OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ghost flight (commercial aviation)

In commercial aviation, ghost flight is a term used to describe a flight operated by an airline on a regularly scheduled route with an aircraft containing less than 10% of the airplane's total capacity. While initially considered to be a rare occurrence, ghost flights have become more frequent as of the early 2020s following the COVID-19 pandemic. Critics say these flights are unnecessarily adding to the environmental effects of aviation
Since the beginning of 2019, over 5,000 aircraft have flown to and from United Kingdom airports with no passengers. In addition, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) confirmed that over 35,000 flights had less than 10% of passenger capacity. The United Kingdom's biggest airport, Heathrow, accounted for 10,467 flights.
As the COVID-19 pandemic began to spread worldwide in March 2020, flights got cancelled and delayed due to travel restrictions. During this time, airline travel was reduced by 45% in 2020. Because of this, airlines had to increase the number of empty flights in order to maintain their airport slots during this time.

## Airport slot rule

In order to maintain an effective airport and keep flights on time, airports have implemented slot rules to ensure flights are able to continue in a timely manner and limit airspace congestion. These slot rules also help maximize competition and keep airfares low. Airlines are required to utilize the slots for flights or trade them. If a slot goes unused, the airline must give back the slot so other airlines are able to use it.
Before the COVID restrictions, airlines were required to use their allotted spots at least 80% of the time. During the pandemic, the European Commission temporarily suspended Europe's airport slot rule for a short period. Due to travel restrictions, many flights were cancelled or had limited capacity, which made it difficult for airlines to fulfill all the requirements for possessing an airport slot. The suspension of the slot rule was reinstated in October 2021. After the slot rule was reinstated, the rule only required European airlines to use 75% of their flight slots for the winter season. In the summer of 2023, they plan on getting back on track to pre-pandemic regulations and will be required to fill 80% of airport slots. However, in January 2022 the Lufthansa Group, Europe's second largest airline, estimated that it would need to operate 18,000 ghost flights this winter to be able to keep all their current runway slots. Ghost flights are an example of wastage and unnecessary emissions, and are used as an argument for slot reform.
As of July 2022, the European Commission adopted a proposal that would allow more flexibility of airline slots. Airlines would be allowed to use exceptions in situations such as natural disasters, epidemiological emergencies such as pandemics, or widespread political unrest resulting in disruptive effect on air travel. The proposal went into effect on October 30, 2022.
# Beth Beskin

Beth Beskin (born November 24, 1959) is an American politician who served in the Georgia House of Representatives from the 54th district from 2015 to 2019. In September 2019, Beskin announced she was running for a seat on the Georgia Supreme Court.
# Jenna Simula

Jenna Simula (born 13 September 1989 in Oulu) is a Finnish politician currently serving in the Parliament of Finland for the Finns Party at the Oulu constituency.
# Jan Bruin

Jan Bruin (born September 30, 1969 in Hollum, Ameland) is a retired Dutch footballer.

## Club career

He has played the majority of his career in the Eerste Divisie for SC Cambuur, FC Volendam and FC Zwolle before finishing his career at Stormvogels Telstar. He played as a striker.
Bruin is Cambuur's record goalscorer of all-time and currently works as an assistant coach at the club.
# Drawbridge Peak

Drawbridge Peak is located on the Continental Divide along the provincial borders of Alberta and British Columbia. The Alberta side is in Jasper National Park while Mount Robson Provincial Park is on the B.C. side. It was named in 1920 by the Interprovincial Boundary Survey.
# Nev Munro

Nev Munro (22 July 1927 – 31 August 2003) was a Canadian basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
# Roberto Volpi

Roberto Volpi (born 15 August 1952) was an Italian predominantly steeplechase runner who competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

## National titles

He won four times the national championships at senior level.
* Italian Athletics Championships
** 3000 m st: 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980
# 1995 Latvian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Latvia on 30 September and 1 October 1995. The Democratic Party "Saimnieks" emerged as the largest party in the Saeima, winning 18 of the 100 seats.

