OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sun valve

A sun valve (Swedish: solventil, "solar valve") is a flow control valve that automatically shuts off gas flow during daylight. It earned its inventor Gustaf Dalén the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physics. Subsequently other variants of sun valve were developed for different uses.

## Dalén's valve

The valve was the key component of the Dalén light used in lighthouses from the 1900s through the 1960s, by which time electric lighting was dominant.
Prominent engineers, such as Thomas Edison, doubted that the device could work. The German patent office required a demonstration before approving the patent application.

### Design

The valve is controlled by four metal rods enclosed in a glass tube. The central rod that is blackened is surrounded by the three polished rods. As sunlight falls onto all of the rods, the absorbed heat of the sun expands the dark rod, switching a valve to cut the gas supply. After sunset, the central rod cools down, contracting to become the same length as the polished rods and opening the gas supply. The gas is lit by the small, always-burning pilot light.

### Reliability

Dalen's system of acetylene lighting for marine navigation proved very reliable, as exemplified by the lighthouse at Chumbe Island off Zanzibar. This lighthouse was constructed in 1904 and converted to unstaffed automatic acetylene gas operation in 1926. The acetylene lighting installation, controlled by a sun valve, remained in use until the lighthouse was converted to a solar-powered (photovoltaic) system in 2013.

## Other variants

In 1921 Francis Everard Lamplough (an engineer with AGA's rival firm in lighthouse provision: Chance Brothers) patented an alternative 'light valve' in the hope of breaking Dalén's effective monopoly. In subsequent years it was installed on several lighthouses and beacons, but because of its dependence on liquid it could only be used in static locations (unlike Dalén's valves, very many of which were installed on floating buoys). Lamplough's 'valve' was a form of rocker switch, on which were mounted two glass bulbs, one black, the other clear, part-filled with liquid ether and linked by a tube. During the day, heat from the sunlight would cause the air in the black bulb to expand, forcing the liquid into the clear bulb, the additional weight tipping the switch and cutting off the current to the lamp; at night, or at other times of insufficient daylight, the process was reversed, reconnecting the current.
In 1935 one Edwin H. Pendleton was granted a US patent for a sun valve activated by a pair of bimetallic strips.
# Marsberg

Marsberg (German: ) is a town in the Hochsauerland district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## History

Although its origins are obscure, Marsberg was a prospering town by the 13th century (it was even minting coins). It was a free city until 1807, when it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Westphalia, until 1813. After two years of independent government, it was added to Prussia in 1815.

## Geography

It is situated on the river Diemel, approx. 20 km east of Brilon and 30 km south of Paderborn.

### Neighbouring municipalities

* Bad Arolsen
* Bad Wünnenberg
* Brilon
* Diemelsee
* Diemelstadt
* Lichtenau
* Warburg

### Town division

Marsberg consists of the following 17 districts:
* Beringhausen
* Borntosten
* Bredelar
* Canstein
* Erlinghausen
* Essentho
* Giershagen
* Heddinghausen
* Helminghausen
* Leitmar
* Meerhof
* Niedermarsberg
* Obermarsberg
* Oesdorf
* Padberg
* Udorf
* Westheim

## International relations

Marsberg is twinned with:
* Lillers (France)

## Notable people

* Lissy Ishag (born 1979), television presenter
* Hubertus Klenner (born 1959), mayor of Marsberg 2004–2014
* Hermann Köhler (born 1950), athlete and Olympic athlete
* Fabian Lamotte (born 1983), footballer
* Peter Lohmeyer (born 1962), actor
* Hans-Joachim Watzke (born 1959), managing director of Borussia Dortmund

## Image gallery

* Old townhall in Obermarsberg
* The Catholic church of Helminghausen, in southwestern Marsberg
* Nikolai church in Obermarsberg
* St.-Johannes monastery
# Mark Morris

Mark or Marc Morris may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

* Mark Morris (author) (born 1963), English author
* Mark Morris (choreographer) (born 1956), American dancer and choreographer
* Mark Morris (cinematographer), known for his work on several films by Andy Sidaris, including Do or Die
* Marc Morris (producer), producer, writer
* Marc Morris (historian) (born 1973), British historian and TV presenter
* Mark Morriss (born 1971), English singer-songwriter

