OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# List of mayors of Springfield, Illinois

This is a list of mayors of Springfield, Illinois, United States.

## Table

| Name of Mayor | Start of Term | End of Term | Time in Office | Note |
| Benjamin S. Clements | 1840 | | | |
| William L. May | 1841 | | | |
| David B. Campbell | 1842 | | | |
| Daniel B. Hill | 1843 | | | |
| Andrew McCormack | 1844 | | | |
| James C. Conkling | 1845 | | | |
| Eli Cook | 1846 | 1848 | | |
| John Calhoun | 1849 | 1851 | | |
| Willam Lavely | 1852 | | | |
| Josiah Francis | 1853 | | | |
| William Henry Herndon | 1854 | | | |
| John Pope Cook | 1855 | | | |
| John W. Priest | 1856 | 1858 | | |
| William Jayne | 1859 | 1860 | 1 year | |
| Goyn A. Sutton | 1860 | 1864 | 4 years | |
| George L. Huntington | 1861 | 1862 | | |
| John W. Smith | 1863 | | | |
| John S. Vredenburg | 1864 | | | |
| Thomas J. Dennis | 1865 | | | |
| John S. Bradford | 1866 | | | |
| Norman M. Broadwell | 1867 | | | |
| William E. Shutt | 1868 | | | |
| Norman M. Broadwell | 1869 | | | |
| John W. Priest | 1870 | | | |
| John W. Smith | 1871 | 1872 | 1 year | |
| Charles E. Hay | 1873 | | | |
| Obed Lewis | 1874 | | | |
| Charles E. Hay | 1875 | | | |
| William Jayne | 1876 | 1877 | 1 year | |
| John A. Vincent | 1878 | | | |
| R. L. McGuire | 1879 | | | |
| Horace C. Irwin | 1880 | | | |
| John McCreery | 1881 | | | |
| A. N. J. Crook | 1882 | | | |
| John McCreery | 1883 | 1884 | | |
| Jame Garland | 1885 | 1886 | | |
| Charles E. Hay | 1887 | 1890 | | |
| Rheuna Lawrence | 1891 | 1892 | 1 year | |
| Frank Kramer | 1893 | 1894 | | |
| Marion U. Woodruff | 1895 | 1896 | | |
| Loren Edgar Wheeler | 1897 | 1900 | | |
| John L. Phillips | 1901 | 1902 | | |
| Harry Devereux | 1903 | 1906 | | |
| David Griffiths | 1907 | | | |
| Roy R. Reece | 1907 | 1908 | | |
| John Schnepp | 1909 | 1915 | | |
| Charles Baumann | 1915 | 1923 | | |
| Samuel A. Bullard | 1923 | 1926 | | |
| J. Emil Smith | 1926 | 1930 | | |
| Hal Smith | 1930 | 1931 | | |
| John W. Kapp, Jr. | 1931 | 1947 | | |
| Harry Eielson | 1947 | 1951 | | |
| John E. MacWherter | 1951 | 1955 | | |
| Nelson O. Howarth | 1955 | 1959 | | |
| Lester E. Collins | 1959 | 1963 | | |
| Nelson O. Howarth | 1963 | 1971 | | |
| William Telford | April 6, 1971 | April 8, 1979 | 8 years, 2 days | |
| J. Michael Houston | 1979 | 1987 | | |
| Ossie Langfelder | 1987 | 1995 | | |
| Karen Hasara | 1995 | April 2003 | | |
| Timothy Davlin | April 2003 | December 14, 2010 | | |
| Frank Kunz | December 14, 2010 | December 28, 2010 | 14 days | Mayor pro tempore |
| Frank Edwards | December 28, 2010 | April 29, 2011 | 4 months, 1 day | |
| J. Michael Houston | April 29, 2011 | May 7, 2015 | 4 years, 8 days | |
| Jim Langfelder | May 7, 2015 | May 5, 2023 | 7 years, 363 days | |
| Misty Buscher | May 5, 2023 | Present | | |
# Gurkanwal Kaur

Gurkanwal Kaur is an Indian Politician from the state of Punjab. Kaur represented the Jalandhar Cantt Assembly Constituency from 2002 to 2007. Kaur was from the Indian National Congress but in 2017 she joined Bharatiya Janata Party in the presence of Union finance minister Arun Jaitley and Punjab BJP president, Vijay Sampla.

