OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Adolf, Duke of Jülich-Berg

Adolf, Duke of Jülich-Berg (c. 1370 – 14 July 1437), was the first Duke of the combined duchies of Jülich and Berg. He was the son of William II of Berg and Anna of the Palatinate.
In 1397, Adolf rebelled against his father along with his brother William, ravaged Düsseldorf and imprisoned his father. He was outlawed and was subsequently subdued in 1405. Upon his father's death in 1408, Adolf became the 2nd Duke of Berg. Adolf fought against Lorraine and other pretenders for Bar but surrendered after his capture in 1417. His father's cousin, Reginald, Duke of Jülich and Guelders, had no heirs and upon his death in 1423, Adolf succeeded him in three-fourths of the Duchy, the fourth quarter (called Jülicher Quart) was inherited by John II of Loon, Lord of Heinsberg and Löwenberg, grandson of the first duke of Jülich, William V. The dukedom of Jülich passed to Adolf, thus becoming the first duke of the combined duchies of Jülich and Berg. John II. of Loon-Heinsberg was than also called Lord of Jülich. Adolf also began a year-long hereditary war against the House of Egmond for the dukedom of Guelders but could not win even with financial support from Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, who supported Adolf in this fight despite Adolf's opposition to Sigismund's coronation at Aachen in 1414. Adolf supported the Roman candidate in the Council of Constance which ended the Western Schism. He traditionally fought against the Archbishop of Cologne. He later secured Monschau-Montjoie and in 1428 he seized Lievandal-Wevelinghoven.
Adolf had only one son who died before him so after Adolf's death in 1437, the dukedom of Jülich-Berg passed to his nephew Gerhard, son of his brother William. Adolf died in Cologne on 14 July 1437 and is buried at Great St. Martin Church, Cologne.

## Family and children

In 1397, Adolf was betrothed to Catherine of Brunswick-Lüneburg, daughter of Henry the Mild, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg but this marriage was never consummated. In 1400 Adolf was married at the Château de Dun to Yolande of Bar (the younger) (c. 1378 – 10 January 1421), daughter of Robert I, Duke of Bar and Marie of Valois. On 14 February 1430 in Mainz, Adolf married a second time to Elisabeth of Bavaria (c. 1406 – 5 March 1468), daughter of Ernest, Duke of Bavaria and Elisabetta Visconti. Adolf had one child by his first wife:
* Rupert (died 2 August 1431), married 26 February 1426 Marie of Harcourt, daughter of John VI, Count of Harcourt and widow of Reginald, Duke of Jülich and Guelders, whose title had passed to Rupert's father.
# Gigliola da Carrara

Gigliola da Carrara (1379–1416) was the Marchioness of Ferrara, daughter of Francesco Novello da Carrara, lord of Padua, son of Francesco I da Carrara, and Taddea d'Este.

## Life

In 1386, marriage negotiations between her and a son of Albert II, Duke of Austria begun, with her dowry Feltre and Cividale de Belluna. The marriage never materialized however as Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Lord of Milan paid bribes to not make the betrothal go through.
Gigliolas father owing a debt of 10.000 ducats to Gian Galeazzo was proposed if he would marry his daughter to Gian Galeazzos illegitimate son Gabriele Visconti, the lord of Vincenza and Verona.
Visconti was most likely hoping to help strengthen his son's claims to the cities; since Gigliola through her maternal grandmother Verde della Scala she was a descendant of Mastino II della Scala who had once been lord of Vincenza and Verona. Gian Galeazzo also promised to marry Gigliolas oldest brother Francesco to a daughter of his cousin Alvise Visconti
The last legitimate heir, Canfrancescohad died mysteriously in 1392 (most likely poisoned)
Gigliolas father distrustful of Gian Galeazzos promises, betrothed her instead to her cousin Niccolò III d'Este, son of Alberto V d'Este (and enemy of Gian Galeazzo)
The 13 years old Marchioness of Ferrara married, Niccolò III d'Este, in 1394. As a wedding gift the couple were gifted with books De viris illustribus and De Mulieribus Claris.
Her husband was frequently unfaithful to her and fathered many illegitimate children.
After the Battle of Casalecchio in 1402, her brother Francesco Giacomowho were captured by enemy forces and was being taken to Pavia and Gian Galeazzo Visconti. Francesco managed to escape to the territory of his brother-in-law and husband to Gigliola. She supplied him with a horse and guards to get him home safely to Padua.
In 1405 her father and two brothers were executed by Venetian officials after their capture during the War of Padua.

