OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Boris Kuznetsov (lawyer)

Boris Avramovich Kuznetsov (Кузнецов, Борис Аврамович, born 1944) is a prominent Russian lawyer who has acted in many notable criminal and human rights cases, and who has been persecuted by the Russian authorities. He left Russia in 2007 and in February 2008 was granted asylum in the US. His absence caused the case against him to be suspended in April. It was restarted in July, before again being abandoned in May 2009. He has sought redress against the Russian authorities in the European Court of Human Rights.

## Biography

Kuznetsov represented the families of the 118 sailors killed in the Kursk nuclear submarine; relatives of murdered journalist Anna Politkovskaya; the scientist Igor Sutyagin, who was jailed on espionage charges; NGO director Manana Aslamazyan; and many others. In 1990 Kuznetsov also represented KGB General Oleg Kalugin in his lawsuit against USSR president Mikhail Gorbachev, who had stripped Kalugin of awards and the rank of general for exposing of KGB operations.
In the course of defending his client, Federation Council member Levon Chakhmakhchyan, he submitted a document to the Russian Constitutional Court about the Russian Federal Security Service's illegal wiretaps of Chakhmakhchyan's phone conversations. Based on that, Kuznetsov was prosecuted for allegedly revealing state top secrets. The criminal case against Kuznetsov was initiated on the personal request of Federal Security Service director Nikolai Patrushev.
Kuznetsov responded: "I was simply carrying out my duty.... I found documents that talked about wiretapping not just a common citizen, but a member of the Federation Council. I did as much as I could to make sure that fact was exposed and proven. And it was precisely that memorandum, marked 'secret,' that contained evidence that [security services] knew who they were eavesdropping on. And I sent it not to [Israel's] Mossad [intelligence agency] or the CIA, but to the Constitutional Court."
According to Kuznetsov, he was wrongly accused for angering the FSB: "I think there was an element of revenge in this for the book I published two years ago, but most probably it was done to exclude me from several cases, such as the case of [Educated Media Foundation chief] Manana Aslamazyan," Kuznetsov said. "I also represent the interests of [Anna] Politkovskaya's family; I don't rule out that it had to do with the case of Vladimir Khutsishvili, accused of killing [former Rosbiznesbank chief] Ivan Kivelidi, because it's perfectly plain that security services were involved in those cases in one way or another."
Yulia Latynina criticized Kuznetsov for defending criminals. She also stated that his former client, scientist Igor Sutyagin, could have passed information to a front company of a spy agency without knowing the final recipient. Kuznetsov replied that Sutyagin had not passed secrets and that Latynina had denigrated those who opposed abuses by the Russian secret service FSB.

## Books

Kuznetsov has published a book about the sinking of the Russian nuclear submarine Kursk, alleging that the Russian authorities covered up the facts of the disaster, and is the author of six other books.
# Kiransinh Chauhan

Kiransinh Chauhan (b. 7 October 1974) is a Gujarati poet and scriptwriter from Gujarat, India.
His works include Smaranotsav (Festival of Memories, 2004) and Mijaj (The Temper, 2008). He was awarded the Shayda Award in 2005.

## Early life

Chauhan was born in Surat, Gujarat to Hirabhai and Revabahen. After completing his primary education at Variyav Primary School, he completed his secondary and higher secondary education at Lokmanya Vidyalaya, Rander. He completed B. A. in 1997 from J. Z. Shah Arts and H. P. Desai Commerce College, Amroli and M. A. from M. T. B. Arts College, Surat with Gujarati literature as one of his subjects. He earned B. P. Ed. in 2002 from Sharirik Prashikshan Mahavidyalay, Tumsar, Maharashtra. In 2005, he completed his B. Ed. from the College of Education.

## Career

Chauhan started writing poetry in 1988, venturing into metrical form in 1990. In the same year, his poem, "Hu Moto Thai Gayo" appeared in Navnirman periodical, published in Surat. His poetry was published in other Gujarati literary magazines including Shabdasrishti, Gazalvishwa, Dhabak, Kavita, Kumar, Kavilok and Navneet Samarpan. He worked as a journalist for five years and as a teacher for seven years. He joined Navgujarat Times in 1997 as a journalist. In 1999, he joined Pratinidhi Patra and then Channel Surat in 2001. From 2002 to 2006, he taught Gujarati and Sanskrit languages at Jivanbharati Vidyalaya, Surat. In 2006, he joined P. R. Khatiwala Vidyasankul, Surat. He served as a lecturer at the Valmiki Adhyapan Mandir P. T. C. College, Surat for a year. He is working as a scriptwriter and an anchor. He is also running his own book publishing house Sanidhya Prakashan since 2010.

