEC membership referendum, and was also on the bureau of the Socialist International. In his personal life, Morgan was a director of London Welsh RFC. He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1999.