OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mario Pinotti

Mario Pinotti (21 January 1894 – 3 March 1972) was a Brazilian medic and sanitarist. As director of the Brazilian National Malaria Service, Maio Pinotti pioneered chloroquinized salt in Brazil during the early 1950s in order to eradicate malaria.

## Biography

Mario Pinotti was born in Brotas, São Paulo state, in 1894 to Rafael Vitório Pinotti and Precilda Bossel Pinotti. Mario attended the pharmacy school at Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, and graduated in 1918 at the National College of Medicine, at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. After graduation, Mario Pinotti was appointed as rural sanitary inspector of the National Department of Public Health in 1919. In 1922 he assumed as mayor of Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro. Back to the National Health Department, Pinotti worked in the campaign against yellow fever from 1928 to 1931. Mario Pinotti married Margarida Pinotti, and they had two children.

## Pinotti's method

During the 1940s, there were four to six million malaria cases a year among 45 million Brazilians, with over half of cases occurring outside of the Amazon basin. The São Paulo State Antimalarial Service, the Special Public Health Service in the Amazon (SESP) and the National Malaria Service (SNM) were the three Brazilian organizations involved in malaria control. The SNM was created in 1941 and was run by Mario Pinotti starting in 1942. In 1956, Pinotti became the director of the newly created National Department for Rural Endemic Diseases, a department in the Ministry of Health that centralized public health activities against many endemic diseases including malaria, yellow fever and Chagas disease. In response to the 1955 WHO establishment of the Global Malaria Eradication Program, in 1957 Pinotti changed the National Malaria Service into the Malaria Eradication Campaign (CEM). Pinotti introduced the strategy of putting chloroquine into common cooking salt as a way of distributing the drug as a prophylactic on a wide scale. Using either chloroquine or pyrimethamine, Pinotti's medicated salt program proved effective, and became known as "Pinotti's method". After early 1950s trials, Pinotti's salt was widely distributed in Brazil, subsequently, it was employed in South America as well as parts of Africa and Asia.
In the 1960s, the use of chloroquinized salt became to fade due to concern that targeted populations were unevenly protected. In Amazonas State, chloroquinized salt distribution was no longer required, but it was distributed until supplies ran out. Still, chloroquinized salt continued to be used in French Guiana (1967-1971), Guyana (1961-1965) and Suriname (1966-1972).
Mario Pinotti died in Rio de Janeiro, on March 3, 1972, at the age of 78.

## Recognition

Parasite species Plasmodium pinotti was named in honor of Dr. Mario Pinotti.

## Publications

* O problema da malária transmitida por Kerteszia no sul do Brasil
* Grande programa de erradicação da malária no Brasil, 1951
* Campanha contra a doença de Chagas, 1956
* Vida e morte do brasileiro, 1959
# Pontibacter toksunensis

Pontibacter toksunensis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus Pontibacter which has been isolated from soil from Xinjiang in China.
# Cellulomonas iranensis

Cellulomonas iranensis is a cellulolytic and mesophilic bacterium from the genus Cellulomonas which has been isolated from forest soil from Iran.
# Amur Cossacks

The Amur Cossack Host (Russian: Амурское казачье войско) was a Cossack host created in the Amur region and Primorye in the 1850s on the basis of the Cossacks relocated from the Transbaikal region and freed miners of Nerchinsk region.

## Early history

Their resettlement began in 1854. The first Cossack stanitsa (Khabarovskaya) was created in 1858. A decree announcing the creation of the Amur Cossack Host was issued in 1860. Initially the host was subordinate to the military governor of the Amur Oblast and Primorye. In 1879 it became responsible to the governor of the Amur Oblast. Subsequently, the Amur Cossack army became the responsibility of the Governor-General of the Amur region and the Commander of the armies of the military district of the Amur region (the latter was also the ataman of the Amur and Ussuri Cossack Hosts). The headquarters of the Amur Cossack Host was located in Blagoveshchensk.

## Region, resources and organisation

The Amur Cossack Host patrolled the borders along the Amur River and Ussuri River (in 1889, a separate Ussuri Cossack Host was created for patrolling the Ussuri). It also staffed the Amur-Ussuri flotilla (river squadron), created in 1897. The Amur Cossacks possessed 5,8 million desyatinas of land (64,000 km$^2$). The Cossack population (120 settlements) numbered 49,200 people. In times of peace, the Amur Cossack Host supplied 1 mounted regiment (4 sotnyas) and 1 platoon of local guards. In times of war this contribution expanded to two mounted regiments, 1 platoon of guards, 5 special and 1 reserve sotnyas and 1 infantry battalion. These made up a total of 3,600 men.
The Amur Cossack Host took part in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion in China, the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 and World War I. During the Russian Civil War a significant number of the Amur Cossacks fought on the side of the Soviets. There were also some small units that fought on the side of the White Movement, more specifically in helping to regain control of the Amur region.

