OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# (613490) 2006 RJ103

(613490) 2006 RJ$_{103}$ is a Neptune trojan, first observed by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Collaboration at Apache Point Observatory, New Mexico, on 12 September 2006. It was the fifth and largest such body discovered, approximately 180 kilometers in diameter. As of 2016, it is 30.3 AU from Neptune.

## Orbit and classification

Neptune trojans are resonant trans-Neptunian objects in a 1:1 mean-motion orbital resonance with Neptune. These trojans have a semi-major axis and an orbital period very similar to Neptune's (30.10 AU; 164.8 years).
2006 RJ$_{103}$ belongs to the leading L$_4$ group, which follow 60° ahead Neptune's orbit. It orbits the Sun with a semi-major axis 29.925 AU of at a distance of 29.0–30.9 AU once every 163 years and 8 months (59,793 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic.

## Physical characteristics

The discoverers estimate that 2006 RJ$_{103}$ has a mean-diameter of 180 kilometers based on a magnitude of 22.0. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, it measures approximately 130 kilometers in diameter using an absolute magnitude of 7.5 with an assumed albedo of 0.10.

## Numbering and naming

Due to its orbital uncertainty, this minor planet has not been numbered and its official discoverers have not been determined. If named, it will follow the naming scheme already established with 385571 Otrera, which is to name these objects after figures related to the Amazons, an all-female warrior tribe that fought in the Trojan War on the side of the Trojans against the Greek.
# Cô Giang (ward)

10°45′47.99″N 106°41′29″E﻿ / ﻿10.7633306°N 106.69139°E﻿ / 10.7633306; 106.69139
Cô Giang is a ward (phường) of District 1 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
# Besa Movement

The Besa Movement (Albanian: Lëvizja Besa; Macedonian: Движење Беса, romanized: Dviženje Besa) is a centre-right ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. It was formed in November 2014 by Bilal Kasami, Afrim Gashi and Adnan Azizi.
# Conservative Party (Czech Republic)

The Conservative Party (Czech: Konzervativní strana), abbreviated to KONS, is a small centre-right political party in the Czech Republic. The party opposes socialism, and advocates economic liberalism and reduction of taxes and public spending.

## History

Founded in 1990, the party merged with the Union Republicans in 1993, and the Party of Conservative Accord in 2001.

## Leadership

* 1990-1993 - Dr. Ganzwohl
* 1993-2008 - Dr. Fořt
* 2008–present - Dr. Kubalčík
# Kesur Singh

Kesur Singh was a Risaldar Major in the British Indian Army who is credited as being the first Sikh settler in Canada. Singh was amongst a group of Cavalry officers who sailed from Hong Kong to Vancouver on board Empress of India arriving in May 1897 on their way to London for the Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.
Singh was an officer of the 5th Cavalry who received a medal and clasp for the Jowaki Expedition of 1877-78, as well as a medal with two clasps for Afghanistan (1878-80), where "he was specially commended for devotion and courage on several occasions, and for which he received the Order of Merit and a special certificate from Lord Roberts for his work at Sherpur.

## Legacy

In 1997, the centenary of Singh's visit was marked with celebrations across Canada.
In 2015, the Government of British Columbia announced that the 1874 Red Ensign flag would be permanently installed inside the B.C. Parliament Buildings in dedication to Singh. This version of the Canadian flag would have flown over government buildings when he made his historic arrival in Canada.
# Hieronymus of Cardia

Hieronymus of Cardia (Greek: Ἱερώνυμος ὁ Καρδιανός, c. 354 – c. 250 BC) was a Greek general and historian from Cardia in Thrace, and a contemporary of Alexander the Great (356–323 BC).
After the death of Alexander III, he followed the fortunes of his friend and fellow-countryman Eumenes. He was wounded and taken prisoner by Antigonus, who pardoned him and appointed him superintendent of the asphalt beds in the Dead Sea. He was treated with equal friendliness by Antigonus's son Demetrius, who made him polemarch of Thespiae, and by Antigonus Gonatas, at whose court he died at the purported age of 104.
He wrote a history of the Diadochi and their descendants, encompassing the period from the death of Alexander to the war with Pyrrhus (323–272 BC), which is one of the chief authorities used by Diodorus Siculus (xviii.–xx.) and also by Plutarch in his life of Pyrrhus.
He made use of official papers and was careful in his investigation of facts. The simplicity of his style seemingly rendered his work unpopular to people of his time, but modern historians believe it was very good. In the last part of his work he made a praiseworthy attempt to acquaint the Greeks with the character and early history of the Romans. He is reproached by Pausanias (i. 9. 8) with unfairness towards all rulers with the exception of Antigonus Gonatas.
Like the even more famous lost history of Alexander by Ptolemy I of Egypt, no significant amount of his work survived the end of the ancient world, although he is extensively referenced by later historians. He is among the authors whose fragments were collected in Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller's Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum (II pp. 450–61), and in Felix Jacoby's Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (= FGrHist 154).
# Perfect Symmetry (Keane album)

