OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Richard Cooke (archaeologist)

Richard G. Cooke (28 October 1946 – 22 February 2023) was an archaeologist who specialized in the archaeology of Panama and, more generally, the Isthmo-Colombian Area.
Cooke was born in Guildford, Surrey, southern England. He studied at Bristol and got his doctorate from the University of London in 1972.
Among his areas of concentration were zooarchaeology and the “Greater Coclé semiotic tradition" of central Panama. He did extensive research on ancient fishing He was also interested in Panamanian paleo-ecology, the original settlement of the tropical-forest region of the Americas, the development of agriculture, and general social development in the area. For some ten years, he led an archaeological project in Cerro Juan Díaz. His contributions to Central American archaeology were celebrated in a conference held in San José, Costa Rica in 2017: “Tras una Herencia Cultural Milenaria: Contribuciones de Richard Cooke a la Arqueología del Área Istmo- Colombiana.” Cooke established a modern reference collection of fauna species of tropical America, for use by archaeologists and others.
A Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute staff scientist for the Smithsonian Institution, he spent most of his career working in Panama.
In 2017, Cooke was designated a Member of the Order of the British Empire.

## Selected publications

Sugiyama, Nawa, M. F. Martínez-Polanco, C. A. France, & R. G. Cooke. "Domesticated landscapes of the neotropics: Isotope signatures of human-animal relationships in pre-Columbian Panama." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 59 (2020): 101195.
Smith-Guzmán, N., & R. Cooke. “Cold-water diving in the tropics? External auditory exotoses among the Pre-Colombian inhabitants of Panama,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology, doi:SI-659-2018 (2018)
Cooke, Richard, A. Ranere, G. Pearson, & R. Dickau. "Radiocarbon chronology of early human settlement on the Isthmus of Panama (13,000–7000 BP) with comments on cultural affinities, environments, subsistence, and technological change." Quaternary International 301 (2013): 3-22. (2013)
Cooke, Richard G. "Arqueología en Panamá (1888-2002)." Panama: cien años de República (2004).
Cooke, Richard G. "Rich, poor, shaman, child: Animals, rank, and status in the ‘Gran Coclé’culture area of pre-Columbian Panama." Behaviour behind Bones. The Zooarchaeology of Ritual, Religion, Status and Identity (2004): 271-284.
Cooke, Richard G., and Anthony J. Ranere. "Precolumbian fishing on the Pacific coast of Panama." Pacific Latin America in Prehistory: the evolution of archaic and formative cultures (1999).
Cooke, Richard, and Anthony J. Ranere. "Prehistoric human adaptations to the seasonally dry forests of Panama." World Archaeology 24.1 (1992): 114-133.
Piperno, D. R., Clary, K. H., Cooke, R. G., Ranere, A. J., & Weiland, D. "Preceramic maize in central Panama: phytolith and pollen evidence." American Anthropologist 87.4 (1985): 871-878.

## Taxon named in his honor

* Notarius cookei is a species of catfish in the family Ariidae. It inhabits brackish and freshwaters in Colombia, Costa Rica, and Panama.
# Loznoy

Loznoy (Russian: Лозной) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Nizhnegnutovskoye Rural Settlement, Chernyshkovsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 313 as of 2010. There are 9 streets.

## Geography

Loznoy is located on Don Plain, 54 km southeast of Chernyshkovsky (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nizhnegnutov is the nearest rural locality.
# Lagutin

Lagutin (Russian: Лагутин) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Bolsheternovskoye Rural Settlement, Chernyshkovsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 35 as of 2010.

## Geography

Lagutin is located on the Don plain, 25 km northeast of Chernyshkovsky (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bolsheternovoy is the nearest rural locality.
# Filatov, Volgograd Oblast

Filatov (Russian: Филатов) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Sizovskoye Rural Settlement, Chernyshkovsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 174 as of 2010. There are 6 streets.

