OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Zeiss formula

In photographic optics, the Zeiss formula is a supposed formula for computing a circle of confusion (CoC) criterion for depth of field (DoF) calculations. The formula is $c=d/1730$, where $d$ is the diagonal measure of a camera format, film, sensor, or print, and $c$ the maximum acceptable diameter of the circle of confusion.
The Zeiss formula is apocryphal, in the sense that it has grown to be a well-known named concept by propagation through the internet, even though it has no official origin, little connection to Carl Zeiss Company, and no recognition or usage in the photographic industry outside the web community.
The number 1/1730 derives from a circle of confusion diameter of 0.025 mm on a full-frame 35 mm film format, with diagonal size about 43.25 mm (43.25/0.025 is 1730). The CoC size of 0.025 mm for this format appears in Jacobson's Photographic Lenses Tutorial, and the 1730 in his 1996 Photographic Lenses FAQ. Jacobson derived the 0.025 mm CoC number from analysis of the Zeiss Triotar lens DoF markings on the Rollei B35 (see photo). The manual for the Rollei B35 also states 0.025 mm CoC for its tabulated DoF distances, though it also includes an example DoF reading that implies a larger CoC.
By 2001, the term "Zeiss formula" had appeared, in the manual for the on-line DoF calculator f/calc.
On the other hand, Zeiss gives the values d/1000 as the traditional standard and d/1500 as the modern standard.
# Philip Aiken

Philip S. Aiken (born 9 January 1949, in Sydney) is an Australian business executive.
Aiken holds a Bachelor of Engineering degree in chemical engineering from University of Sydney, and has attended the Advanced Management Program from Harvard Business School. Aiken was formerly Group President of BHP Billiton's energy business, and an executive director of Nylex. He held senior positions at BOC, and was also a senior advisor to Macquarie Capital (Europe).

## Early life and education

Aiken was born in Sydney, Australia, on 9 January 1949. In 1970, he graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering degree in chemical engineering from University of Sydney and later in 1989, attended the Advanced Management Program at Harvard Business School.

## Career

Aiken started his career in 1970 with BOC; where he served for nearly 26 years, holding several senior positions. In 1995, he was appointed executive director and Chief Executive of Nylex (which later became Invensys). From 1997 until his retirement in 2006, he worked for BHP Billiton; firstly as President of BHP Petroleum, and latterly as Group President of BHP Billiton's Energy business. From 2006 until 2009, he was a senior advisor at Macquarie Bank.
He was appointed to the board of Robert Walters in July 2000, and as its chairman in May 2007. On 24 May 2012, Aiken decided to step down from his role as chairman of Robert Walters once the process of appointing a successor chairman has been completed.
In April 2012, Aiken was appointed to the board of Aveva, to succeed the outgoing chairman Nick Prest. He commenced his duties as chairman after the shareholders approval at the Annual General Meeting on 12 July 2012 and stood down in January 2023. In April 2013 he joined the board of Newcrest standing down following its acquisition by Newmont whose Board he joined in November 2023. In March 2015, he became chairman of Balfour Beatty and stood down as chairman on 20 July 2021.
He joined the Board of New Energy One Acquisitions in 2021 and BIAC in 2023.
He was also formerly a non-executive director of National Grid plc, copper mining company Kazakhmys,Indian-focused energy company Essar Energy. and Miclyn Express Offshore,a Singapore based service boat company.

## Personal life

Aiken lives in Melbourne and London with his wife, Fran. He was awarded a Member of the Order of Australia in June 2013.
# Notonuphar

Notonuphar is an extinct genus of water lily in the family Nymphaeaceae. It contains a single species, Notonuphar antarctica. It is only known only from the Eocene-aged La Meseta Formation of Seymour Island, Antarctica.

## Taxonomy

It is notable for being the first water lily known to have inhabited Antarctica. It is known from numerous fossil seeds which are abundant throughout certain horizons of the La Meseta Formation, constituting over 95% of fossil seeds in some areas. The anatomy of these seeds supports a close relationship with the genus Nuphar, a genus presently restricted to the Northern Hemisphere. Morphological analysis also recovers it as being the sister genus of Nuphar. It is the first Gondwanan plant known to be related to Nuphar.
The genus name Notonuphar is derived from the Greek word "notos" (meaning "south") and Nuphar, literally translating to "southern Nuphar." The specific epithet antarctica refers to the species being discovered on the continent of Antarctica.

