OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Conditioned compensatory response

Conditioned compensatory response (CR) is an automatic response that is opposite to the effect of alcohol or substance usage. Conditioned behavior is a key part of substance addiction. This response has many implications. For instance, a drug user will be most tolerant to the drug in the presence of cues that have been associated with it, because such cues elicit compensatory responses. As a result, overdose is usually not due to an increase in dosage, but due to taking the drug in a new place without familiar cues, which would have otherwise allowed the user to tolerate the drug. CR includes a heightened pain sensitivity, and decreased body temperature, and might cause discomfort, thus motivating the drug user to continue usage of the drug. This is one of several ways classical conditioning might be a factor in drug addiction and dependence.
In a classic experiment, Shepard Siegel conditioned rats with morphine. Later the rats were exposed to the same environmental stimuli that had been associated with morphine but did not receive the drug. The CR was opposite to the effects of morphine, and the rats experienced hyperalgesia. Siegel suggested that compensatory CRs allow the organism to maintain a normal physiological state despite the administration of a drug and that they help to explain tolerance to drugs. The conditioned compensatory response may take place only in the case of subconscious learning, as the effects of conscious expectancies may tend to be in the direction of the expectation. Therefore, conditioning may lead either to a placebo analgesic response to morphine or a compensatory response.
# Henrik Avellan

Henrik Avellan (15 May 1902 – 28 May 1991) was a Finnish modern pentathlete. He competed at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics.
# Addie Jenne

Addie Jenne (previously Addie Jenne Russell) is the former New York State Democratic Assemblywoman for the 118th/116th district from 2009 to 2019. The district was known as the 118th district when Jenne was elected in 2008, but was re-numbered during her tenure in office, in the 2012 New York legislative redistricting. The district is known as "The River District" for its place on the St. Lawrence river, and it covers parts of Jefferson and St. Lawrence counties, including Watertown and Potsdam.
One of five siblings, Jenne's family has lived in New York State's North Country for seven generations; her father was a mechanic. She was a member of the Jefferson County Board of Legislators, a seat which became vacant with her election to the assembly. She earned her B.A. degree from SUNY Albany and her J.D. from Syracuse University College of Law. She was defeated for reelection in 2018 by Republican Mark Walczyk.
# Maritza Davila

Maritza Davila (born November 16, 1963) is an American politician from the state of New York. A member of the Democratic Party, she represents the 53rd district in the New York State Assembly.
According to her self-described biography, Davila was born in Catano, Puerto Rico. She has served as the President of the Community School Board of Education in District 32, founded the North Brooklyn Residents Association, and is a member on the Ridgewood Bushwick Senior Citizens Council, which was founded by her predecessor, former Assemblymember Vito Lopez. She received an AA in Political Science from Long Island University in 2013. She has represented the 53rd District in the New York State Assembly since 2013, and is currently in her 6th term.
In the Assembly, Davila chairs the Committee on Social Services and is a member of the Committees on Housing, Rules, Alcoholism and Drug Abuse, and Children and Families. She is also a member of the Black, Puerto Rican, Hispanic & Asian Legislative Caucus, the Legislative Women's Caucus, the Task Force on Women's Issues, and the Puerto Rican/Hispanic Task Force, which she formerly chaired.
She also serves as the female District Leader from the 53rd District, where she has challenged current Kings County Democratic Party Chair Rodneyse Bichotte Hermelyn.

## New York State Assembly

Davila is the lead sponsor of A02305, often known as the Elder Parole Bill, to allow incarcerated people who have served more than 15 years in prison and are over 55 years old be evaluated by the New York State Board of Parole.
In 2022 Davila received a 94% vote score from the New York League of Conservation Voters. In 2021 she received a 93% score. The New York Conservative Party gave Davila a 12% vote score in 2021 and a 8% in 2021. She has been characterized as being on the left flank of New York State Assembly Democrats.

## Kings County Democratic Party

Davila has frequently found herself leading a group of Brooklyn politicians calling for reform in the Kings County Democratic Party, criticizing the leadership of Chair and Assemblymember Rodneyse Bichotte Hermelyn. In 2021, Davila led calls for Bichotte Hermelyn to resign. In 2022, Davila challenged Bichotte Hermelyn with support from the reformist organization New Kings Democrats. Bichotte Hermelyn won, receiving votes from 23 district leaders. 12 voted for Davila, six abstained and four were absent.