## Results

| | Democratic Party "Saimnieks" | 144,758 | 15.22 | 18 | New |
| | People's Movement for Latvia | 142,324 | 14.97 | 16 | New |
| | Latvian Way | 139,929 | 14.71 | 17 | –19 |
| | For Fatherland and Freedom | 114,050 | 11.99 | 14 | +8 |
| | Latvian Unity Party | 68,305 | 7.18 | 8 | +8 |
| | ZS–LKDS–LDP | 60,498 | 6.36 | 8 | –10 |
| | NKP–ZP | 60,352 | 6.35 | 8 | New |
| | Socialist Party of Latvia | 53,325 | 5.61 | 5 | New |
| | National Harmony Party | 53,041 | 5.58 | 6 | –7 |
| | Labour and Justice Coalition | 43,599 | 4.58 | 0 | New |
| | Political Union of Economists | 14,209 | 1.49 | 0 | New |
| | Latvian Farmers' Union | 13,009 | 1.37 | 0 | –12 |
| | Party of Russian Citizens in Latvia | 11,924 | 1.25 | 0 | 0 |
| | Popular Front of Latvia | 11,090 | 1.17 | 0 | 0 |
| | Political Association of the Underprivileged and Latvian Independence Party | 9,468 | 1.00 | 0 | New |
| | Citizens Union "Our Land" – Anti-Communist Union | 5,050 | 0.53 | 0 | 0 |
| | Democrats' Party | 2,546 | 0.27 | 0 | New |
| | Latvian Liberal Party | 2,163 | 0.23 | 0 | 0 |
| | Latvian National Democratic Party | 1,367 | 0.14 | 0 | New |
| Total | Total | 951,007 | 100.00 | 100 | 0 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 951,007 | 98.52 | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 14,332 | 1.48 | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 965,339 | 100.00 | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 1,328,779 | 72.65 | | |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver ||||||

## Aftermath

Both parties of government, Latvian Way and Latvian Farmers' Union were punished by the voters, losing a substantial number of seats. With no party able to form a working majority, a new government was formed led by independent Andris Šķēle.
# Karen Bennett (politician)

Karen L. Bennett (born January 10, 1956) is an American politician. She is a member of the Georgia House of Representatives from the 94th District, where she has been serving since 2013.
Bennett has sponsored 150 bills. She is a member of the Democratic party.
# Talakiriyagama

Talakiriyagama is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.
# Jan Gielens

Jan Gielens (17 August 1903 – 26 July 1964) was a Dutch footballer. He played in nine matches for the Netherlands national football team from 1925 to 1926.
# Dataparallel C

Dataparallel C is a programming language based on C with parallel extensions by Philip Hatcher and Michael Quinn of the University of New Hampshire. Dataparallel C was based on an early version of C* and ran on the Intel iPSC/2 and nCUBE.
# Vernon Armitage

Vernon Kirk Armitage (20 October 1842 – 8 May 1911) was an English first-class cricketer who played in one match for Cambridge University Cricket Club in 1864. Cricket websites indicate that he was born at Hope Hall, Eccles, then in Lancashire; a history of Salford, however, indicates that his father did not purchase Hope Hall until 11 years after Vernon's birth, and lived at Pendleton before 1853. Vernon Armitage died at Birkdale, also then Lancashire.
Vernon Armitage was the sixth son of the Lancashire industrialist Sir Elkanah Armitage and the only child of his father's second marriage. He was educated at Harrow School and at Trinity College, Cambridge. There is no record that he played cricket at Harrow and his only first-class appearance came in the match between Cambridge University and the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1864, when he batted low in the order and scored six runs in his only innings.
Armitage graduated from Cambridge with both Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Bachelor of Laws (LL.B) degrees in 1865; the BA converted automatically to a Master of Arts in 1868. Before graduation he had been accepted as a trainee lawyer at the Inner Temple and he was called to the bar in 1866, practising on the Northern Circuit. Later he became a Justice of the Peace in Lancashire, and was also vice-chairman of Lancashire County Council.
# Luc Carvounas

Luc Carvounas (born 8 June 1971) is a French politician of the Socialist Party (PS) who served as a member of the National Assembly from 2017 until 2020, representing Val-de-Marne. He is currently mayor of Alfortville.

## Political career
### Early beginnings

In the 2015 French regional elections in Île-de-France, Carvounas served as campaign director to the Socialist Party's candidate Claude Bartolone.
Ahead of the Socialist Party's 2017 primaries, Carvounas endorsed Manuel Valls as the party's candidate for the presidential election later that year.