## Sports

* Mark Morris (footballer, born 1962), English football player and manager
* Mark Morris (footballer, born 1968), English football player for Wrexham
* Mark Morris (ice hockey) (born 1958), American ice hockey coach

## Other people

* Marc Morris (historian) (born 1973), British historian and TV presenter
* Marc Morris (politician), member of the Georgia House of Representatives
* Mark R. Morris (born 1957), American astrophysicist

## Other

* Mark Morris High School, a high school in Longview, Washington
# Jorge Stanbury Escudero

Jorge Stanbury Escudero, better known by his stage name Jorge Escudero, was a Peruvian-born Venezuelan singer and composer of popular tango music in the 1950s, who has been called "The successor to Gardel."
Escudero was the son of Jorge Stanbury and Rosa Escudero. His nephew Carlos Stanbury and niece Jennifer Stanbury are also singers and composers.
In addition to a number of original compositions, including "el Vals Peruano," "el Triste," "el Yaraví" and "el Tango," Stanbury also invented, and in some cases patented, industrial equipment like truck lights and an illuminated taxi.
# Baltasar del Alcázar

Baltasar del Alcázar (1530 in Seville, Spain–16 February 1606 in Ronda) was a Spanish poet. He was the sixth child of Luis del Alcázar. His poetry was about life and love, most of it spiced with a keen sense of humor.

## Works

A short example of his poetry is Tres Cosas (Three Things):

### Epigrams

* A un giboso de delante
* A una mujer escuálida
* Constanza
* Dios nos guarde
* Doña Valentina
* El estudiante (The Student)
* Hiere la hermosa Elvira...
* Entraron en una danza... (El baile)
* Job
* La capa (The Hat)
* La nariz de Clara
* Los ojos de Ana
* Salir por pies
* Preso de amores
* Su modo de vivir en la vejez
* Una cena jocosa
* Yo acuerdo revelaros un secreto.

### Sonnets

* A Cristo
* Al amor
* Cercada está mi alma de contrarios
* Di, rapaz mentiroso.

### Other

* Cena jocosa
* Diálogo entre dos perrillos
* Diálogo entre un galán y el eco
* Consejos a una viuda.
# Paperland: The Bureaucrat Observed

Paperland: The Bureaucrat Observed is a 1979 documentary film critiquing bureaucracy, written and directed by Donald Brittain and produced by the National Film Board of Canada and CBC-TV.

## Genie Awards

Paperland: The Bureaucrat Observed won four awards at the 1st Genie Awards and was nominated for two more. This was despite the fact that the NFB did not submit the film to the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television, with Brittain paying the entry fee and shipping charges himself.

## 2007 International Documentary Filmfestival Amsterdam

Every year, the IDFA gives an acclaimed filmmaker the chance to screen his or her personal Top 10 favorite films. In 2007, Iranian filmmaker Maziar Bahari selected Paperland: The Bureaucrat Observed for his top ten classics from the history of documentary.
# Baten

Baten is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Heinrich Baten (fl. late 13th century), Belgian-German astronomer
* Jörg Baten (born 1965), German economic historian
* Raymond Baten (born 1989), Aruban footballer
# 1995–96 Svenska Cupen

The 1995–96 Svenska Cupen was the 41st season of the main Swedish football Cup. The competition was concluded on 23 May 1996 with the final held in Gamla Ullevi, Göteborg. AIK won 1-0 (golden goal) against Malmö FF before an attendance of 2,745 spectators. A different format was used for the competition with the number of teams entered reduced by almost half compared with the previous year and the third round was run on a group basis.

## First round

For results see SFS-Bolletinen - Matcher i Svenska Cupen.

## Second round

For results see SFS-Bolletinen - Matcher i Svenska Cupen.