## Elections

In 2009, Davila ran for New York City Council in the 34th District and lost to Diana Reyna in the Democratic Primary. Reyna received 45.57% of the vote to Davila's 43.15%. Gerald A. Esposito received 11.28%.
Davila first won her State Assembly seat, District 53, in a special election in 2013. She received 51.91% of the vote, Jason Otano received 31.61%, and Charveys Gonzalez received 16.49%. Since then Davila has been re-elected five times, without a competitive election.
# Sphere of fire

Sphere of fire is the name given in Ptolemaic astronomy to the sphere intervening between, and separating, the Earth and the Moon.

## Traditional concept

Building on Empedocles's vision of the world as a four-level cake of stacked fundamental elements - earth, water, air and fire - with fire at the top, Aristotle saw the sublunary world as surmounted by the sphere of fire. Aristotle's conception became prevalent in the Hellenic world, and was given a distance scale by Ptolemy: “taking the radius of the spherical surface of the Earth and the water as the unit, the radius of the spherical sphere which surrounds the air and fire is 33, the radius of the lunar sphere is 64....”.
The Middle Ages broadly inherited the concept of the four elements of earth, water, air and fire arranged in concentric spheres about the earth as centre: as the purest of the four elements, fire - and the sphere of fire - stood highest in the ascending sequence of the scala naturae, and closest to the superlunary world of the aether. Dante and Beatrice in The Divine Comedy ascended through the sphere of fire to reach the Moon, while three centuries later Benvenuto Cellini claimed in his autobiography to have bellowed so loud as to reach the sphere of fire.
The contemporary astronomer Jofrancus Offusius estimated the distance to the sphere of fire from the earth in terms of multiples of the earth's diameter, and believed that comets emanated from the space between the sphere of fire and the moon.

## New philosophy

The rise of heliocentrism had by the early seventeenth century destroyed the very foundations for the concept of the sphere of fire. John Donne lamented in 1611 that "The new philosophy calls all in doubt,/The element of fire is quite put out".
Nevertheless, Paracelsians like Robert Fludd continued as late as 1617 to present a picture of a geocentric cosmos, with the Elementum ignis still nestling immediately below the Sphera Lunae.
# John Brooks (New York politician)

John Brooks (born December 8, 1949) is an American politician who served as a Democratic member of the New York State Senate from the 8th district from 2017 to 2023.

## Early life and education

Born and raised on Long Island, Brooks earned an associate's degree from Farmingdale State College and a Bachelor's degree from the New York Institute of Technology.

## Career

Brooks served for more than forty-five years with the Seaford, New York Fire Department. Brooks subsequently served as a member of the Seaford Board of Education. An insurance broker, Brooks also worked for Geico and United States Capital Insurance, and later served as Nassau County's Director of Risk Management. Brooks also served in the armed services as with the Rainbow Division of the New York Army National Guard as a medic.

### New York State Senate

In 2016, Brooks chose to run for the 8th Senate District seat held by Michael Venditto. Despite being a registered Republican, Brooks chose to accept the Democratic line. Brooks was unopposed in the primary. In October after the arrest of Venditto's father, Supervisor John Venditto, on corruption charges, along with Ed Mangano, Brooks finally decided to campaign for the seat. The Democratic Senate Campaign Committee and Brooks viewed Venditto as a free target despite having nothing to do with the scandal.
On election night, Venditto was thought to have won by more than 2,000 votes, but when additional ballots were counted, Brooks pulled into the lead by less than 100 votes. Ballots were subsequently recounted. In the end, Brooks won by only 314 votes out of over 150,000 cast to take the seat.
In the 2018 election, Brooks defeated Republican challenger Jeff Pravato by more than 10,000 votes. Effective January 2019, Brooks has been named Chair of the Veterans, Homeland Security and Military Affairs Committee.
His district includes portions of Amityville, Freeport, Lindenhurst and Massapequa Park as well as the unincorporated villages of Baldwin, Baldwin Harbor, Bellmore, Copiague, East Farmingdale, East Massapequa, Massapequa, Merrick, North Amityville, North Bellmore, North Lindenhurst, North Merrick, Roosevelt, Seaford, South Farmingdale, Wantagh, West Babylon, Wheatley Heights and Wyandanch on Long Island. Brooks, despite being a member of the Democratic caucus, was a registered Republican until after the 2017 local elections.
In 2022, Brooks voted with all Senate Democrats against getting rid of school mask mandates.
# Patty Ritchie

Patricia A. Ritchie (born February 22, 1962) was a Republican member of the New York State Senate who represented the 48th district from 2011-2022. Her district encompassed portions of the North Country abutting Lake Ontario.