### Member of the National Assembly, 2017–2020

From 2017 until 2020, Carvounas was a member of the National Assembly, where he served on the Defence Committee. In addition to his committee assignments, he was part of the French delegation to the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU).
Carvounas was a candidate for the Socialist Party's leadership at the Aubervilliers Congress in 2018.
In September 2020 his re-election as Mayor of Alfortville made Carvounas ineligible for the National Assembly due to the changed cumulation of mandates rule. His substitute, Sarah Taillebois, was ineligible due to appointment to the École nationale d'administration. A by-election was held 27 September 2020, which was won by Isabelle Santiago, also of the Socialist Party.

### Later career

In September 2020, Carvounas was elected chairman of the Association des Maires du Val-de-Marne.
Ahead of the 2022 presidential election, Carvounas joined the campaign team of Anne Hidalgo as spokesperson.

## Personal life

Since 2015, Carvounas has been married to Stéphane Exposito.
# Charles Cannon (Georgia politician)

Charles Cannon is an American politician from the Georgia Republican Party who serves as a member of the Georgia House of Representatives representing District 172. In 2023 he was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in a special election to replace Sam Watson who resigned to run for State Senate.
# Rita Skjærvik

Rita Skjærvik (born 13 March 1974) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
She started her political career in the Workers' Youth League, as deputy leader of that organization in Sør-Trøndelag, from 1993 to 1995. In 1995 she was elected to the municipal council of Rissa Municipality. She later enrolled at the University of Oslo, graduating in political science.
She worked as a secretary for the Workers' Youth League from 1996 to 1998, and as an advisor in the Labour Party from 1999. From 2002 to 2003 she worked as a personal advisor for Jens Stoltenberg. When the second cabinet Stoltenberg assumed office following the 2005 election, she was appointed State Secretary in the Office of the Prime Minister.
# Narain Prasad Gupta

Narain Prasad Gupta was a member of Rajya Sabha of India from Madhya Pradesh. He was founding members of Jana Sangh and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party political party.
# Rio Novo, Minas Gerais

Rio Novo, Minas Gerais is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil. Part of Presidente Itamar Franco Airport is within the municipality, the remainder being in Goianá.
# Sandro Callari

Sandro Callari (born 14 December 1953) is an Italian former cyclist. He competed in the team pursuit event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
# Ras cannons

The Ras Cannons were the first cannons built in South Africa. The two cannons were constructed during the First Boer War on a farm Bokfontein in Brits district.
They were built during a two-week period by Marthinus Nikolaas Ras, who is considered the father of South African Artillery, and his cousin, Eduard Dawid Ras who was a talented blacksmith.
In December 1880, Ras requested and obtained permission from General Piet Cronjé to return home to his farm Bokfontein, near Brits, to build a cannon for the Boer forces.

## "Martienie" Cannon

Marthinus Nikolaas Ras bought a number of iron shod wagon wheels from a dealer in Rustenburg, which were melted down and from which the cannons were cast.
The first cannon, a 3-inch caliber named "Martienie" after Marthinus Ras, fired a 7-pound lead ball from a 4½ feet barrel. The breech plug of the cannon was damaged during the first test firing of the cannon, which necessitated some adjustments from the manufacturer. The damaged cannon breech was replaced by a reinforced breech (see picture) and the cannon was then mounted on a small wagon axle and wheels.
The "Martienie" cannon was moved to the front and deployed by Commandant Eloff against the British garrison at Rustenburg. It was first fired from 2000 feet, then later from 800 and 600 feet. Between the 8 and 9 January 1881 it was used to fire 93 shots on the British fort, which led to the subsequent surrender of the fort.

## "Ras" Cannon

The second cannon, built at a later stage, was dubbed "Ras". It was smaller than "Martienie," being a 2-inch caliber, but it had a longer barrel measuring 5½ feet in length. "Ras" was designed to fire an elongated bullet-shaped projectile, which was (2 inches wide and 4½ inches long). However, despite its design, the cannon was never deployed operationally during the war.
Following the war, "Ras" was sent as an exhibit to Europe and was displayed at the 1900 World Fair in Paris. It remained in Europe until after the conclusion of the Second Boer War when it was finally returned to South Africa.

