OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ajnala, India

Ajnala is a town, near Amritsar city and a nagar panchayat in Amritsar district in the state of Punjab, India. Kalian Wala Khuh, a martyrs place, is a tourist destination.
Ajnala is located at 31°50′N 74°46′E﻿ / ﻿31.84°N 74.76°E﻿ / 31.84; 74.76 in western Punjab near the border with Pakistan. It has an average elevation of 213 metres (698 feet). Ajnala is the hometown of famous Indo-Canadian Punjabi singer AP Dhillon. During his 2021 India tour, Dhillon visited his Ajnala .

## History
### Indian Rebellion of 1857

During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, 282 sepoys of the 26th Native Infantry mutinied at Lahore and subsequently surrendered, believing they were going to be given a fair trial. They were summarily executed without trial by Frederick Henry Cooper, then–deputy commissioner of the district. The bodies were dumped into a deep dry well near the police station which was later filled with charcoal, lime, and dirt. In March 2014 the head of a local Sikh gurdwara announced that the remains of those buried had been uncovered in the excavation of a well within the shrine. The well is known as Shaheedan da Khu in the Punjabi language, which means "the martyrs’ well".

#### Shaheedan da Khu

* Inscription of Kalianwala Khu ( Black well) or Shaheedan da Khu
* Memorial of Kalianwala Khu ( Black well) or Shaheedan da Khu under construction
* Kalianwala Khu ( Black well) or Shaheedan da Khu, Ajnala

#### Old Tehsil, Ajnala

Old Tehsil, Ajnala is part of List of State Protected Monuments in Punjab, India and at S-PB-4.
* Pillar from the entrance
* inner view
* inner view
* Pillar and main boundary wall from the entrance
* outer left pillar from the main entrance
* outer pillar and boundary wall

## Demographics

As of 2011 census, Ajnala has population of 21,107 of which 11,347 are males while 9,760 are females. Literacy rate of Ajnala is 82.19 % higher than state average of 75.84 %. In Ajnala, Male literacy is around 86.05 % while female literacy rate is 77.72 %. Ajnala Nagar Panchayat has total administration over 4,060 houses to which it supplies basic amenities. Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 2397 which is 11.36 % of total population of Ajnala (NP).
The table below shows the population of different religious groups in Ajnala city and their gender ratio, as of 2011 census.
Population by religious groups in Ajnala city, 2011 census :
| Religion | Total | Female | Male | Gender ratio |
| Sikh | 11,122 | 5,283 | 5,839 | 904 |
| Hindu | 7,831 | 3,467 | 4,364 | 794 |
| Christian | 1,953 | 927 | 1,026 | 903 |
| Muslim | 166 | 69 | 97 | 711 |
| Buddhist | 3 | 1 | 2 | 500 |
| Not stated | 32 | 13 | 19 | 684 |
| Total | 21,107 | 9,760 | 11,347 | 860 |

## Politics

The city is part of the Ajnala Assembly Constituency.
# Robert Gordon (gridiron football)

Robert Gordon (born July 9, 1968) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for thirteen seasons in the Canadian Football League (CFL), six of those for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. He was a CFL Eastern All Star in 1999 and 2000. In 1998, 2001–2002 and 2005, he played in the Arena Football League for several teams.

## Coaching career

Gordan was an assistant coach for the Omaha Mammoths of the Fall Experimental Football League in 2014. On May 9, 2017, Gordon was introduced as the new head coach of the Shenyang Black Rhinos of the China Arena Football League.
Gordon was honoured in October 2018 at the annual Hall of Fame Legacy Dinner for the Winnipeg Football Club.
Gordan was named wide receivers coach for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League in June 2019. He coached for the Alouettes for two seasons, but was not retained following the 2021 season.
# William Koskelin

Karl William (K. W.) Koskelin (16 May 1865 – 12 September 1957) was a Finnish farmer, banker, agronomist and politician, born in Saarijärvi. He was a member of the Diet of Finland in 1899, 1900, from 1904 to 1905 and 1905 to 1906 and of the Parliament of Finland from 1907 to 1909, from 1910 to 1911 and from 1916 to 1917, representing the Young Finnish Party.
# Charlevoix—Saguenay (provincial electoral district)

