OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pronunciation respelling

A pronunciation respelling is a regular phonetic respelling of a word that has a standard spelling but whose pronunciation according to that spelling may be ambiguous, which is used to indicate the pronunciation of that word. Pronunciation respellings are sometimes seen in word dictionaries.
The term should not be confused with pronunciation spelling which is an ad hoc spelling of a word that has no standard spelling. Most of these are nonce words though some have achieved a certain amount of standardization, e.g., the informal use of the word gonna to represent an informal pronunciation of going to.

## Respelling

Pronunciation spellings may be used informally to indicate the pronunciation of foreign words or those whose spelling is irregular or insufficient for the reader to deduce the pronunciation. In such cases, typeface, punctuation or letter case may also be used, e.g., to indicate stress or syllabication of the word. For example:
This offers a sometimes intuitive alternative to systems like the International Phonetic Alphabet, which offers precise descriptions but must be learned. For example:
However, respelling relies on the writer's encoded mapping to the same phonemes as the reader's; e.g.
might be adequate for certain non-rhotic readers but not rhotic ones.
Unlike the IPA, respelling systems are often specific to the works in which they appear. The English-language Wikipedia, for example, has its own respelling system (available at Help:Pronunciation respelling key) which may or may not match that used on other Wikipedias or in other contexts.

## Literary dialect

Pronunciation spellings are sometimes used in narratives to represent nonstandard dialects or idiolects to create an impression of backwardness or illiteracy in the speaker. This is called literary dialect, often called eye dialect, though the latter term used to be applied only if the resulting pronunciation is the same as the standard one. For example:

## Other uses

Pronunciation spellings as deliberate misspellings may be used for humorous effect. The origin of the word okay is disputed, but the most common view is that it derives from "Oll Korrect", an 1830s comical spelling of "All Correct".
Such spellings may also be used for branding, e.g., "Lite" foods, Froot Loops. See also sensational spelling.
# Choerilus (playwright)

Choerilus (Ancient Greek: Χοιρίλος) was an Athenian tragic poet, who exhibited plays as early as 524 BC.
Choerilus started writing tragedies when he was 22 years old. He staged 160 plays and won the prize 13 times. His works are all lost; only Pausanias mentions a play by him entitled Alope (a mythological personage who was the subject of dramas by Euripides and Carcinus). He lived in Athens for most of his life.

## Biography

Choerilus was said to have competed with Aeschylus, Pratinas and even Sophocles. According to Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker, however, the rival of Sophocles was a son of Choerilus, who bore the same name. His reputation as a writer of satyr plays is attested in the line:
The Choerilean metre (a catalectic hexameter), mentioned by the Latin grammarians, is probably so called because the above line is the oldest extant specimen. Choerilus was also said to have introduced considerable improvements in theatrical masks and costumes.
# Postnormal times

Postnormal times (PNT) is a concept developed by Ziauddin Sardar as a development of post-normal science. Sardar describes the present as "postnormal times", "in an in-between period where old orthodoxies are dying, new ones have yet to be born, and very few things seem to make sense."

## Context

In support of engaging communities of various scope and scale on how to best navigate PNT and imagine preferred pathways toward the future(s), Sardar and Sweeney published an article in the journal Futures outlining The Three Tomorrows method, which fills a gap in the field as "many methods of futures and foresight seldom incorporate pluralism and diversity intrinsically in their frameworks, and few, if any, emphasize the dynamic and merging nature of futures possibilities, or highlight the ignorance and uncertainties we constantly confront".

## Theory and criticism

Rakesh Kapoor criticized PNT in 2011 as a Western concept that does not apply to India and other emerging markets. Sam Cole criticised the three Cs of PNT (chaos, complexity and contradictions) as "Alliterative Logic, theorizing through alliterative word-triads that is not based on empirical evidence". Jay Gary has suggested that PNT is embryonic, needs a more robust framework, and should be extended to include C S Holling's adaptive cycle. Scientists working on complex evolving systems have pointed out that PNT recalls the "Long Waves" of Kondratiev and Joseph Schumpeter's view of waves of "creative destruction".
PNT is one of the core areas of research for the Center for Postnormal Policy and Futures Studies at East-West University in Chicago, Illinois, US. A number of articles and editorials on PNT have been published in the journal East-West Affairs.
# Blue Melody

"Blue Melody" is an uncollected work of short fiction by J. D. Salinger which appeared in the September 1948 issue of Cosmopolitan. The story was inspired by the life of Bessie Smith and was originally titled "Needle on a Scratchy Phonograph Record". Cosmopolitan changed the title to "Blue Melody" without Salinger's consent, a "slick" magazine tactic that was one of the reasons the author decided, in the late forties, that "he wanted to publish only in The New Yorker."

