OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bill Sherwood

William Charles Patrick Sherwood, better known as Bill Sherwood (June 14, 1952 – February 10, 1990) was an American musician, screenwriter and film director.
Sherwood was born in Washington, D.C., and grew up in Battle Creek, Michigan. A talented violinist, he attended the National Music Camp and graduated from the Interlochen Arts Academy in Michigan in 1970, where he majored in composition. He then moved to New York City, where he was a composition student of Elliott Carter at The Juilliard School. Discouraged by his progress and fascinated by the cultural and social upheavals going on in New York at the time, he discontinued his composition studies, eventually enrolling at Hunter College. He majored in Film Production and made several short films over the next ten years.
He had a promising career as a filmmaker, but died in New York City from AIDS complications. He is best known for his 1986 film Parting Glances, made for $310,000, a bittersweet romantic comedy that spans a 24-hour period in the upwardly mobile New York gay community. He wrote half a dozen screenplays and completed three short films in the six years before Parting Glances, and wrote additional screenplays in the four years after. These additional screenplays were never produced.

## Filmography

* Parting Glances (1986) - Director/Editor/Screenwriter
# Bill Langille

Harold William Langille (January 18, 1944 – April 12, 2020) was a tree farmer, police officer and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Colchester North in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1999 to 2006 as a Progressive Conservative.
Born in 1944 in Truro, Nova Scotia, Langille was educated at the Ontario Police College and the Ontario Provincial Police Academy. He worked as a police officer in Truro and Ontario. After his retirement in 1994, he returned to Nova Scotia and owned and operated tree farms in Colchester County. Langille entered provincial politics in 1999, winning the Colchester North riding by more than 1300 votes. In the 2003 election, he was re-elected by more than 1100 votes. Langille did not reoffer in the 2006 election. He died of liver cancer on April 12, 2020.
# Himes (disambiguation)

Himes may refer to:
* Himes, a surname (including a list of people with that surname)
* Himes Creek Trail, in Lincoln County, Montana, United States
* Himes Pass, a mountain pass in Sanders County, Montana, United States
* Judge Himes, an American Thoroughbred racehorse, winner of the 1903 Kentucky Derby
* HIghly Maneuverable Experimental Space vehicle (HIMES), a Japanese former spaceplane project, now superseded by WIRES (WInged REusable Sounding rocket)
# Bing (Chinese surname)

Bing is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written 邴 in Chinese character. It is romanized Ping in Wade–Giles. Bing is listed 214th in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. It is not among the 300 most common surnames in China.

## Origin

During the Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BC), a government minister of the State of Qi (in modern-day Shandong province) was enfeoffed at the settlement of Bing. He and his descendants adopted Bing as their surname.

## Notable people

* Bing Ji (邴吉; died 55 AD), Han dynasty chancellor
* Bing Yuan (邴原), Eastern Han politician
* Bing Zhigang (邴志刚; born 1957), Vice-Governor of Liaoning province
# Birger Carlstedt

John Birger Jarl Carlstedt (12 July 1907 in Helsinki – 3 October 1975 in Helsinki) was a Finnish painter and a pioneer of Modern Art in Finland. His painting style went through various changes, with influences from Impressionism, Expressionism, Futurism and abstract art.