## Distinctions

The distinguishing colour of the Amur Cossack Host was yellow; worn on the cap bands and broad trouser stripes of a green uniform of the loose-fitting cut common to the Steppe Cossacks. Epaulettes were green. High fleece hats were worn on occasion with yellow cloth tops. White blouses and cap covers were worn in summer (see photograph opposite). In 1911 their parade uniform comprised a dark green chessman (frock coat) with yellow piping on cuffs and collar, the fleece hat and blue-grey breeches with yellow stripes. The field service dress worn during World War I consisted of a khaki-grey tunic or blouse, worn with the grey-blue breeches noted above.
In common with other Cossacks, no spurs were worn by the Amur Host.
# Sakharovka, Volgograd Oblast

Sakharovka (Russian: Сахаровка) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Kaysatskoye Rural Settlement, Pallasovsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 15 as of 2010. There is 1 street.

## Geography

Sakharovka is located in steppe, on the Caspian Depression, 45 km south of Pallasovka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novy is the nearest rural locality.
# Gyrochronology

Gyrochronology is a method for estimating the age of a low-mass (cool) main sequence star (spectral class F8 V or later) from its rotation period. The term is derived from the Greek words gyros, chronos and logos, roughly translated as rotation, age, and study respectively. It was coined in 2003 by Sydney Barnes to describe the associated procedure for deriving stellar ages, and developed extensively in empirical form in 2007.
Gyrochronology builds on a work of Andrew Skumanich, who found that the average value of (v sin i) for several open clusters was inversely proportional to the square root of the cluster's age. In the expression (v sin i), (v) is the velocity on the star's equator and (i) is the inclination angle of the star's axis of rotation, which is generally an unmeasurable quantity. The gyrochronology method depends on the relationship between the rotation period and the mass of low mass main-sequence stars of the same age, which was verified by early work on the Hyades open cluster. The associated age estimate for a star is known as the gyrochronological age.

## Overview

The basic idea underlying gyrochronology is that the rotation period P, of a cool main-sequence star is a deterministic function of its age t and its mass M (or a suitable substitute such as color). Although main sequence stars of a given mass form with a range of rotation periods, their periods increase rapidly and converge to a well defined value as they lose angular momentum through magnetically channelled stellar winds. Therefore, their periods converge to a certain function of age and mass, mathematically denoted by P=P(t,M). Consequently, cool stars do not occupy the entire 3-dimensional parameter space of (mass, age, period), but instead define a 2-dimensional surface in this P-t-M space. Therefore, measuring two of these variables yields the third. Of these quantities, the mass (color) and the rotation period are the easier variables to measure, providing access to the star's age, otherwise difficult to obtain.
In order to determine the shape of this P=P(t,M) surface, the rotation periods and photometric colors (mass) of stars in clusters of known age are measured. Data has been accumulated from several clusters younger than one billion years (Gyr) of age and one cluster with an age of 2.5 Gyr. Another data point on the surface is from the Sun with an age of 4.56 Gyr and a rotation period of 25 days. Using these results, the ages of a large number of cool galactic field stars can be derived with 10% precision.
Magnetic stellar wind breaking increases the rotation period of the star and it is important in stars with convective envelopes. Stars with a color index greater than about (B-V)=0.47 mag (the Sun has a color index of 0.66 mag) have convective envelopes, but more massive stars have radiative envelopes. Also, these lower mass stars spend a considerable amount of time on a pre main sequence Hayashi track where they are nearly fully convective.
# Sundarakanda (2008 film)

Sundarakanda is a 2008 Indian Telugu-language drama film directed by Bapu, starring Allari Naresh and Charmme Kaur. The story is provided by Mullapudi Ramana and music by Vidyasagar. This film is the remake of Hollywood film What a Girl wants (2003).

