# Ethernet over USB

Ethernet over USB is the use of a USB link as a part of an Ethernet network, resulting in an Ethernet connection over USB (instead of e.g. PCI or PCIe).
USB over Ethernet (also called USB over Network or USB over IP) is a system to share USB-based devices over Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or the Internet, allowing access to devices over a network. It can be done across multiple network devices by using USB over Ethernet Hubs.

## Protocols

There are numerous protocols for Ethernet-style networking over USB. The use of these protocols is to allow application-independent exchange of data with USB devices, instead of specialized protocols such as video or MTP (Media Transfer Protocol). Even though the USB is not a physical Ethernet, the networking stacks of all major operating systems are set up to transport IEEE 802.3 frames, without needing a particular underlying transport.
The main industry protocols are Remote NDIS (RNDIS, a Microsoft vendor protocol), Ethernet Control Model (ECM), Ethernet Emulation Model (EEM), and Network Control Model (NCM). The latter three are part of the larger Communications Device Class (CDC) group of protocols of the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). They are available for download from the USB-IF (see below). The RNDIS specification is available from Microsoft's website. Regarding de facto standards, some standards, such as ECM, specify the use of USB resources that early systems did not have. However, minor modifications of the standard subsets make practical implementations possible on such platforms. Remarkably, even some of the most modern platforms need minor accommodations and therefore support for these subsets is still needed.
Of these protocols, ECM could be classified as the simplest—frames are simply sent and received without modification one at a time. This was a satisfactory strategy for USB 1.1 systems (current when the protocol was issued) with 64-byte packets but not for USB 2.0 systems which use 512-byte packets.
One significant problem is the Ethernet frames are about 1500 bytes in size—about 3 USB 2.0 packets, and 23 USB 1.1 packets. The USB system works by each packet being sent as a transfer, a series of maximum-length packets terminated by a short packet or a special ZLP (zero-length packet). After this, there is bus latency, where nothing is sent until another transfer can be initiated. Such reduces bus occupancy, meaning that nothing is sent for considerable fractions of bus time. A gap every 23 frames is not noticeable, but a gap every three frames can be viewed as very costly to throughput.
As USB has become faster, devices utilize more data and hence there is now demand for sending large amounts of data—either to be stored on the device or be relayed over wireless links (see 3GPP Long Term Evolution).
These new devices are still much lower in power than desktop PCs, thus the issue of careful data handling arises, to maximize use of DMA resources on the device and minimize (or eliminate) copying of data (zero-copy). The NCM protocol has elaborate provisions for this. See the link below for protocol comparisons.

## Linux-specific driver

The USB-eth module in Linux makes the computer running it a variation of an Ethernet device that uses USB as the physical medium. It creates a Linux network interface, which can be assigned an IP address and otherwise treated the same as a true Ethernet interface. Any applications that work over real Ethernet interfaces will work over a USB-Ethernet interface without modification, as there is no distinction between utilizing proper or improper Ethernet hardware.
On Linux hosts, the corresponding Ethernet-over-USB kernel module is called usbnet. The Bahia Network Driver is a usbnet-style driver available for Win32 hosts.
The approach allows devices with very limited communications hardware to operate over IP networks. The Linux kernel for the iPAQ uses this communications strategy exclusively since the iPAQ hardware has neither an accessible legacy (RS-232/RS-422) serial port nor a dedicated network interface.