OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chauhdry Abdul Rashid

Chauhdry Abdul Rashid, JP (7 January 1941 – 1 May 2024) was a Pakistani-born politician who served as Lord Mayor of Birmingham. He was one of three councillors representing the Bordesley ward in the heart of the city.

## Background

Abdul Rashid was born in Dadyal, Jammu and Kashmir, British India (now in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan) on 7 January 1941. He was educated at Ratta Middle School and left school aged thirteen in 1954. In 1955 he emigrated to the United Kingdom where he worked in the northern coastal town of Workington, Cumbria for seven and a half years.
Whilst working as a market trader he studied part-time at the Workington College of Further Education. In May 1962 he returned to Pakistan where he met and married Shafait, his wife for over 45 years. In 1963 he began work in Birmingham in the Drawing Office at George H Hughes, a local engineering firm. Abdul Rashid started his work in public life in 1980 when he was appointed to serve on the East Birmingham Community Health Council. This led in 1982 to his appointment to East Birmingham Health Authority where he served until 1985.
In 1982 he also became a magistrate. Abdul Rashid served on the Small Heath Community Law Centre during the early 1980s and also served as its chairman.

## Councillor

In May 1987, Abdul Rashid was elected to Birmingham City Council from the Small Heath ward. He won this seat only a month before sitting his final examinations for a Social Science degree from Wolverhampton University.
Whilst serving as councillor he worked in the Black Country town of Dudley as a Council Community Social Worker and Liaison Officer. During this time he also served on the Black Country Talking Newspaper, Dudley Council of Faiths and Dudley One World.
In 2000, Abdul Rashid took early retirement from local government service due to ill health. In 2002 he picked up from where he left off and subsequently served on the board of Birmingham Family Housing Association, the board of St Peters (Saltley) Housing Association, as governor of Mathew Boulton College and as governor of Regents Park Primary School.
Abdul Rashid re-entered politics in 2004 and was elected as one of three councillors for the Nechells ward. His office expired in 2022.

## Lord Mayor

In May 2008, Abdul Rashid was appointed Lord Mayor of Birmingham. The following year he served, as is usual, as the Deputy Lord Mayor.
In 2009, Abdul Rashid appeared in an anti-terror television campaign funded by the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. He appeared in his role as Lord Mayor, alongside notable British Muslims. His life story was depicted in a documentary film produced in 2010.

## Death

Abdul Rashid died on 1 May 2024, at the age of 83.
# Hands-off

"Hands-off" refers to not interfering with something.
Hands-off or hands off can also refer to:

## Business

* Hands-off management, a management style that is less controlling and allowing other people to make decisions, and can be viewed as the opposite of hands-on management

## Popular culture

* "Hands Off", a 1955 rhythm and blues (R&B) song
* Hands Off!, a manga series originally ran between 1998 and 2001
* Hands Off! (film), a 1921 American silent Western film
* Hands Off Gretel, a UK punk rock band formed in 2015
* Hands Off Me!, a 1937 Italian comedy film
* "Hands Off...She's Mine", a 1980 song by new wave the British band The Beat

## Politics

* Hands Off China, a mass protest campaign in the United Kingdom from 1925 to 1927
* Hands off our Forest, a 2010 British protest against UK Government's proposed sale of publicly owned land
* Hands Off Russia, an international political campaign launched by British Socialists in 1919
* Hands Off the People of Iran, a political organisation founded in the United Kingdom in 2007
* Hands Off Venezuela, a political lobby group based in the United Kingdom
# USS John P. Murtha

USS John P. Murtha (LPD-26) is the 10th San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock ship of the United States Navy, and is named in honor of Congressman John Murtha (1932–2010) of Pennsylvania. John P. Murtha is homeported at Naval Base San Diego.

## History

On 9 April 2010, Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced that the Navy's 10th San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock would be named John P. Murtha (LPD-26). A former United States Marine Corps officer, Murtha was the first Vietnam War veteran elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, in 1974. Murtha served as either chairman or ranking minority member of the House Defense Appropriations Subcommittee from 1989 to 2010.
The contract to build John P. Murtha was awarded to Ingalls Shipbuilding on 1 April 2011. John P. Murtha's keel was laid down on 6 June 2012 at the Ingalls Shipbuilding yard in Pascagoula, Mississippi. The ship was launched on 30 October 2014, christened five months later on 21 March 2015, delivered to the Navy on 13 May 2016, placed in active service on 11 August 2016, and commissioned on 8 October 2016. The ship was sponsored by Congressman Murtha's daughter, Donna S. Murtha.

