OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rafflesia tuan-mudae

Rafflesia tuan-mudae is a member of the Rafflesiaceae family. It lives as a parasite within the Tetrastigma vines. The enormous flowers may reach over 1 m in diameter. The buds normally emerge where the vine is growing along the ground, unlike some of the other Rafflesia species whose buds can emerge from vines hanging in the air.

## Etymology

In the Malay language, tuan-mudae translates as Young master often refers to sons in prominent, wealthy, or noble families. This shows his high social status. Locally the flower is referred to as bunga pakma – "bunga" means "flower" in Malay Language.

## Description

Typically the flowers are around 60 cm in diameter opening from a 20 cm bud. Occasionally these buds reach 30 cm in diameter in which case a flower nearly 1 m across may form. In 2020 a Rafflesia tuan-mudae discovered in the Maninjau Forest Reserve in West Sumatra was measured at a diameter of 111 cm (3 ft 8 in). It is considered to be the world's largest recorded flower; the previous largest was found at the same site, so may be from the same plant.
At an easily accessible locality observed often for a few years in the Gunung Raja (mountains) straddling the border between Malaysia and Indonesia in western Borneo, southwest of Kuching, in the early 1930s, it was found that the plants bloomed continuously throughout the year – at least in 1933, which was apparently a good year for rafflesias throughout Indonesia. Having said that, it was necessary to be there at the right time to photograph the flowers before they wilted, so quickly did this happen.

## Ecology

The flowers can be found emerging from liana-like vines, specifically Tetrastigma rafflesiae and Tetrastigma diepenhorstii. The seeds reach the host plant by an unknown animal vector, penetrate the tissue of the root and grow inside the host tissue for an indefinite period of time before buds develop. The bud develops for nine months, before it becomes a gigantic orange to red flower. It stays in full bloom for just seven days. The main pollinator for this flower are flies. All Rafflesia flowers emit a rotting meat stench attracting pollinators, although the smell of R. tuan-mudae is comparatively mild. However, they are no less effective at attracting these flies, upon whose back pollen is deposited.
Male and female flowers can only be identified by fingering under the central disk for the anthers. However, visitors are encouraged not to touch or handle the buds in particular, as they are fragile and may die.

## Distribution

In the 1910s, only a limited number of localities where the species had been found were known, but a number of new finds between then and 1935, especially in West Kalimantan, had expanded the distribution and the number of places that could be visited, albeit that some were/are quite remote.
In Sarawak, one of the easiest locations to see R. tuan-mudae is at Gunung Gading National Park, at the park headquarters or near Waterfall 7. It can also be seen at Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary.
# Red Rock Pass (Idaho)

Red Rock Pass is a low mountain pass in the western United States in southeastern Idaho, located in southern Bannock County, south of Downey. It is geologically significant as the spillway of ancient Lake Bonneville. It is traversed by U.S. Route 91 at an elevation of 4,785 feet (1,458 m) above sea level, bounded by two mountain ranges; the Portneuf to the east and the Bannock to the west.
The pass was cut through resistant Paleozoic shale, limestone, and dolomite, and forms a narrow gap two miles (3 km) in length. At one time the pass was 300 feet (90 m) higher, where the shoreline of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville stood.
The pass takes its name from the red limestone cliffs which border it. Red Rock Pass has a surface deposit of calcareous silty alluvium with topsoil of dark grayish brown silt loam.

## Bonneville flood

It is believed that during the last ice age lava flows in the vicinity of Pocatello began to divert the Bear River through Lake Thatcher and then into Lake Bonneville. This sudden influx caused Bonneville to overflow at Red Rock about 14,500 years ago. This overflow caused a sudden erosion of unconsolidated material on the northern shoreline near Red Rock Pass. As the material gave way, Marsh Creek Valley, immediately downstream, was flooded from wall to wall, and the rapid discharge eroded the pass to its present level. The flood then flowed into the Snake River Plain, generally following the path of the present-day Snake River to its outlet in the Pacific Northwest.
The Bonneville flood, as it is known, was a catastrophic event. The maximum discharge was about 15 million cubic feet per second (420,000 m³/s), or about three times the average flow of the Amazon River, the world's largest river, and almost 180 times the average flow rate of Niagara Falls (85,000 cfs). The speed of flow was approximately 16 miles per hour (7.2 m/s), and though peak flow lasted only a few days, voluminous discharges may have continued for at least a year.
# Gary Day (politician)

Gary Day is an American politician who represented the 187th Legislative District of Pennsylvania. His district includes communities of northern, northwestern, and west-central Lehigh County, and northeastern Berks County.

