# List of rulers of Damascus

This is a list of rulers of Damascus from ancient times to the present.
    General context: History of Damascus.

## Aram Damascus

* Rezon I (c. 950 BC)
* Tabrimmon
* Ben-Hadad I (c. 885 BCE–c. 865 BC)
* Hadadezer (c. 865 BC–c. 842 BC)
* Hazael (c. 842 BC–c. 804 BC)
* Ben-Hadad III (c. 796 BC)
* Tab-El (c. 770 BC)
* Rezon II (c. 740 BC–732 BC)

## Period of non-independence

* to Assyria (732 BC–609 BC)
** Ilu-Ittia (c. 8th century BC)
* to Babylon (609 BC–539 BC)
* to Persian Achaemenid Empire (539 BC–332 BC)
* to Macedon (332 BC–323 BC)
* to Antigonids (323 BC–301 BC)
* to Ptolemaic Kingdom (301 BC–198 BC)
* to Seleucids (198 BC–167 BC)
* to Ituraea (167 BC–110 BC) (Semi independent from Seleucids)
* to the Decapolis (110 BC–85 BC) (Semi independent from Seleucids)
* to Nabataea (85 BC–64 BC)
* to the Roman Republic/Roman Empire/Byzantine Empire (64 BC–635)
** to the Ghassanids (529–584; ?–635)

## Rashidun period

* Khalid ibn al-Walid (635–636)
* Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah (636–637)
* Amr ibn al-Aas (637–640)
* Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan (640)
* Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (640–661)

## Umayyad period

* Muawiyah I ibn Abu Sufyan (661–680)
* Yazid I ibn Muawiyah (680–683)
* Muawiya II ibn Yazid (683–684)
* Marwan I ibn Hakam (684–685)
* Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705)
* al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik (705–715)
* Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik (715–717)
* Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (717–720)
* Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik (720–724)
* Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (724–743)
* al-Walid II ibn Yazid II (743–744)
* Yazid III ibn al-Walid (744)
* Ibrahim ibn al-Walid (744)
* Marwan II ibn Muhammad (ruled from Harran in the Jazira, 744–750)

## Abbasid period

* Abdallah ibn Ali (750–754)
* Salih ibn Ali (754)
* Abd al-Wahhab ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Abbasi (754–764)
* Al-Fadl ibn Salih (766–775)
* Abu Ja'far Harun ibn al-Mahdi (783–786)
* Ibrahim ibn as-Salih ibn Ali (c. 785)
* Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Imam (?–788)
* Ibrahim ibn as-Salih ibn Ali (c. 788–791)
* Musa ibn Isa (c. 792)
* Musa ibn Yahya al-Barmaki (c. 792)
* Abd al-Malik ibn Salih (793–795)
* Ishaq ibn Isa ibn Ali (c. 795–?)
* Shu'ayb ibn Khazim (802–803)
* Ja'far ibn Yahya (803)
* Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad (803–804)
* Sulayman ibn al-Mansur (804–805)
* Yahya ibn Mu'adh ibn Muslim (c. 806)
* Ali ibn al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba (807–809)
* Mansur ibn Muhammad al-Mahdi (809–810)
* Ahmad ibn Sa'id al-Harashi (810)
* Sulayman ibn al-Mansur (810)
* Muhammad ibn Salih ibn Bayhas (813–823 or 824/825)
* Ma'yuf ibn Yahya ibn Ma'yuf al-Hamdani or Sadaqa ibn Uthman al-Murri (appointed by viceroy Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani) (825–?)
* Abu Ishaq Muhammad ibn Harun al-Rashid (c. 828)
* Dinar ibn Abd Allah (c. 839)
* Muhammed ibn al-Jahm al-Sami (c. 839)
* Musa ibn Ibrahim al Rafiqi (c. 842)
* Rija ibn Ayyub al-Hadari (841–847)
* Malik ibn Tawk (847–850)
* Ibrahim al-Mu'ayyad ibn al-Mutawakkil (850–855)
* al-Fath ibn Hakan al-Turki (856–861)
* Yunus ibn Tarja (c. 861)
* Isa ibn Muhammad al-Nawshari (861–866)
* Salih ibn al-Abbasi al-Turki (c. 866)
* Ahmad ibn Khalil al Shaybani (c. 866)
* Yamkjur al-Turki (c. 869)
* Asram al-Turki (c. 870)
* Isa ibn al-Shaykh al-Shaybani, rebel governor (c. 870)
* Amajur al-Turki (870–878)
* to Tulunid Egypt (877–904)
** Ali ibn Amajur al-Turki (878)
** Ahmad ibn Wasif
** Tughj ibn Juff (896–905)
* Abbasid restoration:
** Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh (905–906)
** al-Rashidi (928–931)
** Muhammad ibn Tughj (931–935)
* to Ikhshidid Egypt (935–969), except for:
** Muhammad Ibn Ra'iq (939–942)
** Muhammad ibn Yazdad al-Shahrzuri (943–945)
** Sayf al-Dawla (briefly in 945 and 947)

