OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Aragoscope

An Aragoscope is a telescope design based on diffraction around the edge of an occluding disc, named after French scientist François Arago.

## Concept

The light diffracted around the edge of a perfectly circular occluder interferes constructively at the central axis, producing a bright spot known as the Arago spot. The resolution at that point would be equal to the resolution of a conventional lens with the same size as the occluder, although the light would be much less intense. On this basis it would be possible to create a telescope by placing a suitable disc in space accompanied by a separate telescope some distance away along its axis. This concept has been explored by NASA and received Phase One funding in June 2014 by the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) program.
It is important to note that this is a very different approach from that taken by another NASA project, the New Worlds Mission, which aims to use an occluder with "petals", otherwise known as a starshade, specifically designed to avoid diffraction onto the central axis.
# A Horse's Tale

A Horse's Tale is a 1906 novel written by American author Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens), written partially in the voice of Soldier Boy, who is Buffalo Bill's favorite horse, at a fictional frontier outpost with the U.S. 7th Cavalry.

## Background

Harper's Magazine originally published the story in two installments in August and September 1906. Clemens wrote the story after receiving a request from actress Minnie Maddern Fiske to assist in her drive against bullfighting. Harper's published the story as a 153-page book in October 1907.
Clemens's daughter Susy Clemens, who died in 1896 at age 24 of spinal meningitis, is understood to be the inspiration for lead character Cathy Alison. When Clemens provided the story to Harper's, he included a photograph of Susy for the illustrator to use for Cathy.
# Golab Rural District

Golab Rural District (Persian: دهستان گلاب) is in Barzok District of Kashan County, Isfahan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Ozvar.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 5,152 in 1,533 households. There were 6,071 inhabitants in 1,933 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 7,929 in 2,671 households. The most populous of its 18 villages was Viduj, with 1,638 people.
# Akaflieg Braunschweig SB-14

The Akaflieg Braunschweig SB 14 is an 18 m (59 ft) Open-class sailplane designed and built in Germany in the early 2000s.

## Design and development

The SB 14 was designed to minimalist principles, reducing wetted area and use of high speed aerofil sections in a high aspect-ratio wing. As an economy measure, the tail unit of the Schleicher ASH 26 was utilised. To improve performance of the wing in a wide range of conditions, the wing-tips have swept wing-lets, as well as turbulators forward of the flaps on the undersurface of the wings.
The SB 14 is a shoulder-wing sailplane constructed from carbon-fibre composite materials. The wings are of very high aspect-ratio and incorporate full span flaperons with slots for when the flaps are extended. The fuselage follows contemporary design practice with a cockpit pod and slender rear fuselage terminating in a T-tail. The cross section of the fuselage has been minimised throughout, reducing wetted area and therefore minimising drag.
Control is through conventional elevator and rudder with full span slotted flaperons on the wings and Schempp-Hirth airbrakes on the upper surfaces at about 1/3 span. The undercarriage is a conventional retractable mono-wheel main undercarriage with a steel tipped rubber block tail-skid under the fin.
Flight testing, from 17 January 2003, revealed very promising performance, optimised with various aero-dynamic refinements.

## Specifications (SB-14 prelim flight testing performance figures)

Data from
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Capacity: payload (pilot + equipmqnt) 96 kg (212 lb); Water ballast 160 kg (350 lb)
* Length: 6.95 m (22 ft 10 in)
* Wingspan: 18.00 m (59 ft 1 in)
* Height: 1.23 m (4 ft 0 in)
* Wing area: 10.84 m$^2$ (116.7 sq ft)
* Aspect ratio: 29.89
* Airfoil: root: CA2-134 / 15V2; tip: CAJ1-134 / 18
* Empty weight: 285 kg (628 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 541 kg (1,193 lb)
Performance
* Never exceed speed: 272 km/h (169 mph, 147 kn)
* Minimum speed: 70 km/h (43 mph; 38 kn)
* Maximum glide ratio: 50:1 (approx)
* Rate of sink: 0.5 m/s (98 ft/min)
* Wing loading: 33.9 kg/m$^2$ (6.9 lb/sq ft) to 50 kg/m$^2$ (10 lb/sq ft)
# Neoterranova

Neoterranova is a genus of parasitic nematodes that have life cycles involving sharks and reptiles. The genus was created in 2020 to accommodate species which were previously included inTerranova Leiper & Atkinson, 1914 a taxon considered to be invalid.

