OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things

A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things: A Guide to Capitalism, Nature, and the Future of he Planet is a book by Raj Patel and Jason W. Moore published in 2018.

## Premise

The book considers the development of Capitalism and the Anthropocene through the interrelationship of seven 'cheap things'. These are:
* Cheap Nature
* Cheap Money
* Cheap Work
* Cheap Care
* Cheap Food
* Cheap Energy
* Cheap Lives
The book suggests that these seven things must be cheap to sustain the capitalist system. Cheapness is then defined as 'a set of strategies to manage relations between capitalism and the web of life', meaning its value is established by social or cultural relationships that maintain the cost lower than what should actually be worth. Cheapness then is not just about low cost. It is rather a strategy capitalism has employed to transform undenominated objects and relationships into circuits of production and consumption that have the lowest possible dollar value. Thereafter, if the "actual" price of these things would be respected or at equilibrium, the system would not maintain itself if it would be too costly.
Both authors are considered neo marxist, at least in their method and critique to the exploration relations of capitalism.
The authors adopt a world ecology approach. This approach commits to understanding human relations of power, production, and environment-making in the web of life.

## Reception

The Guardian praised the book's 'impressive ability to synthesise disparate elements'.
# Devils Couch

Devils Couch is a 2,749-metre (9,019-foot) mountain summit located in the Valhalla Ranges of the Selkirk Mountains in southeast British Columbia, Canada. It is situated in Valhalla Provincial Park, 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Gladsheim Peak, 12 km (7.5 mi) west of Slocan Lake, and 15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Slocan. The mountain's descriptive name refers to its shape. It was first called "The Toboggan Slide" by early miners who arrived in the area in the 1890s. It was later called "King Tuts Couch" in the 1920s, coinciding with the archaeological discovery in Egypt. This peak's current name was officially adopted July 22, 1964, by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. The peak is located in Devils Range, which is a compact subrange of the Valhallas. The names of the neighboring peaks have a devil-related theme: Black Prince Mountain, Lucifer Peak, Mount Mephistopheles, Devils Dome, Mount Diablo, Satan Peak, and Devils Spire.

## Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, Devils Couch has a subarctic climate with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Winter temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into Gwillim Creek and Evans Creek, both tributaries of the Slocan River.

## Gallery

* Aerial view of the north aspect of Devils Couch
# Tonna canaliculata

Tonna canaliculata is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Tonnidae, the tun shells.

## Description

This type of sea snail is distinguished from many others by the fact that its fleshy foot is so much larger than its shell. As with land snails, this gastropod ("stomach-footed") secretes mucus which helps it glide across the bottom.
Its shell length varies between 30 mm and 145 mm., with its long siphon (for respiration) and tentacles (with eyes at their base) clearly visible. They are known for their thin shells. They are night predators and are usually seen in sandy areas, feeding on bivalve molluscs (clams, oysters, mussels and scallops) and sea cucumbers.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Indo-Pacific.
# Paprika (disambiguation)

Paprika is a ground spice made from dried red pepper.
Paprika may also refer to:

## Arts and entertainment
### Literature and animation

* Paprika (novel), a 1993 Japanese novel by Yasutaka Tsutsui
* Paprika, a 2018 animated TV series by Xilam

### Film

* Paprika (1932 film), a German comedy directed by Carl Boese
* Paprika (1933 French film), a French comedy directed by Jean de Limur
* Paprika (1933 Italian film), an Italian comedy directed by Carl Boese
* Paprika (1959 film), a West German comedy film directed by Kurt Wilhelm
* Paprika (1991 film), an Italian erotic drama film directed by Tinto Brass
* Paprika (2006 film), a Japanese anime film directed by Satoshi Kon, based on the 1993 novel

### Other uses

* "Paprika" (Foorin song), 2018
* Paprika (Ghali song), 2024
* Paprika, a character in the children's TV series Blue's Clues
* Paprika, a character in the video game Them's Fightin' Herds.

