OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Source reduction

Source reduction is activities designed to reduce the volume, mass, or toxicity of products throughout the life cycle. It includes the design and manufacture, use, and disposal of products with minimum toxic content, minimum volume of material, and/or a longer useful life.
The term is also used to describe measures to reduce or eliminate breeding places for disease-carrying mosquitoes.

## Synonyms

Pollution prevention and toxics use reduction are also called source reduction because they address the use of hazardous substances at the source.

## Examples

* Reusable packaging - for example the use of a reusable shopping bag at the grocery store; although it uses more material than a single-use disposable bag, the material per use is less.
* Overpackaging - Some packaging uses more materials than is necessary for product containment and protection. Redesign can often reduce the size and materials usage in packaging.

## Procedures

Source reduction is achieved through improvements in design, production, use, reuse, recycling, and through environmentally preferable purchasing (EPP). A Life-cycle assessment is useful to help choose among several alternatives and options.

## Source reduction in the United States

In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission offers guidance for labelling claims: "Source reduction" refers to reducing or lowering the weight, volume or toxicity of a product or package. To avoid being misleading, source reduction claims must qualify the amount of the source reduction and give the basis for any comparison that is made. These principles apply regardless of whether a term like "source reduced" is used.
The Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Program (TURA) offers six strategies to achieve source reduction:
* Toxic chemical substitution
* Production process modification
* Finished product reformulation
* Production modernization
* Improvements in operations and maintenance
* In-process recycling of production material
# Sulfidation

Sulfidation (British spelling also sulphidation) is a process of installing sulfide ions in a material or molecule. The process is widely used to convert oxides to sulfides but is also related to corrosion and surface modification.

## Inorganic, materials, and organic chemistry

Sulfidation is relevant to the formation of sulfide minerals.
A large scale application of sulfidation is the conversion of molybdenum oxides to the corresponding sulfides. This conversion is a step in the preparation of catalysts for hydrodesulfurization wherein alumina impregnated with molybdate salts are converted to molybdenum disulfide by the action of hydrogen sulfide.
In organosulfur chemistry, sulfiding is often called thiation. The preparation of thioamides from amides involves thiation. A typical reagent is phosphorus pentasulfide (P$_4$S$_{10}$). The idealized equation for this conversion is:
    RC(O)NH$_2$ + 1/4 P$_4$S$_{10}$ → RC(S)NH$_2$ + 1/4 P$_4$S$_6$O$_4$
This conversion where an oxygen atom in the amide function is replaced by a sulfur atom involves no redox reaction.

## Sulfidation of metals

It is known that aluminum improves the sulfidation resistance of iron alloys. The sulfidation of tungsten is a multiple step process. The first step is an oxidation reaction, converting the tungsten to a tungsten bronze on the surface of the object. The tungsten bronze coating is then converted to a sulfide.
One commonly encountered occurrence of sulfidation in manufacturing environments involves the sulfidic corrosion of metal piping. The increased resistance to corrosion found in stainless steel is attributed to a layer of chromium oxide that forms due to oxidation of the chromium found in the alloy.
The process of liquid sulfidation has also been used in the manufacturing of diamond-like carbon films. These films are generally used to coat surfaces to reduce the wear due to friction. The inclusion of sulfidation in the process has been shown to reduce the friction coefficient of the diamond-like carbon film.
# Ivan Larionov

Ivan Petrovich Larionov (Russian: Ива́н Петро́вич Ларио́нов; January 23, 1830 – April 22, 1889) was a Russian composer, writer and folklorist. He is mostly remembered for the famous song "Kalinka", which he wrote in 1860.
Larionov was born to a noble family in Perm, and studied music in Moscow. He died in Saratov in 1889, from stomach cancer.
# Multi-tool

A multi-tool (or multitool) is a hand tool that combines several individual functions in a single unit. The smallest are credit-card or key sized units designed for carrying in a wallet or on a keyring, but others are designed to be carried in a trouser pocket or belt-mounted pouch.

## History

The idea of incorporating several tools in one unit is very old, dating back at least as far as Middle Roman times. Many of these were used for eating.

