OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Foxing

Foxing is an age-related process of deterioration that causes spots and browning on old paper documents such as books, postage stamps, old paper money and certificates. The name may be a variant form of the English West country dialect term foust and Scots foze, to become moldy. Alternatively, it may derive from the fox-like reddish-brown color of the stains. Paper so affected is said to be "foxed".
Foxing is seldom found in incunabula, or books printed before 1501. Decrease in rag fibre quality may be a culprit; as demand for paper rose in later centuries, papermakers used less water and spent less time cleansing the rag fibres used to make paper. An early work of art to have been affected by foxing is the Portrait of a Man in Red Chalk, a drawing on paper by Leonardo da Vinci.
Foxing also occurs in biological study skins or specimens, as an effect of chemical reactions or mold on melanin. Textiles, such as articles of clothing, so affected may also be said to be foxed.
Aside from foxing, other types of age-related paper deterioration include destruction of the lignin by sunlight and absorbed atmospheric pollution, typically causing the paper to become brown and crumble at the edges, and acid-related damage to cheap paper such as newsprint, which manufacturers make without neutralizing acidic contaminants.

## Causes of foxing

The causes of foxing are not well understood. One conjecture is that foxing is caused by a fungal growth on the paper. Another is that foxing is caused by the effect on certain papers of the oxidation of iron, copper, or other substances in the pulp or rag from which the paper was made. It is possible that multiple factors are involved. High humidity may contribute to foxing.

## Repairing foxed documents

Foxed documents can be repaired, with greater or lesser success, using sodium borohydride, proprietary bleaches, dilute hydrogen peroxide or lasers. Each method risks side effects or damage to the paper or ink.
Another method is to scan the image and process that image using a high-level image processing program. This can usually remove the effects of foxing while leaving text and images intact.

## In biological specimens

It is generally not advisable to repair study specimens, except perhaps for mechanical damage. Type specimens should – if at all possible – not be altered in any way. If foxing affects the study value of a specimen (e.g. in bird or mammal skins or in insects, where it may affect diagnostic coloration), this might rather be remarked on the specimen label. Color standards can provide a means of documenting coloration before or in the early stages of foxing.
# 44th meridian east

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The meridian 44° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 44th meridian east forms a great circle with the 136th meridian west.

## From Pole to Pole

Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 44th meridian east passes through:
    Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿90.000°N 44.000°E﻿ / 90.000; 44.000﻿ (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 80°34′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿80.567°N 44.000°E﻿ / 80.567; 44.000﻿ (Barents Sea) Barents Sea 68°33′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿68.550°N 44.000°E﻿ / 68.550; 44.000﻿ (Russia)  Russia Kanin Peninsula 68°23′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿68.383°N 44.000°E﻿ / 68.383; 44.000﻿ (White Sea) White Sea 67°34′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿67.567°N 44.000°E﻿ / 67.567; 44.000﻿ (Russia)  Russia Kanin Peninsula 67°10′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿67.167°N 44.000°E﻿ / 67.167; 44.000﻿ (White Sea) White Sea Mezen Bay 66°5′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿66.083°N 44.000°E﻿ / 66.083; 44.000﻿ (Russia)  Russia Passing through Nizhny Novgorod 42°35′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿42.583°N 44.000°E﻿ / 42.583; 44.000﻿ (South Ossetia/Georgia)  South Ossetia or Georgia South Ossetia is a partially recognised state. Most nations consider its territory to be part of Georgia. 42°11′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿42.183°N 44.000°E﻿ / 42.183; 44.000﻿ (Georgia)  Georgia 41°10′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿41.167°N 44.000°E﻿ / 41.167; 44.000﻿ (Armenia)  Armenia 40°1′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿40.017°N 44.000°E﻿ / 40.017; 44.000﻿ (Turkey)  Turkey 37°18′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿37.300°N 44.000°E﻿ / 37.300; 44.000﻿ (Iraq)  Iraq Passing just west of Erbil 29°44′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿29.733°N 44.000°E﻿ / 29.733; 44.000﻿ (Saudi Arabia)  Saudi Arabia 17°22′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿17.367°N 44.000°E﻿ / 17.367; 44.000﻿ (Yemen)  Yemen 12°36′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿12.600°N 44.000°E﻿ / 12.600; 44.000﻿ (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean Gulf of Aden 10°39′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿10.650°N 44.000°E﻿ / 10.650; 44.000﻿ (Somalia)  Somalia Somaliland - passing just west of Hargeisa 9°0′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿9.000°N 44.000°E﻿ / 9.000; 44.000﻿ (Ethiopia)  Ethiopia 4°57′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿4.950°N 44.000°E﻿ / 4.950; 44.000﻿ (Somalia)  Somalia 1°5′N 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿1.083°N 44.000°E﻿ / 1.083; 44.000﻿ (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean Passing between the islands of Mohéli and Anjouan, Comoros 17°21′S 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿17.350°S 44.000°E﻿ / -17.350; 44.000﻿ (Madagascar)  Madagascar 17°44′S 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿17.733°S 44.000°E﻿ / -17.733; 44.000﻿ (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean 20°45′S 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿20.750°S 44.000°E﻿ / -20.750; 44.000﻿ (Madagascar)  Madagascar 24°51′S 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿24.850°S 44.000°E﻿ / -24.850; 44.000﻿ (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean 60°0′S 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿60.000°S 44.000°E﻿ / -60.000; 44.000﻿ (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 68°2′S 44°0′E﻿ / ﻿68.033°S 44.000°E﻿ / -68.033; 44.000﻿ (Antarctica) Antarctica Queen Maud Land, claimed by Norway
# Akarahaduwa