## Career

Prior to being elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly, Day was the director of marketing and human resources for Service Electric Cablevision. He served as an executive assistant to Republican Allentown mayor William Heydt from 1994 to 2001. He has also served as a member of the YMCA board of directors, founding member of the Lehigh Valley Sportsfest, executive director of the Allentown Advancement Team, and executive committee member of the Allentown Economic Development Corporation.

## Personal

Day holds a bachelor's degree in economics with a minor in business from Penn State University. He and his wife have three children and are members of the Saint Joseph the Worker Church. They reside in Lehigh County.
# Alphonse Schepers

Alphonse Schepers (27 August 1907 – 1 December 1984) was a Belgian racing cyclist from the Flemish Brabant deelgemeente (part-municipality) of Neerlinter,. He died in Tienen at the age of 77.

## Major results

* Vuelta a España – 3 stages (1936)
* Liège–Bastogne–Liège (1931–1935)
* Paris–Nice
** 1 stage & Final (1933)
** 1 stage (1934)
* Paris-Rennes (1934)
* Tour of Flanders (1933)
** 2nd (1934)
* Tour de France – 1 stage (1933)
* Paris-St. Etienne – 1 stage (1933
* Paris-Belfort (1932)
* Circuit du Morbihan – 1 stage & Final (1932)
* Bordeaux–Paris – 3rd (1932)
* National Road Championship (1931)
* National Cyclo-Cross Championship – 2nd (1931)
* Liège–Bastogne–Liège — version for Independents (1929)
# Yves Martial Tadissi

Yves Martial Tadissi (born 26 August 1991) is a Hungarian karateka. He won the silver medal in the men's 67 kg kumite event at the 2016 World Karate Championships held in Linz, Austria. He is also a four-time bronze medalist in this event at the European Karate Championships.

## Career

He competed in the men's 67 kg event at the 2017 World Games held in Wrocław, Poland. He won one match and lost two matches in the elimination round and he did not advance to compete in the semi-finals.
In 2018, he competed in the men's 67 kg event at the World Karate Championships held in Madrid, Spain. In 2019, he won one of the bronze medals in the men's kumite 67 kg event at the European Games held in Minsk, Belarus.
In June 2021, he reached the round-robin stage in his weight class at the World Olympic Qualification Tournament in Paris, France where he failed to qualify to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. In November 2021, he lost his bronze medal match in the men's 67 kg event at the 2021 World Karate Championships held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
He won the silver medal in the men's kumite 67 kg event at the 2022 World Games held in Birmingham, United States. He competed in the men's kumite 67 kg event at the 2023 European Games held in Poland.
He won the gold medal in the men's 67 kg event at the 2024 European Karate Championships held in Zadar, Croatia.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Rank | Event |
| 2014 | European Championships | Tampere, Finland | 3rd | Kumite 67 kg |
| 2016 | European Championships | Montpellier, France | 3rd | Kumite 67 kg |
| 2016 | World Championships | Linz, Austria | 2nd | Kumite 67 kg |
| 2018 | European Championships | Novi Sad, Serbia | 3rd | Kumite 67 kg |
| 2019 | European Championships | Guadalajara, Spain | 3rd | Kumite 67 kg |
| 2019 | European Games | Minsk, Belarus | 3rd | Kumite 67 kg |
| 2022 | World Games | Birmingham, United States | 2nd | Kumite 67 kg |
| 2024 | European Championships | Zadar, Croatia | 1st | Kumite 67 kg |
# Antonio Barrutia

Antonio Barrutia Iturriagoitia (13 June 1933 – 13 July 2021) was a Spanish cyclist. Professional from 1953 to 1966, he won the Vuelta a Andalucía in 1963 and seven stages of the Vuelta a España. He rode in eight editions of the Vuelta a España and three editions of the Tour de France.
His brother, Cosme was also a professional cyclist.

