OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Siegfried Schmalzriedt

Siegfried Schmalzriedt (4 April 1941 – 9 December 2008) was a German musicologist, University lecturer and vice-rector of the Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe.

## Life and career

Born in Stuttgart, Schmalzriedt studied musicology, Roman philology and comparative literature at the Universities of Tübingen, Paris and Bologna. He received his doctorate in 1969 in Tübingen with Walter Gerstenberg on the topic Heinrich Schütz und andere zeitgenössische Musiker in der Lehre Giovanni Gabrielis. From 1970 to 1976 he was assistant to Georg von Dadelsen at the musicology seminar. Until 1983 he was employed in Freiburg im Breisgau as a research assistant and editor of the Handwörterbuch der musikalischen Terminologie [de] at the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg.
Since 1983 he was professor of musicology at the University of Music Karlsruhe and head of the Institute for Musicology at the University of Karlsruhe. From 1986 to 1990 and again from 1992 to 1996 he served as vice-rector of the University of Music Karlsruhe.
Since 1999 he has been the editor of the Karlsruher Beiträge zur Musikwissenschaft (ISSN: 1434-4270), which is published annually.
From 1997 he was chairman of the board of trustees of the Max-Reger-Institut Karlsruhe and from 1999 to 2007 chairman of the Händel-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe. He was also active in the Handel Academy. He was a co-founder of the Association for the Promotion of Karlsruhe City History and its chairman until his death in Karlsruhe at age 67.

## Publications

* as editor with Walther Dürr and Thomas Seyboldt: Schuberts Lieder nach Gedichten aus seinem literarischen Freundeskreis. Auf der Suche nach dem Ton der Dichtung in der Musik (Karlsruher Beiträge zur Musikwissenschaft. Vol. 1). Lang, Frankfurt a. o. 1999, ISBN 3-631-33984-4.
* as editor: Ausdrucksformen der Musik des Barock. Passionsoratorium – Serenata – Rezitativ (Veröffentlichungen der Internationalen Händel-Akademie Karlsruhe. Vol. 7: Bericht über die Symposien der Internationalen Händel-Akademie. 6, 1998/2000). Laaber-Verlag, Laaber 2002, ISBN 3-89007-529-0.
* as editor with Jürgen Schaarwächter: Festschrift für Susanne Popp (Schriftenreihe des Max-Reger-Instituts Karlsruhe. Vol. 17: Reger-Studien. 7). Carus, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-89948-064-3.
* as editor: Aspekte der Musik des Barock. Aufführungspraxis und Stil (Veröffentlichungen der Internationalen Händel-Akademie Karlsruhe. 7, 2001/2004). Laaber-Verlag, Laaber 2006, ISBN 3-89007-649-1.
* Ravels Klaviermusik. Ein musikalischer Werkführer (Beck'sche Reihe. 2210, C.-H.-Beck-Wissen). C. H. Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-44810-0.

## Honours

* Susanne Mautz, Jörg Breitweg (ed.): Festschrift für Siegfried Schmalzriedt zum 60. Geburtstag. Lang, Frankfurt am Main u. a. 2001, ISBN 3-631-37815-7.
# Torre de La Libertad

The Torre de la Libertad is a monument located in the city of Bata in the continental region of the African country of Equatorial Guinea. It was inaugurated on October 12 of 2011 in the celebrations for the independence of the nation. It is located on a promanade next to the river. The structure consists of a tower that changes colors at night due to a lighting system. Among other attractions is a revolving restaurant, which is located at the top.
# Shenyang Mandarin

Shenyang Mandarin (Chinese: 沈阳话) is a dialect of Northeastern Mandarin used by people in and around Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province and the largest city in Northeast China. It is very close to Standard Chinese but has some notably distinctive words. Some people consider it a strong accent rather than a distinct dialect. Because of its similarity to the standard language, pinyin can be used to represent its pronunciation. Its usage is dwindling as schools in Shenyang teach only the standard language.

