OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cyano radical

The cyano radical (or cyanido radical) is a radical with molecular formula CN, sometimes written $^•$CN. The cyano radical was one of the first detected molecules in the interstellar medium, in 1938. Its detection and analysis was influential in astrochemistry. The discovery was confirmed with a coudé spectrograph, which was made famous and credible due to this detection. ·CN has been observed in both diffuse clouds and dense clouds. Usually, CN is detected in regions with hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen isocyanide, and HCNH$^+$, since it is involved in the creation and destruction of these species (see also Cyanogen).

## Physical properties

Bonding in the cyano radical can be described as a combination of two resonance structures: the structure with the unpaired electron on the carbon is the minor contributor, while the structure with the unpaired electron on the nitrogen (the isocyano radical) is the major contributor. The charge separation in the isocyano radical is similar to that of carbon monoxide. $^•$CN has a dipole moment of 1.45 debyes and a $^2$Σ$^+$ ground electronic state. The selection rules are:
    ${\begin{aligned}N+S&=J\\J+I&=F\end{aligned}}$
where N is the angular momentum, S is the electric spin, and I = 1 is the nuclear spin of $^{14}$N.

## Formation and destruction of $^•$CN
### Formation

* Dissociative recombination in diffuse clouds:
    HCN$^+$ + e$^−$ → $^•$CN + H$^•$
* Photodissociation in dense clouds:
    HCN + hν → $^•$CN + H$^•$

### Destruction

    H$^+$ $_3$ + $^•$CN → HCN + H$_2$

## Detections of $^•$CN

A spectral line of $^•$CN was detected in 1938 in the interstellar medium in the ultraviolet, and was identified in 1940 by Andrew McKellar. The coudé spectrograph and a 100-inch (2.5 m) telescope were used to observe $^•$CN's interstellar lines and ultraviolet spectra. Use of the spectrograph confirmed McKellar's findings and also made the spectrograph famous. In 1970, $^•$CN's first rotational transition from J = 0 to J = 1 was detected In the Orion Nebula and the W51 nebula. The first detection of $^•$CN in extragalactic sources were seen toward Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253), IC 342, and M82 In 1988. These emission lines seen were from N = 1 to N = 0 and N = 2 to N = 1. In 1991, the $^•$CN vibration-rotational bands were observed in a king furnace at the National Solar Observatory using a McMath Fourier-Transform spectrometer. The observed 2 to 0 lines show an extreme hyperfine structure. In 1995, the rotational absorption spectrum of ·CN in the ground state was observed in the 1 THz region, and most of the lines were measured in the range of 560 to 1020 GHz. Four new rotational transitions were measured; N = 8 to N = 8, J = ⁠15/2⁠ to J = ⁠17/2⁠ and J = ⁠17/2⁠ to J = ⁠19/2⁠; N = 7 to N = 8, J = ⁠15/2⁠ to J = ⁠17/2⁠ and J = ⁠13/2⁠ to J = ⁠15/2⁠.
# Arthur Olsen (boxer, born 1907)

Arthur Olsen (March 19, 1907 – October 17, 1943) was a Norwegian boxer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics.
In 1928 he was eliminated in the second round of the featherweight class after losing his fight to the upcoming silver medalist Víctor Peralta.
# Koblenz cable car

The Koblenz cable car (German: Seilbahn Koblenz) is an gondola lift that was opened in 2010 in Koblenz, Germany for the Bundesgartenschau (a biennial exhibition) the following year. It connects the banks of the river Rhine and the hill plateau next to Ehrenbreitstein Fortress. The cable car system has an 890m length and elevates 112m.
The gondola system has an hourly capacity of 7600 people, the most for any such a ride in the world. It operates usually between April and October of a given year. Its construction and operation is in control by an Austrian company specialized in such rides, the Doppelmayr Gruppe.
# Gilberto Gerhardt

Gilberto Gerhardt (born 5 June 1949) is a Brazilian rower. He competed in the men's double sculls event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
# Spring Hill, New South Wales (Orange)

Spring Hill is a small village 13km south-east of Orange, Australia. Its buildings date back to the 1870s and a Heritage Trail has been established for tourists. At the 2021 census, Spring Hill had a population of 304.

