OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chaff

Chaff (/tʃæf/; also UK: /tʃɑːf/) is dry, scale-like plant material such as the protective seed casings of cereal grains, the scale-like parts of flowers, or finely chopped straw. Chaff cannot be digested by humans, but it may be fed to livestock, ploughed into soil, or burned.

## Etymology

"Chaff" comes from Middle English chaf, from Old English ceaf, related to Old High German cheva, "husk".

## Grain chaff

In grasses (including cereals such as rice, barley, oats, and wheat), the ripe seed is surrounded by thin, dry, scaly bracts (called glumes, lemmas, and paleas), forming a dry husk (or hull) around the grain. Once it is removed, it is often referred to as chaff.
In wild cereals and in the primitive domesticated einkorn, emmer and spelt wheats, the husks enclose each seed tightly. Before the grain can be used, the husks must be removed.
The process of loosening the chaff from the grain so as to remove it is called "threshing" before "drying" – traditionally done by milling or pounding, making it finer like "flour". Separating remaining loose chaff from the grain is called "winnowing" – traditionally done by repeatedly tossing the grain up into a light wind, which gradually blows the lighter chaff away. This method typically uses a broad, plate-shaped basket or similar receptacle to hold and collect the winnowed grain as it falls back down.
Domesticated grains such as durum and common wheat have been bred to have chaff that is easily removed. These varieties are known as "free-threshing" or "naked".
Chaff should not be confused with bran, which is a finer, scaly material that is part of the grain itself.

## Straw chaff

Chaff is also made by chopping straw (or sometimes coarse hay) into very short lengths, using a machine called a chaff cutter. Like grain chaff, it is used as animal feed and is a way of making coarse fodder more palatable for livestock.

## Coffee chaff

Coffee chaff is produced from the so called silverskin, the thin inner-parchment layer on dried coffee beans, in the process of grinding coffee beans.

## Botany

In botany, chaff refers to the thin receptacular bracts of many species in the sunflower family Asteraceae and related families. They are modified scale-like leaves surrounding single florets in the flower-head.

## Metaphor

Chaff as a waste product from grain processing leads to a metaphorical use of the term, to refer to something seen as worthless. In the Bible, such use is found in Job 13:25, Isaiah 33:11, Psalm 83:13-15, and other places. Chaff also lends its name to a radar countermeasure, composed of small particles dropped from an aircraft.

## Use

Hungarian engineer László Schremmer has discovered that the use of chaff-based filters can reduce the arsenic content of water to 3 microgram/litre. This is especially important in areas where the potable water is provided by filtering the water extracted from an underground aquifer.
# Sally Toone

Sally J. Toone is an American politician and educator who served in the Idaho House of Representatives. A member of the Democratic Party, Toone represented District 26B.

## Political career

In October 2015, former District 26B representatives Donna Pence announced she would not seek reelection, and Toone ran for the open seat. She was unopposed in the Democratic primary, and defeated Republican Alex Sutter in the general election. She was reelected in 2018 and 2020, but did not file for reelection for 2022.
As of June 2020, Toone sits on the following committees:
* Agricultural Affairs
* Business
* Education

### Electoral record

2016 general election: Idaho House of Representatives, District 26B :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Sally Toone | 9,808 | 54.11% |
| | Republican | Alex Sutter | 8,317 | 45.89% |
2018 general election: Idaho House of Representatives, District 26B :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Sally Toone | 9,767 | 58.2% |
| | Republican | Mike McFayden | 7,026 | 41.8% |
2020 general election: Idaho House of Representatives, District 26B :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Sally Toone | 11,888 | 54.7% |
| | Republican | William Thorpe | 9,845 | 45.3% |

## Personal life

Toone was born in St. Maries, Idaho and holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Education from the University of Idaho. Her career includes working as a math teacher in the Wendell and Gooding school districts, and she is currently an Adult Educator and the College of Southern Idaho.
# Semicircle (album)

