OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Isochrysis

Isochrysis is a genus of haptophytes. Until recently this genus was also thought to contain the 'T-iso' algae frequently used in aquaculture; that species has been reclassified as Tisochrysis lutea.

## Species

There are six species:
* Isochrysis galbana
* Isochrysis litoralis
* Isochrysis maritima
* Isochrysis nuda
* Isochrysis santou – uncertain taxonomic status
* Isochrysis zhanjiangensis
# Mitsuo

Mitsuo (written: 光男, 光央, 光雄, 光夫, 満男, 満夫, 三男, 三雄, 美津雄, 己津央 or みつお in hiragana) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Mitsuo Aoki (1914–2010), American theologian
* Mitsuo Fuchida (淵田 美津雄, 1902–1976), Japanese naval aviator
* Mitsuo Fujikura, Japanese mixed martial artist
* Mitsuo Fukuda (福田 己津央, born 1960), Japanese anime director
* Mitsuo Harada (born 1964), Japanese golfer
* Mitsuo Hashimoto (director) (橋本 みつお), Japanese anime director
* Mitsuo Hashimoto (manga artist) (はしもと みつお, born 1955), Japanese manga artist
* Mitsuo Horigome (堀米 光男, born 1974), Japanese cross-country skier
* Mitsuo Horiuchi (堀内 光雄, born 1930), Japanese politician
* Mitsuo Ikeda (池田 三男, 1935–2002), Japanese sport wrestler
* Mitsuo Iso (磯 光雄, born 1966), Japanese animator and anime director
* Mitsuo Itoh (伊藤 光夫, born 1937), Japanese motorcycle racer
* Mitsuo Iwata (岩田 光央, born 1967), Japanese voice actor
* Mitsuo Kagawa (賀川 光夫, 1923–2001), Japanese archaeologist and academic
* Mitsuo Kamata (鎌田 光夫, born 1937), Japanese footballer and manager
* Mitsuo Kato (加藤 光雄, born 1953), Japanese footballer
* Mitsuo Matayoshi (又吉 光雄, born 1944), Japanese activist
* Mitsuo Mitani (三谷 光男, born 1959), Japanese politician
* Mitsuo Momota (百田 光雄, born 1948), Japanese professional wrestler
* Mitsuo Nakamura (中村 光夫, 1911–1988), pen-name of Koba Ichiro, Japanese writer
* Mitsuo Nakanishi (中西 光雄, born 1948), Japanese sprint canoeist
* Mitsuo Ogasawara (小笠原 満男, born 1979), Japanese footballer
* Mitsuo Sanami (佐波 光男, born 1937), Japanese sport shooter
* Mitsuo Senda (千田 光男, 1940–2023), Japanese voice actor
* Mitsuo Shindō (信藤 三雄, born 1948), Japanese art, film and music director
* Taketani Mitsuo (武谷 三男, 1911–2000), Japanese physicist
* Mitsuo Tatsukawa (達川 光男, born 1955), Japanese baseball player
* Mitsuo Terada (寺田 光男, born 1968), Tsunku (ja:つんく♂)'s real name, a prolific Japanese record producer, songwriter, and vocalist
* Mitsuo Tsukahara (塚原 光男, born 1947), Japanese artistic gymnast
* Mitsuo Watanabe (渡辺 三男, born 1953), Japanese footballer
* Mitsuo Yamada (山田 満夫, born 1994), Japanese footballer
* Mitsuo Yamane (山根 三雄, born 1924), Japanese sport shooter
* Mitsuo Yanagimachi (柳町 光男, born 1945), Japanese screenwriter and film director
* Mitsuo Yoshikawa (吉川 光夫, born 1988), Japanese baseball player
# Carteret baronets

There have been two baronetcies created for members of the Carteret family, both in the Baronetage of England. Both creations are extinct.
The Carteret Baronetcy, of Metesches on the Island of Jersey, was created in the Baronetage of England on 9 May 1645 for Sir George Carteret. For more information on this creation, see Earl Granville.
The Carteret Baronetcy, of St Ouen on the Island of Jersey, was created in the Baronetage of England on 4 June 1670 for Philip Carteret. He was the grandson of Sir Philip de Carteret, whose brother Helier de Carteret, Deputy Governor of Jersey, was the father of Sir George Carteret, 1st Baronet. Sir Philip's grandson, the third Baronet, was a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to Queen Anne. The title became extinct on the third Baronet's death in 1715.

