OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Stationary steam engine

Stationary steam engines are fixed steam engines used for pumping or driving mills and factories, and for power generation. They are distinct from locomotive engines used on railways, traction engines for heavy steam haulage on roads, steam cars (and other motor vehicles), agricultural engines used for ploughing or threshing, marine engines, and the steam turbines used as the mechanism of power generation for most nuclear power plants.
They were introduced during the 18th century and widely made for the whole of the 19th century and most of the first half of the 20th century, only declining as electricity supply and the internal combustion engine became more widespread.

## Types of stationary steam engine

There are different patterns of stationary steam engines, distinguished by the layout of the cylinders and crankshaft:
* Beam engines have a rocking beam providing the connection between the vertical cylinder and crankshaft.
* Table engines have the crosshead above the vertical cylinder and the crankshaft below.
* Horizontal engines have a horizontal cylinder.
* Vertical engines have a vertical cylinder.
* Inclined engines have an inclined cylinder.
* Undertype engines are distinguished by having a locomotive-style boiler over top of a horizontal engine.
Stationary engines may be classified by secondary characteristics as well:
* High-speed engines are distinguished by fast-acting valves.
* Corliss engines are distinguished by special rotary valve gear.
* Uniflow engines have admission valves at the cylinder heads and exhaust ports at the midpoint.
When stationary engines had multiple cylinders, they could be classified as:
* Simple engines, with multiple identical cylinders operating on a common crankshaft.
* Compound engines which use the exhaust from high-pressure cylinders to power low-pressure cylinders.
An engine could be run in simple or condensing mode:
* Simple mode meant the exhaust gas left the cylinder and passed straight into the atmosphere
* In condensing mode, the steam was cooled in a separate cylinder, and changed from vapour to liquid water, creating a vacuum that assisted with the motion. This could be done with a water-cooled plate that acted as a heat sink, or pumping-in a spray of water.
Stationary engines may also be classified by their application:
* Pumping engines are found in pumping stations.
* Mill engines to power textile mills
* Winding engines power various types of hoists.
* Refrigeration engines are typically coupled to ammonia compressors.
Stationary engines could be classified by the manufacturer
* Boulton & Watt
* George Saxon & Co

## History

In order of evolution:
* Savery atmospheric engine (1700)
* Newcomen engine (1712)
* Watt engine (1775)
* Hornblower (1781)
* Trevithick (1799)
* Woolf (1804)
* Cornish engine (1812)
* McNaught'ed compound beam engines (1845)
* Corliss engine(1859)
* Porter-Allen engine (1862)
* Uniflow engine Todd's (1885)
* Steam turbine (1889)
# Cornelia Ewigleben

Cornelia Ewigleben (born 1954) is a German archaeologist and museum director. An alumna of the universities of Trier and Oxford, she has served as the director of two notable German museums: the Historical Museum of the Palatinate from 2000 to 2005, and the Landesmuseum Württemberg from 2005 to 2020. She also edited a book on the politics of the Roman games (Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome).

## Life and career

Cornelia Ewigleben was born in 1954 in Bispingen, Lower Saxony. She studied classical archaeology at the universities of Trier and Oxford, and was awarded a doctorate for a dissertation on the archaeology of metalworking in Ancient Thrace.
Between 2000 and 2005, she directed the Historical Museum of the Palatinate in Speyer. From 2005 she served as the director of the Landesmuseum Württemberg in Stuttgart. In March 2020, she stepped down from her role at the museum, and was replaced by the sociologist Astrid Pellengahr [de]. She also serves on the academic board of the Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology.

## Publications

In 2000, Ewigleben and the German archaeologist Eckart Köhne [de] published a conference volume on the politics of the Roman games. The book (Caesaren und Gladiatoren: die Macht der Unterhaltung im antiken Rom) was translated into English as Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome.
# Friedrich Hiller von Gaertringen

Friedrich Hiller von Gaertringen (3 August 1864 – 25 October 1947) was a German archeologist and philologist, a specialist in Greek epigraphy.

