OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Iwan Pylypow

Iwan Pylypiw or Ivan Pylypow (Ukrainian: Іван Пилипiв, September 28, 1859 – October 10, 1936) was one of the first Ukrainian immigrants to Canada in 1891–93, along with Vasyl Eleniak.
Pylypow was born in the village of Nebyliv [uk] in Kalush county (povit) in Austrian Galicia (today Kalush Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast). He was a peasant logging contractor, and after falling on hard times considered finding a better life abroad, like many other Galicians of the time. Pylypiv had heard about free lands in Canada from German neighbours, and after corresponding with former classmate Johan Krebs, who had initially settled near Medicine Hat, North-West Territories, he set off for Canada with his friends Eleniak and Tyt Ziniak in the fall of 1891.
Ziniak was turned back at the Austrian–German border, but Pylypiv and Eleniak traveled via Halifax, Nova Scotia to Winnipeg, Manitoba, where they met several ethnic German loggers who had worked for Pylypow. They visited the loggers' homesteads near Langenburg, North-West Territories, and went as far west as Calgary. Unimpressed with the land near the railway, they went back to Manitoba, where a visit to a Mennonite settlement at Gretna convinced Pylypiv that Canada was a viable destination. Eleniak, out of money, stayed to work for the winter, while Pylypow returned to Galicia for their families before settling in Canada permanently.
When he arrived back in Austria-Hungary his account of vast, unsettled lands prompted both excitement and skepticism. When some learned that Pylypiv expected to receive a commission from a Hamburg steamship company and accused him of swindling, he was arrested for sedition, soliciting emigration, and fraud. After awaiting trial for three months in jail, on May 12, 1892, he was sentenced to another month. Although Pylypow's efforts at promotion were doused, his arrest and trial had generated publicity, and seven families led by Anton Paish and Mykola Tychkovsky set off for the Canadian Prairies. A few stopped to work briefly with Eleniak in Gretna, and then continued on to meet the rest in the District of Alberta. With the help of Krebs, the families found homesteads 12 miles (19 km) east of the Galician German settlement of Josephburg, northeast of Edmonton.
Pylypiv and his family finally caught up with the group in 1893, settling at Edna-Star, then in the District of Alberta, east of Fort Saskatchewan, where he farmed and became very active in the co-operative movement. He died a wealthy man in 1936 at the age of 77 years.
The last farmhouse he lived in, the third one he built in the Edna-Star area, is now a part of the Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village, located east of Edmonton, Alberta. The "Pylypow Industrial" subdivision of Edmonton is named after him.
# Chalupa (surname)

Chalupa (Czech feminine Chalupová) is a surname of Slavic language origin. In Czech, the word means 'cottage' (Czech pronunciation:). In Polish (chałupa; Polish pronunciation:) and Ukrainian (халупа; transliterated khalupa), it approximates to 'house' in rural slang. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alexandra Chalupa, American political activist
* František Chalupa (1828–1887), Czech painter and illustrator
* Jarmila Chalupová (1903–1988), Czech fencer
* Leo M. Chalupa (born 1945), Ukrainian-American physiologist
* Lukáš Chalupa (born 1993), Czech ice hockey player
* Milan Chalupa (born 1953), Czech ice hockey player
* Tomáš Chalupa (born 1974), Czech politician
* Václav Chalupa (born 1967), Czech rower
* Václav Chalupa Sr. (born 1934), Czech rower
* Zuzana Chalupová (1925–2001), Serbian-Slovak naïve painter
# B. Nagendra

B. Nagendra is an Indian politician & former Minister of Sports & Youth services. He has been elected four times as a member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from the Bellary & Kudligi constituency. He started his career in Bhartiya Janata Party & later shifted to Indian national congress prior to 2018 Karnataka elections in Hospet.

## Education

He is a B.com. graduate from Veerashaiva College, Bellary, Gulbarga University in the year 1993.

## Career

He represents Bellary Rural constituency from Ballari district as a member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly as an INC candidate. He was elected as Member of Legislative Assembly from Kudligi from 2008 to 2018 as BJP and Independent candidate respectively. He was a former close aide of Mining Baron Gali Janardhan Reddy. He was involved in illegal transportation of Iron Ore from Bellary mining area. He was also involved in 2024 Valmiki department funds scam & was sent to Bengaluru Jail. He defeated BJP leader and former Transport minister of Karnataka B Sriramulu by 29,500 votes in 2023 legislative assembly election representing Bellary Rural.

