OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# SM2

SM2 or SM-2 may refer to:

## Arts, entertainment, and media
### Films

* Spider-Man 2, the second Spider-Man film released in 2004
* Superman II, the second Superman film released in 1980
* Scary Movie 2, the second Scary Movie film released in 2001

### Music

* Spiritual Machines 2, the Our Lady Peace album set for release in 2021

### Gaming

* Super Mario Bros. 2, a 1988 Nintendo Entertainment System game
* Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine 2

## Places

* SM2, the SM postcode area covering Belmont, South Sutton and East Ewell in England

## Military

* Pindad SM2, an Indonesian general purpose machine gun
* Standard Missile 2, either of two US missiles:
** RIM-66 Standard (SM-1MR/SM-2MR), a medium-range surface-to-air missile, the successor of the RIM-24 Tartar missile
** RIM-67 Standard (SM-1ER/SM-2ER non-VLS capable), an extended range surface-to-air missile, the successor of the RIM-2 Terrier missile
* SM-2, Royal Navy Second Submarine Squadron (motto: "Second to None") Hunter-Killer boats based in HM Naval Base Devonport

## Science, technology, and mathematics
### Software

* SM-2 (algorithm), one of the computer algorithms used in SuperMemo
* SM2, a Chinese signature and encryption algorithm, see SM9 (cryptography standard).

## Transport

* VR Class Sm2, a type of commuter train in Finland
* PZL SM-2, a Polish light utility helicopter also known as the WSK SM-2

## Other uses

* Song Meter SM2, a bird monitoring recorder from Wildlife Acoustics
* SM-2, a research nuclear reactor at RIAR
# Ivan Dupasquier

Ivan Dupasquier (born 23 November 1961) is a former professional tennis player from Switzerland.

## Career

Dupasquier made his Davis Cup debut in 1980, when he lost a dead rubber singles match to Italy's Gianni Ocleppo. His next match, which he won, was against Mexican Juan Hernández the following year. In 1982 he won a singles rubber over Mohammed Dlimi of Morocco, to finish with a 2-1 Davis Cup career record.
The Swiss player was granted "special exempt status" by the organisers of the 1981 US Open. This was because he was busy playing a Davis Cup tie during qualifying and meant that he would go straight into the main draw. He lost to Mark Edmondson in the opening round. Also that year he reached the quarter-finals of the Taipei Grand Prix tournament and was a losing finalist in Manila.
He completed in the men's doubles draw of a Grand Slam event on one occasion, which was at the 1982 French Open, where he partnered Christophe Roger-Vasselin. They didn't make it past the first round.

## Grand Prix career finals
### Singles: 1 (0–1)

| Result | W/L | Date | Tournament | Surface | Opponent | Score |
| Loss | 0–1 | Nov 1981 | Manila, Philippines | Clay | Ramesh Krishnan | 4–6, 4–6 |
# Biburg Abbey

Biburg Abbey (German: Kloster Biburg) was a Benedictine monastery located at Biburg in Bavaria, Germany.

## History

The monastery, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was founded in 1132 by Konrad and Arbo von Sittling-Biburg, sons of the Blessed Berta of Biburg, who gave their castle to the Bishop of Bamberg for the purpose. The foundation was originally a double monastery for both men and women; the nunnery however burnt down in 1258 and was not re-built.
In 1555 the monastery was dissolved and the premises came into lay hands. In 1589 the Jesuit College of Ingolstadt obtained the buildings, which were taken over in 1781 by the Knights Hospitaller. In 1808 the monastery was secularised and passed into the possession of the Bavarian State.
# Wettenhausen Abbey

Wettenhausen Abbey (German: Kloster Wettenhausen, Reichsabtei Wettenhausen) was an Imperial Abbey of Augustinian Canons until its secularization in 1802–1803. Being one of the 40-odd self-ruling Imperial Abbeys of the Holy Roman Empire, Wettenhaussen Abbey was a virtually independent state. Its abbot had seat and voice in the Imperial Diet, where he sat on the Bench of the Prelates of Swabia. At the time of secularization, the Abbey's territory covered 56 square kilometers and it had about 5,400 subjects.
It is now a Dominican convent. The abbey is in Wettenhausen in the municipality of Kammeltal in Bavaria.