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AnyDecentMusic? | 7.1/10 |
| Metacritic | 70/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The A.V. Club | B− |
| The Independent | |
| Mojo | |
| The Observer | |
| Pitchfork | 6.3/10 |
| PopMatters | 8/10 |
| Record Collector | |
| The Skinny | |
| Uncut | 6/10 |
Semicircle is the fifth studio album by English band The Go! Team. It was released on 19 January 2018 by Memphis Industries. Vocals on the album were provided by band members Ninja and Maki, with guest vocals from the Detroit Youth Choir, Julie Margat, Darenda Weaver, and Amber Arcades. Brass was provided by the Neon Saints Brass Band.

## Accolades

Accolades for Semicircle :
| Publication | Accolade | Rank | Ref. |
| Rough Trade | Top 100 Albums of 2018 | 97 | |

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Ian Parton, except where noted

## Personnel

The Go! Team
* Sam Dook
* Ninja
* Simone Odaranile
* Ian Parton
* Angela Won-Yin Mak
Additional musicians
* Amber Arcades – vocals on "The Answer's No – Now What's the Question?" and "Plans Are Like a Dream U Organise"
* Detroit Youth Choir – vocals on "Mayday", "Semicircle Song", "All the Way Live", "She's Got Guns" and "Getting Back Up"
* Doreen Kirchner – vocals on "The Answer's No – Now What's the Question?"
* Julie Margat – vocals on "Hey!"
* Darenda Weaver – vocals on "The Answer's No – Now What's the Question?"
Production
* Matt Colton – mastering
* Ian Parton – mixing, production
* Paul "P-Dub" Walton – mixing
Artwork and design
* Luke Insect – graphic design
* James Slater – art direction
* Annick Wolfers – cover photograph

## Charts

Chart performance for Semicircle :
| Chart (2018) | Peak position |
| Scottish Albums (OCC) | 33 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 39 |
| UK Independent Albums (OCC) | 4 |
# Basu Bhattacharya

Basu Bhattacharya (1934 – 19 June 1997) was an Indian film director of Hindi films. He is perhaps best known for his 1966 film Teesri Kasam, starring Raj Kapoor and Waheeda Rehman (based on the short story "Maare Gaye Gulfam" by Phanishwar Nath 'Renu'), which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in 1967. The most popular and critically acclaimed film which he directed remains Avishkaar, starring Rajesh Khanna and Sharmila Tagore, which received five stars in Bollywood Guide Collections and for which Khanna received the Filmfare Best Actor Award in 1975.
In 1979, he produced Sparsh, which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi and the film also won the Filmfare Best Movie Award. He served as president of the Indian Film Directors' Association from 1976 to 1979. In 1981 he was a member of the jury at the 12th Moscow International Film Festival. None of his works were successful after 1983.
He started his career in 1958 by assisting Bimal Roy in films like Madhumati and Sujata and later married Bimal Roy's daughter, Rinki Bhattacharya, much to Bimal Roy's disapproval. This created a rift between him and his mentor. The couple had a son, the director Aditya Bhattacharya, and two daughters: Chimmu and Anwesha Arya, a writer. Later after much domestic abuse, his wife Rinki moved out in 1983, and the couple formally divorced in 1990. Rinki went on to edit an anthology on domestic violence in India, titled, Behind Closed Doors – Domestic Violence in India and became a successful writer, columnist and documentary filmmaker.

## Early life

Basu Bhattacharya hailed from an orthodox Brahmin family from a small town, Cossimbazar, in West Bengal

## Filmography
### As director

* Uski Kahani (1966)
* Teesri Kasam (1966) - Won National Film Award for Best Feature Film
* Anubhav (1971) - Won National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film
* Avishkaar (1973)
* Daku (1975)
* Tumhara Kalloo (1975)
* Sangat (1976)
* Known Yet Not Known (1977)
* Anand Mahal (1977)(Unreleased)
* Madhu Malti (1978)
* Griha Pravesh (1979)
* Madhuman (1981)
* Horký podzim s vuní manga (1984)
* Anveshan (1985) (TV)
* Solar Energy (1986)
* Science India (1986)
* Panchavati (1986)
* Ek Saas Zindagi (1991)
* Aastha: In the Prison of Spring (1997).