## Electoral statistics

| Year | Constituency | Party | Result | Votes | Opposition Party | Opposition votes |
| 2008 | Kudligi | BJP | Won | 54,443 | INC | 45,686 |
| 2013 | Kudligi | IND | Won | 71,477 | INC | 46,674 |
| 2018 | Bellary Rural | INC | Won | 79,186 | BJP | 76,507 |
| 2023 | Bellary Rural | INC | Won | 103,836 | BJP | 74,536 |
# Cyperus alternifolius

Cyperus alternifolius, the umbrella papyrus, umbrella sedge or umbrella palm, is a grass-like plant in the large genus Cyperus of the sedge family Cyperaceae. The plant is native to West Africa, Madagascar and the Arabian Peninsula, but widely distributed throughout the world. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. The subspecies Cyperus alternifolius ssp. flabelliformis is also known as Cyperus involucratus Rottb..

## Cultivation

Cyperus alternifolius is frequently cultivated as an ornamental plant worldwide. It is planted in gardens in the ground, pots, in ponds, and as a houseplant. It is not hardy, and requires protection when temperatures fall below 5 °C (41 °F) (USDA Zones: 9a–11b). It is propagated by dividing the roots or cutting off a top and placing it upside down in a glass of water. It requires copious moisture and can grow in a few inches of water. The cultivar Cyperus alternifolius 'Variegatus' is grown for its variegated foliage and smaller size.
# Tokyo Metropolitan Road and Kanagawa Prefectural Road Route 3

Tokyo Metropolitan Road and Kanagawa Prefectural Road Route 3 (東京都道・神奈川県道3号世田谷町田線, Tōkyōto-dō Kanagawa kendō 3-gō Setagaya Machida-sen) is a principle local road that stretches from Sangenjaya, Setagaya to Nakamachi, Machida, Tokyo. Common names include "Setagaya-dori", "Tsukui-michi" and "Tsurukawa-kaido", etc.

## Route description

Tokyo Metropolitan Road and Kanagawa Prefectural Road Route 3 has a total length of 27.2 kilometers (16.9 mi). The Tokyo and Kawasaki sections of the road have a length of 18,424 and 8,816 m respectively.
# Monocrepidius

Monocrepidius is a genus of click beetles in the family Elateridae. The genus has often been cited as Conoderus, but of the two names for this genus published simultaneously in 1829, the one selected by the First Reviser under the ICZN was Monocrepidius, rendering Conoderus the junior synonym.

## Selected species

* Monocrepidius athoides LeConte, 1863
* Monocrepidius auritus (Herbst, 1806)
* Monocrepidius aversus LeConte, 1853
* Monocrepidius bellus (Say, 1823)
* Monocrepidius belti (Champion, 1895)
* Monocrepidius bifoveatus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805)
* Monocrepidius browni (Knull, 1938)
* Monocrepidius cairnsensis (Blackburn, 1893)
* Monocrepidius castaneus (Fabricius, 1792)
* Monocrepidius concretus (Candèze, 1881)
* Monocrepidius delauneyi (Fleutiaux, 1911)
* Monocrepidius delicatus (Fall, 1929)
* Monocrepidius elegans (Candèze, 1878)
* Monocrepidius exsul (Sharp, 1877) (pasture wireworm)
* Monocrepidius falli (Lane, 1956) (southern potato wireworm)
* Monocrepidius ferruginosus (Fall, 1929)
* Monocrepidius lenis (Candèze, 1881)
* Monocrepidius leucophaeatus (Candèze, 1859)
* Monocrepidius lividus (De Geer, 1774)
* Monocrepidius nigricollis (Fleutiaux, 1918)
* Monocrepidius pallipes (Eschscholtz, 1829)
* Monocrepidius parallelus (Candèze, 1859)
* Monocrepidius pictus (Candèze, 1859)
* Monocrepidius poirieri (Chassain, Deknuydt & Romé, 2014)
* Monocrepidius posticus (Eschscholtz, 1822)
* Monocrepidius rudis (Brown, 1933)
* Monocrepidius rufidens (Fabricius, 1801)
* Monocrepidius scissus Schaeffer, 1909
* Monocrepidius sericeus (Candèze, 1865)
* Monocrepidius similis Schaeffer, 1909
* Monocrepidius suturalis LeConte, 1853
* Monocrepidius vespertinus (Fabricius, 1801) (tobacco wireworm)
* Monocrepidius vitraci (Fleutiaux, 1911)
* Monocrepidius xysticus (Candèze, 1859)
# Nahma Sandrow

