OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Learning vector quantization

In computer science, learning vector quantization (LVQ) is a prototype-based supervised classification algorithm. LVQ is the supervised counterpart of vector quantization systems.

## Overview

LVQ can be understood as a special case of an artificial neural network, more precisely, it applies a winner-take-all Hebbian learning-based approach. It is a precursor to self-organizing maps (SOM) and related to neural gas and the k-nearest neighbor algorithm (k-NN). LVQ was invented by Teuvo Kohonen.
An LVQ system is represented by prototypes $W=(w(i),...,w(n))$ which are defined in the feature space of observed data. In winner-take-all training algorithms one determines, for each data point, the prototype which is closest to the input according to a given distance measure. The position of this so-called winner prototype is then adapted, i.e. the winner is moved closer if it correctly classifies the data point or moved away if it classifies the data point incorrectly.
An advantage of LVQ is that it creates prototypes that are easy to interpret for experts in the respective application domain. LVQ systems can be applied to multi-class classification problems in a natural way.
A key issue in LVQ is the choice of an appropriate measure of distance or similarity for training and classification. Recently, techniques have been developed which adapt a parameterized distance measure in the course of training the system, see e.g. (Schneider, Biehl, and Hammer, 2009) and references therein.
LVQ can be a source of great help in classifying text documents.

## Algorithm

Below follows an informal description. The algorithm consists of three basic steps. The algorithm's input is:
* how many neurons the system will have $M$ (in the simplest case it is equal to the number of classes)
* what weight each neuron has ${\vec {w_{i}}}$ for $i=0,1,...,M-1$
* the corresponding label $c_{i}$ to each neuron ${\vec {w_{i}}}$
* how fast the neurons are learning $\eta$
* and an input list $L$ containing all the vectors of which the labels are known already (training set).
The algorithm's flow is:
* For next input ${\vec {x}}$ (with label $y$) in $L$ find the closest neuron ${\vec {w_{m}}}$, i.e. $d({\vec {x}},{\vec {w_{m}}})=\min \limits _{i}{d({\vec {x}},{\vec {w_{i}}})}$, where $\,d$ is the metric used ( Euclidean, etc. )
# Marcos Arantes

Marcos Arantes (born 25 July 1964) is a Brazilian rower. He competed in the men's coxless four event at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
# Tharaka University

Tharaka University (TUN) is a public university in Kenya.

## Location

The main campus of the university is located adjacent to the town of Gatunga, in Tharaka South Sub-county, in Tharaka Nithi County, on the eastern slopes of Mount Kenya in Central Kenya. Gatunga is located approximately 231 kilometres (144 mi), northeast of the city of Nairobi, the national capital.

## History

Tharaka University was established in 2015 as a campus of Chuka University. In 2017 the campus was elevated to a constituent college of the same university, under the name "Tharaka University College". In 2022, Uhuru Kenyatta, the country's head of state, granted Tharaka University, a university charter.

## Academics

As of November 2024, Tharaka University has the faculties listed below. Courses are offered at certificate, diploma, bachelors, masters and doctorate degree levels.
* Faculty of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology
* Faculty of Life Sciences and Natural Resources
* Faculty of Business Studies
* Faculty of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences
# Rowley Hill (bishop)

Rowley Hill (22 February 1836– 27 May 1887) was an Anglican clergyman who served in the Church of England as the Bishop of Sodor and Man from 1877 to 1887.

## Background

Born in Derry in Ulster, Ireland, on 22 February 1836, he was the son of Sir George Hill, 3rd Baronet, and Elizabeth Sophia Rea.

## Ordination and early curacies

He was ordained a priest in the Anglican ministry in 1860 and served a number of positions in the south of England before becoming Vicar of Sheffield in 1873.

