OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Leader of the Opposition (India)

The Leaders of the Opposition of India (IAST: Bhārata Ke Vipakṣa Ke Netā) are the politicians who lead the official opposition in either House of the Parliament of India. The Leader of the Opposition is the parliamentary chairperson of the largest political party in their respective legislative chamber that is not in government.
While the position also existed in former Central Legislative Assembly of British India, and holders of it there included Motilal Nehru, it received statutory recognition through the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977 which defines the term "Leader of the Opposition" as that member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha who, for the time being, is the Leader of that House of the Party in Opposition to the Government having the greatest numerical strength and recognised, as such, by the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha or the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

## Recognition of the Post

As per the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977 by which the post has got official and statutory status, the majority required is decided by the heads of the houses, that is speaker and chairman as the case may be. Clause 4 of The Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003, provides for the leader of the largest opposition party to be inducted as a member of the selection committee in a scenario where the lower house of parliament does not have a recognized leader of the opposition.
The post is often misunderstood to be given only to the party in the opposition with at least 1⁄10th of the numerical strength of the house, however there is no such rule as recognizing a member of the house as leader of opposition is a statutory decision. In the 1950s the Speaker of the House started the practice of recognizing parliamentary parties as ‘parties’ and ‘groups’ for the allotment of seats in the house, time for participating in the debates, rooms in Parliament House etc.
For this purpose direction 121(c) was issued which laid down the recognition of a party or group in Lok Sabha as having “at least a strength equal to the quorum fixed to constitute a sitting of the House, that is one-tenth of the total number of members of the House”. The direction only mentions criteria for the recognition of a party or group and not of the leader of the opposition.

## Deputy Leader of the Opposition

The second chairperson for official opposition party in the house is called Deputy Leader of Opposition The Deputy Leader of the Opposition also holds the role of a shadow minister. This is not an official or constitutional post, however still exists to bring political stability and strength to the Opposition party in Government.
# Konings (distillery)

Konings is a company that was originally founded in 1946 in Zonhoven as a distillery. Thanks to specific acquisitions, including that of Smeets Distillery, it positioned itself as a major player in the distilling industry. Since 2007 the company has focussed on the production and packaging of fruit juices.

## History

Source:
In 1945, Michel Konings established Distillery 't Jagerke in an old garage. During the latter days of the World War II, its main customer was Field-Marshal Montgomery's headquarters, located in Zonhoven. The distillery's phone number was 15 H.R. Hasselt 5515.
1947 was a transformative year as the distillery hired its first employee. By 1957, the distillery evolved from a one-man operation into a private limited company.
In 1960, it further transitioned into a public limited company, Konings NV, expanding its activities to include ciders and sparkling wine production. In 1983, Konings NV acquired Nelissen Distillery in Hasselt. This was followed in 1987 by the takeover of Trudo Fruit Juices, marking the company's entry into the fruit juice market. In 1995, Konings NV. expanded into the dairy industry by taking over Lilac and in 2001, it acquired Smeets Distillery in Hasselt.
The acquisition of Smeets added the Smeets brand to Konings’ range of products. In 2002, Konings launched an advertising and image campaign to promote the Smeets brand, aiming to position it as a high-quality, fairly-priced product.
# List of tar pits

This is a list of notable tar pits throughout the world. Tar pits, which are often covered with dust and leaves, can trap animals that step into them. Over time, the skeletons of such animals become preserved as fossils. Some of the largest deposits of fossils exist within tar pits.

