OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kossaki-Borowe

Kossaki-Borowe is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kołaki Kościelne, within Zambrów County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.
# Ganges Basin

The Ganges Basin is a major part of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) basin draining 1,999,000 square kilometres in Tibet, Nepal, India and Bangladesh. To the north, the Himalaya or lower parallel ranges beyond form the Ganges-Brahmaputra divide. On the west the Ganges Basin borders the Indus basin and then the Aravalli ridge. Southern limits are the Vindhyas and Chota Nagpur Plateau. On the east the Ganges merges with the Brahmaputra through a complex system of common distributaries into the Bay of Bengal. Its catchment lies in the states of Uttar Pradesh (294,364 km$^2$), Madhya Pradesh (198,962 km$^2$), Bihar (143,961 km$^2$), Rajasthan (112,490 km$^2$), West Bengal (71,485 km$^2$), Haryana (34,341 km$^2$), Himachal Pradesh (4,317 km$^2$), Delhi, Arunachal Pradesh (1,484 km$^2$), the whole of Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan. Several tributaries rise inside Tibet before flowing south through Nepal. The basin has a population of more than 500 million, making it the most populated river basin in the world.

## Description

The basin comprises semi-arid valleys in the rain shadow north of the Himalaya, densely forested mountains south of the highest ranges, the scrubby Shiwalik foothills and the fertile Gangetic Plains. Central highlands south of the Gangetic Plain have plateaus, hills and mountains intersected by valleys and river plains. The important soil types found in the basin are sand, loam, clay and their combinations such as sandy loam, silty clay etc.
The annual surface water potential of the basin has been assessed as 525 km$^3$ in India, out of which 250 km$^3$ is utilisable water. There is about 580,000 km$^2$ of arable land; 29.5% of the cultivable area of India.
Water-related issues of the basin are due to both high and low flows. In India, the states of Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal are affected by floods. Bangladesh – at the confluence of Brahmaputra River and Ganges River – suffers from severe floods almost every year. Northern Ganges tributaries such as Kosi, Gandak and Mahananda are the most flood-prone, but southern tributaries also contribute. Low flows are caused by scarcity of rainfall outside the summer Monsoon, and sometimes by failure of this monsoon to develop to its normal extent. The Ganges is joined by Kosi, Ghaghra, Gandak from the Himalayas and by Chambal, Betwa, Son from the peninsular region.
# Naudiz

| Name | Proto-Germanic | Old English | Old Norse | Old Norse |
| Name | *Naudiz | Nȳd | Nauðr | Nauðr |
| "need, hardship" ||||
| Shape | Elder Futhark | Futhorc | Younger Futhark | Younger Futhark |
| Unicode | ᚾ U+16BE | ᚾ U+16BE | ᚾ U+16BE | ᚿ U+16BF |
| Transliteration | n | n | n | n |
| Transcription | n | n | n | n |
| IPA | [n] | [n] | [n] | [n] |
| Position in rune-row | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 |
*Naudiz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the n-rune ᚾ, meaning "need, distress". In the Anglo-Saxon futhorc, it is continued as ᚾ nyd, in the Younger Futhark as ᚾ, Icelandic naud and Old Norse nauðr. The corresponding Gothic letter is 𐌽 n, named nauþs.
The rune may have been an original innovation, or it may have been adapted from the Rhaetic's alphabet's N.
The valkyrie Sigrdrífa in Sigrdrífumál talks (to Sigurd) about the rune as a beer-rune and that "You should learn beer-runes if you don’t want another man’s wife to abuse your trust if you have a tryst. Carve them on the drinking-horn and on the back of your hand, and carve the rune ᚾ on your fingernail."
The rune is recorded in all three rune poems:
| Rune Poem: | English Translation: |
| Old Norwegian ᚾ Nauðr gerer næppa koste; nøktan kælr í froste. | Constraint gives scant choice; a naked man is chilled by the frost. |
| Old Icelandic ᚾ Nauð er Þýjar þrá ok þungr kostr ok vássamlig verk. opera niflungr. | Constraint is grief of the bond-maid and state of oppression and toilsome work. |
| Anglo-Saxon ᚾ Nẏd bẏþ nearu on breostan; ƿeorþeþ hi þeah oft niþa bearnum to helpe and to hæle gehƿæþre, gif hi his hlẏstaþ æror. | Trouble is oppressive to the heart; yet often it proves a source of help and salvation to the children of men, to everyone who heeds it betimes. |
# Binding constant

