OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thomas Heyward Hays

Thomas Heyward Hays (21 September 1854 – 2 February 1924) was an American surgeon who lived and worked in Siam (now Thailand), overseeing some of the country's first hospitals. He arrived in Bangkok with the Presbyterian Mission Agency, and subsequently entered government service, serving as chief physician of the Royal Siamese Navy and head of the Bangrak Hospital (now Lerdsin Hospital). He was also one of the first lecturers at the Royal Medical College (now the Siriraj Hospital Faculty of Medicine).
The 1908 publication Twentieth Century Impressions of Siam describes his biography as follows:
   Dr. T. Heyward Hays, who now holds the combined positions of Principal Medical Officer to H.S.M.'s Navy, Medical Adviser to the Royal Railway Department, and Superintending Surgeon of the Bangrak Hospital, is one of the oldest medical practitioners in Siam. He obtained his professional training in America, and arriving at Bangkok in October, 1886, he shortly afterwards entered the Government service, at the frequent and earnest solicitations of H.R.H. Prince Damrong, as the Chief Superintendent of the Government hospitals, which at one time were four in number—the Buripah, Tapaserin, Wang Lang, and Bangrak hospitals. Since then he has undertaken many responsibilities and carried out a great deal of important work tending towards the improvement of the medical administration of the country generally. He opened the present medical college, and was for some time the sole lecturer there in all branches of medical science. From 1892 to 1895 he was consulting physician to H.S.M.'s court.
Hays was also the proprietor of the British Dispensary, one of the first modern pharmacies in the country. He married Jennie Neilson, a Danish-born American Presbyterian missionary who had been in Siam since 1881, in 1887. Jennie would become a member of the Bangkok Ladies’ Library Association, and following her death in 1920, Hays commissioned a permanent building for the library in her memory, now known as the Neilson Hays Library.
Hays died in 1924, aged 69. He and his wife are buried at the Bangkok Protestant Cemetery.
# Innocent Oula

Major General Innocent Felix Oula is a senior army officer in the Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF). As of March 2020, he serves as the Head of Civil Military Cooperation. He concurrently serves as one of the UPDF representatives to the Parliament of Uganda. He was elected to that position in January 2014, replacing renegade General David Sejusa, who was expelled from Parliament.

## Background and education

He was born in Lira, in 1961 to Amos Ogwang and the late Kevinah Ogwang, the second-born in a family of nine siblings. He attended school up to Senior 4 in schools in and around Lira. He later obtained a Diploma in Management.
From 1981 until 1982, he attended the cadet course at a military academy in the Republic of the Sudan, graduating as a second lieutenant. From 1984 until 1985, he attended a military course at an institution in China. From 2012 until 2013, he attended National Defence College, Kenya (NDCK), graduating with the Diploma In International Studies. At NDCK, Brigadier Oula was in the same class with Brigadier Samuel Kavuma.

## Military career

Innocent Oula joined the National Resistance Army in 1986 at the rank of captain. He rose through the ranks and has served as a member of UPDF delegation during the ill-fated Juba Peace Talks, at the rank of lieutenant colonel. At the level of colonel, in 2009, he served at the director of training for the UPDF 2nd Division, based at Mbarara, in Western Uganda. From 2010 until 2011, he served as the Chief of Staff of AMISOM, based in Mogadishu, Somalia. On his return from Somalia, he was posted to the 4th UPDF Division headquarters in Gulu, as the commanding officer. He later was appointed chief of personnel and administration in the UPDF, based at the Mbuya Barracks. In January 2014, he was elected to the Parliament of Uganda, as a UPDF representative. In November 2014, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier, along with more than 1,300 UPDF officers who received promotions at the same time. On 28 March 2020, he was promoted from the rank of Brigadier to that of Major General.

## Family

Brigadier Innocent Oula is a married father.
# Claude Williams (basketball, born 1965)

Claude Williams (born 1965) is an American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the North Carolina A&T Aggies before playing professionally in the Netherlands and France.