## List

* Binagadi asphalt lake – cluster of tar pits located 1 km southeast from Binagadi settlement, near Hirda-Girrar hillock in urban Baku, Azerbaijan. Fossils from the species of 41 species of mammals, 110 species of birds, 2 reptiles, 1 amphibian and 107 insects recovered from the pits are on display at the Baku Natural-Historical Museum.
* La Brea Tar Pits – group of tar pits around which Hancock Park was formed in urban Los Angeles, California, US. The park is known for producing myriad mammal fossils dating from the Pleistocene epoch, including the La Brea Woman. The George C. Page Museum is dedicated to researching the tar pits and displaying specimens from the animals that died there. See List of fossil species in the La Brea Tar Pits.
* Fort Sill Tar Pits - Located near Fort Sill in SW Oklahoma. It features a pool of asphalt that dates back approximately 280 million years in the Permian Period. Native Americans would use the tar as an ointment for their horses.
* Carpinteria Tar Pits – series of natural asphalt lakes located in Carpinteria, Santa Barbara County, California, US. The tar pits have trapped and preserved hundreds of Pleistocene Age birds and animals but paleontological studies have not been conducted as the tar pits were mined for asphalt for building a coastal highway and afterwards were converted into a local rubbish dump.
* McKittrick Tar Pits – series of natural asphalt lakes situated in McKittrick near Bakersfield, California, US. The tar pits have trapped and preserved many Pleistocene Age animals.
* Pitch Lake – largest natural deposit of asphalt in the world, located at La Brea, Trinidad and Tobago. From this source many of the first asphalt roads of New York City, Washington D.C., and other Eastern U.S. cities were paved. In 1887, Amzi Barber, an American businessman known as "The Asphalt King", secured a monopoly concession over the lake from the British Government that lasted 42 years.
* Lake Bermudez – world's second largest natural tar pit, located at Libertador, Estado Sucre, Venezuela. It is different from other asphalt lakes as it is covered in vegetation. Tar pits of Venezuela have generated interest over the past decade as the source of a rich fossil record that crosses ecosystems and spans millennia, perhaps several ice ages.
# Campos Novos Dam

The Campos Novos Dam (also known as Barragem de Campos Novos locally) is a hydroelectric dam in the Santa Catarina state in southern Brazil. In 2006, at 200 metres (660 ft) dam height, it was regarded as the third highest dam of this type (concrete-faced rock fill dam or CFRD) in the world, but, in June 2006, the water which it held back ran out following a break in the dam wall.
Built at a cost of $671 million USD, it is located on the Canoas River, Brazil. It is part of a hydro-electric complex intended to provide 880 MW (1,180,000 hp). A second dam is below this one, and together they can hold a little more than 2 cubic kilometers of water.

## Ownership and construction

Campos Novos' 35 years build and operate concession was awarded in 1998. It is owned by Campos Novos Energia S.A. ("Enercan"), a consortium made up of Brazilian power company CPFL Energia (formerly Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz) with 48.7%, Brazilian aluminum maker Companhia Brasileira de Aluminio (CBA) with 22.7%, metallurgy company Companhia Niquel Tocantins (CNT) with 20%, state-controlled companies Companhia Estadual de Energia Elétrica (CEEE) with 6.5% and Centrais Elétricas de Santa Catarina S.A. ("Celesc") with 2%.
The dam builder was a consortium led by Brazilian construction company Camargo Corrêa and engineering consultants Engevix. Funding is by the Inter-American Development Bank and state-owned Brazilian Development Bank.

## Cracks

A major break caused the water to begin to run out after a tunnel collapsed on 20 June 2006. The exact reasons for the cracking were unknown in July 2006, however it has been revealed that patches were begun on another tunnel in October 2005 before the recent tunnel failure.
Since the dam failure, a full inquiry for the reasons behind the cracks has been done, and a time-line of the dam's progression towards failure has been completed. Following this discovery, hidden by the partners of the project, it appeared that these companies had maltreated the local populations. An investigation into the human rights violations was launched by United Nations Organisation.
Camargo Corrêa re-plugged the tunnels in November 2006 and the reservoir was refilled by 1 March 2007. The last of the three generators went on-line on 30 April 2007.

## Gallery

* Detour of the Canoas River, April 2005
* 3 pipes on the left to the turbines, 4 water outlets on the right, April 2005
* inside the future storage lake, 3 months before damming
* storage lake, March 2008
* lower side of the power station, March 2008
* March 2008
# Riegel am Kaiserstuhl

Riegel am Kaiserstuhl (Latin Rigola) is a municipality in the district of Emmendingen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It lies 8 km northwest of Emmendingen, and is accessed by the motorway A5 (Karlsruhe - Basel).

## Education

Riegel provides its citizens education with the Michaelschule that consists of both a Grund- and a Hauptschule.

## Roman ruins

A Mithraeum was unearthed in the residential neighborhoods of Riegel. A reconstruction of the temple was placed there, and the original artifacts can be seen at the museum in Freiburg im Breisgau.

