OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Austroparmeliella

Austroparmeliella is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. It consists of five species, all of which are found in the Southern Hemisphere.

## Taxonomy

Austroparmeliella was first proposed by the Norwegian lichenologist Per Magnus Jørgensen in 2004 as a section of the genus Parmeliella. He promoted it to generic status in 2014 as part of a larger molecular phylogenetics analysis of the family Pannariaceae.

## Description

Genus Austroparmeliella consists of lichens that form a distinctive lace-like crust on the surfaces they inhabit. The thallus is typically bluish-grey in colour and is made up of small, leaf-like structures called squamules. These squamules are usually deeply lobed and measure 2–3 mm in width, with a thickness of up to 75 μm. The upper surface of the thallus is covered by a thin, cellular layer called the cortex, which is 10–15 μm thick. Beneath this layer lies the medulla, a loosely packed region of interwoven fungal filaments (hyphae) that contain clusters of Nostoc—a type of cyanobacteria that forms a symbiotic relationship with the fungus. The lower surface of the thallus may have a single layer of cells forming a cortex, but in some areas, this layer may be absent.
The reproductive structures of Austroparmeliella, the apothecia, are commonly found on the thallus and often occur in clusters. Each apothecium is about 1 mm in diameter and becomes convex as it matures. The apothecia have a red-brown disc at the centre, surrounded by a pale rim. The outer edge of the apothecium, known as the exciple, is made of tightly packed fungal cells (paraplectenchymatous) and is 30–50 μm wide.
Inside the apothecium, the subhymenium—a layer of intricately interwoven hyphae—is colourless and flat, measuring 100–150 μm thick. The hymenium, where the spores are produced, is also 100–150 μm high and stains deep blue when treated with iodine (I+). The spore-producing cells, called asci, are cylindrical and contain eight spores each. The ascospores are colourless, broadly ellipsoid in shape, and have smooth walls. They are non-septate, meaning they lack internal partitions. No pycnidia, which are structures for asexual reproduction, have been observed to occur in Austroparmeliella. Additionally, the genus does not produce any of the typical lichen substances commonly found in other lichens.

## Species

As of August 2024, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept five species of Austroparmeliella:
* Austroparmeliella chilensis (Hue) P.M.Jørg. (2014) – type: Chile
* Austroparmeliella elongata (Henssen) P.M.Jørg. (2014) – type: Argentina
* Austroparmeliella lacerata (P.M.Jørg.) P.M.Jørg. (2014) – type: Republic of South Africa
* Austroparmeliella rakiurae (P.M.Jørg. & D.J.Galloway) P.M.Jørg. (2014) – type: New Zealand
* Austroparmeliella rosettiformis (Henssen) P.M.Jørg. (2014) – type: Chile
# Revival Vintage Bottle Shop

Revival Vintage Bottle is a resale store and tasting bar in Covington, Kentucky, stocking vintage bottles of liquor and some new liquors. It is a stop on the Kentucky Bourbon Trail.

## Background

Vintage spirits, known to collectors as dusties, are illegal for commercial sale in almost all US states. Vintage spirits are legal for sale under Kentucky's 2018 Vintage Spirits law, known as House Bill 100. As of 2022, the law was unique to Kentucky among US states.
Because Kentucky distillers historically included bourbon in employee compensation packages and Kentucky is part of the Bible Belt, an area of the United States where the temperance movement retains some adherents, it is not uncommon for some households to have unopened bottles dating back decades. According to the Kentucky Distillers Association, they receive "regular calls from state residents asking what they can do with unopened bourbon cases they discovered while cleaning out a relative’s attic or basement". Unlike wine, liquor stored in unopened bottles remains essentially unchanged from the date of bottling because of its much higher alcohol content and near total lack of yeast following distillation.

## History

The shop opened on 8th Street in Covington in 2020. In 2022, the shop opened a second location, also in Covington. In 2024, it relocated the original shop to Madison Avenue in Covington.

## Business model

The shop sources bottles of various liquors from estate sales and other private sellers; some vintages date from pre-prohibition. As of 2023, it had over 4,000 bottles. It collects and sells bottles of bourbon, scotch, brandy, tequila, rum, and gin and offers tastings. The shop opens a bottle daily to offer tastings.
Because the liquor remains essentially unchanged, it allows drinkers to experience older versions and compare them to newer versions of the same liquor, the recipes for which and techniques used to produce may have changed over time, or to taste cocktails made from liquors available when the recipe was developed.