## Plot

The tragic tale of an African-American jazz singer, the story was inspired by the death of Bessie Smith, who died from injuries suffered in an automobile accident in near Memphis, Tennessee. Due to segregationist prohibitions, she was denied medical treatment by physicians in a hospital reserved for white patients.

## Theme

“Blue Melody” memorializes blues singer Bessie Smith. Though denying he intended to “slam” the American Deep South, Salinger's narrator registers a “stinging” condemnation of white-supremacism in “Blue Melody” conveyed in this cynical remark alluding to the story's theme:
   It’s just a little story of Mom’s apple pie, ice-cold beer, the Brooklyn Dodgers, and the Lux Radio Theatre of the air—the things we fought for, in short. You can’t miss it, really.
Kenneth Slawenski draws a thematic equivalence between Salinger's “A Girl I Knew” (1948) and “Blue Melody" in their exposure of “dehumanizing values in society around him” that he believed led to the extermination of European Jews and the apartheid-like system in the United States. As such, Salinger “brought The Holocaust home.”

## Footnotes

* ↑ Wenke, 1991 p. 167: Selected Bibliography
* ↑ Slawenski, 2010 p. 163: Title originally “Needle on a Scratchy Phonograph Record.”
* 1 2 Alexander, Paul (1999). Salinger: A Biography. Los Angeles: Renaissance. ISBN 1-58063-080-4. p. 130.
* ↑ Slawenski, 2010 p. 165: Plot summary
* ↑ Slawenski, 2010 p. 165; “The story is Salinger's tribute to the blues singer Bessie Smith.”
* ↑ Slawenski, 2010 p. 165
* ↑ Slawenski, 2010 p. 165: quoted from the text of the story, see footnote 11.
* ↑ Slawenski, 2010 p. 176: Salinger “furious” that the name of the story had been changed by Cosmopolitan's A. E. Hotchener...”

## Sources

* Slawenski, Kenneth. 2010. J. D. Salinger: A Life. Random House, New York. ISBN 978-1-4000-6951-4
* Wenke, John. 1991. J. D. Salinger: A Study of the Short Fiction. Twaynes Studies in Short Fiction, Gordon Weaver, General Editor. Twayne Publishers, New York. ISBN 0-8057-8334-2
* This article about a short story (or stories) published in the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# 50 Miniatures for Improvising Quintet

50 Miniatures for Improvising Quintet is an album by cellist Erik Friedlander, violinist Jennifer Choi, pianist Sylvie Courvoisier, bassist Trevor Dunn, and percussionist Mike Sarin released on the Skipstone label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Free Jazz Collective | |
The Free Jazz Collective observed "Despite the incredible short length of the pieces, the overall result is quite coherent, with sometimes sudden unexpected violent intrusion in more sensitive pieces, but the contrast works well. Not only is the playing excellent, but Friedlander is full of musical ideas, sufficiently so to make the short snippets of music - sometimes quite structured, sometimes seemingly improvised - utterly compelling".
Carlo Wolff stated in JazzTimes that "The musicianship is extraordinary, its fullness informing each section no matter how brief or abstract. I consider this contemporary classical music more than jazz: While certain sections skirt chaos and are resolutely dissonant, others are outright placid".

## Track listing

All compositions by Erik Friedlander
* "Stepping/Tangle/Like a Dream/Spider/A Settling Fog/The Fool/Solitary" - 4:59
* "War Cry/Harbinger/Retaliation/The Fool: Repose/Blink/Express/Soul Bird" - 3:53
* "Bad Pool/The Moon/Night Flower/Death Rattle/No Answers/Machine/Hunted" - 5:18
* "Molting/Swift/Flow/Spikes/Dainty/The Fool: Serious Matters/Undulation" - 5:15
* "Liquid/Headlong/Bone/Run Into Waves/Taking Hold/Show of Force/Fracture" - 4:51
* "Drought/Balance/On Point/Crossing/Stacks/Soft Steps/Tussle" - 6:27
* "Meditation/A Story Ends/Hazards/Acorn/Noir/Salon/Blackberry/Persist" - 5:47