The binding constant, or affinity constant/association constant, is a special case of the equilibrium constant K, and is the inverse of the dissociation constant. It is associated with the binding and unbinding reaction of receptor (R) and ligand (L) molecules, which is formalized as:
    R + L ⇌ RL
The reaction is characterized by the on-rate constant k$_{on}$ and the off-rate constant k$_{off}$, which have units of M$^{−1}$ s$^{−1}$ and s$^{−1}$, respectively. In equilibrium, the forward binding transition R + L → RL should be balanced by the backward unbinding transition RL → R + L. That is,
    $k_{\rm {on}}\,[{\rm {R}}]\,[{\rm {L}}]=k_{\rm {off}}\,[{\rm {RL}}]$,
where [R], [L] and [RL] represent the concentration of unbound free receptors, the concentration of unbound free ligand and the concentration of receptor-ligand complexes. The binding constant K$_a$ is defined by
    $K_{\rm {a}}={k_{\rm {on}} \over k_{\rm {off}}}={[{\rm {RL}}] \over {[{\rm {R}}]\,[{\rm {L}}]}}$.
An often considered quantity is the dissociation constant K$_d$ ≡ ⁠1/K$_a$⁠, which has the unit of concentration, despite the fact that strictly speaking, all association constants are unitless values. The inclusion of units arises from the simplification that such constants are calculated solely from concentrations, which is not the case. Once chemical activity is factored into the correct form of the equation, a dimensionless value is obtained. For the binding of receptor and ligand molecules in solution, the molar Gibbs free energy ΔG, or the binding affinity is related to the dissociation constant K$_d$ via
    $\Delta G=RT\ln {K_{\rm {d}} \over c^{\ominus }}$,
in which R is the ideal gas constant, T temperature and the standard reference concentration c$^o$ = 1 mol/L.
# Mark Nichols (golfer)

Mark Andrew Nichols (born 29 December 1965) is an English professional golfer.
Nichols was born on the Isle of Sheppey. He played on the European Tour in 1994 and 1995, and the second tier Challenge Tour from 1990 to 1993, and again in 1996. He appeared in just one major, the 1995 Open Championship at St Andrews, where he made the cut.
Since leaving the tour, Nichols works as a teaching professional, and is currently employed at Moscow City Golf Club.
Nichols played in two Challenge Tour events in 2010, the Kazakhstan Open and the M2M Russian Challenge Cup which was played at the Tseleevo Golf & Polo Club, where Nichols used to work as Director.

## Playoff record

Challenge Tour playoff record (0–1)
| No. | Year | Tournament | Opponents | Result |
| 1 | 1992 | Zambia Open | Mathias Grönberg, Jeremy Robinson | Robinson won with birdie on first extra hole |

## Results in major championships

| Tournament | 1995 |
| The Open Championship | T101 |
Note: Nichols only played in The Open Championship. "T" = tied
# Modzele, Gmina Wąsosz

Modzele is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wąsosz, within Grajewo County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.
# Hyrylä

Hyrylä (Swedish: Skavaböle, also Hyrylä) is one of the three villages and the administrative centre of Tuusula, with a population of about 19,500 residents.
It is located at the southern side of Lake Tuusula, approximately 10 minutes driving distance from Helsinki-Vantaa Airport and 25 kilometres away from Helsinki. Tuusulanväylä is the most direct main road connection from Hyrylä to the capital. Other important road connections are the regional road 139 leading to the Nurmijärvi's village center of the municipality by the same name, the regional road 145 leading to the town center of Järvenpää and the regional road 148 leading to the town center of Kerava.
# Nizhniye (settlement)

Nizhniye (Russian: Нижние) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Semizerye Rural Settlement, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 130 as of 2002.

## Geography

It is located 30 km northwest of Kaduy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nizhniye (village) is the nearest rural locality.
# Nizhniye

Nizhniye (Russian: Нижние) is a rural locality (a village) in Semizerye Rural Settlement, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 70 as of 2002.