## Family

Kaur's brother Tej Parkash Singh was a minister in the Punjab government and her father Beant Singh was the Chief Minister of Punjab from 1992 to 1995.
# List of highways numbered 175

The following highways are numbered 175:

## Canada

* Prince Edward Island Route 175
* Quebec Route 175

## Costa Rica

* National Route 175

## Japan

* Japan National Route 175

## Mexico

* Mexican Federal Highway 175

## United Kingdom

* B175 road

## United States

* Interstate 175
* U.S. Route 175
* Alabama State Route 175
* Arkansas Highway 175
** Arkansas Highway 175 Spur
* California State Route 175
* Connecticut Route 175
* Florida State Road 175
* Georgia State Route 175 (former)
* Illinois Route 175 (former)
* Iowa Highway 175
* K-175 (Kansas highway)
* Kentucky Route 175
* Louisiana Highway 175
* Maine State Route 175
* Maryland Route 175
* M-175 (Michigan highway) (former)
* Minnesota State Highway 175
* Missouri Route 175
* New Hampshire Route 175
** New Hampshire Route 175A
* New Jersey Route 175
* New Mexico State Road 175
* New York State Route 175
** New York State Route 175X
* North Carolina Highway 175
* Ohio State Route 175
* Tennessee State Route 175
* Texas State Highway 175
** Farm to Market Road 175 (Texas)
* Utah State Route 175 (former)
* Virginia State Route 175
* Wisconsin Highway 175
* Wyoming Highway 175

### Territories

* Puerto Rico Highway 175
| Preceded by 174 | Lists of highways 175 | Succeeded by 176 |
# Chinaman (ship)

A Chinaman was a ship engaged in the Old China Trade, in the 18th and 19th centuries, by analogy with East Indiaman.
# Bill Goesling

Bill Goesling is an American politician and retired United States Navy test pilot who served as a member of Idaho House of Representatives from 2018 to 2020.

## Early life and education

Goesling was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1963, Goesling earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in chemistry from the University of Montana. Goesling the earned a Master of Science degree in applied science and management degrees from Naval Postgraduate School. In 1993, Goesling earned a PhD in education from the University of Idaho.

## Career

Goesling served in the United States Navy as a production pilot and flight instructor. Goesling flew aircraft such as the North American RA-5C Vigilante, A-7, and F-15. In 1989, Goesling retired with a rank of Commander from the United States Navy. Goesling earned a Distinguished Flying Cross.
Goesling became an instructor in ROTC program in Moscow, Idaho.
In 2004, Goesling became a chairman and commissioner of Idaho Public Charter School Commission, serving until 2011. In 2011, Goesling served as a Republican member of the Idaho State Board of Education, until 2016.
On November 6, 2018, Goesling won the election and became a Republican member of Idaho House of Representatives for District 5, seat A, succeeding Paulette Jordan. Goesling defeated Margaret R. Gannon with 51.0% of the votes.
Goesling chose not to run for re-election in 2020.

## Personal life

Goesling is married to Jo Goesling. They have six children and three grandchildren. Goesling and his family live in Moscow, Idaho.

