OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Al-Nayrab

Al-Nayrab (Arabic: النيرب) is a town in Syria, to the south-east of the city of Aleppo in northern Syria. With the urban development, the village was gradually absorbed by the city of Aleppo thus becoming part of it as a district.
Al-Nayrab is also an important archaeological site, having been excavated in 1926–27 by Augustin-Georges Barrois and Bertrand Carrière.

## Etymology

Nayrab or Neyrab is the Syriac word for a flat land or water through the valley.

## History

Salih ibn Ali ibn Abdullah ibn Abbas, the Abbasid governor of Bilad al-Sham (Syria), built the Bttiyas Palace on the hill of Nayrab.
Al-Nayrab was a village southeast of Aleppo, with the urbanization of the city have been included Nayrab. And is not located only 10 kilometers from the city center and the fact that the land was lying established by the French military airport, and after the independence was that the airport expansion to include airport and other civilian and military is known as Nayrab Airport and has turned his name now to Aleppo International Airport. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Deir Jamal had a population of 10,018 in the 2004 census.
After the 1948 war, Palestinians migrated to the neighboring countries which have been receiving several thousand of them and landed in the barracks near the airport that had been brought by the French army to its soldiers and called the place then Al-Nayrab camp for Palestinians refugees.

## Economy

The plains of Nayrab are fertile plains where various types of vegetables are grown, in particular cucumbers. Nayrab produces reasonable quantities of olive and pistachio, and Damask rose, domestically known as "Ward Al-Jouri", which is the first product of Nayrab and exported to several countries where they are used in the manufacture of perfumes and is essentially in the installation of some medicines, foods and beverages.
# Beta hydroxycarboxylic acid

A beta hydroxy carboxylic acid or β-hydroxy carboxylic acid (BHA) is a carboxylic acid containing a hydroxy functional group separated by two carbon atoms. They are related to alpha hydroxy acids, in which the two functional groups are separated by only one carbon atom.

## Reactions

Upon dehydration, beta-hydroxy acids yield an alpha-beta unsaturated acid.
Compared to their non-hydroxylated counterpart, beta hydroxy carboxylic acids are stronger, although weaker than the alpha hydroxy acids. Due to the larger distance, the intramolecular hydrogen bridge is less easily formed compared to the alpha hydroxy acids. The table summarizes some values on the propionic series.
| Name | pK$_a$ |
| Propanoic acid | 4.87 |
| α-Hydroxypropionic acid | 3.86 |
| β-Hydroxypropionic acid | 4.51 |

## Occurrence and inventory

Aldonic acids, a type of sugar acid, are a class of naturally occurring β-hydroxycarboxylic acids. They have the general chemical formula HO$_2$C(CHOH)$_n$CH$_2$OH. Gluconic acid, a particularly common aldonic acid, the oxidized derivative of glucose.
Other beta hydroxy acids include:
* β-Hydroxybutyric acid
* 3-Hydroxypentanoic acid
* 3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid
* 3-Hydroxydecanoic acid
* β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid
* Carnitine
* Salicylic acid, a β-hydroxy acid. In cosmetics, the term beta hydroxy acid refers specifically to salicylic acid, which is used in some "anti-aging" creams and acne treatments. It is used to combat inflammation.
# 1975 All-South Independent Football team

The 1975 All-South Independent football team consists of American football players chosen by various selectors as the best players at each position among the southern independent colleges and universities during the 1975 NCAA Division I football season.

## Offense

Quarterback
* Jack Grantz, South Carolina (AP-1)
* Clyde Walker, Florida State (AP-2)
Running backs
* Kevin Long, South Carolina (AP-1)
* Roscoe Coles, Virginia Tech (AP-1)
* Clarence Williams, South Carolina (AP-2)
* Terdell Middleton, Memphis (AP-2)
Wide receivers
* John "Fuzzy" Filliez, Marshall (AP-1)
* Phillip Logan, South Carolina (AP-2)
* Mike Shumann, Florida State (AP-2)
Tight end
* Steve Raible, Georgia Tech (AP-1)
* Darwin Willie, Tulane (AP-2)
Tackles
* Róndal Davis, Virginia Tech (AP-1)
* Jerry Fremin, Southern Mississippi (AP-1)
* Jerome Provence, South Carolina (AP-2)
* Eric Smith, Southern Mississippi (AP-2)
Guards
* Jeff Gardner, Florida State (AP-1)
* Mark Hunter, Georgia Tech (AP-1)
* Bert Camut, Miami (AP-2)
* Steve Corson, South Carolina (AP-2)
Center
* Leo Tierney, Georgia Tech (AP-1)
* Bob Rush, Memphis (AP-2)

