OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John Latham (artist)

John Aubrey Clarendon Latham, (23 February 1921 – 1 January 2006) was a Northern Rhodesian-born British conceptual artist.

## Life and work

Latham was born in Northern Rhodesia to the cricketer and colonial administrator Geoffrey Latham. He was educated in England at Winchester College. In the Second World War he commanded a motor torpedo boat in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. After the war he studied art, first at the Regent Street Polytechnic and then at the Chelsea College of Art and Design. He married fellow artist and collaborator Barbara Steveni in Westminster in 1951.
The spray can became Latham's primary medium, as can be seen in Man Caught Up with a Yellow Object (oil painting, 1954) in the Tate Gallery collection. In addition to spray paint, Latham tore, sawed, chewed and burnt books to create collage material for his work, such as Film Star (1960).
Latham's event-based art was influential in performance art. In 1966, he took part in the Destruction in Art Symposium in London led by Gustav Metzger along with Fluxus artists such as Yoko Ono, Wolf Vostell and Al Hansen.
His "skoob" ("books" written backwards) works using books or materials derived from them had the power to shock. He moved from collages to towers of books which he then burnt, awakening uncomfortable echoes of the Nazi regime's public burning of banned books.
From 1983 Latham lived and worked at his house, Flat Time House in Peckham. In 1991 he produced God is Great (no. 2), a conceptual artwork featuring copies of the Bible, Quran, and a volume of the Talmud, each cut in two and attached to a sheet of glass. In 2005 Tate Britain held an exhibition of Latham's work.
Latham died at Kings College Hospital, Camberwell, on 1 January 2006.
In 2010 John Latham: Canvas Events was published by Ridinghouse.
In 2016 the Henry Moore Institute presented A Lesson in Sculpture with John Latham, an exhibition addressing Latham's visionary contribution to the study of sculpture, bringing sixteen works by Latham, spanning 1958 to 2005, into conversation with sixteen sculptures by artists working across the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
Like Latham, members of the rock band Pink Floyd attended Regent Street Polytechnic. In 2016 Pink Floyd released their collection of rare and unreleased recorded early material in the box set The Early Years 1965–1972. On the second CD of the collection is an extended instrumental improvisation, similar to that of the middle section of their performances of "Interstellar Overdrive", which were recorded in 1967 as a soundtrack for Latham's 1962 film Speak. The piece is split across nine tracks on the CD.
In 2017, Latham's work featured in the main exhibition of the 57th Venice Biennale, Viva Arte Viva.
# Luke Park

Luke Park (1840 – 28 September 1921) was a British trade union leader.
Born in Kirkham, Lancashire, Park began working as a handloom weaver when he was only eight years old. About ten years later, he moved to Preston to work on powerlooms in a mill, and he was an early member of the Preston and District Weavers', Winders' and Warpers' Association.
In 1875, Park was appointed as the general secretary of the Preston Weavers, and in this role, he supported the formation of the Amalgamated Weavers' Association (AWA). The Preston Weavers affiliated to the new union, and Park was elected as one of six members of its first central committee, alongside president David Holmes of Burnley, agent Joshua Barrows of Padiham, George Barker of Blackburn, A. Buckley of Oldham, and William Booth of Ashton.
In 1916, the AWA made Park an honorary member of its central committee, in recognition of his long service. He retired in 1919, and was given 100 guineas as a golden handshake. When he died, two years later, the Manchester Guardian described him as "the oldest trade union official in North and Mid Lancashire".
# Grant Snell

Grant Trevor Snell is a South African politician who served as a Member of the National Assembly of South Africa between 2009 and 2014, representing the African National Congress. Prior to serving in parliament, Snell served in the Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature.

## Political career

Snell was elected to the Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature in 1999 as a representative of the African National Congress. During his tenure in the Provincial Legislature, he held a number of positions, including presiding officer for the Whips Committee, deputy chairperson of the committee of chairpersons, chair of the budget and oversight committee, chairperson of the NCOP Business Committee, as well as chairperson of the Review of Rules Committee. He also served on the legislature's executive committee, the Rules Committee as well as the Programming Committee.
In the 2009 general election, Snell was elected to a seat in the National Assembly of South Africa. He was a member of the Constitutional Review Committee and the Standing Committee on Appropriations during his term in parliament. Snell left parliament at the 2014 general election, having not been selected as an ANC parliamentary candidate.