## Election history

District 5 House Seat A - Latah and Benewah Counties :
| Year | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Candidate | Votes | Pct |
| 2016 Primary | Bill Goesling | 1,346 | 46.6% | Carl Berglund | 1,541 | 53.4% |
| 2018 Primary | Bill Goesling | 2,454 | 60.3% | Hari Heath | 1,619 | 39.7% |
| 2018 General | Bill Goesling | 9,888 | 51.0 % | Margaret Gannon | 8,589 | 38.7 % |
# Jim Patrick

Jim Patrick (born July 1, 1945) is an American politician and farmer who served as a member of the Idaho Senate from the 25th district. He was previously a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 2006 to 2012. He served as chairman of the Senate Commerce and Human Resources Committee.

## Education

Patrick graduated from Filer High School and the University of Idaho.

## Elections

District 23 Senate - Owyhee County and part of Twin Falls County :
| Year | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Candidate | Votes | Pct |
| 2002 Primary | Jim Patrick | 1,403 | 39.2% | Tom Gannon | 1,618 | 45.2% | Rex Reed | 555 | 15.5% |
District 23 House Seat A - Owyhee County and part of Twin Falls County :
| Year | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Candidate | Votes | Pct |
| 2006 Primary | Jim Patrick | 3,141 | 63.7% | Jim Conder | 1,789 | 36.3% |
| 2006 General | Jim Patrick | 7,492 | 68.2% | Peter Rickards | 3,499 | 31.8% |
| 2008 Primary | Jim Patrick (incumbent) | 3,259 | 100% | | | |
| 2008 General | Jim Patrick (incumbent) | 11,257 | 72.1% | Peter Rickards | 4,364 | 27.9% |
| 2010 Primary | Jim Patrick (incumbent) | 4,003 | 100% | | | |
| 2010 General | Jim Patrick (incumbent) | 9,629 | 100% | | | |
District 25 Senate - Jerome County and part of Twin Falls County :
| Year | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Candidate | Votes | Pct |
| 2012 Primary | Jim Patrick | 4,156 | 100% | | | |
| 2012 General | Jim Patrick | 10,650 | 67.1% | Scott McClure | 5,214 | 32.9% |
| 2014 Primary | Jim Patrick (incumbent) | 3,717 | 100% | | | |
| 2014 General | Jim Patrick (incumbent) | 9,211 | 100% | | | |
| 2016 Primary | Jim Patrick (incumbent) | 4,287 | 100% | | | |
| 2016 General | Jim Patrick (incumbent) | 12,077 | 72.3% | Scott McClure | 4,620 | 27.7% |
# Deir Aames

Deir Aames (Arabic: دير عامص) is a municipality in Southern Lebanon, located in Tyre District, Governorate of South Lebanon.

## Etymology

According to E. H. Palmer, the name means "the convent of Amis."

## History

In 1243, during the Crusader era, Deir Aames (called Derreme, or Dairrhamos) belonged to Venice.

### Ottoman era

In the early 1860s, Ernest Renan noted: "'At Deir Amis there is a large basin of great stones, and a portion of wall which seems of Crusading times. At the church there is a drawing like the stone of Aitit. As the stone of Deir Amis is certainly Christian, so must also be that of Aitit."
In 1875, Victor Guérin found the village to be inhabited by Metuali families. He further noted: "numerous ruined houses, a fragment of a column in the interior of a small mosque, cut stones scattered over the ground, cisterns cut in the rock, a tank partly built and partly rock-cut. On an ancient lintel is carved a double cross in a circle."
In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described it: "A village, built of stone, situated on a ridge, with olives and arable land around, containing about 100 Metawileh; water from cisterns."

## Demographics

In 2014 Muslims made up 99.94% of registered voters in Deir Aames. 99.58% of the voters were Shiite Muslims.
# Dehabad, Natanz

Dehabad (Persian: ده اباد) is a village in Khaledabad Rural District of Emamzadeh District, Natanz County, Isfahan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 1,791 in 441 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,543 people in 424 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,538 people in 517 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Whiting Peak (British Columbia)

Whiting Peak is an unofficial name for a mountain in British Columbia, Canada. It has an elevation of 2,524 metres (8,281 ft) above sea level and is one of Canada's many ultra prominent peaks.
The name "Whiting Peak" is derived from it being the high point of a group of mountains bordered by two bodies of water. Whiting Lake lies to the east and the Whiting River runs to the west of this group.

