OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Martin Antonio

Martin Antonio is a Ghanaian biologist who is Principal Investigator at the Medical Research Council Unit (The Gambia) at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He is Director of the World Health Organization Centre for New Vaccines Surveillance and leads the West and Central Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Invasive Bacterial Diseases.

## Early life and education

Antonio is from Ghana. He moved to Queen Mary University of London for his doctoral research, where he studied Staphylococcus aureus. He moved to the University of Birmingham as a research fellow in 2001.

## Research and career

Antonio joined the Medical Research Council (the Gambia, MRCG) in 2005, where he set up the molecular biology research group. His research develops molecular diagnostics for tropical infections. He has led several multi-national research projects to better understand the causes and prevalence of pneumonia and diarrhoea. His research group developed large disease surveillance platforms across Africa, and became the World Health Organization Reference Laboratory for Pneumococcal Disease.
In 2016, Antonio started working with the WHO on an outbreak of meningitis in Ghana. He leveraged the Medical Research Council (the Gambia) to identify the causative pathogens. In 2020 he was elected Fellow of the African Academy of Sciences.

## Selected publications

* Catherine Satzke; Paul Turner; Anni Virolainen-Julkunen; et al. (1 December 2013). "Standard method for detecting upper respiratory carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae: updated recommendations from the World Health Organization Pneumococcal Carriage Working Group". Vaccine. 32 (1): 165–179. doi:10.1016/J.VACCINE.2013.08.062. ISSN 0264-410X. PMID 24331112. Wikidata Q38170603.
* F. Gibson; J. Walsh; P. Mburu; et al. (2 March 1995). "A type VII myosin encoded by the mouse deafness gene shaker-1". Nature. 374 (6517): 62–64. doi:10.1038/374062A0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 7870172. Wikidata Q28512902.
* Bouke C de Jong; Martin Antonio; Sebastien Gagneux (28 September 2010). "Mycobacterium africanum--review of an important cause of human tuberculosis in West Africa". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 4 (9): e744. doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PNTD.0000744. ISSN 1935-2735. PMC 2946903. PMID 20927191. Wikidata Q21144526.
# Cecilia Lutwak-Mann

Cecilia Lutwak-Mann (1900(?)-1987) was a Polish-British endocrinologist and physiologist.

## Career

She was educated at the University of Lviv (now in Ukraine), where she obtained a doctorate of medicine. She studied the menstrual cycle, cellular respiration, and embryology, and served as chief scientific officer of the Agricultural Research Council of Great Britain.
Lutwak-Mann was known for discovering that the hormone progesterone acts on the placenta to control carbonic anhydrase synthesis. She also co-authored the then-reference text on male reproductive function and semen ("Male Reproductive Function and Semen: Themes and Trends in Physiology, Biochemistry and Investigative Andrology", 1981) with Thaddeus Mann.

## Personal life

Lutwak-Mann married Thaddeus Mann in 1934, after they met in medical school. She was Jewish, and moved to Britain in 1935 to continue her research at Cambridge. She died in 1987.
# Mehmet Mehdi Eker

Mehmet Mehdi Eker is a Turkish politician who served as the Minister of Food, Agriculture and Livestock of Turkey from 2005 until 2015. He was elected a Member of Parliament for the electoral district of Diyarbakır for Democratic People's Party in 2002. He was re-elected in 2007 and 2011 for the Justice and Development Party (AKP). He was again elected as an MP in 2018.
A veterinarian and agro-economist he had a career as a civil servant in the ministry of agriculture before entering politics at the age of 46.
As minister of Agriculture he has had to deal with issues including:
* The bird flu epidemic of 2005, in which he made a statement that it was safe to eat cooked chicken and then famously refused to do so on television.
* Adjusting food control regulations to comply with EU norms, including recategorising pork and horse meat as suitable for human consumption.
# Méduse

