OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William B. Fitzgerald Jr.

William B. Fitzgerald (June 12, 1942 - February 3, 2008) was an American attorney and Democratic politician who served in both houses of the Michigan Legislature and was Majority Leader of the Michigan Senate. He was later the Democratic nominee for governor in 1978 but lost to incumbent governor William Milliken.

## Early life

Born in Detroit in 1942, Fitzgerald graduated from Austin Catholic Prep School and earned his bachelor's degree at Western Michigan University where he played college basketball. He earned his J.D. at the Detroit College of Law and was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon. While at law school, he taught and coached basketball at St. Martin High School in Detroit, and after graduating, Fitzgerald practiced law in Detroit.

## Political career

Fitzgerald was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives in 1970, succeeding his father, William B. Fitzgerald, who had suffered a heart attack and died in office that year. Four years later, he was elected to the Michigan Senate and was elected by his caucus to be majority leader before he had been formally sworn as a senator. He was, and remains, the youngest majority leader in state history. While majority leader, in the wake of the Watergate scandal, Fitzgerald advanced legislation creating new standards of disclosure of outside income by public officials, the state's first code of ethics in statute, and public disclosure of campaign expenses. Additionally, he helped create the state's first "rainy day fund."
In mid-1975, committees were formed to choose Fitzgerald as the Democratic nominee for Governor of Michigan in 1978, challenging William Milliken. He campaigned on economic development, political reform, and environmental standards, but lost to the incumbent by 13 points. He ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in 1982, but lost to eventual Governor James Blanchard.

## Later life

After his second bid for governor, Fitzgerald focused on his practice of law. He married Margaret O'Neill in 1986, and was named a distinguished alumnus by Western Michigan University.
Fitzgerald died in February 2008 from colon cancer, aged 65.
# Holåbreen

Holåbreen is a glacier in the municipalities Skjåk (in Innlandet county) and Luster (in Vestland county) in Norway. Located in the mountain range Breheimen, it has a total area of about 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi). The glacier lies between the mountains Gjelhøi and Holåtindan.
# Brachychiton multicaulis

Brachychiton multicaulis is a tree of the genus Brachychiton found in northern Australia. It was first described in 1988 by Gordon Guymer.
It is found only in the Northern Territory in the Tanami and southern Victoria River District, growing in open woodland on red sandy soils.
# Boston Classical Orchestra

The Boston Classical Orchestra was a chamber orchestra based in Boston, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1980 by the violinist Robert Brink. The orchestra's music director was Steven Lipsitt. It performed at Faneuil Hall.
The orchestra has performed music by Tison Street.
The orchestra filed for bankruptcy in 2016 and canceled the last two concerts of that season.
# Jorma Karvonen

Jorma Karvonen (born 16 October 1949) is a Finnish ski-orienteering competitor and world champion. He won a gold medal at the first World Ski Orienteering Championships in Hyvinkää in 1975 in the relay event with the Finnish team (with Pekka Pökälä, Heimo Taskinen and Olavi Svanberg). He also received an individual silver medal in 1975, and a bronze medal at the 1977 World Championships in Avesta.
At the 1978 World Orienteering Championships in Kongsberg he won a bronze medal with the Finnish relay team.
# Jozef Jordaens

Jozef Jordaens (born 20 February 1950) is a Belgian rower. He competed in the men's coxless four event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
# Jan Lauwers

Jan Lauwers (born 5 October 1938) is a Belgian former road cyclist. Professional from 1962 to 1967, he notably won 3 stages of the Vuelta a España, Schaal Sels and the GP du canton d'Argovie.

## Major results
### 1962

    1st Schaal Sels

### 1963

    1st Stages 4 & 11 Vuelta a España
    5th Druivenkoers-Overijse
    5th Ronde van Brabant

### 1964

    1st GP du canton d'Argovie
    3rd Omloop van de Fruitstreek
    4th Ronde van Brabant

### 1965

    2nd GP Union Dortmund
    5th GP Stad Vilvoorde
    6th Ronde van Limburg
    10th GP du canton d'Argovie

### 1966

    1st GP Stad Vilvoorde
    2nd GP Victor Standaert
    2nd Omloop der Vlaamse Gewesten
    6th Elfstedenronde
    8th Druivenkoers-Overijse
    8th Ronde van Brabant

### 1967

    1st Stage 9 Vuelta a España
    2nd Brabantse Pijl
    2nd GP Stad Vilvoorde
    10th Omloop Het Volk
# Alain Lewuillon

Alain Lewuillon (born 27 February 1953) is a Belgian former rower. He competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics and the 1992 Summer Olympics.
# Eric Leman

Eric Leman (born 17 July 1946) is a former professional road racing cyclist from West Flanders, Belgium. He won the prestigious Tour of Flanders three times.