## Fatimid emirs

* Abu Ali Ja'far ibn Fallah al-Kutami (970–971)

### Qarmatian occupation of Damascus

* Zalim ibn Mauhab al-Ukayli (973–974)
* Jaysh ibn Muhammad (974)
* Rayn al-Mu'izzi (974)
* Alptakin al-Mu'izzi (975–978)
* Qassam al-Turab (978–983)

### Fatimid recovery of Damascus

* Baltakin al-Turki (983)
* Bakjur (983–991)
* Ya'qub as-Saqlabi (991)
* Manjutakin (993–996)
* Sulayman ibn Fallah (996)
* Bishara al-Ikhshidi (997–998)
* Jaysh ibn Muhammad (998–1000)
* Sulayman ibn Fallah (1000–1002)
* Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Jafar (1002–1004)
* Abu Salih Muflih al-Lihyani (1004–1009)
* Hamid ibn Mulham (1009)
* Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1010–1011)
* Badr al-Attar (1011–1012)
* Abu Abdallah al-Muzahhir (1012–1014)
* Abd ar-Rahman ibn Ilyas (1015–1021)
* Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1021–1023)
* Shihab ad-Dawlah Shah Tegin (1023–1024)
* Wajik ad-Dawlah Abu al-Muta Zu-l-Karnayn Hamdan (1024–1028)
* Anushtakin ad-Dizbari (1028–1041)
* Nasir ad-Dawlah al-Hamdani (1041–1048)
* Baha ad-Dawlah Takiq al-Saklabi (1048–1049)
* Rifq al-Khadim (1049)
* Mu'in ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Adud ad-Dawlah (1049–1058)
* Makin ad-Dawlah Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn 'Ali (1058)
* Nasir ad-Dawlah al-Hamdani (1058–1060)
* Sebuq Tegin (1060)
* Muwaffaq ad-Dawlah Jauhar al-Mustansiri (1060–1061)
* Hasam ad-Dawlah ibn al-Bachinaki (1061)
* Uddat ad-Dawlah ibn al-Husein (1061)
* Mu'in ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Adud ad-Dawla (1061–1063)
* Badr al-Jamali (1063)
* Hisn ad-Dawlah Haydar ibn Mansur (1063–1067)
* Qutb ad-Din Baris Tegin (1068–1069)
* Hisn ad-Dawlah Mualla al-Kitami (1069–1071)
* Zain ad-Dawlah Intisar ibn Yahya al-Masmudi (1075–1076)

## Seljuk emirs

* Atsiz ibn Abaq (1076–1079)
* Tutush I (1079–1095)
* Duqaq, son of Tutush I (1095–1104)
* Tutush II, son of Duqaq (1104)
* Irtash, son of Tutush I (1104)

## Burid emirs

* Toghtekin (1104–1128)
* Taj al-Muluk Buri (1128–1132)
* Shams al-Mulk Isma'il (1132–1135)
* Shihab ad-Din Mahmud (1135–1139)
* Jamal ad-Din Muhammad (1139–1140)
* Mu'in ad-Din Unur (Regent, 1140–1149)
* Mujir ad-Din Abaq (1140–1154)

## Zengid atabegs

* Nur ad-Din Mahmud (1154–1174)
* As-Salih Ismail al-Malik (1174)

## Ayyubid emirs (some were also sultans of Egypt)

* Saladin (1174–1186)
* Al-Afdal (1186–1196), Son of Saladin
* Al-Adil I (1196–1218)
* Al-Mu'azzam (1218–1227)
* An-Nasir Dawud (1227–1229)
* Al-Ashraf (1229–1237)
* As-Salih Ismail (1237)
* Al-Kamil (1237–1238)
* Al-Adil II (1238–1239)
* As-Salih Ayyub (1239)
* As-Salih Ismail (1239–1245)
* As-Salih Ayyub (1245–1249)
* Al-Muazzam Turanshah (1249–1250)
* An-Nasir Yusuf (1250–1260)