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 64/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Entertainment Weekly | B+ |
| The Guardian | |
| musicOMH | |
| NME | 2/10 |
| PopMatters | 6/10 |
| Q | |
| Rolling Stone | |
| Spin | 7/10 |
| Uncut | |
Perfect Symmetry is the third studio album by English rock band Keane, released on 13 October 2008 in the United Kingdom.

## Cover

The cover for the album was revealed on 5 September. Tim Rice-Oxley explained that the imagery of the band are photographs of bigger than life-size sculptures of the band members, made by Korean artist Osang Gwon. It was implied that these sculptures will form the basis of the album's image and promotion up to the date of release.

## Perfect Symmetry World Tour

The Perfect Symmetry World Tour started 29 September 2008 and finished 29 October 2009, with 121 shows. During the Perfect Symmetry album release week, the band did some free shows in the UK.

## Critical reception

The album received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics. On aggregate website Metacritic, it has a score of 64/100, indicating "generally positive reviews". Spin gave the album 7/10 and praised the band for expanding their musical palette. Slant gave the album a lukewarm review and ultimately considered it a downgrade to the band's two previous albums.
NME heavily panned the album, giving it a 1/5 and negatively comparing it to British new rave band Klaxons.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Keane

### Notes

(^) denotes additional production (*) denotes co-producer

### Bonus DVD

* Making of Perfect Symmetry documentary
* Track by track commentary
* "Spiralling" (live rehearsal)
* "Spiralling" (demo)
* "The Lovers Are Losing" (demo)
* "Better Than This" (demo)
* "You Haven't Told Me Anything" (demo)
* "Perfect Symmetry" (demo)
* "You Don't See Me" (demo)
* "Again and Again" (demo)
* "Playing Along" (demo)
* "Pretend That You're Alone" (demo)
* "Black Burning Heart" (demo)
* "Love Is the End" (demo)

## In popular culture

The album's eleventh song "Love Is the End" was featured on the 18th episode from the sixth season of the series One Tree Hill.

## Certifications and sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Ireland (IRMA) | Gold | 7,500$^^$ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Platinum | 300,000$^^$ |
| United States | — | 135,000 |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# Killing caves of Phnom Sampeau

The killing caves of Phnom Sampeau are a Khmer Rouge (KR) execution site on Phnom Sampeau, a hill 7 miles (11 km) southwest of Battambang in western Cambodia. KR killed their victims on top of the cave at the rim of a daylight shaft or ceiling hole and threw the corpses into the cave. Men and women were placed in separate caves and clothes in another. Phnom Sampeau (Sampeau Hill) has multiple caves that traditionally served as Buddhist temples. A large glass memorial in the cave next to the skulls and bones and a golden reclining Buddha mark the massacre. A memorial assembled from cyclone fencing and chicken wire contains human bones.

## Geography

The caves are located on the Mountain of Phnom Sampeau, about mid-way up the mountain along a 250 m (820 ft) road. The mountain is of karstic limestone and features a group of temples. The approach is 12 km (7.5 mi) to the west of Battambang city on the road to Pailin. The mountain is home for a group of macaques, which feed on bananas left by pilgrims. A natural arch made of stalactites offers views of the deep canyon. The valley has vegetation of vines and is inhabited by bats.

