# Blue Lias

The Blue Lias is a geological formation in southern, eastern and western England and parts of South Wales, part of the Lias Group. The Blue Lias consists of a sequence of limestone and shale layers, laid down in latest Triassic and early Jurassic times, between 195 and 200 million years ago. The Blue Lias is famous for its fossils, especially ammonites.
Its age corresponds to the Rhaetian to lower Sinemurian stages of the geological timescale, thus fully including the Hettangian stage. It is the lowest of the three divisions of the Lower Jurassic period and, as such, is also given the name Lower Lias. Stratigraphically it can be subdivided into three members: the Wilmcote Limestone, Saltford Shale and Rugby Limestone.

## Lithology and facies

The Blue Lias comprises decimetre scale alternations of argillaceous limestone and mudstone. These alternations are caused by short-term climatic variations during the Early Jurassic attributed to orbital forcing (Milankovitch cycles). These limestone-mudstone alternations pass up into a clay member formerly known as the Lower Lias Clay now the Charmouth Mudstone. This lithology consists of monotonous mudstones weathering to clay at the surface. Sparse thin limestone and nodule bands are seen where the rocks are exposed. The deposition of a clay-rich mudstone member normally indicates deposition in a deeper marine environment. The lowest beds of the formation are referred to as the "Pre-planorbis beds" in reference them being deposited before the first appearance of the ammonite Psiloceras planorbis.

### Wilmcote Limestone

In certain restricted parts of Britain, the lowermost member of the Blue Lias is the Wilmcote Limestone. It lies above the Cotham Member of the Lilstock Formation and beneath the Saltford Shale Member. The Wilmcote Limestone of central England was formerly quarried close to Stratford-upon-Avon, for example at Wilmcote, Temple Grafton and Binton. It is roughly 200 million years old, dating back to the dawn of the Jurassic Period.
Much of the Wilmcote Limestone is very fine-grained, blue-grey when fresh, and very finely layered. Fossils are quite rare, except in the lowest beds. It was formerly used for a variety of purposes, including walling, building, paving, gravestones, cement-making and as a source of agricultural lime. It is no longer quarried, and most of the old quarries are either infilled or overgrown.
Geologists think that the Wilmcote Limestone originated as layers of fine-grained mud on the floor of a sheltered, shallow muddy sea or lagoon that covered parts of central England at the dawn of the Jurassic Period. Very little life could tolerate the stagnant conditions on the seabed. As a consequence the mud was seldom disturbed, which is why the fine, paper-like layering is preserved.
Above the sea bed, the shallower waters supported ammonites, fish, and marine reptiles (ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs). Their remains were discovered in the Wilmcote Limestone quarries during the nineteenth century. The Warwickshire Museum houses a collection of these fossils and some are on display at the Market Hall Museum in Warwick.

## Occurrence

The Blue Lias is a prevalent feature of the cliffs around Lyme Regis and Charmouth, on the Jurassic Coast in Dorset, where it exists in layers of limestone interspersed with softer clay. It is also notable for its presence in Somerset, particularly around the Polden Hills, Keinton Mandeville and Glastonbury area, and it forms a broad plain across the East Midlands. It also appears near Whitby in Yorkshire and Southam in Warwickshire where a pub is named after it. There are outcrops along the coast of South Wales, notably that of the Vale of Glamorgan. The type section of the Blue Lias is at Saltford near Bath.

## Use in construction

Blue Lias is useful as a building stone, and as a source of lime for making lime mortar. Because it is argillaceous, the lime is hydraulic. Since the mid-nineteenth century, it has been used as a raw material for cement, in South Wales, Somerset, Warwickshire, and Leicestershire. The cement plant quarry at Rugby, Warwickshire is probably the best exposure of the formation: more than 100 layers can be seen.
In areas where Blue Lias is quarried it has been used in buildings and churches as well as tombstones in cemeteries. An example of a Blue Lias town is Street, near Glastonbury. Other examples of Blue Lias buildings can be found in the nearby towns of Somerton and Ilchester.
It remains popular in more modern-day surroundings where it is used in the construction of new housing developments and extensions for existing buildings in conservation areas. Blue Lias is mainly used in flooring, walling and paving slabs – both coursed and layered. It is also used in the making of flagstones and cobbles.
There are only four quarries in Somerset quarrying Blue Lias at present. AR Purnell at Ashen Cross Quarry in Somerton have been mining blue lias stone since 1996. Hadspen Quarry Ltd. Hadspen Quarry operate one in Keinton Mandeville. Ham & Doulting Stone Co Ltd. operate one of these, Tout Quarry near Somerton.

## Paleofauna

The rock is rich in fossil remains from the Jurassic period. The blue-grey colour is provided by its iron content, enclosed to a large extent in pyrites.

### Dinosaurs
#### Theropods

Theropods of the Blue Lias :
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes |
| Dracoraptor | D. hanigani | Lavernock Point | Pre-planorbis Beds, lowermost Hettangian | NMW 2015.5G.1–2015.5G.11 "a disarticulated, but associated partial skeleton" | A coelophysoid theropod |
| Dornraptor | D. normani | Lower cliff face, Charmouth | Black Ven Marl Member? | GSM 109560, Left femur NHMUK OR 39496, Partial hind limb | An Averostran theropod, possible Ceratosaur. In 2024 was formally described, but referred to the Blue Lias. A paper non quoted on the description relocated it on the Charmouth Mudstone Formation. |
| Sarcosaurus | S. woodi | Wilmcote | angulata zone, late Hettangian (NHMUK PV R3542) Rugby Limestone Member liasicus to semicosatum zones, lowermost Sinemurian (WARMS G667–690) | Paratype specimens: NHMUK PV R3542, complete right tibia WARMS G667–690, partial skeleton | Basal neotheropod, holotype specimen is known from the Scunthorpe Mudstone |

### Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs of the Blue Lias :
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Dimorphodon | D. macronyx | Aust Cliff, Lyme Regis | | NHMUK PV R 1034, NHMUK PV OR 41212, NHMUK PV R 1035 | A basal pterosaur | |

### Fish

Numerous fish species are known from the Blue Lias and overlying Charmouth Mudstone.
Fish of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation :
| Genus | Species | Notes |
| Acrodus | | A hybodont shark |
| Hybodus | | A hybodont shark |
| Palidiplospinax | | A synechodontiform shark |
| Squaloraja | S. tenuispina, S. polyspondyla | Closely related to modern chimaeras |
| Myriacanthus | M. paradoxus, M. granulatus | A myriacanthid closely related to modern chimaeras |
| Dorsetichthys | D. bechei | A stem-group teleost |
| "Coccolepis" | "C." liassicus | A coccolepidid fish, probably does not belong to the genus |
| Cosmolepis | C. ornatus | An enigmatic basal actinopterygian |
| Holophagus | H. gulo | A coelacanth |
| Chondrosteus | C. acipenseroides | A chondrosteid acipenseriform fish, related to sturgeon and paddlefish |
| Oxygnathus | O. ornatus | A palaeonisciform fish |
| Saurorhynchus | S. brevirostris, S. anningae | A member of Saurichthyiformes |
| Ptycholepis | P. gracilis, P. curtus | A palaeonisciform fish |
| Dapedium | Spp. | A dapediiform fish |
| Caturus | Spp. | An amiiform fish related to bowfins |
| Platysiagum | P. sclerocephalum | A platysiagid fish |
| Furo | F. orthostomus | A member of Ionoscopiformes within Halecomorphi |

### Ichthyosaurs

Ichthyosaurs of the Blue Lias :
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Ichthyosaurus | I. larkini | Lyme Regis & Charmouth in Dorset, Street and the north coast of Somerset, and other inland sites across England | Unknown, possibly Pre-planorbis beds | Holotype: BRSUG 25300, referred: AGC 11, CAMSM J5957, NHMUK PV OR5595 | | |
| Ichthyosaurus | I. somersetensis | Lyme Regis & Charmouth in Dorset, Street and the north coast of Somerset, and other inland sites across England | Unknown, possibly Pre-planorbis beds | Holotype: ANSP 15766 referred: BRSMG Cb4997, NHMUK PV OR2013AGC 16, ROM 26029 | | |
| Ichthyosaurus | I. communis | Lyme Regis & Charmouth in Dorset, Street and the north coast of Somerset, and other inland sites across England | Unknown | BMNH R1162 | | |
| Protoichthyosaurus | P. prostaxalis | Somerset | Unknown, probably Pre-planorbis beds | Holotype: BRLSI M3553, "a partial skull, pectoral girdle and both forefins, preserved in ventral view" | | |
| Wahlisaurus | W. massarae | Sutton Hill (Stowey) Quarry, Bishop Sutton | Pre-planorbis beds | BRSMG Cg240, "a practically complete right coracoid" | | |
| ?Shastasauridae | Indeterminate | Penarth | Psiloceras planorbis Biozone | NMW95.61G.1, radius | Estimated length of 12–15 metres | |
| Temnodontosaurus | T. platyodon | | | PV R 1158, consisting of a Skull, Lower Jaw and Cervical Vertebrae | | |
| Excalibosaurus | E. costini | North Somerset coastline | Arietites (Coroniceras) bucklandi Biozone | Holotype: BRSMG Cc881, "...a complete skull, with associated forefin, pectoral girdle, vertebrae and ribs..." referred: ROM 47697 | | ROM 47697, a nearly complete skeleton of Excalibosaurus on display at the Royal Ontario Museum. |

### Plesiosaurs

Plesiosaurs of the Blue Lias :
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Atychodracon | A. megacephalus | Street-on-the-Fosse | Lowermost Blue Lias | Holotype:BRSMG Cb 2335 | Rhomaleosaurid | |
| Avalonnectes | A. arturi | Street, Somerset (referred specimen) | | NHMUK 14550, "the posterior portion of the skull, and a partial postcranial skeleton" uncatalogued partial specimen | Rhomaleosaurid | |
| Eurycleidus | E. arcuatus | Street | | NHMUK 2030 (lectotype), 2027-2029, 2047, 2061, R1317-1319 (paralectotypes, probably belonging to the same individual) | Rhomaleosaurid | |
| Macroplata | M. tenuceps | Harbury, Warwickshire | | NHMUK PV R5488, nearly complete skeleton | Rhomaleosaurid | |
| Eoplesiosaurus | E. antiquior | Watchet, Somerset | | TTNCM 8348, postcranial skeleton | Basal Plesiosauroid | |
| Plesiosaurus | P. dolichodeirus | Lyme Regis and Charmouth, Dorset | Sinemurian stage (upper Blue Lias, Shales-with-Beef member or lower Black Ven Marl | NHMUK PV OR 22656, complete skeleton | Plesiosaurid | The holotype of Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, on display at the Natural History Museum in London |
| Stratesaurus | S. taylori | Street, Somerset | lowermost Hettangian | OUMNH J.10337, "a skull and partial postcranial skeleton including anterior cervical and pectoral vertebrae, a partial hindlimb and ilium" | Rhomaleosaurid | |
| Thalassiodracon | T. hawkinsii | Street | Pre-planorbis Beds | NHMUK 2018 "almost complete skeleton missing distal parts of limbs" CAMSM J.35181, partial skeleton | Pliosaurid affinities | |

### Insects

Insect compression fossils are known from the localities of Binton in Warwickshire and Copt Heath near Birmingham.