OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# M. V. Kamath

Madhav Vittal Kamath (7 September 1921 – 9 October 2014) was an Indian journalist and broadcasting executive, and the chairman of Prasar Bharati. He worked as the editor of The Sunday Times for two years from 1967 to 1969, as Washington correspondent for The Times of India from 1969 to 1978 and also as editor of The Illustrated Weekly of India. He had also written numerous books and was conferred with the Padma Bhushan award in 2004. He was born in a brahmin family
In 2009, Mr. Kamath co-authored a biographical sketch of Narendra Modi book titled Narendra Modi: The Architect of a Modern State, at a time when Modi's reputation was considerably affected as a result of the 2002 Gujarat riots; post his ascent into national politics, a newer version of the book was published as The Man of the Moment: Narendra Modi. Kamath was a board-member of Manipal Academy of Higher Education and was also the Honorary Director of the School of Communication, since its inception in 1997.
He died on the morning of October 9, 2014, from a cardiac arrest at Kasturba Hospital; he was hospitalized since a few days back due to geriatric ailments.
Malini Parthasarathy notes him to have longstanding sympathies with Hindutva—one of his columns following the murder of Graham Staines by Hindutva extremists sought to justify the incident as a spontaneous repercussion against conversions, if the government were not willing to step in—in what she deems that as a blatant incitement of hate crimes. Others have shared similar views and he has also extensively written in the official mouthpiece of RSS - Organiser. Kamath has been noted to be an astute journalist, whose opinions swayed with the tune of the majority; his stance on the Babri Masjid demolition was quite negative in the immediate aftermath but after about a decade, he deemed that as an act of valiance that restored the self-respect of Hindus and rejoiced about how the state, of Hindu India being under continual siege since the first Islamic invasions, was reversed for the first time. In the immediate aftermaths of the enactment of Mandal Commission recommendations, when RSS increasingly leaned towards a hardcore Brahmanical approach, Kamath had written of the need to maintain Hindu unity and negate the fall-outs of an impending Shudra revolution. Alexander Evans had noted his efforts in racist communalisation of the Kashmir conflict; Kamath deemed the region to belong solely to the Pandits and not to the Muslims, who were allegedly alone-responsible for the decline of their culture. Rajmohan Gandhi notes him to be a staunch Hindu.
# Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis

Léri–Weill dyschondrosteosis or LWD is a rare pseudoautosomal dominant genetic disorder which results in dwarfism with short forearms and legs (mesomelic dwarfism) and a bayonet-like deformity of the forearms (Madelung's deformity).

## Causes

It is caused by mutations in the short-stature homeobox gene found in the pseudoautosomal region PAR1 of the X and Y chromosomes, at band Xp22.33 or Yp11.32.
SHOX gene deletions have been identified as the major cause of Leri–Weill syndrome.
Leri–Weill dyschondrosteosis is characterized by mesomelic short stature, with bowing of the radius more so than the ulna in the forearms and bowing of the tibia while sparing the fibula.

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made following genetic blood testing.

## Treatment

There is currently no known treatment for Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis.

## History

LWD was first described in 1929 by André Léri and Jean A. Weill.
# MDMP

* Methylenedioxymethylphentermine
* Military Decision Making Process
* Microsoft minidump file, similar in principle to a core dump
* MDMP (band), American rock band
# Gerard Mitchell

Gerard Eugene Mitchell BA LL.B (born 1943 in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island) is a former Canadian judge and Chief Justice of Prince Edward Island.
He was educated at Grand Tracadie Consolidated and St. Dunstan's High School. He received his BA from St. Dunstan's University in 1964 and was a school teacher until 1967, when he returned to school to get his law degree from the University of New Brunswick in 1970. He practiced law in PEI from 1970 to 1975, when he was named to the provincial court as a judge. He resigned in 1977 to return to private practice until 1981, when he was appointed to the PEI Supreme Court. He served as Chief Justice from 1987 until 2008, when he was succeeded by David Jenkins. In 2009 he was appointed P.E.I.'s Police Commissioner.
# Graham Bell (biologist)

Graham Arthur Charlton Bell FRS FRSC (born 3 March 1949) is a British academic, writer, and evolutionary biologist with interests in the evolution of sexual reproduction and the maintenance of variation. He developed the "tangled bank" theory of evolutionary genetics after observing the asexual and sexual behaviour patterns of aphids as well as monogonont rotifers.

