OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mudflap

A mudflap or mud guard is used in combination with the vehicle fender to protect the vehicle, passengers, other vehicles, and pedestrians from mud and other flying debris thrown into the air by a rotating tire on a wheeled vehicle. A mudflap is typically made from a flexible material such as rubber that is not easily damaged by contact with flying debris, the tire, or the road surface.
On bicycles the mudflap is called a spoiler. It helps keep the rider(s) cleaner.
Mudflaps can be large rectangular sheets suspended behind the tires, or may be small molded lips below the rear of the vehicle's wheel wells. Mudflaps can be aerodynamically engineered, utilizing shaping, louvers or vents to improve airflow and to lower drag.
While some flaps are plain, in the colour of rubber, many contain company logos, other art or sometimes advertisements. One possible feature is the mudflap girl, a woman's silhouette.
In the United States, mudflap regulations vary from state to state.

## Aerodynamic

Aerodynamic mudflaps are engineered with louvers or ventilated slats to improve airflow, reduce sidespray, and decrease aerodynamic drag, in order to improve fuel efficiency.
Supercomputing technology applied to the problem of semi-trailer truck drag has helped to validate such aerodynamic improvements. Traditional solid truck mudflaps can increase drag, but a study by the UT-Chattanooga SimCenter indicated slatted mudflaps can reduce drag more than 8 percent, making the truck's drag coefficient comparable to one without any mudflaps fitted.
A further advantage of the design is the heat-venting capacity of aerodynamically optimized mudflaps. The improved airflow promotes the quick release of otherwise re-circulated water and air from the fenderwell while improving performance by cooling the tires and brakes.
# Association for the Reform of Latin Teaching

The Association for the Reform of Latin Teaching (ARLT) was founded in the United Kingdom in 1913 by the distinguished Classical scholar W. H. D. Rouse. It is now known as the Association for Latin Teaching.

## History
### Origins

It arose from Summer Schools which Rouse organised in order to train Latin teachers in the Direct Method of language teaching, which entailed using the language in everyday situations rather than merely learning grammar and syntax by rote. Summer Schools remain the chief activity of this organisation. A journal entitled Latin Teaching reported on the Summer Schools and included articles on practical teaching of Latin. Contributors included Dorothy L. Sayers.

### After WWII

After the Second World War three developments deeply affected the ARLT:
* The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge ceased to require proficiency in Latin as a qualification for entry. This meant a sharp reduction in the numbers of school pupils learning Latin.
* The Cambridge Latin Course brought many of the principles espoused by Rouse and the ARLT into the mainstream of Latin teaching. This led ARLT to adopt a more supportive, rather than campaigning, approach, offering general encouragement for all Classics teachers.
* Three Classical organisations, The Classical Association, the Orbilian Society (now defunct) and the Association for the Reform of Latin Teaching, joined in founding an umbrella organisation: the Joint Association of Classical Teachers (JACT).
ARLT and JACT endured a period of uneasy relations, with some questioning of ARLT's reason for continuing existence, but in time all concerned recognised the need to work together for the common cause against those who willed the demise of Classics teaching. Now the two organisations publish a joint magazine, The Journal of Classics Teaching. ARLT has a website and a blog.

## Political Rumblings

During the parliamentary recess in 2021, the Department of Education, fronted by Gavin Williamson announced a £4m scheme to introduce Latin into 40 state schools. Latin is already taught in 3% of stateschools and is permitted under the National Curriculum.
# Thomas Elwyn

