OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Collider (statistics)

In statistics and causal graphs, a variable is a collider when it is causally influenced by two or more variables. The name "collider" reflects the fact that in graphical models, the arrow heads from variables that lead into the collider appear to "collide" on the node that is the collider. They are sometimes also referred to as inverted forks.
The causal variables influencing the collider are themselves not necessarily associated. If they are not adjacent, the collider is unshielded. Otherwise, the collider is shielded and part of a triangle.
The result of having a collider in the path is that the collider blocks the association between the variables that influence it. Thus, the collider does not generate an unconditional association between the variables that determine it.
Conditioning on the collider via regression analysis, stratification, experimental design, or sample selection based on values of the collider creates a non-causal association between X and Y (Berkson's paradox). In the terminology of causal graphs, conditioning on the collider opens the path between X and Y. This will introduce bias when estimating the causal association between X and Y, potentially introducing associations where there are none. Colliders can therefore undermine attempts to test causal theories.
Colliders are sometimes confused with confounder variables. Unlike colliders, confounder variables should be controlled for when estimating causal associations.
To detect and manage collider bias, scholars have made use of directed acyclic graphs.
Randomization and quasi-experimental research designs are not useful in overcoming collider bias.
# Ellen Outside the Lines

Ellen Outside the Lines is a middle-grade novel by A. J. Sass. It was published in 2022 by Little, Brown and Company. The story revolves around Ellen Katz, a Jewish and autistic child from the United States who goes on a class trip to Barcelona, Spain.

## Themes

Ellen Outside the Lines deals with autism, LGBTQ+ related topics, and Judaism. The main character, Ellen, is autistic, and to cope with unfamiliar social situations she stims, and uses noise-cancelling headphones to avoid sensory overload in noisy and crowded places. The author, A.J. Sass, based elements of Ellen's autism on his own experiences as an autistic person. According to Sass, the view expressed by Ellen that "being autistic isn't bad or abnormal, it's unique and different" is one he shares. Throughout the story Ellen, who knows she is not straight, also explores her gender identity and decides she would be comfortable using she/her and they/them pronouns. The book also deals with the long-lasting friendship between Ellen and her best friend, Laurel, which has become strained.
The story is told using a first person point of view.

## Reception

Ellen Outside the Lines was widely praised for the way it depicted autism, with a review in The News-Gazette saying that the reader is given the opportunity to "experience [Ellen's] autism with her". Booklist also noted the way that Strass had created a "world that celebrates autism for the joy it brings Ellen." Reviews also focused on the way the book handled LGBTQ+ issues and characters. The Horn Book Magazine claimed that "presence of multiple queer characters allows for a variety of feelings" to be expressed, and, alongside the Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books, listed that the existence of non-binary characters as one of the elements that helped Ellen come to terms with the nuances of personal identity. Several reviews noted Sass's incorporation of Ellen's Jewish identity, and in particular noted the book's use of Hebrew phrases and reference to Jewish practices such as the keeping of a kosher diet.
The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books criticized the subplots and Ellen's parents, feeling that their addition detracted from the main story, but praised the work overall.
In 2023, the Lexington County School District Two in South Carolina removed thirty books, including Ellen Outside the Lines, from school libraries. After deliberation by a committee and an appeal, the school board chose to retain Ellen Outside the Lines.
The book was a 2023 Sydney Taylor Book Award Honor Book in the middle-grade category.
# Beaupré (dancer)

Charles-François Richer de la Rigaudière or Charles Beaupré (c. 1758 – 1842), known professionally as Beaupré, was an 18th century French ballet dancer, pantomimist, and dance teacher who performed at the Opéra de Paris for nearly 30 years.

## Early life

Named Charles-François Richer de la Rigaudière, he was born around 1758 in Paris, France.
On 8 June 1781, a fire at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal claimed the life of his brother Pierre Richer de la Rigaudière, who was born in Paris and died at 27. A member of the Académie Royale de Musique, he had been living with Charles at their mother's home.

## Entertainment life

Known on stage as Beaupré, he made his debut in 1789 at the Académie Royale de Musique (now Paris Opéra). He was peers with Louis-Stanislas Montjoie, Albert, Ferdinand, Clotilde Mafleuroy, Émilie Bigottini, and Fanny Bias. He had attained the rank of Premier sujet (roughly corresponding to Danseur étoile) and specialized in the comic genre at the Opéra.

