OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Quantum satis

Quantum satis (abbreviation q.s. or Q.S.) is a Latin term meaning the amount which is enough. It has its origins as a quantity specification in medicine and pharmacology, where a similar term quantum sufficit ("as much as is sufficient") has been used (abbreviated Q.S.). Quantum satis is also used in the same function in food regulations and food safety laws in the European Community (EC/EU).
The specification of quantum satis for an ingredient essentially means "Add as much of this ingredient as is needed to achieve the desired result, but not more."
In food safety regulations in the EU it is a catch-all restriction for artificial food ingredients (especially food additives) which are harmless enough to have no specific quantity restriction.
It serves to protect consumers from the addition of excessive and unnecessary amounts of such artificial food additives in their foodstuffs and compels producers to:
* Introduce minimal additives to food for human consumption
* Observe Good Manufacturing Practice
* Refrain from wilful consumer deception
For example, European Union directive 94/36/EC (which regulates the use of food colors) explains in Article 2 (7): "In the Annexes to this Directive 'quantum satis' means that no maximum level is specified. However, coloring matters shall be used according to good manufacturing practice at a level not higher than is necessary to achieve the intended purpose and provided that they do not mislead the customer". The words quantum satis are used with reference to a number of substances in the Annexes III and IV to the EU directive 94/36/EC.
# The Pakistan Times

The Pakistan Times (1947–1996) was a Pakistani newspaper, established by Mian Itikharuddin and Faiz Ahmed Faiz through the leftist Progressive Papers Limited. Its headquarters was in Lahore, Pakistan. Later, it started another edition from Rawalpindi. The Rawalpindi edition was later shifted to Islamabad.

## Masthead

From beginning to 31 December 1948, the newspaper's masthead printed on the first page and back page contained the title Pakistan Times. However, on editorial page and other inside pages, the title of the newspaper was The Pakistan Times. From 1 January 1949, the masthead printed on the first page and back page also converted to the title The Pakistan Times.

## History

The Pakistan Times was owned and operated by Mian Iftikharuddin, a Punjabi politician formerly of the Indian National Congress but of the All-India Muslim League after 1946. The newspaper started publication on 4 February 1947 from Lahore. Its editor in the 1940s was the communist poet Faiz Ahmed Faiz. After his arrest in 1951 in connection with the Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case, Mazhar Ali Khan served as the editor-in-chief. The Pakistan Times continued to be an influential newspaper in the 1950s, with its disparaging criticism of the government in participating in the US-sponsored military alliances.
During the military regime of Ayub Khan, rigorous pre-censorship was imposed on the press including The Pakistan Times. In April 1959, the regime took over the Progressive Papers Limited under the Pakistan Security Act.
In 1964, the National Press Trust was set up by the Ayub government as a front organisation for managing the newspapers taken over by the government including The Pakistan Times.
In the 1980s, 10 journalists and management staff of The Pakistan Times were dismissed by the Zia ul-Haq regime for their connections to the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy and for signing an appeal for "Peace in Sindh" movement.
Disinvestment and privatisation of companies and newspapers belonging to the National Press Trust took place in 1996. The same year, The Pakistan Times was closed down.
# John T. Clarke

John T. Clarke (born 1952) is a professor of astronomy and director of the Center for Space Physics at Boston University. Clarke is best known for his Hubble Space Telescope observations of the aurora on Jupiter and Saturn, as well as over 260 papers in refereed journals, including every planet except Mercury and the interplanetary medium. Clarke's research is focussed on vacuum ultraviolet instrumentation and observations of planetary atmospheres. At present this includes primarily observations with the Hubble Space Telescope, overseeing the echelle channel on the MAVEN IUVS instrument orbiting Mars, and as Deputy-PI for the upcoming GLIDE mission to image the Earth's geocorona.

## Early life and education

Clarke was born in Chicago, Illinois. He received his bachelor's degree in physics from Denison University, located in Ohio, in 1974. He received both his master's and Ph.D. in physics from Johns Hopkins University, in 1978 and 1980, respectively. His thesis involved far-ultraviolet observations of Jupiter and Saturn using the IUE satellite and a sounding rocket, including the aurora and day glow on both planets and the Io plasma torus.

## Career

Clarke began his career in 1980 as an Assistant Research Physicist at the space sciences laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley. He observed X-ray sources from ground-based telescopes and found the first evidence for aurora on Uranus.
In 1984 he became the Deputy Project Scientist for the Hubble Space Telescope Project at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. After a year, he became an Advanced Instruments Scientist for the same Hubble Space Telescope Project, this time at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
From 1987 to 2001 Clarke was a Research Scientist at the University of Michigan.
From 2001 to the present, Clarke is a Professor of Astronomy and the Director of the Center for Space Physics at Boston University. His research focuses on planetary atmospheres, planetary atmospheres, and UV instrumentation. He is the author or co-author of over 260 articles in refereed journals.