Thomas Elwyn (c. 1837 – 11 September 1888) was a British soldier, police officer and gold commissioner in colonial British Columbia.
Elwyn was born in Ireland into a family with a long military tradition. He served as a lieutenant in the 30th Foot during the Crimean War. He arrived in Victoria on Christmas Day, 1858 and was appointed, on the strength of his references from England, to the police force under Inspector Chartres Brew. After serving for five months as the Chief Constable of Yale, Governor James Douglas made him Assistant Gold Commissioner of Lillooet. In 1861, he was put in charge of the Gold Escort from the Cariboo and Fraser Canyon goldfields. That venture was discontinued for 1862 when miners protested the government inability to guarantee the safety of the gold being transported, and though revived again in 1863, again under Elwyn and despite his personal guarantee to the miners, its failure to generate revenue to offset costs resulted in its discontinuation.
Elwyn was appointed gold commissioner of the Cariboo on 21 April 1862. In October, he resigned, citing his interest in a valuable gold claim in the area. In 1864 he was part of the party sent by Brew to capture the Chilcotin Indians who killed a road crew on Bute Inlet in an incident known as the Chilcotin War. He spend the next year mining at Wild Horse Creek in the Kootenay, before setting off to represent the government on the expedition to extend the Western Union Telegraph line north from Quesnel. In 1868 he joined the Legislative Council, where he served for a single term. He took a short turn at driving cattle then signed aboard the HBC steamship Otter as purser. He was appointed deputy provincial secretary in 1877, a position he held until his death.
Elwyn Creek in northern British Columbia, Canada, is named after Thomas Elwyn.

## Sources

* Dorothy Blakey Smith "Elwyn, Thomas" at Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, 2000
# Rhodobium gokarnense

Rhodobium gokarnense is a phototrophic bacterium species from the genus of Rhodobium which has been isolated from soil in Gokarna in India.
# Cintaroa

Cintaroa is a genus in the beetle family Carabidae. There are at least two described species in Cintaroa.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus Cintaroa:
* Cintaroa aptera Kasahara, 1989 (Taiwan)
* Cintaroa sikkimica Häckel & Sciaky, 2019 (India)
# Benjamin Franklin House

51°30′27″N 0°7′30″W﻿ / ﻿51.50750°N 0.12500°W﻿ / 51.50750; -0.12500
Benjamin Franklin House is a museum in a terraced Georgian house at 36 Craven Street, London, close to Trafalgar Square. It is the last-standing former residence of Benjamin Franklin, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. The house dates from c. 1730, and Franklin lived and worked there from 1757 to 1774. The museum opened to the public on 17 January 2006. The chairman is American-British investment banker and philanthropist John Studzinski.
The house is listed Grade I on the National Heritage List for England for its historic association with Franklin.

## Conservation

The house was renovated and restored in 1998 by The Friends of Benjamin Franklin House in order for the house to be turned into a museum. During the excavation the remains of 10 individuals were identified, consisting of numerous bones and bone fragments; six of them identified as possible children.
Tests conducted on the remains showed that they were around 200 years old, which means that they may have been buried in the basement at the same time that Franklin was living there. However, further evidence showed that a close friend of Franklin, William Hewson, was the one responsible for the human remains. Hewson, an early anatomist, had lived in the house for two years and had been working in secret, since there were still legal issues in dissecting certain cadavers at the time. Franklin likely knew what Hewson was doing, but probably did not participate in the dissections.
The museum at 36 Craven Street is a Grade I listed property and retains a number of its original features (include original floorboards, original ceilings, and original staircases) with relatively few later alterations. Current conservation policies emphasise the need for minimal modern interventions.
Artefacts at the house include a modern, playable replica glass harmonica, based on Franklin's design.

## Modern facilities

The "Historical Experience" includes an actor portraying historical characters associated with the house along with dialog, sound, lighting, and special effects. The character used in the "Historical Experience" is Polly Stevenson Hewson, the daughter of Franklin's landlady who became a "second daughter" to Franklin.
The "Student Science Centre" allows students to re-create experiments from Franklin's sojourn in London. It includes a Medical History Room (focused on the medical research of William Hewson, who did his work from the house for a time), a Discovery Room (containing historical artifacts), and a Demonstration Room (in which students can replicate Franklin's experiments).
The Benjamin Franklin House is open free-of-charge to school visits on Tuesdays. Although designed for key stage 2 students, visits can be tailored for students of all key stages.
The "Scholarship Centre" on the top floor of the House is a centre for study of the many subjects Franklin pursued.
Benjamin Franklin House runs an annual Literary Prize in which people interpret a Benjamin Franklin quote in its significance today.
# Bréguet 26T

The Bréguet 26T was a French single-engine biplane airliner that first flew in 1926.

