OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hans-Jürgen von Arnim

Hans-Jürgen Bernard Theodor von Arnim (German:; 4 April 1889 – 1 September 1962) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded several armies and was the last commander of Axis forces in North Africa. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

## Early life

Hans-Jürgen Bernhard Theodor von Arnim was born in the town of Ernsdorf in Prussian Silesia on April 4, 1889. His father, Hans von Arnim (1861–1931) was a General in the German Army and Jürgen would follow in his father's footsteps and join the army in 1907. During the First World War he fought on both the Western and Eastern fronts and after the war, he remained in the Reichswehr.

## World War II

When Hitler and the Nazis come to power in 1933 Von Arnim was still in the Reichswehr and continued to serve in the Wehrmacht as a major general. Arnim commanded the 52nd Infantry Division in both the Battles for Poland and France. In October 1940, Arnim was given command of the 17th Panzer Division.
Von Arnim took part in Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, and on 1 October 1941, took command of XXXIX Panzer Corps until November 1942.
On 20 February 1943 he was appointed commander of the 5th Panzer Army under Erwin Rommel in North Africa, whom he replaced as commander of the Army Group Africa on the 10th March 1943. He surrendered to British forces on 12 May 1943 as a consequence of the successful allied Operation Strike.
Von Arnim was sent to Britain where he was held and interrogated (as well as bugged) at both Latimer House and Trent Park. He was then interned along with 24 other German general officers at Camp Clinton, Mississippi, and was released on 1 July 1947.
He died in 1962 in Bad Wildungen, West Germany.
* May 1943, Tunisia following the surrender of Axis forces, leaving for England
* Mug shot while in American captivity

## Mistreatment of Jews in Tunisia

The Jewish population of Tunisia was used for forced labour by Arnim to prepare defences against Allied attacks, and the Jewish community was ruthlessly plundered for gold.

## Promotions

* Fahnenjunker-Gefreiter (25 May 1908)
* Fahnenjunker-Unteroffizier (18 July 1908)
* Fähnrich (19 November 1908)
* Leutnant (19 August 1909)
* Oberleutnant (27 January 1915)
* Hauptmann (27 January 1917)
* Major (1 April 1928)
* Oberstleutnant (1 April 1932)
* Oberst (1 July 1934)
* Generalmajor (1 January 1938)
* Generalleutnant (1 December 1939)
* General der Panzertruppe (17 December 1941)
* Generaloberst (4 December 1942)

## Awards

* Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (16 September 1914) & 1st Class (2 November 1914)
* Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords (7 September 1918)
* Wound Badge in Silver (6 August 1918)
* Hanseatic Cross Hamburg Version
* Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 (15 November 1934)
* Wehrmacht Long Service Award 1st to 4th Class (2 October 1936)
* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 4 September 1941 as commander of the 17th Panzer Division
# ITS Cup

The ITS Cup is a tournament for professional female tennis players played on outdoor clay courts. The event is classified as a $60,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament and has been held in Olomouc, Czech Republic, since 2009. The event had previously been a $100,000 tournament in 2012 and 2013. In 2019, it was downgraded to a $25,000 event.