Méduse is the French name for Medusa, a monster in Greek mythology, and the French word for a jellyfish.
Méduse also may refer to:
* French ship Méduse, various ships of the French Navy, including the 1810 frigate Méduse, of Raft of the Medusa fame.
* Méduse (opera), a 1697 opera by the French composer Charles-Hubert Gervais
* Méduse (cooperative), a cooperative of artistic, cultural, and community-based producers and disseminators in Quebec, Canada
* Le Radeau de la Méduse (The Raft of the Medusa)), a painting by Théodore Géricault
* Le Radeau de la Méduse, a 1994 French film
# Ikarus Aero 2

The Ikarus Aero 2 was a piston-engined military trainer aircraft built in Yugoslavia in the years following World War II, although the design pre-dated the war.

## Design and development

The Ikarus Aero-2 was developed as a replacement for the Zmaj Fizir FN, which had been the most commonly used training aircraft of the Yugoslav Royal Air Force up until 1941. The Ikarus Aero-2 was designed by Boris Cijan and Đorđe Petković. Also at same time, was started project on two different aircraft, low-wing Ikarus MM-2 for advanced train and low-wing Rogožarski Brucoš for basic train. First flight test was made on April 20, 1940 and test pilot was Vasilije Stojanovic. 248 plane were eventually built, serving from 1948 to 1959 (380 built according to.
Powerplant was to be the de Havilland Gipsy Major because of its successful use in similar trainer aircraft built in other countries. The Aero 2 was a low-wing monoplane that seated the student and instructor in tandem, open cockpits (although later versions added a canopy to enclose them). Undercarriage was fixed and used a tailskid.

## Variants
### Aero 2B

    Open cockpit version with a 145hp (108kW) de Havilland Gipsy Major engine.

### Aero 2BE

    Enclosed cockpit version with a 145hp (108kW) de Havilland Gipsy Major engine.

### Aero 2C

    Open cockpit version with a 160hp (119kW) Walter Minor 6-III engine.

### Aero 2D

    Enclosed cockpit version with a 160hp (119kW) Walter Minor 6-III engine.

### Aero 2E

    Enclosed cockpit version with a 160hp (119kW) Walter Minor 6-III engine.

### Aero 2F

    Open cockpit version with a 160hp (119kW) Walter Minor 6-III engine.

### Aero 2H

    Twin-float version with a 160hp (119kW) Walter Minor 6-III engine.

## Operators
### Yugoslavia

* Yugoslavian Air Force
** 1st Training Aviation Regiment (1945–1948)
** 3rd Training Aviation Regiment (1946–1948)
** 103rd Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (1949–1951)
** 105th Training Aviation Regiment (1948−1949, 1951−1959)
** 267th Aviation Regiment of School of Reserve Officers (1951–1953)
** 122nd Hydroplane Liaison Squadron (1949–1959)
** Training Squadron of 29th Aviation Division (1953–1961)
** Training Squadron of 39th Aviation Division (1956–1959)
** Training Squadron of 44th Aviation Division (1956–1961)
** Liaison Squadron of 7th Aviation Corps (1953–1956)
* Letalski center Maribor

## Specifications (2B)

Data from The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Capacity: 1
* Length: 8.45 m (27 ft 8.75 in)
* Wingspan: 10.5 m (34 ft 5.25 in)
* Height: 2.80 m (8 ft 10.25 in)
* Wing area: 17.4 m$^2$ (187 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 564 kg (1,241 lb)
* Gross weight: 996 kg (2,196 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × de Havilland Gipsy Major , 108 kW (145 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 208 km/h (129 mph, 112 kn)
* Range: 680 km (423 mi, 368 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 4,500 m (14,765 ft)
# Karat (disambiguation)

Karat is a fractional measure of purity for gold alloys.
Karat may also refer to:

## Aviation

* Karat (airline), a former Russian airline
* SDB Karat, a Russian ultralight trike design

## Entertainment

* Karat (band), a German band

## People

* Brinda Karat (born 1947), Indian politician and Member of Parliament
* Prakash Karat (born 1948), Indian politician and General Secretary of Communist Party of India (Marxist)
* KARAT, a KGB code word for former FBI agent and convicted spy Robert Hanssen (born 1944)

## Places

* Karat, Iran, a list of places in Iran
* Karat, Khuzestan, a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran
* Karat, Razavi Khorasan, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran
* Karat Rural District, an administrative subdivision of Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran

## Other

* Karat banana, a cultivar grown in Micronesia
* Karat, an early Agfa cartridge for 35 mm film
# Letov Š-19

The Letov Š-19 was an airliner produced in small numbers in Czechoslovakia during the 1920s.