## Geography

It is located 30 km northwest of Kaduy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nizhniye (settlement) is the nearest rural locality.
# Prague Together

Prague Together (Czech: Praha sobě, lit. 'Prague for itself') is an association of independent candidates in Prague. It was created for the 2018 Prague municipal election by KDU-ČSL MP Jan Čižinský. The main representatives are Adam Scheinherr and Hana Třeštíková. It was created on the basis of a similar initiative Praha 7 sobě, which in 2014 won the elections to the municipal council of the Prague 7 district. The association is made up of active citizens, tries to connect with local associations and "to present itself as a principled alternative to the existing municipal establishment with the aim of winning the elections." For the 2022 Prague municipal election it was turned into a political party.

## History

On 12 December 2017, the group announced that it intended to collect 100,000 signatures, which would allow it to run as an association of independent candidates under the Act on Municipal Council Elections. The motto of the petition was "A Prague that you can sign up for" (Czech: Praha, pod kterou se můžete podepsat.)
Prague Together eventually collected 97,095 signatures and launched its campaign for the 2018 Prague municipal election based on volunteers. Prague Together received 16.57% of votes finishing third. The movement then became part of the governing coalition in Prague.
Prague Together tried to collect 100,000 signatures for the 2022 Prague municipal election but failed having gathered only 92,565 signatures and thus ran as a political party. The party finished 4th, with 14.73% of the vote.
A leadership election for Prague Together was held on 13 March 2024, incumbent leader Čižinský declined to run, while Adam Scheinherr [cs] received 27 votes against Petr Zeman's 10 and became the new leader.

## Election results
### Prague municipal elections

| Year | Leader | Vote | Vote % | Seats | +/− | Place | Position |
| 2018 | Jan Čižinský | 4,197,578 | 16.6 | 13 / 65 | new | 3rd | Coalition |
| 2022 | Jan Čižinský | 3,472,648 | 14.73 | 11 / 65 | 2 | 4th | Opposition |
# Kryltsovo

Kryltsovo (Russian: Крыльцово) is a rural locality (a village) in Semizerye Rural Settlement, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 4 as of 2002.

## Geography

Kryltsovo is located 14 km northwest of Kaduy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Verkhovye is the nearest rural locality.
# Filino, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast

Filino (Russian: Филино) is a rural locality (a village) in Nikolskoye Rural Settlement, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 2 as of 2002.

## Geography

Filino is located 10 km northeast of Kaduy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Selishche is the nearest rural locality.
# Danilkovo, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast

Danilkovo (Russian: Данилково) is a rural locality (a village) in Nikolskoye Rural Settlement, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 10 as of 2002.

## Geography

Danilkovo is located 61 km north of Kaduy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kumsara is the nearest rural locality.
# Chuprino

Chuprino (Russian: Чуприно) is a rural locality (a village) in Kaduy Urban Settlement, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 75 as of 2002.

## Geography

Chuprino is located 3 km southwest of Kaduy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kaduy is the nearest rural locality.
# Bolshoy Smerdyach

Bolshoy Smerdyach (Russian: Большой Смердяч) is a rural locality (a village) in Semizerye Rural Settlement, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 20 as of 2002.

## Geography

Bolshoy Smerdyach is located 7 km south of Kaduy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Maly Smerdyach is the nearest rural locality.
# Zimnyak

Zimnyak (Russian: Зимняк) is a rural locality (a village) in Sidorovskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 84 as of 2002. There are 3 streets.

## Geography

Zimnyak is located 34 km north of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Gora is the nearest rural locality.
# Frank Fraser

Frank Fraser may refer to:
* Frank Clarke Fraser (1920–2014), Canadian medical geneticist
* Frank L. Fraser (died 1935), American lawyer and politician
# Zakharovo, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast

Zakharovo (Russian: Захарово) is a rural locality (a village) in Yurovskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 11 as of 2002.

## Geography

Zakharovo is located 42 km northwest of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Isakovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Velikoretsky Lipovik

Velikoretsky Lipovik (Russian: Великорецкий Липовик) is a rural locality (a village) in Komyansky Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 8 as of 2002.