## Major results
### 1968

    1st, Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
    1st, Porto–Lisboa
    1st, Stage 2, Four Days of Dunkirk
    1st, Stage 21, Tour de France

### 1969

    1st, Dwars door Vlaanderen
    1st, Stage 3, Paris–Nice
    1st, Stages 1, 2, 5 and 7, Vuelta a Andalucía
    1st, Stage 3, Tour de France

### 1970

    1st, GP Briek Schotte
    1st, Tour of Flanders
    1st, Stage 4, Paris–Nice
    1st, Stage 1 and 3b, Vuelta a Andalucía
    1st, Prologue, Tour of Belgium

### 1971

    1st, Gullegem Koerse
    1st, Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen
    1st, Omloop der Vlaamse Ardennen
    1st, Omloop Mandel-Leie-Schelde
    1st, Stage 1a and 5a, Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
    1st, Stages 1, 2a and 4, Paris–Nice
    1st, Prologue B and Stage 2, Vuelta a Andalucía
    1st, Stage 1a, 6a and 7, Tour de France

### 1972

    1st, Tour of Flanders
    1st, Stage 4, Four Days of Dunkirk
    1st, Stages 1 and 3, Paris–Nice
    1st, Stage 2, Tour of Belgium

### 1973

    1st, Tour of Flanders
    1st, Stage 2b, Paris–Nice

### 1974

    1st, Stage 4, Paris–Nice
    1st, Stage 2, Vuelta a España

### 1975

    1st, Stage 1, Paris–Nice

### 1976

    1st, Omloop van Midden-Vlaanderen

### 1977

    1st, Stage 4, Vuelta a Aragón
# Maurice Neyt

Maurice Neyt (13 August 1928 – 20 February 2006) was a Belgian racing cyclist. He rode in the 1952 Tour de France.
# Diki Chhyoling monastery

Diki Chhyoling Gumba (Nepali: दिकि छ्योलिङ्ग गुम्बा) is a Buddhist monastery located in Olangchungola, Taplejung District of Nepal. It was built in the 16th century CE. The monastery houses a life size statue of Avalokiteshwara. A butter lamp kept near the altar is believed to be burning uninterrupted since the construction of the gompa. The monastery also houses historical and cultural scriptures, idols, paintings related to Buddhism. The monastery was renovated in 1860.
# Onychothemis testacea

Onychothemis testacea, the stellate river hawk, or riverhawker, is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is widespread in many Asian countries.

## Description

It is a medium sized dragonfly with bottle-green eyes. Its thorax is dark metallic-blue, marked with citron-yellow. There is a narrow mid-dorsal carina, a humeral spot and a narrow stripe on mesepimeron. Abdomen is black, marked with citron-yellow. Segment 1 has a triangular spot on mid-dorsum. Segment 2 has a small diamond-shaped spot on mid-dorsum. Segment 3 has its base dorsally and sub-dorsally narrow yellow and a stellate spot on mid-dorsum. Segments 4 to 9 are similar to 3; but the lateral spots much smaller. Segment 10 is entirely black. Anal appendages are black. Female is similar to the male.

## Habitat

It breeds in streams in forest or at its margins. This is a very fast flying dragonfly of forested streams. Males usually perch on dry twigs and other similar vantage points over streams and aggressively chase other dragonflies entering their territory.
# Kothi, Madhya Pradesh

Kothi is a town and a nagar panchayat in Satna district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Kothi had a population of 7,710. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Kothi has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 52%. In Kothi, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age. Kothi is 20 KM from Satna.
State Highway No. 11 is under construction which passes near the town.
# Roger Rosiers

Roger Rosiers (26 November 1946) is a former professional road racing cyclist from Vremde, Belgium.