Nahma Sandrow is an American scholar of theater and cultural history, and author of the books Vagabond Stars: A World History of Yiddish Theater; God, Man, and Devil: Yiddish Plays in Translation; and Surrealism: Theater, Arts, Ideas. She is also the author of Kuni-Leml and Vagabond Stars, prize-winning Off-Broadway musicals based on Yiddish theatre material. She is Professor Emerita at Bronx Community College of the City University of New York, and has lectured at Oxford University, Harvard University, the Smithsonian Institution, and elsewhere.
Joseph Papp, writing in the New York Times Book Review, observed about Vagabond Stars: "what makes Sandrow's work distinctive is the unusual blend of impeccable scholarship and hilarious backstage anecdote."
In 1984 Samuel Freedman, of the New York Times, described the Off-Broadway success of Kuni-Leml, based on Abraham Goldfaden's Yiddish play The Two Kuni-Lemls, of 1880, as "largely attributable to Nahma Sandrow", noting that her work in researching, translating, and adapting the play had yielded a production with contemporary resonance.

## Selected works
### Books

* Surrealism: Theater, Arts, Ideas
* Vagabond Stars: A World History of Yiddish Theater. New York: Harper & Row, 1977; reprint: Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1996. ISBN 9780815603290
* God, Man, and Devil: Yiddish Plays in Translation

### Drama

* Vagabond Stars
* Kuni-Leml
# Saeed Khalifa Humeid Al Rumaithi

Saeed Khalifa Humeid Al Rumaithi is the former secretary of the Minister of labor Ministry of Labor in Abu Dhabi.
He is the eldest child of Khalifa Humeid Abdulla Al Rumaithi. Saeed worked in the Abu Dhabi Culture and Heritage Department prior to being offered the position of The secretary of the minister of labor. He then worked in the Ministry of labor for about two decades. He resigned in late 2004.
As of 2013 he was a member of: Zayed Charitable Foundation Board of Trustees (UAE), GIC Board of Directors (UAE), Founder of Care Institute (UAE), and Co-Founder of Manasek (UAE).
# George Hungerford

George William Hungerford, OC OBC (born January 2, 1944) is a Canadian lawyer and retired rower. He won the only gold medal for Canada at the 1964 Summer Olympics, in coxless pairs with Roger Jackson. The same year they were awarded the Lou Marsh Trophy.
Hungerford was supposed to compete at the 1964 Olympics in the eights, but had to withdraw due to a bout of mononucleosis and was replaced by Wayne Pretty. This replacement left a vacancy in the Canadian coxless pair, which was filled up by Hungerford. Jackson and Hungerford had their first competitive race together at the Olympics, yet they won the gold medal in a close contest with the Dutch duo.
Hungerford attended High School at Shawnigan Lake School on Vancouver Island where he learned to row, after high school he went on to receive a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965 and a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1968 both from the University of British Columbia. He was called to the Bar of British Columbia in 1969. As of 2013, he worked as a corporate attorney at his own firm, the George W. Hungerford Law Corporation, and was also involved in sports administration.
Hungerford was inducted into Canada's Sports (1964), British Columbia Sports (1966), the Canadian Olympic (1971), and the University of British Columbia Sports (1994) Halls of Fame. In 1984, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and in 2013 was appointed to the Order of British Columbia.
His niece, Rebecca Marino, is a professional tennis player and was ranked as high as No. 38 in the world in July 2011.
# Ancient Commentators on Aristotle project

The Ancient Commentators on Aristotle project based at King's College London and under the direction of Richard Sorabji has undertaken to translate into English the ancient commentaries on Aristotle. The project began in 1987 and in 2012 published its 100th volume. A further 30 or so volumes are planned. The project is now co-edited by Michael Griffin (UBC).
# Gerry Besselink

Gerardus John Besselink (born September 1, 1963) is a Canadian former professional basketball player.