## Biography

Birger Carlstedt was born in Helsinki to businessman John Wilhelm Carlstedt and restaurateur Amanda Josefina Lindström. Carlstedt had an older sibling who died as a child and a younger brother, Knut Wilhelm. The two brothers are said to have been close. Knut was born in 1910 and died in the Winter war.
The family was a part of the Swedish-speaking influential minority of Finland, but French and German were also spoken in the household. Birger Carlstedt also learned Finnish in school. The family was affluent, and Birger grew up in a household with valets. After John passed in 1913, Amanda continued to acquire and run restaurants in Helsinki until 1938.
Birger Carlstedt studied at the School of the Fine Arts Association of Finland and the Central School of Applied Arts in Helsinki. He also studied in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. With the support of rich parents, Carlstedt was able to travel around Europe and visit the Bauhaus and De Stijl groups to study their visual arts and architecture. Amanda Carlstedt was her son's paton for much of his life.
As a student, Carlstedt already belonged to the relatively small group of artists who were constantly open to new influences and experimented with new forms of expression. He was influenced by Cubism and Surrealism and his style became increasingly Non-figurative.
While working as a painter after his studies, he also had his own interior design company. His most notable interior design was the Le Chat Doré cafe in Helsinki (1929), which was Parisian in style, with references to Art Deco. The café was run by Carlstedt's mother Amanda.
Carlstedt drew inspiration from the café L’ Aubette in Strasbourg, which was styled by Theo van Doesburg, Jean (Hans) Arp and Sophie Taeuber-Arp in 1926–1928. At that time this type of interior design was not understood or appreciated in Finland, so when the lease of the café was up in 1933, the interior was destroyed.
Birger Carlstedt's first major exhibition was in the Kunsthalle Helsinki in 1932. The exhibition was also subject to harsh criticism, because international abstract art was not appreciated.
Carlstedt was married three times: first to Ingegärd Jacquette af Forselles in 1932; then to Inga Hjördis Beatrice Roos in 1941 and finally to the pianist France Ellegaard in 1949.
In 2019-20 a major retrospective exhibition of Carlstedt's works was held in the Amos Rex Museum in Helsinki. As part of the exhibition, the museum reconstructed part of the interior of the Le Chat Doré cafe of 1929.
# Biogerontology (journal)

Biogerontology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media. It covers research on the biological mechanisms of ageing. The founding editor-in-chief is Suresh Rattan. In 2021, its impact factor was 4.284.
# Highmead

Highmead is a small village in the community of Llanwenog, Ceredigion, Wales, which is 59.2 miles (95.3 km) from Cardiff and 177.7 miles (286 km) from London. Highmead is represented in the Senedd by Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru) and is part of the Ceredigion Preseli constituency in the House of Commons. Highmead also has an abandoned old school building described as frozen in time, called Highmead School.
# Birkenstock (disambiguation)

Birkenstock is a German shoe manufacturer.
Birkenstock may also refer to:
* Arne Birkenstock, a German film director and screenwriter
* Johann Adam Birkenstock, a German composer and violinist
* Uwe-Karl Birkenstock, a South African cricketer
# Birds of Paradise (2010 film)

Birds of Paradise is the English dub of Plumíferos, a 2010 Argentine computer-animated adventure comedy film directed by Daniel De Felippo and Gustavo Giannini, featuring the voices of Drake Bell, Ashley Tisdale, Jon Lovitz, Ken Jeong, Jane Lynch and Keith David.

## English voice cast

* Drake Bell as Jack
* Keith David as Old Buzzard
* Ken Jeong as Vinnie
* Jon Lovitz as Skeeter
* Jane Lynch as Rosie
* Ashley Tisdale as Aurora

## Reception

Barbara Schultz of Common Sense Media awarded the film three stars out of five.
# Hingolgadh Sanctuary

Hingolgadh Nature Education Sanctuary is a protected area located in the Jasdan Taluka of Rajkot district, Gujarat, India. Managed by the Gujarat Ecological Education and Research (GEER) Foundation, the sanctuary is dedicated to the conservation of local wildlife and provides educational programs on environmental conservation.

## Biodiversity

The sanctuary boasts a diverse ecosystem where the dry deciduous scrubby vegetation of Saurashtra meets northern dry deciduous forests. This unique habitat supports a variety of flora and fauna, including mammal species such as the Indian fox, blue bull (nilgai), and Indian porcupine, alongside numerous bird and reptile species.

## Educational activities

Hingolgadh Nature Education Sanctuary is a hub for environmental education, offering workshops, nature camps, and programs aimed at students, educators, and nature enthusiasts. These initiatives promote biodiversity conservation awareness and encourage sustainable environmental interactions.

## Visitation

The sanctuary welcomes visitors and provides opportunities for nature walks, bird watching, and educational experiences about biodiversity conservation. It serves as a valuable resource for academic institutions, offering a practical learning environment outside traditional classrooms.

## Conservation efforts

The sanctuary's management under the GEER Foundation emphasizes conservation research, habitat restoration, and community engagement programs, aiming to preserve the region's unique biodiversity while fostering environmental stewardship among the public.
# Bio-Cancer

Bio-Cancer is a Greek thrash metal band from Athens, formed in late 2010.