## Major achievements
### 1965

    1st, Schaal Sels-Merksem

### 1967

    1st, Brabantse Pijl

### 1968

    1st, GP Flandria

### 1969

    1st, Nokere Koerse
    1st, Stage 2b, Tour of Belgium

### 1970

    1st, Stage 17, Vuelta a España

### 1971

    1st, Paris–Roubaix

### 1972

    1st, Overall, Tour de Luxembourg
       1st, Stage 1

### 1973

    1st, Grand Prix d'Isbergues

### 1977

    1st, Overall, Three Days of De Panne
# Nether Worton

Nether Worton is a hamlet in the civil parish of Worton, in the West Oxfordshire district, in the county of Oxfordshire, England. It is about 6+1⁄2 miles (10.5 km) south of Banbury and 7 miles (11 km) east of Chipping Norton. In 1931 the parish had a population of 42. On 1 April 1932 the parish was abolished and merged with Over Worton to form "Worton".

## Archaeology

Earthworks on Hawk Hill indicate a prehistoric settlement of unknown date, possibly Iron Age.

## Manor

The Domesday Book records that until 1066 one Leofgeat held the manor of Ortune, probably at what is now Nether Worton. After the Norman Conquest of England an estate of three hides and half a yardland at Worton passed to William the Conqueror's half-brother Odo of Bayeux. By 1086 there were 15 households consisting of 10 smallholders and five villagers.
Nether Worton House is the former manor house. It has a datestone inscribed 1653 but parts of the house may be earlier. The house was extended about 1920. It is a Grade II* listed building. The principal landowners in Nether Worton at the time were the Draper family. The best known of the family was William Draper (1620-1672), a figure of some importance on Parliament's side during the English Civil War and the Interregnum. The author Francis Osborne, best remembered for his Advice to a Son, who was William Draper's brother-in-law, died at Nether Worton House in 1659.

## Chapel of ease

The earliest parts of the Church of England chapel of ease of St James are 12th-century Norman and 13th-century Early English.The nave is aisled with three-bay north and south arcades. The piers of the south arcade are 12th-century but the columns are 14th-century. The north arcade is entirely 14th-century. The present southwest tower was built in 1630, incorporating a repositioned 13th-century doorway on the south side. The building was restored in 1883. The tower has two bells, the older of which was cast in 1601.
Until 2015 St James was part of a single benefice with Holy Trinity parish church, Over Worton. In March 2015 Nether Worton and Over Worton parishes became part of the Benefice of Westcote Barton with Steeple Barton, Duns Tew and Sandford St. Martin and Over with Nether Worton, also called the Barton Benefice.
# Eric Wauters

Eric Wauters (12 May 1951 – 21 October 1999) was a Belgian equestrian and Olympic medalist. He was born in Antwerp. He competed in show jumping at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, and won a bronze medal with the Belgian team. Wauters committed suicide in his home in 1999.
# Theo Wambeke

Théodore Wambeke (28 November 1903 – 7 May 1984) was a Belgian rower. He competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam with the men's coxed four where they were eliminated in the quarter-final.
# Lennart Brunnhage

Knut Lennart Herbert Brunnhage (25 August 1915 – 29 March 1999) was a Swedish diver who won a silver medal in the 10 m platform at the 1947 European Championships. Next year he finished fourth in this event at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
# Patrik Burman

Ulf Patrik Burman (born (1968-04-20)April 20, 1968) is a Swedish wheelchair curler.
He participated at the 2010 Winter Paralympics where Swedish team won a bronze medal.

## Wheelchair curling teams and events

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Alternate | Coach | Events |
| 2008–09 | Jalle Jungnell | Glenn Ikonen | Patrik Burman | Anette Wilhelm | | Thomas Wilhelm, Patrik Kihlström | WWhCC 2009 |
| 2009–10 | Jalle Jungnell | Glenn Ikonen | Patrik Burman | Anette Wilhelm | Patrik Kallin | Tomas Nordin | WPG 2010 |
| 2010–11 | Glenn Ikonen | Patrik Burman | Patrik Kallin | Kristina Ulander | Gert Erlandsson | Jalle Jungnell | WWhCC 2011 (8th) |
# Insufflation (medicine)

Insufflation (Latin: insufflare, lit. 'to blow into') is the act of blowing something (such as a gas, powder, or vapor) into a body cavity. Insufflation has many medical uses, most notably as a route of administration for various drugs.

## Medical uses
### Surgery

Gases are often insufflated into a body cavity to inflate the cavity for more workroom, e.g. during laparoscopic surgery. The most common gas used in this manner is carbon dioxide, because it is non-flammable, colorless, and dissolves readily in blood.