Akarahaduwa is a village in Matale District, in Sri Lanka's Central Province. It is bounded on the west, north, and east by the Amban River, a tributary of the Mahaweli River.

## History

According to Archibald Campbell Lawrie's 1896 gazetteer of the province, the inhabitants of the village smelted and delivered iron. A considerable number of the villagers were Moors who supported their lebbe and their mosque.
# Isovector

In particle physics, isovector refers to the vector transformation of a particle under the SU(2) group of isospin. An isovector state is a triplet state with total isospin 1, with the third component of isospin either 1, 0, or -1, much like a triplet state in the two-particle addition of Spin.
# Katei

Part of a series on the :
History of Japan :
Shōsōin :
PeriodsPaleolithicbefore 14,000 BCJōmon14,000–1000 BCYayoi
1000 BC – 300 ADKofun
300–538 ADAsuka
538–710Nara
710–794HeianFormer Nine Years' WarLater Three-Year WarGenpei War 794–1185KamakuraJōkyū WarMongol invasionsGenkō WarKenmu Restoration 1185–1333MuromachiNanboku-chō periodSengoku period 1336–1573Azuchi–Momoyama
Nanban tradeImjin WarBattle of Sekigahara 1573–1603Edo (Tokugawa)
Tokugawa shogunateInvasion of RyukyuSiege of OsakaSakokuPerry ExpeditionConvention of KanagawaBakumatsuMeiji RestorationBoshin War 1603–1868Meiji
Ryūkyū DispositionInvasion of Taiwan (1874)Satsuma RebellionFirst Sino-Japanese WarTreaty of ShimonosekiTriple InterventionInvasion of Taiwan (1895)Colonization of TaiwanBoxer RebellionRusso-Japanese WarTreaty of PortsmouthJapan–Korea TreatyColonization of Korea 1868–1912Taishō
World War IIntervention in SiberiaGreat Kantō earthquake 1912–1926Shōwa
MilitarismFinancial crisisNanking incidentMukden IncidentInvasion of ManchuriaMay 15 incidentFebruary 26 incidentAnti-Comintern PactTripartite PactSecond Sino-Japanese WarWorld War IIAttack on Pearl HarborPacific WarAtomic bombingsSoviet–Japanese WarSurrender of JapanOccupation of JapanPostwar JapanAnpo protestsEconomic miracleAsset price bubble1926–1989Heisei
Lost DecadesGreat Hanshin earthquakeCool JapanTōhoku earthquakeImperial transition 1989–2019ReiwaCOVID-19 pandemicAbe assassinationNoto earthquake 2019–present :
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Katei (嘉禎) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. "year name") after Bunryaku and before Ryakunin. This period spanned the years from September 1235 to November 1238. The reigning emperor was Shijō-tennō (四条天皇).

## Change of era

* 1235 Katei gannen (嘉禎元年): The era name was changed to mark an event or a number of events. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Bunryaku 2.

