OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nonparametric regression

Nonparametric regression is a category of regression analysis in which the predictor does not take a predetermined form but is constructed according to information derived from the data. That is, no parametric equation is assumed for the relationship between predictors and dependent variable. Nonparametric regression requires larger sample sizes than regression based on parametric models because the data must supply the model structure as well as the parameter estimates.

## Definition

In nonparametric regression, we have random variables $X$ and $Y$ and assume the following relationship:
    $\mathbb {E} [Y\mid X=x]=m(x),$
where $m(x)$ is some deterministic function. Linear regression is a restricted case of nonparametric regression where $m(x)$ is assumed to be affine. Some authors use a slightly stronger assumption of additive noise:
    $Y=m(X)+U,$
where the random variable $U$ is the `noise term', with mean 0. Without the assumption that $m$ belongs to a specific parametric family of functions it is impossible to get an unbiased estimate for $m$, however most estimators are consistent under suitable conditions.

## List of general-purpose nonparametric regression algorithms

This is a non-exhaustive list of non-parametric models for regression.
* nearest neighbor smoothing (see also k-nearest neighbors algorithm)
* regression trees
* kernel regression
* local regression
* multivariate adaptive regression splines
* smoothing splines
* neural networks

## Examples
### Gaussian process regression or Kriging

In Gaussian process regression, also known as Kriging, a Gaussian prior is assumed for the regression curve. The errors are assumed to have a multivariate normal distribution and the regression curve is estimated by its posterior mode. The Gaussian prior may depend on unknown hyperparameters, which are usually estimated via empirical Bayes. The hyperparameters typically specify a prior covariance kernel. In case the kernel should also be inferred nonparametrically from the data, the critical filter can be used.
Smoothing splines have an interpretation as the posterior mode of a Gaussian process regression.

### Kernel regression

Kernel regression estimates the continuous dependent variable from a limited set of data points by convolving the data points' locations with a kernel function—approximately speaking, the kernel function specifies how to "blur" the influence of the data points so that their values can be used to predict the value for nearby locations.

### Regression trees

Decision tree learning algorithms can be applied to learn to predict a dependent variable from data. Although the original Classification And Regression Tree (CART) formulation applied only to predicting univariate data, the framework can be used to predict multivariate data, including time series.
# Bob Ramsey (politician)

Robert "Bob" Ramsey (born 1947) is an American politician. He serves as a Republican member of the Tennessee House of Representatives for district 20, encompassing parts of Blount County, Tennessee.

## Biography
### Early life

He was born on March 13, 1947. He received a Bachelor of Science in Biology from the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Tennessee and a D.D.S. from the University of Tennessee Health Science Center in Memphis, Tennessee.

### Career

He works as a dentist.
He is a state representative for the 20th District of Tennessee, having been reelected in 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020. He supports efforts by the state legislature to reduce the number of bills proposed by individual lawmakers in order to reduce the backlog of legislations.
He is a member of the Blount County Board of Health, the Regional Solid Waste Authority, the Agricultural Extension Committee, the Community Action Agency, the Regional Planning Commission, and the Kiwanis Club of Maryville.

### Personal life

He is married to Margaret Ramsey. They have two children, Heather and Haley, and two granddaughters, Valentina and Greer. He is a Baptist. He lives in Maryville, Tennessee.
# Iwatayama Monkey Park

Iwatayama Monkey Park (Japanese: 嵐山モンキーパーク, Arashiyama Monkī Pāku) is a commercial park located in Arashiyama in Kyoto, Japan. The park is located atop Mount Arashiyama, on the opposite side of the Ōi River of the train station. It is inhabited by a troop of over 120 Japanese macaque monkeys. The animals are wild but can be fed by the staff and visitors with food exclusively purchased at the site. The main reason why these wild macaques choose to stay in the park, is so that they can feed on the food given by the staff. The feeding system includes corn and wheat handed out every two hours from 9:30 to 5:30 (five times a day).
To visit this park, visitors have to go up a somewhat steep mountain. The climb is about 0.9 miles. Visitors should be aware that the park closes at 5pm and all guests must pay a small fee to enter the park.

