OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Russian Radio-Technical Troops

The Radio-Technical Troops (RTT) (Russian: Радиотехнические войска) are an Arm of the Russian Aerospace Forces, armed with radio-technical equipment (RTE) and systems of automation means (SAM), are designed to conduct radar reconnaissance of the air enemy and to give radar information on the air situation within the radar field to control bodies of the Aerospace Forces and other Services and Arms of the Russian Armed Forces, points of control of aircraft combat means, anti-aircraft missile troops and electronic warfare (EW) at their solving the tasks of peacetime and wartime.
The RTT of the Aerospace Forces consist of radio-technical regiments (RTR), which are organised as part of an Air Force Association (air army), as well as an air defence division, other units and organisations directly under the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force.
The Radio-Technical Troops of the Aerospace Forces are the primary source of radar data on air situation. They carry out radar reconnaissance and provide with radar information combat crews of higher command posts (CPs) and CPs of formations, military units and aviation subdivisions, anti-aircraft missile troops and electronic warfare troops.
In peacetime, all the deployed subunits and command posts of formations and units of the Radio-Technical Troops carry out combat duty on air defence, perform tasks for protection of state borders in the airspace.
In the course of events during transition to the new make-up of the RF Armed Forces the main aim became improving the control system, maintaining combat readiness of units and subdivisions according to the degree fulfilling the task as intended.
The main account at equipping troops with electronic technology is devoted to increasing opportunities for subunits’ manoeuvrability and their ability to give combat operational information in a new position area within the shortest possible time.
The main directions of development of the Radio-Technical Troops of the Aerospace Forces are as follows: improving the technical equipment of military units and subdivisions by carrying out activities on life extension and modernisation of existing weapons and equipment, development of weapons of the new park:
* radar systems of medium and high altitudes ‘Nebo-M’,
* radars of medium and high altitudes ‘Protivnik-G1M’, ‘Sopka-2’,
* radar systems of low altitudes ‘Podlyot-K1’ and ‘Podlyot-M’,
* radars of low altitudes ‘Kasta-2-2’.
# Luca Ciriani

Luca Ciriani (born 26 January 1967) is an Italian politician who is the group leader of the Brothers of Italy grouping in the Senate of the Republic.
He had succeeded Federico D'Incà as Minister for Parliamentary Relations in the Meloni Cabinet.
His younger brother Alessandro Ciriani has served as Mayor of Pordenone and as a Member of the European Parliament.
# Gordon Falls

Gordon Falls is a Canadian waterfall in Albert County, New Brunswick. Located off River Road just south from Elgin, the falls are part of the Pollett River, which flows between Elgin and Salisbury. The falls are located by the stone bridge, which crosses the Pollett River. The falls are surrounded by cliffs measuring 10–20 meters (33–66 ft), making it a popular destination for swimming and cliff jumping. The area has been subject to major safety concerns by locals due to the amount of incidents and accidents resulting in people being injured or killed.

## Description

Gordon Falls is named after Arthur Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Baron Stanmore. In 1864, Abner Reid McClelan, the MLA for Albert at the time, gave the falls its name to commemorate Gordon, then-Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick, while he visited Elgin.
Gordon Falls, the nearby Gibson falls, as well as the gorge lying between them are popular cliff jumping and swimming destinations for young tourists, leading to the area becoming the subject of major safety concerns by locals, including firefighters from Elgin who have advised against cliff jumping. The area's drainage basin is difficult to reach, resulting in tourists, who frequent the spot during the summer, jumping off cliffs to reach them.
Safety concerns were made at both falls due to the frequency of incidents and accidents leading to injury or death; fatal accidents have occurred at the falls as early as 1884. In 2008, environmental concerns were further brought up by locals when a nearby rock quarry began development by removing the top from the nearby Tucker Mountain for potential uranium mining operations. On June 10, 2024, two men in their early twenties died from injuries sustained at Gibson Falls.
# Peter Grassberger

Peter Grassberger (born 17 May 1940) is a retired professor who worked in statistical and particle physics. He made contributions to chaos theory, where he introduced the idea of correlation dimension, a means of measuring a type of fractal dimension of the strange attractor.