## Pocket knives

Among the earliest contemporary examples is the Swiss Army knife, as supplied by makers Victorinox and Wenger. The actual version supplied to the Swiss army includes a knife blade, a reamer, a bottle-opener–screwdriver–wire stripper, and a can-opener–screwdriver. Besides Victorinox and Wenger, many other manufacturers now make similar knives.
Other versions may include items like a nail file, tweezers, folding scissors, a tooth pick, a magnifying glass, screwdriver bits and others. There are also versions that have special tools for specific sports or outdoor activities like golf, horseback riding, shooting, hunting or fishing. Versions intended for cyclists may have a selection of allen (hex) keys, a selection of wrenches, screwdrivers, a spoke wrench, and a chain tool.

## Folding multi-tools

In 1983 Tim Leatherman sold his first "Pocket Survival Tool", ⁣ larger and more robust than a pocket-knife-based tool, and incorporating a set of needle-nosed pliers in a butterfly knife-style mechanism. Too large for most pockets, it came with a belt pouch.

## Other multi-tools

Other multi-tool functions include a hammer, LED light, lighter, tape measure and an assortment of screwdriver bits.
Multifunction tools may be specialized for use in certain activities. Cyclists may carry a folding tool with screwdriver bits or wrenches to allow adjustment of bicycle fasteners during a ride, or for repairing a broken chain. For sport fishermen, a specialized multitool may combine common functions such as cutting fishing line, crimping weights, removing hooks or opening split rings. A specialized multitool may be used for adjustment, cleaning or minor repair of a firearm in field use. Since 2007, smartphones have emerged as a popular multi-tool category.
# Lasiopogon littoris

Lasiopogon littoris is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae.
# UPDF

UPDF may refer to:
* Uganda People's Defence Force, the armed forces of Uganda.
* UP Diksiyonaryong Filipino (UP Filipino Dictionary), a series of monolingual Filipino dictionaries.
* United People's Democratic Front, a regional political party in Bangladesh's Chittagong Hill Tracts.
* United People's Democratic Front (Democratic), a rival regional political party of the United People's Democratic Front.
# Mikkjal Danielsen

Mikkjal Danielsen (born 16 May 1960) is a retired Faroese football defender.
# French frigate Sémillante (1841)

The Sémillante was a Surveillante class 60-gun first rank frigate of the French Navy. She sank off the coast of Corsica in 1855 with a loss of 693 people.

## Career

Sémillante took part in the Crimean War from 1854 as a transport. In February 1855, under Captain Jugan, she departed Toulon with a crew of 301 and 392 soldiers as reinforcements for the French army
On 15 February 1855, in the Strait of Bonifacio near the Lavezzi Islands, Sémillante was caught in a storm. Lost in a thick fog, a gust of wind drove the ship into rocks on Ile Lavezzi, the 200 ha main island of the archipelago. The ship sank around midnight with all hands.

## Monument

For weeks, bodies of the victims washed up on the shore of Île Lavezzi. The remains of 600 of the people on board were eventually recovered and buried in the Achiarino cemetery on the island. Only the captain's grave is marked by name. A 27-foot-high (8.2 m) pyramid of boulders was built as a remembrance of the disaster.
The wreck is cited as a triggering event that raised public awareness of naval disasters and spurred the creation of coastal rescue organizations.
# Lorenzo Vitria

Llorenç Vitrià Barrera (2 February 1908, in Barcelona – 18 June 1941, in Gusen, Austria) was a Spanish boxer who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics.
In 1924 he was eliminated in the second round of the flyweight class after losing his fight to Jock MacGregor. Due his exile to France after the Spanish Civil War, he was deported to the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria in 1940 and he died in 1941 in Gusen (an external concentration camp of Mauthausen).
# Dagampitiya

Dagampitiya is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.
# Udatenna

Udatenna is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.
# Microstylum galactodes

Microstylum galactodes is a species of robber flies in the family Asilidae.
# Euschistus latimarginatus

