OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1917–18 Arsenal F.C. season

In the 1917–18 season, the Arsenal F.C. played 36 games, of which it won 16, drew 5 and lost 15. The team finished 5th in the league.

## Results

Arsenal's score comes first
| Win | Draw | Loss |

### London Combination

Selected results from the league.
| Date | Opponent | Venue | Result |
| 1 September 1917 | Queen's Park Rangers | H | 2–0 |
| 8 September 1917 | Clapton Orient | A | 0–5 |
| 15 September 1917 | Millwall | H | 4–0 |
| 22 September 1917 | Tottenham Hotspur | A | 2–1 |
| 29 September 1917 | Chelsea | H | 0–1 |
| 6 October 1917 | Brentford | A | 2–2 |
| 13 October 1917 | Crystal Palace | A | 0–2 |
| 20 October 1917 | West Ham United | H | 2–2 |
| 27 October 1917 | Queen's Park Rangers | A | 0–2 |
| 3 November 1917 | Clapton Orient | H | 3–1 |
| 10 November 1917 | Millwall | A | 2–2 |
| 17 November 1917 | Tottenham Hotspur | H | 0–1 |
| 24 November 1917 | Chelsea | A | 3–4 |
| 1 December 1917 | Brentford | H | 4–1 |
| 8 December 1917 | Crystal Palace | H | 0–2 |
| 15 December 1917 | West Ham United | A | 2–3 |
| 22 December 1917 | Queen's Park Rangers | H | 3–0 |
| 25 December 1917 | Fulham | A | 1–1 |
| 26 December 1917 | Fulham | H | 1–1 |
| 29 December 1917 | Clapton Orient | A | 2–1 |
| 5 January 1918 | Millwall | H | 1–0 |
| 12 January 1918 | Tottenham Hotspur | A | 1–4 |
| 19 January 1918 | Chelsea | H | 4–1 |
| 26 January 1918 | Brentford | A | 2–3 |
| 2 February 1918 | Crystal Palace | A | 4–1 |
| 9 February 1918 | Fulham | H | 0–3 |
| 16 February 1918 | Queen's Park Rangers | A | 3–0 |
| 23 February 1918 | Clapton Orient | H | 7–1 |
| 2 March 1918 | Millwall | A | 3–0 |
| 9 March 1918 | Tottenham Hotspur | H | 4–1 |
| 16 March 1918 | Chelsea | A | 4–2 |
| 23 March 1918 | Brentford | H | 1–3 |
| 29 March 1918 | West Ham United | A | 4–1 |
| 30 March 1918 | Crystal Palace | H | 3–0 |
| 1 April 1918 | West Ham United | H | 1–3 |
| 6 April 1918 | Fulham | A | 1–2 |

#### Final league table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts |
| 1 | Chelsea (C) | 36 | 21 | 8 | 7 | 82 | 39 | 2.103 | 50 |
| 2 | West Ham United | 36 | 20 | 9 | 7 | 103 | 51 | 2.020 | 49 |
| 3 | Fulham | 36 | 20 | 7 | 9 | 75 | 60 | 1.250 | 47 |
| 4 | Tottenham Hotspur | 36 | 22 | 2 | 12 | 86 | 56 | 1.536 | 46 |
| 5 | The Arsenal | 36 | 16 | 5 | 15 | 76 | 57 | 1.333 | 37 |
| 6 | Brentford | 36 | 16 | 3 | 17 | 81 | 94 | 0.862 | 35 |
| 7 | Crystal Palace | 36 | 13 | 4 | 19 | 54 | 83 | 0.651 | 30 |
| 8 | Queen's Park Rangers | 36 | 14 | 2 | 20 | 20 | 48 | 0.417 | 30 |
| 9 | Millwall | 36 | 12 | 4 | 20 | 52 | 74 | 0.703 | 28 |
| 10 | Clapton Orient | 36 | 2 | 4 | 30 | 34 | 104 | 0.327 | 8 |
# Symphony No. 81 (Haydn)

Symphony No. 81 in G major (Hoboken I/81) is a symphony by Joseph Haydn composed in 1784 as part of a trio of symphonies that also included symphonies 79 and 80.These three symphonies were specially written for performance in March 1785.

