OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Diophanes of Nicaea

Diophanes of Nicaea or Diophanes the Bithynian (/daɪˈɒfəniːz/; Ancient Greek: Διοφάνης) was a Greek agricultural writer of the 1st century BC. He was a native of or associated with the city of Nicaea in Bithynia (northwestern Anatolia).
Diophanes abridged into six books the very lengthy farming manual by Cassius Dionysius, which extended to twenty books. Both works were entitled Georgika ("Agriculture"). Diophanes dedicated his work to king Deiotarus of Celtic Galatia in central Anatolia, southeast of his homeland.
According to Columella an amount equivalent to eight books of Cassius Dionysius' work, two-fifths of the whole, had been translated from a preceding work in Punic by Mago. Diophanes' work in turn must therefore have contained extensive extracts reflecting Punic agricultural practice.
Diophanes' abridgement was more popular in ancient times than Cassius Dionysius' original, but both works are now lost. Diophanes is quoted once by the Latin agricultural writer Varro, and several times in the Byzantine Greek compilation Geoponica. He was also cited by his fellow-Bithynian Florentinus. This is a partial list of surviving fragments:
* Planting by the phases of the moon.
* How to determine the soil quality of a farm.
* Use of rainwater.
* Predicting the kind and quality of wine that a vineyard will produce.
* Protecting vines from frost and from rust.
* Fencing a vineyard.
* Preparation and use of fermentation vats (pithoi).
* Wine new and old, white and red.
* Giving a good aroma to olive oil.
* Growing pistachios.
* Grafting apples.
* Growing pears.
* Suitability of different types of grafting.
* Growing bay from seed.
* Drying saffron.
* Killing prasokourides, a pest of leek crops.
* Dealing with scorpions.
* Honey and how to store it.
* Hunting wolves.
* Adding honey to wine for export.
# ALAS Foundation

ALAS (Fundación América Latina en Acción Solidaria) is a non-profit foundation with the intent to launch a new social movement for a collective commitment to comprehensive Early Childhood Development programs in Latin America.
ALAS was founded by Colombian singer and UNICEF ambassador Shakira, and its Honorary President is Nobel laureate Gabriel García Márquez.
Notable members of ALAS include Latin artists Juanes, Alejandro Sanz, and Miguel Bosé.

## Concerts

On 17 May 2008, for the first time, two concerts were held simultaneously in Argentina and Mexico. Shakira, Alejandro Sanz, Calle 13, Paulina Rubio, Gustavo Cerati and other artists performed in Buenos Aires, where 150 thousand people gathered.
In Mexico City, Miguel Bosé, Ricky Martin, Chayanne, Lucero and Diego Torres were some of the artists on the stage list. Juanes did not participate in either concert. The concert in Mexico was attended by approximately 200.000 people. Both concerts were free. The goal was to make the public aware of the problems around poverty of Latin-American children.

## Controversy

In response to allegations of mismanagement, Antonio de la Rúa, one the organization's Vice Presidents, denied the claims, and explained that there was neither evidence of mismanagement, nor a reason for the recent exodus of many of the members.

## ALAS – IDB Award

The ALAS – IDB Award was created in 2011 jointly by the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) and the ALAS Foundation to recognize "high quality, suitable intensity and length programs and interventions that combine early education, psychosocial stimulation, nutrition, health and works with the family".

### Award Categories

* Best Center
* Best Educator
* Best Publication
* Best Innovation

## Footnotes

* ↑ Perfil
* ↑ ALAS web page
# Nathaniel B. Nichols

Nathaniel B. Nichols (1914–1997) was an American control engineer who made significant contributions to the field of control theory. He is well known for his book Theory of Servomechanisms, one of the most widely read books in control engineering.
Nichols received a B.S. in chemistry in 1936 from Central Michigan University, and an M.S. in physics from the University of Michigan in 1937.
He was President of the IEEE Control Systems Society in 1968 and the American Automatic Control Council in 1974 and in 1975; and a recipient of the Rufus Oldenburger Medal (1969) and the Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award (1980).
# Leucosporidium

Leucosporidium is a genus of fungi in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. The genus comprises fungi that are mostly known from their yeast states, though some produce hyphal states in culture that give rise to teliospores from which auricularioid (laterally septate) basidia emerge. Species known only from their anamorphic yeast states were formerly referred to the genus Leucosporidiella, but, following changes to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, the practice of giving different names to teleomorph and anamorph forms of the same fungus was discontinued, meaning that Leucosporidiella became a synonym of the earlier name Leucosporidium. Species have been isolated predominantly from cold environments and are regarded as psychrotolerant.
# Ian Hunter (soccer)

Ian Hunter (born 10 August 1961) is an Australian former association footballer.

