OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Amir Mir

Amir Mir is a Pakistani journalist, author, and business executive. He was the caretaker information minister of Punjab in 2023 to 2024.
Mir is currently the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Googlynews.TV. Mir was the CEO of GNN after serving there as Chief Operational Officer as well as a founding member since the channel's inception in August 2018. Prior to this, he worked as COO with JAAG TV, as a group editor of Daily Dunya and deputy editor/editor investigations for the English-language Pakistani daily The News International, based in Lahore. Mir founded and was editor of Weekly Independent, a political weekly magazine.

## Early life and family

Amir Mir was born to Waris Mir. He studied at the Government College University. He is a brother of Hamid Mir and Humaira Mir.

## Career

In 1988, Mir started his career with English daily The Frontier Post in Lahore. In 1993 he became a part of Pakistan's English-language daily The News International and worked as a team member of the News Bureau of Investigation.
Mir has written for various publications such as the Inter Press Service, the Straits Times, the Gulf News and weekly The Friday Times and Monthly Newsline. Before rejoining The News in 2008, Mir had been working for the DAWN as deputy editor for the group's well reputed monthly magazine Herald.
In 2020, Mir was detained by the Federal Investigation Agency.
# Nic Johnson

Nicholas Johnson (born April 15, 1983) is an American rugby union player. Johnson played flanker and Number 8 for the USA Eagles. He was selected to tour with the USA Eagles squad for the Autumn 2010 tour of Europe, and represented the US at the 2011 Rugby World Cup, where he started three matches.
He started playing rugby around 20 years old. He began playing with the USA Sevens in 2007. His debut for his country was against Ireland at Santa Clara on May 31, 2009. On the club level, Johnson has played with ORSU Jesters, where he was named young player of the year in 2004-05, and with the Glendale Raptors.
Johnson's uncle, Fred Paoli, played 20 matches for the USA Eagles from 1982 to 1991.
# Petals Around the Rose

Petals Around the Rose is a mathematically challenging puzzle in which the object is to work out the formula by which a number is derived from the roll of a set of five or six dice. It is often used as an exercise in inductive reasoning. The puzzle became popular in computer circles in the mid 1970s, particularly through an anecdote recounted in Personal Computing which depicts Bill Gates working out the solution in an airport.

## Puzzle play

The puzzle is commonly presented as a challenge in which one person (the presenter), familiar with the puzzle's set formula, rolls the dice and announces the calculated result for their roll, repeating ad nauseam. Players are challenged to work out the formula being used by the presenter and to verbally announce the calculated result of each roll along with the presenter. It is intended that they keep the formula to themselves.

### The formula

The key to the formula is given by the name of the puzzle, and the presenter should state the name of the challenge distinctly. The calculated (announced) result for a throw is calculated by counting only the "petals around the rose", where a "rose" is any die face with a center dot. On a standard 6-sided die, this corresponds to the three odd faces—1, 3, and 5. The rose's "petals" are the dots which surround the center dot. There is no rose on the 2, 4, or 6 faces, so these count as zero. There are no petals on the 1 face, so it also counts as zero. There are two petals and four petals on the 3 and 5 faces, respectively. The solution to a given throw is the total number of petals.
For example, in a roll of , the only petals are on the 3 and 5 faces, for a total of six.
A way to express this as a formula is to add 2 times the number of dice that land on the 3 face to 4 times the number of dice that lands on the 5 face.
# Johnny Chakravarthy

Imran Chakravarthy, also known mononymously as Johnny, is an Indian former actor and son of S. S. Chakravarthy. He debuted in Renigunta alongside Sanusha. It was produced by his father's banner, NIC Arts. He worked again with his debut film director, R. Panneerselvam for his next film 18 Vayasu alongside Gayathrie Shankar.
He was to act in director Shiva Gnanam's Deal, but the cast and crew later changed.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| 2009 | Renigunta | Shakthi | Nominated, Vijay Award for Best Debut Actor |
| 2012 | 18 Vayasu | Karthik | |
# William Addison (chess player)