## Mamluk na'ibs

* Sanjar as-Salihi (August/September 1260–October 1260)
* Taybars al-Waziri (October 1260–1264)
* Aqqush as-Salihi (1264–)
* Sunqur al-Ashqar (1279–1280)
* Lajin al-Ashqar (1280–?)
* Aqush Bey (c. 1290s)
* Izz ad-Din Aybak (?–1296)
* Shuja ad-Din Adirlu (1296–1297)
* Sayf ad-Din Kipchak (1297–1299)
* Aqqush al-Afram (1299–1309)
* Sayf ad-Din Tanqiz an-Nasiri (1312–1340)
* Yilbugha an-Nasiri (1340–1350)
* Sayf ad-Din Manjak (1350)
* Tash Timur (c. 1380)
* Yilbugha al-Nasiri (?–1393)
* Sayf ad-Din Tanibak (1393–1399)
* Sudun (1399–1400)
* occupied by Timur (1400–1401)
* Taghribirdi az-Zahiri (1401–?)
* Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq (1418–1420)
* Kijmas (c. 1470s)
* Ghazali Arab (c. 16th century)
* Sibai (c. 16th century)
* Shihab ad-Din Ahmad (1516–1517)
* Janbirdi al-Ghazali (1518–1521)

## Ottoman walis

* Yunus Pasha (c. 1516)
* Janbirdi al-Ghazali (1518–1521)
* Ayas Mehmed Pasha (1521–1522)
* Ferhad Pasha (1522–1523)
* Hurram Pasha (1523–1525)
* Sulayman Pasha al-Tawashi (1525–1526)
* Lutf Pasha (1526–1528)
* Isa Bey Pasha Chenderli (1528–1531)
* Mustafa Ablaq Pasha (1531–1534)
* Lutf Pasha (1534–1535)
* Isa Bey Pasha Chenderli (1535)
* Muhammad Kuzal Pasha (1536–1537)
* Topal Sulayman Pasha (1537–1538)
* Ahmed Pasha I (1538–1539)
* Qese Husrau Pasha (1539–1541)
* Isa Pasha (1541–1543)
* Piri Pasha (1543–1545)
* Sinan Pasha al-Tuwashi (1545–1548)
* Piri Pasha (1550–1551)
* Muhammad Pasha Bartaki (1551–1552)
* Şemsi Pasha (1552–1555)
* Hizr Pasha (1555–1561)
* Ali Pasha Lankun (1561–1563)
* Khusrau Pasha I (1563)
* Lala Mustafa Pasha (1563–1569)
* Murad Pasha Shaitan (1569)
* Ali Pasha Lankun (1569–1570)
* Haji Ahmed Pasha (1570–1571)
* Darwish Pasha (1571–1574)
* Lala Jafar Pasha (1574–1575)
* Murad Pasha (1575–1577)
* Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha (1577–1581)
* Bahram Pasha (1581–1582)
* Hüseyin Pasha Boljanić (1582–1583)
* Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha (1583)
* Qubad Sulayman Pasha (1584)
* Üveys Pasha (1584–1585)
* Elvendoglu Ali Pasha (October 1585–1586)
* Üveys Pasha (1586–1587)
* Muhammad Pasha Farhad (1587–1588)
* Üveys Pasha (1588–1589)
* Elwanzade Ali Pasha (1589–1590)
* Koca Sinan Pasha (1590)
* Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha (1590–1591)
* Mustafa Pasha I (1591–1592)
* Khalil Pasha (1592–1593)
* Qachirji Mohammad Pasha (1593–1594)
* Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha (1594)
* Kuyucu Murad Pasha (1594–1595)
* Khusrau Pasha II (1595–1596)
* Razia Hutunzade Mustafa Pasha (1596–1597)
* Yusuf Sinan Pasha (1597–1598)
* Ahmed Pasha II (1598)
* Ahmed Pasha III (1598)
* Khusrau Pasha II (1599)
* Emir Mehmed Pasha (1599–1600)
* Osman Pasha (1601–1603)
* Farhad Pasha Bustanji (1603–1604)
* Mustafa Pasha II (1604–1607)
* Mahmud Pasha (1607–1608)
* Sufi Sinan Pasha (1608–1609)
* Ahmad al-Hafiz (1609–1615)
* Silihdar Mehmed Pasha (1615–1618)
* Ahmad al-Hafiz (1618–1619)
* Mustafa Pasha III (1619–1620)
* Sulayman Pasha I (1620–1621)
* Murtaza Pasha Bustanji (1621–1622)
* Mehmed Pasha Rushand (1622–1623)
* Mustafa Pasha al-Hannaq (1623–1624)
* Nigdeli Mustafa Pasha (1624–1625)
* Gurju Mehmed Pasha I (1625–1626)
* Tayar Oglu Mehmed Pasha (1626–1628)
* Küçük Ahmed Pasha (1628–1629)