## Defense

Defensive ends
* Bryan Alexander, Tulane (AP-1)
* Steadman Scavella, Miami (AP-1)
* Russ Manzari, South Carolina (AP-2)
* Lummy Wright, Memphis (AP-2)
* Bobby Smithhart, South Carolina (AP-2)
Defensive tackles
* Gary Dunn, Miami (AP-1)
* Rick Gibney, Georgia Tech (AP-1)
* Randy Latta, Southern Mississippi (AP-1)
* Tom Beasley, Virginia Tech (AP-2)
* Mark Olivari, Tulane (AP-2)
* Willie Jones, Florida State (AP-2)
Linebackers
* Lucius Sanford, Georgia (AP-1)
* Jim Gueno, Tulane (AP-1)
* Glenn Fleming, Louisiana-Monroe (AP-1)
* Jerry Dandridge, Memphis (AP-1)
* Rick Razzano, (AP-2)
* Ron Cheatham, Southern Mississippi (AP-2)
* Aaron Carter, Florida State (AP-2)
Defensive backs
* Billy Hardee, Virginia Tech (AP-1)
* Norris Thomas, Southern Mississippi (AP-1)
* Bobby Jackson, Florida State (AP-1)
* Henry Laws, South Carolina (AP-2)
* Wyatt Washington, Tulane (AP-2)
* Lee Nelson, Florida State (AP-2)

## Special Teams

Kicker
* Chris Dennis, Miami (AP-1)
Punter
* Wilbur Summers, Louisville (AP-1)
# West Malling railway station

West Malling railway station (sometimes shown as West Malling for Kings Hill) lies to the east of West Malling, Kent, England; it is close to Kings Hill, Larkfield and Leybourne. The station is 34 miles 61 chains (55.9 km) from London Victoria on the Kent Downs line.
The station, and all trains serving it, is operated by Southeastern.

## History

Malling station opened on 1 June 1874, as part of the Maidstone Line from Swanley to Maidstone. It was renamed West Malling on 23 May 1949. The goods yard had four sidings, one of which served a goods shed. Freight facilities were withdrawn on 19 May 1964. The signal box closed on 9 December 1983.

## Facilities

The ticket office at the station is staffed for most of the day, with self-service ticket machines on both platforms. There is a 164-space car park for rail users, with 64 bicycle stands.
Nu-Venture bus route 151 provides a regular link to/from Kings Hill.

## Services

All services at West Malling are operated by Southeastern, using Class 375 and 377 electric multiple units.
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
* 1 tph to London Victoria
* 1 tph to London Charing Cross
* 1 tph to Maidstone East (non-stop)
* 1 tph to Ashford International (all stations)
During peak hours, the station is served by an additional hourly service between London Victoria and Ashford International.
On Sundays, services between London Charing Cross and Maidstone East do not run.
| Preceding station | National Rail | National Rail | National Rail | Following station |
| Borough Green & Wrotham | | Southeastern Kent Downs line | | East Malling or Maidstone East |
# Melesio Soto

Melesio Soto (born 29 November 1941) is a former Mexican cyclist. He competed in the individual road race at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
# Daniel Vancsik

Daniel "Colo" Vancsik (born 7 January 1977) is an Argentine politician and former professional golfer. He won twice on the European Tour.
Since 2023, he has been a member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies elected in Misiones Province for the Party of Social Concord, sitting in the "Federal Innovation" bloc.

## Early life

Vancsik was born in Posadas, Argentina. He started playing the game when he was 12 at the Tacuru Club in Posadas-Misiones-Argentina.

## Professional career

Vancsik turned professional in 1997 and has played in Europe since 2003, initially on the second tier Challenge Tour, on which he won three tournaments, and later on the main European Tour. His collected his first win on the European Tour at the 2007 Madeira Islands Open BPI.
In May 2009, he won the BMW Italian Open in Turin, beating John Daly, Raphaël Jacquelin and Robert Rock by six shots.