### Performances

During the 1790s, Beaupré pioneered the role of the Demi-caractère genre at the Opéra. He took on a mix of prominent and supporting roles in several of Pierre Gardel's pantomimic ballets, such as La dansomanie, L'enfant prodigue, Paul et Virginie, and Le Carnaval de Venise. Beaupré danced as "Domingo" in Gardel's ballet, Paul et Virginie, premiered at the Paris Opéra on 24 June 1806. On 13 October 1809, he portrayed the Provost in Gardel and Méhul's La dansomanie, sharing the stage with Milon, Vestris, and Mme. Gardel.
On 8 August 1810, he debuted in the premiere of Les bayadères, with music by Charles-Simon Catel and choreography by Gardel and Louis Milon. Appointed as premier sujet, he danced in the role of a juggler in act three alongside Vestris and Mlle Bigottini. The Parisian dancer performed in Charles Didelot's romantic ballet Flore et Zéphire on 12 December 1815, taking on the role of "Pan". Beaupré was cast as "Arlequin" in a two-act ballet titled Le Carnaval de Venise by Louis Milon on 22 February 1816.

### Retirement

He appeared on the Opéra stage until he was sixty years old. The role of Crispin in the ballet Crispin rival de son maître, performed on 15 December 1818, was his final comedic act before retiring. Beaupré was the first retired subject of the Académie Royale de Musique. The Royal Academy faced the challenge of replacing Beaupré, whose departure jeopardized their repertoire of comic performances. His successor, Louis-Theodore Capelle was found in London. The veteran dancer was granted a pension in recognition of his service.
In 1824, Beaupré was granted authorization to offer dance lessons to students at the École Polytechnique. During his retirement in 1827, Beaupré composed A Short Essay on the French Danse de Société. It described the techniques used by the French dancer to instruct Quadrille dancing. Beaupré provided dance instruction to many French and English nobles who traveled to Paris.

## Death

Charles Beaupré died in Paris, France in 1842.

## Gallery

* Beaupré in Paul et Virginie.
# Tom France

Thomas France (born June 15, 1951) is an American attorney and politician serving as a member of the Montana House of Representatives from the 94th district. Elected in November 2020, he assumed office on January 4, 2021.

## Early life and education

France was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and political science and a Juris Doctor from the University of Montana .

## Career

France joined the National Wildlife Federation in 1981 as a staff attorney. He has since worked as regional executive director of the Northern Rockies, Prairies, and Pacific Regional Center. He was elected to the Montana House of Representatives in November 2020. He assumed office on January 4, 2021, succeeding Kimberly Dudik.
# Iacov Sucevan

Iacov Sucevan (1869 – 26 March 1929) was a Bessarabian politician.

## Biography

He served as Member of the Moldovan Parliament (1917–1918).

## Gallery

* Moldovan stamp, 1998
# Stephen Sewell (lawyer)

Stephen Sewell (May 25, 1770 – June 21, 1832) was a lawyer and political figure in Lower Canada.
He was born Stephen Sewall in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1770, the son of Jonathan Sewall who was the attorney general of Massachusetts, and returned to England with his family at the start of the American Revolution, where he attended Bristol Grammar School. In 1787, he travelled to New Brunswick where his brother Jonathan had already settled; he articled in law there with Ward Chipman and was called to the bar in 1791. Later in 1791, he moved to Montreal, qualified as a lawyer there and set up practice. Sewell served in the local militia, becoming captain in 1812. In 1809, he was named solicitor general for Lower Canada. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada in 1809 for Huntingdon and was elected for Montreal East in 1810. In 1815, Sewall was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. He was dismissed from his office as solicitor general in 1816 after it was revealed that he had submitted documents published in the Montreal Herald that were critical of Governor George Prevost's administration. Sewell was named King's Counsel in 1827. He served as a commissioner during the construction of the Lachine Canal. Sewell helped found the Natural History Society of Montreal and served as its president. He was the first president of the Montreal bar library and also served as solicitor for the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning during the transfer of that part of James McGill's property which became the site of McGill College.
He died of cholera in Montreal in 1832.
# Mohammad Daoudiyeh

Mohammad Daoudiyeh is a Jordanian politician. Between 12 October and 10 March 2021, he had served as Minister of Agriculture in Bisher Al-Khasawneh's Cabinet led by Prime Minister Bisher Al-Khasawneh.
# State governors in the Nigerian Third Republic