## Work

Grassberger's early work focused on particle phenomenology, in particular on the formulation of formally exact equations for three-body scattering and bound state scattering (Alt-Grassberger-Sandhas equation).
While working at CERN, he realized that reggeon field theory can be viewed as a contact process in the same universality class as directed percolation. After making this discovery, Grassberger turned his attention to the studies of statistical physics, dynamical systems, sequential sampling algorithms, and complex systems. His publications span a variety of topics including reaction-diffusion systems, cellular automata, fractals, Ising model, Griffiths phases, self-organized criticality, and percolation.
He held long-term positions at the University of Wuppertal and at the Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany). Other positions that lasted between 2 years and 3 months were at CERN, at the Universities of Kabul, Nice, Calgary, Rome and Utrecht, the Weizmann Institute, the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Dresden, the Istituto nazionale di ottica [it] in Florence, and at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences in Zanjan, Iran.
In 2017 he received the EPS Statistical and Nonlinear Physics Prize.
# The Synthetic Party (Denmark)

Det Syntetiske Parti (English: The Synthetic Party) is the world's first political party driven by artificial intelligence (AI), founded in May 2022 in Denmark. It aims to represent non-voters and fringe political parties while raising awareness of AI's societal role and exploring how AI can be integrated into democratic processes.

## Founder

A philosopher from Aarhus University and a conceptual artist Asker Bryld Staunæs is the party founder and continuous party secretary.

## Main goal

The political goals have been machine learned from texts by Danish fringe parties since 1970 and represent the 20 percent of Danes who do not vote in the election. The party is synthetic; as such, many of the policies, such as universal basic income, can be contradictory to one another.

## International collaborations

The Synthetic Party has signed bilateral collaboration agreements with the Finnish AI Party and The Japanese AI Party concerning the development of a global project created around artificial intelligence and politics
# Battle of Cefn Digoll

The Battle of Cefn Digoll, also known as the Battle of the Long Mynd was fought in 630 at Long Mountain near Welshpool in modern-day Wales. The battle was fought between the Northumbrian army of King Edwin of Northumbria and an anti-Northumbrian alliance between King Cadwallon of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia.$^{:71}$ The battle ended the Northumbrian domination of Gwynedd, and preceded a Welsh campaign into Northumbria, which led to Edwin's death at the Battle of Hatfield Chase.
# Oliver Leith

Oliver Leith (born 1990) is a British composer of classical and electronic music. His work has been commissioned and performed by many international ensembles including Apartment House, BBC Symphony Orchestra, Plus Minus and Philharmonia Orchestra. He was appointed Doctoral Composer-in-Residence at the Royal Opera House in 2019.

## Education and career

Leith studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama (2009–2015), where his teachers included Julian Philips and Paul Newland.
His music has been performed at music venues including the Royal Festival Hall, the Barbican Centre, Wigmore Hall, Kings Place and Snape Maltings.
His music has been broadcast by BBC Radio 3.
In October 2022, Leith's debut opera, Last Days premiered at the Linbury Theatre. It was a co-production between the Royal Opera House and the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. The title and concept for the opera were taken from the 2005 film of the same name by Gus van Sant, which was a fictionalised account of the last days of Kurt Cobain. The opera received generally positive coverage, with 4 star reviews in The Guardian and Financial Times.

## Recordings

His work has been commissioned and performed by international ensembles including Explore Ensemble, Apartment House, BBC Symphony Orchestra, the Ives Ensemble, EXAUDI, 12 Ensemble, GBSR Duo, The Hermes Experiment, Plus Minus and Philharmonia Orchestra.
A recording of Leith's 45-minute piano and percussion piece good day good day bad day bad day was issued by UK experimental music label Another Timbre in 2020, performed by GBSR Duo. The album was chosen as a pick of the week by The Guardian, who described it as having "moments of unexpected grandeur alongside sheer banality, yet somehow the mixture is curiously addictive." The album was also chosen as a highlight of 2020 by BBC Radio 3's New Music Show.
Other releases of Leith's music include Medusa, released by Accidental Records in 2020, and Balloon, released by the label SN Variations, again in 2020.
In January 2020, 12 Ensemble performed "Honey Siren - II. (Full like drips)" by Leith.
In July 2020, The Hermes Experiment released an album called HERE WE ARE featuring a composition by Leith.
In May 2024, A. G. Cook’s third studio album, Britpop, was released featuring a two-minute track called Butterfly Craft, composed by Leith.

