OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# President Range

The President Range is a mountain range of the Canadian Rockies, located in the northwestern section of Yoho National Park. The range is named for the highest peak in the range, The President.

## List of Mountains

This range includes the following mountains:
| Name | Elevation | Elevation | Prominence | Prominence | FA | Coordinates |
| Name | m | ft | m | ft | FA | Coordinates |
| The President | 3,138 | 10,295 | 658 | 2,159 | 1901 | 51°30′3″N 116°33′43″W﻿ / ﻿51.50083°N 116.56194°W﻿ / 51.50083; -116.56194 |
| The Vice President | 3,077 | 10,095 | 157 | 515 | 1901 | 51°30′2″N 116°33′0″W﻿ / ﻿51.50056°N 116.55000°W﻿ / 51.50056; -116.55000 |
| Mount Carnarvon | 3,046 | 9,993 | 406 | 1,332 | 1904 | 51°28′13″N 116°35′20″W﻿ / ﻿51.47028°N 116.58889°W﻿ / 51.47028; -116.58889 |
| Michael Peak | 2,701 | 8,862 | 45 | 148 | 1900 | 51°28′58″N 116°30′47″W﻿ / ﻿51.48278°N 116.51306°W﻿ / 51.48278; -116.51306 |
| Mount Field | 2,643 | 8,671 | 182 | 597 | 1887 | 51°25′50″N 116°27′50″W﻿ / ﻿51.43056°N 116.46389°W﻿ / 51.43056; -116.46389 |
| Mount Burgess | 2,599 | 8,527 | 418 | 1,371 | 1892 | 51°25′12″N 116°30′19″W﻿ / ﻿51.42000°N 116.50528°W﻿ / 51.42000; -116.50528 |
| Emerald Peak | 2,566 | 8,419 | 166 | 545 | | 51°27′35″N 116°34′13″W﻿ / ﻿51.45972°N 116.57028°W﻿ / 51.45972; -116.57028 |
Download coordinates as:
* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)
# California bearing ratio

The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is a measure of the strength of the subgrade of a road or other paved area, and of the materials used in its construction.
The ratio is measured using a standardized penetration test first developed by the California Division of Highways for highway engineering. Empirical tests measure the strength of the material and are not a true representation of the resilient modulus.

## Definition

The CBR is the ratio of the bearing load that penetrates a material to a specific depth compared with the load giving the same penetration into crushed stone. The test measures neither Stiffness Modulus nor Shear Strength directly, but gives a combined measure of both.
Penetration is measured by applying the bearing load on the sample using a standard plunger of diameter 50 mm at the rate of 1.25 mm/min. The CBR is expressed as a percentage of the actual load causing the penetrations of 2.5 mm or 5.0 mm to the standard loads on crushed stone. A load penetration curve is drawn. The load values on standard crushed stones are 1,370 kgf (13.44 kN) and 2,055 kgf (20.15 kN) at 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm penetrations respectively.
The CBR can be mathematically expressed as:
$CBR={\frac {p}{p_{s}}}\cdot 100\%$
| $p\quad$ | = measured pressure for site soils [N/mm$^2$] |
| $p_{s}\quad$ | = pressure to achieve equal penetration on standard crushed stone [N/mm$^2$] |

## Test procedure

The CBR test is a penetration test in which a standard piston, with a diameter of 50 mm (1.969 in), is used to penetrate the soil at a standard rate of 1.25 mm/minute.
Although the force increases with the depth of penetration, in most cases, it does not increase as quickly as it does for the standard crushed rock, so the ratio decreases. In some cases, the ratio at 5 mm may be greater than that at 2.5 mm. If this occurs, the ratio at 5 mm should be used. The CBR measures a material's resistance to penetration of a standard plunger under controlled density and moisture conditions. The test procedure should be strictly adhered to if a high degree of reproducibility is desired. The CBR test may be conducted on a remolded or undisturbed specimen in the laboratory. The test is simple and has been extensively investigated for field correlations of flexible pavement thickness requirements.
The laboratory CBR apparatus consists of a mould of 150 mm diameter with a base plate and a collar, a loading frame and dial gauges for measuring the penetration values and the expansion on soaking. If a soaked (wet) measurement is desired, the specimen in the mould is soaked in water for four days and the swelling and water absorption values are noted. The surcharge weight is placed on the top of the specimen in the mould and the assembly is placed under the plunger of the loading frame.

