# Oregon Constitutional Convention

The Oregon Constitutional Convention in 1857 drafted the Oregon Constitution in preparation for the Oregon Territory to become a U.S. state. Held from mid-August through September, 60 men met in Salem, Oregon, and created the foundation for Oregon's law. The proposal passed with a vote of 35 for adoption to 10 against. Oregon then became the 33rd state of the Union on February 14, 1859.

## History
### Background

In June 1846 the Oregon Question was decided with the United States gaining sole possession of all disputed land south of the 49th degree of latitude. Afterward, on August 14, 1848, the United States government created the Oregon Territory, and in 1853 the northern and eastern sections of the territory became the Washington Territory. In 1854 and 1855 bills in the Territorial Legislature pressing for statehood for the territory were defeated.
Finally on December 12, 1856, the legislature passed a bill authorizing a convention to establish a constitution. On June 1, 1857, the voters in the territory approved the resolution and elected delegates to a constitutional convention. The vote was 7,209 in favor of holding a convention to 1,616 against the proposal.

### Convention

On August 17, 1857, 60 delegates selected by the voters met in Salem to write a state constitution in preparation of statehood. The convention assembled at the Salem Courthouse, with Asa Lovejoy named president pro tem of the gathering. On the following day Judge Matthew Deady was elected the permanent president of the convention.
The delegates selected officers, set up rules for the meeting (a total of 45 in all), and divided into committees on various subjects such as military, judicial, legislative, and elections. At the convention, Chester N. Terry was elected as the secretary of the group, while several people served at different times as the chairperson including Lovejoy, William W. Bristow, Delazon Smith, and La Fayette Grover. The group also settled the debate over a disputed seat at the convention in favor of Perry B. Marple over F. G. Lockhart to represent Coos County.
Thirty-four of the delegates were farmers, while 18 were lawyers, including the three justices of the Oregon Supreme Court. Two of the delegates were newspaper editors, five were miners, and another was a civil engineer.
The main debates concerning a constitution revolved around slavery and the exclusion of Blacks, liquor laws, and what would be the boundaries of the new state. After meeting for 31 days, the convention ended on September 18, when the delegates voted to approve the document as the constitution. The final tally was 35 votes for passage and 10 against; 15 members of the convention were absent and did not vote.

### Draft Constitution

The document approved by the convention was modeled after Indiana's 1851 Constitution and included a provision that denied the right to vote to "negro, Chinaman or mulatto" citizens in the state to be, and though female suffrage was discussed, women were also denied the right to vote, as was typical of the era.
Provision was made for the ability of the legislature to regulate the immigration into the state of "persons not qualified to become citizens of the United States," thereby allowing legislative restriction of the number of free blacks coming into the state in the event that an outright ban did not achieve majority approval. Another section forbade any "Chinaman" who immigrated into the state after adoption of the constitution from ever owning real estate or working a mining claim, expressly giving the legislature power to enforce this provision.
Even as far back as the 1880s such racial measures were regarded as socially retrograde, with historian Hubert Howe Bancroft remarking:
   These proscriptive clauses, however they may appear in later times, were in accordance with the popular sentiment on the Pacific coast and throughout a large portion of the United States ... However that may be, the founders of the state government in Oregon were fully determined to indulge themselves in their prejudices against color, and the qualities which accompany the black and yellow skinned races.
The final draft submitted to the populace contained a total of 18 articles. Over half of the document's content was derived in part from the Indiana constitution.