## Geography

Filatov is located on the right bank of the Tsimla River, 30 km south of Chernyshkovsky (the district's administrative centre) by road. Basakin is the nearest rural locality.
# Cherkomasyev

Cherkomasyev (Russian: Чекомасьев) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Basakinskoye Rural Settlement, Chernyshkovsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 68 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Cherkomasyev is located on the left bank of the Rossosh River, 59 km southwest of Chernyshkovsky (the district's administrative centre) by road. Basakin is the nearest rural locality.
# Biryukov, Volgograd Oblast

Biryukov (Russian: Бирюков) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Verkhnegnutovskoye Rural Settlement, Chernyshkovsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 35 as of 2010.

## Geography

Biryukov is located 26 km south of Chernyshkovsky (the district's administrative centre) by road. Verkhnegnutov is the nearest rural locality.
# Francisco Abal

Francisco Domingo Abal Guerault (24 June 1951 – 13 October 1972) was a Uruguayan rugby player. He was part of the Old Christians Club and was considered one of the best rugby players in his country. In 1970 he was part of the Uruguayan rugby team.
Part of his life and the tragedy experienced during the Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 is featured in the film Society of the Snow. Abal is played by Argentine actor Jerónimo Bosia.

## Biography

In Miracle in the Andes, the book by his childhood friend Fernando Nando Parrado, Abal is described as a good-looking young man from a family with good social and economic status. He had earned, by the time he was 15, like Parrado, a place in the Stella Maris First XV, the starting line-up of the Old Christians rugby team. He graduated from Stella Maris School.
The Abal family owned a cigarette factory where Francisco had started working. He was also a shareholder of Abal Hnos. Francisco is known for being one of the 45 passengers of the Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 that crashed in October 1972 in the Argentine sector of the Andes Mountains.

### Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

On the plane he was traveling next to Nando, in the right row of seats but in the aisle seat. He later asked his friend to change seats. Also on the plane was his cousin, Javier Methol, 36, with his wife Liliana, 34. Javier was an executive and shareholder in the Abal cigarette factory and a survivor of the tragedy.
After the crash, Panchito was badly injured and his legs were damaged, but in spite of the injury he was able to speak; it is known that he told part of the events of the accident. When the provisional wall was built to cover the hole in the plane, he was laid there along with the other seriously injured: the siblings Susana and Nando Parrado. During that night, with a trickle of voice, he asked for help that nobody could give him and murmured that he was freezing. Later at dawn, when medicine students Roberto Canessa and Gustavo Zerbino examined the wounded the next morning, they realized that he had died as a result of his wounds and the extreme cold. The corpse was covering Susana Parrado and presented a purple hue in the extremities. He was only 21 years old. Susana died a few days later. Currently, his remains rest together with the other victims five meters from the monument in their honor at the site of the accident.
# Akolzin, Volgograd Oblast

Akolzin (Russian: Акользин) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Tormosinovskoye Rural Settlement, Chernyshkovsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Akolzin is located on Don Plain, on southwest of Volgograd Oblast, 43 km southeast of Chernyshkovsky (the district's administrative centre) by road. Tormosin is the nearest rural locality.
# Rechensky

Rechensky (Russian: Реченский) is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Rechenskoye Rural Settlement, Alexeyevsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 408 as of 2010.

## Geography

Rechensky is located on the right bank of the Akishevka River, 29 km southwest from Alexeyevskaya (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nesterovsky is the nearest rural locality.
# Larinsky

Larinsky (Russian: Ларинский) is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Larinskoye Rural Settlement, Alexeyevsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 647 as of 2010.

## Geography

Larinsky is located 9 km southeast of Alexeyevskaya (the district's administrative centre) by road. Checherovsky is the nearest rural locality.
# Zakhopyorsky, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast

Zakhopyorsky (Russian: Захопёрский) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 1 as of 2010.

