OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# In-camera editing

In-camera editing is a technique where, instead of editing the shots in a film into sequence after shooting, the director or cinematographer instead shoots the sequences in strict order. The resulting "edit" is therefore already complete when the film is developed.
The process takes a lot of planning so that the shots are filmed in the precise order they will be presented. However, some of this time can be reclaimed, as there is no editing, cutting out or reordering scenes later on. When the last scene is filmed by the director or cinematographer, the production is completely finished.
A benefit of the technique, largely now irrelevant due to the rise of digital video, is a reduction in the cost of the production. When the cost of film was a significant fraction of the budget, filmmakers used this technique to optimize film usage.
Because of its apparent simplicity, in-camera editing is also popular with new students who may lack experience with editing, or who want to skip the editing step. It can also be a very educational process because of time and organizational skills that are required. The discipline required to plan out each shot is a useful pedagogical technique. Many introductory video production courses cover the topic of in-camera editing for this very purpose.
The technique may also be used to limit directing and editing interference in a production (often on the part of producers or financiers) because the film exists only as shot, with no options for editing. Any subsequent editing would require costly reshoots and pick-ups.
Finally, if the filmmaker does not have access to film editing equipment (notably, a non-linear editing system), then in-camera editing may be the only available option.

## Notable uses of in-camera editing

Alfred Hitchcock used the technique, notably in Rope. Jean-Luc Godard also made use of it in his film Breathless. Both of these directors helped to create in-camera editing in films and led to the technological advancement of in-camera editing.
# Stephensia (fungus)

Stephensia is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
# Stephen D. Behrendt

Stephen D. Behrendt is a historian at Victoria University Wellington who specialises in the transatlantic slave trade. He earned his MA and PhD from the University of Wisconsin.
His updating of James A. Rawley's The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History, originally published by Norton in 1981, was published by University of Nebraska Press in 2005. In 2010, he co-edited an edition of The Diary of Antera Duke, an Eighteenth-Century African Slave Trader with A. J. H. Latham and David Northrup.

## Selected publications
### Books

* Rawley, James A. The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 2005. (Reviser) ISBN 0803239610
* The Diary of Antera Duke, an Eighteenth-Century African Slave Trader. Oxford University Press, New York, 2010. (With A.J.H. Latham and David Northrup) ISBN 9780195376180

### Articles and chapters

* "Human Capital in the British Slave Trade" in David Richardson, Suzanne Schwarz and Anthony Tibbles, eds., Liverpool and Transatlantic Slavery. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 2007. pp. 66-97.
* "Ecology, Seasonality and the Transatlantic Slave Trade" in Bernard Bailyn and Patricia L. Denault, eds., Soundings in Atlantic History: Latent Structures and Intellectual Currents, 1500-1830. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2009. pp. 44-85 & 461-85.
* "The Transatlantic Slave Trade" in Robert Paquette and Mark Smith (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010. pp. 251-74.
* "Sail on, Albion: the Usefulness of Lloyd's Registers for Maritime History, 1760–1840", International Journal of Maritime History, Vol. 26, No. 3 (July 2014), pp. 568–586. (With Peter M. Solar)
* "Liverpool as a Trading Port: Sailors’ Residences, African Migrants, Occupational Change and Probated Wealth", International Journal of Maritime History, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Nov. 2017), pp. 875–910. (With Robert A. Hurley)
# Bradford Township, Minnesota

Bradford Township is the name of some places in the U.S. state of Minnesota:
* Bradford Township, Isanti County, Minnesota
* Bradford Township, Wilkin County, Minnesota
# Bourdon (surname)