## Phonology

Shenyang dialect has 19 initial consonants, as opposed to the 21 in Standard Mandarin. Notably, the retroflex consonants [ʈ͡ʂ], [ʈ͡ʂʰ] and [ʂ] in Standard Mandarin are pronounced as [t͡s], [t͡sʰ] and [s], respectively, while [ɻ] is omitted. While lost in Standard Mandarin, Middle Chinese [ɳ] is preserved in the Shenyang dialect. [v] also exists in the Shenyang dialect.
Initial consonants, Shenyang dialect :
| | | Labial | Alveolar | Dental sibilants | Palatal | Velar |
| Stops | unaspirated | p | t | t͡s | t͡ɕ | k |
| Stops | aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | t͡sʰ | t͡ɕʰ | kʰ |
| Nasals | Nasals | m | n | | ɳ | |
| Fricatives | Fricatives | f | v | s | ɕ | x |
| Approximants | Approximants | | l | | | |
Standard Mandarin diphthongs tend to be pronounced as monophthongs in the Shenyang dialect. For example, [ai] becomes [æ], and [au] becomes [ɔ].
The most distinctive aspect of the Shenyang dialect is the much lower pitch of the first tone than in Standard Mandarin. It would be positioned at 2, rather than 5, on the chart shown (right). As a result, it can sound rather like the third tone.
Like the Beijing dialect, the Shenyang dialect is characterized by erhua (儿化).

## Vocabulary

Some of the words in the Shenyang dialect come from other languages like the Manchu language. One example is 旮旯儿 gālár 'corner'.
Examples of words in various Northeastern dialects (not necessarily specific to Shenyang) include:
| Northeastern Mandarin | pinyin | Standard Mandarin | pinyin | Translation |
| 不赶趟儿 | bù gǎntàngr | 来不及 | lái bù jí | too late |
| 波楞盖儿 | bōlingàr | 膝盖 | xīgài | kneecap |
| 疙瘩、圪塔 | gāda | 地方 | dìfang | place (noun) |
| 得瑟 | dèse | 卖弄 | màinòng | to show off |
| 老鼻子（了） | lǎobízi(le) | 很多 | hěnduō | a lot |
| 埋汰 | máitai | 脏 | zāng | dirty, filthy |
| 嘎哈 | gàhá | 干什么 、干嘛 | gànshénme, gànmá | What are you doing? |
| 砢碜 | kēchen, kēzhen | 丑、难看 | chǒu, nánkàn | ugly, hideous |
| 老 | lǎo | 很 | hěn | very |
| 贼 | zéi | 特别 | tèbié | exceedingly |
| 毙 | bì | 棒 | bàng | good, excellent |
| 蚂蛉 | māling | 蜻蜓 | qīngtíng | dragonfly |
| 嘎赌 | gàdu | 打赌 | dǎdǔ | to bet |
# Nemecká

Nemecká (German: Deutschendorf an der Gran; Hungarian: Garamnémetfalva) is a village and municipality in Brezno District, in the Banská Bystrica Region of central Slovakia. The name, which can be translated as "German village", suggests villagers, or part of them, being of German origin.
The first written mention of the village is from 1281. The villagers were mostly farmers and forest workers. Later, basic industries like limeworks, brickworks etc. developed in the area. From the 18th century on, many locals took part in door-to-door selling of laces, manufacturing of which also took place in the village.
The village was a site of German atrocities during World War II aimed to suppress Slovak National Uprising. As many as 900 people were executed and their bodies burned in local lime kiln. The killings took 7 days (January 4–11, 1945). Responsible for the killings were members of German Einsatzkommando 14 led by Obersturmfuhrer Kurt Herbert Deffner and members of Slovak regime's Hlinka Guard led by captain Vojtech Kosovsky. The victims were participants of the uprising, their families and people from "proscribed races", i.e. Roma and Jews.
A monument commemorating the massacre was built after World War II with a small exhibition opened to visitors all year long.
# Kevin Chan-Yu-Tin

Kevin Dean Chan-Yu-Tin (born 11 July 1990) is a former footballer who played as a midfielder. Born in Canada, he represented the Mauritius national team.

