OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fast approximate anti-aliasing

Fast approximate anti-aliasing (FXAA) is a screen-space anti-aliasing algorithm created by Timothy Lottes at Nvidia.
FXAA 3 is released under a public domain license. A later version, FXAA 3.11, is released under a 3-clause BSD license.

## Algorithm description

* The input data is the rendered image and optionally the luminance data.
* Acquire the luminance data. This data could be passed into the FXAA algorithm from the rendering step as an alpha channel embedded into the image to be antialiased, calculated from the rendered image, or approximated by using the green channel as the luminance data.
* Find high contrast pixels by using a high pass filter that uses the luminance data. Low contrast pixels that are found are excluded from being further altered by FXAA. The high pass filter that excludes low contrast pixels can be tuned to balance speed and sensitivity.
* Use contrast between adjacent pixels to heuristically find edges, and determine whether the edges are in the horizontal or vertical directions. The blend direction of a pixel will be perpendicular to the detected edge direction on that pixel.
* Calculate one blend factor for a high-contrast pixel by analyzing the luminance data in the 3x3 grid of pixels with the pixel in question being the center pixel.
* Search along the detected edge to determine how long that edge goes for and what direction the actual edge goes when the detected horizontal or vertical edge ends in order to take into account the actual edge's direction in order to calculate a second blend factor. This step can be tuned for more quality by increasing the search resolution and how far the search goes before the search for the edge's end gives up, or for more speed by reducing both.
* Blend the pixel using the chosen blend direction and the maximum of both of the blend factors that were calculated.

## Comparison

The main advantage of this technique over conventional spatial anti-aliasing is that it does not require large amounts of computing power. It achieves this by smoothing undesirable jagged edges ("jaggies") as pixels, according to how they appear on-screen, rather than analyzing the 3D model itself, as in conventional spatial anti-aliasing. Since it is not based on the actual geometry, it will smooth not only edges between triangles, but also edges inside alpha-blended textures, or those resulting from pixel shader effects, which are immune to the effects of multisample anti-aliasing (MSAA).
The downsides are that high contrast texture maps are blurred, that FXAA must be applied before rendering the HUD elements of a game lest it affect them too, and that polygonal details smaller than one pixel that would have been captured and rendered by MSAA and SSAA cannot be captured and rendered by FXAA alone.
# Poladlı, Qubadli

39°18′36″N 46°34′47″E﻿ / ﻿39.31000°N 46.57972°E﻿ / 39.31000; 46.57972
Poladlı (also, Poladly and Polatly) is a village in the Qubadli Rayon of Azerbaijan.
Poladlı is an Azeri village in Qubadli.
# Bhuvan Gowda

Bhuvan Gowda is an Indian cinematographer who works in Kannada films. His popular works include Ugramm (2014), KGF duology (2018–2022) and Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire (2023). Gowda has won the SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer – Telugu for the latter.

## Career

Gowda began his career as a cinematographer for Prashanth Neel's Ugramm after the main cinematographer left the film. He shot the film with a 5D camera. In 2017, he was the cinematographer for Pushpaka Vimana. His work was well appreciated by critics. He collaborated with Neel again for K.G.F: Chapter 1 after Ugramm. Gowda garnered acclaim for his work in KGF: Chapter: 1 and won the SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer. For K.G.F: Chapter 1, Gowda carried 40 kilogram camera for every shot and also used a drone. His next work was K.G.F: Chapter 2, where he collaborated with Neel for the third time.
# Franco Agnesi

Franco Maria Giuseppe Agnesi (Milan, 4 December 1950) is an Italian Catholic bishop, Auxiliary Bishop of Milan since 24 May 2014.

## Biography

He was born in Milan on 4 December 1950. He grew up in Legnano, in the parish of San Domenico.