Charlevoix-Saguenay (French pronunciation:) was a former provincial electoral district in the province of Quebec, Canada.
It was created for the 1912 election from parts of the Charlevoix and Chicoutimi-Saguenay districts. Its final election was in 1944. It disappeared in the 1948 election and its successor electoral districts were Charlevoix and Saguenay.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

* Pierre D'Auteuil, Conservative Party (1912–1919)
* Philippe Dufour, Liberal (1919–1927)
* Edgar Rochette, Liberal (1927–1936)
* Arthur Leclerc Union Nationale (1936–1939)
* Edgar Rochette, Liberal (1939–1944)
* Arthur Leclerc, Union Nationale (1944-1948)
# Juho Halme

Johan Valdemar "Juho" Halme (born Johan Valdemar Eliasson; 24 May 1888 – 1 February 1918) was a Finnish track and field athlete who competed in the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics and won six Finnish championships in various events in 1907–1916. He died during the Finnish Civil War. He was born and died in Helsinki.

## Athletics
### Olympics

Halme represented Finland in two Olympic Games.
Juho Halme at the Olympic Games :
| Games | Event | Rank | Result | Notes on source |
| 1908 Summer Olympics | Javelin throw | 6th | 44.96 | From New York Herald. His mark was not officially recorded. |
| 1908 Summer Olympics | Freestyle javelin throw | 9th | 39.88 | Source: |
| 1908 Summer Olympics | Shot put | 9th–25th | unknown | Source: |
| 1908 Summer Olympics | Triple jump | 18th–20th | unknown | From The Sportsman and The People. Many sources do not list him competing in this event. |
| 1908 Summer Olympics | Discus throw | Did not start | Did not start | Source: |
| 1912 Summer Olympics | Javelin throw | 4th | 54.65 | |
| 1912 Summer Olympics | Two handed javelin throw | 9th | 88.54 | |
| 1912 Summer Olympics | Triple jump | 11th | 13.79 | |

### National

Halme broke two Finnish records in athletics:
* 16 May 1912, javelin throw, 56.54
* 16 June 1912, triple jump, 13.95
He also became the second Finn to throw javelin over 60 meters.
He won six golds in the Finnish Championships in Athletics:
* triple jump in 1907, 1910 and 1911
* long jump in 1912
* javelin throw in 1914
* pentathlon in 1916
Halme competed in the British AAA Championships and finished second behind Ivar Sahlin in the triple jump event and second behind Mór Kóczán in the javelin at the 1914 AAA Championships.
He was the secretary of Helsingin Reipas in 1906–1907 and the chairman of Helsingin Kisa-Veikot in 1909–1918.

## Other

His parents were mason Johan David Eliasson and Amanda Sofia Jusenius. He finnicized his name from Eliasson to Halme in 1905.
Halme was the copy editor of Suomen Urheilulehti in 1912–1917 and the chief executive officer of its publisher Urheilijain Kustannus in 1911–1917.
He wrote the first Finnish language history of a sports club in 1907, on Helsingin Reipas.
Sportswriter Yrjö Halme was his brother. Together they founded the sports almanac Urheilukalenteri.

### Death

Halme had been the manager of sports equipment shop Suomen Urheiluaitta since 1917. In the opening days of the Finnish Civil War, clothing and shoes from their stock were distributed to members of the White Guard fleeing Helsinki. In retaliation, Halme was shot on the stairs of the Helsinki Cathedral by Red Guardsmen and died of his wounds in hospital the following day.
# Susan Broman

Susan Mirjam Broman, married name Lönnqvist, (born 28 July 1959) is a Finnish former competitive figure skater. She is a two-time Finnish national champion (1974, 1979) and competed at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, finishing 17th.