## Events of the Katei Era

* 1235 (Katei 1, 11th month): Kujō Yoritsune is raised to the second rank of the second class in the court hierarchy (the dōjō kuge).
* 1236 (Katei 2, 7th month): Yoritsune is raised to the first rank of the second class in the dōjō kuge.
* 1237 (Katei 3, 8th month): Yoritsune ordered the building of a mansion in the Rokuhara section of Kyoto.
# 168th Battalion (Oxfords), CEF

The 168th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Woodstock, Ontario, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 in Oxford County, Ontario. After sailing to England in November 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 4th and 6th Reserve Battalions on January 4, 1917. The 168th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. W. K. McMullen.
# Real Teatro de las Cortes

Real Teatro de las Cortes is a theatre located on Calle de las Cortes in San Fernando in the Province of Cádiz, Andalusia, Spain. It was established on 1 April 1804 as Teatro Cómico, and currently seats 433 people.
# Embossing tape

Embossing tape is a labelling medium usually of hard plastic. Embossing tape is used with embossing machines, often handheld. The company name and trademark "Dymo" is often associated with this sort of label as their CEO Rudolph Hurwich first introduced it as a consumer product in 1958. Embossing tape have largely been replaced with thermal transfer printing tape used by label printers.

## Method

The machine features multiple embossing dies arranged on two parallel wheels. Each character has one positive die and one negative die. Typically all of the negative dies are constructed on one rigid wheel, while all the positive dies are constructed on a divided flexible wheel, similar to the daisy wheel of a daisy wheel printer. The user turns the wheel to align the desired character with the tape and then presses a trigger, which forces one positive die against the tape, which deforms some of the tape into the negative die. Upon releasing the trigger, a mechanism advances the tape to the next character position. The embossed characters stand out from the tape and look white due to stretching of the plastic.
Embossing tape and the embossing device itself are relatively inexpensive to buy, usually around $10 from stationery stores. Because of this, embossing tape has found popularity with children and adolescents. Unlike paper labels, embossing tape is very durable, does not fade over time, rarely leaves a sticky residue, and does not break upon removal.
Because of the method for embossing, the characters can only be white in color. Sometimes, the adhesive backing of the tape can weaken, especially if it is placed in liquid or dust. The tape is more rigid than most other labeling materials, and may come loose if the labeled object bends or under the force of its original curvature, if the label is not straightened after being printed.

## Braille label maker

There are also portable Braille labelers, made by various manufacturers, (Dymo, Scotch, Reizen) which use the same mechanics and tapes as those with other glyphs but with a Braille wheel. The embossed shape is particularly practical for use by the blind or visually impaired. Braille labelers also allow the use of aluminum labeling tape, which is specifically designed to be used with Braille boards and can be easily attached to the surfaces to be labeled, being more resistant to wear than vinyl.

## Graphic design

Because of the distinctively industrial, workaday image of embossing tape, it has been common for designers to use images of embossing tape as lettering. The practice was particularly common during the 'grunge typography' graphic design period of the 1990s and 2000s, which often used composited images produced by computer. Embossing tape lettering has been used by bands such as Snow Patrol and The Libertines and poet Rick Holland; it may be intended to evoke labelling used to mark magnetic tapes or radiographs.
# Turkmun (Hazara tribe)

Turkmun (Hazaragi: تورکمون) or Turkmani (تورکمنی) is a major tribe of the ethnic Hazara people, originating mainly from the Turkman valley in present-day Parwan province of Afghanistan. They have their own dialect of the Persian language known as Hazaragi.

## History

Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire in the early 16th century, mentioned this Hazara tribe in his autobiography as "Turkoman Hazaras".

## Etymology

The etymology of the Turkmani tribe of Hazara, according to Babur, is related to the "Turkoman".

## Notable people

* Commander Shafi Hazara
* Pahlawan Ebrahim Khedri
* Wakil Hussain Allahdad
* Abbas Noyan
* Mohaqiq Kabuli
# Abby Quinn

Abby Quinn (born 1995 or 1996) is an American actress. She is known for her role in the 2023 M. Night Shyamalan horror film Knock at the Cabin.

## Early life and education

Quinn was born in Bloomfield, Michigan. Her parents divorced when she was young. She has played the guitar since she was 7 years old.
Quinn attended Detroit Country Day School. She started a bachelor's degree at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, before dropping out to move to Los Angeles to pursue a career in acting.