### Priestly formation and ministry

He completed his studies in the Archbishop's Seminary of Milan.
On 8 June 1974 he was ordained a priest in the cathedral of Milan by Cardinal Giovanni Colombo.
After ordination he was appointed vice-rector of the theological seminary of Saronno, a position he held until 1980, when he became diocesan assistant of the youth sector of Azione Cattolica. Since 1989 he has been the general diocesan assistant of the same lay association and head of the diocesan youth pastoral office.
In 1995 he was appointed by Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini as pro-vicar general of the archdiocese and moderator curiæ of the archbishopric Curia of Milan.
On 15 July of the same year he received the honorary title of prelate of honor of His Holiness from Pope John Paul II. From 1994 to 1995 he was also director of the Milanese Oratori Foundation (FOM), of which he became president in 1995, a position he held until 2002.
From 1995 to 2003 he also covered the significant role of president of Caritas Ambrosiana. In 2003 he became parish priest of San Giovanni Battista in Cesano Boscone and in 2005 he assumed the position of dean of the deanery of Cesano Boscone.
In 2008 he was appointed provost of San Giovanni Battista in Busto Arsizio and in 2009 he became dean of the deanery of Busto Arsizio.
On 5 April 2012, during the Chrism Mass, Cardinal Angelo Scola announced his appointment as episcopal vicar for the pastoral area II of Varese, the largest in the entire diocese: the appointment became effective on the following 29 June.

### Episcopal ministry

On 24 May 2014 Pope Francis appointed him auxiliary bishop of Milan and titular bishop of Dusa. The following 28 June, he received episcopal ordination in the cathedral of Milan with the bishops Pierantonio Tremolada and Paolo Martinelli, from cardinal Angelo Scola, co-consecrating cardinal Dionigi Tettamanzi and bishop Mario Delpini (later archbishop).
In the afternoon of the same day he presided over his first mass as bishop in the sanctuary of the Sacro Monte di Varese. He is also the first original bishop of the city of Legnano.
He holds the position of delegate of the Lombard Episcopal Conference for the pastoral care of migrants and is a member of the Episcopal Commission for migration within the Italian Episcopal Conference.
On 29 March 2018, during the Chrism Mass, Archbishop Mario Delpini announced his appointment as vicar general of the archdiocese, effective from the following 29 June; he succeeds the same mgr. Dolphins.
# Gosei (Japanese diaspora)

Gosei (五世, transl. 'fifth generation') is a Japanese diasporic term used in countries, particularly in North America and South America, to specify the great-great-grandchildren of Japanese immigrants (Issei). The children of Issei are Nisei (the second generation). Sansei are the third generation, and their offspring are Yonsei. The children of at least one Yonsei parent are called Gosei.
The character and uniqueness of the Gosei are recognized in its social history. The Gosei are the subject of on-going academic research in the United States and Japan.

## History

The earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897. Today, the four largest populations of Japanese and descendants of Japanese immigrants live in the United States, Canada, Brazil and Peru. Gosei is a term used in these geographic areas outside Japan. Gosei characterizes the child of at least one Yonsei (fourth generation) parent. Differences among these national Gosei developed because of the varying historical processes through which their Japanese emigrant forebears became Nikkei.

### Gosei in the US

The lives of Japanese-Americans of earlier generations contrast with the Gosei because they have English-speaking grandparents. According to a 2011 columnist in The Rafu Shimpo of Los Angeles, "Younger Japanese Americans are more culturally American than Japanese" and "other than some vestigial cultural affiliations, a Yonsei or Gosei is simply another American."

### Gosei in Canada

Japanese-Canadian Gosei are entirely acculturated, as is typical for any ethnic group.

### Gosei in Peru

Japanese-Peruvian (Nipo-peruano) Gosei made up less than 1.0% of the Nikkei population in 2000. They are represented by the Asociación Peruano Japonesa.

### Gosei in Brazil

Japanese-Brazilians (Nipo-brasileiro) make up the largest Japanese population in South America, numbering an estimated less than 242,543 (including those of mixed-race or mixed-ethnicity), more in the 1.8 million in the United States. The Gosei are a small part of the ethnic minority in that South American nation in the last decades of the 20th century. In 1990, 0.8% of the Nipo-Brasileiros community were Gosei.