## Movements

The symphony is scored for flute, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns and strings.
* Vivace
* Andante, $^6$ $_8$
* Menuetto and trio: Allegretto, $^3$ $_4$
* Finale: Allegro ma non troppo, $^2$ $_2$
In the first and third movements, Haydn explores "ambiguities of tonality ... which eventually reach their peak of subtlety" in the first movement of Symphony No. 94. The first movement begins "with an unusual and exciting pedal point ... [and] uses a subsidiary subject that appears like a cordial greeting to the newly won friend Mozart." The pedals and dissonances point to Mozart's K. 465.
The second movement is a siciliano theme with three variations. The variations are for the most part strophic and straightforward with the exception of a minor-key interlude in the center of the movement between the first and second variations. The final variation contains the fullest orchestration with pizzicato accompaniment and serves to recapitulate the movement.
# Craig McGregor

Craig Rob Roy McGregor (12 October 1933 – 22 January 2022) was an Australian journalist, essayist, academic, cultural observer and critic.

## Life and career

McGregor grew up in Jamberoo and then Gundagai in New South Wales, before his family moved to Sydney. There he was awarded a scholarship to attend Cranbrook School, but he left at 16 to work at the Sydney Morning Herald. He completed a degree at the University of Sydney through night classes.
He wrote books on Australian society, politics and popular culture, as well as two novels and a collection of short stories. He also wrote the script for a section of the 1973 film Libido and co-wrote the 1976 rock opera Hero. He won two Walkley Awards for his journalism: in 1977 for Best Newspaper Feature Story, and in 1986 for Best Feature in a Newspaper or Magazine. He met and interviewed Bob Dylan during his 1966 tour of Australia, and later edited the book Bob Dylan: A retrospective. He has his own entry in The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia.
McGregor was Emeritus Professor of Visual Communication at the University of Technology, Sydney, where he taught between 1988 and 2000. He died on 22 January 2022, at the age of 88.

## Books

* Profile of Australia (1966)
* The High Country (1967)
* People, Politics and Pop (1968)
* To Sydney with Love (1968)
* In the Making: Australian Art and Artists (1969)
* Don't Talk to Me about Love (a novel, 1973)
* Bob Dylan: A retrospective (editor) (1972)
* Life in Australia (editor) (1972)
* Up Against the Wall, America (1973)
* The Great Barrier Reef (1974)
* The See-through Revolver (a novel, 1977)
* The History of Surfing (1983)
* Soundtrack for the Eighties (1983)
* Time of Testing: The Bob Hawke Victory (1983)
* Pop Goes the Culture (1984)
* Real Lies (short stories, 1987)
* Headliners (1990)
* Class in Australia (1997)
* Australian Son: Inside Mark Latham (2004)
* Left Hand Drive: A Social and Political Memoir (2013)
# Jabisa Forest Park

Jabisa Forest Park is a forest park in the Gambia. It covers 16 hectares.
It is located in Lower River, the estimate terrain elevation above sea level is 11 metres.
# 1983–84 Liga Alef

The 1983–84 Liga Alef season saw Hapoel Tiberias (champions of the North Division) and Maccabi Sha'arayim (champions of the South Division) win the title and promotion to Liga Artzit. Hapoel Ramat HaSharon also promoted after promotion play-offs.

## North Division

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| 1 | Hapoel Tiberias | 26 | 14 | 10 | 2 | 47 | 23 | +24 | 38 | Promoted to Liga Artzit |
| 2 | Beitar Netanya | 26 | 12 | 11 | 3 | 47 | 20 | +27 | 35 | Promotion play-offs |
| 3 | Maccabi Shefa-'Amr | 26 | 13 | 9 | 4 | 47 | 26 | +21 | 35 | |
| 4 | Maccabi Afula | 26 | 9 | 13 | 4 | 24 | 15 | +9 | 31 | |
| 5 | Hapoel Acre | 26 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 42 | 28 | +14 | 30 | |
| 6 | Hapoel Bnei Nazareth | 26 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 29 | 35 | −6 | 25 | |
| 7 | Maccabi Ahi Nazareth | 26 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 28 | 37 | −9 | 25 | |
| 8 | Hapoel Tirat HaCarmel | 26 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 37 | 35 | +2 | 24 | |
| 9 | Hapoel Ra'anana | 26 | 6 | 11 | 9 | 26 | 28 | −2 | 23 | |
| 10 | Maccabi Hadera | 26 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 32 | 35 | −3 | 23 | |
| 11 | Hapoel Tel Hanan | 26 | 5 | 13 | 8 | 32 | 37 | −5 | 23 | |
| 12 | Hapoel Kiryat Ata | 26 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 34 | 42 | −8 | 22 | |
| 13 | Maccabi Bnei Hatzor | 26 | 5 | 11 | 10 | 34 | 36 | −2 | 21 | Relegated to Liga Bet |
| 14 | Hapoel Migdal HaEmek | 26 | 2 | 5 | 19 | 14 | 66 | −52 | 7 | Relegated to Liga Bet |
* ↑ 2 points deducted?

