OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# HMS Royal Sovereign (1857)

HMS Royal Sovereign was originally laid down as a 121-gun first-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy. She would have mounted sixteen 8 in (200 mm) cannon, 114 32-pounder (15 kg) guns, and a 68-pounder (31 kg) pivot gun. With the rise of steam and screw propulsion, she was ordered to be converted on the stocks to a 131-gun screw ship, with conversion beginning on 25 January 1855. She was finally launched directly into the ordinary on 25 April 1857. She measured 3765 tons burthen, with a gundeck of 240 feet 6 inches (73.30 m) and breadth of 62 feet (19 m), and a crew of 1,100, with engines of 780 nhp.

## Turret ship

After several years of inactivity, she was selected for conversion into an experimental turret ship instigated by Captain Cowper Coles, who believed that a mastless ship armed with turret-mounted guns was the best possible design for a coast-defence ship. The order to proceed with the conversion was issued on 4 April 1862.
She was razed down to the lower deck, leaving her with between 7 and 8 feet (2.1 and 2.4 m) of freeboard. The decks and hull sides were strengthened to carry the planned armament, and to absorb the force when the guns were fired. There was some delay when it was found that she had been cut down too far, necessitating some re-building of the sides. On the completion of her conversion on 20 August 1864, she was the first British turret-armed ship, and the only one with a wooden hull. Her length-to-beam ratio was slightly under 4:1, which was the smallest ever ratio used in British armoured ships.

## Armament

The original design included five turrets, each containing either two 68-pounder smoothbore or one 100-pounder (45 kg) smoothbore cannon. This was modified to a four-turret configuration, with one 164 long tons (167 t) twin turret, and three 150 long tons (150 t) single turrets. The initial guns carried were 10+1⁄2-inch (270 mm) smoothbores that fired a 150-pound spherical steel shot. In 1867 they were all replaced by 9-inch (230 mm) muzzle-loading rifles.
On 15 January 1866 three shots were fired at close range against the after turret of Royal Sovereign by one of the 9-inch (230 mm) guns carried by HMS Bellerophon to evaluate how well Coles' turrets held up to gunfire. While the armour plates of the turret were displaced, and one shot pierced the back of the turret, the ability of the turret to turn and the guns to fire was not impaired.

## Service history

She was commissioned at Portsmouth for service in the English Channel, where she undertook limited operational service and was used for gun and turret testing and evaluation. She paid off in October 1866, being then re-commissioned in July 1867 for the Naval Review. She was thereafter attached to the naval gunnery school HMS Excellent as gunnery ship until 1873, when she was replaced by HMS Glatton and demoted to fourth class reserve. She saw no further service until her sale in May 1885.
# Jean Wauters

Jean Wauters (25 November 1906 – 15 April 1989) was a Belgian racing cyclist. He rode in the 1932 Tour de France.
# Mirambeau, Charente-Maritime

Mirambeau (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.
Mirambeau is situated on the Via Turonensis, the ancient pilgrimage route from Paris to Santiago de Compostela via Tours.

## Population

The inhabitants of the town of Mirambeau are called Mirambeaulais.

## Chateau Mirambeau

First mentioned in the 11th century, the magnificent Chateau Mirambeau is situated on a 40 metre high hill overlooking the town. Today it is used as a 5-star hotel with 22 rooms and a restaurant.
# Harry Schulting

Hermanus Richardus Johannes "Harry" Schulting (born 14 February 1956) is a Dutch former middle-distance runner and hurdler.
Schulting won a gold medal on the 400 m hurdles at the 1979 Summer Universiade in Mexico City in 48.44 seconds, a time that is still (as of 2022) the Dutch national record. At these games he also won a silver medal with the 4 × 400 m relay team. Schulting competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics on the 400 m, 4 × 400 m and the 400 m hurdling, but only reached the semifinals in the latter event.
# Hans Stam

Hans Stam (2 April 1919 – 25 June 1996) was a Dutch water polo player who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics.
He was part of the Dutch team which won the bronze medal. He played five matches.
# Floyd J. McCree

Floyd J. McCree (March 29, 1923 – June 15, 1988), was a Michigan politician. He was the first African American mayor of Flint, Michigan.

## Early life

Floyd Joel Mcree was born in Webster Grove, Missouri, on March 29, 1923, the son of Jordan Daniel McCree, Sr. and Minnie Blackwell. He went to high school in St. Louis and attended Lincoln University, Jefferson City.
McCree served in the South Pacific in World War II in the army, rising to the rank of staff sergeant. After leaving the army, he was hired iat the Buick foundry in Flint, becoming a foreman. He was later promoted to supervisor of maintenance.