## Life

Hiller von Gaertringen was the son of the Prussian army officer Rudolf Hiller von Gaertringen (1837–1877) and Helene Luise Kramsta (1842–1872). He studied ancient history, first with Alfred von Gutschmid at Tübingen, then with Theodor Mommsen in Berlin. After receiving his Ph.D. in 1886, he continued at Göttingen with Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff.
He participated in the excavation at Magnesia on the Maeander under the leadership of Carl Humann in 1890 and became a corresponding member of the German Archaeological Institute in 1892. From 1896 to 1902, he carried out excavations on Thera, with substantial support from Paul Wilski [de]. In 1904, he became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
He collaborated with Mommsen on Inscriptiones Graecae, the corpus of Greek inscriptions from 1893 onwards. In total, he produced nine volumes for the series between 1895 and 1939, mostly dealing with inscriptions from the Aegean islands. Most of these volumes have not been superseded. He also produced a new edition of the Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum (SIG) begun by Wilhelm Dittenberger and the first edition of the inscriptions of Priene. From 1917 to 1933, he was honorary professor of Greek epigraphy at the University of Berlin.
In 1905, Hiller von Gaertringen married Dorothea von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1879-1972), oldest daughter of his former teacher and granddaughter of his former teacher Theodor Mommsen. His personal library and notes were destroyed by a bombing raid in 1943.
# Catherine Johns

Catherine Johns FSA (born 1941) is a British archaeologist and museum curator. She is a specialist in Roman jewellery, Romano-British provincial art, and erotic art.

## Career

Johns worked for many years, until 2002, as the Curator of Roman Britain at the British Museum. She was elected as a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in January 1973.
Johns has published numerous articles and books on archaeological subjects including the Snettisham Jeweller's Hoard, the Hoxne Hoard, and the Barber Cup.
From 2003 to 2011 she was appointed by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport as a member of the reviewing committee on the 'Export of Works of Art and Objects of Cultural Interest'. She served three terms as a member of this Reviewing Committee. As part of this body, in 2009, she helped block the export of a unique Viking mount from North Yorkshire valued at over £50,000.
Johns has also served on the committees of the Society of Antiquaries of London, the Roman Society, and the British Archaeological Association. She is a former Chair of the Society of Jewellery Historians and a former trustee of the Roman Research Trust. In 2010 she was elected as a Corresponding Member of the Archaeological Institute of America.

## Personal life

Johns was married to fellow archaeologist and British Museum curator Donald Bailey. In 2005, the contributions of both Johns and Bailey to the world of archaeology was recognised with the publication of a festschrift in their honour, titled Image, Craft and the Classical World: Essays in honour of Donald Bailey and Catherine Johns. Johns wrote an obituary for her husband for The Guardian following his death in September 2014.

## Select bibliography

* Johns, C. 1982. Sex or Symbol? Erotic Images of Greece and Rome. London, British Museum.
* Potter, T. W. and Johns, C. 1992. Roman Britain (Exploring the Roman World). University of California Press.
* Johns, C. 1996. The jewellery of Roman Britain : Celtic and classical traditions. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
* Johns, C. and Burnett, A. 1997. 'The Snettisham Roman jeweller's hoard. London, British Museum.
* Johns, C. 2005. Little Book of Erotica. London, British Museum.
* Johns, C. 2006. Horses : history, myth, art. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.
* Johns, C. 2008. Dogs : history, myth, art. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.
# Ellen Swift

Ellen Swift FSA is a British archaeologist and Professor of Roman Archaeology at the University of Kent.
Professor Swift studied at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London for her BA, MA, and PhD.
Swift is a specialist in material culture studies of the Roman world, including dress accessories and functional artefacts including dice. She was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in October 2005. In 2001, the Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference formed a standing committee to oversee the conference, consisting of Swift, Martin Carruthers, Carol van Driel-Murray, Andrew Gardner, Jason Lucas, and Louise Revell. The committee also edited the proceedings for the 2001 conference.

## Publications

* Swift, E. (2017). Roman Artefacts and Society: Design, Behaviour and Experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Swift, E. (2009). Style and Function in Roman Decoration: Living with Objects and Interiors. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.
* Swift, E. (2003). "Transformation in Meaning: Amber and Glass Beads Across the Roman Frontier", Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Canterbury 2002. 48–57. doi:10.16995/TRAC2002_48_57
* Swift, E. (2000). Regionality in Dress Accessories in the Late Roman West. Montagnac: Editions Monique Mergoil.
* Swift, E. (2000). The End of the Western Roman Empire: An Archaeological Investigation. Stroud: Tempus.
# Lynne Lancaster

Lynne C. Lancaster (born 1964) is an American Roman archaeologist specializing in Roman architecture and the topography of Rome.