## South Division

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| 1 | Maccabi Sha'arayim | 26 | 14 | 11 | 1 | 36 | 14 | +22 | 39 | Promoted to Liga Artzit |
| 2 | Hapoel Ramat HaSharon | 26 | 9 | 13 | 4 | 31 | 29 | +2 | 31 | Promotion play-offs |
| 3 | Hapoel Ihud Tzeirei Jaffa | 26 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 32 | 30 | +2 | 28 | |
| 4 | Hapoel Kiryat Ono | 26 | 8 | 11 | 7 | 31 | 26 | +5 | 27 | |
| 5 | Hapoel Azor | 26 | 7 | 13 | 6 | 24 | 22 | +2 | 27 | |
| 6 | Maccabi Lazarus Holon | 26 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 29 | 28 | +1 | 26 | |
| 7 | Hapoel Bat Yam | 26 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 29 | 30 | −1 | 25 | |
| 8 | Beitar Be'er Sheva | 26 | 7 | 11 | 8 | 23 | 24 | −1 | 25 | |
| 9 | Maccabi Kiryat Gat | 26 | 7 | 11 | 8 | 20 | 24 | −4 | 24 | |
| 10 | Hapoel Yeruham | 26 | 9 | 6 | 11 | 24 | 33 | −9 | 24 | |
| 11 | Tzafririm Holon | 26 | 8 | 7 | 11 | 31 | 37 | −6 | 23 | |
| 12 | Hapoel Ramla | 26 | 7 | 10 | 9 | 24 | 21 | +3 | 22 | |
| 13 | Ironi Ashdod | 26 | 8 | 6 | 12 | 29 | 35 | −6 | 22 | Relegated to Liga Bet |
| 14 | Maccabi Herzliya | 26 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 23 | 33 | −10 | 18 | Relegated to Liga Bet |
* ↑ One point deducted
* ↑ Two points deducted

## Promotion play-offs

Hapoel Ramat HaSharon promoted to Liga Artzit.
# Jenaro Pérez Villaamil

Jenaro Pérez de Villaamil y d'Huguet (3 February 1807 – 5 June 1854) was a Spanish painter in the Romantic style who specialized in landscapes with figures and architectural scenes. He often inflated the scale of the buildings relative to the figures to make them more impressive.

## Biography

He was born in Ferrol, Galicia. In 1812, he was enrolled at the military academy in Santiago de Compostela, where he assisted his father, who was a professor there. He went to Madrid in 1820 to study at the "Reales Estudios de San Isidro" (now part of the Colegio Imperial de Madrid). Three years later, he went to Cádiz to enlist in the army fighting the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" sent by the Duke of Angoulême. He was wounded and briefly held as a prisoner of war. Afterwards, he remained there to study at the "Escuela de Bellas Artes".
In 1830, he went to San Juan, Puerto Rico, with his brother Juan (died 1863), who was also a painter, where they decorated the Teatro Tapia and remained there for a few more years, working as scenographers. Upon his return to Spain in 1833, he made the acquaintance of the Scottish painter David Roberts, who had a decisive influence on his style.
He settled in Madrid in 1834 and became a member of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando the following year. In 1840, he was named honorary court painter to Queen Isabella II. During the regime of Baldomero Espartero, from 1840 to 1844, he left his wife and young child and lived in self-imposed exile in France and Belgium, using artistic affairs as an excuse for his absence. After travelling through Europe, he returned in 1845 and obtained the chair of landscape painting at the Academia, where he later became the director.
He returned to Galicia for an extended stay in 1849 and made extensive travels throughout Spain until 1852, when he began to suffer from liver disease. He died in Madrid two years later, aged only forty-seven.

