OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Upper-convected time derivative

In continuum mechanics, including fluid dynamics, an upper-convected time derivative or Oldroyd derivative, named after James G. Oldroyd, is the rate of change of some tensor property of a small parcel of fluid that is written in the coordinate system rotating and stretching with the fluid.
The operator is specified by the following formula:
    ${\stackrel {\triangledown }{\mathbf {A} }}={\frac {D}{Dt}}\mathbf {A} -(\nabla \mathbf {v} )^{T}\cdot \mathbf {A} -\mathbf {A} \cdot (\nabla \mathbf {v} )$
where:
* ${\stackrel {\triangledown }{\mathbf {A} }}$ is the upper-convected time derivative of a tensor field $\mathbf {A}$
* ${\frac {D}{Dt}}$ is the substantive derivative
* $\nabla \mathbf {v} ={\frac {\partial v_{j}}{\partial x_{i}}}$ is the tensor of velocity derivatives for the fluid.
The formula can be rewritten as:
    ${\stackrel {\triangledown }{A}}_{i,j}={\frac {\partial A_{i,j}}{\partial t}}+v_{k}{\frac {\partial A_{i,j}}{\partial x_{k}}}-{\frac {\partial v_{i}}{\partial x_{k}}}A_{k,j}-{\frac {\partial v_{j}}{\partial x_{k}}}A_{i,k}$
By definition, the upper-convected time derivative of the Finger tensor is always zero.
It can be shown that the upper-convected time derivative of a spacelike vector field is just its Lie derivative by the velocity field of the continuum.
The upper-convected derivative is widely used in polymer rheology for the description of the behavior of a viscoelastic fluid under large deformations.

## Notation

The form the equation is written in is not entirely clear due to different definitions for $\nabla \mathbf {v}$. This term can be found defined as $(\nabla \mathbf {v} )_{ij}={\frac {\partial v_{j}}{\partial x_{i}}}$ or its transpose (for example see Strain-rate tensor containing both). Changing this definition only necessitates changes in transpose operations and is thus largely inconsequential and can be done as long as one stays consistent. The notation used here is picked to be consistent with the literature using the upper-convected derivative.

## Examples for the symmetric tensor A
### Simple shear

For the case of simple shear:
    $\nabla \mathbf {v} ={\begin{pmatrix}0&{\dot {\gamma }}&0\\0&0&0\\0&0&0\end{pmatrix}}$
Thus,
    ${\stackrel {\triangledown }{\mathbf {A} }}={\frac {D}{Dt}}\mathbf {A} -{\dot {\gamma }}{\begin{pmatrix}2A_{12}&A_{22}&A_{23}\\A_{22}&0&0\\A_{23}&0&0\end{pmatrix}}$

### Uniaxial extension of incompressible fluid

In this case a material is stretched in the direction X and compresses in the directions Y and Z, so to keep volume constant. The gradients of velocity are:
    $\nabla \mathbf {v} ={\begin{pmatrix}{\dot {\epsilon }}&0&0\\0&-{\frac {\dot {\epsilon }}{2}}&0\\0&0&-{\frac {\dot {\epsilon }}{2}}\end{pmatrix}}$
Thus,
    ${\stackrel {\triangledown }{\mathbf {A} }}={\frac {D}{Dt}}\mathbf {A} -{\frac {\dot {\epsilon }}{2}}{\begin{pmatrix}4A_{11}&A_{21}&A_{31}\\A_{12}&-2A_{22}&-2A_{23}\\A_{13}&-2A_{23}&-2A_{33}\end{pmatrix}}$
# Alister Taylor

Rupert Alister Halls Taylor (21 September 1943 – 9 September 2019) was an innovative and controversial New Zealand publisher.
He published The Little Red Schoolbook in the 1970s (widely criticised by morals campaigners for its subversive content), Tim Shadbolt's autobiographical Bullshit and Jellybeans, and significant works on artists C. F. Goldie and Gustavus von Tempsky.

## Tussles with the publishing industry

Untrusted in the New Zealand publishing industry for slow payment of debts, he was bankrupted in the early 1980s at the instigation of the Publishers' Association. Discharged ten years later, he began a new publishing venture, reissuing some of his earlier publications in edited and updated form. He established New Zealand Who's Who Aotearoa, with the first volume published in 1992, in competition to the standard biographical work Who's Who in New Zealand (last published in 1991). In 2001 he was accused by the London Daily Mirror Sorted column by Penman & Greenwood, in a report headlined "Full medal racket", of targeting national heroes in a publishing con.
In 2005 he was again in financial difficulty when the New South Wales Department of Fair Trading was granted an injunction banning him from marketing a range of non-existent publications about prominent Australians. The Supreme Court found that he had solicited fees from Australians to be included in a publication entitled the Australian Roll of Honour series, which did not exist.