## History

Among their earliest releases was a contribution to the compilation album Thrash Or Be Thrashed Vol.2. They released their first album, Ear Piercing Thrash, in 2012 under Athens Thrash Attack Records, and their second album, Tormenting the Innocent, under Candlelight Records in 2015. A music video for "F(r)iends or Fiends", from Tormenting the Innocent, was released. While Metal Forces described Tormenting the Innocent as featuring a rather generic form of thrash metal, New Noise Magazine was much more favorable, awarding the album a perfect score and praising Bio-Cancer as one of the "cutting edge thrash metal bands". On 8 September 2023 the band released their third album, Revengeance. Ghost Cult Magazine called the album "one of the most memorable thrash releases of the year" giving it a 7/10 rating overall.

## Musical style

Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles and Stormbringer.at consider the band's style as not particularly innovative, but well-written. Venia Mag found the band energetic and technically precise but with a monotonous sound. Bio-Cancer have toured with several popular metal acts such as Sodom, Onslaught, Rotting Christ, Xentrix, Artillery, and Marduk. The band's musical style has been compared to that of other underground Greek bands Flames, Acid Death, Suicidal Angels, and Insidead, as well as other bands such as Sodom, Kreator, Testament, and Shrapnel. Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles noted that Bio-Cancer mixes elements of Teutonic thrash metal with elements of Bay Area thrash metal, and that Lefteris uses some speed metal and black metal style vocals that add some variety to the band's sound. Metal.de compared Lefteris's vocals style to those of Chance Garnette of Skeletonwitch. Ghost Cult Magazine describe their 2023 album as having "Melodeath-style riffing" as well as "accomplished and surprisingly smooth bass lines" and described the vocals as "often completely incomprehensible".

## Members

* Giannis Lagoutaris – bass, backing vocals
* Thanasis Andreou – guitar
* Lefteris Hatziandreou – vocals
* Stavros Marinos – guitar, backing vocals
* Tomek Solomonidis – drums

## Discography
### Studio albums

* Ear Piercing Thrash (2012, Athens Thrash Attack)
* Tormenting The Innocent (2015, Candlelight Records)
* Revengeance (2023, Hammerheart Records)

### Compilation albums

* And Covers for All... A Greek Tribute to Metallica (2013, Metal Hammer) – Dyers Eve
# Bithynia canyamelensis

Bithynia canyamelensis is a species of small freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusc in the family Bithyniidae.

## Distribution

This species occurs in:
* The Balearic Islands
# Bithynia fuchsiana

Bithynia fuchsiana is a species of small freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum. It an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Bithyniidae.

## Distribution

Distribution of this species includes:
* southern and eastern China
* Taiwan
* the Red River delta, Vietnam

## Ecology

Bithynia fuchsiana inhabits lentic habitats such as lakes, rice fields, ponds and others. It serves as the first intermediate host for the trematode Clonorchis sinensis.
# Birmingham Trophy

The Birmingham Trophy was an invitational football tournament held at St Andrew's, Birmingham. The only edition took place between 8 and 9 August 1992. It was contested by four teams, one from Italy, one from Spain, and two from the host nation England.

## Tournament
### Bracket

| Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Final | Final |
| 8 August – Birmingham (St Andrew's) | 8 August – Birmingham (St Andrew's) |
| Coventry City | 1 |
| Coventry City | 1 | 9 August – Birmingham (St Andrew's) | 9 August – Birmingham (St Andrew's) |
| Brescia | 0 | 9 August – Birmingham (St Andrew's) | 9 August – Birmingham (St Andrew's) |
| Brescia | 0 | Birmingham City | 1 |
| 8 August – Birmingham (St Andrew's) | 8 August – Birmingham (St Andrew's) | | Birmingham City | 1 |
| 8 August – Birmingham (St Andrew's) | 8 August – Birmingham (St Andrew's) | Coventry City | 0 |
| Birmingham City | 1 | Coventry City | 0 |
| Real Mallorca | 1 | | |
| Real Mallorca | 1 | Third place | Third place |
| | | 9 August – Birmingham (St Andrew's) | 9 August – Birmingham (St Andrew's) |
| | | Brescia | 1 |
| | | Real Mallorca | 1 |
Birmingham City beat Real Mallorca 6–5 on penalties.
Real Mallorca beat Brescia 4–3 on penalties.
# Hippobosca equina

Hippobosca equina, also known as the forest fly or New Forest fly, is a biting fly from the family Hippoboscidae. They are blood-feeding ectoparasites of primarily horses and other large mammals including cattle. It is a permanently fully winged fly, not shedding its wings on finding its host, as in some other Hippoboscidae. With its wings retained, it may thus fly away from its host to deposit its larvae. They are good fliers.