## Political life

McCree was elected to the Flint City Commission in 1958 which selected him as mayor for the years 1966–68. During his time as mayor, he pushed for open housing and employment equal opportunity.
In 1967, he was involved in trying to end the violence in Detroit during the 1967 riots. In the same year, after the City Commission refused to adopt an open housing ordinance, he threatened to resign as mayor. Other prominent African-Americans joined in threatening to resign from public boards. The open housing law was later adopted in a charged contested referendum. McCree continued serving on the City Commission until 1970. In 1970, he was a Michigan state representatives candidate for the 82nd district.
In 1971, McCree took office as Genesee County Register of deeds. He ran for mayor under a new charter that directly elected a strong mayor in 1975 and 1979, losing both times to James W. Rutherford.
| Election | McCree votes | Rutherford votes |
| 1975 | 20,474 | 20,679 |
| 1979 | 12,902 | 20,738 |
McCree continued to be elected County Register, but he died on June 15, 1988, before the primary election.

## Legacy

On April 4, 2022, a bronze statue of McCree by the artist Joe Rundell was unveiled in front of the Flint City Hall. It was financed by a fundraising campaign by the Community Foundation of Greater Flint.
Political offices :
| Preceded by | Register of Deeds of Genesee County, Michigan 1971–1988 | Succeeded byJeffrey Brohn |
| Preceded byHarry K. Cull | Mayor of Flint, Michigan 1966–1968 | Succeeded byDonald R. Cronin |
# Eric Swinkels

Eric Swinkels (born 30 March 1949) is a Dutch sport shooter and Olympic medalist. He won a silver medal in skeet shooting at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. He competed in six different Olympic competitions, beginning in 1972 and ending in 1996.
# Jaap Voigt

Jacob "Jaap" Voigt (born 7 June 1941) is a retired field hockey player from the Netherlands. He competed at 1964 Summer Olympics, where his team finished in seventh place. With three goals in five games, Voigt was the second best Dutch scorer at those games, after Frank Zweerts.
# Mark Davis

Mark Davis may refer to:

## Entertainers

* Mark Davis (talk show host), American radio talk show host
* Mark Jonathan Davis (born 1965), American actor/singer and creator of Richard Cheese
* Mark Davis, American bassist and founding member for the band Emmure
* Mark Davis (actor) (born 1965), English adult film actor
* Mark Davis (Canadian musician), Canadian alternative country and indie rock musician

## Sports

* Mark Davis (American football) (born 1955), American principal owner of the NFL's Las Vegas Raiders and WNBA's Las Vegas Aces
* Mark Davis (pitcher) (born 1960), American Major League Baseball player
* Mark Davis (outfielder) (born 1964), American Major League Baseball player
* Mark Davis (basketball, born 1960), former player in the Australian National Basketball League
* Mark Davis (basketball, born 1973), American former National Basketball Association player
* Mark Davis (basketball, born 1963), American former National Basketball Association player
* Mark Davis (snooker player) (born 1972), English snooker player
* Mark Davis (golfer) (born 1964), English golfer
* Mark Davis (English cricketer) (born 1962), English cricketer, played for Somerset and Wiltshire
* Mark Davis (South African cricketer) (born 1971), South African former cricketer, played for Northern Transvaal and then in England for MCC and Sussex
* Mark Davis (fisherman) (born 1963), American bass fisher
* Mark Davis (boxer) (born 1987), American lightweight boxer
* Mark Davis (footballer) (born 1969), English footballer
* Mark Davis (wrestler) (born 1990), Australian professional wrestler
* Mark Davis (rugby union) (born 1970), Welsh rugby union player

## Other

* Mark Davis (journalist), Australian journalist for Dateline
* Mark A. Davis (born 1966), North Carolina judge
* Mark H. A. Davis (1945–2020), English mathematician
* Mark Davis (Unicode) (born 1952), American co-founder and president of the Unicode Consortium
* Mark Steven Davis (born 1962), U.S. federal judge
* Mark E. Davis (born 1955), American professor of chemical engineering at the California Institute of Technology
* Mark M. Davis (born 1952), American professor of immunology at Stanford University
* Mark S. Davis, American trial lawyer based in Honolulu
* Mark Davis (producer) American music producer
# Arne Åkerson

Arne Åkerson (born 23 August 1940 in Gävle, Sweden) is a Swedish former Olympic sailor. He competed in 1968 Summer Olympics, where he finished 7th in the Finn class. He also has a silver medal from the 1970 Star World Championship together with Ding Schoonmaker.
Åkerson represented Gefle Segelsällskap.
# Leif Andersson (wrestler)