## Plot

Pinky (Charmi) is the daughter of Sita (Prema), who keeps away from her husband. On Pinky's insistence, Sita reveals the past. She met Raja Ravivarma (Sunil Sharma), the son of Zamindar Surendra Varma (Ranganath) on a study tour of a tribal village. They fell in love and got married then and there. His son's marriage with Sita, a commoner, gave such a shock to Surendra Varma that he lost the use of his legs. Ravivarma's mother Bharati (Sangeetha) pleaded with Sita to leave the palace to save the family honor. After Sita left, Bhushanam (Vizag Prasad), Surendra Varma's brother-in-law, raises a hue and cry that Sita stole gold ornaments from the palace and escaped. Being so discredited even in the eyes of her love and husband, she stayed away.
Now, the story revolves around Pinky's efforts to reunite her parents. She is a lively girl trying to make friends with her father's family. She pretends to be sent by the party bosses to pick the candidate for minister's post. She dabbles in this political charade with the help of Naresh (Allari Naresh), a journalist. Her father's opponent Kota (Kota Srinivasa Rao), who is also an aspiring candidate for the Chief Minister post, and his mates provide the comedy and political satire. She succeeds in reuniting the family and exposing the villains. Music with lyrics reminding one of the tribal idiom is a treat. The visuals with the rustic outdoor and the heavily ornate interiors of a feudal gentry have the stamp of Bapu.

## Cast

As per the film's opening credits:
* Charmi as Pinky
* Allari Naresh as Naresh, journalist
* Prema as Sita
* Sunil Sharma as Raja Ravi Varma
* Kota Srinivasa Rao as Kota
* Sangeetha as Bharathi
* Vizag Prasad as Bhushanam
* Ranganath as Zamindar Surendra Varma
* Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao
* Chittajalu Lakshmipati
* L. B. Sriram
* Rallapalli

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Vidyasagar.
| Song | Singers |
| "Aaku Vakka" | S. P. Sailaja, Sujatha Mohan |
| "Okato Yeta Rendo" | K. S. Chithra |
| "Eloo Eloo Vuyyala" | Sadhana Sargam |
| "Kalagantini" | K. S. Chithra |
| "HamPattu Devudandi" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam |

## Reception

A critic from Rediff.com wrote that "Anyone who respect for Bapu - Ramana, for their great earlier movies, feel disappointed with this old-fashioned flick". A critic from Rediff.com rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "Sundarakanda is certainly not a Bapu film".
# Clef (app)

Clef was a San Francisco-based technology company, known for developing a mobile app that created a two-factor authentication for websites. It allowed users to access sites with a single login password management service which stores encrypted passwords in private accounts. It had a standard verification method that requires access to data on the mobile phone to confirm the user's identity. The application required a Wi-Fi or mobile network, and the user could log in by scanning the computer screen with their phone.

## History

Clef was founded in 2013 by Mark Hudnall, B. Byrne and Jesse Pollak. It raised $1.6 million in seed funding in November 2014. Clef integrated with many websites and applications, including WordPress. On March 17, 2017, Clef announced they would no longer support the plugin after June 6, 2017; Clef was acquired by Authy, another 2FA service, which later got acquired by Twilio.
# Gianni Ferlenghi

Gianni Ferlenghi (11 February 1931 – 19 August 2023) was an Italian professional racing cyclist. He rode in three editions of the Tour de France.
Born in Collesalvetti, Ferlenghi started his career as a junior with the Pedale Soresinese team, and was a professional rider from 1954 to 1961. Best known as a domestique of Fausto Coppi, during his career his best results were a victory in a stage of the Tour d'Europe [fr] and two runner-up placements in stages of the Giro d'Italia and of the Paris–Nice. Ferlenghi died in Sospiro on 19 August 2023, at the age of 92.
# Flitwick railway station

Flitwick railway station is in the centre of Flitwick, in Bedfordshire, England. The station is situated on the Midland Main Line. The station is managed by Thameslink, who operate all trains serving it, and is served by Thameslink route services between Bedford and Brighton. As well as Flitwick itself, the station also serves the adjoining town of Ampthill, which no longer has its own station.
From Flitwick, trains travel north and serve Bedford and southbound trains serve Luton, Luton Airport Parkway, Harpenden, St Albans, London St Pancras, Gatwick Airport and Brighton.

## History

It was built by the Midland Railway in 1870 on its extension to St. Pancras. The original station buildings were restored in the early 1980s.
There were originally platforms for two lines. This remained the case when the line was quadrupled. The up goods opened in 1893 and extended to Harlington in 1894; and the down goods opened in 1895. It was not until 1960 that British Railways added extra platforms to cater for extended stopping services between Bedford and London.