## Early life

Ritchie is a lifelong resident of Upstate New York. The daughter of Rita A. and Kenneth H. Hilborne, she was born and raised in DePeyster, New York. At 15, she moved with her parents and brother to town of Oswegatchie, New York. She graduated from Heuvelton Central High School in 1980.
She received an associates degree in social work from Mater Dei College of Ogdensburg, New York in 1985. She briefly attended SUNY Plattsburgh, then transferred to SUNY Potsdam. She was married in 1982 and continued her education part-time while raising her family and working. Ritchie earned her bachelor's degree in psychology in 1991.

## Career

Ritchie worked for the Department of Motor Vehicles from 1986 to 1999. She was then elected as the St. Lawrence County Clerk, a position she held from 2000 through 2010. In 2002, she was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for New York State Assembly District 116, losing to Democrat Darrel Aubertine. In November 2010 she defeated Aubertine, this time for his seat in the State Senate. She was handily reelected in 2012, defeating a little known county legislator from Oswego County. She has run unopposed for reelection three times, in 2014, 2016 and 2018.
In 2011, Ritchie was named Chair of the Senate's Agriculture Committee, where she has been recognized as an outstanding champion of the state's 35,000 farm families and sponsored such initiatives as the Young Farmers Grant and loan forgiveness program. In 2016, Ritchie was named co-chair of the bi-cameral Legislative Commission on Rural Resources, and in 2017, was named Deputy Vice Chair of the important Health Committee, in recognition of her work to improve public health, especially in rural counties, like those she represents.

## Personal life

She and her husband Tom live in Oswegatchie. They have three grown children.
# ARA Piedrabuena (P-52)

ARA Piedrabuena (P-52) is the second ship of Argentine Gowind-class offshore patrol vessel of the Argentine Navy.

## Development and design

After repeated negotiations and break-offs, in February 2018 the Argentine Navy was instructed to restart negotiations with Naval Group for the procurement of four Gowind-class vessels. The decision was motivated by the meeting between Argentine President Mauricio Macri and French President Emmanuel Macron at the annual World Economic Forum summit in Davos, Switzerland. An order for four vessels was expected in July 2018. In November 2018, Argentina confirmed the purchase of four Gowind-class vessels. The purchase includes the already-built L'Adroit, which in 2016 visited the region on a marketing trip, and three new vessels.

## Construction and career

Piedrabuena was laid down in 2019 and launched on 1 October 2020 by DCNS in Lorient. The vessel began sea trials in March 2021. It was formally delivered to the Argentine Navy in April 2021.
In May 2024, Piedrabuena, in conjunction with her sister ships Bartolomé Cordero and Almirante Storni, the destroyers La Argentina and Sarandí, as well as the corvettes Espora and Rosales, was tasked to participate in joint exercises with the US Navy's George Washington carrier task group. The exercises were the first to take place between the two navies in several years.
# Brian Manktelow

Brian Manktelow is an American politician and farmer from the state of New York. A Republican, Manktelow has represented the 130th district of the New York State Assembly, based in Wayne County along Lake Ontario, since 2019.

## Career

After graduating high school, Manktelow served in the U.S. Army, achieving the rank of sergeant. When he returned, Manktelow took classes at the University of Chicago and Finger Lakes Community College, but did not attain degrees from either.
Manktelow has also been the owner and operator of Manktelow Farms for 30 years.

## Electoral history

In 2009, Manktelow was elected Lyons Town Supervisor, a position he held until 2018.
Manktelow ran in 2016 for New York's 54th State Senate district, vacated by retiring Republican Michael F. Nozzolio. He came in third in the primary, behind Floyd Rayburn and eventual winner Pam Helming.
After longtime State Assemblyman Bob Oaks announced his retirement in 2018, Manktelow launched his campaign for the 130th Assembly district. He won the primary uncontested, and defeated Democrat Scott Comegys in the general election with 67% of the vote.