## After the war

The “Martienie” cannon was used after the war to fire the noon signal in Pretoria.
In 1885 a mad Austrian named Compolier loaded the cannon with rocks, aimed and fired it at the State Presidential residence in Pretoria. The shot severely damaged the cannon, and it was subsequently moved to a museum. When the British marched into Pretoria in 1900, it was already a museum piece, otherwise it would probably have met the same fate as the other Boer war cannons, which were sent to England to be melted down.
The two Ras cannons survive today. "Ras" is displayed at Fort Schanskop in Pretoria, and "Martienie" at Denel in Erasmuskloof, Pretoria.

## Honours

After the Second World War, the 26 Field Artillery Regiment of the South African Transvaal Artillery gunner regiments, named their two senior batteries "MARTIENIE" and "RAS" after the two homemade cannons built by Martinus Ras. He was further honoured in 1981 by the regiment, by the firing of a Salute at a memorial service to celebrate the achievements of the gunmaker, 100 years after the manufacture of the first gun.
# Jan Lambrichs

Jan Lambrichs (21 June 1915 – 28 January 1990) was a Dutch racing cyclist. He finished eighth in the 1939 Tour de France and third in the 1946 Vuelta a España.
# John Henry Dolph

John Henry Dolph (April 18, 1835 – September 28, 1903) was an American painter. Eventually based in New York City, he became notable for his depictions of pets such as dogs and kittens.

## Life

John Henry Dolph was born on April 18, 1835, in Fort Ann, New York. In 1841, his father Osmond relocated the family to Ashtabula County, Ohio. Eight years later, John Dolph began an apprenticeship as a carriage painter in Columbus. From 1855, he worked as a portrait painter in Cleveland and Detroit. In 1861 he was listed as "J. Henri Dolph".
Dolph moved to New York City in 1864 where his works were annually exhibited in the National Academy of Design until 1900. By the end of the 1860s decade, he had also become a prominent landscape painter. From 1870 to 1873 he studied in Antwerp, Belgium, and took further studies in Paris from 1880 to 1882. Afterwards he specialised in painting pet animals such as dogs and cats. In New York, Dolph became a member of the Kit Kat Club of avant-garde artists, the Lotus Club and the Salmagundi Club. He was elected into the National Academy of Design in 1877 as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1898.
Dolph lived in the Sherwood Studio Building at 57th and 6th. Sherwood Studio was the first apartment building in NYC made specifically for artists.
John H. Dolph died in New York City on September 28, 1903.

## Reception

Among others, Dolph received a favourable review by the New York Tribune in 1892. His achievement in the painting of cats was compared to John George Brown's work of street urchins by The Recorder. Dolph has also been called "the Landseer of America".

## Selected works

* "A Cat with her Kittens"
* "The Adirondack Mountains, Near Elizabethtown, Essex Co., N.Y." (1866)
* "Courage is Half the Battle"
# Mohammed Saleh Bendjelloul

Dr. Mohammed Saleh Bendjelloul (1893–1985) was an Algerian general practitioner and a moderate nationalist politician. He co-founded the "Fédération des élus indigènes" alongside Ferhat Abbas (in 1927), and also founded the "Fédération des Élus Musulmans d'Algérie" (in 1930). Moreover, Bendjelloul was also a deputy to the French National Assembly until Algeria gained its independence. Bendjelloul contributed to the development of Algerian nationalism, prior to the Revolution, by his efforts to achieve political and civil equality between the French and Algerians.

## Personal life

Bendjelloul was born in Constantine into a family of Turkish origin.
# Anne-Laure Cattelot

Anne-Laure Cattelot (French pronunciation:; born 25 October 1988) is a French politician of Renaissance (RE) who has been serving as a member of the National Assembly of France between 2017 and 2022, where she represents the 12th constituency of the Nord.

## Political career

Cattelot was elected to the 12th constituency of the North on 18 June 2017. She won in the second round against the candidate of the National Front. Her predecessor in the constituency, Christian Bataille, beaten in the first round, gave her his support to block the National Front.
In the National Assembly, Cattelot sits on the Finance Committee. She is also a President of the Brewery sector's Working Group.
In 2018, Prime Minister Édouard Philippe entrusted Cattelot with the government's information mission "Industry of the future" to transform French companies by digital, to create the industry of the future.