## Macaque naming

The macaques at Iwatayama Monkey Park roam freely, but they are well-known to the park staff. Many can be recognized just by sight. According to Nobuo Asaba, one of the park’s concessionaires, “If you really care, you have to memorize everyone’s name.” Some of the macaques have even earned nicknames, like Cooper. Typically, each macaque is given a formal name based on its matriline, with the family name followed by numbers indicating the birth year of the direct female descendant.
The monkey naming system was pioneered by student researcher Naonosuke Hazama. In partnership with local business leaders, Hazama developed a plan in 1954 to study and acclimate the monkeys for both tourism and scientific exploration. It was during this time that Hazama and his team began assigning names to individual monkeys, establishing a naming tradition that extended to their offspring. This system became the cornerstone for some of the earliest and most in-depth research on primate social structures and kinship-based networks.

## Park history

The land where the park and tourist facilities now stand, were donated by businessman, Sonosuke Iwata, whose family name is also given to the mountain it rests upon. The Iwatayama Monkey Park in Arashiyama officially opened to the public in March 1957. Iwata financially supported the park's operations until 1974, when it was sold to Kyoto City due to financial difficulties, and designated a protected historical reserve. In a lot of ways, this park is a family run business. More specifically, the men who ran the park, pass the duties along to their sons after they decide to retire. We see an example of this when Asaba Shinsuke succeeded his father Asaba Nobuo in running the park.

## Research history

There has been a history of research starting in 1948 at the Iwatayama Monkey Park. There have been around 115 people who have either done research or advised research at the site, showcasing the impact the site has had on the research of primates. Studies have span an array of topics, including basic ecology, social behavior, endocrinology, genetics, and reproductive physiology.
# Chandra Dillard

Chandra Dillard (born March 10, 1965) is an American politician. She is a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from the 23rd District, serving since 2009. She is a member of the Democratic party. Dillard is the Deputy Minority Leader of the House. She serves on the Public Education Budget Subcommittee and the Sales & Use Tax and Income Tax Legislative Subcommittee of the House Ways and Means Committee.
Prior to that, Dillard spent nine years on the Greenville City Council. She has served as secretary of the House Ethics Committee and House Agriculture, Natural Resources & Environmental Affairs Committee. She is a former president of the Conference of Black Municipal Elected Officials (2006–08) and former President of the South Carolina General Assembly Women's Caucus (2015–16). A strong advocate for early childhood education, Rep. Dillard has been recognized by the South Carolina Institute for Child Success. In addition, she has been honored by the South Carolina Independent Colleges and Universities as Legislative Champion of the Year, has been a Green Tie honoree by the South Carolina Conservation Voters, and has received the Leadership Greenville Distinguished Alumni Award from the Greenville Chamber of Commerce.
Dillard was among a number of African American women from around the United States who endorsed Hillary Rodham Clinton for President in 2016.
Dillard is Director of Community Relations for Furman University. She holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration from Winthrop University and a Masters in Public Administration (MPA) from Walden University. She is also a graduate of Leadership Greenville, Furman's Riley Institute Diversity Leadership Initiative, and Leadership South Carolina. She is a member of the Epsilon Tau Omega chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority, and a Lay Leader at John Wesley United Methodist Church. Rep. Dillard serves on boards including those of Community Works Carolina, the Bank of Travelers Rest Advisory Board and the Greenville Peace Center.
# Mississippi Hare

Mississippi Hare is a 1949 Looney Tunes cartoon short directed by Chuck Jones and written by Michael Maltese. The short was released on February 26, 1949, and features Bugs Bunny.

