OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Energy customer switching

Energy customer switching is a concept stemming from the global energy markets. The concept refers to the action of one energy customer switching energy supplier, a switch is essentially seen as the free (by choice) movement of a customer. In addition to that a switch can include:
* A re-switch: When a customer switches for the second or subsequent time.
* A switch-back: When a customer switches back to his/her former or previous supplier.
If a customer moves, there is often a switch, however this will only be counted if the customer is not dealing with the incumbent in the new area of residence.
The above is the official definition of switching and is being used by public energy institutions such as CEER & ERGEG (forerunner to ACER). The definition was originally developed by Dr Philip E. Lewis.
Switching is a key concept to understanding competition-related issues on the global energy markets as the switching level of a concrete market reveals the state of the competition; High switching rates equals high level of competition and low switching rates equals limited competition. Thus measuring and assessing switching rates is necessary in order to have a correct impression of the energy markets. The action of switching is often done via a price comparison website or by the traditional door-to-door sales method, where a salesperson assists the customer in switching.
This is a concept that has become particularly popular in countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, France, Spain and Germany, where large numbers of competitor brands operate.
# Ivan Laing

Ivan Laing (18 August 1885 – 30 November 1917) was a Scottish field hockey player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. Born in Hawick, and a member of the Hawick Hockey Club, in 1908 he won the bronze medal as member of the Scotland team. Laing also played rugby for Hawick RFC, and swam for Hawick Amateur Swimming Club.
He was educated at New College, Eastbourne, and at Verviers in Belgium.
Laing was killed in action aged 32 during World War I, serving as a lieutenant with the Coldstream Guards at Metz-en-Couture. He was buried at the Metz-en-Couture Communal Cemetery nearby.
# Babasaheb Patil

Babasaheb Patil is an Indian politician from Karnataka. He serves as member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly representing Kittur. He belongs to the Indian National Congress.
# 1766 in science

The year 1766 in science and technology involved some significant events.

## Astronomy

* Lagrange submits a paper on the movements of Jupiter's satellites to the French Academy of Sciences.

## Biology

* April 9 – American botanist John Bartram completes his first exploration and cataloging of North American plants after more than nine months.
* Moses Harris publishes The Aurelian, or, Natural History of English Insects; Namely, Moths and Butterflies.
* English painter George Stubbs publishes The Anatomy of the Horse.

## Chemistry

* May 29 – Henry Cavendish presents to the Royal Society of London his paper "On Factitious Airs". This is generally credited as showing the discovery of hydrogen, since it describes the density of 'inflammable air', which forms water on combustion.
* Pierre Macquer publishes his Dictionnaire de chymie.

## Exploration

* November 15 – Louis Antoine de Bougainville leaves Nantes for a three-year circumnavigation of the world with the ships La Boudeuse and Étoile; the botanist Philibert Commerçon is on board.

## Mathematics

* Arima Yoriyuki finds a rational approximation of $\pi$, correct to 29 digits.
* Euler gives up his post as director of mathematics at the Prussian Academy of Sciences and returns to Saint Petersburg. On the recommendation of Euler and d'Alembert, Lagrange succeeds him in Berlin, where he will stay for over twenty years.

## Medicine

* October – Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, England, completed.

## Metallurgy

* The Cranege brothers experiment with the use of the reverberatory furnace for the production of wrought iron from cast iron using coal fuel at the Coalbrookdale iron works under the sponsorship of Richard Reynolds in England.

## Events

* Joseph Wright of Derby paints A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery.