## Political positions

In October 2018, Cattelot denounced the overexploitation of the forest of Mormal by clear cuts and asked for the formation of a commission of inquiry in the National Assembly.
In July 2019, Cattelot voted in favor of the French ratification of the European Union’s Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with Canada.
# Sandro Sambugaro

Sandro Sambugaro (born 6 July 1965) is an Italian ski jumper. He competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics and the 1988 Winter Olympics.
# Don Cheeks

Donald Edward Cheeks (May 1, 1931 – January 28, 2024) was an American politician. He was a member of the Georgia State Senate from the 23rd district from 1992 to 2004. He was a member of the Republican party. Cheeks also served in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1967 to 1968 (District 104), 1971 to 1972 (District 78), and 1979 to 1992 (District 89).
Cheeks died January 28, 2024.
# Vira bruk

Vira bruk is a village and an historic iron works in Österåker in Sweden.
Vira bruk was founded around 1630 by Clas Fleming. On the basis on a monopoly granted by a royal privilege it manufactured most of the rapiers and swords for the Swedish army into the mid 19th Century.
Vira bruk was owned by the Fleming family until 1757, when it was sold to Reinhold Angerstein, who at that time was an official of the Swedish Board of Mines. Angerstein planned for extension of the manufacturing, but died in 1760 before they could be realized. The works then were taken over by his brother-in-law, the archbishop Samuel Troilius.
The royal privilege lasted until 1775, but the forge continued to supply weapons to the Swedish armed forces into the 19th Century and later manufactured civilian products, such as axes and scythes, into the mid-20th Century. Vira bruk is now a museum.
# Edmund Vesey Knox

Edmund Francis Vesey Knox (23 January 1865 – 15 May 1921) was an Irish nationalist politician of Ulster-Scots descent. Initially a member of the Irish Parliamentary Party, he sided with the Anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation majority when the party split in 1891.

## Early life

Knox was born in Newcastle, County Down, the eldest son of the Vesey Edmund Knox and Margaret Clarissa Garrett. His younger brothers were Maj.-Gen. Sir Alfred Knox, a British Army officer and Conservative politician; and Gen. Sir Harry Knox, Adjutant-General to the Forces from 1935–37.
Their great-grandfather Hon. Vesey Knox was the son of Thomas Knox, 1st Viscount Northland, and brother of Thomas Knox, 1st Earl of Ranfurly (1754–1840); Maj.-Gen. Hon. John Knox (1758–1800), Governor of Jamaica; William Knox (1762–1831), Bishop of Derry; George Knox (1765–1827), MP for Dublin University; Charles Knox (1770–1825), Archdeacon of Armagh; and Edmund Knox (1772–1849), Bishop of Limerick.

## Education and career

Knox was educated at St Columba's College, Dublin and Keble College, Oxford. He was a barrister and member of Gray's Inn and Middle Temple. He became a Bencher at Gray's Inn 1906; Treasurer 1913, and Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford in 1886.
Knox was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for West Cavan at an unopposed by-election on 26 March 1890, following the death of the nationalist MP Joseph Biggar, taking his seat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
He was re-elected as an Irish National Federation MP at the 1892 general election, with a majority of more than three-to-one over his sole opponent, a Unionist. At the 1895 election he was again returned unopposed in West Cavan, but also stood in Londonderry City, winning that seat by a slender majority over his unionist opponent. He chose to sit for Londonderry City, and held that seat until he resigned from Parliament on 9 December 1898 by becoming Steward of the Manor of Northstead.

## Personal life

Knox married firstly Annie Elizabeth Lloyd (died 1907), daughter of William Lloyd of Llanmaes, Glamorgan, and had a daughter and three sons.
* Lt. John Vesey Knox (1892–1918), killed in an accident while an instructor for the Royal Flying Corps during the First World War
* Capt. Columb "Collie" Thomas Knox (1897–1977), journalist and pilot
* Dilys Myfanwy Knox (1899–1990), married firstly Lt.-Col. David Charles Gilbert Dickinson (died 1943) and secondly Lt.-Col. Arthur Joseph Sullivan OBE
* Lt. Noel Lloyd Knox (1906–1962), member of the Ulster Special Constabulary