## Career

A native of Kingston, Ontario, Besselink played at Regiopolis-Notre Dame Catholic High School and Kingston Collegiate and Vocational Institute. He enrolled at the University of Connecticut in 1983. He played for the UConn Huskies men's basketball team from 1984 to 1987. After 112 career games played, the 6'9'' (204 cm) center posted career game averages of 5.2 points and 5.7 rebounds. He did not miss any game while at UConn. In his senior season, Besselink posted career-highs 10.3 points and 10.7 rebounds per game. In 1986, Besselink earned a spot on the Canadian Men's National Team and participated in the World Championship in Spain.
In the professional ranks, Besselink played eight games for De Boo DAS Delft in the Netherlands in the 1987–88 season, averaging 15.6 points per contest. He returned to the US to finish his university degree in Special Education/Rehabilitation, before continuing his professional career, which he mostly spent in Finland (1989–90 and 1992–93 at FoKoPo, 1990–91 at HNMKY, 1995–96 at Korihait, 1996–97 at New Wave Helsinki, 2002–03 at Rekolan Urheilijat, 2004–05 at Visa Basket).
He also had stints in New Zealand, Luxembourg (1991–92), at Jämtland Basket in Sweden (1993-1995), at Astra Basket in Sweden (1997–98), and at German 2. Bundesliga side TSV Tröster Breitengüßbach (parts of the 1995–96 season). At Jämtland Basket, Besselink formed a duo with American Bo Heiden, which was later considered as one of the best duos in team history. Besselink won MVP honors in the Swedish league in 1994. While in Sweden, he also participated in the European competition FIBA Korać Cup.
After the conclusion of his basketball career, Besselink stayed in Finland, where he had met his wife Nina Besselink, who was a member of Finland women's national basketball team, and played at Saint Mary's College. Their children Maria, Max, Michael became basketball players. Besselink worked as a teacher and basketball coach in Finland.
He was inducted into the Kingston & District Sports Hall of Fame in 2013.
# Gino Brousseau

Gino Brousseau (born September 4, 1966) is a former Canadian volleyball player, a member of Canada men's national volleyball team from 1984 to 2000, and a participant in the 1992 Olympic Games. He is the current head coach of Laval Rouge et Or men's volleyball team and the Canada men's junior national volleyball team.

## Personal life

Brousseau was born in Quebec City, Quebec. He went to the Université Laval for five years, being names student-athlete of the year in both 1988 and 1990.
# Korokke

Korokke (Japanese: コロッケ;) is a Japanese deep-fried yōshoku dish originally related to a French dish, the croquette. Korokke is made by mixing cooked chopped meat, seafood, or vegetables with mashed potato or white sauce, usually shaped like a flat patty, rolling it in wheat flour, eggs, and Japanese-style breadcrumbs, then deep-frying this until brown on the outside.

## History

In 1887, the French croquette was introduced to Japan. It is thought that the korokke using mashed potatoes was invented because dairy processing technology had not been popularized in Japan at that time. The first mention of a "kuroketto" appears in cookery books from the Meiji era.
Korokke can be found in almost every supermarket and convenience store in Japan and enjoyed for its taste and its low cost.
Korokke became associated with typhoons in the 2000s, after a user on 2channel said they were eating some to prepare for an approaching typhoon, beginning a tradition that persisted on Japanese social media.

## Varieties

There are numerous types of korokke depending on the main ingredient or the ingredient mixed and they are generally named (ingredient) korokke.
* Potato korokke - korokke made using potatoes
* Meat korokke - korokke made with ground meat and potatoes. If made with meat only, it is menchi-katsu.
* Tuna korokke - korokke with tuna
* Yasai (vegetable) korokke - korokke with mixed vegetables
* Curry korokke - curry-flavored korokke
* Kabocha (pumpkin) korokke - korokke made using pumpkins
* Okara korokke - korokke made using okara
* Cream korokke - korokke made with white sauce
* Guratan korokke - korokke with white sauce and macaroni
Korokke are sometimes sold wrapped in paper. They may also be used as a topping for other dishes. When sandwiched between two slices of bread, they are called korokke pan (pan being 'bread' in Japanese), or korokke sando ('sandwich'). Gurakoro is a product introduced by the Japanese McDonald's which is made by sandwiching guratan korokke.