Euschistus latimarginatus is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae. It is found in North America.
# Myopa vicaria

Myopa vicaria is a species of thick-headed flies in the family Conopidae.
# Lepidostoma

Lepidostoma is a genus of bizarre caddisflies in the family Lepidostomatidae. There are more than 150 described species in Lepidostoma.
# Notonomus tenuistriatus

Notonomus tenuistriatus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Sloane in 1913.
# Pselliopus spinicollis

Pselliopus spinicollis is a species of assassin bug in the family Reduviidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
# Galgupha atra

Galgupha atra is a species of ebony bug in the family Thyreocoridae. It is found in Central America and North America.
# Jonathan Holland (rugby union)

Jonathan Holland (born 30 August 1991) is a retired Irish rugby union player. He played as a fly-half for Munster and Cork Constitution.

## Cork Constitution

Holland was awarded the 2012–13 Ulster Bank Young Player of the Year Award for Division 1A.

## Munster

Holland made his Munster A debut on 19 November 2011, coming on as a substitute against Neath. He made his senior debut for Munster on 23 November 2013, coming on as a substitute against Cardiff Blues. Holland was awarded a development contract with the senior Munster squad for the 2014–15 season in March 2014. Holland was nominated for the John McCarthy Award for Munster Academy Player of the Year on 1 May 2014.
Holland made his first start for Munster on 19 September 2014, against Zebre in the Pro12. He signed a two-year contract with Munster in January 2015, advancing from a development contract to a full contract.
On 25 March 2016, Holland started against Zebre in a 2015–16 Pro12 game, scoring 10 points. On 2 April 2016, Holland started against Leinster, scoring all of Munster's points, including a try, in Munster's 16–13 defeat. On 1 September 2016, it was announced that Holland had been forced to retire from rugby with immediate effect after being advised to do so on medical grounds, having suffered a recurrence of a hamstring injury first sustained in November 2014.

## Coaching

Holland joined Cork Constitution's coaching team ahead of their 2017–18 season, working with the backs.
# Aphilanthops frigidus

Aphilanthops frigidus is a species of wasp in the family Philanthidae found in North America.
# Atheas (bug)

Atheas is a genus of lace bugs in the family Tingidae. There are about 15 described species in Atheas.

## Species

These 15 species belong to the genus Atheas:
* Atheas austroriparius Heidemann, 1909$^{icg}$
* Atheas birabeni$^g$
* Atheas cearanus Monte, 1947$^{icg}$
* Atheas exiguus Heidemann, 1909$^{icg}$
* Atheas flavipes Champion, 1898$^{icg}$
* Atheas fuscipes Champion, 1898$^{icg}$
* Atheas insignis Heidemann, 1909$^{icg}$
* Atheas laetantis Drake and Hambleton, 1944$^{icg}$
* Atheas mimeticus Heidemann, 1909$^{icgb}$
* Atheas mirabilis Drake, 1938$^{icg}$
* Atheas nigricornis Champion, 1898$^{icg}$
* Atheas ornatipes Drake and Hambleton, 1935$^{icg}$
* Atheas paganus Drake, 1942$^{icg}$
* Atheas placentis Drake and Poor, 1940$^{icg}$
* Atheas tristis Van Duzee, 1923$^{icg}$
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
# Amblyseius pustulosus

Amblyseius pustulosus is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.
# Eocarterus

Eocarterus is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae. It contains eight species divided into two subgenera, Eocarterus and Baeticocarus.

## Species
### Subgenus Baeticocarus

This subgenus contains the following species:
* Eocarterus amicorum Wrase, 1993
* Eocarterus baeticus Rambur, 1837

### Subgenus Eocarterus

This subgenus contains the following species:
* Eocarterus chodshenticus Ballion, 1871
* Eocarterus esau Heyden, 1885
* Eocarterus propagator Reitter, 1901
* Eocarterus semenowi (Reitter, 1893)
* Eocarterus tazekensis Antoine, 1959
* Eocarterus usgentensis Heyden, 1884
# Callobius nomeus

Callobius nomeus is a species of hacklemesh weaver in the spider family Amaurobiidae. It is found in the United States and Canada. Specifically this species is associated with tree bark.
# Symphoromyia sackeni

Symphoromyia sackeni is a species of snipe flies in the family Rhagionidae.
# Savius

Savius is a genus of leaf-footed bugs in the family Coreidae. There are about nine described species in Savius.