## Professional wins (12)
### European Tour wins (2)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runners-up |
| 1 | 25 Mar 2007 | Madeira Islands Open BPI | −18 (68-66-68-68=270) | 7 strokes | David Frost, Santiago Luna |
| 2 | 10 May 2009 | BMW Italian Open | −17 (68-65-69-65=267) | 6 strokes | John Daly, Raphaël Jacquelin, Robert Rock |

### Challenge Tour wins (3)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runner-up |
| 1 | 9 Feb 2003 | Telefónica Centro America Abierto de Guatemala$^1$ | −10 (68-68-70-68=274) | Playoff | Juan Abbate |
| 2 | 29 Feb 2004 | Abierto Telefónica$^1$ (2) | −16 (65-73-65-69=272) | 2 strokes | Marco Ruiz |
| 3 | 13 Mar 2005 | Tusker Kenya Open | −8 (66-68-75-63=272) | 3 strokes | Michael Kirk |
$^1$Co-sanctioned by the Tour de las Américas
Challenge Tour playoff record (1–0)
| No. | Year | Tournament | Opponent | Result |
| 1 | 2003 | Telefónica Centro America Abierto de Guatemala | Juan Abbate | Won with birdie on first extra hole |

### Tour de las Américas wins (2)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runner-up |
| 1 | 9 Feb 2003 | Telefónica Centro America Abierto de Guatemala$^1$ | −10 (68-68-70-68=274) | Playoff | Juan Abbate |
| 2 | 29 Feb 2004 | Abierto Telefónica$^1$ (2) | −16 (65-73-65-69=272) | 2 strokes | Marco Ruiz |
$^1$Co-sanctioned by the Challenge Tour

### TPG Tour wins (2)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runner(s)-up |
| 1 | 17 Apr 2011 | Copa Juan José Luis Galli (with Joaquín Estévez) | −18 (62-75-64=201) | 1 stroke | Gustavo Acosta and Julio Zapata |
| 2 | 5 Nov 2016 | Gran Premio Los Pingüinos | −15 (64-65=129) | 3 strokes | Paulo Pinto |

### Other wins (5)

* 2000 Pinamar Open (Arg), Rio Cuarto Open (Arg)
* 2003 Viña del Mar Open (Arg)
* 2006 Carilo Open (Arg)
* 2009 Juan Jose Galli Cup (Arg) (with Joaquín Estévez)

## Results in World Golf Championships

| Tournament | 2009 |
| Match Play | |
| Championship | |
| Invitational | |
| Champions | T70 |
"T" = Tied
# René Pavard

René Daniel Pavard (3 October 1934 – 16 June 2012) was a French professional racing cyclist. He rode in the 1959 and 1960 Tour de France. Pavard died in Le Vaudoué on 16 June 2012, at the age of 77.
# Verkhnetseplyayevsky

Verkhnetseplyayevsky (Russian: Верхнецепляевский) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Vishnyakovskoye Rural Settlement, Uryupinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 66 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.

## Geography

Verkhnetseplyayevsky is located in forest steppe, 25 km northeast of Uryupinsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Serkovsky is the nearest rural locality.
# Damhead railway station

Damhead railway station (also known as Damhead Halt) served the village of Maghaberry in County Down, Northern Ireland.
It was originally opened by the Great Northern Railway of Ireland in 1935, replacing an earlier request stop (known as "The Damhead") of the Ulster Railway.
Although it survived the rail network cuts instituted by the Ulster Transport Authority, it was not well used throughout its life, and closed in 1973, shortly after the formation of Northern Ireland Railways.

## Services

| Preceding station | | Northern Ireland Railways | | Following station |
| Knockmore | | Northern Ireland Railways Belfast-Newry | | Moira |
| | Historical railways | Historical railways | Historical railways | |
| Lisburn Line and station open | | Ulster Railway Belfast-Portadown | | Moira Line and station open |

## Gallery

* Northern Ireland Railways GM built 112 brings what should be the 08.00 passenger service from Dublin (Connolly) to Belfast (Central) towards the remains of Damhead station
# Durak (Turkish makam theory)

Durak (also known as Karar), in Turkish makam theory, is the initial note of the first tetrachord or pentachord in the diatonic scale, and the tonic note which always concludes a composition within a makam.
# John Smith Samuel

Sir John Smith Samuel KBE FRSE, FSA (Scot.), DL, JP (1870 – November 1934) was a Scottish local government official. He was ceremonial secretary to the Glasgow Corporation and private secretary to successive Lords Provost of Glasgow for 38 years.

## Life

He was born on 2 April 1870.
In 1902 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Magnus Maclean, John Glaister, James Dalrymple Duncan Dalrymple and John Horne.
From 1903 he served as Secretary to John Ure Primrose. At that time he lived at 8 Park Avenue.
He then consecutively served Sir William Bilsland, Sir Archibald McInnes Shaw, Daniel Macaulay Stevenson, Sir Thomas Dunlop, Sir James Stewart, Sir Thomas Paxton, Sir David Mason and Sir Thomas Kelly.
He died in a nursing home in Glasgow on 10 November 1934 following a brief spell of influenza.
# Arnold Black

Arnold Black (2 May 1923 – 25 June 2000) was an American violinist and composer.
His most senior positions held include assistant concertmaster of the National Symphony Orchestra and concertmaster at the Baltimore Symphony. In his career as a composer he wrote music particularly for stage productions.
Black was notable for maintaining a musical career despite having cerebral palsy from birth. He died at his home in Massachusetts in the summer of 2000.

