OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gaius Pontius

Gaius Pontius (fl. 321 BC), sometimes called Gavius Pontius, was a Samnite commander during the Second Samnite War. He is most well known for his victory over the Roman legions at the Battle of the Caudine Forks in 321 BC. He was eventually captured and executed by Fabius Rullianus.

## Early life

Gaius Pontius was born to the Caudini. Gaius Pontius was a Meddix, a Samnite position similar to a Roman Consul or Magistratus at the beginning of the Second Samnite War. He controlled a force of nearly 9,000, including nearly 1,000 cavalrymen. With this force, he won a series of early victories, which included taking the towns of Canusium and Gnaitha, and defeating the army under the command of Cornelius Lentulus. The Samnites failed to take advantage of these victories, however, and the Romans continued to press into Samnite territory.

## Battle of the Caudine Forks

In 321 BC, the Romans were moving into Samnium, and Pontius, who was encamped at Caudium, discovered that the army led by the Roman Consuls was near the town of Calatia. He devised a plan to trap the Roman army, and quickly sent ten shepherds to the Roman encampment. They told the Romans that the Samnite army was laying siege to the town of Luceria, in the region of Apulia.
The Romans fell for his trap, and found themselves cornered by the Samnite army in a narrow pass. They were forced to surrender to Pontius.

## Aftermath

As recorded by Livy, Pontius was confused as to what should become of the Roman army which had surrendered to him. He sent a letter to his father, the Samnite statesman Herennius Pontius, and the reply was that he should free them all, and therefore make Rome an ally. Pontius did not like this idea, and sent another letter to his father, saying so. Herennius, in a seemingly hypocritical manner, told his son to execute the entire army, saying that it would destroy the threat of Rome for a long time. Pontius knew that the number of Romans were simply too large to have them all executed, so he sent for his father in person, and asked him if there was a middle road. Herennius advised his son not to take that road, as it would not only humiliate the Romans, but leave them with the means to carry out revenge.
Pontius ended up ignoring his father's advice and forcing the Romans to walk under a yoke composed of Roman spears. This was supreme humiliation, as it was seen as cowardly for a Roman soldier to lose his spear, and the army went back to Rome smarting but intact.
Rome's revenge was swift, and ended up with the Samnites being soundly defeated, and Pontius being executed years after the battle.
# Jimmy Lee (journalist)

Jimmy Lee (1972–2021) was a Korean American journalist.
He served as managing editor of KoreAm Journal from 1999 to 2007.
Lee was born in Seoul, Korea, and immigrated to California at the age of 11 months with his family. He was raised in Orange County, California. He graduated from UCLA in 1994 with a degree in Geography.
He had worked at the Korean Youth and Community Center in Los Angeles.

## Honors and awards

* In 2004, he was the runner-up of a New California Media Award for his article O Sister, Here Art Thou.
# Rupprecht Geiger

Rupprecht Geiger (26 January 1908 – 6 December 2009) was a German abstract painter and sculptor. Throughout his career, he favored monochromicity and color-field paintings. For a time, he concentrated solely on the color red.

## Life and work

Geiger was born in Munich, the only child of painter Willi Geiger. Besides Germany, the family spent time in Spain, and he also joined his father on trips to Morocco and the Canary Islands. It was on these trips that Geiger began painting. From 1926 through 1935, he studied and taught architecture and art at academic institutions in Munich. From 1936 to 1940, he worked as an architect at several firms, also in Munich. He was called up to fight in World War II and was at the Eastern Front in Poland and Russia, and then in 1943 and 1944 he was a war illustrator in Ukraine and Greece. He exhibited his first abstract painting in 1948.
After the war, from 1949 to 1962, he was again active as an architect. In 1949, Geiger co-founded the Munich artists' group ZEN 49. Hilla von Rebay chose to exhibit his artwork at the Museum for Non-Objective Painting (later the Guggenheim Foundation).
From 1965 to 1976, Geiger was professor of painting at Staatlichen Kunstakademie Düsseldorf.
His paintings are often concerned with the theme of color. In the 1950s, he particularly studied the color red. Geiger's paintings are characterized by simple geometric forms (rectangles, ovals, circles), bright colors, and intense contrasts. The Diozesanmuseum Freising near Munich possesses a collection of his works.