William Grady "Bill" Addison (November 28, 1933 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana – October 29, 2008 in San Francisco) was an American chess International Master (1967).
He played in the U.S. Chess Championships of 1962–63, 1963–64, 1965, 1966, and 1969. He took second place with 7.5/11 behind Samuel Reshevsky in the 1969 US Championship and qualified for the 1970 Interzonal at Palma de Mallorca, where he finished 18th. He represented the United States in the Chess Olympiads of 1964 and 1966 (team silver medal). His last published FIDE Elo rating was 2490 and his USCF rating was 2595.
From 1965 to 1969 he was director of the Mechanics' Institute Chess Club.

## Notable games

* William G Addison vs Donald Byrne (1963) US Championship 1963, King's Indian Defense: Fianchetto Variation. Immediate Fianchetto (E60), 1-0
* William G Addison vs Robert James Fischer (1965) New York ch-US 1965, Nimzo-Indian Defense: Normal. Bronstein (Byrne) Variation (E45), 1/2-1/2
* Robert James Fischer vs William G Addison (1966) New York ch-US 1966, Spanish Game: Open Variations (C80), 1/2-1/2
# Erling Tholfsen

Erling Tholfsen (12 January 1904 – 6 December 1996) was an American chess player, Chess Olympiad team silver medal winner (1928).

## Biography

In the 1920s Erling Tholfsen was one of the leading American chess players. He three times won New York City Marshall Chess Club Championships (1923, 1924, 1931).
Erling Tholfsen played for United States in the Chess Olympiad:
* In 1928, as team captain in the 2nd Chess Olympiad in The Hague (+4, =5, -4) and won team silver medal.
Erling Tholfsen retired from chess tournaments after the Great Depression. He worked as a Spanish teacher in the New York City public school system and was very active in the labor movement for many years.
Erling Tholfsen was exempt from the WW2 draft due to his age and having two small children. He was placed in charge of the US War Bond drive for James Madison High School. The drive was the most successful school drive in the United States. The school sold enough bonds to purchase a B-24 Liberator bomber. Tholfsen and his team received a presidential award, which was sent to NYC Mayor LaGuardia's office for presentation to the team.
# Michael Valvo

Michael Valvo (April 19, 1942 in New York – September 18, 2004 in Chanhassen, Minnesota) was an International Master of chess.
By 1962, he was one of the top blitz players in the United States. He won the 1963 U.S. Intercollegiate Championship.
A native of Albany, New York and a graduate of Columbia University, Valvo was a member of the U.S. team that competed in the 11th Student Olympiad in Kraków, Poland, in 1964. His teammates included William Lombardy, Raymond Weinstein, Charles Kalme, and Bernard Zuckerman. The Americans finished fourth, behind the USSR, Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
By 1976, Valvo had essentially dropped out of tournament chess and his rating was no longer published in the USCF rating lists, until Bill Goichberg and Jose Cuchi invited him to a futurity tournament. Valvo did well, earning a rating of 2440. However, Professor Arpad Elo refused to award Valvo the rating he had earned, because Elo had never heard of Valvo and suspected that the tournament had been rigged. This matter was debated at the 1978 FIDE Congress in Buenos Aires and FIDE voted to give Valvo his 2440 rating. Valvo quickly proved that he really was a 2440 strength player and earned the International Master title.
Valvo never played in the U.S. Chess Championship, but he was to make his mark in computer chess, which became his primary focus. At every World Computer Chess Championship from the early 1980s until his death, Valvo was the organizer, moderator, commentator or acted in some official capacity. He also played a two-game play by email match against Deep Thought, winning both games.
Mike Valvo died of a heart attack. He was eulogized by long-time friend, colleague and computer scientist Ken Thompson in the December 2004 issue of the International Computer Games Association Journal.
# Luis Piazzini