## Selected paintings

* Village Bullfight (1838)
* Facade of the Cathedral (before 1842)
* The Chapel of the Benavente Family in Medina de Rioseco (1842)
* Castle of Alcala de Guadaira (1843)
* Pórtico de la Gloria, Santiago de Compostela Cathedral (1849)
* Attack on the Stagecoach (1850)

## Publications

* Jenaro Pérez de Villaamil, with text by Patricio de la Escosura: España artística y monumental: vistas y descripción de los sitios y monumentos más notables de España. París: Alberto Hauser (Imprint of Fain & Thunot); Vol.I 1842, Vol.II 1844, Vol.III 1850.
# Aylesford Bulls Ladies

Aylesford Bulls Ladies Rugby Football Club were a women's rugby union club based in Aylesford, Kent, England. They played in the Women's Premiership. They were founded in 1998 and were the ladies team of Aylesford Bulls. Following an agreement with Harlequins, Aylesford Bulls initially received support from them however in 2017, they were taken over to become Harlequins Ladies.

## History

In 2006, Aylesford were promoted into Championship 2 South East after finishing top of their previous league unbeaten. Also in 2006, their captain Natalie Garrett died of cancer. As part of a tribute, Aylesford Bulls have had NJG imprinted onto their playing shirts. In 2008, Aylesford were invited to participate in the Dubai Exiles Rugby 7s where they played the England women's national rugby sevens team. They were almost relegated in 2010, which led to an overhaul in the way the team was managed. This included inviting Germany women's national rugby union team head coach, Susanne Wiedemann to coach them. The next year, they were promoted into Championship 1 after defeating Plymouth Albion Ladies in a promotion playoff. In 2013, Aylesford defeated Thurrock T-Birds in the promotion play-off to be promoted into the Women's Premiership for the first time. The next season, they took part in the first Women's Kent Cup.
In 2017, Aylesford Bulls Ladies won the final Women's Premiership before the introduction of the Premier 15s league. Following this victory, Harlequins Ladies took over the team fully and took their position in the new league.

## Notable former players

* England
* Rachael Burford
* Justine Lucas
* Leanne Riley
* Catherine Spencer
* Ireland
* Sene Naoupu
* United States
* Jess Wooden
* Italy
* Michela Sillari
# Il tango della gelosia

Il tango della gelosia (Tango of Jealousy) is a 1981 Italian comedy film directed by Steno. It is based on a play by Aldo De Benedetti.

## Plot

Since her husband is distracted by his passion for horse racing, Lucia decides to make him jealous by pretending to be the lover of his bodyguard, Diego.

## Cast

* Monica Vitti: Lucia
* Diego Abatantuono: Diego
* Philippe Leroy: Prince Giulio Lovanelli
* Tito LeDuc: Paul
* Jenny Tamburi: Nunzia
# Paul Lorrette

Paul Lorrette (30 December 1886 – 5 June 1971) was a French painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1924 Summer Olympics.
# Michalin railway station

Michalin railway station is a railway station at Michalin, Józefów, Otwock, Masovian, Poland. It is served by Koleje Mazowieckie.
# J. T. Robinson

Jethro Thomas Robinson (1829 – 15 July 1878) was an English architect who specialised in theatres.

## Career

Jethro Thomas Robinson was theatre architectural adviser to the lord chamberlain. He was responsible for the 1871 reconstruction of the Pavilion Theatre, Whitechapel, which increased its capacity to 4,000 and the surviving interiors of the Old Vic in London (1872) and the Theatre Royal Margate (1874).
Robinson lived in Haverstock Hill in 1873 and later, 20 Bloomsbury Square in 1877; he died there the following year at the age of 49 having created seven successful theatres in the previous seven years.
He was the father-in-law of architect Frank Matcham who joined his practice, then married his younger daughter Hannah Maria Robinson (1847/8–1920) on 9 July 1877. Matcham took over his late father-in-law's architectural practice following his death and completed rebuilding the Elephant and Castle Theatre, London.
# Bridge Cottage

