OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Haydar Aşan

Haydar Aşan (16 April 1906 – 29 February 1996) was a Turkish-American Olympic sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
He also competed as a high jumper, pole vaulter, and professional football player. As a teenager he competed in local athletic championships and began amateur boxing. In 1924, at age 18 he joined the professional Fenerbahçe football team, a year later he changed to the Galatasaray football team and stayed there for ten years. In 1931 and 1932, Aşan won second place in the Balkan Athletics Championships. In 1933, he won first place, which was the first time in history Turkey won the gold medal in athletics at the Balkan Athletics Championships. In 1938, he moved to the United States and studied graduate school at Duke University. He played on the school's soccer team and became an American citizen. Haydar married an American veteran nurse and had two daughters.
# Haydar Zafer

Haydar Zafer (1916 – 1994) was a Turkish wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle middleweight at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

## Wrestling career

Haydar Zafer grew up in Bolu and started Turkish oil wrestling there as a teenager. After 1945, he also pursued Olympic wrestling. He preferred the free style, but also wrestled in the Greco-Roman style. In 1949 he joined the Turkish national team, where he was coached by Nuri Boytorun. In 1951 he competed in his first international championship in Helsinki and immediately became world champion in the middleweight, free style. Since at that time there were much fewer international title fights than today, Haydar Zafer could also participate in only three international championships.
At the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, he could not prevail in the middleweight division. After three victories, he lost on points to the Iranian Gholam Reza Takhti, whom he had defeated in the 1951 world championship, and finished 5th.
At the 1955 World Championships in Karlsruhe, he competed in the Greco-Roman style in the light heavyweight division, but did not get beyond 11th place.
After leaving active wrestling, he worked as a coach at Haliç Wrestling Club. He was married and had three children.
# Henry Sass

Henry Sass (24 April 1788 – 1844) was an English artist and teacher of painting, who founded an important art school, Sass's Academy (later "Cary's Academy"), in London, to provide training for those seeking to enter the Royal Academy. Many distinguished British painters received their early training here. Such was Sass's commitment to art education that Sir David Wilkie said he could have "taught a stone to draw".

## Life and work

Sass was born in London. His father, who was also an artist, belonged to an old Courland family from what is now Latvia. Sass's father and mother settled in London after their marriage and his elder half-brother Richard Sass became a landscape painter and art tutor to members of the royal family.
Sass became a student at the Royal Academy and practised his art by copying paintings held at the British Institution. His early work which was exhibited in 1807 and 1808 at the Royal Academy included, "The Descent of Ulysses into Hell" which Sass also executed as an etching. However his later work was portraiture. In 1815 he married Mary Robinson, whose family was related to the Earls of Ripon. In the same year he travelled to Italy, returning two years later. However, despite publishing a book about his Italian trip he was not able to make a living from his painting.
Sass decided to open the first school of drawing for artists who were intending to study at the Royal Academy' school. Sass established it in a house at No. 6 Charlotte Street, at the corner with Streatham Street, in Bloomsbury, London. Sass's pupils included Sir John Millais P.R.A., Charles West Cope K.A., William Powell Frith R.A., William Edward Frost R.A. Sir Thomas Lawrence the President of the Royal Academy was amongst the school's supporters. Such was Sass's commitment to art education that Sir David Wilie said he could have taught a "stone to draw".
Sass's Academy is caricatured in the novel "The Newcomes" by Thackeray, who was once a student at the school. The real academy, however, is only used as a basis for the fictional art school and Thackeray does not refer to Sass or his school in particular.
Sass was now well off and he and Mary entertained the intelligentsia of the day. Among his friends were Sir Edwin Landseer, William Etty, and particularly J. M. W. Turner. Two years before his death Sass passed the directorship of the school to Francis Stephen Cary due to his failing mental health. Sass died in 1844, having had nine children including an eldest surviving son, Henry William Sass who was an architect and Edwin Etty Sass who entered the medical profession. He was buried on the western side of Highgate Cemetery.

## Artistic Recognition

A bust of Sass by William Grinsell Nicholl was commissioned in 1820.
# Melissa Scott-Miller

Melissa Scott-Miller (born 1959, in London) is an English artist.