### Naming controversy

The decision to deviate from the naming convention for the class, which prior to John P. Murtha had been named after cities or locations, was not without controversy. Some members of Congress questioned the appropriateness of naming a military vessel for Murtha after his call for withdrawing from the Iraq War in 2005 and his public accusation of Marines involved in the Haditha incident. Similar questions arose when, in 2012, Secretary Mabus proposed naming USS Gabrielle Giffords (LCS-10) after former Congresswoman Gabby Giffords. In connection with this controversy, Sen. Roy Blunt added an amendment to the 2012 National Defense Authorization Act which required the Navy to report to Congress on how effectively it was adhering to established naming conventions.
The resulting report, released in 2015, demonstrated a consistent tradition of naval secretaries making "occasional exceptions" to established ship-naming conventions, beginning in 1798 when Navy Secretary Benjamin Stoddert broke with naming convention by naming one of the original six frigates of the United States Navy as USS Chesapeake.
# Lodge Mother Kilwinning

Lodge Mother Kilwinning is a Masonic Lodge in Kilwinning, Scotland, under the auspices of the Grand Lodge of Scotland. It is number 0 (referred to as "nothing" and not zero) on the Roll, and is reputed by some to be the oldest Lodge not only in Scotland, but the world. There is no existing evidence to support this claim however. It is styled The Mother Lodge of Scotland attributing its origins to the 12th Century, and is often called Mother Kilwinning.

## History

Legend has it that Kilwinning Abbey was built by stonemasons who had travelled from Europe and established a lodge there, although Dunfermline Abbey was founded 34 years before it. . In 1599 William Schaw introduced the Second Schaw Statutes which specified that "ye warden of ye lug of Kilwynning" to "tak tryall of ye airt of memorie and science yrof, of everie fellowe of craft and everie prenteiss according to ayr of yr vocations".
As early as the reign of James VII, the lodge at Kilwinning was granting warrants for the formation of lodges elsewhere in Scotland, starting with Canongate Kilwinning, which in 1677 became the first known example in the world of a lodge granted a charter by an existing lodge. In 1736, the Grand Lodge of Scotland was organised and the Kilwinning lodge was one of its constituent lodges. That same year, it petitioned to be recognized as the oldest lodge in Scotland. However, as has happened so many times over Freemasonry's long history, the lodge's original records had been lost and the claim could not be proven. The petition was therefore rightly rejected, wherefore Kilwinning seceded and again acted as a grand lodge, organising lodges in Scotland and on the continent, as well as in Virginia and Ireland. Despite being unable to provide any new evidence to support their earlier claim, in 1807 Kilwinning "came once more into the bosom of the Grand Lodge, bringing with her all of her daughter Lodges."

## Provincial Grand Lodge of Kilwinning

Tradition demanded that whoever held the Mastery of the Mother Lodge would also be Provincial Grand Master of Ayrshire. As a result, many members transferred from other Lodges to Kilwinning. In 1983 this was changed; Mother Kilwinning was removed from the Province of Ayrshire and became subordinate to the Provincial Grand Lodge of Kilwinning. In consequence, the Lodge sends a representative to the Grand Lodge of Scotland to act as Grand Bible Bearer.

## Degrees

The lodge awards the three degrees of Craft Freemasonry, namely:
* Entered Apprentice
* Fellow Craft
* Master Mason
In keeping with the traditions of Freemasonry in Scotland, a Craft Lodge may also confer the Order of Mark Masons Degree which, whilst a completion of the Fellow [of] Craft, is conferred after the Master Mason degree.

## Mother Lodge Museum

The Mother Lodge Museum features Masonic artefacts and regalia, including medals, seals, decorative items, photographs and documents. Visits must be arranged ahead, and visitors can also tour the historic Lodge building.
# Aaron Crossley

Aaron Crossley is an American politician serving as a Democratic member of the Missouri House of Representatives, representing the state's 29th House district.

