OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Layered drink

A layered (or "stacked") drink, sometimes called a pousse-café, is a kind of cocktail in which the slightly different densities of various liqueurs are used to create an array of colored layers, typically two to seven. The specific gravity of the liquid ingredients increases from top to bottom. Liqueurs with the most dissolved sugar and the least alcohol are densest and are put at the bottom. These include fruit juices and cream liqueurs. Those with the least water and the most alcohol, such as rum with 75% alcohol by volume, are floated on top.
These drinks are made primarily for visual enjoyment rather than taste. They are sipped, sometimes through a silver straw, one liqueur at a time. The drink must be made and handled carefully to avoid mixing; however, some layered drinks, such as shooters, are generally drunk quickly.
Mr. Nick Castrogiovanni (1893–1979) was well known in New Orleans as "a mixologist." He was best known for the Pousse-Café, in which liqueurs are layered by specific gravity, and he was known to have layered 34 different liqueurs in a small Pousse-Café glass. He would make the cocktail at his Nick's Original Big Train Bar on Tulane Ave. in New Orleans. This is the largest number of layers currently known to have been accomplished and witnessed.

## Preparation

The layers must be poured very gently to avoid mixing. They can be poured over the back of a spoon or down a glass rod.

## Examples of layered drinks

* Black and Tan
* Black Velvet
* Blue Eyed Blonde
* B-52
* Oatmeal Cookie
* Pousse-café (1/2 ounce Grenadine, 1/2 ounce yellow chartreuse, 1/2 ounce crème de cassis, 1/2 ounce white creme de menthe, 1/2 ounce green chartreuse, and 1/2 ounce brandy, layered in order given).
* Slippery Nipple
* Tequila Sunrise

## Non-alcoholic

Non-alcoholic beverages may also be layered, as in a latte macchiato.
# Vonmuli

Vommuli Island is a Tourist resort in the Maldives.
It is located near a coral reef and has a sandy beach, with thick palm tree vegetation in its interior. The island is owned by Vermilion International, a company based in the Maldives.
# Gilgel Abay

The Gilgel Abay (Amharic: ግልገል አባይ, Gǝlgäl Abbay), or Lesser Abay, is a river of central Ethiopia. Rising in the mountains of Gojjam, it flows northward to empty into south-western Lake Tana in a bird's-foot delta. Tributaries of the Gilgel Abbay include the Ashar, Jamma, Kelti and the Koger. It was regarded as the true source of the Nile for a long time and the Jesuit priest Pedro Paez visited it in 1618. The name Gilgel Abbay means Lesser Nile, as Abbay is the name for the Blue Nile.

## Characteristics

It is a meandering river, with a catchment area of 3,887 km$^2$ (1,501 sq mi). It is 71 meters wide near its mouth, with a slope gradient of 0.7 m/km. The average diameter of the bed material is 0.37 mm (sand).

## Sediment transport

The river carries annually 22,185 tonnes of bedload and 7.6 million tonnes of suspended sediment to Lake Tana.
# Berenice Dolly

Berenice Dolly, OBE (11 October 1917 – 25 June 2002) was a Trinidadian nurse. She was instrumental in the development of health care on the island and a co-founder and president of the Trinidad and Tobago Nursing Association. She was honored as an officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1962 and awarded the Gold Public Service Medal of Merit of the Order of the Trinity in 1976.

## Early life

Berenice Ivyoll Grant, known as "Ben", was born on 11 October 1917 in Pointe-à-Pierre on the island of Trinidad in Trinidad and Tobago to Mary and Fitz-James Grant. She attended Tranquility Girls School and went on to complete her secondary education at Bishop Anstey High School, passing her Cambridge Examination, and matriculated when she passed her Senior Cambridge exams. Grant completed her nursing training in 1936 shortly before she married Reynold Dolly in 1940.