## Design and development

Following tests with an Š-6 bomber over domestic passenger routes, ČSA requested that a passenger-carrying version be developed. While retaining the basic layout of the Š-6, the Š-19 added a fully enclosed passenger cabin within the fuselage, with seating for four. The pilot had an open cockpit behind the cabin.
Three machines were built with the same Maybach engine that had powered the bomber version, but these were found to have poor flying characteristics, and for the other four examples produced, a Walter powerplant was used instead, along with making some refinements to the ailerons and wing bracing.
Put into service on the Prague-Košice route, the type was not a success. The passenger cabin was very noisy, since it was placed immediately behind the engine. Furthermore, this placement made boarding and disembarking awkward, and visibility for the passengers was poor. Besides this, the Š-19 could not match the performance offered by foreign aircraft, and no further production was undertaken.

## Specifications

General characteristics
* Crew: one pilot
* Capacity: four passengers
* Length: 8.85 m (29 ft 0 in)
* Wingspan: 14.10 m (45 ft 11 in)
* Wing area: 45.0 m$^2$ (484 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 1,404 kg (3,088 lb)
* Gross weight: 2,004 kg (4,408 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Walter W-IV , 190 kW (260 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 178 km/h (111 mph, 96 kn)
* Range: 770 km (480 mi, 420 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 4,900 m (16,100 ft)
* Rate of climb: 2.4 m/s (470 ft/min)
# Nobuyuki Sekiyama

Nobuyuki Sekiyama (関山信之, Sekiyama Nobuyuki, 5 February 1934 – 18 August 2014) was a Japanese politician from the Democratic Party of Japan, he served for a total of four terms in the Japanese House of Representatives representing Niigata's 1st District from 1983 to 1996.
# Masao Sakon

Masao Sakon (Japanese: 左近正男 Sakon Masao; 26 November 1936 – 16 October 2024) was a Japanese politician. A member of the Japan Socialist Party and later the Social Democratic Party, he served in the House of Representatives from 1983 to 1996.
Sakon died in Heguri on 16 October 2024, at the age of 87.
# Old Subri

Old Subri (Subri Dada) is a town in the western region of Ghana. The town is one of the catchment areas of the Golden Star Wassa Limited which is a mining company in Ghana. The people are part of the Wassa tribe.

## Projects
### Water

The chiefs and residents of Old Subri in the Wassa East District of the Western Region in July 2023 received a community water project worth GH¢176,294.00 from Ghana Rubber Estate Limited (GREL). The chief mentioned that the timely assistance from companies like, Golden Star Resource, GREL, to consistently cater to community needs in their operational areas, had a significant positive impact on the host communities' lives.
The project includes a mechanized water system with two boreholes, three outlets, and a 20,000-liter capacity. This initiative aims to improve access to clean water for the local community. The community water project, started in 2021, faced a minor setback due to insufficient water from the first borehole. A supplementary borehole was added, and now it is expected to serve around 1,400 people in Old Subri, Western Region.

## Education

Peoples in the town and around can have their formal education at Old Subri D/A Basic School, a public school under the supervision of the district capital, Daboase.

## Traditional Leaders
### Chief

Nana Twumasi Ampaakwaw II.

## Sports
### Soccer Team

Royal Jet FC: A division two football team in Ghana.

