# Dalian dialect

The Dalian dialect (simplified Chinese: 大连话; traditional Chinese: 大連話; pinyin: Dàliánhuà, Romaji: Dairen-ben) is a dialect of Mandarin Chinese spoken on the Liaodong Peninsula, China including the city of Dalian and parts of Dandong and Yingkou. The Dalian dialect shares many similarities with the Yantai dialect and Weihai dialect spoken on Shandong Peninsula (Jiaodong Peninsula), to the south of the Bohai Strait; hence each of them is a subset of Jiao Liao Mandarin. The Dalian dialect is notable among Chinese dialects for loanwords from Japanese and Russian, reflecting its history of foreign occupation.
Notable words in the Dalian dialect include 彪 ("foolish") and 熊 ("to cheat or deceive").

## Phonology
### Comparing with Mandarin on pronunciation

Contrast of Dalianian and Mandarin on pronunciation :
| Mandarin → Dalianian | Example |
| zh, ch, sh, r → z, c, s, y retroflexes merged with alveolars, r merged with y | 中國人 zhōng guó rén → zōng guó yín |
| d, t, n, l, z, c, s + uei, uan, uen → d, t, n, l, z, c, s + ei, an, en removal of labiovelar glide after alveolars | 對 dù(e)i → dèi |
| o and individual uo → e | 胳膊 gē bo → gĕ be 脫 tuō → tĕ |
| suffix "子" → e | 孩子 hái zi → hái e |
| w+a, ai, ei, an, en, ang, eng → v+a, ai, ei, an, en, ang, eng wu and wo don't change | 晚飯 wǎn fàn → vǎn fàn |
| numeral "二" → àr | 王二小 wáng èr xiǎo → váng àr xiǎo |
| 瑞 → suèi 崖 → ái | 瑞士 rùi shì → suèi si 泡崖 pào yá → pào ái |
| n+i,iang,ie,ian,iao,iu,in,ing,ü,üe → gn+i,iang,ie,ian,iao,iu,in,ing,ü,üe nu doesn't change alveolar nasal shifted to palatal before front vowels/glides | 你 nǐ → gnǐ 虐 nüè → gnüè |
| z, c, s+en[ən], eng[əŋ] → z, c, s+en[ɿn], eng[ɿŋ] other consonants+en, eng don't change | 森 sēn[sən] → sēn[sɿn] |

### Syllables that don't exist in standard Mandarin

* biǎng (de) (It is actually the liaison of bì(婢) yăng(养), almost always followed by an unvoiced de(的)) -【Adjective】: literally means "raised by a maidservant";【Noun】a highly derogatory term to express despise or anger toward certain individual(s).
* piǎ (This Chinese character is not made out yet.) -【Verb】to ridicule sb.

#### Erizational vowels

| Basic vowels | ai 蓋 an 碗 (i)an 邊 | (ü)an 院 | i 字 ei 輩 en 根 | ü 魚 | a 瓦 | (i)e 碟 | (ü)e 月 | o 窩 |
| Erizational vowels | ar [ aʅ ] | (ü)anr [ œ̜ʯ ] | er [ əʅ ] | ür [ yʯ ] | a'r [ äʅ ] | (i)e'r [ ɛʅ ] | (ü)e'r [ øʯ ] | or [ ǫʯ ] |
| Basic vowels | e 歌 | u 肚 | ao 包 | ou 頭 | ang 缸 | (u)ang 光 | ong 工 | eng 燈 |
| Erizational vowels | e'r [ ɤʅ ] | ur [ uʯ ] | ao'r [ ɑʊʯ ] | ou'r [ ǫʊʯ ] | angr [ ɑŋʅ̃ ] | (u)angr [ ɔŋʯ̃ ] | ongr [ ʊŋʯ̃ ] | engr [ əŋʅ̃ ] |
* "瓦兒" and "碗兒" are different; "歌兒" and "根兒" are different, vowel of "根兒" is a kind of retroflex mid-central vowel.
* i of "zi, ci, si" is an apical vowel. After erizing, i turns into er, such as "事兒"ser4.
* The rule of i, u, ü combining with the erizational vowels is the same as the rule of those combining with the basic vowels, so the tabulation of this part is omitted.