## Playing career
### Club career

Hunter made his National Soccer League debut for Blacktown City in 1980. In 1981, he transferred to Marconi before a stint at Penrith City. He returned to Blacktown City in 1991.

### International career

In 1978, he toured with the Australian Schoolboy team that played in the United States and Canada.
Hunter played for the Australian under-20 team in 1978 in 1979 FIFA World Youth Championship qualifying matches against Papua New Guinea and New Zealand as well as in a friendly match against Vardar Skopje.
In 1979 Hunter toured with an Australian under-20 team that played matches against a number of club and national youth teams. He played in wins against Hertha Zehlendorf in Wollongong, Flamengo in Rio de Janeiro and a draw against Israel in Paraguay.
Hunter made his full international debut for Australia at the 1980 OFC Nations Cup against Papua New Guinea at the age of 18 years and 200 days. Hunter came on as a substitute at half time in the match before scoring three goals in an 11-2 win for Australia. In four matches at the tournament, including three B international matches, Hunter scored five goals tying with Eddie Krncevic as leading goalscorer.
In 1981, he played four matches as captain of the Australia under-20 team that made the quarter-finals of the 1981 FIFA World Youth Championship held in Australia. He scored a goal in Australia's opening match of the tournament against Argentina, a match Australia won 2-1.

## Coaching career

Hunter coached Springwood in the New South Wales Second Division in 2008.
# David Hunt (botanist)

David Richard Hunt (25 September 1938 – 20 May 2019) was an English botanist and taxonomist. He was a specialist in cacti and the spiderwort family. He notably compiled the 1999 CITES Cactaceae Checklist.

## Personal life

Hunt was married to organist Margaret Phillips and co-founder of the English Organ School and Museum in Milborne Port.

## Life and work

Hunt received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree from the University of Cambridge in 1959 and a Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1963. In 1983 he received a doctoral degree (PhD) from the University of Reading.
Hunt worked at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew. He was from 1968 to 1982 editor of the journal Curtis's Botanical Magazine. From 1964 to 2005 he was on the Conifer Nomenclature Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society. From 1974 to 1994, he was Secretary and/or Publisher of the International Organisation for Succulent Research. From 1990 to 2003 he was a member of the Council and Scientific Committee of the International Dendrology Society and editor of the Council from 1992 to 1995. From 1989 to 1991 he worked in the Council of Management of the Cornwall Gardens Trust.
His specialities were the plant families Cacti (Cactaceae) and Commelinaceae (Commelinaceae).

## Honours

The species epithet of the carnivorous plant Utricularia huntii from the genus of bladderworts has been awarded in his honour.

## Selected publications

Volume 13 of the Flora Novo-Galiciana, published by R. McVaugh, Hunt contributed the chapter on the plant family Commelinaceae (University of Michigan Herbarium, pages 130–201). To volume 6 of the flora mesoamericana (subtitle "Alismataceae to Cyperacaea", first published in March 1994) he also contributed the chapter on the plant family Commelinaceae. He also contributed to the published by WD Stevens at the Missouri Botanical Garden Press Flora de Nicaragua for the 2001 volume 1 published the chapter Commelinaceae (pages 638–650). Here is an overview of some of his writings:
* David Hunt (1967), J. Hutchinson (ed.), "Cactaceae", The Genera of Flowering Plants (in German), Oxford University Press
* Wilhelm Barthlott, David Hunt (1993), K. Kubitzki (ed.), "Cactaceae", The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants (in German), Springer Verlag, pp. 161–196
* David Hunt (1999), CITES Cactaceae Checklist (in German), Kew, England: Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
* Wilhelm Barthlott, David Hunt (2000), "Seed-diversity in the Cactaceae subfam. Cactoideae", Succulent Plant Research (in German), vol. 5
* David Hunt (2002), "That's Opuntia, that was!", Succulent Plant Research (in German), vol. 6, pp. 245–249
* David Hunt; Nigel Taylor; Graham Charles, eds. (2006), The New Cactus Lexicon. Descriptions and Illustrations of the Cactus Family (in German)
# Magnus Grankvist

Magnus Grankvist (born 3 April 1964) is a Swedish professional golfer and golf coach. He won the 1986 Europcar Cup, a "special event" on the European Tour, and the 1989 SM Match on the Challenge Tour.

