OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kenton Bank railway station

Kenton Bank was a railway station on the Ponteland Railway, which ran between South Gosforth and Ponteland, with a sub-branch line to Darras Hall. The station served Kenton in Newcastle upon Tyne. It was opened in 1905 as Kenton, renamed in 1923, and was closed to passengers in 1929, and to goods traffic in 1965.
The current Bank Foot station, on the Tyne and Wear Metro, lies on the site of the original station site.

## History

The Gosforth and Ponteland Light Railway was formed in 1899, under the Light Railways Act 1896 (59 & 60 Vict. c. 48). Construction of the line by the North Eastern Railway was authorised by Parliament in February 1901. The station was opened, as Kenton, on 1 June 1905, the line between South Gosforth and Ponteland having opened to goods traffic, with passenger services commencing in June 1905.
In 1922, the branch line was served by six weekday passenger trains, with an additional train running on Saturday. Only three trains ran through to Darras Hall. In July 1923, the station was renamed Kenton Bank, to avoid confusion with the station of the same name on the Mid-Suffolk Light Railway.
As a result of poor passenger numbers, the station, along with the branch line closed to passengers on 17 June 1929. The station remained open for goods traffic, before closing altogether on 3 January 1966. The line through the station however remained open to serve the explosives depot at ICI Callerton, situated between Callerton and Ponteland stations, where explosives were transferred from rail to road for onward transport to quarries in Northumberland.
In May 1981, the line between South Gosforth and Bank Foot was rebuilt to become part of the Tyne and Wear Metro network. Freight traffic to and from the explosives depot continued to share the line with the metro until the depot closed in March 1989. The Metro line was later extended from Bank Foot to Newcastle Airport in November 1991. The current Bank Foot Metro station is situated on part of the site of the former station of Kenton Bank.
# John F. Griner

John F. Griner (August 7, 1907 – April 22, 1974) was an American labor union leader.
Born in Camilla, Georgia, Griner went to work on the railroads in 1925, and joined both the Order of Railroad Telegraphers and the American Train Dispatchers Association. Alongside this, he studied law at Columbus University. In 1936, he began working for the Railroad Retirement Board, rising to become its labor relations officer, and he joined the American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE). He served on its executive council for 16 years.
In 1962, Griner was elected as president of the AFGE. Under his leadership, the union's membership tripled to more than 300,000, becoming by far the largest union representing government employees. The union also voted to remove a no strike clause from its constitution, against Griner's wishes. In 1969, he was also elected as a vice-president of the AFL-CIO, and in 1971 he was the federation's delegate to the British Trades Union Congress. He retired in 1972, and died two years later.
# Cliff Guffey

Cliff Guffey is a former American labor union leader.
Born in Shawnee, Oklahoma, Guffey moved frequently as a child, as his father was a pilot in the United States Navy. In 1968, Cliff joined the United States Marine Corps and served in the Vietnam War for two years. In 1971, he became a letter carrier in Oklahoma City, then the following year became a letter sorting machine operator, joining the American Postal Workers Union.
In 1979, Guffey was elected as president of his union local. He then became assistant director of the union's clerk division in 1986, and director in 1999. In 2001, he was elected as executive vice president of the union, and then as president in 2010. As leader of the union, he prioritized the issues faced by veterans and working families. However, he was criticized by some members for agreeing a new contract which meant new entrants would remain on temporary contracts.
Guffey was also elected as a vice president of the AFL-CIO. In 2013, he was defeated for re-election by Mark Dimondstein, and he retired fully the following year.
# Al J. Hayes

Albert John Hayes (February 14, 1900 – August 20, 1981) was an American labor union leader.
Born in Milwaukee, Hayes completed an apprenticeship as a machinist in the railroad shops. In 1917, he joined the International Association of Machinists. He rose to become president of his union local, then in 1934 began working full-time as a representative for the Grand Lodge.
Hayes served on the Chicago War Labor Board during World War II. In 1945, he was elected as a vice-president of the union, and then in 1949 as its president. As leader of the union, he convinced it to reaffiliate to the American Federation of Labor (AFL). He proposed that arbitration should be compulsory in labor disputes, something opposed by many labor unionists. Under his leadership, the union's membership grew from 672,000 to just under 900,000.
In 1950, he joined the National Security Board, the advisory committee of the Economic Stabilization Agency, and the Labor-Management Advisory Committee. The following year, he left those bodies, to become an assistant to the United States Assistant Secretary of Defense, and also chair of the President's Commission on the Health Needs of the Nation.
In 1953, Hayes was elected as a vice-president of the AFL. In 1955, the federation became part of the new AFL-CIO, with Hayes continuing as a vice-president. He retired in 1965, and died in 1981.
# Fred J. Kroll

