OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spot-breasted cuckoo-dove

The spot-breasted cuckoo-dove (Macropygia mackinlayi), also known as Mackinlay's cuckoo-dove, is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. It is rated as a species of least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Endangered Species.

## Taxonomy

The specific epithet is named after the Scottish naturalist Archibald Mackinlay.

## Description

The spot-breasted cuckoo-dove is a small greyish brown or reddish brown cuckoo-dove; these two distinct color morphs are unique among pigeons. It measures 27 to 31 cm (11 to 12 in) in length, and weighs about 87 grams (3.1 oz). It has a relatively short beak. The breast feathers have black bases and are bifurcated, the lack of the feather tip exposing adjoining feather bases and giving the breast a spotted appearance. The juvenile is barred, and similar to the female spot-breasted cuckoo-dove or the juvenile Amboyna cuckoo-dove (Macropygia amboinensis).
The spot-breasted cuckoo-dove is similar in appearance to the slender-billed cuckoo-dove which is relatively larger, has a longer beak, and its upperparts are darker brown than the buffier underparts. In females of that species, the breast is barred with black above and across, and the breast feathers do not bifurcate.
It is also similar to the bar-tailed cuckoo-dove (Macropygia nigrirostris) which is slightly larger than it is and has richer reddish brown plumage but not the paler head and underparts of the Mackinlay's cuckoo-dove. The underparts of the female bar-tailed cuckoo-dove are rufous-buff but the feathers are not bifurcated and the breast lacks the black speckling of the spot-breasted cuckoo-dove.

## Status and conservation

Since 1998, the spot-breasted cuckoo-dove has been rated as a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. This is because it has a very large range—more than 20,000 km$^2$ (7,700 mi$^2$)—and because it has a stable population trend. Also, although its population numbers have not been determined, they are thought to be above 10,000, which is above the criterion to warrant a vulnerable rating. It is thought to be commonly found on most islands of its range, but it is rarely found on New Britain and on Aneityum. There are no major threats thought to be to this species.
# Nymphaea candida

Nymphaea candida J. Presl is a species of flowering plant in the genus Nymphaea, native to quiet freshwater habitats in Eurasia, it is in flower from July to August. It is sometimes treated as a subspecies of N. alba (N. alba L. subsp. candida (J. Presl) Korsh.)

## Description

Nymphaea candida is an aquatic herbaceous perennial that is laticiferous and rooted. It has a spread of approximately 60 cm and a plant depth from 10 to 30 cm. It has rhizomes that are stoloniferous and unbranched. There are about 10-20 leaves that are 9–19 cm across that are usually floating or submerged. The leaves are membranous when young and prominently veined when mature. The plant prefers growing in water-depths of about 60–80 cm.
Nymphaea candida has a small white flower (10–20 cm across) with a yellow center. The bisexual flower usually floats alone. The peduncles are long and there are 4 sepals. There are about 12-24 petals on each flower. The petals can be described as oblong-ovate, apex obtuse, and white. The outer petals are shorter than the inner ones.

## Cytology

The chromosome count is n = 56. The genome size is 1936.44 Mb.

## Taxonomy

The plant was originally discovered and described by J. Presl and C Presl. in 1882. The taxonomic status of this species is unknown.

## Synonyms

* Castalia biradiata (Sommerauer) Hayek
* Castalia candida (C. Presl) Schinz & Thell.
* Castalia colchica Woronow ex Grossh.
* Castalia semiaperta (C. Klinggr.) Fritsch
* Leuconymphaea candida (C. Presl) Kuntze

## Distribution and habitat

It grows in the quiet freshwaters in Eurasia. The plant grows only in water, as it is an aquatic plant, mainly in ponds, lakes, and slow flowing streams.
# Hednota

