# Bamangola (community development block)

Bamangola is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Malda Sadar subdivision of Malda district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## History
### Gauda and Pandua

Gauda was once the “capital of the ancient bhukti or political division of Bengal known as Pundravardhana which lay on the eastern extremity of the Gupta Empire.” During the rule of the Sena Dynasty, in the 11th-12th century, Gauda was rebuilt and extended as Lakshmanawati (later Lakhnauti), and it became the hub of the Sena empire. Gauda was conquered by Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji in 1205. During the Turko-Afghan period, “the city of Lakhnauti or Gauda continued to function initially as their capital but was abandoned in 1342 by the Ilyas Shahi sultans in favour of Pandua because of major disturbances along the river course of the Ganga.” “Pandua then lay on the banks of the Mahananda, which was the major waterway of the sultanate at the time. However, when the Mahananda too began to veer away from the site of Pandua in the mid-15th century, Gauda was rebuilt and restored to the status of capital city by the Hussain Shahi sultans”… With the ascent of Akbar to the Mughal throne at Delhi… the Mughals annexed the ancient region of Gauda in 1576 and created the Diwani of Bengal. The centre of regional power shifted across the Ganga to Rajmahal. Following the demise of the independent sultanate, the regional importance of the Gauda or Malda region declined irreversibly and the city of Gauda was eventually abandoned.

### Malda district

With the advent of the British, their trading and commercial interests focused on the new cities of Malda and English Bazar. Malda district was formed in 1813 with “some portion of outlying areas of Purnia, Dinajpur and Rajshahi districts”. A separate treasury was established in 1832 and a full-fledged Magistrate and Collector was posted in 1859. Malda district was part of Rajshahi Division till 1876, when it was transferred to Bhagalpur Division, and again transferred in 1905 to Rajshahi Division. With the partition of Bengal in 1947, the Radcliffe Line placed Malda district in India, except the Nawabganj subdivision, which was placed in East Pakistan.

## Geography

Bamangola is located at 25°10′12″N 88°20′06″E﻿ / ﻿25.170°N 88.335°E﻿ / 25.170; 88.335
Bamangola CD Block is a part of the Barind Tract, one of the three physiographic subregions of the district that spreads beyond the boundaries of the district. “This region is made up of the ancient alluvial humps that are remnants of old riverine flood plains that remained unaffected subsequently by inundation and renewed silting.” It forms an upland slightly higher than the surrounding areas. Habibpur and Bamangola CD Blocks form the Tangon-Punarbhaba interfluves area. Barind soils permit little percolation and most of the monsoon runoff accumulates in the large natural bils (ponds) in the ravines formed by the courses of the Tangon and Punarbhaba rivers, covering the lowlands.
Bamangola CD Block is bounded by Bansihari CD Block of Dakshin Dinajpur district on the north, Tapan CD Block of Dakshin Dinajpur district on a part of the east and Sapahar Upazila and Porsha Upazila of Naogaon District, Bangladesh on the rest of the east, Habibpur CD Block on the south and Gazole CD Block on the west.
Bamangola CD Block has an area of 206.20 km$^2$. It has 1 panchayat samity, 6 gram panchayats, 102 gram sansads (village councils), 145 mouzas and 141 inhabited villages. Bamangola police station serves this block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Pakuahat.
165.5 km of the India-Bangladesh border is in Malda district. CD Blocks on the border are Bamangola, Habibpur, Old Malda, English Bazar and Kaliachak-III. The Punarbhaba flows along the international border in Bamangola and Habibpur CD Blocks.
Gram panchayats of Bamangola block/ panchayat samiti are: Madnabati, Gobindapur-Maheshpur, Chandpur, Jagdala, Bamangola and Pakuahat.