The Nigerian Third Republic (1992–1993) was an unsuccessful attempt to restore Nigeria to democracy. It was initiated by General Ibrahim Babangida. Election in this republic was conducted by NEC- National Electoral Commission
Babangida allowed for elections of civilian governors for each state, taking office in January 1992, followed by election which M. K. O. Abiola was assumes the winner as the civilian President in 1993. However, Abiola's election was annulled and after some confusion General Sani Abacha became head of state in November 1993, replacing the civilian governors with military administrators.
vteState governors in the Third Nigerian Republic :
AbiaOgbonnaya Onu (NRC)AdamawaAbubakar Saleh Michika (NRC)Akwa IbomAkpan Isemin (NRC)AnambraChukwuemeka Ezeife (SDP)BauchiDahiru Mohammed (NRC)BenueMoses Adasu (SDP)BornoMaina Maaji Lawan (SDP)
Cross RiverClement Ebri (NRC)DeltaFelix Ibru (SDP)EdoJohn Odigie Oyegun (SDP)EnuguOkwesilieze Nwodo (NRC)ImoEvan Enwerem (NRC)JigawaAli Sa'ad Birnin-Kudu (SDP)KadunaMohammed Dabo Lere (NRC)
KanoKabiru Ibrahim Gaya (NRC)KatsinaSaidu Barda (NRC)KebbiAbubakar Musa (NRC)KogiAbubakar Audu (NRC)KwaraShaaba Lafiaji (SDP)LagosMichael Otedola (NRC)NigerMusa Inuwa (NRC)Ogun:Olusegun Osoba (SDP)
OndoBamidele Olumilua (SDP)OsunIsiaka Adetunji Adeleke (SDP)OyoKolapo Olawuyi Ishola (SDP)PlateauFidelis Tapgun (SDP)RiversRufus Ada-George (NRC)SokotoYahaya Abdulkarim (NRC)TarabaJolly Nyame (SDP)YobeBukar Abba Ibrahim (SDP) :
See also Military Governors in Nigeria during the Ibrahim Babangida regime (1983-1992) and Military Administrators in Nigeria during the Sani Abacha regime (1993-1998) :
After this Mohammed Buhari became the military head of state
# Sacred Heart College, Geelong

Sacred Heart College is a Roman Catholic secondary school for girls, and is located in Retreat Road, Newtown, Geelong, Victoria in Australia. It is now one of the largest Catholic secondary girls schools in Victoria.
The current principal is Anna Negro, with three Deputy Principals: Tanya Malley, Jason Blackburn, and Mel Riley.

## History

In June 1859, the Archbishop of Melbourne, James Alipius Goold, petitioned the Sisters of Mercy in Dublin to establish a community in Geelong. Mother Mary Xavier Maguire, Mary Gabrielle Sherlock, Margaret Mullally, Joseph Manly, Rose Lynch and Novice Aloysius Ryan arrived on 3 December 1859. The sisters immediately set about providing Catholic education for all who desired it. The boarding school and day school that is now Sacred Heart College was opened for the beginning of the next school year (1860) with 12 pupils, 6 of whom were boarders. In 1861 an adjoining orphanage was opened and very soon there were 50 girls being cared for. The Sisters also staffed local parish primary schools in the area and after school hours were seen visiting the sick and aged in their homes and the hospital. Within a few years, a large convent including a chapel as well as school buildings such as classrooms and dormitories had been built. By the turn of the century the college was registered as "conducting" a junior school (kindergarten and primary) as well as a senior and boarding school.

## Alumni Association

In 1924, a Past Pupils' Association was formed and this became predecessor of the Old Collegians' Association established in 1932. As well as the Geelong-based committee, a Melbourne Group was formed in the 1930s and in 1981 a Western District Group was set up to bring together former students from that area, many of whom had been boarders.
The association is now known as the Alumni Association. Today, each student automatically becomes a member of the Alumni Association upon her graduation from the College.

## Notable alumni

* Lucy McEvoy, AFLW player
* Peta Credlin, political commentator
* Olivia Purcell, AFLW player
* Lily Mithen, AFLW player
* Marisa Siketa, actress
* Sarah Henderson, politician

## Curriculum

Some classes are also offered at nearby school St Joseph's College at VCE level, including Chinese.
Sacred Heart College the Victorian Certificate of Education, and has introduced the International Baccalaureate for middle years students. Year Eleven and Twelve pupils may also choose to undertake a Vocational Education and Training or Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning program.
# Wilhelm Nienstädt

Wilhelm Nienstädt (16 October 1784 – 28 April 1862) was a Prussian playwright and tutor to Prince Albert of Prussia from 1815 to 1823.