Luis Roberto (Ruben) Piazzini (11 May 1905 – 4 March 1980) was an Argentine chess master.
He participated many times in Argentine championships, and was an Argentine Champion in 1933 winning ARG-ch Torneo Mayor and a match for the title against Jacobo Bolbochán (5.5 : 2.5). In 1934/35, he lost a match to Roberto Grau (5.5 : 7.5), lost a match to Carlos Guimard (2.5 : 7.5) in 1938, and lost a match to Carlos Maderna (6 : 8) in 1940.
In 1934, he tied for 7-8th in Mar del Plata International Chess Tournament (Aaron Schwartzman won). In 1934/35, he won South American Chess Championship in Buenos Aires. In 1936, he tied for 9-10th in Mar del Plata (it, Isaías Pleci won). In 1944, he took 4th in Buenos Aires (La Regence). In 1952, he won the Club Argentino de Ajedrez Championship in Buenos Aires. In 1959, he took 8th in Quilmes (Alberto Foguelman won).
Piazzini played twice for Argentina in Chess Olympiads:
* In 1937, at first board in 7th Chess Olympiad in Stockholm (+4 –2 =6);
* In 1939, at second board in 8th Chess Olympiad in Buenos Aires (+4 –3 =4).
# Peter Toth (chess player)

Peter Toth (born 7 September 1940) is a Brazilian chess FIDE master (FM).

## Biography

In the first half of 1970s Peter Toth was one of Brazil's leading chess players. He regularly participated in Brazilian Chess Championships. His best results was shared 3rd-5th place in 1970 and ranked 4th after play-off in 1972. Peter Toth twice participated in Pan American Chess Championships (2009, 2019).
Peter Toth played for Brazil in the Chess Olympiads:
* In 1970, at fourth board in the 19th Chess Olympiad in Siegen (+2, =4, -4),
* In 1972, at fourth board in the 20th Chess Olympiad in Skopje (+8, =4, -2),
* In 1974, at second reserve board in the 21st Chess Olympiad in Nice (+3, =3, -4).
Peter Toth played for Brazil in the World Student Team Chess Championship:
* In 1968, at third board in the 15th World Student Team Chess Championship in Ybbs (+4, =6, -3).
# Octávio Trompowsky

Octávio Figueira Trompowsky de Almeida (30 November 1897 – 26 March 1984) was a Brazilian chess player, who was born and died in Rio de Janeiro. Trompowsky won the 1939 Brazilian Championship, but is best known as the player for whom the Trompowsky Attack (1.d4 Nf6 2.Bg5) chess opening was named. The Trompowsky Attack remains a popular opening choice.
# Alberto Foguelman

Alberto Foguelman (13 October 1923, Buenos Aires – 9 December 2013, Buenos Aires) was an Argentine chess master.
He was a member of Círculo de Ajedrez de Villa del Parque de Buenos Aires, since 1945. He played many times in Argentine Chess Championship (1953–1976), and twice shared 2nd: in 1959 (Bernardo Wexler won) and in 1962 (Raúl Sanguineti won). His best achievement was 3rd, after Vasily Smyslov and Efim Geller, at Santiago de Chile 1965. He also took 2nd place, behind Héctor Rossetto, at Fortaleza 1963 (zonal), tied for 17-19th at Amsterdam 1964 (interzonal), and shared 1st with Henrique Mecking, Julio Bolbochán and Oscar Panno at Rio Hondo 1966 (zonal).
In other tournaments, he won at Buenos Aires (La Régence) 1959, won at Quilmes 1959, tied for 9-11th at Belgrad 1962 (Svetozar Gligorić won), tied for 3rd-4th at Mar del Plata 1962 (Torneo Latinoamericano, Raimundo García won), tied for 3rd-5th at Havana 1963 (Pan American-ch, Eleazar Jiménez won), took 5th at Chacabuco 1965 (Jorge Pelikán won), and shared 5th at Mar del Plata 1967 (Open, Miguel Najdorf won).
Foguelman represented Argentina in Chess Olympiads:
* In 1960 at second reserve board in 14th Olympiad in Leipzig (+5 –4 =1);
* In 1962 at second reserve board in 15th Olympiad in Varna (+4 –0 =2), and won team bronze medal.
He was awarded the International Master title in 1963.
# Dominik Furman

Dominik Grzegorz Furman (born 6 July 1992) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.