## Plot

Bugs Bunny, discovered slumbering amidst a cotton plantation, inadvertently embarks on a journey down the Mississippi River after being mistaken for cotton and bundled onto a riverboat. Assuming the guise of a distinguished gentleman to evade scrutiny, Bugs encounters Colonel Shuffle, a volatile riverboat gambler resembling Yosemite Sam. Engaging in a high-stakes poker game, Bugs outwits Shuffle, who subsequently challenges him to a duel. Through a series of comedic misadventures, including a flirtatious dance and a failed attempt at retribution, Shuffle is repeatedly thwarted by Bugs. Despite momentarily assuming a Southern belle persona to evade Shuffle's advances, Bugs ultimately emerges unscathed, jesting at the comedic potential of a romantic denouement.
# Mikołaj Torosowicz

Mikołaj Torosowicz (in Ukrainian: Миколай Торосович, Mykolai Torosovych; born 1605 in Lviv – October 24, 1681), was the first Armenian Catholic bishop of Lviv.

## Biography

Torosowicz was born in Lviv in a wealthy Yakov Torosovich's Armenian apostolic merchant family. At that time, the Armenians of Galicia were under ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the patriarch of the See of Echmiadzin, in Armenia, then under Persian rule.
With religious vocation, he was sent by his parents to Istanbul. and was ordained a priest in 1626 in Istanbul, and on 8 January 1627 Torosowicz was appointed bishop of Lviv of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
On October 24, 1630, Torosowicz made a profession of faith in a Carmelite Catholic church of Discalced Carmelites, and entered himself along with his diocese in communion with the Catholic Church. The union was confirmed by the Holy See on November 8 of the same year, and Torosowicz became the first Armenian Catholic archbishop of Lviv.
On 22 May 1635 Torosowicz made a new confession of faith to the Pope Urban VIII in Rome, and was named Metropolitan of Lviv, with jurisdiction over all Armenians from Poland, Moldova and Wallachia. It was also he who led the Theatines to Lviv. Torosowicz was named knight of the Order of St. Michael and the Order of Jesus and Mary.
He died on October 24, 1681, at the age of 76.
# Bronwyn Pike

Bronwyn Jane Pike AM (born 25 January 1956) is an Australian former politician. She was Minister for Education in Victoria in the Brumby Government, and was the Member of Parliament for Melbourne from 1999 to 2012.

## Early life

Prior to entering Parliament, Pike worked as a teacher, a community services manager and as the Director of the Unit of Justice and Social Responsibility in the Uniting Church. She is also a former Board Director of Greenpeace Australia. Pike has a long history of advocating for social change, equality and the disadvantaged.
Pike has a son, Paul Coats, who is a former University of Melbourne Postgraduate Association President and an active socialist.

## Political career

Pike entered politics in 1999, at age 43. She was appointed the Minister for Housing and Aged Care and Minister Assisting the Health Minister in the government of Steve Bracks. In 2002 she was appointed as Minister for Community Services and Minister Assisting the Premier on Community Building.
In May 2007, Pike became the longest-serving female minister in Victoria's history, along with Lynne Kosky.
Pike announced her resignation from parliament on 7 May 2012 which triggered a Melbourne by-election. Labor retained the seat, with Jennifer Kanis narrowly defeating the Greens candidate, Cathy Oke.

### Minister for Health

Following the re-election of the Bracks government in late 2002, Pike was promoted to Minister for Health.

### Minister for Education

On 2 August 2007, newly-appointed Premier John Brumby announced a cabinet reshuffle, which moved Pike from Minister for Health to Minister for Education.
Pike spearheaded the $1.9 billion Victorian Schools Plan to rebuild and modernise 500 Victorian schools over the four-year term of government. This included upgrades to technology wings; re-equipping science class rooms; building new schools in growth corridors. A key focus of this rebuilding program is encouraging joint-use of school and community facilities in areas ranging from libraries to sports fields. By 2011 more than 900 schools will have been rebuilt or modernised. The program has been tarnished by use of tactics to force school councils to vote for closure or merger of small schools by threatening to limit funds to the minimum amount as well as other tactics.

## Later career

Among her positions since she left politics, Bronwyn Pike is the Chair of UnitingCare Australia and serves on the board of Uniting NSW and ACT. She is a lifelong member of the Uniting Church.