## Early life and education

Bell was born on 3 March 1949 in Leicester, England, to Arthur Charlton Bell and Edna May Bell (née Charlton). He was educated at Wyggeston Grammar School for Boys and St Peter's College, Oxford, where he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1970 followed by a Doctor of Philosophy degree in animal ecology in 1973 for research on smooth newts.

## Career and research

Bell emigrated to Canada in 1975 where he worked as a biologist for the Alberta Civil Service until 1976. In 1976, he joined the faculty of McGill University as a temporary lecturer. He was appointed a Professor in 1989. In 1992, he was appointed Molson Chair of Genetics. He was Director of the Redpath Museum from 1995 to 2005.
He is the author of The Masterpiece of Nature which was described by Richard Dawkins as a 'beautifully written tour de force', Sex and Death in Protozoa: The History of Obsession and Selection: The Mechanism of Evolution first published in 1996 with a second edition in 2008. His other books include The Evolution of Life and The Basics of Selection.
Bell was a co-founder and founding President of the Canadian Society for Ecology and Evolution.

## Honours and awards

Bell was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1994. He was awarded the Léo-Pariseau Prize in 2002 and the Prix Marie-Victorin in 2004. He was elected President of the Royal Society of Canada in 2013, and became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2014. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 2016. In 2022 he received the Flavelle Medal.

## Personal life

Bell married Susan Eva Rosinger in 1971. They have three sons.
# Banff Foundation for Allograft Pathology

The Banff Foundation for Allograft Pathology also known as the Banff Foundation for Transplant Pathology is a nonprofit Swiss foundation which aims to "lead development and dissemination of the international Banff Classification of Allograft Pathology and to facilitate multidisciplinary, collaborative research to enhance its scientific basis and clinical utility to improve the care of transplant patients". Its predecessor group had organized transplant pathology meetings in every odd numbered year since 1991 and the Foundation has specific future meeting plans through 2025. The meetings establish and maintain the worldwide standards for tissue biopsy reporting and diagnosis of transplant rejection through consensus decision making. They thereby provide an essential service to the field of allotransplantation. The goals of the Banff foundation are to facilitate knowledge generation and translation in transplantation pathology with the ultimate aim of improving patient outcomes, maintaining the Banff meeting spirit of a multinational, multidisciplinary consensus group, raising funds for research and education in transplantation pathology, providing guidance and financial support for Working Group activities and Banff meetings activities. Kim Solez is the Chair of the Banff Foundation for Allograft Pathology. The 2015 Banff Conference for Allograft Pathology was held in conjunction with the Canadian Society of Transplantation in Vancouver, BC, and included consideration of molecular pathology and tissue engineering pathology as well as traditional light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. The 2017 Banff Conference was held in Barcelona, Spain. The 2019 Banff Conference was held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the 2021 Banff Conference will be in Banff, Alberta, Canada.
# Chizuko

Chizuko is a feminine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Chizuko Hoshino (星野 千寿子), Japanese voice actress
* Chizuko Mifune (御船 千鶴子, 1886 – 1911), Japanese clairvoyant
* Chizuko Judy Sugita de Queiroz, American artist and art educator
* Chizuko Takahashi (高橋 千鶴子), Japanese politician
* Chizuko Tanaka, Japanese athlete
* Chizuko Ueno (上野 千鶴子, born 1948), Japanese socialist
* Chizuko Yoshida (吉田 千鶴子, 1924 – 2017), Japanese artist
* Chizuko Okamoto, murderer of Rikako Okamoto