## Early life

Crossley was born in Independence, Missouri.

## Education

Crossley holds degrees from Appalachian Bible College and the University of Missouri-Kansas City.

## Career

Crossley is a Licensed Master Social Worker (LMSW).
Crossley was elected to the Missouri House of Representatives in the 2022 election. He supports the state increasing the number of child abuse investigators.

## Personal life

Crossley and his wife have two children.
# Maxime Collin

Maxime Collin (born December 6, 1979) is a Canadian actor and business owner best known for playing the title character in the 1992 film Léolo and Benoit in Matusalem (1993).
Collin was 11 when he was cast for Léolo. He had many roles over the next few years and decided to take less work by age 17, after which he described himself as forgotten. After taking insurance broker training, he went into business as the owner of a car cleaning store.
# Choerilus of Samos

Choerilus of Samos (Ancient Greek: Χοιρίλος ὁ Σάμιος) was an epic poet of Samos, who flourished at the end of the 5th century BC.

## Biography

After the defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War, Choerilus settled at the court of Archelaus, king of Macedon, where he was the associate of Agathon, Melanippides, and Plato the comic poet. The only work that can with certainty be attributed to him is the Περσηίς (Perseis) or Περσικά (Persika), a history of the struggle of the Greeks against Persia, the central point of which was the Battle of Salamis. His importance consists in his having taken for his theme national and contemporary events in place of the deeds of old-time heroes. For this new departure he apologizes in the introductory verses, where he says that the subjects of epic poetry being all exhausted, it was necessary to strike out a new path. The story of his intimacy with Herodotus is probably because he imitated him and had recourse to his history for the incidents of his poem.
The Perseis was at first highly successful and was said to have been read, together with the Homeric poems, at the Panathenaea, but later critics reversed this favorable judgment. Aristotle, calls Choerilus' comparisons far-fetched and obscure, and the Alexandrians displaced him by Antimachus in the canon of epic poets. The fragments are artificial in tone.
# Douris (vase painter)

Douris or Duris (Ancient Greek: Δοῦρις, Douris) was an ancient Athenian red-figure vase-painter and potter active c. 500 to 460 BCE.

## Work

He began his career painting for the potters Kleophrades and Euphronios, before beginning a long collaboration with the potter Python. He signed 39 vases as a painter, also one as a potter and painter, and one vase as a potter only. Between 250 and 300 vases are ascribed to him. The majority of these vases are kylixes, i.e. cups. His name seems to have been popular, since one finds it on other vases: it is reproduced on a cup by Onesimos. On the basis of these signatures, his kalos inscriptions, and of the subsidiary decoration of the vases, the art historian John Beazley divided his career into four principal periods:

### Period 1

    (Very early and early) Is characterized by a full ornamentation of diverse border motifs. The preferred subjects are the symposium, the komoi (processions of drunks), and warriors. The period is marked out by the use of the kalos-inscription 'Chairestratos'. Beazley suggests that at this time Douris could have worked side by side with Onesimos in the same workshop.

### Period 2

    (Early middle) Douris' collaboration with Euphronios ends; from then on, he paints for the potter Python. Chairestratos remains the preferred kalos-inscription. Subsidiary decoration begins to recede, and the majority of the medallions do not have an edge. The favoured subjects are the scenes of youths and athletes. The hand of Douris is made clear from now on by the characteristic use of a kind of hook for the inner end of the collarbone. A characteristic piece of the period is a psykter (wine cooler) decorated with drunken satyrs, reproducing in a grotesque manner the different stages of intoxication.

### Period 3

    (Middle) Douris' style is here at its most idiosyncratic. The edges of the medallion are characterized by the alternation of an element of a meander and squares; palmettes decorate the handles of the cup. The kalos-inscriptions 'Hippodamas' become prevalent; Douris' signatures become scarcer. Douris returns to the scenes of the symposium, and to depictions of warriors and school-scenes. A characteristic piece of this period is the cup known as of the "pieta of Memnon": Eos carries the body of her son Memnon, killed by Achilles during the Trojan War.