## Biography

Lancaster grew up in LaGrange, Georgia and graduated from LaGrange High school. She undertook her BArch at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, and her MPhil and DPhil at the University of Oxford. Lancaster was Professor in the Department of Classics and World Religions at Ohio University where she taught from 1997 to 2020 and was chair of the department 2017–18. From 2018 to 2021 Lancaster served as the Andrew W. Mellon Humanities at the American Academy in Rome. She is currently Rawson Visiting Scholar in the Classics Department at University of Cincinnati.

## Awards

Lancaster was awarded the Humanities Rome Award by the British School at Rome in 1993–1994. From 2001 to 2001 Lancaster held the Phyllis W. G. Gordan Rome prize fellowship at the American Academy in Rome.
Lancaster received the James R. Wiseman Book Award from the American Institute for Archaeology in 2007 for Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome, and from 2010 to 2011 Lancaster held the AIA Joukowsky Lecturership.

## Publications

* 2015 - Innovative Vaulting in Architecture of the Roman Empire, 1st to 4th Centuries CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* 2012 - A New Vaulting Technique for Baths in Southern Britain: The Anatomy of a Romano-British Invention. Journal of Roman Archaeology 25.1: 419–440.
* 2010 - Parthian Influence on Vaulting in Roman Greece? An Enquiry into Technological Exchange under Hadrian. American Journal of Archaeology 114.3: 447–472.
* 2005 - Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome: Innovations in Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* 2005 - The Process of Building the Colosseum: the Site, Materials, and Construction Techniques, Journal of Roman Archaeology 18: 57–82.
* 2000 - Building Trajan's Markets II: The Construction Process. American Journal of Archaeology 104: 755–785.
* 1999 - Building Trajan's Column. American Journal of Archaeology 103: 419–439.
* 1998 - Building Trajan's Markets, American Journal of Archaeology 102: 283–308.
* 1998 - Reconstructing the Restorations of the Colosseum after the Fire of 217. Journal Roman Archaeology 11: 146–174.

## Personal life

Since 1989, Lancaster has been married to fellow archaeologist and educator, Tom Carpenter, who specializes in Greek iconography and the ancient peoples of South Italy. Together they have traveled the Mediterranean extensively and lived in England and Italy.
# Ctenorillo

Ctenorillo is a genus of woodlouse in the family Armadillidae.

## Species

The genus contains the following species:
* Ctenorillo araguaia Cardoso & Ferreira in Cardoso, Bento & Ferreira, 2024
* Ctenorillo atlanticus Cifuentes & Da Silva, 2023
* Ctenorillo ausseli (Dollfus, 1893)
* Ctenorillo bananae (Van Name, 1920)
* Ctenorillo binomio Carpio-Díaz, Bichuette & Campos-Filho, 2023
* Ctenorillo dazai Carpio-Díaz, López-Orozco & Campos-Filho, 2018
* Ctenorillo fagei (Paulian de Felice, 1941)
* Ctenorillo ferrarai Campos-Filho, Araujo & Taiti in Campos-Filho, Araujo, Bichuette, Trajano & Taiti, 2014
* Ctenorillo gabunensis (Schmalfuss & Ferrara, 1983)
* Ctenorillo guinensis (Schmalfuss & Ferrara, 1983)
* Ctenorillo humboldti Carpio-Díaz, López-Orozco & Campos-Filho, 2023
* Ctenorillo intertidalis Cardoso & Ferreira in Cardoso, Bento & Ferreira, 2024
* Ctenorillo iuiuensis Cardoso & Ferreira in Cardoso, Bento & Ferreira, 2024
* Ctenorillo jequitinhonha Cardoso & Ferreira in Cardoso, Bento & Ferreira, 2024
* Ctenorillo kenyensis Schmölzer, 1974
* Ctenorillo legai (Arcangeli, 1941)
* Ctenorillo meyeri Taiti, 2018
* Ctenorillo mincaensis López-Orozco, Carpio-Díaz & Campos-Filho, 2023
* Ctenorillo mineri (Van Name, 1936)
* Ctenorillo orientalis Carpio-Díaz, Taiti & López-Orozco, 2023
* Ctenorillo papagayoensis Carpio-Díaz, Borja-Arrieta & Campos-Filho, 2023
* Ctenorillo parituberculatus (Taiti & Ferrara, 1987)
* Ctenorillo pelado Cardoso & Ferreira in Cardoso, Bento & Ferreira, 2024
* Ctenorillo potiguar Cardoso & Ferreira in Cardoso, Bento & Ferreira, 2024
* Ctenorillo quiteriensis Cardoso & Ferreira in Cardoso, Bento & Ferreira, 2024
* Ctenorillo regulus (Van Name, 1920)
* Ctenorillo strinatii (Schmalfuss & Ferrara, 1983)
* Ctenorillo tayrona López-Orozco, Borja-Arrieta & Campos-Filho, 2023
* Ctenorillo tuberosus (Budde-Lund, 1904)
* Ctenorillo ubajarensis Cardoso & Ferreira in Cardoso, Bento & Ferreira, 2024
# Oldcotes Manor