## Geography

Zakhopyorsky is located in the valley of the Khopyor River, 14 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Gorsky is the nearest rural locality.
# Rodrigo Ponce de León, Duke of Cádiz

Rodrigo Ponce de Leon, Duke of Cádiz (1443–1492) was one of the Castilian military leaders in the conquest of Granada. In 1482, he led the Castilian forces that captured the town of Alhama and later Boabdil. He had earlier been one of the military leaders in the Castilian War of Succession. Juan Pacheco was his father-in-law. He was made 1st Duke of Cádiz in 1484 and succeeded briefly by his heir Francisca Ponce de León y de la Fuente.
Ponce de León is also related to:
* Juan Ponce de León
* Juan Ponce de León II
* Juan Ponce de León y Loayza
Roderigo Ponce de Leon, marques of Cadiz is written about extensively in Washington Irving's Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada, published 1829.

## Sources

* Harold Livermore. A History of Spain. New York: Grove Press, 1958. p. 192.
Spanish nobility :
| Preceded byNew creation | Duke of Cádiz 1st creation 1484–1492 | Succeeded byFrancisca Ponce de León |
# Stepnoy, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast

Stepnoy (Russian: Степной) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Krasnyaynskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 11 as of 2010.

## Geography

Stepnoy is located in steppe, 16 km northeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Serkovsky is the nearest rural locality.
# Chasmistes

Chasmistes is a genus of ray-finned fish in the family Catostomidae.
They are native to freshwater habitats in the Western United States.
Several species are seriously threatened, and one has become extinct in recent history (a second extinct species has only been known from fossils).

## Characteristics

Members of this genus have a large and stout body, as well as a large head. They often have a hump on their snout. Their mouths are either terminal or subterminal. They have a complete lateral line and a two-chambered gas bladder.

## Species

The genus Chasmistes contains these species:
* Chasmistes brevirostris Cope, 1879 — shortnose sucker
* Chasmistes cujus Cope, 1883 — cui-ui
* Chasmistes fecundus (Cope & Yarrow, 1875) — Webug sucker
* Chasmistes liorus D. S. Jordan, 1878 — June sucker
** Chasmistes liorus liorus D. S. Jordan, 1878
** Chasmistes liorus mictus R. R. Miller & G. R. Smith, 1981
* †Chasmistes muriei R. R. Miller & G. R. Smith, 1981 — Snake River sucker

### Fossil species

* †Chasmistes spatulifer R. R. Miller & G. R. Smith, 1967 (from the Plio-Pleistocene of Idaho)
# Mikhaylovskaya, Volgograd Oblast

Mikhaylovskaya (Russian: Михайловская) is a rural locality (a stanitsa) and the administrative center of Mikhaylovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,118 as of 2010. There are 28 streets.

## Geography

Mikhaylovskaya is located in forest steppe, 24 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Sadkovsky is the nearest rural locality.
# Lysogorsky, Volgograd Oblast

Lysogorsky (Russian: Лысогорский) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Bubnovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 90 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Lysogorsky is located on the right bank of the Khopyor River, 30 km northwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Mikhaylovskaya is the nearest rural locality.
# George Cony

George Cony was an English merchant who defied Oliver Cromwell's authority to institute taxes without parliamentary approval by refusing to pay them, in a celebrated case of civil disobedience and tax resistance.

## Confrontation with Cromwell

In December 1653, Cromwell dismissed the Barebones Parliament and assumed more direct ruling powers under The Protectorate. As the parliament had not voted a budget before its dissolution, Cromwell decided in March 1654 to order taxes on his own authority, contrary to established law which had put the authority to levy taxes solely in the hands of parliament.
On 4 November 1654 George Cony refused to pay these taxes (in the form of customs duties on goods which he imported), on the grounds that they were "an imposition notoriously against the law, and the property of the subject, which all honest men were bound to defend." Cony noted that Cromwell himself had once said "that all who submitted… and paid illegal taxes, were more to blame, and greater enemies to their country, than they who had imposed them; and that the tyranny of princes could never be grievous, but by the tameness and stupidity of the people."