## Death

She died of the plague in 1416, leaving no children. Nicholò then married Parisina Malatesta whom he condemned to death for adultery with Ugo d'Este, and then Ricciarda di Saluzzo, with whom he had his children Ercole I d'Este and Sigismondo d'Este.
# Japan National Route 2

National Route 2 (国道2号, Kokudō Ni-gō) is a major highway on the islands of Honshū and Kyūshū in Japan. It follows the old Sanyōdo westward from the city of Osaka, Osaka Prefecture in the Kansai region to the city of Kitakyūshū in Fukuoka Prefecture, passing through the San'yō region en route. Between Hyōgo Prefecture and Yamaguchi Prefecture it parallels the Sanyō Expressway; it crosses the Kanmon Straits through the Kanmon Roadway Tunnel. Its total length is 533.2 km. At its Osaka terminus, it meets Route 1; at its western terminus, it links with Routes 3 and 10.

## Route data

* Length: 533.2 km (331.4 mi)
* Origin: Umeda, Kita-ku, Osaka (originates at the terminus of Routes 1, 25 and 176 and the origins of Routes 26, 163 and 165)
* Terminus: Moji-ku, Kitakyushu (ends at the origins of Routes 3 and 10)
* Major cities: Kobe, Himeji, Himeji, Okayama, Kurashiki, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Iwakuni, Shimonoseki

## History

* 4 December 1952 - First Class National Highway 2 (from Osaka to Kitakyushu)
* 1 April 1965 - General National Highway 2 (from Osaka to Kitakyushu)

## Overlapping sections

* From Nishinomiya (Fudabasuji intersection) to Kobe (San'nomiya-East intersection): Route 171
* From Kobe (Higashi-Shiriike intersection) to Akashi (Kariguchi intersection): Route 28
* From Kobe (Higashi-Shiriike intersection) to Akashi (Kokubo intersection): Route 250
* From Himeji to Taishi Town (Taishi-Kamiota IC): Route 29
# Jorge Alberto Palacios

Jorge Alberto Palacios (April 7, 1949 – March 20, 2020), also known as "Fino" Palacios was a controversial Argentine policeman.

## Career

Head of the Argentine Federal Police Anti-Terrorism Unit, in 2009 he was appointed by Mayor Mauricio Macri to lead the Metropolitan Police, the new police force of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. This designation was questioned by the public, because of charges levied on him. The appointment ended with his arrest on the charges below, in December 2009.

## Accusations and controversies

He was under indictment in the AMIA court case, "considered a necessary participant in the crime of concealment, author criminally responsible for the crime of abuse of authority and author of the crime of violation of evidence."
Previously he was prosecuted for the causes of repression and killing of protesters in 2001, which was finally acquitted by the Federal Chambers. He was also publicly linked to the murder of Axel Blumberg, the son of Juan Carlos Blumberg, although Palacios defended himself by saying that "is an invention, as reflected in the statements of the father" of the victim.
For his part, Palacios denies all allegations and claims that there is a "smear campaign" against him.
He was also controversial for his book Terrorismo en la aldea global (Terrorism in the global village), especially the bias of its analysis. In particular, he asserted that "Argentina was the theater of Marxist revolutionaries who sow violence and terror in the citizenry", but does not mention state-sponsored terrorism in Argentina at all.

### Wiretapping scandal

In October 2009, Sergio Burstein, one of the leaders of the Jewish community who had led the opposition against the appointment of Fino Palacios as Chief of Police (because of his connections with the terrorist attack on the AMIA), he denounced in court was being spied on by the Police of the City of Buenos Aires. Shortly thereafter, the Justice observed that in fact, Burnstein was being spied upon by a band that would be part Fino and his successor Osvaldo Palacios Chamorro, a federal police lawyer and two judges from the Misiones Province.
The investigation revealed that the wiretapping victims included several political figures, both in the governing and opposition parties as well as businessmen, trade unionists and their families, including president Macri's father, Franco Macri, and his brother in law .
# Luteibacter

Luteibacter is a genus of bacteria from the family of Rhodanobacteraceae.
# Arnold Harrison

Arnold Harrison II (born September 20, 1982) is an American former professional football linebacker. He was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2005. He played college football at the University of Georgia.
Harrison also played for the Cleveland Browns and Florida Tuskers.