## Controversies, Incidents and Lawsuits
### Incidents

On Thursday evening, while the Royal Jet team members were on their route to Old Subri after experiencing a 2-0 loss to Tarkwa United, in a second division league match held at Akon Park, the Medeama SC home grounds in Tarkwa before the construction of the TnA Stadium by Goldfield Ghana Limited, the team experienced an accident. As a result of an unfortunate incident that occurred on the Huni Valley-Damang road, a number of individuals who are part of the roster of Royal Jet FC, a football team competing in the second division, and whose base is situated in the locale of Old Subri within the administrative jurisdiction of the Wassa East District in the Western Region, have unfortunately incurred substantial injuries.
# İmam Taşçıer

İmam Taşçıer (1 January 1959, Bismil, Turkey) is a Kurdish politician of the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) and member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.

## Political career

İmam Taşçıer was elected to the Turkish Parliament representing the HDP for Diyarbakır in the Parliamentary elections June 2015 and re-elected in the snap elections of November 2015 and the parliamentary elections of June 2018. He encouraged the Turkish Government led by the Justice and Development Party (AKP) to release Kurdish prisoners, recognizing Kurdish rights in Turkey and establishing good relations with the Syrian Kurds in exchange for Kurdish votes for the Istanbul mayoral elections on the 23 June 2019.

### Legal prosecution

Taşçıer was detained twice during his political career. Once together with twelve politicians of the HDP including the party co-chairs Selahattin Demirtaş and Figen Yüksekdağ on the 4 November 2016 but released shortly after. Nevertheless, he was prosecuted for allegedly having spread terror propaganda during the curfew of Sur in 2015. The prosecution demanded 23 years at time. Then he was again detained for a few hours in January 2017, due to investigation for insulting the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.

## Personal life

İmam Taşçıer grew up in the village Yukarısalat in Bismil District, Diyarbakır Province and is a teacher. He is married and has two children.
# Abaca Festival

The Abaca Festival, formally known as Catanduanes Abaka Festival, is an annual festival held in Virac, Catanduanes, Philippines during the fourth week of May. It celebrates the abacá fiber, the Manila hemp industry, and the resilient spirit and culture of Catanduanes.

## Background

Catanduanes Island is the native habitat of the endemic abacá plant (a banana relative), which is cultivated for its strong fiber. Philippine Fiber Industry and Development Authority declared Catanduanes as the highest abacá producing province in 2010. Between 2009 and 2013, The Philippine Rural Development Program and the Department of Agriculture reported that Bicol Region produced 39% of Philippine abacá, while Catanduanes produced 92%.
On April 15, 2022, President Rodrigo Duterte signed Republic Act No. 11700, declaring Catanduanes as the abacá capital of the Philippines.

## Events

The main features of the festival are: Padadyaw Ginamlangan or Padadyaw kan Abaka, Pinukpok Fashion Show, Urag Catandungan sports competitions, Kantang Catandungan or Musika kan Isla, Festival Dance Competition, Binibini and Ginoong Bikol, Hagyan sa Kabitoonan and Jobs Fair.
# De Havilland DH.14 Okapi

The de Havilland DH.14 Okapi was a British two-seat day bomber of the 1910s built by de Havilland. The aircraft was designed as an Airco DH.4 and DH.9 replacement, but it never entered production.

## Design and development

The Okapi was a scaled-up Airco DH.9 with a bigger engine, (the Rolls-Royce Condor) intended as a replacement for the DH.4 and DH.9. Three were built, but due to the end of the First World War the Royal Air Force was reluctant to accept them. The third aircraft was the first to fly, and it was completed by Airco as the DH.14A, a two-seat long-range mail plane. The two military aircraft were completed by de Havilland in 1921 and used for trials. One suffered a fatal crash at Burnham Beeches on 10 February 1922 and no production aircraft were ordered.