## Carteret baronets, of Metesches (1645)

* See Earl Granville

## Carteret baronets, of St Owen (1670)

* Sir Philip Carteret, 1st Baronet (died c. 1672)
* Sir Philip Carteret, 2nd Baronet (c. 1650–1693)
* Sir Charles Carteret, 3rd Baronet (1679–1715)
# Ben Amonette

Ben Amonette (born October 8, 1954) is an American sports shooter. He competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics and the 1996 Summer Olympics.
# Ivica Duspara

Ivica Duspara (born 29 August 1965) is a Croatian retired football midfielder.
# Patternmaker

Patternmaker may refer to:
* Patternmaker (engineering)
* Patternmaker (clothing)
# Civil list of the July Monarchy

The civil list of the July Monarchy was a civil list set up by King Louis Philippe I of the French under the July Monarchy by a law of 2 March 1832, on the model of the Civil List in the United Kingdom. This law decreed that its amount be 12 million francs annually, along with 1 million annually for the King's eldest son, Prince Ferdinand Philippe, who was The Prince Royal and Duc d'Orléans.
* This French history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Isochrysis galbana

Isochrysis galbana is a species of Haptophyta. It is the type species of the genus Isochrysis. It is an outstanding food for various bivalve larvae and is now widely cultured for use in the bivalve aquaculture industry. This unicellular is investigated for its high amount of fucoxanthin (18.23 mg/g dried sample). The Isochrysis galbana extract is said to have certain cosmetic and hair-growth properties when using hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, water, methanol, or isopropanol as extractants. I. galbana has a chloroplast, whose genome sequence has been published in 2020.
# Mary of France

Mary of France may refer to:

## People

* Marie de France, medieval poet
* Marie of France, Duchess of Brabant (1198–1224), daughter of Philip II of France
* Marie of France, Countess of Champagne (1145–1198), daughter of Louis VII of France, wife of Henry I of Champagne
* Marie of France, Duchess of Bar (1344–1404), daughter of John II of France, wife of Robert I of Bar
* Marie of Valois, Prioress of Poissy (1393–1438), daughter of Charles VI of France
* Marie de Valois (1444–1473), natural daughter of Charles VII of France
* Marie of Anjou (1404–1463), queen consort of Charles VII of France
* Mary Tudor, Queen of France (1496–1533), queen consort of Louis XII of France
* Mary, Queen of Scots, (1542–1587) queen consort of Francis II of France

## Other

* Mary, Queen of France (novel), a novel by Jean Plaidy
# Miss Polonia 2009

Miss Polonia 2009 was the 35th Miss Polonia pageant, held at the White Factory in Łódź, Poland, on October 24, 2009.
The winner was Maria Nowakowska of Lower Silesia and she represented Poland in Miss Universe 2010. Top 5 finalist Beata Polakowska represented Poland at Miss Earth 2010. Top 10 finalist Żaneta Sitko represented the country at Miss International 2010.

## Results
### Placements

| Placement | Contestant |
| Miss Polonia 2009 | Lower Silesia – Maria Nowakowska |
| 1st Runner-Up | Łódź – Agata Biernat |
| 2nd Runner-Up | Lubusz – Katarzyna Suberska |
| Top 5 | Lesser Poland – Agnieszka Steczkiewicz  Podlaskie – Beata Polakowska (later named Miss Earth Poland 2010) |
| Top 10 | Lublin – Elżbieta Tokarska  Opole – Dominika Kucharczyk  Podlaskie – Natalia Nowicka  West Pomerania – Żaneta Sitko (later named Miss International Poland 2010)  Polish Community in Lithuania – Agnieszka Mozyro |
| Top 15 | Greater Poland – Emilia Piszel  Holy Cross – Ewelina Sahloul  Silesia – Brygida Zielińska Subcarpathia – Sabina Haptaś  Warmia-Masuria – Kamila Kęsicka |