## College career

Williams played five seasons of college basketball for the North Carolina A&T Aggies. After appearing in just five games in 1983–84, he was a consistent member of the Aggies from 1984–85 to 1987–88. In 122 career games, he averaged 13.5 points, 8.0 rebounds, 2.4 assists and 1.7 steals per game. He was named the MEAC Player of the Year and MEAC Tournament MVP as a senior in 1988.
In 2016, Williams was inducted into the North Carolina A&T Sports Hall of Fame. As of 2016, he was third all-time in scoring (1,648), second in rebounding (973), fifth in field goals made (604), fifth in steals (196), and second in free throw attempts (676).

## Professional career

In 1989–90 and 1990–91, Williams played in the Netherlands for BS Weert. He led the Dutch Basketball League in steals both seasons and blocks in his second season.
For the 1991–92 season, Williams moved to France to play for Châlons-en-Champagne in the LNB Pro B. For the 1992–93 season, he joined Châlons-sur-Marne in the LNB Pro A. He returned to the Pro B to play for Nancy in 1993–94. Between 1994 and 1998, he played four seasons for Évreux, with the first season in the Pro B and the final three in the Pro A.
# Paeniglutamicibacter gangotriensis

Paeniglutamicibacter gangotriensis is a bacterium from the genus Paeniglutamicibacter which has been isolated from soil from the station Dakshin Gangotri in Antarctica.
# Wood scribe

A wood scribe is a tool for marking wood by scratching the surface visibly. A wood scribe is often used with a try square for accurate scribing. A marking gauge is a more specific form of wood scribe used to accurately mark wood for cutting, often for laying out mortise and tenon joints.
# Tom Karp

Thomas Karp (born October 13, 1946) is an American former professional tennis player.

## Biography

Karp played tennis for University High School. Stan Smith beat him in the Ojai Valley Tennis Tournament 1964 Boys’ High School final.
Karp, a top-10 nationally ranked junior from Los Angeles, represented the U.S. Junior Davis Cup team and during the late 1960s played for the UCLA Bruins in varsity tennis. He earned All-American honors for the Bruins in 1968, during which year he was co-captain of the team. His professional career included an appearance in the singles main draw of the 1973 Wimbledon Championships.
At the 1969 Maccabiah Games in Israel, he and partner Peter Fishbach were defeated by American Davis Cup player Allen Fox and Ronald Goldman in the semifinals.
During the 1972 Portuguese International Championships, he defeated Nicola Pietrangeli, who had previously won twice at the French Open.
# Lars T. Platou

Lars Tokstad Sem Platou (2 July 1920 – 30 May 2003) was a Norwegian electrical engineer and politician for the Conservative Party. He served three terms in the Norwegian Parliament, was the deputy leader of his party from 1972 to 1978. After his political career he became chair of Vinmonopolet.

## Personal life

He was born in Stavanger as a son of Fridthjof Fredrik Sem Platou (1894–1965) and Johanne Marie Tokstad (1898–1980). He was a grandnephew of Gabriel Andreas Stoud Platou, Waldemar Stoud Platou and Christian Emil Stoud Platou, and a first cousin once removed of Karen, Ragnar and Frithjof Stoud Platou.