## Past finals
### Singles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| 2024 | Anna Bondár | Jang Su-jeong | 6–3, 7–6$^{(7–4)}$ |
| 2023 | Darja Semeņistaja | Lea Bošković | 6–7$^{(6–8)}$, 6–3, 6–1 |
| 2022 | Sára Bejlek | Lina Gjorcheska | 6–2, 7–6$^{(7–0)}$ |
| 2021 | Sára Bejlek | Paula Ormaechea | 6–0, 6–0 |
| 2020 | Tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic | Tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic | Tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic |
| 2019 | Jesika Malečková | İpek Soylu | 6–3, 6–4 |
| 2018 | Fiona Ferro | Karolína Muchová | 6–4, 6–4 |
| 2017 | Bernarda Pera | Kristýna Plíšková | 7–5, 4–6, 6–3 |
| 2016 | Elizaveta Kulichkova | Ekaterina Alexandrova | 4–6, 6–2, 6–1 |
| 2015 | Barbora Krejčíková | Petra Cetkovská | 3–6, 6–4, 7–6$^{(7–5)}$ |
| 2014 | Petra Cetkovská | Denisa Allertová | 3–6, 6–1, 6–4 |
| 2013 | Polona Hercog | Katarzyna Piter | 6–0, 6–3 |
| 2012 | María Teresa Torró Flor | Alexandra Cadanțu | 6–2, 6–3 |
| 2011 | Nastassja Burnett | Eva Birnerová | 6–1, 6–3 |
| 2010 | Patricia Mayr | Julia Mayr | 6–2, 6–4 |
| 2009 | Lucie Kriegsmannová | Iveta Gerlová | 6–7$^{(5–7)}$, 6–2, 6–2 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| 2024 | Amina Anshba Valentini Grammatikopoulou | Jessie Aney Lena Papadakis | 6–2, 6–4 |
| 2023 | Magdaléna Smékalová Tereza Valentová | Zhibek Kulambayeva Darja Semeņistaja | 6–2, 6–2 |
| 2022 | Giulia Gatto-Monticone Sada Nahimana | Ilona Georgiana Ghioroaie Oana Georgeta Simion | 6–1, 1–6, [10–5] |
| 2021 | Jessie Aney Anna Sisková | Bárbara Gatica Rebeca Pereira | 6–1, 6–0 |
| 2020 | Tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic | Tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic | Tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic |
| 2019 | Anastasia Dețiuc Johana Marková | Jesika Malečková Chantal Škamlová | 6–3, 4–6, [11–9] |
| 2018 | Petra Krejsová Jesika Malečková | Lucie Hradecká Michaëlla Krajicek | 6–2, 6–1 |
| 2017 | Amandine Hesse Victoria Rodríguez | Michaela Hončová Raluca Georgiana Șerban | 3–6, 6–2, [10–6] |
| 2016 | Ema Burgić Bucko Jasmina Tinjić | Katharina Lehnert Anastasiya Shoshyna | 7–5, 6–3 |
| 2015 | Lenka Kunčíková Karolína Stuchlá | Cindy Burger Kateřina Vaňková | 1–6, 6–4, [12–10] |
| 2014 | Petra Cetkovská Renata Voráčová | Barbora Krejčíková Aleksandra Krunić | 6–2, 4–6, [10–7] |
| 2013 | Renata Voráčová Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová | Martina Borecká Tereza Malíková | 6–3, 6–4 |
| 2012 | Inés Ferrer Suárez Richèl Hogenkamp | Yuliya Beygelzimer Renata Voráčová | 6–2, 7–6$^{(7–4)}$ |
| 2011 | Michaëlla Krajicek Renata Voráčová | Yuliya Beygelzimer Elena Bogdan | 7–5, 6–4 |
| 2010 | Sandra Klemenschits Patricia Mayr | Iveta Gerlová Lucie Kriegsmannová | 6–3, 6–1 |
| 2009 | Iveta Gerlová Darina Šeděnková | Martina Borecká Martina Kubičíková | 6–4, 6–2 |
# Rita macracanthus

Rita macracanthus is a species of bagrid catfish found in the Indus River drainage. It has been recorded from Afghanistan, India and Pakistan. It grows to a length of 26.3 cm.
R. macracanthus feeds on invertebrates and small fishes. Its breeding season lasts from June to the end of July, during which the fish migrates to colder waters in shoals.
# Policy transfer

Policy transfer is a process in which information relating to the operation of one political system is utilised by another political system. While policies have always moved between political systems policy transfer has emerged as a study in and of itself since the mid 1990s with the publication of Who Learns What From Whom: A Review of the Policy Transfer Literature. Since then the concept has been developed and applied by urban geographers under the label of mobiblities by Jamie Peck and NikTheodore as Fast Policy and those interested in global networks as policy translations. Out of these literatures policy transfer has been applied to a range of policies running from zero tolerance policing, welfare-to-work and even Business Improvement Districts and the emergence of bike sharing programs.

