OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chang's model

In mathematical set theory, Chang's model is the smallest inner model of set theory closed under countable sequences. It was introduced by Chang (1971). More generally Chang introduced the smallest inner model closed under taking sequences of length less than κ for any infinite cardinal κ. For κ countable this is the constructible universe, and for κ the first uncountable cardinal it is Chang's model.
Chang's model is a model of ZF. Kenneth Kunen proved in Kunen (1973) that the axiom of choice fails in Chang's model provided there are sufficient large cardinals, such as uncountably many measurable cardinals.
# William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess of Berkeley

William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess of Berkeley (1426 – 14 February 1492) was an English peer, given the epithet "The Waste-All" by the family biographer and steward John Smyth of Nibley. He was buried at "St. Augustine's Friars, London" according to one source, but most likely in the Berkeley family foundation of St Augustine's Abbey, Bristol.

## Descent and Marriages

William of Berkley was born to James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley, and Lady Isabel Mowbray at Berkeley Castle in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, in 1426. His first marriage was in 1466 to Elizabeth West, daughter of Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr, but he obtained a divorce on 20 November 1467. In November 1468, he married Joan Strangeways, daughter of Sir Thomas Strangeways and Lady Katherine Neville. After the death of his second wife, he married Anne Fiennes, sister of Thomas Fiennes, 8th Baron Dacre, in c. 1486.

## Titles

William was invested as a knight c. 1438. William assumed the title of Baron Berkeley by writ after the death of his father James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley on 22 October 1463.
He was invested as a Knight Bachelor on 18 April 1475. He was styled as Viscount of Catherlough (now known as County Carlow, Ireland) between 1481 and 10 February 1485.
William was created Viscount Berkeley on 21 April 1481, as a Privy Counsellor (PC) on 5 March 1482/83, and as Earl of Nottingham on 28 June 1483. He assumed the life office of Earl Marshal and Great Marshal of England on 19 February 1485/86. Finally, he was created Marquess of Berkeley on 28 January 1488/89.

## Disinherits brother

He had no surviving male issue, thus the marquessate and his other non-inherited titles became extinct on his death, but he had a younger brother, Maurice Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley. He disinherited Maurice, as having brought shame on the noble House of Berkeley by marrying, beneath his status, to Isabel Mead, daughter of Philip Mead of Wraxall, an alderman and mayor of Bristol in 1459, 1462 and 1469.
In order to achieve this, the castle, lands and lordships composing the Barony of Berkeley he settled on King Henry VII and his heirs male, failing which to descend to his own rightful heirs. Thus, in 1553 on the death of King Edward VI, the unmarried grandson of Henry VII, the Berkeley inheritance returned to the family. Therefore, on the death of the 1st Marquis, only the de jure barony title was passed on to his younger brother Maurice, that is to say, he was Baron Berkeley by right, if not actually in possession of the baronial property. The 4th, 5th and 6th barons were also de jure only, with Henry (d. 1613) becoming de facto 7th Baron in 1553.

## Accomplishments

On 20 March 1469/70, he was challenged by Thomas Talbot, 2nd Viscount Lisle, to settle the claims to his great-uncle Thomas's estates by combat. Thomas was killed in the combat. The battle, known as the Battle of Nibley Green, is notable for being the last battle fought in England entirely between the private armies of feudal magnates.
# Geodetic astronomy

Geodetic astronomy or astronomical geodesy (astro-geodesy) is the application of astronomical methods into geodetic networks and other technical projects of geodesy.

## Applications

The most important applications are:
* Establishment of geodetic datum systems (e.g. ED50) or at expeditions
* apparent places of stars, and their proper motions
* precise astronomical navigation
* astro-geodetic geoid determination
* modelling the rock densities of the topography and of geological layers in the subsurface
* Monitoring of the Earth rotation and polar wandering
* Contribution to the time system of physics and geosciences

