OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Koenig's manometric flame apparatus

Koenig's manometric flame apparatus was a laboratory instrument invented in 1862 by the German physicist Rudolph Koenig, and used to visualize sound waves. It was the nearest equivalent of the modern oscilloscope in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

## Description

The manometric flame apparatus consisted of a chamber which acted in the same way as a modern microphone. Sound from the source to be measured was concentrated by means of a horn or tube into one half of the capsule chamber. The chamber was divided in two by an elastic diaphragm, usually rubber. The sound caused the diaphragm to vibrate which modulated a flow of flammable illumination gas passing through the other half of the chamber. The illumination gas was passed to a Bunsen burner, the flame of which would then increase or decrease in size at the same frequency as the sound source.
The change in flame size was too fast to be easily seen with the naked eye, and a stroboscope — usually in the form of a rotating many sided mirror — was used to view the flame. The frequency of the sound could then be calculated from the apparent distance between the flame images in the mirror and the known speed of its rotation.
Alexander Graham Bell used this type of equipment to study the performance of his microphones and demonstrated it in his display at the 1876 Philadelphia Centenarian Exhibition. He replaced the rubber diaphragm with an iron disc which was driven by an electromagnet with current fed from a microphone. This apparatus was capable of giving quantitative measures of the performance of his microphones.
A type of Fourier analyzer can be constructed by connecting a number of manometric flame capsules each to a Helmholtz resonator tuned to either the fundamental frequency of the sound to be analyzed, or one of its harmonics. The flames produced from each capsule are then an indication of the strength of each of the Fourier components of the sound.
# City Social

City Social is a Michelin-starred restaurant in London, United Kingdom.
# Dvinitsa

Dvinitsa (Russian: Двиница) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Sukhonskoye Rural Settlement, Mezhdurechensky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 9 as of 2002.

## Geography

Dvinitsa is located 14 km northwest of Shuyskoye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Malaya Storona is the nearest rural locality.
# Dateline Scotland

Dateline Scotland is a Scottish satire of television current affairs programmes, broadcast in 2014, created by Jack Foster, James Devoy and Jonathan Cairney. Dateline Scotland is composed of eight 5-6 minute episodes and a 15-minute special, released to coincide with the Scottish independence referendum polling day. The eight 5 minute episodes were originally broadcast online, from 30 July to 17 September 2014 online. A one-off special of the programme was also released in May 2015, to coincide with the UK general election.
In July 2018, the show's creators released 13 new programmes under a revived format titled Dateline 2018. The series focused less on Scottish politics than its predecessor, and also saw the departure of Briony Cruden, who played the correspondent Briony Laing.

## Programme format

Each episode is presented as a parody news programme, anchored by Foster and Devoy, featuring 3-4 spoof stories based on the previous week's news. Dateline Scotland was produced in the final 2 months of the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, and the programme's content is reflective of this.
It has been suggested that the show's popularity was related to a dissatisfaction amongst independence supporters with the mainstream Scottish media, with regards its coverage of the referendum.

## Main characters

* Jack Foster (Jack Foster) – Anchor
* James Devoy (James Devoy) – Anchor
* Briony Laing (Briony Cruden) – Various correspondents
* George Deary (Jonathan Cairney) – Director of Strategy for the Better Together campaign (parody).
One-off correspondents who appeared in the Referendum Day Special, include Coletta Samson (Sandra O'Sullivan), Thomas Capes (Matthew Houlihan), Achiltibuie Correspondent (Dan Devoy). Political cartoonist Greg Moodie also guests as Leroy Jenkmans, “Chief Strategist for Yes Scotland” (Parody).

## Cast and crew

* Jack Foster – Anchor
* James Devoy – Anchor
* Jonathan Cairney – George Deary (also Seb Foucault and Piers Morgen)
* Briony Laing – Various Correspondent roles
* Devisers – Jack Foster and James Devoy
* Writers - Jack Foster, James Devoy, Jonathan Cairney, the cast
* Directors - Jack Foster and James Devoy
* Producers - Jack Foster and James Devoy
# Rurimicrobium

Rurimicrobium is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Chitinophagaceae with one known species (Rurimicrobium arvi). Rurimicrobium arvi has beenisolated from farmland soil.
# Ariella

