OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hampden Park (1873–1883)

Hampden Park was a football ground in Crosshill, Renfrewshire (now part of Glasgow). The home ground of Queen's Park from 1873 until 1883, it was the first of three stadiums to bear the same name, and hosted the first-ever Scottish Cup final in 1874.

## History

Hampden Park was built between the Queen's Park Recreation Ground (where the club had played until then) and Hampden Terrace, taking its name from the road. The first enclosed stadium with turnstiles in the United Kingdom, it was opened on 25 October 1873 for Queen Park's first-ever competitive match, a Scottish Cup first round tie against Dumbreck, with Queen's Park winning 7–0. The ground later hosted the first Scottish Cup final, which saw Queen's Park beat Clydesdale 2–0. It was subsequently used to host the finals in 1875, 1876 (the replay), 1877 (the second replay), 1878, 1879 (the final and the replay), 1880 and 1883 (the final and replay).
Hampden was used to host several Scotland international matches; it was first used on 2 March 1878 for a 7–2 win against England, and a 9–0 win against Wales followed on 23 March. It hosted four more matches, the last being a 5–0 win over Wales on 25 March 1882.
In 1883 the club left Hampden Park due to plans by the Caledonian Railway to build the Cathcart branch across the site (Cathcart Road, which had run to the west of the ground, was also rerouted between Queen Mary Avenue and Prospecthill Road to run alongside the new railway lines); they moved a few hundred metres east to a new ground, which they also named Hampden Park. However, it was not ready until 1884, until which home matches were played at the Titwood cricket ground owned by Clydesdale Cricket Club. In 1903 Queen's Park moved again to the current Hampden Park, with the second Hampden taken over by Third Lanark and renamed Cathkin Park.
The site of the first Hampden Park is now occupied by railway lines, Hampden lawn bowling club and Kingsley Gardens. Its precise location was uncertain until 2017 when a map of the railway plans was found which showed the line's route across the pitch. An archaeological dig was conducted at the site in 2021 in an effort to more fully establish the layout and structures and uncover historical artifacts.
In 2019 a mural was painted onto the rear wall of the clubhouse by Glasgow-based artist Ashley Rawson, on the theme of Scotland's 5–1 win over England in March 1882, featuring portraits of players Charles Campbell and Andrew Watson.
# Hephaestion (grammarian)

Hephaestion (Ancient Greek: Ἡφαιστίων Hēphaistíōn; fl. 2nd century AD) was a grammarian of Alexandria who flourished in the age of the Antonines. He was the author of a manual (abridged from a larger work in 48 books) of Greek metres, which is most valuable as the only complete treatise on the subject that has been preserved. The concluding chapter discusses the various kinds of poetical composition. It is written in a clear and simple style, and was much used as a school-book.

## Works

* Enchiridion de Metris (Ἐγχειρίδιον περὶ μέτρων)
* On Confusions in Poems (Περὶ τῶν ἐν ποιήμασι ταραχῶν)
* Poemata (Περί ποιήματος)
* Solutions in Tragedy (Τραγικῶν λύσεων)
* Solutions to Difficulties in Comedy (Κωμικῶν ἀπορημάτων λύσεις)

## Editions

* Thomas Foster Barham: The Enkheiridion of Hehfaistiown concerning Metres and Poems. Translated into English, and illustrated by Notes and a rythmical [sic] Notation. Cambridge, 1843 (book at archive.org)
* Scriptores metrici graeci edidit R. Westphal. Vol. I. Hephaestionis de metris enchiridion et de poemata libellus cum scholiis et trichae epitomis, adjecta procli chrestomathia grammatica. Leipzig (Lipsia), 1866 (MDCCCLXVI) (book at books.google)
* Also editions by T. Gaisford (1855, with the valuable scholia) and M. Consbruch (1906); translation with commentary by J. M. van Ophuijsen (1987); see also Wilhelm von Christ, Geschichte der griechischen Litteratur (1898); M. Consbruch, De veterum... (1890); J. E. Sandys, Hist. Class. Schol. i. (1906).
# Tom Apodaca

Thomas Michael Apodaca (born November 8, 1957) is a lobbyist and former Republican member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the state's forty-eighth Senate district, including constituents in Buncombe, Henderson, and Transylvania counties.