## Critical Appreciation

Avishkaar was featured in Avijit Ghosh's book, 40 Retakes: Bollywood Classics You May Missed
# Huub Sijen

Huub Sijen (21 November 1918 – 20 February 1965) was a Dutch racing cyclist. He rode the Tour de France in 1939, 1947 and 1949.
# Mario Ferreiro

Mario Aníbal Ferreiro Sanabria (born May 30, 1959) is a Paraguayan television host and politician. He was the presidential candidate of the centre-left coalition Avanza País in the April 2013 elections and received 5.88% of the vote.
He was intendant of City of Asuncion, capital of Paraguay, from 2015 to 2019.
His parents were Revolutionary Febrerista Party members. He studied at the National University of Asuncion and also in the United States. He became a radio and newspaper journalist in 1979 and a television host in 1980. He has hosted TV programs on SNT such as La mañana de cada día (2003–2012) and 24 Horas. He has also published several books of short stories and jokes.
# Sonja Rožman

Sonja Rožman (1934 – January 2010) was a Slovenian gymnast. She competed in seven events at the 1952 Summer Olympics. Rožman died in January 2010.
# Hearts (song)

"Hearts" is a song written by Jesse Barish and performed by Marty Balin in 1981, included on his debut solo album Balin. It was Balin's third single in nineteen years (after his distant and unsuccessful songs "Nobody but You" and "I Specialize in Love"/"You Are the One" of 1962) and the biggest hit of his solo career.
It reached #8 on the Billboard Hot 100, #9 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart, and #20 on the U.S. rock chart in 1981.
The song was produced by John Hug.
The single ranked #41 on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1981.
A music video for also made and produced for the song, which takes place on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco. The video also contains shots of the Golden Gate Bridge.

## Cover versions

* James Last released a version of the song on his 1981 album, Non Stop Dancing '82 – Hits Around the World.
* Dalida released a version of the song in France entitled "Nostalgie" on her 1982 album, Spécial Dalida.
* Sydne Rome released a version in 1982.
* Seija Simola released a version of the song in Finland entitled "Tunne" on her 1984 album, Tunteet.
* Marina Lima released a version of the song on her 1987 album, Virgem.
* Jefferson Starship released a live version on their 2001 album, Across the Sea of Suns.
* Philipp Kirkorov released a version of the song in Russia entitled "Сердце Ждёт" on her 2012 album, Сердце Ждёт".
# Bicep (album)

Bicep is the self-titled debut album by electronic music duo Bicep, released on Ninja Tune on 1 September 2017.
Upon its release, Bicep went in at number 20 on the UK Albums Chart. The album received positive reviews on its release, with support from publications such as Pitchfork, The Guardian, Resident Advisor and Mixmag.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AnyDecentMusic? | 7.7/10 |
| Metacritic | 79/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Clash | 8/10 |
| Exclaim! | 7/10 |
| Financial Times | |
| The Guardian | |
| Mixmag | 9/10 |
| Pitchfork | 7.4/10 |
| PopMatters | 8/10 |
| Resident Advisor | 4.2/5 |
| The Skinny | |
Pitchfork referred to the album as "a varied document drawing on the rich history and variety of UK dance music, updated with sleek, modern sounds, vibrant psychedelic textures, and impeccable production".
Mixmag referred to it as "laser focused in the pursuit of pleasure" and that Bicep "makes absolute sense as a complete album".
The Guardian noted that the debut album "fitfully lives up to expectations", naming "Aura" as "one of the dance tracks of the year".
Resident Advisor praised the "rich and varied LP", noting "They out do themselves on Bicep... Contemporary, relevant and, most of all, exciting".
Mixmag later placed the album in first place on their list of Top Albums of the Year, referring to the album as "simultaneously classic and undeniably contemporary".
The lead single, "Glue", was voted by the public as DJ Mag's (Best of British) Track of the Year. It also reached number 1 topping Amazon's Best Electronic of 2017. second in Mixmag's 100 Best Tracks of 2017, and the Joe Wilson directed video came in at number three in Fact magazine's ten best music videos of 2017.

