# Molière (play)

Molière is a 1919 play written by Philip Moeller, who subtitled it "A Romantic Play in Three Acts". It has a medium-sized cast, moderate pacing, and two sets; Acts I and III share the same set. Some of the play's characters are historical, figures from the French court of the 1670s. The first two acts have a single scene, while the third has a curtain drop to signal the passage of two hours time. The play shows a few scenes from the twilight of Molière, as he loses the favor of Louis XIV but retains his independence.
The play has an atypical approach for Moeller, who usually wrote historical satires that some critics said verged on burlesque. Also unusual was Moeller's reduced involvement with the original production. At the time he was wrapped up with staging the first Theatre Guild productions. Instead, Molière was shaped for the stage by producer-director Henry Miller, who also played the eponymous lead. Moeller acknowledged Miller's creative contribution in the dedication for the published play.

## Characters

Characters are listed in order of appearance within their scope.
Lead
* Armande Béjart — young wife to Molière.
* Jean-Baptiste Poquelin — known to the world as Molière.
* Louis XIV — the King of France.
* Françoise — Madame de Montespan, mistress to Louis XIV.
Supporting
* Baron — a seventeen year old member of Molière's company.
* La Forest — a sixty-eight-year-old woman, cook and friend to Molière.
* Colinge — an old actor, with Molière since the beginning.
* De Luzon — a young courtier.
* La Fontaine — the writer of the fables.
* Giovanni Lulli — a court musician, a rival to Molière for the royal favor.
* Claude Chapelle — a friend to Molière.
* The Actress Who Plays Toniette — A lead player in the third act's The Imaginary Invalid.
Featured
* The King's Chamberlin.
* Hercules — a black page to Madame de Montespan.
* First Lady in Waiting.
* Second Lady in Waiting.
* Lackey — This is a non-speaking role in the published text.
* A Doctor.
* Second Actress — A player in the third act's The Imaginary Invalid.
Walk-on
* Courtiers and Ladies-in-Waiting, Actors and Actresses.

## Synopsis

| Act | Scene | Setting | Action |
| I | 1 | Molière's study in his theatre in the Palais-Royal, a September morning in 1672. | Introduces the four leads and several other characters. Molière has already written The Misanthrope, and still enjoys the king's favor, despite complaints from the clergy about Tartuffe. He seems to be blessed, but there are rumors about his young wife, whom he adores. |
| II | 1 | The apartments of Madame de Montespan at the Louvre Palace, at twilight on the same day. | Françoise has invited both Molière and Armande to her apartments, unbeknownst to each other. Armande is encouraged to visit with her secret lover De Luzon, while Mme. de Montespan tries to entice Molière. When he refuses out of loyalty to the king and love for his wife, she shows him the latter dallying in the garden beneath the balcony. The king returns unexpectedly; he is angry to find Molière and Françoise together. Françoise repeats a lie of Giovanni Lulli, that Molière has written a play satirizing Françoise, her husband, and the king. The king withdraws his favor from Molière, who responds by switching his loyalty from monarch to the nation. |
| III | 1 | Molière's study in his theatre in the Palais-Royal; about 4pm on February 17, 1673. | Chapelle, La Fontaine, and La Forest lament Molière's downfall; his wife left him, the withdrawal of the king's favor means his audiences are now sparse and semi-hostile, and his health has deteriorated. But when Molière appears, he still insists on performing his latest comedy, The Imaginary Invalid. |
| III | 2 | Molière's study in his theatre in the Palais-Royal; two hours later. | During the fourth performance of The Imaginary Invalid Molière's faltering physical condition provokes jeers from the audience, which he thinks are plaudits. Meanwhile, Colinge has persuaded Armande to have the king restore favor to Molière. Backstage, Molière collapses even as Armande arrives to embrace him. The king and his chamberlain arrive to bestow the royal amity, but they come too late: Molière is dead. |

## Original production
### Background

A newspaper columnist reported in December 1918 that Henry Miller, just coming off of a flop, was looking for a new play to produce, adding that "Blanche Bates and Holbrook Blinn are in the same boat". Whether coincidence or not, within two months all three would start rehearsals for Molière. Henry Miller, whose pockets were deeper and who had a larger company than the other two actor-managers, wound up producing and staging Moeller's play. Estelle Winwood, Forrest Robinson, and Sidney Herbert were also reported in early February 1919 to have been signed by Henry Miller.
The sets were by Lee Simonson; the costumes by Rollo Peters, made by Mme. Freisinger; incidental music was composed by Cassius Freeborn.

### Tryouts and revisions

Molière had its first tryout at Ford's Grand Opera House in Baltimore, on February 24, 1919, where it played for a week. The audience was so enthusiastic after Act II that Henry Miller and Blanche Bates had to come out and give short speeches before the play could resume. The local reviewer commended Moeller's dialogue, but thought the beginning of each act dragged, while the second act "savored slightly of the purely theatrical".
The production then went to the Broad Theatre in Philadelphia, opening on March 3, 1919. Moeller was able to attend this opening, and received as big a hand after the second act as the leading actors. A local critic thought it good that Moeller was willing to take a chance on a more serious work, though the first act was "sketchy", a mere prelude to the slender plot. They summed up the play as being "...richer in rhetoric than drama".