## Career

He enrolled as a student at the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1939, and graduated as civil engineer in electronics in 1946. From 1945 to 1946 he worked as an assistant in mathematics at the Institute of Technology. He was employed as an electrical engineer in the Hamar-based company Elektrobygg from 1948 to 1975, also maintained a farm in Veldre from 1941 to 1982.
As a farmer, he was the regional leader of the Norwegian Agrarian Association from 1956 to 1958. He was also involved in local politics in Ringsaker municipality as a municipal council member from 1951 to 1967; during the last two terms he was a member of the executive committee. From 1963 to 1967 he was a member of Hedmark county council. He chaired the Conservative Party chapter in Hedmark county from 1950 to 1960, and was also a member of its national board from 1950 to 1965. In 1965 he became a member of its central committee. He served as second deputy leader of the party from 1970 to 1972, and deputy leader from 1972 to 1978.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Hedmark in 1965, and was re-elected on two occasions. He had previously served in the position of deputy representative during the terms 1954–1957 and 1958–1961. During his first parliamentary term, he was a member of the Standing Committee on Local Government. In his next two terms, he was a member of the Standing Committee on Finance (chairing it from 1969 to 1973) and a deputy member of the Enlarged Committee on Foreign Affairs.
Outside of representative government, Platou was involved in the administration of Vinmonopolet from 1950, finally serving as chair from 1981 to 1987. He was also board chairman of the newspaper Hamar Stiftstidende 1952 to 1968, Kreditkassen from 1978 to 1990, Skibladner from 1974 to 1982 and Raufoss Ammunisjonsfabrikker from 1985 to 1988. He was a deputy board member of the Norwegian State Housing Bank from 1966 to 1970.
Platou was decorated with the Defence Medal 1940–1945 and the HM The King's Medal of Merit in gold. He died in 2003.
# Retrogradation (starch)

Retrogradation is a reaction that takes place when the amylose and amylopectin chains in cooked, gelatinized starch realign themselves as the cooked starch cools.
When native starch is heated and dissolved in water, the crystalline structure of amylose and amylopectin molecules is lost and they hydrate to form a viscous solution. If the viscous solution is cooled or left at lower temperature for a long enough period, the linear molecules, amylose, and linear parts of amylopectin molecules retrograde and rearrange themselves again to a more crystalline structure. The linear chains place themselves parallel and form hydrogen bridges.
In viscous solutions the viscosity increases to form a gel. At temperatures between −8 °C (18 °F) and 8 °C (46 °F), the aging process is enhanced drastically. Amylose crystallization occurs much faster than crystallization of the amylopectin. The crystal melting temperature of amylose is much higher (about 150 °C (302 °F)) than amylopectin (about 50–60 °C (122–140 °F)). The temperature range between cooking starch and storing in room temperature is optimum for amylose crystallization, and therefore amylose crystallization is responsible for the development of the initial hardness of the starch gel. On the other hand, amylopectin has a narrower temperature range for crystallization as crystallization does not occur at a temperature higher than its melting temperature. Therefore, amylopectin is responsible for development of the long-term crystallinity and gel structure.
Retrogradation can expel water from the polymer network. This process is known as syneresis. A small amount of water can be seen on top of the gel. Retrogradation is directly related to the staling or aging of bread.
Retrograded starch is a type of resistant starch.
Chemical modification of starches can reduce or enhance the retrogradation. Waxy, high amylopectin, starches also have much less of a tendency to retrogradate. Additives such as fat, glucose, sodium nitrate and emulsifier can reduce retrogradation of starch.
# Akiyoshidai Quasi-National Park

Akiyoshidai Kokutei Kōen (秋吉台国定公園) is a Quasi-National Park in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. It was founded on 1 November 1955 and has an area of 45.02 km².
It includes part of the Akiyoshi plateau (秋吉台, Akiyoshidai), a 130 square kilometre area of karst topography, as well as over 400 limestone caves. The area is rated a protected landscape (category V) according to the IUCN. Like all Quasi-National Parks in Japan, the park is managed by the local prefectural government.
The Akiyoshidai Groundwater System is a Ramsar Site and wetland of international importance.

## Facilities

Akiyoshidai Quasi-National Park is served by a natural history museum, visitor centre, rest house, youth hostel and park headquarters building, and is traversed by a scenic roadway and several walking trails. Events include a fireworks festival in July, a “Karst Walk” in November, and an annual burning off of dry grasses in February called “Yamayaki”.

