OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Francis Dominic Murnaghan (mathematician)

Francis Dominic Murnaghan (August 4, 1893 – March 24, 1976) was an Irish mathematician and former head of the mathematics department at Johns Hopkins University. His name is attached to developments in group theory and mathematics applied to continuum mechanics (Murnaghan and Birch–Murnaghan equations of state).

## Biography

Frank Murnaghan was born in Omagh, County Tyrone, Ireland, seventh of the nine children of George Murnaghan, a Nationalist MP representing Mid Tyrone constituency. He graduated from Irish Christian Brothers secondary school in 1910, and University College Dublin with first-class honours BSc in Mathematical Sciences in 1913. Following an MSc in 1914, he was awarded a National University of Ireland (NUI) Travelling Studentship, which funded him to pursue his doctorate at Johns Hopkins University. In 1916, after just two years working under department chair Frank Morley's new PhD student Harry Bateman, he was awarded the Ph.D.
He then lectured at Rice University, and returned to Johns Hopkins University with the rank of associate professor at the young age of 25. In 1928 he was promoted to Professor and became only the fourth head of the Department of Mathematics (after J.J. Sylvester, Simon Newcomb and Frank Morley). After his retirement in 1949, he worked at the Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica near São Paulo, Brazil, but returned to Baltimore in 1959. He continued working as a consultant for the Marine Engineering Laboratory; his last publication appeared in 1972.
Murnaghan was a member of US National Academy of Sciences, American Philosophical Society, Royal Irish Academy, and Brazilian Academy of Sciences. He wrote 15 books, some in English and some in Portuguese, and over 90 papers.
He was the father of Francis Dominic Murnaghan, Jr., former U.S. federal judge and uncle of Northern Irish barrister and politician Sheelagh Murnaghan.

## Selected publications

* Murnaghan, Francis D. (May 1921). "A cubic space curve connected with the tetrahedron". The American Mathematical Monthly. 28 (5): 203–206. doi:10.2307/2973752. JSTOR 2973752.
* Murnaghan, F. D. (1925). "The tensor character of the generalized Kronecker symbol". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 31 (7): 323–329. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1925-04043-4.
* Murnaghan, F. D. (1927). "The Cauchy-Heaviside expansion formula and the Boltzmann-Hopkinson principle of superposition". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 33: 81–89. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1927-04317-8.
* Murnaghan, F. D. (1929). "Modern hydrodynamical theory, with special reference to aeronautics". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 35 (3): 294–318. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1929-04734-7.
# Malir Town

Malir Town (Urdu: ملير ٹاؤن) is the Constituent Town of Karachi Malir District and lies in the northern part of the city that was named after the Malir River.

## History
### Administrative status
#### 2000

The federal government introduced local government reforms in the year 2000, which eliminated the previous "third tier of government" (administrative divisions) and replaced it with the fourth tier (districts). The effect in Karachi was the dissolution of the former Karachi Division, and the merging of its five districts to form a new Karachi City-District with eighteen autonomous constituent towns including Malir Town.

#### 2001

Malir District was abolished as part of The Local Government Ordinance 2001 and divided into three towns namely:
* Malir Town,
* Bin Qasim Town
* and Gadap Town.
Malir Town was formed and was subdivided into 8 union councils.

#### 2011

In 2011, the system was disbanded but remained in place for bureaucratic administration until 2015, when the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation system was reintroduced.
On 11 July 2011, Sindh Government restored Malir District again.
The town system was disbanded in 2011.

#### 2015

In 2015, Malir Town was re-organized as part of Karachi Malir District.

#### 2022

In 2012, Malir Town remained as one of the three towns of Karachi Malir District.

## Location

Malir Town was bordered by the Jinnah International Airport and the Malir Cantonment to the west and north, the Malir River and Shah Faisal Town to the south and Gadap Town to the east across the Thado Nallo stream.