## Imprisonment

Cony was fined for his refusal by the customs commissioner on 16 November, and upon refusing also to pay the £500 fine, was imprisoned on 12 December 1654.
Cony's attorneys (Sir John Maynard, Twisden and Wyndham) sued for his release under habeas corpus and argued on 17 May 1655 that Cony's imprisonment, and the tax he was accused of evading, were both illegal. For this, these attorneys were also imprisoned the following day, "for using words tending to sedition and subversive of the present Government." They abandoned their client's defence and expressed their contrition in a petition of 25 May, in order to secure release, whereupon Cony was forced to represent himself.
The chief justice who tried the case, Henry Rolle, was evidently sympathetic to Cony's arguments, but unwilling to cross Cromwell's power. He had the case delayed to a future term on the pretense of there having been an improperly formatted brief, and on 7 June he resigned his position. George Radcliffe wrote:
   In England there is great expectation what wilbe comme of Conyes busines; it is put off till the next terme, and mens eyes are attent upon it, as more concerned then at any thinge which happened these many yeares. Cromwell, when he committed Maynard and Twisden and another lawyer, tould them that, if they would have Magna Carta (which they had talked so much on in Westminster Hall), they must put on each a helmet and troope for it! And now they see what they fought for. Here is the liberty of ye subject.
Under the succeeding judge, John Glynne, Cony withdrew his case under pressure, without a formal decision having been issued about his arguments.
# Dubovsky, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast

Dubovsky (Russian: Дубовский) is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Dubovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 942 as of 2010. There are 9 streets.

## Geography

Dubovsky is located in steppe, 33 km south of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Golovsky is the nearest rural locality.
# Besplemyanovsky

Besplemyanovsky (Russian: Бесплемяновский) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 249 as of 2010. There are 8 streets.

## Geography

Besplemyanovsky is located in forest steppe, 20 km southwest of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Rzhavsky is the nearest rural locality.
# Chain novel

A chain novel or chain story is a type of collaborative fiction written collectively by a group of authors. The novel is passed along from author to author, each adding a new chapter or section to the work, with the rule that each subsequent chapter or section should elaborate and follow the plotline of preceding chapters or sections.
The story continues through the participation of others; no one knows what happens next except the next person to add to the story. This method of writing is a shared project and often leads in unexpected directions. This collaborative effort is used to stimulate creativity and the exploration of new ideas.
One problem with chain stories is they can become long and complicated due to the number of different people adding new bits and twists.
Legal theorist Ronald Dworkin has compared common law jurisprudence to chain novels by suggesting that judges, like chain novel authors, must elaborate and follow the laws set before them.

## Examples

* The Floating Admiral, a 1931 detective novel which was written consecutively by 13 notable authors including Agatha Christie, Dorothy L. Sayers, Anthony Berkeley, G.K. Chesterton and Canon Victor Whitechurch, with each of the authors providing their own suggested solution to the mystery as an epilogue.
* Wicked and Deadly, Australian children's fiction by Paul Jennings and Morris Gleitzman who took turns writing chapters, and then sending them on to the other.
# Nariman, Volgograd Oblast

Nariman (Russian: Нариман) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Svetloyarsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,426 as of 2010. There are 32 streets.

## Geography

Nariman is located 57 km west of Svetly Yar (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zarya is the nearest rural locality.
# Lugovoy, Volgograd Oblast

Lugovoy (Russian: Луговой) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Svetloyarsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 467 as of 2010. There are 8 streets.

## Geography

Lugovoy is located 49 km southwest of Svetly Yar (the district's administrative centre) by road. Privolzhsky is the nearest rural locality.
# Chapurniki

Chapurniki (Russian: Чапурники) is a rural locality (a station) in Svetloyarsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,514 as of 2010. There are 44 streets.
# Verkhneaksyonovsky

Verkhneaksyonovsky (Russian: Верхнеаксёновский) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Verkhnesolonovskoye Rural Settlement, Surovikinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 145 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.

## Geography

Verkhneaksyonovsky is located on the right bank of the Aksenets River, 82 km southwest of Surovikino (the district's administrative centre) by road. Posyolok otdeleniya 3 sovkhoza Krasnaya Zvezda is the nearest rural locality.
# Peshcherovsky

Peshcherovsky (Russian: Пещеровский) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Verkhnesolonovskoye Rural Settlement, Surovikinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 148 as of 2010.