## Geology

The plateau consists of uplifted reef limestones of Paleozoic age, which were thickened by overfolding during the Akiyoshidai orogenic movement. Subsequent erosion has created an undulating karst landscape dimpled with many dolines and countless limestone pinnacles up to two meters in height. Beneath the surface lie hundreds of caves, a few of them quite significant geologically. Numerous fossils of Pleistocene age have been found in these caves, including those of the Japanese rhinoceros, Stegodont elephant, Naumann elephant, Young tiger, and many other animals from the last interglacial period.
The area around Akiyoshidai was heavily forested about 500,000 years ago. In the Jōmon period, with the general area serving as a hunting ground and the bottoms of sinkholes as vegetable fields. Numerous Paleolithic artifacts have been recovered. As farming started in Japan the local people eventually entirely replaced the forested landscape with Japanese pampas grass for feeding their animals and thatching houses. Repeated cycles of burning the grass have kept trees from growing back since.

## Akiyoshidō

Towards the southern end of Akiyoshidai is the Akiyoshidō cave, named by Emperor Hirohito on May 30, 1926, when he was still crown prince. This spacious cave is up to 100 meters wide and has 8.79 kilometers of passages, making it one of the longest in Japan after Akkadō cave, and one of the longest in Asia. At the present time an about one-kilometer-long section of the cave is open to the public as a sightseeing course, with a walkway and bridge system, entering at the cave's lowest point and exiting via an artificial elevator. This portion of the cave is also well decorated with a variety of large and colorful speleothems.

## Gallery

* Stalactite called "Gold Column"
* View of Karst landscape
* Inside Akiyoshidō caves
* View of Karst topography
* Interior of Akiyoshidō
# Wilkes Basin

The Wilkes Basin is a large subglacial basin situated generally southward of George V Coast and westward of Prince Albert Mountains in East Antarctica. The feature is approximately 1400 km long and 400 km wide. The Wilkes Basin is considered to be the largest marine-based drainage basin in East Antarctica, and may be in a state of marine ice sheet instability, caused by warm water intrusion into the shelf cavities.

## History

It was discovered by the United States Victoria Land Traverse of 1959–1960. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (1961) for the proximity of the western portion of this feature to Wilkes Land, and for the explorations along George V Coast by the United States Exploring Expedition (1838–42) under Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, USN.

## Deglaciation

A study reported in Nature Climate Change on May 5, 2014 says the marine ice trapped in the basin is at risk of melting over the next 200 years. If unstopped, the East Antarctica ice would then move out into the sea over the next 5,000 to 10,000 years and could raise sea levels worldwide by three to four metres over that span of time. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported (with low confidence) in its Sixth Assessment Report that under warming of 3 °C to 5 °C, the most extreme of three warming scenarios reported, substantial parts or all of Wilkes Subglacial Basin in East Antarctica could melt over several millennia. In 2022, it was included in an extensive assessment of tipping points in the climate system published in Science, where it was grouped alongside several other subglacial basins like the nearby Aurora Basin. It concluded that their collective tipping threshold lies around 3 °C, with a range between 2 °C and 6 °C. Their collapse would then take between 500 and 10,000 years (with a median of 2000 years). The associated change in ice–albedo feedback would be expected to raise the global temperature by an additional 0.05 °C.
# Silvina García Larraburu

Silvina Marcela García Larraburu (born 16 January 1969) is an Argentine politician, currently serving as a National Senator for Río Negro Province since 2013. She previously served as a National Deputy from 2011 to 2013, and as a provincial legislator in Río Negro.

## Early life and education

García Larraburu was born on 16 January 1969 in San Carlos de Bariloche, to a family of Basque descent. She comes from a politically active family, and her father was active in the peronist movement, while her mother was a sympathizer of the Radical Civic Union. Her great-grandfather, Martín Larraburu, was a mayor in La Pampa.
García Larraburu has a degree in Public Relations from the Argentine University of Enterprise (UADE), having graduated in 1991.