## Competitive highlights

International :
| Event | 73–74 | 74–75 | 75–76 | 76–77 | 77–78 | 78–79 | 79–80 |
| Winter Olympics | | | | | | | 17th |
| World Champ. | 27th | | | 16th | | | 17th |
| European Champ. | 26th | 24th | | | 15th | 13th | 14th |
| Ennia Challenge | | | | | 2nd | | |
| Nordics | 3rd | 1st | 3rd | | 2nd | 1st | |
| National ||||||||
| Finnish Champ. | 1st | | | | | 1st | |
| WD: Withdrew ||||||||
# Bordwell thermodynamic cycle

A Bordwell thermodynamic cycle use experimentally determined and reasonable estimates of Gibbs free energy (ΔG˚) values to determine unknown and experimentally inaccessible values.

## Overview

Analogous to Hess's law which deal with the summation of enthalpy (ΔH) values, Bordwell thermodynamic cycles deal with the summation of Gibbs free energy (ΔG) values. Free energies used in these systems are most often determined from equilibriums and redox potentials, both of which correlate with free energy. This is with the caveat that redox scales are not absolute and thus it is important that all electrons are evaluated in redox pairs. This removes the offset of a given reference potential, otherwise the values are reported as potentials (V) against that reference. It is also worth recognizing that the values of the pK$_a$ system are just moderately transformed K$_{eq}$ values.
When working with equilibrium energy values such as ΔG˚ and E˚$_{1/2}$ values it common to employ a naught (˚) symbol. The naught has a two-component definition. The first more common component is that it refers to the physical conditions being at standard state. The second more significant component is that energy refers to an equilibrium energy even if there is a conditionally defined standard state. Just as activation energy with the double dagger ΔG$^‡$ refers the energy difference between reactants and the transition state, ΔG˚ refers to the energy difference between reactants and products. The nought is assumed when working with equilibrium values such as K$_{eq}$ and pK$_a$.
The example below contains four reactions that can be related through their associated free energies. [ An example of the former is the dissolution of ammonium nitrate. This process is spontaneous even though it is endothermic. It occurs because the favored increase in disorder that accompanies dissolution outweighs the unfavored increase in energy.] Given any three values and the fourth can be calculated. Its important to note that the fourth reaction in the series is an inverted homolytic bond cleavage stated in terms of free energy. The chemical transformation for the associated -ΔG˚ is the same it would be for a bond dissociation energy (BDE). However, the -ΔG˚ is not a BDE, since BDE are by definition stated in terms of enthalpy (ΔH˚). The two values are of course related by ΔG˚ = ΔH˚ - TΔS˚ and as a result educated comparisons can be made between ΔG˚ and ΔH˚.
    R- ⇌ e- + R$^.$ (Reaction 1)
       ΔG$^o$ $_{rxn1}$ = -nFE˚$_{1/2}$
    H$^+$ + e- ⇌ H$^.$ (Reaction 2)
       ΔG$^o$ $_{rxn2}$ = -nFE˚$_{1/2}$
    RH ⇌ H$^+$ + R- (Reaction 3)
       ΔG$^o$ $_{rxn3}$ = RT(2.303)pK$_a$
    R$^.$ + H$^.$ ⇌ RH (Reaction 4)
       ΔG$^o$ $_{rxn4}$ = -RTln(K$_{eq}$)

## Conversions

Relationships between K$_{eq}$, pK$_{eq}$, E˚$_{1/2}$, and ΔG˚.
    ΔG˚ = -RTln(K$_{eq}$)
    ΔG˚ = (2.303)RT(pK$_{eq}$)
    ΔG˚ = -nFE˚$_{1/2}$
Useful conversion factors:
    -23.06 (kcal/mol)(e$^−$)$^{−1}$(V)$^{−1}$
    1.37(pK$_{eq}$) kcal/mol
    1.37[-log(K$_{eq}$)] kcal/mol
# Tuovi Sappinen

Tuovi Sappinen (born 8 April 1941) is a Finnish gymnast. She competed in six events at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
# Nigel Ashurst

Nigel Ashurst is a former association football player who represented New Zealand at international level.
Ashurst played three official full internationals for New Zealand, making his debut in a 3–1 win over New Caledonia on 30 September 1972. His other two matches were a 1–3 loss to Australia on 9 September and a 1–1 draw with Indonesia on 10 October 1972.
# Richmond, Virginia slave market