## Career

Dolly began working with the Ministry of Health in San Fernando, as well as a group of different charitable organizations like the Chest and Heart Association (which she founded in 1940) and the Coterie of Social Workers. Not affiliated with any particular hospital, she depended on placements from the nursing association and the government. In 1943, Reynold took a position at the Pointe-à-Pierre Hospital (PPH) as a junior medical officer. The PPH, was a private facility located in an oil refinery compound, initially run by British Petroleum, then for a time by Texaco and was nationalized when Trinidad and Tobago gained its independence, eventually becoming Petrotrin. As employees of the hospital were provided homes, the couple moved onto the compound, as the only black couple living among the oil workers. They soon had three children: Joan, Stephen and Hilary.
Dolly was not a typical stay-at-home mother, but instead, left the home every day to participate in community works. She was extremely active in nursing, pressing for legislation to register and regulate the industry. The Nurses’ Registration Ordinance No. 38, pushed through because of Dolly’s perseverance was passed in 1950. She pressed for creation of the College of Nursing, was a founding member of the Trinidad and Tobago Nurses Association, serving as its executive director for many years, and led the drive to create the Nursing Council of Trinidad and Tobago, to oversee the members of the profession.
In 1962, Dolly was honored as an officer of the Order of the British Empire for her contributions to nursing in the country. Her volunteerism and community service was further recognized the government of Trinidad and Tobago when she was awarded the Gold Public Service Medal of Merit of the Order of the Trinity in 1976.

## Death and legacy

Dolly died on 25 June 2002. She is widely recognized as a nursing pioneer in the Caribbean region. In 2007, Jocelyn Hezekiah wrote Breaking the Glass Ceiling: The Stories of Three Caribbean Nurses, relaying Dolly's biography and contributions to nursing, along with those of Dame Nita Barrow of Barbados and Dr. Mary Seivwright of Jamaica.
# Orris root

Orris root (Rhizoma iridis) is the root of Iris germanica and Iris pallida. It had the common name of Queen Elizabeth Root. It is commonly used as a fixative and base note in perfumery and as a botanical in gin.

## Constituent chemicals

The most valued component of orris root is oil of orris (0.1–0.2%), a yellow-white mass containing myristic acid. Oil of orris is sometimes sold as orris butter.
Other components include fat, resin, starch, mucilage, bitter extractive, and a glucoside called iridin or irisin.

## Uses

Once important in western herbal medicine, it is now used mainly as a fixative and base note in perfumery; it is the most widely used fixative for potpourri. Orris is also an ingredient in many brands of gin, including Bombay Sapphire.
Fabienne Pavia, in her book L'univers des Parfums (1995, ed. Solar), states that in the manufacturing of perfumes using orris, the scent of the iris root differs from that of the flower. After preparation the scent is reminiscent of the smell of violets.
In Japan, the roots and leaves of the plant were hung in the eaves of a house to protect the house and occupants from attacks by evil spirits. Other magic uses include using it as a love potion, with the root powder in sachets, or sprinkled around the house or sheets of a bedroom.

## Preparation

After an initial drying period, which can take five years or more depending on the use (for potpourri only two to three months), the root is ground. For potpourri, this powder is used without further processing. For other uses, it is dissolved in water and then distilled. It achieves a highly scented, yellow-brown crystalline form. One ton of iris root produces two kilos of essential oil, also referred to as orris root butter or butter of iris, and it is the most expensive substance used in the fragrance industry. Its fragrance has been described as tenaciously flowery, heavy and woody (paraphrasing Pavia, Dutch translation, page 40). It is similar to violets.

## In perfume

Typical iris perfumes (where orris prevails over the other components) include "Orris Noir" by the London-based perfume house Ormonde Jayne Perfumery, "Infusion d'iris" (Prada), "N°15" by Auphorie, "Iris Silver Mist" (Serge Lutens), "Tumulte" (Christian Lacroix), "Iris nobile" (Aqua di Parma), "Irisia" (Creed), "Y" (Yves Saint Laurent), "Vol de nuit" (Guerlain), and "Fantasy The Naughty Remix" (Britney Spears). "Orris Noir" contains regular orris root oil, not the oil of Iris nigricans, which is an endangered species.