## Fictional characters

* Chizuko Katao, a character in Chizuko's Younger Sister
# Baca language

The Baca language, Nubaca, is a Bantu language of Cameroon.
# Mahakavi Bharathi Memorial Library

Mahakavi Bharathi Memorial Library is a Public Library located in Karungalpalayam, Erode, in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was named in memorandum of the Tamil patriotic poet Mahakavi Subramanya Bharathi. It is also known as Bharathiyar Memorial Library and commonly called as Karungalpalayam Library.

## History

Earlier, the library was nothing but a reading room for the local people by the name Karungalpalayam Reading Room. Later, after the visit of Subramanya Bharathi to this reading room in the year of 1921, it has been upgraded as a public library, in memory of him.

## Bharathi visit

In the year of 1921 July 31, Mahakavi Bharathi came to the Karungalpalayam Reading Room, to deliver a speech for the public on the topic Man is Immortal. A few weeks later he felt ill and died. The speech he gave in Karungalpalayam was his last public speech.

## Collections

Later, Erode administration has renovated the old building and upgraded the library. The library has many portraits and books of Bharathiar. Bharathiyar's lectures in public meetings and his writings in the daily ‘Swadesamitran’ Tamil paper were also displayed. After inaugurating the building, the officials said the Bharathiar memorial library would be upgraded and they have planned include another 40,000 books to the library.

## Library museum

Apart from collection of books and several volumes of articles being placed in the library, it houses a minor historical museum on Mahakavi Subramanya Bharathi's life. It also showcases several portraits of the poet and the books written by him. Bharathiyar's lectures in Public meetings and his writings in the daily Swadesamitran Tamil Paper were also displayed.
# Botanische Staatssammlung München

The Botanische Staatssammlung München is a notable herbarium and scientific center maintained by the Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns. Its building is located within the Botanischer Garten München-Nymphenburg area at Menzinger Straße 67, München, Bavaria, Germany. A center for data science and biodiversity informatics called SNSB IT Center is affiliated. Its library is open to the public; scientific collections are open to researchers by appointment.
The institution was established in 1813 by King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria to maintain the royal herbarium, which grew to include major collections from the University of München and botanist Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber, a student of Carl von Linné. In 1817, Maximilian sent botanist Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius on a three-year expedition to Brazil, and upon his return appointed him the herbarium's curator. Martius' collection of South American vascular plants is among the world's foremost at 25,000–30,000 specimens representing 7,300 species.
Today the herbarium contains about 3.2 million dried specimens of plants and fungi, which is estimated to reflect about 25% of the world's known plant species. It has major strengths in the flora of Bavaria and the Alps, and vascular plants of Brazil, Chile, Central Asia, and regions of Africa, as well as in lichens and fungi. As of 2009, collection sizes were approximately as follows: vascular plants (1,800,000 specimens); bryophytes (350,000 specimens); fungi (350,000 specimens); lichens (300,000 specimens); and algae (150,000 specimens). The collection of lichens is one of the largest in the world and includes that made by Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold and others who collected in the nineteenth century. The herbarium grows at an average rate of 16,000 specimens per year.
The center's research focuses on exploration and study of European, South-East Asian and South American flowering plants as well as of fungi, lichens, and algae. It also offers expert advice and identification services for certain types of plants and fungi.
Between 1992 and 2004 the director was Hannes Hertel, although he had been acting as director since 1985 having started working there as a curator in 1973. As at 2021 the director of the Botanische Staatssammlung München is Prof. Dr. Gudrun Kadereit.
Since 2001 the Botanische Staatssammlung München is maintaining the database IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae with bibliographic and collection-related information on exsiccatae.
# Pectinida

Pectinida is a taxonomic order of large and medium-sized saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs, commonly known as scallops and their allies. It is believed that they began evolutionarily in the late Middle Ordovician epoch; many species, of course, are still extant.