Leif Andersson (born 13 October 1949) is a Swedish wrestler. He competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics.
# Arne Berg (cyclist)

Axel Arne Berg (3 December 1909 – 15 February 1997) was a Swedish road racing cyclist who competed in the 1932 and 1936 Summer Olympics. In 1932 he finished 20th individually and won a team bronze medal. Four years later he finished 16th in the individual road race. The Swedish road racing team was unplaced, because Berg was the only Swedish finisher.
After retiring from competitions Berg worked as a motor mechanic.
# Johan Bergdahl

Johan Bergdahl (born 29 September 1962) is a Swedish fencer. He competed in the team épée event at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
# Hallstein Bøgseth

Hallstein Bøgseth (born 8 July 1954) is a former Norwegian nordic combined skier. He represented Namdalseid I.L. in Namdalseid Municipality. He won four 3 x 10 km team event medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with one gold (1984) and three silvers (1982, 1985, and 1987) and finished 8th in the individual event in 1985.
Bøgseth's lone individual victory came at the 1986 Holmenkollen ski festival. He finished 11th in the individual event at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo.
# Ottar Gjermundshaug

Ottar Gjermundshaug (29 January 1925, Alvdal – 10 April 1963) was a Norwegian nordic combined skier who competed in the early 1950s. He won a silver medal in the individual event at the 1950 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lake Placid, New York.
Gjermundshaug also finished sixth in the individual event and 18th in the 18 km cross-country skiing event at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo.
He represented Alvdal IL.

## Cross-country skiing results
### Olympic Games

| Year | Age | 18 km | 50 km | 4 × 10 km  relay |
| 1952 | 27 | 17 | — | — |

### World Championships

| Year | Age | 18 km | 50 km | 4 × 10 km  relay |
| 1950 | 25 | — | DNF | — |
# Leif Hansen (Norwegian boxer)

Leif Håkon "Baggis" Hansen (8 February 1928 – 6 November 2004) was a Norwegian boxer who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics.
He was born and died in Oslo, and represented the sports club SK av 1909. He finished seventeenth in the light-welterweight division in the boxing at the 1960 Summer Olympics. He took five Norwegian national titles (in both lightweight, light-welterweight and welterweight) between 1951 and 1955.
Hansen later had a career in professional boxing between 1956 and 1964. He entered ten matches, and won five.

## 1952 Olympic results

Below is the record of Leif Hansen, a Norwegian light welterweight boxer who competed at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics:
* Round of 32: lost to Charles Adkins (United States) referee stopped contest in first round
# Ragnar Haugen

Ragnar "Sambo" Haugen (August 25, 1911 – October 8, 1964) was a Norwegian boxer who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.
In 1936 he eliminated in the second round of the lightweight class after losing his fight to Poul Kops.
# Arne Hoel

Arne Hoel (5 April 1927 – 10 September 2006) was a Norwegian ski jumper who competed in the 1940s and 1950s. He won the ski jumping event at the Holmenkollen ski festival three times (1948, 1951 and 1959). Because of his successes, Hoel was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1956 (shared with Borghild Niskin and Arnfinn Bergmann). He also finished sixth and eleventh in the individual large hill event at the 1952 and 1956 Winter Olympics, respectively.
# Archduchess Helena of Austria

Archduchess Helena of Austria (full German name: Helena Marie Alice Christine Josefa Anna Margareta Madeleine Walburga Blandina Cäcilie Philomena Carmela Ignatia Rita de Cascia, Erzherzogin von Österreich, Prinzessin von Toskana; 30 October 1903 – 8 September 1924) was a member of the Tuscan branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and an Archduchess of Austria and Princess of Bohemia, Hungary, and Tuscany by birth. Through her marriage to Philipp Albrecht, Hereditary Duke of Württemberg, Helena was also a member of the House of Württemberg and Hereditary Duchess consort of Württemberg.

## Early life

Helena was born in Linz, Upper Austria, Austria-Hungary, the second-eldest child and eldest daughter of Archduke Peter Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany and his wife Princess Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. Helena was raised with her three siblings in Salzburg and Vienna until the end of World War I in 1918 when her family was exiled and moved to Lucerne, Switzerland.