## In cuisine

Orris root is often included as one of the many ingredients of ras el hanout, a blend of herbs and spices used across the Middle East and North Africa, primarily associated with Moroccan cuisine.
Orris root has been used in tinctures to flavour syrups; its taste is said to be indistinguishable from raspberry.
Orris root powder also had a use as the base in the making of nonpareils.
# Michele De Nadai

Michele De Nadai (born 8 September 1954 in Milan) is a retired Italian professional footballer who played as a defender or midfielder.
He played for five seasons (83 games, 4 goals) in the Italian Serie A for A.C. Milan and A.S. Roma.
He scored a goal in the only game he played for A.C. Milan, a 2–1 win over A.C. Cesena on 2 May 1976.
De Nadai also played for Lazio.
# Michele Maffei

Michele Maffei (born 11 November 1946) is a retired Italian fencer. He won a gold and three silver medals in the team sabre events at four Olympic Games. He also competed at the Mediterranean Games where he won gold medals in the individual sabre event in the 1975 and 1979 and a bronze medal at the 1967.
# Modesto De Silvestro

Modesto De Silvestro (born 21 June 1950) is an Italian skier. He competed in the Nordic combined event at the 1976 Winter Olympics.
# Mirko Pavinato

Mirko Pavinato (20 June 1934 – 7 March 2021) was an Italian football player and manager, who played as a defender.

## Club career

Pavinato grew up as a football player in the L.R. Vicenza, where with the "Primavera" team led by manager Umberto Menti he won the Torneo di Viareggio twice in a row, in 1954 and 1955.
He made his debut in the first team in the 1953–54 Serie B season, the first in which Vicenza played under the name of the sponsor Lanerossi. In that season he played only one game, the last of the league, on 30 May 1954. Becoming a starter the following year, he was among the protagonists of promotion to Serie A.
In 1956 he was sold to Bologna, of which he became captain starting from the 1959–1960 season, winning the Scudetto in 1964 after a play-off against Inter.
In ten seasons at Bologna, from 1956 to 1966, he made 264 league appearances. In addition to the Scudetto, he collected two fourths and two fifths, in addition to the second of his last season, in which he took the field only three times.
After moving to Mantova, he played in Serie A for another two years, without being able to do anything in the year of relegation to Serie B in 1968. He finished his career in Serie A at 34, after thirteen seasons in which he played 349 games, in addition to the play-off for the 1964 title.

## International career

He obtained four international caps for his national B team.

## Managerial career

Pavinato served as manager of San Marino between 1971 and 1972.

## Personal life and death

His daughter married Francesco Gazzaneo, also a footballer.
Pavinato died in March 2021 at the age of 86, following kidney problems aggravated by contracting COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy.

## Honours

Vicenza
* Serie B: 1954–55
Bologna
* Serie A: 1963–64
* Mitropa Cup: 1961
# European Championship Tour 2004

The 2004 European Championship Tour (or the 2004 European Beach Volleyball Tour) was the European beach volleyball tour for 2004.
The tour consisted of five tournaments with both genders, including the 2004 Championship Final.

## Tournaments

* Italian Open, in Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy – 12–16 May 2004
* Zagreb Challenger, in Zagreb, Croatia – 3–6 June 2004
* 2004 European Championship Final, in Timmendorfer Strand, Germany – 9–13 June 2004
* Slavkov Challenger, in Slavkov, Czech Republic – 6–8 August 2004
* Spanish Open, in Valencia, Spain – 9–12 September 2004

## Tournament results
### Women

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Italian Open | Ryšavá–Nováková | Kuhn–Schnyder | Bruschini–Solazzi |
| Zagreb Challenger | Felbabova–Novotná | Augoustides-Kaup | Klapalova–Petrova |
| Final | Kuhn–Schnyder | Glesnes–Maaseide | Daniela Gattelli–Lucilla Perrotta |
| Slavkov Challenger | Tychnova–Tychnova | Minusa–Pulina | Baburina–Osheyko |
| Spanish Open | Arvaniti–Koutroumanidou | Hakedal–Torlen | Yanchulova–Yanchulova |