## Personal life

His partner from 1978 to 2004 was the journalist and politician Deborah Coddington, with whom he had three children. Taylor was a "loved brother, uncle, father and grandfather". Upon his death his daughter Imogen described him to journalists Kendall Hutt and Mandy Te as a "sensitive, artistic, kind of guy".

## Publications

* The Little Red Schoolbook
* Down Under The Plum Trees, explicit sex instruction manual, 1972.
* Tim Shadbolt, autobiography, 'Bullshit and Jellybeans'.
* Sue Kedgley, Sexist Society, 1973.
* Sam Hunt, From Bottle Creek.
# Laura Kalpakian

Laura Anne Kalpakian (born June 28, 1945)is an American author. She has also published under the pen names Juliet Fitzgerald and Carenna Jane Greye. She is known for her work in the memoir genre.

## Life and career

Kalpakian was born in Long Beach, California, the daughter of Peggy (Kalpakian), a secretary, and William Johnson, a technical representative. She grew up in southern California. She earned her undergraduate degree from University of California, Riverside in 1967. After starting her career as a social worker, she earned a master's degree from the University of Delaware in 1970. She earned a Ph.D. in literature from the University of California, San Diego in 1977.
She has received funding from the National Endowment of the Arts and has won a Pushcart Prize, the Pacific Northwest Booksellers Association Award, and the first Anahid Literary Award for an American writer of Armenian descent.
Kalpakian's 1992 novel Graced Land was adapted into the TV movie The Woman Who Loved Elvis, directed by Bill Bixby and starring Roseanne Barr and Tom Arnold.
Her sons are composer Bear McCreary and singer/musician Brendan McCreary.

## Selected works
### As Laura Kalpakian

* The Great Pretenders (Penguin Group, 2019), ISBN 9781101990186
* American Cookery (St. Martin's Griffin, 2007)
* The Memoir Club (St. Martin's Griffin, 2005)
* Educating Waverly (William Morrow, 2002)
* The Delinquent Virgin (Graywolf Press, 1999)
* Steps and Exes: a novel of family (Bard, 1999)
* Caveat (John F. Blair, 1998)
* Cosette: the sequel to Les Misérables (HarperCollins, 1995)
* Graced Land (Grove Weidenfeld, 1992)
* Dark Continent and Other Stories (Viking, 1989)
* Crescendo (Random House, 1987)
* The Swallow Inheritance (Headline, 1987)
* Fair Augusto and Other Stories (Graywolf Press, 1986)
* These Latter Days (Times Books, 1985)
* Beggars and Choosers (Little, Brown, 1978)

### As Juliet Jackson

* Belle Haven (Viking, 1990)

### As Carenna Jane Greye

* Tiger Hill (Piatkus Books, 1985)
# Croxley Danes School

Croxley Danes School is a co-educational Secondary School and sixth form currently located in Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire.

## Admissions

Croxley Danes is an all-ability academy school, with the majority of students admitted based on the proximity of their home to the school. Priority is given to children of staff and siblings of current students, however, up to 10% of students are admitted based upon their performance in a musical aptitude test.

## Location

The permanent school site is located on Baldwins Lane, Croxley Green, with an area of 33 acres. It is approximately half a mile (0.8 km) from Croxley tube station.

## History

The school was given approval for opening in February 2017 by the Department for Education, and opened in September 2017 in temporary accommodation on the site of St Clement Danes School. The old maths block of the school was refurbished to provide separate facilities for the Croxley Danes students, with 120 new year 7 pupils admitted in the first year.
In September 2018, a further 180 students were admitted and the school moved to temporary accommodation in Tolpits Lane, occupying the former site of the Reach Free School, whilst the permanent site was being completed. This move was carried out instead of building temporary buildings on the permanent site to accommodate the students.
The transfer of the school to the permanent site on Baldwins Lane was planned to take place at the end of the Easter term in 2020, but delays meant that the transfer instead occurred over the school summer holidays, with pupils first attending the new site in September 2020.