## Example values

CBR values for common soil subgrades can be estimated according to the USC soil types, for example: clay around 2%, sand from 7% (poorly graded) to 10% (well graded), well graded sandy gravel 15%, clayey sand 5-20%, silty gravel 20-60%, gravel from 30-60% poorly-graded to 40-80% if well-graded.
# Sam Bell (politician)

Samuel W. Bell (born July 7, 1989) is an American geologist and politician who serves in the Rhode Island State Senate representing the 5th district in Providence. A Democrat, he was first elected to the senate in the 2018 elections, and assumed office in 2019. Bell is a member of the Democratic Socialists of America.

## Background

Bell attended Amherst College where he earned a Bachelor's degree in Astronomy and Geology. Bell also attended Brown University where he earned a master's degree in Geosciences and a PhD in Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Science. When not in the senate, Bell works as a geologist.

## Political career

Bell decided to become involved in politics as a result of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Newtown, Connecticut in 2012. Bell defeated incumbent senator Paul Jabour in the Democratic primary in September 2018, and ran unopposed in the general election. He assumed office on January 1, 2019.
Bell ran for re-election in 2020, being challenged in the Democratic primary by majority leader of the Providence City Council Jo-Ann Ryan. Bell defeated Ryan by 50 percentage points, and ran unopposed in the general election.
In 2022, Bell proposed legislation that "would impose fines and double the taxes of those who refuse COVID-19 vaccine".

## Personal life

Bell is married to Samantha Weiser, a chairwoman of the Rhode Island Democratic Women's Caucus who also works for Hasbro. Bell and his wife are both Jewish and identify as bisexual. They live together in Mount Pleasant. In October 2018, Bell publicly alleged that he and his wife were personally targeted with antisemitic and homophobic posts from users of the neo-Nazi forum website Stormfront.
Bell and Weiser have one son, Jacob Weiser Bell, born in December 2021, who was diagnosed with infant respiratory distress syndrome after birth.
# 349th Night Fighter Squadron

The 349th Night Fighter Squadron (349th NFS) is an inactive United States Air Force unit which specialized in training airmen to utilize night fighters as nighttime interceptors. Its last assignment was with the 481st Night Fighter Operational Training Group, based at Hammer Field, California. First activated in October 1942, the unit was disbanded on 31 March 1944.
The squadron was one of the first dedicated night fighter operational training squadrons of the Army Air Forces. The squadron trained newly activated night fighter squadrons who were deployed overseas into combat until its inactivation in March 1944 due to a realignment of training units.

## History

The squadron was formed in October 1942 from elements of the 81st Fighter Squadron as part of the Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics (AAFSAT) Fighter Command School at Orlando Army Air Base, Florida. Its personnel being veteran American pilots trained by the Royal Air Force in night interception operations. It was initially equipped with three Douglas DB-7s and twenty-three Douglas P-70s. Shortages in operational flying aircraft, spare parts and other issues kept flying training very rudimentary for the squadrons first classes that graduated in December 1942.
As 1943 progressed additional aircraft and equipment arrived and the program expanded. In September, the first American-built dedicated night fighters began to arrive, the Northrup YP-61 Black Widow and a few production P-61As. In January 1944 the entire program moved to Hammer Field, California and was placed under IV Fighter Command. The move placed the squadron near the Northrop Aircraft manufacturing facility at Hawthorne, California and most programmed P-61 squadrons were planned for operations in the Pacific and China Burma India Theaters.
In March 1944 the 349th was disbanded when the Army Air Forces found that standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization were proving less well adapted to the training mission. Accordingly, a more functional system was adopted in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit during a reorganization of units in the United States. The squadron's personnel and equipment were transferred to Squadron B of the 450th Army Air Forces Base Unit (Night Fighter Replacement Training Unit).

### Lineage

* Constituted as the 349th Night Fighter Squadron on 1 October 1942
    Activated on 1 October 1942
    Disbanded on 31 March 1944

### Assignments

* Fighter Command School, Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics (AAFSAT), 21 January 1943
* Air Defense Department, AAFSAT, 18 February 1943
* Night Fighter Division, AAFSAT, 1 April 1943
    Attached to 481st Night Fighter Operational Training Group, 17 July 1943
* 481st Night Fighter Operational Training Group, 26 July 1943 – 31 March 1944

### Stations

* Orlando Army Air Base, Florida, 4 October 1942
* Kissimmee Army Airfield, Florida, 1 January 1943
* Hammer Field, California, 16 January – 31 March 1944