## College career

Harrison played college football at the University of Georgia where he majored in economics.

## Professional career
### Pittsburgh Steelers

Harrison was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2005, but did not make any appearances for the team in his rookie season.
In 2006, he played in seven games and finished the season with ten tackles. He appeared in 13 games in 2007 and recorded 13 tackles.
After spending the entire 2008 season on injured reserve with a torn ACL, Harrison was non-tendered as a restricted free agent in the 2009 offseason. However, the Steelers re-signed him to a one-year contract on March 16.
Harrison appeared in eight games and recorded seven tackles for the Steelers in 2009 before being waived on November 17 to make room for linebacker Donovan Woods.

### Cleveland Browns

Harrison was claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Browns on November 18. He appeared in four games and recorded five tackles for the Browns before being waived on December 29 when the team re-signed offensive tackle Scott Kooistra.
# Hans Thirring

Hans Thirring (23 March 1888 – 22 March 1976) was an Austrian theoretical physicist, professor, and father of the physicist Walter Thirring. He won the Haitinger Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1920.
Together with the mathematician Josef Lense, he is known for the prediction of the Lense–Thirring frame dragging effect of general relativity in 1918.
He received a deferment during World War I because he had broken one of his feet while skiing. He was a leading pacifist before the Anschluss and after World War II. But he could not save his older son, who was declared missing in action during the final two months of World War II. His body was never located.
Along with Albert Einstein, Thirring was one of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Convention (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place in 1950-51 at Palais Electoral, Geneva, Switzerland.
Hans Thirring served as assistant, professor, and head of the institute for theoretical physics of the University of Vienna until his forced retirement in 1938 after the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany. After the end of World War II, he was reinstated and became dean of the philosophical faculty in the years 1946–1947. He was active in the Socialist Party of Austria and served as member of the Federal Council of Austria during 1957–1963. He was also a teacher of the philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend.
# Jabłoń-Kikolskie

Jabłoń-Kikolskie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szepietowo, within Wysokie Mazowieckie County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.
# Francis Kett

Francis Kett (c. 1547–1589) was an Anglican clergyman burned for heresy.

## Life

Kett was born in Wymondham, Norfolk, the son of Thomas and Agnes Kett, and the nephew of the rebel Robert Kett, the main instigator of Kett's Rebellion.
Although Kett's father died while he was still a boy he was able to attend university thanks to support from his mother's second husband. After being admitted to Clare College, Cambridge in 1566, Francis graduated BA from Corpus Christi College, Cambridge in 1570. After proceeding MA in 1573 he was elected a fellow of that college. At some point he also entered holy orders.
In 1580 Kett resigned his fellowship and studied medicine, graduating MD in 1581, and in 1585 "Francis Kett, doctor of phisick" published 'The Glorious and Beautiful Garland of Man's Glorification, containing the godly misterie of heavenly Jerusalem', a book dedicated to Queen Elizabeth: and also in 1585 'An epistle [s]ent to divers [pa]pistes in England prouing [th]e Pope to bee the beast in the [1]3 of the Reuelations, and to be the man exalted in the temple of God, as God, Thess. 2.2 ...
However, in 1588 Edmund Scambler, the Bishop of Norwich, brought charges of heresy against him. Kett's views, if the charges against him were accurate, seem to have approximated to Arianism: he believed Jesus was not God but a good man who had suffered "only as Jesus already, and shall suffer hereafter as Christ" (that is, that having returned to earth Jesus would "suffer againe for the sinnes of the world" and eventually become divine). Kett also had millenarian beliefs, claiming that "Christ is now in his human nature gathering a church in Erthe in Judea"; and that "this year of our Lord 1588 divers Jews shall be sent to divers countries to publish the new covenant". Another account reports that he also believed in psychopannychism or soul sleep, that the soul lapses into a state of unawareness between death and resurrection on the Day of Judgment. The puritan minister William Burton reported with horror Kett's denial of Christ's divinity, that "Christ is not God, but a good man as others be"; but he also observed that however "monstrous" Kett's beliefs he gave every appearance of being a good man, continually praising God, praying and reading the Bible.
In late 1588 Scambler wrote to Lord Burghley urging that Kett should be executed with all speed, and he was accordingly burnt to death in the ditch of Norwich Castle on 14 January 1589. William Burton was a witness of his final suffering:
   ...when he went to the fire he was clothed in sackecloth, he went leaping and dauncing: being in the fire, above twenty times together clapping his hands, he cried nothing but blessed bee God … and so continued until the fire had consumed all his nether partes, and until he was stifled with the smoke.
It has been suggested that Kett's unorthodox opinions might have influenced the free-thinking views of Christopher Marlowe, who was also a student at Corpus Christi. However Kett's time as Fellow only overlapped the arrival of the young Marlowe by three or four months.
# Bartholomew Legate