## Species

These nine species belong to the genus Savius:
* Savius bergi Bergroth, 1905
* Savius buenoi Brailovsky, 1986
* Savius carayoni Brailovsky, 1986
* Savius diagonalis Berg, 1892
* Savius dilectus (Stål, 1862)
* Savius diversicornis (Westwood, 1842)
* Savius jurgiosus (Stål, 1862)
* Savius rufomarginatus Brailovsky, 1986
* Savius terrabus Brailovsky & Barrera, 2003
# Myodocha annulicornis

Myodocha annulicornis, the banded long-necked seed bug, is a species of dirt-colored seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae. It is found in North America.
# Ptychoptera townesi

Ptychoptera townesi is a species of phantom crane flies in the family Ptychopteridae.
# Rivellia inaequata

Rivellia inaequata is a species of signal flies (insects in the family Platystomatidae).
# Sixeonotus tenebrosus

Sixeonotus tenebrosus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae.
# Myriam Vanlerberghe

Myriam Vanlerberghe (born 1961) is a Belgian politician and a member of the Socialistische Partij Anders. She was elected as a member of the Belgian Senate in 2007.
# 21st Infantry Division (India)

The 21st Infantry Division is a division of the Indian Army raised in 1943.

## History

The Formation was raised as 21 Indian Infantry Division at Secunderabad on 03 Apr 1943 and subsequently employed under Gen William Slim's 14th Army during 'Reconquest of Burma'. The Formation was demobilised on 10 Aug 1944 and re-raised as 21 Infantry Division on 01 Jul 1976, at Rangia. In Dec 1987. The Formation moved to Tenga as part of forward posture in Kameng Sector and remained there till 1990.
Since 1990, the Formation was deployed in CI/ CT Ops as part of OP BAJRANG , OP RHINO-I, OP RHINO-II and 'OP RHINO (E)'. Successful conduct of CI/ CT operations resulted in ULFA announcing a unilateral ceasefire in Jan 1992 and signing of Bodo Agreements in 1993, 2003 and 2020. During the course, the Division HQ moved to Umroi in Dec 2016 and was again re-located to Rangia in Mar 2018.
# Sigara mackinacensis

Sigara mackinacensis is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae. It is found in North America.
# Perdita ericameriae

Perdita ericameriae is a species of bee in the family Andrenidae. It is found in North America.
# Leucrocuta thetis

Leucrocuta thetis is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. It is found in North America.
# Neomochtherus comosus

Neomochtherus comosus is a species of robber flies in the family Asilidae.
# Molops

Molops is a genus in the beetle family Carabidae. There are more than 40 described species in Molops, found primarily in Europe.