## Major results
### 1952

    3rd National Road Race Championships

### 1953

    1st GP Llodio
    1st Stage 5 Vuelta a Asturias

### 1954

    1st Circuito de Getxo
    1st GP Llodio
    3rd Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia
    3rd Overall GP Ayutamiento Bilbao
       1st Stages 1 & 3

### 1955

    1st Stage 4B Vuelta a Andalucía
    1st Subida a Arrate
    3rd Circuito de Getxo

### 1956

    1st Stage 5 Vuelta a Asturias
    1st Subida a Arrate
    3rd Klasika Primavera
    3rd Overall Vuelta a Andalucía

### 1957

    1st Stage 8 Vuelta a Levante
    1st Overall Euskal Bizikleta
    2nd Overall Vuelta a La Rioja

### 1959

    1st Stage 7 Vuelta a España
    3rd Circuito de Getxo

### 1960

    1st Stage 3 Vuelta a España

### 1961

    1st Circuito de Getxo
    1st Subida al Naranco

### 1962

    1st Stage 1 Vuelta a España
    2nd Overall Vuelta a Andalucía
    3rd Klasika Primavera

### 1963

    1st Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia
    1st Stages 1A & 3 Vuelta a España
    1st Overall Vuelta a Andalucía
       1st Stages 1B & 5
    1st Stage 11 Volta a Catalunya
    3rd Overall Vuelta a La Rioja

### 1964

    1st Stages 4B & 16 Vuelta a España
    1st Overall Vuelta a La Rioja
       1st Stages 1 & 2
    2nd Overall Vuelta a Levante
# Jonathan Pitre

Jonathan Pitre (/ˈpiːt/; June 2, 2000 – April 4, 2018) was a Canadian from Russell, Ontario, a small town near Ottawa. Pitre was born with a rare genetic mutation called recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), which causes external and internal blistering across the body. His situation gained widespread attention in October 2012 when he was interviewed by the Ottawa Citizen, and he became an ambassador for DEBRA Canada, a charity devoted to the support and awareness of EB. He went to École Secondaire Catholique Embrun (ESCE) where his sister, Noemie, along with teachers and support staff helped spread awareness about his condition.
On November 21, 2014, the Ottawa Senators made him an "honorary scout" on a one-day ceremonial contract. 2015 saw Pitre address a We Day crowd in Ottawa, and attend the NHL Awards in Las Vegas, invited by the Ottawa Senators, his favourite hockey team. A later TSN documentary about him won a Canadian Screen Award. In July 2018, the Ontario Ball Hockey Association (OBHA) held a tournament in his honour, with part of the entry fee donated to DEBRA Canada.
Pitre received a stem cell transplant at the University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on September 8, 2016, using cells taken from the hip of his mother, Tina Boileau. That transplant failed; while waiting for another one he was visited by the Ottawa Senators, who came to his hospital after arriving in the Twin Cities to play the Minnesota Wild in an NHL game.
Pitre died of complications from septic shock on April 4, 2018, in Minneapolis. An outpouring of support was received from Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne, Mayor of Ottawa Jim Watson, the Ottawa Senators, and many others. The Ottawa Senators development camp named an award in his honour called the Jonathan Pitre Award, which is given out to the hardest-working players in the camp.
Jonathan Pitre Catholic Elementary School is named after him and opened its doors in Riverside South, Ontario in September 2020.
On December 7, 2020, the municipal council of Russell, Ontario approved to name an upcoming accessible park in honour of Jonathan Pitre, scheduled for completion in Fall 2021. On August 10, 2021, Francis Drouin announced that the federal government would be funding 70% of the park's construction costs.
# Acácio Mesquita

Acácio Pereira de Mesquita (born 18 July 1909 in Porto - deceased 30 May 1945) was a Portuguese footballer who played as midfielder.
# Oost-Watergraafsmeer

Oost-Watergraafsmeer was a stadsdeel (borough) of Amsterdam until 2010. It bordered Diemen, Duivendrecht, and the boroughs Amsterdam-Centrum, Oud-Zuid, Zeeburg, and Zuideramstel. The Watergraafsmeer part of the borough is a polder.
Located in Oost/Watergraafsmeer:
* Oosterpark
* Science Park Amsterdam
* Buitenplaats Frankendael
# Eric Davanzo

Eric Davanzo (born c. 1976) is an American politician who currently represents the 58th District in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.

## Early life and education

Davanzo was born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania to Richard and Kathleen Davanzo. He graduated from Yough High School in 1994.

## Career

Previously a carpenter, Davanzo won a special election in March 2020 to represent the 58th District in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. He won reelection to a full term later that year, and again in 2022.
In 2020, Davanzo was among twenty-six Pennsylvania House Republicans who called for the reversal of Joe Biden's certification as the winner of Pennsylvania's electoral votes in the 2020 United States presidential election, citing false claims of election irregularities.