* Mustafa Pasha IV (1629–1630)
* Nawaya Mehmed Pasha (1630–1631)
* Ilyas Pasha (1632–1633)
* Deli Yusuf Pasha (1633–1635)
* Küçük Ahmed Pasha (1635–1636)
* Dervish Mehmed Pasha (1636–1638)
* Mustafa Pasha IV (1638–1639)
* Chifteli Othman Pasha (1639–1640)
* Mehmed Pasha I (1640–1641)
* Serji Ahmed Pasha (1641–1642)
* Melik Ahmed Pasha (1642–1643)
* Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha (1643)
* Silihdar Yusuf Pasha (1643–1644)
* Gurju Mehmed Pasha II (1644–1645)
* Ibrahim Pasha I (1645)
* Mehmed Pasha Salami (1645–1646)
* Gürcê Mehmed (1646)
* Silahdar Yusuf Pasha (1646–1647)
* Sufi Murteza Pasha (1647)
* Sofu Mehmed Pasha (1648)
* Ibşir Mustafa Pasha (1649)
* Mehmed Pasha II (1649–1650)
* Silahdar Murtaza Pasha (1650)
* Sivaslı Mustafa Pasha (1650)
* Haseki Mehmed Pasha (1650–1652)
* Defterzade Mehmed Pasha (1653–1655)
* Kara Murat Pasha (1655; died before taking office)
* Haseki Mehmed Pasha (1656)
* Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (1659–1661)
* Sulayman Pasha II (1661–1663)
* Ribleli Mustafa Pasha (1663–1665)
* Salih Pasha I (1665–1666)
* Qara Mustafa Pasha (1666–1667)
* Mehmed Pasha Chewish Oglu (1667–1669)
* Ibrahim Pasha Shaytan (1669–1671)
* Abazekh Husein Pasha (1671–1672)
* Qara Mehmed Pasha (1672–1673)
* Ibrahim Pasha Shushman (1673–1674)
* Qer Husein Pasha (1674–1675)
* Ibrahim Pasha II (1675–1676)
* Bosniak Osman Pasha (1676–1679)
* Abazekh Husein Pasha (1679–1683)
* Ibrahim Pasha III (1684)
* Bosniak Osman Pasha (1684–1685)
* Kaplan Pasha (1686–1687)
* Arap Salih Pasha (1687–1688)
* Hamza Pasha (1688–1689)
* Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha (1690)
* Murtaza Pasha (1690–1691)
* Gurju Mehmed Pasha III (1691–1692)
* Çelebi Ismail Pasha (1692–1693)
* Ibshir Mustafa Pasha (1693–1694)
* Silihdar Osman Pasha (1695–1696)
* Silihdar Buuqli Mustafa Pasha (1696–1697)
* Ahmad Pasha Hacigirai (1697–1698)
* Silihdar Husein Pasha (1699)
* Silihdar Hasan Pasha (1700)
* Arslan Mehmed Pasha Matracyoghlu (1701)
* Salih Agha (1702)
* Mehmed Pasha Kurd-Bayram (1702–1703)
* Osman Pasha Arnavud (1703)
* Arslan Mehmed Pasha Matracyoghlu (1703–1704)
* Defterdar Mustafa Pasha (1704)
* Firari Hüseyin Pasha (1704–1705)
* Mehmed Pasha Kurd-Bayram (1705–1706)
* Baltacı Süleyman Pasha [ar] (1706–1707)
* Yusuf Pasha Qapudan (1707–1708)
* Nasuh Pasha al-Aydini (1708–1714)
* Topal Yusuf Pasha (1714–1716)
* Kapudan Ibrahim Pasha (1716–1717)
* Köprülü Abdullah Pasha (1717–1718)
* Recep Pasha (1718–1719)
* Çerkes Osman Pasha Abu Tawq (1719–1721)
* Ali Pasha Maqtuloğlu (1721–1723)
* Çerkes Osman Pasha Abu Tawq (1723–1725)
* Ismail Pasha al-Azm (1725–November/December 1730)
* Muhsinzâde Abdullah Pasha (November/December 1730–December 1730)
* Ayndınlı Abdullah Pasha (December 1730–1734)
* Sulayman Pasha al-Azm (1734–1738)
* Hüseyin Pasha Bostancı (1738–1739)
* Muhassıl Osman Pasha (1739–1740)
* Abdî Pashazâde Ali Pasha (1740–1741)
* Sulayman Pasha al-Azm (1741–1743)
* As'ad Pasha al-Azm (1743–1757)
* Husayn Pasha ibn Makki (1757–1758)
* Çeteci Abdullah Pasha (1758–1759)
* Muhammad Pasha al-Shalik (1759–1760)
* Uthman Pasha al-Kurji (1760–1771)
* Muhammad Pasha al-Azm (1771–1772)
* Hafiz Mustafa Pasha Bustanji (1773–1783)
* Mehmed Pasha al-Kurji (1783)
