OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development

The Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development (BREAD) is a professional association founded in 2002 to encourage research and scholarship in development economics. The association organizes conferences and seminars, disseminates a working paper series, and maintains a network of fellows and affiliates. The current presidents are Pascaline Dupas and Imran Rasul.

## Conferences

BREAD organizes and co-organizes conferences on the microeconomics of development, including the annual BREAD Conference on Development Economics. Recent editions have been hosted by the University of Michigan, the Global Poverty Research Lab at Northwestern University, and the Development Research Institute at New York University. BREAD has also co-hosted conferences and seminar series with organizations such as the National Bureau of Economic Research, Institute for Fiscal Studies, and Centre for Economic Policy Research.

## Notable members
### Senior fellows

Source:
* Esther Duflo
* Abhijit Banerjee
* Michael Kremer
* Edward Miguel
* David McKenzie
* Rema Hanna
* Rohini Pande
* Pascaline Dupas
* Oeindrila Dube
* Erica Field
* Rachel Glennerster
* Karthik Muralidharan
* Seema Jayachandran
* Christopher Udry
* Dean Karlan
* Tavneet Suri
* Oriana Bandiera
* James Robinson
* Lant Pritchett
* Paul Gertler
* Dani Rodrik
* Dave Donaldson
* Tim Besley
* Robin Burgess
* Nava Ashraf
* Pranab Bardhan
* Chris Blattman
* Melissa Dell
* Imran Rasul
* Benjamin Olken
* Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg
* Marcel Fafchamps

### Affiliates

Source:
* Emily Oster
* Johannes Haushofer
* Benjamin Moll
* Dina Pomeranz
* Suresh Naidu
* Hoyt Bleakley
# Nanadegan

Nanadegan (Persian: ننادگان) is a village in Varzaq-e Jonubi Rural District of the Central District of Faridan County, Isfahan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 2,085 in 512 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,906 people in 548 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,716 people in 534 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Rachael Magoola

Rachael Magoola is a Ugandan singer, songwriter, dancer, and politician. She is one of the members of Afrigo Band. In the 2021 general election she was elected to Parliament, as the women's representative in Bugweri District, for the National Resistance Movement.

## Early life and education

Magoola’s musical journey started at home where her father, the late Nicholas Magoola, was a music teacher at several colleges in eastern Uganda. As a young girl she sang in the church choir and played musical instruments at home. In Senior Two she was expelled from Tororo Girls School for performing in a band while on a school break. In 1983 Magoola joined Namasagali College and later "Kaliro Teacher Training College" where she trained as a secondary school teacher, specialising in music and languages. She taught at Namasagali College until 1993 when she left for Kyambogo University where she studied a degree course in education, majoring in Music. Although she was the best student in her class Magoola didn’t graduate because she was discontinued from her course for absconding when she went on tour with Afrigo Band. She recorded Obangaina in London with Afrigo Band and the song became an instant hit. Magoola went back to Kyambogo University in 2012 to complete and receive her education degree.

## Music

Magoola joined Afrigo where she arranged a lot of the music and choreography. In 2001 Rachel formed and launched her own group which recorded three albums: Inhaife, Tyenda Wundi and Tonyiiga. In 2003, she left Afrigo band and Uganda, for the United Kingdom. At London's South Bank she led the 'Women of Kampala' group in London's African Music Festival and collaborated with South African trumpeter Claude Deppa. In 2009 Rachel and her band performed at the Sauti za Busara festival in Zanzibar. Her compositions contain elements of languages and traditional rhythms from all regions of Uganda, as well as reggae and zouk. Magoola has a total of six albums: Inhaife (1997), Tyenda Wundi (1998), Tonyiiga (2000), Atubembe (2001), Songs from the Source of the Nile (2005) and Eisadha (2008).

