OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Austin Cooper (artist)

Austin Cooper (1890–1964) was a Canadian–British illustrator and commercial artist. His work included cover illustrations for the Radio Times (including the 1935 Christmas edition) and posters for the London and North Eastern Railway, the Empire Marketing Board, London Transport, and the General Post Office. Examples of the latter are now in the collections of London Transport Museum and the British Postal Museum.

## Career

Cooper was born in Souris, Manitoba, Canada, on 5 March 1890, the son of an Irish farmer. Cooper studied at the Cardiff School of Art, and then the Allan-Frazer College of Art in Arbroath.
He began his career as a commercial artist after returning to Calgary, at a commercial art studio alongside fellow Arbroath student Adam Sherriff Scott. The two produced a 4 m × 2 m (13.1 ft × 6.6 ft) painting "Christ in Calgary" (1913; thought lost), which was exhibited unsigned at the Royal Picture Gallery there for six months, described by the Calgary News-Telegram (one of whose street-vendors was depicted in the painting) as showing:
   A crowd of hurrying people is on the street hurrying west on the side and corner near the old Royal hotel, and intermingled with this crowd is the Indian, the squaw with her child in a papoose, the lady stenographer with her beau; the lumberman chatting with his companion on the corner, and, leaning up against the wall of the hotel; the policeman talking to a nurse and taking notes on an accident; the mother and her little girl; the Negro standing unconcerned, and other characters; but the most prominent character in the picture is a large representative figure of Christ standing on the corner of the pavement, while directly in front of him and looking up into his face with a frightened look is a woman of the street, bearing all the characteristics of such a woman, and dressed in red.
On being identified as one of the artists Cooper's only comment, to a newspaper, was "We have nothing to say about it except what appears on the canvass". Subsequently, he and Sherriff-Scott set up their own company, Shagpat Studios, in Montreal.
During World War I he was in Flanders with the Canadian Black Watch, rising to Regimental Sergeant Major, before being discharged in 1919. He moved to London in 1922, having met his wife-to-be there.
From 1936 to 1940, he was principal of the London branch of the Reimann School of Commercial and Industrial Art.
Later in his career, in 1943, he gave up commercial art for abstract painting. His first solo exhibition was held in 1948, at the London Gallery. Several of his abstract works are in the collection of the Tate Gallery.
He died in 1964.
# Springfield, Kings County, New Brunswick

45°38′11″N 65°49′48″W﻿ / ﻿45.636472°N 65.830047°W﻿ / 45.636472; -65.830047
Springfield is an unincorporated community in Kings County, New Brunswick, Canada on Route 124. It is near the head of Belleisle Bay.
# Supreme Council of Latvia

The Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Republikas Augstākā Padome) was the transitional parliament of Latvia from 1990 to 1993, after the restoration of independence. The Supreme Council was elected on 18 March 1990 as the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR. On 4 May 1990 it declared the restoration of independence of Latvia and began a transitional period that lasted until the election of a new Saeima to replace it. Independence was fully restored on 21 August 1991 during the Soviet coup attempt. The Supreme Council ended its work in 6 July 1993, with the first session of the fifth Saeima.

## Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia

* Anatolijs Gorbunovs 3 May, 1990 – 6 July, 1993
# Kussmaul's sign

Kussmaul's sign is a paradoxical rise in jugular venous pressure (JVP) on inspiration, or a failure in the appropriate fall of the JVP with inspiration. It can be seen in some forms of heart disease and is usually indicative of limited right ventricular filling due to right heart dysfunction.

## Pathophysiology

Ordinarily the JVP falls with inspiration due to reduced pressure in the expanding thoracic cavity and the increased volume afforded to right ventricular expansion during diastole. Kussmaul sign suggests impaired filling of the right ventricle due to a poorly compliant myocardium or pericardium. This impaired filling causes the increased blood flow to back up into the venous system, causing the jugular vein distention (JVD) and is seen clinically in the internal jugular veins becoming more readily visible.