## Reception

Tasting Table said, "If northern Kentucky is basically the Disney World of bourbon, then Revival Vintage Bottle Shop is its marquee attraction." In 2021 it was named one of the country's best bourbon bars by The Bourbon Review. In 2023 it was added as a stop on the Kentucky Bourbon Trail. In 2024 the Cincinnati Enquirer called it a "bourbon mecca".
# Terry Spinks

Terence George Spinks MBE (28 February 1938 – 26 April 2012) was an English boxer, who won the gold medal in the flyweight division (– 51 kg) at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. In the final he defeated Mircea Dobrescu of Romania on points. He was also British featherweight champion from 1960 to 1961.

## Amateur career

Spinks had 200 amateur fights, and was the 1956 ABA flyweight champion.

### 1956 Olympic results

* Round of 32: Defeated Samuel Harris (Pakistan) on points
* Round of 16: Defeated Abel Laudonio (Argentina) on points
* Quarterfinal: Defeated Vladimir Stolnikov (Soviet Union) on points
* Semifinal: Defeated René Libeer (France) on points
* Final: Defeated Mircea Dobrescu (Romania) on points (won gold medal)

## Pro career

Spinks had 49 professional bouts of which he won 41.
He had his first professional bout in April 1957, against Jim Loughrey, at Harringay Arena, winning on a stoppage for a cut eye.
In September 1960, Spinks fought for the British featherweight title, against the holder Bobby Neill. The fight was at the Royal Albert Hall, and Spinks won the title when the fight was stopped in the seventh due to cuts suffered by Neil. In November 1960, the two men had a re-match at the Empire Pool, Wembley. Spinks retained his new title by knocking Neill down three times in the fourteenth, with him finally being counted out. In May 1961, Spinks defended his title for the second time, against the Welshman, Howard Winstone. The fight was at the Empire Pool, and Winstone won by a technical knockout in the tenth round.
After losing his title, Spinks continued fighting, but never challenged for a title again. He had his last fight in December 1962 against Johnny Mantle, winning by a technical knockout in the eighth. After his boxing career ended Spinks became a trainer, coaching the South Korean team at the 1972 Olympics in Munich. He witnessed the Black September terrorists approaching the Israeli quarters before the Munich massacre and raised the alarm.

## After boxing

After his boxing career ended, Spinks life took a turn for the worse. He became seriously ill, became a heavy drinker and, in his own words, was living "like a tramp". He was taken in by his cousin in Chadwell Heath where he lived for 19 years until his death.

## Honours

He was awarded the MBE in the 2002 New Years Honours List.

## Death

Spinks died at his home in Essex on 26 April 2012, after a long illness. More than 200 ex-boxers, including Bobby Neill and several more of Terry's former opponents, attended his funeral at East London Cemetery. Author and sports historian Norman Giller, his long-time friend, said in the eulogy: "Terry hung up his gloves in 1962 but we have never hung up our memories of one of the most accomplished fighters to come out of the East End boxing factory."
# Cliffs Erie Railroad

The Cliffs Erie Railroad (reporting mark LTVX) was a railroad that operated from Hoyt Lakes to Taconite Harbor, Minnesota. The railroad opened in 1956 by Erie Mining Company to transport taconite from Hoyt Lakes to Taconite Harbor. In 1989, LTV Steel purchased Erie Mining and the railroad was renamed LTV Mining Railroad. The railroad closed in early 2001 when the LTV company ended the operations of the harbor. In 2002 Cleveland Cliffs bought the plant, and again renamed the railroad The Cliffs Erie Railroad (combining the names Erie Mining and Cleveland Cliffs).
In 2004 Cliffs Erie hired a contractor to claim leftover chips and pellets from the mine due to the high iron prices. At that time, the only locomotives still owned by the railroad was a EMD F9A and three EMD F9B units purchased originally by Cliffs Erie over fifty years earlier. For the final freight runs, these locomotives, together with EMD F9 number 4211 that had been donated to Lake Superior Railroad Museum in 2002, were used to form up a A-B-B-B-A consist, rarely seen since the end of the B-unit era. The cleanup trains ran until 2008 when the last train ran. In 2014, the F9s were sold off. The three B units, numbers 4223, 4224, and 4225, were scrapped, while 4210 has been stored intact at Hoyt Lakes.
The railroad is now sitting, unlikely to ever see activity again.
Two former Erie Mining Company ALCO RS-11 locomotives #7201 and #7202, ex-301 and #302 respectively, are located near Newport, NJ among other retired rolling stock on a private railroad siding.