The Richmond, Virginia slave market was the largest slave market in the Upper South region of the United States in the 1840s and 1850s. An estimated 3,000 to 9,000 slaves were sold out of Virginia annually between 1820 and 1860, many of them through Richmond (as well as Norfolk, Alexandria, Lynchburg, and other Virginia towns). Richmond's slave traders clustered their jails and auction rooms on Wall Street, a narrow alley in a section of the city called Shockhoe Bottom, the valley created by Shockoe Creek, which bisected the city. Traders also used the offices and meeting rooms at the Exchange Hotel, St. Charles Hotel, City Hotel and Odd Fellows' Hall. A visitor of 1852 reported, "There are four [slave depots], and all in the same street, not more than two blocks from the Exchange Hotel, where we are staying. These slave depots are in one of the most frequented streets of the place, and the sales are conducted in the building, on the first floor; and within view of the passers-by. There are small screens, behind which the men of mature years are taken for inspection; but the men and the boys are publicly examined in the open store, before an audience of full one hundred." He reported that only three of 20 men so exhibited had "clean backs" unmarked by whip scarring.
Some of the slaves collected in Richmond were resold to local buyers but in most cases it was a transit camp where slave traders from the cotton and sugar districts of Lower South collected shipping lots for resell at higher prices in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas, and Texas. "Virginia negroes" were considered a premium product relative to slaves from, say, Missouri, and thus their place of origin was often advertised as such as the New Orleans and Natchez slave markets.
# Franz Muhri

Franz Muhri (1924–2001) was a politician who headed the Communist Party of Austria between 1965 and 1990.

## Early life and education

Muhri was born in Steyregg, Upper Austria, on 21 October 1924. He completed his primary school education worked in various jobs. He attended evening courses on typing and bookkeeping. He joined the resistance movement after Austria was annexed to Nazi Germany in March 1938.

## Career and activities

Muhri worked as a construction worker in Graz until 1942 when he was drafted into the army, but he escaped from the city and went underground in western Styria until the end of World War II. He joined the Communist Party in 1945 when it was reestablished. He served as the district secretary of the party in Mödling in the 1950s.
Muhri was elected as the chairman of the party in 1965 succeeding Johann Koplenig in the post. One of the most significant incidents during Muhri's tenure was the expulsion of progressive party members, including Franz Marek and Ernst Fischer, in late 1960s. Muhri participated some congresses of the Soviet Communist Party, including the 27th Congress held in 1986. He led the party until 1990. He retired from politics the same year.

### Views

Muhri was part of the moderate group within the Communist Party when he was elected as party leader in 1965. However, he began to collaborate with the conservative group within the party from the 21st Party Congress in May 1970. He argued in his speech at the European Communist Parties Conference held in East Berlin in June 1976 that the Soviet Union was the most powerful socialist state and a major drive for peace.
The Communist Party under the leadership of Muhri did not endorse the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union in 1968. He himself stated that the invasion was harmful to the entire communist movement. However, the party adopted a much more hard line approach from 1970. It supported the reforms declared by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.

## Personal life, work and death

Muhri had a daughter. He was published a book entitled Kein Ende der Geschichte (German: No end of history) dated 1995.
Muhri died of cancer in Vienna on 7 September 2001 at the age of 76.
# SDSO

SDSO may refer to:
* San Diego County Sheriff's Office, a law enforcement agency in San Diego County, California
* Scottish Dark Sky Observatory, a former astronomical observatory in Scotland
* South Dakota Symphony Orchestra, an American orchestra from Sioux Falls, South Dakota
# North Street, Hampshire

North Street is a hamlet in the parish of Ropley in Hampshire, England. The hamlet lies on the A31 road from Alton to Winchester.

## Etymology

North Street is first recorded in 1347 as 'North st.' . Later spellings are 'Northstreete' in 1521 and 'Northstrete' in 1568. The name derives from Old English 'strǽt', meaning a settlement around a road or lane. The 'north' element refers to its placement north of Ropley.

