# Nocturne in C-sharp minor, Op. posth. (Chopin)

The Nocturne No. 20 in C♯ minor, Op. posth., Lento con gran espressione, P 1, No. 16, KKIVa/16, WN 37, is a solo piano piece composed by Frédéric Chopin in 1830 and published in 1875.
Chopin dedicated this work to his older sister Ludwika Chopin, with the statement: "To my sister Ludwika as an exercise before beginning the study of my second Concerto". First published 21 years after the composer's death, the piece is usually referred to as Lento con gran espressione, from its tempo marking. It is sometimes also called Reminiscence. The piece was played by Holocaust survivor Natalia Karp for the Nazi concentration camp commandant Amon Goeth, with Goeth being so impressed with the rendition that he spared Karp's life.
This was also the piece played by Holocaust survivor and famed Polish pianist Władysław Szpilman (the central figure of the 2002 Roman Polanski film The Pianist) during the last live broadcast of Polish radio on September 23, 1939 when Warsaw was besieged by the German army. Years later Szpilman also played this piece for German army officer Wilm Hosenfeld upon their first meeting, though in the corresponding film scene Szpilman plays an abridged version of Chopin's Ballade No. 1 in G minor, Op. 23. Hosenfeld later helped Szpilman hide and provided food to him in the last months of the war.

## Musical structure

The piece is marked Lento con gran espressione and is written in common time. After a quiet introduction, the main theme starts at bar 5, with the left hand playing broken chords in legato slurs throughout the section, imparting a haunting and continuous quality to the music. The theme then shifts to a dreamy pianissimo in bar 21, before returning to the original theme in bar 47, and finally ending in C♯ major.
The middle section contains a number of quotations from Chopin's second piano concerto in F minor which was composed around the same time (1829). It begins with two bars (21 and 22) quoting the main theme from the third movement. The next two bars (23 and 24) quote the second part of the secondary theme of the first movement. The passage in $^3$ $_4$ time starting in bar 33 resembles the scherzando section of the third movement starting in bar 145 in which the left and right hand are playing an octave apart. Finally, the rising broken chords in the last two bars marked Adagio exactly quote the final two bars of the second movement.
In bars 58 through 61, there are 4 different tuplets; an 18-tuplet, a 35-tuplet, an 11-tuplet, and a 13-tuplet, all of which run through the E major scale. The piece ends in ppp with a high and low C♯.

## Recordings

| Pianist | Piano | Label | Recording year |
| Tomasz Ritter | Paul McNulty after Conrad Graf (c. 1819) | Fryderyk Chopin Institute | 2020-2021 |
| Pierre Goy | Christopher Clark after Conrad Graf (1826) | Lyrinx | 2005 |
| Peter Katin | Collard & Collard square piano (c. 1836) | Diversions | 1996 |
| Susanne von Laun | Broadwood & Sons (1841) | Musicaphon | 2007 |
| Luc Devos | Broadwood (c. 1845) | Ricercar | 1994 |
| Arthur Schoonderwoerd | Pleyel (1836) | Alpha | 2008 |
| Michèle Boegner | Pleyel (1836) | Calliope | 1998 |
| Alain Planès | Pleyel (1836) | Harmonia Mundi | 2019 |
| Bart van Oort | Pleyel (1842) | Brilliant Classics | 1998 |
| Knut Jacques | Pleyel pianino (1834) / Pleyel piano 1843 | Paraty | |
| Yuan Sheng | Pleyel (1845) | Piano Classics | 2010 |
| Alex Szilasi | Pleyel pianino (1847) | Fryderyk Chopin Institute | 2012 |
| Ronald Brautigam | Erard (1842) | VPRO | 1991 |
| Janusz Olejniczak | Erard (1849) | Fryderyk Chopin Institute | 2007 |
| Dang Thai Son | Erard (1849) | Fryderyk Chopin Institute | 2009 |
| Daniel Grimwood | Erard (1851) | SFZ Music | 2010 |
| Alexei Orlovetsky | Erard (mid. 19th century) | IML | 2005 |
| Kikuko Ogura | Erard (1874) | Hamamatsu Museum of Musical Instruments | 2010 |
| Vincenzo Maltempo | Steinway (1888) | Piano Classics | 2023 |