## History
### Augustinian Canons

The abbey, dedicated to Saint Mary the Virgin and Saint George, was founded in 1130 by Countess Gertrud of Roggenstein and her two sons for the salvation of their soul. According to an ancient chronicle, the Countess told her two sons that she would endow the new monastery with as much land as she could plow in a day. She then mounted a horse around whose neck she hung a good luck charm and succeeded in plowing a vast area. The exact date when the Abbey obtained the coveted status of Imperial Abbey is uncertain.
Wettenhaussen Abbey was dissolved in the course of the secularization of 1803 and its territory annexed to Bavaria. The library of 7,000 volumes was transferred to the library at Dillingen. The premises were thereafter used for a rent office.

### Dominican sisters

In 1864 the buildings were acquired by the Dominican Sisters of St Ursula's in Augsburg, who established a school here, which today is a Gymnasium (secondary school) specialising in music and the sciences.

## Abbey church

The former abbey church of the Assumption is now a parish church. It was built in the 12th century and altered in the 17th in the Baroque style by Michael Thumb.
# Beadlow Priory

Beadlow Priory was a monastic foundation established between 1140 and 1146 by Robert D'Albini for a community of Benedictine monks.

## History

Around 1140 the lands of Beadlow Manor were granted to the priory at Millbrook in Hertfordshire, from where the community were moved upon the establishment of the new priory at Beadlow, Bedfordshire, England about 10 km south of Bedford. Initially referred to as Beaulieu Priory, it remained cell of the Abbey at St Albans.
Poverty made the community unsustainable and in 1428 the monks left the priory, which became absorbed into St Albans Abbey. In 1434 the ownership of the priory passed to the Crown, whilst the site was finally abandoned as a monastic settlement in 1435.
The decay of the buildings ensued after this time, and by 1908 there existed no intact above-ground remains.
From 1963 to 1965 archaeological excavations unearthed the foundations as well as artifacts dating to the 12th to 15th centuries.
The establishment was close to Chicksands Priory.
The Old Priory House, nearby, was not a part of the priory.

## Priors of Beadlow

* Walter de Standon, elected 1233;
* Roger, elected 1237;
* Roger de Thebrugg, elected 1281;
* John of Stopsley, elected 1285;
* John of Stagsden, transferred 1296;
* William de Parys, elected 1296;
* Peter de Maydenford, elected 1299;
* Gregory of Saint Albans, elected 1302;
* Richard of Northampton, elected 1305;
* William of Kirkby, elected 1310, transferred 1312;
* Richard of Hertford, elected 1312;
* Henry of Saint Neots, elected 1316;
* Adam of Newark, elected 1340;
* John of Caldwell, elected 1351;
* William of Winslow, elected 1374;
* John Warham, at least 1396 until at least 1401;
* Richard Smyth of Missenden, at least 1405 to 1428

## Burials

* Peter de Preaux
# Faversham Abbey

Faversham Abbey was a Cluniac style monastery immediately to the north-east of the town of Faversham, in north Kent, England.

## History

It was founded by King Stephen and his wife Matilda of Boulogne in 1148. A party of monks from Bermondsey Abbey provided the nucleus and the first abbot.
At the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Sir Thomas Cheney assigned the abbey to Thomas Arden and it was considerably destroyed in 1538. Thereafter the site of the abbey came into the possession of the Sondes family and now lies within the grounds of Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School.
The Abbey was the burial place of King Stephen, Queen Matilda, and their eldest son, Eustace IV of Boulogne. Their bones were reportedly thrown into the nearby Faversham Creek when the abbey was demolished. Their empty tombs were unearthed in 1964 near what had been the centre of the choir. However, there is a canopy tomb with no contemporary inscription in the nearby Parish Church, where it is said that their bones were re-interred.
The Abbey was excavated in 1965 by a team led by the archaeologist Brian Philp. A full plan of the abbey was produced. At around 360 ft (110 m) in length, the abbey was shorter than Canterbury Cathedral, but longer than Rochester Cathedral. The cloister and monastic buildings were built on the northern side.
The abbey was built from a mix of chalk, flint, ragstone, greensand, and Caen stone. The roofing material appears to have been slate from south Devon with matches to materials obtained from sites near Modbury and Slapton Sands.

