# El Pedregal Formation

The El Pedregal Formation is a geological formation of Early Aalenian-Early Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) age in the Iberian Basin of W Iberian Peninsula. This is allocated in the East-Iberian area, that during the Middle Jurassic was part of a Carbonate platform system, influenced by tectonic activity and fault lines, along the Iberian and Catalan Coastal mountain ranges of Spain, with an exposure of up to 500 km. This carbonates are allocated on the Chelva Group, that was network of carbonate platforms, with shallow areas forming around elevated blocks created by tectonic forces. Deeper marine environments developed between these blocks, which were likely connected to the open ocean. The Internal Castilian Platform was linked to the Iberian Massif, while the El Maestrazgo High separated two marine platforms: the External Castilian and Aragonese. Further to the northeast, the Tortosa Platform was bordered by the Tarragona High and Catalan Massif to the north and the El Maestrazgo High to the south. The Beceite Strait acted as a transition zone between the Aragonese and Tortosa platforms.

## Paleoenvironment

The El Pedregal Formation lithology is dominated by mudstone and wackestone limestones with fine sediments, including microfilaments, echinoderm fragments, and pellets, with less important sequences with interbedded marls, which are indicative of a low-energy marine environment. Associated with a shallow carbonate sea, sequences of this formation developed on a confined lagoon, relatively shallow and protected from direct oceanic influence by a volcanoclastic barrier.
This lagoon was developed adjacent or inside an epehemeral volcanic island, shielded from ocean waves by deposits of volcanic materials. Within these calm lagoon settings, carbonate sediments mixed with fine particles that contained plant fossils, preserving evidence of plant-insect interactions, with a low diversity of plants, mainly cycadophytes and ferns. Occasionally, storm events would disrupt nearby oyster banks, carrying marine debris, including oysters, into the lagoons, sometimes interspersed with plant remains.
This ephemeral island/islands were situated more than 150 km from the nearest mainland, the Catalan and Iberian Massifs. Following the lagoonal deposits, considered of early Aalenian age, a large regional transgression in the late Aalenian impacted the local platform, connecting the Proto-Atlantic Ocean with the Western Tethys Ocean. Latter in the Bajocian the area evolved into a shallow external marine platform with frequent emersions.
Pelagic/open marine sequences are also common within the formation, including the "Albarracinites beds". At The Masada Toyuela site taphonomic patterns indicate two contrasting sedimentary environments, with taphonic populations dominating in shallow-water settings, marked by reworked and abraded ammonite molds and chambers under slow sediment accumulation punctuated by rapid episodes due to currents and sediment bypassing. Conversely, deeper, sediment-starved areas feature "type 1" taphonic populations, characterized by juvenile, undamaged ammonites within homogeneous molds, typical of condensed deposits from transgressive phases.

## Fossil Content

| Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon | Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited. |

### Brachiopoda

| Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
| Pseudogibbirhynchia | P. mutans | Abejuela outcrop | Isolated shells | An Brachiopod of the family Basiliolidae | |
| Prionorhynchia | P. rubrisaxensis | Abejuela outcrop | Isolated shells | An Brachiopod of the family Prionorhynchiidae | |

### Mollusca

| Genus | Species | Location | Material | Notes | Images |
| Abbasites | A. spp. | Caudiel outcrop Pina-Barracas.1 Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2 | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Erycitidae | |
| Abassitoides | A. spp. | Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2 | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Erycitidae | |
| Albarracinites | A. albarraciniensis | Masada Toyuela Cea de Abarracín Moscardon Vibei | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Stephanoceratidae | |
| Ambersites | A. spp. | Caudiel outcrop | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Hammatoceratoidea | |
| Apedogyria | A. spp. | Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.3 | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Graphoceratidae | |
| Brasilia | B. spp. | Caudiel outcrop Pina-Barracas.1 Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2 Sarrión.3 | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Graphoceratidae | |
| Chondroceras | C. spp. | Pina-Barracas.1 | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Sphaeroceratidae | |
| Elatmites | E. spp. | Caudiel outcrop | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Perisphinctidae | |
| Eudmetoceras | E. spp. | Caudiel outcrop Pina-Barracas.1 | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Hammatoceratoidea | |
| Euhoploceras | E. spp. | Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2 | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Sonniniidae | |
| Epalxites | E. spp. | Pina-Barracas.1 | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Sphaeroceratidae | |
| Fontannesia | F. ssp. | Caudiel outcrop | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Sonniniidae | |
| Graphoceras | G. spp. | Caudiel outcrop Pina-Barracas.1 Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2 | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Graphoceratidae | Specimen |
| Haplopleuroceras | H. mundum H. subspinatum H. crassum H. spp. | Caudiel outcrop Pina-Barracas.1 Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2 | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Hammatoceratoidea | |
| Leptosphinctes | L. spp. | Caudiel outcrop | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Perisphinctidae | Specimen |
| Ludwigella | L. spp. | Caudiel outcrop Pina-Barracas.1 Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2 | Isolated shells | A Bivalve of the family Graphoceratidae | |
| Macrocephalites | M. spp. | Caudiel outcrop | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Macrocephalitidae | Specimen |
| Oppelia | O. spp. | Pina-Barracas.1 | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Oppeliidae | Specimen |
| Rhodaniceras | O. spp. | Caudiel outcrop | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Hammatoceratoidea | |
| Pleydellia | P. aalensis P. mactra P. fluens P. subcomp P. ssp. | Caudiel outcrop | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Hildoceratidae | |
| Sonninia | S. spp. | Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2 Sarrión.3 | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Sonniniidae | |
| Spiroceras | S. spp. | Caudiel outcrop | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Spiroceratidae | Specimen |
| Stemmatoceras | S. spp. | Pina-Barracas.1 | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Stephanoceratidae | |
| Stephanoceras | S. spp. | Pina-Barracas.1 | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Stephanoceratidae | Specimen |
| Toxamblyites | T. spp. | Pina-Barracas.1 | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Haploceratidae | |
| Westermannites | W. ssp. | Pina-Barracas.2 Sarrión.1 Sarrión.2 | Isolated shells | An Ammonite of the family Sphaeroceratidae | |