Fred J. Kroll (October 29, 1935 – July 30, 1981) was an American labor union leader.
Born in Philadelphia, Kroll attended the Roman Catholic High School before becoming a clerk with the Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1954, he joined the Brotherhood of Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC), and he was elected as chair of his local in 1961. In 1970, he was elected as secretary-treasurer of the union, and the following year also as chair of the Penn Central System.
Kroll became a vice-president of BRAC in 1975, and then in 1976 stood to become president of the union, against incumbent C. L. Dennis. It became known that Dennis wished his son to succeed him, something which was unpopular with union members. Kroll defeated Dennis in the election, after which he was badly beaten by a group of supporters of Dennis' son.
As leader of the union, Kroll was known as a strong negotiator and for increasing job security. In 1978, he was elected as the youngest ever vice-president and executive member of the AFL-CIO. He soon became ill with leukemia, and died of the disease at the age of 45.
# James Little (unionist)

James Little is an American former labor union leader.
Little became a fleet service clerk with American Airlines in 1971. He joined the Transport Workers Union of America (TWU), and was elected as president of his local union in 1990. In 1995, he was elected to the union's international executive board, and in 1997 he began working as a representative for the international union.
Little was elected as a vice president of the TWU in 1999, also becoming director of its air transport division in 2000. He became executive vice president in 2005, and then in 2006 won election as president of the union. As leader of the TWU, he focused on job creation, funding for transport systems, and union rights. He stood down as president in 2013.
Little was also elected as a vice-president of the AFL-CIO, retiring in 2014.
# John H. Lyons Jr.

John H. Lyons (October 29, 1919 – October 26, 1986) was an American labor union leader.
Born in Cleveland, Lyons grew up in St. Louis. He was the son of Jack Lyons (John H. Lyons Sr.), who was active in the International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers (IABSOIW).
Lyons worked in the iron industry while studying mechanical engineering at the University of Missouri School of Mines. In 1937, he joined the IABSOIW. During World War II, he served in the United States Air Force, then after the war, he worked for the General Bronze Corporation in New York City.
In 1954, Lyons began working full-time for the IABSOIW full-time as a general organizer, his father at this point having become president. The following year, he was put in charge of the union's Washington D.C. office. In 1959, Lyons was elected as a vice-president of the union, then in 1961 he succeeded his father as president. He sat on numerous government committees, including serving as chair of the labor advisory committee of the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. In 1967, he was also elected as a vice-president of the AFL-CIO.
In 1972, Lyons moved the union's headquarters from St. Louis to Washington. In the 1980s, he was the only labor member of Reagan's Scowcroft Commission, while in 1984, he was co-chair of the National Democratic Party Platform Committee. He retired in 1985, and died the following year.
# James J. Norton

James J. Norton (June 9, 1930 – November 11, 2007) was an American labor union leader.
Born in Boston, Norton became a newspaper photoengraver, and joined the International Photo-Engravers Union of North America, soon serving four terms as president of his local union. In 1963, he began working full-time for the international union, and he continued in the post as it merged into the Lithographers' and Photoengravers' International Union, and then the Graphic Arts International Union (GAIU). In 1978, he was elected as the union's financial and recording secretary, and then secretary-treasurer in 1981.
Norton helped negotiate the 1983 merger of the GAIU into the Graphic Communications International Union, and in 1985, he was elected as president of the union. From 1991, he additionally served as a vice-president of the AFL-CIO. He retired in 2000.
Norton also served as chair of the board of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, and was active in the Knights of Columbus.
# A. L. Spradling

Abraham Lincoln Spradling (June 19, 1885 – May 22, 1970) was an American labor union leader.

## Life

Born in Woodford County, Kentucky, Spradling became a driver for the Cincinnati Traction Company in 1903, and soon joined the Amalgamated Association of Street, Electric Railway and Motor Coach Employees of America. He was elected as secretary-treasurer of his union local in 1915, and then as a vice-president of the international union in 1927.
Spradling was elected to the union's executive board in 1935, and the following year became an assistant to the union's president, William D. Mahon. In 1946, he was elected as Mahon's successor. In 1955, he was additionally elected as a vice-president of the AFL-CIO. He also became a director of the Union Labor Life Insurance Company.
By the late 1950s, Spradling was in poor health, and this led him to retire in 1959. He died in Cincinnati, in 1970.
# James Suffridge