## Personnel

* Erik Friedlander – cello
* Jennifer Choi – violin
* Sylvie Courvoisier – piano
* Trevor Dunn – bass
* Mike Sarin – percussion
# Ditbardh and Josef Cuko

Ditbardh Cuko and Josef Cuko were a sibling pair of Albanian mass murderers who killed five people in Albania during a robbery in the town of Libofshë in June 1992. The two stole 5,000 lek, the equivalent of $50. The victims were all members of the same family and were bludgeoned to death with metal bars. The youngest victim was a seven-month-old baby. The Cuko brothers were convicted of murder, sentenced to death, and hanged on 25 June 1992. After their executions, their bodies were left hanging in public for a day in the city of Fier.
The public was overwhelmingly in favor of the executions, with some spectators saying the Cuko brothers should have been tortured beforehand. One spectator remarked, "It's excellent that they have hanged them but it would have been far better had they burnt them alive or cut them to pieces like meat and rubbed salt into their wounds."
# Buyerak-Popovsky

Buyerak-Popovsky (Russian: Буерак-Поповский) is a rural locality (a khutor) and the administrative center of Buyerak-Popovskoye Rural Settlement, Serafimovichsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 499 as of 2010. There are 7 streets.

## Geography

Buyerak-Popovsky is located near the Don River, 14 km southwest of Serafimovich (the district's administrative centre) by road. Buyerak-Senyutkin is the nearest rural locality.
# John Fitch (computer scientist)

John Peter Fitch (also known as John ffitch) is a computer scientist, mathematician and composer, who has worked on relativity, planetary astronomy, computer algebra and Lisp. Alongside Victor Lazzarini and Steven Yi, he is the project leader for audio programming language Csound, having a leading role in its development since the early 1990s; and he was a director of Codemist Ltd, which developed the Norcroft C compiler.

## Education and early life

Born in Barnsley, Yorkshire, England in December 1945, Fitch was educated at St John's College, Cambridge where he gained a PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1971 supervised by David Barton.

## Career and research

Fitch spent six years at Cambridge as a postdoctoral researcher - winning the Adams Prize for Mathematics in 1975 for a joint essay with David Barton on Applications of algebraic manipulative systems to physics.
Fitch was a visiting professor the University of Utah for a year, then lectured at the University of Leeds for 18 months, before becoming professor and then chair of software engineering at the University of Bath, which his biography claims is "a subject about which he knows little"; his 31-year career there lasted April 1980 – September 2011, after which he was named an adjunct professor of music at Maynooth University.
Fitch lectured for the module CM20029: The Essence of Compilers, as well as optional modules involving computer music and digital signal processing. According to his biography, "despite his long hair and beard, and the uncertain spelling of his name, [he] was never a hippie".
His former doctoral students include James Davenport and Tom Crick.

## Personal life

Fitch is married to historian Audrey Fitch.
# Metamorphopsia

Metamorphopsia (from Ancient Greek: μεταμορφοψία, metamorphopsia, 'seeing mutated shapes') is a type of distorted vision in which a grid of straight lines appears wavy or partially blank. In addition, metamorphopsia can result in misperceptions of an object's size, shape, or distance to the viewer. People can first notice they suffer from the condition when looking at mini blinds in their home.
Initially characterized in the 1800s, metamorphopsia was described as one of the primary and most notable indications of myopic and senile maculopathies. Metamorphopsia can present itself as unbalanced vision, resulting from small unintentional movements of the eye as it tries to stabilize the field of vision.
It is mainly associated with macular degeneration, particularly age-related macular degeneration with choroidal neovascularization. Other conditions that can present with complaints of metamorphopsia include: pathological myopia, presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, choroidal rupture and multifocal choroiditis.

## Pathology

The mechanisms that result in the development of metamorphopsia involve structural changes in the retina of the eye (retinal mechanism) as well as processing changes in the cerebral cortex of the brain (cortical mechanism). The retinal mechanism involves the displacement of retinal layers which results in the mislocation of light on the retina. The cortical mechanism, which was discovered after the retinal mechanism, is affected by perceptual filling-in and visual crowding effects. The cortical mechanism was found to work in combination with the retinal mechanism to contribute to metamorphopsia in long-standing maculopathy or after the treatment of macular disorders.