## Career

Grankvist was part of the National Team as an amateur. He won the bronze at the 1984 European Youths' Team Championship at Hermitage GC, Ireland with a team that included Jesper Parnevik, Fredrik Lindgren and Johan Ryström. After turning professional, he played on the Swedish Golf Tour, where he won four tournaments, including the SM Match in 1986 and 1989. In 1989, the tournament was part of the Satellite Tour, which soon was renamed the Challenge Tour. In 1986, he finished third on the Swedish Golf Tour Order of Merit, behind Per-Arne Brostedt and Magnus Persson Atlevi.
In 1986, he was part of the winning Swedish team at the Europcar Cup together with Anders Forsbrand, Per-Arne Brostedt and Magnus Sunesson.

## Coaching career

Grankvist started working for the Swedish Golf Federation after retiring from tour. 1998–2002 he was head coach for the National Boys Team, which he led to victory at the 2001 European Boys' Team Championship at Amber Baltic GC in Poland and silver the following year at Reykjavik GC in Iceland. Both teams included Jonas Blixt, Steven Jeppesen and Niklas Lemke.
In 2003 he coached the Swedish team to a bronze finish behind Spain and England at the European Amateur Team Championship held at Royal Hague GCC, Netherlands. The team consisted of Kalle Edberg, Steven Jeppesen, Niklas Lemke, Per Nilsson, Alex Norén and Wilhelm Schauman.
He also coached the European team in the 2005 Palmer Cup, a match the Americans won 14 to 10.

## Professional wins (7)
### Challenge Tour wins (1)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runner-up |
| 1 | 30 Jul 1989 | SM Match Play | 2 and 1 | 2 and 1 | Yngve Nilsson |
Challenge Tour playoff record (0–1)
| No. | Year | Tournament | Opponents | Result |
| 1 | 1989 | Teleannons Grand Prix | Mikael Karlsson, Mats Lanner, Ove Sellberg | Lanner won with eagle on third extra hole |

### Swedish Golf Tour wins (3)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runner-up |
| 1 | 18 Aug 1985 | Gevalia Open | −2 (73-71-71-71=286) | 2 strokes | Gunnar Mueller |
| 2 | 27 Jul 1986 | SM Match Trygg-Hansa Cup | 3 and 2 | 3 and 2 | John Lindberg |
| 3 | 14 Sep 1986 | Kentab Open | −1 (69-69-68=206) | Playoff | Mats Hallberg |
Sources:

### Other wins (3)

* 2011 (2) Forsgården Open, Göteborg District Championship
* 2012 (1) Sportlife Open

## Team appearances

Amateur
* European Youths' Team Championship (representing Sweden): 1984
Professional
* Europcar Cup (representing Sweden): 1986 (winners)
Source:
# Pierre Doukan

Pierre Doukan (16 October 1927 - 12 October 1995) was a French classical violinist as well as a composer and a pedagogue.
He died on October 12, 1995.

## Biography

Born in Paris, Doukan won the first prizes for violin, chamber music and history of music at the Conservatoire de Paris (1946–1947). In 1955, he won the third prize of the Queen Elisabeth Competition and in 1957 also a prize at the Paganini Competition.
He mainly devoted himself to chamber music and several of his recordings were crowned by the Académie du disque.
In 1969, he became professor of violin at the Conservatoire de Paris at the same time as Michèle Auclair.
In 1984, he was appointed artistic director of the Orchestral Academy and in charge of the advanced course for solo violins at the Conservatoire à rayonnement régional de Paris [fr]. In 1993, he became music director of the CNR's department for preparation for orchestral careers.
Doukan composed numerous works for violin and published a violin method in several volumes.
He was married to pianist Thérèse Cochet, with whom he often played in concert and with whom he made several recordings.. Doukan died in Suresnes on 12 October 1995 at age 67.
# Dutchman (film)

Dutchman is a 1966 British drama film directed by Anthony Harvey and starring Shirley Knight and Al Freeman, Jr. It was based on the 1964 play Dutchman by Amiri Baraka (a.k.a. Le Roi Jones), who wrote the screenplay adaptation. John Barry wrote the score. The movie tells the story of a black man who meets a white woman while riding the subway in New York City.
Although not shown widely, the film was critically well-received and was nominated for the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival, where Shirley Knight received the Volpi Cup for best actress.