James A. Suffridge (February 2, 1909 – June 7, 2001) was an American labor unionist.
Born in Knoxville, Tennessee, Suffridge's father encouraged him to box as a child. James then followed his father in becoming a grocer, moving to Oakland, California, where he joined the Retail Clerks International Union (RCIU). He was soon elected as leader of his local, in which role he encouraged Asian Americans to join the union, while they were often excluded from other unions. He also became known for making compromises with large grocery chains, in exchange for them permitting their workers to unionize.
In 1944, Suffridge was elected as president of the RCIU, moving to the top position of secretary-treasurer in 1947. He moved the union's headquarters to Lafayette, Indiana, and then to Washington D.C.. In 1953, the union decided to make the presidency its senior position, and Suffridge moved back into it. He came to national prominence, and in 1961 went on an international goodwill tour with Lyndon B. Johnson. He was elected as president of the International Federation of Commercial, Clerical, and Technical Employees in 1964.
Suffridge retired from the RCIU in 1968, and from the international federation two years later. He moved to Fort Myers, Florida, where he was active in the Shriners and played golf.
# Jake West (unionist)

Jake West (May 29, 1928 – April 5, 2007) was an American labor union leader, who was convicted of embezzlement.
West joined the International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers in 1948, while he was working in Charleston, West Virginia. In 1951, he moved to work in Los Angeles, and in 1961 he was elected as the business agent of his local union. In 1971, West was appointed as an international organizer for the union, serving until 1983 when he was elected as an international vice-president, and also as president of the Iron Workers District Council in California.
West was elected as secretary of the union in 1985, and as president in 1989. In 1995, he was additionally elected as a vice-president of the AFL-CIO. He retired in 2001. By this point, the union had become aware that West had been embezzling money, thought to total more than $500,000. In 2002, he admitted one charge of embezzling money from a pension fund, to bribe the union's secretary, Leroy Worley, to retire and not stand against West. At trial the following year, he attempted to have the plea thrown out, but was instead sentenced to three years in prison and a fine of $125,000. The judge stated that the penalty was less severe due to West's age and poor health, as he was being treated for leukemia.
# William H. Young (labor leader)

William H. Young (born August 16, 1946) is an American labor union leader. He was president of the National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC) from 2002 to 2009 and also a vice-president of the AFL–CIO.

## Biography

Young was born and raised in San Luis Obispo, California and joined the United States Postal Service in 1965 shortly after graduating from high school. After serving for two years in the US Army, he returned to the postal service and was elected a shop steward of NALC Branch 1115 (later incorporated into Central California Coast Branch 52) and became its president in 1971. In the succeeding years he rose through the union hierarchy first at state, then at national level. He was elected national vice president of the union in 1994 and national executive vice president in 1998. On October 28, 2002, he was elected the 17th president of the NALC (succeeding Vincent R. Sombrotto) after a rank-and-file ballot in which Young received 79% of the votes and took up his post in December of that year. At the union's national convention in 2006, he was re-elected president by acclamation and served in that post until his retirement in 2009.
During Young's tenure as president of the NALC, the union developed new grievance procedures, negotiated a five-year contract with the US Postal Service providing for regular wage increases and cost-of-living adjustments which the membership ratified by a margin of 9 to 1, and increased its participation in politics. A Leadership Academy was also established to train future leaders of the union. Young appeared several times at United States congressional hearings including those on the overhaul of the US Postal Service in February 2004, the contracting out of letter carrier jobs in April 2007, and the implementation of the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act in July 2007. At the time of his retirement from the presidency of the NALC, Young served on the AFL–CIO Executive Council as well as on its executive committee and political committee. He was also vice chair of the AFL–CIO Executive Council's Community Partnerships Committee, a national vice president of the Muscular Dystrophy Association, and a member of the Advisory Board for the Walter P. Reuther Library of Labor and Urban Affairs at Wayne State University.
Young resides in Maryland with his wife, Deborah. The couple have four children.
# Lorande Loss Woodruff

Lorande Loss Woodruff (July 14, 1879 – June 23, 1947) was an American biologist, notable for his exhaustive studies of unicelluar eukaryotes, especially ciliates; and for his long tenure as a trustee of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

## Early life and education

Woodruff was a native of New York City, attended its public schools, then City College of New York, and then Columbia University, earning an A.B. in 1901 and Ph.D. in 1905.