## International career

Chan has been involved at youth level making an appearance for the Canada U-17 National Team at the 2006 CFU Youth Cup. He had also made appearances for the Quebec Provincial side, playing in both National and International tournaments.
Chan-Yu-Tin is eligible to play for Mauritius through his parents. In April 2016, Chan received a call up to the Mauritius national football team for their 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Ghana, making an appearance as a substitute. He would make an additional two appearances, including one start in the 2016 COSAFA Cup.
# Mościcha

Mościcha is a village in northeast Poland in the administrative district of Dąbrowa Białostocka, Sokółka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship. As of 2021, it had a population of 41.
# Naddawki

Naddawki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Augustów, within Augustów County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Augustów and 79 km (49 mi) north of the regional capital Białystok.
# Dive bomb (guitar technique)

Dive bomb is a guitar technique in which the tremolo bar, or whammy bar is used to rapidly lower the pitch of a note, creating a sound considered to be similar to a bomb dropping. One of the most recognized pioneers of this technique is Jimi Hendrix. Other musicians who used this technique are Ritchie Blackmore, Dave Murray, Herman Li, Eddie Van Halen, Randy Rhoads, Brian May, Joe Satriani and Tom Scholz of Boston. Some guitarists, such as K.K. Downing, Glenn Tipton, Jeff Hanneman and Dimebag Darrell have used a variation of this technique in which a harmonic, most commonly a pinch harmonic, is used instead of a normal fretted or open note creating a sound arguably closer to that of a bomb due to the squealing sound created by the harmonic.
It is usually best performed when using a locking tremolo (whammy bar) such as the Floyd Rose version so that rapid changes in string tension do not take the strings out of tune. This allows the guitarist to pick a note, and widely vary its tone, either by quickly pushing (or pulling) the bar as far as it goes either way or slowly moving the bar in the desired direction, depending on what effect the musician is trying to achieve. It is commonly done in combination with a pinch harmonic to get a more dramatic effect with the dive bomb. The bass line at the end of The Rolling Stones' "19th Nervous Breakdown" is an example of dive bombing.
Dive bombing is used in surf music. Dive bombing was used in Billy Idol's song "White Wedding", Rage Against the Machine's song "Calm Like a Bomb", Boston's "Smokin'", The Black Keys' song "Lonely Boy", George Thorogood's cover of Bo Diddley's "Who Do You Love?", The Rip Chords "Hey Little Cobra", and Van Halen's "Eruption".
# Plastic limit theorems

Plastic limit theorems in continuum mechanics provide two bounds that can be used to determine whether material failure is possible by means of plastic deformation for a given external loading scenario. According to the theorems, to find the range within which the true solution must lie, it is necessary to find both a stress field that balances the external forces and a velocity field or flow pattern that corresponds to those stresses. If the upper and lower bounds provided by the velocity field and stress field coincide, the exact value of the collapse load is determined.

## Limit theorems

The two plastic limit theorems apply to any elastic-perfectly plastic body or assemblage of bodies.
Lower limit theorem:
   If an equilibrium distribution of stress can be found which balances the applied load and nowhere violates the yield criterion, the body (or bodies) will not fail, or will be just at the point of failure.
Upper limit theorem:
   The body (or bodies) will collapse if there is any compatible pattern of plastic deformation for which the rate of work done by the external loads exceeds the internal plastic dissipation.
# Niecki, Podlaskie Voivodeship

Niecki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Turośń Kościelna, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Turośń Kościelna and 11 km (7 mi) south-west of the regional capital Białystok.
# Niedźwiedzkie, Podlaskie Voivodeship

Niedźwiedzkie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szczuczyn, within Grajewo County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Szczuczyn, 11 km (7 mi) south-west of Grajewo, and 73 km (45 mi) north-west of the regional capital Białystok.
# Nierośno