## Mining

Following the failure of Messrs G. & C. Hoskins in 1915 to persuade the New South Wales Government to construct a branch railway from the sidings at Spring Hill to the mines at Cadia where they had agreed to remove the ironstone overlay for processing in the ironworks at Lithgow, the company decided to construct a private railway line from the Iron Duke Copper Mine at Cadia to the Great Western Railway at Spring Hill. The line remained until 1945, having enjoyed a renaissance during the Second World War.
# Fritz Schneider (ski jumper)

Fritz Schneider (born 2 September 1928) was a Swiss ski jumper who competed during the 1950s. He finished 26th in the individual large hill event at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. Schneider's best career finish was tenth place in an individual normal hill event in Austria in 1953.
# Cyprus national under-19 football team

The Cypriot national under-19 football team is the national under-19 football team of Cyprus controlled by Cyprus Football Association.

## Results and fixtures

Win Draw Loss

### 2022 UEFA European Under-19 Championship
#### Qualifiers
##### Qualifying Round – Group 4

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Netherlands | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 1 | +12 | 9 | Elite round |
| 2 | Israel (H) | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 4 | +4 | 6 | Elite round |
| 3 | Cyprus | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 8 | −6 | 1 | |
| 4 | Moldova | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 12 | −10 | 1 | |

## Current squad

* The following players were called up for the 2023 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification matches.
* Match dates: 17, 20 and 23 November 2022
* Opposition: Sweden, Ukraine, Kosovo
* Caps and goals correct as of: 26 September 2022, after the match against North Macedonia
| Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club |
| 1GK | Panagiotis Kyriakou | (2004-05-05) 5 May 2004 (age 20) | 0 | 0 | AEL Limassol |
| 1GK | Dimitrios Stylianidis | (2004-03-03) 3 March 2004 (age 20) | 5 | 0 | AEK Larnaca |
| 2DF | Pavlos Charalampous | (2004-02-09) 9 February 2004 (age 20) | 0 | 0 | AEK Larnaca |
| 2DF | David Djamas | (2004-04-21) 21 April 2004 (age 20) | 1 | 0 | APOEL |
| 2DF | Andreas Evangelou | (2004-09-20) 20 September 2004 (age 20) | 9 | 0 | PAEEK |
| 2DF | Alexandros Kaiafas | (2004-02-09) 9 February 2004 (age 20) | 2 | 0 | Omonia |
| 2DF | Nikolas Kyriakidis | (2004-09-20) 20 September 2004 (age 20) | 0 | 0 | Omonia |
| 2DF | Konstantinos Venizelou | (2004-07-05) 5 July 2004 (age 20) | 7 | 0 | Omonia |
| 3MF | Ioannis Tsoutsouki | (2004-04-14) 14 April 2004 (age 20) | 2 | 0 | APOEL |
| 3MF | Stylianos Vrontis | (2004-11-05) 5 November 2004 (age 20) | 9 | 2 | PO Xylotymbou |
| 4FW | Stavros Georgiou | (2004-10-19) 19 October 2004 (age 20) | 3 | 4 | APOEL |
| 4FW | Andreas Savva | (2004-07-21) 21 July 2004 (age 20) | 3 | 4 | Omonia |
| 4FW | Nearchos Zinonos | (2004-01-29) 29 January 2004 (age 20) | 1 | 0 | Apollon Limassol |
# Birger Leirud

Birger Leirud (26 June 1924 – 10 February 1999) was a Norwegian high jumper. He represented Leirsund IL.
At the 1948 Summer Olympics he finished thirteenth in the high jump final with a jump of 1.80 metres. At the 1952 Summer Olympics he finished seventeenth with 1.90 m. He finished fourth at the 1946 European Championships in Athletics. He became Norwegian champion in 1946, 1949, 1950 and 1952.
His personal best jump was 1.96 metres, achieved in September 1947 in Stockholm.
# Gilmar Estevam

Gilmar Estevam (born 11 April 1967) is a retired Brazilian football striker.
# Pennyroyal, Victoria

Pennyroyal is a locality in Victoria, Australia. Most of the locality is situated in the Surf Coast Shire; a small section is situated in the Shire of Colac Otway. In the 2016 census, Pennyroyal had a population of 86.
Pennyroyal is a small rural locality; while it once had a post office, church, school, and railway station for carting local produce, they have long since closed. Pennyroyal Creek Post Office opened on 15 August 1887 and closed on 14 January 1955. St Michael's Church of England opened in 1885 and closed in 1950. Penny Royal Creek State School (No. 1204) opened in 1873, moved to a new site in 1916, and closed in 1982.
The Birregurra-Forrest railway line opened in 1891. A station called "Arlett's Corner" opened with the line and was renamed Pennyroyal in September of that year. The line closed in 1957. The Pennyroyal Public Hall opened in 1912, and survives to the present day.
Pennyroyal is located in a lush valley, and is now known for tourism and dairy and berry farming. It has two berry farms which are open to the public. Each has a seasonal cafe, one also provides B&B accommodation, and there are a number of holiday cottages, conference centres and camps in the area. The Penny Royal Creek Bushland Reserve is located in Pennyroyal, and the locality adjoins the Otway Forest Park and Great Otway National Park.
# Erik Westlin