Ariella is the female version of the gender neutral Hebrew name Ariel. Ariela is an alternative spelling. Ariel means "Lion of God" in Hebrew.
Ariella may refer to:
* Ariella Arida (born 1988), Filipino actress, Miss Universe Philippines 2013
* Ariella Azoulay (born 1962), author, art curator, filmmaker, theorist of photography and visual culture
* Ariella Käslin (born 1987), Swiss artistic gymnast
* Ariela Massotti (born 1985), Brazilian actress
* Ariella Rush (born 1956), American professional ballroom dancer
In fiction:
* Ariella I of Furstan-Festil, sister and lover of King Imre in the Deryni novels by Katherine Kurtz
* Supergirl (Ariella Kent), the Supergirl of the 853rd century
# Ward Sylvester

Ward Sylvester (October 22, 1939 – June 12, 2017) was an American entertainment industry producer, manager, promoter, executive and consultant. He served as President of Pacific Arts Inc., and Personality Productions; Vice President of Columbia Pictures TV and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He was partners with Rick Marcelli and the Marcelli-Heller Company. Sylvester served as a consultant for Group W, MCA and Merv Griffin.
His television productions include The Day the Earth Moved, People Magazine on TV and Crimewatch Tonight. Sylvester is mostly known for managing the careers of The Monkees and Bobby Sherman.
# Karangtengah

Karangtengah (or Central Karang) is a town and an administrative district (kecamatan) of Tangerang City, in Banten Province of Indonesia, on the island of Java (not to be confused with other districts of the same name in Garut Regency, Cianjur Regency, Wonogiri Regency and Demak Regency). The district covers an area of 10.47 km$^2$, and had a population of 118,473 at the 2010 Census and 117,721 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 117,440.
Karangtengah is on the brink of a transformative journey with the announcement of the future MRT Jakarta Phase 3, connecting Cikarang to Balaraja. This monumental project promises to usher in a new era of connectivity, convenience, and economic growth for this community. MRT Jakarta Phase 3 will be built in August 2024.

## Communities

Karangtengah District is sub-divided into seven urban communities (kelurahan), listed below with their areas and their officially-estimated populations as at mid 2022, together with their postcodes.
| Kode Wilayah | Name of kelurahan | Area in km$^2$ | Population mid 2022 estimate | Post code |
| 36.71.12.1001 | Karang Tengah (town) | 1.09 | 28,465 | 15157 |
| 36.71.12.1002 | Karang Mulya | 1.36 | 14,987 | 15157 |
| 36.71.12.1003 | Pondok Bahar | 1.06 | 14,174 | 15159 |
| 36.71.12.1004 | Pondok Pucung | 1.19 | 13,535 | 15158 |
| 36.71.12.1005 | Karang Timur | 1.31 | 17,966 | 15157 |
| 36.71.12.1006 | Pedurenan | 0.95 | 19,837 | 15159 |
| 36.71.12.1007 | Parung Jaya | 1.19 | 6,814 | 15159 |
| 36.71.12 | Totals | 8.14 | 115,778 $^{(a)}$ | |
Notes: (a) comprising 57,942 males and 57,836 females.

## Toll Road Access

The Jakarta–Merak Toll Road crosses this district, connecting Jakarta to the Port of Merak in the northwest of Banten Province.
| Toll Road | Toll Gate | KM |
| Jakarta–Tangerang Toll Road | Karang Tengah Barat | 11 |
# Alexeyevo, Mezhdurechensky District, Vologda Oblast

Alexeyevo (Russian: Алексеево) is a rural locality (a village) in Botanovskoye Rural Settlement, Mezhdurechensky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 65 as of 2002. There are 2 streets.