## Measuring techniques

Important measuring techniques are:
* Latitude determination and longitude determination, by theodolites, tacheometers, astrolabes or zenith cameras
* time and star positions by observation of star transits, e.g. by meridian circles (visual, photographic or CCD)
* Azimuth determination
** for the exact orientation of geodetic networks
** for mutual transformations between terrestrial and space methods
** for improved accuracy by means of "Laplace points" at special fixed points
* Vertical deflection determination and their use
** in geoid determination
** in mathematical reduction of very precise networks
** for geophysical and geological purposes (see above)
* Modern spatial methods
** VLBI with radio sources (quasars)
** Astrometry of stars by scanning satellites like Hipparcos or the future Gaia.
The accuracy of these methods depends on the instrument and its spectral wavelength, the measuring or scanning method, the time amount (versus economy), the atmospheric situation, the stability of the surface resp. the satellite, on mechanical and temperature effects to the instrument, on the experience and skill of the observer, and on the accuracy of the physical-mathematical models.
Therefore, the accuracy reaches from 60" (navigation, ~1 mile) to 0,001" and better (a few cm; satellites, VLBI), e.g.:
* angles (vertical deflections and azimuths) ±1" up to 0,1"
* geoid determination & height systems ca. 5 cm up to 0,2 cm
* astronomical lat/long and star positions ±1" up to 0,01"
* HIPPARCOS star positions ±0,001"
* VLBI quasar positions and Earth's rotation poles 0,001 to 0,0001" (cm...mm)
Astrogeodetic leveling is a local geoid determination method based on vertical deflection measurements. Given a starting value at one point, determining the geoid undulations for an area becomes a matter for simple integration of vertical deflection, as it represents the horizontal spatial gradient of the geoid undulation.
# Ellen Langwith

Ellen Langwith (died 1481) was a successful English businesswoman and London silkwoman who was known to provide silk goods to the Royal Court in London.

## Life

Ellen was "already a successful businesswoman when she married her first husband," the London cutler (sword-making blacksmith) Philip Waltham. When Waltham died in 1426, Ellen continued his business and kept his workshop, and she also trained three female apprentices. She continued to run that business even after her next marriage to the tailor John Langwith, on 18 Jul 1437.
She became quite successful in the textile trade and joined the Fraternity of St John the Baptist of Tailors and Linen-Armourers in the mid-1400s. She was able to order gold thread and silk directly from Venice in 1439. As one of the best of her trade, she made deliveries to the Royal court. In 1465, she received an order for the silk banners and saddle decorations for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth Woodville (wife to King Edward IV), in London, an order that would have been given only to the finest crafters.
   While she inherited from both husbands, Ellen had also amassed wealth through her own ventures. She operated very successfully in the silk trade under her own name, building a business where she sold to the royal household and trained her own apprentices.
She is known to have been an influential figure within the London business world. When she died in 1481 as the widow of a "fairly wealthy London tailor," she had no heirs. In her will, drawn up in 1480, she left the bulk of her estate to John Brown, who was one of her previous apprentices and a brother of her own serving maid. That said, "most of her bequests were to women."
# Wang Tiwu

Wang Tiwu (Chinese: 王惕吾, 29 August 1913 - 11 March 1996, born in Dongyang, Zhejiang, China) is the founder of the United Daily News and was a member of the Kuomintang Central Standing Committee.
Wang's family was from Zhejiang. In 1947, Wang was a colonel in the army of Chiang Kai-shek, traveled to Taiwan, and founded the newspaper United Daily News. His daughter, Wang Shaw-lan, owns the newspaper.

## Estates

* Wang's residence at Daan District, Taipei.
* Hsinchu South Garden, Wang's country house at Xinpu, Hsinchu.
# Lords of the Earth: A History of the Navajo Indians

Lords of the Earth: A History of the Navajo Indians is a 1971 non-fiction book about the Navajo Nation in Arizona, United States, by the Associated Press journalist Jules Loh. The book was published by Crowell-Collier Press. It has received mixed reception.

## Reception

Lords of the Earth received mixed reception. Loh's AP colleague John Barbour praised Loh's "vivid and gentle ... understanding of the Navajo". Editha L. Watson in The Navajo Times likewise praised Loh for his sensitivity toward the Navajo people and his storytelling ability. The historian William H. Lyon, by contrast, called the book superficial in its analysis and criticized it for its disorganized, sometimes off-topic historical narrative and lack of citations.
# Izidor Perera-Matić