## North Carolina Senate

Apodaca was elected to the North Carolina Senate in 2002 during his first campaign for public office; he was re-elected by his Western North Carolina constituents until his retirement in July 2016. In addition to chairing the Senate Rules Committee, he co-chaired the Committee on Insurance, the Committee on Pensions & Retirement and Aging, and the Appropriations Subcommittee on Education & Higher Education. He retired before the end of his term in 2016 and was succeeded by Chuck Edwards.

## Controversies

In the 2013 legislative session, Apodaca introduced and voted for a bill, Senate Bill 10, to reorganize the Environmental Management Commission and the N.C. Utilities Commission and replace the members with new appointees. This bill included the elimination of dozens of obsolete and rarely convened boards and commissions. Senate Bill 10 was not signed into law in 2013. Sen. Tom Apodaca said his main complaint to the House version was that it strikes language that would fire 12 special superior court judges.
In May 2013, after receiving the maximum $8000 contribution from North Carolina Automobile Dealers Association, Apodaca sponsored legislation that would make it illegal for any car maker to bypass dealerships and sell directly to consumers in North Carolina. Apodaca's proposal was widely criticized as anti-competitive and aimed at insulating automobile dealers from Tesla Motors' business model.
In response to public outcry after a coal ash spill into the Dan River in northern North Carolina from a facility owned by Duke Energy Inc., Apodaca said he planned to draft legislation in May 2014 to require Duke Energy to clean up its coal ash ponds, including the one in Buncombe County. He told the Hendersonville Times-News on February 10, 2014: "I don't want a containment plan, I want a plan to get rid of it. ... We need a five- to 10-year plan to get rid of them because we don't need it sitting there next to the river." Over the course of his time in politics, Apodaca accepted over $65,000 from organizations representing Duke Energy and Progress Energy.
In March 2016, Apodaca led a special session of the North Carolina General Assembly that passed the controversial Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act commonly known as HB2. After this session of congress, Apodaca called on the city of Charlotte to pay the $42,000 cost of the emergency legislative session which led to the bill's passage. After the controversial bill passed, companies such as PayPal withdrew their plans to expand in North Carolina, resulting in the loss of at least four hundred potential jobs for North Carolinians.

## Personal life

His wife Lisa is a former public school teacher; they have been married for over 30 years and have two sons. All four Apodacas are graduates of Western Carolina University, where Tom served as a member of the board of trustees.
# Capri Philosophical Park

40°32′25.2″N 14°12′35.78″E﻿ / ﻿40.540333°N 14.2099389°E﻿ / 40.540333; 14.2099389
Capri Philosophical Park (Italian: Parco Filosofico) is situated on the outskirts of the small town of Anacapri on the Italian island of Capri.
The park was founded in 2000 by the Swedish professor and author Gunnar Adler-Karlsson together with his wife.
In the park there are small tablets with quotes by 60 different Western philosophers.
# Peter of Anagni

Peter of Anagni (died 3 August 1105) was a Benedictine monk, bishop and papal legate.
Born in Salerno, he entered the Benedictines and so distinguished himself as a monk that Pope Gregory VII appointed him Bishop of Anagni. As bishop, he improved the spiritual welfare of the city and started rebuilding the city's cathedral. He was then sent as papal legate to the Byzantine Empire where he was able to convince Emperor Michael VII Doukas to provide funds and craftsmen to building of the cathedral. The new cathedral also included a hospital where, contrary to modern hospitals, accommodation and care was provided for free not only to the sick but also to travellers. Peter joined in 1096 the forces of Bohemond of Taranto during the First Crusade on their way to the Holy Land and later returned by way of Constantinople, Palermo and Salerno.
Peter died on 3 August 1105. He was canonized in 1109 by Pope Paschal II, a mere four years after his death. His feast is on 3 August
# Giovanni Piccolomini