## Description

Wing length 6.0–8.5 millimetres (0.24–0.33 in). Generally pale reddish brown with yellow spots on the indistinctly segmented abdomen. They have one pair of sub-triangular wings and the wing veins are crowded together towards the anterior border. The characteristic feature of these flies is that they move sidewards and they feed preferably between the hind legs and on the perineum region.

## Distribution

The primary distribution is in Europe and parts of Asia and Africa. It has been introduced to other locations, though in some cases latter eradicated by modern husbandry practices. In the United Kingdom they are known primarily from the New Forest and increasingly from South Devon. There are occasionally recorded from other part of the UK, though some reports as far north as the Scottish borders are considered dubious. In the United Kingdom, their flight period is from May to October, but peaking August and early September.

## Hosts

Their primary host are equines; they are often also frequently found on cattle on which they are able to maintain a population. They have been known to bite a number of other mammals, including sheep and goats. Though it is actively attracted to humans and will land, it does not often bite them. Other mammals it may also live on are red deer, camel and rabbit. Also on birds: the grey heron, and the northern goshawk. They have been fed and bred on guinea pigs in the laboratory.
# Hilbert spectrum

The Hilbert spectrum (sometimes referred to as the Hilbert amplitude spectrum), named after David Hilbert, is a statistical tool that can help in distinguishing among a mixture of moving signals. The spectrum itself is decomposed into its component sources using independent component analysis. The separation of the combined effects of unidentified sources (blind signal separation) has applications in climatology, seismology, and biomedical imaging.

## Conceptual summary

The Hilbert spectrum is computed by way of a 2-step process consisting of:
* Preprocessing a signal separate it into intrinsic mode functions using a mathematical decomposition such as singular value decomposition (SVD) or empirical mode decomposition (EMD);
* Applying the Hilbert transform to the results of the above step to obtain the instantaneous frequency spectrum of each of the components.
The Hilbert transform defines the imaginary part of the function to make it an analytic function (sometimes referred to as a progressive function), i.e. a function whose signal strength is zero for all frequency components less than zero.
With the Hilbert transform, the singular vectors give instantaneous frequencies that are functions of time, so that the result is an energy distribution over time and frequency.
The result is an ability to capture time-frequency localization to make the concept of instantaneous frequency and time relevant (the concept of instantaneous frequency is otherwise abstract or difficult to define for all but monocomponent signals).

## Definition

For a given signal $x(t)$ decomposed (with for example Empirical Mode Decomposition) to
$x(t)=r(t)+\sum _{j=1}^{k}c_{j}(t)$
where $k$ is the number of intrinsic mode functions that $x(t)$ consists of and
$c_{j}(t)=\mathbb {R} {\big \a_{j}(t)e^{-i\theta _{j}(t)}{\big \}}=a_{j}(t)\cos {\big\theta _{j}(t){\big )}$
The instantaneous angle frequency is then defined as
$\omega _{j}(t)={\frac {d\theta _{j}(t)}{dt}}$
From this, we can define the Hilbert Spectrum for $c_{j}(t)$ as
$H_{j}(\omega ,t)={\begin{cases}a_{j}(t),&\omega =\omega _{j}(t)\\0,&{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}$
The Hilbert Spectrum of $x(t)$ is then given by
$H(\omega ,t)=\sum _{j=1}^{k}H_{j}(\omega ,t)$

### Marginal Hilbert Spectrum

A two dimensional representation of a Hilbert Spectrum, called Marginal Hilbert Spectrum, is defined as
$h(\omega )={\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}H(\omega ,t)dt$
where $T$ is the length of the sampled signal $x(t)$. The Marginal Hilbert Spectrum show the total energy that each frequency value contribute with.