## Gallery

* Whiting Peak (British Columbia) on June 24, 2022
# Kaya Alp

Kaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: قایا الپ, lit. 'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah. He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi and great-grandfather of the Ottoman Empire founder, Osman I. He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey's son Kaya Alp. He was a descendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks.
# Badrud

Badrud (Persian: بادرود) is a city in, and the capital of, Emamzadeh District of Natanz County, Isfahan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 14,391 in 3,709 households. The following census in 2011 counted 13,120 people in 3,982 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 14,723 people in 4,763 households.
# Parc Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The Parc Jean-Jacques-Rousseau is a French landscape garden at Ermenonville, in the Département of Oise. It is named for the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who stayed there the last six weeks of his life. He died there in 1778 and was buried in an island in the park. The western part, called "le Désert" is managed by the Institut de France, and the northern part by a hotel/restaurant at the Château d'Ermenonville. The other parts are not open to the public, for various reasons.

## History

The park at Ermenonville was created by René de Girardin (1735–1808). Girardin was an officer under Stanislas Leszczyński, and fought in the Seven Years' War.
Girardin acquired a substantial inheritance from his mother René Hatte in 1762, enabling him to create his park and gardens at Ermenonville. Girardin brought in two hundred English workers to create his garden.
It was inspired by Jean-Jacques Rousseau's philosophy, in his 1761 work, Julie, or the New Heloise, drawing from the works of the English writers Joseph Addison, Alexander Pope and Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, all three of whom had written on English gardens.
Girardin laid out the garden based on ideas expressed in an essay entitled De la composition des paysages sur le terrain ou des moyens d'embellir la nature près des habitations en y joignant l'agréable à l'utile ("On the creation of landscapes, or means of embellishing nature near inhabited places in merging the agreeable and the useful").
In the 1770s Rousseau and Girardin met up in Paris. In the spring of 1778, his friend Thérèse Levasseur fell into bad health, and her doctor advised her to have a rest in the countryside. The two then tried to find a new place to live.
Girardin, one of Rousseau's many admirers, invited them to stay at a cottage in his garden, and they did from May 1778. There, Rousseau recovered his extraordinary enthusiasm for nature. As he said to his friend Girardin: "For a long time, my heart drew me here, and what my eyes see, make me want to stay here always".
On 4 July 1778, Rousseau was buried at midnight, by torchlight, on a little island in the park which now bears his name. His remains were ceremonially relocated to the Panthéon national heroes repository in Paris in 1794.
On 26 December 1787, a violent storm devastated parts of the park, which were only partly repaired.

## Reception

The park was considered one of the foremost English-style parks on the Continent, remarkable "for the landscapes it offered to visitors and the reflections it inspired in the course of a ramble".
It was visited in its early years by several prominent people, including Emperor Joseph II of Austria in 1777, Queen Marie-Antoinette in spring 1780, King Gustave III of Sweden in 1783 and First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte, several times beginning in 1800., Benjamin Franklin and Maximilien de Robespierre.
# Mount Wilkie

Mount Wilkie is a 2,699-metre (8,855-foot) summit in British Columbia, Canada.

## Description

Mount Wilkie is the highest point of the Lardeau Range which is a subrange of the Selkirk Mountains. The true summit (2,699 m) lies less than 800 metres west of the 2,630-metre summit marked as Mount Wilkie on topographic maps. The mountain is located eight kilometres (5.0 mi) southeast of Trout Lake on the northern boundary of Goat Range Provincial Park. Precipitation runoff and glacial meltwater from this mountain's slopes drains to Trout Lake, thence Lardeau River. Mount Wilkie is more notable for its steep rise above local terrain than for its absolute elevation as topographic relief is significant with the summit rising 1,985 metres (6,512 ft) above Trout Lake in less than eight kilometres (5.0 mi) and 1,355 metres (4,445 ft) above Mobbs Creek in three kilometres (1.9 mi).