## Municipal partnership

* Champhol, Eure-et-Loir, France, since 1995

## Museum

The Kunsthalle Messmer is a museum exhibiting art from the 20th and 21st century. It is located in a former brewery building and includes a sculpture garden. The museum of the municipality exhibits excavations of the Roman village and reconstructed models. Furtheron there is a part on the development of jet-propulsion of rockets with objects pictures, films and text
# National Centre for the Performing Arts

National Centre for the Performing Arts may refer to
* National Centre for the Performing Arts (China), in Beijing, China
* National Centre for the Performing Arts (India), in Mumbai, India
* John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts (formerly National Center for the Performing Arts), in Washington D.C., United States
# Hymenobacter rubripertinctus

Hymenobacter rubripertinctus is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus Hymenobacter which has been isolated from soil from the Antarctic tundra.
# Segestidea montana

Segestidea montana is a species of Asian bush crickets in the tribe Sexavini, which can defoliate crops such as karuka (Pandanus julianettii).
# Lancaster Corporation Tramways

Lancaster Corporation Tramways operated a tramway service in Lancaster between 1903 and 1930.

## History

Lancaster Corporation started tramway operation on 14 January 1903. The depot was located in King Street. The tramway closed on 4 April 1930. The depot buildings survived and are now known as Victoria Court.
# Sarduri I

Sarduri I (ruled: 834 BC – 828 BC), also known as Sarduris, Sedur, and Asiduri, was king of Urartu. He was known as Ishtarduri to the Assyrians.
It is unclear whether Sarduri's father, Lutipri, was a king of Urartu. It is possible that Lutipri was not a king and that Sarduri established a new dynasty.
Sarduri I is most known for moving the capital of the Urartu kingdom to Tushpa (Van). This proved to be significant as Tushpa became the focal point of politics in the Near East. His kingdom was influenced by the Neo-Assyrian Empire through architecture, royal titles, and the usage of Akkadian language in early Urartian inscriptions.
He was succeeded by his son, Ishpuini of Urartu, who then expanded the kingdom.
The title Sarduri used was 'King of the Four Quarters'.
It has been suggested that the name Sarduri comes from Sardi dur, meaning "given by Sardi." Sardi was the Urartian equivalent of Ishtar, and the name Sarduri was written as "Ishtarduri" in Assyrian sources. The duri suffix would be a form of Armenian tur (տուր), meaning "given by," comparable to Greek dôron (δῶρον), meaning "gift."
# Clémence Guetté

Clémence Guetté (born 15 March 1991) is a French politician from La France Insoumise (LFI). She was elected member of the National Assembly in Val-de-Marne's 2nd constituency in the 2022 French legislative election.
# Koen Geens

Koen Geens (born 22 January 1958) is a Belgian jurist and politician of the Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V) who served as the Minister of Justice and as Deputy Prime Minister in the governments of Prime Ministers Charles Michel and Sophie Wilmès.

## Early life and education

Geens studied at the University of Antwerp (UFSIA) and the Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), where he received his law degree in 1980, and at Harvard University where he received an LL.M.

## Career
### Early career

Since 1986 Geens has become a professor at the KU Leuven. In that capacity, he was appointed by the Belgian government as the scientific coordinator for the codification of the Belgian laws on companies and financial accounts, which culminated in a new Belgian company code in 2001. In 2009 Geens was a candidate for rector of the KU Leuven but lost out to Mark Waer.
Geens is a co-founder of an independent lawfirm in Belgium with offices in Antwerp, Brussels and Kortrijk.

### Political career

From 2007 to 2009 Geens served as chief of staff to the Flemish minister-president Kris Peeters. When Steven Vanackere resigned in March 2013 as Minister of Finance, Geens was appointed as his successor.
In October 2014 Geens became Minister of Justice in the Michel Government. In addition, he chaired the European People's Party’s Justice Ministers Meeting.
During his time in office, Geens steered through the legislative process a 2015 law which invalidated passports and identity cards of people authorities believe plan to go and fight for militant Islamist organizations in the Middle East. In the wake of the 2016 Brussels bombings, both Geens and fellow cabinet member Jan Jambon offered their resignation to Prime Minister Michel over lapses; both were refused.
As part of the government formation, Geens was appointed by King Philippe of Belgium to explore possibilities to form a coalition government in early 2020.