## Geography

Peshcherovsky is located on the right bank of the Solonaya River, 36 km south of Surovikino (the district's administrative centre) by road. Verkhnesolonovsky is the nearest rural locality.
# Lysov, Volgograd Oblast

Lysov (Russian: Лысов) is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Lysovskoye Rural Settlement, Surovikinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 371 as of 2010. There are 8 streets.

## Geography

Lysov is located on the left bank of the Liska River, 31 km ENE of Surovikino (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zryanin is the nearest rural locality.
# Chuvilevsky

Chuvilevsky (Russian: Чувилевский) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Nizhneosinovskoye Rural Settlement, Surovikinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 227 as of 2010.

## Geography

Chuvilevsky is located in the valley of the Chir River, 15 km southwest of Surovikino (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novoderbenovsky is the nearest rural locality.
# Valuyevka

Valuyevka (Russian: Валуевка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Valuyevskoye Rural Settlement, Staropoltavsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,071 as of 2010. There are 7 streets.

## Geography

Valuyevka is located 21 km southwest of Staraya Poltavka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Shpaki is the nearest rural locality.
# Tsvetochnoye

Tsvetochnoye (Russian: Цветочное) is a rural locality (a selo) in Gmelinskoye Rural Settlement, Staropoltavsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 89 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

## History

The village was founded as a small farmstead named Blumenfeld (am Mius) by Volga German colonists on the banks of the Yeruslan River. The parish was Lutheran and it was severely effected by the Povolzhye famine in 1921.

## Geography

Tsvetochnoye is located in steppe, on Transvolga, on the left bank of the Kuba River, 35 km southeast of Staraya Poltavka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Gmelinka is the nearest rural locality.
# Suyetinovka

Suyetinovka (Russian: Суетиновка) is a rural locality (a selo) in Kanovskoye Rural Settlement, Staropoltavsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 45 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.

## Geography

Suyetinovka is located in steppe, on Transvolga, on the left bank of the Kuba River, 27 km southeast of Staraya Poltavka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Tsvetochnoye is the nearest rural locality.
# Lyatoshinka

Lyatoshinka (Russian: Лятошинка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Lyatoshinskoye Rural Settlement, Staropoltavsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 632 as of 2010. There are 11 streets.

## Geography

Lyatoshinka is located on the left bank of the Yeruslan River, 21 km northeast of Staraya Poltavka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Lugovskoye is the nearest rural locality.
# Nikulino, Cherepovetsky District, Vologda Oblast

Nikulino (Russian: Никулино) is a rural locality (a village) in Yagnitskoye Rural Settlement, Cherepovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 43 as of 2002.

## Geography

Nikulino is located 108 km (67 mi) south of Cherepovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Shepelevo is the nearest rural locality.
# Kaj Rosell

Kaj Rosell (born 9 May 1947), is a Danish chess player, Danish Chess Championship medalist (1976).

## Biography

In the mid-1970s Kaj Rosell was one of the leading Danish chess players. He participated three times in the finals of Danish Chess Championships and reached her best result in 1976, when he shared 2nd-7th place. Kaj Rosell was participant of major chess tournaments: Rasmussen memorials in Randers (1970 and 1973), tournaments in Aarhus (1975 and 1976), Holmsgaard memorial in Norresundnby (1978). As member of the Vejlby-Risskov SK team, he participated in the 1st official European Chess Club Cup (1976). The Danish team reached the quarterfinals and lost to one of the winners of the tournament - Burevestnik Moscow (USSR).
Kaj Rosell played for Denmark in the Chess Olympiad:
* In 1976, at first reserve board in the 22nd Chess Olympiad in Haifa (+3, =4, -1).
Kaj Rosell played for Denmark in the Nordic Chess Cup:
* In 1976, at second board in the 7th Nordic Chess Cup in Bremen (+0, =5, -0) and won team bronze medal.