## Career

Quinn played Ali Jacobs in the 2017 comedy film Landline in her first major film role. She was drawn to the film's portrayal of divorce, as it was different from her own experience. The film was well-received by critics, with Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post writing, "[Jenny] Slate and Quinn are completely believable as sisters who occupy a space between twinlike closeness and alienation."
In 2018, Quinn starred as Josephine Cavallo in the film Radium Girls, alongside Joey King. The film had its world premiere at the 2018 Tribeca Festival. In October of that year, she played Kristy Esposito in the Better Call Saul season 4 finale "Winner", and was cast as Annie Moffat in the 2019 film adaptation of Little Women.
In 2019, Quinn starred as Mabel Buchman in the sitcom Mad About You, alongside Helen Hunt and Paul Reiser. In July 2022, Quinn joined the cast of the comedy horror film Hell of a Summer, alongside D'Pharaoh Woon-A-Tai, Pardis Seremi, Finn Wolfhard, Billy Bryk and Fred Hechinger, with Wolfhard and Bryk directing.
In 2023, Quinn played Adriane, one of the four intruders in the M. Night Shyamalan horror film Knock at the Cabin. The film was well-received by critics and grossed $52.1 million worldwide against a budget of $20 million.

## Filmography

Film work by Abby Quinn :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2014 | The Sisterhood of Night | Tanya | |
| 2016 | The Journey Is the Destination | Marte | |
| 2017 | Landline | Ali Jacobs | |
| 2018 | Good Girls Get High | Sam | |
| 2018 | Radium Girls | Josephine | |
| 2018 | Bumblebee | Brenda | Deleted scene |
| 2019 | After the Wedding | Grace Carlson | |
| 2019 | Little Women | Annie Moffat | |
| 2020 | Shithouse | Georgia | |
| 2020 | I'm Thinking of Ending Things | Tulsey Town Girl 3 | |
| 2022 | Torn Hearts | Jordan Wilder | |
| 2023 | Knock at the Cabin | Adriane | |
| 2023 | Hell of a Summer | Claire | |
| TBA | Fail to Prepare | | |
Television work by Abby Quinn :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2012 | Law & Order: Special Victims Unit | Hannah Webster | Episode: "Vanity's Bonfire" |
| 2017 | Black Mirror | Meryl | Episode: "Arkangel" |
| 2018 | Better Call Saul | Kristy Esposito | Episode: "Winner" |
| 2019 | Mad About You | Mabel Buchman | Main cast (season 8), 12 episodes |
# Sticta arachnofuliginosa

Sticta arachnofuliginosa is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. Found in Central America and South America, it was formally described by Bibiana Moncada and Robert Lücking in 2012. The type specimen was collected near the Laguna de Chisacá (Cundinamarca Department, Colombia) at an altitude of 3,734 m (12,251 ft). The lichen, which usually grows on bark but has also been recorded growing on soil, tends to associates with liverworts from the genera Metzgeria, Lepicolea, Plagiochila, as well as the lichen Heterodermia circinalis. It has been recorded from páramo, and temperate forests at elevations ranging from 2,300 and 4,050 m (7,550 and 13,290 ft). The specific epithet alludes to its resemblance to Sticta fuliginosa.
# Ski Association of Slovenia

The Ski Association of Slovenia (Slovene: Smučarska zveza Slovenije; SZS), also known by its brand name SLOSKI, is the main organization devoted to skiing sports in Slovenia. Headquartered in Ljubljana, it represents Slovenia in the International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS), and is a member of the Olympic Committee of Slovenia.
Founded in 1948, it covers the skiing disciplines of alpine, cross-country, Nordic combined, ski jumping, and snowboarding.
The current president is Enzo Smrekar.

## List of presidents

| # | Name | Years |
| 1. | Danilo Dougan | 1948−1963 |
| 2. | Niko Belopavlovič | 1963−1974 |
| 3. | Janez Kocijančič | 1974−1984 |
| 4. | Janez Zajc | 1984−1992 |
| 5. | Stane Valant | 1992−2010 |
| 6. | Tomaž Lovše | 2010−2012 |
| 7. | Primož Ulaga | 2012−2013 |
| 8. | Enzo Smrekar | 2013− |
# Walt Flanagan's Dog

In the comic Oni Double Feature #1, a story titled "Walt Flanagan's Dog" appears and tells the adventure of Jay and Silent Bob having an encounter with Walt Flanagan's dog, Krypto.