## Career

Furman started his career with Legia Warsaw.

## Career statistics

    As of match played on 27 May 2023
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National cup | National cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Legia Warsaw | 2011–12 | Ekstraklasa | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| Legia Warsaw | 2012–13 | Ekstraklasa | 28 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 39 | 3 |
| Legia Warsaw | 2013–14 | Ekstraklasa | 18 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 31 | 0 |
| Legia Warsaw | Total | Total | 46 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 71 | 3 |
| Toulouse | 2013–14 | Ligue 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 5 | 0 |
| Toulouse | 2014–15 | Ligue 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| Toulouse | 2015–16 | Ligue 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| Toulouse | 2016–17 | Ligue 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| Toulouse | Total | Total | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Legia Warsaw (loan) | 2014–15 | Ekstraklasa | 10 | 0 | 3 | 0 | — | — | 13 | 0 |
| Legia Warsaw (loan) | 2015–16 | Ekstraklasa | 14 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 26 | 2 |
| Legia Warsaw (loan) | Total | Total | 24 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 39 | 2 |
| Hellas Verona (loan) | 2015–16 | Serie A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| Wisła Płock (loan) | 2016–17 | Ekstraklasa | 32 | 3 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 32 | 3 |
| Wisła Płock | 2017–18 | Ekstraklasa | 35 | 2 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 36 | 2 |
| Wisła Płock | 2018–19 | Ekstraklasa | 36 | 6 | 1 | 1 | — | — | 37 | 7 |
| Wisła Płock | 2019–20 | Ekstraklasa | 36 | 7 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 37 | 7 |
| Wisła Płock | Total | Total | 107 | 15 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 110 | 16 |
| Gençlerbirliği | 2020–21 | Süper Lig | 21 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 23 | 0 |
| Wisła Płock | 2021–22 | Ekstraklasa | 25 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 26 | 0 |
| Wisła Płock | 2022–23 | Ekstraklasa | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 33 | 0 |
| Wisła Płock | Total | Total | 58 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 59 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 294 | 23 | 17 | 1 | 26 | 0 | 337 | 24 |
* ↑ Includes Polish Cup, Turkish Cup
* ↑ Four appearances in UEFA Europa League, one appearance in Polish Super Cup
* ↑ Five appearances in UEFA Champions League, six appearances in UEFA Europa League
* ↑ Eight appearances in UEFA Europa League, one appearance in Polish Super Cup

## Honours

Legia Warsaw
* Ekstraklasa: 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16
* Polish Cup: 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2015–16
Individual
* Polish Newcomer of the Year: 2013
* Ekstraklasa Player of the Month: October 2019
# Syed Matto Shah

Syed Matto Shah (Sindhi: سیّد متو شاھ, Urdu: سیّد متو شاہ), also known as Saeed Matto, is a village located in union council Saeed Matto, Bulri Shah Karim Tehsil, Tando Muhammad Khan District, Sindh, Pakistan.
Before Pakistan's independence in 1947, the village was home to Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. After independence, many members of the Hindu and Sikh communities migrated to India, while Muslim refugees from India settled in Syed Matto Shah. The current population of the union council includes Muslim and Hindu communities, with tribes such as Kolhi, Sathia, Solangi, and Siddi (also known as Qambrani or Sheedi).
# Point-surjective morphism

In category theory, a point-surjective morphism is a morphism $f:X\rightarrow Y$ that "behaves" like surjections on the category of sets.
The notion of point-surjectivity is an important one in Lawvere's fixed-point theorem, and it first was introduced by William Lawvere in his original article.

## Definition
### Point-surjectivity

In a category $\mathbf {C}$ with a terminal object $1$, a morphism $f:X\rightarrow Y$ is said to be point-surjective if for every morphism $y:1\rightarrow Y$, there exists a morphism $x:1\rightarrow X$ such that $f\circ x=y$.