Bridge Cottage is a 16th-century thatched cottage in Flatford, East Bergholt, Suffolk, England. It has been a National Trust property since 1943 and a Grade II* listed building since 1955. The National Trust market the property under the name "Flatford: Bridge Cottage". The building is timber framed, but this is not evident from the outside as it is rendered. The II* grading, unusual for an architecturally unremarkable cottage, "reflects the importance of the cottage as part of the Flatford Mill group and its significance in the work of John Constable".
The property is located in the heart of Dedham Vale, a typical Suffolk rural landscape. It is noted as the location for works by John Constable, and presents an exhibition of his paintings.
The cottage is located just upstream from Flatford Mill which, along with neighbouring Valley Farm and Willy Lott's Cottage, are leased to the Field Studies Council; a group uses them as locations for arts-based courses.
The property provides access to a number of walks along the River Stour.
# Medicine Lake (Alberta)

Medicine Lake is located within Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada. It is located approximately 20 km (12 mi) southeast of the townsite of Jasper, Alberta. Medicine Lake is approximately 7 km (4.3 mi) long and is a relatively shallow lake. The lake is part of the Maligne Valley watershed which is mainly glacial fed.

## Geology

Medicine Lake is a geologic anomaly in the sense that it is not actually a lake but rather an area in which the Maligne River (flowing from Maligne Lake into the Athabasca River) backs up and suddenly disappears underground as a losing stream. During the summer months during intensified meltwater runoff the lake (which during the winter months is a meandering frozen river) fills to levels which fluctuate over time and with the runoff events. Much like a bathtub that is filled too fast for it to drain, it becomes laden with water (lake) until it can slowly drain as the tap flow (runoff) is reduced (river). The underground system is extensive and during the 1970s researchers used a biodegradable dye to determine the underground river's extent. The dye showed up in many of the lakes and rivers in the area to the point where it became clear that the underground system was one of the most extensive in the world.

## Fauna

Medicine Lake also boasts a healthy population of rainbow trout and brook trout and is a fly fisherman's paradise.
Wildlife is surprisingly abundant along this high altitude lake. Grizzly bear, black bear, mule deer, caribou, wolves, moose and mountain sheep are some of the larger mammals that frequent the lake area during the summer season. Bald eagles, and osprey also frequent the area and live off the fish populations.

## Gallery

* Medicine Lake in November
* Medicine Lake in November
* Medicine Lake in November
* Medicine Lake in November
* A black bear sleeps in front of a den that it has dug out of the dry lakebed of Medicine Lake in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada.
# Ivaylo Petrov

Ivaylo Petrov may refer to:
* Ivailo Petrov (1923-2005), a Bulgarian writer
* Ivaylo Petrov (footballer born 1973), retired Bulgarian footballer who played for CSKA Sofia
* Ivaylo Petrov (footballer born 1991), Bulgarian footballer for Svetkavitsa
# Infinity (Girl Next Door song)

"Infinity" is the fifth single by the band Girl Next Door and it was released on June 10, 2009. Infinity was used as the theme song of Japanese drama Atashinchi no Danshi.

## CD Track listing

* Infinity
* If
* Jōnetsu no Daishō (Diamond Mirror SCP Version)
* Seeds of dream (Ice Cream Mix)
* Infinity (Instrumental)

## DVD Track listing

* Infinity (Music Video)

## Charts
### Oricon Sales Chart

| Release | Chart | Peak position | Debut sales | Sales total |
| June 10, 2009 | Oricon Daily Singles Chart | 1 | | |
| June 10, 2009 | Oricon Weekly Singles Chart | 1 | 30,641 | 47,598 |
| June 10, 2009 | Oricon Monthly Singles Chart | 14 | | |
| June 10, 2009 | Oricon Yearly Singles Chart | 139 | | |

### Billboard Japan

| Release | Chart | Peak position |
| September 3, 2008 | Billboard Japan Hot 100 | 3 |
# Paul Raphaël

Paul Raphaël is a Canadian film director, and virtual reality content creator. He is the co-founder and chief innovation officer at Felix & Paul Studios.

## Career

Raphaël graduated from the Mel Hoppenheim School of Cinema at Concordia University. After graduation he animated and directed music video for Akido, The Killers and Young Galaxy, along with Félix Lajeunesse. He has earned several awards including five Canadian Screen Awards, four Webby Awards, and two Primetime Emmy Awards.

