OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gada (mace)

The gada (Sanskrit: गदा gadā, Kannada: ಗದೆ, Telugu: గద, Tamil: கதை, Malay: gedak, Old Tagalog: batuta) is a mallet or blunt mace from the Indian subcontinent. Made either of wood or metal, it consists essentially of a spherical head mounted on a shaft, with a spike on the top. Outside India, the gada was also adopted in Southeast Asia, where it is still used in silat. The weapon might have Indo-Iranian origins, Old Persian also uses the word gadā to mean club, as seen in the etymology of Pasargadae.
The gada is the main weapon of the Hindu God Hanuman. Known for his strength, Hanuman is traditionally worshipped by wrestlers in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Vishnu also carries a gada named Kaumodaki in one of his four hands. In the epic Mahabharata, the fighters Balarama, Duryodhana, Bhima, Karna, Shalya, Jarasandha and others were said to be masters of the gada.

## Gada-yuddha

The martial art of wielding the gada is known as gada-yuddha. It can either be wielded singly or in pairs, and can be handled in twenty different ways. Various gada-yuddha techniques are mentioned in the Agni Purana and Mahabharata such as aahat (आहत), prabrita (प्रभृत), kamalasan (कमलासन), oordhvargatra (ऊर्ध्वगत्र), namita (नमित), vaamadakshina (वामदक्षिण), aavritta (आवृत्त), paraavritta (परावृत्त), padoddhrita (पदोद्धृत), avaplata (अवप्लत), hansmaarga (हंसमार्ग) and vibhaag (विभाग).
The gada is used in the Indian martial art Kalaripayattu.

## Exercise equipment

The gada is one of the traditional pieces of training equipment in Hindu physical culture, and is common in the akhara of north India. Maces of various weights and heights are used depending on the strength and skill level of the practitioner. It is believed that Lord Hanuman's gada was the largest amongst all the gadas in the world. For training purposes, one or two wooden gada (mudgar) are swung behind the back in several different ways and is particularly useful for building grip strength and shoulder endurance. The Great Gama was known for extensive use of gada. Winners in a kushti contest are often awarded with a gada.
Chi'ishi, a karate conditioning equipment and its exercise pattern was inspired by the gada and mudgar. The war mallets were also inspired by gada.

## Outside the Indian subcontinent

Gada is used by practitioners of silat martial arts in the Malay world. In Indonesia the meaning of "gada" has been expanded to refer to other impact weapons including the mace, the morning star, and the flail. However, several ethnic groups of Indonesia have their own version of gada. Traditional Indonesian gada generally shaped more like Persian meel club than Indian gada. This is because the iron used to make gada in pre-modern Indonesia, called besi khurasani, was imported from Khorasan. Local gada is often coated in an alloy called besi kuning, which is believed to possess magical power.
# Cao Kun

General Cao Kun (simplified Chinese: 曹锟; traditional Chinese: 曹錕; pinyin: Cáo Kūn; Wade–Giles: Ts'ao K'un; courtesy name: Zhongshan (仲珊)) (December 12, 1862 – May 15, 1938) was a Chinese warlord and politician, who served as the President of the Republic of China from 1923 to 1924, as well as the military leader of the Zhili clique in the Beiyang Army; he also served as a trustee of the Catholic University of Peking.

## Early life and rise to leadership

Cao was born to a poor family in Tianjin. During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, he went with the army to fight in Joseon. After the war was over he joined Yuan Shikai to participate in the training of the New Army (known as the Beiyang Army). Admired by Yuan, Cao managed to rise very quickly. By the time of the 1911 Xinhai Revolution he commanded the Beiyang 3rd Division.
He was made a general in the Beiyang Army and led the Zhili clique after the death of Feng Guozhang. During the 1918 election he was promised the vice-presidency by Duan Qirui but the office remained vacant after most of the National Assembly left, depriving it of a quorum. He felt betrayed by Duan and defeated him in battle in 1920. After forcing the resignations of both Xu Shichang and Li Yuanhong, and engaging in bribery, he became president of the Republic of China (in Beijing) on 10 October 1923, serving to 2 November 1924.
In March 1922, Cao attempted to launch an airline, "Beijing-Han Airlines", with a Handley Page aircraft (likely a modified HP O/400). Unfortunately, the airline's 3-day trial tour ended in disaster: the plane crashed on approach to Beijing, killing all 14 onboard.
Cao had a family connection to the Chinese Muslim military commander Ma Fuxing, who resided in Xinjiang.