## Biography
### Early life

Black was born on May 2, 1923, in the U.S. City of Philadelphia. He had cerebral palsy from birth, affecting mobility in his right side.

### Education

Black studied at The Juilliard School, graduating with majors in violin and composition.

## Career
### Violin

Black held standard violin positions in NBC Symphony and Casals Festival. He was assistant concertmaster of the Baltimore Symphony before becoming concertmaster of the National Symphony Orchestra.

#### Mohawk Trail Concerts

In 1969, Black helped to start the Mohawk Trail concerts. He was asked to play a Handel sonata for a Sunday service at the Federated Church in Charlemont, Massachusetts by church organist Alice Parker Pyle. This event adapted into an annual chamber music concert series. He directed the concerts for over thirty years.

### Composer

In the early 1950s, Black was composer in residence at the Circle in the Square Theatre in Manhattan. He worked with director José Quintero to produce scores for various notable productions including Ulysses in Nighttown.
His concert works include a children's opera based on The Phantom Tollbooth, a novel by Norton Juster, and a piece entitled My Country, 1998–1999, commissioned by the St. Petersburg String Quartet.
He composed the soundtrack for Simple Gifts, a holiday special directed by R. O. Blechman on PBS released in 1977, including segments performed by the Renaissance group Calliope.
Black arranged the theme tune for the Canadian children's animated TV series Little Bear. The theme is based on Franz Schubert's Violin Sonata No. 1 in D Major.
# Allegheny Islands State Park

Allegheny Islands State Park is a 43-acre (17 ha) Pennsylvania state park in Harmar Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The undeveloped park is composed of three alluvial islands located in the middle of the Allegheny River northeast of Pittsburgh. The islands are just north of the boroughs of Oakmont and Plum, and southwest of Cheswick. Bridges for the Pennsylvania Turnpike (Interstate 76) and the Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad Branch of the Canadian National Railway cross the Allegheny River at the middle island.

## Islands

The park land on the islands has a total area of 43 acres (17 ha), with two islands downstream of the Allegheny River Lock and Dam Three (officially named the C. W. Bill Young Lock and Dam), and the other island upstream. Twelve Mile Island is the farthest downstream (west) and has a number of houses and buildings on the western four-fifths of the island (the park land is the eastern end). The remaining two islands are both uninhabited and have no structures on them. They were originally one island named Fourteen Mile Island, but were split into two parts by the construction of the dam. Today the name Fourteen Mile Island is given to the middle island, just downstream (west) of the dam, and it is the site of the highway and railroad bridges. According to the USGS GNIS, the last island (which was once part of Fourteen Mile Island) is unnamed (although it is still labeled "Fourteen Mile Island" on the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers navigation maps of the Allegheny River.) This unnamed island is the easternmost and the only one upstream of the dam. There are also five to seven shoals near the islands, which are occasionally exposed.
Twelve Mile Island and Fourteen Mile Island are named for their distances, 12 miles (19 km) and 14 miles (23 km), up the Allegheny River from the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers to form the Ohio River in downtown Pittsburgh. They are two of six alluvial islands in the Allegheny River near Pittsburgh (for comparison, near Pittsburgh the Ohio River has only three islands and the Monongahela River has none). "The large number of islands in the Allegheny is a reflection of the large amount of glacially-derived sediment that was moved by the river."

## Facilities

Allegheny Islands State Park was established on December 31, 1980. As of 2007, it is undeveloped so that there are no facilities, and also no plans for future development. The park can only be accessed by boat. Camping is allowed on the islands and they are open for visits by groups such as the Boy Scouts and Venturing. Allegheny Islands State Park is administered from the Region 2 Office in Prospect, Pennsylvania.