### Aircraft Assigned

* A-20/DB-7/P-70 Havoc, 1942–1944
* Douglas B-18 Bolo, 1943–1944
* YP-61 Black Widow, 1943–1944
# Mohamed Abdel Ellah

Mohamed Abdel Ellah (born March 7, 1968, in Asyut) is an Egyptian sport shooter. He tied for 11th place in the men's 10 metre air rifle event at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
# Lin Bennett

Linda Bennett (born February 9, 1954) is an American politician. She is a former member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from the 114th District, serving from 2016 to 2022. She is a member of the Republican Party.
In an interview in December 2013, Bennett said of restaurant workers: "If [working in a restaurant] is your lifetime job, God help us. If your lifetime goal is to get up everyday and slap a burger on a bun and give it to someone- you have no life. You don't ever deserve to make anything."
In March 2019, Bennett caused controversy after she posted a misleading photo of Democratic congressman Joe Cunningham (SC-01) on social media. That same month, Will Sommer of The Daily Beast reported that Bennett had endorsed and made numerous Facebook posts about the far-right QAnon conspiracy theory.

## Electoral history

South Carolina House of Representatives District 114 :
| Year | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Candidate | Votes | Pct |
| 2016 General Election | Lin Bennett | 11,576 | 60.7% | Bob Aubin | 7,487 | 39.3% |
| 2018 General Election | Lin Bennett (i) | 8,619 | 52.5% | Dan Jones | 7,153 | 43.6% | Melissa Couture | 633 | 3.9% | Others/Write-in | 6 | 0.0% |
# Pello

Pello (formerly Turtola) is a municipality of Finland. It is located approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the Arctic Circle in the western part of the province of Lapland, and is part of the Lapland region. The municipality is on the national border with Sweden, by the Tornionjoki-river. The municipality has a population of 3,203 (31 October 2024) and covers an area of 1,864.66 square kilometres (719.95 sq mi) of which 126.12 km$^2$ (48.70 sq mi) is water. The population density is 1.84 inhabitants per square kilometre (4.8/sq mi).
The municipality is unilingually Finnish, according to the legal definition in Finland.
Konttajärvi is in this municipality.
It is served by the Pello railway station.

## History

The name of Pello is ultimately derived from the word pelto, field; which may have been the original name of the village. The weak grade stem of pelto is pello- (e.g. pellon - genitive case form of pelto), through which the name was corrupted to its current form. The name of Turtola refers to a male name Turto, a Finnish form of the Scandinavian name Tord.
During the Late Middle Ages and the 16th century, Pello was the northernmost Finnish village in the Tornio Valley. It was a part of the Tornio parish until 1606, when said parish was divided into Alatornio and Ylitornio, from which the latter included Turtola and Pello.
After Russia conquered Finland in 1809, Ylitornio was split into two parts. The villages of Pello and Turtola were also split, which is why there is a Pello and a Turtola (Svanstein) in Sweden. The northern parts of Ylitornio became a separate parish and municipality in 1867, called Turtola after its most significant village at the time. The village of Pello later surpassed Turtola, thus the municipality was renamed to Pello in 1949.
# Ardoreosomus

Ardoreosomus (meaning: "tropical body") is an extinct genus of marine ray-finned fish. It was described from the Induan aged Candelaria Formation of Nevada, United States, which was located near the equator during the Early Triassic epoch. It contains only one species, A. occidentalis (monotypy).
Ardoreosomus is a ptycholepiform, closely resembling Boreosomus and Ptycholepis; however, Ardoreosomus is distinguished from other ptycholepiforms in having a more strongly angled hyomandibula and lacking an opercular process, among other features.
# Dompierre

Dompierre may refer to:

## France

* Dompierre, Oise
* Dompierre, Orne
* Dompierre, Vosges
* Dompierre-aux-Bois, in the Meuse département
* Dompierre-Becquincourt, in the Somme département
* Dompierre-du-Chemin, in the Ille-et-Vilaine département
* Dompierre-en-Morvan, in the Côte-d'Or département
* Dompierre-les-Églises, in the Haute-Vienne département
* Dompierre-les-Ormes, in the Saône-et-Loire département
* Dompierre-les-Tilleuls, in the Doubs département
* Dompierre-sous-Sanvignes, in the Saône-et-Loire département
* Dompierre-sur-Authie, in the Somme département
* Dompierre-sur-Besbre, in the Allier département
* Dompierre-sur-Chalaronne, in the Ain département
* Dompierre-sur-Charente, in the Charente-Maritime département
* Dompierre-sur-Helpe, in the Nord département
* Dompierre-sur-Héry, in the Nièvre département
* Dompierre-sur-Mer, in the Charente-Maritime département
* Dompierre-sur-Mont, in the Jura département
* Dompierre-sur-Nièvre, in the Nièvre département
* Dompierre-sur-Veyle, in the Ain département
* Dompierre-sur-Yon, in the Vendée département