## Species

These 41 species belong to the genus Molops:
* Molops albanicus Apfelbeck, 1904
* Molops alpestris (Dejean, 1828)
* Molops apfelbecki Ganglbauer, 1891
* Molops austriacus Ganglbauer, 1889
* Molops biokovensis G.Müller, 1916
* Molops bosnicus Ganglbauer, 1889
* Molops bucephalus (Dejean, 1828)
* Molops cephallenicus G.Müller, 1936
* Molops curtulus Ganglbauer, 1891
* Molops dalmatinus (Dejean, 1828)
* Molops dilatatus Chaudoir, 1868
* Molops dinaricus Apfelbeck, 1904
* Molops doderoi Schatzmayr, 1909
* Molops elatus (Fabricius, 1801)
* Molops euboeicus Ganglbauer, 1889
* Molops holdhausi G.Müller, 1917
* Molops longipennis (Dejean, 1828)
* Molops malshentianus Apfelbeck, 1918
* Molops matchai Roubal, 1917
* Molops merditanus Apfelbeck, 1906
* Molops obtusangulus Ganglbauer, 1889
* Molops osmanilis Apfelbeck, 1904
* Molops ovipennis Chaudoir, 1847
* Molops parnassicola Kraatz, 1875
* Molops parreyssi Kraatz, 1875
* Molops pentheri Apfelbeck, 1904
* Molops peristericus Apfelbeck, 1901
* Molops piceus (Panzer, 1793)
* Molops plurisetosus G.Müller, 1918
* Molops prenjus Apfelbeck, 1902
* Molops promissus Heyden, 1875
* Molops reiseri Apfelbeck, 1904
* Molops rhodopensis Apfelbeck, 1904
* Molops robustus (Dejean, 1828)
* Molops rufipes Chaudoir, 1843
* Molops simplex Chaudoir, 1868
* Molops spartanus (Schaum, 1862)
* Molops striolatus (Fabricius, 1801)
* Molops thessalicus G.Müller, 1930
* Molops valonensis G.Müller, 1936
* Molops weiratheri G.Müller, 1930
# Orthogonis stygia

Orthogonis stygia is a species of robber flies (insects in the family Asilidae).
# Close Together (As You and Me)

Close Together (As You and Me) is an album of duets and solo selections by George Jones and Melba Montgomery. It was released on the Musicor label in 1966.

## Track listing

* "Close Together (As You and Me)"
* "From Here To The Door" (Don Chapel)
* "Living On Easy Street" (Earl Montgomery)
* "As of Now"
* "Feudin' and Fightin'" (Dubin/Lane)
* "Long As We're Dreaming"
* "Developing My Pictures" (E. Montgomery)
* "Let's Both Have A Cry"
* "Heartaches for a Day"
* "Simply Divine" (Melba Montgomery)
# 1994 Tajik League

Tajik League is the top division of the Tajikistan Football Federation, it was created in 1992. These are the statistics of the Tajik League in the 1994 season.

## Table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | Sitora Dushanbe (C) | 30 | 21 | 5 | 4 | 51 | 17 | +34 | 47 |
| 2 | Pamir Dushanbe | 30 | 20 | 5 | 5 | 75 | 28 | +47 | 45 |
| 3 | Pakhtakor Proletarsk | 30 | 17 | 9 | 4 | 81 | 36 | +45 | 43 |
| 4 | Stroitel Kurgan-Tyube | 30 | 18 | 5 | 7 | 68 | 38 | +30 | 41 |
| 5 | Shodmon Ghissar | 30 | 14 | 11 | 5 | 64 | 25 | +39 | 39 |
| 6 | Khujand | 30 | 14 | 9 | 7 | 43 | 23 | +20 | 37 |
| 7 | Regar-TadAZ | 30 | 14 | 7 | 9 | 69 | 40 | +29 | 35 |
| 8 | Istaravshan | 30 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 50 | 46 | +4 | 30 |
| 9 | Shukhrat | 30 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 47 | 48 | −1 | 29 |
| 10 | Khulbuk Vose | 30 | 10 | 8 | 12 | 55 | 59 | −4 | 28 |
| 11 | Pakhtakor Dushanbe | 30 | 8 | 6 | 16 | 47 | 84 | −37 | 22 |
| 12 | Ravshan Kulob | 30 | 9 | 3 | 18 | 41 | 71 | −30 | 21 |
| 13 | Khosilot Farkhor | 30 | 7 | 4 | 19 | 34 | 67 | −33 | 18 |
| 14 | Saykhun Chkalovsk | 30 | 7 | 3 | 20 | 35 | 76 | −41 | 17 |
| 15 | Kand Kanibadam (R) | 30 | 6 | 2 | 22 | 32 | 81 | −49 | 14 |
| 16 | Chashma Shaartuz (R) | 30 | 5 | 4 | 21 | 27 | 78 | −51 | 14 |
# Pseneo punctatus

Pseneo punctatus is a species of aphid wasp in the family Psenidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

## Subspecies

These three subspecies belong to the species Pseneo punctatus:
* Pseneo punctatus carolina (Rohwer, 1910)
* Pseneo punctatus ferrugineus (Viereck, 1901)
* Pseneo punctatus punctatus (W. Fox, 1898)
# Hipólito da Costa

Hipólito José da Costa Pereira Furtado de Mendonça (13 August 1774 – 11 September 1823) was a Brazilian journalist and diplomat considered to be the "father of Brazilian press".
He is the patron of the 17th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.