## Nearby state parks

The following state parks are within 30 miles (48 km) of Allegheny Islands State Park:
* Hillman State Park (Washington County)
* Keystone State Park (Westmoreland County)
* Point State Park (Allegheny County)
# Richard Tourne

Richard Tourne (born 14 January 1951) is a French speed skater. He competed at the 1972 Winter Olympics and the 1976 Winter Olympics.
# George Washington Montgomery

George Washington Montgomery, or Jorge Montgomery (Alicante, Spain, 1804 - Washington D.C., June 5, 1841) was an American Spanish-born writer, translator and diplomat.
His father was an Irishman businessman, John Montgomery; his mother was perhaps a Spaniard. His father had lived in Boston and had settled in Alicante, where he was a U.S. consul. George spent his childhood in England, and studied Humanities in Exeter. Then he had some minor function in U.S. embassy at Madrid; afterwards he was secretary of Carlos Martinez de Irujo y Tacón, former Spanish minister to the United States from 1796 to 1807, married with an American lady, Sarah Maria Theresa McKean, with whom George held a long friendship. Thanks to U.S. minister Alexander Hill Everett, Washington Irving met his namesake in the Madrid tertulia of Mrs. Sarah McKean, a widow by then (1826), and the friendship between the two was never interrupted. Montgomery held various diplomatic positions: U.S. consul in San Juan de Puerto Rico, 1835–38; Tampico, 1840–41. He is entombed at Oak Hill Cemetery, Washington, D.C. in the Van Ness Mausoleum.
As a writer and translator, he wrote adaptations of some minor works of Washington Irving in Tareas de un solitario, and the first Spanish translation of A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada by this author. In 1832, published El bastardo de Castilla, «historical novel, chivalrous, original» about the romantic medieval hero Bernardo del Carpio. In 1839, Narrative of a journey to Guatemala, in Central America, in 1838, an interesting travelogue about these regions, was published in New York.
# M. A. Akmal Hossain Azad

M. A. Akmal Hossain Azad is secretary of the Health Services Division and former secretary of the Ministry of Railways. He was appointed on a contractual basis after the fall of the Awami League government.

## Career

In 2004, Azad was the personal secretary to the Minister of Law, Justice and Parliament Affairs Moudud Ahmed when he was promoted to the rank of jint secretary. In November 2006, he was transferred from the Ministry of Establishment to the Rural Development and Co-operatives Division. In February 2008, he was the chairman of the Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation when he was transferred to the Ministry of Agriculture as an additional secretary.
Azad is a director of Bangladesh International Arbitration Centre.
Azad was appointed secretary of the Ministry of Railway on 18 August 2024 after the Sheikh Hasina-led Awami League government fell. At the same time four others were made contractual secretaries, Sheikh Abdur Rashid in the Secondary and Higher Education Division, Ehchanul Haque in Roads and Highways Department, Mohammad Abdul Momen in Public Security Division, and Nasimul Gani in Public Department of President Mohammed Shahabuddin's Office. He was appointed secretary of the Health Services Division replacing Md Jahangir Alam after three days at the Ministry of Railways. Abdul Baki replaced him at the Ministry of Railway. He dissolved the board of Bangladesh Red Crescent Society. He stated 625 people were killed in protests against Sheikh Hasina. He was one man probe body that examined unrest at the Ministry of Public Administration over appointment of deputy commissioners.
# Davit Kubriashvili

Davit Kubriashvili (Georgian: დავით ქუბრიაშვილი; born 12 March 1986) is a former Georgian rugby union player. His position is prop. He played for Georgia in the 2011 Rugby World Cup.

## Domestic career

After arriving in France from Georgia in Fédérale 1 to play for Massy, Kubriashvili, aged 21, moved up the leagues to the Top 14 with Montpellier. However, after one season there where he didn't get much game time, he moved to the newly promoted Toulon in 2008, where he has since established himself as a regular member of their squad and has played over 100 matches for the club.
After arriving before the 2008/09 season, Kubriashvili soon worked his way to becoming first choice in 2009 and remained first choice for the following season. In 2010, Toulon signed former All Black Carl Hayman who was seen as one of the best tighthead props in world rugby. However, Kubriashvili again kept his place as first choice for the 2010/11 season, keeping Hayman on the bench. Kubriashvili was considered one of the best tighthead props in the league that season.
After playing at the 2011 World Cup, Kubriashvili lost a bit of form. Hayman became first choice again, and Kubriashvili has been the second choice since. In May 2013 he played as a replacement as Toulon won the 2013 Heineken Cup Final by 16–15 against Clermont Auvergne. In the summer of 2013, he joined the Top 14 side Stade Français.

## International career

Kubriashvili made his debut for Georgia in 2008 against Portugal, but has largely had to play as second choice to Davit Zirakashvili through most of his international career. In 2011 after a successful season for Toulon, Kubriashvili became the first Georgian to play for the Barbarians and he featured in their victories over England and Wales.

## Honours

* 2012–13 Heineken Cup: winner (Toulon)
* 2015–16 European Rugby Challenge Cup: winner (Montpellier).