## Personal life

Davanzo lives in Smithton, Pennsylvania with his wife Rachelle and their two daughters.
# André Declerck

André Declerck (17 August 1919 – 13 September 1967) was a Belgian racing cyclist. He rode in the 1948 Tour de France. He finished in sixth place in the 1949 Paris–Roubaix and fourth in the 1951 Paris–Roubaix.
# Cho Yong-chul

Cho Yong-Chul (Korean: 조용철; born 7 May 1961) is a South Korean judoka.
At the 1985 World Judo Championships in Seoul, Cho won a gold medal, beating double Olympic champion Hitoshi Saito by armlock submission in the final.
Cho won two Olympic bronze medals in the heavyweight division at the 1984 and 1988 Olympic Games.
# Albert Bouwers

Albert A. Bouwers (1893–1972) was a Dutch optical engineer. He is known for developing and working with X-rays and various optical technologies as a high-level researcher at Philips research labs. He is lesser known for patenting in 1941 a catadioptric meniscus telescope design similar to but slightly predating the Maksutov telescope.

## Biography

Bouwers was born in the town of Dalen in the Netherlands in 1893. He obtained his Ph.D. from Utrecht University in 1924, with a dissertation entitled in Dutch Over het meten der intensiteit van Röntgenstralen. He was also the director of the Philips Laboratory's X-ray department.
Bouwers developed a night vision device for viewing in low light conditions, called the "night eye". The design used a photosensitive layer of cesium and antimony in a cathode-ray tube, to brighten images by over 1,000 times. Unlike active infrared systems, it did not require an infrared flashlight. The design was initially produced by Olde Delft Optical Company in the Netherlands.

## Bouwers meniscus telescope

In August 1940 Albert Bouwers built a prototype for a design for a wide field concentric meniscus telescope (patented February 1941) similar to, and slightly predating, Russian optician Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov's 1941 Maksutov telescope. War time secrecy kept Bouwers and Maksutov from knowing about each other's designs and Bouwers' design was not published until after World War II. Bouwers original design (based on an earlier catadioptric telescope, Bernhard Schmidt's "Schmidt camera") had the spherical mirror and spherical "meniscus corrector shell" all with a common radius of curvature (a concentric or monocentric design) resulting in a perfectly spherical symmetry of the whole optical device. Like the Schmidt camera, the meniscus telescope has the aperture stop coincide with the center of curvature. It also shares the Schmidt's curved image plane. The design has an ultrawide field of view with no spherical aberration but does not correct chromatic aberration and was only suitable as a monochromatic astronomical astrographic camera working at a single wavelength of light. Bouwers came up with a later design that used a cemented doublet to form the meniscus corrector shell to correct chromatic aberration.
# Mount McCord

Mount McCord is located at the northern end of Miette Pass, NE side of Mount Robson Provincial Park on the Continental Divide marking the Alberta-British Columbia border. It was named in 1923 after W.C. McCord, a surveyor who led a Canadian Pacific Railway trail-making party in 1872.
# Elizabeth of Serbia

Elizabeth of Serbia (Serbian: Јелисаветa/Jelisaveta; fl. 1270 — died 1331) was Baness of Bosnia by her marriage to Stephen I, Ban of Bosnia. Elizabeth briefly ruled as regent for her eldest son, Stephen II, in 1314.

## Family

Elizabeth was a daughter of King Stefan Dragutin of the Nemanjić dynasty. Her mother was Catherine of Hungary. Elizabeth was the second of four children; her brother was Stephen Vladislav II of Syrmia.

## Life

After 1283, she married Stephen I Kotroman, Ban of Bosnia. Dragutin had already controlled two banates in Bosnia: Usora and Soli and Kotroman immediately fell under his influence – many of his acts were of Dragutin's command. The marriage was political and arranged by Ban Prijezda II who had attempted to forge an alliance with Stephen Dragutin (Elizabeth's father).
Elizabeth and Stephen had at least six children, all of whom are believed to have lived to adulthood:
* Stephen II (born 1292), Ban of Bosnia, whose daughter was Elizabeth, Queen of Hungary and Poland
* Vladislav (1295–1354), co-regent, whose son was Tvrtko I, the first King of Bosnia
* Ninoslav (born c. 1288 in Jajce), whose daughter was Mary, Countess of Helfenstein
* Miroslav
* Katarina (Catherine, born c. 1294 in Bribir–1355), who married Nikola of Hum before 1338, with issues Vladislav and Bogiša
* Marija (Mary, born c. 1308), who married Ludovik
* possibly, a son (born c. 1300–died c. 1331)

## Regency

After her husband's death in 1314, Elizabeth briefly ruled as regent for her eldest son, Stephen II. According to a 1601 source whose reliability is unknown, Elizabeth fled to the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and died around 1331. Upon extinction of the Nemanjić dynasty, Elizabeth's grandson Tvrtko, Ban of Bosnia, had himself crowned King of Bosnia and King of Serbia based on his descent from Elizabeth.
# Robert Matzie

Robert Matzie (born September 22, 1968) is a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for District 16 and was elected in 2008.

