OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Yu Myung-hwan

Yu Myung-hwan (Korean: 유명환; born April 8, 1946) is a South Korean diplomat, he was Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade from February 2008 to September 2010. His resignation was caused when his daughter was given a job in his department . He has previously held posts including Ambassador to Israel, Japan and the Philippines. Yu received his bachelor's degree in public administration from Seoul National University.

## Nepotism charges

In 2010, Yu has resigned over accusations of nepotism involving his daughter. Yu's daughter, Yu Hyun-sun, was employed at the foreign ministry as a mid-level director through a special employment program.

## Honours

* Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2015)
# Yun Byung-se

Yun Byung-se (Korean: 윤병세; born 3 August 1953 in Seoul) was the Foreign Affairs Minister of South Korea. His term ended 31 May 2017. From 2006 to 2008, Yun served as senior presidential secretary for foreign, security and unification policy.

## Early Career (1977–2013)

Yun joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1977. Since 1984, he has worked in Sydney, New York, the United Nations, Singapore, and Geneva. He served as vice foreign minister in 2004.

## Minister of Foreign Affairs (2013–2017)

He was foreign minister from 2013 to 2017.

### Middle East

Yun Byung-se visited Iran in 2015 and met with the country's Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif and the president.
# Si Vis Pacem, Para Bellum (album)

Si Vis Pacem, Para Bellum (Latin pronunciation:; English: "If You Want Peace, Prepare for War") is the eighth studio album by South African rock band Seether. It was released on 28 August 2020 through Fantasy Records and was produced by lead vocalist Shaun Morgan. The album's first single, "Dangerous", was released ahead of the album in June 2020, as well as "Bruised and Bloodied" in July and "Beg" in August. A deluxe edition was released on 1 July 2022.

## Background and promotion

In June 2019, John Humphrey revealed that recording had commenced for their upcoming eighth studio album, with frontman Shaun Morgan creating demos and sharing them with band members. On 24 June 2020, the band announced the album itself set for release on 28 August 2020 through Fantasy Records. They also released the first single of the album, "Dangerous". Translating to "If You Want Peace, Prepare for War", the album features 13 new tracks, and was produced by Morgan himself in Nashville, Tennessee from December 2019 to January 2020. On 17 July, the band released the second single, "Bruised and Bloodied". On 14 August, two weeks before the album release, the band released a third song "Beg".

## Composition and themes

Morgan explained that the album's sound was influenced by late 1990s alternative rock, specifically A Perfect Circle and Deftones, which he had been listening to heavily in recent years. The album combines the guitar riffs commonly found in 1990s rock with the atmospheric sounds found in A Perfect Circle's music. Morgan also aimed to move away from the standard "verse-pre-chorus-chorus" song structure commonly found in mainstream music.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Shaun Morgan
Notes
* Tracks 14 to 17 are originally from Wasteland – The Purgatory EP.

## Personnel

Credits adapted from AllMusic and the album's liner notes.
Seether
* Shaun Morgan – lead vocals, guitar, production
* Dale Stewart – bass, backing vocals
* Corey Lowery – guitar, backing vocals, engineering
* John Humphrey – drums
Additional personnel
* Matt Hyde – engineering, mixing
* Ted Jensen – mastering
* Matt Marshall – A&R
* Shawn Coss – artwork
* Florian Mihr – package design

## Charts

Chart performance for Si Vis Pacem, Para Bellum :
| Chart (2020) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 21 |
| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) | 27 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) | 113 |
| French Albums (SNEP) | 152 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 37 |
| Scottish Albums (OCC) | 30 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 15 |
| US Billboard 200 | 37 |
# Pierre Jadoul

Pierre Jadoul (born 14 October 1959) is a Belgian politician of the Reformist Movement serving as a member of the Chamber of Representatives since 2024. From 2013 to 2023, he was the rector of Saint-Louis University.
# Banasa herbacea

Banasa herbacea is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, and North America.
# Historical region