## 2010 taxonomy

In 2010 a new proposed classification system for the Bivalvia was published by Bieler, Carter & Coan, revising the classification of the Bivalvia, including the order Pectinida.
* Superfamily: Anomioidea
** Family: Anomiidae (jingle shells)
** Family: Placunidae (windowpane oysters & saddle oysters)
* Superfamily: Plicatuloidea
** Family: Plicatulidae (kittenpaws)
* Superfamily: Dimyoidea
** Family: Dimyidae (dimyidarian oysters)
* Superfamily: Pectinoidea
** Family: Entoliidae (entoliids)
** Family: Pectinidae (scallops)
** Family: Propeamussiidae (propeamussiids)
** Family: Spondylidae (thorny oysters)
# Use Me

Use Me may refer to:
* "Use Me" (Bill Withers song), 1972 song by Bill Withers
* "Use Me" a 1994 gospel song on that appears on God Is Able (Ron Kenoly album)
* "Use Me" a 2002 song by Garbage that was the B-side for some editions of their "Cherry Lips" single
* "Use Me" (Kid Courageous song), 2005 song by Kid Courageous
* "Use Me" (Hinder song), 2008 song by Hinder
* "Use Me" (Dallas Smith song), 2023 song by Dallas Smith
* Use Me (David Bromberg album), a 2011 album by David Bromberg
* Use Me (Pvris album), a 2020 album by Pvris
* "Use Me", a song by Future on his album Hndrxx (2017)
# Hamburg, Bond County, Illinois

Hamburg is an unincorporated community in Bond County, Illinois, United States. Hamburg is south of Mulberry Grove and east-southeast of Greenville.
# Chris Manchester

Chris Manchester (born 28 June 1973) is a former speedway rider from the United States. He earned 3 caps for the United States national speedway team.

## Speedway career

Manchester is a former North American Champion, winning the AMA National Speedway Championship in 1992. He also won the United States Champion in 2000 and 2005.
He rode in the top tier of British Speedway from 1994 until 2003, riding primarily for the Belle Vue Aces but did race one season for Somerset Rebels in 2003.
# MSM MK2 mine

The MSM MK2 (also known as the PM-87) is a Finnish belly attack anti-tank mine. The mine has a circular ribbed plastic case that is tapered towards the bottom. It uses an electronic fuze with a combination magnetic and seismic fuze; it also has an anti-handling device. The mine is armed by inserting an arming pin, which completes an electronic circuit. The mine indicates that it is armed by lighting a small LED light which switches off after 10 minutes. When a vehicle approaches, vibrations travelling through the ground trigger the seismic sensor, which activates the magnetic sensor. When a vehicle passes over the mine, the warhead is triggered. First a clearing charge fire, removing up to 100 millimeters of earth from the top of the mine, then a copper-lined Misznay Schardin effect warhead is triggered. This projects a slug of copper at high velocity into the bottom of the target.
The mine is in service with the Finnish Defence Forces.

## Specifications

* Diameter: 270 mm
* Height: 150 mm
* Weight: 7,5 kg
* Explosive content: 4 kg of Composition B
# Hamilton Castner

Hamilton Young Castner (September 11, 1858 – October 11, 1899) was an American industrial chemist.

