OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John Hunter (golfer)

John Hunter (1871 – 29 November 1946) was a Scottish professional golfer who played in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Hunter finished in eighth place in the 1898 Open Championship. He won the first Scottish Professional Championship at Panmure Golf Club in 1907 with a score of 304 over four rounds, which included a record round of 71 in the third round.

## Early life

Hunter was born in Prestwick, Scotland, in 1871. He was the son of Charles Hunter, keeper of the greens at the Prestwick course and also one of the first eight competitors in the inaugural 1860 Open Championship. Hunter's father was first hired as Old Tom Morris's successor but also had a short stint at Royal Blackheath in the 1860s.
Hunter apprenticed as a club maker under the direction of Old Tom Morris at St Andrews. He returned to Prestwick in 1893 and joined his father in his club and ball making business. Some clubs they produced are marked "C & J Hunter" while others are marked with the name of one or the other of the Hunters.
He had two brothers, David and William, who both emigrated to the United States and worked as golf professionals. David worked at the Essex Country Club in New Jersey for 29 years. Hunter also came to the U.S. for a short time but returned to live in Scotland.

## Golf career
### 1898 Open Championship

The 1898 Open Championship was the 38th Open Championship, held 8–9 June at Prestwick Golf Club in Prestwick, South Ayrshire, Scotland. Harry Vardon won the Championship for the second time, a stroke ahead of Willie Park, Jr., the 1887 and 1889 winner. Hunter finished alone in eighth place with rounds of 82-79-81-77=319 and won £7 10s in prize money.

## Death and legacy

Hunter died on 29 November 1946 in Prestwick, Scotland. He is best remembered as a maker of fine golf clubs and for a top-10 finish in the 1898 Open Championship. He also won the 1907 Scottish PGA Championship.

## Results in major championships

| Tournament | 1893 | 1894 | 1895 | 1896 | 1897 | 1898 | 1899 | 1900 | 1901 | 1902 | 1903 | 1904 | 1905 | 1906 | 1907 | 1908 | 1909 | 1910 | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 |
| The Open Championship | T15 | DNP | T38 | T18 | WD | 8 | DNP | DNP | CUT | DNP | T22 | DNP | DNP | DNP | DNP | DNP | DNP | DNP | DNP | DNP | DNP | WD |
Note: Hunter played only in The Open Championship.
DNP = did not play CUT = missed the half-way cut WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place Yellow background for top-10
# Damon of Athens

Damon (Ancient Greek: Δάμων, gen.: Δάμωνος), son of Damonides, was a Greek musicologist of the fifth century BC. He belonged to the Athenian deme of Oē (sometimes spelled "Oa"). He is credited as teacher and advisor of Pericles.

## Music

Damon's expertise was supposed to be musicology, though some believed this was a cover for a broader influence over Pericles' political policy. For instance, Damon is said to have been responsible for advising Pericles to institute the policy of paying jurors for their service; this policy was widely criticized, and Damon is said to have been ostracized for it (see the Aristotelian Athenaion Politeia), probably sometime in last third of the 5th century BCE.
Plato invokes Damon many times in the Republic as the musical expert to be deferred to concerning the details of rhythmical education. In Plato's Laches, Damon is said to have been a student of Prodicus and of Agathocles. The former was an unabashed sophist, while the latter is said (in Plato's Protagoras) to have used musical expertise as a front for being a sophist.

## Damonides

The extant texts of the Aristotelian Constitution of the Athenians mention Damonides as an advisor to Pericles. The mention there of "Damonides" is now almost universally considered an editorial slip of pen, where the original text read "Damon, son of Damonides" instead. This seems to be confirmed by ostraka that have been recovered and that bear the name "Damon son of Damonides".
# Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres

Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (also known as "ALT") is a telomerase-independent mechanism by which cancer cells avoid the degradation of telomeres.
At each end of the chromosomes of most eukaryotic cells, there is a telomere: a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes. At each cell division, the telomeres get shorter, eventually preventing further cell division. Healthy adult somatic cells in mammals do not have active telomerase enzymes, so that cancer cells stop proliferating unless they have a mutation which restores the telomeres. Often, this is due to a telomerase enzyme being reactivated, but alternative mechanisms also occur.