## Works

His first ghazal anthology, Smaranotsav (Festival of Memories) was published in 2004, followed by Mijaj (The Temper) published in 2008. Fanfa Na Maar (2005) is a collection of Hazal, a humorous styled ghazal, written by him. He has penned lyrics for Gujarati film Chaar (2011) and also wrote dialogues for Gujarati film Aapane To Dhirubhai. He has appeared in several television shows including Doordarshan and on Akashvani.

### Compilations

* Matlanagar (collection of selected Gujarati matla, first two lines of a ghazal)
* Urmisabhar Achhandas Kavyo (collection of free verse)
* Marmbhari Matuki (collection of parables)
* Mahesh Davadkarni Manmohak Ghazalo (selected ghazal poems by Mahesh Davadkar)

## Recognition

He was awarded the Shayda Award (2005) by Indian National Theater, Mumbai. He is also a recipient of Shreshth Yuva Sahityakar Puraskar (Best Young Author Prize) in 2007 by Rashtriya Kala Kendra, Surat.

## Personal life

Chauhan married Smita on 18 February 2003 and they have two sons, Pallav and Namra.
# Bill Reilich

William D. Reilich (born March 17, 1957) is an American politician best known for having served as a New York State Assemblyman. He serves as Supervisor of the Town of Greece. Most recently re-elected in a landslide receiving over 67% of the vote. This is Reilich's 13th election.
Reilich is a businessman who founded Upstate Alarm systems, Upstate Patrol, Upstate Telecommunications answering service and Corporate Limo company in 1975 at age 18 which he eventually sold before entering politics full time. He now owns Rochester Auto Design.

## Early career

Reilich began his political career by serving on the Greece, New York zoning and environment boards, eventually becoming the GOP chair for the Town of Greece. In the early 1990s, he considered running for the Monroe County, New York legislature, but his campaign failed to materialize when redistricting required by the 1990 census left him without a seat for which to run. In 1997 he was picked by the Republican members of the county legislature, to succeed John T. Auberger who resigned to become Greece town supervisor.
While in the legislature, Reilich served on the Planning and Economic Development Committee and rose to become the chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. He also served on the board of the County of Monroe Industrial Development Agency (COMIDA).
Reilich successfully defended his county legislative seat in 1999 and ran unopposed in 2001.

## New York State Assembly

He was elected to the New York State Assembly in 2002 and served six terms.
In July 2008 he was elected to Chairman of the Monroe County GOP and served for eleven years, the second longest Chair in County history. During that time he also was elected to Vice Chair of the New York State GOP. As Monroe County Chair, he was regarded as the most successful chair presiding over 1,000 races with a 93.5% win record in a county that has a Democrat enrolment advantage. At one point had 19 county legislative seats out of 29, and held 3 of the four County wide elected offices.

## Greece Town Supervisor

In November 2013, Reilich was elected to serve as the Supervisor for the Town of Greece.
In Town of Greece v. Galloway, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the practice of opening town meetings with a prayer—a practice Reilich continued from his predecessor.
In 2019, the International Joint Commission (IJC) announced that it had appointed Reilich to the International Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Board.
# Scientific communication

Scientific communication is a part of information science and the sociology of science which study researchers' use of formal and informal information channels, their communicative roles (e.g., "gatekeepers"), the utilization of the formal publication system and similar issues.

