OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sconce (fortification)

A sconce is a small protective fortification, such as an earthwork, often placed on a mound as a defensive work for artillery. It was used primarily in Northern Europe from the late Middle Ages until the 19th century. This type of fortification was common during the English Civil War, and the remains of one such structure can be seen on Fort Royal Hill in Worcester, England.
During the Eighty Years' War for Dutch independence, the sconces (schans in Dutch) were often used to defend strategic places, but were used also during sieges and in circumvallations. Several more or less intact sconces remain in the Netherlands.
The Zaanse Schans, one of the top tourist locations in the Netherlands, derived its name from its original function as a sconce. Sconces played a major part in the Serbian Revolution, countering the numerical superiority of the Turkish army. Most notable cases are the battles at Mišar, Deligrad and Čegar.

## Etymology

The etymology of sconce is from the Latin absconsus, via the French esconce: a word of many meanings, mostly signifying a covering or protection, or, by extension, that which is covered or protected. The word is closely related to the medieval Dutch schans and the German word Schanze, as used for example in the name of Hitler's military headquarters, the Wolfsschanze.
# Chuck Goodrich

Charles Goodrich (born November 9, 1969) is an American politician and businessman who last served as a member of the Indiana House of Representatives from the 29th district. He was in office from 2018 to 2024.

## Early life and education

Goodrich was born in Roann, Indiana, in 1969. He earned an Associate of Science degree in architectural design from Vincennes University, a Bachelor of Science in building construction management from Purdue University.

## Career

Goodrich is the CEO of Gaylor Electric, an electrical contracting company. He is a member of the Associated Builders and Contractors Executive Committee and is a board member of the Riverview Health Foundation and Purdue Construction Advisory Council for Building Construction Management. He was elected to the Indiana House of Representatives in November 2018.

### 2024 congressional campaign

In January 2024, Goodrich announced that he would run for the U.S. House of Representatives in Indiana's 5th congressional district to succeed Victoria Spartz, who announced that she would not seek re-election to a third term. On February 5, 2024, Spartz announced that she in fact would seek re-election. Goodrich decided to remain a candidate against Spartz. Goodrich would ultimately end up being narrowly defeated by Spartz in the Republican primary, losing by a margin of only 4,809 votes (5.9%).
# Angels & Devils (The Bug album)

Angels & Devils is the fourth studio album by English musician Kevin Martin under his alias The Bug. It was released in August 2014 under Ninja Tune. It peaked at number 50 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AnyDecentMusic? | 7.8/10 |
| Metacritic | 83/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Exclaim! | 9/10 |
| The Irish Times | |
| Mojo | |
| NME | 7/10 |
| Pitchfork | 6.7/10 |
| Q | |
| Record Collector | |
| Resident Advisor | 4.5/5 |
| Uncut | 8/10 |
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, Angels & Devils received an average score of 83, based on 19 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".
It was placed at number 20 on Fact's "50 Best Albums of 2014" list, as well as number 18 on Rolling Stone's "20 Best EDM, Electronic and Dance Albums of 2014" list.

## Charts

| Chart | Peak position |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 91 |
| US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard) | 50 |
# Maurilio Castillo

Maurilio Castillo (born 1 December 1962) is a Mexican male former long-distance runner who specialised in the marathon. He represented his country at the 1991 World Championships in Athletics and finished seventh there. He holds a personal best of 2:10:47 hours set when he finished third at the Tokyo International Marathon. He was the 1992 winner at the Central American and Caribbean Cross Country Championships. Castillo also competed at the 1995 Pan American Games.
On the professional circuit he was the winner at the Twin Cities Marathon in 1990 and the Beppu-Ōita Marathon in 1993. He had top three finishes at the Turin Marathon, Amsterdam Marathon, Barcelona Marathon and San Diego Marathon. He also finished in the top ten at the 1995 Chicago Marathon, 1993 Beijing Marathon, 1992 London Marathon and 1991 Rotterdam Marathon.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| 1991 | World Championships | Tokyo, Japan | 7th | Marathon | 2:16.15 |
| 1992 | Central American and Caribbean Cross Country Championships | Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles | 1st | Senior race | 39:13 |
| 1995 | Pan American Games | Mar del Plata, Mexico | 7th | Marathon | 2:16.46 |
# Long-tailed dwarf hamster

The long-tailed dwarf hamster (Cricetulus longicaudatus) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found in China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia.