### Men

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Italian Open | Bosma–Herrera | Dieckmann–Reckermann | Egger–Heyer |
| Zagreb Challenger | Ahmann–Hager | Cuturic–Miklavc | Biza–Stejskal |
| Final | Dieckmann–Reckermann | Egger–Heyer | Heuscher–Kobel |
| Slavkov Challenger | De Gruijter–Ronnes | Michal Biza–Igor Stejskal | Premysl Kubala–Michal Palinek |
| Spanish Open | Dieckmann–Scheuerpflug | Ahmann–Hager | Galli–Raffaelli |

## Medal table by country

| Position | Country | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1. | Germany | 3 | 3 | | 6 |
| 2. | Czech Republic | 3 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
| 3. | Switzerland | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 4. | Greece | 1 | | | 1 |
| 4. | Spain | 1 | | | 1 |
| 4. | Netherlands | 1 | | | 1 |
| 7. | Norway | | 2 | | 2 |
| 8. | Latvia | | 1 | | 1 |
| 8. | Slovenia | | 1 | | 1 |
| 9. | Italy | | | 3 | 3 |
| 10. | Ukraine | | | 1 | 1 |
| 10. | Bulgaria | | | 1 | 1 |
# Paolo Carraro

Paolo Carraro (born January 17, 1964) is an Italian sprint canoer who competed in the mid-1980s. He was eliminated in the semifinals of the K-1 1000 m event at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
# Paolo Donati

Paolo Donati (born 22 January 1962) is a former Italian male long-distance runner who competed at three editions of the IAAF World Cross Country Championships at senior level (1992, 1993, 1994). He won one national championships at senior level (10,000 metres: 1992).
# Paride Milianti

Paride Milianti (born 21 August 1934) is an Italian retired alpine skier. He competed at the 1956, 1960, and 1964 Winter Olympics in the downhill, slalom, and giant slalom events with the best results of eighth place in each the slalom and giant slalom in 1960.
# Malmö MFI-10 Vipan

The Malmö MFI-10 Vipan (en: Peewit) was a four-seat light utility monoplane designed and built in Sweden by Malmö Flygindustri. Only three aircraft were built and the type did not enter quantity production.

## Design and development

Designed to meet a requirement for both a civil and military utility aircraft the MFI-10 was a braced high-wing monoplane with a fixed tailwheel landing gear and a cabin for a pilot and three passengers. The aircraft made extensive use of aluminum honeycomb structure, with the wings, tail and rear fuselage made of honeycomb and the forward fuselage of welded steel tubes. The prototype was powered by a nose-mounted 160 hp (119 kW) Lycoming O-320 engine and first flew in 1961. It was followed by two military prototypes for the Swedish Army designated MFI-10B. The MFI-10B had a 180 hp (134 kW) Lycoming O-360-A1A engine and first flew on 27 June 1962. Plans to produce a variant with a more powerful engine did not proceed and the aircraft did not enter quantity production.
The German company Rhein-Flugzeugbau (RFB) proposed new versions of the MFI-10 in 1993, with either tailwheel or tricycle landing gears.

## Variants
### MFI-10 Vipan

    Civil prototype with a 160hp (119kW) Lycoming O-320 engine, one built.

### MFI-10B Vipan

    Military prototype with a 180hp (134kW) Lycoming O-360-A1A engine, two built, designated MFI Fpl54.

### MFI-10C Vipan

    Proposed by RFB - military version with tailwheel undercarriage and powered by 200 hp (150 kW) O-360-A engine.

### MFI-10D Phönix

    Proposed by RFB - civil version with nosewheel undercarriage.