## Applications

The Hilbert spectrum has many practical applications. One example application pioneered by Professor Richard Cobbold, is the use of the Hilbert spectrum for the analysis of blood flow by pulse Doppler ultrasound. Other applications of the Hilbert spectrum include analysis of climatic features, water waves, and the like.
# Biospeedotrema parajolliveti

Biospeedotrema parajolliveti is a species of trematodes inhabiting hydrothermal vent fishes (particularly Thermichthys hollisi) in the south eastern Pacific Ocean. It can be distinguished from its family by its symmetrical testicular configuration; its uterus passing between the testes.
# Blackadder (whisky bottler)

Blackadder is an independent bottler of single malt Scotch whisky. It was founded in 1995 by Robin Tucek and John Lamond, and named after historic Scottish figure Bishop John Blackadder. The company's bottlings are generally from single casks, are neither chill-filtered nor colored, and are bottled in clear glass to allow customers to see the natural color of the whisky.
Bottling series offered by Blackadder include the standard single-cask single malt whiskies, the "Limited Edition" range, the sherry-cask "Old Man of Hoy", the "Auld Edinburgh" range, and two alternate labelings used in place of the Blackadder name: "Aberdeen Distillers" and "The Clydesdale Original Scotch Whisky Co. Ltd."
Since 2000, Blackadder has also offered the "Raw Cask" series, which consists of whisky bottled directly from the cask, without even mechanical filtering. The lack of filtering leaves some detritus in the bottles including fragments of cask wood.
In 2014 Blackadder introduced a range of whiskies called Black Snake. These whiskies are produced using a Solera system, where aged single malts are placed into either an Oloroso or PX Sherry cask for further aging. When deemed ready, 2/3 of the cask is drawn to be bottled and the cask is replenished with more single malt for further maturation. Each draw for bottling is known as a "Venom".
Blackadder Whiskies are available in a number of countries, particularly Japan, Taiwan, Israel and Europe. In the US, Blackadder Whiskies are imported by Glass Revolution.
# Bishop's Castle, Fürstenau

The Bishop's Castle (also: Unteres Schloss) is a castle in the municipality of Fürstenau of the Canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance. The castle dates to the mid-to-late 13th century, while the current structure is from the early 18th century.
# Hispaniolan yellow tree frog

The Hispaniolan yellow tree frog (Osteopilus pulchrilineatus), or common treefrog, is a species of frog in the family Hylidae endemic to Hispaniola, where it is found in both the Dominican Republic and Haiti.

## Description

Adult Hispaniola yellow tree frogs can grow to be about 43 mm for females, while the males tend to be slightly smaller and only grow to be about 39 mm. They have 3 dorsal lines that can be yellow, tan, green, or brown that are used to most easily identify the species. The lower sides of the frog are usually yellow in color as well. They can be active during the night when temperatures range from 24-27 °C. The Osteopilus genus tend to follow a generalist diet and usually choose prey based on their size

## Habitat

Osteopilus pulchrilineatus is one of four endemic species to Hispaniola and can only survive in a specific set of environmental conditions. Its natural habitats are mesic broadleaf forests, riparian forests (including forest remnants), mangrove forests, grasslands, and marshes. It can also be found in agricultural landscapes (e.g., rice plantations, coffee and cacao plantations, and in the presence of livestock). Osteopilus pulchrilineatus is known to have at least six different breeding habitats, most of which are marine like habitats. These include vegetative ponds with nearby open grassland, ponds in mountainous areas that have a small area, streams in mountain forests, ephemeral pools in forested areas, pools found within rice fields, and rivers and streams of forested areas. Males are known to call in flooded pools after heavy rains. The estimated area that Osteopilus pulchrilineatus is said to inhabit ranges from 1,3000 km$^2$ to 2,000 km$^2$ and elevations up to almost 1,700 km$^2$.

## Conservation

The species was listed on the IUCN Red List as endangered until April 2012, when a new evaluation reduced the species to vulnerable. Their population is currently declining to the point that they are at risk for extirpation within the next decade. The frog exists in highly fragmented populations. Even though it is found in modified habitats, its persistence seems to depend on forests and/or wetlands as the core habitat, making it vulnerable to further habitat loss.

### Threats

The biggest threat to this species is habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation. There are both human and natural factors that lead to these threats to its populations. Some of these include residential development, mining, invasive species and diseases, habitat loss due to ranching and wood logging. Habitat loss for agriculture, usually for the production of sugarcane, is another huge threat to tree frogs in the region. Another threat to their populations comes from the decline in stream quality in Hispaniola from these human activities. In 2011, the Caribbean Amphibian Ark Conservation Needs Assessment found that the frog populations needed more in-situ conservation action if they are to survive long term. More specifically, preserving the forests and wetlands that the species is known to inhabit within the region. The species is not known to be threatened by trade or captivity.