## Other activities
### International organizations

* African Development Bank (AfDB), Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors (2013-2014)
* Asian Development Bank (ADB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2013-2014)
* European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2013-2014)
* European Investment Bank (EIB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2013-2014)
* Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2013-2014)
* International Monetary Fund (IMF), Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors (2013-2014)
* Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), World Bank Group, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2013-2014)
* World Bank, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2013-2014)

### Corporate boards

* BNP Paribas Fortis, Non-Executive Member of the Board of Directors (2011-2013)

### Non-profit organizations

* Academia Europaea, Member (since 2012)
* Academy of European Law (ERA), Member of the Governing Board
* KU Leuven, Member of the Board of Trustees
* Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts, Member
# Buttiauxella izardii

Buttiauxella izardii is a bacterium from the genus of Buttiauxella which has been isolated from a snail in Braunschweig in Germany. Buttiauxella izardii is named after the French microbiologist Daniel Izard.
# Ismael Páez

Ismael Páez (born September 19, 1950) is a Mexican professional pool and card player, best known for being the runner-up at the 2000 WPA World Nine-ball Championship.

## Career

In September 1998, Ismael Páez defeated German Bernd Jahnke [de] the Spanish 9-ball Open becoming the second non-European player after Francisco Bustamante to win a Euro Tour tournament. A month later, Páez finished 17th at the 1998 9-Ball World Championship. In July 2000, he reached the final of the 2000 WPA World Nine-ball Championship, after defeating Earl Strickland in the semi-final, but was defeated by Chao Fong-Pang 6–17.
In August 2000, he reached the knockout stages of the World Pool Masters. 9-Ball World Cup 2001 he retired in the round of the last 64 against the Swiss Dimitri Jungoout. In May 2002, Páez took ninth place at the IBC Nanki Classic. In July 2004, he took part in the 2004 WPA World Nine-ball Championship for the last time but lost in the preliminary round.

## Titles & achievements

* 2001 Jay Swanson Memorial 9-Ball
* 1999 Midwest 9-Ball Championship
* 1999 Andy Mercer Memorial 9-Ball
* 1998 Hard Times 9-Ball Open
* 1998 Euro Tour Spanish Open
* 1993 South Bay Billiards Open 9-Ball
* 1991 Al Romero Classic 9-Ball
* 1990 Japan Open 9-Ball
* 1989 Las Vegas Open 9-Ball
* 1988 Huebler Cup Open 9-Ball
# Nhân Dân

Nhân Dân (lit. 'People'; French: Le journal Nhân Dân, Chinese: 人民报, Russian: Газета «Нянзан», Spanish: El periódico Nhan Dan) is the official newspaper of the Communist Party of Vietnam. According to the newspaper, it is “the voice of the Party, the State and the people of Vietnam.”
It has a daily circulation of 180,000 copies. Its weekend edition, Nhân Dân cuối tuần (lit: The People Weekend), has a circulation of 110,000 copies, and its monthly magazine has a circulation of 130,000 copies. It has an online edition that was started on June 21, 1998.
The newspaper was first published on March 11, 1951. Its predecessor was Sự Thật ("Truth") newspaper, which was set up in the 1940s. Many important figures in the Vietnamese Communist Party worked at Nhân Dân. Trường Chinh and Tố Hữu were editors in chief of the newspaper. Painter Phan Kế An was a regular contributor during the First Indochina War in particular, after he was asked to join the newspaper by Trường Chinh.
Current Editor in Chief of Nhân Dân is Lê Quốc Minh.