## Third round

This round was run on a group basis
| Tie no | Home team | Score | Away team |
| 1 | Älvsjö AIK FF (D2) | 0–4 | AIK (A) |
| 2 | AIK (A) | 4–0 | Visby IF Gute (D1) |
| 3 | Spårvägens FF (D2) | 0–0 (p. 5–4) | AIK (A) |
For results and tables see SFS-Bolletinen - Matcher i Svenska Cupen.

### Group C

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | IF Brommapojkarna | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | +4 | 9 |
| 2 | Djurgårdens IF | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 2 | +3 | 6 |
| 3 | Spånga | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | +1 | 3 |
| 4 | Forssa | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 8 | −8 | 0 |

## Fourth round

The 8 matches in this round were played between 31 March and 3 April 1996.
| Tie no | Home team | Score | Away team | Attendance |
| 1 | IK Sirius (D1) | 3–4 (gg) | Östers IF (A) | 178 |
| 2 | IS Halmia (D2) | 3–4 | IFK Malmö (D2) | 90 |
| 3 | IF Sylvia (D2) | 2–1 | IFK Göteborg (A) | 810 |
| 4 | IF Elfsborg (D1) | 0–4 | Örgryte IS (A) | 505 |
| 5 | Malmö FF (A) | 1–1 (p. 3–2) | Halmstads BK (A) | 1,472 |
| 6 | GIF Sundsvall (D1) | 1–2 (gg) | AIK (A) | 900 |
| 7 | IF Brommapojkarna (D1) | 1–1 (p. 5–4) | Degerfors IF (A) | 230 |
| 8 | Hammarby IF (A) | 2–1 | Västra Frölunda IF (A) | 1,300 |

## Quarter-finals

The 4 matches in this round were played between 8 April and 11 April 1996.
| Tie no | Home team | Score | Away team | Attendance |
| 1 | Östers IF (A) | 1–2 (gg) | Malmö FF (A) | 1,056 |
| 2 | IF Sylvia (D2) | 0–3 | Hammarby IF (A) | 860 |
| 3 | IFK Malmö (D2) | 0–1 (gg) | IF Brommapojkarna (D1) | 585 |
| 4 | AIK (A) | 2–1 | Örgryte IS (A) | 2,149 |

## Semi-finals

The semi-finals were played on 17 April 1996.
| Tie no | Home team | Score | Away team | Attendance |
| 1 | AIK (A) | 1–0 | Hammarby IF (A) | 10,672 |
| 2 | IF Brommapojkarna (D1) | 1–3 | Malmö FF (A) | 302 |

## Final

The final was played on 23 May 1996 in Gamla Ullevi, Göteborg.
| Tie no | Team 1 | Score | Team 2 | Attendance |
| 1 | AIK (A) | 1–0 (gg) | Malmö FF (A) | 2,745 |

## Footnotes

* 1 2 "Svensk Fotboll - Historia - Svenska Cupens finaler 1941 - Svenskfotboll.se". Archived from the original on 2011-08-14. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
# Commerce (1815 ship)

Commerce was a Connecticut-based American merchant sailing ship that ran aground on 28 August 1815 at Cape Bojador, off the coast of Morocco. Far more famous than the ship itself is the story of the crew who survived the shipwreck, who went on to become slaves of local tribes who captured them.
Commerce, sailing from Gibraltar to Cape Verde Islands, was under the command of American Captain James Riley and crewed by 11 others. Most were Americans. After sailing for several days in dense fog, the ship ran aground on a reef near Cape Bojador. After being attacked and ransacked on shore by Sahrawi natives, who killed one of the seamen in cold blood, the crew returned to their rowboat and attempted to reach the Cape Verde Islands or hoped to meet another passing ship. This proved impossible, as their meager provisions were running out, and they decided to return to shore and take their chances with the local tribes. Landing some 300 miles further south down the coast, near Cape Barbas, less than one hundred miles north of Cape Blanco, they were taken captive by nomads of the Oulad Bou Sbaa tribe. The survivors were eventually rescued thanks to James Simpson, the American consul at Tangier, and William Willshire, British Vice Consul to Mogadore (Essaouira), Morocco. Morocco had been the first country to recognize the United States and attempted to maintain generally friendly relations despite the behavior of corsairs and raiders within their borders.
The survivors' story of extreme dehydration, severe starvation, and ever-present brutality while roaming the Sahara desert with their captors became a published story, first in the 1820s in retelling by Captain Riley himself, then by Archibald Robbins, a member of his crew, and then in the 2004 account Skeletons on the Zahara: A True Story of Survival by American writer Dean H. King. The original Authentic Narrative of the Loss of the American Brig Commerce by the "Late Master and Supercargo James Riley is quoted by Abraham Lincoln as one of the six most influential books he read in his youth and was republished as Sufferings in Africa.