Erik Westlin (23 February 1913 – 8 April 1977) was a Swedish discus thrower. He won the national title in 1942 and 1946 and placed sixth at the 1946 European Championships.
# Joaquín Chapaprieta

Joaquín Chapaprieta y Torregrosa (26 October 1871 – 15 October 1951) was a Spanish politician. He served as Prime Minister in 1935, during the Second Republic.

## Biography

Born in Torrevieja, province of Alicante, on 26 October 1871, son to a well-off family, his father being a ship operator. His grandfather on his father side was a Genoese who settled in the area in the mid 19th century (the original surname was Schiapeprietti). He finished his secondary education at the diocesan seminary of San Miguel in Orihuela. He earned a licentiate degree in Law from the Central University in Madrid in 1893, later taking PhD courses at the University of Bologna.
Introduced to politics as member of the moretista faction of the Liberal Party, he became a member of the Congress of Deputies in 1901. He became later a Senator, representing the provinces of La Coruña and Valladolid. He served as Minister of Labour from 7 December 1922 to 3 September 1923.
From 6 May 1935 he served as Minister of the Treasury, a position he continued to hold after 23 September when he was appointed President of the Council of Ministers, serving as an independent with support from the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA) and the Peasant's Party. His government collapsed after the CEDA vetoed a proposed increase in death duties from 1% to 3.5%. After stepping down on 14 December, he continued to serve as Minister of the Treasury until 30 December, when he resigned. He retired then from politics and focused on his law firm.
He died in Madrid on 15 October 1951.
# Fritz Zurbuchen

Fritz Zurbuchen (born 20 December 1920) was a Swiss cross-country skier. He competed in the men's 50 kilometre event at the 1956 Winter Olympics.
# Karel Janák

Karel Janák (born 24 September 1970) is a Czech director. His 2004 film Snowboarďáci was recognised at the 2004 Czech Lion Awards as the most-visited film of the year.

## Selected filmography

* Snowboarďáci (2004)
* Ro(c)k podvraťáků (2006)
* Rafťáci (2006)
* Little Knights Tale (Ať žijí rytíři!, 2009)
* 10 Rules (2014)
* Princess and the scribe (Princezna a písař, 2014, television film)
# Guilherme Campos

Guilherme Campos (born 24 May 1955) is a Brazilian rower. He competed in the men's coxless pair event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
# Tanybryn, Victoria

Tanybryn is a locality in Victoria, Australia, situated in the Shire of Colac Otway. In the 2016 census, Tanybryn had a population of 19.
# Georg von Boisman

Georg Tage Eugen von Boisman (12 August 1910 – 4 April 1985) was a Swedish modern pentathlete. He competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics and finished tenth.
# Ron Chepesiuk

Ronald Joseph Chepesiuk (born June 14, 1944) is a former academic and full university professor. He is currently an author, publisher, radio host, film producer and screenwriter.

## Documentary producer, writer and director

* The Frank Matthews Story (2012)
* Ike Atkinson, Kingpin. In his Own Words (2012)
* Superfly: The True Untold Story of Frank Lucas, American Gangster (2007)

## Books

* Gangsters of Harlem (2007)
* Superfly: The True, Untold Story of Frank Lucas, American Gangster (2008)
* Sergeant Smack (2010)
* The Trafficantes (2010)
* Queenpins (2011)
* Straight from the Hood (2011)
* Gangsters of Miami (2013)
* Escobar versus Cali: The War of the Cartels (2013)
* Black Caesar (2013)
* Black Gangsters of Chicago (2014)
* Shrimp Boy: The Life and Times of Raymond Chow, Chinatown Gangster (2016)
* Crazy Charlie: Carlos Lehder, Revolutionary or Neo Nazi (2016)
* Narcos Inc. (2019)
* Robin Hood of the Hood: The Life and Times of Teddy Roe, Police King (2019)
* The Real Mr. Big: How a Colombian Refugee Became the United Kingdom’s Most Notorious Cocaine Kingpin (2021)