## Description

The long-tailed dwarf hamster has a head and body length of between 85 and 135 mm (3.35 and 5.31 in) and a tail at least a third as long as this. It weighs between 15 and 50 g (0.53 and 1.76 oz). The dorsal pelage is either a pale sandy brown or a dark greyish brown. The ventral surface is greyish white, individual hairs having dark bases, greyish shafts and white tips. There is a sharp dividing line at the side of the body separating the dorsal and ventral colourings. The ears are dark with pale rims and the upper surfaces of the feet are white. The tail is slender, being dark on the upper surface and white below.

## Distribution

This hamster is native to northern and central China, western and central Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Tuva and the Transbaikal region of Russia. Its easternmost extent in Mongolia is at a longitude of about 104° E and it has been found to be present in the Ikh Nartiin Chuluu Nature Reserve in the East Gobi Province of Mongolia. It inhabits arid areas with shrubby slopes, dry forests, rocky steppes, and the foothills and southern slopes of mountains, to an altitude of about 1,900 m (6,200 ft). It is especially abundant in piedmont semidesert, a type of desert grassland with mixed shrubs and succulent plants, or savannah with scattered xeromorphic trees.

## Behaviour

The activity cycle is nocturnal. The species feeds on seeds and insects. It constructs shallow tunnels and burrows under boulders, creating storage chambers where excess food is stored for winter use. Abandoned burrows of other animals are sometimes used and side-passages are created leading to grass-lined nesting chambers. Breeding starts in March or April and two or more litters of up to nine young are born during the summer.

## Status

C. longicaudatus has a wide range and a large total population. Although its habitat may be increasingly affected by drought in years to come, and there may be increased pressure on the habitat from grazing by livestock, these are unlikely to have a significant adverse effect and no particular threats to this species have been identified. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has therefore assessed the hamster's conservation status as being of "least concern".
# Muhammad Munir

Muhammad Munir (Urdu: محمدمنیر; 1895–1979) was the second Chief Justice of Pakistan serving from 1954 to 1960.

## Background

Munir was born into a Kakkyzai Pashtun family and obtained his degree of master's in English Literature from Government College University Lahore, he joined Punjab University Law College to earn his L.L.B. He started his career as a lawyer in Amritsar in 1921. He moved to Lahore in 1922.

## Career

Munir was appointed assistant advocate-general of Punjab in 1937, and first president of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal of British India in 1940. He was elevated to the Bench of Judicature at Lahore in 1942. He and Justice Din Muhammad represented the All India Muslim League on the Punjab Boundary Commission in 1947. The following year he was made the chairman of the Pakistan Pay Commission. In 1949, he was made the chief justice of the Lahore High Court.

### Chief Justice

In 1954, Munir was made the chief justice of the Federal Court, chief justice of Pakistan. Besides being the chief justice, he also remained the chairman of the Delimitation Commission from June 1956 to July 1958. He retired on 2 May 1960.
In the major Federation of Pakistan v. Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan case, Munir invoked the doctrine of necessity, validating the dissolution of the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. The assembly was dissolved on 24 October 1954, by Governor General Ghulam Muhammad, an alumnus of Aligarh Muslim University. He has been widely criticized for validating the dissolution, although some of the Pakistani politicians had called for its dissolution. Due to Munir’s ruling in the case, he has been perceived as a controversial figure, primarily due to his doctrine legitimizing the further dissolutions of assemblies.
He also validated 1958 Pakistani military coup by invoking doctrine of necessity.

## Writings

Justice Munir also wrote a book From Jinnah to Zia, arguing that Jinnah stood for a secular state.
# Finima Nature Park

The Finima Nature Park is a natural park in Bonny Island, Rivers State, Nigeria covering an area of approximately 1000 ha (3.9 sq mi). It was established by the Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas Limited in 1999 with the aim of conserving nature and biodiversity in the region.

## Ecology

Finima's reserve area is covered by tropical rainforest and mangrove swamps, some parts contain sand with freshwater ponds and tall timber between the swamps and the beach.