### Cast

Cast during the tryouts and original Broadway run :
| Role | Actor | Dates | Notes |
| Armande Béjart | Estelle Winwood | Feb 24, 1919 - May 10, 1919 | Though already thirty-seven she was able to play the twenty-year old Armande in convincing fashion. |
| Molière | Henry Miller | Feb 24, 1919 - May 10, 1919 | |
| Louis XIV | Holbrook Blinn | Feb 24, 1919 - May 10, 1919 | |
| Françoise | Blanche Bates | Feb 24, 1919 - May 10, 1919 | |
| Baron | James P. Hagen | Feb 24, 1919 - May 10, 1919 | |
| La Forest | Alice Gale | Feb 24, 1919 - May 10, 1919 | Of all the supporting actors Gale consistently drew the most critical appreciation. |
| Colinge | Forrest Robinson | Feb 24, 1919 - May 10, 1919 | |
| The King's Chamberlin | Willard Barton | Feb 24, 1919 - May 10, 1919 | |
| La Fontaine | Sidney Herbert | Feb 24, 1919 - May 10, 1919 | |
| Claude Chapelle | Vincent Chambers | Feb 24, 1919 - May 10, 1919 | |
| De Luzon | Frederick Roland | Feb 24, 1919 - May 10, 1919 | |
| Hercules | Remo Bufano | Feb 24, 1919 - May 10, 1919 | He was a mime with the Washington Square Players, later had his own marionette troupe. |
| Giovanni Lulli | Paul Doucet | Feb 24, 1919 - May 10, 1919 | |
| First Lady-in-Waiting | Mary Pyne | Feb 24, 1919 - May 10, 1919 | |
| Second Lady-in-Waiting | Marjorie Card | Feb 24, 1919 - May 10, 1919 | |
| Lackey | William Robins | Feb 24, 1919 - May 10, 1919 | |
| A Doctor | Wallace Roberts | Feb 24, 1919 - May 10, 1919 | |

### Premiere

Originally intended for Henry Miller's Theater, Molière instead had its Broadway premiere on March 17, 1919, at Klaw and Erlanger's Liberty Theatre. Heywood Broun reported the climatic moment of Molière's death scene was marred by the sound of auto horns coming from the streets outside. A growing problem in the theater district, Broun suggested legal curtailment of the horns even if at the expense of a few pedestrians: "After all, there are so many people and so few good plays".

### Reception

The critics liked Molière in spite of its weak drama. Charles Darnton, recalling Madame Sand, thought Moeller "very clever as a grave-digger". Darnton accorded acting honors to Blanche Bates' royal mistress, with nods to Alice Gale's La Forest and Sidney Herbert's La Fontaine. The Brooklyn Citizen also thought Bates' performance the best of the night. The Sun thought Bates' second act and Miller's third act performances excellent, and saluted Holbrook Blinn for keeping Louis XIV from looking ridiculous, but felt Moeller's writing "the most interesting element of the evening".
Heywood Broun remarked that with Moeller's writing the "great comedian appears as a man practically devoid of humor", though he didn't regard this as a fault. John Corbin pointed out Molière's unsatisfied ambition to appear in a drama had now been fulfilled by Moeller's play. Corbin also thought the play too "literesque" but "intelligently so", and was enthused about the scenery, costumes, Alice Gale, and the lead actors. Broun was enthusiastic only about Blanche Bates' performance. He felt Henry Miller's acting was inconsistent and Estelle Winwood more satisfying to the eye than the ear. Holbrook Blinn's acting was admirable, but the royal neck was too short for the regicide in Broun. Flippant though his first night review may read, Broun thought strongly enough about the play to write a two-column article about it a few days later.

### Closing

The play's Broadway run closed on May 10, 1919, at the Liberty Theatre. Two nights before, an audience member had slumped from his seat to die on the floor, perhaps in sympathy with Molière and the play.

## Touring company

Producer-director Henry Miller chose to begin touring on the West Coast, starting with Los Angeles. Molière opened for a one-week run at the Mason Opera House on July 7, 1919. It then went to the Potter Theatre in Santa Barbara, and the Colombia Theater in San Francisco. The tour swung through Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nebraska before returning east to play Boston, finishing at the Standard Theatre in Brooklyn on November 8, 1919.

### Cast

Cast during the post Broadway tour :
| Role | Actor | Dates | Notes |
| Armande Béjart | Catherine Doucet | Jul 07, 1919 - Nov 08, 1919 | She was the wife of Paul Doucet, who played Giovanni Lulli. |
| Molière | Henry Miller | Jul 07, 1919 - Nov 08, 1919 | |
| Louis XIV | David Glassford | Jul 07, 1919 - Nov 08, 1919 | |
| Françoise | Blanche Bates | Jul 07, 1919 - Nov 08, 1919 | |
| Baron | James P. Hagen | Jul 07, 1919 - Nov 08, 1919 | |
| La Forest | Alice Gale | Jul 07, 1919 - Nov 08, 1919 | |
| Colinge | Forrest Robinson | Jul 07, 1919 - | |
| Colinge | George Farren | Oct 06, 1919 - Nov 08, 1919 | |
| The King's Chamberlin | Paul Gaston | Jul 07, 1919 - Nov 08, 1919 | |
| La Fontaine | Sidney Herbert | Jul 07, 1919 - Nov 08, 1919 | |
| Claude Chapelle | Vincent Chambers | Jul 07, 1919 - Nov 08, 1919 | |
| De Luzon | Frederick Roland | Jul 07, 1919 - Nov 08, 1919 | |
| Hercules | Frank Longacre | Jul 07, 1919 - Nov 08, 1919 | |
| Giovanni Lulli | Paul Doucet | Jul 07, 1919 - Nov 08, 1919 | |
| First Lady-in-Waiting | Elsie Frederic | Jul 07, 1919 - Nov 08, 1919 | |
| Second Lady-in-Waiting | Florence Busby | Jul 07, 1919 - Nov 08, 1919 | |
| Lackey | William Robins | Jul 07, 1919 - Nov 08, 1919 | |
| A Doctor | Wallace Roberts | Jul 07, 1919 - Nov 08, 1919 | |