## "Bribing president"

Cao Kun infamously acquired the presidential office by openly bribing assembly members with 5,000 silver dollars each. That episode brought disrepute to the Beiyang government and the National Assembly, which lacked a quorum even to hold elections. It also turned all the rival factions against him, and his own clique began suffering from dissension. Relations with his chief protégé, Wu Peifu, soured and there were rumors of an impending split within the Zhili clique, but they stayed together to fight against the Fengtian clique. One of his first acts as president was to promulgate the 1923 Constitution of China. Hastily drafted by the guilt-ridden assembly, it was deemed the most democratic and progressive charter yet, but like previous charters, it was ignored completely.
During a war against Zhang Zuolin in October 1924, Cao was betrayed and imprisoned by one of his own officers, General Feng Yuxiang, in the Beijing coup. Feng occupied Beijing and forced Cao to resign. His brother, Cao Rui, committed suicide while he was under house arrest. In 1926, Cao Kun was released from captivity as a goodwill gesture by Feng to Wu Peifu.
Cao died in his home at Tianjin in May 1938.
# Tanahat Monastery

Tanahat Monastery (Armenian: Թանահատի վանք), is an 8th-century monastery 7 km south-east of Vernashen village in the Vayots Dzor Province of Armenia. It was built between the 8th and 13th centuries. The monastery was also called the Red Monastery because it was built of red stone. Tanahat monastery was built on the site of a pagan temple, which was dedicated to the Armenian goddess Anahit. A Christian temple was founded here in the 5th century. The early medieval cemetery is scattered next to the monastery. Tanahat Monastery functioned until the late Middle Ages and is now in good condition. According to the historian Stepanos Archbishop Orbelyan, in 735 the body of Stepanos Syunetsi was buried in Tanade monastery and a small chapel was built over the grave.
In 1273–1279, on the place of the chapel, under the patronage of Prince Prosh and his family, with the help of the local residents, the church of St. Stepanos was built with dark bluish basalt hewn stones. An inscription on the Saint Stepanos church mentions that it was constructed "during the rule of the valiant and illustrious Prince Prosh and his sons Papak' , Hasan, and the child Eacci", around 1273-79. The 13th century church called St Nshan or Varaga Surb Nshan is adjacent to the Saint Stepanos church from the north (probably, the famous holy icon of Varagavank was kept here for some time). On the stone of St Nshan's western entrance, a young horseman from the Proshian princely dynasty is carved, thrusting a spear into a lion's mare, and various birds are depicted above them. The sculptures of Tanade Monastery are valuable examples of medieval Armenian secular sculptures.
There are khachkars and tombstones of the 13th–16th centuries around Tanade monastery. In 1971, the territory of the Tanade monastery was excavated and the foundations of the vestibule of the monastery, the large nave church and its vestibule and secular buildings on the south side were discovered (it is assumed that Gladzor University operated in these buildings). In 1984, St. Stepanos and St. Nshan churches were renovated, and the territory of the monastery was improved.
# Peter Schnell (politician)

Peter Schnell (9 December 1935 – 3 November 2024) was a German lawyer and politician. A member of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria, he served in the Landtag of Bavaria from 1966 to 1972, and was Mayor of Ingolstadt for thirty years.
Schnell died on 3 November 2024, at the age of 88.
# Daniel Bravo Silva

Daniel Alejandro Bravo Silva (born 17 May 1982) is a Chilean lawyer and university teacher who was elected as a member of the Chilean Constitutional Convention.
# Orius tristicolor

Orius tristicolor, known generally as the minute flower bug or minute pirate bug, is a species of minute pirate bug in the family Anthocoridae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, North America, Oceania, and South America.
# Verrabotn

Verrabotn is a village located in Indre Fosen Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located at end of the Verrasundet arm of the Trondheimsfjord. The village of Verrastranda lies about 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the northeast, the village of Trongsundet lies about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the northeast (both in Steinkjer Municipality), and the village of Årnset lies about 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the southwest. Norwegian National Road 720 runs through the village, which formerly had a primary school. The village is the location of Fines Church.
# Agromyza ambrosivora

Agromyza ambrosivora is a species of leaf miner fly in the family Agromyzidae.
# Dicranota maculata

Dicranota maculata is a species of hairy-eyed crane fly in the family Pediciidae.
# Akkaya, Çukurca

Akkaya (Kurdish: Serispî; Syriac: Sārāspīdōn) is a village in the Çukurca District in Hakkâri Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Alan tribe and had a population of 755 in 2023.
The four hamlets of Dağdibi (Cemêhuyu), Sarıyer (Sîyavik), Dikenli (Bite) and Kunaklı (Barzan) are attached to Akkaya. Dikenli and Kunaklı are unpopulated.