Izidor Perera-Matić (2 July 1912 – 24 January 1944) was a Yugoslav physician and member of the Partisan resistance movement.
Perera-Matić was born in Vela Luka to a Sephardic-Jewish family. He finished elementary and high school in Vela Luka, and Faculty of Medicine at the University of Zagreb. In 1937, he was employed as Obrovac county physician. During World War II, in 1941, he was arrested together with his father David for being Jewish. Because of him being physician, Perera-Matić and his father were released. In June 1941, he moved with his parents to Split and in April 1942, he joined the Partisans. Perera-Matić was stationed at mountain Dinara. There he organized the partisan clinic as the first organized military medical unit in Dalmatia. Later he managed the hospital in Glamoč. During the Fourth Enemy Offensive, Perera-Matić was ambulance officer of the 5th. Montenegrin proletarian brigade. He was wounded in his leg during the Fifth Enemy Offensive. After recovery, Perera-Matić returned to Dalmatia where he was ambulance officer of the 8th. Dalmatia corps. On 18 January 1944 he attended the meeting of military doctors on island Vis. Perera-Matić was killed on 24 January 1944 in Podgradina when on his way to inspect the 20th division in Bitelići, near Hrvace. While going up the hill, the grenade hit him in the head and tore both of his legs. With him, nurse Gorka Katalinić was also killed.
# List of earthquakes in Guam

Earthquakes in Guam are infrequent but are often accompanied by tsunami. The small island, which is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States, lies at the extreme southern end of the Mariana Islands and at the eastern margin of the Philippine Sea plate.
| Date | Mag. | MMI | Injuries | Comments | |
| April 1825 | | VIII | | Moderate damage / tsunami | NGDC 1972 |
| May 1834 | | | | Moderate damage | NGDC 1972 |
| 1849-01-25 | 7.5 | IX | Some | Severe damage / tsunami | NGDC 1972 |
| 1892-05-16 | 7.5 M$_s$ | VIII | | Moderate damage / tsunami | NGDC 1972 |
| 1902-09-22 | 8.1 M$_s$ | IX | Few | Severe damage | NGDC 1972 |
| 1903-02-10 | | VII | | Minimal damage / tsunami | NGDC 1972 |
| 1909-12-09 | 8.0 | VIII | | Moderate damage / tsunami | NGDC 1972 |
| 1975-11-01 | 6.1 M$_b$ | VII | | Minimal damage / tsunami | NGDC 1972 |
| 1993-08-08 | 7.8 M$_w$ | IX | 48–71 | $250 million in damage / non-destructive tsunami | |
| 1997-04-23 | 6.5 M$_w$ | VII | 4 | Some damage | |
| 2001-10-12 | 7.0 M$_w$ | VII | 1 | Some damage | |
| 2002-04-26 | 7.1 M$_w$ | VII | 5 | Minor damage | |
| Note: The inclusion criteria for adding events are based on WikiProject Earthquakes' notability guideline that was developed for stand alone articles. The principles described also apply to lists. In summary, only damaging, injurious, or deadly events should be recorded. ||||||||
# Kizboy

Kizboy (Russian: Кизбой) is a rural locality (a village) in Voskresenskoye Rural Settlement, Cherepovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 6 as of 2002. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Kizboy is located 70 km (43 mi) northwest of Cherepovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Maltsevo is the nearest rural locality.
# Sound of Arisaig

The Sound of Arisaig Lochaber, Scotland, separates the Arisaig peninsula to the north from the Moidart peninsula to the south. At the eastern, landward end, the sound is divided by Ardnish into two sea lochs. Loch nan Uamh lies to the north of Ardnish, Loch Ailort to the south. There are a number of small islands in the sound, of which Eilean nan Gobhar and Samalaman Island, both near to Glenuig on the south shore, are the largest.
The A830 road, called the Road to the Isles, runs along the east end of Loch Ailort, and then crosses Ardnish before turning westwards along the north shore of Loch nan Uamh and the sound proper. The West Highland Line follows the same route including the Loch nan Uamh Viaduct. The A861 road follows the south shore of Loch Ailort and the sound proper as far west as Glenuig.
The Prince's Cairn, marking the spot where Bonnie Prince Charlie finally left Scotland after the unsuccessful Jacobite rising of 1745, on 20 September 1746, overlooks Loch nan Uamh.
The sound is a marine Special Area of Conservation.

## Literary allusion

Arisaig, Ardnish and the Sound inspired venues in the "Ian and Sovra" series of children's novels by Elinor Lyon, according to a letter of 24 June 2005 depicted on her page.
# Street Racer (film)

Street Racer is a 2008 action thriller film by The Asylum. It's meant to be a mockbuster of the film Speed Racer, but its overall plot bears a closer similarity to The Fast and the Furious, and particularly The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, which had been released in 2006. The film is advertised by The Asylum as being based on true events.