Hednota is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

## Species

* Hednota acontophora (Meyrick, 1882)
* Hednota ancylosticha Koch, 1966
* Hednota argyroeles (Meyrick, 1882)
* Hednota asterias Meyrick, 1887
* Hednota aurantiacus (Meyrick, 1879)
* Hednota bathrotricha (Lower, 1902)
* Hednota bifractellus (Walker, 1863)
* Hednota bivittella (Donovan, 1805)
* Hednota cotylophora (Turner, 1942)
* Hednota crypsichroa Lower, 1893
* Hednota cyclosema (Lower, 1896)
* Hednota demissalis (Walker, 1863)
* Hednota diacentra (Meyrick, 1897)
* Hednota diargyra (Turner, 1925)
* Hednota dichospila (Turner, 1937)
* Hednota empheres Koch, 1966
* Hednota enchias (Meyrick, 1897)
* Hednota eremenopa (Lower, 1903)
* Hednota grammellus (Zeller, 1863)
* Hednota hagnodes (Turner, 1942)
* Hednota haplotypa (Turner, 1904)
* Hednota hoplitellus (Meyrick, 1879)
* Hednota icelomorpha (Turner, 1906)
* Hednota impletellus (Walker, 1863)
* Hednota invalidellus (Meyrick, 1879)
* Hednota koojanensis Koch, 1966
* Hednota longipalpella (Meyrick, 1879)
* Hednota macroura (Lower, 1902)
* Hednota megalarcha (Meyrick, 1885)
* Hednota mesochra (Lower, 1896)
* Hednota ocypetes Meyrick, 1936
* Hednota odontoides Koch, 1966
* Hednota opulentellus (Zeller, 1863)
* Hednota orthotypa (Turner, 1904)
* Hednota panselenella (Meyrick, 1882)
* Hednota panteucha (Meyrick, 1885)
* Hednota pedionoma (Meyrick, 1885)
* Hednota peripeuces (Turner, 1942)
* Hednota perlatalis (Walker, 1863)
* Hednota pleniferellus (Walker, 1863)
* Hednota polyargyra (Turner, 1913)
* Hednota recurvellus (Walker, 1863)
* Hednota relatalis (Walker, 1863)
* Hednota stenipteralis (Lower, 1903)
* Hednota tenuilineata Koch, 1966
* Hednota thologramma Meyrick, 1936
* Hednota toxotis Meyrick, 1887
* Hednota trissomochla (Turner, 1911)
* Hednota urithrepta (Turner, 1925)
* Hednota vetustellus (Walker, 1863)
* Hednota xiphosema (Turner, 1904)
* Hednota xylophaea Meyrick, 1887
# Chafed Elbows

Chafed Elbows is a 1966 still image film directed by Robert Downey Sr. A manic comic parody underground film made for $12,000, Chafed Elbows was a commercial success. The film was premiered at The Gate Theater in New York City and ran for over one month alongside Scorpio Rising.

## Production

Downey photographed most of the movie with a still 35mm camera and had the film processed at Walgreens drugstore. These pictures were animated alongside a few live-action scenes and almost all the dialogue was dubbed to rather hilarious effect. One scene was shot in Anthology Film Archives’s upstairs theater back in the days when the building was still a defunct downtown courthouse.
All 13 of the female roles were played by Elsie Downey, Robert Downey's wife, and the lead male role by George Morgan.

## Plot

Hapless Walter Dinsmore undergoes his annual November breakdown at the 1964 New York World's Fair, has a love affair with his mother, recollects his hysterectomy operation, impersonates a cop, is sold as a piece of living art, goes to heaven, and becomes the singer in a rock band, but not necessarily in that order.

## Home media

It was released on DVD as part of The Criterion Collection.
# Salah Mansour

Salah Mansour (Arabic: صلاح منصور, Ṣalāḥ Manṣūr), (Feb 03, 1923 – Jan 19, 1979) was an Egyptian movie actor known for his roles in Lan A'taref and Al-Zawga Al-Thaneya. He started in school theater, and graduated from the Egyptian acting institute in 1947. He worked in artistic-editing then joined the theater. Later he was a consultant in the Egyptian Ministry of Education
He died on January 19, 1979.

## Early life

Salah Mansour was born in Shibin Al-Qanater, in Al-Qalyubia, Egypt.

## Awards

* He was awarded for his roles in Lan A'taref (I'll never confess) - 1963 as well as Al-Zawga Al-Thaneya (The second wife) - 1968
* He received the Egyptian Evaluative Award - 1966
* Art Academy at Eid Al-Fan - Oct 8, 1978
* Order of Sciences and Arts, 2014
# Jack Shepherd

Jack Shepherd or Shepard may refer to:

## People

* Jack Shepherd (actor) (born 1940), British, in Wycliffe etc.
* Jack P. Shepherd (born 1988), British actor, in Coronation Street
* Jack Shepard (baseball) (1931–1994), American
* Jack Shephard (para-badminton) (born 1997), English para-badminton player
* Jack Shepherd (writer and podcaster; fl. 2010s–2020s), co-host of The Baby-Sitters Club Club
* Jack Shepherd (footballer) (born 2001) British footballer

## Fiction

* Jack Shephard, character in the TV series Lost
* Little Jack Sheppard, 1885 burlesque melodrama
* Jack Shepherd, character in the TV series Queenie's Castle
* Jack Shepard, character in the film Zoom
* Jack Shepard, character in the film Frequency
# Japonicrambus

Japonicrambus is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

## Species

* Japonicrambus bilineatus (Okano, 1957)
* Japonicrambus ishizukai Okano, 1962
* Japonicrambus mitsundoi Sasaki & Jinbo, 2002
# Hypatia (moth)

Hypatia is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae. The genus was described by William Forsell Kirby in 1892.