## Features

A golden, reclining Buddha image appears in one cave. Skulls and bones are kept in a glass-covered cabinet next to the statue. Remnants of war artillery remain, oriented towards Phnom Krapau (Crocodile Mountain), the strategic KR location during the war. At the base point a chicken-wire memorial is present which houses other skeletons. Another feature seen is an incomplete Buddha carving, a 30-foot (9.1 m) image, carved partly into the rock face of the hill, with only the head of the Buddha exposed. Lack of funds prevented its completion.
# Cesare Procaccini

Cesare Procaccini (born 17 January 1953, in Matelica) is an Italian politician and metalworker; he is also the General Secretary of the Party of Italian Communists.
Procaccini was a member of the Communist Refoundation Party of Fausto Bertinotti since 1998, but in 2010 he passed to the Party of Italian Communists and after only three years he was appointed General Secretary of the party, taking the place of PdCI's historical leader Oliviero Diliberto.
# Robin Warren

John Robin Warren AC (11 June 1937 – 23 July 2024) was an Australian pathologist, Nobel laureate, and researcher who is credited with the 1979 re-discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, together with Barry Marshall. The duo proved to the medical community that the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the cause of most peptic ulcers.

## Early life and education

Warren was born 11 June 1937 in North Adelaide. His father, Roger Warren, was a winemaker, and his mother, Helen Warren (née Verco), was a nurse. Warren received his M.B.B.S. degree from the University of Adelaide, having completed his high school education at St Peter's College, Adelaide.

## Career

Warren trained at the Royal Adelaide Hospital and became a Registrar in Clinical Pathology at the Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science (IMVS). There, he worked in laboratory haematology, which generated his interest in pathology.
In 1963, Warren was appointed Honorary Clinical Assistant in Pathology and Honorary Registrar in Haematology at Royal Adelaide Hospital. Subsequently, he lectured in pathology at Adelaide University and then became Clinical Pathology Registrar at the Royal Melbourne Hospital. In 1967, Warren was elected to the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia and became a senior pathologist at the Royal Perth Hospital, where he spent the majority of his career.

### Nobel Prize work

At the University of Western Australia,Warren along with his colleague Barry J. Marshall, proved that the bacterium is the infectious cause of stomach ulcers. Warren helped develop a convenient diagnostic test ($^{14}$ C-urea breath-test) for detecting H. pylori in ulcer patients.
In 2005, Warren and Marshall were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
An Australian documentary was made in 2006 about Warren and Marshall's road to the Nobel Prize, called "The Winner's Guide to the Nobel Prize". He was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia in 2007.
Asteroid 254863 Robinwarren, discovered by Italian amateur astronomer Silvano Casulli in 2005, was named in his honour. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 22 April 2016 (M.P.C. 99893).

## Personal life and death

Warren married Winifred Theresa Warren (née Williams) in the early 1960s, and together they had five children. Winifred Warren became an accomplished psychiatrist. Following her death in 1997, Warren retired from medicine.
Warren died in Perth, Australia, on 23 July 2024, at the age of 87.
# Steam exploded fiber

Steam exploded fiber is a pulping and extraction technique that has been applied to wood and other fibrous organic material. The resulting fibers can be combined with organic polymers to produce fiber composite materials. Alternatively, the fibers, along with other extracted substances, can be processed chemically or digested to produce ethanol and other useful substances.
# Greedy Lying Bastards

Greedy Lying Bastards is a 2012 American documentary film directed by Craig Rosebraugh. The film explores the phenomenon of climate change denial.

## Content

Greedy Lying Bastards investigates the climate change misinformation campaign waged by the petroleum industry and its funded think tanks. The film exposes how a small number of well-paid spokespeople have worked to confuse the public and lawmakers on the issue. Both ExxonMobil and Koch Industries are identified in the film as two of the worst culprits funding the denial campaign. In addition to exposing the denial campaign, Greedy Lying Bastards tells the stories of those currently impacted by changing climate. These include residents of Kivalina, Alaska who are faced with relocation due to erosion of shorelines caused from rising temperatures and those in Tuvalu facing sea level rise. "The film also covers the 2012 Colorado wildfires, drought in Kansas [part of the wider 2010–13 Southern United States and Mexico drought] and Hurricane Sandy."