## Academic research on policy transfer

Policy transfer has been the subject of considerable academic research, led primarily by political scientists since the late 1990s. Since the mid-2000s geographers have also played an important role in these debates (often use the term policy mobilities instead of policy transfer).
Since David Dolowitz and David Marsh's (2000) paper 'Learning from abroad: the role of policy transfer in contemporary policy-making', academic research has focused on the issues of who is involved in policy transfer, what is transferred, from and to where policy is transferred, the degrees of and constraints on transfer, and its success once transferred. More recently there have been attempts to explicate the role of two way communication, and particularly feedback from policy stakeholders for successful policy transfer, along with efforts to acknowledge the "indigenization" of policies as they are modified and adapted to context. The debates in geography have focused on the technologies and methods through which policies and ideas circulate – such as study tours, conferences and best practice guides – as well as looking at how and why the policies change form as they circulate.
# Malahat, British Columbia

Malahat (/ˈmæləhæt/) is an unincorporated area in the Cowichan Valley, with municipal-type services delivered by the Cowichan Valley Regional District (Area A). What could be considered the hub of the community is a small collection of businesses that includes the Malahat Gas station (which also serves as the Malahat Post Office) and the Malahat Chalet and the Moon Water Lodge.
A steep and rugged terrain has in the past precluded any significant residential development but new subdivisions are being built around the northern end of the area around the old Bamberton cement works and in the area adjoining Elkington Forest. Most area residents live in isolated homes located off the highway. In this context "Malahat" primarily refers to the Canada Post delivery district.
Fire protection to the Malahat area is provided by Malahat Fire Rescue.

## Malahat Drive

"The Malahat" is a term commonly applied to the Malahat Drive, a 25 km (15.5 mi) portion of Trans Canada Highway 1 running along the west side of Saanich Inlet and to the region surrounding it. The first connection between Greater Victoria and the Cowichan District was inland, and was cut as a cattle trail in 1861 and was then upgraded to wagon road standards in 1884. Today's Malahat Drive was opened in 1911, originally surfaced with gravel. Its name comes from the Malahat First Nation, whose ancestors used the caves for spiritual enhancement. The Malahat Drive climbs to a summit of 356 m (1,168 ft), and the mountain is considered one of the most sacred sites on southern Vancouver Island.
The roadway has a mix of 2, 3 and 4 lane cross-sections. The highway through the narrow Goldstream Provincial Park canyon section is 2 lanes.
The Malahat portion of Highway 1 has been the location of a number of fatal traffic accidents, caused largely by vehicles crossing the centre line. These accidents have led to lengthy road closures. Closure of Malahat Drive causes disruption to travel and commerce on Vancouver Island as portions of the highway are a single point of failure if closed. Detour routes around the Malahat Drive are available via the Brentwood Bay-Mill Bay ferry and the Pacific Marine Circle Route.
As a result of these crashes, the Ministry of Transportation has begun a program to add centre concrete medians to separate north and southbound traffic. Since the section between Finlayson Arm Road to Summit has had a median added, 65% of Malahat Drive is divided with a concrete median.
The speed limit of this highway segment is 80 km/h (50 mph) except for a short section of Tunnel Hill where the speed limit is 70 km/h (43 mph).
# Josef Hrejsemnou

Josef Hrejsemnou (28 May 1928 – 1 March 2010) was a Czech architect.