Bourdon is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Amé Bourdon (1636 or 1638–1706), French physician and anatomist
* Benjamin B. Bourdon (1860–1943), French psychologist
* Eugene Bourdon (1870–1916), French architect
* Eugène Bourdon (1808–1884), French watchmaker and engineer
* François Louis Bourdon (1758 – June 22, 1797), revolutionary French politician
* Luc Bourdon (1987–2008), Canadian hockey player
* Luc Bourdon (born 1952), Canadian documentary filmmaker
* Rob Bourdon (born 1979), the former drummer of Linkin Park
* Rosario Bourdon (1885–1961), Québécois musician
* Sébastien Bourdon (1616–1671), French painter
* William Bourdon (born 1956), French lawyer, secretary-general of the International Federation of Human Rights Leagues from 1995 to 2000, and founder of Sherpa (association)
# Maryland Million Turf Sprint Handicap top three finishers

This is a listing of the horses that finished in either first, second, or third place and the number of starters in the Maryland Million Turf Sprint Handicap, an American state-bred stakes race for horses three years old and older at 5+1⁄2 furlongs on the turf held at Laurel Park Racecourse in Laurel, Maryland. (List 2004-present)
| Year | Winner | Second | Third | Starters |
| 2020 | No Race | No Race | No Race | 0 |
| 2019 | No Race | No Race | No Race | 0 |
| 2018 | No Race | No Race | No Race | 0 |
| 2017 | No Race | No Race | No Race | 0 |
| 2016 | No Race | No Race | No Race | 0 |
| 2015 | No Race | No Race | No Race | 0 |
| 2014 | No Race | No Race | No Race | 0 |
| 2013 | No Race | No Race | No Race | 0 |
| 2012 | Ben's Cat | Heros Reward | Colony Club | 9 |
| 2011 | Ben's Cat | Steady Warrior | Heaven's Voice | 7 |
| 2010 | Ben's Cat | If Not For Lust | Sandbaggin’ Lover | 11 |
| 2009 | Natural Seven | Citifest | Hero's Reward | n/a |
| 2008 | Kosmo’s Buddy | Natural Seven | Lycurgus | n/a |
| 2007 | Happy Sunrise | What a Monster | Mr. Mutter | n/a |
| 2006 | Deliver the Roses | Tommie's Star | Satan's Code | n/a |
| 2005 | Sarah's Prospect | Love Antics | Mr. Mutter | n/a |
| 2004 | Namequest | Shades of Sunny | Quest of Fate | n/a |
# Minimum landing size

The minimum landing size (MLS) is the smallest fish measurement at which it is legal to keep or sell a fish. The MLS depends on the species of fish. Sizes also vary around the world, as they are legal definitions which are defined by the local regulatory authority. Commercial trawl and seine fisheries can control the size of their catch by adjusting the mesh size of their nets.

## Effect of selection on fish sizes

The idea behind this limitation is that only the older, mature fish get taken, leaving juveniles behind to continue breeding and propagating their species. There is some criticism of this legal requirement, however, as it applies selection pressure to the fish: as the larger fish get taken, the genes for larger size are reduced or removed from the gene pool, while fish that mature at a smaller size continue breeding. The average size of fish shrinks over time. This has led to a collapse in the amount of fish being caught in some fisheries.
Aboriginal Australians around Moreton Bay had a practice based on traditional knowledge which avoided this pitfall. The mullet is a migratory fish, being present around different areas of Moreton Island at different times of the year. Traditional knowledge said that at some points of their migration path, people could only harvest smaller fish, since the larger (and older) fish needed to pass on their knowledge of the migration path. If the older fish were taken at this point, the mullet would swim away from the shore, to the open sea, and this food source would be lost forever. This explanation does not align with scientific knowledge of fish migration, however, the practice did sustain the fishery for several thousand years. Taking only smaller fish applied selection pressure which encouraged the fish to grow to a larger size faster. The area and season at which the traditional knowledge said that fish of all sizes could be taken just so happened to be a point after the mullets' annual spawn, and so did not have a detrimental effect on the future population size.
# Michael Liani

Michael Liani (Hebrew: מיכאל ליאני; born 1987) is an Israeli artist, photographer, video artist and editor, and art lecturer who lives and works in Tel Aviv. He has won several awards, including two from Israel's Ministry of Culture and Sports, Docaviv festival and the International Photography Contest at Paris College of Art. His creations have been displayed in dozens of museums and galleries.