## Development

The 26T was an attempt by the Breguet company to find a civil market for their 19 military aircraft by mating its wings, tail surfaces and undercarriage to a new fuselage and new engine. The resulting aircraft could carry six passengers in an enclosed cabin, while the pilots sat in an open cockpit ahead of the upper wing. The engine originally chosen was a French-built licensed copy of the Bristol Jupiter radial, but on one of the two Bréguet-built civil examples, this was later changed back to the Lorraine 12Ed inline, as used on the Br.19.
These two aircraft served as predecessors for the definitive civil version of this family, the Breguet 280T, while CASA purchased a licence to build another two in Spain for the domestic market, and France's Aviation Militaire purchased two more as air ambulances under the designation Bre.26TSbis.

## Operational history

The first prototype was briefly used by Air Union for trial flights on the Paris-Lyons–Marseilles route, but did not enter commercial service. At least one of the CASA-built aircraft was used the Spanish airline Compañía de Líneas Aéreas Subvencionadas (CLASSA) and later by CLASSA's successor airline, Líneas Aéreas Postales Españolas LAPE.

## Operators
### France

* French Air Force

### Kingdom of Spain & Spanish Republic

* Aeronáutica Militar, later in service in the Fuerzas Aéreas de la República Española.

## Specifications (26T)

Data from European Transport Aircraft since 1910
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Capacity: 6 passengers
* Length: 11.0 m (36 ft 1 in)
* Wingspan: 16.8 m (55 ft 1 in)
* Wing area: 50.5 m$^2$ (544 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 1,412 kg (3,113 lb)
* Gross weight: 3,055 kg (6,735 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Gnome et Rhône 9Ab nine-cylinder radial engine, 340 kW (450 hp)
Performance
* Cruise speed: 198 km/h (123 mph, 107 kn) at 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
* Range: 600–700 km (370–430 mi, 320–380 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 4,300 m (14,100 ft)
# Alice Ho

Alice Ping Yee Ho (Chinese: 何冰頤; pinyin: Hé Bīngyí; b. 1960) is a Canadian pianist and composer, considered to be "among the most important composers writing in this country".
She was born in Hong Kong and earned a Bachelor of Music in composition from Indiana University and a Master of Music in composition from the University of Toronto. She has studied with John Beckwith, Brian Ferneyhough and John Eaton.
Ho performed a solo piano recital for CBC Radio 2. Her works have been featured at music festivals including the ISCM World Music Days, Ottawa Chamberfest, the CRUSH New Music Festival in Denmark and Asian Music Week in Japan.
Her work has been performed by ensembles and solo performers including the China National Symphony Orchestra, Polish Radio Choir, the Lapland Chamber Orchestra, the Esprit Orchestra, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra, the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra, the Victoria Symphony, the Windsor Symphony Orchestra, the Nieuw Ensemble, the Penderecki String Quartet, violist Rivka Golani and percussionists Sumire Yoshihara and Beverley Johnston.
Ho was nominated for a Juno Award in 2015 and 2018. She has received awards from the 2014 Prince Edward Island Symphony Composers Competition, the 2014 Kitchener Waterloo Symphony Friendship Orchestral Composition Competition, the 2013 Boston Metro Opera International Composition Competition, the du Maurier Arts Ltd. Canadian Composers Competition, the MACRO (Macro Analysis Creative Research Organization) International Composition Competition and the International League of Women Composers Competition. She has been awarded the Luxembourg Sinfonietta International Composition Prize, the K.M. Hunter Artist Award and the 2013 Dora Mavor Moore Award for "Outstanding Original Opera".
She is married to Chan Ka Nin, a composer and University of Toronto Professor Emeritus. The couple live in Toronto.
# Bréguet 17

The Bréguet 17 was a two-seat biplane fighter developed in France towards the end of World War I and operated by that country during the 1920s.