## Personal life

Manktelow lives in Lyons with his wife, Crystal, and their five children.
# Edgar Bacon

Edgar Hugh Bacon (9 October 1887 – 16 December 1963) was an English freestyle and Greco-Roman sport wrestler who competed for Great Britain in the 1908 Summer Olympics, in the 1912 Summer Olympics, in the 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics.
He was born in Camberwell. He was the brother of Ernest Bacon and Stanley Bacon.
In 1908 he finished fifth in the freestyle middleweight tournament and ninth in the Greco-Roman middleweight tournament. Four years later he was eliminated in the second round of the Greco-Roman middleweight category. At the 1920 Olympic, he finished ninth in the freestyle middleweight class. His final Olympic appearance was in 1924 when he finished eleventh in the freestyle middleweight tournament.
At the 1930 Empire Games, he won the silver medal in the light heavyweight class.
# Christian Peak

Christian Peak - a.k.a. Lyell 5 or L5 - is the least tall of five distinct subpeaks on Mount Lyell (Canada) and is located on the border of Alberta and British Columbia. It was named in 1972 by Sydney R. Vallance after Christian Hässler, Jr.

## Geology and climate

Due to the close proximity of this peak to the central peak (1.6 km (1 mi)), see Mount Lyell for geology and climate.
# Bill Janis

William Robert Janis (born October 15, 1962) is an American politician of the Republican Party. From 2002 to 2012, he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. He represented the 56th district west of Richmond, including Goochland and Louisa counties and part of Henrico County.
# Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Laos)

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Lao: ກະ​ຊວງ​ການ​ຕ່າງ​ປະ​ເທດ, French: Ministère des affaires étrangères) is the government ministry responsible for representing Laos to the international community. The ministry oversees the foreign relations of Laos, maintains diplomatic missions in other countries, and provides visa services.
As of 2016, the minister of foreign affairs was Saleumxay Kommasith. The ministry's main offices are located in Vientiane.

## Organization

Departments of the ministry include:
* Personnel and Staff Department
* Asia, Pacific and Africa Department
* Europe and America Department
* ASEAN Department
* Economic Affairs Department
* International Organizations Department
* Law and Treaties Department
* Protocol Department
* Press Department
* Consular Department
* Economic Department
* Overseas Lao Affairs Department
* Institute of Foreign Affairs Department
* Diplomatic Service Bureau Department
* The Office of the National Boundary Committee

## e-Visa system

Since July 2019, an e-Visa system has been launched by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which enables visitors to apply for a Laos tourist visa online. Instead of applying through the Laotian Embassy, all that is needed to be done is to complete the online application form and pay with a credit card. After receiving the Visa through email, it should be printed and brought along when traveling to Laos. Tourists can apply for an online visa to Laos at the official website.

## List of ministers

This is a list of ministers of foreign affairs of Laos:
| No. | Name (Birth–Death) | Tenure |
| Kingdom of Laos (1947–1975) ||||
| 1 | Prince Boun Oum (1912–1980) | 1948–1950 |
| 2 | Phoui Sananikone (1903–1983) | 1950–1951 |
| 3 | Nhouy Abhay (1909–1963) | 1951–1954 |
| (2) | Phoui Sananikone (1903–1983) | 1954–1956 |
| 4 | Prince Souvanna Phouma (1901–1984) | 1956–1957 |
| (2) | Phoui Sananikone (1903–1983) | 1957–1958 |
| 5 | Khamphan Panya (1917–1994) | 1958–1959 |
| (2) | Phoui Sananikone (1903–1983) | 1959 |
| (5) | Khamphan Panya (1917–1994) | 1960 |
| (4) | Prince Souvanna Phouma (1901–1984) | 1960 |
| (1) | Prince Boun Oum (1912–1980) | 1960–1962 |
| 6 | Quinim Pholsena (1915–1963) | 1962–1963 |
| (4) | Prince Souvanna Phouma (1901–1984) | 1963–1964 |
| 7 | Pheng Phongsavan (1910–1979) | 1964–1965 |
| (4) | Prince Souvanna Phouma (1901–1984) | 1965–1974 |
| 8 | Phoumi Vongvichit (1909–1994) | 1974–1975 |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic (1975–present) ||||
| 9 | Phoun Sipaseuth (1920–1994) | 1975–1993 |
| 10 | Somsavat Lengsavad (b. 1945) | 1993–2006 |
| 11 | Thongloun Sisoulith (b. 1945) | 2006–2016 |
| 12 | Saleumxay Kommasith (b. 1968) | 2016–present |
# Jainism in Goa

Jainism flourished in Goa during the rule of Kadamba dynasty of Karnataka. Broken sculptures of the Jain Tirthankara Suparshvanatha, belonging to the period of the Goan Kadamba ruler Shivachitta Permadi Dev, were discovered in an old Jain temple in Jainkot, Naroa.