## Production

Greedy Lying Bastards was directed, produced and narrated by Craig Rosebraugh. He co-wrote the film with two-time Emmy Award winning editor Patrick Gambuti, Jr., who also served as editor. Daryl Hannah was an executive producer and Michael Brook, who wrote the score for An Inconvenient Truth, was the composer.
In making the film Rosebraugh sought to "undertake a project that would uncover the hidden agenda of the oil industry and provide answers as to why we as a nation fail to implement clean energy policies and take effective action on important problems such as climate change."
The film began production in 2009 and finished late in 2012.

## Release

Greedy Lying Bastards was released theatrically in North America on March 8, 2013, where it grossed $45,000. Disinformation released it on home video January 14, 2014, and it grossed another $73,537 in North American sales.

## Reception

Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 67% of 36 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.2/10. The site's consensus reads: "It's not particularly subtle, but Greedy Lying Bastards is effective in questioning the motives of climate change deniers." Metacritic rated it 56/100 based on 14 reviews.

### Awards

* 2012 Burbank Film Festival Best Documentary Feature
* 2012 Boston Film Festival Eco Award

### Other festivals

* 2013 Reykjavik International Film Festival, Official Selection
* 2013 Beijing International Film Festival, Official Selection
* 2013 Environmental Film Festival (Washington D.C.), Official Selection
* 2012 United Nations Association Film Festival, Official Selection
* 2012 Bahamas International Film Festival, Official Selection
* 2012 Costa Rica International Film Festival
# Akbar Muhammad

Akbar Muhammad (1939 – April 12, 2016) was an associate Professor Emeritus of history and Africana studies at Binghamton University in New York. He specialized in African history, West African social history, as well as the study of Islam in Africa and the Americas. He was the co-editor of Racism, Sexism, and the World-System, along with Joan Smith, Jane Collins, and Terrence K. Hopkins. His own writings focused on slavery in Muslim Africa, Muslims in the United States, and integration in Nigeria through the use of education. He held a notable role in the history of the Nation of Islam.

## Early life

Akbar Muhammad was the youngest child of Elijah Muhammad and Clara Muhammad and the brother of Imam Warith Deen Mohammed. He received his Doctor of Philosophy from Edinburgh University in Scotland. While completing his degree from Edinburgh, Muhammad was appointed as a founding director of Afro-American Studies at Vanderbilt University. He served on the board of trustees for the American Islamic College in Chicago. Through his years in Cairo, he became fluent in Arabic. When Akbar was in Egypt he studied at the prestigious Muslim University, Al-Azhar University. Akbar loved teaching at SUNY Binghamton University in upstate New York. Akbar was widely respected by his students at SUNY Binghamton University. Through the help of Akbar in teaching about the history of Islam, Binghamton University's Muslim Student Association became one of the strongest student organization in the SUNY college system.
# Lars Olsson (cross-country skier)

Lars Sune Olsson (born 13 October 1932) is a retired Swedish cross-country skier. He was part of the Swedish 4 × 10 km relay team that won the 1962 world title and finished fourth at the 1960 Olympics; individually he placed 16th over 15 km at the 1964 Games.

## Cross-country skiing results
### Olympic Games

| Year | Age | 15 km | 30 km | 50 km | 4 × 10 km  relay |
| 1960 | 27 | — | — | — | 4 |
| 1964 | 31 | 16 | — | — | — |

### World Championships

* 1 medal – (1 gold)
| Year | Age | 15 km | 30 km | 50 km | 4 × 10 km  relay |
| 1962 | 29 | — | — | — | Gold |
# Supersonic flow over a flat plate

Supersonic flow over a flat plate is a classical fluid dynamics problem. There is no exact solution to it.

## Physics

When a fluid flow at the speed of sound over a thin sharp flat plate over the leading edge at low incident angle at low Reynolds Number. Then a laminar boundary layer will be developed at the leading edge of the plate. And as there are viscous boundary layer, the plate will have a fictitious boundary layer so that a curved induced shock wave will be generated at the leading edge of the plate. The shock layer is the region between the plate surface and the boundary layer. This shock layer be further subdivided into layer of viscid and inviscid flow, according to the values of Mach number, Reynolds Number and Surface Temperature. However, if the entire layer is viscous, it is called as merged shock layer.