## Awards

* Copley Medal: William Brownrigg; Edward Delaval; Henry Cavendish

## Births

* July 6 – Alexander Wilson, Scottish-born ornithologist (died 1813)
* July 8 – Dominique Jean Larrey, French surgeon, pioneer of battlefield medicine (died 1842)
* August 3 – Kurt Sprengel, German botanist (died 1833)
* August 6 – William Hyde Wollaston, English chemist (died 1828)
* September 6 – John Dalton, English chemist and physicist (died 1844)
* September 24 – John Farey, Sr., English geologist (died 1826)
* December 23 – Wilhelm Hisinger, Swedish physicist and chemist (died 1852)
* December 26 – William Goforth, American physician and paleontologist (died 1817)
* December 29 – Charles Macintosh, Scottish inventor of a waterproof fabric (died 1843)
* John Templeton, "father of Irish botany" (died 1825)

## Deaths

* March 10 – Jane Colden, American botanist (born 1724)
* May 5 – Jean Astruc, French physician and scholar (born 1684)
* November 29 – John Wyatt, English inventor (born 1700)
# Peder Nikolai Leier Jacobsen

Peder Nikolai Leier Jacobsen (13 May 1888 – 31 January 1967) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Troms county in 1950, and was re-elected on two occasions. He had previously served in the position of deputy representative during the term 1945–1949. He served most of this term as a regular representative, replacing Søren Berg Sørensen Moen who died in May 1946.
Leier Jacobsen was born in Trondenes and a member of the executive committee of the municipal council of Trondenes Municipality from 1922–1925. He then held the same position in Sandtorg Municipality, except the periods 1934–1937, 1937–1941, 1945–1947 and 1947–1951 when he served as mayor. He was also a member of Troms county council from 1934 to 1951.
# Stewart Barrett

Charles Stewart Barrett (5 October 1901 – 15 January 1982) was an Irish water polo player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1924 Summer Olympics.
Barrett played for the Clontarf Waterpolo Club.
# The Great Wheel

The Great Wheel is Robert Lawson's final children's book, published in 1957, the year of his death. It was posthumously named as a Newbery Honor book in 1958.

## Plot summary

The story's protagonist is Irish-born Conn Kilroy, who leaves Ireland for the United States in the 1890s at the urging of his Uncle Michael. Before he leaves, his aunt predicts that he will ride the biggest wheel in the world. He travels to the United States by steamship. While on board, he meets an attractive German girl named Trudy, who is traveling to Wisconsin.
Upon his arrival, he begins working for his uncle in New York City, but he is soon hired to work for the company commissioned to create the huge Ferris Wheel for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. He works hard with his newfound friend Martin Brennan to build it. After the giant wheel is installed at the exposition, Conn fulfills his aunt's prophecy by riding on it. His uncle would like him to help build a bridge, but Conn refuses and stays. He takes a job as a guard at the fair, hoping that someday Trudy will visit the fair. She does visit, and the two reunite, eventually marrying and moving to Wisconsin.
# Cataldo Salerno

Cataldo Salerno (born 1951) is an Italian politician, and the President of the Province of Enna, in the centre of Sicily.
He was born in Enna. A graduate in philosophy and (honoris causa) in psychology, Salerno founded the Kore University of Enna, and is the president of the university and the president of the university's foundation.
Salerno was elected President of the Province of Enna in 2003 with the 60% of the votes; he was a candidate of the main Italian centre-left party, Democrats of the Left.
# Carlo Salvemini

Carlo Salvemini (born 4 June 1966) is an Italian politician, Mayor of Lecce from June 2017 to January 2019 and again from May 2019 to June 2024.

## Biography

He was born in Lecce, Apulia and is the son of the former mayor of Lecce Stefano Salvemini. He graduated in Economics and Commerce from the University of Bari in 1991 and obtained the qualification for the pursuit of doctoral student in 1992. In February 2017 he was accepted to become the candidate for mayor of Lecce after a public petition and a period of debates between the Democratic Party and the entire left-center Salento. Salvemini was elected Mayor of Lecce on 30 June 2017. He resigned in January 2019 and was re-elected at the 2019 local elections in June.
# Alessandro Tambellini

Alessandro Tambellini (born 30 April 1955) is an Italian politician.
Tambellini was born in Lucca, Italy. He is married and has three children.
He is member of the Democratic Party. Tambellini was elected Mayor of Lucca on 20 May 2012 and re-confirmed for the second term on 25 June 2017.
On 10 March 2020 he announced he had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.
# Chiara Appendino

Chiara Appendino (born 12 June 1984) is an Italian politician and sports manager, mayor of Turin and the Turin metropolitan city from 30 June 2016 to 27 October 2021 and vice president of the Italian Tennis Federation from 2 October 2020. She is a member of the Five Star Movement (M5S).