Oldcotes House was a mansion in Derbyshire built by Bess of Hardwick. The building has been completely demolished.
The manor at Sutton Scarsdale was earlier called "Caldecotes" and "Oldcotes". Bess of Hardwick bought the manor from the Savage family in 1593 and called it "Oldcotes" in her time, the modern spelling of the site is "Owlcotes". There was already a house on the site and Bess of Hardwick built a new house close by.
Bess of Hardwick built the new house at Oldcotes after completing the nearby Old Hall at Hardwick and while building Hardwick Hall. It was intended for her son William Cavendish, who kept accounts for the work. The walls and chimneys were built by a team of six "wallers" who also worked at Hardwick. The house was probably designed by Robert Smythson. Details in the building contract, and an image drawn on a 1659 estate plan, are compatible with a drawing by Smythson in the RIBA collection. In September 1599 William Cavendish paid for a table for the Low Great Chamber, indicating that the work was nearing completion. His wife, Anne Keighley, died in February 1598, before Oldcotes was completed.
Arbella Stuart stayed at Oldcotes in February 1603. She had told Bess that she would not eat and drink at Hardwick until she had a letter from Elizabeth I, so Bess sent her to her other house. Francis Leek wrote that Lady Cavendish was staying at Olcotes and unwell in July 1605 after an argument with Bess of Hardwick.
In 1641, William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire and Christian Bruce, Countess of Devonshire, sold Oldcotes (old and new) and the lands to Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston. An inventory was made of furnishings belonging to George Pierrepont of Oldcotes in 1666. There were 40 stools with leather seats in the Long gallery where Pierrepont played billiards.
Bess of Hardwick's Oldcotes was demolished in the early 17th-century. Some of the stonework was probably incorporated into two new smaller dwellings, and some rubble was used for roadbuilding.
# Molineriella

Molineriella is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Poaceae.
Its native range is Mediterranean Europe. It is found in the countries and regions of Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Corsica, East Aegean Islands, France, Greece, Italy, Crete, Crimea, Morocco, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain, Turkey and Yugoslavia.
The genus name of Molineriella is in honour of Ignazio Bernardo Molineri (1741–1818), an Italian head gardener at a botanical garden in Turin. It was first described and published in G.Rouy & J.Foucaud, Fl. France Vol.14 on page 102 in 1913.

## Known species

According to Kew;
* Molineriella australis (Paunero) E.Rico
* Molineriella laevis (Brot.) Rouy
* Molineriella minuta (L.) Rouy
# Hedge End railway station

Hedge End railway station is situated on the northern edge of the town of Hedge End in the English county of Hampshire. The station was opened by British Rail in 1990, and is on the railway line between Eastleigh and Fareham. It is 76 miles 76 chains (123.8 km) from London Waterloo.

## Services

South Western Railway operate all off-peak services at Hedge End using Class 444 and 450 EMUs.
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
* 1 tph to London Waterloo via Basingstoke
* 1 tph to Portsmouth Harbour
During the weekday peak hours, the service is increased to 2 tph.
The station is also served by a single Great Western Railway service from Cardiff Central to Portsmouth Harbour on weekdays only. This service is operated using Class 165 and 166 DMUs.
| Preceding station | National Rail | National Rail | National Rail | Following station |
| Eastleigh | | South Western Railway Eastleigh–Fareham line | | Botley |
| Eastleigh | | Great Western RailwayEastleigh–Fareham lineLimited Service | | Botley |
# Tore Stenshagen