## History

Newspaper and official name of the Party by time :
| Newspaper | Time | Party's name |
| Cờ Giải phóng "Liberation Flag" | 10 October 1942 – 17 July 1945 12 September 1945 – 18 November 1945 | Indochinese Communist Party |
| Sự Thật "Truth" | 5 December 1945 – 21 December 1950 | Institute for Studying Marxism in Indochina |
| Nhân Dân "The People" | 11 March 1951 – present | Worker's Party of Vietnam Communist Party of Vietnam |
# Newhall

Newhall may refer to:

## Places
### in Ireland

* Newhall House and Estate, country house in County Clare

### in England

* Newhall, Cheshire
* Newhall, Derbyshire
* Newhall, Essex, an area within Harlow
* Newhall, South Yorkshire, an area within Sheffield
* Newhall, alternative name of the Palace of Beaulieu

### in the United States

* Newhall, Santa Clarita, California, a district of Santa Clarita that was formerly independent
* Newhall, Iowa
* Newhall, Washington, a former town on Orcas Island
* Newhall, alternate name of the Highwood neighborhood in Hamden, Connecticut, adjacent to the Newhallville neighborhood in New Haven
* Mount Newhall, a mountain in Alaska

## People

* Christopher G. Newhall, American volcanologist
* George Newhall, namesake of the Newhallville neighborhood of New Haven, Connecticut
* George H. Newhall, thirty-fifth mayor of Lynn, Massachusetts
* Georgina Fraser Newhall (1860s–?), Canadian writer, stenographer
* Henry Newhall (1825–1882), American businessman, namesake of the California community
* William Newhall (1883–1950), American cricketer

## Events

* Newhall incident, a 1970 shootout involving the California Highway Patrol
# Allegra Krieger

Allegra Krieger is an American indie rock musician based in New York City. Krieger has released five full-length albums and a collection of B-Sides to date.

## History

Krieger's first album, The Joys of Forgetting, was released in August 2020 on Northern Spy Records. Krieger's second full-length album, Precious Thing, was released in March 2022. Krieger's third and latest full-length album, I Keep My Feet on the Fragile Plane, was released through Double Double Whammy in 2023. The album received positive reviews.
# Willisau (Quartet) 1991

Willisau (Quartet) 1991 is a 4CD box set by American composer and saxophonist Anthony Braxton recorded live and in the studio in 1991 and released on the hatART label.

## Reception

The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album 4½ stars stating "With this band, he never had to assert himself as a leader because they could instinctively follow his cues. Since that time, he has had to assert himself more and more. And while the music he's writing has every bit of the wonder, awe, and irritation of his earlier work, it has never been played with this virtuosity". The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings review gave it four stars and said "There is considerably more than four hours of music on the set, much of it reaching as high as anything Braxton has done... Fascinating stuff, and beautifully played."
Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |

## Track listing

    All compositions by Anthony Braxton
Disc One:
* "No. 160(+5) +40j" - 13:22
* "No. 23 M (+10)" - 16:02
* "No. 158 (+96) +40l" - 17:28
* "No. 40a" - 13:29
* "No. 40b" - 11:34
Disc Two:
* "No. 161" - 17:22
* "No. 159" - 17:04
* "No. 23c +32 +105b (+30)" - 9:10
* "No. 23 M (+10)" - 13:46
* "No. 40m" - 12:03
Disc Three:
* "No. 67 (+147+96)" - 15:03
* "No. 140 (+147 +139 + 135)" - 17:04
* "No. 34a" - 8:24
* "No. 20+86" - 12:13
* "No. 23g (+147+30)" - 5:55
Disc Four:
* "No. 69 (0) + 135" - 12:47
* "No. 69b" - 23:48
* "No. 107b (+96)" - 10:27
* "No. 101" - 12:02
   * Recorded at Mohren in Willisau, Switzerland on June 2 (Disc Three and Four) and June 4 & 5 (Disc One and Two), 1991

## Personnel

* Anthony Braxton - sopranino saxophone, alto saxophone, clarinet, flute
* Marilyn Crispell - piano
* Mark Dresser - bass
* Gerry Hemingway - drums, marimba
# Shiraz Khan

Shiraz Khan (born 8 September 1994) is a cricketer who plays for the Kuwait national cricket team. He made his Twenty20 International (T20I) debut against Qatar on 4 July 2019. In July 2019, he was named in Kuwait's squad for the Regional Finals of the 2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup Asia Qualifier tournament. He played in Kuwait's opening fixture of the Regional Finals, against Malaysia, on 22 July 2019. In October 2021, he was named in Kuwait's squad for the Group A matches in the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Asia Qualifier.