## Early life and education

Michael Liani was born in Migdal Ha’emek, Israel to a family that immigrated from Morocco.
He studied art and photography at Minshar school of arts in Tel-Aviv and graduated (with honors) in 2014. He completed his B.A. in 2015, majoring in humanities and social sciences and continued his studies at Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design, where he received his MFA degree in 2016, with high honors. In 2022 he completed studying phototherapy at The Open University, Tel Aviv.

## Artistic career

His work explores the tension between center and periphery, tradition and modernity, and aspects of gender and aesthetics in human communication.
His work was featured on several solo exhibitions, including "HA'CK" at Kav 16 Gallery, Tel Aviv; BUSTAN AL HUB (with Yuval Atzili) at IDRIS gallery, Tel Aviv; "Fantasia" at Rosenfeld Gallery, Tel Aviv; S' emek at Afula’s municipal art gallery and " All Inclusive" at Herzliya Museum of Contemporary Art.
Liani also participated in Moscow International Biennale for Young Art and in Eye Spy: The New Wight Biennial at the department of art in UCLA. His works were also presented in more than 20 group exhibitions, including zwischen körpern, Kleine Humboldt Galerie, Berlin in 2021; Art Rooms Roma, video room, Rome in 2018; "HSHUMA", Artist House, Tel Aviv in 2018; "ZOOM" Young Israeli Artists, The Israel Museum – Ticho House, Jerusalem in 2016 and "reGeneration3" itinerant exhibition , Musée de l'Elysée, Geneva in 2015.
Along his artistic career, Liani is also a video art teacher at Thelma Yellin High School and a lecturer in photography at Minshar school of Arts.

## Honors and awards

In 2021 Liani received the Minister of Culture and Sports awards for the preservation and cultivation of Israeli cultures in the name of Yitzhak Navon and the Ostrovsky family fund award at video art and experimental film competition in Jerusalem Film Festival.
Liani was also the recipient of the NEXT! Prize for Innovative Creation of the Docaviv International Documentary Film Festival in 2019; the Prize for Emerging Artist granted by the Ministry of Culture, Israel in 2018; Winner of International Photography Contest, Paris College of Art and the Li Zhou Photography Festival Prize at Li Zhou Museum for Photography, China, in 2017.

## Personal life

Liani moved to Tel Aviv at the age of 18, and has lived there since.
# 1806 in music

This is a list of music-related events in 1806.

## Events

* Gioachino Rossini becomes the youngest member of the Philharmonics Society of Bologna, where he starts studying composition
* Carl Czerny publishes his first composition at the age of 15.
* The marimba is described for the first time by Juan Domingo Juarros, a Spanish historian, in his Compendium of the History of Guatemala.
* Johann Simon Mayr founds a new music school at Bergamo, Italy. Gaetano Donizetti is one of its first pupils.
* Marcussen & Søn, Danish organ-building firm, founded.
* The poem "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" is published in Rhymes for the Nursery; it would later be made into a popular song of the same name.

## Classical music

* Ludwig van Beethoven
** Symphony No. 4
** Piano Concerto No. 4
** Violin Concerto
** 3 String Quartets, Op. 59
** 32 Variations in C minor
* Johann Nepomuk Hummel
** 7 Hungarian Dances
** 12 Minuets
* Carl Maria von Weber – Concertino for Horn and Orchestra
* Joseph Wölfl – Piano Concerto No. 5 "Grand Concerto Militaire", Op. 43