## Marriage and issue

Helena married Philipp Albrecht, Hereditary Duke of Württemberg, eldest child and son of Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg and his wife, Archduchess Margarete Sophie of Austria, on 24 October 1923 in Altshausen. Helena and Philipp Albrecht had one daughter:
* Duchess Maria Christina of Württemberg (born 2 September 1924 in Tübingen), married on 23 September 1948 to Prince Georg Hartmann of Liechtenstein (11 November 1911 – 18 January 1998), son of Prince Aloys of Liechtenstein.
Helena died in Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, a week after the birth of Duchess Maria.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Archduchess Helena of Austria :
# Magne Kleiven

Magne Kleiven (27 July 1921 – 5 June 1999) was a Norwegian gymnast. He competed in eight events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
# Jan von Koss

Jan von Koss (born 26 September 1945) is a Norwegian épée fencer. He competed at the 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Wakagoi Cup

The Wakagoi or Young Carp is a Go competition in Japan for players 30 years of age or younger and at most 7 dan in rank.
Its full name is Hiroshima Aluminum Cup Young Carp Tournament (広島アルミ杯・若鯉戦, Hiroshima arumi-hai wakagoi-sen), named after the sponsor Hiroshima Aluminum Industry Co., Ltd.
The tournament was founded in 2006 and is held annually. It was considered a local unofficial tournament in its first five years, before becoming an official tournament in 2011. The maximum rank for eligible players was 5 dan from 2006 to 2010, 6 dan until 2014, and the current 7 dan since 2015.
The winner's prize is ¥3,000,000 (formerly ¥2,000,000 from 2006 to 2014).

## Past winners and runners-up

Young Carp :
| | Year | Winner | Runner-up |
| 1. | 2006 | Hsieh Yimin | Lee Ishu |
| 2. | 2007 | Shida Tatsuya | Mitani Tetsuya |
| 3. | 2008 | Mitani Tetsuya | Anzai Nobuaki |
| 4. | 2009 | Uchida Shuhei | Yamamori Tadanao |
| 5. | 2010 | Terayama Rei | Yamamoto Kentaro |
| 6. | 2011 | Uchida Shuhei | Shida Tatsuya |
| 7. | 2012 | Shinji Suzuki | Ichiriki Ryo |
| 8. | 2013 | Ichiriki Ryo | Fujita Akihiko |
| 9. | 2014 | Motoki Katsuya | Mutsuura Yuta |
| 10. | 2015 | Terayama Rei | Shida Tatsuya |
| 11. | 2016 | Ichiriki Ryo | Motoki Katsuya |
| 12. | 2017 | Li Yi-hsiu | Yao Zhiteng |
| 13. | 2018 | Fujita Akihiko | Koike Yoshihiro |
| 14. | 2019 | Hirata Tomoya | Mutsuura Yuta |
| 15. | 2020 | Fujisawa Rina | Sun Zhe |
| 16. | 2021 | Ueno Asami | Nishi Takenobu |
| 17. | 2022 | Ueno Asami | Koike Yoshihiro |
| 18. | 2023 | Hirose Yuichi | Koike Yoshihiro |
| 19. | 2024 | Yokotsuka Riki | Hirose Yuichi |
# Kaare Larsen

Kaare Oliver Larsen (10 October 1914 – 26 April 1980) was a Norwegian sport wrestler who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics.
He was born in Østre Aker, and represented the sports club SK av 1909. He participated in the middleweight class in wrestling at the 1948 Summer Olympics, where he finished fifth overall. He attributed his success partially to the rivalry he had with Svetskan born Ulrich Ulrichson, which lasted for several decades.
# Ruth Briggs King

Ruth Briggs King (born March 8, 1956) is an American politician. A Republican, she served as a member of the Delaware House of Representatives, representing district 37, from 2009 to 2023. In 2024, she ran for lieutenant governor but lost to Democratic nominee Kyle Evans Gay in the general election.

## Biography

Briggs King earned her AA in medical technology from Delaware Technical Community College and her BA and MA in human resources from Wilmington College.
Briggs King first ran for office in 2009, losing in the Republican primary to represent district 41 in the Delaware House of Representatives. She was subsequently elected in 2009 to replace Republican Joseph Booth, who had won a special election for the Delaware Senate. She resigned from the House in November 2023. In May 2024, she announced her candidacy for lieutenant governor of Delaware. In the November general election, she lost to Democratic nominee Kyle Evans Gay, earning 44.8% of the vote.
Briggs King has worked as a human resources consultant for Workforce Solutions since 2019. She is married to Stanley King, and they have two sons.