## Discography

* Inhaife (1997)
* Tyenda Wundi (1998)
* Tonyiiga (2000)
* Atubembe (2001)
* Songs from the Source of the Nile (2005)
* Eisadha (2008)
# Harlan Literary Society

The Harlan Literary Society was a student organization at the Central Collegiate Institute (now Hendrix College) in Altus, Arkansas. The college moved to Conway, Arkansas shortly after the society was formed. The society was established in 1889 and operated until 1932.

## History

The Haland Literary was founded in 1889 at the Central Collegiate Institute in Altus, Arkansas. The school was renamed Hendrix College on June 10, 1889, and it relocated in 1890 to Conway, Arkansas. George C. Millar, a professor at the school, and George H. Burr created this college literary society.
Similar to college literary societies elsewhere, the Harlan Literary Society was a social organization aimed at developing a distinct identity in campus life and promoting the tenets of higher education.
The Harlan Literary Society rivaled the Franklin Literary Society, previously established at the Central Institute. The rivalry meant that male students identified as either a Harlan or a Franklin, reflecting a larger trend of competition among college literary societies during this period. These two societies engaged in literary and oratory competitions with each other, but together, they published the Hendrix College Mirror, a monthly newspaper that started circulation in 1890. Women at Hendrix College could join a third literary society, the Hypatians.
The Harlan Literary Society disbanded in 1932.

## Symbols

The Harlan Literary Society used the motto "Let us so live, that the world will mourn us dead".
# Madonna dei Bargellini

The Madonna dei Bargellini, also known as the Pala Bargellini is an oil on canvas altarpiece by Ludovico Carracci, from 1588. It is held in the Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna.

## History and description

This altarpiece, the first known signed and dated work by Ludovico, was commissioned by the senatorial Bargellini family for their chapel in the church of Santi Filippo e Giacomo, located on Via delle Lame #107 in Bologna. The church was affiliated with the adjacent Carmelite female convent "delle convertite" (formerly fallen women or prostitutes).
The large canvas, 282 by 188 cm, depicts an enthroned Madonna and child, accompanied by angels and cherubim, while before her in adoration are Saints Dominic (standing and seemingly explaining the apparition); Francis of Assisi (in brown woolen habit and in more ecstatic adoration), and the long-haired Mary Magdalen. Kneeling in prayer in the foreground among the saints is a portrait of Cecilia Bargellini Boncompagni as a Carmelite nun, including the detail of a mole above her right lip. Cecilia was related by family to pope Gregory XIII, who had died in 1585. Mary is barefoot, and gazing towards where onlookers would be. The child Jesus looks down to Cecilia. The armrest decoration on the Virgin's left is putatively a heraldic dragon symbol of the Bargellini. Above the Virgin, flying cherubs ease a jeweled crown on the virgin, while other waft incense or toss roses to her. In the background are the towers of Bologna with one angel playing lute and another singing.
The presence of the Magdalen, patron of fallen women, befits the intended locale for the painting. The incense being spread above and the silver holy water container with an aspergillum (aspersorio or holy water sprinkler) reinforce the goals of the order to provide a cleansed new life for fallen women.
# 1999 in UFC

The year 1999 was the 7th year in the history of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), a mixed martial arts promotion based in the United States. In 1999 the UFC held 6 events beginning with, UFC 18: The Road to the Heavyweight Title.

## Title fights

* ↑ Miletich defeated Patino to retain the UFC Welterweight Championship.
* ↑ Rutten defeated Randleman to become the new UFC Heavyweight Champion.
* ↑ Miletich defeated Pederneiras to retain the UFC Welterweight Championship.
* ↑ Shamrock defeated Ortiz to retain the Light Heavyweight Championship.
* ↑ Randleman defeated Williams to claim the vacant UFC Heavyweight Championship.