### Flora

Vegetation of the park has progressively developed into a high forest considering the form from which it began in 1999. There are two storey that can be distinguished from outside the forest, the emergent include Symphonia globulifera, Cleistopholis patens, Uapaca spp., Musanga cecropioides, Hallea ledermannii, Terminalia spp., Anthostema aubryanum, Tectona grandis and Elaeis guineensis. The understory is composed mainly of Calamus deeratus, Alchornea cordifolia, Monodora tenuifolia, Harungana madagascariensis, Strophanthus preussii, Rauvolfia vomitoria and Raphia spp.
The interior of the forest is very shady, and as a result a wide variety of shade tolerant forbs (e.g. Nephrolepis biserrata, Culcasia scandens, Laportea spp., Chromolaena odorata, Aframomum melegueta and Costus afer) and various sedges form thickets on the forest floor. By dry season, large cushion of litter cover the floor because of increase in abscission rate of some plants such as Musanga cecropioides, Hallea ledermannii, Calamus deeratus, Gmelina arborea, Raphia spp. and Elaeis guineensis.

### Fauna

Finima Nature Park is home to some wildlife species of high conservation value, a variety of mammals, birds and reptiles including crocodiles, snakes and alligators. The site of the nature park is the natural habitat of salt water hippopotamuses. The area is protected by park rangers and hunting is prohibited.
| Mammals Mona monkey Pygmy hippopotamus | Reptiles and amphibians African rock python Ball python Black-necked spitting cobra Calabar python Crowned bullfrog Dwarf crocodile Emerald snake Forest cobra Forest hinge-back tortoise Forest vine snake Fire skink Gaboon viper Hallowell's toad Green bush viper Jameson's mamba Nile crocodile Ornate monitor Brown-flanked skink Red-headed rock agama Slender-snouted crocodile Square-marked toad West African black turtle Western clawed frog Western Forest File Snake West African night adder Birds Black-crowned night heron Pied crow Black crake Black kite Blue-eared kingfisher Blue peacock Feral rock pigeon Great egret Grey heron Hooded vulture Little curlew Red-eyed dove Water thick-knee Western reef heron White-faced whistling duck Woodland kingfisher |
# Wadi Sawawin mine

The Wadi Sawawin mine is an iron ore mine located in the west of Saudi Arabia in Al Madinah Province. Wadi Sawawin covers one of Saudi Arabia's largest iron deposits, with an estimated reserve of 383 million tonnes of ore grading 40% iron.
# Aktash, Altai Republic

Aktash (Russian: Акташ; Altay: Ак-Таш, Ak-Taş; Kazakh: Ақташ, Aqtaş) is a rural locality (a selo) in Ulagansky District, the Altai Republic, Russia. The population was 2418 as of 2016. There are 24 streets.

## Geography

Aktash is located on the southern slope of Kuray Mountains, 55 km southwest of Ulagan (the district's administrative centre) by road. Chibit is the nearest rural locality.
# Yerco Oyanedel

Yerco Abraham Oyanedel Hernández (born 19 September 2000) is a Chilean professional footballer who plays as a left-back.

## Club career

Oyanedel debuted the year 2019 in the match against Union la Calera in Calera, on the following date.
In 2023 and 2024, Oyanedel played for Deportes Copiapó.

## International career

At early age, he represented Chile at under-15 level at the 2015 South American U-15 Championship and winning the friendly 2015 Aspire Tri-Series International Tournament in Doha, Qatar. At under-17 level, he represented Chile at two friendly matches against USA U17, at the 2017 South American U-17 Championship – Chile was the runner-up – and at the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Also, he played all the matches for Chile U17 at the friendly tournament Lafarge Foot Avenir 2017 in France, better known as Tournament Limoges, where Chile became champion after defeating Belgium U18 and Poland U18 and drawing France U18.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of 1 March 2022
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National Cup | National Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Universidad Católica | 2019 | Primera División | — | — | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| Rangers (loan) | 2020 | Primera B | 27 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 27 | 1 |
| Unión La Calera (loan) | 2021 | Primera División | 31 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0 | — | — | 39 | 0 |
| Unión La Calera (loan) | 2022 | Primera División | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 4 | 0 |
| Unión La Calera (loan) | Total | Total | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 10 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 62 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 71 | 1 |
* ↑ Appearance(s) in the Copa Libertadores

## Honours
### Club
#### Universidad Católica

* Primera División (2): 2018, 2019
* Supercopa de Chile (1): 2019
* Friendlies (1): Torneo de Verano Fox Sports 2019

### International
#### Chile U15

* Aspire Tri-Series International Tournament: 2015

#### Chile U17

* Tournoi de Limoges: 2017
# Hassium tetroxide

Hassium tetroxide (also hassium(VIII) oxide) is the inorganic compound with the formula HsO$_4$. It is the highest oxide of hassium, a transactinide transition metal. It has little use outside of scientific interest, where it is often studied in comparison to osmium tetroxide and ruthenium tetroxide, its lighter octavalent group 8 element analogs.