## Demographics
### Population

As per 2011 Census of India, Bamangola CD Block had a total population of 143,906, all of which were rural. There were 74,071 (51%) males and 69,835 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 16,297. Scheduled Castes numbered 71,176 (49.46%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 28,990 (20.15%).
Large village (with 4,000+ population) in Bamangola CD Block were (2011 population in brackets): Salalpur (4,877).
Other villages in Bamangola CD Block included (2011 population in brackets): Jagdala (1,072), Chandpur (1,193), Gopalpur (878) and Mahespur (742).
Decadal Population Growth Rate (%)
Note: The CD Block data for 1971-1981, 1981-1991 and 1991-2001 is for Bamangola PS
The decadal growth of population in Bamangola CD Block in 2001-2011 was 13.09%. The decadal growth of population in Bamangola PS covering Bamangola CD Block in 1991-2001 was 18.29%. The decadal growth of population in Bamangola PS in 1981-91 was 26.03% and in 1971-81 was 27.84%. The decadal growth rate of population in Malda district was as follows: 30.33% in 1951-61, 31.98% in 1961-71, 26.00% in 1971-81, 29.78% in 1981-91, 24.78% in 1991-2001 and 21.22% in 2001-11. The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%. The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 13.93 in 2001-2011, 17.77% in 1991-2001. 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981.
Malda district has the second highest decadal population growth rate, for the decade 2001-2011, in West Bengal with a figure of 21.2% which is much higher than the state average (13.8%). Uttar Dinajpur district has the highest decadal growth rate in the state with 23.2%. Decadal growth rate of population is higher than that of neighbouring Murshidabad district, which has the next highest growth rate.
As per the Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation Department of the Government of West Bengal and 1971 census, only 1.7% of around 6 million refugees who had come in from erstwhile East Pakistan, were resettled in Malda district. The Barind tract was opened for refugee resettlement in the aftermath of the partition.
Population density in the district has intensified from 162 persons per km$^2$ in 1901 to 881 in 2001 (i.e., around five times), which is highest amongst the districts of North Bengal. However, unlike the densely populated southern regions of West Bengal, urbanisation remains low in Malda district. North Bengal in general, and Malda in particular, has been witness to large scale population movement from other states in India and other districts of West Bengal, as well as from outside the country. The District Human Development Report for Malda notes, “Malda district has been a principal recipient of the human migration waves of the 20th century.”
There are reports of Bangladeshi infiltrators coming through the international border. Only a small portion of the border with Bangladesh has been fenced and it is popularly referred to as a porous border.

### Literacy

As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Bamangola CD Block was 86,891 (68.09% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 49,639 (75.52% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 37,252 (60.20% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 15.32%.
See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate
* Literacy in CD blocks of Malda district
* Malda Sadar subdivision
* Gazole – 63.07%
* Bamangola – 68.09%
* Habibpur – 58.81%
* Old Malda – 59.61%
* English Bazar – 63.03%
* Manikchak – 57.77%
* Kaliachak I – 65.25%
* Kaliachak II – 64.89%
* Kaliachak III – 54.16%
* Chanchal subdivision
* Harishchandrapur I – 52.47%
* Harishchandrapur II – 54.34%
* Chanchal I – 65.09%
* Chanchal II – 57.38%
* Ratua I – 60.13%
* Ratua II – 56.19%
* Source: 2011 Census: CD Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data

### Language and religion

Religion in Barmangola CD block (2011) :
| Hinduism | Hinduism | 89.96% | 89.96% |
| Islam | Islam | 8.87% | 8.87% |
| Christianity | Christianity | 0.88% | 0.88% |
| Other or not stated | Other or not stated | 0.29% | 0.29% |
Hinduism is the predominant religion, with 89.96% of the population. Hinduism is the second-largest religion, with Christianity as a micro-minority.
As per 2014 District Statistical Handbook: Malda (quoting census figures), in the 2001 census, Hindus numbered 112,083 and formed 88.08% of the population in Bamangola CD Block. Muslims numbered 11,287 and formed 8.87% of the population. Christians numbered 967 and formed 0.76% of the population. Others numbered 2,915 and formed 2.29% of the population.
Languages of Barmangola CD block (2011)
At the time of the 2011 census, 78.80% of the population spoke Bengali, 16.05% Santali and 0.92% Bhojpuri as their first language. 0.96% of the population spoke languages classified as 'Other' under Bengali.