## Honors

* In 1999, Chepesiuk received the Humphrey/OCLC/ Forest Press Award for significant contribution to international librarianship.
* In the 1990s, Chepesiuk served as a contributing editor of American Libraries, the official publication of the American Library Association.
* In 2002, he served as a Fulbright Scholar and visiting professor of journalism at Chittagong University in Bangladesh.
* 2008 Independent Publisher Book Award
* From 2009 to 2010, he served as a Fulbright Scholar and Visiting Professor at Paramadina University in Jakarta, Indonesia. He currently serves as a Senior Research Associate at the Policy Institute at Paramadina University.
* 2011 Independent Publisher Book Awards
# Gabriel Nigon

Gabriel Nigon (born 5 April 1956) is a Swiss fencer. He competed in the individual and team épée events at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
# Sophronica fallaciosa

Sophronica fallaciosa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939.
# José Gerschman

José Gerschman (born October 11, 1916 in San Salvador, Entre Rios, died 1998) was an Argentine chess master. He played four times in Argentine Chess Championship (Torneo Mayor). He took 15th in 1937 (Jacobo Bolbochán won), took 19th in 1938 (Roberto Grau won), tied for 2nd-4th in 1939 (Juan Traian Iliesco won) and took last place in a play-off triangular tournament for the title (Carlos Maderna won), and took 13th in 1940 (Carlos Guimard won). Gerschman also tied for 9-10th in the Buenos Aires 1939 chess tournament (Círculo, Paul Keres and Miguel Najdorf won), and took 7th at Buenos Aires 1963 (YMCA, Oscar Panno won).
# Karlqvist gap

The Karlqvist gap or Karlqvist Field is an electromagnetic phenomenon discovered in 1953 by the Swedish engineer Olle Karlqvist (1922-1976), which is important in magnetic storage for computers.
Karlqvist discovered the phenomenon while designing a ferromagnetic surface layer to the magnetic drum memory for the BESK computer. When designing a magnetic memory store, the ferromagnetic layer must be studied to determine the variation of the magnetic field with permeability, air gap, layer thickness and other influencing factors. The problem is non-linear and extremely difficult to solve. Karlqvist's gap discovery shows that the non-linear problem could be approximated by a linear boundary value for the two-dimensional static field and the one-dimensional transient field. This linear calculation gives a first approximation.
Karlqvist published his discovery in the 1954 paper "Calculation of the magnetic field in ferromagnetic layer of a magnetic drum" at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm.
# Bjørn Borgen

Bjørn Borgen (22 September 1937 – 18 November 2015) was a Norwegian footballer who played for Fredrikstad and Lyn, as well as the national team, as a right winger. He later became a coach active in the lower leagues.

## Early career

Born in Fredrikstad, Borgen began his career with local team Ørn Fjeldberg before joining Fredrikstad in 1948 at the age of 11, alongside Per Kristoffersen. He won the 1955 Norwegian Junior Cup with the team. He made his debut for the first-team the next year.

### Debut with the Norway national team

By 1957 he was a first-team regular, and had also made his debut for the national team. He suffered from behavioural problems in 1958, and eventually left the club in January 1959 to work in a clothes shop in Oslo and play for Lyn. He returned to Fredrikstad in October 1959, and in 1960 became the youngest Norwegian international to collect 25 caps. That same year he also turned down a professional contract offer from Italian club Fiorentina.

## Later career

Borgen spent a significant part of the 1962 season injured. He retired from playing in 1968, alongside Kristoffersen. With Fredrikstad he won the league championship three times, and also the national cup three times. He scored 6 goals in 35 senior international appearances for Norway, and also represented them at youth level.
He later became a coach of lower-league teams, including Rapid, Moss, Trosvik and Rolvsøy. He also played for Rolvsøy in a Cup match in 1972, against Fredrikstad.

## Death and legacy

Borgen died on 18 November 2015 following a long illness. Kristoffersen subsequently described him as the best right winger Norway has ever produced.
# Dimpy Ganguli

Soumasri Ganguly Roy (born 25 July 1985), known professionally as Dimpy Ganguli is an Indian model and television personality.

## Early life

Her real name is Soumoshree Ganguli, Dimpy was her nickname. She belongs to Bengali family and her father's name is Saibal Ganguly and her mother's name is Sushmita Ganguli. Dimpy graduated with an honors degree in English literature from the renowned Scottish Church College in 2009.