## Etymology

The name Neoterranova is composed of Terranova (the name of a nematode genus) and the prefix Neo- (= new). The gender is feminine.

## Species

The type-species is N. scoliodontis (Baylis, 1931) Moravec & Justine, 2020. It is a parasite of the stomach and intestine of the Tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier, first described in 1931.
Other species are listed in the taxobox.
# Jeffrey Mursau

Jeffrey Mursau (June 12, 1954) is a Wisconsin politician, legislator and business owner.
Born in Oconto Falls, Wisconsin, Mursau owned his business and served as president of the village of Crivitz, Wisconsin. Mursau has served in the Wisconsin State Assembly since 2005.
# Mukta (film)

Mukta is a 1994 Marathi film directed by Jabbar Patel. The film stars Shreeram Lagoo, Sonali Kulkarni, Reema Lagoo and Vikram Gokhale in lead roles. Mukta won the 1994 National Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration. It is considered one of the important Marathi films for the period 1993–98.

## Plot

Daughter of a Marathi poet settled in United States, Mukta returns to her ancestral home when she gets a post-graduate scholarship to study sociology. She lives with her grandfather, Abasaheb Kanase-Patil, a veteran of Maharashtra's co-operative movement. At the university she joins a street theatre group of Dalit activists and is drawn to the group's leader Milind Wagh, a fearless student leader and poet. Family's unease increases when her friend from America Julian arrives. Julian, however, wins over her grandfather accompanying him to a pilgrimage to Pandharpur. The old man recalling Marathi Saint poets’ struggle against caste inequalities is complemented by Julian singing of songs associated with the struggle against the racial discrimination in US.

## Cast

The cast is as follows:
* Sonali Kulkarni as Mukta
* Shriram Lagoo as her grandfather
* Vikram Gokhale as Eknath, Mukta father
* Vandana Pandit-Sheth as Mukta Mother
* Avinash Narkar as Milind Wagh, Social Activist
* Reema Lagoo as Rukmini
* Caleb Obura Obwatinykaas Mukta's African-American friend Julian
* Madhu Kambikar as Chandrabhaga
* Prashant Subedar as Prithviraj
* Chandrakant Kale as Paranjape
* Upendra Limaye as Social Activist Group Member under Milind Wagh

## Music

* "Valan Vatatl Ya" - Ravindra Sathe
* "Jaai Juicha Gandh Matila" - Jayshree Shivram
* "Raktaat" (Poetry) - Avinash Narkar
* "Eliza Eliza" - Clinton Cerejo
* "Vidyasangeet" (part 1) - Anand Modak
* "Too Talam" - Prabhanjan Marathe
* "Vidyasangeet" (part 2) - Anand Modak
* "Panyas" (Poetry) - Sonali Kulkarni
* "I Came" - Clinton Cerejo
* "Tya Maziya" - Ravindra Sathe

## Awards

* 42nd National Film Awards - National Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration
* Maharashtra State Film Awards - Best Music Director - Anand Modak
* Maharashtra State Film Awards - Best Actor - Avinash Narkar
* Maharashtra State Film Awards - Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film
# Tribhuvan Ram

Tribhuvan Ram (born 15 January 1949) is an Indian politician and member of the 18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh as a Bharatiya Janata Party candidate representing Ajagara constituency of Uttar Pradesh. He was a member of the 16th Legislative Assembly from 2012 to 2017 as a Bahujan Samaj Party representative.

## Personal life

Tribhuvan Ram was born to K. B. Ram in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh on 15 January 1949. He holds an engineering degree from Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi. Ram married Snehlata on 28 November 1978, with whom he has two sons.

## Political career

Ram has been a MLA for two terms. He represented Ajagara as a member of the Bahujan Samaj Party in the Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh.
In the 2017 election, Ram lost to Kailash Nath Sonkar of Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party. After which, Ram joined Bharatiya Janta Party on 6 December 2019.
In the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, Ram again won from Ajagara with 101,088 votes, succeeding Sonkar in the process.

## Posts held

| # | From | To | Position | Comments |
| 01 | 2012 | 2017 | Member, 16th Legislative Assembly | |
| 02 | 2022 | present | Member, 18th Legislative Assembly | |
# Amastra albocincta

Amastra albocincta is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 9.3 mm, its diameter 5 mm.
(Original description) The shell is small, perforate, oblong-conic, and thin. It has a somewhat glossy surface that may appear soiled in life. The spire is straightly conic, tapering to a minute apex. The embryonic whorls are elongated, strongly convex, and adorned with fine striations, giving them a silky luster. The remaining whorls are convex and angular at the periphery, with the angle concealed in adults or occasionally visible just above the suture. The body whorl is rounded, featuring irregular, delicate growth striae. Its coloration is liver-brown, often streaked with yellow and adorned with creamy bands near the suture, periphery, and columella, though these bands are sometimes faint or absent. The aperture is dark within, and the outer lip is thin and not in the least thickened.