## Awards

Leith is a recipient of Royal Philharmonic Society Composition Prize in 2014, British Composer Award in 2016, and Ivor Novello Award in 2020. His work "Hallelujah Amen" for mixed voices was nominated for an Ivor Novello Award at The Ivors Classical Awards 2024 in the Best Choral Composition category.

## Personal life

Leith lives in Islington. In 2020, he joined a crowd of protestors and posted a photo of himself brandishing an obscene gesture outside the family home of Dominic Cummings, following revelations that the latter had breached COVID-19 lockdown restrictions.
# Topoteretes

Topoteretes (Ancient Greek: τοποτηρητής, romanized: topotērētēs) was a Byzantine technical term, meaning deputy or lieutenant (lit. 'place-warden'). As such, it was used in different ways throughout the Empire's history. In the 9th-11th centuries, the topoteretes was the deputy of senior military commanders of the themata, the tagmata and the Byzantine navy. The topoteretes was usually placed in command of one half of the respective unit. In the early 12th century, topoteretai are found as commanders of small regions and fortresses, while in the late Palaiologan period, the term was used for representatives of the Patriarch of Constantinople in sees that now lay outside the Byzantine Empire's borders.
# Jarak Island

Jarak Island (Malay: Pulau Jarak / ڤولاو جارق) is an island in the straits of Malacca. It is administered as part of Perak, Malaysia. The island is granitic, heavily forested, and has a rocky shoreline. Jarak has been described as being 8 hectares (20 acres) in size.
The island is home to an endemic species of gecko, the Jarak Island bent-toed gecko (Cyrtodactylus jarakensis). The waters around the island host a number of coral reefs.
A notable, extensive survey of the island was documented by John Wyatt-Smith and Michael Tweedie in 1950, who were part of an expedition investigating scrub typhus on the island.
# John A. Koltes

John Albert Koltes (1827 – August 30, 1862) was an American colonel of German origin who commanded the 73rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War before being killed at the Second Battle of Bull Run.

## Biography
### Early years

John was born at Trier in 1827 before emigrating to the United States at the age of 17 to Pittsburgh as a temporary teacher at a Catholic school before enlisting in the Mexican–American War until he was discharged at Philadelphia. He then served as a member of the U.S. Marines at the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia.

### American Civil War

When the American Civil War broke out, Koltes mobilized the Maennerchor Rifle Guards around April 1861 before helping to muster the 73rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment and the regiment began training at Lemon Hill at the Eagle and Wolf hills where the 73rd Pennsylvania would often enjoy picnics. The 73rd Pennsylvania was then assigned to General Ludwig Blenker's division of the Army of the Potomac and would then serve at the Northern Virginia Campaign.

### Second Battle of Bull Run

Koltes was ordered to assume command of the 41st New York Infantry Regiment after Julius Stahel was too far to effectively command it as well as the 41st New York being stationed all the way at Chinn Ridge. When Koltes came up to the ridge, he noticed remnants of Nathan G. Evans's South Carolina brigade, the 11th Mississippi Infantry Regiment and some of James L. Kemper's men and were threatening his right flank. Koltes then retreated the 73rd Pennsylvania and the 41st New York. However, after Captain J. B. Richardson's artillery began showering the Union Army with projecticles, Kotles dashed out, feeling compelled to take action and was described as "waving his sword high in the air" and ordered a charge on the Confederate artillery due to the surrounding infantry being confused but when a cannon launched a shell, it stuck some of his men along with Koltes himself, mortally wounding him before the charge could gain any momentum. At this point, Koltes had been acting brigadier general in General Adolph Von Steinwehr's division for four months, and his friends who had secured his promotion to Colonel managed to carry his body away and bury him at Glenwood Memorial Gardens, leaving his wife and four children. Koltes was posthumously praised by Carl Schurz and Franz Sigel for his service during the battle.
# Mateusz Szczepaniak