## History

The mountain's name honors surveyor Octavius Bentley Neves Wilkie (1872–1942), who worked at Trout Lake for many years. He worked on the Alaska Boundary Survey, surveyed the boundary country and in the Kootenays. He was also an original member of the Alpine Club of Canada. The toponym was officially adopted March 31, 1924, by the Geographical Names Board of Canada.

## Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Wilkie is located in a Subarctic climate zone of western North America. Winter temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. This climate supports an unnamed glacier on the north slope of the peak. The months of July through September offer the most favorable weather for climbing Mount Wilkie.
# Nochchiyagama Divisional Secretariat

Nochchiyagama Divisional Secretariat is a Divisional Secretariat of Anuradhapura District, of North Central Province, Sri Lanka.
# Leonard L. Pace

Leonard Lawson Pace, QC (April 27, 1928 – March 23, 1991) was a Canadian politician. He represented the electoral district of Halifax St. Margarets in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1970 to 1978. He was a member of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party.
Pace was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He attended Acadia University and Dalhousie University, earning a Bachelor of Laws degree from the latter in 1953. He later entered into law practice and was made a member of the Queen's Counsel. In 1951, he married Jean Shirley McFayden. He died in Halifax on March 23, 1991.
Pace entered provincial politics in the 1970 election, defeating Progressive Conservative incumbent D. C. McNeil in the Halifax St. Margarets riding. He was re-elected in the 1974 election. He served in the Executive Council of Nova Scotia as attorney general, minister of labour, minister of highways, and minister of mines. On April 21, 1978, Pace was appointed to the appeal division of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia.
# Paths of Hate

Paths of Hate is a short animated film from Poland, released in 2011. A Platige Image production, its writer and director is Damian Nenow.

## Story

The film tells about the anger and hatred that lies deep in the human soul through two fighter pilots fighting each other.

## Awards and achievements

* Special Distinction at Annecy International Animation Film Festival in 2011.
* Best International Animated Film and Special Jury Prize at Mundos Digitales, La Coruna, Spain (2011).
* The film competed in the Best Animated Short Subject category at the 39th Annie Awards.
* Grand Jury Prize at VI Córdoba International Animation Festival - ANIMA
# Radial unit hypothesis

The Radial Unit Hypothesis (RUH) is a conceptual theory of cerebral cortex development, first described by Pasko Rakic. It states that the cerebral cortex develops during embryogenesis as an array of interacting cortical columns, or 'radial units', each of which originates from a transient stem cell layer called the ventricular zone, which contains neural stem cells known as radial glial cells.

## Cortical evolution

The reiterative nature of the cerebral cortex, in the sense that it is a vast array of repeating functional circuits, led to the idea that cortical evolution is governed by mechanisms regulating the addition of cortical columns, enabling additional functional areas to become specialized and incorporated into the brain. The addition of new radial units is thought to depend on control of the cell cycle (proliferation) of cortical stem cells lining the ventricular system in the ventricular zone and subventricular zone.

## Protomap

Intimately related to the RUH is the 'protomap' hypothesis, which states that the primordial identity of each functional area of the cerebral cortex is encoded within the cortical stem cells prior to the formation of the cortical layers. Within each developing radial unit, the process of neurogenesis gives rise to post-mitotic (non-dividing) cortical neurons, which begin the process of radial neuronal migration from the ventricular zone and adjacent subventricular zone to form the cortical plate in the classic 'inside-out' manner beginning with the deep cortical layers. Once their final destination is achieved, cortical neurons begin to form circuits with other cortical and subcortical neurons, often taking on a columnar shape following the radial migration route. Some localized lateral dispersion takes place during cortical column development in the mouse, but the degree of dispersion is molecularly regulated and indeed could vary across species.