### Diagnostics

Gases can be insufflated into parts of the body to enhance radiological imaging or to gain access to areas for visual inspection (e.g. during colonoscopy).

### Respiratory assistance

Oxygen can be insufflated into the nose by nasal cannulae to assist in respiration.
Mechanical insufflation-exsufflation simulates a cough and assists airway mucus clearance. It is used with patients with neuromuscular disease and muscle weakness due to central nervous system injury.
Glossopharyngeal insufflation is a breathing technique that consists of gulping boluses of air into the lungs. It is also used by breath-hold divers to increase their lung volumes.
Positive airway pressure is a mode of mechanical or artificial ventilation based on insufflation.
Pump inhalers for asthmatics deliver aerosolized drugs into the lungs via the mouth. However, the insufflation by the pump is not adequate for delivery to the lungs, necessitating an active inhalation by the patient.

### Anesthesia and critical care

Insufflated gases and vapors are used to ventilate and oxygenate patients (oxygen, air, helium), and to induce, assist in or maintain general anaesthesia (nitrous oxide, xenon, volatile anesthetic agents).
Positive airway pressure is a mode of mechanical or artificial ventilation based on insufflation.

### Nasal drug administration

Nasal insufflation is the most common method of nasal administration. Other methods are nasal inhalation and nasal instillation. Drugs administered in this way can have a local effect or a systemic effect. The time of onset for systemic drugs delivered via nasal administration is generally only marginally slower than if given intravenously.

#### Examples of drugs given

* Steroids (local effect) and anti-asthma medication
* Hormone replacement
* Decongestants (local effect)
* Nicotine replacement
* Migraine medication
* Vaccines
Nasal administration can also be used for treatment of children or patients who are otherwise alarmed or frightened by needles, or where intravenous (IV) access is unavailable.

## History

In the 18th century, the tobacco smoke enema, an insufflation of tobacco smoke into the rectum, was a common method of reviving drowning victims.
# Flower portrait

The Flower portrait is the name of one of the painted portraits of William Shakespeare. A 2005 investigation of the portrait led to the conclusion that it was a forged artwork painted in the 19th century.
The name originates with the painting's previous owners, the Flower family, who gave it to the Royal Shakespeare Company. The painting depicts Shakespeare gazing out of the picture and wearing a wide white collar. It has a signed date of 1609, but many art experts had been suspicious of its provenance before it was X-rayed in 2005.
The picture has been commonly used, for example, in the covers of Shakespeare's published plays. It is similar to, and most likely a copy of, the Droeshout engraving, which appeared in 1623 in the first folio publication of Shakespeare's plays.

## History

According to statements by Edgar Flower, whose family had owned the painting, it was acquired sometime around 1840 by a Mr H.C. Clements, whose widow sold it to a member of the Flower family. Mrs C. Flower donated it to the Shakespeare Memorial Trust in Stratford, and it was exhibited at its picture gallery there in 1892. A number of experts who studied it at the time accepted that it was an authentic 17th-century painting. It was exhibited as the original from which the Droeshout engraving had been copied. Sidney Lee, in his 1898 biography of Shakespeare, declared that "no other pictorial representation of the poet has equally serious claims to be treated as contemporary with himself". However, in 1904, the art critic Marion Spielmann undertook a detailed analysis in which he demonstrated that the painting resembled Droeshout's revised second-state print rather than the original print, concluding that if Droeshout had copied the painting, then the first version would be more directly imitative. He took the view that the painting was an early copy of the print.
Many historians accepted this argument, but the painting still had its defenders. In 1966, an X-ray revealed that the portrait was painted on top of a 16th-century painting that depicts a Madonna and child with John the Baptist. In 2000, Hildegard Hammerschmidt-Hummel reasserted claims to the painting's authenticity, publishing a detailed argument in 2006.