## Distribution

This species is endemic to Hawaii and occurs on Molokai Island.
# Andreas Reisinger

Andreas Reisinger (born 14 October 1963) is an Austrian football manager and former player. He is currently in charge of SV Wienerberg.

## Club career

Born in Vienna, the midfielder mostly played for hometown clubs, the most prominent being Rapid Wien. He also spent three seasons with SV Casino Salzburg, for whom he played 10 games in their title-winning 1993/1994 season.

## International career

Reisinger made his debut for Austria in an April 1989 friendly match against Czechoslovakia and was a participant at the 1990 FIFA World Cup. There is a common misconception that he played as number 22. However, his actual number was 16.
He earned 10 caps, no goals scored. His final international was an October 1990 European Championship qualification match against Yugoslavia.

## Honours

* Austrian Football Bundesliga (1):
** 1994
# Westridge, Rawalpindi

Westridge is a residential area in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, which dates back to 1880 when the British Army first came into this area and established its cantonment in Rawalpindi, amongst a few other Military Units it set up here.
Initially, a few units of Signals Battalion were established here in 1916. Later on, a few other military units were moved in an effort to strengthen the hold of British Army in Rawalpindi. These units consisted of Frontier Force, Air Defense, and Artillery. Later on, Special Communication Organization was also transferred here.
In 1960, Cantonment Board allowed establishment of 3 housing schemes, namely Westridge 1, Westridge 2, and Westridge 3 in this area. As a result, Army Housing Directorate (Renamed to DHA in 1979) announced residential schemes for Army and Civilian personnel. As the population increased in due course of time and thousands of houses were constructed in the area to allow a high end life style community that offer cultural as well as educational facilities. At present it is among the most expensive residential areas in Rawalpindi, which is partly due to its proximity to Islamabad.
Since year 1985, civilian purchase of land and houses skyrocketed in this area, and as a result, the current population is a mix of Civil and Military population.

## Educational

* Army Public School
* Fauji Foundation School
* Grammar Foundation School
* Beaconhouse School System
* The City School
* Pakistan Quality
* Zia Ur Rehman Teaching Hospital
* Bahria School For Girls and Boys
* Dar-e-Arqam
* The Educators
* Roots International School
* FG Public School

## Local markets

* Headlines Beauty Clinic & Studios
* Westridge Bazar
* Pasban Welfare Complex
* CSD (Canteen Stores Department) - Westridge 1
* Allah Abad Market - Westridge 3
* CSD Mega Mall - Westridge 2
* Center Point - Allahabad
# Parascaris

Parascaris is a genus of nematodes in the family Ascarididae. It contains two species, Parascaris equorum and Parascaris univalens, which are morphologically identical, but can be distinguished by chromosome number. Both species parasitize horses.
# Ken Skowronski

Ken Skowronski (born May 31, 1938) is an American general contractor and Republican politician from Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. He is a former member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing the 82nd assembly district from January 2014 through 2022.

## Biography

Born in Milwaukee, Skowronski graduated from Boys Tech High School in 1958 and was certified as a journeyman carpenter in 1961, after attending Milwaukee Area Technical College. He worked for 58 years in the construction and remodeling industry as a general contractor.
Skowronski served in the Wisconsin Air National Guard with the 128th Air Refueling Wing. Additionally, he is a member of the Knights of Columbus and Ducks Unlimited. He is the current President of the Polish Heritage Alliance of Wisconsin.