## Solution to the Problem

This Fluid dynamics problem can be solved by different Numerical Methods. However, to solve it with Numerical Methods several assumptions have to be considered. And as a result shock layer properties and shock location is determined. Results vary with one or more than one of viscosity of the fluid, Mach number and angle of incidence changes. Generally for large angles of incidences, the variation of Reynold's Number has significant effects on the change of the flow variables, whereas the viscous effects are dominant on the upper surface of the plate as well as behind the trailing edge of the plate.
Different experimenters get different result as per the assumptions they have made to solve the problem.
The primary method which is generally used to this problem:

### Explicit Finite Difference Approach

This method involves using time-dependent Navier-Stokes equation which is advantageous because of its inherent ability to evolve to the correct steady state solution. The continuity, momentum and energy equations and some other situational equations are needed to solve the problem. MacCormack's time marching technique is applied and then using Taylor series expansion the flow field variables are advanced at each grid point. Then, initial boundary conditions are applied and solving equations will converge to approximated results. These equations can be solved by using different algorithms to get better and efficient results with minimum errors.
# Kyösti Karjula

Kyösti Juhani Karjula (born May 8, 1952 in Oulu) is a politician and former member of the Finnish Parliament from Lumijoki, representing the Centre Party. He was first elected to parliament in 1995 and remained until 2011.
Karjula has an agricultural agent's education from the University of Helsinki. His military rank is Senior Lieutenant. Karjula is a member of the conservative Lutheran revival movement Laestadianism. He and his wife Eila Marjatta Ylielsilä have 18 children, thirteen sons and five daughters.
# Randsfjord Station

Randsfjord Station (Norwegian: Randsfjord stasjon) was a railway station at located on the west bank of the south of the lake of Randsfjorden in Jevnaker, Norway. Passengers could transfer to steam ship for transport on Randsfjorden.

## History

The station was opened in 1868 when it became the northern terminus of Randsfjorden Line. Two station buildings were finished in 1868, created by architect Henrik Bull. One of them burnt down the following year. With the completion of the Roa–Hønefoss Line, the line between Hønefoss and Randsfjord received less traffic.
Passenger traffic to Randsfjord station was terminated on 26 May 1968. Since 1 January 1981 there has been no traffic on the line between Bergermoen and Randsfjord, with the tracks being removed in 1984.
# First Ward Ball

The First Ward Ball was an annual political fundraiser with 10,000–15,000 attendees held in Chicago from 1896 until 1908, until the city revoked the liquor license in 1909. It was notorious for the riot-like behavior of the illustrious guests. According to the Chicago Tribune, the first ball in 1896 had "attracted a wild mix of society thrill seekers, police captains, politicians, prostitutes and gamblers" and "the 1908 ball made that affair look tame". Initially held at the 7th Regiment Armory, by the time it was banned the ball was so large that it took place in the Chicago Coliseum, the city's major convention center.
The event raised more than $50,000 a year for the two aldermen of Chicago's first ward: "Bathhouse" John Coughlin and Michael "Hinky Dink" Kenna. Coughlin and Kenna were known as the "Lords of the Levee", a red-light district of Chicago. The Ball was finally closed down in 1909 by Mayor Fred Busse. Besides its notoriety in attracting many unsavory characters, it often ended with the police having to curb disorderly conduct bordering on rioting.
# Epistolae Ho-Elianae

Epistolae Ho-Elianae (or Familiar Letters) is a literary work by the 17th-century Anglo-Welsh historian and writer, James Howell. It was mainly written when Howell was in the Fleet Prison, during the 1640s; but its content reflects earlier travels he made from 1616 on behalf of a London glass factory. It appeared in three volumes from 1645 to 1650. A fourth volume was added in a collected edition of 1655.
It has been suggested that some of the letters are fictional. The selection of the recipients has also been attributed to patronage relationships. A "Mrs. A. W." who occurs as recipient has been fitted to another letter by Howell to provide a tentative deductive identification of the author of A Continuation of Sir Philip Sydney's Arcadia (1651) as Anna Weamys, who is not otherwise traced as a writer.
As travel literature, Howell's work largely neglects scenic description. But some of the language used has been described as a possible source for the work of Joshua Poole on epithets.
The fourth edition (1678) was published by Thomas Guy, and profits went to founding Guy's Hospital in London.