## Design and development

The Bréguet 17 was a derivative of the highly successful 14 bomber, but somewhat scaled down and carrying a more powerful engine and heavier machine gun armament in place of a bomb load. The French Army was impressed enough to place orders for 1,000 of these aircraft during 1918, to be delivered the following year. The end of World War I ended these plans, but some limited production did take place into the early 1920s.

## Operational history

The type was operated as the Bre.17C.2 with several escadrilles as a supplement to existing aircraft, but never formed the basis for any one unit on its own. A single example was converted into a prototype night fighter, but no production ensued.

## Variants
### Bre.17C.2

    Main production version.

### Bre.17

    Night fighter prototype.

## Operators
### France

* French Army

## Specifications

General characteristics
* Crew: two, pilot and gunner
* Length: 8.10 m (26 ft 7 in)
* Wingspan: 14.28 m (46 ft 10 in)
* Height: 3.42 m (11 ft 3 in)
* Wing area: 43.3 m$^2$ (466 sq ft)
* Gross weight: 1,840 kg (4,056 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Renault 12K1 , 336 kW (450 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 218 km/h (135 mph, 117 kn)
* Service ceiling: 7,500 m (24,610 ft)
* Rate of climb: 5.8 m/s (1,140 ft/min)
Armament
* 2 × fixed, forward-firing 7.7 mm (.303 in) Vickers machine guns
* 2 × trainable, rearward-firing 7.7 mm (.303 in) Lewis Guns in ring mount in rear cockpit
* 1 × trainable, downward-firing 7.7 mm (.303 in) Lewis gun through trap door in rear cockpit
# Matilda II, Countess of Nevers

Matilda II, Countess of Nevers (1234/35–1262), also known as Maud of Dampierre or Mathilda II of Bourbon, was a sovereign Countess of Nevers, Countess of Auxerre, Countess of Tonnerre.
Matilda was a daughter of Archambaud IX of Bourbon and Yolande de Châtillon, Countess of Nevers. As heiress to the counties of Nevers, Auxerre and Tonnerre, she was married off to Odo, the eldest son of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy. This marriage was meant to reunite two important counties with the Duchy of Burgundy, but he predeceased his father, and so the duchy passed to his brother Robert II. The county of Nevers was partitioned (Nevers, Tonnerre, Auxerre) among her daughters over the period of ten years.
With Odo, Matilda had four daughters:
* Yolande, Countess of Nevers (1247–1280), married (1) John Tristan, Count of Valois, and (2) Count Robert III of Flanders
* Margaret, Countess of Tonnerre (1250–1308), married King Charles I of Naples
* Adelaide, Countess of Auxerre (1251–1290), married John I of Chalon, Lord of Rochefort
* Joan (1253–1271), died young
# Zastava M72

The Zastava M72 is a light machine gun developed and manufactured by then Yugoslav Zastava Arms company. The M72 was patterned after the Soviet RPK light machine gun.

## Design

The Zastava M72 chambers and fires the 7.62×39mm M67 round. It is a gas-operated, air-cooled, drum-fed firearm with a fixed stock. It is a squad automatic weapon, like the Soviet RPK but has unique design features.
This weapon is a near copy of the Soviet RPK light machine gun. There are a few differences on the M72/M72A. It does not have a scope side rail mount, the butt is also different, having the shape of a regular AK-47 rifle. It has a reinforced receiver, night sights and no carrying handle. The barrel also differs from other RPK rifles because of the cooling fins to help with heat dissipation from prolonged fire. The M72 only appears with a heavy profile barrel as opposed to Russian and Romanian RPK rifles that can come in both light or heavy barrel configurations.

## Variants

* M72 - Standard version with a fixed wooden stock. Utilizes a milled receiver.
* M72B1 - Same as the M72, but with an updated stamped receiver instead of the milled receiver. A semi automatic variant is produced in the United States using original parts kits with a US made receiver and barrel.
* M72AB1 - Same as the M72B1, but with a folding stock and detachable bipod.
* Al Quds - Iraqi Licensed produced variant.

## Users

* Afghanistan
* Egypt
* Iraq — was manufactured locally as Al Quds
* Serbia

### Non-state users

* Oromo Liberation Army
* Taliban – used during the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)
# Bobby Ellis

Bobby Ellis OD (2 July 1932 – 18 October 2016) was a Jamaican trumpet player. He worked with many reggae artists including Peter Tosh, Burning Spear and The Revolutionaries.