### Special Awards

| Award | Contestant |
| Miss Internet | Podlaskie – Beata Polakowska |

## Contestants

| Represents | Candidate | Age | Height |
| Greater Poland | Emilia Piszel | | 179 cm (5 ft 10.5 in) |
| Holy Cross | Ewelina Sahloul | | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Kuyavia-Pomerania | Paulina Ferlinska | | 181 cm (5 ft 11 in) |
| Lesser Poland | Agnieszka Steczkiewicz | 22 | 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Łódź | Agata Biernat | 19 | 181 cm (5 ft 11 in) |
| Lower Silesia | Maria Nowakowska | 22 | 181 cm (5 ft 11 in) |
| Lublin | Elżbieta Tokarska | 22 | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) |
| Lubusz | Katarzyna Suberska | 18 | 171 cm (5 ft 7 in) |
| Masovia | Marta Jaskulska | | 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Opole | Dominika Kucharczyk | 23 | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) |
| Podlaskie | Beata Polakowska | 23 | 172 cm (5 ft 7.5 in) |
| Podlaskie | Natalia Nowicka | 18 | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Pomerania | Alicja Kondracka | 23 | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) |
| Silesia | Brygida Zielińska | | 172 cm (5 ft 7.5 in) |
| Subcarpathia | Sabina Haptaś | | 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Warmia-Masuria | Kamila Kęsicka | | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| West Pomerania | Ewelina Siemaszko | 23 | 177 cm (5 ft 9.5 in) |
| Polish Community in Australia | Natalia Strzelczyk | | 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) |
| Polish Community in Lithuania | Agnieszka Mozyro | 23 | 179 cm (5 ft 10.5 in) |
| Polish Community in Sweden | Ewelina Siemaszko | | 177 cm (5 ft 9.5 in) |
# Carterhatch Lane railway station

Carterhatch Lane Halt was a railway station built by the Great Eastern Railway in 1916 on the Southbury Loop line to the north east of London in the United Kingdom. The Southbury Loop line was reopened in 1915 for passenger services for munitions workers to access factories in the Lea Valley area however the line closed in 1919.

## Design

The station was a very basic affair – a wooden platform long enough for two coaches and a couple of oil lamps for illumination. At the time the up line (towards Liverpool Street) was used for goods wagon storage so the platform was built on the down line. The platform was accessed via a wooden staircase from Carterhatch Lane which crossed the line at a loop at this point.
The oil lamps were lit by the train guard and all had shades so the light would shine downwards as a war time precaution. When Zeppelin raiders were close the train would be positioned under the bridge and passengers would join the crew there until the danger passed.

## Services

Services were operated by a Great Eastern Railway Auto-train operating 15 trains per day between Lower Edmonton Low-Level station and Cheshunt (although later some terminated at White Hart Lane). Motive power for the train was normally a Great Eastern Railway Y65 class (LNER classification F7) 2-4-2T tank engine.

### Withdrawal of service

Once World War I was over, the need for the service all but disappeared and the service was withdrawn in 1919. The station name boards and lamps were removed soon after but the structure lasted at least until the outbreak of World War II.
| Preceding station | Historical railways | Historical railways | Historical railways | Following station |
| Turkey Street Line and station open | | Great Eastern Railway Southbury Loop | | Southbury Line and station open |

### Electrification

In the late 1950s the site was used for an electrification depot as the local Lea Valley Lines were electrified. A temporary signal box was opened to facilitate operation of the depot. This opened in early 1958 but was rarely used after electrification was completed in 1960 so the box was downgraded on 7 July 1960 to a ground frame (the line was being resignalled at the time) and then closed in February 1965.
The Southbury Loop was electrified in 1959–1960 and passenger services serving the other stations on the loop commenced on 21 November 1960. Carterhatch Lane station did not reopen.
# Damon Rensing

Damon Rensing is an American soccer coach who currently coaches the Michigan State Spartans men's soccer program.