## Houses

The names of each of the school houses are related to the history of the school site or to the local Croxley Green area. Cassiobridge and Snells are named after former houses located on the site, whilst Jaggerts and Mallets are former names of fields. The land was previously owned by Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, giving the name for Gonville house, whilst Dickinson house is named after John Dickinson, who built a paper mill in Croxley between 1828 and 1830.

### Current Houses and Colours

| House | House Colour |
| Cassiobridge | Blue |
| Dickinson | Red |
| Gonville | Yellow/Gold |
| Jaggerts | White/Silver |
| Mallets | Green |
| Snells | Orange |
# Battle of Edgar's Lane

The Battle of Edgar's Lane was a skirmish in the American Revolutionary War on September 30, 1778, between a force of 80 Hessians and 120 Continental dragoons under Major Henry Lee. The skirmish was fought in the village of Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. The skirmish would be a morale-boosting victory for the Continental Army and Major Henry Lee.
Previously the British army secured a victory during a sneak attack at the Baylor Massacre. This happened in Riverdale, New Jersey where a large British surprise attack occurred during one and three o'clock in the morning. The British snuck into a town filled with 116 men of the 3rd regiment of continental light dragoons. There were 15 continental casualties, and 54 wounded or captured. The British led by Maj. Gen. Sir Charles Grey, Major Turner Straubenzee and Major John Maitland only had one casualty.
Peter Post, who owned Post's Tavern, heard word of a Hessian marauding party which would be coming through the next day. He sent word to the Continental troops, who organized a force of 120 dragoons to ambush the Hessians. When the Hessians rode through as expected the next day, Post directed them towards Edgar's Lane, where the dragoons were hidden in the surrounding trees. When the Hessians rode through, the Continental dragoons fired a volley, killing some Hessians. The surviving Hessians ran towards the ravine on the Hudson River, the dragoons giving chase. Many Hessians fell down the ravine. Some Hessians were shot in the water, others drowned, and the rest were taken prisoner. In all, the Continental dragoons killed 23 Hessians, winning the skirmish, along with losing no men.
Two markers have stood on the site for several decades. One, a New York State plaque commemorating the battle, stands on the corner of Edgar's Lane and Broadway, Hastings-on-Hudson. The other, a boulder-mounted commemorative bronze plaque dedicated by the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1938 sits at the east edge of Wagner Park, on the site of where the battle took place. Most recently, a commemorative installation titled "Revolutionary Walk" was dedicated to the public on September 30, 2021, the 243rd anniversary of the battle. The installation sits within Sheldon Wagner Park in Hastings-on-Hudson and features a landscaped plaza with seating. Six illustrated panels in the Walk explore the historical context surrounding the battle, details of the engagement itself, and a summary of the aftermath. Revolutionary Walk was created by the members of Revolutionary Hastings, "a committee of the Hastings Historical Society, dedicated to developing new awareness of the Battle of Edgar’s Lane and its context in the American Revolutionary War."
Part of the action of Austin Wright's novel Tony and Susan takes place on Edgar's Lane, and the battle is mentioned.
# FRAX

FRAX (fracture risk assessment tool) is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate the 10-year probability of bone fracture risk. It was developed by the University of Sheffield. FRAX integrates clinical risk factors and bone mineral density at the femoral neck to calculate the 10-year probability of hip fracture and the 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture (clinical spine, forearm, hip or shoulder fracture). The models used to develop the FRAX diagnostic tool were derived from studying patient populations in North America, Europe, Latin America, Asia and Australia.

## Components

The parameters included in a FRAX assessment are:
* Country
* Age
* Sex
* Weight
* Height
* Previous fracture
* Hip fracture in the subject's mother or father
* Smoking
* Glucocorticoid treatment
* Rheumatoid arthritis
* Disease strongly associated with osteoporosis
* Alcohol intake of three or more standard drinks per day
* Bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral neck
* Trabecular bone score (optional)

## Availability and usage

FRAX is freely accessible online, and commercially available as a desktop application, in paper-form as a FRAX pad, as an iPhone application, and as an Android application. The tool is compatible with 58 models for 53 countries, and is available in 28 languages.
FRAX is incorporated into many national guidelines around the world, including those of Belgium, Canada, Japan, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, UK (NOGG), and US (NOF). FRAX assessments are intended to provide guidance for determining access to treatment in healthcare systems.