## Causes

The differential diagnoses of Kussmaul's sign includes constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, pericardial effusion, and severe right-sided heart failure.
With cardiac tamponade, jugular veins are distended and typically show a prominent x descent and an absent y descent as opposed to patients with constrictive pericarditis (prominent x and y descent); see Beck's triad.
Other possible causes of Kussmaul's sign include:
* Right ventricular infarction - low ventricular compliance
* Cardiac tumours
* Tricuspid stenosis
* Pulmonary embolism

## History

Kussmaul's sign is named after the German doctor who first described it, Adolph Kussmaul (1822–1902). He is also credited with describing Kussmaul breathing.
# Aubry–André model

The Aubry–André model is a toy model of a one-dimensional crystal with periodically varying onsite energies. The model is employed to study both quasicrystals and the Anderson localization metal-insulator transition in disordered systems. It was first developed by Serge Aubry and Gilles André in 1980.

## Hamiltonian of the model

The Aubry–André model describes a one-dimensional lattice with hopping between nearest-neighbor sites and periodically varying onsite energies. It is a tight-binding (single-band) model with no interactions. The full Hamiltonian can be written as
    $H=\sum _{n}{\Bigl-J|n\rangle \langle n+1|-J|n+1\rangle \langle n|+\epsilon _{n}|n\rangle \langle n|{\Bigr )}$,
where the sum goes over all lattice sites $n$, $|n\rangle$ is a Wannier state on site $n$, $J$ is the hopping energy, and the on-site energies $\epsilon _{n}$ are given by
    $\epsilon _{n}=\lambda \cos(2\pi \beta n+\varphi )$.
Here $\lambda$ is the amplitude of the variation of the onsite energies, $\varphi$ is a relative phase, and $\beta$ is the period of the onsite potential modulation in units of the lattice constant. This Hamiltonian is self-dual as it retains the same form after a Fourier transformation interchanging the roles of position and momentum.

## Metal-insulator phase transition

For irrational values of $\beta$, corresponding to a modulation of the onsite energy incommensurate with the underlying lattice, the model exhibits a quantum phase transition between a metallic phase and an insulating phase as $\lambda$ is varied. For example, for $\beta =(1+{\sqrt {5}})/2$ (the golden ratio) and almost any $\varphi$, if $\lambda >2J$ the eigenmodes are exponentially localized, while if $\lambda <2J$ the eigenmodes are extended plane waves. The Aubry-André metal-insulator transition happens at the critical value of $\lambda$ which separates these two behaviors, $\lambda =2J$.
While this quantum phase transition between a metallic delocalized state and an insulating localized state resembles the disorder-driven Anderson localization transition, there are some key differences between the two phenomena. In particular the Aubry–André model has no actual disorder, only incommensurate modulation of onsite energies. This is why the Aubry-André transition happens at a finite value of the pseudo-disorder strength $\lambda$, whereas in one dimension the Anderson transition happens at zero disorder strength.

## Energy spectrum

The energy spectrum $E_{n}$ is a function of $\beta$ and is given by the almost Mathieu equation
    $E_{n}\psi _{n}=-J(\psi _{n+1}+\psi _{n-1})+\epsilon _{n}\psi _{n}$.
At $\lambda =2J$ this is equivalent to the famous fractal energy spectrum known as the Hofstadter's butterfly, which describes the motion of an electron in a two-dimensional lattice under a magnetic field. In the Aubry–André model the magnetic field strength maps onto the parameter $\beta$.

## Realization

Iin 2008, G. Roati et al experimentally realized the Aubry-André localization phase transition using a gas of ultracold atoms in an incommensurate optical lattice.
In 2009, Y. Lahini et al. realized the Aubry–André model in photonic lattices.
# Coroebus of Elis

Coroebus of Elis (Ancient Greek: Κόροιβος Ἠλεῖος, Kóroibos Ēleîos; Latin: Coroebus Eleus fl. c. 776 BC) was a Greek cook, baker, and athlete from Elis. He is remembered as the winner (ολυμπιονίκες, olympioníkes) of the first recorded Olympics, which consisted of a single footrace known as the stade or stadion. He is frequently described as having won the first Olympic Games, but Eusebius and other ancient writers stated that he was simply the first recorded winner, variously placing the first games in the Heroic Age, 27 olympiads before Coroebus, or 13 olympiads before. Coroebus being the earliest winner known to Hippias, his is still reckoned the "1st Olympiad"; following Hippias's dating, his victory is generally placed in the summer of the year 776 BC. The stadium at Olympia was one stade (600 Greek feet, 630.8 English feet, 192.27 m) long and the competition was still clothed in his time, naked competition beginning with Orsippus around 720 BC. For winning the race, Coroebus received an olive wreath and was later revered by the people of Elis, his grave still being known in the time of Pausanias.
# Wollert Nygren

Wollert Nygren (24 December 1906 – 3 March 1988) was a Norwegian Olympic speed skater.
He was born and died in Oslo, and represented Oslo SK. He participated at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, where he placed 13th in 1500 metre speedskating.
# Perrhaebi

The Perrhaebi (Ancient Greek: Περραιβοί) were an ancient Greek people who lived on the western slopes of Olympus, on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia. They took part in the Trojan War under Guneus and also fought in the Battle of Thermopylae.