## Demographics

There were 864 Jains in Goa according to the 2001 census: 456 male and 408 female. The number increased to 1,109 in 2011 census.

## History

Though present-day Goa has a minuscule population of Jains today (almost all immigrants from other states of India), it was once a hub for Jainism. The rich cultural heritage of this religion is slowly on its way to oblivion since the government has failed to make any planned efforts to protect it after Liberation. Korgao, Cudnem, Bandivade, Chandor, Cothambi, Naroa are places related with Jainism. All these villages are on river banks. Since ancient times, Goa has been one of the important centres of trade and commerce. During the Kadamba period, rulers rarely opposed other religions and cults and due to this, Jainism flourished.
Chandrakant Bhoje Patil from Ponda says, “Once Goa had Jain settlements. The sculptures, temples, inscriptions found in various parts tell us how Jainism flourished here. Most of the vestiges of the Jain heritage are lying neglected now. We have submitted a memorandum recently (as noted in year 2014) to chief minister Manohar Parrikar to take steps for the protection and conservation of these assets of our history.”
The ancient Jain temple of Cudnem village dedicated to Rishabhanatha was constructed by Gurjara community in tenth century. It went to ruins in fifteenth century. Broken idols of Tirthankara were discovered during an excavation in 1986 by the directorate of archaeology and archives.
Gurjaras also constructed the Jain temple at Narve, Bicholim in 1150 AD. The sculpture of Parshvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankara was discovered in Hindolewada, Narve.
Another ancient Jain temple of twenty-second Tirthankara Neminatha in Bandora, Goa built by King Sripala. The Kannada inscription discovered in Bandivade of Ponda mentions that king Sripala established this village and built the Jain temple of Neminath which is presently in ruins.
The idols of Tirthankara were also found in Chandreshwar temple in Kothambi village, situated on the right bank of the River Mandovi.Kothambi, here the sculptures of Kuber, Yakshi and the broken idol of Tirthankar were lying neglected. The idols of Yakshi and Kuber have been housed at the Goa state museum but the idol of Tirthankar is still (as noted on 2014) left unattended to fight the sunlight and rains.
The first Jain sculpture (belonging to the early southern Shilahara Dynasty) in Salcete, Chandor was discovered by Father Henry Heras during one of his expeditions.
# Henrik Lavonius

Henrik Lavonius (19 January 1915 – 31 January 1996) was a Finnish equestrian. He competed in two events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
# Sajjan (newspaper)

Sajjan Lahore (Punjabi: روزنامہ سجن / ਰੁਜ਼ਾਨਾ ਸਜਣ) was a Punjabi newspaper published from Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It was the first Punjabi daily newspaper to be published in Pakistan.
Its first issue appeared on 3 February 1989. Is still continued today now in the form of E-Newspaper with the name of SajjanLahore.com, but it was discontinued after that because of financial constraints caused by a lack of advertising revenue from the government and the private sector. It was a venture of Punjabi Promotion Trust. Hussain Naqi was its managing editor, Qaisar Nazir Khawar was its deputy managing editor, whereas Zafrayab Ahmed was its editor. Zafaryab Ahmed died on 25 February 2006.
A number of Punjabi lovers worked in it voluntarily not only in editorial team but also in administrative setup.
# Mount Clemenceau

Mount Clemenceau is the fourth highest mountain in the Park Ranges of the Canadian Rockies. The peak was originally named "Pyramid" in 1892 by Arthur Coleman. The mountain was renamed by the Interprovincial Boundary Survey in 1919 to its present name, which is for Georges Clemenceau, premier of France during World War I.
Mt. Clemenceau was first climbed in 1923 by D.B. Durand, H.S. Hall, W.D. Harris and H.B. De V. Schwab.

## Routes

There are three standard climbing routes:
* West Face II
** This is the normal route, similar to the north glacier route (normal) on Mount Athabasca but considered more interesting. The route avoids the steepest parts of the face.
* North-East Ridge IV
* North Face IV