Giovanni Piccolomini (1475–1537) was an Italian papal legate and cardinal. He was a nephew of Pope Pius III.
He was made Archbishop of Siena in 1503, Bishop of Sitten in 1522, Bishop of Aquila in 1523, Bishop of Albano in 1524, Bishop of Palestrina in 1531, Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina in 1533, Bishop of Ostia in 1535.
He was made Dean of the College of Cardinals in October 1534.
# Carchesium (container)

A carchesium (Latin), carchesion, or karkhesion (Ancient Greek: καρχήσιον, karkhḗsion) was a kind of drinkware of the ancient Greeks and Romans. It is variously glossed as a cup, beaker, or goblet.
Carchesia seem to have had several different forms but were generally somewhat elongated and narrower in the middle than at the top or bottom. They were used for wine in ancient Greece and Rome, as well as milk. They sometimes bore narrow handles. Carchasia were notably used in ritual libation, with Vergil having Aeneas pour out 2 of pure wine, 2 of fresh milk, and 2 of sacred blood over the tomb of his father Anchises. It was also used for pouring out offerings of honey. In late Antiquity, Sidonius associated the vessel with the Chaldeans of Babylonia.
The cup gave its name to the version of a crow's nest used on Greek and Roman ships and to the crane mechanism that could be operated from it. It was glossed in Old English as bune, which appeared repeatedly in the dragon's hoard in Beowulf, probably to denote its antiquity and exoticness to listeners. A large carchesium was given by King Charles the Simple of France to the Abbey of Saint Denis in the early 10th century.
# Otto Jung

Otto Jung (12 July 1930 – 8 May 1998) was an Argentine alpine skier. He competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics and the 1952 Winter Olympics.
# Bodo (hypostrategos)

Bodo (Punic: 𐤁‬𐤃𐤀‬, BDʾ, "His Servant" or "In His Hand") also known as Boödes (Ancient Greek: Βοώδης, Boṓdēs), was a Carthaginian senator and naval officer (hypostrategos) who served during the First Punic War. He commanded a successful expedition to Lipara where he captured the Roman consul Gn. Cornelius Scipio Asina.
# Cody Henson

Cody Henson is an American politician who served in the North Carolina House of Representatives representing the 113th district (including constituents in Henderson, Polk, and Transylvania counties) from January 2017 until his resignation on July 24, 2019, following his pleading guilty to cyberstalking in a domestic violence case.

## Career

Henson was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives in 2016 to succeed Chris Whitmire, who wasn't seeking re-election. He was re-elected to the seat in 2018. Henson pleaded guilty to cyberstalking on July 23, 2019 as part of a plea deal to receive looser sentencing, and he was sentenced to 18 months probation. Henson who had already announced that he wouldn't seek re-election in 2020 originally said he would finish his term in the NC House, but resigned the next day. Polk County Commissioner Jake Johnson was appointed to Henson's seat on August 6, 2019 to fill the remainder of the term and he was elected to a full term in 2020.

## Electoral history
### 2018

North Carolina House of Representatives 113th district general election, 2018 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Cody Henson (incumbent) | 22,407 | 57.52% |
| | Democratic | Sam Edney | 16,551 | 42.48% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 38,958 | 100% |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

### 2016

North Carolina House of Representatives 113th district Republican Primary election, 2016 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Cody Henson | 7,718 | 64.69% |
| | Republican | Coty James Ferguson | 4,212 | 35.31% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 11,930 | 100% |
North Carolina House of Representatives 113th district general election, 2016 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Cody Henson | 26,848 | 61.61% |
| | Democratic | Maureen Mahan Copelof | 16,726 | 38.39% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 43,574 | 100% |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

## Committee assignments
### 2019 Session

* Wildlife Resources (Chair)
* Homeland Security, Military, and Veterans Affairs (Vice Chair)
* Education - K-12
* Finance
* Regulatory Reform
* Insurance

### 2017-2018 Session

* Wildlife Resources
* Homeland Security, Military, and Veterans Affairs
* Education - K-12
* Finance
* Regulatory Reform
# Wayde Butler

Wayde Butler (born December 25, 1969) is a former American football wide receiver who played one season with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football at the University of Southwestern Louisiana. He was also a member of the San Diego Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). Butler played in the East-West Shrine Game in 1993.