## Career

He was an instructor in biology at Williams College until 1907, when he moved to Yale rising through the ranks to full professor and chair of the biology department (1938-1946). From 1910, Woodruff was in charge of Yale's course in general biology; generations of students used his textbook "The Foundations of Biology" in six successive editions.
From 1905, Woodruff was associated with the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), where he spent summers and taught courses in embryology, then protozoology. He became a member of the MBL board in 1923 and served until his death, twenty-four years later.
Woodruff's original scientific research was entirely on ciliates, unicellular eukaryotes with hair-like organelles—the cilia. A matter of interest in his time was whether sexual reproduction, involving the conjugation of two organisms with fusion and repartition of their nucleii (we would now say: recombination of their DNA), was obligate for protists—and, if so, which species and how often. It was known that Paramecium aurelia generally reproduced asexually (i.e., by fissioning into two identical daughters), but that it did occasionally conjugate and reproduce sexually. Over eight years, Woodruff raised 5,000 successive generations of P. aurelia in a manner that precluded conjugation, providing strong evidence (later increased to 24,000 generations) that purely asexual reproduction could continue indefinitely.
Honored in his time, Woodruff was a member and officer of many scientific societies and was considered one of the best-known American biologists worldwide. He was interested in the history of biology and gave a graduate course in the subject. But, ironically, history has not been kind to his own work. The ciliates (indeed all the protists) are now understood to be much more complex than was understood in Woodruff's time. The question of whether homologous recombination of their DNA is a required feature on evolutionary time scales is a deep one, not like to be answered by any simple set of experiments. Writing only a few months after Woodruff's death in 1947, G. Evelyn Hutchinson (often known as the "father of modern ecology") wrote: "In retrospect, Woodruff's career seems unspectacular but extremely useful. A true servant of science and education, his contributions are built solidly into the fabric of our culture but can now be identified only by those with long memories or an exceptional interest in the past.... He belongs to history, which is what he would have wanted."
# Log, Sevnica

Log (pronounced; German: Auen) is a village on the right bank of the Sava River in the Municipality of Sevnica in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.

## History

Lead ore was mined near the village in 1890. During the Second World War, in the fall of 1941, the German authorities deported the population of the village and settled Gottschee Germans there.

### Mass grave

Log is the site of a mass grave associated with the Second World War. The Boštanj Mass Grave (Slovene: Grobišče Boštanj)—also known as the Boštanj Quarry Mass Grave (Grobišče Kamnolom Boštanj) or Log Mass Grave (Grobišče Log)—is located south of the settlement, next to an electrical transformer by a quarry. Different sources state that the grave contains the remains of either 14 German soldiers or 200 to 300 Ustaša soldiers.

## Church

The local church is dedicated to the Holy Cross (Slovene: Sveti Križ) and belongs to the Parish of Boštanj. It is a medieval building with a 12th-century Romanesque portal preserved in the nave. The belfry and choir are late 17th- and early 18th-century additions.
# Wolff & Müller

Wolff & Müller is a construction company which operates internationally. The headquarters are at Schwieberdinger Straße, 107 Stuttgart, Germany. The company was founded in 1936 (88 years ago) (1936) by master builder Gottlob Müller and engineer Karl Wolff.
Wolff & Müller is one of the top ten German construction companies. Building projects include the Mercedes-Benz Museum and the Porsche Arena in Stuttgart.
Wolff and Müller plans and builds highways, bridges, factories, power plants, office buildings, sports arenas and hotels. The company is involved in the production of asphalt and sand. Wolff and Müller has a division for managing commercial property.
# 1746 in Ireland

Events from the year 1746 in Ireland.

## Incumbent

* Monarch: George II

## Events

* 19 March – an act of the Parliament of Great Britain prohibits the export of glass from Ireland.
* 26 March – King George II of Great Britain grants the Dublin Society £500 pa from the Privy Purse.
* 11 April – acts:
** "for licensing hawkers and pedlars and for the encouragement of English Protestant schools" provides grants for charter schools.
** preventing Irish subjects in the service of France or Spain from holding property.
** to annul future marriages celebrated by Roman Catholic priests if either (or both) of the parties are Protestant.
* June – English preacher John Cennick arrives in Ireland to evangelise for the Moravian Church.
* 8 August – charter for St Patrick's Hospital for Imbeciles to be established in Dublin under the will of Jonathan Swift (died 1745).
* Charles Smith's The Ancient and Present State of the County and City of Waterford is published in Dublin.

## Arts and literature

* The National College of Art and Design originates as a private drawing school set up by the painter Robert West in Dublin.

## Births

* 3 July – Henry Grattan, member of Irish House of Commons and campaigner for legislative freedom for the Irish Parliament (died 1820).
* Thomas Hussey, diplomat, chaplain, and Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Waterford and Lismore (died 1803).

## Deaths

* 22 May – Thomas Southerne, dramatist (born 1660).
* 8 August – Francis Hutcheson, theologian and philosopher (born 1694).