## Paleobiology

During the Eocene, Antarctica was not yet glaciated and had a climate and ecosystem similar to the modern Valdivian temperate rain forest of Chile. Notonuphar is the first discovered Antarctic fossil species known to have inhabited freshwater habitats. It was likely a common plant of freshwater wetlands near the coast. Rivers may have washed Notonuphar seeds from these wetlands into the sea, where they later fossilized. Notonuphar likely shared its freshwater habitat with an undescribed aquatic plant possibly related to Nelumbo, as well as a large, undescribed frog of the genus Calyptocephalella (which was found at the same type locality).
# Macedonian Orthodox Diocese of Australia - Sydney

The Macedonian Orthodox Diocese of Australia - Sydney (Macedonian: Австралиско - Сиднејска Епархија) is one of a number of dioceses of the Macedonian Orthodox Church (MOC). There are some 27 MOC churches in Australia. Slightly over half are under the Macedonian Orthodox diocese former headed by Metropolitan Timotej.

## History

Over some two decades (mid-1990s to mid-2010s) the Macedonian Orthodox Diocese of Australia and New Zealand experienced internal divisions regarding the matter of property ownership. In the context of Australian law, a sizable number of parishioners view themselves and not the Macedonian Orthodox Church as owners of properties and churches in the country. In early 2012, people representing the parishes and municipalities who refuse Metropolitan Petar's legitimacy entered into negotiations with the MOC. Both sides agreed to a short-term solution which acknowledged each other. One group would be part of the jurisdiction of Metropolitan Petar and the other under the MOC and its Synod. The MOC synod convened a meeting whose outcome resulted in Metropolitan Timothy becoming the overseer of Macedonian parishes who do not support Metropolitan Petar in Australia. The number of parishes of the Macedonian Orthodox Diocese of Australia - Sydney under first administrator Metropolitan Timothy are 14. Both sides agreed to put on hold any legal processes in order to allow for time to reach a solution over a period of 3 years. In the late 2010s the situation had become formalised and the churches under Metropolitan Timothy are organised as first administrator of the Macedonian Orthodox Diocese of Australia - Sydney.
# Monastery of Yuste

The Monastery of Yuste is a monastery in the small village now called Cuacos de Yuste (in older works San Yuste or San Just) in the province of Cáceres in the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. The monastery was founded by the Hieronymite order of monks in 1402.
It is the monastery and palace house in which Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and King of Spain resided from after his abdication until his death.

## History

In 1556 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, retired to the Monastery of Yuste, near Cuacos de Yuste, after having abdicated the Spanish crown in favour of his son Philip II of Spain and the crown of the Holy Roman Empire in favour of his brother Ferdinand I. He intended to devote the rest of his life to prayer in this remote and obscure monastery. Nonetheless, the monastery had to be expanded that year to make room for the emperor and the 50 or 60 members of his entourage.
From time to time well-known people, including his illegitimate son Don Juan de Austria and his heir Philip II of Spain, came to visit the retired emperor. A fictitious visit by Carlos, Prince of Asturias, and other characters provides the moonlit setting for Act V of the original version of Giuseppe Verdi's opera Don Carlos, and Yuste is also the setting for both scenes of Act II of that long and celebrated opera. Charles died there on September 21, 1558. He was buried in the monastery church, though his remains were later transferred to the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo del Escorial.
In 1809, during the Peninsular War, the monastery was burnt to the ground by the French army. It was left in ruins until 1949, when the Spanish government restored it at the behest of Francisco Franco.
The area around Yuste, the Valle del Jerte, is now an eco-tourist destination. Tourists can visit the monastery, including the emperor's apartments. The valley is also known for its cherry trees and the beauty of the surrounding landscape.
The monastery is currently inhabited by monks of the Pauline Order. In 2007 the monastery was awarded with the European Heritage Label.
# Shpëtim Idrizi

Shpëtim Idrizi (born 7 July 1967) is the Albanian leader of the Party for Justice, Integration and Unity (PDIU). He is a deputy in the Albanian Parliament, alongside Dashamir Tahiri, another PJU MP.
On December 10, 2012, Idrizi, and Dashamir Tahiri presented to the Parliament of Albania a resolution where PDIU asked from Greece reparations in the amount of 10 Billion Euros for the Expulsion of Cham Albanians.
# Trigram search