## Cultural profile
### Generations

The term Nikkei (日系) encompasses all of the world's Japanese immigrants across generations. In North America, the Gosei are among the heirs of the "activist generation" known as the Sansei.
| Generation | Cohort description |
| Issei (一世) | The generation of people born in Japan who later immigrated to another country. |
| Nisei (二世) | The generation of people born in any country outside Japan to at least one Issei parent. |
| Sansei (三世) | The generation of people born to at least one Nisei parent. |
| Yonsei (四世) | The generation of people born to at least one Sansei parent. |
| Gosei (五世) | The generation of people born to at least one Yonsei parent. |
# Prasanta Karmakar

Prasana Karmakar is an Indian Para swimmer. He won 2 Bronze medals in 2014 Incheon Asian Games. He is also known for representing India as the swimming team coach for 2016 RIO Paralympic games.

## Early life

He was born in 1980 or 1981 in Kolkata, West Bengal.

## Career

He is an Arjuna Awardee, Major Dhyan Chand Sports Awardee, Bhim Awardee, Kolkata Shree Awardee, State Role Model Awardee, Super Idol Awardee, Positive Health Hero Awardee, Achiever Awardee, Limca Book Record Holder, Swimmer of the year Award 2010, 2011, 2014. In 2003, Karmakar became the first disabled swimmer to represent India and win a medal at the World Swimming Championships in Argentina. Karmakar is known to be the Indian swimmer at the 2009 IWAS World Games held in Bangalore winning 4 Gold, 2 Silver and 1 Bronze medal.
At the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, he won a bronze medal which was India's first ever medal in aquatics at the Commonwealth Games. In the 2010 Asian Para Games in Guangzhou in China, he won a silver medal at 50m Freestyle and a bronze medal in the 200m Individual Medley. Prasanta also won a bronze in the 50m Backstroke in the S9 category at the 2010 International German Swimming Championships for Athletes with a Disability in Berlin, Germany. Karmakar won 2 bronze medal in 2014 Incheon Asian Para games in 100 meter Breast stroke and 4 × 100meter freestyle relay. It was reported that Karmakar opted out of the Paralympics in London to make way for Sharath Gayakwad.
In March 2018, Karmakar was suspended for three years by Paralympic Committee of India for reportedly capturing video clips of female swimmers.
He is the Paralympic swimming Asian record holder in 50m Butterfly, 50m Breaststroke and 50m Backstroke and also is the Paralympic National Record holder in four events – 50m Freestyle, 100m Freestyle, 100m Backstroke and 200m Individual Medley. Having achieved success at the Commonwealth Games and Asian Games. Karmakar has been coached by Pradeep Kumar in Bangalore.

## Achievements

* National champion for 16 consecutive years,
* Only Indian Commonwealth Games medalist 2010
* 2006, 2010 and 2014 Asian Games medalist,
* Only Indian Athlete world games 7 medalist 2009,
* Only Indian swimmer made 3 Asian records 2010,
* First Indian World Swimming Championship Medalist 2003,
* International swimmer for over 13 years representing India and winning 44 medals,
* Only swimmer in India to win medal in Asian Cycling Championship 2013.
* First coach in Indian Paralympic Swimming Team at Rio Paralympic Games 2016.

## Awards and accolades

* Arjuna Award 2011,
* Major Dhyan Chand Sports Award 2015,
* Bhiem Award 2014,
* Kolkata Shree Award 2010,
* Role Model Award 2005,
* Super Idol Award 2011,
* Positive Health Hero Award 2012,
* Swimmer of the year Award 2009, 2011
* Achiever Award 2015.
* He was supported by GoSports Foundation, a sports non profit organisation that aims to promote sporting excellence in India.
# Ministry of Minorities (Pakistan)