Historical regions (or historical areas) are geographical regions which, at some point in history, had a cultural, ethnic, linguistic or political basis, regardless of latter-day borders. There are some historical regions that can be considered as "active", for example: Moravia, which is held by the Czech Republic, is both a recognized part of the country as well as a historical region. They are used as delimitations for studying and analysing social development of period-specific cultures without any reference to contemporary political, economic or social organisations.
   The fundamental principle underlying this view is that older political and mental structures exist which exercise greater influence on the spatial-social identity of individuals than is understood by the contemporary world, bound to and often blinded by its own worldview - e.g. the focus on the nation-state.
Definitions of regions vary, and regions can include macroregions such as Europe, territories of traditional sovereign states or smaller microregional areas. Geographic proximity is generally the required precondition for the emergence of a regional identity. In Europe, regional identities are often derived from the Migration Period but for the contemporary era are also often related to the territorial transformations that followed World War I and those that followed the Cold War.
Some regions are entirely invented, such as the Middle East, which was popularised in 1902 by a military strategist, Alfred Thayer Mahan, to refer to the area of the Persian Gulf.

## Lists

* Anatolia
* Armenia
* Central Europe
* Dalmatia
* Denmark (Lands / Districts)
* Finland (Historical / Former)
* France
* Greece (Ancient / Traditional / Geographic)
* Hadhramaut
* Iraq (Mesopotamia)
* Latvia
* Caucasus
* Lithuania
* Poland
* Palestine
* Portugal
* Serbia
* Sweden (Lands / Provinces)
* Syria
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
** England
** Hen Ogledd
** Scotland (Provinces / Shires)
** Wales
* United States
# Draycott, Worcestershire

Draycott is a hamlet in the English county of Worcestershire.
It is located on the A38 road due south of the city of Worcester. It forms part of the civil parish of Kempsey and the Malvern Hills district.

## Etymology

Draycott's name comes from the phrase 'cottages by the dræg'. A 'dræg' is a small anchor with four arms.
# Diego Espinoza

Diego Espinoza is a former Democratic member of the Arizona House of Representatives, serving since 2015. On September 5, 2022, he resigned from the Arizona House of Representatives, and withdrew from the Arizona Senate election, to pursue a career outside of politics.

## Elections

* 2014 Espinoza and Mark Cardenas were unopposed in the Democratic primary. Cardenas and Espinoza defeated Sophia Johnson in the general election.
* Despite having won the Democratic primary in August 2022, Espinoza unexpectedly resigned his seat September 5, 2022 to pursue a career outside of politics. With no other candidates, potential candidates had until 5:00 p.m. on November 3 to file as write-ins.
# Friedrichshafen G.IV

The Friedrichshafen G.IV and G.V (factory designations FF.61 and FF.55) respectively were heavy bombers that were designed and manufactured in Germany during World War I by Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen. The G.IV saw limited use by the Luftstreitkräfte (German Imperial Air Service) for tactical and limited strategic bombing operations, while the G.V and a follow-on design, the FF.62 did not fly until after the Armistice.

## Development

Although the G.III series had proven to be successful, Friedrichshafen engineers began to work on a replacement aircraft during 1917. Faced with the fact that any successor would have to be powered by the same 190 kW (260 hp) Mercedes D.IVa engine as the G.III series, engineers decided to increase performance by trying to lighten the aircraft. In part this was achieved by completely removing the nose gunner's position. Another major change was that the twin engines were now arranged in a tractor configuration for the first time. Two basic versions of this bomber were produced; the G.IV which had a similar tail unit as the G.III, while the G.IVa had a tail unit similar to that of the G.IIIa and G.IIIb. Other than modifications to the fuselage and tail surfaces to account for the change in the aircraft's center of gravity the G.IV series aircraft were roughly similar to the G.III series aircraft. Little is known of the wartime career of the G.IV and G.IVa. Two batches of these bombers were ordered from Friedrichshafen and Daimler and some of them were delivered before the war ended. While it is certain that some examples of the improved Friedrichshafen G.IV were delivered it is not clear how many they were or whether they saw service at the front.
The G.V was generally similar to the G.IVs, and featured a similar box-like tail unit. It differed, however, in having an even shorter forward fuselage, so that the nose of the aircraft was now behind the propeller discs. This allowed the engines to be moved closer to the aircraft's centreline, making asymmetrical thrust less of a problem in the case of the failure of one of its engines. A single prototype flew on 9 May 1918, but it was not put into production. The FF.62 did not fly until 20 November, and was generally similar except for reverting to Mercedes D.IVa in place of the new Maybach Mb IVa engines used on the G.V.