## Honours

In 2022, Pike was appointed as a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2022 Australia Day Honours for "significant service to social welfare and not-for-profit organisations, and to the Parliament of Victoria".
# R. S. Vimal

R.S.Vimal is an Indian filmmaker who works in Malayalam film industry. He made his directorial debut in 2015 with the Malayalam film Ennu Ninte Moideen, for which he received the Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam.

## Career

He made documentary films for a Malayalam television channel for a period of time. Prior to making his feature directorial debut, Vimal made a documentary on the same subject, titled Jalam Kondu Murivettaval. He made his directorial debut in 2015 with the Malayalam film Ennu Ninte Moideen, which was based on the real-life story of Moideen and Kanchanamala that took that place in the 1960s in Mukkam, Kozhikode. The film starred Prithviraj Sukumaran and Parvathy. In January 2016, announcement of his second directorial was held at a function in Burj Al Arab, Dubai. The high-budget film titled Mahavir Karna was based on the epic Mahabharata was initially launched as a Malayalam language film with Prithviraj Sukumaran in the lead role. Later in the year, Vimal said that the film's budget estimate is around ₹300 crore. In 2017, for reasons unknown, Prithviraj opted out of the project and Vikram was signed in as a replacement, thus making the film a Tamil production.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Director | Producer | Note |
| 2009 | Jalam Kondu Murivettaval (documentary) | Yes | No |
| 2015 | Ennu Ninte Moideen | Yes | No | |
| 2023 | Sasiyum Sakunthalayum | No | Yes | Also actor |
| 2023 | Soulmates | No | Yes | Completed |

## Accolades

| Year | Film | Award | Category | Result |
| 2015 | Ennu Ninte Moideen | Asianet Film Awards | Best Director | Nominated |
| 2015 | Ennu Ninte Moideen | Asianet Film Awards | Best Screenplay | Won |
| 2015 | Ennu Ninte Moideen | Filmfare Awards South | Best Director – Malayalam | Won |
| 2015 | Ennu Ninte Moideen | 1st IIFA Utsavam | Best Director | Nominated |
| 2015 | Ennu Ninte Moideen | Asiavision Awards | Best Director | Won |
| 2015 | Ennu Ninte Moideen | Asiavision Awards | Best Screenplay | Won |
| 2015 | Ennu Ninte Moideen | Vanitha Film Awards | Best Director | Won |
| 2015 | Ennu Ninte Moideen | Kerala State Film Awards | Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value | Won |
# Zaláta

Zaláta is a village in Baranya county, Sellye District, Hungary. The village lies between Kemse and Sósvertike.

## Surroundings

Zaláta lies 1.5 km (0.93 mi) north of the Drava River and the Hungarian-Croatian border. It can be reached by road from three nearby towns: Kemse (to the north), Piskó (to the east), and Drávasztára (to the west). It is also connected to Sósvertike via dirt roads.
EuroVelo international bicycle route 13 passes by the village on the embankment of the Drava, following the border. From 1895 through 1970, the village could also be reach via the Sellye-Drávasztára-Zaláta-Slatina railway line.
The only significant watercourse is the Gürü channel, which collects water from areas south of Sellye and Csányoszró, then drains into the Drava. The village is adjacent to the Adravica wetlands, covering 18 hectares (44 acres). The wetlands are heavily overgrown and rick in species, but is endangered due to the agricultural cultivation of the surrounding areas and insufficient water supply.

## History

The village dates back to at least 1332, where a written record mentions the village. The village of Zaláta was the property of the Kőrös family. According to a document dated 1332, the Kőrösians sold their land to Pál Sztárai. The village was later the property of the Catholic church. The village already had a school in the 1700s.
Thirty-six inhabitants died in World War II. The producer cooperative was founded in 1959 and was attached to the cooperative of Vejti. In 1977, the village council was merged with the council of Vajszló. From 1991 to 2013, the village was an independent municipality under a district registrar. Between 1994 and 1998, the water tower and the water network were built, and the school building also received a new water block at that time. The school was closed in 2006, but the kindergarten continues to operate, but thirty students attend the school in Vajszló.
From 2013, the village was a settlement under the Hiricsi Joint Municipality Office. Since 2020, the village is a member town of the Csányoszró Joint Municipal Office.