## Features

The railroad was the last to use F9 units in revenue service in the United States, until Indiana Boxcar Corporation purchased two F9s for use on the Vermilion Valley Railroad in western Indiana/eastern Illinois. It also had some of the last few Griswold rotating signals in full operation (now removed). It also featured a 100-foot-long trestle and the Cramer Tunnel.

## External link

Video on YouTube
# Kalat Khanate's War Against Hotak-Kalhora Alliance

Kalat Khanate's War Against Hotak-Kalhora Alliance (Pashto:د کلات خانې د هوتک-کلهور اتحاد پر ضد جګړه) (Sindhi: هوٽڪ ڪلهوڙي اتحاد خلاف قلات خانات جي جنگ) took place between Khanate of Kalat and the allied forces of Hotak and Kalhora dynasties, over the contested territories of Kandahar, Quetta and Kachhi after Kalat attack against Hotak Dynasty.

## Background

Mir Abdullah Khan Ahmadzai's confrontation with the Hotak rulers of Kandahar was a pivotal event during his reign. Following the Makran campaigns in 1724, the Khanate forces, led by Mir Feroz Raisani, successfully occupied Pishin, causing the Hotak governor to flee to Kandahar. Another force, commanded by Mir Sultan Shahwani, took control of Shorawak, incorporating it into the Khanate.
Emboldened by these victories, Mir Abdullah Khan Ahmadzai assembled a new force, led by Mullah Issa Raisani, to expand the Khanate's territory north of Pishin. This move was strategically instigated by Nader Shah Afshar, who aimed to distract the Hotaks in Kandahar and prevent them from forming an alliance with the Abdalis of Herat.

## Course of War

The Battle of Chaman was a pivotal conflict between the Kalat forces and the Hotak Army, led by Shah Hussain Hotak, the ruler of Kandahar. The Hotak Army's victory was decisive, with the Kalat forces suffering heavy losses, including the death of their commander, Mullah Issa Raisani.
The defeat was shocking, and the Khanate forces regrouped to launch a revenge attack on Kandahar in 1725. However, the Kandahar Army was defeated in the Battle of Spin Boldak, and Shah Hussain fled to the safety of Kandahar Fort.
The conflict escalated, with the Kalhora rulers in Sindh and the Hotak rulers in Kandahar forming an alliance to limit the Khanate's expansion. The allies launched a pincer attack on the Khanate forces, leading to the Siege of Kotra and the Battle of Pishin.
The conflict ultimately ended with the withdrawal of the Kalhora forces from Quetta valley in December 1725, setting the stage for a showdown between the Kalat and Hotak forces in Shal. However, the Kandahar Army unexpectedly withdrew from Quetta valley in January 1726, possibly due to the threat of the Afsharids ending Siege of Quetta.

## Aftermath

Mir Abdullah Khan Ahmadzai launched a campaign to drive the Kalhoras out of Kachhi in 1731. However, he was killed in the ensuing Battle of Kachhi, which he had initiated to assert the Khanate of Kalat's dominance in the region.
# Mondays at Racine

Mondays at Racine is a 2012 short documentary film directed by Cynthia Wade, about two sisters who open their Long Island hair salon to women diagnosed with cancer, every third Monday of the month. The film was nominated for the 2013 Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject).
After being nominated for an Academy Award, the film was released along with all the other 15 Oscar-nominated short films in theaters by ShortsHD.
# Andreas Morisbak

Andreas Morisbak (born 19 May 1940) is a Norwegian former football player and manager. A defender and midfielder, he notable played for FK Lyn in the 1960s. He is the father of the footballer Sven Morisbak

## Career

Morisbak was born in Vefsn Municipality, and moved with his family to Børsa Municipality as a young child. He played for the clubs Børsa and Orkanger IF, before moving to Oslo where he played for FK Lyn from 1960 to 1971. He played 221 matches and scored five goals for Lyn. He captained the team that won the Double in 1968.
Morisbak was capped three times for Norway national team in 1968 and 1969.
He was the head coach of Lyn from 1972 to 1974 and had a short spell as head coach at Viking FK in 1983. From 1987 to 1988, when Tord Grip was manager of the Norway national football team, Morisbak was appointed assistant manager.
He has a degree from the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, and has been employed by the Football Association of Norway, managing the national youth teams, as well as being in overall charge of youth development from 1975 to 2006.