## Exhibitions

Major international exhibitions of Rupprecht Geiger's long career included four in the German city of Kassel:
* documenta II (1959)
* documenta III (1964)
* 4. documenta (1968)
* documenta 6 (1977)

## Awards

In 1989, Geiger earned the Cultural Honor Prize of the City of Munich. In 1992, he was awarded The Rubens Prize of the City of Siegen, in 1995 the Oberbayerischer Kulturpreis, and in 1997 the Goldene Ehrenmünze der Landeshauptstadt München.
# Claes Turitz

Claes Turitz (28 August 1928 – 1 April 2005) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics.
# Logovardi Airfield

Logovardi Airfield (Macedonian: Аеродром Логоварди, romanized: Aerodrom Logovardi) is an aerodrome located in Bitola, North Macedonia.

## Service

On 23 July 2007, the Logovardi airfield was used as a base for firefighting to combat wildfires within the region.
In the 1970s and 1980s, the Aero Club Mirko Todorovski hosted a popular air show each May. The airshow ended, however, after the breakup of Yugoslavia. On 24 May 2008, after 20 years of inactivity, the field was reopened as a gathering spot for air enthusiasts from across Macedonia. The annual air show has since been resumed by Mirko Todorovski. The most recent of these performances was the Bitola and Bitola Air Race which took place on 9 September 2011.

## History

In 1935, Aeroput added a stop in Bitola on Sundays to the Belgrade-Skopje-Thessaloniki line with a Spartan Cruiser II plane.
# Switch hitter (disambiguation)

A switch hitter is a baseball player who bats both right-handed and left-handed.
Switch hitter may also refer to:
* Switch-hitter, a boxer who can fight in both orthodox (right-handed) and southpaw (left-handed) stances
* "Switch Hitter", a season 2 episode of the sitcom Arrested Development
* A slang term for a bisexual person
# Karl Wilhelm Nitzsch

Karl Wilhelm Nitzsch (22 December 1818 – 20 June 1880) was a German historian known for his studies of ancient Rome and medieval Germany. He was the son of classical philologist Gregor Wilhelm Nitzsch (1790–1861).
In 1842, he received his doctorate from the University of Kiel with a dissertation involving the Greek historian Polybius. Following graduation, he took an extended study trip to Italy (1842–1843). In 1848, he became an associate professor at Kiel, where in 1858 he was named a full professor of history. Later, he was a professor of history at the Universities of Königsberg (from 1862) and Berlin (from 1872).

## Principal works

* Polybius. Zur geschichte antiker politik und historiographie, 1842 – "Polybius. On the history of ancient politics and historiography.
* Die Gracchen und ihre nächsten Vorgänger vier Bücher römischer Geschichte, 1847 – The Gracchi and their closest predecessors, Four books on Roman history.
* Vorarbeiten zur Geschichte der Staufischen Periode, 1859 – Preliminary work on the history of the Hohenstaufen period.
* Ministerialität und bürgerthum im 11. und 12. jahrhundert, 1859 – Ministeriality and bourgeoisie in the 11th and 12th centuries.
* Die römische Annalistik von ihren ersten Anfängen bis auf Valerius Antias, 1873 – The Roman Annalists; from their beginnings up until Valerius Antias.
* Nordalbingische studien, 1874 – Nordalbingian studies.
* Deutsche Studien. Gesammelte Aufsätze und Vortäge zur deutschen Geschichte, 1879 – German studies, collected essays and lectures on German history.
* Geschichte des deutschen Volkes bis zum Augsburger Religionsfrieden, 1883 – History of the German people up until the Peace of Augsburg.
* Geschichte der römischen republik, 1884 – History of the Roman Republic.
* Books about Karl Wilhelm Nitzsch:
* Karl Wilhelm Nitzsch : die methodischen Grundlagen seiner Geschichtschreibung : ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geschichtswissenschaft, 1912 (by Herbert Merzdorf) – Karl Wilhelm Nitzsch: the methodological foundations of his historical writing: a contribution to the history of historical science.
# Clas Haraldsson

Clas Haraldsson (1 September 1922 – 14 August 1984) was a Swedish cross-country skier. He competed in the 18 km event at the 1948 Winter Olympics.

## Cross-country skiing results
### Olympic Games

| Year | Age | 18 km | 50 km | 4 × 10 km  relay |
| 1948 | 25 | 33 | — | — |
# Deo Surya Mandir

Deo Sun Temple is a Hindu temple in Bihar, India. The temple is a solar shrine, dedicated to Surya, the sun god, for Chhath Puja. The temple is located in Deo Town, Aurangabad. The Temple is unique as it faces west, the setting sun, not the usual rising sun. It is considered to be one of the most sacred places for sun worshiping and Chhath Puja.