## Debut UFC fighters

The following fighters fought their first UFC fight in 1999:

## Events list

| # | Event | Date | Venue | Location | Attendance |
| 027 | UFC 23: Ultimate Japan 2 | Nov 19, 1999 | Tokyo Bay NK Hall | Chiba, Japan | — |
| 026 | UFC 22: Only One Can be Champion | Sep 24, 1999 | Lake Charles Civic Center | Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S. | — |
| 025 | UFC 21: Return of the Champions | Jul 16, 1999 | Five Seasons Events Center | Cedar Rapids, Iowa, U.S. | — |
| 024 | UFC 20: Battle for the Gold | May 7, 1999 | Boutwell Auditorium | Birmingham, Alabama, U.S. | — |
| 023 | UFC 19: Ultimate Young Guns | Mar 5, 1999 | Casino Magic Bay St. Louis | Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, U.S. | — |
| 022 | UFC 18: The Road to the Heavyweight Title | Jan 8, 1999 | Pontchartrain Center | New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. | — |
# Modicisalibacter

Modicisalibacter is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, moderately halophilic and motile genus from the family of Halomonadaceae, with one known species (Modicisalibacter tunisiensis).
# Binta Bello

Binta Bello was a former class teacher, state commissioner, and current Deputy Minority Whip in the Nigerian House of Representatives. Bello represents the Kaltungo/Shongom Federal Constituency of Gombe State. She is the only woman in the leadership of the House.

## Early life and education

Bello was born in Igbuzo, Delta State to a military officer father. She moved all around the country before finally returning to her native Gombe State.
She obtained a grade II certificate from W.T.C Bajoga, Gombe state in 1988, a Diploma in Public Administration from the University of Jos in 1995, and a B.Sc. in Public Administration from the University of Maiduguri in 2010.

## Career

Bello worked as a Commissioner for Women Affairs in Gombe State from 2007 to 2010. She then contested as a Representative for the Kaltungo/Shongom Federal Constituency on the platform of the PDP which she won. The other PDP women elected were Nnenna Elendu-Ukeje, Sodaguno Festus Omoni, Nkiruka Chidubem Onyejeocha, Rita Orji, Evelyn Omavovoan Oboro, Beni Butmaklar Langtang, Omosede Igbinedion Gabriella, Stella Obiageli Ngwu and Eucharia Okwunna.
In 2019 she lost the election to the All Progressives congress
(APC). Amos Bulus APC party having 80,549 and People Democratic Party (PDP) having 63,312.
# Natranaerobius

Natranaerobius is a halophilic and anaerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Natranaerobiaceae.
# Roman triumphal honours

Roman triumphal honours (Latin: insignia or ornamenta triumphalia) denotes honours awarded during the Roman Empire to a victorious general in lieu of a full Roman triumph.
After 14 BC, it became the policy of the founder-emperor Augustus, and of his successors, to grant full Triumphs only to members of their own ruling Julio-Claudian dynasty. As a substitute, victorious generals who were unrelated to the imperial house were awarded insignia (or ornamenta) triumphalia. That is, the dress and privileges traditionally granted to a triumphator, without the elaborate triumphal procession through Rome at the head of his troops.

## Insignia

The honours included the right to wear triumphal dress in public: the corona triumphalis (a gold coronet fashioned in the shape of a laurel wreath with dangling gold ribbons); an ivory baton; the tunica palmata (a tunic embroidered with palm-leaves); and the toga picta ("painted toga"), a toga which was dyed entirely purple with embroidered gold border, a robe believed originally to have been the official dress of the Roman kings. The only other Romans entitled to wear these garments were the emperor himself, the two Consuls in office and other magistrates when presiding over games.
In addition, a bronze statue of the beneficiary of triumphal honours was erected in the Forum of Augustus. The beneficiary also had the right to display a further statue of himself in triumphal attire in the vestibule of his own house, which could also be displayed by his descendants.