## Head coaching record

Statistics overview :
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason |
| UNLV (Women) (1998–1999) ||||||
| 1998 | UNLV | 8–10–1 | | | |
| Michigan State (Men) (Big Ten Conference) (2009–present) ||||||
| 2009 | Michigan State | 11–8–2 | 2–4–0 | 6th | Big Ten Semifinals |
| 2010 | Michigan State | 13–7–2 | 2–4–0 | 6th | Big Ten Quarterfinals NCAA Second Round |
| 2011 | Michigan State | 7–8–4 | 2–2–2 | 5th | Big Ten Quarterfinals |
| 2012 | Michigan State | 11–10–1 | 3–3–0 | 5th | Big Ten Champions NCAA Second Round |
| 2013 | Michigan State | 14–6–3 | 3–2–1 | 3rd | Big Ten Runners-Up NCAA Quarterfinals |
| 2014 | Michigan State | 12–5–6 | 4–2–2 | 5th | Big Ten Semifinals NCAA Quarterfinals |
| 2015 | Michigan State | 8–9–2 | 2–4–2 | 8th | Big Ten Play-In |
| 2016 | Michigan State | 13–5–2 | 4–3–1 | 4th | Big Ten Semifinals NCAA First Round |
| 2017 | Michigan State | 13–3–4 | 5–0–3 | 3rd | Big Ten Quarterfinals NCAA Quarterfinals |
| 2018 | Michigan State | 14–5–4 | 4–2–2 | 4th | Big Ten Quarterfinals NCAA College Cup |
| 2019 | Michigan State | 3–12–3 | 3–4–1 | 6th | Big Ten Quarterfinals |
| 2020 | Michigan State | 4–7 | 4–6 | 6th | Big Ten Quarterfinals |
| 2021 | Michigan State | 6–8–2 | 2–4–2 | 8th | Big Ten Quarterfinals |
| 2022 | Michigan State | 6–9–2 | 3–4–1 | 6th | Big Ten Quarterfinals |
| 2023 | Michigan State | 6-0-4 | 2-0-2 | | |
| Michigan State: | Michigan State: | 95–76–35 (.546) | 50–23–14 (.655) | | |
| Total: | Total: | 149–112–40 (.561) | | | |
| National champion   Postseason invitational champion   Conference regular season champion   Conference regular season and conference tournament champion  Division regular season champion  Division regular season and conference tournament champion  Conference tournament champion ||||||
# 1983 Norwegian local elections

Country-wide local elections for seats in municipality and county councils were held throughout Norway in 1983. For most places this meant that two elections, the municipal elections and the county elections ran concurrently.

## Results
### Municipal elections

Results of the 1983 municipal elections.
| Party | Party | Votes | % |
| | Labour Party | 793,903 | 38.29 |
| | Conservative Party | 535,500 | 25.83 |
| | Christian Democratic Party | 176,659 | 8.52 |
| | Centre Party | 159,946 | 7.71 |
| | Progress Party | 111,925 | 5.40 |
| | Socialist Left Party | 107,959 | 5.21 |
| | Liberal Party | 93,623 | 4.52 |
| | Red Electoral Alliance | 23,768 | 1.15 |
| | Liberal People's Party | 11,966 | 0.58 |
| | Communist Party | 4,319 | 0.21 |
| | Others | 53,934 | 2.60 |
| Total | Total | 2,073,502 | 100.00 |

### County elections

Results of the 1983 county elections.
| Party | Party | % |
| | Labour Party | 38.9 |
| | Conservative Party | 26.4 |
| | Christian Democratic Party | 8.8 |
| | Centre Party | 7.2 |
| | Progress Party | 6.3 |
| | Socialist Left Party | 5.3 |
| | Liberal Party | 4.4 |
| | Red Electoral Alliance | 1.2 |
| | Liberal People's Party | 0.7 |
| | Communist Party | 0.4 |
| | Others | 0.3 |
| Total | Total | |
# Stick-Up!

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz | |
Stick-Up! is an album by the jazz vibraphonist Bobby Hutcherson, released on the Blue Note label in 1968. The album is Hutcherson's first without drummer Joe Chambers. Billy Higgins took over on drums on the recording session. It also features Joe Henderson and is the first recorded meeting of the vibrist and pianist McCoy Tyner. Five of the six tracks are Hutcherson compositions, with the exception being Ornette Coleman's "Una Muy Bonita".