## Biography

Appendino was born in Moncalieri on 12 June 1984. She attended the liceo classico Vincenzo Gioberti in Turin and graduated from Bocconi University in Milan with a degree in International Economics and Management, majoring in economics and finance.
From September 2007 to January 2010, she worked as a controllore di gestione [it] for the Juventus football team; starting on 1 January 2010, she has been financial administrator in her husband's business.

## Political career

Appendino's first political involvement was in the Left Ecology Freedom party. In 2012, she joined the nascent M5S. In the 2011 Turin local elections, Appendino was elected municipal councilor for the M5S, collecting 623 preferences.
On 8 November 2015, Appendino officially announced her candidacy for mayor of Turin in the 2016 Italian local elections. In the first round she received 30.92% of the vote at the ballot. On 19 June 2016, she was officially elected Mayor of Turin, picking up 54.56% of the vote in the second round, defeating incumbent mayor Piero Fassino, who received 45.44% of votes.
She did not run for the 2021 Italian local elections and was replaced as mayor by Stefano Lo Russo of the Democratic Party.

### Legal proceedings

In October 2017, the Prosecutor's Office of Turin started an investigation on Appendino for falsity in a public document in connection with the city's 2016 budget. She was first convicted on 21 September 2020 and handed a six-month suspended sentence. On 16 May 2022, the Turin Court of Appeal acquitted her because the facts of the case did not constitute a crime.
In November 2017, an investigation started into lack of safety during incidents at Piazza San Carlo, where one person died and more than 1,500 were injured in the 2017 Turin stampede during the UEFA Champions League final match between Juventus and Real Madrid on 5 June. One of the injured people became tetraplegic and eventually died on 25 January 2019. On 27 January 2021, she was sentenced in first instance to 18 months jail for her responsibilities during the stampede in Piazza San Carlo. She appealed.
In June 2019, a third investigation was started based on peculation. The case was dismissed in 2020.
In February 2021, another investigation started against her, Piero Fassino, Sergio Chiamparino, Alberto Cirio, and others. They must respond for not having taken sufficient measures to combat smog pollution that since 2015 has led the Turin air to be repeatedly the worst in Italy.

## Personal life

Appendino has been married since 2010 to the Turinese entrepreneur Marco Lavatelli, with whom she has one daughter, Sara, born on 19 January 2016 at the Mauritian Hospital of Turin, and one son, Andrea, born on 29 October 2021 at the Sant'Anna Hospital in Turin.
# Renata Polverini

Renata Polverini (born 14 May 1962) is an Italian politician and trade unionist. She was President of the Lazio region and was formerly Secretary General of the General Labour Union (UGL); she resigned on 24 September 2012 after an expense scandal.

## Biography

At the end of her studies and after an apprenticeship in the Cisnal Agriculture Trade Union Federation, she became a member of the Confederal press office. After two years, she was assigned by Cisnal to lead the administrative and organizational department.
From 1994 her job became more political, she played a central role in organising the transition of Cisnal to UGL, which happened during the 1996 Congress. She started reforms in terms of representativeness in the public sector and in the reorganization of social assistance services of the Trade Union. In 1998, she entered into the internal structure of the UGL, the Confederal Secretariat. In the same year she became UGL representative within the European Economic and Social Committee. She spent time in between Rome and Brussels and campaigned on improving health and safety in the workplace.
In 1999 she was appointed as Deputy Secretary-General UGL and General Secretary of the Private Services Trade Union Federation. In support of women involved in the organization, she created the UGL Women Coordination. She was involved in major disputes in the national chemical industry (Eni), in the metal workers sector (Fiat and Thyssen Krupp), in public employment, in the transport sector (Railways and Alitalia) and in the private services sector. She worked to reach agreements with the Prodi, D'Alema and Berlusconi governments, and contributed to all the major reforms of labour market (Law nr. 30 of 2003) and pension system, in order to defend employees interests.
In February 2006 she was elected as (with 96.7% of votes) Secretary General of UGL, first woman in Italy to lead a Trade Union confederation.
In late 2009 she brought herself forward as candidate for the presidency of the Lazio Region, in view of the elections of 29 March 2010. She led a centre-right coalition, which was however reduced when its main party, the People of Freedom led by Berlusconi, was excluded from elections in the Province of Rome for some formal errors .
In March 2010 she won the election as president of the Lazio region in a close race against Emma Bonino. Bonino is known as a pro-choice activist, while Polverini was against abortion rights and thus received support from Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco, President of the Italian Episcopal Conference. She resigned on 24 September 2012, after a controversy regarding the personal use of public money at the hand of some members of the coalition that supported her.
In 2013 and 2018 she was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. On 21 January 2021 she became a member of the Mixed Group in the Democratic Centre-Italians in Europe component. On 20 May 2021 she returned to Forza Italia.
# Donato Toma