## Honours
### As player

FK Lyn
* Norwegian First Division: 1964, 1968; runner-up 1963, 1965
* Norwegian Football Cup: 1967, 1968; runner-up 1966, 1970
# Ian Taylor (field hockey)

Ian Charles Boucher Taylor (born 24 September 1954) is a former England field hockey goalkeeper. He is also the chief executive of SkillsActive, and also became CEO of London Irish Holdings, improving the on and off field activities of the Rugby Club.
He was a member of the gold winning Great Britain squad in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, during which he was a teacher at Bromsgrove School. Four years earlier he won Bronze at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. He also won silver with the England squad at the 1986 Hockey World Cup. In the European Cup with the England squad he won silver in 1987 and bronze in 1978.
Taylor has held a number of honorary roles within sports administration including Minister's nominee on the Sports Council (with a UK remit), director of the GB ice hockey Board and a director of the British Olympic Association. He was also a commentator for BBC Sport between 1988 and 1996. He was previously the chief executive for sportscotland, following the departure of Ian Robson in July 2004. He was also the short lived CEO of the Greyhound Board of Great Britain but resigned over a policy introduced under his tenure that saw the pooling of samples.
Taylor was born in Bromsgrove, England, and was a student at Borough Road College, Isleworth, London. He returned to the college on several occasions to lecture and coach hockey. He has played club hockey for East Grinstead Hockey Club.
# Sostratus of Sicyon

Sostratus of Sicyon (Ancient Greek: Σώστρατος, Sostratos) was an Olympic athlete and pankratiast from Sicyon in Ancient Greece, known for his style of fighting, bending or breaking his opponents fingers. He won the pankration crown at three successive Olympiads in 364, 360 and 356 BC. Further, he won 12 such victories at the Isthmian and Nemean Games combined, and two more at the Pythian Games in Delphi. According to the extant records, his feat of three Olympic victories in the pankration was equaled by only three others and surpassed by no-one in the over 1000-year history of the ancient Olympic Games.
The Canadian comedy series History Bites includes a 2002 episode titled "Five Ring Circus" (set in 350 BC) featuring Sostratos (portrayed by Sam Kalilieh) being interviewed by "David Lettermos" (Ron Pardo) about his Olympic victories.
# Serpentine River (New Zealand)

The Serpentine River is a minor river on the north western flanks of the Richmond Range in the South Island of New Zealand.
It passes through a plantation forest near the town of Richmond before joining the Roding River, eventually emptying into Tasman Bay.
# Date Hidemune

Date Hidemune (伊達 秀宗, DAH-tay; November 11, 1591 – July 8, 1658) was a Japanese daimyō of the early Edo period. He was the eldest son of Date Masamune, born in 1591 by Shinzo no Kata (a concubine). Coming of age while living with Toyotomi Hideyoshi, he received a character from Hideyoshi's name and took the adult name of Hidemune. Hideyoshi also granted him the court rank of junior 5th, lower grade (従五位下, ju go-i no ge) and the title of ji-jū, appointing the young Hidemune as a page to his own son Toyotomi Hideyori. After Hideyoshi's death in 1600, he was made a hostage at the residence of Ukita Hideie.
Though he was Masamune's eldest son, Hidemune was born by a concubine, and therefore could not be the successor to the Sendai Domain, which his father ruled. Masamune therefore considered the possibility of having Hidemune start a branch family. This was made possible in 1614, when father and son took part in the Osaka Campaign: Hidemune received the 100,000 koku Uwajima Domain which Tokugawa Ieyasu granted to Masamune. Hidemune immediately entered his new fief as daimyō, and ruled until his retirement in Meireki 3 (1657).
# Dick Proctor

Dick Proctor (born February 12, 1941, in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian political activist, former New Democratic Party (NDP) Member of Parliament, and a former journalist.

## Career
### Politics

Proctor has been active with the NDP in a number of capacities since the 1970s. In the early part of that decade, he was communications director for Ontario NDP leader Stephen Lewis. He was cabinet press secretary to then-Premier of Saskatchewan Allan Blakeney during the 1978 and 1982 provincial election campaigns. He was executive assistant to federal NDP leader Ed Broadbent in the intervening period.
In the mid-1980s, Proctor worked as the research director for the National Union of Provincial Government Employees and then as the project coordinator of the Canadian Labour Congress in Latin America. He returned to the NDP in 1989 to serve as the party's federal secretary. He then served as provincial secretary for the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party from 1993 to 1996.