## Electoral history

* In 2000, Briggs King ran for District 41 in the Republican primary but lost. The incumbent representative, Democrat Charles West, went on to win the general election and served until 2003.
* In 2009, Briggs King won the special election to replace Joseph Booth in District 37 with 2,429 votes (53.6%) against Democratic nominee Robert Robertson.
* In 2010, Briggs King won the general election with 5,149 votes (61.8%) against Democratic nominee Frank Shade.
* In 2012, Briggs King won the general election with 5,026 votes (54.8%) against Democratic nominee Elizabeth McGinn.
* In 2014, Briggs King won the general election with 4,173 votes (65.3%) against Democratic nominee Paulette Ann Rappa.
* In 2016, Briggs King won the general election with 6,720 votes (62.5%) in a rematch against Democratic nominee Paulette Ann Rappa.
* In 2018, Briggs King was unopposed in the general election and won 6,853 votes.
# Ronald E. Gray

Ronald E. Gray is an American politician. He is a Republican member of the Delaware House of Representatives, representing District 38. He was in elected in 2012 to replace Republican Gerald Hocker, who had resigned to run for a seat in the Delaware Senate.
Gray attended Indian River High School. He earned his bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the University of Delaware and his Master of Business Administration from Indiana University School of Business.

## Electoral history

* In 2012, Gray won the general election with 7,902 votes (61.1%) against Democratic nominee Shirley Price, a former state representative for the 38th district. Price had served in the seat after being elected in 2000, but had been unseated by Hocker in 2002 and unsuccessfully ran to reclaim the seat in 2004.
* In 2014, Gray was unopposed in the general election and won 7,133 votes.
* In 2016, Gray was unopposed in the general election and won 12,188 votes.
* In 2018, Gray won the general election with 9,635 votes (65.8%) against Democratic nominee Meghan M. Kelly.
# Amin Said

Amin Said (Arabic: أمين سعيد; 1891–1967) was a Syrian historian and journalist. He is the author of works on the history of the Arab national liberation movement.

## Biography

He was born on 28 November 1891, in Latakia, Syria. His father, Sheikh Muhammad Said Hassan Atari, was one of the luminaries in the field of literature and poetry. Amin Said was sent to the canonical school of Sheikh Mustafa Wazzan. His father, due to the need for qualified personnel in his printing house, sent his son to study printing in Beirut. Here he also learned French and studied journalism. From 1914 to 1918, he served in the Ottoman army.
After returning to his homeland, he studied journalism. He was the founder of the satirical newspaper Al-Urdun. After the discontent of the authorities, the newspaper stopped publishing, and Amin Said moved to Cairo in 1922. He continued his journalistic work in the newspapers Al-Mukkatam, the Middle East and the Arab Commonwealth. Since 1924, Amin Said, along with his journalistic activities, contributed to historical science by writing books about historical events. In 1965, Amin Said settled in Saudi Arabia. On 21 July 1967, he died in Lebanon where he was spending his vacation with his family.

## Publications

* "Modern Muslim kings and their states." – Cairo, 1933.
* "The Great Arab Revolution" – Cairo, 1933–1934
* "The History of Political Islam: the wars of Muslims against the Persians. The Conquest of Arabia, Iraq, and Persia" – Cairo, 1938.
* "The History of Political Islam. The Muslim wars against Rome, the conquest of the countries of Greater Syria and the states of North Africa" – Cairo, 1938.
* "The political history of Egypt from the French aggression of 1798 to the destruction of the monarchy in 1952" – Cairo, 1959.
* "Revolution. From July 23, 1952 to October 29, 1956." – Cairo, 1959.
* "Aggression. October 29, 1956 – February 1, 1958." – Cairo, 1959.
* "The United Arab Republic". – In 2 tt. – Cairo, 1959–1960.
# Elizabeth Lockman

Sarah Elizabeth "Tizzy" Lockman is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party. She serves in the Delaware Senate representing District 3, which covers parts of Wilmington, including the downtown and Riverfront areas.

## Early life and career

Lockman was raised on the west side of Wilmington, Delaware and graduated from Alexis I. duPont High School. She received a B.A. from New York University and a M.A. from the University of Delaware. She works as an adjunct professor at the University of Delaware.

## Political career

In 2014, Lockman was appointed a member of the Wilmington Education Advisory Committee (WEAC) by Governor Jack Markell, and she became vice chair when the body turned into the Wilmington Education Improvement Commission (WEIC).
Lockman defeated Jordan Hines, both political novices, in the Democratic primary, in a contentious and closely watched race. With no general election opponent, the win ensured she would succeed Robert Marshall, who had represented the area for over 40 years. Lockman is the second African-American woman to be elected to the Delaware Senate, after Margaret Rose Henry, who retired the year before Lockman was elected. In 2020, Lockman was elected as Senate Majority Whip.

## Personal life

In December 2020, Lockman married John Collins.