### Adjustments

Glucocorticoid use is included FRAX as a dichotomous variable, whereas the increased risk for fractures seen with glucocorticoid use is dependent on glucocorticoid dose and duration of use. Several methods have been proposed how to adjust FRAX accordingly.
Though known to be a risk factor for fractures, type 2 diabetes is not included as such in FRAX. Some clinicians choose rheumatoid arthritis as an equivalent risk factor instead.
FRAX was developed and most commonly used to assess fracture risk for previously untreated individuals, though some have suggested it can also be used in those treated in the past or even on current treatment for osteoporosis.
# From My Heart

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Rolling Stone Album Guide | |
From My Heart is the second studio album by American country music singer Kathy Mattea. It was released in 1985 on Mercury Records. Singles from the album include "It's Your Reputation Talkin'", "He Won't Give In" and "Heart of the Country". Like her self-titled debut before it, From My Heart peaked at #42 on the Top Country Albums charts. "Ball and Chain" is a cover of an Elton John song, from his 1982 album Jump Up!.

## Personnel

* Kathy Mattea – lead vocals, background vocals, acoustic guitar

## Production notes

* Produced by Allen Reynolds
* Mastered by John Eberle
* Duke Duczer – assistant engineer, mixing
* Mark Miller – engineer, mixing

## Chart performance

| Chart (1985) | Peak position |
| U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums | 42 |

## Release history

Release history and formats for From My Heart :
| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| North America | March 3, 1985 | LPCDcassette | PolyGramMercury Records | |
# Eddie Eckstein

Eddie Eckstein (born 29 November 1939) is a South African-born musician, comedian, film, television and theatre actor and is best known for his performances in the band The Bats. His career, starting in the 1960s, spans five decades.

## Background

Eddie Eckstein was born in Bezuidenhout Valley, Johannesburg on 29 November 1939. He was schooled at Marist Brothers College in the suburb of Observatory and after completing his matric he sought employment in Barclays Bank.

### Music career

In addition to day work in the bank, his nights were taken up as a band drummer and vocalist. He would be a member of a number of South African bands in the early sixties such as the Al Willox Quartet, Flippie van Vuuren Band and the Jimmie Rayson Combo. After hearing The Beatles in Bulawayo, Rhodesia, he realised that this new music style was the future of music and on returning to Johannesburg, he met with Paul Ditchfield and formed the band The Bats in 1964. The group's first single, "All I Got", went to number 1 on both Springbok Radio and LM Radio. Eckstein would also perform a Paul Ditchfield composition at the 1972 Tokyo Song Competition with the song, "Oh God It’s Beautiful", reaching the finals. The Bats would break up in 1981 and the members pursue their own careers, but they reformed in 2000. In the late seventies, he would briefly manage a Johannesburg based all-girl group, Pantha, whose lead singer was PJ Powers. In 2014, Eckstein took part in a musical performance with other well-known performers such as Bobby Angel and Billy Forrest called The Two Cowboys, covering South African music over four decades and featuring country, rock, pop, duets and comedy.

### Television career

When television first started in South Africa in 1976, a comedy show ran on the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) called Biltong & Potroast which pitched South African- and British-born comedians against each other for points given for the best jokes. The show would run for five years on television. Eckstein starred in a revived version as a theatre show in 2010 which would feature four of the original stars. He would also star opposite Clive Scott and Annabel Linder in the South African family comedy Oh George in 1981. He was a celebrity host on the television Telly Fun Quiz in 1990s with quiz master Martin Bailie on the SABC.

### Theatre career

He has appeared in a number of South African theatre productions during his long career including I Love My Wife, Little Shop of Horrors, Pyjama Tops, Not Now Darling, Grin and Bear It and What about Love. In July 2012, Eckstein was nominated for an Audience Choice award at the second annual Comics' Choice awards held at Montecasino resort, in Johannesburg but lost out to Sifiso Nene.