## Bishop of Sodor and Man

He was nominated Bishop of Sodor and Man by Queen Victoria on 9 August 1877 and consecrated on 24 August 1877. At his appointment he was the youngest bishop in Anglican communion. At the time of his appointment there was a proposal to add the Archdeaconry of Liverpool to the Diocese of Sodor and Man, but this met with considerable resistance both on the Isle of Man and in Liverpool, resulting in the formation of the Diocese of Liverpool in 1880. Hill resided on the island for most of the year and devoted considerable efforts to placing the Manx Convocation on a more professional footing, and revitalizing church life on the island, where he became extremely popular. He married twice, firstly in 1863 to Caroline Maud Chapman (1839-1882) and secondly in 1884 to Alice Probyn (died 1930).
He is mentioned in the song "If you Want a Receipt for that Popular Mystery" sung by Colonel Calverley in the operetta Patience (1881) by Gilbert and Sullivan. The song lists the elements of a Heavy Dragoon, including "Style of the Bishop of Sodor and Man".

## Death

After nearly ten years of service to the Manx diocese, he died in London on 27 May 1887, aged 51. He is buried against the east wall of Brompton Cemetery in London, south of the main east–west path.
# Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer

Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer (12 February 1865 – 18 January 1940) was a Polish Goral poet, novelist, playwright, journalist and writer. He was a member of the Young Poland movement.

## Life

Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer was born in Ludźmierz in Podhale near the Tatra Mountains, then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire now in Poland, and died in Warsaw. His older half-brother was the painter Włodzimierz Tetmajer. Przerwa-Tetmajer studied classics and philosophy at the Jagiellonian University in 1884–1889. He then became a journalist at Kurier Polski, and lived both in the Tatras and in Kraków (Cracow). After World War I he moved to Warsaw to serve as president of the Society of Writers and Journalists. In 1934 he was made honorary member of the Polish Academy of Literature.
Przerwa-Tetmajer suffered from a mental illness in the latter years of his life, which prevented him from writing. He was living in a hospice in 1940 when the German occupants evicted all the patients. He was left homeless and died shortly afterwards in a Warsaw hospital.

## Work

Przerwa-Tetmajer wrote seven collections of poetry before World War I. He is particularly well known for his works about the Tatra mountains. At least one of his poems, Kriváň, High Kriváň! (Krywaniu, Krywaniu wysoki!) is now often taken for an authentic folk song and was credited as such on a similarly named 1972 folk-rock album by Skaldowie. According to Barry Keane from The Warsaw Voice:
   Przerwa Tetmajer was primarily a lyrical poet who articulated the birth pangs of modernism at the turn of the century, but he will be best remembered for his erotic verse and for poems evoking his beloved Tatra mountains. He broke with age-old subtleties and niceties common to amorous poetry and wrote on love in frank and provocative terms. The poet simultaneously attracted huge praise from legions of readers and loud accusations of depravity from other quarters... at the close of the 19th century.
His work was also part of the literature event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
# Marcus Vinícius (footballer, born 1963)

Marcus Vinícius do Nascimento (born 17 June 1963), simply known as Marcus Vinicius, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a forward.

## Career

Marcus Vinícius began his career in the youth sectors of Atlético Mineiro, being top scorer in the baby tooth category. In the main team, he debuted in 1980, but due to fluctuations he was little used in the first few years. He was part of the squads that won the state championship in 1985 and 1986. He also played for Flamengo, São José-SP, Palmeiras, Grêmio and Sport.

## International career

In 1983, Marcus Vinícius was part of the Brazil under-20 team that won the Toulon Tournament. In the same year, he was also part of the Olympic team of Brazil, who was silver medal in the Caracas Pan American Games. He was also part of the 1984 CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament winning squad.

## Honours
### Brazil U20

* Toulon Tournament: 1983

### Brazil Olympic

* Pan American Games: 1983
* CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament: 1984

### Atlético Mineiro

* Campeonato Mineiro: 1985, 1986

### Grêmio

* Campeonato Gaúcho: 1989

### Sport Recife

* Campeonato Pernambucano: 1991
# Sydney Charles Tweed

Sydney Charles Tweed (September 25, 1886 – February 8, 1942) was a businessman and political figure in Ontario. He represented Waterloo North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1929 to 1934 as a Liberal member.
He was born in Vankleek Hill in 1886, the son of William A. Tweed and Alice Sproule, of Irish descent. In 1906, he married Winnifred Hobson. Tweed was president and managing directory of the Ontario Equitable Life and Accident Insurance Co. He served as a member of the Public Utilities Commission for Waterloo from 1926 to 1930. He died suddenly at Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1942, and was buried at Brookside Cemetery at that city.
# Vade-mecum (Norwid)