## Track listing

All tracks written by Andrew Ferguson and Matthew McBriar, except where noted.

### Notes

* "Spring" contains a sample of "Chalte Chalte Yun Hi Koi" from the soundtrack of Pakeezah, written by Ghulam Mohammed and Kaifi Azmi, and sung by Lata Mangeshkar.
* "Rain" contains a sample of "Husn Hazir Hai" from the soundtrack of Laila Majnu, written by Madan Mohan, Jaidev and Sahir Ludhianvi, and sung by Lata Mangeshkar.

## Personnel
### Bicep

* Andrew Ferguson
* Matthew McBriar

## Charts

| Chart (2017–2018) | Peak position |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 113 |
| Irish Albums (IRMA) | 67 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 20 |

## Certifications

Certifications for Bicep :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 60,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Champion (comics)

Champion, in comics, may refer to:
* Champion of the Universe, a Marvel Comics character and a member of The Elders
* The Champion (comics), a British comic
* Champion, two DC Comics characters, the second of which was an alias used by Hercules
It may also refer to:
* Champions (1975 team), a Marvel Comics superhero team that debuted in 1975
* Champions (2016 team), a Marvel Comics superhero team that debuted in 2016
# List of Party for Freedom members of the European Parliament

This is a list of all (former) members of the European Parliament for the Party for Freedom (PVV).

## List

| Name | Start date | End date |
| Rachel Blom | 16 July 2024 | |
| Louis Bontes | 14 July 2009 | 17 June 2010 |
| Ton Diepeveen | 16 July 2024 | |
| Marieke Ehlers | 16 July 2024 | |
| André Elissen | 13 June 2017 | 2 July 2019 |
| Marcel de Graaff | 1 July 2014 | 1 July 2019 |
| Marcel de Graaff | 1 February 2020 | 20 January 2022 |
| Lucas Hartong | 22 June 2010 | 30 June 2014 |
| Hans Jansen | 1 July 2014 | 5 May 2015 |
| Patricia van der Kammen | 27 September 2012 | 1 July 2014 |
| Sebastian Kruis | 16 July 2024 | |
| Barry Madlener | 14 July 2009 | 20 September 2012 |
| Vicky Maeijer | 1 July 2014 | 15 March 2017 |
| Laurence Stassen | 14 July 2009 | 21 May 2014 |
| Daniël van der Stoep | 14 July 2009 | 1 September 2011 |
| Sebastiaan Stöteler | 16 July 2024 | |
| Olaf Stuger | 1 July 2014 | 2 July 2019 |
| Auke Zijlstra | 13 September 2011 | 30 June 2014 |
| Auke Zijlstra | 7 September 2015 | 1 July 2019 |
| Auke Zijlstra | 16 July 2024 | |
# Henry Geiger

Henry Geiger (August 10, 1908 – 15 February 1989) was the editor, publisher, and chief writer of MANAS Journal which was published from 1948–1988.
He “had been variously a chorus boy on Broadway, a journalist, a conscientious objector in World War II, a commercial printer, and a lecturer at The United Lodge of Theosophists in Los Angeles.” Geiger began work as an actor when he was sixteen and spent three years working with the Theater Guild before becoming a journalist. While working as an actor, he had a small role in the original production of The Garrick Gaieties in 1925. During World War II, Geiger was a conscientious objector and was a member of the Civilian Public Service program. He worked at the CO Camp 76 at Glendora, where he helped found the pacifist newspaper Pacifica Views. The four-page weekly provided pacifists with "a forum for discussing pacifist ideas and methods of applying non-violent action to social reform".
Geiger published the first issue of his journal Manas in January 1948, while he living in Los Angeles. Abraham Maslow called him “the only small ‘p’ philosopher America has produced in this century.” Geiger was also an advocate of Edward Bellamy's type of socialism. Some of Geiger's associates, such as Lewis Hill, would later be involved in the creation of Pacifica Radio.
# Hyve Group