## Professional career

Butler was signed by the NFL's San Diego Chargers on May 4, 1993 after going undrafted in the 1993 NFL draft. He was released by the Chargers on August 30, 1993. He signed with the Edmonton Eskimos of the CFL in October 1993. Butler played in three games for the Eskimos during the 1993 season. He spent the 1994 off-season with the San Diego Chargers. He was released by the Chargers on August 22, 1994.
# Karandagolla

Karandagolla is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.
Poramadulla Central College was previously located in Karandagolla. It had opened there in 1901.
# Ice bridge

An ice bridge is a frozen natural structure formed over seas, bays, rivers or lake surfaces. They facilitate migration of animals or people over a water body that was previously uncrossable by terrestrial animals, including humans. The most significant ice bridges are formed by glaciation, spanning distances of many miles over sometimes relatively deep water bodies.
An example of such a major ice bridge was that connecting the island of Öland with mainland Sweden approximately 9000 BC. This bridge reached its maximum utility when the glacier was in retreat, forming a low-lying frozen bridge. The Öland ice bridge allowed the first human migration to the island of Öland, which is most readily documented by archaeological studies of the Alby People.
In Jules Verne's 1873 novel The Fur Country, a group of fur trappers establishes a fort on what they think is stable ground, only to find later on that is merely an iceberg temporarily attached by an ice bridge to the mainland.
# Jonapur

Jonapur is a census town in South district in the Indian state of Delhi.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Jonapur had a population of 7,419. Males constitute 57% of the population and females 43%. Jonapur has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5% male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 51%. In Jonapur, 16% of the population is under 0–6 years of age.
# Kevin Maggs

Kevin Michael Maggs (born 3 June 1974) is a former professional rugby union player who played as a centre. He is currently a scout for the IRFU Ireland national rugby union team. He previously played for Bristol, Bath, Ulster and Rotherham Titans. Started his adult rugby career in Bristol with local side Imperial RFC.
Maggs played for Ireland because Brian Ashton, who was Ireland coach at time, came to Bristol to watch flanker David Corkery and was told by Ralph Knibbs (Bristol's player–manager), that Maggs had a grandfather from Limerick. He was then called up to the Irish development tour to New Zealand in 1997. He made his international debut for Ireland against New Zealand at Lansdowne Road in November 1997 and played at the 1999 and 2003 Rugby World Cups.

## Honours

* 2005–06 Celtic League
# Pedro Manfredini

Pedro Waldemar Manfredini (7 September 1935 – 21 January 2019) was an Argentine professional footballer who played as a striker.

## Club career

Manfredini began his career with Argentine club Racing Club de Avellaneda in 1957, winning the 1958 Argentine Primera División, and finishing the season as the joint-fourth highest goalscorer, and as his club's top scorer, with 19 goals.
After two seasons in Argentina, he subsequently moved to Italian Serie A side A.S. Roma in 1959, where he played for seven seasons. He won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup with the club in 1961 (the predecessor to the UEFA Cup), finishing as the top scorer of the tournament, with 12 goals.
During the 1962–63 season, he was the Serie A top scorer (tied with Harald Nielsen with 19 goals), and he once again finished as the top scorer of the 1962–63 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, scoring 6 goals throughout the tournament, as Roma reached the semi-finals, losing out to the eventual champions Valencia. He also won the Coppa Italia with Roma during the 1963–64 season, finishing the tournament as top scorer yet again, with 4 goals. In total, he played 130 games for A.S. Roma and scored 76 times.
He later spent a season with Brescia and then Venezia before moving to Chile and playing for Deportes La Serena in 1969, his last club.