### Annelida

| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Schistomeringos | S. expectatus S. spp. | TE-620 road | Isolated scolecodonts | A polychaete of the family Dorvilleidae. Unlike the modern counterparts that live in deeper environments, this species is found linked with shallow marine facies | Extant specimen of the same genus |

### Insecta

Foliar remains with insect interactions are common, including traces of margin feeding, Hole feeding, mining, oviposition, piercing and sucking and surface feeding. Due to be located adjacent to an isolated island, the Camarena locality insect biota likely wasn't too specialized, with generalists more likely to adapt to these environments and inflict similar damage.
Modern equivalents capable of leave similar patterns in extant cycadophytes include caterpillars from genera like Eumaeus (Lycaenidae) and Chilades, along other lepidopteran families, such as Tineidae, Nymphalidae, and Erebidae. Other insects capable of attack cycads include Hemipterans like Aulacaspis yasumatsui or the beetle Brachys cleidecostae (Buprestidae).

### Bryophyta

| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes |
| Foveosporites | F. visscheri | TE-620 road | Miospores | Incertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta. |
| Interulobites | I. spp | TE-620 road | Miospores | Incertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta. |
| Polycingulatisporites | P. circulus | TE-620 road | Miospores | Incertae sedis; affinities with Bryophyta. |

### Lycophyta

| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Leptolepidites | L. macroverrucous L. sp | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida. | |
| Lycopodiacidites | L. rugulatus | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida. | Extant Lycopodium specimens |
| Staplinisporites | S. caminus | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida. | |
| Uvaesporites | U. argenteaeformis | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida. | |

### Pteridophyta

| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Biretisporites | B. potoniaei | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with the families Schizaeaceae/Anemiaceae inside Pteridophyta | Extant Anemia specimens |
| Baculatisporites | B. comaumensis | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. | Extant Osmunda specimens |
| Cibotiumspora | C. jurienensis C. juncta | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with the family Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae in the Cyatheales. Arboreal fern spores. | |
| Contignisporites | C. sp. | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with the families Schizaeaceae/Anemiaceae inside Pteridophyta | |
| Deltoidospora | D. toralis D. spp. | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with the family Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae in the Cyatheales. Arboreal fern spores. | |
| Dictyophyllidites | D. sp. | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with Matoniaceae/Weichseliaceae in the Gleicheniales. | |
| Echinasporis | E. sp. | TE-620 road | Miospores | Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta | |
| Gleicheniidites | G. senonicus | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with the Gleicheniales in the Polypodiopsida. Fern spores from low herbaceous flora. | Extant Gleichenia |
| Granulatisporites | G. sp. | TE-620 road | Miospores | Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta | |
| Ischyosporites | I. crateris I. marburgensis | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with the families Schizaeaceae/Anemiaceae inside Pteridophyta | |
| Kekryphalospora | K. sp. cf. K. distincta | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with the families Schizaeaceae/Anemiaceae inside Pteridophyta | |
| Klukisporites | K. variegatus K. spp. | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with the family Lygodiaceae in the Polypodiopsida. K. variegatus is the 2nd most abundant palynomorph (20%) | Extant Lygodium |
| Leptolepidites | L. macroverrucosus L. sp. | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with the family Dennstaedtiaceae in the Polypodiales. Forest fern spores. | Extant Dennstaedtia specimens |
| Lycopodiacidites | L. rugulatus | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with the Ophioglossaceae in the Filicales. Fern spores from lower herbaceous flora. | Extant Helminthostachys specimens |
| Manumia | M. irregularis | TE-620 road | Miospores | Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta | |
| Matonisporites | M. phlebopteroides | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with Matoniaceae in the Gleicheniales. | |
| Osmundacidites | O. wellmani | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. | |
| Skarbysporites | S. crassexinius | TE-620 road | Miospores | Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta | |
| Todisporites | T. major | TE-620 road | Miospores | Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. | |

### Cycadophytes

| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Cycadopites | C. cf. carpentier C. follicularis | TE-620 road | Pollen | Affinities with the family Cycadaceae in the Cycadales and with Bennettitales. | Extant Cycas platyphylla |
| Cycadophyta | Indeterminate | TE-620 road | Multiple Leaflets | Affinities with Cycadales in the Cycadopsida. The local macroflora is dominated by Cycadophytes | |
| Monosulcites | M. minimus | TE-620 road | Pollen | Affinities with Cycadales in the Cycadopsida. | |

### Coniferophyta

| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Araucariacites | A. australis | TE-620 road | Pollen | Affinities with Araucariaceae in the Pinales. The Camarena palynoflora is dominated by Araucariacites australis (58%) | Extant Araucaria. |
| Callialasporites | C. turbatus | TE-620 road | Pollen | Affinities with the family Araucariaceae in the Pinales. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants. | Extant Araucaria. |
| Classopollis | C. classoides | TE-620 road | Pollen | Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae in the Pinopsida. | |
| Sciadopityspollenites | S. macroverrucosus S. spp. | TE-620 road | Pollen | Affinities with both Sciadopityaceae and Miroviaceae in the Pinopsida. This pollen's resemblance to extant Sciadopitys suggest that Miroviaceae may be an extinct lineage of Sciadopityaceae-like plants. | Extant Sciadopitys. |
| Spheripollenites | S. psilatus | TE-620 road | Pollen | Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae in the Pinopsida. | |