## People

* Paprika Steen (Kirstine Steen, born 1964), a Danish actress
* Elis Paprika (Erika Elizabeth Nogues, born 1980), a Mexican singer-songwriter
* Jenő Paprika (born 1960), a Hungarian gymnast

## Other uses

* TV Paprika, a Hungarian television channel
* Paprika Rádió, a Hungarian language radio station broadcasting in Romania
* Potentially all pairwise rankings of all possible alternatives (PAPRIKA), a technique for multi-criteria decision-making
# Postmodernist anthropology

Postmodern theory (PM) in anthropology originated in the 1960s, along with the literary postmodern movement in general. Anthropologists working in this vein of inquiry seek to dissect, interpret and write cultural critiques.
One issue discussed by PM anthropologists is about subjectivity; because ethnographies are influenced by the disposition of the author, should their opinions be considered scientific? Clifford Geertz, considered a founding member of postmodernist anthropology, advocates that, “anthropological writings are themselves interpretations, and second and third order ones to boot” In the 21st century, some anthropologists use a form of standpoint theory; a person's perspective in writing and cultural interpretation of others is guided by their own background and experiences.
Other major tenets of postmodernist anthropology are:
* an emphasis on including the opinions and perspectives of the people being studied,
* cultural relativism as a method of inquiry
* skepticism towards the claims of science to producing objective and universally valid knowledge
* the rejection of grand, universal schemes or theories which explain other cultures (Barrett 1996).
A critique to anthropologists has been to question whether anthropologists may speak/write on behalf of cultural others, a point made by James Clifford in his book Writing Culture: the Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (1986). Margery Wolf states that, “it would be as great a loss to have first-world anthropologists confine their research to the first world as it is (currently) to have third-world anthropologists confine theirs to the third world”. In the 21st century, the question has been resolved by pointing out that all cultural descriptions are of cultural others. All ethnographic writing is done by a person from one standpoint writing about others living in a different standpoint. Thus, the notion of anthropologists as 'culture brokers' (see Richard Kurin) has been adopted to explain why anthropologists from any given country write about cultural others.
# Ringa

Ringa may refer to:
* Ringa Ropo-Junnila (born 1966), Finnish long jumper
* Ringa (surname), a Latvian surname
* Lepidochrysops ringa, a species of butterfly
* Ringa Monastery, a Buddhist monastery
# Capu Câmpului

Capu Câmpului (German: Kapukimpolui) is a commune located in Suceava County, Bukovina, northeastern Romania. It is composed of a single village, more specifically Capu Câmpului, part of Valea Moldovei commune from 1968 to 2003, when it was split off.

## Administration and local politics
### Communal council

The commune's current local council has the following political composition, according to the results of the 2020 Romanian local elections:
| Party | Seats | Current Council | Current Council | Current Council | Current Council | Current Council | Current Council | Current Council | Current Council | Current Council | Current Council |
| National Liberal Party (PNL) | 10 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Social Democratic Party (PSD) | 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
# Ludwig Lichtschein

Ludwig Lichtschein Hungarian: Lichtstein Lajos, Lichstein Lajos (died 1886, Ofen) was a Hungarian rabbi.
Lichtschein was born Komorn, studied at Pápa, and was rabbinical assessor of Austerlitz, Nagykanizsa, and Esztergom. From 1876 until his death he was rabbi at Somogy-Csurgó.
Lichtschein was the author of the following works:
* A Zsidók Kőzép és Jelenkori Helyzetők (Gross Kanizsa, 1866), on the condition of the Jews in medieval and modern times
* Die Dreizehn Glaubensartikel (Brünn, 1870), a sermon
* Der Targum zu den Propheten (in Stern's Ha-Meḥaḳḳer, i)
* Der Talmud und der Socialismus (ib. iii); Kossuth Lajos és a Sátoraljaúhelyi Rabbi (in Magyar Zsidó Szémle, 1885), on Kossuth and the rabbi of Sátoralja-Ujhely.
# Pablo Macías Valenzuela

Pablo E. Macías Valenzuela (November 15, 1891 - April 30, 1975) was a Mexican military man and politician. He was born on November 15, 1891, in the Rancho de Las Cabras, El Fuerte, Sinaloa. On March 25, 1912, he began his military career when he joined the Maderista forces in the 4th Sonora Irregular Battalion. On April 20, 1914, General Álvaro Obregón granted him the rank of Infantry Major. He was head of several military operations, Secretary of National Defense from December 1, 1940 to September 1, 1942 and constitutional governor of Sinaloa from 1945 to 1950. During his government, he reformed the Political Constitution of the State to allow women to vote. The Education Law and the Organization Law of the University of Sinaloa were also promulgated and promoted the construction of several schools and created the Sinaloa Normal School on April 18, 1947. He also served as Commander of the First Military Region and Director of Military Pensions from December 1, 1957 to early 1975. He participated in more than 50 armed events. He died on April 30, 1975.
# Ana Seneviratne