## Demographics

The village has been gradually losing population since 2013 due to lack of jobs.
During the 2011 census, 90.3% of the residents identified themselves as Hungarian, 6.9% as Gypsy, and 0.8% as Croatian. The religious breakdown was as follows: Roman Catholic 55.6%, Reformed 27.4%, Lutheran 0.4%, Greek Catholic 0.4%, non-denominational 8.5%.
In 2022, 91.8% of the population identified themselves as Hungarian, 8.7% as Gypsy, 1.8% as German, 0.9% as Croatian, 0.5% as Romanian, and 0.9% as other, non-domestic nationalities. The religious identifications were: 52.1% Roman Catholic, 21% Reformed, 0.5% Lutheran, 0.5% other Catholic, and 14.2% non-denominational.
* War heroes' monument
* Trees planted in memory of Queen Elizabeth
# Association Peak

Association Peak is a 2,362-metre (7,749 ft) mountain summit located in Alberta, Canada.

## Description

Association Peak is situated in Don Getty Wildland Provincial Park and the Fairholme Range which is a subset of the Canadian Rockies along the range's eastern front. It is set 18 km (11 mi) northeast of Canmore and six km north of Mount John Laurie. The nearest major city is Calgary, 75 km (47 mi) to the east. The mountain is visible from the Trans-Canada Highway which traverses the Bow Valley between Calgary and Banff National Park. Precipitation runoff from Association Peak drains north to the South Ghost River, and southeast to the Bow River via Old Fort Creek. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 800 m (2,600 ft) above the creek in 2 km (1.2 mi).

## History

The mountain's well-established toponym was officially adopted March 17, 1967, by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. Association Peak is named for the Indian Association of Alberta which was co-founded in 1939 by John Laurie, who had the mountain to the south named after him at the request of the Stoneys. Both peaks are located within two kilometres of Stoney Indian Reserve.

## Geology

Association Peak is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny.

## Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, Association Peak is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Winter temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C.

## Gallery

* Association Peak centered at top, viewed from Mount Yamnuska
# Patricia Heller

Patricia M. Heller is a retired American scholar of physics education, and an associate professor emerita at the University of Minnesota. She is known for her research on physics instructor attitudes and on cooperative learning, for which she received the Robert A. Millikan award of the American Association of Physics Teachers.

## Education and career

Heller studied physics, with a minor in chemistry, as an undergraduate at the University of Washington. She graduated in 1966, and continued there for a master's degree in 1969. After working for four more years at the University of Washington as a physics instructor, assisting Arnold Arons with a project in elementary school education, she became a doctoral student in science education at the University of Michigan. As a student, she continued to work there as a physics instructor, and in Detroit, Michigan, as an elementary school science teacher. She completed her Ph.D. in 1977.
In 1979, she joined the University of Minnesota as a lecturer in the College of Education. She switched to a lecturer position in the School of Physics and Astronomy in 1982 and then, in 1986, returned to the College of Education as an associate professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction. She retired as an associate professor emerita in 2004.

## Recognition

Heller was the 2010 recipient of the Robert A. Millikan award of the American Association of Physics Teachers.
# Alexandra Romanova

Alexandra Romanova may refer to:

## Romanovs by birth

* Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia (1783–1801), eldest daughter of Paul I, Emperor of Russia
* Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia (1825–1844), third daughter of Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia
* Grand Duchess Alexandra Mikhailovna of Russia (1831–1832), granddaughter of Paul I, Emperor of Russia
* Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia (1842–1849), eldest daughter of Alexander II, Emperor of Russia

## Romanovs by marriage

* Alexandra Feodorovna (disambiguation), various empresses
* Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg (1830–1911), wife of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia
* Duchess Alexandra of Oldenburg (1838–1900), wife of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia
* Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark (1870–1891), first wife of Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia
# Renato Santos (judoka)

Renato Santos (born 13 November 1964) is a Portuguese judoka. He competed in the men's extra-lightweight event at the 1988 Summer Olympics.