## Early life

Nienstädt was born in Geitelde (now Braunschweig). The son of a minister, he studied theology at Helmstedt and Göttingen. In 1808 Nienstädt contributed the essay On Didactic Poetry to the literary journal Phöbus, published by Heinrich von Kleist and Adam Heinrich Müller.

## Career

After graduation, he took a two-year trip or Bildungsreise, probably to Italy, and worked as a tutor for various aristocratic families, including the houses of Count Häseler and Count von Voß. On the recommendation of the future Prussian Foreign Minister Friedrich Ancillon, in 1815 he was appointed tutor of Prince Albert of Prussia (1809-1872), the son of Frederick William III, and over the next ten years he produced many works, including the play Ein Zaubertag (1816), the essay Versuch einer Darstellung unser Zeit (1819), and the collection of poems Gedichte vermischten Inhalts (1820), which includes some drama and ballads, as well as the epic Olint and Elvire.
In 1822, Nienstädt was appointed to the geheimer Hofrat, but was honourably discharged after a short time, with a pension, and in 1826, he published the seven-part drama cycle Die Hohenstaufen and the play Karl V. In 1829 he left Berlin for Hallendorf, a village near Salzgitter and married Johanna Henriette Augusta Pauli, also the child of a minister. The rest of his life is very obscure and his activities unknown. He died in Wolfenbüttel, aged 77.

## Significance

Nienstädt's conservative pessimism, inspired by Fichte, sees a break in cultural continuity around 1500 with the invention of printing, which made the Reformation possible, with the widespread use of gunpowder and with the Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. He praises the falling away of religious dogmatism but deplores the competition, political jockeying, alienation and individualism brought about by the Enlightenment, which he sees as the victory of ratiocination over love and tradition. Nienstädt was a monarchist and rejected the French Revolution in its entirety.
Only the Hohenstaufen dramas, inspired by the work of the historian Friedrich von Raumer, had any detectable influence on German literature of the ensuing decades.
# Gregory Frazer

Gregory L. Frazer is an American politician serving as a member of the Montana House of Representatives from the 78th district. Elected in November 2020, he assumed office on January 4, 2021.

## Background

After graduating from high school, Frazer joined the United States Army Reserve, serving from 2000 to 2008. He has since worked as a corrections officer for the Montana State Prison. Frazer was elected to the Montana House of Representatives in November 2020 and assumed office on January 4, 2021, succeeding Gordon Pierson.
# Wat Phra That Lampang Luang

Wat Phra That Lampang Luang (Thai: วัดพระธาตุลำปางหลวง) is a Lanna-style Buddhist temple in Lampang in Lampang Province, Thailand.

## Significance

The temple is said to enshrine a relic of the Buddha. Such relics are typically bones and ashes believed to be gathered after the Buddha's cremation. The relic is installed in the main chedi of the temple.

## History

There are several bullet holes on the railing of the temple, reputed to be fired by legendary folk hero Nan Thipchang, and ancestors of the House of Chao Chet Ton (Seven Princes) which ruled Lanna as a Siamese Vassal during the Thonburi and Early-Mid Rattanokosin eras.

## Image gallery

* Phra Chao Lan Ton (Buddha Lan Ton) in the main prayer hall
* Chedi of Wat Phra That Lampang Luang
* Bullet holes in Wat Phra That Lampang Luang railing
* Detail of the entrance gate
# Haditha Jamal Haditha Al-Khreisha

Haditha Jamal Haditha Al-Kharisha (born 1973 in Amman) is the Jordanian Minister for Political and Parliamentary Affairs. He was appointed as minister on 27 September 2023.

## Education

Al-Kharisha holds a bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering.