## Literature

* Björk, B.C. (2005). A lifecycle model of the scientific communication process. LEARNED PUBLISHING, 18(3), 165–176.
* Fjordback Søndergaard, Trine; Andersen, Jack & Hjørland, Birger (2003). Documents and the communication of scientific and scholarly information. Revising and updating the UNISIST model.
* Hurd, J. M. (2000). The transformation of scientific communication: A model for 2020. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 51(14), 1279–1283.
* Kling, R. & McKim, G. (2000). Not just a matter of time: Field differences and the shaping of electronic media in supporting scientific communication. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE, 51(14), 1306–1320.
* Nelson, C. E. & Pollock, D. K. (Eds.). (1970). Communication Among Scientists and Engineers. Lexington, Massachusetts: Health Lexington Books.
* Meadows, A. J. (1974). Communication in Science. London: Butterworths.
* Meadows, A. J. (1998). Communicating Research. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
* Mogull, S. A. (2017). Scientific and Medical Communication: A Guide for Effective Practice. New York: Routledge.
* Vickery, B. (2000). Scientific Communication in History. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
* Wojick, D. E.; Warnick, W. L.; Carroll, B. C. & Crowe, J. (2006). The Digital Road to Scientific Knowledge Diffusion. A Faster, Better Way to Scientific Progress?
# Nymphaea sulphurea

Nymphaea sulphurea is a species of waterlily native to Angola, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## Description
### Vegetative characteristics

Nymphaea sulphurea has stout, cone-shaped rhizomes. The suborbicular to broadly ovate, petiolate, 4.5-5.5 cm long leaves have an entire margin. The petioles are 38–46 cm long.

### Generative characteristics

The flowers are 4.5–7 cm wide. The lanceolate sepals with acute apex are 2–3 cm long, and 1.5–1 cm wide. The dark sulphur yellow petals are 2.8–2 cm long, and 1.2-0.7 cm wide. The androecium consists of 40-50 stamens with bright yellow anthers. The gynoecium consists of 12-14 carpels.

## Taxonomy
### Publication

It was first described by Ernest Friedrich Gilg in 1903.

### Type specimen

The type specimen was collected by Hugo Baum in Minnesera on 17 January 1900.

## Etymology

The specific epithet sulphurea, from the Latin sulphureus, means yellow, and refers to the floral colouration.

## Conservation

The IUCN conservation status is Data Deficient (DD).

## Ecology
### Habitat

Nymphaea sulphurea occurs in rivers, lakes, pools, and in deep waters.
# Roundtown Mercedes of Maryscot

GCH Roundtown Mercedes of Maryscot (2 April 2005 - 13 August 2014), also known as Sadie, was a Scottish terrier from Mackinac Island in the U.S. state of Michigan.

## Biography

Sadie was named the 2010 Best in Show winner at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. This made her the first Triple Crown winner; she also won the National Dog Show in November 2009 and the AKC National Championship in December 2009.
Sadie's owners were Amelia and Dan Musser, and her handlers were Gabriel and Ivonne Rangel. Sadie's father and littermates were all named after cars.
Sadie died on 13 August 2014, at the home of her handlers in Rialto, California, following complications from surgery.
# Humayd ibn Qahtaba

Humayd ibn Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i (Arabic: حميد بن قحطبة) was a senior military leader in the early Abbasid Caliphate.

## Biography

Humayd was the son of Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i, who along with Abu Muslim led the Abbasid Revolution that toppled the Umayyad Caliphate. Along with his brother Hasan, Humayd was active in the Abbasid cause in Khurasan during the years before the Revolution, serving as a deputy naqib.
After the Revolution, Humayd attached himself to the governor of Syria, Abdallah ibn Ali, and even joined him when he rebelled against the Caliph al-Mansur (r. 754–775) in 754. He soon regretted his decision, however, and escaped Abdallah's camp before his final defeat. Nevertheless, he was soon entrusted with governorships by Mansur, first in the Jazira (754/55), where he faced a determined Kharijite rebellion, and then in Egypt (759/61). In 762/63 he served under Isa ibn Musa in the suppression of the rebellion of Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya. Three years later, he was appointed to Armenia, and in 768, he was named governor of Khurasan, a post he kept until his death in 776. He was briefly succeeded by his son, Abdallah, who later played a prominent role in the civil war of the Fourth Fitna. As with most of the old Abbasid families, they lost power, although not their wealth, after the triumph of al-Ma'mun in the civil war.
# Gerhard Markson

Gerhard Markson is a German conductor. His most recent post was Principal Conductor of the RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra, but his term ended in May 2009.