## Selected filmography

| Year | Film | Director | Writer | Note |
| 2014 | Strangers with Patrick Watson | Yes | Yes | Immersive 360 3D VR documentary film |
| 2017 | Miyubi | Yes | Yes | Immersive 360 3D VR fiction film |
| 2017 | The People's House: Inside the White House with Barack and Michelle Obama | Yes | Yes | Immersive 360 3D VR documentary film |
| 2019 | Traveling While Black | Yes | Yes | Immersive 360 3D VR documentary film |
| 2020-2022 | Space Explorers: The ISS Experience | Yes | Yes | 4 episodes |
| 2023 | Jim Henson’s The Storyteller: The Seven Ravens | Yes | Yes | Interactive AR experience |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Result | Award | Category | Work |
| 2023 | Won | Webby Awards | Metaverse, Immersive & Virtual Technical Achievement | Spacewalkers Extended |
| 2022 | Won | Canadian Screen Awards | Best Immersive Experience, Nonfiction | Space Explorers: The ISS Experience |
| 2021 | Won | Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Interactive Program | Space Explorers: The ISS Experience |
| 2021 | Won | FIPADOC | SMART Award | Traveling While Black |
| 2021 | Won | Webby Awards | best Documentary (Immersive And Mixed Reality) | Traveling While Black |
| 2019 | Nominated | Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Interactive Program | Traveling While Black |
| 2017 | Won | Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Interactive Program | The People's House |
# Syd Sutherland

Donald Sydney Sutherland (20 April 1890 – 17 November 1957) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
He later played with Hawthorn in the Victorian Football Association.
# Cefora

CEFORA (Argentinean Republic Committee for UFO Phenomena Studies) is an organization formed by various ufology groups in Argentina. The main purpose is the declassification of all related UFO phenomena in Argentina. It was formed by serious Argentinean ufologists in Victoria, Entre Rios during a conference.

## Background

CEFORA is the umbrella org for UFO groups and researchers in Argentina. The organization has requested heads of the National Ministry of Defense, the National Presidency and the Chamber of Deputies that they declassify all info in relation to UFO activity in Argentina. The director of the organization is Silvia Pérez Simondini. Simondini also runs the Visión OVNI UFO Museum which is in the Entre Ríos city of Victoria.
# Mario Ríos Santander

Mario Enrique Ríos Santander (17 January 1945) is a Chilean politician who served as a Senator and deputy.
# Jeffrey Schmid

Jeffrey R. Schmid (born 1958/1959) is the President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. He assumed office on 21 August 2023, succeeding Esther L. George.
He previously served as president of the Southwestern Graduate School of Banking at Southern Methodist University, held unspecified positions within the FDIC, and served as the CEO of Mutual of Omaha Bank.
An excerpt from the Kansas City Fed's website highlights Schmid's career:
   From 2007 to 2019, Schmid served as the chairman and CEO of Mutual of Omaha Bank, leading the formation of the institution, which grew to a workforce of nearly 2,000. After the bank was sold to CIT group in 2019, he became CEO of family owned Susser Bank in Dallas. He then joined the Southwestern Graduate School of Banking Foundation at SMU as its president and CEO in 2021.
# Ayre (landform)

An ayre is the name used for shingle beaches found in Orkney, Shetland, the Isle of Man, Lancashire, Cumbria and Northumbria. The word is derived from the Old Norse eyrr, meaning a shingle beach or gravelly place, and may be applied to ordinary beaches, cliff-foot beaches such as the Lang Ayre in Northmavine, Shetland, spits, bars or tombolos, but only if formed of shingle.
More than 130 such shingle beaches are named on Ordnance Survey maps of Shetland, but far fewer in Orkney, where most beaches are formed of sand. The word in its Old Norse form is common in Iceland, and it also occurs in a few place names in the north and west of the Scottish mainland which had a strong Norse influence, such as Eriboll ("a homestead on a shingle beach") and in the names of several shingle banks—Salt Ayre, Green Ayre, Stake Ayre, Rabbit Ayre and Whinny Ayre—in the tidal reach of the River Lune at Lancaster.
Churchill Barrier number 4 in Orkney used a shingle spit, the Ayre of Cara on South Ronaldsay, as its southern landfall. This ayre is still named on maps, despite having all but vanished under the causeway and the sand dunes that have accumulated on its eastern side.
The term "ayre" is sometimes wrongly applied to sand tombolos (e.g. St. Ninian's tombolo in Shetland) and to the lakes and lagoons impounded by bay-head bars, which are more properly called oyce in Orkney and houbs in Shetland.