Tore Stenshagen (born 11 December 1965) is a retired Norwegian football goalkeeper.
Hailing from Tveita, he played youth football for Vålerenga IF and was selected for Norway's youth national team. In 1984 he was drafted into the senior team. In 1985 he went on to Kjelsås IL. Afterwards he played for Lørenskog IF.
In 1992 he joined SFK Lyn, but was scarcely used on the first team and was loaned out to Bærum SK in 1993. With Lyn he experienced two spells in the Eliteserien and two in the 1. divisjon, suffering two relegations (1993, 1997) and winning one promotion (1996). He was mostly their first-choice goalkeeper from 1996 through 1998, but is remembered for a loss against Brann in 1997 when he asked to be substituted off. After the 1998 season he was poised to join Skeid, but the board of directors overturned the coaches' decision to sign him, and he instead returned to Kjelsås. He retired after one season.
Ahead of the 2009 season Stenshagen became head coach of fifth-tier team Kragerø IF, where he also played for several seasons and scored a number of goals. He did not continue coaching in 2010, but returned in the latter half of 2011. He also coached the junior team.
Stenshagen worked for many years as a prison guard in Oslo Prison, and eventually started in Skien Prison, being directly involved with their infamous prisoner Anders Behring Breivik.
# Gossip (Lil Wayne song)

"Gossip" is the first single from Lil Wayne's EP The Leak. The single was released December 18, 2007 to the iTunes Store. The song contains samples of "Stop! in the Name of Love" as performed by Margie Joseph.

## Music video

Whilst performing the song in concert at the House of Blues in San Diego, California, American music video director and editor Matt Alonzo filmed Wayne's performance and later edited it for release. The video was uploaded on February 1, 2008, through Alonzo's YouTube account.

## Charts

| Chart (2007–2008) | Peak position |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard) | 14 |
| US Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles (Billboard) | 9 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label | Ref. |
| United States | November 13, 2007 | Rhythmic contemporary radio | Universal Motown | |
# Phani Bhoushon Choudhury

Phani Bhushan Chowdhury was a Bangladeshi police officer, chief of the Criminal Investigation Department, and member of the Bangladesh Public Service Commission. He was a secretary of the government of Bangladesh.

## Early life

Chowdhury was born on 11 November 1954 in Chhatak Upazila, Sunamganj District. He graduated from the University of Chittagong in 1975 with a bachelor's in physics. He completed a law degree in 1984 from the University of Dhaka.

## Career

Chowdhury joined the Bangladesh Civil Service in 1981 and joined the Bangladesh Police as a cadet in 1982. In 1988, he was appointed an assistant superintendent of Bangladesh police.
Chowdhury was the special superintendent of the Criminal Investigation Department in 2001. During the Bangladesh Nationalist Party rule from 2001 to 2006, he was denied promotion multiple times. The Bangladesh Nationalist Party government didn't promote and provide good postings to Hindu officers like Chowdhury, and officers from Faridpur District and Gopalganj District as they were perceived as being loyal to the opposition Awami League. Phani was promoted to deputy inspector general and posted to the Police Training Centre, Khulna.
In 2007, Chowdhury was the chief of the Criminal Investigation Department. He led the Criminal Investigation Department's investigation of the 2004 Dhaka grenade attack and found involvement of Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh.
In 2010, Chowdhury joined the Ministry of Home Affairs as the police coordinator. The government considered appointing coordinator of the investigative team of the International Crimes Tribunal.
Chowdhury was made the secretary of the Ministry of Textiles and Jute in 2013. He retired on 10 November 2014. He joined the Bangladesh Public Service Commission on 24 November 2014.

## Death

Chowdhury died on 26 March 2016 at the Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh from cancer.
# Nizhnedolgovsky

Nizhnedolgovsky (Russian: Нижнедолговский) is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Nizhnedolgovskoye Rural Settlement, Nekhayevsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 530 as of 2010. There are 13 streets.

## Geography

Nizhnedolgovsky is located on the bank of the Tishanka River, on Kalach Upland, 22 km northwest of Nekhayevskaya (the district's administrative centre) by road. Fedosovsky is the nearest rural locality.
# Ulf Moen

Ulf Moen (born 6 April 1958) is a Norwegian footballer. He played in four matches for the Norway national football team from 1984 to 1985.
# Bernard Adams

Bernard Adams (1566 – 1626) was an Anglican bishop in Ireland during the first half of the 17th century.
Adams was born in Middlesex, and was educated at Trinity College, Oxford, being made scholar in 1583 and fellow in 1588. He was consecrated Bishop of Limerick in 1604. He also held the Bishopric of Kilfenora in commendam from 1606 until 1617. He died on 22 March 1626, and was buried in St Mary's Cathedral, Limerick, which he had done much to improve and beautify; he gave the Cathedral its first organ in 1624. As a man he was praised as being liberal and pious. He seems to have been on friendly terms with the poet Anne Southwell, another English native who had settled in Ireland; her poem "Letter to Doctor Adam" is addressed to him.