## Physical properties

Because of the extreme cost and difficulty of producing hassium, hassium tetroxide has never been obtained in macroscopic amounts, as only a few molecules have ever been synthesized. As a result, many of its physical properties are experimentally uncharacterized and unknown. However, most research available generally shows hassium tetroxide to behave like a typical congener to osmium tetroxide. Hassium tetroxide is less volatile than osmium tetroxide.

## Synthesis

Hassium tetroxide can be obtained by reacting atomic hassium with oxygen at 600 °C.
       Hs + 2 O$_2$ → HsO$_4$

## Reactions

Hassium tetroxide can be combined with sodium hydroxide in an acid-base reaction, in which case it acts like the acid, to form sodium hassate(VIII):
       HsO$_4$ + 2 NaOH → Na$_2$[HsO$_4$(OH)$_2$]
# Taitosmith

Taitosmith (Thai: ไททศมิตร; stylized as TaitosmitH) is a Thai rock band that defines itself as "a modern phleng phuea chiwit (Thai protest song) band".

## History

The band was formed in 2018 by two indie musicians, Itkron "Jaii" Pungkiatrussamee and Trinnasit "Most" Siripitchayasan. Then there were many others who joined until six was complete. They achieved rapid success with two easy listening singles Pattaya Lover and Pen Ta Li Tone (เป็นตะลิโตน) along with being invited to join the Thai PBS show "Nak Phajol Phleng", followed up with the third single Hello Mama in the same genre at the end of the year with lyrics in English mixed with Isan dialect.
The band has signed with Gene Lab in GMM Grammy network because the executive Panthapol "Ohm" Prasarnrajkit of the band Cocktail have watched the music clip Daeng Kub Kheo (แดงกับเขียว; "Red and Green") so they were persuaded to join in with the release of their first album TaitosmitH in 2019.
In early 2022, Taitosmith released the second album Phuea Chiwit Ku (เพื่อชีวิตกู; "For My Life") with a song that became viral in TikTok Nak Leng Kao (นักเลงเก่า; "Former Gangster") which is the soundtrack of the popular crime film 4 Kings that the vocalist Jaii also starred. Along with another song Thai Tae (ไทเท่; "Cool Thai") that features with the late luk thung (Thai country song) singer and national artist Waiphot Phetsuphan. It became Phetsuphan's last work.
Taitosmith's songs focuses on aspects of society, human life, economic issues, as well as political satire.
Name of the band "Taitosmith" consists of three elements. Tai (ไท) means "freedom", tos (ทศ) means "ten" and mith (มิตร) means "friendship". The overall meaning is "a group of 10 freedom lovers who start and run everything in friendship". Even though there were only six people, but they also remembered the people involved both in front and behind the scenes of their success. Therefore, a descriptive name of ten is used.
The band's symbol resembles a Sao Chingcha (giant swing) or a Paifang (traditional Chinese arch) owing the band's name is a play on the words of the two English letters T and H.

## Members

* Itkron "Jaii" Pungkiatrussamee – vocals, guitar
* Trinnasit "Most" Siripitchayasan – vocals, guitar
* Pannasit "Min" Sukahotu – guitar solo
* Thanakit "J" Songmuang – keyboard
* Jatsada "Jat" Panya – bass guitar
* Patanapoom "Tuke" Chaumpol – drums

## Discography
### Studio albums

* TaitosmitH (ไททศมิตร; 2019)
* Phuea Chiwit Ku (เพื่อชีวิตกู; 2022)

### Special album

* TaitosmitH Special Boxset (limited edition; 2021)

## Original soundtrack

| Year | Thai title | Translate | For | Notes |
| 2020 | Yu-Titum (ยุติ-ธรรม) | "Justice" | Nemesis | |
| 2021 | Nak Leng Kao (นักเลงเก่า) | "Former Gangster" | 4 Kings | feat D Gerrard |
| 2021 | Mung Kub Ku (มึงกับกู) | "You & I" | 4 Kings | solo by Jaii |
# Magne Aarøen

Magne Aarøen (April 28, 1944 in Innvik – June 27, 2003) was a Norwegian politician for the Christian People's Party (KrF). He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Sogn og Fjordane in 2001.
He previously served as a deputy representative from 1981 to 1985 and 1993–1997, and was the mayor of Selje from 1981 to 1983.