## Personal life

In 2010, Ganguli married Rahul Mahajan, son of BJP leader Pramod Mahajan, on Imagine TV's swayamvar reality show, Rahul Dulhaniya Le Jayenge. Ganguli filed for divorce on the grounds of domestic violence and physical abuse. The couple finally divorced in February 2015.
In November 2015, Ganguli married Dubai-based businessman, Rohit Roy. Their daughter Reanna was born on 20 June 2016. In 2020, Ganguly gave birth to a son Aryaan. Ganguly gave birth to second son Rishaan on 27 July 2022.

## Career

She was one of the contestants of Gladrags Mega Model Manhunt 2009, a beauty contest from India. She was also the second runners up in Sananda Tilottama in 2007.
In 2014, she participated in the television reality shows Bigg Boss 8 and its spin-off Bigg Boss Halla Bol. She was evicted from the show on 31 January 2015.

## Television

| Year | Name | Role | Notes |
| 2010 | Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna | Dipika | Cameo |
| 2010 | Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai | Anjana | Hina Khan's friend |
| 2010 | Rahul Dulhaniya Le Jayega | Contestant | Winner |
| 2011 | Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout | Contestant | Eliminated |
| 2011 | Kahani Chandrakanta Ki | Naagin | Negative Role |
| 2012 | Bade Achhe Lagte Hain | Preetika | Cameo |
| 2012 | Sasural Genda Phool | Dimpy | Suhana friend |
| 2012–13 | Nach Baliye 5 | Contestant | Along with Rahul Mahajan |
| 2013 | Nach Baliye Shriman v/s Shrimati | Contestant | Along with |
| 2013 | Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai | Guest | Cameo |
| 2013 | Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki | Contestant | Along with Amar Upadhyay, Gizele Thakral, Karanvir Bohra & Debina Bonnerjee |
| 2014–15 | Bigg Boss 8 | Contestant | Wild Card, Champion |
| 2015 | Bigg Boss Halla Bol | Contestant | Finalist |
| 2015 | Killerr Karaoke Atka Toh Latkah | Contestant | Along with Debina & Sreejita De |
| 2015 | Comedy Classes | Guest | Along with Rakhi Sawant & Bharti Singh |
| 2016 | Box Cricket League 2 | Contestant | |
# Gérson Caçapa

Gérson Cândido de Paula (born 1 June 1967), known as Gérson Caçapa, is a Brazilian former professional footballer, who played as a midfielder, usually as an attacking midfielder. Gérson Caçapa played for Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras and Clube Atlético Paranaense in the Campeonato Brasileiro. and played for A.S. Bari in Italy for Serie A and U.S. Lecce for Serie B. He also had a spell with Fenerbahçe S.K. and Istanbulspor in the Turkish Süper Lig.

## Honours

Palmeiras
* Taça dos Invictos: 1989
Bari
* Mitropa Cup: 1990
Fenerbahçe
* Chancellor Cup: 1992–93
Atlético Paranaense
* Campeonato Paranaense: 1998
* Parana Cup: 1998
# Magnified

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Kerrang! | |
Magnified is the second album by the American alternative rock band Failure. It was released on March 8, 1994, through Slash Records.

## Production

Drummer Robert Gauss departed during the recording of the album; the remaining drum parts were played by John Dargahi and Greg Edwards.
Magnified differs from Failure's debut album Comfort by using a great deal of bass guitar distortion. The use of a bassline as the main structure of the song as well as distortion can be heard best on "Frogs" and "Small Crimes."

## Critical reception

In a retrospective article published to coincide with the album's 25th anniversary, Decibel wrote that "druggy chord changes slither unpredictably, oftentimes led by a four-string bassquake alongside primal drumming, both delivered with forceful conviction." Trouser Press called the album "a major improvement [over the debut], but not a thorough success," writing that "Failure paints senseless coats of alternative guitar ... over tuneful material that might actually be enticing if not for the underbrush." The Seattle Times wrote that "the songwriting on Magnified is more pop-oriented than on the band's first disc, Comfort, which had more of an improvisational feel." The Albuquerque Journal wrote that "Failure checks into the rock 'n' roll hall of fame as the only band to have less variation between songs than Boston."

## Track listing

All music is composed by Ken Andrews and Greg Edwards except "Let It Drip", by Andrews

## Personnel

* Ken Andrews – vocals, guitar, bass
* Greg Edwards – bass, guitar, drums
* John Dargahi – drums on 1, 2, 6 & 7

## Credits

Recorded by Paul Lani. Mixed by David Bianco and Ken Andrews. Frog: Bruce Schwartz
# Greger Lewenhaupt

Count Johan Greger Knutsson Lewenhaupt (16 December 1920 – 3 August 2008) was a Swedish equestrian. He competed in two events at the 1948 Summer Olympics.