## History

Still independent at the time of the Iliad, they were tributary períoikoi to the neighbouring Thessali in the 5th century BC, with a special dependence upon the city of Larisa. They could, however, enjoy some degree of autonomy whenever the Thessalian League was weaker, and they had retained from their independence two votes in the Delphic Amphictyonic League (Amphiktyonía), until Philip II of Macedon took one vote from them. They were part of the Macedonian Kingdom until the Roman conquest by Titus Quinctius Flamininus in 196 BC.
They were listed in Xerxes' vast army by Herodotus. A coin of the Perrhaebi depicted a man restraining a bull on one side and a horse on the other. The inscription was "Περραιβών".

## Geography

Most of their country was mountainous and sparsely inhabited. Their principal towns were Phalanna, situated in fertile plains, and Oloosson, the tribal capital.
# Perseis (Paeonia)

Perseis (Ancient Greek: Περσηΐς) was a city of ancient Macedon founded by Philip V of Macedon around 168 BCE and named for his son, Perseus. The city's exact location has not be confirmed, but Livy tells us that it was near Stobi. The editors of the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World suggest a site near Črnobuki in North Macedonia.
# Taniksha Khatri

Taniksha Khatri (23 September 2003) is an Indian fencer specializing in the épée category. She's a silver medalist at the Commonwealth Junior Championships and the Asian Junior Championships.

## Early life

Khatri was born on 23 September 2003 in Karnal, Haryana. Her father Sonu Khatri is a policeman and former athlete who had to retire from sports due to a back surgery. Khatri's foray into fencing first happened at a summer camp in 2015 organized by DAV Police Public School.

## Career

Khatri started her career as a foil fencer, winning a gold medal in the U-14 division. Upon the recommendation of her coach, Mohit Ashwini, she switched to the épée category. She won a bronze medal in her first year competing in épée and became a three-time Junior National Champion.
Khatri reached the quarterfinals of the 2022 Asian Games, marking the best performance by an Indian fencer at the event. At the Doha Grand Prix, she finished 31st out of 124 fencers. Despite narrowly missing out on qualifying for the Paris 2024 Olympics, she continues to train and compete internationally, with her sights set on the Los Angeles 2028 Olympics.

## Achievements
### Commonwealth Junior Championships

| Year | Category | Opponent | Result | Ref |
| 2022 | Épée individual | Julia Caron | | |
| 2022 | Épée team | England | | |

### Asian Junior Championships

| Year | Category | Opponent | Result | Ref |
| 2022 | Épée team | Uzbekistan | | |
# Efficient Consumer Response

Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) is a joint trade and industry body working towards making the grocery sector as a whole more responsive to consumer demand and promote the removal of unnecessary costs from the supply chain.
There are four focus areas under ECR: demand management, supply management, enablers and integrators, which are intended to be addressed as an integrated set. These form the basis of the ECR Global Scorecard.

## ECR Community

In September 2016, ECR Community replaced ECR Europe as the focal point for consumer goods retailers and manufacturers to work together for the benefit of consumers across Europe. Owned and managed by the ECR National Associations, which span and the international ECR Shrink and On Shelf Availability group. These associations are supported by over 1,800 retailers, manufacturers and service providers.

## ECR Europe

ECR Europe was launched in 1994. With its headquarters in Brussels, the organization works in co-operation with national ECR initiatives in most European countries. Participation in projects at European and national levels is open to companies in the grocery and fast-moving consumer goods sectors – including retailers, wholesalers, manufacturers, suppliers, brokers and third-party service providers such as logistics operators.
# Dogan Kımıllı

Dogan Kımıllı is an architect and former Mayor of Isparta (Birth 19 June 1939 Isparta), Turkey.