Vade-mecum is the most important collection of poetry by Cyprian Kamil Norwid.
In 1865-1866 Cyprian Kamil Norwid gathered the poems he had been writing since the end of the 1840s into a large cycle, mecum-vade, however, it was not published during the poet's lifetime, but fragments of the cycle were published in 1903–1933.
After Norwid's death, the manuscript of Vade-mecum was kept by his relatives, the Dybowski family and in 1898 it became the property of Zenon Przesmycki. Przesmycki died during the Warsaw Uprising, but his archives, together with Norwid's legacy, were saved and after the World War II found their way to the National Library of Poland. A phototype of manuscript was published by Wacław Borowy in 1947 and it was used as the basis for the first edition of Vade-mecum (Tunbridge, England 1953). A critical edition of Norwid's cycle was prepared in 1966 by Juliusz Wiktor Gomulicki. Since May 2024, an autograph copy of the Vade-mecum has been exhibited at a permanent exhibition in the Palace of the Commonwealth.
The one-hundred-poem collection includes poems which are so well known as With Hands Swollen from Clapping (Polish: Klaskaniem mając obrzękłe prawice), In Verona (Polish: W Weronie) and Chopin's Pianoforte (Polish: Fortepian Szopena) and is supplemented by a prose prologue, the poem Generalisations (Polish: Ogólniki). Some poems had been published earlier, some were written specially for the cycle and some came from the lyrical codex, an earlier manuscript.
# Matt Strickler

Matt Strickler is the current Deputy Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks for the U.S. Department of the Interior. Previously he served as the Virginia Secretary of Natural Resources under Governor Ralph Northam.

## Background

Strickler originally hails from Lexington. After receiving degrees in public policy and environmental studies from Washington and Lee University, he completed master's programs in public policy and marine science at the College of William and Mary, where he studied aquaculture and sustainable development at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Strickler completed his studies at the College of William and Mary in 2007. He was selected that year as a Knauss Marine Policy Fellow through the Virginia Sea Grant Program.

## Career

Strickler first met Ralph Northam in 2008, while working in Hampton Roads for Mark Warner's 2008 senatorial campaign. Northam then brought Strickler on as a legislative aid, upon being elected to the Virginia State Senate. Strickler oversaw Northam's offices in Richmond and Norfolk. In 2010, The Virginian-Pilot described Strickler as Northam's "only full-time staffer".
Strickler has also served as a senior policy adviser to the U.S. House Committee on Natural Resources.
In 2010, Strickler co-founded Old Plantation Oyster Company LLC, an oyster farming company in Cape Charles, Northampton County on Virginia's Eastern Shore. His co-founder, Clark Mercer, served as Northam's Chief of Staff during Northam's lieutenant governorship, and continued to serve in a similar position under Northam's governorship. Strickler resigned in 2021 to join the Biden administration.
# Ibi (Egyptian Noble)

Ibi in hieroglyphs :
Era: Late Period (664–332 BC) :
The ancient Egyptian noble Ibi (sometime transliterated as Aba or Abe) was chief steward of the God's Wife of Amun, Nitocris I, during the reign of the 26th Dynasty pharaoh Psamtik I. He was married and had several children.
He was buried in a tomb of modest size, TT36, located in the El-Assasif district of the Theban Necropolis, opposite Luxor, in Egypt. It is quite atypical that both the outer and inner sarcophagi were human-shaped and made of stone. The lid of his inner sarcophagus, the only completely preserved part, is exhibited in the Museo Egizio of Turin, Italy.
# Ali Abad Metro Station

Ali Abad Metro Station is a station in Tehran Metro Line 1. It is located in Shahid Dastvare Boulevard. It is between Javanmard-e-Ghassab Metro Station and Khazane Metro Station.
# Alto Velo Island

Alto Velo Island (Spanish: Isla Alto Velo; also called Alta Vela Island) is a small uninhabited island south of the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea. Its maximum height is about 152 metres (499 ft) above sea level. It lies on an underwater mountain range which continues to Beata Island (about 12 km (6.5 nmi) away, separated by the Alto Velo Channel) and the southwestern coast of the Dominican Republic. It has an area of 1.02 km$^2$ (0.39 sq mi) and is 1.4 km (0.87 mi) long, being oval in shape.