## Life

Josef Hrejsemnou was born in 1928 in Zlín, Czechoslovakia. From 1951 to 1957 he studied in Saint Petersburg, where his tutor was the Soviet architect Igor Fomin, son of the famous Russian architect Ivan Fomin. In the Soviet Union he witnessed the changes in Soviet architecture as it moved from Stalinist Socialist realism and began to accept new artistic movements from the Western countries. Hrejsemnou was also inspired by pre-war avant-garde architecture, and probably also by the pre-war architecture of his hometown, Zlín.
He returned to Czechoslovakia in 1957. His best-known work is the train station building in Havířov, built in 1965–1969. He died in Havířov in 2010.
# Icefall Peak

Icefall Peak is a 3,195-metre (10,482-foot) mountain summit located in the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia, Canada. Icefall Peak is situated on the Bush Mountain massif, and the nearest higher neighbor is Rostrum Peak, 2 km (1.2 mi) to the south-southeast. The peak was named in 1918 by the Interprovincial Boundary Survey for an icefall on its eastern flank, and was officially adopted in 1924 when approved by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. The first ascent of the mountain was made in 1954 by S.B. Hendricks, D. Hubbard, Dr. and Mrs. E.K. Karcher, and A.E. Peterson.

## Geology

Icefall Peak is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny.

## Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, Icefall Peak is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Winter temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C.

## Gallery

* Icefall Peak in winter
# Butterwick, Foxholes

Butterwick is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Foxholes (1.75 miles (2.8 km) to the east, near the village of Weaverthorpe (2 miles (3.2 km) to the west), in North Yorkshire, England. The village lies in the Great Wold Valley and the course of the winterbourne stream the Gypsey Race passes through it. Until 1974 the village lay in the historic county boundaries of the East Riding of Yorkshire. From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the Ryedale district.

## History

The name "Butterwick" means 'Butter specialised-farm'. The settlement is listed in the Domesday Book as being in the hundred of Burton, later being designated as the wapentake of Dickering. At the time of the Domesday survey, the area belonged to Count Mortain, and it 12 carucates of land. Butterwick was formerly a township in the parish of Foxholes, from 1866 Butterwick was a civil parish in its own right until it was abolished to create Foxholes parish on 1 April 1935.
In 1931 the parish had a population of 77.
Butterwick is a small village and only contains about 13 to 15 houses. It has a church dedicated to St Nicholas, and several farming families. The church was originally a chapel, which belonged to the church at Foxholes, although Butterwick itself was made into its own parish in 1858. St Nicholas' Church, Butterwick is a grade II* listed building, which was renovated in 1882, although parts date back to the 12th century. The closest school is Weaverthorpe Primary, about 1 mile (1.6 km) away. It is approximately 0.5 miles (0.8 km) west of Foxholes, 9 miles (14 km) from Driffield, 13 miles (21 km) from Bridlington, 15 miles (24 km) from Scarborough and 35 miles (56 km) from York.
The Gypsey Race watercourse flows through the village, though in summer, it is mostly below the surface. It was known as the Lord's Beck in the 16th century, and then the Lord's River in the 18th and 19th centuries.
# Regina Barrow

Regina Ashford Barrow is an American politician serving as a member of the Louisiana State Senate from the 15th district. Elected in November 2015, she assumed office on January 11, 2016. Barrow previously represented the 29th district in the Louisiana House of Representatives from 2005 to 2016.

## Early life and education

Barrow was born in Wilkinson County, Mississippi and raised in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. She earned an associate degree in accounting from the Baton Rouge School of Computers and attended Southern University.

## Career

From 1998 to 2005, Barrow was the executive director of Rise Up Louisiana. She then served as a legislative assistant for Sharon Weston Broome. She was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 2005 to 2016, after which she was elected to the Louisiana State Senate. Since 2019, she has also served as vice chair of the Senate Health & Welfare Committee. As vice chair, Barrow authored a measure that requires female prisoners in Louisiana state prisons to have access to feminine hygiene products. She has also worked to pass restrictive abortion laws in the state.
# Maddie & Tae (EP)

Maddie & Tae is the eponymous debut EP from American country music duo Maddie & Tae. Written by Madison Marlow and Taylor Dye, the work was recorded at Blackbird Studio, and was released on November 4, 2014, and is the first work produced by Dot Records.