## Neighborhoods

* Walidad Goth
* Soomar Kandani Khaskheli Goth
* Indus Mehran Society
* Hashim Khaskheli Goth
* Soomar Ismail Khaskheli Goth
* Gharibabad
* Ghausia Colony
* Ghazi Brohi Goth
* Gulistan-e-Rafi
* Gulshan-e-Haroon
* Gulshan-e-Qadri
* Gulshan-e-Yousaf
* Haji Miandad Goth
* Hussainabad
* Jafar-e-Tayyar
* Jam Goth
* Kala Board
* Al-Amin Housing Society
* Darakhshan Housing Society
* Kausar Town
* Khokhra Par
* Khoso Goth
* Liaquat Market
* Aleemabad Society
* Jinnah Square
* Lyari Basti
* Memon Goth
* Model Colony
* Moinabad
* Mulla Essa Goth
* Nashtar Square
* Old Shafi Mohammed Goth
* Pak Kausar Town
* Raza Plaza
* Salar Goth
* Saudabad
* Shaban Town
* Taiser Town
* Urdu Nagar
* Asu Goth
* Soomar Kandani Village
* Malir Colony
# Pełch

Pełch is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Perlejewo, within Siemiatycze County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Perlejewo, 32 km (20 mi) north-west of Siemiatycze, and 73 km (45 mi) south-west of the regional capital Białystok.
# Peter William Armstrong

Peter William Armstrong (born 1 April 1943) is a television and radio producer, whose career at the BBC spanned 25 years. He is best known for innovative religious programming and as the founder and project editor of the BBC's Domesday Project (1986), for which he won a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2004 BAFTAs. He is the father of documentary maker Franny Armstrong, and the son of top civil servant William Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Sanderstead.

## Educational background

Armstrong earned First Class Honours in Philosophy, Politics and Economics and continued doctorate studies at Mansfield College, Oxford.

## Professional background

Armstrong joined the BBC in 1971, after he was spotted by the then head of religious programming John Lang. He quickly moved from radio into television, founding well-known series like Everyman, Songs of Praise, and Global Report, as well as writing and producing one-off series and programmes including The Sea of Faith, which led to the formation of the Sea of Faith movement.
Armstrong was innovative in his approach to religious programming, insisting that, rather than viewing the world through the lens of faith, the programmes (Everyman and Heart of the Matter) would bring a journalist's eye to bear on the world's faith communities.

### 1986: The BBC Domesday Project

Inspired by the original Domesday Book, Peter Armstrong wondered if it would be possible to harness technology to recreate the philosophy of the Domesday Book, but applied to modern Britain. The resulting BBC Domesday Project bought together millions of British citizens to produce an interactive record of the nation. He went on to create the award-winning Interactive Television Unit, and became its chair when it floated as the MultiMedia Corporation.

### Oneworld.net

In 1995, Armstrong co-founded oneworld.net, the first internet portal devoted to global justice and development. Oneworld.net's central purpose was to act as a newswire for issues related to social justice – to aggregate and highlight the content of development NGOs such as Oxfam and Christian Aid. Oneworld joined Yahoo!'s world news platform in 2001 alongside newswires such as AP and Reuters. Sarah Wright, Yahoo! News Editor, said "OneWorld journalists provide a unique and valuable resource to Yahoo by providing context for international headlines and voices from the front lines of international development."
He also founded OneWorldTV and OneClimate, part of the OneWorld Network.

## Awards

In 2004, Armstrong received a Lifetime Achievement BAFTA at the Interactive Awards for his contributions to interactive media. He was the second person to win this award, after Tim Berners Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web.
# August Wilhelm Dieckhoff

August Wilhelm Dieckhoff (5 February 1823 in Göttingen – 12 September 1894 in Rostock) was a German Lutheran theologian known for his studies on the history of evangelical doctrine during the Reformation.
In 1850 he obtained his habilitation from the University of Göttingen, and several years later became an associate professor of systematic and historical theology (1854). In 1860 he was appointed professor of historical theology at the University of Rostock. In 1887 he was named rector of the university. From 1860 to 1864, with Theodor Kliefoth, he edited the Theologische Zeitschrift.
From 1884 onward, he was embroiled in a heated controversy with the "ultra-Lutheran" Missouri Synod that stemmed from a decision that favored the Wisconsin Synod.

## Selected works

* Die evangelische Abendmahlslehre im Reformationszeitalter, 1854 – The Protestant doctrine of the Eucharist in the Reformation age.
* Die Waldenser im Mittelalter, zwei historische. Untersuchungen, 1851 – The Waldensians in the Middle Ages, two histories; Investigations.
* Der Ablassstreit: dogmengeschichtlich dargestellt, 1886 – The indulgence controversy; the history of dogma presented.
* Civilehe und kirchliche Trauung, 1880 – Civil and religious marriage.
* Die Stellung Luthers zur Kirche und ihrer Reformation in der Zeit vor dem Ablassstreit, 1883 – The position of Martin Luther to the Church and its Reformation in the time before the indulgence controversy.
* Der Missourische Prädestinatianismus und die Concordienformel, 1885 – The Missouri Synod in regards to predestinarianism and the Concordian formula.
* Zur Lehre von der Bekehrung und von der Prädestination zweite Entgegnung gegen missourische Ausflüchte, 1886 – The doctrine of conversion and of predestination, second rebuttal against the Missouri Synod's excuses.
* Die Inspiration und Irrthumslosigkeit der heiligen Schrift, 1891 – The inspiration of the Scriptures and inerrancy.
# Waggonfabrik Josef Rathgeber