## Personal life

Snell has a certificate in business management from Rhodes University. His interests include gardening and reading.
# The Court of Honor

The Court of Honor (Russian: Суд чести) is a 1948 Soviet biographical drama film directed by Abram Room.

## Plot

Soviet scientists-biochemists Losev and Dobrotvorsky made a scientific discovery that allowed one to effectively fight against pain. They went on a scientific trip to the United States, where, they shared the results of their research with Americans who they thought were colleagues, but who actually were businessmen and spies. While still in the U.S., they also published an article about uncompleted work of their team. Upon their return to the Soviet Union, the scientists were criticized for their actions in the United States. They defended themselves, insisting that "science has no boundaries" and that knowledge should belong to all mankind. Dobrotvorsky was strongly condemned by his wife, who was outraged by his "ideological immaturity." As a result of their actions, the scientists were convicted of cosmopolitanism and punished by a court of honor. Dobrotvorsky repented of his act.

## Cast

* Boris Chirkov as Academician Andrey Vereysky
* Antonina Maksimova as Olga
* Evgeniy Samoylov as Nikolay
* Nikolai Annenkov as Prof. Aleksandr Dobrotvorsky
* Olga Zhizneva as Dr. Tatyana Dobrotvorskaya
* Nikolai Svobodin as Prof. Sergey Losev
* Lidiya Sukharevskaya as Nina Loseva
* Vasili Makarov as Kirillov
* Ivan Pereverzev as Ivan Petrenko
# Oxville, Illinois

Oxville is an unincorporated community in Scott County, Illinois, United States. Oxville is located near Illinois Route 100 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south-southwest of Bluffs.

## Demographics

Oxville first appeared as a census designated place in the 2020 U.S. Census.
# Marquisate of Saluzzo

The Marquisate of Saluzzo (Latin: Marchionatus de Salutia) was a historical Italian state that included parts of the current region of Piedmont and of the French Alps. The Marquisate was much older than the Renaissance lordships, being a legacy of the feudalism of the High Middle Ages.

## Marquisate territories

The Marquisate of Saluzzo occupied parts of the modern province of Cuneo and Metropolitan City of Turin, and at times areas now under French control; the core of its lands was the area between the Stura di Demonte, the Po and the Alps. The del Vasto family, who ruled Saluzzo throughout its period, also owned other territories in Italy after a series of arranged marriages, but these were never officially annexed to the marquisate.

## Del Vasto rule

The House of Del Vasto became masters of the city when Ulric Manfred II of Turin chose to enfeoff Boniface del Vasto as marquis. His eldest son Manfred inherited it. From that moment the del Vasto became Marquis of the Piedmontese town and handed the title dynastically as a true seigniory.
Manfred II tried to extend the marquisate beyond its domain against the House of Savoy. After Manfred's death, his widow Azalaïs had to provide them a number of tributes per year: from these tributes, Savoy established claims of mastery over the marquisate which led them to clash repeatedly against the weak Marquis.
Often torn by internal dissension, Saluzzo reached the period of greatest splendor under the rule of Ludovico I and Ludovico II in the 15th century: the former, with a policy of neutrality towards wars in Italy, was able to act as mediator between the discord and received praises from the emperor and the king of France; the latter, looking for glory on the battlefield, was repeatedly defeated, beginning the decline of the Marquisate. During his reign, however, he was attentive in developing trade by building the first Alpine tunnel, the Buco di Viso connecting with a safe road Saluzzo with the Dauphiné and Provence.
At Ludovico II's death, however, his children fought bitterly for the throne, tearing the countryside and draining finances. The King of France, who had its eye over the Marquisate, then formally annexed it to the crown of Paris after deposing the last Marquis, Gabriele in 1548.
Saluzzo became part of France for half a century, until the Savoy, with the Treaty of Lyon (1601), succeeded in taking possession of it and retaining control, with alternating phases, until the Unification of Italy.
# São Domingos do Prata

São Domingos do Prata is a Brazilian municipality located in the state of Minas Gerais. The city belongs to the mesoregion Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte and to the microregion of Itabira. As of 2020, the estimated population was 17,327.
# Riley A. Bender