## Species

* Hypatia delecta Butler, 1896
* Hypatia melaleuca Walker, 1854
# Ptychotricos

Ptychotricos is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae.

## Species

* Ptychotricos elongata Schaus, 1905
* Ptychotricos episcepsidis Draudt, 1931
* Ptychotricos fenestrifer Zerny, 1931
* Ptychotricos zeus Schaus, 1894
# Josiomorphoides

Josiomorphoides is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae. The genus was described by Hering in 1925.

## Species

* Josiomorphoides gigantea (Druce, 1897)
* Josiomorphoides dognini Hering, 1925
# Eurata

Eurata is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae. The genus was erected by Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer in 1853.

## Species

* Eurata baeri Rothschild, 1911
* Eurata bifasciata Gaede, 1926
* Eurata elegans Druce, 1906
* Eurata helena Herrich-Schäffer, 1854
* Eurata hermione Berg, 1878
* Eurata hilaris Zerny, 1937
* Eurata histrio Guérin-Meneville, 1843
* Eurata igniventris Berg, 1878
* Eurata jorgenseni Orfila, 1931
* Eurata julia Orfila, 1931
* Eurata maritana Schaus, 1896
* Eurata minerva Schaus, 1901
* Eurata paraguayensis Schrottky, 1910
* Eurata parishi Rothschild, 1911
* Eurata patagiata Burmeister, 1878
* Eurata picta Herrich-Schäffer, 1853
* Eurata plutonica Hampson, 1914
* Eurata schausi Hampson, 1898
* Eurata selva Herrich-Schäffer, 1854
* Eurata semiluna Walker, 1854
* Eurata sericaria Perty, 1834
* Eurata spegazzinii Jörgensen, 1913
* Eurata stictibasis Hampson, 1898
* Eurata strigiventris Guérin-Meneville, 1830
* Eurata tisamena Dognin, 1902
* Eurata vulcanus Walker, 1854
# Calcager

Calcager is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Calcager apertum Hutton, 1901
* Calcager dubius Malloch, 1938

## Distribution

New Zealand.
# Steven Kuhn

Steven Kuhn is a philosophy professor at Georgetown University whose research focuses on logic, ethics and the philosophy of language.

## Career

Kuhn earned his undergraduate degree in mathematics from Johns Hopkins University and his Ph.D. from Stanford University. Prior to his position at Georgetown, he taught at the University of Michigan, UCLA and the University of Pennsylvania.
Kuhn is the author of the two-volume Many-sorted Modal Logics (1977) and contributed the article on the prisoner's dilemma to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

### Moral philosophy and game theory

Kuhn has written extensively on the prisoner's dilemma. In his article 'Pure and Utilitarian Prisoner's dilemmas', he distinguishes between a 'pure' prisoner's dilemma and an impure prisoner's dilemma. A "pure dilemma" is defined when no mixed strategies improve outcomes over mutual cooperation; it's an "impure dilemma" when such strategies exist. This distinction is interesting since in the case of an "impure dilemma", individuals who do not consistently follow moral rules can gain an advantage over individuals who do. Therefore, the possibility that moral behaviour requires randomization of one's actions arises.
In his subsequent paper "The Impure Game: Feasible Payoffs and Possible Generalizations", Kuhn attempts to extend the concept of impurity to other games, such as the Chicken Game and the Battle of the Sexes .
Kuhn has pointed out two obstacles towards the synthesis between game theory and ethics first suggested by R. B. Braithwaite. Firstly, he argues that there is a lack of careful consideration in choosing the most suitable game theoretic framework and in interpreting the technical tools used in these discussions. Second, he cites some challenging examples from game theory.
Kuhn then points out that even in a pure dilemma, if utilities are transferable (i.e., one can compensate the other), universal cooperation might not be the optimal collective strategy. The scenario with possible utility transfers that benefit both players is termed a "nonutilitarian dilemma," and "utilitarian dilemma" otherwise. These distinctions in the prisoner's dilemma have practical implications, such as in the formulation of moral rules or the structuring of legal contracts, where the type of dilemma can influence recommended or optimal behaviors.
In Pragmatics of Tense, Kuhn argues applies a framework inspired by Montague's to analyze the English tense system, suggesting that shared knowledge impacts the use of tenses, hence the use of the word pragmatics. This principle, Kuhn argues, could also apply to other linguistic elements such as pronouns and ambiguity.
He has 1084 citations and an h-index of 13 on Google Scholar.
# Michael Bratman

Michael E. Bratman (born July 25, 1945) is an American philosopher who is Durfee Professor in the School of Humanities & Sciences and Professor of Philosophy at Stanford University.