Hyve Group Limited, formerly ITE Group, is an international organiser of exhibitions and conferences. The Group organises over 30 events and conferences each year and employs over 650 staff in 10 offices worldwide. The company's purpose is to create game-changing impact for its customers, through its unmissable events.

## History

The business was founded by the Shashoua family as "International Trade Exhibitions" (ITE) in 1991 and then launched a series of trade events in the new market economies of Russia and the CIS. It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1998. In 2008 it acquired Primexpo NW LLC, a conference organiser based in St Petersburg and has subsequently acquired further businesses in Moscow (MVK), Krasnodar (Krasnodar LLC), Istanbul (YEMF and Platform Exhibitions), Kyiv (Autoexpo and Beautex), Mumbai (ABEC) and Kuala Lumpur (Trade Link).
The company rebranded from ITE Group to Hyve Group in September 2019.
In December 2019, Hyve acquired two US-based events: Shoptalk and Groceryshop.
On 15 March 2023, Hyve and Providence Equity's acquisition vehicle Heron UK Bidco Limited announced they had agreed the terms of a recommended cash offer to be made by Heron for the entire issued and to be issued share capital of Hyve. In April 2023, Searchlight Capital became bidding partner of Providence for its agreed takeover, with the deal completed in June 2023.
# Oliver Prince Buel

Oliver Prince Buel (January 22, 1838 – April 7, 1899) was an American lawyer and banker.

## Early life

Buel was born on January 22, 1838, in Troy in Rensselaer County, New York. He was the youngest of eight children of Judge David Buel (1784–1860) and Harriet (née Hillhouse) Buel (1792–1866). His father, originally from Litchfield County, Connecticut, was a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. Among his siblings were elder brothers, the Rev. Samuel Buel (father of Lt.-Col. David Hillhouse Buel), the Rev. David Hillhouse Buel, John Griswold Buel, Col. Clarence Buel, and Hambden Buel.
His paternal grandparents were David Buel and Rachel (née McNiel) Buel, and his maternal grandparents were John Griswold Hillhouse (brother of U.S. Senator James Hillhouse) and Elizabeth (née Mason) Hillhouse of Montville, Connecticut.
He graduated from Williams College in 1859.

## Career

After being admitted to the bar in Troy, Buel practiced law in Troy from 1865 to 1870 before moving to New York City and forming his own law firm with Joel B. Erhardt later known as Buel, Erhardt & Blackwell. He was afterwards associated with W. A. Ogden Hegeman and, later, Buel, Toucey and Whiting (later known as Patterson, Buel, Touchey & Whiting).
In 1881, Buel was a founding trustee of the Metropolitan Trust Company which was organized by his cousin, Gen. Thomas Hillhouse, who had just resigned as the Assistant Treasurer of the United States in New York City (following eleven years in that position after being appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1870. Hillhouse served as president until his death in July 1897 when he was succeeded by Brayton Ives.