## Plot

Johnny Wayne (Clint Browning) is an ex-racer who serves 5 years in prison after crippling a young boy during an illegal street race in Los Angeles. Wayne, having been traumatised by the events, vows to never race again, and is soon released as a reformed citizen. Whilst Johnny attempts to restore his life and become an honest, hardworking member of society, his parole officer has other plans for him. Johnny finds himself being blackmailed into street racing by his parole officer and the taunts of his former street racing associates. Johnny is given a job at a wrecking yard, owned by Red. Johnny and Red get off to a rocky start but end up becoming friends. Red teaches Johnny how to improve his racing skill. Johnny is assigned to volunteer community service as part of his parole and he winds up working at a rehabilitation facility where a boy, Danny/Daniel (Connor Herlong), crippled 5 years earlier in a car accident, gets his physical therapy as he tries to relearn to walk.
Danny and his older sister take a liking to Johnny. Johnny inspires Danny to give maximum effort to his physical therapy and Danny progresses.
Johnny slowly comes to the realization that Danny is the boy he crippled in the wreck he caused 5 years earlier but does not know how to tell Danny and his sister. Danny's father sees Johnny at the rehabilitation facility, goes ballistic and reveals the truth to all. Danny's sister confronts Johnny about the hardship he has placed on Danny and his family, who struggle to make ends meet with staggering medical bills. Johnny ends up racing his former friend/now rival Mickey Styles (Jason Ellefson) for the title of the ultimate street racer of Los Angeles and $10k. The crooked parole officer bets against Johnny and instructs Johnny to lose or he will violate his parole and harm Danny and his family.
Johnny wins the race and $10k which he donates to Danny. The crooked parole officer gets his just reward when he is hit by street racers and killed.

## Cast

* Clint Browning as Johnny Wayne
* Dorothy Drury as Kelly
* Robert Pike Daniel as "Red"
* Jason Ellefson as Mickey Styles
* Dustin Fitzsimons as Steve
* Michael Crider as Briggs
* Connor Herlong as Daniel
* T.J. Zale as Robert
* Reggie Jernigan as Derek
* Kelli Dawn Hancock as Armenia
* Sinead McCafferty as Sheila
* Jennifer Dorogi as Teddy
* Jack Goldenberg as Travis
# Ken'ichiro Kobayashi

Ken'ichiro Kobayashi (小林 研一郎, Kobayashi Ken'ichirō, born 9 April 1940) is a Japanese conductor and composer. In Japan he is known among his fans as “Kobaken.”

## Biography

Born in Iwaki, Fukushima, Kobayashi's father was a high school music teacher, and mother was a primary school teacher. Kobayashi started composing music at the age of 11, studied composition and conducting under Mareo Ishiketa (composition), Kazuo Yamada (conducting), and Akeo Watanabe (conducting) at Tokyo University of the Arts.
Kobayashi won the 1st prize and the special award at the International Conductors Competition on Hungarian television in 1974. He has led orchestras in Germany, Austria, Britain, and Netherlands. Kobayashi has been resident conductor of the Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra and Kyoto Symphony Orchestra. Kobayashi was appointed to the principal conductor of Japan Philharmonic Orchestra (1988–90), chief conductor (1990–94, 1997–2004), music director (2004–07) and conductor laureate since 2010.
Kobayashi served the principal guest conductor of the Kansai and Kyushu Orchestras. He was general music director of Nagoya Philharmonic Orchestra from 1998 to 2001, music director from 2001 to 2003, is now appointed to the conductor laureate since 2003. Kobayashi was appointed to the special guest conductor of Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra in August 2011, appointed to the music director of Tokyo Bunka Kaikan in June 2012.
In Europe, Kobayashi served the principal conductor of Hungarian State Symphony (now Hungarian National Philharmonic) from 1987–97, and is now conductor laureate of the orchestra. Kobayashi was the first Asian conductor who had conducted Czech Philharmonic at the Prague Spring International Music Festival in 2002. He has held the regular guest conductorship with Czech Philharmonic. He was one of three conductors who primarily led the orchestra after the resignation of Gerd Albrecht from the chief conductorship orchestra in 1996 and before advent of Vladimir Ashkenazy in 1998.
In 2006, he became vaste dirigent ('permanent conductor') of Het Gelders Orkest of Arnhem, Netherlands. He is the emeritus professor of Tokyo University of the Arts, of Tokyo College of Music, and of Franz Liszt Academy of Music.
His compositions include his Passacaglia for orchestra, in honour of the 400th anniversary of relations between Japan and the Netherlands in the year 2000.
Kobayashi received the Liszt Memorial Decoration (1986), the Hungarian Order of Culture (1990), and the Middle Cross with the Star of the Order of the Republic of Hungary decoration (the highest civilian honour) from the Hungarian government in 1994. He is the ambassador of Culture for Hungary.
In 2000, he was awarded the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award jointly given by the Prague Society for International Cooperation and Global Panel Foundation.
# Telia Rumal