## In other foods

Korokke is often eaten as part of a meal, such as in bento or curry.
* With soba noodles
* In a bento
* With rice and miso soup
* With curry
* McDonald's gurakoro burger
* With yakisoba
* Korokke-pan
# Crotonia (literary society)

Crotonia was the first literary society to exist at Yale University. Little is known about it. It existed until at least 1772. A new literary society with the same name was created in 2007.

## Context

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the course of study at Yale was drastically different from what it is now. The majority of literature studied was that of the ancient Greeks, Romans, and, in the extensive study of the Old Testament, Hebrews. English literature was not introduced into the curriculum until the 1850s. The young men who studied at Yale at the time felt the need to supplement their studies with a working knowledge of contemporary literature and a forum in which to gain “skill in making known [their] own thoughts in good, plain English” .
The literary societies, which first appeared at Yale and soon afterward at many other colleges and universities, were designed to fill this void. Unlike other societies, students of any class from freshmen to seniors could be members of the literary societies; in fact, by the end of the eighteenth century, everyone at Yale belonged to one and there was often fierce competition for the recruitment of freshmen.

## Activities

These societies were primarily debating societies, but they also held speeches and poetry readings and each had a substantial library, filled with books that one could not find in Yale College's collection. Only the members of a given society had access to its library, and debates primarily took place within the society, though by the mid-1800s it was not unheard of for a speech to be attended by members of all three societies, or for inter-society debates to be organized. At the end of the Civil War, the Yale College faculty attempted to ban fraternities and sophomore societies. As a cover for their continued existence, many of these groups took the guise of small debating societies. Linonia and Brothers in Unity no longer dominated the college's social scene, and the Yale Union became the primary forum for debate. In 1872, Linonia and Brothers in Unity gave up their libraries to the college's collection and were wholly absorbed by the Union, which enjoyed intermittent existence until 1934 when it became the Yale Political Union.
# Lesiba Kgwele

Lesiba Moses Kgwele (born 11 September 1962) is a South African politician and communications strategist. He represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the National Assembly for a single term from 1999 to 2004, serving the North West constituency. He left Parliament after the 2014 general election.
He later served as spokesman and head of communications for the Premier of the North West during the tenure of Premier Thandi Modise. Shortly after Modise left the office, in July 2014, Kgwele was sacked for misconduct. The government said that the disciplinary hearing had been initiated in March 2013 and had found Kgwele guilty of gross insubordination. Kgwele said that the misconduct charges were "part of a much bigger orchestrated plot to purge and ultimately destroy me" based on "a personal grudge".
# Flash drought

A flash drought is a type of drought characterized by its rapid onset, intensification, and severity over a relatively short timescale, usually within a few days or weeks. This concept has evolved during the last decade as researchers have become more interested in understanding and mitigating its impacts. Flash droughts differ from other drought categories such as meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, ecological, and socioeconomic droughts, in that they develop and intensify more quickly, posing unique challenges for monitoring, prediction, and mitigation.

## History

Flash droughts have gained increasing attention from researchers and policymakers due to their significant impacts on agriculture and water resources. The term "flash drought" was coined to describe the rapid onset and intensification of drought conditions, which set it apart from other, more conventional drought types that develop over longer periods. Early research focused on understanding the unique characteristics and drivers of flash droughts, while more recent studies have explored their impacts on agriculture, ecosystems, and water resources.

### Remote Sensing

Remote sensing data, such as satellite-derived measurements of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and vegetation indices, can provide valuable information on the development and progression of flash droughts. Remote sensing data can be used to assess the rapid response of ecosystems to flash droughts by analysing multiple ecological metrics derived from satellite observations. These metrics, such as gross primary productivity (GPP), net primary productivity (NPP), and leaf area index (LAI), can provide insights into the reactions of ecosystems to flash droughts from both vegetation physiological and structural perspectives.

## Impacts

Drier air caused by flash droughts can increase the risk of heat waves, increasing human and animal mortality. It can also increase the amount of dead and dried vegetation, raising the risk of wildfire; the 2023 Canadian wildfires were partially driven by flash droughts in Canada's east.
# Christine Ombaka

Christine Ombaka Oduor is a Kenyan politician from the Orange Democratic Movement.

## Education

Ombaka has graduated from the following institutions:
* Isles International University
* Lancaster University
* University of Nairobi

## Political career

Ombaka was elected women's representative in the National Assembly from Siaya County in the 2017 general election. She was re-elected in the 2022 general election.