## Citations

* ↑ 1.
* ↑ King, Dean (2004). Skeletons on the Zahara. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-83514-5.
* ↑ Riley, James; Gordon H. Evans (2007). Sufferings in Africa: The Astonishing Account of a New England Sea Captain Enslaved by North African Arabs. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-1-59921-211-1.
# Baise (disambiguation)

Baise is a city in Guangxi, China.
Baise may also refer to:
* Baïse, river in south-western France
* Baise Rajya, a loose confederation of 22 petty kingdoms annexed to Nepal between 1744 and 1810 AD
* Festus Baise (born 1980), a Hong Kong professional footballer
* Louis Baise (born 1927), South African Olympic wrestler
* Byse, Shimoga, India
# 1948 Governor General's Awards

The 1948 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit were the 13th rendition of the Governor General's Awards, Canada's annual national awards program which then comprised literary awards alone. The awards recognized Canadian writers for new English-language works published in Canada during 1948 and were presented early in 1949. There were no cash prizes.
As every year from 1942 to 1948, there two awards for non-fiction, and four awards in the three established categories, which recognized English-language works only.

## Winners

* Fiction: Hugh MacLennan, The Precipice
* Poetry or drama: A. M. Klein, The Rocking Chair and Other Poems
* Non-fiction: Thomas H. Raddall, Halifax, Warden of the North
* Non-fiction: C. P. Stacey, The Canadian Army, 1939-1945
# Budza

Budza may refer to:
* Budza language
* Serhiy Budza
* Budza, Montenegro, a village near Podgorica
# Papaya (club)

Papaya is a club on Zrće Beach on Pag Island in Croatia. Papaya features several pools for pool parties as well as several bars and an open-air dance floor. The club was ranked 20th in DJ Magazine's annual "Top 100 Clubs" reader's poll in 2015.

## Notable Artists

Armin Van Buuren, Loco Dice, Carl Cox, Calvin Harris and Swedish House Mafia.
# Joseph Ewart

Joseph Ewart FRSE (30 April 1759 – 27 January 1792) was a Scottish diplomat, mainly based in Berlin in Prussia (now Germany) .

## Early life

Ewart was born on 30 April 1759, the eldest son of Mary (née Corrie) and Rev. John Ewart, the minister of Troqueer in Kirkcudbrightshire. He was educated at Dumfries Parish School then went to the University of Edinburgh, and then acted as travelling tutor to Macdonald of Clan Ronald.

## Adult life

While abroad, Ewart made the acquaintance of Sir John Stepney, British minister at Dresden, and after that diplomat was transferred to Berlin, Ewart became his private secretary and then secretary of legation. After acting as chargé d'affaires from 1787 to 1788, he was appointed envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the King of Prussia on 5 August 1788.

### Service in Prussia

Pitt's design, assisted by Lord Malmesbury, was to induce Frederick William of Prussia to intervene in the affairs of Holland; to put down the revolutionary party there; and to re-establish the Prince of Orange as a stadt-holder. This design was carried out, and Ewart obtained much credit for his share in the transactions. Of his subsequent conduct at the court of Berlin there are contradictory reports, for the French revolution commenced in 1789, and partisans and opponents of the English foreign policy of that period represent the minister's behaviour in different lights. Ewart was accused of adopting too peremptory an attitude towards the King of Prussia and his ministers, thus alienating them from England. He succeeded in concluding the marriage treaty between the Duke of York and the eldest daughter of the King of Prussia, and received warm acknowledgments from the king. His health breaking down, he resigned on a pension of 1,000l. a year and a promise of the Order of the Bath. He left Berlin on 3 November 1791. He died at his brother's house in Bladud's Buildings, Bath, on 27 January 1792, and was buried in Bath Abbey, where a tablet is erected to his memory. A statement that he died out of his mind, and another (by Wraxell) that his death was due to foul play of the Empress Catherine, are entirely disproved by facts preserved in the family papers.