### Period 4

    (Late) Douris returns to a full ornamentation. The borders sometimes retain the period-3 ('Hippodamas-type') border of alternating stopped meanders and saltire crosses, but gradually revert to the common type; the palmettes on the handles become complicated and of the motifs of the lotus appear in parallel. Douris' signatures disappear altogether and the kalos-inscriptions decrease in frequency; one finds 'Polyphrasmon' and 'HIketes'. The drawing quality degenerates in grace and force.
# Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens

Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens is a marine bacterium. It has been observed to cause skin ulcer syndrome in juvenile cultivated sea cucumbers.
# Theopompus of Sparta

Theopompus (Ancient Greek: Θεόπομπος) was a Eurypontid king of Sparta. He is believed to have reigned during the late 8th and early 7th century BC.
Sparta was a diarchy, having two kings at the same time, an Agiad and a Eurypontid. Theopompus was the son and successor to the Eurypontid king Nicander.
The major event of his reign was the First Messenian War, which resulted in the defeat of the Messenians, for which, Pausanias reports, Tyrtaeus credits Theompompus:
    To our king beloved of the gods, Theopompus, through whom we took Messene with wide dancing-grounds.
Pausanias reports that Theopompus was succeeded by his grandson Zeuxidamas or great-grandson Anaxidamus, Theopompus' son Archidamus having predeceased him, though there is some evidence that his successor was Anaxandridas I, father of Zeuxidamus.
Plutarch, in his Parallel Lives, stated that it was in Theopompus' reign that the ephors were introduced in Sparta. Plutarch also recorded a tradition in Messenia that Theopompus had fallen in battle, being slain by Aristomenes. Sparta denied the truth of this latter story, claiming that Theopompus had been only wounded.
# Sotion

Sotion of Alexandria (Ancient Greek: Σωτίων, gen.: Σωτίωνος; fl. c. 200 – 170 BC) was a Greek doxographer and biographer, and an important source for Diogenes Laërtius. None of his works survive; they are known only indirectly. His principal work, the Διαδοχή or Διαδοχαί (the Successions), was one of the first history books to have organized philosophers into schools of successive influence: e.g., the so-called Ionian School of Thales, Anaximander and Anaximenes. It is quoted very frequently by Diogenes Laërtius, and Athenaeus. Sotion's Successions likely consisted of 23 books, and at least partly drew on the doxography of Theophrastus. The Successions was influential enough to be abridged by Heraclides Lembus in the mid-2nd century BC, and works by the same title were subsequently written by Sosicrates of Rhodes and Antisthenes of Rhodes.
He was also, apparently, the author of a work, On Timon's Silloi, and of a work entitled Refutations of Diocles.
# Saint Thyrsus

Saint Thyrsus /ˈθɜːrsəs/ or Thyrse /ˈθɜːrs/ (Ancient Greek: Θύρσος, romanized: Thúrsos, literally "thyrsus"; Spanish and Portuguese: Tirso; French: Thyrse; died 251) is venerated as a Christian martyr. He was killed for his faith in Apollonia, Phrygia, during the persecution of Decius, along with Leucius /ˈl(j)uːʃəs/ (Λεύκιος Leúkios) and Callinicus /ˌkælɪˈnaɪkəs/ (Καλλίνικος Kallínīkos). Tradition states that Thyrsus endured many tortures and was sentenced to be sawn in half. However, the saw did not penetrate as it became so heavy that the executioners could not use it. Saint Leucius, after reproaching the governor, Cumbricius, was hanged, harrowed on his sides, and then beheaded. Callinicus, a pagan priest, was converted after seeing the martyrdom of Thyrsus and was also beheaded.

## Veneration

Thyrsus' relics were brought to Constantinople. His cult became popular in the Iberian Peninsula since the Middle Ages, initially known as Santo Tirso, remaining as that only in Portugal, as it changed to San Tirso in Spain. Thyrsus had a full office in the Mozarabic liturgy. Some of his relics were brought to France: Thyrsus is thus the titular saint of the cathedral of Sisteron in the Basses Alpes, the Cathédrale Notre Dame et Saint Thyrse. Thyrsus is thus the patron saint of Sisteron. A 12th-century church was also dedicated to him at Châteauponsac.
# Eratosthenes (statesman)