Mateusz Szczepaniak may refer to:
* Mateusz Szczepaniak (footballer, born 1991), Polish football forward
* Mateusz Szczepaniak (speedway rider) (born 1987), Polish speedway rider
* Mateusz Szczepaniak (footballer, born 2007), Polish football midfielder
# Thomas Livingston (politician)

Thomas Livingston (12 June 1851 – 13 July 1922) was an Australian politician.

## Biography

Livingston was born in Bathurst, New South Wales, the son of a shepherd, John Livingston. In 1856 he moved to Victoria and attended state school at Scarsdale. He became a teacher in regional Victoria from 1869 to 1883, when he began working in journalism in Shepparton. On 11 April 1882 he had married fellow schoolteacher Genefor Deborah Perry, with whom he had a daughter. He was part-owner of the Numurkah Standard and proprietor of the Tungamah Express, before becoming editor and part-owner of the Farmer's Gazette in 1887. He also founded a butter company in 1888, which eventually expanded to include cheese, poultry, rabbits and fruit. In 1900 he retired from business to take up farming on the Agnes River.
In 1902 Livingston was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly for Gippsland South. He voted against the Bent government in 1908, and was Liberal whip from 1909 to 1912. From 1913 to 1914 he was a minister without portfolio, and he then held the portfolios of Public Instruction from 1914 to 1915 and Mines and Forests from 1915 to 1917. A key member of the Country Liberals faction in the Nationalist Party, he was again a minister without portfolio from February to June 1921.
Livingston died in Middle Park in 1922.
# James Sullivan (Victorian politician)

James Forester Sullivan (1817-1876) was born in Ireland and served as a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly in Australia. He was the member for Collingwood between 1 May 1874 and 1 February 1876 then the member for Mandurang between 1 May 1861 1 January 1871.
In parliament he served as Commissioner of Roads and Railways, Commissioner of Trade and Customs, Minister of Mines, and Vice-President of the Board of Land and Works.
He died in Melbourne on 3 February 1876.

## Reference list

* 1 2 "James Forester Sullivan". Re-Member: a database of all Victorian MPs since 1851. Parliament of Victoria. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
* ↑ Carr, Adam. "Victorian elections since 1843". Psephos: Adam Carr's Election Archive. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
* This article about an Australian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Michel C. Auger

Michel C. Auger is a Canadian journalist. He is a political columnist for Le Soleil, though until April 2006 he worked for Le Journal de Montréal. He is also the former president of the Fédération professionelle des journalistes du Québec (FPJQ).
Auger began his journalistic career in the newspaper Le Jour.
He has been a teacher of journalism in Africa.
He is a political analyst often called upon by the TVA and LCN television networks (owned by the Quebecor media conglomerate, like Le Journal de Montréal). He took part every week in the programme Indicatif présent on Première Chaîne for the segment called "Vindicatif Présent", until the departure of host Marie-France Bazzo that put an end to the legendary show in 2006.
From Fall 2013 to Spring 2015, he appeared on CBF-FM, Ici Radio-Canada Première's flagship station in Montreal, as host of the daily drive-time afternoon program Le 15-18. As of Fall 2015, he is the host of Première's nationwide midday news and discussion program, Midi Info; he is still heard on Le 15-18 as that program's political commentator.
He is the author of a book entitled "25 mythes à déboulonner en politique québécoise”, which examines the relationship between Quebecers and the French language.
# Paul Knuchel

Paul Knuchel was a Swiss diver. He competed in the men's 3 metre springboard event at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
# Brady Township, Kalamazoo County, Michigan

Brady Township is a Charter township of Kalamazoo County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the township population was 4,445.