## Rural poverty

As per the Human Development Report for Malda district, published in 2006, the percentage of rural families in BPL category in Bamangola CD Block was 49.9%. Official surveys have found households living in absolute poverty in Malda district to be around 39%.
According to the report, “An overwhelmingly large segment of the rural workforce depends on agriculture as its main source of livelihood, the extent of landlessness in Malda has traditionally been high because of the high densities of human settlement in the district… Although land reforms were implemented in Malda district from the time they were launched in other parts of West Bengal, their progress has been uneven across the Malda blocks… because of the overall paucity of land, the extent of ceiling-surplus land available for redistribution has never been large… The high levels of rural poverty that exist in nearly all blocks in Malda district closely reflect the livelihood crisis… “

## Economy
### Livelihood

Livelihood in Bamangola CD Block
In Bamangola CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 19,189 and formed 31.34%, agricultural labourers numbered 30,283 and formed 49.45%, household industry workers numbered 1,583 and formed 2.59% and other workers numbered 10,181 and formed 16.63%. Total workers numbered 61,236 and formed 42.55% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 82,670 and formed 57.45% of the population.
Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person’s land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.

### Infrastructure

There are 141 inhabited villages in Bamangola CD Block. All 141 villages (100%) have power supply. All 141 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 10 villages (7.09%) have post offices. 140 villages (99.29%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 58 villages (41.13%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 52 villages (36.88%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 8 villages (5.67%) have agricultural credit societies. 6 villages (4.26%) have banks.

### Agriculture

The upland regions in the Barind area are mono-cropped because of limitations regarding the use of tube wells here.
Bamangola CD Block had 110 fertiliser depots, 7 seed stores and 32 fair price shops in 2013-14.
In 2013-14, Bamangola CD Block produced 4,215 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop from 1,502 hectares, 11,738 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 3,697 hectares, 29 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 15 hectares, 1,126 tonnes of wheat from 497 hectares, 38 tonnes of maize from 10 hectares, 2,142 tonnes of jute from 165 hectares, 48,362 tonnes of potatoes from 1,336 hectares and 307 tonnes of sugar cane from 3 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.
In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Bamangola CD Block was 6,172 hectares, out of which 300 hectares were irrigated by tank irrigation, 550 hectares by river lift irrigation, 4,458 hectares by shallow tube wells and 864 hectares by other means.

### Backward Regions Grant Fund

Malda district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.

## Transport

In 2013-14, Bamangola CD Block had 14 ferry services and 2 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 22 km from the CD Block headquarters.
State Highway 10 passes through the Bamangola CD Block.

## Education

In 2013-14, Bamangola CD Block had 105 primary schools with 9,680 students, 11 middle schools with 1,153 students, 1 high school with 1,758 students and 11 higher secondary schools with 18,420 students. Bamangola CD Block had 1 general degree college with 4,896 students, 1 technical/ professional institution with 100 students and 370 institutions for special and non-formal education with 10,264 students.
As per the 2011 census, in Bamangola CD Block, amongst the 141 inhabited villages, 32 villages did not have a school, 82 villages had more than 1 primary school, 25 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 15 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.

## Healthcare

In 2014, Bamangola CD block had 1 rural hospital and 2 primary health centres, with total 40 beds and 5 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 27 family welfare subcentres. 3,182 patients were treated indoor and 127,512 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.
Bamangola Rural Hospital at Maheshpur (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Bamangola CD block. There are primary health centres at Ashrampur (Kashimpur PHC) (with 4 beds) and Nalagola (Uttar Nayapara PHC) (with 10 beds).