Riley Alvin Bender (July 8, 1890 – March 6, 1973) was a United States businessman and political candidate.
Born in Chicago, Illinois, to Josephine and Edward Bender, he was a lifelong resident of his native city. Bender was an entrepreuer in the areas of hotel and music store management. He was also a prize fighter.
He ran in the Democratic primary for the Illinois Senate (11th district) in 1938 and lost.
Bender is perhaps best known for his three bids for Republican Party Presidential nomination in the elections of 1944, 1948 and 1952. In all three occasions he appeared only in his native Illinois ballot.
Although he was never a major candidate in these races, he won the 1948 Illinois primary in a landslide, with 96.90% (324,029) of votes against Douglas MacArthur (6,672 votes and 2.00%) and other well-known figures such as Harold Stassen, Thomas E. Dewey and Robert A. Taft, though only Bender was on the ballot as the rest were write-in votes.
Bender, who had German and Irish heritage, died in Chicago's Central Hospital and was buried in Onarga Cemetery.

## Electoral history

Illinois Republican presidential primary, 1944
* Douglas MacArthur – 550,354 (92.02%)
* Riley A. Bender – 37,575 (6.28%)
* Thomas E. Dewey – 9,192 (1.54%)
* Everett Dirksen – 581 (0.10%)
* John W. Bricker – 148 (0.03%)
* Harold Stassen – 111 (0.02%)
* Wendell Willkie – 107 (0.02%)
Illinois Republican presidential primary, 1948
* Riley A. Bender – 324,029 (96.90%)
* Douglas MacArthur – 6,672 (2.00%)
* Harold Stassen – 1,572 (0.47%)
* Thomas E. Dewey – 953 (0.29%)
* Robert A. Taft – 705 (0.21%)
This gave Riley 11.34% of all primary votes
Illinois Republican presidential primary, 1952
* Robert A. Taft – 935,867 (73.56%)
* Harold Stassen – 155,041 (12.19%)
* Dwight D. Eisenhower – 147,518 (11.59%)
* Riley A. Bender – 22,321 (1.75%)
* Douglas MacArthur – 7,504 (0.59%)
* Earl Warren – 2,841 (0.22%)
* Others – 1,229 (0.10%)
# Guillaume-Marie-Joseph Labouré

Guillaume-Marie-Joseph Labouré (27 October 1841 – 21 April 1906) was a French archbishop and cardinal.

## Biography

Born in Achiet-le-Petit, he studied at Saint-Sulpice Seminary in Paris and was ordained to the priesthood on 23 September 1865. In the Diocese of Arras, he served as a professor and superior of its minor seminary and also vicar general.
On 27 March 1885 he was appointed Bishop of Le Mans by Pope Leo XIII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 31 May from Archbishop Guillaume Meignan, with Bishops Clovis Catteau and Désire Donnel serving as co-consecrators. He was promoted to the Archdiocese of Rennes on 15 June 1893 and named an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne on 26 June 1896.
Leo XIII created him Cardinal Priest of S. Maria Nuova e S. Francesca in Foro Romano in the consistory of 19 April 1897. He participated in the papal conclave of 1903, which elected Pope Pius X.
During a time of opposition between the French Republic and the Church, he took a stance of appeasement.
He died in Rennes and was buried in the cathedral there.
# Battle of Isonzo

Battle of Isonzo may refer to:
* Battle of Isonzo (489)
* Battle of Isonzo (1477)
* Battles of the Isonzo, a series of offensives in World War I
** First Battle of the Isonzo
** Second Battle of the Isonzo
** Third Battle of the Isonzo
** Fourth Battle of the Isonzo
** Fifth Battle of the Isonzo
** Sixth Battle of the Isonzo
** Seventh Battle of the Isonzo
** Eighth Battle of the Isonzo
** Ninth Battle of the Isonzo
** Tenth Battle of the Isonzo
** Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo
** Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo
# Chamindie Punyadeera

Chamindie Punyadeera is a researcher at Griffith University who was selected to be a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technology, Science and Engineering in 2023. She is a researcher in cancer and heart disease, leading a team who uses human saliva and blood as diagnostic tools for detecting heart disease and cancer early.

## Early career

Punyadeera was born in Sri Lanka, and was raised in Botswana. She received a Bachelor of Science from the University of Botswana, 1994, followed by a Masters of Science in 1996, and a PhD in 2000, both from the University of the Witwatersrand.