## History

Sārāspīdōn (today called Akkaya) was historically inhabited by Assyrian people and located in the Upper Tyari district in the Hakkari region. It had two churches and was served as part of the diocese of the Patriarch of the Church of the East. According to the English missionary George Percy Badger, the village was inhabited by 80 Assyrian families in 1850, all of whom belonged to the Church of the East and were served by two priests. Badger recorded that the villagers possessed 3000 sheep, 150 oxen, and 160 muskets; he also noted lead was mined at the village for use in the production of bullets.
By 1877, there were 50 Assyrians families at Sārāspīdōn with two priests when visited by Edward Lewes Cutts. There were 100 Assyrian families in 1914, as per the list presented to the Paris Peace Conference by the Assyro-Chaldean delegation. Amidst the Sayfo, Sārāspīdōn was attacked and destroyed by Turks and Kurds led by the vali of Mosul, Haydar Bey, on 11 June 1915 although most of the villagers were able to flee.

## Population

Population history of the village from 2007 to 2023:
# Mary Morgan-Richards

Mary Morgan-Richards is a New Zealand biologist, and as of 2019 is a full professor at Massey University.

## Academic career

In 1995, Morgan-Richard's completed a PhD thesis titled 'Weta Karyotypes: the Systematic Significance of Their Variation' at the Victoria University of Wellington. Between 1996 and 2003, she worked at the University of St Andrews, University of Otago, the Natural History Museum, London, and the University of Canterbury successively. In 2005 Morgan-Richards moved to the Massey University, rising to full professor in 2018.

## Research

Morgan-Richard's research has focused on topics in evolutionary biology such as speciation and hybridisation, as well as conservation biology, using population genetics, and phylogenetic methods.
Native New Zealand invertebrates including wētā, stick insects, and snails are often the subject of her research. She has scientifically described multiple species of wētā. Morgan-Richard's phylogenetic research has also focused on birds and their parasites.

## Taxa named in Morgan-Richard's honour

* Occultastella morgana Trewick, 2024
* Peripatoides morgani Trewick, 1998

## Books

* Trewick, Steve, & Morgan-Richards, Mary. (2019). Wild Life New Zealand. Hand-in-Hand Press, New Zealand, ISBN 978-0-473-48320-3.

## Selected research

* Morgan-Richards, Mary, Trewick, Steve A., Bartosch-Härlid, Anna, Kardailsky, Olga, Phillips, Matthew J., McLenachan, Patricia A., & Penny, David. (2008). "Bird evolution: testing the Metaves clade with six new mitochondrial genomes." BMC Evolutionary Biology 8 (1): 20.
* Pratt, Renae C., Gibb, Gillian C., Morgan-Richards, Mary, Phillips, Matthew J., Hendy, Michael D., & Penny, David. (2008). "Toward resolving deep Neoaves phylogeny: data, signal enhancement, and priors." Molecular Biology and Evolution 26 (2): 313–326.
* Pratt, Renae C., Morgan-Richards, Mary, & Trewick, Steve A. (2008). "Diversification of New Zealand weta (Orthoptera: Ensifera: Anostostomatidae) and their relationships in Australasia." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363 (1508): 3427–3437.
* Trewick, Steven A., & Morgan‐Richards, Mary. (2005). "After the deluge: mitochondrial DNA indicates Miocene radiation and Pliocene adaptation of tree and giant weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)." Journal of Biogeography 32 (2): 295–309.
# Glenostictia pictifrons

Glenostictia pictifrons is a species of sand wasp in the family Bembicidae. It is found in North America. It is known to be a predator of many types of flies, including the bombyliids that are parasitoids of Glenostictia, and rare fly species such as Neorhynchocephalus volaticus.
# Stratiomys normula

Stratiomys normula is a species of soldier fly in the family Stratiomyidae.