## Mechanism

The main alternative lengthening mechanism for telomeres is a type of homologous recombination called Break-induced Telomere Synthesis (or BITS). Normally, homologous recombination allows broken DNA strands to be repaired by lining up with a matching sequence of undamaged DNA, but in BITS, this mechanism is used to extend telomeres. Because telomeres are by nature repetitive, matching sequences are widely available.
In proposed models for how BITS works, the process begins with the resection of a damaged telomere end: one of the strands is cut away to provide a single strand of DNA (the Guanosine-rich strand) that can bind to into a matching (homologous) template, forming a so-called displacement loop (D-loop) (Figure 1a). In ALT, there is evidence that this template consists of: (i) a centromere proximal sequence of the same chromosome (T-loop), (ii) circular extrachromosomal telomeric sequences (C-circles), (iii) homologous chromosomes, or (iv) other chromosomes (Figure 1b). ALT may arise from a combination of some or all of these templates. Importantly, because telomeres are highly repetitive, invasion between or within telomeres is not limited by the requirement for extended homology in homologous recombination. After D-loop formation, DNA polymerase δ extends the invaded G-strand end, copying material beyond the original breakpoint, leading to initiation of lagging strand synthesis of the C-strand, also by DNA polymerase δ.
The second feature of ALT is the production of a non-conservative DNA product at the telomere. At the conclusion of the copying reaction, both strands contain entirely new DNA. This is different from normal 'semi-conservative' DNA replication, where one strand is newly synthesized, and the other comes from the original template. In this manner, ALT allows entire telomeric sequences to be copied from one chromosome to another, without affecting the length or integrity of the copied sequence. Recent work suggests that ALT DNA copying (BITS) proceeds via a D-loop migration model, which is supported by the observation of non-conservative rather than semi-conservative products of break-induced replication at ALT telomeres and the D-loop-shaped products observed in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis at sites undergoing BIR.
# EbIX

ebIX, the European forum for energy Business Information eXchange, was a non-profit European organisation that existed from 2002 until end of 2023. ebIX had the avowed objectives to advance, develop and standardise the use of electronic information exchange in the European downstream energy (electricity and gas) industry. The main focus of ebIX was data exchange between different market players in the internal European downstream energy markets for electricity and gas.
Former member countries of ebIX were Austria, Poland, Finland, Slovenia, Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, Norway and Sweden. In addition ebIX had observers from Estonia, Croatia, Slovakia, France, Makedonia, Bulgaria and in addition project members from Transmission System Operators and national associations of Distribution System Operators from several other European countries, such as Spain and Czechia.
The ebIX framework is implemented in a lot of participating and non-participating European countries and used by energy suppliers, Distribution System Operators and datahubs.
The work of ebIX is mainly transferred to the EU DSO entity and partly to the Joint Working Group of ENTSO-E and the EU DSO entity. All documents ebIX produced are available at the ebIX website till end of 2026.
# Nushelle de Silva

Nushelle de Silva is an Australian born Sri Lankan social entrepreneur and art educator. She is the founder of Building Bridges foundation in Sri Lanka.

## Biography

Nushelle de Silva was born in Australia and lived there until the age of seven. During her childhood in Australia, she was subject to racial abuse. Her family moved to Sri Lanka, when she was seven, where she continued her education at the Ladies' College in Colombo.

## Career

De Silva pursued her career as a social entrepreneur and initiated "Building Bridges" foundation in 2012. She developed the foundation with fellow activist Irfadha Muzammil. De Silva graduated from the Princeton University in architecture and in 2015 she received a Master of Science and Architecture from MIT.
In 2016 she received the Queen's Young Leader Award (Asia), for her notable work with peace and reconciliation projects through the Building Bridges foundation, particularly in the war affected Jaffna area. Nushelle also appeared on the inaugural edition of the Forbes magazine's 30 Under 30 Asia list in 2016 for her notable achievements in the field of social entrepreneurship, the only Sri Lankan, to date, to appear on the list.
In March 2019, she was acknowledged as one of twelve female change-makers in Sri Lanka by the parliament, coinciding with International Women's Day.
# Otterburn Mires