## Career

Punyadeera has worked as a translational scientist across biomedicine and engineering, with research experience in both industry and academia. She worked in Philips Electronics in the Netherlands, where she played a role in the development of the Philips Mini-care I-20, an invention for the detection of cardiac diseases.
Punyadeera's research also includes studies on nucleic acid detection. She contributed to the creation of an integrated platform known as Idylla TM, which was subsequently commercialized by Biocartis NV in Belgium.
Punyadeera has worked in salivary diagnostics, and her research has resulted in FDA approval for a breakthrough saliva-based testing technology in the United States. She leads a research laboratory in Australia, with a team of over 13 researchers working on liquid biopsy assays aimed at improving cancer treatment precision. She also organized the first saliva conference in Australasia in 2016.
Her research output includes as at 2023, more than 110 publications, 7 invited book chapters, and more than 5300 citations, with h-index of 40. Additionally, she has also filed 17 PCT applications and has licensed a saliva biomarker panel to ESN Cleer in Australia.
Punyadeera plays an editorial role in publications, such as the Journal of Oral Oncology, Pharmacogenomics Research and Personalized Medicine, and serves as an associate editor for BMC Medical Genomics and BMC Cancer.
   “Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood,” are words that I live by. Spoken by Marie Curie, the Polish physicist and chemist who was the first woman to win a Nobel Peace Prize in Chemistry, a pioneering researcher in radioactivity who conducted her study in appalling conditions."

## Publications

* Kulasinghe, A., Lim, Y., Perry, C. & Punyadeera, C. (2015). Current trends and management in head and neck cancers. Head and neck cancer: Epidemiology, management and treatment outcomes [Cancer Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatments], 41–73.
* Zhang, X., Kulasinghe, A., Karim, R. & Punyadeera, C. (2015). Saliva diagnostics for oral diseases. Advances in salivary diagnostics, 131–156.
* Ovchinnikov, D., Wan, Y., Coman, W., Pandit, P., Cooper-White, J., Herman, J. & Punyadeera, C. (2014). DNA methylation at the novel CpG sites in the promoter of MED15/PCQAP gene as a biomarker for head and neck cancers. Biomarker Insights, 9, 53–60.

## Awards

* 2023 - Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technology, Science and Engineering.
* 2011 - Invited Fellow of the American Nano Society.
# Downingia bella

Downingia bella, also known as Hoover's calicoflower or Hoover's Downingia, is a member of the Bellflower Family (Campanulaceae). The genus is named after A.J. Downing (1815–1852) a noted American horticulturist and landscape architect.
This native annual herb is endemic to California and found in valley grassland communities. Its habitat is wetlands, generally vernal pools between 4600 and 5250 feet (1400 to 1600m). As approximately 20% of vernal pools in California have been lost, D. bella is uncommon. The range of D. bella is scattered from locations in Riverside County to areas in the Great Central Valley.

## Description

Like all Downingia, the stem is decumbent to erect with leaves that are along the stem and often fall before the plant flowers.
The flowers are not sessile and in a spike inflorescence with individual flowers having a corolla length of 10 to 12 mm. The corolla is glabrous and has 2 distinct lips, the upper with 2 lobes and lower with 3 lobes. The upper lobes are narrowly triangular or elliptic in shape while the lower lobes are obtuse and abruptly toothed. The corolla is blue with the lower lip having a central white field which then has two yellow spots (can be joined) in its middle. At the throat D. bella has 2 raised nipples that generally have 3 alternating purple spots.
The 5 fused stamens have anthers that are included in the corolla tube and are angled less than 45 degrees to filaments. The inferior ovary is pedicel-like and is 2 chambered.
The fruits of D. bella are between 16 and 18 mm with tough lateral walls that are tardily dehiscent despite no noticeable translucent lines. The seeds within the fruit are longitudinally striate.
Some areas in northern Sutter County have D. bella with a minute corolla horn similar to D. ornatissima.
# Vicki Chen