Telia Rumal is a method for the oil treatment of yarn. It originated from Chirala in Andhra Pradesh. At Chirala, in the Bapatla district of Andhra Pradesh where the craft started, the weavers had virtually stopped making Telia Rumals. People who acquired skill in this dying art took the lead to introduce this in Puttapaka village of Yadadri district in Telangana. Recently Puttapaka Telia Rumal was accorded with Geographical indication (GI) tag.

## History

These rumals were patronised by Nizams of Hyderabad, who commissioned elaborate pieces.
Gajam Govardhana popularized the tradition and revived the art of telia rumal which was then dying. today his contributions to revival of Telia Rumal has brought this sustainable, natural process of art to an international level.

## Process

It is an art of Ikat tradition using natural vegetable dyes.
# Chatti (surname)

Chatti (Arabic pronunciation:) is a surname found in Tunisia and Kuwait.

## Chatti of Tunisia

Chatti (or Chatty) of Tunisia is found mainly in Msaken.

## Branches

* Baya Chatti
* Zommitt Chatti
* Gregueb Chatti
* Baccouch Chatti
* Layouni Chatti
* Chargui or Chergui

## People

* Habib Chatti
* Zoubeir Baya

## DNA Haplogroup

* One sample from Chatti family in Msaken was found by Family Tree DNA as belonging to Y Chromosome DNA Haplogroup J-L271, a branch of Haplogroup J-M172, the same haplogroup was also found among most of Msaken samples belonging to different surnames.
# Fosenhallen

Fosenhallen is an indoor multi-use ice rink in the village of Bjugn in Ørland Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It consists of a speed skating rink, with an ice hockey rink and a football field in the middle, as well as a curling rink. It opened on 14 September 2007.
# Abraham Wolff

Abraham Alexander Wolff (Hebrew: אברהם אלכסנדר וולף; 29 April 1801 – 3 December 1891) was the chief rabbi of Denmark and translator of the Torah into Danish.
Wolff was born in Darmstadt, Hesse-Darmstadt, to the merchant Alexander W. Gans and his wife Henriette. He lived in Damstadt until the age of 16 at which time he was sent away to study as a Judaic scholar. He first studied with a rabbi in Mainz before studying under Chief Rabbi Abraham Bing in Würzburg, Bavaria. In 1819, he entered the University of Würzburg, studying philosophy and theology. He completed his studies in 1821 at the University of Giessen with a dissertation on the Prophet Habakkuk.
After graduating, he was appointed rabbi in Giessen and in 1826 Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse, named him chief rabbi of the Grand Duchy of Hesse. That same year, he married Johanna Goldschmidt (1806–1876) in Frankfurt am Main. Two years later, Frederick VI named Wolff chief rabbi of Denmark with the approval of Copenhagen's Community of the Mosaic Faith [da], succeeding Abraham Gedalia who died in 1827. He took office on 15 May 1829.
One of his first tasks was to complete the Great Synagogue on Krystalgade in Copenhagen. The first synagogue on Læderstræde was destroyed in the Copenhagen Fire of 1795 and prior to Wolff's arrival the congregation had secured a new building site, but still needed to raise considerable funds to complete the building. Wolff managed to raise the necessary funds and the Great Synagogue opened on 12 April 1833.
Wolff translated into Danish a book of Jewish prayers in 1856 and his translation into Danish of the Pentateuch was published in 1891, followed by a posthumous revision that included the haftarah in 1894. He also wrote several texts on Jewish faith and history, as well as Talmud Enemies (Talmudfjender, 1878) which responded to attacks by some Danish clergymen on the Jews and Judaism.
Wolff is credited with gradually reforming and modernizing Jewish life in Denmark by seeing Jewish worship become more a private mater and reinforcing the separation of secular and religious spheres. He also worked to reconcile differences between orthodox believers and reformers in part by issuing his 1856 prayer book translations with the Hebrew prayers printed alongside the Danish translation. He also preached sermons in Danish and incorporated Danish choral works accompanied by organ.
Wolff continued as chief rabbi of Copenhagen until his death in 1891. He is buried in Copenhagen's Jewish Northern Cemetery.