## Communities

* The village of Vicksburg is located partially within the township on the west side.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.3 square miles (93.9 km$^2$), of which 34.8 square miles (90.2 km$^2$) are land and 1.4 square miles (3.7 km$^2$), or 3.94%, are water, the majority of which is Indian Lake.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,263 people, 1,554 households, and 1,246 families residing in the township. The population density was 122.1 inhabitants per square mile (47.1/km$^2$). There were 1,690 housing units at an average density of 48.4 per square mile (18.7/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 97.42% White, 0.16% African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.66% from other races, and 1.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.01% of the population.
There were 1,554 households, out of which 36.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.7% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.8% were non-families. 15.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.05.
In the township the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.9 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $52,202, and the median income for a family was $57,316. Males had a median income of $39,963 versus $27,256 for females. The per capita income for the township was $22,229. About 2.0% of families and 3.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.2% of those under age 18 and 4.4% of those age 65 or over.
# Yumbi

Yumbi is a town and territory of Mai-Ndombe in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It lies on the eastern bank of the Congo River between Bolobo and Lukolela. The town of Yumbi is the headquarters of Yumbi Territory and has a population of approximately 30,000.
On February 2, 2003 a tornado killed 17 people in and near the town. Over 4,000 people were injured, 217 seriously.

## 2018 massacre

Between December 16 and 18, 2018, at least 890 people were killed in four villages of the territory, as reported by the UNHCR. Around 465 houses and buildings were burned or looted, including two primary schools, two health centres, one market and the local Independent National Electoral Commission office. The motives of this massacre remain unclear but the UN hints to "clashes between Banunu and Batende communities". The real figure of people that were killed remains unknown because "there are most probably corpses that were thrown away in the river, and people that died in their burning homes."
# Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment (Nigeria)

The Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment (FMITI) is a branch of the federal government of Nigeria responsible for creating wealth and employment, reducing poverty, and stimulating and diversifying the economy. Dr.Jumoke Oduwole is the current Minister of Industry, Trade and Investment, appointed by Nigerian president Bola Tinubu in 2024, While Senator John Owan Enoh serves as the Minister of State for Industry, Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment. ,
The ministry was restructured and renamed in 2011, combining the portfolios of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry and the Ministry of Trade and Investment.
# Messier 85

Messier 85 (also known as M85 or NGC 4382 or PGC 40515 or ISD 0135852) is a lenticular galaxy, or elliptical galaxy for other authors, in the Coma Berenices constellation. It is 60 million light-years away, and has a diameter of about 36.99 kiloparsecs (120,600 light-years) across.
Pierre Méchain discovered M85 in 1781. It is within the outskirts of the Virgo cluster, and is relatively isolated.

## Properties

M85 is extremely poor in neutral hydrogen and has a very complex outer structure with shells and ripples that are thought to have been caused by a merger with another galaxy that took place between 4 and 7 billion years ago, as well as a relatively young (<3 billion years old) stellar population on its centermost region, some of it in a ring, that may have been created by a late starburst. Like other massive, early-type galaxies, it has different populations of globular clusters. Aside from the typical "red" and "blue" populations, there is also a population with intermediate colors and an even redder population. It is likely transitioning from being a lenticular galaxy into an elliptical galaxy.
While indirect methods imply that Messier 85 should contain a central supermassive black hole of around 100 million solar masses, velocity dispersion observations imply that the galaxy may entirely lack a central massive black hole.
M85 is interacting with the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 4394, and a small elliptical galaxy called MCG 3-32-38.
Compared to other early-type galaxies, M85 emits a relatively smaller proportion of X-rays.

## Novae and Supernovae

* SN 1960R (type Ia, mag. 13.5), was discovered by H. S. Gates on 20 December 1960, and independently discovered by Leonida Rosino on 18 January 1961.
* M85 has been the host of the first luminous red nova identified as such. On 7 January 7 the Lick Observatory Supernova Search (LOSS) discovered M85 OT2006-1 on the outskirts of the galaxy.
* SN 2020nlb (type Ia, mag. 17.436) was discovered by the ATLAS telescope in Hawaii on 25 June 2020. This supernova got as bright as magnitude 12.