## Cast

* Shirley Knight as Lula
* Al Freeman Jr as Clay
* Howard Bennett as subway rider
* Robert Calvert as subway rider
* Frank Lieberman as subway rider
* Sandy Mcdonald as subway rider
* Dennis Peters as subway rider
* Keith James as subway rider
* Devon Hall as subway rider

## Reception

The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "Though remaining extremely faithful to Jones' original text, director Anthony Harvey has enriched the mythical dimension of the charged encounter between predatory, white female and retiring, black male by having his train stop more than once at the same station. The implication of an inescapable and infinitely recurring ritual – implicit in the play's circular structure – is thus strengthened by the surrealistic nature of Lula's unending journey on a train "going some other way than mine". And the deliberately austere camerawork suggests more compellingly than any theatrical performance could do the claustrophobic menace of the subway setting and the couple's obliviousness to their fellow passengers. Much of Dutchman's power lies of course in the initial ambiguity of the encounter between the two protagonists. ... But though Clay appears as a ritual victim, a classical scapegoat, Lula herself has too sharp an awareness of her own eventual destruction not to appear as the drama's ultimate victim. And it is this which raises Dutchman above the simple incitement to hatred which many critics have seen in it, to the level of the best dramatic tragedy. Shirley Knight is superb as the slatternly, almost schizophrenic, heroine, and Al Freeman, Jnr displays a fine control in the part of Clay."
Bosley Crowther wrote a critical review of the film in The New York Times.
# Dante C. Youla

Dante C. Youla (October 17, 1925 – August 13, 2021) was Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering at Polytechnic Institute of New York University. He has made fundamental contributions to the areas of Circuit theory, analysis and synthesis; Communication theory; microwave systems and control theory.
The IEEE Circuits and Systems Society awarded him the Vitold Belevitch Award in 2005. In 1988 he received the IEEE Control Systems Science and Engineering Award, "for original contributions in the areas of circuits, systems and control theory, and the rigorous solution of engineering problems". And Youla received in 1965 the IEEE W.R.G. Baker Award, for his paper "A New Theory of Broad-Band Matching". The Youla–Kucera parametrization in control theory is named after him.
# Lost Christmas

Lost Christmas is a 2011 British drama written by David Logan and John Hay and directed by John Hay. It stars Eddie Izzard, Jason Flemyng and Larry Mills. The BBC film, set in Manchester over two Christmases, shows a group of people who are brought together by a mysterious drifter who helps them find what they have lost. It was released on DVD on 5 November 2012.

## Synopsis

'Goose' is a 10-year-old boy who on Christmas Eve hides his fireman father's car keys in the hope that he won't leave when called to an emergency rescue. But his mother gets her keys and drives his dad to work, and ten minutes later they are killed in a car crash.
Flash forward a year and it's Christmas Eve once again; we see Goose is no longer the bright, energetic ten-year-old boy he once was, and is now a streetwise kid who is supporting his Nan through petty crime. Enter 'Anthony', a mysterious man who appears, seemingly out of nowhere, on Manchester's snowy streets. 'Anthony' has no recollection of who he is, where he came from nor where he's supposed to go but he seems to know things. He can find things that are lost and make lives whole again.
Everything starts with a lost bangle. This is where 'Anthony' discovers his ability to see what has happened to a person prior to losing what they seek and how they've lost what they desire. He touches a person's hand and sees in his mind their story leading up to the loss of what they are seeking. Despite being lost himself, he has the compulsion and ability to find the lost, uncovering truths that will eventually transform the life of 'Goose' and those affected by his decision. But is 'Anthony's' ability to heal real, or just an illusion?

## Cast

* Eddie Izzard as Anthony
* Larry Mills as Goose
* Jason Flemyng as Frank
* Connie Hyde as Linda
* Brett Fancy as Paul
* Sorcha Cusack as Nan
* Adlyn Ross as Lal
* Dwayne Scantlebury as Tagger
* Christine Bottomley as Helen
* Steven Mackintosh as Henry
* Chloe Newsome as Alice
* Geoffrey Palmer as Dr. Clarence
* Jason Watkins as Noel Noble
* Jessie Clayton as Jemma
* Stephen Aintree as Antiques Expert
* Libbi Rubens as Milly
* Robert Lonsdale as unnamed police constable