Ganegoda Appuhamelage Don Edmund Ananda Seneviratne (20 April 1927 – 26 September 2015) was a Sri Lankan police officer. He was the former Inspector-General of Police, Sri Lankan High Commissioner to Malaysia, former adviser to Cabinet Minister of National Security and ex member Public Service Commission of Sri Lanka.

## Early life and education

Ana Seneviratne was born to Irwin Seneviratne and Irene Seneviratne née Rodrigo from Sapugaskanda, Heiyantuduwa in Gampaha District. He had three brothers. Eldest brother Tissa was an Engineer and the two younger brothers were Nalin Seneviratne, an army officer who served as Commander of the Sri Lankan Army from 1985 to 1988 and Gamini Seneviratne, a diplomat who was Sri Lankan Ambassador to Thailand and Republic of Korea.
Educated at the Royal College, Colombo (1938 to 1946), he went to graduate from the University of Ceylon, Colombo (now University of Colombo), with an LL.B (Hons) Degree.

## Police career

After graduating from University, Seneviratne joined the Ceylon Police Force in 1951 as a probationary Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP) and as ASP he served in various parts in Sri Lanka. Some of the divisions were Matugama, Tangalle and Kegalle. In 1966, Seneviratne as ASP (CID) was tasked with the investigation of the Gotabaya Kirambakanda murder case. He was the Superintendent of Police (SP) for the Kegalle District during the 1971 JVP Insurrection. In 1972, he was investigated by the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the killing of Dodampe Mudalali.
He had also served as Officer-In-Charge of Sabaragamuwa Province, Western Province, Central Province, whole of Central Province and for the CID Special Branch. Thereafter he was the SP in-charge of Police Headquarters.
In February 1972, Ana Seneviratne was promoted to the rank of Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG). Then he was in charge of the Northern range that was Jaffna Division, extended to North Central Province and Eastern Province. Later in 1978 he was appointed as the Inspector General (IGP) of Police and served till 1982.

## Diplomatic career

In President J.R. Jayawardene's government, Ana Seneviratne was appointed as the Sri Lanka High Commissioner to Malaysia in 1982 and served there till July 1985. During this time, he played an important role in promoting tourism and strengthening diplomatic relations.

## Family

He married Krishnajina Weeratunga, daughter of Arthur Weeratunga, a planter and Henrietta Weeratunga née Gurusingha of Matara. They had two children Charith and Aruni. His brother-in-law, was General Tissa Weeratunga, who was the Commander of the Sri Lankan Army. Seneviratne’s close family friends were his trusted Deputy Inspector General of Police Valentine Vama Vamadevan and wife Charmaine, daughter Marina Shivi and son Gerard Cecil. Also a close associate was his trusted aide de camp and later DIG Nimal Leuke.
# Pello Iguaran

Pedro María "Pello" Iguaran Arandia (2 July 1940 – 16 January 2015) was a Spanish football defender.
Iguaran played for Deportivo Alavés in the 1963-1964 season. He signed for Real Sociedad immediately after Alavés was relegated. Iguaran served his new club for 7 years, being in most cases used as a reserve defender. However, he was in the starting 11 that obtained promotion in the historical 1967 match against Calvo Sotelo. He played a total of 85 games for Real Sociedad.
# Pololo (footballer)

Miguel Durán Terry, better known by his nickname Pololo (5 August 1901 – October 1934), was a Spanish footballer who played as a defender for Athletic Madrid. He was assassinated in Oviedo during the Asturias Revolution of 1934.

## Club career

Miguel Durán Terry was born in Asturias as the only son of Miguel Durán Walkinshaw, director of la fábrica de Explosivos de Coruño y Santa Bárbara (an Explosives factory). At the end of the second decade of the 20th century, he went to Madrid to study a career as a Mining Engineer, in whose High School the Athletic Club of Madrid (currently known as Atlético Madrid) had been created a few years before.
Pololo joined Atlético in 1919, which was also the same year Monchín Triana arrived at the club. Together with Sansinenea, Miguel Mieg and fellow foreign student Ramón Olalquiaga, he was a key element in the club's triumph at the 1920–21 Centro Championship, the club's first-ever piece of silverware, and then he helped Atlético reach the 1921 Copa del Rey Final, where they were beaten 1–4 by Athletic Bilbao. After finishing his studies, he returned to Asturias to join the family business. However, he continued to be enrolled in the ranks of Atlético Madrid until 1926, traveling on his own motorcycle to the capital of Spain or wherever he was to play away games. He was once again pivotal in helping the club reach the 1926 Copa del Rey Final, which they also lost, this time 2–3 to FC Barcelona. It can be said that Pololo along with teammate Triana, contributed to turning Atlético Madrid into an important team in the capital. In total he made 44 appearances and netted 8 goals in 7 years.
In 1926, when Real Oviedo was created, Pololo decided to join the team, featuring alongside the likes of José Luis Zabala and Rogelio Barril, and he remained in the club until his retirement in 1929.

## International career

He played two matches for the Spain national football team in 1921 and 1923, both of which were friendlies against Portugal and both ended in victories, with Pololo helping his side keep a clean sheet on the latter one.
As an Athletic Madrid player, Pololo was eligible to play for the Madrid national team, and he was part of the team that reached the final of the 1923–24 Prince of Asturias Cup, an inter-regional competition organized by the RFEF. Pololo started in the final against Catalonia and conceded 4 goals in a 4–4 draw, which cost him his place to the team's backup defender, Alfonso Olaso, who started in the second leg which Madrid lost 2–3.

## Death

At the start of the Asturias Revolution of 1934, Miguel Durán, along with his father and other engineers, was assassinated.

## Honours
### Club
#### Athletic Madrid

* La Liga (1): 1928–29
* Copa del Rey (4): 1922, 1925, 1926 and 1928

### International
#### Madrid XI

Prince of Asturias Cup:
* Runner-up (1): 1923–24
# Jules Pasdeloup

Jules Étienne Pasdeloup (French pronunciation:; 15 September 1819 – 13 August 1887) was a French conductor.

## Life

Pasdeloup was born in Paris. His father was an assistant conductor at the Opéra Comique; he was educated in music at the Conservatoire de Paris, leaving with a first prize in piano. He founded in 1851 a Société des jeunes artistes du conservatoire that gave concerts in the Salle Hertz for a decade, and, as conductor of its concerts, did much to popularize the best new compositions of the time. His popular Concerts Pasdeloup at the Cirque d'hiver, Paris, from 1861 until 1884, had also a great effect in promoting French taste in music, introducing works by Wagner and Schumann, as well as reviving public interest in the symphonies of Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven. In 1868 he founded the Société des Oratories to present oratorios, and joined the Théâtre Lyrique the same year, though he was disappointed there at his lack of popular success in reviving operas like Gluck's Iphigénie en Tauride. He was made a member of the Légion d'Honneur. He died, aged 67, in Fontainebleau.
# Mount Odlum

Mount Odlum is located on the border of Alberta and British Columbia on the Continental Divide. It was named in 1917 after Victor Wentworth Odlum, Brigadier-General in the Canadian army during World War I. After the war, he entered politics from 1924–1947.

## Geology

Mount Odlum is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny.
# Crassispira meunieri

Crassispira meunieri is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 41 mm, its diameter 21 mm.
The shell resembles Drillia grabaui but is much larger and stronger It contains 8 whorls without the protoconch, which is eroded in the single specimen found. The spiral sculpture consists of subequal, shallow, narrow grooves extending from the notch to the base of the whorls. The subsutural band is very slightly nodular. The transverse sculpture consists of fairly distinct ribs (13 on the body whorl) which become weaker and tend to fade out on the body whorl. The ribs extend from the notch to the succeeding suture and to about the center of the body whorl. The notch is distinct and broadly U-shaped. The siphonal canal is short and wide; aperture rather narrow. The outer lip is not lirate within. The columella shows a rather thick callus.