## Switzerland

* Dompierre, Fribourg
* Dompierre, Vaud
# Offline learning

Offline learning is a machine learning training approach in which a model is trained on a fixed dataset that is not updated during the learning process. This dataset is collected beforehand, and the learning typically occurs in a batch mode (i.e., the model is updated using batches of data, rather than a single input-output pair at a time). Once the model is trained, it can make predictions on new, unseen data.
In online learning, only the set of possible elements is known, whereas in offline learning, the learner also knows the order in which they are presented.
# Linda Gallagher

Linda Gallagher (born April 19, 1957) is an American politician and beauty pageant titleholder. She served in the Kansas House of Representatives from the 23rd district from 2015 to 2019, until being defeated by Democrat Susan Ruiz. She is the sister of Don Hineman who has served in the House since 2009, and was the Majority Leader in 2017–2018. They are both moderate Republicans. Their father, Kalo Hineman, also served in the Kansas House from 1979 until he was appointed to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission by Ronald Reagan in mid-term, 1981.
# Dan Goddard

Dan Goddard (born November 3, 1947) is an American politician who serves as 7th, since January 9, 2023. He previously served in the Kansas Senate for the 15th district from 2017 top 2021.
He was elected unopposed in District 7 in the 2022 Kansas House of Representatives election.
# Silas Miller

Silas Miller is an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he has served as the representative for the 86th district in the Kansas House of Representatives since 2023.
# Jesse Borjon

Jesse Borjon is an American politician and businessman serving as a member of the Kansas House of Representatives from the 52nd district. Elected in November 2020, he assumed office on January 11, 2021.

## Early life and education

Born and raised in Topeka, Kansas, Borjon earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Washburn University.

## Career

Prior to entering politics, Borjon owned a retail store and property management company. He also served as director of the Kansas Corporation Commission for public affairs and consumer protection. He also worked as a spokesperson for former Kansas Secretary of State Ron Thornburgh during the 2010 Kansas gubernatorial election.
# Dennis Hedke

Dennis Eugene Hedke (born October 1, 1952) is an American politician. He has served as a Republican member for the 99th district in the Kansas House of Representatives since 2011. The American Conservative Union gave him a lifetime rating of 88%.
# Don Hineman

Don Hineman (born May 27, 1947) is a Republican member of the Kansas House of Representatives, representing the 118th district. He has served since 2009. He was the Majority leader from 2017 to 2019.
Don is the older brother of Linda Gallagher who had served in the House since 2015 through 2019. Don was the Majority Leader in 2017–2018. They are both moderate Republicans. Their father, Kalo Hineman, also served in the Kansas House from 1975 until he was appointed to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission by Ronald Reagan in mid-term, 1981.
Prior to being elected to the House, Hineman served as a Lane County Commissioner for 16 years, and was a member of the Dighton City Council for 3½ years.
He has been president of the Kansas Livestock Association, chairman of the Kansas Alliance for Education, and sat on the board of the National Cattlemen's Beef Association.
Hineman is married to Betsy Hineman.

## Committee membership

* Education
* Vision 2020
* Veterans, Military and Homeland Security
* Agriculture and Natural Resources

## Major donors

The top five donors to Hineman's 2008 campaign:
* 1. Kansas Republican Party - $1,500
* 2. Kansas Contractors Assoc. - $500
* 3. Campbell, Loren & Amber - $500
* 4. Pioneer Inc. $500
* 5. Stanley, Ellen May $500
# Steven Brunk

Steven Brunk is an American politician who was a Republican member of the Kansas House of Representatives. He represented the 85th district in the State of Kansas from 2003 to 2015. In 2018 he was rated 100% by the American Conservative Union.

## Committee membership

* Commerce and Labor (chair)
* Federal and State Affairs
* Elections
* Insurance
* Joint Committee on State Building Construction

## Major donors

The top 5 donors to Brunk's 2008 campaign were all professional organizations:
* 1. Kansas Assoc of Realtors $1,000
* 2. Koch Industries $1,000
* 3. Kansas Contractors Assoc $1,000
* 4. Kansas Medical Society $1,000
* 5. Kansas Optometric Assoc $750
# Melissa Oropeza

Melissa Oropeza is an American politician serving as a member of the Kansas House of Representatives from the 37th district. Her term began on January 9, 2023.