## Operators

* German Empire
** Luftstreitkrafte

## Specifications (G.IV)

Data from Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen GmbH
General characteristics
* Crew: 3
* Length: 12 m (39 ft 4 in)
* Wingspan: 22.6 m (74 ft 2 in)
* Wing area: 87 m$^2$ (940 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 2,880 kg (6,349 lb)
* Gross weight: 4,980 kg (10,979 lb)
* Fuel capacity: 671 kg (1,479 lb)
* Powerplant: 2 × Mercedes D.IVa 6-cylinder water-cooled in-line piston engines, 190 kW (260 hp) each
* Propellers: 2-bladed pusher propellers
Performance
* Maximum speed: 142 km/h (88 mph, 77 kn)
Armament
* Guns: 2 × 7.92 mm (0.312 in) Parabellum MG14 machine guns on flexible mounts
* Bombs: Up to 1,000 kg (2,200 lb)) of bombs
# Maddulapalli

Maddulapalli is a village of Jagtial district, Pegadapalli mandal, in Telangana, India.
# Danube Banovina

Danube Banovina or Danube Banate (Serbo-Croatian: Dunavska banovina / Дунавска бановина), was a banovina (or province) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1941. This province consisted of the geographical regions of Syrmia, Bačka, Banat, Baranya, Šumadija, and Braničevo. The capital city of the Danube Banovina was Novi Sad. The province was named after the Danube River.

## Population

According to the 1931 census, the Danube Banovina had 2,387,495 inhabitants. The population of this region was composed of:
* Serbs and Croats (56.9%)
* Hungarians (18.2%)
* Germans (16.3%)

## Borders

According to the 1931 Constitution of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia,
* "The Danube Banovina is bounded on the south-west by the boundaries ... of the Sava and Drina Banovinas, on the north and north-east by the State frontiers with Hungary and Romania, up to the point where the latter frontier meets the Danube. The boundary then follows the course of the Danube up to the eastern boundary of the district of Ram and then turns along the south-eastern boundary of the Požarevac district. It then follows the eastern boundaries of the districts of Morava, Lepenica, Kragujevac, and Gruža, as far as the Dulenski Crni Vrh (hill 919), turning towards the Gledic Mountains and thence over the Krečane (hill 760) and Brzak (hill 822) up to the boundary of the Drina Banovina on Mount Kotlenik, near Crni Vrh (hill 768)."

## History

In 1931, Mitrovica and Šid districts were transferred from Drina Banovina to Danube Banovina.
In 1939, when the new Banovina of Croatia was formed, Šid and Ilok districts were transferred from the Danube Banovina to that of Croatia.
In 1941, the World War II Axis Powers occupied the Danube Banovina. Bačka and Baranja regions were attached to Hungary, while Syrmia was attached to the Independent State of Croatia. The remainder of the former Danube Banovina (including Banat, Šumadija, and Braničevo) were part of the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia. However, Banat had autonomy as a region ruled by its ethnic German minority.
In 1945 the region was restored as a province of Serbia within a federal Socialist Yugoslavia. The province was officially renamed as Vojvodina, its historical name, with the capital at the city of Novi Sad. The new province consisted of Syrmia, Banat and Bačka regions. Baranja was included in the People's Republic of Croatia, while Šumadija and Braničevo were included in Serbia Proper.

## Cities

Some large cities of the Danube Banovina were:
* Novi Sad
* Subotica
* Petrovgrad (now Zrenjanin)
* Sombor
* Velika Kikinda (now Kikinda)
* Mitrovica (now Sremska Mitrovica)
* Kragujevac
* Smederevo
* Požarevac

## Bans of Danube Banovina (1929–1941)

* Daka Popović (1929–1930)
* Radoslav Dunjić (1930)
* Svetomir Matić (1930–1931)
* Milan Nikolić (1931–1933)
* Dobrica Matković (1933–1935)
* Milojko Vasović (1935)
* Svetislav Paunović (1935–1936)
* Svetislav Rajić (1936–1939)
* Jovan Radivojević (1939–1940)
* Branko Kijurina (1940–1941)
* Milorad Vlaškalin (1941)
# Jonquière

Jonquière (/ʒɒŋˈkjɛər/; French pronunciation:; 2021 population: 60,250) is a borough (arrondissement) of the city of Saguenay in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, Canada. It is located on the Saguenay River, near the borough of Chicoutimi.