## Distribution

Fossils have been found in Chipola Formation, Florida, USA.
# Nathalie Schwarz

Nathalie Schwarz (born 29 July 1993) is an Austrian cross-country skier. She competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, in 10 kilometre classical, was part of the Austrian team that placed thirteenth in the relay, and competed in the women's sprint.

## Cross-country skiing results

All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

### Olympic Games

| Year | Age | 10 km individual | 15 km  skiathlon | 30 km mass start | Sprint | 4 × 5 km  relay | Team  sprint |
| 2014 | 20 | 36 | — | — | 52 | 12 | — |

### World Cup
#### Season standings

| Season | Age | Discipline standings | Discipline standings | Discipline standings | Discipline standings | Ski Tour standings | Ski Tour standings | Ski Tour standings | Ski Tour standings |
| Season | Age | Overall | Distance | Sprint | U23 | Nordic Opening | Tour de Ski | World Cup Final | Ski Tour Canada |
| 2014 | 20 | 105 | 76 | NC | — | — | DNF | — | — |
| 2015 | 21 | 64 | 64 | NC | 7 | — | 20 | — | — |
| 2016 | 22 | 84 | 58 | NC | 20 | — | 31 | — | — |
| 2017 | 23 | NC | NC | NC | — | — | DNF | — | — |
# Andrea Romitti

Andrea Romitti (born August 16, 1919) was an Italian professional football player.
* This biographical article related to association football in Italy, about a forward born in the 1910s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Pether Markne

Pether Markne (born 27 July 1962) is a Swedish equestrian. He competed in two events at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
# Schizocosa avida

Schizocosa avida is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae. It is found in North America.
# Acanthogethes

Acanthogethes is a genus of pollen beetles in the family Nitidulidae. There are about five described species in Acanthogethes.

## Species

These five species belong to the genus Acanthogethes:
* Acanthogethes brevis Sturm, 1845
* Acanthogethes fuscus (Olivier, 1790)
* Acanthogethes hercules (Audisio, 1986)
* Acanthogethes lamii (Rosenhauer, 1856)
* Acanthogethes reyi (Guillebeau, 1885)
# Coquillettia albiclava

Coquillettia albiclava is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It is found in North America.
# Bombylius diegoensis

Bombylius diegoensis is a species of bee flies in the family Bombyliidae.
# Mikael Strandman

Mikael Strandman (born 1966) is a Swedish politician who is a member of the Riksdag representing the Sweden Democrats.
Strandman graduated from the KTH Royal Institute of Technology with a Master's degree in engineering and worked as a civil engineer. He was elected to the Riksdag in 2018, representing Stockholm County and takes seat 246 in parliament. Strandman is also the local chairman of the Sweden Democrats in Norrtälje.
# Nebria steensensis

Nebria steensensis is a species of ground beetle from Nebriinae subfamily that is endemic to the US state of Oregon.
# Laphria affinis

Laphria affinis is a species of robber flies in the family Asilidae.
# Louise Théo

Louise Théo (French pronunciation:; real name Cécile Piccolo; 1854 – 24 January 1922) was a French singer who gained popularity in operetta in France from the 1870s to the end of the 19th century. She created several leading roles in works by Offenbach and also toured to the USA.

## Life and career

Théo was born and died in Paris. She began singing as a child with her mother in a café-concert on the Champs-Élysées. After a convent schooling she married and began a theatrical career, including a tour to Vienna, where she was spotted by Offenbach. The composer engaged her at the Théâtre de la Renaissance to create the title roles in Pomme d'api and La jolie parfumeuse (1873). She followed these with Cupidon in Orphée aux enfers, La princesse de Trébizonde, La petite muette, La Timbale and Madame l'archiduc (after which she toured to London with Daubray), at the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens.
She went on to sing in the premiere of Fleur d'Oranger at the Théâtre des Nouveautés in 1878 and sang Cendrillon at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin in 1879, and Rataplan and Le Tour du Cadran at the Théâtre des Variétés in 1880.
Other creations included Adam et Eve in 1881, Mlle Boniface in 1883, Dix jours aux Pyrénées in 1887 and Mimi in 1888.
Théo visited America in 1883 to appear at the Fifth Avenue Theater, and then toured; she returned the following year, appearing in François les bas-bleus, La fille du tambour-major and Giroflé-Girofla.
She retired as the wife of a rich New York art dealer, Roland Knoedler.