## Political career

Skowronski was elected to the Assembly in 2013 in a special election following the resignation of Jeff Stone. Previously, he was elected as an alderman of Franklin in 2005 and re-elected in 2008 and 2011.
# Lombard Insurance Classic

The Lombard Insurance Classic was a golf tournament on the Sunshine Tour. It was played between 2007 and 2022, usually at the Royal Swazi Spa Country Club in Ezulwini Valley, Eswatini.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Score | To par | Margin of victory | Runner(s)-up |
| 2022 | Herman Loubser | 209 | −7 | Playoff | Ockie Strydom |
| 2021–22: No tournament ||||||
| 2020 | No tournament due to the COVID-19 pandemic | No tournament due to the COVID-19 pandemic | No tournament due to the COVID-19 pandemic | No tournament due to the COVID-19 pandemic | No tournament due to the COVID-19 pandemic |
| 2019 | Jake Redman | 196 | −20 | 1 stroke | Thriston Lawrence Toto Thimba Jr. |
| 2018 | Justin Harding (2) | 196 | −20 | Playoff | Jake Roos |
| 2017 | Oliver Bekker | 197 | −19 | Playoff | Justin Harding |
| 2016 | Merrick Bremner (3) | 197 | −19 | Playoff | CJ du Plessis |
| 2015 | Dean Burmester | 193 | −23 | 5 strokes | Keith Horne Peter Karmis |
| 2014 | Christiaan Basson | 197 | −19 | 5 strokes | Adilson da Silva Ruan de Smidt Jake Redman Neil Schietekat |
| 2013 | Merrick Bremner (2) | 199 | −17 | 2 strokes | PH McIntyre |
| 2012 | Jake Roos | 199 | −17 | Playoff | Justin Harding |
| 2011 | Justin Harding | 202 | −14 | 1 stroke | Neil Cheetham |
| 2010 | Grant Muller | 201 | −15 | Playoff | Tongoona Charamba |
| 2009 | Peter Karmis (2) | 198 | −18 | 4 strokes | Jaco van Zyl |
| 2008 | Merrick Bremner | 198 | −18 | 1 stroke | Dean Lambert Jaco van Zyl |
| 2007 | Peter Karmis | 200 | −16 | 1 stroke | Tongoona Charamba |
# Taragarestrant

Taragarestrant is an orally bioavailable selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) developed by Inventis Bio for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Structurally similar to AZD9496, taragarestrant has demonstrated potent efficacy across multiple breast cancer cell lines expressing ER and related xenograft models. In preclinical studies, taragarestrant exhibited anti-tumor activity, warranting further clinical investigation.
A phase I study (NCT03471663) evaluated taragarestrant in females with ER+/HER2- advanced or metastatic breast cancer, both as monotherapy and in combination with the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib. A phase III clinical trial has been initiated in China in patients with ER+/HER2- advanced or metastatic breast cancer.
# Defender Mountain

Defender Mountain is located on the border of Alberta and British Columbia on the Continental Divide.

## History

Defender Mountain was named in 1916 by the Interprovincial Boundary Survey after the British Royal Navy ship HMS Defender (1911) that took part in the Battle of Jutland in World War I. The mountain's name was officially adopted as Mount Defender in 1924 by the Geographical Names Board of Canada and officially changed to Defender Mountain in 1966.
# John of Winterthur

John of Winterthur (c. 1300 – after 1348) was a Swiss historian who wrote a chronicle of history up to 1348.

## Background

Born in Winterthur, in what is now Canton Zurich, Switzerland, John attended school in his native village from 1309 to 1315 and then joined the Franciscans. As a member of the order, he lived at Baslein in 1328, at Villingen in 1336, and at Lindau from 1343 onwards.
His chronicle (Chronicon a Friderico II Imperatore ad annum 1348) began in 1340 and gives a history of events up to that year. His record of the later years consists more of notes or annals. Whether he updated his chronicle later is a matter of uncertainty.

## Assessment

The chronicle is a source of information on the first half of the fourteenth century, and gives an idea of the conflicts which arose between the cities and the nobles of Upper Swabia. It also provides a general view of events in the empire, especially of Louis the Bavarian's conduct toward the papacy and of the Franciscan Order's attitude toward the controversies.
John was a man of culture, well-versed in spiritual and in secular literature, but he frequently showed great credulity, and took delight in reporting the observations of others, which has made his work of such great value for medievalists.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "John of Winterthur". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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# Andreas Schwab (bobsleigh)

Andreas Schwab (born 16 November 1952) is an Austrian bobsledder. He competed in the two man and the four man events at the 1976 Winter Olympics.
# Mamoudou Karamoko

Mamoudou Karamoko (born 8 September 1999) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for Újpest of the Hungarian Nemzeti Bajnokság I, on loan from the Danish club F.C. Copenhagen.