## Life

Costa was born in Colônia do Sacramento, now part of Uruguay, to alferes Félix da Costa Furtado de Mendonça and Ana Josefa Pereira. His brother was José Saturnino da Costa Pereira, who would be a senator of the Empire of Brazil and commander of the Brazilian Army. Although they had converted to Christianity, his family, the da Costas, came from a long line of Sephardic Jews who were active in Portugal, England and the West Indies.
In 1777, the family moved to Pelotas, in Rio Grande do Sul, where Costa would spend his adolescence, until he was sent to the University of Coimbra in 1798, where he graduated in Law, Philosophy and Mathematics.
Recently graduated, he was sent on diplomatic missions to the United States and Mexico by then-Portuguese prime minister Rodrigo de Sousa Coutinho. He would live in the U.S. for two years, more precisely in Philadelphia, where he became a Freemason. He wrote an account of his trip to Philadelphia, named Diário de Minha Viagem para a Filadélfia, but it would be only published in 1955.
Two years after his trip to the U.S. he returned to Brazil, where he would receive another mission, this time for England, in 1802. However, three or four years later, when he returned to Brazil, he was arrested by the Portuguese Inquisition, by order of Pina Manique, since he was accused of spreading Masonic ideas through Europe. However, he was able to escape prison and fled to Spain, disguised as a lackey. From Spain, he returned to England, where he received protection of Prince Augustus Frederick. Da Costa continued his masonic activities in England, having joined two masonic lodges under the auspices of the Premier Grand Lodge of England; the Lodge of the Nine Muses (1807) and then the Lodge of Antiquity (1808).
Settling down in the city of London, he then founded what would be the first Brazilian journal: the Correio Braziliense, which ran from 1808 to 1823. Through this journal, Costa would spread Liberal ideas. However, the Portuguese ambassador in London, Bernardo José de Abrantes e Castro, Count of Funchal, was an extreme combatant of Costa's journal, and would create one of himself, entitled O Investigador Português em Inglaterra (The Portuguese Investigator in England), which ran from 1811 to 1819. Many other journals which fought the Correio Braziliense were created.
Costa died in 1823, without knowing that he was proclaimed consul of Brazil in England. He was buried in the church of Saint Mary the Virgin, in Hurley, Berkshire, but in 2001 his remains were brought to Brazil, and can now be found at the Museu da Imprensa Nacional.
He was also famous for translating into Portuguese works by Benjamin Thompson and Benjamin Smith Barton.

## Honors

The Museu de Comunicação Social Hipólito José da Costa, in Porto Alegre, is named after him.
# Bethany Seventh-day Adventist Church

Bethany Seventh-day Adventist Church is an African American congregation of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Brownsville, Miami, Florida, U.S.. It was established in 1913, and is predominantly African American. The church is located at 2500 NW 50th Street, in Brownsville an unincorporated community of Miami. They hold Saturdays as their holy day.
The church owns other properties, including the Georgette's Tea Room House, a former boarding house with guests that included noted performers and activists in the 1940s and 1950s. Georgette Sargent donated the Georgette's Tea Room House to Bethany Seventh Day Adventist Church in 2012, they are located across the street from each other.
# Rintodestrant

Rintodestrant is an orally bioavailable selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) developed by G1 Therapeutics for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Structurally inspired by the 6-OH-benzothiophene scaffold used in arzoxifene and raloxifene, rintodestrant selectively binds to the estrogen receptor and inhibits ER signaling, demonstrating efficacy in endocrine-resistant tumors.
A phase I clinical trial evaluated rintodestrant as monotherapy and in combination with the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in patients with ER+/HER2- advanced breast cancer.