The Ministry of Minorities used to be a federal-level ministry in the Government of Pakistan. The head of the ministry was known as the Minister for Minorities and was a member of the federal cabinet.
Until September 2004, the functions of this ministry were carried out by the Minorities Wing of the former Ministry of Minorities, Culture, Sports, Tourism and Youth Affairs - but it remained underfunded for some time. This changed when it was upgraded to a fully-fledged, independent Ministry of Minorities, founded under President Musharraf.
In November 2008, the government (then led by the Pakistan People's Party (PPP)) invested in a larger ministry and renamed it the Ministry of Minorities Affairs. The role of minister was awarded to a Christian activist, Shahbaz Bhatti, who served in this position until March 2, 2011, when he was assassinated in Islamabad.
In July 2011, the Government of Pakistan closed the Minorities Affairs Ministry as part of a decentralization plan that would see powers in this area transferred to the provinces. However, a new ministry was created with almost the same remit but under a different name, the Ministry for National Harmony. Shahbaz Bhatti's brother, Paul Bhatti, was appointed to lead it, as a "Special Advisor" to the Prime Minister.
In June 2013, under a newly elected government led by the Pakistan Muslim League (N), the Ministry of National Harmony was merged with a larger ministry, the Ministry of Religious Affairs. Some argue that this weakens minority representation at the highest level. Others say it is a positive move to 'mainstream' minority concerns and avoid marginalisation.
# Pieter Gerbrands

Pieter Gerbrands Jr. (27 April 1909 – 11 November 1962) was a Dutch long-distance runner. He competed in the men's 5000 metres at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
# Arpin (town), Wisconsin

Arpin is a town in Wood County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 942 at the 2020 census.

## History

In 1851 the six-mile (9.7 km) square which later became the town of Arpin was surveyed by crews working for the U.S. government. They found the section corners with chain and compass and marked them. When done, the deputy surveyors filed these general descriptions:
   The soil in this Township is generally a dark loam and is very (?), the surface is generally level, except in the South western part which is Rolling and somewhat stony - the stone are a Blue Flint - The Timber in the South West Part is mostly Sugar (?) Ironwood & Butternut with very little or no undergrowth. The Eastern and Northern Part is heavily timbered also the Timber being mostly Birch Oak Pine Soft Maple with some undergrowth of Blue Beech along the Border of the streams. We usually find alder thickets caused by the overflowing of the Bottom Lands in times of high water & from Beaver Dams. The streams are mostly fed by the swamps and are subject to (?) sudden rise and fall.
   This may be considered a valuable district of which a considerable portion would command a ready rate, if in market at the present time. There is no settlement upon it. A few small rough log cabins, occupied in the winter season by the shingle makers, comprise all the improvements on it.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 33.0 square miles (85.5 km$^2$), all of it land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 786 people, 267 households, and 213 families residing in the town. The population density was 23.8 inhabitants per square mile (9.2/km$^2$). There were 280 housing units at an average density of 8.5 per square mile (3.3/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 97.84% White, 0.13% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 0.25% from other races, and 1.40% from two or more races. 1.15% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 267 households, out of which 42.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.8% were married couples living together, 3.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.2% were non-families. 15.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.94 and the average family size was 3.31.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 30.7% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 7.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 114.6 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $42,115, and the median income for a family was $45,313. Males had a median income of $27,679 versus $23,864 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,750. About 7.7% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.3% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
# Sportima Arena

Sportima Arena or Sportima Sports Hall is an indoor arena in Vilnius.
The arena has an indoor football field used for wrestling trainings.
# Yarkhun

Yarkhun is a valley in Upper Chitral District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
The district of Chitral is divided into two tehsils and 24 Union Councils.
* Chitral
* Mastuj
# Akagi, Shimane

Akagi (赤来町, Akagi-chō) was a town located in Iishi District, Shimane Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,372 and a density of 28.58 persons per km$^2$. The total area was 117.98 km$^2$.
On January 1, 2005, Akagi, along with the town of Tonbara (also from Iishi District), was merged to create the town of Iinan.
# Foppe de Haan

Foppe Geert de Haan (Dutch pronunciation:, born 26 June 1943) is a Dutch football coach. He is known for his long association with Frisian club Heerenveen. De Haan was the manager of the Tuvalu national team during 2011 and then rejoined Heerenveen's youth programme. He is also a politician for the Partij van de Arbeid.