## History

North Street is one of the few areas of Ropley where Romano-British settlement is known. It is unclear what sort of settlement, but metal detecting groups have uncovered a large amount of Roman finds, including pottery, coins, brooches and masonry, both to the Northeast and west of the hamlet. There is also a Romano-British enclosure recorded here.

## Notable buildings

* Manor Farmhouse, a late 18th century building with later expansions and with brick walls in Flemish bond.
* Turnpike Cottage, a 17th-century cottage with later 18th century additions.
* Ropelia Cottage, a 17th-century cottage with late 20thcentury renovations.
* North Street Farmhouse, a 1730 cottage with a 1925 casement.
# Finswimming World Championships

The Finswimming World Championships is the peak international event for the underwater sport of finswimming. These are conducted on behalf of the sport's governing body, Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) by an affiliated national federation.

## Scheduling

The championship is split into two events on the basis of age for both male and female swimmers - seniors (i.e. 18 years and older) and juniors (i.e. 12 to 17 years old). The senior championship was first held in 1976 while the junior championship was first held in 1989. From 1976 to 1990, the senior championships were held every four years, except for the championship held in Moscow during 1982, and from 1990 to 2006 it was held every two years. The junior championship has been held every two years from 1993, with the exception of the years 2005 and 2006. As of 2007, the championships have been held every two years, with the senior age group event being held in the odd years starting with 2007, while the junior age group event is held in even years starting with 2008.

## Organization

A world championship is conducted at two sites within a geographical locality - one being an olympic-size swimming pool (also known as a long course pool) and the other being an open water site suitable for long-distance finswimming.
The pool competition is carried out over five days with qualifying heats held in the morning and finals held in the afternoon. Races are conducted in the following techniques and distances for both male and female swimmers:
* Surface finswimming (SF) - individual races for distances of 50m, 100m, 200m, 400m, 800m and 1500m, and relays for 4 × 100 m, 4 × 200 m and 4×50 (mixed).
* Bi-Fins (BF, also known as ‘Stereo-fins’) - 50m, 100m, 200m and 400m, and relays for 4×100 (mixed).
* Apnoea finswimming (AP also known as ‘apnea’) - 50m while juniors younger than 14 years old swim only 25m.
* Immersion finswimming (IM) - 100m and 400m.
As of 2014, the long-distance competition is held over one day for senior and juniors swimmers with the following schedule: Morning - 4 x 2 km mixed team relay (2 men and 2 women) and Afternoon - 6 km individual swim. National federations may register a maximum of one relay team and a maximum of four individuals for the 6 km race. Long distance swimming is only open to SF and BF techniques.

## Championships

In 1988 to 2005, World Championship in Long Distance Fins (LFD) was also held (World Championships in Long Distance Fins). Since 2006 competitions at all distances have been held at a single world championship.
# National Pedagogic University (Mexico)

The National Pedagogic University (Spanish: Universidad Pedagógica Nacional - UPN) is Mexico's national university for teacher training. The main campus, directly adjacent to the Colegio de México in Mexico City, hosts more than 5,000 students and is the largest of more than 70 UPN campuses nationwide. The university offers both undergraduate (licenciatura) and graduate programs of study.
UPN is in the process of being separated from the Secretaría de Educación Pública and becoming autonomous.