## Distribution

Canada, United States.
# Probezzia pallida

Probezzia pallida is a species of biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae.
# Rhithrogena impersonata

Rhithrogena impersonata is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. It is found in North America.
# Diogmites basalis

Diogmites basalis, the New York bee killer, is a species of robber flies in the family Asilidae.
# Caleb Green

Master Sergeant Caleb Bernard Green III (born September 8, 1964) is an American solo vocalist with the United States Army Band. An accomplished performer, particularly of the US national anthem, Green is often called upon to sing at important sporting events, diplomatic functions and military ceremonies. Green and former military member, Bob McDonald are the primary national anthem singers for the Washington Capitals. His most notable anthem performance was at the 2009 "We Are One" presidential inauguration concert at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Prior to this his most notable outing was onstage in the TNT production "Christmas in Washington 2008", in which he sang "O Holy Night". He is also a member of Voices of Service, an acappella group formed by him and three other military members to provide music therapy to ex-military with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Currently the group is into the semifinals of America's Got Talent, season 14 for a shot to win one million dollars and to headline a Las Vegas show.
# Rob Haworth

Rob Haworth (born 21 November 1975) is an English retired footballer who last played for St Albans City. He started his career playing in the Football League, before playing for a significant number of non-league clubs in London and the South East.

## Fulham and Finland

He started his career in the Football League with Fulham, and he made 29 senior appearances for them, with his last League appearance for Fulham being in Football League Division 3 on 8 January 1995, when he came on as a substitute against Chesterfield. He then moved to Kettering Town, and he made a total of 13 appearances for them in the 1995–96 season, having made his debut in December 1995. As of April 1996 he was playing for Aylesbury United in the Isthmian League.
In the summer of 1996 he played four league matches for TPS in the Finnish Veikkausliiga, scoring one goal, on 6 June 1996 against Mikkelin Palloilijat.

## St Albans and other non-league

He played for St Albans City F.C. between 1996 and 2000, where he scored 51 goals in 182 matches. His next club was Dagenham and Redbridge (for whom he played in the FA Cup against Charlton Athletic). In 2002, he moved from Sutton United F.C. to Hendon F.C., and he then moved in September 2003 to play for Ebbsfleet in the Football Conference, and he made 22 league appearances for the Kent club, scoring 6 times. As of April 2004 he was playing for Maidenhead United, although he left them in the summer of 2004 to join Metropolitan Police F.C.
He joined Dartford in summer 2008 from Margate, although Wealdstone had originally reported he had signed for them. Haworth was released by Dartford in May 2010 and the following month he joined Tooting and Mitcham United F.C. He rejoined his former club Metropolitan Police F.C. in March 2011, and then in June he returned to another of his former clubs, St Albans City F.C.
# Dyschirius gibbipennis

Dyschirius gibbipennis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1857.
# Chang Phueak Monument

18°48′02″N 98°59′10″E﻿ / ﻿18.800544°N 98.986080°E﻿ / 18.800544; 98.986080
Chang Phueak Monument (อนุสาวรีย์ช้างเผือก; also known as the White Elephant Monument) is a historical monument of two elephants located in Chiang Mai, Thailand. It is situated near the Chang Phueak Gate, the northern gate of the old city wall of Chiang Mai. The monument is renowned for its cultural and historical significance, symbolizing loyalty and bravery during the Lanna period. It is also considered a sacred landmark of Chiang Mai and is highly respected by the local people.