## Geography

Alexeyevo is located 36 km southwest of Shuyskoye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Gavrilkovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Clifford Barry

Clifford Barry (June 1, 1946 – August 21, 2021) was a Canadian water polo player. He competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1976 Summer Olympics. He died in Montreal on August 21, 2021 at the age of 75.
# Edward Stanley, 6th Baron Stanley of Alderley

Edward John Stanley, 6th Baron Sheffield, 6th Baron Stanley of Alderley, and 5th Baron Eddisbury (9 October 1907 – 3 March 1971), was a British peer.
He was the son of the Arthur Stanley, 5th Baron Stanley of Alderley (1875–1931) and Margaret Evelyn Evans Gordon (1875–1964). He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford.
Lord Stanley oversaw the loss of the family's ancestral estate at Alderley Park. With a fondness for gambling, wine and marriage, he had to pay for four divorce settlements, and death duties, even at pre-war levels, for both the 4th and 5th Barons. When the mansion at Alderley Park was destroyed by fire in 1931 he moved into the former farmhouse. When he sold the estate in 1938 to the property developers Hambling Crundall and Co Ltd., many of his older tenants were forced to leave the village.
He had four wives:
* Lady Victoria Audrey Beatrice Chetwynd-Talbot (married 3 March 1932 – divorced 1936). Died 1994.
* Edith Louisa Sylvia Ashley (married 18 January 1944 – divorced 1948). Died 1977.
* Thérèse Husson (married 6 April 1951 – divorced 1957)
* Kathleen Margaret Crane (née Wright) (married 15 September 1961 – his death 1971). Died 1996.
He and Victoria had one daughter, The Hon. Edwina Maureen Stanley (born 19 January 1933). On his death in 1971, his brother Lyulph Stanley succeeded to his titles, albeit only briefly.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Edward Stanley, 6th Baron Stanley of Alderley :
* CrestOn a chapeau gules, turned up ermine, an eagle with wings expanded or preying upon an infant proper, swaddled gules, handed argent.
* EscutcheonArgent, on a bend azure, three bucks' heads cabossed or, a crescent for difference.
* SupportersDexter, a stag or, gorged with a ducal crown, line reflexed over the back, and charged on the shoulder with a mullet azure; sinister, a lion reguardant proper, gorged with a plain collar argent charged withthree escallops gules.
* MottoSans Changer "Without Changing"
# Ornithinibacillus contaminans

Ornithinibacillus contaminans is a Gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Ornithinibacillus which has been isolated from human blood from Göteborg in Sweden.
# When All Else Fails... (2005 16-17 album)

The two-CD collection, When All Else Fails...a.k.a. Early Recordings, gathers together three different recordings by Swiss trio 16-17: 1984's Hardkore & Buffbunker (disc one, tracks 8-12), 1987's 16-17 (disc one, tracks 1-7), and 1989's When All Else Fails (disc two). This live album by the industrial punk jazz band was released on May 20, 2005, by Savage Land.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
AllMusic staff writer William York calls the formula simple: "maniacal drumming, noisy guitar, and paint-peeling saxophone steamrolling ahead for three to five minutes at a time". And the Dusted Magazine writer Doug Mosurock reviews: "By the time of 1989’s When All Else Fails LP, 16-17 had become, unbelievably, even more aggressive, this time as a result of Kneubühler adding new technologies and a whole palette of unconventional sound-generating devices to his setup. The approach here is positively industrial at times, as on “Pedestrian Dub,” where sax and guitar are infused with enveloped, processed barbs that make each bleat and downstroke sound like wavering sheet metal, and Remond’s shell tones all the more alien. The cyclic rhythms of their earlier work reappear on “Who Planned All This?” and “Clap Trap,” but the rictus of dance rhythms and the drive to innovate moved the band beyond earlier works..."

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Alex Buess, Markus Kneubuehler, Knut Remond (16-17)

## Personnel

Adapted from the When All Else Fails... liner notes.

### 16-17

* Alex Buess – saxophones, electronics, vocals, oboe (track4), bass(tracks10 and 13)
* Knut Remond – drums, percussion, bass (track4), electronic shaker, Welson organ
* Markus Kneubühler – guitar, synths, electronics

### Additional musicians and production

* Alison Gangler – shawm and oboe (track4)
* Weasel Walter – mastering
* 16-17 & RIV – Artwork
* Alex Buess – engineer

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| Europe | 2005 | Savage Land | CD | SL 01 and 02 |
# Beitar Kiryat Gat F.C.

Beitar Ironi Kiryat Gat (Hebrew: בית"ר עירוני קריית גת) is an Israeli football club based in Kiryat Gat. The club currently plays in Liga Bet South division.