Otterburn Mires is a Site of Special Scientific Interest made up of eight separate patches of land. It is located within Northumberland National Park, in Northumberland, England, 3km east of Byrness, (east of Cottonshope burn, above Cottonshopeburnfoot).
Otterburn Mires was designated as a protected area because it represents examples of several types of mire (blanket bog), still existing in Northumberland. These protected habitat patches include watershed mire (located on plateaus, and thus gains its water supply from rain) as well as spur mire and saddle mire that gain their water supply from ground water flow.
Moss species in these mires include Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum recurvum and Sphagnum capillifolium.
Bird species recorded in this protected area include golden plover and black grouse.
All of the land designated as Otterburn Mires SSSI is owned by the Ministry of Defence and is located within Otterburn Training Area (access is closed when red flags are flying).
# Paul Battles

Paul Battles (born September 4, 1947) is an American politician who served in the Georgia House of Representatives from the 15th district from 2009 to 2019.
# Arthur Day (golfer)

Arthur Day (29 July 1878 – 10 December 1944) was an English professional golfer. Day won the inaugural Welsh Professional Championship in 1904. Later he was the professional at Ganton Golf Club for over 30 years during which time he won the 1921 Leeds Cup.

## Early life

Day was born in Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, the son of Joseph and Elizabeth Day. He learnt his golf at the nearby Burnham & Berrow Golf Club.

## Golf career

Representing Burnham, Day played in a professional tournament at Royal North Devon Golf Club in August 1899. He played in the initial 36-hole stroke-play stage but was not in the leading 16 who qualified for the match-play stage. Soon afterwards he moved to Tenby and played from there in the 1900 Open Championship. He remained at Tenby until 1905, when he moved to Scarborough Town Golf Club to replace Willie Gaudin. During his time at Tenby he won the first Welsh Professional Championship which was held at Radyr Golf Club on 15 July 1904. It was a 36-hole stroke-play event played on a single day. Day was among the 19 entries and had rounds of 81 and 80 for a total of 161. This put him three strokes ahead of the joint runners-up, 20-year-old George Duncan and Bill Leaver, who had finished 8th in the 1903 Open Championship. For his win he received 10 guineas and a gold medal.
Day was at Scarborough Town until 1913 when he left to become the Ganton Golf Club professional in succession to P.J. Adams. While at Ganton he won the 1921 Leeds Cup which was played at Ganton. His 36-hole score of 147 was 4 strokes ahead of the field and he took the first prize of £10.

## Death

Day was still the Ganton professional when he died at his home there on 10 December 1944. He had two sons, Phil and Hugh, who were both professional golfers. He was replaced at Ganton by Jock Ballantine who was appointed in early 1946.

## Professional wins

* 1904 Welsh Professional Championship
* 1921 Leeds Cup

## Results in major championships

| Tournament | 1900 | 1901 | 1902 | 1903 | 1904 | 1905 | 1906 | 1907 | 1908 | 1909 |
| The Open Championship | CUT | | | | | | | WD | | T51 |
| Tournament | 1910 | 1911 | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 |
| The Open Championship | ? | | | | | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT |
| Tournament | 1920 | 1921 | 1922 | 1923 | 1924 | 1925 | 1926 | 1927 | 1928 | 1929 |
| The Open Championship | T29 | T61 | | T53 | | T54 | CUT | | WD | CUT |
Note: Day only played in The Open Championship.
NT = No tournament WD = withdrew CUT = missed the half-way cut ? = finish unknown "T" indicates a tie for a place
# Apollodorus of Acharnae

Apollodorus (Ancient Greek: Ἀπολλόδωρος, romanized: Apollodōros; 394 – after 343 BCE) of Acharnae in Attica was an Athenian politician known from several ancient forensic speeches which were preserved as part of the Demosthenic corpus. He was the son of Pasion, a wealthy banker who had been granted Athenian citizenship in thanks for the gifts he had made to the city of Athens.

