# Harrison Storms

Harrison Allen Storms, Jr. (July 15, 1915 – July 11, 1992), nicknamed "Stormy", was an American aeronautical engineer employed by North American Aviation, best known for his role in managing the design and construction of the Apollo Command/Service Module. North American came under severe criticism in 1965–66 by NASA's Apollo program director for cost overruns, delivery delays, and poor quality, and Storms was reassigned to the LA Division in 1967 from the aftermath of the Apollo 1 fire which killed three astronauts (Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee).

## Biography
### Early life and career

Storms grew up in Chicago's North Shore (Wilmette), the son of a traveling salesman. As a boy, he was a member of the Boy Scouts and enjoyed building model airplanes. He attended Northwestern University, where he graduated at the top of his class and remained for a master's degree in mechanical engineering. He then went to the California Institute of Technology to study for a second master's degree in aeronautical engineering under Theodore von Kármán.
Storms became an employee of North American Aviation. In 1955, he successfully led North American's bid for the contract to design and build the X-15 airplane, and, two years later, he became chief engineer of North American's Los Angeles division.

### Apollo program

In 1960, he was offered the opportunity to become head of North American's Missile Division, which at the time had only one contract: the AGM-28 Hound Dog missile. Storms was given the chance to lead North American's expansion into the business of spaceflight by Dutch Kindelberger and Lee Atwood. On September 11, 1961, North American won the contract for the S-II second stage of the Saturn V rocket. While this was a significant achievement, Storms was not satisfied, as he was also aiming for North American to win the contract for the Apollo spacecraft itself, which they did on November 28, 1961. Through the efforts of Storms' team and NAA Marketing VP Tom Dixon, Storms became known as "the father of Apollo" at NAA.
In 1961, Storms' management team, called "the Storm Troopers", consisted of Harold Raynor, Dr. Robert Laidlaw, John Paup, Charlie Feltz, Bill Snelling, Dale Myers, Norm Ryker Jr., Scott Crossfield, Frank Compton, Lloyd Harriott, Dr. Henry Swift, Earl Blount, and Dr. Toby Freedman, medical director. Storms was named president of the newly formed Space and Information Systems Division. In the first six months of 1962, employment expanded from 7,000 employees to 14,000 employees.
North American's development of the S-II and the Apollo spacecraft did not always go smoothly under Storms' management. NASA's Apollo program director Samuel C. Phillips headed a "tiger team" sent to NAA in late 1965 to investigate program delays and cost overruns, and sent a critical report documenting his findings and demanding corrective steps be taken, to his superiors and to Atwood in early 1966. Spacecraft CSM-011, used in the second uncrewed suborbital test flight, was delivered to Cape Kennedy in 1966 with problems which delayed its flight by one month. Problems with the S-II and CSM-017 also delayed the first Saturn V test flight from late 1966 to November 1967. CSM-012, to be used in Apollo 1, the first crewed flight, had even more problems with electrical wiring and ethylene glycol plumbing which delayed this flight as well, some of which contributed to a fire which killed astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee on January 27, 1967. After the fire, NASA Administrator James Webb demanded the resignation of either Atwood or Storms. Atwood decided to reassign Storms. Storms never surfaced again in any capacity in Aerospace and died in obscurity.
   The secretaries were in tears, so were the telephone operators, and as the word filtered out into the plant, so were some of the riveters and welders. He had lifted them out of the humdrum of their ordinary lives and put them to work on one of the greatest adventures in history, and now a bunch of sonsabitches who probably couldn’t find their asses with both hands were yanking him out of the saddle just short of the finish line. As the news flashed out through the far-flung division to the 35,000 people in a hundred locations to whom he was known simply as Stormy, anger welled up like the sea. It was outrageous. If Harrison Storms hadn’t held everybody’s feet to the fire on the S-2 common bulkhead, there would be no moon landing in this decade; there was no way the Saturn 5 could have lifted the weight of the other design. And the spacecraft itself was unquestionably a masterwork — a labyrinth of systems more complicated than an aircraft carrier packed into a stainless-steel phone booth — and anybody with hands-on experience knew that it was the finest piece of machinery ever assembled. The bastards should have been carrying Stormy around on their shoulders instead of tarring him with this terrible brush.
Storms' relationship with NASA's Apollo Spacecraft Program Office manager, Joseph Shea, was difficult at times. While Shea blamed North American's management for the continuing difficulties in the development of Apollo, Storms felt that NASA itself was far from blameless. According to Storms, NASA had delayed in making key design decisions and persisted in making significant changes to the design once construction had begun. While Shea did his part in attempting to control the change requests, Storms felt that Shea did not understand or sympathize with the inevitable problems involved in the day-to-day work of manufacturing. Shea became unfit for duty and was removed as ASPO manager, although not fired.

## In popular culture

Screenwriter Mike Gray profiled Storms in his 1992 book, Angle of Attack. Publishers Weekly described it as a "swaggering portrait of NASA's Apollo project [which] might well be called Indiana Jones and the Engineering Mission of Destiny."
In the HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, Storms was played by James Rebhorn.
In Stephen Baxter's alternate history novel Voyage, the character J. K. Lee is an amalgam of Storms and Tom Kelly. In the novel, Storms is a friend of the Lee character.