## Archaeology

In May, 2019 Kent Archaeological Field School uncovered 150 ft (46 m) long by 50 ft (15 m) wide Roman building at Abbey Farm. According to the Dr Paul Wilkinson, the building contained broken stone walls. The walls covered huge amounts of box flue tiles, which were used to direct hot air up the indoor walls, glazed terracotta floors, an untouched underfloor with hypocaust heating and tons of ceramic roof tiles. Although the plaster painted from these walls were mostly white, plaster walls coloured with green, red and yellow panels were found in the hot sauna room on the north side of the building. The building was divided into two zones of activity – a bath house and a room for agricultural activity.
# Dashaari

Dashaari is a village in Kakori Panchayat, Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Dussehri or Dasheri are the variations of the same name. Located approximately 21 kilometers from Lucknow, the village lies near Kakori, within the Mohanlalganj constituency.

## Notability

Dashaari village has the iconic 'Dussehri Mother Plant', a majestic 200-year-old tree credited with propagating the beloved Dussehri mango variety across India. The village name is coined into the GI-tagged mango variety of Malihabadi Dusseheri Mango which got certification in 2009.
# Karina Urbach

Karina Urbach is a German historian with a special interest in the Nazi period (1933–45). She has written several books on 19th and 20th century European political and cultural history.
Urbach is currently researching American intelligence operations against the National Socialists in wartime and postwar.

## Education and career

Urbach was a Kurt Hahn Scholar at the University of Cambridge where she took her MPhil in International Relations (1992) and her PhD in history (1996). For her German Habilitation she was awarded the Bavarian Ministry of Culture prize. She taught at the University of Bayreuth, was a Research Fellow at the German Historical Institute London (2004-2009) and thereafter at the Institute of Historical Research, University of London.
Urbach is a board member of the Otto-von-Bismarck Foundation. In 2015 she became a long term visitor at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey.
In 2015 Urbach took part in uncovering a 1934 film clip of a young princess Elizabeth making the Nazi salute. She has since then been campaigning with The Times and The Guardian for the release of Interwar period material from the royal archives. In 2020 she published Das Buch Alice (Alice's Book). The story of her grandmother Alice Urbach, a Jewish chef in Vienna whose bestselling cookbook was expropriated by the Nazis. Karina Urbach discovered that Alice was not the only Jewish author who had been replaced by an ‘Aryan’ stooge. Alice never saw her book published again under her name, but in 2020 the German magazine Der Spiegel ran a story about the findings of Alice's Book. As a consequence, Alice's publishing house issued a reprint. The English language version of Alice's Book appeared in May 2022, published by MacLehose Press and translated by Jamie Bulloch.
Urbach has worked as historical adviser on many BBC, PBS and German TV documentaries. She has contributed articles to the Wall Street Journal, The Guardian, The Literary Review, Die Zeit, Die Frankfurter Allgemeine (FAZ) and Die Tageszeitung (TAZ).
In 2017 Urbach published the historical novel Cambridge 5 under the pseudonym Hannah Coler. It was shortlisted for the Friedrich Glauser prize and won the Crime Cologne Award in 2018.
Urbach is the daughter of the actress Wera Frydtberg.
# Chrysomphalus

Chrysomphalus is a genus of armoured scales in the family Diaspididae. There are about 17 described species in Chrysomphalus.

## Species

These 17 species belong to the genus Chrysomphalus:
* Chrysomphalus aberrans Mamet, 1951
* Chrysomphalus ansei (Green, 1916)
* Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Egyptian black scale)
* Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris, 1938 (bifasciculate scale)
* Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan, 1889) (Dictyospermum scale)
* Chrysomphalus diversicolor (Green, 1923)
* Chrysomphalus fodiens (Maskell, 1892)
* Chrysomphalus mume Tang, 1984
* Chrysomphalus nepenthivorus Smith-Pardo, Evans & Dooley
* Chrysomphalus nulliporus McKenzie, 1939
* Chrysomphalus pinnulifer (Maskell, 1891)
* Chrysomphalus propsimus Banks, 1906
* Chrysomphalus prosimus Banks, 1906
* Chrysomphalus rubribullatus (Froggatt, 1914)
* Chrysomphalus silvestrii Chou, 1946
* Chrysomphalus trifasciculatus Brimblecombe, 1959
* Chrysomphalus variabilis McKenzie, 1943
# Willy Merkl