## Geography

Velikoretsky Lipovik is located 46 km northeast of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kiselevo is the nearest rural locality.
# Tufanovo (station)

Tufanovo (Russian: Туфаново) is a rural locality (a station) in Komyanskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 49 as of 2002.

## Geography

Tufanovo is located 27 km north of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Maloye Denisyevo is the nearest rural locality.
# Sitnikovo, Vologda Oblast

Sitnikovo (Russian: Ситниково) is a rural locality (a village) in Rostilovskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 5 as of 2002.

## Geography

Sitnikovo is located 18 km south of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Sopelkino is the nearest rural locality.
# Shepyakovo

Shepyakovo (Russian: Шепяково) is a rural locality (a village) in Komyanskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 4 as of 2002.

## Geography

Shepyakovo is located 26 km north of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Arefino is the nearest rural locality.
# Puzovo

Puzovo (Russian: Пузово) is a rural locality (a village) in Pertsevskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 7 as of 2002.

## Geography

Puzovo is located 13 km north of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Gridino is the nearest rural locality.
# John IV, Duke of Krnov

John IV, Duke of Krnov (also known as John IV of Opava-Racibórz or John the Elder; Czech: Jan IV. Krnovský; German: Johann IV. von Jägerndorf or Johann III. von Troppau-Ratibor; c. 1440–1483 in Wodzisław Śląski) was a member of the Opavian branch of the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty. He was Duke of Krnov from 1452 to 1474 and Duke of Wodzisław Śląski from 1464 until his death.

## Life

John IV was the elder son of Duke Nicholas V of Krnov and his wife, Margaret Clemm of Ellguth. John IV and his younger brother Wenceslaus III were still minors when their father died in 1452. Their step-mother, Barbara Rockemberg and their uncle Wenceslaus II (d. 1456) took up the regency. Afterh the brother came of age, they initially ruled their inheritance jointly. However, in 1464, the inheritance was divided. John IV received Krnov, Bruntál, and Wodzisław Śląski; Wenceslaus III received Rybnik, Żory and Pszczyna.
During the war between Bohemia and Hungary for supremacy in Bohemia, John IV supported the Bohemian King, George of Poděbrady, in 1469, and after George's death, his successor Vladislaus II. Because of this, King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary took John IV prisoner in 1474 and forced him to cede Krnov. john IV retained Wodzisław Śląski, where he died in 1483.
John's sister Barbara (d. 1510), who had married Duke Jan IV of Oświęcim in 1475, objected to Matthias Corvinus against the shameful treatment of her brothers and the theft of her father's inheritance. This was probably the reason why he styled John's widow as Lady of Wodzisław Śląski, Rybnik and Żory After Matthis Corvinus died in 1490, Barbara styled herself as Lady of Krnov.
# Pogiblovo

Pogiblovo (Russian: Погиблово) is a rural locality (a village) in Yurovskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 4 as of 2002.

## Geography

Pogiblovo is located 18 km west of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Dyakovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Floyd Martin Thornton

Floyd Martin Thornton (often credited as F. Martin Thornton, November 4, 1884 – April 1, 1956) was an American screenwriter and film director active in the United Kingdom in the 1910s and 1920s. He also directed films for the Natural Color Kinematograph Company.
Born in 1884 in New Brunswick, New Jersey, he worked for some years in England. In 1915 he married the British actress Evelyn Boucher at Steyning in West Sussex. They had two sons, both born in England: Edward E. Martin (1916–2010) and Paul Mulford Martin (1921–1994). In 1925 he and his family left the UK for America, where they all remained for the rest of their lives.
He died in April 1956 in Orange, California.