## Location

It is located about 220 km (120 nmi) southwest of Santo Domingo, and 74 km (40 nmi) south of Pedernales, making it the southernmost point of the Dominican Republic, a distinction sometimes claimed by Beata Island.

## Government

The island is part of the province of Pedernales in the Dominican Republic.

## Conservation

Alto Velo and Beata Islands belong to the Jaragua National Park, the largest protected area in the Caribbean region.

## History

The island was visited by Christopher Columbus on his second voyage in 1494; his crew caught and killed seabirds and eight Caribbean monk seals on the island, which he named Spanish: Alta Vela, lit. 'tall sail' because from a distance it looked like a tall ship at sail.
In 1863, the Confederate commerce raider CSS Alabama captured and burned at sea the Boston-based schooner Chatelaine off the coast of Alto Velo Island.
In the 1860s, at least three U.S.-based companies claimed the island under the Guano Islands Act; however, the U.S. Department of State determined that the island, despite lying in an area then-disputed between Haiti and the Dominican Republic, likely belonged to the Dominican Republic (due to historical Spanish claims, geography, and other factors) and therefore could not be claimed under the act. A 1932 U.S. Department of State report on the status of Guano Island Act claims included Alto Velo among the islands "to which the United States has no claim."
Dominican officials authorized foreign concessionaires to mine guano from the island until the early 20th century, when synthetic fertilizers became common. A 1950 botanical expedition to Alto Velo noted that "the scars of the mining operations on the leeward slopes of the island" remained visible and that "artifacts of mining still litter portions of the hill."
# Marinho (footballer, born 1957)

Mário José dos Reis Emiliano (23 May 1957 – 15 June 2020), commonly known as Marinho, was a Brazilian professional footballer and assistant manager of Bangu. He played as a right winger.
He competed in the men's tournament at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
Marinho died on 15 June 2020 after fighting pancreatitis and prostate cancer.
# Giovanni Caracciolo

Giovanni Caracciolo, often called Sergianni (c. 1372 – 19 August 1432), was an Italian nobleman of the Kingdom of Naples, prime minister and favorite of queen Joan II of Naples.
Due to his relationship with queen Joan (starting around 1416), Caracciolo was able to attain for himself a considerable amount of power in the Neapolitan court and a great amount of wealth. Around 1425 he was siniscalco (prime minister) of Naples, count of Avellino, lord of Capua, Melfi, Venosa and numerous other fiefs in Campania and Apulia.
Sergianni managed to obtain an increased power in the realm, until he controlled its politics and finances almost entirely. He was behind the decision to abandon the pope's support, which eventually led to the invasion of Louis III of Anjou and to Joan's decision to adopt Alfonso V of Aragon as her heir.
Alfonso had Sergianni arrested in May 1423. However, as the Aragonese soldiers had failed to capture Joan in the siege of Castel Capuano, Sergianni was freed and fled to Aversa with the queen. The situation cleared when Alfonso was called back to Spain, and the queen returned to Naples together with Louis, to whom she was then betrothed. As the latter was a feeble figure who immediately retired to his fiefs in Calabria, the power of Sergianni further increased. Sergianni's exceeding ambition may have pushed Joan to plot his assassination in 1432.
On 19 August 1432, Sergianni Caracciolo was stabbed by four knights in the service of the queen in his room in Castel Capuano.
His elaborate sculpted tomb is located in the church of San Giovanni a Carbonara in Naples.
# Uthaug