## History

The club was founded in 1970 and joined the Beitar sport association. The club started playing in Liga Dalet (Gezer District). In the 1981/1982 season the team promoted to Liga Bet. and drop out after 3 seasons. In the 1986/1987 season the team promoted again to Liga Bet. and drop out after 2 seasons.
In the 1999/2000, The team promoted two leagues in two years, and reached to Liga Alef. Over the years, The highest place that the club had reached is the sixth place Liga Alef (The Third Division).
Until 2006 there were in Kiryat Gat two football clubs: Maccabi Kiryat Gat F.C., and Beitar Kiryat Gat which played in Liga Alef. After this season, The club merged with Maccabi and Disassembled.

### Re-established

In September 2016, the club Re-established. and participate in Liga Gimel South division. In the 2016/2017 season, the club finished in the second place, and stayed in Liga Gimel. A year later, the club won the Liga Gimel South and was promoted to Liga Bet.
# Nagarvadhu

Nagarvadhu (also Nagaravadhu or Nagar Vadhu; Devanagari: नगरवधू; lit. 'bride of the city') was a tradition followed in some parts of ancient India.
Women competed to win the title of a nagarvadhu, and there was no taboo against the practice. The most beautiful woman, and most talented in various dance forms, was chosen as the Nagarvadhu.
A nagarvadhu was respected, and she was a royal courtesan; people could watch her dance and sing. A Nagarvadhu's price for a single night's dance was very high, and she was only within the reach of the very rich – the emperors, kings, princes and lords.

## Famous nagarvadhus

* Amrapali, state courtesan and Buddhist disciple, described in Vaishali Ki Nagarvadhu by Acharya Chatursen
* Vasantasena, a character in the classic Sanskrit story of Mricchakatika, written in the 2nd century BC by Śūdraka
* Madhavi, a character in the classic Tamil story of Silappatikaram, written by Ilango Adigal
# March Madness (disambiguation)

March Madness usually refers to the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament; it also refers to:

## Sports

* NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament
* NCAA March Madness (TV program), the branding used for television coverage of the men's tournament on CBS, TBS, TNT and TruTV, and the women’s tournament on ABC and the ESPN networks.
* NCAA Basketball series (formerly March Madness series), a video game series
* Mega March Madness, a defunct pay-per-view television package covering the men's tournament
* Illinois High School Boys Basketball Championship, a high-school basketball tournament

## Other uses

* "March madness", the main part of the breeding season of the European hare
* "March Madness" (song), by Future, 2015
* March Mammal Madness, a simulated competition among non-human mammals
* March Madness, an episode of the TV series What We Do In The Shadows.
# Karolien Grosemans

Karolien Grosemans (born 9 March 1970 in Herk-de-Stad) is a Belgian politician and is affiliated to the N-VA. She was elected as a member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives in 2010.
# GHS

GHS may refer to:

## Education

* Gaithersburg High School, Gaithersburg, Maryland, US
* Glastonbury High School, Glastonbury, Connecticut, US
* Glendora High School, a school in Glendora, Los Angeles, US
* Glenunga International High School, formerly Glenunga High School, a school in Adelaide, South Australia
* Gloucester High School (Virginia), a school in Gloucester, Virginia, US
* Grafton High School (disambiguation), several schools
* Grant High School (disambiguation), several schools
* Greenwich High School, Greenwich, Connecticut, US
* Greenwood High School (disambiguation), several schools
* Guam High School (disambiguation), several schools
* Gulf Harbour School, Whangaparaoa, Auckland, New Zealand

## Healthcare

* Geisinger Health System, Pennsylvania, US
* Ghana Health Service
* Global Health Security Index

## Other uses

* GHS (strings), a US guitar string manufacturer
* General Household Survey, UK
* Georgia Historical Society, US
* Ghanaian cedi, currency
* Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
* Green Hills Software, an American software company
* Growth hormone secretagogue
# Isoptericola salitolerans

"Isoptericola salitolerans" is a halotolerant, Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus Isoptericola which has been isolated from a salt lake in China.
# Louisiana slimy salamander

The Louisiana slimy salamander (Plethodon kisatchie) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to the United States where it is only known from northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas. Its natural habitat is hardwood forests. Little is known about this species, but it appears to be common within its range with some populations likely impacted by deforestation.
# Tad Smith

Thomas Sidney "Tad" Smith, Jr. (born June 1965) is an American businessman, the former president and chief executive officer of Sotheby's. Smith is also an adjunct professor at New York University's Stern School of Business.