## Life

Apollodorus was the son of the banker Pasion, and was born when his father was not yet an Athenian citizen. His mother was called Archippe. Some time between the birth of Apollodorus and 376 BCE, Pasion was made an Athenian citizen, along with his sons. In 370 BCE, when Apollodorus was 24, his father died, leaving part of his property in the hands of his bank manager Phormion. Following the death of Pasion, Apollodorus' mother remarried to Phormion, a non-Greek who was the ex-slave of Pasion. Due to the wealth he had inherited from Pasion, Apollodoros was responsible for a number of liturgies. He was trierarch twice, once before his father's death and once in 368, and syntrierarch thrice more. He was also choregos in 352–1, winning the prize at the Dionysia.
Apollodorus married by 365 BCE, and had two daughters, born around 365 and 363 respectively. In 360 Apollodorus' mother died, leaving Phormion, whom she had married after the death of Pasion, as the guardian of Apollodorus' brother Pasicles.
Politically, Apollodorus allied himself with Demosthenes and his anti-Macedonian opinions, in 349–8 BCE proposing the use of the Theoric Fund for military purposes. This proposal, though it was passed by the Assembly, was found to be illegal, and Apollodorus was fined one talent.

## Litigation

In 350 BCE, Apollodorus brought a lawsuit against Phormion. Demosthenes wrote a speech for the defence, which survives as For Phormion. A rumour later circulated that Demosthenes leaked the defence speech to Apollodorus before the trial.
Apollodorus was involved in many lawsuits, and seven speeches written for him in these cases are preserved as part of the Demosthenic corpus. Six of these speeches, however, are generally attributed to a pseudo-Demosthenes, often identified as Apollodorus himself. Apollodorus' final preserved speech is Against Neaera, which dates to between 343 and 340 BCE, after which we know nothing of his life.
# Kesh railway station

Kesh railway station served Kesh in County Fermanagh in Northern Ireland.
The Enniskillen and Bundoran Railway opened the station on 13 June 1866. Services were provided by the Irish North Western Railway.
It was taken over by the Great Northern Railway (Ireland) in 1876.
It closed on 1 October 1957.

## Routes

| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Irvinestown | Enniskillen and Bundoran Railway Enniskillen to Bundoran | Pettigo |
# Jiro Ono (politician)

Jiro Ono (小野 次郎, Ono Jirō, born August 7, 1953) is a Japanese politician of Your Party, formerly of the Liberal Democratic Party, a member of the House of Councillors, formerly a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). A native of Hokuto, Yamanashi, and graduate of the University of Tokyo, he joined the National Police Agency in 1976, receiving a master's degree in jurisprudence from the University of Angers in France while in the agency. He was elected to the House of Representatives for the first time in the 2005 Japanese general election.
He ran in House of Councillors election in 2010 as a proportional candidate of Your Party and won.
# Gerardo Reinoso

Gerardo Manuel Reinoso Torres (born 16 May 1965 in La Rioja) is an Argentine football manager and former player who played as a midfielder. He is the current manager of Bolivian club Ciclón.

## Playing career

Reinoso started his career with Independiente where he was part of the squad that won the Copa Libertadores and Copa Intercontinental in 1984.
In 1988 Reinoso joined River Plate helping the club to win the 1989–1990 championship. In 1991, he joined River's fiercest rivals Boca Juniors but only played three games for the club, two of which were the championship final against Newell's Old Boys, which Boca lost.
After a brief return to Independiente Reinoso became a journeyman footballer, playing all over Latin America for clubs such as Unión Española, Santiago Wanderers, Palestino and Universidad Católica in Chile, Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas (Correcaminos) and Club Leon in Mexico, LDU Quito in Ecuador, Deportivo Cali and Independiente Santa Fe de Bogotá in Colombia, Jorge Wilstermann and Oriente Petrolero in Bolivia.
He also had spells in the Argentine lower leagues with General Paz Juniors and Patronato de Paraná.

## Titles as a player

| Season | Team | Title |
| 1984 | Independiente | Copa Libertadores |
| 1984 | Independiente | Copa Intercontinental |
| 1989-90 | River Plate | Primera División Argentina |
| 1998 | Deportivo Cali | Colombian league |

## Managerial career

Reinoso worked as manager of General Paz Juniors and Patronato de Paraná in the lower leagues of Argentine football. He then had a spell with Rangers de Talca in Chile, Tiburones Rojos de Coatzacoalcos and Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz in Mexico, before joining Luis Ángel Firpo.