## Biography

He studied at the Frankfurt Academy of Music. During the 1970s he participated regularly in Igor Markevitch's international conducting classes in Monte Carlo and studied with Franco Ferrara in Rome. Having worked as an opera and symphony conductor at the opera houses in Augsburg, Oldenburg and Freiburg, he became music director at Hagen Theatre from 1991 to 1998. During that time he was invited to such renowned opera houses as the Bavarian State Opera in Munich, Hamburg State Opera and the Norwegian State Opera in Oslo. He has worked with over 100 orchestras worldwide, including the St. Cecilia Orchestra in Rome, RAI Turino, Monte Carlo Philharmonic, Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, Norwegian Radio Symphony Orchestra, Swiss Radio Symphony Orchestra in Basel and the Polish Radio Symphony Orchestra in Katowice. Markson has appeared at such festivals as the Berlin Festival Weeks, Colorado Music Festival, the Hong Kong Festival and the Seoul Festival.

## RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra

In September 2001 Gerhard Markson took up the role of Principal Conductor of the Irish RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra. He has conducted many works including Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 8, Carl Orff's Carmina Burana. As well as Mozart's, Ludwig van Beethoven's and Strauss' most famous works. He has been the conductor for many Naxos recordings. In May 2009 Markson's term as Principal Conductor ended. He is set though, to return as a guest conductor.
# Yuvaraj Dhayalan

Yuvaraj Baiju Dhayalan is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in Tamil cinema.

## Career

Dhayalan hails from Chengalpattu. He joined as an assistant director to director M. Raja for his Tamil Santosh Subramaniam. He had also assisted Chimbu Deven in his film Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam.
Dhayalan made his directorial debut with the cricket comedy film Potta Potti (2012), starring Sadagoppan Ramesh. It received positive reviews.
In 2014, he directed the historical comedy Tenaliraman starring Vadivelu. Dhayalan collaborated with Vadivelu a second time for the 2015 film Eli, which released to negative reviews and was a box office bomb.
In 2023, he directed the romance film Irugapatru, which became a box office success.

## Filmography

Key :
| † | Denotes films that have not yet been released |
| Year | Film |
| 2011 | Potta Potti |
| 2014 | Tenaliraman |
| 2015 | Eli |
| 2023 | Irugapatru |
# Ibn Marzuq

Ibn Marzuq (full name: Shams al-Din Abu ʿAbd Allah Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-ʿAjisi al-Tilimsani, also known as al-Khatib (the Preacher) or al-Jadd (the Grandfather) or al-Rais (the Leader); c. 1310–1379) was a prominent the 14th century scholar from Tlemcen.

## Biography

He was born around 1310 in Tlemcen and travelled in his late teens to the orient, where he studied with a group of around 250 scholars for fifteen years. He returned to the Maghreb as a faqih, or expert in Islamic law. The Marinid sultan, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman, appointed Ibn Marzuq to the position of preacher at the al-ʿUbbad mosque in his native Tlemcen.
Ibn Marzuq subsequently became the sultan's advisor, teacher and secretary and was given an important diplomatic role, negotiating with rulers in Algeria and Spain, where he concluded a peace treaty with the King of Castile, Alphonse XI. On the death of Abu al-Hasan, he returned to Tlemcen, where he engaged in intrigue against the new Marinid sultan Abu Inan Faris, before fleeing to Spain, where he was offered the position of khatib (sermon-giver) at the great mosque al-Hamra in Granada.
He was recalled to Fez, where he held a high position until the disastrous failure of a diplomatic mission to Spain led to him being imprisoned for six years. Soon after his release in 1358, he moved to Tunis, where he was offered a high position by Abu Salim Ibrahim. He remained there until 1372, when he retired to Cairo for the last seven years of his life to serve as Grand Qadi.