## Chart performance

The album has sold 12,600 copies in the US as of March 2015.
| Chart (2014) | Peak position |
| US Billboard 200 | 164 |
| US Top Country Albums (Billboard) | 28 |
| US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard) | 1 |
# Microsynodontis nasutus

Microsynodontis nasutus is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to Gabon where it occurs in the Ogowe River. It was first described in 2004 by Ng Heok Hee.
The genus Microsynodontis is restricted to the rivers of western Africa (from the Saint Paul River drainage south and east to the Congo River drainage), and comprises small mochokid catfishes diagnosed by the following synapomorphies: a narrow mesethmoid, lack of free orbital margin, transverse ventral fold of branchiostegal membranes, slender cleithral process, and a rounded or truncate caudal fin (Howes, 1980).

## Taxonomy

Before 2004, the genus Microsynodontis was believed to contain only four species, Microsynodontis batesii, M. christyi, M. lamberti, and M. polli. However, when examining previously collected specimens from the lower Guinea region that had been identified as M. batesii, Dr. Ng discovered that the specimens actually consisted of nine distinct species, eight of them previously undescribed. He published the descriptions of the new species in 2004. M. nasutus is one of the new species that he described. Although the eight new species have been accepted by the scientific community, there is still some dispute among scientists as to whether the newly described species are actually separate species as the species are extremely difficult to tell apart.

## Description

M. nasutus is a small fish, reaching a maximum standard length of 3.7 centimeters (1.5 in). The mouth of the fish faces downward, with broad lips containing papilla. The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw. The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins are hardened into stiff spines that can be locked into place. The body shape is cylindrical along its entire length.
M. nasutus can be distinguished from other members of the genus Microsynodontis by examining the length of the snout. In M. nasutus, the snout is longer, with a length of about 50% to 53% of the standard length of the fish, whereas other species in the genus have shorter snouts, ranging from about 36% to 50% of the standard length.
Anus and urogenital openings located at vertical through middle of pelvic fin. Skin smooth. Lateral line complete and midlateral. Mouth inferior and crescent-shaped lips plicate. Oral teeth in rows on all tooth-bearing surfaces. Premaxillae narrow, with narrow ventral shelf and partially exposed when mouth closed. Primary teeth 13–14, conical and separated from secondary teeth by distinct gap
# Jay Bezel

Jay Bezel (born April 13, 1983), also known as Bezel, is a Philadelphia-born rapper. He also has lived in New York as well as Atlanta.
Bezel started his career in Philly hitting the streets with mixtapes and doing local DVDs. He quickly made a name for himself. He later signed with Cam'ron and The Diplomats' label, Diplomat Records in 2003. He released a few solo mixtapes while with the Diplomats(Phila. Beast Vol. 1 & 2, Certified Gangsta and Savior 2 Da City), appeared on various Diplomat mixtapes and Diplomat albums such as Juelz Santana's "What's The Game's Been Missing"....Duke Da God's "More Than Music Vol. 1 & 2, and Jim Jones "On My Way To Church" where he was the driving force behind such singles as "Best Out and "Certified Gangstas". Bezel's The Philadelphia Beast Vol. 2 was released to stores on January 30, 2007, and featured appearances from Lil Wayne and Juelz Santana. Later that year, Bezel teamed up with fellow Philadelphia-area rappers Tone Trump and Hedonis da Amazon to produce an antiviolence single entitled "Every Day Is Crazy."
After parting ways with Juelz Santana and renouncing his affiliation with DipSet/Skull Gang, Bezel started his own movement called "Doe Stackaz Ent.". Bezel and his partner Alpha has been doing it independently and hitting the streets hard. Bezel released his first project (without a DipSet affiliation) in 2009 entitled "Phila. Beast Vol.4 (Life After Death of the Set) hosted by DJ Lazy K and DJ Alamo (Doe Stackaz Ent.'s official DJ). This mixtape was a huge success for Bezel. This mixtape included features from artist such as Nicki Minaj, Pusha T, Soulja Boy and more.
In February 2008, Bezel signed a contract with Focus Entertainment. He has also recently collaborated with fellow Dipset member 40 Cal on a new track about the rap collective's possible demise. Bezel helped produce Lil Wayne's album Tha Carter III, and also made an appearance on Sin's album, The Supreme Poet.