## Causes

Metamorphopsia can be a symptom of a number of eye disorders involving the retina or macula. Some of these conditions include the following:
* Age-related macular degeneration
* Epiretinal membrane and vitreomacular traction
* Posterior vitreous detachment
* Macular hole

## Diagnosis

Tests used for diagnosis of metamorphopsia mostly make use of subjective assessments of how a person views regular patterns. Many of these tests have a poor ability to accurately diagnose or identify a person with the disease (i.e.,poor sensitivity). The use of tests such as the preferential hyperacuity perimetry, a psychophysical test that assesses misalignments of visual objects, may permit a more sensitive diagnosis of metamorphopsia.

## Treatment and prognosis

Metamorphopsia is a symptom of several common retinal and macular diseases, therefore treating the underlying disorder can improve symptoms. For people who have conditions such as epiretinal membrane (ERM), macular holes and retinal detachment, decreased metamorphopsia is associated with an increase in visual acuity. Quantitative evaluation of metamorphopsia is an important step in understanding visual functions of individuals with macular disorders and is an essential tool for physicians in evaluating treatment results.
# Audrey Scanlan

Audrey Cady Scanlan (born c. 1959) is an American Episcopal bishop. She is the 11th and current bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Central Pennsylvania since September 12, 2015.

## Personal life

Scanlan was born in New York, and later moved to Connecticut as a child. In 1980, she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology from Wheaton College. Scanlan married her husband Glenn in 1984. After having three children and working in catering, Scanlan received a graduate degree in elementary education from Central Connecticut State University.

## Clerical career

At age 40, Scanlan received a seminary education from Yale Divinity School, obtaining a Master of Divinity degree in 2003. That same year, Scanlan earned her Certificate in Anglican Studies from Berkeley Divinity School. She continued her education at Hartford Seminary, receiving a Doctor of Ministry degree in 2011.
On March 14, 2015, Scanlan was elected to the post of Bishop of Central Pennsylvania, on the second ballot from a field of three candidates. Prior to this, she served in the Episcopal Diocese of Connecticut. Scanlan received 79 of 147 lay votes and 50 of 79 clergy votes (74 lay votes and 40 clergy votes were required for election). Scanlan succeeded the Right Reverend Nathan D. Baxter, who retired in May 2014, as well as the Rt. Rev. Robert R. Gepert who had served as provisional bishop. She is the first female bishop of the diocese.

## Social views
### Same-sex marriage

Scanlan approves of the blessing of same-sex marriages.
In 2016, the Anglican Communion, which the Episcopal Church falls under, voted to penalize the U.S. Church after it approved rites for the blessing of same-sex marriages. The Church was given a three-year ban from voting on policy decisions made by the Communion. Scanlan responded to the Communion's action by comparing it to a time-out which would not cause the church to "spend much time reflecting on the error of our ways," nor cause the Church to reverse its policy towards same-sex marriage.

### Gun control

In 2023, Scanlan was a part of an interfaith group who called upon the Pennsylvania General Assembly to passed legislation to implement red flag laws, limit monthly gun purchases, and prohibit semi-automatic weapons and high capacity magazines.
# Piet Kroon

Piet Kroon (26 February 1945 - 2021) was a South African chess player, three-times South African Chess Championship winner (1965, 1969, 1975).

## Biography

In the 1960s and 1970s Piet Kroon was one of South Africa's leading chess players. He participated many times in South African Chess Championship and three times won this tournament: in 1965, 1969 and 1975 (shared with Charles de Villiers).
Piet Kroon played for South Africa in the Chess Olympiads:
* In 1966, at second board in the 17th Chess Olympiad in Havana (+7, =2, -3),
* In 1968, at second board in the 18th Chess Olympiad in Lugano (+3, =4, -6),
* In 1974, at second board in the 21st Chess Olympiad in Nice (+2, =1, -3).
# Shapur (name)

Shāpūr (Persian: شاپور, meaning son of the king) or Shahpur (شاهپور) is a Persian male given name popular in Iran and other Persian speaking countries. It is first attested in Middle Persian as Shāhpuhr (𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭩). The Armenian form is Շապուհ Šapuh or Սեպուհ Sepuh.