Bartholomew Legate (c. 1575 – 18 March 1612) was an English anti-Trinitarian martyr.
Legate was born in Essex and became a dealer in cloth. In the 1590s, Bartholomew and his two brothers, Walter and Thomas, began preaching around the London area. Their unorthodox message rejected the Roman Catholic Church, the Church of England and their rituals. The brothers' views probably influenced the emergence of the Seekers.
Together with his brother Thomas, he was put in prison for heresy in 1611. Thomas died in Newgate Prison, London, but Bartholomew's imprisonment was not a rigorous one. James I argued with him, and on several occasions, he was brought before the Consistory court of London, but without any definite result. Eventually, after having threatened to bring an action for wrongful imprisonment, Legate was tried before a full Consistory Court in February 1612, was found guilty of blasphemous heresy, and was delivered to the secular authorities for punishment. Refusing to retract his opinions, he was burnt at the stake at Smithfield on 18 March 1612. Legate was the last person burned in London for his religious opinions, and died just three weeks before Edward Wightman, who was burned at Lichfield in April 1612, the last to suffer in this way in England.
Assessments include:
   Both men emerge as the victims of a complex series of events: the king's desire to be seen as orthodox in the light of the Vorstius affair; the in-fighting for control of the ecclesiastical establishment on the elevation of George Abbot to the archbishopric of Canterbury; and the campaign of the emerging anti-Calvinist group around Bishop Richard Neile against puritans".
   In the end, Legate "a man well-read in the scriptures, and of unblameable life, was charged with Socinian tenets, and with saying, that the Nicene and Athanasian Creeds did not contain a profession of the true Christian Faith".
# John Lawrence (martyr)

John Lawrence was a sixteenth-century English Protestant martyr. His story was recorded in Foxe's Book of Martyrs.
He was executed in Colchester, Essex; he apparently had to be taken to the stake in a chair because the irons he had been kept in while imprisoned, coupled with the lack of food, had left him too weak to walk.
# Kissing the Ground You Walked On

Kissing the Ground You Walked On (Chinese: 海鷗來過的房間) is a 2022 Macanese drama film directed by Hong Heng-fai. It received three nominations at the 59th Golden Horse Awards, including Best New Director for Hong Heng-fai. Hong became the first Macanese director to be nominated for the award. In an interview, Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival's Executive Committee head Wen Tien-hsiang described Hong's directorial style as "Ryusuke Hamaguchi meets Tsai Ming-liang".

## Premise

   A story revolving around two men: a half-retired young novelist and his tenant. There is a day when the novelist gets an opportunity to write a new book. While he is contemplating his new masterpiece, he has an internal struggle as to what his ideal is like. Here comes his tenant, a young man who eventually gives him inspirations not only on his upcoming book, but also on his vision of life, through an intriguing relation intertwining the two men.

## Cast

* Wong Pak-hou
* Lam Sheung

## Awards and nominations

| Awards | Category | Recipient | Result |
| 59th Golden Horse Awards | Best New Director | Hong Heng-fai | Nominated |
| 59th Golden Horse Awards | Best Cinematography | Charlie Sou | Nominated |
| 59th Golden Horse Awards | Best Sound Effects | Ellison Lau Chi-keong | Nominated |
| 59th Golden Horse Awards | FIPRESCI Prize | Kissing the Ground You Walked On | Nominated |
| 59th Golden Horse Awards | NETPAC Award | Kissing the Ground You Walked On | Nominated |
| 59th Golden Horse Awards | Observation Missions for Asian Cinema Award | Kissing the Ground You Walked On | Nominated |
| 47th Hong Kong International Film Festival | Firebird Awards (Chinese-language) | Kissing the Ground You Walked On | Nominated |
# Shyamsundarpur (disambiguation)

Shyamsundarpur refers to a village refers to a village in East Singhbhum district, Jharkhand, India.
It can also refer to:
* Shyamsundarpur Patna, a village in Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal, India
* Shyamsundarpur, Chanditala-I, a village in Hooghly district, West Bengal, India
* Shyamsundarpur, Paschim Bardhaman, a village in Paschim Bardhaman district, West Bengal, India
# Rosgosstrakh

Rosgosstrakh (Russian: Росгосстрах) is a Russian insurance company. It was the largest insurance company in Russia for many years but is now the second largest, behind SOGAZ. Rosgosstrakh was the main sponsor of the Russian National Football Championship. As Russia began its 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Rosgosstrakh was sanctioned by the US on 24 February 2022.