### Weak point-surjectivity

If $Y$ is an exponential object of the form $B^{A}$ for some objects $A,B$ in $\mathbf {C}$, a weaker (but technically more cumbersome) notion of point-surjectivity can be defined.
A morphism $f:X\rightarrow B^{A}$ is said to be weakly point-surjective if for every morphism $g:A\rightarrow B$ there exists a morphism $x:1\rightarrow X$ such that, for every morphism $a:1\rightarrow A$, we have
    $\epsilon \circ \langle f\circ x,a\rangle =g\circ a$
where $\langle -,-\rangle :A\rightarrow B\times C$ denotes the product of two morphisms ($A\rightarrow B$ and $A\rightarrow C$) and $\epsilon :B^{A}\times A\rightarrow B$ is the evaluation map in the category of morphisms of $\mathbf {C}$.
Equivalently, one could think of the morphism $f:X\rightarrow B^{A}$ as the transpose of some other morphism ${\tilde {f}}:X\times A\rightarrow B$. Then the isomorphism between the hom-sets $\mathrm {Hom} (X\times A,B)\cong \mathrm {Hom} (X,B^{A})$ allow us to say that $f$ is weakly point-surjective if and only if ${\tilde {f}}$ is weakly point-surjective.

## Relation to surjective functions in Set
### Set elements as morphisms from terminal objects

In the category of sets, morphisms are functions and the terminal objects are singletons. Therefore, a morphism $a:1\rightarrow A$ is a function from a singleton $\{x\}$ to the set $A$: since a function must specify a unique element in the codomain for every element in the domain, we have that $a(x)\in A$ is one specific element of $A$. Therefore, each morphism $a:1\rightarrow A$ can be thought of as a specific element of $A$ itself.
For this reason, morphisms $a:1\rightarrow A$ can serve as a "generalization" of elements of a set, and are sometimes called global elements.

### Surjective functions and point-surjectivity

With that correspondence, the definition of point-surjective morphisms closely resembles that of surjective functions. A function (morphism) $f:X\rightarrow Y$ is said to be surjective (point-surjective) if, for every element $y\in Y$ (for every morphism $y:1\rightarrow Y$), there exists an element $x\in X$ (there exists a morphism $x:1\rightarrow X$) such that $f(x)=y$ ( $f\circ x=y$).
The notion of weak point-surjectivity also resembles this correspondence, if only one notices that the exponential object $B^{A}$ in the category of sets is nothing but the set of all functions $f:A\rightarrow B$.
# Volf Bergraser

Volf Bergraser (4 January 1904 – 13 November 1986), was a French chess master, two times French Chess Championship winner (1957, 1966), International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster (1981).

## Biography

Bergraser was born in Bessarabia (then Russian Empire, now the city in which he was born is on the territory of the Chernivtsi region of Ukraine). From the 1950s to the 1970s he was one of the leading French chess players. In French Chess Championship Volf Bergraser won three medals: 2 gold (1957, 1966), and bronze (1971). In 1967, he participated in a strong international chess tournament in Monte Carlo.
He played for France in the Chess Olympiads:
* In 1954, at fourth board in the 11th Chess Olympiad in Amsterdam (+1, =6, -6),
* In 1958, at third board in the 13th Chess Olympiad in Munich (+1, =5, -4),
* In 1960, at third board in the 14th Chess Olympiad in Leipzig (+8, =4, -3),
* In 1962, at second board in the 15th Chess Olympiad in Varna (+6, =4, -4),
* In 1964, at fourth board in the 16th Chess Olympiad in Tel Aviv (+4, =3, -4).
Bergraser played for France in the European Team Chess Championship preliminaries:
* In 1957, at fourth board in the 1st European Team Chess Championship preliminaries (+0, =2, -0).
He has achieved great success in the correspondence chess. He three times won French Correspondence Chess Championship and twice participated in the World Correspondence Chess Championships. In 1959, Volf Bergraser became an International Correspondence Chess Master. In 1981, he was awarded the title of International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster.
Bergraser worked as a medical doctor.
# Vitaly Halberstadt

Vitaly Halberstadt (20 March 1903, Odessa – 25 October 1967, Paris) was a French chess player, theorist, problemist, and a noted endgame study composer.
Born in Odessa, in the Kherson Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine), he emigrated to France after the Russian Civil War.