## Songs

* "Wonderful Christmastime" written by Paul McCartney performed by Tom McRae was used in the original TV version, but not the DVD
* "Perfect Christmas" composed for Audio Network by Gledden, Pedder and Dymond, performed by David Ward Maclean
# Scottish variable rate

The Scottish variable rate (SVR) was a mechanism which would have enabled the Scottish Government to vary (down or up) the basic rate of UK income tax by up to 3p in the pound. The power was never used (and indeed was allowed to lapse by the Scottish Government in 2007) and was succeeded by the legislative framework for Scottish public finance in the Scotland Act 2012, which gives the Scottish Parliament the power to set a Scottish rate of income tax.
When legislating for the Scottish Parliament, a number of matters were reserved by the UK Parliament at Westminster. One such reserved matter was taxation; however, this had been a key point in Scottish negotiations relating to parliamentary control. As a means of compromise, Westminster afforded the Scottish Parliament the ability to vary income tax, which was subsequently given the consent of the Scottish electorate in the second question of the 1997 devolution referendum.
Therefore, the Scotland Act 1998 granted the Scottish Parliament the power to vary income tax by ±3p in every pound. This power was often referred to as the tartan tax, a phrase first used by Conservative financier and politician Michael Forsyth as a way of attacking the power, using the idea of 'tartan' to get across the idea that it would be an extra tax on Scots alone.
# Eremurus stenophyllus

Eremurus stenophyllus, the narrow-leaved foxtail lily, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae, native to central Asia.

## Description

It is an herbaceous perennial growing to 1 m (3.3 ft) tall and broad, with narrow strap-shaped leaves. Racemes composed of small yellow flowers appear in summer. The flowers darken to brown from the base, forming a two-tone effect with age.

## Taxonomy

Two subspecies are listed, E. stenophyllus subsp. ambigens, and E. stenophyllus subsp. aurantiacus. The specific epithet stenophyllus is derived from the Greek stenos (narrow) and phyllon (leaf) to give "with narrow leaves".

## Horticulture

This plant is grown as a garden perennial for a sunny border, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Though hardy down to −20 °C (−4 °F), in colder areas it benefits from the shelter of a wall.
# Manne Johnson

Manne Johnson (born 24 March 1944) is a Swedish sports shooter. He competed in the mixed skeet event at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
# Shenyang Botanical Garden

The Shenyang Botanical Garden (Chinese: 沈阳市植物园), also known as "Shenyang World Expo Garden" (Chinese: 沈阳世博园), is located in Qipanshan Tourism Development Zone, in the eastern suburb of Shenyang City, Liaoning, China. It was the site of the 2006 China Shenyang World Horticultural Exposition, and is a 5A Tourist Attraction of China.
The Shenyang Botanical Garden was founded in February 1959.

## History

* In February 1959, the Shenyang Botanical Garden was established.
* From its establishment to the 1970s, the Shenyang Botanical Garden had little development.
* Since the late 1980s, the construction of the Shenyang Botanical Garden has developed rapidly and has become a popular scenic spot.
* In April 2002, the Shenyang Municipal Government classified the Shenyang Botanical Garden from the Shenyang Construction Administration Bureau as the Shenyang Qipanshan Development Zone Administrative Committee.
* In July 2004, the Shenyang Botanical Garden was awarded the titles of the 4A tourist attraction and then the 5A tourist attraction.
* From May 1 to October 31, 2006, the Shenyang Botanical Garden hosted the 2006 Shenyang World Horticultural Exposition.
# Aero Pictorial

Aero Pictorial Ltd was a British aerial photography company in operation between 1934–39 and then 1946-60. It was founded by Aerofilms photographer Cyril Murrell (1899–1958) and runs more or less as a one-man band. In his later years, Murrell flew from Elstree Aerodrome in Hertfordshire.
Pre-war photos were taken on 5 in × 4 in (130 mm × 100 mm) glass plates, whilst post-war, similar-sized roll film was used. This large negative format meant the majority of photos were very sharp and detailed.
After Murrell died in 1958, the company was merged with Aerofilms and ceased operating in 1960. The Aerofilms archive was sold in 2007 to English Heritage and as a result, copyright on Aero Pictorial's photography rests with them.
The 2008 publication British Seaside Piers, by Chris Mawson (former Librarian at Aerofilms) & Richard Riding (editor of Aeroplane magazine from 1973-98), was dedicated to Murrell as the book features a large number of aerial shots of piers drawn from the Aero Pictorial archive.