## Career

Karamoko began playing youth football at Paris FC at the age of 12, and joined the academy of Strasbourg in December 2016. He made his professional debut for Strasbourg in a 1–0 Coupe de France win over Grenoble Foot 38 on 16 January 2019.
On 31 January 2022, Karamoko joined Danish Superliga club F.C. Copenhagen on a deal until June 2026. On 1 August 2023, he moved to Fehérvár of the Hungarian Nemzeti Bajnokság I on a one-year loan deal.
Karamoko was sent back to Hungary by Copenhagen for the 2024-25 season, loaned out to Újpest FC of the Nemzeti Bajnokság I on a one-year loan deal.

### Club

    As of 13 November 2022
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Europe | Europe | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Strasbourg | 2018–19 | Ligue 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 2 | 0 |
| Wolfsburg | 2019–20 | Bundesliga | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| LASK | 2020–21 | Austrian Bundesliga | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| LASK | 2021–22 | Austrian Bundesliga | 14 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 21 | 7 |
| LASK | Total | Total | 16 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 24 | 8 |
| Copenhagen | 2021–22 | Danish Superliga | 2 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Copenhagen | 2022–23 | Danish Superliga | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Copenhagen | Total | Total | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 22 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 34 | 8 |
* ↑ Appearances in UEFA Europa League
* ↑ Appearances in UEFA Europa Conference League
* ↑ Appearances in UEFA Champions League

## Personal life

Born in France, Karamoko is of Ivorian descent.

## Honours

Copenhagen
* Danish Superliga: 2021–22
# Friedrich Koenig

Friedrich Koenig (17 April 1774 – 17 January 1833) was a German inventor best known for his slow speed steam-powered printing press, which he built together with watchmaker Andreas Friedrich Bauer. This new style of printing press could print up to 69,000 sheets per hour, printing on both sides of the paper at the same time.
He moved to London in 1804 and in 1810 was granted a patent on his press, which produced its first trial run in April 1812. The machine was set up in their workshop, and invitations sent out to potential customers, notably John Walter of The Times. Amidst much secrecy, for fear of upsetting the existing pressmen, trials were carried out with great success. The first issue of The Times printed with the new presses was published on 29 November 1814.
In August 1817 Koenig returned to Germany because of a disagreement with Thomas Bensley, a London book printer partner, who Koenig believed sought sole rights to the new machine. After consideration he chose an abandoned monastery in Würzburg for the premises of the factory. The firm was called Koenig & Bauer.
# Horses in Iran

The history of horses in Iran goes back to Greek sources from ancient Persia, which mention horse worship and the practice of hippomancy. Today, Iranians breed several breeds of horse, most of them Arabian, in particular the Koheilan and Saklawi lines.

## History

Horses played an important cultural role in ancient Persia. Herodotus and Ctesias attest to the practice of hippomancy (divination by horse), which continued into the Sasanian era. According to Herodotus' Histories, the Nisean horse was considered sacred in the 5th century BC.
Darius exploited this Persian belief in hippomancy to ensure his royal legitimacy. It is possible that Darius used this ruse or propagated the story to appease his people, who strongly believed in hippomancy.
Georges Dumézil sees it as a possible Indo-European rite of enthronement. Persian military horsemen may also have been diviners.
In 1965, an American, Louise Firouz, rediscovered the Caspian horse in the Elbourz mountains, on the shores of the Caspian Sea. In the 1970s, the Royal Iranian Horse Society proposed the name "Persian plateau horse" to designate a group of fairly heterogeneous horses bred in the tribal areas of the Iranian plateau with various Indo-European influences.

## Breeding

The DAD-IS database lists 21 breeds of horse currently or formerly bred in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Bakhtiari, Basseri, Caspian, Dareshuri, Ebian, Haddian, Hamdani, Iranian Arabian horse, Jaf, Kahilan, Kurdish horse, Persian Arabian, Qarabagh, Qashqai, Saklawi, Shirazi, Sistani, Taleshi, Taropud, Turkemin and Yabu.
The CAB International study (2016) distinguishes three main types or breeds of horse in Iran: the Persian Arabian, the Persian Plateau horse and the Turkoman, divided into numerous subtypes, whose characterizations remain unclear. It also mentions the existence of the Tchenaran horse.
# Dionýz Ilkovič

Dionýz Ilkovič (18 January 1907 – 3 August 1980) was a Czechoslovak physicist and physical chemist of Rusyn ethnicity. Along with Nobel laureate Jaroslav Heyrovský, he helped to establish theoretical basis of polarography. In this field, he is the author of an important result, the Ilkovic's equation. He was also one of the leading figures in modern university-level physics education in Slovakia.