### Sports writer

He also worked as a journalist for the Edmonton Journal and Toronto Telegram in the 1960s and 1970s, and as sportswriter for The Globe and Mail in the 1970s. Moonlighting for The Hockey News under the pseudonym "Mike Gamble", he wrote a profile of 16-year-old junior hockey player Wayne Gretzky, and may have been the first person to use the phrase "The Great Gretzky".

## Tenure in Parliament

Proctor entered electoral politics when he won a seat in the 1997 federal election representing the Saskatchewan riding of Palliser. He was re-elected in the 2000 election and served as NDP caucus chair from 2000 until he lost his seat in the 2004 federal election by 124 votes. From 2004 to 2005, he served as chief of staff to NDP leader Jack Layton. He retired to Victoria, British Columbia, in 2005.
As an MP, Proctor forced the resignation of Solicitor-General Andy Scott in 1998 when, on a flight from Ottawa to Saint John, New Brunswick, he overheard an indiscreet conversation between Scott and a political ally discussing the inquiry into the Royal Canadian Mounted Police's handling of protesters at the Vancouver Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation meeting. According to Proctor, Scott predicted the outcome of the inquiry thus creating the impression that the judicial inquiry's findings had been predetermined.

## Retirement

Proctor returned from retirement in October 2008 to act as Interim Federal Secretary for the NDP federal office. The vacancy he is filling was left by Éric Hébert-Daly, who resigned immediately following the 2008 campaign.
# John Rice (alderman)

John Rice (c. 1968 – May 30, 2015) was an American politician. He was alderman of the City of Chicago, representing the 36th ward on the city's far northwest side, from 2009 to 2011.

## Political career

Rice was a member of the 36th Ward Regular Democratic Organization, one of Alderman William Banks' (36th) political action committees.

## Career in government

Rice worked for the Cook County Highway Department from 1991 to 1997. Rice had worked for the City of Chicago since October 1, 1997. Rice worked as a city zoning inspector from 1997 to 2005. Rice was a long-time employee of the Chicago City Council with a title of "Assistant to the Alderman," working as a driver to Banks.

## Appointment to City Council

In late April, 2009, Banks announced his intention to retire from City Council. Banks asked Mayor Richard M. Daley to appoint Rice as his replacement.

### Rice organizes retirement party for Banks

While Rice was under consideration by Daley for appointment as alderman, Rice organized a $200-a-ticket retirement party for Banks at a Rosemont restaurant. Rice sent out invitations instructing those purchasing tickets to "make checks payable to William J. P. Banks (Memo -- Retirement Party)" and mail the checks to Rice's house. Days after a report in the Chicago Tribune, the party was cancelled.

### Appointment, confirmation, and swearing-in

Daley announced the appointment of Rice, then 41, as the new 36th Ward alderman on Tuesday, October 6, 2009. The City Council unanimously approved the appointment the next day, Wednesday, October 7, 2009, and Daley swore in Rice. The appointment of Rice drew criticism from some in the local media. After Rice took office, he voted consistently in support of Mayor Daley's positions.
On April 5, 2011, Chicago firefighter Nick Sposato defeated Rice with 56% of the vote, 5,629 to 4,378. "It's a sad day for the people of the 36th Ward, because the people have no idea what they just did to themselves," Rice said.

## Post-aldermanic career

On November 21, 2011, Rice applied for and, on the same day, started a newly created, $84,420-a-year position as a deputy director of traffic safety with the Illinois Department of Transportation in the James R. Thompson Center across the street from Chicago City Hall. The opening was never posted.
Rice died at his home in River Grove on May 30, 2015.
# Anartia chrysopelea

Anartia chrysopelea, the Cuban peacock or Caribbean peacock, is a species of butterfly generally only found in Cuba, although stray specimens have been encountered in Monroe County, Florida.
# Maria Theresia Isabella von Blumenthal

Maria Theresia Isabella von Blumenthal (1712 in Namur – 1782 in Berlin), was a German court official.
She was the lady-in-waiting to Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Kassel. She became known as a philanthropist in contemporary Prussia.