Eratosthenes of Athens (Ancient Greek: Ἐρατοσθένης) was one of the Thirty Tyrants elected to rule the city of Athens after the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC).
Having lost the war to the Spartans, the citizens of Athens elected thirty men as oligarchs. The Thirty introduced oppressive and highly exclusionary laws and began a political purge against Athenians who had been Spartan informers and collaborators during the long war. Eventually open hostilities between the Thirty and disenfranchised or disaffected Athenian citizens led to a coup d'etat in 403 BC that deposed them.
He is the subject of a legal oration by the orator Lysias, entitled "Against Eratosthenes" (Speech 12). According to some critics he is also the subject of another of Lysias' speech, "On the Murder of Eratosthenes" (Speech 1). However, the age of the Tyrant does not fit with the context of the latter speech: he must have been aged at least 18 in 411 BC to have served as a trierarch, and at least 30 by the time of the Thirty Tyrants period in 403/2 BC. But "On the Murder of Eratosthenes" suggests that the Eratosthenes referred to in that speech was younger than 30 at the time of his death – he is described as neaniskos, a word which Lysias elsewhere uses to refer to younger men.
# Rolf Wuthmann

Rolf Fritz Carl Max Willy Wuthmann (26 August 1893 – 20 October 1977) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the IX Army Corps. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.
Wuthmann surrendered to the Red Army in the course of the 1945 Soviet Zemland Offensive. Convicted as an alleged war criminal in the Soviet Union, he was held until 1955.

## Awards and decorations

* Iron Cross (1914), 2nd and 1st Class
** 2nd Class on 27 September 1914
** 1st Class on 24 May 1916
* Wound Badge (1918) in Black (for his wound on 22 August 1917)
* Baltic Cross on 13 January 1920
* Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 with Swords on 30 October 1934
* Wehrmacht Long Service Award, 4th to 1st Class
* Hungarian Order of Merit, Commander's Cross on 5 May 1939
** Acceptance approval on 31 July 1939
* Anschluss Medal on 12 June 1939
* Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd and 1st Class
* Winter Battle in the East 1941–42 Medal
* German Cross in Gold on 26 January 1942 as Oberst i. G. and Chief of the General Staff of the 16th Army
* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 22 August 1944 as General der Artillerie and Commanding General of the IX. Army Corps
# Thelxinoë

In Greek mythology, Thelxinoë /θɛlkˈsɪnoʊ.iː/ (Ancient Greek: Θελξινόη, romanized: Thelxinóē; English translation: "mind charming") was a name attributed to four individuals.
* Thelxinoë, one of the sirens. Also known as Thelxiope or Thelxiepia.
* Thelxinoë, one of the four later recognized muses in Greek tradition. She and her sisters Aoede, Arche and Melete were regarded as daughters of Zeus by Plusia. She was linked with the charming of the mind as a Muse. The moon of Jupiter Thelxinoe is named after her.
* Thelxinoë, one of Semele's attendants.
* Thelxinoëa, also Thelxionoea or Thelxineia, one of the so-called Praxidicae (the other two were Alacomenia and Aulis), daughters of King Ogyges of Boeotia.
# Chandradip Narke

Narake Chandradip Shashikant is a Shiv Sena politician from Kolhapur district, Maharashtra. He is former Member of Legislative Assembly from Karvir Vidhan Sabha constituency of Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India as a member of Shiv Sena. He has been elected for 2 consecutive terms in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for 2009, 2014 & 2024 and got defeated in 2019.

## Positions held

* 2009: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (1st term)
* 2014: Re-Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (2nd term)
* 2024: Re-Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (3rd term)
# Step (unit)

A step (Latin: gradus, pl. gradūs) was a Roman unit of length equal to 2½ Roman feet (pedes) or ½ Roman pace (passus). Following its standardization under Agrippa, one step was roughly equivalent to 0.81 yards or 0.74 meters.
The Byzantine pace (Ancient Greek: βήμα, bḗma) was an adaption of the Roman step, a distance of 2½ Greek feet.
Similarly, the US customary pace is a distance of 2½ feet or 30 inches (760 mm).
# Olle Möller

Olof Manfred "Olle" Möller (20 April 1906 – 22 March 1983) was a Swedish-American long-distance runner, who was also convicted for the 1939 murder of Gerd Johansson and the 1959 murder of Rut Lind.
Möller won about ten national titles in cross country running events between 1928 and 1939.