## Discography
### Mixtapes

* The Philadelphia Beast
* The Philadelphia Beast Vol.2
* Certified Gangsta Mixtape
* Savior 2 da City
* The Philadelphia Beast Vol.3
* Philly Raised Me (2013)
* Back 2 Rap
* Money Bag Mob'N

### Singles

* 2008: "Fresh Dressed" (featuring Lil Wayne)

### Appearances

* 2006: "Wanna Do" (from the Tony Touch mixtape Mic Destruction)
* 2006: "Gangstas & Murderers" (from the Hell Rell mixtape Streets Wanna Know)
* 2007: "Gladiators" (from The Diplomats album More Than Music Vol. 2)
* 2007: "Get Ya Grind On" (from The Diplomats mixtape Dipset All Day)
* 2007: "A Champ Is Like" (from the ByrdGang mixtape The New Season Vol. 2)
* 2007: "Sleep" (from the Lil Wayne mixtape I Am the Future Part 2)
* 2008: "Pussy MVP" (from the Lil Wayne mixtape Wayne's World 7: The Finale)
* 2008: "G'd Up" (from the DJ Khaled/DJ Lust mixtape The Pandemic)
# Axel Jacob Petersson

Axel Jacob Petersson (1834–15 January 1884) was a Swedish-Norwegian structural engineer and inventor. He is most noted for his work with railway bridges and viaducts in Norway from the 1860s through the 1870s, as well as developing the Krag–Petersson rifle.

## Biography

Petersson was born in Öland in 1834. He studied at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm between 1852 and 1855. He worked for the Swedish Canal Administration and later for a private railway in Sweden. He moved to Norway in 1859, after he was hired as an assistant engineer for the construction of the Kongsvinger Line. By 1865 he was hired as the chief of the Railway Construction Office. He was responsible for construction of bridges and viaducts on the Østfold Line and the Dovre Line between Eidsvoll and Hamar.
By 1881 Peterson had poor health and retired. He died on 15 January 1884 in Christiania (now Oslo), Norway. There was a story that stayed around for a long time that the constructor of the Ljan Viaduct had committed suicide before its opening because he did not trust it to stand. Geir-Wider Langård has proposed that this folklore arose with the magnitude of the bridge combined with the Tay Bridge disaster in Scotland which killed 75 people when it collapsed the same year as the Ljan Viaduct opened in 1879.

## Works

Some of the larger constructions were the Minnesund Railway Bridge (opened in 1880, closed in 2023 to be repurposed as a bycicle path; known in Norwegian as Minnesund Jernbanebru), Ljan Viaduct (Ljansbroen), Hølen Viaduct (Hølen viadukt) and Sarp Bridge (Sarpsbroene). Petersson invented the pendular pillar principle, which was first applied on Hølen Viaduct.
Petersson also made a series of other inventions. He developed a rotating camera and calculating machines. He cooperated with Ole Herman Johannes Krag to develop the Krag–Petersson rifle, which was a mainstay in the Norwegian military for decades.
# Jordan Stewart (taekwondo)

Jordan Stewart (born 28 December 1996) is a Canadian taekwondo practitioner.

## Career

In 2019, Stewart qualified and was named to Canada's 2019 Pan American Games team in Lima, Peru.