## Principles of development

Together, the RUH and protomap hypothesis represent two core principles of early cerebral cortex development. After neurons arrive in the cortical plate, other processes—especially activity-dependent processes—govern the maturation of cortical circuitry.
# Comyops

Comyops is a genus of bristle flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Comyops nigripennis Wulp, 1891
* Comyops striaticollis Wulp, 1891
# Stéphane Ganeff

Stéphane Ganeff (born 18 January 1959) is a Belgian fencer. He competed for Belgium at the 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics and for the Netherlands at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
# Dattatreyayogashastra

The Dattātreyayogaśāstra, (Sanskrit: दत्तात्रेययोगशास्त्र) a Vaisnava text probably composed in the 13th century CE, is the earliest text which provides a systematized form of Haṭha yoga under that name, and the earliest to place its yoga techniques under the name Haṭha.

## Three paths

The Dattātreyayogaśāstra is the first text to describe and teach yoga as having three types, namely mantra yoga, laya yoga, and hatha yoga. All three lead to samadhi, the goal of raja yoga. Mantra yoga consists simply of repeating mantras until powers (siddhis) are obtained. Laya yoga dissolves the mind by methods such as raising Kundalini, though neither this nor the chakras are named in the text.

## Eightfold yoga

The work teaches an eightfold yoga identical with Patañjali's 8 limbs (aṣṭāṅgayoga) that it attributes to Yajnavalkya and others, and as an alternative, ten exercises, later called mudras, that it attributes to teachers including Kapila.
It claims there are 8,400,000 asanas, though it only describes one or two non-seated postures including Shavasana, corpse pose (as a method of Laya yoga), and the inverted posture of viparītakaraṇī, sometimes considered an asana, sometimes a mudra.
Its account of pranayama calls for the yogi to sit in lotus position (padmasana) and practice what it calls breath-retention (kumbhaka), now called anuloma or nadi shodhana, alternate nostril breathing. It states that this gives the yogi the power of levitation, followed by a range of powers such as great strength and the ability to overcome the strongest animals, whether tigers, buffaloes, gayals, elephants, or lions.
The text classifies meditation as being of two types, with and without attributes. Meditation with attributes gives the yogi powers such as becoming very small. That without attributes, such as by meditating on space, confers liberation.

## Mudras

The Dattātreyayogaśāstra teaches mahāmudrā, mahābandha, khecarīmudrā, jālandharabandha, uḍḍiyāṇabandha, mūlabandha, viparītakaraṇī, vajrolī, amarolī, and sahajolī. The goal was to halt, or to put into reverse, the movement of the vital fluid bindu.
# Sébastien Jacquemyns

Sébastien Jacquemyns (25 June 1929 – 21 May 1976) was a Belgian footballer. He played in two matches for the Belgium national football team in 1955.
# Thadeus Wierucki

Thadeus Wierucki (23 December 1934 – 8 March 2015) was a Belgian professional racing cyclist. He rode in the 1959 and the 1960 Tour de France.
# Thierry De Borchgrave

Thierry De Borchgrave (born 21 May 1932) is a Belgian bobsledder. He competed in the four-man event at the 1964 Winter Olympics.
# Lemuel Hopkins

Lemuel Hopkins (June 19, 1750 – April 14, 1801) was an American poet and physician who was a member of the Hartford Wits, a group of literary satirists active in the late eighteenth century. A politically conservative Federalist, he coauthored The Anarchiad (1786–1787), a lengthy satiric poem critical of popular democracy and of the Articles of Confederation. His fellow authors on the poem were three other leading Wits: David Humphreys, Joel Barlow, and John Trumbull. Hopkins practiced medicine in Litchfield and Hartford and received an honorary Master of Arts degree from Yale University in 1784.
Hopkins died of pneumonia and was interred at Hartford's Ancient Burying Ground.