Waggonbaufabrik Josef Rathgeber was a railway coach manufacturer, founded in 1852 in Munich, which closed in 1972. It produced railway vehicles, buses, elevators and automatic doors. In 1972 it was taken over by Firma F. X. Meiller, who use the former factory,Rathgeber-Werk, in München-Moosach to make tilting devices for construction vehicles.
# Lobachevsky integral formula

In mathematics, Dirichlet integrals play an important role in distribution theory. We can see the Dirichlet integral in terms of distributions.
One of those is the improper integral of the sinc function over the positive real line,
    $\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin x}{x}}\,dx=\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin ^{2}x}{x^{2}}}\,dx={\frac {\pi }{2}}.$

## Lobachevsky's Dirichlet integral formula

Let $f(x)$ be a continuous function satisfying the $\pi$-periodic assumption $f(x+\pi )=f(x)$, and $f(\pi -x)=f(x)$, for $0\leq x<\infty$. If the integral $\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin x}{x}}f(x)\,dx$ is taken to be an improper Riemann integral, we have Lobachevsky's Dirichlet integral formula
    $\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin ^{2}x}{x^{2}}}f(x)\,dx=\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin x}{x}}f(x)\,dx=\int _{0}^{\pi /2}f(x)\,dx$
Moreover, we have the following identity as an extension of the Lobachevsky Dirichlet integral formula
    $\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin ^{4}x}{x^{4}}}f(x)\,dx=\int _{0}^{\pi /2}f(t)\,dt-{\frac {2}{3}}\int _{0}^{\pi /2}\sin ^{2}tf(t)\,dt.$
As an application, take $f(x)=1$. Then
    $\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin ^{4}x}{x^{4}}}\,dx={\frac {\pi }{3}}.$
# Burning of Kingston

The Burning of Kingston, New York, took place on October 16, 1777, a Thursday, during the American Revolutionary War as part of the Saratoga Campaign.
In an attempt to relieve pressure on General John Burgoyne's forces in Saratoga, New York, British units under the command of Henry Clinton attacked and captured Fort Montgomery and Fort Clinton in the Hudson Highlands. Following this battle, Clinton sent forces under the command of John Vaughan to raid the Hudson Valley. Vaughan attacked and burned Kingston, New York, then the capital of New York State, destroying more than 300 buildings.
The state government fled to Hurley, New York. Records of Ulster County, the county in which Kingston was located, were moved to a safe stone house in Kerhonkson to the southwest when it became evident that the British were going to burn or lay siege to the city.

## In popular culture

The burning of Kingston is central to the plot of the 1883 novel Rachel Du Mont by Mary Westbrook Van Deusen.
# Richard Restwold (died c. 1423)

Richard Restwold (c. 1364 – c. 1423), of High Head Castle, Cumbria, Sindlesham, Berkshire and Crowmarsh Gifford, Oxfordshire, was an English politician.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Cumberland in 1419. He was the father of Richard Restwold, also an MP for Cumberland.
# Massey

Massey may refer to:

## Places
### Canada

* Massey, Ontario
* Massey Island, Nunavut

### New Zealand

* Massey, New Zealand, an Auckland suburb

### United States

* Massey, Alabama
* Massey, Iowa
* Massey, Maryland

## People

* Massey (surname)

## Education

* Massey College, affiliated with the University of Toronto
* Massey University, New Zealand
* Massey High School, in Auckland, New Zealand

## Other uses

* Massey Energy, an American coal-producing company
* USS Massey (DD-778), a US Navy destroyer
* Massey Brothers, a British coachbuilder based in Pemberton, Wigan, purchased by Northern Counties in 1967
* Massey product, a cohomology operation of higher order generalizing the cup product
* Massey Ferguson, an American heavy equipment company
* An alternative reading of Masei, the final parashah of the Book of Numbers
# Ensemble Made in Canada

Ensemble Made in Canada is a Canadian classical piano quartet, whose 2020 album Mosaïque won the Juno Award for Classical Album of the Year – Solo or Chamber Ensemble at the Juno Awards of 2021.
The quartet was originally formed as an all-female ensemble in the 2000s, consisting of Angela Park on piano, Judy Kang on violin, Sharon Wei on viola and Rachel Mercer on cello. The troupe won a Galaxie Rising Star Award in 2006. Kang left the ensemble in 2010 and was replaced by Elissa Lee. In the late 2010s Trey Lee Chui-yee sometimes filled in for Mercer, and was named a permanent member in 2020.