## Later history

Triumphal honours became debased in the latter part of Tiberius' rule and under Nero (r. 54–68), who awarded them to delators (spies used by these emperors to denounce out-of-favour senators for treason), as well as to military victors. But they were restored to distinction by Vespasian (r. 69–79) who had himself been awarded such honors by Claudius during the invasion of Britain. Under the Antonines (98–180), the winners of triumphal honours lost the right to wear triumphal dress, which was now reserved for the Consuls and for the emperors themselves, but retained the privilege of a public statue. Hadrian (r. 117–138) awarded ornamenta triumphalia to Sextus Julius Severus and other generals after the Bar Kokhba revolt.
The bronze monument to Francis II, the last Holy Roman emperor, in the inner courtyard of the Hofburg Palace in Vienna depicts him wearing a corona triumphalis and toga. His facial feature also evoke Julius Caesar.
# FC Zenit Academy

FC Zenit Academy, formerly DYuSSh Smena-Zenit (Russian: ДЮСШ "Смена-Зенит") and DYuSSh Smena, is a Russian youth football academy based in Saint Petersburg. It is the youth sector of FC Zenit Saint Petersburg, and is currently headed by Dutchman Henk van Stee.

## History

The sports school was founded in 1957 as a football section of Central DYuSSh GORONO of Leningrad. It was reorganized into Football SDYuShOR Smena in 1968.

## Present

In 2008 Smena was included into club structure of FC Zenit and renamed Smena-Zenit. Since 2010 academy's main U-18 team plays the role of Zenit dissolved farm club FC Smena-Zenit, competing in the championship of Saint Petersburg as well as various international tournaments.
The list of academy's coaches includes former internationals Aleksandr Spivak and Dmitry Vasilyev.

## Alumni

The best known alumni of Smena are Russia national football team players Vyacheslav Malafeev, Igor Denisov, Andrey Arshavin, Vladimir Bystrov, Viktor Vasin and retired Vladislav Radimov and Oleg Salenko.
# Philip Schalkwyk

Philippus Johannes Schalkwyk (born 20 August 1931) is a retired South African military officer and politician. He was a brigadier-general in the South African Defence Force and later represented the Democratic Party (DP) in the National Assembly from 1999 to 2004. In the assembly, he served the Gauteng constituency and was a member of the Joint Standing Committee on Intelligence.

## Life and career

Schalkwyk was born on 20 August 1931. He entered politics after retiring from military service; he was a brigadier-general in the South African Defence Force. In the 1999 general election, he was elected to represent the DP in the National Assembly, serving the Gauteng constituency. He served a single term in his seat, leaving after the 2004 general election.
During the term, Schalkwyk served as the DP's spokesman on defence, and, with Hendrik Schmidt, was also a defence spokesman for the Democratic Alliance, the multi-party opposition coalition founded by the DP in 2000. In late May 2001, he was additionally nominated to serve as the DP's sole representative on the Joint Standing Committee on Intelligence, replacing Richard Pillay.
# Kolkach

Kolkach (Russian: Колкач) is a rural locality (a village) in Yargomzhskoye Rural Settlement, Cherepovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 11 as of 2002.

## Geography

Kolkach is located 30 km (19 mi) north of Cherepovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Markhinino is the nearest rural locality.
# Zhouia

Zhouia is a genus of bacteria from the family of Flavobacteriaceae. Zhouia is named after Pei-Jin Zhou.
# Quadrisphaera

Quadrisphaera is a Gram-positive genus of bacteria from the family of Kineosporiaceae.

## Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
| 16S rRNA based LTP_08_2023 | 120 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214 |
| Quadrisphaera Q. setariae Kim et al. 2022 Q. granulorum Maszenan et al. 2005 Q. oryzae Muangham et al. 2020 | Quadrisphaera Q. setariae Q. granulorum |
# 57868 Pupin

57868 Pupin (provisional designation 2001 YD) is a dark Erigonian asteroid and slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 December 2001, by astronomers of Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named after Serbian–American physicist Mihajlo Pupin.