### Stationmasters

* William Hodgkinson 1870 - 1873
* G. Bowles 1873 - 1875
* George Croft 1875 - 1884
* Thomas Edward Bowers 1884 - 1886
* Simeon Marshall 1886 - 1891
* Sheron Morton 1891 - 1894
* G.J. Best 1894 - 1898
* Frederick Brookes 1898 - 1902 (formerly station master at Southill)
* William George Hall 1902 - 1926 (formerly station master at Henlow Camp)
* F.J. Newell until 1929 (afterwards station master at Poplar)
* Harry Ariss from 1929 (formerly station master of Claydon)

## Services

All services at Flitwick are operated by Thameslink using Class 700 EMUs.
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
* 4 tph to Bedford
* 2 tph to Brighton
* 2 tph to Three Bridges via Redhill
During the peak hours, the station is served by additional services to and from Rainham, Sutton, East Grinstead. A number of peak hour services run non-stop between Flitwick and Luton.
The station is also served by a half-hourly night service between Bedford and Three Bridges on Sunday to Friday nights.
| Preceding station | National Rail | National Rail | National Rail | Following station |
| Bedford | | ThameslinkThameslink | | Harlington |
| Bedford | | ThameslinkThameslink | | LutonPeak Hours Only |
| | Historical railways | Historical railways | Historical railways | |
| AmpthillLine open, station closed | | Midland RailwayMidland Main Line | | HarlingtonLine and station open |

## Facilities

Flitwick station has a waiting room, take away cafe, telephones, toilet and a car park.
The station has the PlusBus scheme where train and bus tickets can be bought together at a saving. It is in the same area as Harlington station.
There is now only one entrance to the station: through the ticket office from Steppingley Road. The previous second entrance, situated directly onto the footbridge from Dunstable Road, which in 2016 had gates installed, is now permanently closed.
# Longispora fulva

Longispora fulva is a bacterium from the genus Longispora which has been isolated from soil from a Zelkova forest from Ohnuma, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.
# Bungarus andamanensis

Bungarus andamanensis, the South Andaman krait, is a species of krait, a venomous elapid snake, which is found in the Andaman Islands of India. It was first described by Biswas and Sanyal in 1978.

## Description

The Andaman Krait is a medium-sized snake, growing up to 1.3 meters in length. Its body is cylindrical, and the head is slightly broader than the neck. The eyes are small and entirely black with round pupils.

### Scalation

* Dorsal scales: Smooth, arranged in 15:15:15 rows, with vertebral scales strongly enlarged.
* Head scales: Internasals shorter than prefrontal scales. No loreal scale; the preocular scale contacts the posterior nasal. Two postocular scales, with temporal scales arranged in 1+2 configuration.
* Labial scales: 7 supralabials (the 3rd and 4th touch the eye; the 6th is the largest) and 7 infralabials (the first 3 contact the genials).
* Ventrals and subcaudals: 192–200 ventral scales and 40–47 entire subcaudal scales. The tail ends with a thick blunt point, and the anal plate is entire.

### Coloration

The body is glossy black or brownish, often with blue iridescence. It features 39–47 narrow yellow or white equidistant cross-bars on the body and 9–13 on the tail, with the bands widening toward the belly. The underside is yellowish-cream with irregular black or brown spots, and the tail often has distinct brownish spots. The lips are yellowish. Juveniles display vibrant yellow cross-bars and a distinct "^"-shaped marking near the head.

## Distribution and Habitat

The Andaman Krait is endemic to the Andaman Islands and Little Andaman Islands in India. It inhabits a variety of environments, including:
* Paddy fields
* Low bushes on mountains and coastal areas
* Mangroves
* Freshwater streams
The species is frequently observed on roads after rains and has also been seen near termite mounds. It is extremely common in Little Andaman.

## Ecology
### Behavior

The Andaman Krait is nocturnal and primarily active during and after rains. When alarmed, it slightly flattens its body, coils loosely while hiding its head, and may produce a squeaking sound. Juveniles are most often seen in June, suggesting a seasonal breeding pattern.

### Diet

The species mainly preys on other snakes, including water snakes, and occasionally on fish. Adult specimens are rare and are typically found near freshwater streams.

### Reproduction

Little is known about the breeding biology of this species, but the presence of juveniles in June indicates potential seasonal reproduction.