## Personal life

He is the father-in-law of Joaquín Larrivey, a professional football player.
# Ruqian Wu

Ruqian Wu is a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of California, Irvine (UCI). His primary research area is condensed matter physics.
He gained a Ph.D. at the Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica
He was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after he was nominated by their Division of Computational Physics in 2001, for contributions to the understanding of magnetic, electronic, mechanical, chemical and optical properties of compounds, alloys, interfaces, thin films and surfaces using first-principles calculations and for development of the methods and codes for such components.
# Tsarina's Golden Chamber

The Tsarina's Golden Chamber (Russian: Золотая Царицына Палата, Zolotaya Tzaritsyna Palata) (alternatively spelled as "Czarina's") is the official reception room of the Russian tsarinas, where they held formal celebrations of Russian monarchs' weddings, meetings with Russian and foreign clergy, and receptions for relatives of the imperial family and for ladies of the court. It is part of the tsar's palace in the Moscow Kremlin. Золотая Царицына Палата is also the name of the building that houses the chamber, this time using Палата in the sense of "palace". The small building is generally known by its famous interior, "Tsarina's Golden Chamber".

## History

The Chamber was part of the palace complex built in the Kremlin in late 15th and mid 19th centuries. The tsarina's quarters must have been located in that part of the palace. It is situated on a ground floor and was built in the early 16th century. In the 1580s, it was rebuilt as a ceremonial reception room of Tsarina Irina Godunova, the wife of Tsar Feodor I of Russia. The names of its builders are unknown; it may be assumed, however, that they were familiar with Italian Renaissance architecture.
The walls of the chamber are decorated with paintings on a golden background. The paintings on the vault show episodes from Christian history associated with Emperor Constantine of Byzantium and his mother, Helena. On the slant of the eastern wall near which the tsarina's throne used to stand is a series of paintings depicting the conversion of princess Olga, the first Russian Christian princess, and her baptism. Shown on the northern wall are scenes from the Life of St. Dinara, a Georgian saint who, together with her host, valiantly defended the Christian faith. The paintings on the western wall feature scenes from the life of Empress St. Theodora.
The Anteroom or Passage Chamber is adjacent to the west side of the Tsarina's Golden Chamber. In the early 17th century, it was named Zhiletskaya ("Dwellers") because the palace's resident guards and servants were always present there.
During the four centuries of its existence, the Tsarina's Golden Chamber underwent a number of structural alterations and its frescoes were repainted more than once. In 1970–1978 extensive restoration work was carried out there. The restoration was important because this is the only specimen of Old Russian secular monumental painting in Moscow to have survived to the present day.
The Tsarina's Golden Chamber was first mentioned in manuscripts in 1526 as Naugolnaya ("Corner"). It and the Faceted Chamber are the oldest civil buildings in the Moscow Kremlin.
# Tom Green (golfer)

Thomas Leslie Green (12 April 1900 – 18 February 1974) was a Welsh-born professional golfer.
Green was born in Prestatyn on the north Wales coast where his father, Leslie, was a golf professional. Leslie was the professional at Colwyn Bay where Tom was later an assistant.
Green was professional at Copt Heath (to 1933), Burnham Beeches (1934–1945), Leamington and County (from 1947) and Stinchcombe Hill. While at Copt Heath, he was runner-up in the 1929 Midland Professional Championship and then the winner in 1930 and 1931. In 1936, he tied for 5th place in the Open Championship. After three rounds he had been just one stroke behind the leaders but a final round 75 dropped him down the order.
He represented England in the 1935 England–Scotland Professional Match but was later a member of the first professional Welsh teams in 1937 and 1938.

## Professional wins

* 1930 Midland Professional Championship
* 1931 Midland Professional Championship

## Results in major championships

| Tournament | 1926 | 1927 | 1928 | 1929 | 1930 | 1931 | 1932 | 1933 | 1934 | 1935 | 1936 | 1937 |
| The Open Championship | CUT | | | | 29 | CUT | T48 | CUT | T26 | | T5 | CUT |
Note: Green only played in The Open Championship.
CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" indicates a tie for a place

## Team appearances

* England–Scotland Professional Match (representing England): 1935 (winners)
* Triangular Professional Tournament (representing Wales): 1937
* Llandudno International Golf Trophy (representing Wales): 1938