## Committee assignments

* Committee On Ethics
* Consumer Affairs, Democratic Chair
# Prickly City

Prickly City is a daily comic strip originally drawn by Scott Stantis, the editorial cartoonist for the Chicago Tribune, and distributed through United Features Syndicate. The cartoon follows the adventures of Carmen, a young girl of color, and a coyote pup named Winslow. The strip is frequently politically oriented with a conservative point-of-view. It is currently drawn by Eric Allie.

## Characters

Carmen – a 'feisty' conservative and a Republican. For a brief time, she had a crush on Tucker Carlson. Carmen made her first appearance at least 4 months before the strip began, in one of Stantis's editorial cartoons.
Winslow – named for the town of Winslow, Arizona, is a coyote with political aspirations who acts patronizing, condescending and impulsive. His liberal responses are typically the source of the strip's jokes. Carmen is continuously frustrated by Winslow's assumption that she should be a liberal feminist. Early in the strip's run, Winslow had a crush on Condoleezza Rice, even writing a poem about her (which Carmen initially misunderstood as being a poem about herself).

### Minor recurring characters

* Kevin, the Lost Bunny of the Apocalypse. Depending on the needs of the strip, he's alternately meant to evoke Barack Obama and Bill Clinton. He reports on signs of the "end times". In 2010, he was elected to the U.S. Senate under the banner of Winslow's "Lefty Tea Party".
* Hunny, Kevin's wife (also a bunny) and a prominent politician. Her character is a thinly veiled satire of Hillary Clinton.
* Dio, a chameleon named for Diogenes the Cynic. He was a campaign director for Winslow.
* Vaughn, appears to be an armadillo. He served as Winslow's campaign finance director.
* Rand, a vulture, possibly named after Rand Paul or Ayn Rand .

## Controversies

The Chicago Tribune refused to run the February 7, 2005 strip, which inaccurately quoted Ted Kennedy. According to Stantis, the syndicate erroneously added quote marks to the dialogue without his permission. Later that year The Seattle Times refused to run a series of strips about the Terri Schiavo case. Later, a series of strips beginning August 25, 2008 accused the attendees of the 2008 Democratic National Convention of being communists.

## Tributes

Prickly City has paid tribute to the passing of famous people during 2006. On July 31, they paid tribute to Hooters president Robert H. Brooks. Frank and Ernest cartoonist Bob Thaves was remembered in the September 10, 2006 edition.
On September 16, 2019, the strip paid tribute to comics syndicate editor Lee Salem.
On February 13, 2021, the strip paid tribute to baseball player Hank Aaron.

## Book collection

| Title | Cover | Publication Date | ISBN |
| Greetings from Prickly City | September 1, 2005 | ISBN 0-7407-5451-3 |
# André Defoort

André Defoort (22 July 1914 – 12 January 1972) was a Belgian racing cyclist. He won the Belgian national road race title in 1941.
# Ellen Aslaksdatter Skum

Ellen Aslaksdatter Skum (26 May 1827 – 10 February 1895) was a Norwegian Sami reindeer herder from Kautokeino Municipality who took part in the 1852 Kautokeino uprising. Inspired by the preacher Lars Levi Laestadius who called for a pure lifestyle and abstinence from alcohol, she was a leading member of a group of Samis who killed the local merchant and the lensmann.

## Biography

Born on 26 May 1827 in Kautokeino, Ellen Aslaksdatter Skum was the daughter of Aslak Mortensen Skum (1781–1857) and Ane Henriksdatter Sara (c. 1797–1870). In 1843, she married Mathis Jacobsen Hætta with whom she had two children.
Both Ellen Skum and her husband became members of a strict religious group under Lars Levi Læstadius but interpreted his approach even more severely. In February 1852, she was sentenced to 18 months imprisonment and her husband to eight months after together with 21 other Samis she prevented worship at Skervøy Church on 6 and 7 June 1851.
On 8 November 1852, she was one of the leading members of the uprising which led to the death of the merchant in Kautokeino and to the local lensmann. They found the merchant guilty of selling alcohol which was not only forbidden in their religious group but had caused serious problems for the Samis.
On 14 February 1854, Ellen Skum together with four other members of the uprising was sentenced to death by the Supreme Court, but her sentence was later reduced to life imprisonment in Trondheim. She was pardoned and released from prison in 1867.