### Members

Of the 60 delegates in the convention, exactly half were farmers and an additional 19 were lawyers. All members of the convention and what county they represented:
| County | Delegate | Birth Place | Work | Political Party |
| Benton County | John Kelsay | Kentucky | Farmer | Democrat |
| Benton County | Haman Lewis | New York | Farmer | Democrat |
| Benton County | William Matzger | Germany | Mechanic | Anti-Democrat |
| Benton County | Henry B. Nichols | Connecticut | Farmer | Anti-Democrat |
| Clackamas County | Hector Campbell | Massachusetts | Farmer | Democrat |
| Clackamas County | James K. Kelly | Pennsylvania | Lawyer | Democrat |
| Clackamas County | Asa Lovejoy | Massachusetts | Lawyer | Democrat |
| Clackamas County | Nathaniel Robbins | Virginia | Farmer | Democrat |
| Clackamas County | William Starkweather | Connecticut | Farmer | Democrat |
| Clatsop County | Cyrus Olney | New York | Lawyer | Democrat |
| Columbia County | John W. Watts | Missouri | Physician | Anti-Democrat |
| Coos County | Perry B. Marple | Virginia | Farmer | Democrat |
| Curry County | William Packwood | Illinois | Miner | Anti-Democrat |
| Douglas County | Stephen Chadwick | Connecticut | Lawyer | Democrat |
| Douglas County | Matthew Deady | Maryland | Lawyer | Democrat |
| Douglas County | Solomon Fitzhugh | Kentucky | Farmer | Democrat |
| Douglas County | Thomas Whitted | Ohio | Farmer | Democrat |
| Jackson County | Legrand J. C. Duncan | Tennessee | Miner | Democrat |
| Jackson County | Daniel Newcomb | Virginia | Farmer | Democrat |
| Jackson County | Paine Page Prim | Tennessee | Lawyer | Democrat |
| Jackson County | J. H. Reed | Pennsylvania | Lawyer | Democrat |
| Josephine County | S. B. Hendershott | Illinois | Miner | Democrat |
| Josephine County | William H. Watkins | New York | Physician | Anti-Democrat |
| Lane County | Paul Brattain | North Carolina | Farmer | Democrat |
| Lane County | William W. Bristow | Kentucky | Farmer | Democrat |
| Lane County | Andrew J. Campbell | Indiana | Mechanic | Democrat |
| Lane County | Jesse Cox | Missouri | Farmer | Democrat |
| Lane County | Enoch Hoult | Virginia | Farmer | Democrat |
| Lane County | Isaac R. Moores | Illinois | Surveyor | Democrat |
| Linn County | Jonathan H. Brattain | Ohio | Farmer | Democrat |
| Linn County | Reuben Coyle | Kentucky | Farmer | Democrat |
| Linn County | John T. Crooks | Virginia | Farmer | Democrat |
| Linn County | Luther Elkins | Maine | Farmer | Democrat |
| Linn County | James Shields | Illinois | Farmer | Democrat |
| Linn County | Delazon Smith | New York | Lawyer | Democrat |
| Marion County | Joseph Cox | Ohio | Farmer | Democrat |
| Marion County | La Fayette Grover | Maine | Lawyer | Democrat |
| Marion County | Richard Miller | Maryland | Farmer | Democrat |
| Marion County | John C. Peebles | Pennsylvania | Farmer | Democrat |
| Marion County | Davis Shannon | Missouri | Farmer | Democrat |
| Marion County | Nicholas Shrum | Tennessee | Farmer | Democrat |
| Marion County | George Henry Williams | New York | Lawyer | Democrat |
| Multnomah County | Thomas Dryer | New York | Editor | Anti-Democrat |
| Multnomah County | William H. Farrar | New Hampshire | Lawyer | Democrat |
| Multnomah County | David Logan | North Carolina | Lawyer | Anti-Democrat |
| Multnomah County | S. J. McCormick | Ireland | Printer | Democrat |
| Polk County | Avery D. Babcock | New York | Lawyer | Democrat |
| Polk County | Reuben P. Boise | Massachusetts | Lawyer | Democrat |
| Polk County | Benjamin Franklin Burch | Missouri | Farmer | Democrat |
| Polk County | Frederick Waymire | Missouri | Mechanic | Democrat |
| Tillamook County | Avery D. Babcock | New York | Lawyer | Democrat |
| Umpqua County | Jesse Applegate | Kentucky | Farmer | Anti-Democrat |
| Umpqua County | Levi Scott | Illinois | Farmer | Anti-Democrat |
| Wasco County | Charles Meigs | Connecticut | Lawyer | Democrat |
| Washington County | Levi Anderson | Kentucky | Farmer | Anti-Democrat |
| Washington County | Thomas Dryer | New York | Editor | Anti-Democrat |
| Washington County | Erasmus Shattuck | Vermont | Lawyer | Anti-Democrat |
| Washington County | John S. White | Tennessee | Farmer | Anti-Democrat |
| Yamhill County | Robert Crouch Kinney | Illinois | Farmer | Anti-Democrat |
| Yamhill County | John R. McBride | Missouri | Lawyer | Republican |
| Yamhill County | Martin Olds | Massachusetts | Farmer | Anti-Democrat |
| Yamhill County | Robert V. Short | Pennsylvania | Surveyor | Democrat |

### Further development

On November 9, 1857, the voters approved the document to serve as a state constitution upon statehood. At this same vote, measures to allow slavery and to allow free Blacks to live in the state were defeated after they had been submitted as separate items to vote on by the convention. The vote to approve the constitution by the citizens of Oregon was 7,195 for the constitution and 3,215 against the document. The vote on slavery was 2,645 to allow slavery and 7,727 to make it illegal, and the vote to make it illegal for Blacks to live in the state was 8,640 to ban them and 1,081 to allow them to live in the state. All white men over the age of 21 were allowed to vote, and after the passage a delegation was sent east to Washington, D.C. to press for statehood.
Oregon then waited on the United States Congress to accept the constitution and approve Oregon for statehood. Due to the ongoing debate over slavery in the country as the nation approached the American Civil War, the U.S. Senate did not pass legislation to bring Oregon into the Union until 1859, when Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14. The Oregon Constitution was not altered until 1902.

## Footnotes

* 1 2 Oregon: The Oregon Question. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on March 2, 2008.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Corning, Howard M. Dictionary of Oregon History. Binfords & Mort Publishing, 1956.
* ↑ Establishment of Oregon Territory. HistoryLink.org. Retrieved on March 2, 2008.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of the State of Oregon Held at Salem, Commencing August 17, 1857: Together with the Constitution Adopted by the People, November 9, 1857. Salem: W.H. Byars, 1882.
* 1 2 3 4 Horner, John B. (1919). Oregon: Her History, Her Great Men, Her Literature. The J.K. Gill Co.: Portland.
* 1 2 Hubert Howe Bancroft, The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft: Volume 29: History of Oregon: Volume 1, 1834-1848. San Francisco, CA: The History Company, 1886; pg. 423.
* 1 2 Leeson, Fred. Framing the Constitution – 60 men took 32 days to propose Oregon’s legal foundation. The Oregonian, March 26, 2004.
* 1 2 Information The 1857 Oregon Constitutional Convention. Oregon State Archives. Retrieved on March 2, 2008.
* ↑ Bancroft, History of Oregon: Volume 2, pg. 424.
* ↑ Bancroft, History of Oregon: Volume 2, pp. 424-425.
* ↑ Bancroft, History of Oregon: Volume 2, pg. 425.
* ↑ Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law. 2nd Edition. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985; pg. 347.
* ↑ George H. Himes, Constitutional Convention of Oregon. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, vol. 15, no. 3 (1914), pp. 217-218.
* ↑ "About the Convention Delegates". Crafting the Oregon Constitution. Oregon State Archives. 2009. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
* ↑ The constitutional measure forbidding Blacks to live in Oregon, though never enforced, remained on the books until after World War I.