## Career

Between 2017 and 2018, Al-Khreisha had served as Minister of Youth.
# Ricardo López

Ricardo López may refer to:
* Ricardo Alonso López, Mexican footballer
* Ricardo López (boxer) (born 1966), Mexican boxer
* Ricardo López (politician) (born 1937), Spanish-born Canadian politician
* Ricardo López (stalker) (1975–1996), Uruguayan-born American stalker of musician Björk
* Ricardo López Aranda (1934–1996), Spanish playwright
* Ricardo López Cepero (born c. 1978), Puerto Rican politician and former mayor of Culebra
* Ricardo López Felipe (born 1971), Spanish football player
* Ricardo López Jordán (1822–1889), Argentine soldier and politician
* Ricardo López Méndez (1903–1989), Mexican poet and lyricist
* Ricardo López Murphy (born 1951), Argentine economist and politician
* Ricardo López Tugendhat (born 1977), Ecuadorian sport shooter
# Juan Manuel Asensi

Juan Manuel Asensi Ripoll (born 23 September 1949) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.

## Club career

Born in Alicante, Valencian Community, Asensi began his career at local Elche – at the time in La Liga – before joining Barcelona in 1970, for 80 million pesetas. During his time at the club, he was instrumental in helping the Catalans win the league in 1974 (34 matches, 11 goals, third-best in squad), also adding the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1979 and scoring in the final held in Basel.
After only ten matches in the 1980–81 season, but 484 competitive appearances with 124 goals, 32-year-old Asensi moved to Mexico where he would play until his retirement in 1983. He had two brief spells at coaching, with Barcelona's youth sides and lowly Orihuela.

## International career

Asensi represented Spain 41 times, scoring seven goals. His debut came on 23 February 1969 in a 1–2 loss against Belgium for the 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification, as the country did not make it to the final stages.
Asensi was picked for the squads at the 1978 World Cup and UEFA Euro 1980 – his last international was played in the latter competition, also against Belgium (and also 1–2 defeat) – and also competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

### International goals

| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1. | 23 February 1969 | Sclessin, Liège, Belgium | Belgium | 2–1 | 2–1 | 1970 World Cup qualification |
| 2. | 11 October 1972 | Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid, Spain | Argentina | 1–0 | 1–0 | Friendly |
| 3. | 19 October 1972 | Insular, Las Palmas, Spain | Yugoslavia | 2–2 | 2–2 | 1974 World Cup qualification |
| 4. | 23 February 1974 | Sarrià, Barcelona, Spain | West Germany | 1–0 | 1–0 | Friendly |
| 5. | 11 June 1978 | José Amalfitani, Buenos Aires, Argentina | Sweden | 1–0 | 1–0 | 1978 FIFA World Cup |
| 6. | 15 November 1978 | Luis Casanova, Valencia, Spain | Romania | 1–0 | 1–0 | Euro 1980 qualifying |
| 7. | 13 December 1978 | Helmántico, Salamanca, Spain | Cyprus | 1–0 | 5–0 | Euro 1980 qualifying |

## Post-retirement

In 1984, Asensi co-founded the TARR football school in Barcelona with fellow ex-players Carles Rexach, Joaquim Rifé and Antoni Torres.

## Honours

Barcelona
* La Liga: 1973–74
* Copa del Rey: 1970–71, 1977–78, 1980–81
* UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1978–79
* Inter-Cities Fairs Cup: 1971 Trophy Play-Off
# Asian Tribune

The Asian Tribune is an online newspaper. Their funding is unknown, and critics, such as the Sri Lanka Guardian, consider their journalism to be of poor quality. The publication is owned by K.T. Rajasingham, who is also a writer for the publication. The online source provides news and editorial on the current affairs of Asia, with a special emphasis on South Asia but mostly concentrates its news on the current Civil conflict in Sri Lanka with questionable reliability.
Publication began in 2002 and was then based in Bangkok, Thailand. Its print edition was discontinued in 2011. The publication is registered in Sweden as an online publication. Asian Tribune is currently based in Bangladesh.

## Defamation conviction

A Swedish court found Asian Tribune editor K. T. Rajasingham and the World Institute for Asian Studies guilty of "gross defamation". Norwegian journalist Nadarajah Sethurupan, who filed the lawsuit, claimed that Rajasingham called him and asked him to work with his secret unit to attack the Sri Lanka peace process. When Sethurupan refused to join, the hidden unit started attacking him as a "terrorist" on the Asian Tribune website. The attacks continued from 2005 to 2008.
A Swedish Court of Appeal upheld the judgment of the lower court in February 2012 and ordered Rajasingham and the World Institute for Asian Studies Institute to pay Sethurupan about $20,000.
# Ullíbarri-Arrazua

Ullíbarri-Arrazua (Basque: Uribarri Arratzua) is a hamlet and concejo in the municipality of Vitoria-Gasteiz, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain.