# World Chess Championship 1954

A World Chess Championship was played between Mikhail Botvinnik and Vasily Smyslov in Moscow from March 16 to May 13, 1954. Botvinnik had been World Champion since 1948 and had successfully defended the title in 1951, while Smyslov earned the right to challenge by winning the 1953 Candidates tournament.
The match was drawn 12–12, meaning Botvinnik retained the world title.

## 1952 Interzonal tournament

An interzonal tournament was held at Saltsjöbaden in Stockholm, Sweden, in September and October 1952. The top eight finishers qualified for the Candidates tournament.
    1952 Interzonal Tournament 123456789101112131415161718192021TotalTie break 1 Alexander Kotov (Soviet Union)x½½½½½11111½½1111111116½ 2 Mark Taimanov (Soviet Union)½x½½½½½½1½½½111½1½½1113½125.50 3 Tigran Petrosian (Soviet Union)½½x½½½1½½½½1½½11½111½13½125.00 4 Efim Geller (Soviet Union)½½½x½1001½1½½½1½1111½13 5 Yuri Averbakh (Soviet Union)½½½½x0½1½½½½1½½1½111½12½115.25 6 Gideon Ståhlberg (Sweden)½½½01x01½½½½½111011½112½115.00 7 László Szabó (Hungary)0½01½1x½½1½½½½11½½1½112½114.25 8 Svetozar Gligorić (Yugoslavia)0½½100½x0½½½11½11111112½105.50 9 Wolfgang Unzicker (West Germany)00½0½½½1x½0½1½½½½½1½½11½ 10 Erich Eliskases (Argentina)0½½½½½0½½x½10½0½1½11110½ 11 Hermann Pilnik (Argentina)0½½0½½½½1½x10½½½10½½11093.75 12 Luděk Pachman (Czechoslovakia)½½0½½½½½½00x½½1½½11½½1092.50 13 Herman Steiner (United States)½0½½0½½0011½x½0011½111088.50 14 Aleksandar Matanović (Yugoslavia)00½½½0½0½½½½½x0½1½1½19 15 Gedeon Barcza (Hungary)0000½00½½1½011x1½001½8 16 Gösta Stoltz (Sweden)0½0½00000½½½1½0x011½17½ 17 Luis Augusto Sánchez (Colombia)00½0½1½0000½00½1x½0117 18 Robert Wade (England)0½0000½00½100½10½x½016 19 Paul Vaitonis (Canada)0½000000½0½0½0101½x½05 20 Harry Golombek (England)00000½½000½½0½0½01½x04½39.25 21 Lodewijk Prins (Netherlands)00½½½000000½00½00011x4½38.00
Only the top five were supposed to have qualified for a 12-player Candidates Tournament, but four players were tied for fifth place, and since the Sonneborn-Berger tie-break margins were so small, all four were included. The tournament was surrounded by some controversy as the five Soviet players took the top five spots – having drawn every single game amongst themselves, several of them after suspiciously few moves. Originally, the 1952 Interzonal was supposed to have featured 22 players, but Julio Bolbochán of Argentina suffered a hemorrhage and had to withdraw after a first-round adjournment.

## 1953 Candidates tournament

The Candidates tournament was held in Zürich, Switzerland, from August to October 1953, with the winner qualifying for the championship match against Botvinnik.
The field consisted of 15 players: The top eight from the 1952 Interzonal, the top five from the previous Candidates Tournament (Bronstein, Boleslavsky, Smyslov, Keres, and Najdorf), and the last two players from the 1948 championships not already qualified (Reshevsky and Euwe).
After 22 rounds, Smyslov and Reshevsky were tied for the lead on 13.5 points out of 21, followed by Bronstein on 12.5 and Keres on 12. Smyslov took a decisive lead in the next few rounds:
* In round 23, Kotov defeated Reshevsky while Smyslov had the bye. Bronstein and Keres moved up to 13 points.
* In round 24, Smyslov defeated Keres with black, while Reshevsky drew with Geller and Bronstein also drew.
* In round 25, Smyslov defeated Reshevsky, while Bronstein lost to Geller and Keres had the bye.
So in those three rounds, Smyslov scored 2/2 while Reshevsky scored ½/3. After round 25 the leaders were: Smyslov 15.5 with a game in hand, Reshevsky 14, Bronstein 13.5, Keres 13 with a game in hand. Smyslov drew his five remaining games, beginning with Bronstein in round 26.
Smyslov qualified as challenger by winning the tournament.
    #Player123456789101112131415Total 1 Vasily Smyslov (USSR)xx½½11½1½½11½½½0½½½½½½½½1½111½18 2-4 David Bronstein (USSR)½½xx1½11½½½0½½½½1½½½½½011½½½½½16 2-4 Paul Keres (USSR)000½xx½½½1½1½½½½½½0½111½½1½½1116 2-4 Samuel Reshevsky (USA)½000½½xx½½½½½½10½½½1½11½½1111½16 5 Tigran Petrosian (USSR)½½½½½0½½xx½½0½½½00½½½½11½11½1115 6-7 Efim Geller (USSR)00½1½0½½½½xx11½001½½011½½101½½14½ 6-7 Miguel Najdorf (Argentina)½½½½½½½½1½00xx1½1½½0½½½½½½0½1114½ 8-9 Alexander Kotov (USSR)½1½½½½01½½½10½xx101½00101½0½0114 8-9 Mark Taimanov (USSR)½½0½½½½½11100½01xx10½½½½½00½1114 10-11 Yuri Averbakh (USSR)½½½½1½0½½½½½1½0½01xx½½½½0½110013½ 10-11 Isaac Boleslavsky (USSR)½½½½00½0½½10½½11½½½½xx½0½½½1½½13½ 12 László Szabó (Hungary)½½100½0½000½½½01½½½½½1xx1½½½1½13 13 Svetozar Gligorić (Yugoslavia)0½0½½0½0½0½0½½0½½11½½½0½xx½11112½ 14 Max Euwe (Netherlands)00½½½½000½101½1½1½00½0½½½0xx1½11½ 15 Gideon Ståhlberg (Sweden)0½½½000½00½½00100011½½0½000½xx8

### Allegations of Soviet collusion

There have been allegations of Soviet collusion in the Candidates tournament. Most sensationally, writing in the early 2000s, David Bronstein alleged that certain players were pressured to ensure Smyslov would win ahead of Reshevsky. He alleged that Keres was pressured to make a quick draw with white in his round 24 game against Smyslov, but that Keres resisted this, but the pressure made him in no fit state to play (and he lost). He also alleged that he (Bronstein) was pressured to make a draw with white against Smyslov in round 26, and he complied by playing the unaggressive Ruy Lopez exchange variation.
Soon after the article emerged, Smyslov replied, criticising the allegations, though Andy Soltis read that as meaning he didn't deny them. Yuri Averbakh said that Bronstein "cannot be 100% objective" on his world championship attempts.

### Books

The tournament is famous for the strength of the players, the high quality of the games, and books on the tournament by participants David Bronstein and Miguel Najdorf that are regarded as among the best tournament books ever written.

## 1954 Championship match
### Conditions

The match was played as best of 24 games. If it ended 12-12, Botvinnik, the holder, would retain the Championship.

### Match

World Chess Championship Match 1954 :
| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | Points |
| Mikhail Botvinnik (Soviet Union) | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | 12 |
| Vasily Smyslov (Soviet Union) | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | 12 |
Botvinnik retained the Championship.