## Political career

García Larraburu's political career began in the Justicialist Party. From 1995 to 1999, she was director of public relations at the municipality of San Carlos de Bariloche, during the mayorship of César Miguel. She was elected to the city council of Bariloche in 2003 as part of the Front for Victory (FPV). Later, in 2007, she was elected to the legislature of Río Negro Province.
In 2011, García Larraburu was the first candidate in the Front for Victory list to the Chamber of Deputies in Río Negro; the list was the most voted, with 70.10% of the vote, and García Larraburu was elected (alongside all the other candidates in the list).
Two years after being elected as deputy, García Larraburu was the second FPV candidate to the National Senate in Río Negro in the 2013 legislative election, behind Miguel Ángel Pichetto. The FPV list was the most voted in the province, with 49.92% of the vote, and the FPV took the two seats for the majority. She originally formed part of the Front for Victory bloc, later joining most other Justicialist Party senators in breaking away and forming the Argentina Federal bloc following the 2017 legislative election. She would, eventually, return to the FPV bloc in 2018.
As senator, García Larraburu formed part of the parliamentary commissions on Administrative and Municipal Affairs, Women's Affairs, Regional Economies and Small Businesses, Science and Technology, Tourism, and Environment. Citing religious grounds, she was the sole member of the FPV bloc to vote against the 2018 Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy bill, which would have made abortion legal in Argentina and had been approved by the lower house of Congress but was struck down by the Senate. When a similar bill was presented before the Senate again in 2020, García Larraburu changed her position and voted in favour of the measure, stating she had understood the issue of abortion was "beyond [her] personal beliefs", instead deserving the treatment of a "public health issue."
She was re-elected for a second term in 2019, as the second candidate in the Frente de Todos (FDT) list, behind Martín Doñate. The list was the most voted, with 50.46% of the vote, granting the FDT the two majority seats.
# Marcos Cleri

Marcos Cleri is an Argentine politician who is a member of the Chamber of Deputies of Argentina.

## Biography

Cleri was elected in 2019.
# Germana Figueroa Casas

Germana Figueroa Casas (born 22 March 1967) is an Argentine politician who is a member of the Chamber of Deputies of Argentina.

## Biography

She worked as an accountant before she was elected in 2021.
# Pamela Verasay

Pamela Fernanda Verasay (born 26 April 1980) is an Argentine politician, currently serving as a National Deputy elected in Mendoza Province since 2021. She previously served as a National Senator for Mendoza from 2015 to 2021 as well. Verasay belongs to the Radical Civic Union (UCR).

## Early life and education

Verasay was born on 26 April 1980 in Mendoza, Argentina. She finished high school at Escuela de Comercio Martín Zapata, and later studied public accounting at the National University of Cuyo, graduating in 2014.

## Political career

Verasay became politically active in the Franja Morada, the Radical Civic Union's student wing. In 2013, Verasay was elected to the Provincial Chamber of Deputies of Mendoza in the Capital Department as part of the Radical Civic Union list; she took office on 1 May 2014.
Verasay was the second candidate in the Cambiemos list to the National Senate in Mendoza for the 2015 legislative election, behind Julio Cobos. With 42.87% of the vote, Cambiemos was the most alliance in the province, and so both Cobos and Verasay were elected for the majority seats and were sworn in as National Senators on 10 December 2015. She formed part of the UCR bloc in the Senate.
As senator, Verasay formed part of the parliamentary commissions on Accords, Women's Affairs, National Economy and Investment, Regional Economies, Education and Culture, General Legislation, and Mining, Energy and Fuels. She was a supporter of the legalisation of abortion in Argentina, voting in favour of the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy bills debated by the Argentine Congress in 2018 and 2020.
Before the end of her term as senator, in 2021, she was elected to the National Chamber of Deputies as part of the Cambia Mendoza list, she was once again the second candidate in the list, behind Cobos. Cambia Mendoza received 49.58% of the votes. She was sworn in on 7 December 2021.