## Biography

Scott-Miller studied art at the Slade School of Fine Art. Scott-Miller has exhibited at the Mark Jason Gallery and the New English Art Club, Hunting/Observer Art Prizes, The Mall Galleries; A T Kearney; BP Portrait Award; The London Group, in the National Collection and on 17 occasions at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition.
In 1999, Scott-Miller was elected a member of the Royal Society of Portrait Painters. She has won several awards, including the 2008 Lynn Painter-Stainers Prize, worth £15,000. She also won a prize at The South Bank Picture Show and won The Lucy Morrison Award, Royal Overseas League and the Elizabeth Greenshields Foundation Scholarship.
She is a teacher at Heatherley’s School of Fine Art, London.
# Hüsnü Çakırgil

Hüsnü Çakırgil (born 3 October 1965 in Turkey) is a former Turkish professional basketball player. He was well-known for his great 3 point shooting ability. At a height of 1.98 m (6'6") tall, he played at the small forward position.

## Professional career

Çakırgil was the Top Scorer of the Turkish Super League, in 1989.

## National team career

Çakırgil was a member of the senior Turkish national basketball team. With Turkey, he played at the 1993 EuroBasket.
# Kazım Ayvaz

Kazım Ayvaz (March 10, 1938 – January 18, 2020) was a Turkish Olympic medalist sports wrestler in the lightweight class and a trainer. He won the gold medal in Men's Greco-Roman wrestling at the 1964 Olympics and became world champion twice.

## Career

He was born 1938 in Rize, north-eastern Turkey. He began wrestling 1953 at his age of 15 in the "İstanbul Güreş İhtisas Kulübü", a club in Fatih, Istanbul specialized in wrestling.
He won the gold medal at the 1958 World Wrestling Championships in Budapest in 73 kg. Greco-Roman wrestling, ahead of silver medalist Grigory Gamarnik of the USSR and bronze medalist Valeriu Bularca of Romania.
Representing his country in Greco-Roman style wrestling, he participated at three consecutive Olympics in 1960, 1964 and 1968, however was successful only in Tokyo. From 1964 on, Kazım Ayvaz could not repeat his victorious matches. He retired from the active sports in 1969 and served from then on as a trainer in Sweden, where he emigrated after the 1968 Olympics.
Ayvaz lived in Sweden until his death on 18 January 2020.

## Achievements

* 1957 Adriatic Cup in Opatija, Yugoslavia – bronze (Greco-Roman Welterweight)
* 1958 World Wrestling Championships in Budapest, Hungary – gold (Greco-Roman Welterweight)
* 1959 Balkan Wrestling Championships in Istanbul, Turkey – gold (Greco-Roman 73 kg)
* 1960 Balkan Wrestling Championships in Burgas, Bulgaria – silver (Freestyle 73 kg)
* 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy – 4th (Greco-Roman Middleweight)
* 1962 World Wrestling Championships in Toledo, Ohio, U.S. – gold (Greco-Roman Lightweight)
* 1963 World Wrestling Championships in Helsingborg, Sweden – 17th (Greco-Roman Lightweight)
* 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan – gold (Greco-Roman Lightweight)
* 1964 Balkan Wrestling Championships in Constanţa, Romania – silver (Greco-Roman Lightweight)
* 1966 European Wrestling Championships in Essen, Germany – 4th (Greco-Roman Lightweight)
* 1966, World Wrestling Championships in Toledo, Ohio, U.S. – 6th (Greco-Roman Lightweight)
* 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico – 24th, injured (Greco-Roman Lightweight)
# Kazım Yıldırım

Kazım Yıldırım (born 2 June 1948) is a Turkish former wrestler who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen measure

In the mathematical discipline of ergodic theory, a Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen (SRB) measure is an invariant measure that behaves similarly to, but is not an ergodic measure. In order to be ergodic, the time average would need to be equal the space average for almost all initial states $x\in X$, with $X$ being the phase space. For an SRB measure $\mu$, it suffices that the ergodicity condition be valid for initial states in a set $B(\mu )$ of positive Lebesgue measure.
The initial ideas pertaining to SRB measures were introduced by Yakov Sinai, David Ruelle and Rufus Bowen in the less general area of Anosov diffeomorphisms and axiom A attractors.