## Works

Ibn Marzuq is known for his works of legal, religious and historical scholarship. Among his most notable is his 1371 hagiographical history of the Marinid sultan Abu al-Hasan. The book emphasizes Ibn Marzuq's own role in al-Hasan's reign; he evidently sought to burnish his own achievements for his self-aggrandizement. Titled The Correct and Fine Traditions About the Glorious Deeds of our Master Abu 'l-Hasan (Musnad as-sahid al-hasan fi maʿathir mawlana Abi 'l Hasan), the book discusses the qualities of the sultan, his court, and the works undertaken during his reign. A Spanish translation was published in 1977 by the Instituto Hispano-Arabe de Cultura, as El Musnad: Hechos memorables de Abu l-Hasan, sultan de los benimerines.
He also wrote a kitâb al-imâma, a definition of the Islamic caliphate and discussion of political and governmental principles, as well as an extremely voluminous fahrasa (list of teachers) which, unusually, includes a number of learned women.
His work Miftah al-Wusul was recently translated into English by Professor Mohammad S. Alrahawan and was published in 2020 by Peter Lang/ International Academic Publishers.
# Michael Tannousis

Michael Tannousis (born December 8, 1983) is an American attorney and politician who is a member of the New York State Assembly from the 64th district. He was elected in 2020 to a term which began on January 1, 2021.

## Early life and education

Tannousis was born and raised on Staten Island, the son of immigrants from Cyprus. Tannousis attended Monsignor Farrell High School, then earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Binghamton University and a Juris Doctor from the Pace University School of Law.

## Career

After law school, Tannousis worked as a prosecutor in Staten Island and The Bronx. He also served as a counselor to City Councilman Joe Borelli. After Nicole Malliotakis announced that she would not seek re-election to the New York State Assembly and instead run for the United States House of Representatives, Tannousis declared his candidacy to succeed her. Tannousis defeated Marko Kepi in the Republican primary and Democratic nominee Brandon Patterson in the November general election.
# Ishema Party

Ishema Party is a Rwandan political movement founded by Thomas Nahimana and other young Rwandan activists and scholars, including Nadine Claire Kasinge, Chaste Gahunde, and Venant Nkurunziza. They met in Paris and for three days exchanged on issues facing Rwanda and possible consequences. Ultimately, they started a political party.

## Vision

The vision set by the founders is "promoting Democracy through the truth, intrepidness and social justice". They advocated non-violence and peace, based on dialogue and consensus upon the constructive initiatives to be implemented in a manner evenly beneficial to all the citizens. Every Umutaripfana should stand for truth, intrepidity, and social justice.

## History

Ishema was founded in Paris, France on 28 January 2013.
On 8 February 2014 Ishema convened its first Congress and decided to go back home and realise their program as described in their document "Together to Modernise Rwanda". The Congress nominated Thomas Nahimana as its presidential candidate in the elections of 2017.
However, Ishema leaders were denied entry by the Government of Rwanda.
After consultation with other members of Rwanda opposition in exile, members of Civil Society, and others, they founded a Government of Rwanda in Exile on 20 February 2017. Nahimana became President and Abdullah Akishuri became Prime Minister along with 12 other Cabinet Ministers.
Members of Ishema are called Abataripfana ("Brave people who can never stop saying the truth no matter what").

## leprophète.fr

Nahima and others created an online newspaper, leprophète.fr, to present their political views. The Rwandan government condemned the paper as dangerous.

## Thomas Nahimana

Thomas Nahimana was a priest in Cyangugu diocese, in southwestern Rwanda. He fled the country in 2005 and lives in France. He holds dual Rwandan and French citizenship.
Nahimana, in common with Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza and other opponents of the Rwandan Patriotic Front, was accused as a genocide denier from comments he made while abroad. He could face charges and years of imprisonment. Nahima briefly sought to join with the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDRL), but was rejected.

## 2017 presidential election

On January 22, 2017, Nahimana attempted to return to Rwanda to campaign. He would have become the sole opponent against Paul Kagame. Once again Nahimana was denied entry by the Rwandan Directorate of Immigration on the basis of a series of passport and visa issues.
# Negative relative accommodation

Negative relative accommodation (NRA) was proposed by Joseph Kearney of Oxford University in 1967 as a measure of the maximum ability to relax accommodation while maintaining clear, single binocular vision. It is an indirect measurement of fusional vergence in binocular vision.
This measurement is typically obtained by an orthoptist, ophthalmologist or optometrist during an eye examination using a phoropter. After the patient's distance correction is established, the patient is instructed to view small letters on a card 40 cm from the eyes. The examiner adds convex lenses in +0.25 increments until the patient first reports that they become blurry. The total value of the lenses added to reach this point is the NRA value. High NRA values (above +2.50) might be evidence to over minus, uncorrected hyperopia or latent hyperopia.