## History

Rosgosstrakh is the successor of Gosstrakh USSR, which was founded in 1921 during the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Gosstrakh was the Russian government-owned insurance monopolist until 1947, when Ingosstrakh was established as agency of foreign insurance. Rosgosstrakh became a state-owned joint stock company on 10 February 10 1992 by the Government Resolution of the Russian Cabinet №76 "On the establishment of the Russian State Insurance Company".
In July 2003, the controlling stake of 78%, minus four shares, was privatized. As of 2006, Rosgosstrakh was Russia's largest insurance company with US$1,528 billion in premiums per the Russian Federal Insurance Oversight Service (FIOS), aka Federal Service for Insurance Supervision (FSIS) or by the Russian acronym FSSN, the All-Russian Insurance Association (ARIA), Interfax, and public websites of the 20 leading Russian insurance companies. During 2007 and 2008 Rosgosstrakh bought the insurance company arm of the IFD Kapital Financial Group, consisting of Kapital Insurance, Kapital Reinsurance, Kapital Health Insurance and Kapital Life Insurance. They continue to do business under the name "Capital". On January 1, 2010 Rosgosstrakh restructured its ten regional insurance companies into the unified federal company "Group Rosgosstrakh".
Up until September 2010, Rosgosstrakh was the only insurance company with government shares. At that time the Russian government sold the remaining 13.1% stake in the company and hence lost its power, the golden share.
In 2018 Rosgosstrakh acquired Ergo Life, a Russian-based subsidiary of German insurance company Munich Re.
# Chosun University

Chosun University (Korean: 조선대학교) is one of the oldest private universities in South Korea. Its campus is situated in Gwangju metropolitan city, in southwestern South Korea. Around 33,000 students are enrolled.

## Academics

Undergraduate courses are offered through the university's 16 Colleges: General Education, Humanities, Natural Sciences, Law, Social Sciences, Business, Engineering, Electronics and Information Engineering, Education, Foreign Studies, Physical Education, Art and Design, Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacy and Natural Medical Sciences. Graduate courses, which cover most of these same areas, are offered through the various departments of the Graduate School.

## History

Chosun University was founded by the Chosun College Founders' Association. The Association was formed in May 1946, and rapidly gained members throughout Chungcheong, Jeolla, and Jeju provinces. According to the school website, "membership rose to more than 72,000 by the end of 1947." The first classes of the school, then called Kwangju Evening Academy, were held on September 29, 1946. It was renamed Chosun Academy shortly thereafter, and became a college in 1948. It became a university at the beginning of the 1953 school year, at which time the graduate school was also established.

## Sister schools

Chosun University maintains sisterhood ties with a large number of institutions: 70 internationally, and 42 domestically. Countries involved include Australia, China, Colombia, Egypt, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nepal, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Russia, Taiwan, Thailand, the United States, Kenya and Vietnam.

## Annual event

Chosun University has a variety of annual events, including rose festivals and grand festivals. On May 23, 2003, a rose festival will be held every May in the name of the rose festival - the scent of white rose. During the ceremony, there will be celebration performances and experience events such as performances by famous singers, colleges and clubs, Making book with roses, and origami of roses are held, and digital photo contest and rose garden photo exhibition are held.

## Notable people

* Byun Hee-bong, actor
* Lee Han-wi, actor
* Ryu Tae-joon, actor
* Yoon Seung-ah, actor
* Lee Han-wi, actor
* Jang Ja-yeon, actor
* Hong Jin-young, singer
* Hong Jeong-ho, football player
* Kim Dong-woo, football player
* Kim Hyo-gi, football player
* Kim Joo-sung, a former football player
* Kim Hyo-gi, a female South Korean archer and Olympic champion
* Kim Joo-sung, president of East Asian Football Federation