## Opera

* Étienne Méhul – Uthal

## Births

* January 3 – Henriette Sontag, operatic soprano (d. 1854)
* January 27 – Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga, "the Spanish Mozart" (d. 1826)
* March 3 – Giuseppe Mazza, composer, conductor, and organist (d. 1885)
* August 17 – Johann Kaspar Mertz, guitarist and composer (d. 1856)
* September 2 – Josef Gusikov, klezmer musician (d. 1837)
* November 4 – Anders Selinder, dancer and choreographer (d. 1874)
* December 4 – Johann Friedrich Franz Burgmüller, composer (d. 1874)

## Deaths

* January 30 – Vicente Martín y Soler, opera and ballet composer (b. 1754)
* February 18 - Brigida Banti, operatic soprano (b. 1755)
* February 23 – John Alcock, composer (b. 1715)
* February 24 – Tommaso Giordani, composer (b. c. 1738)
* March 16 – Giuseppe Colla, composer (b. 1731)
* March 23 – George Pinto, composer (b. 1785)
* June 14 – Domenico Guardasoni, operatic tenor (b. c.1731)
* August 10 – Michael Haydn, composer (b. 1737)
* date unknown
** José de Larrañaga, organist and composer (b. 1728)
** Charles Le Picq, dancer and choreographer (b. 1744)
# Iron cap

Iron cap may refer to:
* Gossan - geological formation
* Iron Dome - missile defense system
* Iron-cap princes (铁帽子王) noble rank of the Aisin Gioro, founders of the Qing dynasty
# Jantar Mantar, Ujjain

Jantar Mantar or Vedh Shala is located in the holy city of New Ujjain. It is an observatory built by Maharaja Jai Singh II in 1725 which consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments. The observatory is one of the five observatories built by Maharaja Jai Singh II when he was governor of Ujjain.
Vedh Shala was constructed with the aim of measuring local time, altitude (of the place) and also to measure declination of the Sun, stars and planets and to determine eclipses. Motion, speed and properties of stars and planets were also recorded using several special instruments.
Jai Singh II was also an astronomer and had deep interest in science and astronomy. In early 18th century, he sent his scholars to several countries to study design, construction and technology of the observatories and also the prevalent technology. The scholars returned with their observations and many manuals on astronomy. Subsequently between 1724 and 1737, Jai Singh II had five observatories constructed in Jaipur, Mathura, New Delhi, Ujjain and in Varanasi.
Geographically, the city of Ujjain is considered the Greenwich of India because the first meridian of longitude in the Indian tradition passes through it. Moreover, it sits on the tropic of cancer.
# Mats Johansson

Mats Johansson may refer to:
* Mats Johansson (footballer) (born 1962), Swedish footballer
* Mats Johansson (politician) (1951–2017), Swedish politician
* Mats Johansson (sailor) (born 1956), Swedish Olympic sailor
* Mats Johansson (skier) (born 1971), Swedish Olympic skier
# Brachytrupes membranaceus

Brachytrupes membranaceus, the tobacco cricket, is a species of cricket in the family Gryllidae. It is a pest of crops including young tobacco plants. There are four subspecies, all of which are native to Africa.

## Subspecies

Four subspecies are recognised :
* B. m. colosseus Saussure, 1899 – Madagascar
* B. m. hoggarensis Chopard, 1941 – Algeria
* B. m. mauritanicus Chopard, 1952 – Mauritania
* B. m. membranaceus (Drury, 1770) – Kenya, Tanzania and other countries in East Africa

## Description

The adult B. membranaceus has a plump brown body, a broad blunt head, long antennae and powerful legs. It has a head-and-body length of 4 to 5 centimetres (1.6 to 2.0 in).