## Conservation

While the Andaman Krait is considered common in parts of its range, detailed studies on its population status, habitat preferences, and threats are lacking. Conservation efforts are needed to protect its unique habitat in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
# Ngerorod

Ngerorod is Balinese wedding tradition also known as elopement. Ngerorod is one of the traditional Balinese marriage systems that has existed since ancient times and is still respected by the Hindu community.

## Details

Ngerorod marriage usually occurs when the two prospective brides and grooms love each other and agree to build a household, but their relationship is hindered by their parents, family, or society. Ngerorod is the first step of marriage that is only carried out by the will of the man and woman concerned.
Ngerorod marriage is regulated in Balinese Customary Law, Hindu Religious Law, or in customary customs. In Hinduism, ngerorod marriage is still recognized as valid.
Some of the conditions that must be met to perform a ngerorod marriage are:
* Not bound by the bonds of marriage
* No mental illness
* Meet the age requirements as per Hindu law
* The two brides and grooms do not have a close blood relationship which is prohibited according to religious provisions.
# Sophisti-pop

Sophisti-pop is a pop music subgenre that developed during the mid-1980s out of the British new wave era. It originated with acts who blended elements of jazz, soul, and pop with lavish production. The term "sophisti-pop" was coined only after the genre's peak in the mid-late 1980s.

## Characteristics

Sophisti-pop is characterized by its extensive use of electronic keyboards, synthesizers, and polished arrangements. Artists also utilized cutting-edge studio technology and perfectionist recording methods. The genre has been described as mellow, romantic, and atmospheric, with artists often adopting a sharp, well-dressed and well-groomed visual presentation.

## History

Stylus Magazine suggested that acts had been influenced by the work of Roxy Music (such as 1982's Avalon, often cited as the first sophisti-pop album), and Bryan Ferry's Boys and Girls (1985) and Bête Noire (1987).
Sweetwater named major artists in the genre as including the Blue Nile, Prefab Sprout, the Style Council, Scritti Politti, Everything but the Girl, and Danny Wilson. AllMusic added Simply Red, Sade, Basia, and Swing Out Sister. Writer Iain Munn added to the list Level 42, the Blow Monkeys, and Joe Jackson's 1984 album Body and Soul.
Its popularity declined in the 1990s along with other synth-pop sub-genres.
# Arastun Mahmudov

Arastun Ispandi oghlu Mahmudov (Azerbaijani: Ərəstun İspəndi oğlu Mahmudov) (23 February 1957, Ismailly, Azerbaijan SSR – 28 January 1992, Shusha, Azerbaijan) was the National Hero of Azerbaijan and warrior during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.

## Early life and education

Mahmudov was born on 23 February 1957 in Pirabilqasim village of İsmailly raion of Azerbaijan SSR. He moved to Baku with his family. In 1970, he completed his secondary education at the Secondary School No. 220 in Baku. In 1975 he entered the Civil Aviation School in Leningrad Oblast.

## Family

Mahmudov was married and had three children.

## First Nagorno-Karabakh War

On 28 January 1992, the Azerbaijani transport helicopter Mil Mi-8 operated by Mahmudov was reportedly shot down by Armenians near the town of Shusha. As a result of shot down, Mahmudov was tragically killed together with the whole crew.

## Honors

Arastun Ispandi oghlu Mahmudov was posthumously awarded the title of the "National Hero of Azerbaijan" by Presidential Decree No. 337 dated 25 November 1992.
He was buried at a Martyrs' Lane cemetery in Baku. The secondary school No. 220 where he studied was named after him. In 2018, a documentary titled Battles in heaven was released. The documentary looks into memorials surrounding the lives and battlefields of Arastun Mahmudov.
# Camilla Gryski

Camilla Gryski (born: Bristol, England) is a Canadian librarian and string figure enthusiast. She has a degree in English, an M.L.S., an M.Ed, and a Montessori Primary Teaching Certificate. She worked in Toronto's Hospital for Sick Children as a therapeutic clown.

## Awards

* C.L.A. Notable Non-Fiction for Children, 1996.
* Information Book Award Honour Book for Let's Play, 1996.
* Information Book Award for Hands On, Thumbs Up, 1991.
* ALA Notable Book for Cat's Cradle, Owl's Eyes, 1984.
# Barnesiella viscericola

Barnesiella viscericola is a Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Barnesiella which has been isolated from chicken caecum in Japan.
# Henriciella aquimarina

Henriciella aquimarina is a bacterium from the genus of Henriciella which has been isolated from deep seawater from the Indian Ocean.