## Definition

Let $T:X\rightarrow X$ be a map. Then a measure $\mu$ defined on $X$ is an SRB measure if there exist $U\subset X$ of positive Lebesgue measure, and $V\subset U$ with same Lebesgue measure, such that:
    $\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }{\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=0}^{n}\varphi (T^{i}x)=\int _{U}\varphi \,d\mu$
for every $x\in V$ and every continuous function $\varphi :U\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$.
One can see the SRB measure $\mu$ as one that satisfies the conclusions of Birkhoff's ergodic theorem on a smaller set contained in $X$.

## Existence of SRB measures

The following theorem establishes sufficient conditions for the existence of SRB measures. It considers the case of Axiom A attractors, which is simpler, but it has been extended times to more general scenarios.
Theorem 1: Let $T:X\rightarrow X$ be a $C^{2}$ diffeomorphism with an Axiom A attractor ${\mathcal {A}}\subset X$. Assume that this attractor is irreducible, that is, it is not the union of two other sets that are also invariant under $T$. Then there is a unique Borelian measure $\mu$, with $\mu (X)=1$, characterized by the following equivalent statements:
* $\mu$ is an SRB measure;
* $\mu$ has absolutely continuous measures conditioned on the unstable manifold and submanifolds thereof;
* $h(T)=\int \log {{\bigl |}\det(DT)|_{E^{u}}{\bigr |}}\,d\mu$, where $h$ is the Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy, $E^{u}$ is the unstable manifold and $D$ is the differential operator.
Also, in these conditions $\left(T,X,{\mathcal {B}}(X),\mu \right)$ is a measure-preserving dynamical system.
It has also been proved that the above are equivalent to stating that $\mu$ equals the zero-noise limit stationary distribution of a Markov chain with states $T^{i}(x)$. That is, consider that to each point $x\in X$ is associated a transition probability $P_{\varepsilon }(\cdot \mid x)$ with noise level $\varepsilon$ that measures the amount of uncertainty of the next state, in a way such that:
    $\lim _{\varepsilon \rightarrow 0}P_{\varepsilon }(\cdot \mid x)=\delta _{Tx}(\cdot ),$
where $\delta$ is the Dirac measure. The zero-noise limit is the stationary distribution of this Markov chain when the noise level approaches zero. The importance of this is that it states mathematically that the SRB measure is a "good" approximation to practical cases where small amounts of noise exist, though nothing can be said about the amount of noise that is tolerable.
# Kemal Erer

Kemal Erer (born 2 March 1948) is a Turkish archer. He competed in the men's individual event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
# Kemal Serdar

Kemal Serdar (born 9 December 1962) is a Turkish former footballer who played as a defender.

## Early life

Serdar was born in 1962 in Turkey. His father died when he was four years old.

## Career

Serdar played for Turkish side Trabzonspor. He captained the club.

## Personal life

Serdar has been nicknamed "Atmaca". He has five siblings.
# Archibald Nicoll

Archibald Frank Nicoll OBE (14 June 1886 – 1 February 1953) was a New Zealand artist and art teacher. His interpretation of the Canterbury landscape made him a leader in what has become known as the 'Canterbury School'.

## Early life and education

He was born in Lincoln, Canterbury. He was the fifth of six children of Alexander Nicoll, a farmer, and his wife, Eliza Pannett. He attended Springston School from 1891 to 1899. He was awarded a scholarship to attend Christchurch Boys' High School and attended the school from 1900 to 1902.

## Career

After school he started working at the Union Steamship Company as a junior clerk. During this time he continued to draw and he enrolled in an evening class at the Canterbury College School of Art. In 1904 he became a member of the Canterbury Society of Arts and exhibited with them and the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts in 1905. In 1907 he resigned from the Union Steamship Company and was appointed to a teaching position at Elam School of Art and Design in Auckland. In 1911 he moved to Edinburgh. He started studying at the Edinburgh College of Art as a mature student in 1912. One year later he was offered a teaching position at the Edinburgh College of Art. While based in Edinburgh he won a number of prizes which allowed him to travel to Europe. In 1914 he moved back to New Zealand arriving in September. He exhibited at the Canterbury Society of Arts in September of that year and in October he also presented a one-man show with over 200 of his works. With the First World War escalating a call for New Zealand men to enlist was sent out. On 9 December 1914 he enlisted with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force. He fought in the Second Battle of the Somme and was injured during the fighting. His injury resulted in the amputation of his right leg above the knee. He returned to Wellington in 1918 and took up a relief teaching position at the Wellington Technical College. In 1919 he was appointed the Director of the Canterbury College School of Art. He regularly exhibited with art societies beyond Christchurch and 1930 he exhibited for a second time at the Royal Academy, London. He resigned as director of Canterbury College School of Art to paint full-time in 1928. Without the responsibilities of teaching he painted a lot of portraits during this time. With the birth of his son in 1933 he decided to return to teaching and rejoined the staff of the Canterbury College School of Art in 1934. He remained there until his retirement in 1945. In the 1947 King's Birthday Honours, Nicoll was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to art.
# Mollie Tripe