## Orbit and classification

Pupin is a member of the Erigone family, named after 163 Erigone. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,342 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1997 WU$_{46}$ at Lincoln Laboratory ETS in November 1997.

## Physical characteristics

Based on PanSTARRS photometric survey, Pupin is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid, while the Erigone family's overall spectral type is that of a C- and X-type (CX).$^{:23}$

### Slow rotator

In September 2015, a first rotational lightcurve of Pupin was obtained by astronomer Vladimir Benishek at Sopot Astronomical Observatory (K90), Serbia, and by American astronomer Frederick Pilcher at his Organ Mesa Observatory (G50) in New Mexico. It showed a rotation period of 108.10±0.04 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.93 in magnitude (U=3-). This makes it a slow rotator, as asteroids of this size typically rotate within less than 20 hours once around their axis.

### Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pupin measures 3.42 and 5.7 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.045 and 0.09, respectively. However, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20, and calculates a diameter of 2.6 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 15.3.

## Naming

This minor planet was named in honor of Serbian–American physicist and humanitarian, Mihajlo Pupin (1858–1935). He greatly improved long-distance telephone transmission and the sensitivity of X-ray detection, and worked for Serbian emigres. The asteroid's name was suggested by the above-mentioned astronomers Vladimir Benishek and Frederick Pilcher. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 23 March 2016 (M.P.C. 99354).
# Alexey Gorgidze

Alexey Yasonovich Gorgidze (Georgian: ალექსი გორგიძე; 17 May 1907 – 17 December 1992) was the Soviet and Georgian mathematician and engineer, Laureate of the State Prize of Georgia 1998, Honored Scientist, and Professor.

## Biography

He was born on 17 May 1907 in Kutaisi. In 1924 he graduated from the Socio-Humanitarian College, and entered the Physics and Mathematics Department of the Tbilisi State University. Since 1929 he has started working at Department of Theoretical Mechanics of the Georgian Technical University. In 1932 he continued studying in Leningrad State University and finished it in 1935. After returning he worked at Georgian Technical University, at Tbilisi State University, and Institute of Mathematics of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. He was actively involved in organizing and creating the Institute of Mathematics. In 1935–1954 he worked at Andrea Razmadze Mathematical Institute under Georgian National Academy of Sciences (as a senior researcher, scientific secretary, deputy director of the institute). In 1938 he was elected to the post of Head of the Department of Theoretical Mechanics of Georgian Polytechnic Institute. Simultaneously he taught courses in a number of specialties at Tbilisi State University. From 1940 until 1954 he worked as an Assistant of the President of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. In 1960s he was an initiator of organizing a Scientific-Methodological Seminar on Mechanics in Tbilisi.
In 1970, A. Gorgidze was a member of the Presidium of the Scientific-Methodical Council on theoretical mechanics of the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the USSR; he headed the Research and Methodological Council on Theoretical Mechanics of Transcaucasia and Georgia; he was a member of the Georgian Mathematical Union. Primary works of A. Gorgidze were devoted to Numerical solution of plane problems in the theory of elasticity; He gave accurate methods for solving problems of torsion and bending of isotropic and anisotropic, homogeneous and heterogeneous prismatic bars. He died on 17 December 1992 in Tbilisi.

## Notable awards

* In 1998 he was awarded the State Prize of Georgia posthumously.
* A.Gorgidze was awarded the title "Honored Worker of Science of Georgia" in 1969, later he was awarded by orders and medals.

## In memory

* Prize named after A. Gorgidze was established in Engineering Academy of Georgia in 1993.
* A name of A. Gorgidze was given to Scientific-methodological Seminar on Mechanics of the Union of Georgian mechanics.
* One of the streets in Kutaisi was named after A. Gorgidze in 2001.
* Student Fellowship named after A. Gorgidze was established in Georgian Technical University
* Scientific-Educational Center on mechanical engineering was named after A. Gorgidze