## Track listing

All compositions by Bobby Hutcherson except as noted.
* "Una Muy Bonita" (Ornette Coleman) - 6:27
* "8/4 Beat" - 6:59
* "Summer Nights" - 6:59
* "Black Circle" - 6:57
* "Verse" - 9:32
* "Blues Mind Matter" - 3:32

## Personnel

* Bobby Hutcherson - vibraphone
* Joe Henderson - tenor saxophone (except track 3)
* McCoy Tyner - piano
* Herbie Lewis - bass
* Billy Higgins - drums

## Charts

2022 chart performance for Stick-Up! :
| Chart (2022) | Peak position |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 73 |
# Matthias Gohl

Matthias Gohl is a Swiss musical producer/director/supervisor/composer of film scores and stage productions.
He produced most of Elliot Goldenthal's film scores (starting in 1987 with the score to Pet Sematary) as well others. Two scores that he has produced have won an Oscar: Elliot Goldenthal's Frida and John Corigliano's The Red Violin.
He worked for almost twenty years as musical director for Carly Simon, appearing on albums, tours, soundtracks and on television.
He was nominated for an Emmy in 2005 in the category Outstanding Music Direction for Broadway: The American Musical and for a Grammy in 2008 in the category Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media for Across the Universe (shared with T-Bone Burnett and Elliot Goldenthal).
Gohl also used variations of his first name (like Teese or Tisse) for onscreen credits.
# Jan Wilson (Australian politician)

Janet Tindale Calder Wilson (28 July 1939 – 5 March 2010) was an Australian politician.
Wilson was educated at Graeme High School in Falkirk, Scotland. After moving to Australia she became involved with the Labor Party, serving as secretary to federal Holt MP Max Oldmeadow from 1972 to 1975. From 1975 she was executive officer for Westernport Regional Council, but from 1978 she was a state party organiser and Dandenong City Councillor. In 1985 she was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the member for Dandenong North. In 1992 she was promoted to the front bench as Shadow Minister for Local Government and the Aged, trading Local Government for Consumer Affairs in 1993 and Racing in 1994. In 1995 she was moved to the new portfolio of Sport, Recreation and Racing, but she stood down in 1996 and retired from politics in 1999. Subsequent to her retirement she was chair of the board of Greyhound Racing Victoria. She died in 2010.
In 2017, she was posthumously inducted onto the Victorian Honour Roll of Women.
# Miss Polonia 2010

Miss Polonia 2010 was the 36th Miss Polonia pageant, held at the EXPO Hall in Łódź, Poland, on December 11, 2010.
The winner was Rozalia Mancewicz of Podlaskie and she represented Poland in Miss Universe 2011 and Miss International 2012.

## Results
### Placements

| Placement | Contestant |
| Miss Polonia 2010 | Podlaskie – Rozalia Mancewicz |
| 1st Runner-Up | Lesser Poland – Agnieszka Kościelniak |
| 2nd Runner-Up | Greater Poland – Natalia Tomczyk |
| Top 6 | Greater Poland – Natalia Michalszczak  Kuyavia-Pomerania – Katarzyna Burczyńska  Łódź – Zuzanna Brzezińska |
| Top 12 | Lower Silesia – Marta Haruk  Masovia – Monika Płochocka  Opole – Martyna Zapadka  Silesia – Arleta Respondek Subcarpathia – Olga Lackosz  West Pomerania – Kinga Frąckiewicz |

### Special Awards

| Award | Contestant |
| Miss Internet | Podlaskie – Rozalia Mancewicz |
| Miss Personality | Greater Poland – Natalia Michalszczak |

## Contestants

| Represents | Candidate | Age | Height |
| Greater Poland | Natalia Michalszczak | 20 | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) |
| Greater Poland | Natalia Tomczyk | 20 | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) |
| Holy Cross | Magdalena Brojewska | 23 | 174 cm (5 ft 8.5 in) |
| Kuyavia-Pomerania | Katarzyna Burczyńska | 21 | 169 cm (5 ft 6.5 in) |
| Lesser Poland | Agnieszka Kościelniak | 20 | 171 cm (5 ft 7 in) |
| Łódź | Zuzanna Brzezińska | 19 | 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Lower Silesia | Marta Haruk | 19 | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) |
| Lublin | Agnieszka Stępień | 18 | 172 cm (5 ft 7.5 in) |
| Masovia | Klaudia Natorska | 19 | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) |
| Masovia | Monika Płochocka | 19 | 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Opole | Martyna Zapadka | 18 | 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) |
| Podlaskie | Rozalia Mancewicz | 23 | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Pomerania | Anna Stankiewicz | 23 | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Silesia | Arletta Respondek | 20 | 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| Subcarpathia | Olga Lackosz | 19 | 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) |
| West Pomerania | Aleksandra Ofianewska | 20 | 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) |
| West Pomerania | Kinga Frąckiewicz | 21 | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) |
| Polish Community in Lithuania | Justyna Hajdukiewicz | 21 | 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) |
# Cartography of York