## Selected filmography

Director
* Santa Claus (1912)
* In the Days of Robin Hood (1913)
* Little Lord Fauntleroy (1914)
* Dead Men Tell No Tales, 1914 short film
* The World, the Flesh and the Devil (1914) first feature-length dramatic film made in Kinemacolor
* The New Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1915)
* The Faith of a Child (1915)
* Jane Shore (1915)
* The Man Who Bought London (1916)
* Love's Old Sweet Song (1917)
* A Man the Army Made (1917)
* The Happy Warrior (1917)
* The Great Impostor (1918)
* A Romany Lass (1918)
* Nature's Gentleman (1918)
* The Splendid Coward (1918)
* The Knave of Hearts (1919)
* The Flame (1920)
* The Iron Stair (1920)
* Bars of Iron (1920)
* My Lord Conceit (1921)
* Frailty (1921)
* The Prey of the Dragon (1921)
* Gwyneth of the Welsh Hills (1921)
* Lamp in the Desert (1922)
* Belonging (1922)
* Melody of Death (1922)
* Little Brother of God (1922)
* Women and Diamonds (1924)
* Mutiny (1925)
# Obnorskaya Sloboda

Obnorskaya Sloboda (Russian: Обнорская Слобода) is a rural locality (a village) in Rostilovskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 27 as of 2002.

## Geography

By road, Obnorskaya Sloboda is located 18 km south of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre). Zayemye is the nearest rural locality.
# Myasnikovo, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast

Myasnikovo (Russian: Мясниково) is a rural locality (a village) in Pertsevskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 2 as of 2002.

## Geography

Myasnikovo is located 9 km north of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Sloboda is the nearest rural locality.
# Munikovo

Munikovo (Russian: Муниково) is a rural locality (a village) in Vokhtozhskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 17 as of 2002.

## Geography

Munikovo is located 76 km east of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Melenka is the nearest rural locality.
# Konstantinovo, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast

Konstantinovo (Russian: Константиново) is a rural locality (a village) in Sidorovskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 4 as of 2002.

## Geography

Konstantinovo is located 32 km east of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Podolnoye is the nearest rural locality.
# Khlebnikovo, Vologda Oblast

Khlebnikovo (Russian: Хлебниково) is a rural locality (a village) in Sidorovskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 7 as of 2002.

## Geography

Khlebnikovo is located 40 km southeast of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Baklanka is the nearest rural locality.
# UPIM

UPIM ("Unico Prezzo Italiano Milano"; "Single Italian Price Milan" in English) is an Italian chain of midmarket department stores specialising in clothes for men, women and children, items for the home, and cosmetics and perfumes. It currently operates 135 directly owned stores and more than 200 franchises, plus 15 stores under the Upim-BluKids brand. For a long time, it was part of La Rinascente Group and it was acquired by Coin in 2010.
The first store opened in Verona in 1928. The chain was purchased by the Agnelli family, along with the La Rinascente Group in the 1970s. In 2007, it became the primary sponsor of the Lega A basketball club Fortitudo Bologna. In January 2010, the business was acquired by Gruppo Coin, separating from La Rinascente and making Gruppo Coin, which already owned the Oviesse (OVS Industry) and Coin chains, the largest fashion retailer in the country.
# Golubkovo, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast

Golubkovo (Russian: Голубково) is a rural locality (a village) in Pertsevskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2002.

## Geography

Golubkovo is located 15 km north of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Volotskoy is the nearest rural locality.
# Filippovo, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast

Filippovo (Russian: Филиппово) is a rural locality (a village) in Yurovskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 8 as of 2002.

## Geography

Filippovo is located 36 km northwest of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Fomskoye is the nearest rural locality.
# Fetinino, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast

Fetinino (Russian: Фетинино) is a rural locality (a village) in Yurovskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 17 as of 2002.

## Geography

Fetinino is located 33 km southwest of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Plyushchevo is the nearest rural locality.
# Chernava, Vologda Oblast

Chernava (Russian: Чернава) is a rural locality (a village) in Pertsevskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 15 as of 2002.

## Geography

Chernava is located 15 km north of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zvyaglovka is the nearest rural locality.
# Rolf Maier

Rolf Maier (16 December 1936 – 30 March 2023) was a French weightlifter. He competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics, the 1964 Summer Olympics, and the 1968 Summer Olympics.
Maier died on 30 March 2023, at the age of 86.
# Koszarka

Koszarka is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Bielsk Podlaski, within Bielsk County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.
# Marvin Nash

Marvin Nash (7 December 1953 – 20 January 2023) was a Canadian sprinter. He competed in the men's 100 metres at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He won a bronze medal in the 1975 Pan American Games 4 × 100 metres relay (with Hugh Fraser, Albin Dukowski, and Bob Martin).