## Career

De Haan was born in Lippenhuizen, Friesland. He started his managerial career in 1974 with VV Akkrum. After two years, he combined this role with the youth team manager's position at Heerenveen. By 1978, he had become the manager for Drachtster Boys. He then moved to ACV in 1980, and to Steenwijk in 1983. In 1985, de Haan re-joined Heerenveen, this time as an assistant coach. He continued to spend the next 20 years with the club—the longest time a coach worked for a Dutch professional football club. De Haan was promoted to become the head coach in 1992. In 1993, he led the club back to the Eredivisie. They finished in the Eredivisie with Heerenveen in 2000, as the second place. Thus, they qualifyied for the UEFA Champions League for the first time in the club's history.
In 2003, he received the Sport Award and on 10 May 2004, after his final game as coach of Heerenveen, he was acknowledged as a Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau. He was successively appointed as coach of the Netherlands U21 national team (Dutch: Jong Oranje), with whom he won the 2006 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship and 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship.
De Haan was accused by Steven Taylor of calling him a "cheat" as he had been injured in the match and was originally not going to take a penalty in the semi-final penalty shoot-out. Taylor eventually took and scored his penalty in the shootout which made the Netherlands won despite the act. A semifinal spot in the latter tournament also qualified the Dutch for the 2008 Summer Olympics football tournament, leading his side to the quarter-finals where they were ultimately defeated by Argentina after extra time.
De Haan had announced that he would retire from football at the end of the 2008–09 season, when his contract with the KNVB expired. Instead he returned to work as a senior advisor at SC Heerenveen, before being appointed head coach at South African Premier Soccer League club Ajax Cape Town.
De Haan managed the Tuvalu national team through their 2011 Pacific Games campaign. De Haan left his post after the tournament to rejoin Heerenveen's youth programme.
On 20 October 2015, De Haan became interim coach of SC Heerenveen after the team had a disappointing start of the season and Dwight Lodeweges left as head coach. Under De Haan the team went on to win four of their first six games, drawing and losing one.

## Honours

Netherlands
* UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2006, 2007
# Pernitz

Pernitz is a town in the district of Wiener Neustadt-Land in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.

## History

The origin of the name Pernitz is the Slavic word perenica, which refers to a stream on which charcoal is used. The Slavic settlement was preceded by a Celtic settlement. The name was first mentioned in 1165 in the Falkensteiner Codex. Since the 17th century Pernitz experienced growth, interrupted by the plague in 1679, and the Second Turkish Siege in 1683.
In 1828, a road was built to the Triesting valley. It was connected by railway to Leobersdorf and Gutenstein in 1877. Pernitz received water in 1904 and electricity in 1908. It became a market town in 1961.
# Kiatjarern Ruangparn

Kiatjarern Ruangparn (Thai: เกียรติเจริญ เรืองปาน; born 9 April 1987) is a retired professional footballer from Thailand. He played in the 2010 Thai League Cup final and won a winner's medal after Thai Port defeated Buriram PEA F.C. 2-1.

## Honours
### Club
#### Thai Port F.C.

* Thai FA Cup winner (1) : 2009
* Thai League Cup winner (1) : 2010
# Abulci

The Abulci were a Roman auxiliary company (numerus) mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum (ca. 420) as composing part of the garrison of the Saxon Shore Fort of Anderida – the title of one position is listed as "Praepositus numeri Abulcorum, Anderidos" (The commander of the Company of Abulci at Anderida) (Notitia Dignitatum xxviii.20). The unit may have been recruited from the territory of Abula (now Ávila) in Hispania Tarraconensis, although a Gaulish origin has also been suggested.
Earlier the Abulci are mentioned by Zosimus among the forces fighting for Constantius II at the Battle of Mursa Major in 351 (τάγματος τών Άβούλχων), where their commander, Arcadius, was killed.(ii.51)
The Abulci were mentioned by Kipling in Puck of Pook's Hill ("A Centurion of the Thirtieth").