## Operators
### Sweden

* Swedish Army

## Specifications (MFI-10B)

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1969-70
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Capacity: 3 passengers
* Length: 7.90 m (25 ft 11 in)
* Wingspan: 10.73 m (35 ft 2 in)
* Height: 2.20 m (7 ft 3 in)
* Wing area: 15.70 m$^2$ (169.0 sq ft)
* Aspect ratio: 7.35:1
* Airfoil: NACA 25012
* Empty weight: 650 kg (1,433 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 1,175 kg (2,590 lb)
* Fuel capacity: 200 L (44 imp gal; 53 US gal)
* Powerplant: 1 × Lycoming O-360-A1A air-cooled flat-four engine, 130 kW (180 hp)
* Propellers: 2-bladed Hartzell constant-speed propeller
Performance
* Maximum speed: 236 km/h (147 mph, 127 kn)
* Cruise speed: 220 km/h (140 mph, 120 kn) at 2,100 m (6,900 ft)
* Never exceed speed: 310 km/h (190 mph, 170 kn)
* Range: 1,000 km (620 mi, 540 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 4,260 m (13,980 ft)
* Rate of climb: 3.4 m/s (670 ft/min)
* Takeoff run: 180 m (590 ft)
# Pellegrino Croce

Pellegrino Croce (born 24 August 1955) is an Italian rower. He competed in the men's coxless four event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
# Pier Paolo Lucchetta

Pier Paolo Lucchetta (born 14 January 1963) is an Italian former volleyball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics and in the 1988 Summer Olympics. He was born in Treviso. Four years later, he won the bronze medal with the Italian team in the 1984 Olympic tournament. He played all six matches.
# Pierluigi Brivio

Pierluigi Brivio (born 21 May 1969) is an Italian professional football coach and a former goalkeeper. He is a goalkeeping coach with Russian club Spartak Moscow.

## Playing career

Brivio started his career at Atalanta youth team. He then played for Palazzolo of Serie C2, and won promotion to Serie C1 in summer 1991.
He transferred to Vicenza of Serie B in summer 1994. He played first 3 seasons as second choice behind Giorgio Sterchele and then Luca Mondini. He took the regular place from Mondini in mid-1997 and played in the final when they won the 1996–97 Coppa Italia. He played 70 Serie A games for Vicenza from 1995 until 1999.
He transferred to Venezia of Serie B in summer 2000. He lost his first team place after Venezia promoted to Serie A in summer 2001.
In summer 2002, he transferred to Genoa of Serie B, as first choice.
In summer 2003, he transferred to Napoli to replace the left of Francesco Mancini, as Emanuele Manitta's backup.
Due to Napoli's bankruptcy in summer 2004, Brivio signed for Pescara of Serie B, where he competed with Andrea Ivan.
In summer 2005, he left for newly promoted Serie B team Mantova, in the first season he was the backup of Mirko Bellodi.
In the second season, he became the regular with Mirko Bellodi as backup.
In summer 2007, he left for Monza of Serie C1, following the signing of Slovenian international Jasmin Handanovič.
In summer 2008, he was signed by Unione Sportiva Pergocrema 1932 in the Italian Serie C1 championship.

## Coaching career

Since 2020, he works as a goalkeeping coach with Dejan Stanković, moving to Stanković's club appointments.

## Honours
### Vicenza

* Coppa Italia: 1996–97
# Pierluigi Frosio

Pierluigi Frosio (20 September 1948 – 20 February 2022) was an Italian professional football player and manager. He played as a sweeper as a player.

## Playing career

Born in the Casignolo district of Monza, Frosio began his youth career at local club Gerardiana. He made his Serie B debut in 1972 for Cesena, helping them to their first promotion to the Serie A. Between 1974 and 1984, Frosio played for Perugia; he helped them win the Serie B in 1974–75 as captain, and was close to winning the 1978–79 Serie A, finishing unbeaten in second place.
Frosio finished his career with Rimini in the Serie C2 in 1985, under coach Arrigo Sacchi. He played 175 Serie A games, and 143 Serie B games.