## History

According to an inscription at the Chang Phuak Gate in Chiang Mai, the monument was built during the reign of King Saen Mueang Ma, the ninth king of Lanna, between 1388 and 1411 CE. Two royal attendants, Ai Ob and Ai Yi, who helped King Saen Mueang Ma escape an attack by the Sukhothai army by taking turns carrying him on their shoulders, were rewarded with the titles of "Left Elephant Commander" and "Right Elephant Commander". They settled south of Chiang Chom, east of Chiang Mai.
These two commanders built statues of white elephants on either side of the Chang Phuak Gate. Later, in the early Rattanakosin period, King Kawila of Chiang Mai constructed two new life-sized white elephant statues and built an arched structure over them, allowing viewers to see the elephants' heads. He also surrounded the area with a wall and a gate, painting both the elephants and the wall white.
The two white elephant statues, known as Phraya Prap Jakkawat (meaning 'Lord who conquers the universe') and Phraya Prap Muang Mar Muang Yak (meaning 'Lord who conquers the demon and giant cities'), are oriented towards the east and north, respectively. Erected in 1799 CE, these statues were placed outside the Chang Phuak Gate. The construction of these statues subsequently led to the renaming of the northern city gate, previously known as Hua Wiang Gate, to Chang Phuak Gate.
During the reigns of King Kawila and King Inthawichayanon, a significant number of Tai Yai people from Shan State, Myanmar, were relocated to the Chiang Mai region. These devout Buddhists settled in the areas surrounding the Chang Phuak and Pa Pao Gates, contributing to the region's cultural diversity. The Tai Yai community, particularly those residing in the Chang Phuak-Pa Pao area, holds a deep reverence for the White Elephant Monument. Local folklore attributes the protection of the community during a past plague to the regular worship of this monument. To this day, the community continues to honor the monument with offerings and prayers on important Buddhist holidays.
The old wall was last renovated in 1995, and in 2023, it was partially damaged by a car accident and subsequently restored.
On February 11, 2024, police apprehended a local man, approximately 40 years old, who was suspected of using a magic marker to write defamatory words on the monument. Subsequently, a ceremony was held to seek forgiveness from the statues of the White Elephant.
# Mimure

Mimure is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.
# Teleorhinus tephrosicola

Teleorhinus tephrosicola is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It is found in North America.
# Reiter In

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| Contactmusic.com | |
| Stylus Magazine | B |
Reiter In is the thirteenth album by singer-songwriter and guitarist, Chris Whitley. It is his eleventh studio album and the last he made before his death (five months later, at 45) in November 2005.
The album was recorded as a band effort and is billed as "Chris Whitley & The Bastard Club" and released posthumously in 2006.
Kenny Siegal (of Johnny Society) produced, co-wrote, and played on the album. It was recorded all analog and live on a two-inch tape Sony MCI JH24 tape deck through a Trident board at Old Soul Studios in Catskill, New York. It was mixed by John Holbrook.
Whitley had returned to New York in the spring of 2005, because he was offered a US club tour, which he accepted even though his health was declining. While in NYC he faced eviction from his apartment while he made the record.

## Track listing

All tracks written by Chris Whitley unless otherwise noted.
* "I Wanna Be Your Dog" (Dave Alexander, Ron Asheton, Scott Asheton, Iggy Pop – The Stooges) – 4:08
* "Bring It On Home" (Willie Dixon – Sonny Boy Williamson II) – 3:43
* "Inn" (Brian Geltner, Chris Whitley) – 4:06
* "Mountain Side" (Wayne Coyne, Jonathan Donahue, Michael Ivins, Nathan Roberts – The Flaming Lips) – 5:15
* "Cut the Cards" (Tim Beattie) – 4:38
* "I'm in Love with a German Film Star" (Mitch Barker, Barbara Gogan, Clive Temperley, Claire Bidwell, Richard Williams – The Passions) – 4:28
* "Are 'Friends' Electric?" (Gary Numan) – 5:11
* "Reiter In" – 5:16
* "I Go Evil" (Chris Whitley, Kenny Siegal) – 4:30
* "All Beauty Taken from You in This Life Remains Forever" (Chris Whitley, Kenny Siegal) – 7:04
* "Come Home" (Heiko Schramm) – 3:19

## Personnel

* Chris Whitley – lead vocals and guitars
* Heiko Schramm – bass guitar and backing vocals
* Brian Geltner – drums, vibes, acoustic guitar, and backing vocals
* Tim Beattie – harmonica, lap steel, and backing vocals
* Kenny Siegal – baritone guitar, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, and backing vocals
* Sean Balin – violin
* Gwen Snyder – vocals and tambourine
* Susann Bürger – spoken word
# Filip Bajon

Filip Michał Bajon (born 25 August 1947) is a Polish film director and screenwriter.

## Selected filmography

Film :
| Year | Title | Role |
| 1996 | Poznań '56 | |
| 1981 | Wizja lokalna 1901 | Screened at the 1981 Directors' Fortnight of Cannes |
| 1987 | Magnat | |
# Neocollyris angularis

Neocollyris angularis is a species in the tiger beetle family Cicindelidae. It was described by Horn in 1892.