## Mosaïque

Mosaïque, a project inspired by Oscar Peterson's classic jazz album Canadiana Suite, saw the ensemble commission 14 short musical compositions, one representing each of Canada's 13 provinces or territories and one representing the indigenous peoples of Canada, which were performed by the quartet on a cross-Canada tour, before being released as an album in 2020.
The participating composers were David Braid, Barbara Croall, Julie Doiron, Andrew Downing, Vivian Fung, Nicolas Gilbert, Kevin Lau, Nicole Lizée, Richard Mascall, Samy Moussa, William Rowson, Darren Sigesmund, Sarah Slean and Ana Sokolović.
# Ceferino Estrada

Ceferino Estrada (26 August 1945 – 24 November 2003) was a Mexican cyclist. He competed in the team time trial event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
# Heinrich Diethelm

Heinrich Diethelm (born 1914; date of death unknown) was a Swiss footballer who played for FC Basel in the 1930s. He played as forward.
Diethelm joined Basel's first team in 1934. He played his domestic league debut for the club in the home game at the Landhof on 31 March 1935 against Biel-Bienne. He scored his first goal for them in the same game as Basel won 3–2 and it was the match winning goal.
Between the years 1934 and 1939 Diethelm played a total of 26 games for Basel scoring a total of five goals. 19 of these games were in the Nationalliga and seven were friendly games. He scored three goals in the domestic league and the other two were scored during the test games.
# Inflation-restriction exact sequence

In mathematics, the inflation-restriction exact sequence is an exact sequence occurring in group cohomology and is a special case of the five-term exact sequence arising from the study of spectral sequences.
Specifically, let G be a group, N a normal subgroup, and A an abelian group which is equipped with an action of G, i.e., a homomorphism from G to the automorphism group of A. The quotient group G/N acts on
       A$^N$ = { a ∈ A : na = a for all n ∈ N}.
Then the inflation-restriction exact sequence is:
       0 → H$^1$(G/N, A$^N$) → H$^1$(G, A) → H$^1$(N, A)$^{G/N}$ → H$^2$(G/N, A$^N$) →H$^2$(G, A)
In this sequence, there are maps
* inflation H$^1$(G/N, A$^N$) → H$^1$(G, A)
* restriction H$^1$(G, A) → H$^1$(N, A)$^{G/N}$
* transgression H$^1$(N, A)$^{G/N}$ → H$^2$(G/N, A$^N$)
* inflation H$^2$(G/N, A$^N$) →H$^2$(G, A)
The inflation and restriction are defined for general n:
* inflation H$^n$(G/N, A$^N$) → H$^n$(G, A)
* restriction H$^n$(G, A) → H$^n$(N, A)$^{G/N}$
The transgression is defined for general n
only if H$^i$(N, A)$^{G/N}$ = 0 for i ≤ n − 1.
The sequence for general n may be deduced from the case n = 1 by dimension-shifting or from the Lyndon–Hochschild–Serre spectral sequence.
# Mariano Sambucetti

Mariano Sambucetti (born 23 October 1979 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) was a professional rugby union player for Bristol Bears (2004-2014) in the Aviva Premiership and IPA Championship. Mariano Sambucetti's position of choice is at lock. He has also represented Argentina getting his first cap in 2001, making 14 appearances for his country and taking part in the historic draw against British and Irish Lions in 2005 at The Millennium Stadium.
Mariano played 199 (156 League) games for Bristol Bears Rugby - making him one of the most capped players for the club in its professional history and a definite fans favourite being voted Supporters Club Man of the year by the Bristolian fans.
He was also a Sky Sports pundit for the Rugby Championship alongside Sean Fitzpatrick, Michael Lynagh and Thinas Delport.
During 2014 and 2015 Mariano was involved with the Brazil national team coaching staff as forwards coach. During this spell they had famous victories over USA, Paraguay and Argentina.
Since retiring in 2014 Mariano has pursued a career in International Trade and Development alongside former Argentinean international prop Marcos Ayerza.
# Sam Tambimuttu

Samuel Pennington Thavarasa Tambimuttu (1932 – 1990) was a Sri Lankan Tamil lawyer, politician and Member of Parliament.