## Biography

He was born in Brooklyn, New York and educated at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, then at the Columbia University School of Mines. He left without a degree and in 1879 joined his brother, E. B. Castner, as a consulting chemist. He left this business around 1884 and worked to devise a process for manufacturing aluminium by reducing aluminium chloride with sodium. Sodium was relatively expensive at that time and Castner devised a process of producing it by the reduction of caustic soda with carbon, a much cheaper process. He failed to interest American industrialists and travelled to England in 1886.
In 1887 his process helped to lead to the formation of the Aluminium Company in England which produced aluminium of high purity. However, in 1889 it was rendered obsolete by a much cheaper electrochemical process. Castner's only asset then was his cheap sodium and he worked to develop uses for this, including the manufacture of sodium peroxide, a bleaching agent, and sodium cyanide which was used in the gold mining industry.
In 1890 Castner devised a new method for producing very pure caustic soda by the electrolysis of brine in a rocking cell containing mercury. This process also produced the useful by-products, chlorine and hydrogen. When Castner came to patent his process he found that a similar patent had been lodged by Karl Kellner in Germany and that this had been made over to the Solvay Company in Belgium. In order to avoid litigation, Castner's Aluminium Company combined with the Solvay Company to form the Castner-Kellner Alkali Company and they built a large works in Runcorn, Cheshire. The Castner-Kellner process is still in operation in Runcorn today.
Castner suffered from tuberculosis and died in 1899 in Saranac Lake, Franklin county, New York state. He left his estate to his wife, Cora Marion Richter, and his sister, Mary Albaugh. He did not have any children.
# Hamilton Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania

Hamilton Township is a township in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 11,374 at the 2020 census, up from 8,949 at the 2000 census.

## History

The township has the name of James Hamilton (1710–1783), mayor of Philadelphia and lieutenant-governor of Pennsylvania.
The Bridge between Guilford and Hamilton Townships was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

## Geography

Hamilton Township is in central Franklin County and is bordered to the northeast by the borough of Chambersburg, the county seat. South of Chambersburg, Conococheague Creek forms the eastern boundary of the township. Back Creek, a tributary of Conococheague, forms the southwestern boundary. The township extends northwest as far as the crest of Broad Mountain, the easternmost ridge in the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians in this part of the state.
U.S. Route 30 crosses the center of the township, leading east into Chambersburg and west to McConnellsburg.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.5 square miles (92.0 km$^2$), all land.

### Neighboring Townships

* Antrim Township (south)
* Greene Township (northeast)
* Guilford Township (southeast)
* Letterkenny Township (north)
* St. Thomas Township (west)

## Communities

* Cashtown
* Freys
* Hamilton Heights
* Housum
* Kensington Heights
* Pleasant View
* Sandy Hook
* Turkeyfoot

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 8,949 people, 3,476 households, and 2,648 families residing in the township. The population density was 250.8 inhabitants per square mile (96.8/km$^2$). There were 3,612 housing units at an average density of 101.2 per square mile (39.1/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 94.97% White, 2.57% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.74% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 1.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.42% of the population.
There were 3,476 households, out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.8% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.8% were non-families. 18.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.93.
In the township the population was spread out, with 25.3% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 95.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.3 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $43,153, and the median income for a family was $47,049. Males had a median income of $32,879 versus $25,082 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,122. About 4.9% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.3% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over.
# Chok

Chok may refer to:

## Places

* Chok State, a former princely state in Kathiawar
** its seat, a village in present Gujarat, western India
** Chok River, a river in western India
* Chok, Iran, a village in Yazd Province, Iran

## People

* Chok people, a society that lived on the Elgeyo escarpment in Kenya
* Raymond Lam (林峯), known as "Chok王"—meaning "the King of Chok"—a Hong Kong actor and singer
** "Chok", song from Raymond Lam's album LF
* A Chinese masculine given name, popular in Singapore:
** Goh Chok Tong (born 1941), second Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore
** Lionel Chok (21st century), Singaporean film-maker and director
* Bong Kee Chok (born 1937), politician
* Chok Sukkaew (born 1987), Thai footballer
* Elvie Chok (1924–2015), Hong Kong international lawn and indoor bowler
* Ming Tung Chok, former CEO of Soyo Group
* Philip Chok, Hong Kong international lawn and indoor bowler
* Vera Chok, London-based actor and writer

## Other

* Chok樣 [zh] (擢樣), a popular term in Hong Kong, meaning "to forcefully make oneself look more handsome"
* CHOK, a Canadian radio station