Trigram search is a method of searching for text when the exact syntax or spelling of the target object is not precisely known or when queries may be regular expressions. It finds objects which match the maximum number of three consecutive character strings (i.e. trigrams) in the entered search terms, which are generally near matches. Two strings with many shared trigrams can be expected to be very similar. Trigrams also allow for efficiently creating search engine indexes for searches that are regular expressions or match the text inexactly. Indexes can significantly accelerate searches. A threshold for number of trigram matches can be specified as a cutoff point, after a result is unmatched.
Using trigrams for accelerating searches is a technique used in some systems for code searching, in situations in which queries that are regular expressions may be useful, in search engines such as Elasticsearch, as well as in databases such as PostgreSQL.

## Examples

Consider the string "alice". The trigrams of the string would be "ali", "lic", and "ice", not including spaces. Searching for this string in a database with a trigram-based index would involve finding which objects contain as many of the three trigrams as possible.
As a concrete example of using trigram search to search for a regular expression query, consider searching for the string ab[cd]e, where the brackets denote that the third character in the string being searched for could be c or d. In this situation, one could query the index for objects that have the two trigrams abc and bce or the two trigrams abd and bde. Thus, finding this query would involve no string matching, and could just query the index directly, which can be faster in practice.
# Caproni Ca.6

The Caproni Ca.6 was a single-engine biplane, designed and built by Caproni in the early 1910s.

## Design

The Ca.6 was a single-engine propeller-driven biplane with a traditional configuration with wings in the bow and tail fletching, but it had no fuselage : it was replaced by a light structure formed by two beams of unshelled wood and some vertical reinforcing uprights that supported the planes of tail. They were composed only of a stabilizer - horizontal balancer; the lack of a vertical drift was compensated by four large interwoven surfaces that, placed between the wings, contributed to the stability of the aircraft around the vertical axis. The wings resumed the double curvature profile that had also characterized Caproni aircraft immediately preceding, but with not very lucky results: the aerodynamic characteristics of this type of profile, which had been suggested to Caproni by his friend and colleague Henri Coandă, proved to be once again unsatisfactory.

## Preservation

The Caproni Ca.6 was preserved inside the Caproni workshops until 1934, when it was brought to Milan to be shown to the public on the occasion of the Italian Air Force Exhibition. In the meantime, in 1927, the spouses Gianni and Timina Caproni founded the Caproni Museum, in whose headquarters in Taliedo the Ca.6 found a place starting from the forties. After the vicissitudes linked to the Second World War and the reopening of the museum in Vizzola Ticino, the Ca.6 was again exposed to the public. He found his definitive position in the Museo dell'Aeronautica Gianni Caproni, reopened in Trento, in the nineties.
The aircraft underwent a first renovation-conservation operation before being exposed in Milan, in the early thirties : it was probably on this occasion that the leading edge of the wings was reinforced with a metal strip and the fuselage and the wings themselves they were shortened. At the time of its transfer to Trento, the Ca.6 has undergone a new intervention; however, due to the lack of availability of reliable technical drawings and other necessary historical documentation, a real restoration did not take place, but only a conservation procedure.

## Specifications

Data from Aeroplani Caproni – Gianni Caproni ideatore e costruttore di ali italiane
General characteristics
* Length: 9.8 m (32 ft 2 in)
* Wingspan: 12 m (39 ft 4 in)
* Height: 3.27 m (10 ft 9 in)
* Wing area: 45 m$^2$ (480 sq ft)
* Gross weight: 318 kg (700 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Rebus 50hp 4-cyl 4-cylinder water-cooled in-line piston engine, 37 kW (50 hp)
* Propellers: 2-bladed fixed pitch propeller
Performance
# Siragadikka Aasai

Siragadikka Aasai (transl. The desire to fly) is a 1994 Indian Tamil-language coming-of-age film directed by Vijayachandran. The film stars Sivakumar, Vijayakumar, Manjula Vijayakumar and newcomer Zeenat, with Rajeev, Jeeva and Chinni Jayanth in supporting roles. It was released on 14 January 1994.