## Education

Smith graduated with an AB from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University in 1987 after completing a 124-page long senior thesis titled "The Philosophical Transformation of Constitutional Privacy." While a student at Princeton, Smith received the R.W. Van de Velde Prize for outstanding junior independent work. He later received an MBA from Harvard Business School, where he was a George F. Baker scholar and a Horace W. Goldsmith fellow.

## Career

Smith was CEO of the US branch of Reed Business Information.
For five years until 2014, Smith worked for Cablevision in a variety of executive positions.
From February 2014 to March 2015, Smith was president and CEO of New York's Madison Square Garden, doubling net profits in the second half of that year.
In March 2015, Sotheby's announced that Smith would succeed William F. Ruprecht as its president and CEO. Smith's basic salary will be $1.4 million, plus "target annual bonus opportunity will be 200% of his annual base salary", and "long-term incentive award opportunities" in Sotheby's shares.
In October 2019, Sotheby's was acquired by Patrick Drahi, and shareholders received $57 per share, with Smith receiving $28 million.
In October 2019, Drahi replaced Smith with Charles Stewart, the CFO of Altice USA.
Since 1999, Smith has taught at New York University's Stern School of Business, where he is an adjunct professor in the finance department, and runs a course entitled, "Strategy and Finance for Technology, Media, and Entertainment Companies".

## Personal life

Smith is married to Caroline Mitchell Fitzgibbons, a realtor. They have two children, and live in Bronxville, New York.
# Sitkovo

Sitkovo (Russian: Ситьково) is a rural locality (a village) in Nikolotorzhskoye Rural Settlement, Kirillovsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 5 as of 2002.

## Geography

Sitkovo is located 32 km northeast of Kirillov (the district's administrative centre) by road. Levkovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Craig Kochan

Craig Kochan (born October 18, 1969 in Marathon, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian curler from Toronto. He has played competitively in both Northern and southern Ontario and in the Yukon. As of 2019, he has won three Northern Ontario junior titles, the Yukon men's championship, a Northern Ontario mixed title and has played in seven Ontario provincial championships, two Northern Ontario provincial championships and two Yukon championships.

## Career
### Juniors

Kochan's junior career involved winning the Northern Ontario junior title three years straight in 1987, 1988 and 1989. This qualified him to represent Northern Ontario at the Canadian Junior Curling Championships each of those years. At the 1987 Canadian Juniors, Kochan and his rink of Craig Cordiner, Andy Davis and Mike Desilets finished the round robin with a 6-5 record, missing the playoffs. The Kapuskasing four-some returned to the Canadian Juniors in 1988 and this time finished the round robin with a 9-2 record, in first place. In the final they played against British Columbia's Mike Wood, and lost 6-2. At the 1989 Canadian Juniors, Cordiner and Davis were replaced by Greg Kawahara and Aaron Skillen and they curled out of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Kochan did not fare as well with this new line up, and once again finished 6-5, out of the playoffs.

### Provincial & territorial playdowns

After his junior career, Kochan has played in provincial playdowns both in Northern and southern Ontario, but has yet to win a provincial men's title in either region. The closest he came to winning was at the 1995 Northern Ontario finals where he lost to Al Hackner. He did win the Northern Ontario mixed title in 2011, and skipped the Northern Ontario team (which also included Liz Kingston, Colin Koivula and Alissa Begin) to a 4-7 finish at the 2011 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship.
In 2016, Kochan joined the Whitehorse, Yukon-based Jon Solberg rink at third position. The team would win the 2017 Yukon Men's Curling Championship, sending Kochan to his first Brier. There, the team was eliminated in the prequalifying final.

## Personal life

Kochan is employed as the president of My Advisors Inc.
# Pseudonocardia ammonioxydans

Pseudonocardia ammonioxydans is a bacterium from the genus of Pseudonocardia which has been isolated from coastal sediments from the Jiaodong peninsula in China.
# Mallochomacquartia

Mallochomacquartia is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Mallochomacquartia flavohirta (Malloch, 1938)
* Mallochomacquartia nigrihirta (Malloch, 1938)
* Mallochomacquartia vexata (Hutton, 1901)

## Distribution

New Zealand.