## Early life

He attended primary and middle school in Isparta and completed high school in Kayseri, Turkey. He later earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Architecture from the department of Macka Faculty of Architecture at Istanbul Technical University in 1961. Upon completion of his degree, he performed his military service where he was a reserve officer. He received architectural training at the Kagithane School of Military Engineers and at Tekirdağ 571st Civil Engineering Unit from 1962 to 1964.

## Architecture

In 1966 he began his professional career by starting Kimilli Insaat Taahhut as an independent architect. His company sought contracting work in construction and provided architectural drawings.
As a founding member of the Aksu Energy and Trading Corporation, his company produced electrical energy that supplied government enterprises.

## Politics

Throughout his life, he remained devoted to public service. In 1977, he was elected Mayor of Isparta from the Justice Party (AP). He was supported by 70.01% of the voters and served from 1977 to 1980. From 1996 to 1999, he served as City President of the Isparta True Paty Party (DYP).

## Personal life

Dogan currently resides with his wife, Yuksel, in Isparta, Turkey. He has 3 sons and 8 grandchildren. He continues to work in the fields of energy, wood products, construction and contracting.
# A Paranormal Evening with the Moonflower Society

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| laut.de | |
| Metal.de | 8/10 |
| Metal Hammer | 6/7 |
| Rock Hard | 8.5/10 |
| Sputnikmusic | 3.5/5 |
A Paranormal Evening with the Moonflower Society is the ninth studio album by Tobias Sammet's German metal opera project Avantasia. It was released on 21 October 2022, through Nuclear Blast.

## Background

According to Avantasia founder Tobias Sammet, song ideas go back as far as 2018 but were not finalized until a few months before the album release. On 19 May 2022, he announced the album for release in Fall 2022. Sammet expressed his content with the album, saying that any song could classify as a first single. The song "The Wicked Rule the Night", along with a lyric video were released the same day. The album title and release date were revealed on 29 June 2022. In a press statement, Sammet explained how his active involvement in arranging, orchestrating and producing the album has made the record feel "extremely personal" to him. In support of the album, the band held six concerts in Germany and Switzerland in Summer 2022.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Tobias Sammet

## Personnel

Adapted from the album's booklet, Nuclear Blast

### Avantasia

* Tobias Sammet – lead vocals, keyboard, bass guitar
* Sascha Paeth – guitar, bass guitar, mixing
* Michael Rodenberg – keyboard, orchestration on tracks 5, 11
* Felix Bohnke – drums

### Guest vocalists

* Floor Jansen
* Jørn Lande
* Michael Kiske
* Bob Catley
* Ralf Scheepers
* Geoff Tate
* Ronnie Atkins
* Eric Martin

### Additional musicians

* Oliver Hartmann – additional lead guitar on track 4
* Herbie Langhans, Ina Morgan – backing vocals on tracks 1, 3, 6, 7
# Population cleansing

Population cleansing is the deliberate removal of a population with certain undesirable characteristics, such as its ethnicity (ethnic cleansing), its religion (religious cleansing), its social group (social cleansing), its social class, its ideological or political criteria (political cleansing), etc. from certain territories.
Throughout antiquity, population cleansing was largely motivated by economic and political factors, although ethnic factors occasionally played a role. Andrew Bell-Fialkoff attributes the earliest known example of cleansing as a state policy to Assyria. Assurnasirpal II and Assurbanipal resettled millions of people from the conquered territories in order to crush the resistance. Usually upper classes were resettled, rather than complete populations, because peasant and artisan masses usually lacked leadership to initiate revolts. He further gives a number of other cases in Chapter 1 "Cleansing: A Historical Overview" of his book. While discussing the case of Ancient Greece, Bell-Fialkoff singles out a special type of the elimination of a conquered polis, for which the Greeks had a special term: andrapodismos (from the word ἀνδράποδον, one taken in war and sold as a slave). Andrapodismos involved the destruction of a polis, killing all male adults and selling women and children into slavery. Other kinds of the elimination of a polis (with or without its destruction) involved removal of its whole population to another polis, dispersing over villages, or emigration of its population, possibly founding a polis elsewhere.
Since ancient times, methods of cleansing varied from killing (democide, genocide) to forced population transfer, to forced emigration.
# Multiscale turbulence