## History

According to oral tradition, Lord Vishwakarma built the Deo Sun Temple in one night. A gupta-era inscription dated 642 CE talks about sun worshiping, but it does not mention the Deo Sun Temple directly. However, some inscriptions and local oral traditions do hint at the presence of temple around the 7th or 8th century CE.
Its written history can be traced back to the pala and senua periods, with an inscription from 1437 documenting the dedication of the template by King Bhairavendra. The inscription also lists twelve of King Bhairavendra's ancestors and suggests that the temple exists in its present state thanks to local Hindu chieftains who recovered the temple after Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji's invasion of Bengal. Since most sun temples face towards the rising sun, some scholars believe that this temple could have been a Buddhist temple originally, later being destroyed by Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, and finally being converted to a sun temple by Bhairavendra.

## Architecture and design

The temple is a mixture of Nagri Architecture, Dravidian architecture, and Vesara architecture. A dome shape is carved above the Dev Sun Temple, with a gold urn placed above the dome.

## Cultural significance

The temple is famous for its annual Chhath festival celebration. Lakhs of devotees from all over Bihar and other regions visit temple to worship, attend Chhath Mela, bathe in the holy Surya Kund and offer arghya.
# Clare Priory

Clare Priory is a religious house in England, originally established in 1248 as the first house of the Augustinian Friars in England. It is situated on the banks of the River Stour, a short distance away from the medieval village of Clare, Suffolk. The friary was suppressed in 1538 and the property passed through many hands until it was again purchased by the Augustinian friars in 1953. Today the Priory offers modern retreat facilities for guests.

## History

Clare Priory was established 1248 by Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester, as a friary for the Order of St Augustine and a cell of Bec Abbey, Normandy. It was the first house of the Augustinian Friars in England.
In 1326, Edward II reconstituted it as a cell of Westminster Abbey.
By the 14th century the Augustinian order had had over 800 friars in England and Ireland, but these priories had declined (for other reasons) to around 300 friars before the anti-clerical laws of the Reformation Parliament and the Act of Supremacy.
Clare was one of the first English monastic houses suppressed in 1538 in the Dissolution of the Monasteries during the English Reformation. The partial list of monasteries dissolved by Henry VIII of England alone includes 18 Augustinian houses such as Bourne Abbey, Newstead Abbey and Waltham Abbey.
In 1604 the priory was converted into a home for Sir Thomas Barnardiston, grandfather of Sir Thomas Barnardiston, 1st Baronet. In the 17th and 18th centuries it belonged to the Baker family.
In 1953, the Irish Augustinian Friars purchased the house with the help of the family who then owned it, and returned it to use as a religious house.
Clare Priory is a Grade I listed building, first listed in 1961. It retains some original features, such as the little cloister with the shrine, the vaulted porch, and stained glass. The shrine contains a relief of the Mother of Good Counsel by the religious artist, Mother Concordia OSB, based on the original fresco at Genazzano near Rome.

## Burials

* Joan of Acre (1272–1307), daughter of Edward I, Countess of Hertford and Countess of Gloucester
* Edward de Monthermer (1304–1339), Joan of Acre's youngest son
* Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence (1338–1368)
* Thomas Edwardston (d. 1396), prior of Clare Priory
* Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March (d. 1425)
Signs at the priory, now corrected, previously included Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster among those buried there; she was actually buried at Bruisyard Abbey.

## Grounds

* Garden
* Church
* New church
# Kim Eng Holdings

Kim Eng Holdings Limited is a securities and investment broker in Asia. It was incorporated in 1972 to provide stockbroking services in Singapore. The group's network coverage spans 10 countries; servicing institutional, corporate, high-net-worth and retail investors. Kim Eng Holdings is a full-fledged member of stock exchanges in Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam and India.
In January 2011, it was announced that Maybank has acquired Kim Eng for a sum of S$1.8 billion. Under the deal, Maybank is acquiring a 44.6 percent stake in Kim Eng Holdings at S$3.10 a share. This also translates to 15.44 percent from the CEO Mr Ronald Ooi and 29.19 percent stake from Yuanta Securities Asia Financial Services.