## Plot

Balu (Vijayakumar) and Padma (Manjula Vijayakumar) are a happily married couple and they have a teenage daughter Manju (Zeenat). One day, Manju receives a love letter from an unknown person. Balu hates love and wants to punish the letter sender. Her parents take the help of their neighbour Shiva (Sivakumar) to find the anonymous lover. Shiva is married to Sukanya (Jeeva) and they have a little boy (Master Vijay). What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

## Cast

* Sivakumar as Shiva
* Vijayakumar as Balu
* Manjula Vijayakumar as Padma
* Zeenat as Manju
* Rajeev as Inspector Dhayalan
* Jeeva as Sukanya
* Chinni Jayanth as Rangu
* Loose Mohan
* Oru Viral Krishna Rao
* Lakshmi
* Pratibha
* Sasi as Raja
* Master Vijay

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack was composed by Manoj Saran, with lyrics written by Vairamuthu, Muthulingam and Vijayachandran.
| Song | Singer(s) | Duration |
| "Rani Vani Varungadi" | Swarnalatha, Chorus | 4:29 |
| "Sungangal Sorgathil" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Uma Ramanan | 5:04 |
| "Then Sindhum Neram" | K. S. Chithra, Chorus | 4:23 |
| "Vangaiya Vanga" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chorus | 4:49 |
| "Vayasu Alla" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | 5:21 |

## Reception

The film was released on 14 January 1994 alongside other Pongal releases such as Sethupathi IPS, Amaidhi Padai, Rajakumaran, Veetla Visheshanga and Sindhu Nathi Poo. Malini Mannath of The Indian Express wrote, "The story is a little different (Gita) and for a first film is to the director's credit that he has tried out something different in the scenes he has incorporated in the screenplay. But of course it is his first work and it shows".
# Amal Al Khedairy

Amal Al Khedairy (born 1928) is an Iraqi academic, lecturer, scholar, art historian and founder and director of the cultural centre "Al Beit Al Iraqi" ("The Iraqi House") in Baghdad. The centre would focus mostly on reviving Iraqi crafts and finding new avenues for them, as well as concerts and lectures; being the only institution of its kind in Baghdad to do so during the 90s. It was the only private center in Iraq focusing on Iraqi craft and heritage in Baghdad during the mid eighties until the fall of Baghdad on 9 April 2003.

## Biography

Amal Al Khedairy was born in Damascus, French Syria, 1928, to a Syrian mother and well-known Iraqi father, Yasseen Al Khedairy, whose family has deep roots in Iraq since the 15th century. Her father's family are connected to the Shammar tribe who originated from Najd in the Arabian Peninsula. They later settled in the old quarter of Baghdad, close to the Mausoleum of al-Gilani in the Bab al-Sheikh neighborhood, where her father would build a home later to become Amal's "Al Beit Al Iraqi" in 1988; which was destroyed in a bombing by the American forces during the 2003 invasion of Iraq on April 4, 2003.
She studied at the University of London in the 1950s and also in Lausanne, Switzerland.
Fluent in Arabic, English and French, with conversational Turkish and Spanish, Khedairy has been a lecturer at both the University of Baghdad, in the College of Architecture and the Women's College.
Al Khedairy has one son, Munir El-Kadi (born 1970) and she resides between Amman, Jordan and Baghdad, Iraq.
# Alois Dvořáček

Alois Dvořáček (January 26, 1909 – ?) was a Czech basketball player who competed for Czechoslovakia in the 1936 Summer Olympics.
In 1936 he was a member of the Czechoslovak basketball team, which was eliminated in the third round of the Olympic tournament. He played one match.
# Edmond Leclère

Edmond Leclère (25 January 1912 – 24 March 1986) was a French basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
# Livio Franceschini

Livio Franceschini (14 April 1913 – 20 November 1975) was an Italian basketball player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in Trieste. Franceschini was part of the Italian basketball team that finished seventh in the Olympic tournament. He played four matches.
# Giancarlo Marinelli

Giancarlo Marinelli (4 December 1915 – 12 May 1987) was an Italian basketball player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics and the 1948 Summer Olympics. He was born in Bologna. Marinelli was part of the Italian basketball team, which finished seventh in the Olympic tournament. He played four matches.
# Adolfo Mazzini

Adolfo Mazzini (1 September 1909 – 16 February 2006) was an Italian basketball player. He competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.
# Mike Pelliccia

Mike Pelliccia (born 27 October 1910, date of death unknown) was an Italian basketball player. He competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.
# Karl Heinz Klee

Karl Heinz Klee (9 June 1930, Innsbruck – 21 September 2008, Rum, Austria) was an Austrian sports official and a lawyer.