* Darwish Pasha al-Kurji (1783–1784)
* Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (1784–1786)
* Husayn Pasha Battal (1786–1787)
* Abdi Pasha (1787–1788)
* Ibrahim Pasha al-Dalati (1788–1789)
* Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (1790–1795)
* Abdullah Pasha al-Azm (1795–1798)
* Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (1798–1799)
* Abdullah Pasha al-Azm (1799–1803)
* Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (1803–1804)
* Abdullah Pasha al-Azm (1804–1807)
* Kunj Yusuf Pasha (1807–1810)
* Sulayman Pasha al-Adil (1810–1812)
* Silahdar Süleyman Pasha (February 1812–May 1816)
* Sulayman Pasha al-Adil (1816; interim)
* Hafiz Amasyali Ali Pasha (1816–March 1817)
* Salih Pasha (March 1817–1817)
* Izmirli Süleyman Pasha (1817–1819)
* Dervish Mehmed Pasha (1819–1822)
* Beylanli Mustafa Pasha (June 1822–April 1823)
* Salih Pasha (April 1823–January 1824)
* Muftizade Ahmed Pasha (1824–May 1824)
* Haci Veliyeddin Pasha (1825–1826)
* Hakki Ismail Pasha (October 1826–1827)
* Izmirli Haci Salih Pasha (1827–1828)
* Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1828–1831)
* Mehmed Selim Pasha (1831–1832)
* to Egypt, autonomous from the Ottoman Empire
** Ahmed Bey (1831–1832)
** Ibrahim Pasha (1832)
** Muhammad Sharif Pasha al-Kabir (1832–1838)
** vacant (1838–1840)
* Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1840–1841)
* Mehmed Reshid Pasha (1841–1844)
* Mehmed Namık Pasha (1845–1846)
* Riza Pasha (1845–1846)
* Musa Sefveti Pasha (1846)
* Namiq Pasha (1848)
* Mehmed Namık Pasha (1848–1850)
* Osman Pasha Said Pasha (1850–1852)
* Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1852)
* Açaf Pasha (1852–1854)
* Arif Mehmed Pasha (1854–1855)
* Mehmed Namık Pasha (1855)
* Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1855–1857)
* Izzet Ahmed Pasha (1857)
* Ali Pasha II (1858)
* Mu'amer Pasha (1860)
* Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1860–1861)
* Ahmed Pasha IV (1861)
* Emin Muhlis Pasha (1861–1862)
* Mehmed Reshid Pasha (1862–1864)
* Müterçim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (1864–1865)
* Reshid Pasha (1865–1871)
* Subhi Pasha (1871–1873)
* Sherif Mehmed Re'uf Pasha (1873–1874)
* Esad Pasha (1874–1875)
* Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1875–1876)
* Ahmed Pasha V (1876–1877)
* Küçük Ömer Fevzi Pasha (1877–1878)
* Midhat Pasha (13 November 1878–1 August 1880)
* Hamdi Pasha (1880–1885)
* Rashid Nashid Pasha (1885–1888)
* Manastirli Mehmed Nazif Pasha (1888–1889)
* Mustafa Asim Pasha (1889–1891)
* Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (1891–1892)
* Sherif Mehmed Rauf Pasha (1892–1894)
* Haçi Osman Nuri Pasha (1894–1895)
* Hasan Pasha II (1896–1897)
* Hüseyin Nâzım Pasha (1897–1906)
* Shukri Pasha (1906–1909)
* Ismail Fazil Bey (1909–1911)
* Ismail Ghalib Bey (1911–1912)
* Kiazim Pasha (1912–1913)
* Arif Bey (1913)
* Mehmed Arif Bey Mardin (1914)
* Jamal Pasha (1915)
* Azmi Pasha (1915–1916)
* Tahsin Bey (1916–1918)
* Mehmed Gabriel Pasha (1918)
* Shukri Pasha (October 1–2, 1918)

## Arab Kingdom of Syria

* Faisal (1918–1920)

## Capital of Syria

* French Syria (1920–1946)
* Republic of Syria (1946–1958)
* United Arab Republic (1958–1961)
* Syrian Arab Republic (1961–present)