Uthaug is a village in Ørland Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located on the south shore of the Bjugnfjorden about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) west of the village of Opphaug, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of the town of Brekstad, and about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) east of the Kjeungskjær Lighthouse. Ørland Airport lies just south of the village.
The 0.31-square-kilometre (77-acre) village has a population (2024) of 349 and a population density of 1,126 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,920/sq mi).
Uthaug is home to fish processing and concrete manufacturing industries. It also has a good harbor with a breakwater. The Uthaugsgården museum is an old preserved trading post that is located in the village.
* Uthaug harbour
* Sjøgata, Uthaugsgården
# Oswego Township, Kendall County, Illinois

Oswego Township occupies the 6-mile-square-plus additional land to the south of the Fox River in northeast corner of Kendall County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 50,870 and it contained 17,914 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 40.58 square miles (105.1 km$^2$), of which 39.94 square miles (103.4 km$^2$) (or 98.42%) is land and 0.64 square miles (1.7 km$^2$) (or 1.58%) is water.
U.S. Route 30 and U.S. Route 34 run east to west through the township, as well as IL 25, IL 31 and IL 71. Today, the township has become predominantly a suburb of Chicago.

### Cities and towns

* Aurora (partial)
* Montgomery (partial)
* Oswego (majority)
* Plainfield (partial)

### Other Communities

* Boulder Hill
* Wolfs at 41°41′45″N 88°15′39″W﻿ / ﻿41.695862°N 88.260902°W﻿ / 41.695862; -88.260902

## Government

The township is governed by an elected Town Board of a Supervisor and four Trustees. It also has an elected Assessor, Clerk, Highway Commissioner and Supervisor. The Township Office is located at 84 Templeton Drive, Suite 104 Oswego, IL 60543
# My Year of Flops

My Year of Flops (subtitled The A.V. Club Presents One Man's Journey Deep Into the Heart of Cinematic Failure) is a 2010 book by film critic Nathan Rabin based on his columns on the website The A.V. Club.

## Background

Starting in 2007, Rabin set out to provide a revisionist look at critical and commercial cinematic failures at a weekly basis.

## Criteria

Rabin's critique for each film fall into three categories: Failure, Fiasco, and Secret Success.

## List of films discussed in the book (in order of appearance)

* Elizabethtown (2005) (the first "case file", in which he coined the term "Manic Pixie Dream Girl")
* The Conqueror (1956)
* The End of Violence (1997)
* W. (2008)
* The Great Moment (1944)
* Gospel Road: A Story of Jesus (1973)
* O.C. and Stiggs (1987)
* Scenes from a Mall (1991)
* The Cable Guy (1996)
* Freddy Got Fingered (2001)
* Skidoo (1968)
* Breakfast of Champions (1999)
* Dice Rules (1991)
* The Adventures of Ford Fairlane (1990)
* Postal (2007)
* The Love Guru (2008)
* Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978)
* Pennies from Heaven (1981)
* The Apple (1980)
* Glitter (2001)
* Rent (2005)
* Under the Cherry Moon (1986)
* I'll Do Anything (1994)
* Mame (1974)
* It's All About Love (2003)
* The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996)
* Southland Tales (2007)
* Hulk (2003)
* Last Action Hero (1993)
* The Rocketeer (1991)
* The Real Cancun (2003)
* The Scarlet Letter (1995)
* Body of Evidence (1993)
* Exit to Eden (1994)
* Tough Guys Don't Dance (1987)
* Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (1993)
* Lolita (1997)
* Pinocchio (2002)
* Santa Claus: The Movie (1985)
* Bratz: The Movie (2007)
* Ishtar (1987)
* Paint Your Wagon (1969)
* Gigli (2003)
* Cruising (1980)
* Battlefield Earth (2000)
* Heaven's Gate (1980)
* Howard the Duck (1986)
* Psycho (1998)
* Cleopatra (1963)
* Joe Versus the Volcano (1990)
* Waterworld (1995)

## Aftermath

In 2011, Rabin expanded the scope of the My Year of Flops column into a successor feature, My World of Flops, to include TV shows, books, and musical albums. He began with Aaron Sorkin's 2006 TV series Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip and ended with the 2016 comedy film The Brothers Grimsby before opening his own personal site called "Nathan Rabin's Happy Place".