## G-EAPY

The third aircraft was completed as the DH.14A to compete in the Daily Mail transatlantic flight competition. It had a Napier Lion engine and increased 586 imp gal (2,660 L; 704 US gal) fuel capacity. With the winning of the prize by Alcock and Brown the project was abandoned. The aircraft, registered G-EAPY, was then to be used by Sidney Cotton, who intended to try for the Australian government's £10,000 prize for a flight between England and Australia. Keith and Ross Smith won that prize before Cotton was ready.
The aircraft was loaned by Airco to Cotton to attempt the first flight between London and Cape Town. Cotton and an engineer from Napier left Hendon Aerodrome on 4 February 1920, but soon forced landed at Cricklewood with oil problems. Cotton reached Naples on the 21 February but they failed to find the aerodrome at Messina and they force-landed on a nearby beach.
G-EAPY was rebuilt by Airco with an additional third cockpit and sold to Cotton for use in the Aerial Derby. The aircraft was badly damaged when it forced landed following an onboard fire near Hertford on 24 July 1920. When the other two DH.14s were completed by de Havilland at Stag Lane in 1921 the DH.14A was repaired again and joined the test flying with a military serial number.

## Variants

* DH.14 – two-seat day bomber with a Rolls-Royce Condor engine, two built.
* DH.14A – two-seat long range mailplane with a Napier Lion Engine, one built.

## Operators
### United Kingdom

* Royal Air Force

## Specifications (DH.14)

Data from The British Bomber since 1914
General characteristics
* Crew: Two
* Length: 33 ft 11+1⁄2 in (10.351 m)
* Wingspan: 50 ft 5 in (15.37 m)
* Height: 14 ft 0 in (4.27 m)
* Wing area: 617 sq ft (57.3 m$^2$)
* Empty weight: 4,484 lb (2,034 kg)
* Max takeoff weight: 7,074 lb (3,209 kg)
* Powerplant: 1 × Rolls-Royce Condor I water-cooled V12 engine, 525 hp (391 kW)
* Propellers: wood fixed pitch propeller
Performance
* Maximum speed: 122 mph (196 km/h, 106 kn) at 10,000 ft (3,000 m)
* Endurance: 5 hours
* Rate of climb: 400 ft/min (2.0 m/s)
Armament
* Guns:
** 1 × fixed forward-firing synchronised 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun
** 1 × 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis gun on Scarff ring
* Bombs: 6 × 112 lb (51 kg) bombs in two fuselage bomb bays
# Merry Christmas (2001 film)

Merry Christmas is a 2001 Italian Christmas comedy film directed by Neri Parenti.

## Cast

* Massimo Boldi as Enrico Carli
* Christian De Sica as Fabio Trivellone
* Enzo Salvi as Cesare Mandrione
* Bruno Arena as Bruno
* Max Cavallari as Max
* Biagio Izzo as the hotel's porter
* Emanuela Folliero as Serena Trivellone
* Paula Vázquez as Selvaggia Trivellone
* Sarah Calogero as Martina Trivellone
* Marco Iannone as Matteo Trivellone
* Lucía Jordán as Michela Carli
* Joe Watson as George
* Rosanna Walls as Jenny
* Eva Marciel as Carla

## Production

The film was Filmauro's annual Christmas comedy. It was originally titled Christmas in New York. It was filming at Fiumicino Airport in Rome, Italy on 11 September 2001 and was due to film in New York for four weeks 4 days later. Following the 11 September 2001 attacks, production was stopped for a month and the script rewritten to change the location to Amsterdam.

## Reception

The film opened at the top of the Italian box office with a first week gross of 11.7 billion lire ($5.6 million) and remained there for a second week, grossing $13.5 million in 12 days. It was the first Filmauro comedy to be the Christmas number one since A spasso nel tempo in 1996.
# Symbols of the Republic of Cabinda

The Angolan exclave of Cabinda has been the site of a separatist conflict since the Angolan War of Independence. The separatist side is represented by several organizations, the largest of which is the FLEC, which maintains the armed forces of the Republic of Cabinda.

## Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda

* The most popular version of the FLEC flag
* Another variant of the FLEC flag
* Another variant of the FLEC flag
* Emblem of FLEC
* Flag of FLEC-Renovada
Blue-yellow-red tricolor with green triangle and white star appeared on 1 August 1975, when the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda declared independence Republic of Cabinda. The state ceased to exist after five months, but FLEC continues to operate under the same flag. The original FLEC was reformed in the 1990s and split into factions. This flag represented Cabinda in the UNPO between 1997 and 2011. Apart from FLEC-Renovada, whose flag was white with a central stripe divided into three colours (green, yellow and black, with a red ring in the middle of the flag), these factions continued to use the original red, yellow and blue flag.

## Liberation Front of the State of Cabinda

* Flag of FLEC
* Seal of FLEC
The next flag of the Republic of Cabinda, headed by a Liberation Front of the State of Cabinda, government in exile established by immigrants in the Netherlands, changed the red to black. Adopted after 1996, the central stripe represents the padrão, a still existing monument erected in 1956, in memory of the Treaty of Simulambuco (1885), which established a Portuguese protectorate over Cabinda. The disregard of this treaty by the Angolan government is one of the causes of the conflict.

## Cabinda Free State

An organization calling itself simply "Cabinda Free State" created symbols referring to the pre-colonial Bakongo kingdoms. The flag they use is a horizontal copper, white and black tricolour. The copper symbolizes the kingdoms of NGoyo, Loango and Kakongo, the white culture and the black the inhabitants. The charge of their coat of arms represents the design of the ancient banner of King of Kakongo, that is, the ruler carrying his son between the moon and the sun.
# Prandtl–Meyer function

In aerodynamics, the Prandtl–Meyer function describes the angle through which a flow turns isentropically from sonic velocity (M=1) to a Mach (M) number greater than 1. The maximum angle through which a sonic (M = 1) flow can be turned around a convex corner is calculated for M = $\infty$. For an ideal gas, it is expressed as follows,
    ${\begin{aligned}\nu (M)&=\int {\frac {\sqrt {M^{2}-1}}{1+{\frac {\gamma -1}{2}}M^{2}}}{\frac {\,dM}{M}}\\[4pt]&={\sqrt {\frac {\gamma +1}{\gamma -1}}}\cdot \arctan {\sqrt {{\frac {\gamma -1}{\gamma +1}}(M^{2}-1)}}-\arctan {\sqrt {M^{2}-1}}\end{aligned}}$
where $\nu \,$ is the Prandtl–Meyer function, $M$ is the Mach number of the flow and $\gamma$ is the ratio of the specific heat capacities.
By convention, the constant of integration is selected such that $\nu (1)=0.\,$
As Mach number varies from 1 to $\infty$, $\nu \,$ takes values from 0 to $\nu _{\text{max}}\,$, where
    $\nu _{\text{max}}={\frac {\pi }{2}}{\bigg{\sqrt {\frac {\gamma +1}{\gamma -1}}}-1{\bigg )}$
| For isentropic expansion, | $\nu (M_{2})=\nu (M_{1})+\theta \,$ |
| For isentropic compression, | $\nu (M_{2})=\nu (M_{1})-\theta \,$ |
where, $\theta$ is the absolute value of the angle through which the flow turns, $M$ is the flow Mach number and the suffixes "1" and "2" denote the initial and final conditions respectively.
# The Clan (2005 film)

The Clan is a 2005 Italian musical comedy film directed by Christian De Sica.

## Cast

* Christian De Sica as Franco
* Paolo Conticini as Dino
* Sebastien Torkia as Sammy
* Andrea Osvárt as Patricia
* Linda Batista as Helen Carter
* Max Tortora as Bob / Otello / Pedro
* Anna Longhi as Aunt Luciana
* Hristo Dimitrov as the policeman
* Nadia Rinaldi as the nun
# Grande-Anse River

The Grande-Anse River (French: Rivière de la Grande-Anse) flows through western Haiti and empties into the Gulf of Gonâve at the city of Jérémie. It is one of the largest rivers in Haiti.
It is also one of the most dangerous rivers in Haiti. Many people died trying to cross the river by truck in the last decades. Most recently, bridges have been constructed over the river linking Aux-Cayes in the south department to Jeremie in the Grand'Anse department.