## Personal life

In 1785 he married the Countess Wartensleben, with whom he had two daughters, and a one son (later Lieutenant General) John Frederick Ewart. John Frederick married Lavinia Brisbane, daughter of Charles Brisbane and their children included the military leaders John Alexander Ewart and Charles Brisbane Ewart.
In 1790 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were John Robison, John Playfair and Robert Kerr.
He died at Bladud's Buildings in Bath and is buried in Bath Abbey.
# Meshach Dean

Meshach Dean (probably born March 1870 – 1916) was an English footballer who played for Burslem Port Vale in the 1890s.

## Career

Dean joined Burslem Port Vale in 1890; he soon became a regular and helped the team win numerous cups, becoming the top scorer for the 1892–93 Football League season with six competitive goals. He scored one of Vale's four goals in the 4–1 victory over Crewe Alexandra on 24 September 1892 – the first Football League game to be played at the Athletic Ground. He also scored once against Bootle and three times in two games against Northwich Victoria. He was an ever-present during the 1893–94 season, and claimed eight goals in his 28 Second Division appearances. He scored eight league and FA Cup goals in 29 games in the 1894–95 campaign to finish as the club's top-scorer for a second time. However, after three games, he lost his first-team place in September 1895 and was probably released at the close of the 1895–96 season, having played 151 games (75 in the English Football League) and scored 42 goals (21 in the Football League) for the club.

## Career statistics

Source:
| Club | Season | Division | League | League | FA Cup | FA Cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Burslem Port Vale | 1890–91 | Midland League | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 4 | 25 | 5 |
| Burslem Port Vale | 1891–92 | Midland League | 19 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 22 | 6 | 42 | 12 |
| Burslem Port Vale | 1892–93 | Second Division | 16 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 19 | 6 |
| Burslem Port Vale | 1893–94 | Second Division | 28 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 32 | 10 |
| Burslem Port Vale | 1894–95 | Second Division | 28 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 30 | 8 |
| Burslem Port Vale | 1895–96 | Second Division | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 |
| Burslem Port Vale | Total | Total | 102 | 28 | 4 | 2 | 45 | 12 | 151 | 42 |

## Honours

Burslem Port Vale
* North Staffordshire Charity Challenge Cup: 1891
* Staffordshire Charity Cup: 1892
# 1958–59 Chelsea F.C. season

The 1958–59 season was Chelsea Football Club's 45th competitive season. The club played in the European competition for the first time, and reached the quarter-finals of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, where they lost on aggregate to a Belgrade XI. With 32 league goals, Jimmy Greaves was the First Division's top goalscorer, becoming the first Chelsea played to achieve this.