The Cartography of York is the history of surveying and creation of maps of the city of York. The following is a list of historic maps of York:
* c.1610: John Speed's map
* 1624: Samuel Parsons' map of Dringhouses
* c1682: Captain James Archer's Plan of the Greate, Antient & Famous Citty of York
* 1685: Jacob Richards' Survey of the City of York
* 1694: Benedict Horsley's Iconography or Ground Plot of ye City of Yorke
* 1722: John Cossins: A New and Exact Plan of the City of York
* 1748: re-issue of Cossins' New and Exact Plan with five new architectural illustrations across the upper edge of the engraving. These include the new County Hospital and the Assembly Rooms
* 1736: map in Francis Drake's Eboracum
* 1784: William White's plan of York
* various: Tithe maps
* 1822: Alfred Smith's map, published in Edward Baines' History, Directory and Gazetteer of the county of York.
* 1832: map by Robert Cooper
* 1852: York Ordnance Survey
* 1858: Nathaniel Whittock’s Birds Eye View
* 1900: Bacon's map of the environs of York
* 1909: Ordnance Survey map
* 1937: Ordnance Survey map
# Damon Rich

Damon Rich (born 1975 in Creve Coeur, Missouri) is a Newark, New Jersey–based designer, urban planner, and visual artist known for investigating the politics of the built environment. He attended Deep Springs College and received a B.A. (1997) from Columbia College of Columbia University. His work looks at the shaping of the world through laws, finance, and politics. He explains his approach as follows: "My exhibitions function as a kind of case study or experiment; each begins with a group of investigators who know little about the subject at hand, acting as stand-ins for the general public." In 1997, Rich founded the Center for Urban Pedagogy (CUP), a New York City–based nonprofit organization that uses the power of design and art to improve civic engagement.
Rich served as the Planning Director & Chief Urban Designer for the City of Newark, New Jersey, from 2008 to 2015 where he led the design and construction of the city's first riverfront parks, was founding director of the city's first public art program, and was primary author of the city's first new zoning law since 1954. He now serves as partner with design and planning practice Hector.
Rich was the recipient of a MacArthur Genius Grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in 2017.
# Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH), also called idiopathic or congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH), as well as isolated or congenital gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency (IGD), is a condition which results in a small subset of cases of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) due to deficiency in or insensitivity to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) where the function and anatomy of the anterior pituitary is otherwise normal and secondary causes of HH are not present.

## Presentation

Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism presents as hypogonadism, e.g., reduced or absent puberty, low libido, infertility, etc. due to an impaired release of the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), and a resultant lack of sex steroid and peptides production by the gonads.
In Kallmann syndrome, a variable non-reproductive phenotype occurs with anosmia (loss of the sense of smell) including sensorineural deafness, coloboma, bimanual synkinesis, craniofacial abnormalities, and/or renal agenesis.

## Causes

IHH is divided into two syndromes: IHH with olfactory alterations or anosmia, Kallmann syndrome and IHH with normal smell (normosmic IHH).
Kallmann syndrome is responsible for approximately 50% of all cases of the condition. It is associated with mutations in KAL1, FGFR1/FGF8, FGF17, IL17RD, PROKR2, NELF, CHD7(which positively regulates GnRH secretion), HS6ST1, FLRT3, SPRY4, DUSP6, SEMA3A, and WDR11 (gene), genes which are related to defects in neuronal migration.
Gene defects associated with IHH and normal smell include PROKR2, FGFR1, FGF8, CHD7, DUSP6, and WDR11, as in KS, but in addition mutations in KISS1R, TACR3, GNRH1/GNRHR, LEP/LEPR, HESX1, FSHB, and LHB. GnRH insensitivity is the second most common cause of IHH, responsible for up to 20% of cases.A minority of less than 5-10% is due to inactivating mutations in genes which positively regulate GnRH secretion such as CHD7, KISS1R, and TACR3.
The causes of about 25% of all IHH cases are still unknown.