## Chess games

Chess games during Halberstadt's career :
| Year | Placement | Competition or location | Victor of year |
| 1925 | 1st place (shared with Abraham Baratz) | Paris City Chess Championship | Halberstadt and Baratz |
| 1926 | 2nd place | Paris City Chess Championship | Leon Schwartzmann |
| 1926 | 5-6th places | Hyères | Abraham Baratz |
| 1926 | 1st place (shared with Peter Potemkine) | Paris | Halberstadt and Potemkine |
| 1927 | 5-7th places | Paris City Chess Championship | Abraham Baratz |
| 1928 | 10-11th places | Paris City Chess Championship | Abraham Baratz |
| 1928 | 1st-3rd places (tied with Marcel Duchamp and J.J. O'Hanlon) | Hyères | Halberstadt, Duchamp and O'Hanlon |
| 1930 | 8th place | Paris City Chess Championship | Josef Cukierman |
| 1931 | 6th place | Paris City Chess Championship | Eugene Znosko-Borovsky |
| 1932 | 3rd place | Paris City Chess Championship | Oscar Blum |
| 1938 | 9th | Paris (L'Echiquier) | Baldur Hoenlinger |

## Publications

In 1932, Halberstadt published with Marcel Duchamp "L'Opposition et les cases conjugées sont réconciliées", a chess manual dedicated to several special end-game problems, for which Duchamp designed the layout and cover. In this book, Duchamp and Halberstadt addressed the complication of the so-called "heterodox opposition", which is a precisely organized endgame that involved two kings and a handful of pawns. This concept has established a figure of immobilized reversibility between two subjective positions and two players. Within a condition where only two kings remain, the duo described the move in the following manner:
   The king 'may act in such a way as to suggest he has completely lost interest in winning the game. Then the other king, if he is a true sovereign, can give the appearance of being even less interested.' Until one of them provokes the other into a blunder.
Halberstadt was also the author of "Curiosités tactiques des finales" (1954).
# Jeanne D'Autremont

Jeanne Marie Nancy d'Autremont (23 May 1899 – 4 November 1979), née de Martel, was a French chess player. She was a three-time French Women's Chess Champion (1928, 1929, 1932), and participated in the 1933 Women's World Chess Championship.

## Biography

Originally from Brittany nobility, her father was the commander of a warship. In 1926, she married Lucien Bridet d'Autremont and moved to Paris. Three times she won the French Women's Chess Championship, moreover she always took the second place in these tournaments, but became the champion, because the winner did not have French citizenship. In 1928 and 1929 such a chess player turned out to be Paulette Schwartzmann, and in 1932 – Alice Tonini. She also took third place in the French Women's Chess Championship in 1927 and 1933. In 1933 she participated in the Women's World Chess Championship in Folkestone and took 7th place (tournament won by Vera Menchik).
# Pierre Rolland (chess player)

Pierre Auguste Marie Rolland (9 September 1926 — 10 February 1967) was a French chess player who won the French Chess Championship in 1956. He competed in several French championships, finishing 3rd in 1959, 2nd in 1961 and 1962, 3rd= in 1963, 2nd= in 1965, and 1st= in 1966 (losing on tiebreak). He also won the 1955 Paris championship. He was a professor of philosophy.
At his only international tournament in Le Havre, 1966, Rolland performed creditably, scoring 6/11 and defeating grandmasters Aleksandar Matanovic and Milko Bobotsov, which qualified him for an International Master norm. (The tournament was convincingly won by Bent Larsen). He was invited to play in the Monaco 1967 chess tournament alongside Bobby Fischer, Vasily Smyslov and other leading grandmasters, but died in a car crash two months before it began.