## Education and career

Bratman graduated from Haverford College in 1967 and earned his Ph.D. in philosophy at Rockefeller University in 1974, where he worked with Donald Davidson. He joined the faculty at Stanford University in 1974, where he has taught ever since.
He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2012. In 2014, Oxford University Press published a collection of essays on Bratman's work by colleagues and former students, Rational and Social Agency: The Philosophy of Michael Bratman. A review in Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews remarked that, "Our very understanding of what it is to form a plan or shared intention is owed in no small part to Michael Bratman's massively influential body of work."

## Philosophical work

Bratman works in philosophy of action and moral philosophy and is best known for his development of the idea that "intention is a distinctive practical attitude marked by its pivotal role in planning for the future." His work in those areas led him to the Belief-Desire-Intention model that is used in many areas, including artificial intelligence, today. Bratman's theory of intentions as plans has also led to a distinctive and widely discussed account of "collective intentionality."

## Selected bibliography

* Bratman, M. E. (1999) [1987]. Intention, Plans, and Practical Reason. CSLI Publications. ISBN 1-57586-192-5. Archived from the original on August 30, 2006.
* Bratman, M. E. (1999). Faces of Intention. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521631319. 978-0-521-63131-0.
# Enes Uğurlu

Enes Uğurlu (born March 9, 1989) is an archer from Turkey.
# Otto Henne am Rhyn

Otto Henne am Rhyn (August 26, 1828 in St. Gallen – April 30, 1914 in Weiz) was a Swiss writer.
He was a son of Josef Anton Henne called "von Sargans". After marrying Elisabeth am Rhyn, a member of the important Lucerne family am Rhyn, he added her name to his own family name. After studying philosophy and history in Bern and Geneva, he became a teacher at a school in St. Gallen in 1857. Between 1859 and 1877, as well as between 1885 and 1912, he was state archivist in St. Gallen. Between 1872 and 1879, he had been an editor in Leipzig and Hirschberg (Silesia), from 1879 to 1885 at the NZZ. Since 1861, he was an active member of the Freemasons.

## Works

* Geschichte des Schweizervolkes und seiner Kultur von den ältesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart (1865–1866)
* Allgemeine Kulturgeschichte (8 volumes; 1877–1908)
* Die Kreuzzüge und die Kultur ihrer Zeit (1 vol - 1880? - illustré par Gustave Doré)
* Kulturgeschichte des deutschen Volkes (2 volumes, 1886)
* Geschichte des Rittertums (ein Nachdruck ist im Phaidon-Verlag, Essen, erschienen)
* Geschichte des Kantons St. Gallen (2 volumes, 1863–1896)
* Mysteria: a history of the secret doctrines and mystic rites of ancient religions and medieval and modern secret orders (1895 - translated by Joseph Fitzgerald)
* Kulturgeschichte des jüdischen Volkes von den ältesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart. Hermann Costenoble. Iena. 1892
# Margaret Audley, 2nd Baroness Audley

Margaret de Audley, suo jure 2nd Baroness Audley and Countess of Stafford (c. 1318 – 7 September 1349) was an English noblewoman. She was the only daughter of Hugh de Audley, 1st Earl of Gloucester, by his wife Lady Margaret de Clare. Her mother was the daughter of Joan of Acre, Princess of England; thus making Margaret a great-granddaughter of King Edward I by his first consort, Eleanor of Castile. As the only daughter and heiress of her father, she succeeded to the title of 2nd Baroness Audley [E., 1317] on 10 November 1347.