## History

Jonquière was founded in 1847 by Marguerite Belley, who came from La Malbaie to settle on the Rivière aux Sables. It was named after Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière, governor of New France from 1749 to 1752.
Growth came from the construction of pulp and paper mills at the beginning of the 20th century. Between 1925 and 1928, the world's largest aluminum plant was built along with the city Arvida (then a separate town). In 1942, to supply power to the plant, Alcan built a hydroelectric station at Shipshaw that was the largest in the world at that time. Jonquière, Arvida and Kénogami were amalgamated into the single city of Jonquière in 1975. Jonquière was the host city for the Quebec Games in the winter of 1976 and for the Canoe/Kayak World Championships in slalom and whitewater racing in 1979.
Much of Jonquière's development owed its strength to the Price family, who ran a pulp and paper factory in Kénogami. Today that factory is owned by Resolute Forest Products. Arvida is the home of an aluminium plant owned by Rio Tinto Alcan.
When the city of Saguenay was constituted on February 18, 2002 by municipal amalgamation, the borough of Jonquière was created from the former city of Jonquière, the former municipality of Shipshaw, and the former municipality of Lac-Kénogami. The former city of Jonquière had a population of 54,842 in the Canada 2001 Census, the last census in which Jonquière was counted as a separate city.
The heavy metal band Voivod formed in Jonquière.
The Rivière aux Sables runs through the centre of Jonquière. Significant damage to the city's buildings was caused by the 1996 Saguenay Flood.

## Transportation
### Rail

Jonquière is the northern terminus of the Montreal–Jonquière passenger train operated by Via Rail. Three round-trip trains per week run between Jonquière station and Montreal Central Station, scheduled to take about nine hours each way. This route is shared by the Montreal–Senneterre train as far as Hervey station. From Montreal, passengers can connect to trains serving major destinations such as Quebec City, Ottawa, Toronto, Halifax, and New York City.

## Notable people

* Christiane Chabot, artist
* Bernard Jean, oboist, conductor, and music educator
* Pierre Pilote, NHL hall of famer
* Rafaël Harvey-Pinard, NHL player
* Annie Villeneuve, singer-songwriter
* Voivod, heavy metal band
* Guillaume Morissette, novelist

### Mayors

* Jean Allard ( – January 20, 1868), (1872–1876) and (February 5, 1894 – August 26, 1895 Death)
* Jules Gauthier Me Jules Gauthier (1942 - bef 1949)
* Camille Gagné
* Francis Dufour (1975–1985) (Arvida 1967 – 1975)
* Gilles Marceau
* Marcel Martel ( – November 7, 1999)
* Daniel Giguère (November 7, 1999 – February 18, 2002)
# Jan Kamp

Jan Kamp (12 December 1862 - 25 July 1924) was a journalist in the Netherlands and South Africa, a school teacher, and a university professor in literature. He emigrated to South Africa where he became a promoter of the academic use of the Afrikaans language.

## Roots

Kamp was born on 12 December 1862 in Enschede, The Netherlands, the son of Hermen Kamp and Gezina Luijerink. He received training as a teacher and later studied at the Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, the Netherlands. In South Africa, he married a Dutch immigrant Margaretha Maria Elizabeth Herman who gave him four children.

## Journalist

While still in the Netherlands, Kamp was one of the editors of the newspaper De Standaard (Dutch for The Standard). In the later years as a lecturer he was at the same editor of Het Westen (Dutch for The West), and Ons Vaderland (Our Fatherland, 1915) and Het Volk (The Nation), all local newspapers.

## Teaching

In South Africa Kamp taught at schools in Pretoria, Rustenburg, and Nigel. While he was a lecturer in his later years, he always stayed involved in Schools. Kamp was on the committee that founded Potchefstroom Gimnasium, an Afrikaans High School in Potchefstroom in 1907.