Nierośno is a village in northeast Poland in the gmina of Dąbrowa Białostocka, Sokółka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship. As of 2021, it had a population of 239.
# Nietupskie

Nietupskie is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Krynki, within Sokółka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus.
# Niewino Popławskie

Niewino Popławskie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wyszki, within Bielsk County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Wyszki, 12 km (7 mi) north-west of Bielsk Podlaski, and 33 km (21 mi) south of the regional capital Białystok.
# Niewodnica Nargilewska

Niewodnica Nargilewska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Juchnowiec Kościelny, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-east of Juchnowiec Kościelny and 7 km (4 mi) south-east of the regional capital Białystok.
# Nieławice

Nieławice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wizna, within Łomża County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Wizna, 18 km (11 mi) north-east of Łomża, and 59 km (37 mi) west of the regional capital Białystok.

## History

Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the village was first occupied by the Soviet Union until 1941, and then by Germany until 1944. On the night of 31 December 1944 to 1 January 1945, German troops pacified the village in retaliation for the aid of local Poles to a Wehrmacht deserter and a fugitive Soviet prisoner of war. The Germans set fire to the village and shot at people fleeing the buildings, murdering 56 people, including 32 children under the age of 14 (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation). Only a few managed to escape and survived.
# Bragg–Gray cavity theory

Bragg–Gray cavity theory relates the radiation dose in a cavity volume of material $g$ to the dose that would exist in a surrounding medium $m$ in the absence of the cavity volume. It was developed in 1936 by British scientists Louis Harold Gray, William Henry Bragg, and William Lawrence Bragg.
Most often, material $g$ is assumed to be a gas, however Bragg–Gray cavity theory applies to any cavity volume (gas, liquid, or solid) that meets the following Bragg-Gray conditions.
* The dimensions of the cavity containing $g$ is small with respect to the range of charged particles striking the cavity so that the cavity does not perturb the charged particle field. That is, the cavity does not change the number, energy, or direction of the charged particles that would exist in $m$ in the absence of the cavity.
* The absorbed dose in the cavity containing $g$ is deposited entirely by charged particles crossing it.
When the Bragg-Gray conditions are met, then
       $D_{m}=D_{g}\cdot {\bar {{\Bigl{\frac {S}{\rho }}{\Bigr )}}}_{g}^{m}$,
where
    $D_{m}$ is the dose to material $m$ (SI unit Gray)
    $D_{g}$ is the dose to the cavity material $g$ (SI unit Gray)
    ${\bar {{\Bigl{\frac {S}{\rho }}{\Bigr )}}}_{g}^{m}$ is the ratio of the mass-electronic stopping powers (also known as mass-collision stopping powers) of $m$ and $g$ averaged over the charged particle fluence crossing the cavity.
In an ionization chamber, the dose to material $g$ (typically a gas) is
    $D_{g}={\frac {Q}{m_{g}}}\cdot {\bar {{\Bigl{\frac {W}{e}}{\Bigr )}}}_{g}$
where
    $Q$ is the ionization per unit volume produced in the $g$ (SI unit Coulomb)
    $m_{g}$ is the mass of the gas (SI unit kg)
    ${\bar {{\Bigl{\frac {W}{e}}{\Bigr )}}}_{g}$ is the mean energy required to produce an ion pair in $g$ divided by the charge of an electron (SI units Joules/Coulomb)
# Orlando Fantasy

The Orlando Fantasy were a women's American football in the Lingerie Football League that began playing in the 2010–11 season and based in Orlando, Florida.
Initially, former Orlando Predators' quarterback Ben Bennett was named head coach, but resigned due to disagreements with league management. He was replaced by the Predators' defensive specialist Kenny McEntyre. McEntyre was also replaced before the season started by Predators' assistant coach Doug Miller. The team played their two home games at UCF Arena.
In 2011, the team changed home venues and moved outdoors to the Florida Citrus Bowl. Following the team's final game of the 2011–12 season, head coach Miller was fired for behavioral infractions and playing running back Etta Paul after she had sustained a concussion. The team was suspended in May 2012 and never returned.