Mary Elizabeth Tripe (née Richardson, 14 September 1870 – 21 September 1939), generally known as Mollie Tripe, was a New Zealand artist and art teacher.

## Education and family

Tripe was born Mary Elizabeth Richardson in Christchurch, New Zealand, the daughter of Edward Richardson, a Member of Parliament for Kaiapoi, and his second wife, Frances Mary Elizabeth (Corke) Richardson. She attended Christchurch Girls' High School.
In 1900 she married Joseph Albert Tripe, a solicitor, and they had three children.

## Art career

Tripe studied at the Canterbury School of Art and the new Wellington School of Design (WSD), then under the direction of its founder, Arthur Dewhurst Riley. She graduated from the WSD in 1890 with a teaching certificate and went on to get a master's certificate in 1894. She started teaching drawing at the WSD in 1889; among her colleagues were James Nairn and Mabel Hill. She left the school following her marriage but continued to give private lessons. She taught oil painting to artist and print maker Hinehauone Coralie Cook.
From the 1880s onwards, Tripe exhibited in New Zealand, in London, at the Paris Salon, and elsewhere. She started out as an Impressionist painter but over time moved towards a more realistic style founded in strong draughtsmanship. She became known especially for her portraits of leading New Zealand citizens, including Sir Robert Stout, Sir Frederic Truby King, Sir Michael Myers, William Edward Sanders, and the painter Dolla Richmond.
In 1893, she became the first woman appointed to the council of the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts, and she also influenced the founding of the National Art Gallery of New Zealand and its portrait collection.
She was awarded the Coronation Medal in 1937, and died at her home in Wellington on 21 September 1939. Her ashes were buried in Karori Cemetery.
# Mehmet Ali Islioğlu

Mehmet Ali Islioğlu (born 1926) was a Turkish wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle welterweight at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
# Metin Topaktaş

Metin Topaktaş (born 15 July 1967) is a Turkish wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle 52 kg at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
# Betty Wragge

Elizabeth Wragge (September 22, 1918 - October 2002) was an actress who appeared on more than 10,000 old-time radio programs in addition to working in other media. She was typically billed as Betty Wragge.

## Early years

Elizabeth Wragge was born in New York City. Her mother was a star in opera in Holland. Wragge graduated from the Professional Children's School, after which she attended the David Mannes School of Music. She was a model before she began working in radio.

## Radio

In 1927, Wragge appeared in Gold Spot Pals, an NBC program that may have been the first commercial program that used child actors. She also acted as a child on other programs, including Mary and Bob's True Stories, an anthology series on which she portrayed Mary. Perhaps her best known role on radio was portraying Peggy Young Trent, sister of the title character in the soap opera Pepper Young's Family. She also acted on other programs of that era, including Lux Radio Theatre, March of Time, Texaco Star Theatre, and We the People.

## Stage

Wragge's Broadway credits (billed as Elizabeth Wragge) included Up the Line (1926), The Silver Box (1927), and Dead End (1935). She also toured in musical troupes and acted in local and regional theaters, including the Allenberry Playhouse.

## Film

When she was three years old, Wragge acted in the silent film Yolanda. As an adult, she did dubbing for Italian films.

## Television

On television, Wragge had running parts on The Brighter Day, Love of Life, and The Secret Storm. She also appeared on Armstrong Circle Theatre, and in the "Flight Thirteen" episode of Fireside Theatre on January 2, 1951.