## Marriage and issue

Margaret was abducted by Ralph, Lord Stafford, who had helped Edward III take the throne. At the time, her worth was at least £2314 a year, which was more than ten times Stafford's own estates. (However, he eventually rose to Earl of Stafford in 1350.) After the abduction, her parents filed a complaint with the king, but Edward supported Stafford. In compensation, the king appeased Hugh and Margaret by creating Hugh the 1st Earl of Gloucester.
Margaret de Audley and Stafford married before 6 July 1336. They subsequently had two sons and four daughters:
* Sir Ralph de Stafford (d. 1347), married Maud of Lancaster, daughter of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster and Isabel of Beaumont in 1344.
* Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford, born circa 1336 in Staffordshire, England, married Philippa de Beauchamp; they were the ancestors of the Dukes of Buckingham (1444 creation).
* Elizabeth de Stafford, born circa 1340 in Staffordshire, England, died 7 August 1376, married firstly Fulk le Strange; married secondly, John de Ferrers, 4th Baron Ferrers of Chartley; married thirdly Reginald de Cobham, 2nd Baron Cobham.
* Beatrice de Stafford, born circa 1341 in Staffordshire, England, died 1415, married firstly, in 1350, Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Earl of Desmond (d. June 1358); married secondly, Thomas de Ros, 4th Baron de Ros, of Helmsley; married thirdly Sir Richard Burley, Knt.
* Joan de Stafford, born in 1344 in Staffordshire, England, died 1397, married firstly, John Charleton, 3rd Baron Cherleton; married secondly Gilbert Talbot, 3rd Baron Talbot.
* Katherine de Stafford, born circa 1348 in Staffordshire, England and died in December 1361. Married on 25 December 1357 Sir John de Sutton III (1339 – c. 1370 or 1376), Knight, Master of Dudley Castle, Staffordshire. They were parents of Sir John de Sutton IV, hence grandparents of Sir John de Sutton V.
# Boadicea pelecoides

Boadicea pelecoides is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Willie Horace Thomas Tams in 1930. It is found in the Republic of the Congo.
# Alopecia totalis

Alopecia totalis is the loss of all hair on the head and face. Its causes are unclear, but believed to be autoimmune. Research suggests there may be a genetic component linked to developing alopecia totalis; the presence of DRB1*0401 and DQB1*0301, both of which are human leukocyte antigens (HLA), were found to be associated with long-standing alopecia totalis.

## Treatment

Methotrexate and corticosteroids are proposed treatments.
Scalp cooling has specifically been used to prevent alopecia in docetaxel chemotherapy, although it has been found prophylactic in other regimens as well. Treatment effects may take time to resolve, with one study showing breast cancer survivors wearing wigs up to 2 years after chemotherapy.
# Acropyga exsanguis

Acropyga exsanguis is a species of ant in the subfamily Formicinae. It lives in underground nests in Mexico, Central and South America.

## Description

Over 450 ant species have been collected at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica, including several species of Acropyga. These are small, stocky ants less than 3.5 mm (0.14 in) long, and A. exsanguis is not easy to distinguish from related species. The dorsal surface is rather more densely covered in short hairs than is the case with Acropyga keira, another species found at La Selva.

## Distribution and habitat

This neotropical ant is known from Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela and Argentina. It occurs at altitudes up to about 1,660 m (5,400 ft), typical habitats including wet or moist lowland rainforest, mesophyll forest and montane wet forest. It lives in colonies underground and this subterranean existence means it is poorly represented in ant surveys; it has been found most often by sifting through leaf litter, but has occasionally been observed under stones or visiting bait. The fact that it is much more common than might be expected from survey results is shown by the vast swarms of males that were seen twice in 1991 at La Selva Biological Station during the wet season.

## Ecology

This ant lives underground in a large, diffuse nest. The ants move the nest upwards and downwards according to the conditions of the soil, descending deeper when the ground becomes dry. The nests have multiple queens, either because they were founded by several newly-mated reproductives, or because they have recruited further queens since their foundation.
This ant lives in symbiosis with several species of mealybug which live in its nest; the mealybugs suck sap from roots, and the ants feed on the honeydew that the mealybugs secrete. Species of mealybug found in the nest include Geococcus coffeae, Rhizoecus coffeae, Pseudorhizoecus proximus, Rhizoecus caladii, and Rhizoecus falcifer, and on several occasions, queen ants have been observed setting off on their nuptial flight carrying a fertilised female mealybug.
# Thomas Barlow (British businessman)

Sir Thomas Dalmahoy Barlow (23 February 1883 – 22 November 1964) was a British businessman, banker, and art collector and historian.
Barlow was the second son of the royal physician Sir Thomas Barlow, 1st Baronet, and his wife Ada Dalmahoy. His brother was Alan Barlow, 2nd Bt. He was educated at Marlborough College and Trinity College, Cambridge.
He married Esther Sophia Gaselee on 15 February 1911, and they had three children:
* Theodora Gertrude Barlow (born 21 February 1912)
* Penelope Sophia Barlow (10 April 1914 − 1995)
* Basil Stephen Barlow (15 February 1918 – 15 October 1991)
He was made Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1934 and promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire in 1946.
# Kavan

Kavan may refer to:
* Kavan, Iran or Gavan, Ardabil, a village in Ardabil Province, Iran
* Kavan (film), a 2017 Indian Tamil-language film
* Anna Kavan, an English novelist
* Kavan Gayle, a Jamaican politician
* Jan Kavan, Czech politician
* František Kaván, Czech painter and poet