## Filmography
### Films

* The Seven of Daran: Battle of Pareo Rock (2008)
* Oh Schucks.... It's Schuster! (1989)
* You Must Be Joking Too! (1987)
* Magic Is Alive, My Friends (1985)
* Verkeerde Nommer (1982)
* Follow That Rainbow (1979)

### Television

* Telly Fun Quiz (1990s)
* Oh George (1981)
* Biltong & Potroast (1976)
# International Gas Union

The International Gas Union (IGU) represents the global Gas industry, covering over 90% of the global gas market, and it has more than 150 members in over 80 countries across the globe. The working organisation of IGU covers the complete gas value chain, from the supply of natural and decarbonised gas, renewable gas and hydrogen, through to their transmission and distribution, and all the way to the point of use.
The International Gas Union (IGU) was founded in 1931, and is registered in Vevey, Switzerland with the Secretariat located in London, United Kingdom.
IGU encourages international trade in gas by supporting non-discriminatory policies and sound contracting principles and practices, and by promoting development of technologies which add to the environmental benefits of gas and further enhance safe production, transmission, distribution and utilisation of Gas.
Ever since its establishment almost a century ago, the IGU has constantly advocated for the role of Gas for human progress and global growth, serving as the spokesperson for the Gas industry worldwide.
# Fairchild F-46

The Fairchild F-46, also known as the Duramold Aircraft Corporation F-46 A and Clark GA-46 , is a light aircraft that was built using the Duramold process, which involves using pressure to form wood with resin. Only one aircraft was produced, it was a twin engine aircraft that first flew in May 1937. The Duramold process was later used on the Hughes H-4 Hercules.
The aircraft was re-engined with the Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior in 1947.

## Design

The Model 46 is a low-wing, cabin aircraft, with conventional landing gear and structures made using Duramold processes. The fuselage is constructed of two halves bonded together. The wings use wooden spars with plywood covering. The control surfaces use aluminum frames with aircraft fabric covering. A 50 U.S. gallons (190 L; 42 imp gal) fuel tank was mounted in each wing.

## Operational history

In 1947 the Model 46 prototype was re-engined with a Pratt & Whitney R-985 and flown for ten years.

## Specifications (Fairchild 46)

Data from FAA TCDS
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Capacity: 4 passengers
* Gross weight: 4,800 lb (2,177 kg)
* Fuel capacity: 100 U.S. gallons (380 L; 83 imp gal)
* Powerplant: 1 × Ranger SGV-770B-5 , 420 hp (310 kW)
* Propellers: 2-bladed
Performance
* Maximum speed: 178 kn (205 mph, 330 km/h)
* Never exceed speed: 220 kn (250 mph, 400 km/h)
Avionics
* Transmitter (Lear UT4)
* Transmitter (Lear UT6)
* Receiver (Lear R3)
* Compass (Fairchild)
* Fixed antenna (transmitter)
* Fixed antenna (compass)
* Motoreel, Receiver (RCA AVR-7 series)
* Transmitter (RCAAVT-7, -12, -12A)
* Dynamotor (RCA)
* Compass (RCA)
# Misti Traya

Misti Traya is an American actress. She landed her first prime time television series regular role playing 15-year-old Allison Reeves in The WB's comedy Living with Fran. She is the daughter of actress Kiersten Warren.

## Life and career

Traya was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. She worked behind-the-scenes on the independent film, Havoc, in which she received an on-camera role. Within weeks of her first actual audition, she landed recurring roles on Joan of Arcadia and Huff.
Traya completed two feature films, Dying for Dolly, a Lion's Gate film directed by Ron Underwood, starring Chazz Palminteri and Usher, as well as Material Girls, produced by Maverick Films, directed by Martha Coolidge, and starring Hilary Duff and Haylie Duff.
Traya also starred in VH1's I Love the New Millennium.

## Personal life

Traya is married and has two daughters Lily (b. 2011) and Edith (b. 2020). She currently resides in England.

## Filmography

Television and film roles :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2004 | Joan of Arcadia | Iris | 6 episodes |
| 2004–2005 | Huff | Gail | 5 episodes |
| 2005–2006 | Living with Fran | Alison Reeves | Main role, 26 episodes |
| 2005 | In the Mix | Maya | Film |
| 2006 | I Love Toys | Herself | TV series documentary |
| 2006 | Material Girls | Martinique | Film |
| 2006 | Nip/Tuck | Mallory Budge | 1 episode |
| 2007 | How I Met Your Mother | Molly | 1 episode |
| 2007 | Law & Order: Special Victims Unit | Cassandra Sullivan | Episode: "Pretend" (season 8, episode 21) |
| 2007 | Getting Away with Murder | Lily/The Spook | 3 episodes |
| 2007 | War Eagle, Arkansas | Abby | Film |
| 2008 | I Love the New Millennium | Herself | TV miniseries |
| 2008 | Libertyville | Tiffany | TV movie |
| 2008 | Army Wives | Jessica | 1 episode |