## Personal life

On December 28, 1875, Buel was married to Josephine Maria (née McDougall) Buel, in Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. Originally from Indianapolis, Josephine was the widow of Lt.-Col. David Hillhouse Buel, who was actually Buel's nephew. Oliver became stepfather to her son, David Hillhouse Buel, a Yale graduate who became ordained as a Roman Catholic priest in 1898 and the 34th President of Georgetown University in 1905 (he later left the Jesuit order to marry, and subsequently became an Episcopal priest). Josephine's other child was Josephine Maria Buel, although she later changed her name to Violet McDougal, she married critic George Merriam Hyde.
Buel died at his home, 1037 Fifth Avenue (corner of Fifth Avenue and 85th Street), in New York on April 7, 1899. He was buried at Oakwood Cemetery in Troy.
# Kerby (name)

Kerby is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:
Surname:
* Kerby (Ipswich martyr) (died 1546)
* Edwin Kerby (1885–1971), Australian politician
* Harold Spencer Kerby (1893-1963), Royal Air Force Air Vice-Marshal who commanded British air forces in East Africa during the Second World War
* Henry Kerby (1914–1971), British Conservative Member of Parliament
* Trey Kerby (born 1984), American sports blogger
* William F. Kerby (1908–1989), chairman and CEO of Dow Jones & Co. and publisher of The Wall Street Journal
* William J. Kerby, (1870-1936) writer, sociologist and Catholic social worker
Given name:
* Kerby Farrell (1913–1975), minor league baseball manager
* Kerby Joseph (born 2000), American football player
* Kerby A. Miller, American historian
* Kerby Raymundo (born 1981), Filipino basketball player
Fictional characters:
# Zakura, India

Zakura, also known as Zukura and Zukur, is a notified area and town in the Srinagar district of the Kashmir Valley, in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The town is the integral part of Hazratbal constituency. The area is located about 12 km from commercial center of the Kashmir Valley. The area provides at least two major road links which connects municipal committee of Ganderbal with Srinagar.

## Geography

The area is located 34°09′32″N 74°49′54″E﻿ / ﻿34.1589887°N 74.8316992°E﻿ / 34.1589887; 74.8316992 12 km towards North from the commercial center of Srinagar.

## History

The people living in Zakura witnessed the slaughter of the human lives by Indian armed forces in the 20th century. The key event among all the brutal killings was Zakura Massacre. The Massacre was the killing of protesters calling for the implementation of a United Nations resolution regarding a plebiscite in Kashmir at Zakura Crossing in Srinagar on 1 March 1990. 40 people died in the incident.

## Demographics

The postal code of the area is 190006. Kashmiri is the native language of the area, people also speak Urdu and English fluently.

## Education
### Institute of Asian Medical Sciences

The college is considered one of the top medical colleges in valley. It provided major role and contribution in 2014 Kashmir floods, it was the only college in which vaccine injections were not destroyed by floods. It saved the life of many human beings.
# Ivy Smith

Ivy Smith was a vaudeville performer and recording artist in the United States. She used the pseudonyms Ruby Rankin and Sally Sad. She recorded "Sad and Blue" / "Third Alley Blues", "Cincinnati Southern Blues" / "Barrel House Mojo", and "Ninety Nine Years Blues / Too Mean to Cry Blues (1927) (Iva Smith) at Paramount Records in 1927. She was African American.
She performed as a vaudeville act and recorded with Cow Cow Davenport. They recorded on Vocalion Records.
Smith performed with Cow Cow Davenport as the Chicago Steppers and they recorded together. Their recordings include "Sad and Blue" and "My Own Man Blues". A compilation of their works was released in 1993 and reissued in 2002.
Leroy Pickett also accompanied her.

## Discography

* "Got Jelly on My Mind" / "Wringing and Twisting Papa" on Supertone Records/Varsity Records
* "Rising Sun Blues"
* "Sad and Blue"
* "My Own Man Blues"
* "Third Alley Blues"
* "Ninety Nine Years blues"
* "Cincinnati Southern blues"
* "Too Mean to Cry Blues"
* "Barrel House Mojo"
* "Shadow Blues"
* "No Good Man blues"
* "Gin House blues"
* "Mistreated Mamma Blues"
* "Doin' That Thing"
* "Somebody's Got to Knock a Jug"
* "Southern High Waters Blues"
* "Gypsy Woman Blues"
* "Milkman Blues"
* "Alabammy Mistreated"