## Early life and family

Tambimuttu was born in 1932. He was the grand nephew of E. R. Tambimuttu, member of the State Council of Ceylon. He was married to Kala, daughter of Senator M. Manickam. They had a son Arun.
Tambimuttu was a Methodist.

## Career

Tambimuttu was a proctor and practiced law in Batticaloa. He was chairman of Batticaloa Citizen's Committee. In this capacity he would intervene on behalf of youths arrested by the paramilitary Special Task Force.
Tambimuttu had been a member of the Tamil United Liberation Front for a long time. He contested the 1989 parliamentary election as one of the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front's candidates in Batticaloa District and was elected to Parliament.

## Death

Tambimuttu was assassinated on 7 May 1990 outside the Canadian High Commission in Colombo. His wife Kala died on 16 May as a result of injuries sustained in the assassination. The assassination was blamed on the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.
# Latimer–MacDuffee theorem

The Latimer–MacDuffee theorem is a theorem in abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics. It is named after Claiborne Latimer and Cyrus Colton MacDuffee, who published it in 1933. Significant contributions to its theory were made later by Olga Taussky-Todd.
Let $f$ be a monic, irreducible polynomial of degree $n$. The Latimer–MacDuffee theorem gives a one-to-one correspondence between $\mathbb {Z}$-similarity classes of $n\times n$ matrices with characteristic polynomial $f$ and the ideal classes in the order
    $\mathbb {Z} [x]/(f(x)).$
where ideals are considered equivalent if they are equal up to an overall (nonzero) rational scalar multiple. (Note that this order need not be the full ring of integers, so nonzero ideals need not be invertible.) Since an order in a number field has only finitely many ideal classes (even if it is not the maximal order, and we mean here ideals classes for all nonzero ideals, not just the invertible ones), it follows that there are only finitely many conjugacy classes of matrices over the integers with characteristic polynomial $f(x)$.
# Lady Franklin Gallery

The Lady Franklin Gallery and Ancanthe Park is a historic sandstone museum and 2.96-hectare (7.3-acre) parkland in Lenah Valley, Tasmania, Australia. When it opened on 26 October 1843, it became the first privately funded museum in Australia.

## History

   “A pretty little design for a Glyptothek... I mean nothing more than 1, 2 or 3 rooms, of small size tho’ good proportions, to hold a small number of pictures, and a dozen of casts of the Elgin and Vatican marbles”.
In 1836, Lady Jane Franklin and her husband Sir John Franklin relocated to Van Diemen's Land when he was appointed lieutenant-governor of the colony. In 1839, she purchased 53 hectares (130 acres) of land in Lenah Valley with the intent of building a museum and botanical garden, which she named Ancanthe, Ancient Greek for "blooming valley". Built at her own expense in the Greek revivalist style with convict labour, the sandstone museum opened to the public on 26 October 1843. The museum displayed Tasmanian memorabilia, books, botanical specimens, sculptures, and other items from Lady Franklin's personal collection. Her hopes for the parklands to be transformed into a botanic garden never materialised. When the Franklins departed Tasmania in 1853, the museum and estate were entrusted to the nearby Queen's College, which itself was purchased by the Hutchins School in 1893. During this period, Lady Franklin's artefacts were dispersed, large portions of the parklands were sold for housing and the museum became a storehouse for apples.
The museum and parklands remained privately owned and in a state of disrepair until they were purchased by the Hobart City Council in 1921. The Art Society of Tasmania located to the premises in 1949. The Lady Franklin Gallery is designated on the Tasmanian Heritage Register.

### Ancanthe Park development

In 2013, the Saving Ancanthe Action Group unsuccessfully petitioned for the Hobart City Council to facilitate the purchase of former parkland surrounding the gallery on the merits of its historical and environmental value as a means to save it from housing development. The group further hoped to establish a Cultural Landscape and Historic Centre in the Vicinity of Ancanthe Park. In 2014, author Alison Alexander, who won the National Biography Award for her book The Ambitions of Jane Franklin, Victorian Lady Adventurer opposed the subdivision of sixteen allotments of Ancanthe Park. Since at least 2015, the Ancanthe parkland has been further subdivided, with allotments sold for housing development. This resulted in the extension of Ancanthe Avenue, which runs directly through the former estate.