### Tones

Tones of Dalianian :
| Tone No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Not marked |
| Dalian dialect | Yinping (LowMid falling) | Yangping (Middle rising) | Shangsheng (Middle concave) | Yinqu (HighMid falling) | Zhongqu (Middle level/Low rising) | Yangqu (Low falling) | Qingsheng |
| Dalian dialect | 31 | 24 | 213 | 52 | 33/13 | 21 | -- |
| Beijing dialect | Yinping (High level) | Yangping (High rising) | Shangsheng (High concave) | Qusheng (High falling) | | | Qingsheng |
| Beijing dialect | 55 | 35 | 214 | 51 | | | -- |
In Dalianian,
* When Tone No.1 meets another Tone No.1 or Tone No.4 meets Tone No.1, usually the previous tone turns to Tone No.5 and the next tone doesn't change, like “家家戶戶”jia'r5-jia'r1-hur6-hur4, “駕崩”jia5-beng1.
* When Tone No.1 meets Tone No.4, usually the previous tone doesn't change and the next tone turns to Tone No.6, like “蟋蟀”xi1-suai6 or xi3-suar, “稀碎”xi1-sei6.
* When Tone No.4 meets another Tone No.4, usually the previous tone turns to Tone No.5 and the next tone turns to Tone No.6, like “畢恭畢敬”bi5-gongr1-bi5-jingr6, “客客氣氣”ke'r4-ke'r-qi5-qi6.
* Tone No.5 and Tone No.6 are not basic tones, but modulations.

## Vocabulary

Dalianian :
| Dalianian | Meaning | Dalianian | Meaning | Dalianian | Meaning | Dalianian | Meaning | Dalianian | Meaning |
| xiĕ | extremely | cháo'r | stupid / outdated | huǐ le | Oh, no! | bái hu | extemporaneous / to blatter | zuǒ suo | to waste |
| làng | coxcombry | biāo | foolish | kē'r le | can't help it | guán duō'r | always | dè se | flighty |
| shòu'r | piquant / Cool! | bài | don't | zī shi | natty | gniàn yang | show dissatisfaction tactfully | xián hu | not very gratified / to disdain |
| gān jing | Great! | vā'r | low level | zhāngr chengr | capable | hǎ hu | dress down | bú lǎi xuán | understated |
| kāi le | expressing dissatisfaction | xuán le | too many | sá me | peep | gè yang | disgusting | cī máo'r juē dìng | rude |

## Grammar

According to the predicate structure analysis method of the British linguists Ricci, the Dalian dialect is the same as English and Mandarin - the sentence is generally composed of S+V+O, that is subject + predicate + object of the order, but there are special circumstances, such as the older generation of Dalian people will say "Jiǎ zóu ba! Jiǎ zóu ba! (家走吧!家走吧!)" instead of "Húi jiā ba! Húi jiā ba! (回家吧!回家吧!)". At this time, the sentence is not S+V+O, but S+O+V, that is, subject + object + predicate.
* jiā means "home".
* zǒu means "go".
* húi means "go back to".
* ba means a kind of mood which means "to persuade" or "to urge".

## Others
### Classification

* The dialect of Zhongshan District, Xigang District, Shahekou District, Ganjingzi District, Lüshunkou District and Wafangdian City of Dalian belongs to Da-Wa Subarea;
* The dialect of Jinzhou District, Pulandian District, Zhuanghe City and Changhai County of Dalian belongs to Chang-Zhuang Subarea.

### Distribution

* Peninsulas: Shandong Peninsula, Liaodong Peninsula.
* Borders: Yalu River, Ussuri River.