## Lecturer

In 1905 he started to work at the Theologian Centre of the Reformed Church in Potchefstroom. In 1912 he became a Professor there specialising in literature and continued until his death in Potchefstroom on 25 July 1924.

## Publications by Kamp

* 1909 - Proeve van inleiding tot de Nederlandse letterkunde
* 1912 - De nieuwe richting in de Nederlandse letterkunde
* 1912 - De school hoort aan de ouders

## Afrikaans language

As a lecturer he appreciated Afrikaans poems and stories and helped young students to better their Afrikaans. When on the committee for Potchefstroom Gimnasium he also was in favour of it becoming an Afrikaans medium School.
# Crow honeyeater

The crow honeyeater (Gymnomyza aubryana) is a very large honeyeater endemic to humid forests in New Caledonia in the South Pacific.

## Description

The species measures 35 to 42.5 cm (13.8–16.7 in). It has orange facial wattles. It superficially resembles a crow with its glossy black plumage and a curved beak. Crow honeyeaters have long rounded wings and a long tail and neck. Their bill is long and bicolored – yellow below, black above. It has a loud, ringing call, which is predominantly heard in the early mornings. Crow honeyeaters are monogamous.

## Habits and range

It is relatively inconspicuous, and lives either in pairs or alone. It forages for invertebrates and nectar in the canopy and midstory.

## Status and conservation

This bird is critically endangered due to introduced rats. Extensive surveys have only found it in the Parc de la Rivière Bleue area, on the slopes of the Kouakoué, in the Pourina and Ouiné valleys, at Rivière Blanche and on the slopes of Mont Pouédihi and Mt Panie. It is spread throughout the island, though mostly in the south. It is estimated that there are between 50 and 249 birds left.
# Menu hack

A menu hack (also called a secret menu) is a non-standard method of ordering food, usually at fast-food or fast casual restaurants, that offers a different result than what is explicitly stated on a menu. Menu hacks may range from a simple alternate flavor to "gaming the system" in order to obtain more food than normal. They are often spread on social media platforms such as TikTok, and are more popular with Generation Z, which has been known to customize their orders more than previous generations. Hacks are sometimes officially added to the menu after their popularity grows. However, in some cases, they have been criticized for overburdening fast food employees with outlandish requests, sparking debate as to whether certain menu hacks are unethical.

## History

The term "menu hack" stems from hacker culture and its tradition of overcoming previously imposed limitations. However, the tradition of ordering from a secret menu dates back to the early days of fast food. "Animal style" fries, a word of mouth menu item ordered from In-N-Out since the 1960s, was rumored to have been created by local surfers. In the Information Age, the rise of social media gave influencers the ability to communicate unique food combinations to their followers, which proved to go viral easily. Design mistakes in food ordering apps also proved to be easily exploitable. In some cases, these hacks boosted the profile of brands on social media, while in others, they caused financial harm when the company was unprepared to handle the sudden influx of unusual orders.
One restaurant chain notable for the phenomenon is Chipotle Mexican Grill. A viral hack from Alexis Frost, suggesting a quesadilla with fajita vegetables inside, dipped in Chipotle vinaigrette mixed with sour cream, obtained 1.9 million views on TikTok, overloading the chain's workers, who had to work harder to prepare more vegetables and vinaigrette. Some restaurants began to deny the dish to customers, forcing them to only order meat and cheese on quesadillas. The company ultimately left the dish on the menu, but urged customers to stop ordering it via social media. When it later officially added the Fajita Quesadilla to the menu, digital sales nearly doubled. A method to order nachos, which are not officially on the menu, was also noted by customers.
Starbucks is also famous for menu hacks, including the Pink Drink, a "Barbiecore" beverage in which coconut milk replaced the water in the strawberry açaí refresher. After it went viral, the company made it a permanent menu item and distributed it bottled in grocery stores.

## Controversy

Menu hacks have been subject to a growing backlash, with employees stating that they "dread" younger customers due to the proliferation of unusual orders. Service industry workers, already considering themselves overworked and underpaid, have called the rise of menu hacks and their difficulty to make an additional reason to unionize and demand higher wages.