# Haplogroup Q-M120

Haplogroup Q-M120, also known as Q1a1a1, is a Y-DNA haplogroup. It is the only primary branch of haplogroup Q1a1a (F746/NWT01). The lineage is most common amongst modern populations in eastern Eurasia.
But the haplogroup might have been historically widespread in the Eurasian steppe and north Asia since it is found among Cimmerians in Moldova and Bronze Age natives of Khövsgöl.

## Distribution
### The Americas

One of the 1K Genomes samples, HG01944, from Peruvians in Lima, Peru belongs to Q-M120. Q-M120 is the other branch under Q-F746. It is best known as an East Asian branch of Q. This is intriguing; if it is not a result of post-colonial admixture, it will mark a fourth or fifth Q lineage in the Americas. The branch of Q-M120 including this sample has a calculated TMRCA of 5,000 to 7,000 years, meaning that it may be the result of a later pre-Columbian immigration from North or East Asia.
Grugni et al. (2019) found the presence of the Q-pre-M120 lineage, a precursor to Q-M120, among the Tsimshian people in Alaska.

### Asia

Q-M120 is present in Eastern Asia and may trace its origin to East Asia. It has been found at low frequency in samples of Han Chinese, Dungans, Hmong Daw in Laos, Japanese, Dörwöd Kalmyks, Koreans, Mongols, Tibetans, Uygurs, and Vietnamese. It also has been found among Bhutanese, Murut people in Brunei, Tuvans, Nivkhs, Koryaks, Yukaghirs, and Azerbaijanis. Sengupta et al. (2006) reported finding Q-M120 in the HGDP sample of Pakistani Hazaras, but the Bayesian tree in Supplementary Figure 12 of Lippold et al. (2014) suggests that these HGDP Pakistani Hazara individuals more likely should belong to Q-L275, and that three members of the HGDP Naxi sample and one member of the HGDP Han sample should belong to Q-M120 instead. Di Cristofaro et al. (2013) tested the same sample of Pakistani Hazaras and reported that they belonged to the following Y-DNA haplogroups: 1/25 C-PK2/M386(xM407, M532), 9/25 C-M401, 1/25 I-M223, 1/25 J-M530, 2/25 O-M122(xM134), 1/25 Q-M242(xM120, M25, M346, M378), 1/25 Q-M378, 1/25 R-M124, 8/25 R-M478/M73.
| Population | Paper | N | Percentage | SNP Tested |
| Nivkh (Sakhalin) | Kharkov 2024 | 3/37 | ~8.1% | M120 |
| Dungan (Kyrgyzstan) | Wells 2001 | 3/40 | ~7.5% | M120 |
| Han (Henan) | Su 2000 | 2/28 | ~7.1% | M120 |
| Koryak | Kharkov 2024 | 1/20 | ~5.0% | M120 |
| Han (Anhui) | Su 2000 | 1/22 | ~4.6% | M120 |
| Northern Han | Su 2000 | 1/22 | ~4.5% | M120 |
| Kinh (Ho Chi Minh City) | Poznik 2016 | 2/46 | ~4.3% | M120 |
| Tuvan (Kungurtug) | Luis 2023 | 1/24 | ~4.17% | M120 |
| Evenk (Yakutia) | Kharkov 2024 | 1/28 | ~3.5% | M120 |
| Han (Shanghai) | Su 2000 | 1/30 | ~3.3% | M120 |
| Han (Shandong) | Su 2000 | 1/32 | ~3.1% | M120 |
| Korea | Wells 2001 | 1/45 | ~2.2% | M120 |
| Tibetan (Lhasa) | Su 2000 | 1/46 | ~2.2% | M120 |
| Tibet | Gayden 2007 | 2/156 | ~1.3% | M120 |
| Han (Shanxi) | Zhong 2010 | 1/56 | ~1.8% | M120 |
| Uygur (Xinjiang) | Zhong 2010 | 1/71 | ~1.4% | M120 |
| Uygur (Xinjiang) | Zhong 2010 | 1/50 | ~2.0% | M120 |
| Hmong Daw (Laos) | Cai 2011 | 1/51 | ~1.96% | M120 |
| Han (Jiangsu) | Su 2000 | 1/55 | ~1.8% | M120 |
| Mongolia | Di Cristofaro 2013 | 2/160 | ~1.25% | M120 |
| Dörwöd Kalmyk | Malyarchuk 2013 | 4/426 | ~0.9% | M120 |
| Japan | Nonaka 2007 | 1/263 | ~0.38% | M120 |
According to a 2019 study, Q-M120 can be found in high concentrations in the northern and eastern regions of China. To a lesser extent, it can be found in North Korea, South Korea and northern Philippines.

#### South Asia

Sharma et al. (2007) found Q-M120 in 1.6% (1/61) of a sample of Gujars from Jammu and Kashmir in India.
| Population | Paper | N | Percentage | SNP Tested |
| J&K Kashmir Gujars (Jammu and Kashmir, India) | Sharma 2007 | 1/61 | ~1.6% | M120 |

#### West Asia

Q-M120 has been found in 4.2% (1/24) of Baloch people in Sistan and Baluchestan Province.
| Population | Paper | N | Percentage | SNP Tested |
| Baloch (Sistan and Baluchestan) | Grugni 2012 | 1/24 | ~4.2% | M120 |

### Europe
#### Caucasus

Q-M120 was found in western Georgia among Imeretians.
| Population | Paper | N | Percentage | SNP Tested |
| Georgian (Imereti) | Alborova 2016 | 1/26 | ~3.8% | M120 |

## Associated SNPs

Haplogroup Q-M120 is defined by the presence of the M120 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) as well as the M265 (AKA N14) SNP.

## Phylogenetic tree

This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's Draft Tree for haplogroup Q-M120.
* Q-MEH2 MEH2, L472, L528
** Q-M120 M120, N14/M265