## Business activities

Through its various subsidiaries, Kim Eng offers financial services such as:
* Securities Trading
* Research
* Online Trading
* Share Financing
* Corporate Finance
* Custodian & Nominee Services
* Equity Derivatives & Structured Products
* Mutual Funds
* Hedge Funds
* Trust & Fiduciary Services
# 1994 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team

The 1994 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their third year under head coach Jim Wacker, the Golden Gophers compiled a 3–8 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 348 to 256.
Defensive tackle Ed Hawthorne and linebacker Broderick Hall were named All-Big Ten first team. Kicker Mike Chalberg was named All-Big Ten second team. Defensive back Justin Conzemius was named first team Academic All-American. Kicker Mike Chalberg, defensive back Justin Conzemius, offensive lineman Chris Fowlkes, offensive lineman Luke Glime, linebacker Luke Hiestand, offensive lineman Todd Jesewitz, linebacker Ben Langford, wide receiver Tony Levine, defensive back Dan LiSanti, linebacker Craig Sauer, quarterback Cory Sauter and linebacker Chris Smith were named Academic All-Big Ten.
Chris Darkins was awarded the Bronko Nagurski Award and Bruce Smith Award. Craig Sauer was awarded the Carl Eller Award. Free safety Rishon Early was awarded the Bobby Bell Award. Justin Conzemius was awarded the Butch Nash Award. Ed Hawthorne was awarded the Paul Giel Award.
The total attendance for the season was 253,851, which averaged to 42,308 per game. The season attendance high was against Iowa, with 53,340 in attendance.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | TV | Result | Attendance |
| September 3 | 7:00 pm | No. 9 Penn State | Hubert H. Humphrey MetrodomeMinneapolis | | L 3–56 | 51,134 |
| September 10 | 7:00 pm | Pacific (CA)* | Hubert H. Humphrey MetrodomeMinneapolis | | W 33–7 | 37,719 |
| September 17 | 6:00 pm | San Diego State* | Hubert H. Humphrey MetrodomeMinneapolis | | W 40–17 | 32,212 |
| September 24 | 1:10 pm | at Kansas State* | KSU StadiumManhattan, Kansas | MSC | L 0–35 | 40,002 |
| October 1 | 1:00 pm | at Indiana | Memorial StadiumBloomington, Indiana | | L 14–25 | 38,195 |
| October 8 | 1:00 pm | at Purdue | Ross–Ade StadiumWest Lafayette, Indiana | | L 37–49 | 33,158 |
| October 15 | 6:00 pm | Northwestern | Hubert H. Humphrey MetrodomeMinneapolis | | L 31–37 | 44,377 |
| October 22 | 1:00 pm | at Wisconsin | Camp Randall StadiumMadison, Wisconsin (Paul Bunyan's Axe) | | W 17–14 | 77,745 |
| November 5 | 6:00 pm | Illinois | Hubert H. Humphrey MetrodomeMinneapolis, Minnesota | | L 17–21 | 35,069 |
| November 12 | 12:00 pm | at No. 19 Michigan | Michigan StadiumAnn Arbor, Michigan (Little Brown Jug) | | L 22–38 | 105,624 |
| November 19 | 6:00 pm | Iowa | Hubert H. Humphrey MetrodomeMinneapolis (Floyd of Rosedale) | | L 42–49 | 53,340 |
| *Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from AP Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Central time |||||||

## Game summaries
### Penn State
### Iowa

| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total |
| • Hawkeyes | 14 | 14 | 21 | 0 | 49 |
| Golden Gophers | 10 | 7 | 15 | 10 | 42 |
# Brachymetatarsia

Brachymetatarsia is a rare malformation that causes one or more toes to be abnormally short. The condition is characterized by a metatarsal arch shortness of more than 5 mm. The condition is more common in females, and the incidence reported in the literature ranges from 0.02% to 0.05%. Brachymetatarsia appears to be the result of epiphyseal plate retardation or premature closure. The etiology may be congenital and idiopathic, posttraumatic, postinfection, iatrogenic, or secondary to a systemic disease such as cancer, sickle cell disease, pseudohyperparathyroidism, Turner's syndrome, Down syndrome, Apert syndrome, athyroidism, or osteodystrophy.
It most frequently involves the fourth metatarsal. If it involves the first metatarsal, the condition is known as Morton's syndrome. Treatment is via a number of differing surgical procedures.

## Diagnosis
### Differential diagnosis

Congenital causes include: Aarskog syndrome, Turner syndrome, Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy, maternal ingestion of thalidomide during pregnancy and Apert syndrome. Can be caused by a trauma, although the exact mechanism is not known.