Donato Toma (born 4 December 1957) is an Italian politician, president of Molise from 2018 to 2023.

## Biography

Toma graduated in Economy at the University of Naples Federico II and became a business consultant, teaching also at the University of Molise. He served as an officer in the Carabinieri with the rank of Lieutenant.
After having been Assessor for Budget in Campobasso and in Bojano, at the 2018 regional elections, Toma has been elected President of Molise, supported by Forza Italia, the Northern League, Brothers of Italy and Us with Italy.
# Willa Kenoyer

Willa Kenoyer (13 December 1933 – 28 March 2020) was an American politician of the Socialist Party USA (SPUSA) candidate for President of the United States in the 1988 U.S. presidential election.

## Candidacy

The SPUSA was not on the ballot in 1984 (the previous election) due to a lack of interest among its members, and only hoped for a vote total of five digits, expecting to do better in the next century, according to the chair Anne Rosenhaft. Kenoyer's running mate was Ron Ehrenreich; they also ran on the Liberty Union Party (LUP) line in Vermont, defeating Herbert G. Lewin of the Internationalist Workers Party by a vote difference of 199–66 in the LUP primary, which socialists use to gauge the relative strength of their campaigns. They hoped to spread their ideas, finding some similarities to the goals of Jesse Jackson's campaign, with significant differences regarding the military and intelligence agencies, and faulted him for, in their opinion, attracting more people to the Democratic Party. The Democratic party's ultimate nominee Michael Dukakis and platform were criticized by the campaign.
Kenoyer and Ehrenreich received 3,882 votes in the election. At the time she was working as a freelance journalist in Shelby, Michigan, and had been a co-chair of the Citizens Party. She was a divorced mother of four who learned about socialism from her father, a member of the Sawmill Workers. Her mother was a member of the Newspaper Guild. Prior to running for President, she served a six-year term on the Economic Development Commission for Oceana County, Michigan, to which she was reappointed in 1987.

## Later career

In 2004, she was appointed to the Van Buren County, Michigan Family Independence Agency Board. She was reappointed for a term expiring in October 2009. Kenoyer died on 28 March 2020, at the age of 86.
# Antonio Rastrelli (politician)

Antonio Rastrelli (15 October 1927 – 15 August 2019) was an Italian politician and lawyer. He served as the President of Campania from 1995 until 1999.

## Early life and family

Antonio Rastrelli was born in Portici (Campania) in 1927. His father, Carlo Rastrelli, was among the founders of Neapolitan fascism along with Aurelio Padovani, General Consul of the Fascist Militia M.V.S.N., and Prefectural Commissioner of L'Aquila in the regime of the Italian Social Republic. After the war, Carlo Rastrelli served as Naples deputy mayor under Monarchist National Party's Achille Lauro.
Antonio's brother Massimo Rastrelli became a Jesuit priest and was an activist in the social struggle against usury.
The Rastrellis are direct descendants of the architect Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli who designed the Czars' Winter Palace in St. Petersburg.