## Life

Karl Heinz Klee was an avid skier and as a lawyer also frequently dealt with legal issues concerning skiing. From 1966 to 1972 he was president and after that honorary president of the Austrian Ski Federation. He became famous at the 1972 Winter Olympics when he was outraged by the exclusion of Karl Schranz due to past unauthorized advertising: "Sport has always and everywhere operated as a profession." He was the founder and president of the Austrian Ski Pool, Secretary General of the Organizing Committee of the 1976 Winter Olympics (1973–1977), president and honorary president of the Austrian Ski Federation and the Innsbruck Federation of Alpine Skiers, an honorary member of the Austrian Olympic Committee and a legal expert on skiing law and the law of costs.
Until 2007, Klee was Chairman of the Committee on Legal Issues and Security of the International Ski Federation (FIS). He was also Secretary General of the Organizing Committee of the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck and a member of the International Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne and President of the Tyrolean Bar Association.
A doctor of law, Klee represented the Austrian Ski Federation in the blood doping violations involving Walter Mayer at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City and the doping incident at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. Hermann Maier was also a client of his after a motorcycle accident. He remained professionally active until the end of his life.
Klee was a recipient of the Gold Medal for Service to the Republic of Austria, the Award of Distinction of the State of Tyrol, the Honorary Ring of the city of Innsbruck and the Decoration of Honor of the State of Styria, Commander of the Ordre national du Mérite, and a Knight of the Royal Swedish Order of the Polar Star.
Klee died on 21 September 2008, leaving behind a wife and a daughter.
# Athey Kangal

Athey Kangal (lit. 'Same Eyes' in Tamil) or variants may refer to these in Indian media:
* Athey Kangal (1967 film), by A. C. Tirulokchandar
* Adhe Kangal (2017 film)
* Adhey Kangal (TV series), a horror soap opera
# Group Control System

Group Control System (GCS) is an operating system made by IBM, meant to run as a guest of VM. GCS is an integral component of the discontinued VM/SP (since VM/SP 4), VM/XA SP, VM/ESA and current z/VM IBM System product offerings.

## Overview

GCS's purpose is to provide an environment to run some specific OS/MVS-based applications and networking middleware under VM. To this end, GCS provides a limited simulation of the OS/MVS APIs. While CMS, the usual VM guest, already has OS simulation, it is not extensive enough to run some applications such as VTAM.
Specifically, GCS provides OS multitasking support. In order to be able to spread the load over several virtual machines, GCS also implements a notion of group where each group member virtual machine can interact with one another.
To implement this, GCS uses several techniques:
* A writable shared segment
* IUCV communications between virtual machines
* A recovery virtual machine, designed to clean up locks in the shared segments when virtual machines unexpectedly leave the group
GCS is not designed to be a multi-purpose user operating system such as CMS. For example, it does not allow for file editing.
Examples of programs designed to run under GCS are:
* VM/VTAM : The VM implementation of the VTAM stack
* RSCS : The Remote Spooling Communication Subsystem, which, when associated with an instance of VM/VTAM, can use SNA resources to communicate with other SNA/NJE hosts
* NETVIEW : A networking monitoring service
# Pushpa Preeya

Pushpa Preeya also known as either Pushpa NM or Pushpa N. M. is an Indian scribe, IT professional and volunteer. She is well known for her voluntary service of writing exams for visually impaired people.

## Biography

She was born and raised up in Bangaluru, Karnataka. She comes from a very humble background facing financial difficulties at her young age. She also revealed that she and her brother had to beat all obstacles and odds to build a life for themselves during an interview with India Times.

## Career

   "Visually impaired people are humans too, people forget that sometimes. They have a disability in a particular part of their body, not in heart."
Pushpa pursued her career as an exam scribe in 2007 and it was one of her friends who motivated her to write exams for differently abled people. In 2007, she responded to the request of few NGOs to write exams for blind people. She also completed diploma in computer science and pursuing her education still from the Indira Gandhi National Open University.
As of 2019, she was reported to have completed writing over 1000 exams for visually impaired people since 2007. She also maintains a Facebook blog page for blood donors. She received the Nari Shakti Puraskar for the year 2018 from the Indian President Ram Nath Kovind on 8 March 2019 coinciding with the International Women's Day.
# Agonum crenistriatum

Agonum crenistriatum is a species of ground beetle from Platyninae subfamily. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1863 and is endemic to the United States.