Willy Merkl (6 October 1900 – 15/17 July 1934) was a German mountain climber who is most notable for his attempt to lead a German-American team up Nanga Parbat (the Naked Mountain) in the Himalayas in 1932.
His team were known to be very experienced in Alpine and European mountain expeditions. Merkl and Betchold had also climbed in the Caucasus in 1929. However, they were unprepared for the trials of the Himalayas. Despite being forced to turn back, the team did make excellent progress and found a way through the Rakhiot Peak and the main ridge.
In 1934 he led another expedition up the same mountain that proved to be fatal. Although this expedition was better prepared and financed by Nazi Germany, due in large part to the Nazis' desire to symbolically 'conquer any peak', the weather proved too strong and overtook the climbers. On July 6, the team was at a good point to attempt the final stretch of the climb. Had the climbers set out right then, some could have likely been well on their way to the top. However, Merkl wanted the entire team to arrive at the same time, so they waited a day to rest the group, assuming all would be well. Instead, the next day saw the beginning of a snowstorm and blizzard that lasted for nine days. When it let up, Merkl, two other members of the team, and six sherpas were dead. It is apparent that their deaths had been slow and extremely arduous, caused by an extended exposure to cold and starvation.
Merkl's frozen body, and that of Sherpa Gaylay, were found in 1938 after another German expedition stumbled upon the snow cave in which they had taken refuge.
Karl Herrligkoffer, Merkl's half-brother, initiated and then led the Willy-Merkl-Gedächtnisexpedition, the 1953 German–Austrian Nanga Parbat expedition which was the first to reach the summit.
# Isidore Ramishvili

Isidore Ramishvili (Georgian: ისიდორე რამიშვილი) (8 July 1859 – 3 January 1937) was a Georgian Social Democratic politician, journalist, and one of the leaders of Menshevik movement in Imperial Russia.
During the Russian Revolution of 1905, he was elected to the First State Duma for the Kutais Governorate and became one of its leading Menshevik deputies. He also chaired the proceedings that resulted in Joseph Stalin’s expulsion from the party. Arrested in 1908, he remained in exile in Astrakhan until the Russian Revolution of 1917.
He served as a member of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet. He led a special committee established to organise the Petrograd Burial Procession of March 1917.
Following the Bolshevik October Revolution he returned to his native Georgia, where he was elected to the Constituent Assembly of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1919. From summer 1918 to September 1920, he was an envoy of the Government of Georgia to autonomous Abkhazia. The Red Army invasion of Georgia early in 1921, forced him to retire from politics.
* Isidore Ramishvili in 1917
* Isidore Ramishvili. Drawing by V. Carrick
# Dassault AVE-C Moyen Duc

The Dassault AVE-C Moyen Duc was a sub-scale experimental stealth UAV built in France in 2004 as a step in the development of a UCAV under Dassault Aviation's LOGIDUC programme. AVE-C stands for Aéronef de Validation Expérimentale - Contrôle ("Experimental Assessment Aircraft - Control"), and Moyen Duc is the French name for the long-eared owl, but also a wordplay on the LOGIDUC programme name, with moyen meaning "middle". As the AVE-D was designed by Dassault according to a rapid prototyping to cost methodology, the AVE-C was developed and completed within a year and the first prototype was produced in July 2001.
The AVE-C is a stealth tactical UAV prototype developed according to the French Army's post-SDTI needs in reconnaissance. In 2002, Dassault planned to create an industrial partnership with French electronic company Sagem. The company was founded the following year as Dassault-Sagem Tactical UAV with the purpose to mass-produce the Moyen Duc. The 2004 tactical UAV Dassault-Sagem SlowFast is based on the Moyen Duc, with the Sagem Sperwer's ground control station, and will be used by the French Army.

## Specifications

General characteristics
* Crew: None
* Gross weight: 500 kg (1,100 lb)
Performance
* Endurance: 4 hours
# Disobedience (2003 film)

Disobedience (original title: Desobediência) is a 2003 drama film directed by Licínio Azevedo.