## International career

Manfredini was capped three times for Argentina, scoring two goals. He took part in the first ever edition of the Copa América in 1959, on home soil, making his debut in the competition, and appearing three times. He scored two goals in a 6–1 win against Chile in the opening match of the tournament, which was also his international debut, helping his country to lift the South American Championship title.

## Honours
### Club

Racing Club
* Primera División: 1958
Roma
* Coppa Italia: 1963–64
* Inter-Cities Fairs Cup: 1960–61

### International

Argentina
* Copa América: 1959

### Individual

* Serie A top goal-scorer: 1962–63
* Coppa Italia top goal-scorer: 1963–64
* Inter-Cities Fairs Cup top goal-scorer: 1960–61, 1962–63
# Heraclides of Erythrae

Heraclides of Erythrae (Ancient Greek: Ἡρακλείδης; fl. 1st century BC), a physician of Erythrae in Ionia, who was a pupil of Chrysermus, a fellow-pupil of Apollonius, and a contemporary of Strabo in the 1st century BC. Galen calls him the most distinguished of the pupils of Chrysermus, and mentions a work written by him, On the school of Herophilus (Greek: Περὶ τῆς Ἡροφίλου Αἱρέσεως), consisting of at least seven books. He wrote a commentary on the sixth book of Hippocrates, De Morbis Vulgaribus, but neither this nor any of his writings survive.
# Conotrachelus retentus

Conotrachelus retentus, the black walnut curculio, is a species of true weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America. Larvae feed on the developing walnut, while adults feed on foliage. Adult weevils rarely leave the tree they were born on.
# Liberal Opinion Group

The Liberal Opinion Group (Catalan: Grup opinió liberal, GOL) was a local political party in Andorra.

## History

The party first contested national elections in 1997, when it was one of several local parties to ally with the Liberal Union to run in parish constituencies in the parliamentary elections. The GOL won two seats as the alliance won a total of 16 of the 28 seats in the General Council, and formed a government under Marc Forné Molné.
# Pukwudgie

A Pukwudgie, also spelled Puk-Wudjie (another spelling, Puck-wudj-ininee, is translated by Henry Schoolcraft as "little wild man of the woods that vanishes"), is a human-like creature of Wampanoag folklore, found in Delaware, Prince Edward Island, and parts of Indiana and Massachusetts, sometimes said to be two to three feet (0.61 to 0.91 m) tall.

## In mythology

According to legend, Pukwudgies can appear and disappear at will, shapeshift (of which the most common form is a creature that looks like a porcupine from the back and a half-troll, half-human from the front and walks upright), lure people to their deaths, use magic, launch poison arrows, and create fire.
Native Americans believed that Pukwudgies were once friendly to humans, but then turned against them, and are best left alone. According to lore, a person who annoyed a Pukwudgie would be subject to nasty tricks by it, or subject to being followed by the Pukwudgie, who would cause trouble for them. They are known to kidnap people, push them off cliffs, attack their victims with short knives and spears, and to use sand to blind their victims.
Pukwudgies are said to be the enemies of culture heroes, the giant Maushop and his wife, Granny Squannit. One story from Wampanoag folklore explains that they began causing mischief and tormenting the natives out of jealousy of the devotion and affection the natives had for Maushop, who eventually exiled them to different parts of North America. The Pukwudgies have since been hostile to humans, and took revenge by killing Maushop's five sons. Some variations even suggest that they killed Maushop himself.
# Rafael Campos (equestrian)

Rafael Campos (4 November 1911 – 14 December 1968) was an Argentine equestrian. He competed in two events at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
# Copperstone University

Copperstone University is located in Luanshya District, Copperbelt Province, Zambia (25 km north of Luanshya). It is on the Ndola-Kitwe Dual Carriageway (T3 Road). It was founded in 2004.

## History

The university was established in 2004, through company incorporation. In July 2011, it attained its charter.

## Location

With the main campus located in the northern part of Luanshya District, on the Ndola-Kitwe Dual Carriageway.The physical library is located at Baluba River Campus with a collection of over 4000 books and serials across various fields.