## Seasons
### 2010–11 schedule

| Date | Opponent | Score | Location | Television | Record |
| September 24 | Tampa Breeze | Lost, 6–47 | UCF Arena | MyNetworkTV | 0–1 |
| October 29 | Miami Caliente | Lost, 19–27 | UCF Arena | MyNetworkTV | 0–2 |
| November 5 | at Baltimore Charm | Lost, 19–42 | 1st Mariner Arena | MyNetworkTV | 0–3 |
| December 10 | at Philadelphia Passion | Lost, 26–35 | Sun National Bank Center | MyNetworkTV | 0–4 |

### 2011–12 schedule

| Date | Opponent | Score | Location | Record |
| September 16 | at Baltimore Charm | Won, 36–12 | 1st Mariner Arena | 1–0 |
| December 2 | Cleveland Crush | Won, 68–8 | Florida Citrus Bowl | 2–0 |
| December 30 | at Tampa Breeze | Lost, 18–20 | St. Pete Times Forum | 2–1 |
| January 13 | Toronto Triumph | Won, 49–18 | Florida Citrus Bowl | 3–1 |
# Niwkowo

Niwkowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wizna, within Łomża County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of Wizna, 19 km (12 mi) east of Łomża, and 54 km (34 mi) west of the regional capital Białystok.
# Perawan Desa

Perawan Desa is a 1978 Indonesian drama film, directed by Frank Rorimpandey. The film won five awards, at the Indonesian Film Festival, of 1980.

## Accolades

| Award | Year | Category | Recipient | Result |
| Indonesian Film Festival | 1980 | Best Feature Film | | Won |
| Indonesian Film Festival | 1980 | Best Directing | Frank Rorimpandey | Won |
| Indonesian Film Festival | 1980 | Best Screenplay | Putu Wijaya | Won |
| Indonesian Film Festival | 1980 | Best Editing | Cassim Abbas | Won |
| Indonesian Film Festival | 1980 | Film With High Social Relevance | | Won |
| Indonesian Film Festival | 1980 | Best Supporting Actor | Maruli Sitompul | Nominated |
| Indonesian Film Festival | 1980 | Best Female Actor Maid | Rae Sita | Nominated |
# Renato Longo

Renato Longo (9 August 1937 – 8 June 2023) was an Italian cyclo-cross racer. Longo won the World Cyclo-cross Championships five times in 1959, 1962, 1964, 1965 and 1967 and was the Italian Cyclo-cross champion 12 times.

## Biography

Longo competed as a professional from 1960 to 1972 and for most of his career, he rode with the Salvarani team of Felice Gimondi. Longo's first wins in the World Championships in 1959 and 1962 were obtained after a battle with German Rolf Wolfshohl who won the title ahead of Longo in 1960, 1961 and 1963. In 1964, Wolfshohl focused on road racing and Longo became the master of cyclo-cross until Eric De Vlaeminck arrived – although Longo beat de Vlaeminck for his last world title in 1967. In total he won more than 230 cyclo-cross races in his professional career.
Longo died on 8 June 2023, at the age of 85.
# Jaime Williams

Jaime R. Williams (born August 24, 1979) is the Assembly member for the 59th district of the New York State Assembly. She is a Democrat. The district includes portions of Canarsie, Georgetown, Mill Basin, Marine Park, and Gerritsen Beach in Brooklyn.

## Early life and career

Williams was born and raised in Trinidad and Tobago before immigrating to New York City in 1999, where she has been a resident of Brooklyn ever since. Williams graduated from Fordham University with a master's degree in social work before going to work in the community, including for domestic violence prevention.
Following Hurricane Sandy, Williams worked for Catholic Social Services of Brooklyn and Queens to help with relief efforts. She joined the staff of Assemblywoman Roxanne Persaud following her election in 2014 as her Chief of Staff.