## Synopsis

Rosa, a Mozambican peasant, is accused by the family of her husband of having caused his suicide by refusing to obey him. She is suspected of having a "spirit-husband". In order to prove her innocence, Rosa submits herself to two trials: one by a traditional healer, the other in court. She is absolved twice. Nevertheless, the dead man’s relatives continue to persecute her and she is punished in a cruel way. The film is interpreted by the real players of this story, the dead man by his twin brother.
During the shooting, the director decided to install a second camera to follow the neverending plot of revenge. Such a complex editing, a mix of feature film and documentary - has no parallel in African cinema.
According to the director, “It was a difficult task to convince both families – the wife’s and the dead husband’s – to participate in the film, since the conflict was far from being over. On the other hand, they had never seen a film, and, as I found out as soon as we began shooting, they hadn’t quite realized the purpose of their participation. They simply wanted to seize the opportunity to relive the events in order to get even once and for all. Every time there was a pause in the shooting the conflict would resume on a parallel level, with unpredictable events on both sides. This made me bring a second camera into the scene in order to register such events and those situations in which the main characters would ignore the script and try to introduce other elements, or simply refuse to stick to it. Since it was so closely related to the story, this ‘making of’ became a fundamental element in the dramatic structure of the film”.

## Festivals

* Africa in the Picture, The Netherlands
* DocLisboa, Portugal (2008)
* Kino Afrika, Norway
* Festival International du Film d'Amiens, France
* 2.º CINEPORT, Brazil (2006)

## Awards

* FIPA d'Argent Special Prize at FIPA – International Festival of Audiovisual Programs, France (2003)
* Kuxa Kanema Award at FUNDAC - Fundo Para o Desenvolvimento Artístico Cultural, Mozambique
* Special Mention of the Jury for the interpretation of Rosa Castigo - International Film Festival of Zanzibar, Tanzania
# Shoaib Sultan

Shoaib Sultan (born 22 December 1973) is a Norwegian analyst and politician of Pakistani descent.
In September 2011 Sultan was hired as an adviser with responsibility for mapping the extreme-right in Norway at the Norwegian Centre Against Racism. From November 2010 to March 2011 he worked as Head of Secretariat of the Contact Committee for Immigrants and the Authorities, and served as the very first Secretary General of the Islamic Council of Norway in the period 2007-2010, a council where he previously served as an elected secretary (2002–2005). Sultan has previously worked as information officer at the European Council of Religious Leaders.
During his tenure as the general secretary of the islamic council of Norway he was involved participating in and in discussing the role of religious dialogue in Norway, and has worked with issues of freedom of religion. He, together with Olav Fykse Tveit, General Secretary Church of Norway Council on Ecumenical and International Relations, cosigned the Christian-Muslim joint declaration on religious freedom and freedom to choose ones religion They also signed on a joint Statement on Violence in the Family and in Close Relationships. Sultan has been an active voice talking against extremism and condemning terror and promoting tolerance and dialogue. He has also participated in discussion in the wake of a rapewave in Oslo in 2011.
Sultan has been active in the debate about right-wing extremism and the contra-jihad movement since before his position with the Norwegian Centre against Racism, especially after the 2011 Norway attacks, and has written articles on the topic in Norwegian and foreign press.
He writes regular columns for Klassekampen and Aftenposten, and is a prolific writer publishing articles, opinions and analysis in a number of different newspapers and journals. Despite having left the Islamic Council of Norway, Sultan is an often used commentator and analyst in Norwegian media with regards to questions that deal with multiculturalism and islam in Norway, and religious dialogue.
Sultan is a member of the life stance policy commission, working on creating a comprehensive life stance policy. Sultan is a member of the Green Party of Norway and stood for the Norwegian municipal elections in Oslo in 2011. Sultan was the third candidate on the parties list after the two spokespersons Harald August Nissen and Hanna E. Marcussen. The Party secured one position, making Shoaib a deputy for the seat. The elections were seen as the breakthrough for the Green Party of Norway.

## Education

Sultan went to high school at Nes high school in Årnes.
He has a bachelor's degree in political science from Colorado State University in Colorado, United States . He also has an MBA (Master of Business Administration) with the fields of finance and management from the same university.