## Personal life

In January 1951, Wragge married actor Walter Brooke. They had two children, Thomas Brooke and Christina Brooke.
# Mustafa Yücedağ

Mustafa Yücedağ (25 April 1966 – 17 February 2020) was a Turkish footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Career

Born in Gaziantep, Yücedağ moved to the Netherlands with his family at an early age. He played football for Ajax, PEC Zwolle and De Graafschap, as well as in his native Turkey for Sarıyer, Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe and Gaziantepspor.
He also capped nine times for the Turkey national team between 1988 and 1990, including four FIFA World Cup qualifying matches.

## After football

On 5 July 2010, Yücedağ was appointed by his former team Galatasaray to act as the assistant coach and interpreter for Frank Rijkaard.

## Death

On 17 February 2020, Yücedağ died as a result of heart attack at his home in Zaandam, North Holland.
# Hay, Western Australia

Hay is a locality in the Shire of Denmark, Great Southern region of Western Australia. The South Coast Highway passes through the locality from east to west. the Hay River forms its eastern boundary while the southern shore of the Wilson Inlet forms its southern border. The Mount Lindesay National Park extends into the far north of Hay while the McIntosh Road and Rudyard Beach Nature Reserves are located in its south.
Hay was a stopping place on the Albany to Denmark railway line, which was extended to Nornalup in 1929 and closed down in 1957.

## Demographics

As of the 2021 Australian census, 493 people resided in Hay, up from 332 in the 2016 census. The median age of persons in Hay was 51 years. There were more males than females, with 51.8% of the population male and 48.2% female. The average household size was 2.4 people per household.

## Nature reserves

The following nature reserves are located within Hay. Both are located within the Warren bioregion:
* McIntosh Road Nature Reserve was gazetted on 21 April 1950 and has a size of 0.28 square kilometres (0.11 sq mi).
* Rudyard Beach Nature Reserve was gazetted on 18 August 1950 and has a size of 0.38 square kilometres (0.15 sq mi).
# Shelomo Bekhor Ḥutzin

Rabbi Shelomo Bekhor Ḥutzin (Hebrew: שלמה בכור חוצין; 1843, Baghdad – 1892, Baghdad), also known as the Rashbaḥ, was an Baghdadi Jewish posek, liturgical poet, journalist, translator, and publisher.

## Biography

Shelomo Bekhor Ḥutzin was born to a prominent rabbinic family in Baghdad, Ottoman Iraq, a descendant of Rabbi Sadqa Bekhor Hussein (1699–1743), author of the work Sedaka Umishpat. He studied at the Midrash Bet Zilkha under Rabbi Abdallah Somekh.
Ḥutzin had wide-ranging interests and engaged in a diversity of activities in his life. He wrote regularly for the contemporary Hebrew press, including periodicals that were published in Baghdad, India, Ottoman Palestine, and Eastern Europe. Over the years he wrote more than 150 articles for various newspapers, such as Le Libanon [he], Hamagid, Ha-Tsefirah, Habatzeleth [he], Hadover (Baghdad), Hamevaser (Calcutta), and others. His articles covered topics such as Jewish communal life in Iraq, Kurdistan, and Persia; as well as Jewish law, ethics, culture, world politics, and current events. His articles are a vital primary source on the cultural life and travails of the Jews of Iraq and Iran in his day. Over the years he also translated several works from Hebrew to Judeo-Arabic, including sections of the Passover Haggada and the Siddur.
In 1867 he founded a Hebrew press in Baghdad (the third such enterprise in the city). This publishing house continued to function through his son even after his death. Among the books he published were anthologies of stories of ethical and personal development that he collected himself. He also invested in securing subscriptions for various Hebrew periodicals (like Hamagid) among Baghdadi Jews. Rabbi Hussein dreamed of establishing a bilingual journal in Hebrew and Arabic in Baghdad but was unable to secure permission for such a project from the Ottoman Sultanate.
Ḥutzin served as principal of the Midrash Talmud Torah in Baghdad, and as a Talmud teacher at the Alliance Israélite Universelle school. As a posek he ruled on Halakhic questions from across Iraq, from the Baghdadi community in India, and from other countries.
In 1874, Ḥutzin began publishing in the first Polish Jewish newspaper, Ha-Tsfira, in which he eventually published more than 40 articles.

## Partial bibliography

* Passover Haggada, Leghorn 1887
* Ma'ase Nisim, Baghdad 1889
* Ma'asim Tobim, Baghdad 1889
* Ma'asim Mefo'arim, Baghdad 1890