## Biology

Brachytrupes membranaceus is nocturnal. It digs a burrow that may be 50 to 80 centimetres (20 to 30 in) deep, with chambers in which it stores food. The burrow is dug by the mandibles, and the fore-legs are used to move loose soil and push it out of the entrance. An adult cricket may form a mound up to 30 centimetres (12 in) in height beside the burrow entrance.
The crickets live almost entirely underground, each in its own burrow. Mating takes place in the male's burrow and the female may remain there till the eggs are laid, in a walled-off side tunnel. In Zimbabwe, breeding takes place in February and March. The female lays around two hundred eggs which hatch about a month later. The nymphs crawl out of the burrow and disperse, each digging a burrow of its own. At first the nymphs grow rapidly but growth slows during the dry season from June to October. When succulent young plant material becomes available in November, growth rates speed up, with adults emerging from December onwards. There is just one generation each year.
The diet is grasses, succulent parts of plants and the suckers of trees such as Brachystegia and Isoberlinia. In cultivated areas, foodstuffs may include seedlings, transplanted plants, vegetables, tobacco, maize and field beans. Vegetable matter is carried underground and packed into storage chambers. It does not ferment, so it is probable that it is cut and allowed to wilt before being carried underground. Overly dry material may be allowed to soften with dew before storage.
# 1972 Cork Junior Football Championship

The 1972 Cork Junior Football Championship was the 74th staging of the Cork Junior Football Championship since its establishment by Cork County Board in 1895. The championship ran from 15 October to 10 December 1972.
The final was played on 10 December 1972 at Rossa Park in Skibbereen, between Bantry Blues and Adrigole, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Bantry Blues won the match by 1-12 to 2-06 to claim their first ever championship title. Adrigole became the first team to lose three successive finals, while it was also their fourth defeat in five years.
Bantry's Declan Barron was the championship's top scorer with 0-17.

## Qualification

| Division | Championship | Champions |
| Avondhu | North Cork Junior A Football Championship | Mitchelstown |
| Beara | Beara Junior A Football Championship | Adrigole |
| Carbery | South West Junior A Football Championship | Bantry Blues |
| Carrigdhoun | South East Junior A Football Championship | Shamrocks |
| Duhallow | Duhallow Junior A Football Championship | Boherbue |
| Imokilly | East Cork Junior A Football Championship | Glenville |
| Muskerry | Mid Cork Junior A Football Championship | Ballincollig |
| Seandún | City Junior A Football Championship | St. Nicholas' |

## Championship statistics
### Top scorers

| Rank | Player | Club | Tally | Total | Matches | Average |
| 1 | Declan Barron | Bantry Blues | 0-17 | 17 | 3 | 5.66 |
| 2 | Eddie Jer O'Sullivan | Adrigole | 2-06 | 12 | 3 | 4.00 |
| 3 | Donal Hunt | Bantry Blues | 2-05 | 11 | 3 | 3.66 |
| 3 | Jerry Jer O'Sullivan | Adrigole | 2-05 | 11 | 3 | 3.66 |
| 3 | Jimmy Barrett | Mitchelstown | 0-11 | 11 | 2 | 5.56 |
# Câinel

Câinel may refer to several places in Romania:
* Căinelu de Jos, a village in Șoimuș Commune, Hunedoara County
* Căinelu de Sus, a village in Băiţa Commune, Hunedoara County
# Michael Licari

Michael Licari is an American television composer and songwriter. He has worked as a composer on the television series, "Deliver Me", documentary "Triple the Triplets" (2005). He has also worked as a song writer and performer on the 2007 film Charlie Bartlett (for the song "Nice Vibes"), and on the 1996 film The Long Kiss Goodnight, as an arranger (for the "Jingle Bells Marching Band"). He has also worked on award-winning drama series, "The Guiding Light", "Another World","As The World Turns", "Sunset Beach", and "Santa Barbara".