## Politics

Antonio Rastrelli joined the Italian Social Movement in 1948. He was elected Senator for the first time in 1979 and held office until 1994. In the 1994 Italian general election, which marked a "general turn to the right," Rastrelli was elected to the Chamber of Deputies and was appointed Undersecretary to the Ministry of Treasury in the first Berlusconi cabinet.
In 1995, he was nominated president of Campania by the Polo delle Libertà party (Pole of Freedoms).
During his tenure, in 1998, Campania was hit by a mudslide that struck the hilly area east of Naples and left in its wake 37 people dead and 71 more missing. Environmentalists blamed decades of "bad land management" with people allowed to grub up trees and burn off scrub-land to increase pasture or clear areas for unregulated construction. Campania president Rastrelli, who was serving also as special commissioner for hydro-geological issues, defended his record, saying "having the power to intervene is one thing. But it's no good without funding."
In 1999, he resigned after the Polo withdrew its support and he was replaced by Andrea Losco, the centre-left coalition's nominee.
In the 2000 regional elections, he was again a candidate for president of Campania but he was defeated by Antonio Bassolino.
In 2007, he joined the far-right party La Destra ("The Right"), led by Francesco Storace.

## Administrative justice

In 2001, on the recommendation of the President of the Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, Rastrelli was unanimously elected by the Italian Parliament to serve as lay member of the Consiglio di presidenza della giustizia amministrativa (the Presidency Council of Administrative Justice), a position he held until 2006.

## Death

He died on 15 August 2019. His funeral at the Sacro Cuore church in Naples attracted a large crowd, with many attendees giving the fascist salute.

## Honors

The Spanish government, in 1998, inducted Rastrelli in the Orden del Mérito Civil (Order of Civil Merit) in recognition of "extraordinary service for the benefit of Spain."
# The NEON

The former Newport Odeon, which traded as an entertainment and events venue, The NEON, until 2023 is a Grade II listed building in the city of Newport, South Wales. It is located at the junction of Clarence Place and Chepstow Road on the east side of Newport city centre, near Newport Bridge. The building is one of the few true examples of Art Deco architecture in Newport.

## History

The NEON opened in March 1938 as an Odeon cinema, designed by Harry Weedon. The cinema closed in 1981, fell derelict in the following years and faced the possibility of demolition. It was designated a Grade II listed building in 1999. After many years of the ground floor being used as snooker hall, the building was bought by a local business-owning couple in 2003 and was transformed at a cost of over £1 million and renamed Newport City Live Arena. Features included a huge television screen to show live sporting events and a stage that hosted several famous music acts.
The building was sold, redeveloped and opened in February 2016 as a live music and vintage movie venue and named The NEON (Newport Entertains Our Nation). The name is a play on the original Odeon name (Oscar Deutsch Entertains Our Nation). The business is owned and run by businessmen Ian Gilland and Andrew James Byers. In 2019, the venue sold out to over 1,000 people for a rally of the Brexit Party, with figures including Nigel Farage, Ann Widdecombe, Nathan Gill and James Wells speaking to supporters ahead of the 2019 European Parliament elections. In December 2023 the venue was closed and its alcohol sales licence revoked after police identified a large cannabis farm operating in the building. It re-opened in May 2024 as a wrestling academy.
# Massimo Giorgetti

Massimo Giorgetti (born 20 October 1959 in Verona) is an Italian politician from Veneto.
Giorgetti joined the Italian Social Movement in 1975 and served as the party's provincial secretary in Verona. In 1995 he joined National Alliance (AN).
Five times elected to the Regional Council of Veneto (1995, 2000, 2010, 2005 and 2015) for AN (1995, 2000 and 2005), The People of Freedom (2010) and finally Forza Italia (2015), he was regional minister for 20 consecutive years: minister of Environment in Galan I Government (1995–2000), minister of Public Works in Galan II Government (2000–2005), Galan I Government (2005–2010) and Zaia I Government (2010–2015). From 2015 to 2020 he was Vice President of the Regional Council. Having joined the Brothers of Italy in 2019, he stood for re-election in the 2020 regional election, but was not elected, ending 25 years in the Regional Council.
He is the elder brother of Alberto Giorgetti, who was regional leader of National Alliance, has been a long-time member of the Chamber of Deputies and served as undersecretary of Economy and Finance to minister Giulio Tremonti in Berlusconi IV Cabinet.