## Managerial career

After having retired as a player, Frosio took charge of Perugia's youth sector. In 1987, he was appointed head coach of Monza, whom he helped gain promotion to the Serie B in his first season. He was then head coach of Serie A side Atalanta in 1990; Frosio coached other teams, namely Como, Modena, Ravenna, Novara, before returning to Monza between 1998 and 2000.
He finished his managerial career between the Serie C1 and Serie C2 with Padova, Ancona and Lecco.

## Personal life and death

Frosio and his wife Laura have a son, Alex, who worked as a journalist for La Gazzetta dello Sport.
Frosio died in Monza on 20 February 2022, at the age of 73.

## Honours
### Player

Perugia
* Serie B: 1974–75

### Manager

Monza
* Serie C1: 1987–88
* Serie C2: 1995–96
* Coppa Italia Serie C: 1987–88
# Pierluigi Ronzon

Pierluigi Ronzon (Italian pronunciation:; born 7 March 1934) is a former Italian football player from Gemona del Friuli in the Province of Udine. He played club football as a midfielder or defender for some of the top clubs in his country, including Sampdoria, Napoli, Lazio, Atalanta and A.C. Milan.
At international level, he represented Italy on one occasion, in a game played on 13 March 1960. Notably, for Napoli he scored the match-winning goal of the 1961–62 Coppa Italia final against Spal 1907; this was the first time a club from Serie B had won the cup.

## Honours
### Atalanta

* Serie B: 1958–59

### Napoli

* Coppa Italia: 1961–62
* Coppa delle Alpi: 1966
# Pierluigi Ussorio

Pierluigi Ussorio (born 10 May 1967) is an Italian sports shooter. He competed in the men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
# Piero Italiani

Piero Italiani (born 26 March 1962) is an Italian diver. He competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics and the 1988 Summer Olympics.
# Pietro D'Alì

Pietro D'Ali (born 5 July 1963) is an Italian former yacht racer who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics.
He sailed on Brooksfield in the 1993–94 Whitbread Round the World Race.
He joined Prada Challenge and was part of their campaigns for the 2000 and 2003 Louis Vuitton Cup.
# Oxidizing and reducing flames

A flame is affected by the fuel introduced and the oxygen available. A flame with a balanced oxygen-fuel ratio is called a neutral flame. The color of a neutral flame is semi-transparent purple or blue. This flame is optimal for many uses because it does not oxidize or deposit soot onto surfaces.

## Oxidizing flame

If the flame has too much oxygen, an oxidizing flame is produced. When the amount of oxygen increases, the flame shortens due to quicker combustion, its color becomes a more transparent blue, and it hisses/roars. With some exceptions (e.g., platinum soldering in jewelry), the oxidizing flame is usually undesirable for welding and soldering, since, as its name suggests, it oxidizes the metal's surface. The same principle is important in firing pottery.

## Reducing flame

A reducing flame is a flame with insufficient oxygen. It has an opaque yellow or orange color due to carbon or hydrocarbons which bind with (or reduce) the oxygen contained in the materials the flame processes. The flame is also called carburizing flame, since it tends to introduce carbon soot into the molten metal.
The flame also produces carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas which burns on the outer envelope of flame into carbon dioxide.

### Reducing flames with no carbon

Reducing zero-carbon fuel flames, such as reducing hydrogen flames, are exceptions. They don't have an opaque yellow or orange glow, nor do they produce soot or carbon monoxide.
# Pietro Nascimbene

Pietro Nascimbene (22 February 1930 – 4 August 2022) was an Italian racing cyclist. He won stage 12 of the 1956 Giro d'Italia. died in Borgoratto Mormorolo on 4 August 2022, at the age of 92.
# Renato Benaglia

Renato Benaglia (24 March 1938 – 1 February 2023) was an Italian football player and coach. He played for seven seasons (151 games, 7 goals) in the Serie A for ACF Fiorentina, Calcio Catania and A.S. Roma.

## Honours

Fiorentina
* Coppa Italia: 1960–61