## Biography

Born in Kingston on 2 October 1932, Bobby Ellis attended the Alpha Boys School which is famous for its musical alumni. While at this school Ellis received tuition on the trumpet and flugelhorn. The school's music curriculum consisted of marches, waltzes and classical pieces which gave Ellis an extensive knowledge of timing, harmony and form. These factors have contributed to his work as a horn arranger for the Studio One. He also acted as arranger for producer Jack Ruby and was part of Ruby's studio band the Black Disciples, playing on Burning Spear's Marcus Garvey album and going on to tour as part of Spear's band for twelve years. He also played and co-arranged (with Tommy McCook) the horns on Bunny Wailer's 1976 album Blackheart Man.
In 1978, Ellis made a brief cameo in the film Rockers directed by Ted Bafaloukos. He was also part of the Rockers All Stars, the group responsible for the film's instrumental music.
In August 2014 it was announced that he would receive the Order of Distinction (Officer Class) in October that year.
Ellis died at the University Hospital of the West Indies on 18 October 2016, aged 84, from a pneumonia-related illness.

## Solo discography

* Rent a Tile (2014)

### with Tommy McCook

* Green Mango (1974), Attack - Tommy & Bobby
* Blazing Horns (1977), Grove Music - Tommy McCook and Bobby Ellis
* Tommy McCook Featuring Bobby Ellis (2004), Attack

### other collaborations

* Bobby Ellis & the Professionals Meet the Revolutionaries (1977), Third World
With Herbie Mann
* Reggae (Atlantic, 1973)
* Reggae II (Atlantic, 1973 [1976])
# Nabinagar Super Thermal Power Project

Nabinagar Super Thermal Power Project is a coal-based thermal power plant located at Sivanpur village in Ankorha in Nabinagar taluk in Aurangabad district, Bihar. It was conceptualised in 1989 by the then Chief Minister of Bihar Satyendra Narayan Sinha who sent the proposal to set up a NTPC's super thermal power project at Nabinagar in Bihar's Aurangabad district to then Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi; but the project went into limbo as the following state governments failed to follow it. In 2007, Manmohan Singh's government finally put a stamp of approval on it.
The power plant is owned by the Nabinagar Power Generating Company- initially a 50:50 joint venture between NTPC Limited and Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited. The Nabinagar plant will have capacity of 4380 MW( 660MW X 6). The project's generation capacity initially was to be 3960 MW but in 2016, the production capacity was increased to 4380 MW. Nabinagar Super Thermal Power Project will be third largest power project in India, after 4700 MW Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station (Singrauli) and maharashtra belar.
This Super Thermal Power Project is spread over 2970 acres, which includes 150 acre of land for the township and 63 acres of land for construction of rail corridor. On 17 April 2018, Bihar state cabinet, headed by chief minister Nitish Kumar, gave its nod to handing over of Nabinagar Power Generating Company to National Thermal Power Corporation. On 15 May 2018, Bihar Government signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to hand over the thermal plant to National Thermal Power Corporation for a 33- years lease. For the Nabinagar plant's Bihar would get 78% of the electricity generated from the plant, while UP would get 11%, jharkhand 3% and Sikkim 1%.

## Capacity

The planned capacity of the power plant in 1980 MW (3x660 MW). Unit-1 with capacity to generate 660MW, is scheduled to be commissioned in Dec'18.
| Stage | Unit Number | Capacity (MW) | Date of Commissioning | Status |
| 1st | 1 | 660 | Sep 6, 2019 | Running |
| 1st | 2 | 660 | July 30, 2021 | Running |
| 1st | 3 | 660 | June 1, 2022 | Running |

## Future expansion

There is a plan to add three units of 800 MW each at the site in future.
# Lampertia

Lampertia is a genus of spiders in the family Thomisidae. It was first described in 1907 by Strand. As of 2017, it contains only one species, Lampertia pulchra, found in Madagascar.