## Treatment

Symptoms may be treated by wearing wider shoes to relieve pressure, or the patient can wear padding around the toes. Surgery is also an option, if the pain and discomfort cannot be treated, or for cosmetic reasons. In this procedure, the short metatarsal is typically cut and a piece of bone is grafted between the two ends. In some cases, an external fixator may be attached to the metatarsal with pins. Within the external fixator is an adjustable screw that must be turned (per doctors' orders) to lengthen the gap between bone segments, so the bone will regrow to the appropriate shape.
Following surgery, crutches or a knee scooter should be used to keep all weight off the surgically repaired foot for 3 months. After this period, orthopedic shoes or boots may be used.

## Epidemiology

Brachymetatarsia is found to occur more frequently in women than men. Brachymetatarsia affecting the first metatarsal of the foot is the most common type of brachymetatarsia, with approximately 22% of the population being affected by it.
# Mel Tom

Melvyn Maile Tom (August 4, 1941 – April 27, 2006) was an American professional football defensive lineman who played nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for the Philadelphia Eagles and Chicago Bears. Mel is the father of Landon Tom and Logan Tom, member of the 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012 American Olympic indoor volleyball teams. He died at age 64 of heart failure.
# Edward St. Lo

Rear Admiral Edward St. Lo (died 14 April 1729) was a Royal Navy officer who served as Commander-in-Chief of the Jamaica Station. He may have been the son of the Commissioner of the Navy, George St. Lo.

## Naval career

St. Lo was promoted to post captain on 9 September 1703 on appointment to the command of the fourth-rate HMS Pendennis. He transferred to the command of the fifth-rate HMS Dolphin in September 1704, of the fifth-rate HMS Gosport (1696) in 1706. Following his acquittal at court martial for the loss of the Gosport to the French third-rank ship Jason, he commanded the fifth-rate HMS Tartar in 1707. He went on to receive the command the fourth-rate HMS Salisbury Prize in 1708, of the third-rate HMS Defiance in 1711 and of the third-rate HMS Prince Frederick in 1719. After that he took command of the third-rate HMS Breda in 1723 and of the third-rate HMS Northumberland later that year.
St. Lo became Commander-in-Chief of the Jamaica Station, with his flag in the third-rate HMS Superb, in August 1727, following the death of Admiral Francis Hosier from tropical diseases, in charge of a small squadron which was undertaking a Blockade of Porto Bello during the Anglo-Spanish War. In January 1728, with the intention of returning to base for supplies, he handed over the command to Vice-Admiral Edward Hopson but when that admiral also succumbed to the diseases in May 1728, he took the command back. He was promoted to Rear Admiral on 29 March 1729 but died himself from the same diseases on 14 April 1729.
# George Gilbert (Jesuit)

George Gilbert (1559?–1583) was an English Roman Catholic convert and activist, a founder of the Catholic Association in England, and on his deathbed admitted to the Society of Jesus.

## Life

He was born in Suffolk about 1559, and at an early age succeeded on his father's death to extensive landed estates. While travelling on the continent he was converted to Catholicism by Robert Parsons at Rome in 1579. On his return to London he, in conjunction with Thomas Pounde of Belmont, formed a Catholic Association, consisting of unmarried young men of birth and property. They promised to live on bare necessities of their state, and to give the rest of their incomes for the good of the Catholic cause. The association was blessed by Pope Gregory XIII on 14 April 1580.
Members lodged together in the house of Norris, the chief pursuivant, in Fetter Lane or Chancery Lane, London. Norris had influence with John Aylmer, bishop of London, and was liberally paid by Gilbert. At Fulham the bishop's son-in-law, Dr. Adam Squire, was in Gilbert's pay. Through the connivance of these men the members of the association were able to receive priests and to have masses celebrated daily in their house until, after the arrival of the Jesuits Parsons and Edmund Campion in England, persecution of Catholics grew more severe.
In 1581 Gilbert deemed it prudent to withdraw to the English College at Reims, where he was welcomed by William Allen; he then entered the English College, Rome as a pensioner. While preparing to go to France on a papal mission, Gilbert contracted a fever, and died on 6 October 1583. Gilbert had seen to the covering the walls of the English College at Rome with frescoes of the English martyrs. He left the superintendence of this work to William Good, who had the pictures engraved and published, under the title of Ecclesiae Anglicanae Trophaea, Rome, 1584.