## Table

| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 1 | Wolverhampton Wanderers (C) | 42 | 28 | 5 | 9 | 110 | 49 | 2.245 | 61 | Qualification for the European Cup preliminary round |
| 2 | Manchester United | 42 | 24 | 7 | 11 | 103 | 66 | 1.561 | 55 | |
| 3 | Arsenal | 42 | 21 | 8 | 13 | 88 | 68 | 1.294 | 50 | |
| 4 | Bolton Wanderers | 42 | 20 | 10 | 12 | 79 | 66 | 1.197 | 50 | |
| 5 | West Bromwich Albion | 42 | 18 | 13 | 11 | 88 | 68 | 1.294 | 49 | |
| 6 | West Ham United | 42 | 21 | 6 | 15 | 85 | 70 | 1.214 | 48 | |
| 7 | Burnley | 42 | 19 | 10 | 13 | 81 | 70 | 1.157 | 48 | |
| 8 | Blackpool | 42 | 18 | 11 | 13 | 66 | 49 | 1.347 | 47 | |
| 9 | Birmingham City | 42 | 20 | 6 | 16 | 84 | 68 | 1.235 | 46 | |
| 10 | Blackburn Rovers | 42 | 17 | 10 | 15 | 76 | 70 | 1.086 | 44 | |
| 11 | Newcastle United | 42 | 17 | 7 | 18 | 80 | 80 | 1.000 | 41 | |
| 12 | Preston North End | 42 | 17 | 7 | 18 | 70 | 77 | 0.909 | 41 | |
| 13 | Nottingham Forest | 42 | 17 | 6 | 19 | 71 | 74 | 0.959 | 40 | |
| 14 | Chelsea | 42 | 18 | 4 | 20 | 77 | 98 | 0.786 | 40 | |
| 15 | Leeds United | 42 | 15 | 9 | 18 | 57 | 74 | 0.770 | 39 | |
| 16 | Everton | 42 | 17 | 4 | 21 | 71 | 87 | 0.816 | 38 | |
| 17 | Luton Town | 42 | 12 | 13 | 17 | 68 | 71 | 0.958 | 37 | |
| 18 | Tottenham Hotspur | 42 | 13 | 10 | 19 | 85 | 95 | 0.895 | 36 | |
| 19 | Leicester City | 42 | 11 | 10 | 21 | 67 | 98 | 0.684 | 32 | |
| 20 | Manchester City | 42 | 11 | 9 | 22 | 64 | 95 | 0.674 | 31 | |
| 21 | Aston Villa (R) | 42 | 11 | 8 | 23 | 58 | 87 | 0.667 | 30 | Relegation to the Second Division |
| 22 | Portsmouth (R) | 42 | 6 | 9 | 27 | 64 | 112 | 0.571 | 21 | Relegation to the Second Division |
# 1948 Grand Prix de Suisse Orientale

The 1948 Preis von Ostschweiz-Erlen was a Formula One motor race held on 8 August 1948 over 50 laps of a street circuit in Erlen, Switzerland. Emmanuel de Graffenried, driving a Maserati 4CL, started from pole, set fastest lap and won the race. Rudi Fischer was second in a Simca Gordini Type 11, and Walter Wüst was third in a Cisitalia D46-Fiat.

## Result

| Pos | No | Driver | Entrant | Car | Time | Grid |
| 1 | 12 | Emmanuel de Graffenried | Emmanuel de Graffenried | Maserati 4CL | 1:22:14.8 | 1 |
| 2 | 6 | Rudi Fischer | Ecurie Espadon | Simca Gordini Type 11 | +1:17.8 | 3 |
| 3 | 8 | Walter Wüst | Walter Wüst | Cisitalia D46-Fiat | +2 laps | 4 |
| 4 | 16 | Toni Branca | Toni Branca | Maserati 4CL | +3 laps | 2 |
| 5 | 10 | Humbert Joly | Humbert Joly | Cisitalia D46-Fiat | +7 laps | 8 |
| Ret | 4 | André Canonica | Ecurie Autosport | Cisitalia D46-Fiat | 12 laps | 7 |
| Ret | 22 | Richard Ramseyer | Ecurie Autosport | Maserati 4CL | 8 laps, gearbox | 6 |
| Ret | 2 | Claude Bernheim | Ecurie Autosport | Cisitalia D46-Fiat | 1 lap, engine | 5 |
| DNS | 18 | Max Renz | S. Hansen | BMW Eigenbau | | 9 |
| DNA | 14 | Frank Séchehaye | Emmanuel de Graffenried | Maserati 4CL | | |
| DNA | 20 | Hans Kaufmann | Hans Kaufmann | Maserati 4CL | | |
# Burnsville, Anson County, North Carolina

Burnsville is an unincorporated community in Anson County, North Carolina, United States.

## Geography

Burnsville is located at latitude 35.112 and longitude -80.245. The elevation is 522 feet. It is located along North Carolina Highway 742.