## Parliamentary Committees

* 2001 - 2003 member of the Standing Committee on Social Affairs.
# National Outbreak Reporting System

The National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) is a web-based application managed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) used primarily for reporting outbreaks of enteric diseases.

## History

NORS was launched in 2009 for use by staff working within public health departments in individual states, territories, and the Freely Associated States (composed of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of Palau; formerly parts of the U.S.-administered Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands). Health departments are responsible for determining which staff members have access to NORS.
NORS replaced the electronic Foodborne Outbreak Reporting System (eFORS), which was the primary tool for reporting foodborne disease outbreaks to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) since 2001. NORS also replaced the paper-based reporting system used during 1971–2008 to report waterborne disease outbreaks to the Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Reporting System (WBDOSS). The transition to electronic waterborne disease outbreak reporting is, in large part, a response to the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) position statement titled "Improving Detection, Investigation, and Reporting of Waterborne Disease Outbreaks."
Separate sections in NORS for enteric person-to-person and animal-to-person disease outbreak reports are intended to enhance the information available to quantify, describe, and understand these types of outbreaks at a national level.

## Functionality

Only authorized users of state, local, and territorial public health agencies or other organizations are granted access to use NORS. When an outbreak occurs, these agencies begin an investigation by collecting and testing specimens. The health departments then report their findings through NORS, where the data is aggregated and analyzed by the CDC. Detailed information on how to use NORS is available on the CDC website. These training materials explain the process for creating reports, uploading laboratory and outbreak data, and addressing entry issues.
# James A. Hamilton

James Albert Hamilton (January 24, 1876 New York City – May 7, 1950) was an American politician from New York.

## Life

He was the son of John Coulter Hamilton, an Irish immigrant who came to New York in 1864, and Margaret Scott (Vance) Hamilton. He attended Public School No. 32 in Manhattan, and graduated from New York Evening High School in 1892, and B.A. from University of Rochester in 1898. He was a school teacher in New York City from 1898 to 1914. While teaching, he took graduation courses, and received the degrees of M.A. in 1903, LL.B. in 1904 and Ph.D in 1909. On October 11, 1904, he married Georgiana Elizabeth Montgomery, and they had six children.
He was a member of the New York State Senate (22nd D.) in 1915 and 1916. He was NYC Commissioner of Correction from 1918 to 1922. He was Secretary of State of New York from 1923 to 1924, elected at the New York state election, 1922 but defeated for re-election at the New York state election, 1924. He was an alternate delegate to the 1928 Democratic National Convention. He was New York State Industrial Commissioner from 1925 to 1929.

## Sources

* The opening of free ice stations, in NYT on July 9, 1919
* His statement on the gas price, in NYT on November 1922
* NYC Correction History
* Bio transcribed from The Bronx and Its People (1927)
Party political offices :
| Preceded byHarriet May Mills | Democratic nominee for Secretary of State of New York 1922, 1924 | Succeeded byNone |
| New York State Senate |||
| Preceded byAnthony J. Griffin | New York State Senate 22nd District 1915–1916 | Succeeded byJohn V. Sheridan |
| Political offices |||
| Preceded byJohn J. Lyons | New York Secretary of State 1923–1924 | Succeeded byFlorence E. S. Knapp |
# Bundeshaus (Berlin)

The Bundeshaus (Federal House) is a building in the district of Wilmersdorf in Berlin, Germany that is the domicile of Federal Government agencies in Berlin, among others the Federal Office of Administration.

## History

The Bundeshaus was built between 1893 and 1895 as an administrative building for the Royal Prussian Artillerie Prüfungskommission.
After partial destruction during World War II, it was restored and re-opened by the West German Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer on 17 April 1950. Between 1950 and 1990 it served as the seat of the Federal Plenipotentiary (Bundesbevollmächtigter), Bonn's representative in the city of West Berlin and as the West Berlin outpost of several federal government agencies, some of which have completely moved to Berlin in separate buildings since the reunification.

## Berlin Memorial Plaque

On 19 July 1990, a Berlin Memorial Plaque commemorating the Generals Erich Hoepner and Henning von Tresckow, who worked in the building, was unveiled in the building.