## New York Assembly

Assemblywoman Roxanne Persaud was elected to the New York Senate in a special election in November 2015 following John Sampson losing his Senate seat due to a felony conviction. As a result, she resigned from the Assembly to take her seat in the Senate. Brooklyn Democrats soon after chose Williams to run in the special election to serve out the remainder of Persaud's term. She went on to win the special election against Republican Jeffrey Feretti with 82.47% of the vote.
Williams was seated in the Assembly on May 10, 2016.
# Tlaxcala Territory

19°26′N 98°10′W﻿ / ﻿19.433°N 98.167°W﻿ / 19.433; -98.167
Tlaxcala Territory (Spanish: Territorio de Tlaxcala) was a territory of Mexico, from 1824 to 1857. The capital was Tlaxcala City.
The territory was located in East-Central Mexico, in the Altiplano region, with the eastern portion dominated by the Sierra Madre Oriental.
The territory was created on 24 November 1824, with its territory carved from the State of Puebla. Under the Centralist Regime, the territory was a part of the Department of Mexico between 1836 and 1846. On 3 October 1857, the territory became the State of Tlaxcala.
# Osamu Saito

Osamu Saito (斎藤 修, Saitō Osamu, born 12 June 1938) is a Japanese rower. He competed in the men's coxed four event at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
# Berit Marie Eira

Berit Marie Eira (born 6 March 1968) is a Norwegian Sami reindeer owner and politician who works in Kautokeino Municipality. She represents the "Reindeer herder's list" party.

## Biography

Berit Marie Persdtr Eira was born 6 March 1968. She studied commerce and economics, receiving a 3-year bachelor's degree in reindeer husbandry.
In 2014, Eira highlighted her opposition to the Norwegian government's reindeer husbandry policy, as she refused to accept the demand to reduce the herd flock despite the state's threats of coercive fines.
In 2017, as the first representative from the Flyttsamelista, she became a member of the Sámi Parliament of Norway. This happened after the Sami election, when the four parties of the Norwegian Sámi Association, the Center Party, Åarjel-Saemiej Gielh, and the Flyttsamelista joined forces to create a 'majority government'. According to the agreement, Eira is in the council for the first two years of the parliamentary term, and Ellinor Jåma of Åarjel-Saemiej Gielh for the last two.
# Tony Fell

Robert Anthony "Tony" Fell (27 December 1931, Liverpool – 6 December 2011) was a British businessman and musician.
Fell worked for various firms, including ICI in the 1950s, becoming managing director of Hortors Printers from 1968–74, and managing director of Boosey & Hawkes Music Publishers 1974–96.
He founded the Johannesburg Bach Choir, which he conducted 1964–74. He was Chair of the Royal Philharmonic Society 1997–2005: the Society awarded him an Honorary Membership, which it rarely bestows, in 2011.
# Verdiso

Verdiso is a white Italian wine grape variety grown primarily in province of Treviso in the Veneto wine region of northeast Italy. It is a permitted variety in the sparkling wine Denominazione di origine controllata DOC of Prosecco located north of the city of Treviso along the Piave river.

## DOC rules

To be used in Prosecco, Verdiso must be harvest to a yield no greater than 12 tonnes/hectare. The wine must be at least 85% Glera with Verdiso permitted to fill in the remaining 15% of the blend along with Chardonnay, Pinot gris and Pinot blanc. The finished wine must attain a minimum alcohol level of 10.5%. Separate bottlings of Prosecco containing Verdiso may be labeled as Superiore di Cartizze provided the wine attains a minimum alcohol level of 11% and be sourced only from grapes grown at the 1000 feet high vineyards on the hill of Cartizze.

## Synonyms

Over the years Verdiso has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Groppeta, Pedevendia, Perduti Perevenda, Peverenda, Verdia, Verdia de Campagna, Verdia Bianca di Conegliano, Verdiga, Verdiger, Verdisa, Verdisa bianca Trevignana, Verdisa Grossa, Verdisco, Verdise, Verdise Bianca, Verdisio, Verdiso Gentile, Verdiso Zentil, Verdisone, Verdiza and Verdisot.