Vicki Chen is an Australian engineer, a former Executive Dean for the Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology at the University of Queensland, and current Provost and Senior Vice-President of the University of Technology Sydney.[10] In 2020 she was elected as the Fellow of Australian Academy of Technology and Engineering.
Chen was inspired to pursue engineering by her father, who also worked as a chemical engineer, viewing a path in engineering as "a career that could take [her] around the world and allow [her] to work in a wide variety of industries."
Chen received a Bachelor of Engineering degree from MIT, and went on to undertake her PhD in chemical engineering from the University of Minnesota in the area of surfactant self-assembly, including early work on microemulsion systems.
In recent years, Chen's research has focused on membrane science and engineering, with specific focus on nanocomposite membranes, fouling and advanced separations. This has facilitated a number of industry collaborations with partners including BASF, Dairy Innovation Australia, Australian Low Emission Coal R&D, Bluescope Steel, Coal Innovation NSW, Beijing OriginWater Technology, Printed Energy, and Sydney Water.
Chen is a prolific and highly cited engineer, having published more than 175 papers that have been cited >14,000 times, giving her an H-index of 64.
Chen spent nearly 30 years at UNSW in Sydney, Australia, going on to hold a number of senior administrative positions in research and higher education. She has been a full Professor since 2008, and acted as Head of the School of Chemical Engineering from 2014 to 2018. She was previously director of the UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, at UNSW from 2006 to 2014.
Between August 2018 and November 2022, Chen was the Executive Dean for the Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology at the University of Queensland, where she claimed to foster "a culture and ecosystem where our researchers and academics can flourish and contribute to the global thought leadership of their disciplines as well as translating the outcomes of their work to the wider community." During this time she was a driving force behind a Major Change proposal in the School of Architecture, that led to the disestablishment of all continuing academic appointments in the school, and the departure of seven senior architecture academics. In November 2022 Professor Chen commenced her position as the Provost and Senior Vice-President of the University of Technology Sydney.
# Nick Maynard

Nick Maynard is a British surgeon who works as a consultant gastrointestinal surgeon at Oxford University Hospital. Maynard is also known for his many trips to Gaza between 2010 and 2024. After returning from Gaza in January 2024, he told media about the dire humanitarian situation and collapse of the healthcare system. Maynard has called for a ceasefire to end the violence.

## Early life

Maynard attended the now defunct Downside School in Purley and then the King's School, Canterbury. He trained at Exeter College, Oxford and Guy's Hospital Medical School (part of King's College London). He also spent two years as a Senior Registrar in Melbourne before returning to Guy's.
# Nchare Yen

Nchare Yen, also referred to simply as Nchare, or by the English styling of the name as Nshare Yen, or just Nshare (c. 1370 - 1418), was the founder of the Kingdom of Bamum, and one of the four kings who are mainly worshiped in the traditional Bamum religion due to their achievements in the Bamum society and culture. Nchare Yen is the brother of Ngon Nso, the founder of the Kingdom of Nso. Nchare Yen was the son of an unknown Tikar chief, who he and his sister broke away from to establish their own kingdoms. According to the book Rock of God, which discusses Nso's history,
   Nso and Bamoun had been constantly quibbling, and to many, this seemed to be mostly sibling rivalry than any unavoidable conflict. Since Nso was founded by the sister (Ngon Nso), the brother (Nchare-Yen, founder of Bamoum) always saw himself as the successor to the throne of Nso, according to the Tikar tradition that they both knew and respected.
According to one of the former leaders of the Bamum, Seidou Njimoluh Njoya, in a 1977 interview, described Nchare Yen as being a "short man with a protuberant stomach", who was "dark in complexion, had short limbs, but was very courageous", and also "loved dancing and drinking palm wine [but was] said to have been very charitable." Most of what is known about Nchare Yen has been passed down from both historical, religious, and cultural sources in Bamum society, and due to the obscurity of the subject matter, there is very little in the way of evidence to verify the claims given about the events of Nchare Yen's life.
# Halden Dagblad

Halden Dagblad was a free newspaper published in Halden, Norway.
It was wholly owned by the media company A-pressen. It was established with the purpose of competing with Halden Arbeiderblad in the advertising market.
It was closed in 2009.
# Evolution (Peel novel)

Evolution is an original novel written by John Peel and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Fourth Doctor and Sarah.

## Plot

Sarah Jane wants to meet Rudyard Kipling, and so the Doctor materializes in Victorian England. However, there is trouble: Children have vanished, lights have been seen beneath the bay, with fishermen found mutilated, and graves have been robbed.
The Doctor and a whaler's doctor, Arthur Conan Doyle, join to expose a plot to mess with human evolution, while Sarah Jane and Kipling face horrors of their own.