Multiscale turbulence is a class of turbulent flows in which the chaotic motion of the fluid is forced at different length and/or time scales. This is usually achieved by immersing in a moving fluid a body with a multiscale, often fractal-like, arrangement of length scales. This arrangement of scales can be either passive or active
As turbulent flows contain eddies with a wide range of scales, exciting the turbulence at particular scales (or range of scales) allows one to fine-tune the properties of that flow. Multiscale turbulent flows have been successfully applied in different fields., such as:
* Reducing acoustic noise from wings by modifying the geometry of spoilers;
* Enhancing heat transfer from impinging jets passing through grids;
* Reducing the vortex shedding intensity of flows past normal plates without changing the shedding frequency;
* Enhancing mixing by energy-efficient stirring;
* Improving flow metering and flow conditioning in pipes;
* Improving combustion.
Multiscale turbulence has also played an important role into probing the internal structure of turbulence. This sort of turbulence allowed researchers to unveil a novel dissipation law in which the parameter $C_{\epsilon }$ in
    $\varepsilon =C_{\varepsilon }{\frac {{\mathcal {U}}^{3}}{\mathcal {L}}}$
is not constant, as required by the Richardson-Kolmogorov energy cascade. This new law can be expressed as $C_{\epsilon }\propto {\frac {Re_{I}^{m}}{Re_{L}^{n}}}$, with $m\approx 1\approx n$, where $Re_{I}$ and $Re_{L}$ are Reynolds numbers based, respectively, on initial/global conditions (such as free-stream velocity and the object's length scale) and local conditions (such as the rms velocity and integral length scale). This new dissipation law characterises non-equilibrium turbulence apparently universally in various flows (not just multiscale turbulence) and results from non-equilibrium unsteady energy cascade. This imbalance implies that new mean flow scalings exist for free shear turbulent flows, as already observed in axisymmetric wakes
# Laelaps (mythology)

Laelaps /ˈli ˌlæps/ (Ancient Greek: Λαῖλαψ, gen.: Λαίλαπος meaning "hurricane" or "furious storm") was a Greek mythological dog that never failed to catch what it was hunting.

## Mythology

In one version of Laelaps' origin story, it was a gift from Zeus to Europa. The hound was passed down to King Minos, who gave it as a reward to the Athenian princess Procris. She obtained it by sleeping with him, after drugging him with a drink from the Circean root, which came from a plant of the milkweed family. In another version of her story, she received the animal as a gift from the goddess Artemis.
Procris' husband Cephalus decided to use the hound to hunt the Teumessian fox, a fox that could never be caught. This was a paradox: a dog that always caught its prey versus a fox that could never be caught. The chase went on until Zeus, perplexed by their contradictory fates, turned both to stone and cast them into the stars as the constellations Canis Major (Laelaps) and Canis Minor (the Teumessian fox).
# Priscian of Lydia

Priscian of Lydia (or Priscianus; Ancient Greek: Πρισκιανὸς ὁ Λυδός Prīskiānós ho Lȳdós; Latin: Priscianus Lydus; fl. 6th century), was one of the last of the Neoplatonists. Two works of his have survived.

## Life

A contemporary of Simplicius of Cilicia, Priscian was born in Lydia, probably in the late 5th century. He was one of the last Neoplatonists to study at the Academy when Damascius was at its head. When Justinian I closed the school in 529, Priscian, together with Damascius, Simplicius, and four other colleagues were forced to seek asylum in the court of the Persian king Chosroes. By 533 they were allowed back into the Byzantine Empire after Justinian and Chosroes concluded a peace treaty, in which it was provided that the philosophers would be allowed to return.

## Works

Two works of Priscian's have survived:
* An epitome of Theophrastus' On Sense-Perception
* Answers to Chosroes (Solutiones ad Chosroen)
The Answers to Chosroes contain a series of answers to philosophical questions which were apparently posed to Priscian in a debate at the Persian court during his exile. The text exists only in a late, corrupt Latin translation. Priscian mentions: Plato's Timaeus, Phaedo and Phaedrus; Aristotle's Politics, Physics, On the Heavens, Generation and Corruption, On Dreams and On Prophesying by Dreams; Hippocrates, Strabo's Geography, Ptolemy's Almagest, Iamblichus' On the Soul and the works of Plotinus and Proclus. The list is a catalog of Neoplatonic works on cosmology and natural history.
It has also been suggested that the commentary on Aristotle's On the Soul attributed to Simplicius, was written by Priscian, but this is disputed.