## 2004 study

In 2004, experts of the National Portrait Gallery in London investigated three portraits of Shakespeare in preparation for the gallery's 150th anniversary exhibition. On April 21, 2005, investigators announced that the painting was not contemporary with Shakespeare.
Most of the pigments on the painting were available in the 17th century, but the golden braid of the doublet was painted with chrome yellow, a pigment unavailable until about 1814. The particles of the chrome yellow are part of the normal layer of paint, meaning that it was not painted afterwards. Therefore, Tarnya Cooper, one of the curators of the Gallery, announced that the painting is a 19th-century forgery, dating from around 1818–1840.
# TSA (disambiguation)

The Transportation Security Administration is an American transportation safety organization.
TSA may also refer to:

## Organizations

* Technology Student Association
* Tenant Services Authority, a former regulatory body in England
* Thailand Swimming Association, the governing body for aquatic sports in Thailand
* Theosophical Society in America
* The Scout Association, a UK scouting organisation
* The Sports Authority, former name of the defunct sports retailer Sports Authority
* Tourette Syndrome Association, former name of the Tourette Association of America
* Transpacific Stabilization Agreement, a research and discussion forum for the main transpacific container shipping lines
* Trans States Airlines, US
* Turkish Space Agency, a government agency for national aerospace research in Turkey
* The Salvation Army

## Education

* Tattnall Square Academy, Macon, Georgia, US
* Thinking Skills Assessment, a generic university admissions test
* Tiong Se Academy, Chinese school, the Philippines
* The Sharon Academy, Vermont, US
* Territory-wide System Assessment, a Hong Kong academic assessment program from 2004 to 2016
* Tulane School of Architecture, New Orleans, Louisiana, US
* Toledo School for the Arts, a public charter school in Toledo, Ohio

## Places

* Taipei Songshan Airport (IATA code)
* Tin Sau stop, Hong Kong (MTR station code)
* Titanium Security Arena, a sports stadium in Australia

## Science and technology

* TS/A, a mouse mammary carcinoma cell line
* Temperature swing adsorption, a gas separation technique
* Time Stamping Authority, carrying out cryptographic trusted timestamping
* Trichostatin A, an inhibitor of histone deacetylases
* Trypticase soy agar, a common laboratory plating media
* Tumor-specific antigen

## Arts and entertainment

* TSA (band) (Tajne Stowarzyszenie Abstynentów or Teetotallers' Secret Association), a Polish heavy metal/hard rock band
* Transformation Story Archive, web site archiving amateur fiction
* Toilet Safety Administration, parody of US Transportation Security Administration in TV episode "Reverse Cowgirl" (South Park)

## Other uses

* Tax sheltered annuity or 403(b) plan
* Technicien supérieur de l'aviation, a certification in French civil aviation
* Treasury single account, a financial policy in Nigeria
# The Marshal of Finland

The Marshal of Finland (Finnish: Suomen Marsalkka) is a Finnish-Kenyan fictional film based on the life of Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim. The film was produced by Yleisradio in cooperation with Savane Productions and Filmistuudio Kalevipojad. It was directed by a Kenyan Gilbert Lukalia. The film's world premiere was on The Helsinki International Love & Anarchy Film Festival on 28 September 2012.

## Plot

The story of the film focuses on Mannerheim's private life from 1905–1918. It tells about a failed marriage with Anastasia Arapova, and love affair with Kitty Linder after the Finnish Civil War. According to Gilbert Lukalian, "It's an universal story about a man who has difficulty reconciling family life and career."

## Cast

* Telley Savalas Otieno as Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
* Beatrice Wangui as Anastasia Arapova

## Production

In winter 2012 Yle reported on a forthcoming Mannerheim film, which would be an international production. Information of the film being filmed in a foreign country became to public, before Yle had time to organize a press conference on August 16, 2012.
Erkko Lyytinen got the idea for the film in Kenya from an Estonian producer Ken Saan. Saan had asked from Lyytinen if he had any project that could be filmed at Kenya. According to Lyytinen, Saan's aspect at the production was a major success of the movie filming. The screenplay was written by a Kenyan work group. Yle gave to scriptwriters the necessary facts, but the group created the portrait of Mannerheim themselves. Originally the film was going to be a war film, but turned out to be a biographical film, because it was too hard to shoot the war scenes at the bad circumstances.
The film was shot around Nairobi in May and June. Gilbert Lukalia was chosen to be a director of the film in just 12 hours before the start of filming. They also made a six-part documentary of making the film called Operation Mannerheim, which cost about 100,000–150,000 €, even though the movie itself cost only 20,000 €.

## Reception
### Stir before the premiere

The film sparked a debate even before it was published. The Finnish media raised a stir about a black actor performing Mannerheim. Producer Markus Selin said that the film is a "spoofing", and director Matti Kassila wondered why Yle had given a license for the description. Jörn Donner believes that the film is "a bluff", and said that Yle is trying to cash in on the Marshal's reputation.