## Unidades
### Mexico City

* Ajusco (flagship)
* Centro
* Azacapotzalco
* Norte
* Sur
* Oriente
* Poniente

### Rest of Republic

* Acapulco
* Aguascalientes
* Atizapán de Zaragoza
* Autlán
* Campeche
* Celaya
* Chetumal
* Chihuahua
* Chilpancingo
* Ciudad Juárez
* Ciudad del Carmen
* Ciudad Guzmán
* Ciudad Valles
* Ciudad Victoria
* Coatzacoalcos
* Colima
* Cuernavaca
* Culiacán
* Durango
* Guadalajara
* Guadalupe
* Guanajuato
* Hermosillo
* Iguala
* Ixtepec
* Jalapa
* La Paz
* León
* Matamoros
* Mazatlán
* Mérida
* Mexicali
* Monclova
* Monterrey
* Morelia
* Navojoa
* Nogales
* Nuevo Laredo
* Oaxaca
* Orizaba
* Pachuca
* Parral
* Piedras Negras
* Poza Rica
* Puebla
* Querétaro
* Reynosa
* Saltillo
* San Cristóbal Ecatepec
* San Luis Potosí
* Tampico
* Tapachula
* Tehuacán
* Tepic
* Teziutlán
* Tijuana
* Tlapa
* Tlaquepaque
* Tlaxcala
* Toluca
* Torreón
* Tuxtepec
* Tuxtla Gutiérrez
* Uruapan
* Veracruz
* Villahermosa
* Zacatecas
* Zamora
* Zapopan
* Zitácuaro
# Landcross, Devon

Landcross is a hamlet and civil parish in the local government district of Torridge, Devon, England. The parish, which is the smallest in Devon, lies just south of the town of Bideford. It is bordered clockwise from the north by the parishes of Bideford, Weare Giffard, Monkleigh, and Littleham, its eastern border being formed by a meander of the River Torridge and the western by the River Yeo. In 2001 its population was 70, compared to 58 in 1901.
The small parish church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, has ancient origins; it was rebuilt in 1435 but retains its Norman font. It also contains some finely carved early 16th-century bench-ends. General George Monck, who lived at Great Potheridge in Merton parish to the south, was baptised here in 1608. Its tower was replaced by a turret after it was destroyed by a lightning strike in the 1820s.
Near to Pillmouth on the River Torridge was the entrance to the Rolle Canal, opened in 1827. An extension of the London and South Western Railway between Bideford and Great Torrington was opened in 1872, and the line which ran through the parish now forms part of the Tarka Trail of footpaths and cycle routes.
# Gunnar Johansson (water polo)

Gunnar Johansson (born 20 May 1957) is a Swedish water polo player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
# Tage Jönsson

Tage Jönsson (10 June 1920 – 22 August 2001) was a Swedish racewalker. He competed in the men's 50 kilometres walk at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
# Örjan Jonsson

Örjan Jonsson (born 8 November 1969) is a retired Swedish curler.
He is a 1994 World men's silver medallist.

## Teams

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Alternate | Coach | Events |
| 1986–87 | Tomas Nordin | Örjan Jonsson | Glenn Haglund | Stefan Timan | | | SJCC 1987 WJCC 1987 (7th) |
| 1990–91 | Tomas Nordin | Örjan Jonsson | Stefan Timan | Jan Wallin | Peja Lindholm (WJCC) | | SJCC 1991 WJCC 1991 (7th) |
| 1992–93 | Peter Lindholm | Tomas Nordin | Magnus Swartling | Peter Narup | Örjan Jonsson | | SMCC 1993 WCC 1993 (6th) |
| 1993–94 | Peter Lindholm | Tomas Nordin | Magnus Swartling | Peter Narup | Örjan Jonsson | | ECC 1993 (5th) |
| 1993–94 | Jan-Olov Nässén | Anders Lööf | Mikael Ljungberg | Leif Sätter | Örjan Jonsson | | WCC 1994 |
| 1995–96 | Lars-Åke Nordström | Jan Strandlund | Örjan Jonsson | Owe Ljungdahl | | | SMCC 1996 |
| 1996–97 | Lars-Åke Nordström | Jan Strandlund | Örjan Jonsson | Owe Ljungdahl | Hans Nordin | Stefan Hasselborg | ECC 1996 |
| 2001–02 | Bosse Sjölund | Jan Wallin | Anders Lööf | Örjan Jonsson | | | |
| 2003–04 | Örjan Jonsson | Per Granqvist | Jan Wallin | Flemming Patz | | | |
# Stefan Jonsson (weightlifter)

Stefan Jonsson (born 2 June 1956) is a Swedish weightlifter and bodybuilder. He competed in the men's light heavyweight event at the 1980 Summer Olympics.