## Awards and nominations

Daytime Emmy awards:
* Won, 1992, Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition for: "The Guiding Light" (shared with Barbara Miller-Gidaly, A.J. Gundell, Barry De Vorzon, Richard Hazard, John Henry Kreitler, Theodore Irwin, and Wes Boatman)
* Won, 1994, Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition for a Drama Series for: "The Guiding Light" (shared with Barbara Miller-Gidaly, A.J. Gundell, John Henry Kreitler, Wes Boatman, Dominic Messinger, Larry Hold, Richard Hazard, and Barry De Vorzon)
* Won, 1996, Outstanding Music Direction and Composition for a Drama Series for: "The Guiding Light" (shared with Jonathan Firstenberg, Robyn Cutler, Rick Rhodes, Ron Cohen, John Henry Kreitler, Wes Boatman, Danny Lawrence, John E. Young, David Grant, Barry De Vorzon, Richard Hazard, Edward Dzubak, and Alan Bellink)
* Won, 1998, Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition for a Drama Series (shared with Barbara Miller-Gidaly, Robyn Cutler, Brian D. Siewert, Ron Cohen, Richard Hazard, Barry De Vorzon, Rick Rhodes, Chieli Minucci, Jamie Lawrence, John Henry, and Wes Boatman)
* Nominated, 2006, Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition for a Drama Series for: "As the World Turns" (shared with Bryan Lydell, James Kowal, David Nichtern, Kevin Bents, Jordan Lieb, George Whitty, Gary Kuo, Ed Dzubak, Jamie Lawrence, and Dominic Messinger)
# Joy: A Christmas Collection

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Joy: A Christmas Collection (2000) is Avalon's fourth release, and their first Christmas album. In addition to standard Christmas songs, the album also includes covers of Celine Dion's "Don't Save It All for Christmas Day", Mariah Carey's "Jesus, Born on This Day", and David Meece's "We Are The Reason".

## Track listing

* "Joy (to the World)" (Brown Bannister, Grant Cunningham, Dan Muckala) – 4:32; All split lead
* "The Angels Medley ("The First Noel" / "Angels We Have Heard on High" / "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing")" – 6:03; All split lead, with Michael singing lead predominantly
* "Don't Save It All for Christmas Day" (Celine Dion, Ric Wake, Peter Zizzo) – 4:43; Sung by Jody
* "Jesus, Born on This Day" (Walter Afanasieff, Mariah Carey) – 4:25; Sung by Cherie
* "Winter Wonderland" – 2:41
* "Light a Candle" (Wayne Haun, Joel Lindsey) – 3:42; Sung by Cherie and Janna, with Michael and Jody on the bridge
* "Good News" (Rob Mathes, Michelle Shocked) – 6:01; Sung by Michael and Jody
* "The Christmas Song" – 4:46; Sung by Janna
* "Manger Medley ("O Come, O Come, Emmanuel" / "Away in a Manger" / "O Little Town of Bethlehem" / "Silent Night")" – 5:48; All split lead
* "We are the Reason" (David Meece) – 5:00; Sung by Michael and Janna

## Personnel

* Janna Long – vocals
* Jody McBrayer – vocals
* Cherie Adams – vocals
* Michael Passons – vocals

## Radio Singles

* Don't Save It All For Christmas Day
* Light a Candle
* We Are the Reason
* Jesus, Born On This Day
# Iron church

The term iron church may refer to a church or chapel made from corrugated iron:
or it may refer to one of three churches in Liverpool, England, containing much cast iron which are referred to as:
or to the Bulgarian St. Stephen Church in Istanbul, often called the Iron Church.
# CSI: Crime City

CSI: Crime City was an adventure video game and the eleventh video game adaptation of the CSI: Crime Scene Investigation television series. It was developed by American indie studio Area/Code and published by Ubisoft for Facebook. The game has been shut down as of March 13, 2015.

## Gameplay

In Crime City, the player must solve murders by exploring crime scenes.

## Release

Ubisoft released the game on October 20, 2010.
# Matraxia

Matraxia, is an Italian family name, found primarily in Sicily and specifically in Caltanisetta and the nearby area.

## Origins

Matraxia is one of the common Sicilian surnames of Greek origins. It's probably from the name of the dorian island Mathraki, one of the islands from which Dorians departed in order to create the famous Magna Graecia

## Distribution

Italy and USA