## Plot

While Jay and Silent Bob deal outside RST Video, Randal Graves calls the cops on them. The duo leaves and ends up smoking marijuana with Walt Flanagan's dog (Flanagan and Steve Dave are practicing strip comic book trivia at the time). The dog gets a "stoner boner" and chases them around New Jersey after Silent Bob pokes it. By the time the dog calms down, it is dawn. Jay and Bob then decide to go to the Eden Prairie Mall for an Orange Julius.

## In the Askewniverse

Chronologically, "Walt Flanagan's Dog" is the earliest story to take place in the View Askewniverse. It leads into Mallrats which takes place before Clerks.

## Askewniverse references

* The comic features a strip where there is an ambulance in front of the local YMCA. This is a reference to Julie Dwyer's death, which is mentioned in Clerks, Mallrats and Chasing Amy.
* Dante Hicks is talking to Veronica, his girlfriend from Clerks, on the phone in the beginning of the comic. They discuss a game show at the Eden Prairie Mall, a reference to Mallrats.
* In Mallrats, Jay refers to the events of the comic after being chased by Lafours, saying he is "faster than Walt Flanagan's dog".
* One of the usernames on an early internet message board shown in a flashback in Jay & Silent Bob's Super Groovy Cartoon Movie is "Walt Flanagan's Dog".
* One of the usernames on an internet message board shown in Jay & Silent Bob Strike Back is "Walt Flanagan's Dog".
* While not technically in the Askewniverse, the View Askew film Vulgar contains the line "Only humans can be heroes, right? Well tell that to Walt Flanagan's Dog".
| Preceded byNone | The View Askewniverse Chronology | Succeeded byMallrats |
* This comics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Golden Valley, North Dakota

Golden Valley is a city in Mercer County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 182 at the 2020 census. Golden Valley was founded in 1913.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.73 square miles (1.89 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics
### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 182 people, 92 households and 54 families residing in the city. The population density was 249.3 inhabitants per square mile (96.3/km$^2$). There were 117 housing units at an average density of 160.3 per square mile (61.9/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the city was 97.3% White, 1.1% Native American, 1.1% Asian, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.6% of the population.
There were 92 households, of which 14.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.3% were non-families. 38.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.98 and the average family size was 2.57.
The median age in the city was 50.2 years. 17% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.7% were from 25 to 44; 40.6% were from 45 to 64; and 19.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.5% male and 49.5% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 183 people, 91 households and 51 families residing in the city. The population density was 253.2 inhabitants per square mile (97.8/km$^2$). There were 124 housing units at an average density of 171.6 per square mile (66.3/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the city was 99.45% White, and 0.55% from two or more races.
There were 91 households, out of which 18.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present and 42.9% were non-families. 37.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.63.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 17.5% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 20.2% from 25 to 44, 31.7% from 45 to 64, and 25.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.1 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $27,188, and the median income for a family was $39,688. Males had a median income of $38,125 versus $15,625 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,783. Approximately 18.4% of families and 20.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.1% of those under the age of eighteen and 7.8% of those sixty-five or over.

## Education

Golden Valley is in the Beulah Public School District 27.
# Cornelis van Rijssen

Cornelis van Rijssen, or Ryssen (c.1640 – after 1708) was a goldsmith and poet of the Northern Netherlands. He was born in Amsterdam and travelled to Rome in 1667 where he became a member of the Bentvueghels with the nickname Satyr. He is known for his poems about various members of the Bentvueghels group, most notably Daniel Mijtens the Younger, whose nickname was Bontekraay and which poem Houbraken included in his Schouburg. He returned to Amsterdam in 1669 and published a book of poems in 1704. The book was popular and was reprinted in 1708 and 1719.
# Janice May Udry

Janice May Udry (born June 14, 1928) is an American author of children's literature, primarily of picture books.

## Biography

Janice May was born in Jacksonville, Illinois on June 14, 1928. She graduated from Northwestern University in 1950. Her first widely-published book, A Tree is Nice, was awarded the Caldecott Medal in 1957 for Marc Simont's illustrations. She was a member of the American Association of University Women and her papers are held at the University of Southern Mississippi.
Janice May married Richard Udry in 1950. They have two children, Leslie and Susan. Richard died in 2012 at the age of 83.