## Sasanian kings

Shapur can refer to one of four Sasanian kings:
* Shapur I (r. 241–272)
* Shapur II (r. 309–379)
* Shapur III (r. 383–388)
* Shapur IV (r. 420)
* Shapur-i Shahrvaraz (r. 630)

## Other people

Shapur may also refer to:
* Vramshapuh or Bahram-Shapur, a Prince who served as a Sasanian Client King of Arsacid Armenia from 389 until 417.
* Shapur Mihran, a 5th-century Iranian noble from the House of Mihran, who served as the marzban (governor) of Persian Armenia briefly in 482.
* Shapur of Ray or Shapur Razi, a 5th-century Iranian from the House of Mihran, who served as the marzban (governor) of Persian Armenia from 483 to 484.
* Shapur (Bavandid ruler) (died 825), local ruler in Tabaristan
* Shapur Bakhtiar (1915–1991), former Prime Minister of Iran
* Shapur ibn Sahl, a ninth-century Persian Christian physician from the Academy of Gundishapur
* Sapor of Bet-Nicator was the Christian bishop of Bet-Nicator
* Maharsapor (or Sapor; died 421), an early Christian martyr of Persia.
* Saburrus, Byzantine general who served in Italy under Constans II
* Saborios, Byzantine general who revolted against Constans II
* Shapoor Zadran, an Afghan cricketer
* Shapoor Reporter, a British intelligence agent
* Pallonji Shapoorji Mistry (1929-2022), Indian-born Irish businessman
* Mar Shapur also known as Mar Sabor, a Chaldean Assyrian bishop who helped set up a church in present day Kollam, Kerala.

## Places

* Anbar, Iraq was known as Peroz-Shapur in ancient times.

## Other

* Shapur, a character in Nizami Ganjavi's tale Khusraw and Shirin
* Shapoorji Pallonji Group, Indian business conglomerate
# Artuur Peters

Artuur Peters (born 26 October 1996) is a Belgian canoeist. He competed in the men's K-1 1000 metres event at the 2016, 2020 and 2024 Summer Olympics .
His older sister is Hermien Peters who also competed in the canoeing competitions at the same Summer Olympics.

## Career

Peters is a former K1 1000 metres junior and U23 world champion, winning the gold medal at the 2014 ICF World Junior Canoe Sprint Championships in Szeged, Hungary, resp. the 2016 ICF World U23 Canoe Sprint Championships in Minsk, Belarus.
Peters is a former K1 1000 metres double U23 European champion, winning the gold medal at the 2015 European U23 Canoe Sprint Championships in Pitești, Romania, and again at the 2018 European Junior and U23 Canoe Sprint Championships in Auronzo di Cadore, Italy.
Peters is also a former K2 1000 metres U23 European champion. having teamed up with Bram Sikkens winning the gold medal at the 2019 European U23 Canoe Sprint Championships in Račice, Czech Republic.
# Henry Strater

Henry "Mike" Strater (January 21, 1896 – December 21, 1987) was an American painter and illustrator. He was a friend of Ernest Hemingway and other figures of the Lost Generation. He was best known for his portraiture, figurative, and landscape drawings and paintings. Strater founded the Ogunquit Museum of American Art in Ogunquit, Maine in either 1952 or 1953.

## Early life and education

Henry Strater was born on January 21, 1896, in Louisville, Kentucky. He later attended Princeton University, during which he befriended F. Scott Fitzgerald. Strater was Fitzgerald's inspiration for the character "Burne Halliday" from the novel This Side of Paradise (1920).
During 1917 and World War I, Strater enlisted in the French Red Cross and drove ambulances for the Allies. In 1919 he returned to the United States to studied at the Art Students League of New York and Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. He also took some classes at Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in Madrid.
In the 1920s, Strater studied at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière in the Montparnasse district of Paris, under Edouard Vuillard. While in Paris, Strater met Hemingway in a bar, where they had a brawl. Later they became friends and Strater painted two portraits of Hemingway in late 1922 while still in Paris.

## Career

Ezra Pound had Strater illustrate part of the book, The Cantos.
His friendship with Hemingway ended in 1935, over a Time magazine photo of Marlin fishing that incorrectly credited Hemingway with catching Strater's oversized fish. Hemingway did not correct the issue.
In either 1952 or 1953, Strater founded the Ogunquit Museum of American Art in Ogunquit, Maine.

## Death and legacy

He died at the age of 91 on December 21, 1987, in Palm Beach. He is buried at the First Parish Cemetery in York, Maine.
Strater's work can be found in museums including the Chrysler Museum of Art, Harvard Art Museums, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Detroit Institute of Arts, and the Princeton University Art Museum.