## Biography

Oropeza was born and raised in Wyandotte County, Kansas, and graduated from Turner High School. She attended Kansas City Kansas Community College and received her associate degree in nursing. She then attended the University of Kansas, where she received a Bachelor of Science in Nursing and a Master of Science in Nursing. She received her Doctor of Nursing Practice from the University of Missouri-Kansas City in 2020. Prior to entering politics, she worked as a registered nurse, a gastroenterology nurse practitioner, and as a member of the Kansas State Board of Nursing.

## Electoral history

Kansas House of Representatives 37th District 2022 Democratic Primary :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Melissa Oropeza | 1,203 | 49.2% |
| | Democratic | Faith Rivera | 923 | 37.7% |
| | Democratic | Aaron Coleman (incumbent) | 321 | 13.1% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 1,203 | 100.00 |
# Carolyn Bridges

Carolyn L. Bridges (born August 18, 1946) is an American politician who served in the Kansas House of Representatives as a Democrat from the 83rd district from 2013 until the end of 2015.
Bridges was originally elected in the November 2012 elections, where she defeated Republican Tim Garvey 58% to 42%. She was re-elected in 2014 by a similar margin, but resigned her seat on December 20, 2015. Henry Helgerson was appointed to replace her.
# Peter DeGraaf

Peter DeGraaf (born April 11, 1957) is a Republican former member of the Kansas House of Representatives, representing District 82 from 2008 to May 31, 2017. He resigned from the state House on May 31, 2017, due to complications with Parkinson's disease.
Prior to his election to the House, DeGraaf served as Gore Township precinct committeeman, treasurer for Ray LaBoeuf for Senate, and chairman of the Sumner County Republican Central Committee. DeGraaf is a 1979 graduate of the United States Air Force Academy and an associate pastor at Faith Community Church.

## Issue positions

DeGraaf's website says that he is a "Conservative Republican: who believes in "lower taxes, less government, family values, better education," and "financial common sense."
DeGraaf supports restricting abortion coverage. During May 12, 2011 House debates, DeGraaf supported restrictions of health insurance coverage for abortions, including disallowing coverage for abortions in the case of rape unless the woman had purchased separate "abortion only-policies." When Rep. Barbara Bollier, a Mission Hills Republican who supports abortion rights, questioned whether women would buy abortion-only policies long before they have crisis or unwanted pregnancies or are rape victims, DeGraaf asked "We do need to plan ahead, don't we, in life?" When Bollier questioned whether a woman should be expected to plan ahead in life for the possibility of being raped and becoming pregnant, DeGraaf responded: "I have spare tire on my car. I also have life insurance. I have a lot of things that I plan ahead for."

## Committee membership

* Appropriations
* General Government Budget
* Financial Institutions
* Insurance

## Sponsored legislation

* H 2084 Cities; annexation; strip annexations restricted. March 17, 2009
* H 2150 Property taxation; 2% limit on valuation increases. February 27, 2009
* H 5014 Expanded rail service; Kansas City to Fort Worth, Texas; congratulating Kansas Department of Transportation and others; urging action. March 17, 2009

## Major donors

The top 5 donors to DeGraaf's 2008 campaign were:
* 4th District Republican Central Committee $1,250
* Kansas Republican Party $1,250
* Kansas Independent Business PAC $1,000
* First Intermark Corporation $1,000
* Koch Industries $1,000
# Patrick Penn

Patrick Penn is an American politician serving as a member of the Kansas House of Representatives from the 85th district. Elected in November 2020, he assumed office on January 11, 2021.

## Early life and education

Penn was raised in the foster care system. While in the Army, Penn earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Sociology / Criminology from Colorado State University and a Master of Science in Applied Information Technology from the Volgenau School of Engineering of George Mason University.

## Career

After graduating from high school, he joined the United States Army, where he was deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. Prior to entering politics, Penn worked for Textron Aviation Defense. Penn was elected to the Kansas House of Representatives in November 2020 and assumed office on January 11, 2021. Penn defeated incumbent Michael Capps in the Republican primary. New Politics describes him as a Christian Conservative.
During the 2021 legislative session, Penn served on the following House Committees:
* Federal and State Affairs
* K-12 Education Budget
* Children and Seniors.