## Scientific contributions

Clarke has had observing programs with the Hubble Space Telescope in every cycle of the program, with observations of planetary atmospheres and aurora, and was on the science team for the WFPC 2. He also currently has a sounding rocket research program, and is a Co-I on the MAVEN mission to Mars.

## Honors and awards

* (1987) NASA Scientific Research Award
* (1994) NASA Group Achievement Awards (3) for WFPC 2: First Servicing Mission, WFPC 2 Science, WFPC 2 Calibration
* (1994) University of Michigan Research Excellence Award
* (1996) NASA Group Achievement Award for Comet S/L-9 Jupiter Impact Observations Team
* (1998) University of Michigan Research Achievement Award
* (2005) Alumni Merit Citation, Denison University
* (2012-2019) 4 NASA MAVEN Mission Awards
* (2016) American Geophysical Union Fellow

## Professional memberships

* American Astronomical Society
* International Astronomical Union
* American Geophysical Union
* American Assoc. Adv. Science
# Madina Zafar

Madina Zafar (born 10 August 1998) is a Pakistani professional squash player. As of August 2018, she is ranked 97 in the world, her career-high PSA world ranking. Her elder sister Faiza Zafar is also a fellow squash player who represents Pakistan internationally.

## Career

Zafar was selected to represent Pakistan at the 2018 Commonwealth Games along with her sister where both of them made their Commonwealth Games debut appearances. Madina partnered Faiza in the women's doubles event during the 2018 Commonwealth Games where the duo was eliminated in the group stage.
Zafar took part in the 2018 PSF Pakistan Squash Circuit I event as a part of 2018 PSA World Tour and emerged as runner-up to her sister, Faiza.
# Tetrasphaera japonica

Tetrasphaera japonica is a Gram-positive bacterium species from the genus Tetrasphaera which has been isolated from activated sludge from Japan.
# Kėdainiai railway station

Kėdainiai railway station is a Lithuanian Railways station in Kėdainiai serving passenger trains.

## History

The main hall of the station was built in 1871, soon after the first section of Libau–Romny Railway line was laid between Kaišiadorys and Liepāja. Regular trains started running on 11 September 1871.
The newly built railway made a significant impact on city's trade development, as it gave access to Vilnius, Šiauliai, Riga, Liepāja, Moscow, as well as other cities in Belarus and Ukraine. It is known that a total of 38,035 kg of cucumbers were transported from the station in 1896. The following year 10 wagons left just to Liepāja.
On 1 August 1944, the building was demolished by retreating Nazis.
# Gilles Delion

Gilles Delion (born 5 August 1966) is a French former road bicycle racer. His greatest achievements include winning the Giro di Lombardia in 1990 and the young rider classification in the 1990 Tour de France.
Early in his career, Delion was seen as a great promise, but Delion ended his career in 1996, saying that at that point doping was widespread in the cycling peloton, and that all French teams were involved. Willy Voet wrote in his book "Massacre à la chaîne" that Delion was against doping, and that other cyclists ridiculed Delion for that.

## Major results
### 1988

    3rd Overall Ronde de l'Isard
    3rd Grand Prix des Amériques

### 1989

    1st Gran Premio di Lugano
    2nd Overall Tour de Romandie
    2nd Giro di Lombardia
    3rd GP Ouest–France
    7th Giro dell'Emilia
    7th Milano–Torino

### 1990

    1st Young rider classification, Tour de France
    1st Giro di Lombardia
    2nd Overall Critérium International
       1st Stage 2
    2nd Giro dell'Emilia
    2nd Giro del Lazio
    3rd Overall Tirreno–Adriatico
    3rd Milan–San Remo
    3rd Milano–Torino
    5th UCI Road World Cup
    9th Züri-Metzgete

### 1991

    4th Wincanton Classic
    9th Overall Tour Méditerranéen

### 1992

    1st Classique des Alpes
    1st Stage 7 Tour de France
    3rd Grand Prix La Marseillaise
    4th Overall Tour Méditerranéen

### 1993

    Mi-Août Bretonne
       1st Stages 3 & 8
    3rd Overall Tour du Limousin
    5th Overall Tour Méditerranéen
    10th Giro dell'Emilia

### 1994

    1st Grand Prix de Rennes
    1st Grand Prix d'Ouverture La Marseillaise
    2nd Overall Tour de l'Ain
       1st Stage 2
# Thorbjørn Berntsen

Thorbjørn Berntsen (born 13 April 1935) is a former Norwegian politician representing the Labour Party. He was Minister of the Environment from 1990 to 1997. He was also a member of the Storting for Oslo from 1977 to 1997.
# Wendy Vera

Wendy Very Flores (born 5 October 1977) is an Ecuadorian composer, songwriter, record producer, and politician. She is most known for having formed the tecnocumbia group Chicas Dulces and for being a judge on Ecuador's Got Talent [es]. Currently, she is a member of the National Assembly of Ecuador.

## Biography

Wendy Veras was born in Guayaquil on 5 October 1977. From childhood, she showed an interest in music and art, learning to play the piano. Though her family wanted Veras to study a different vocation with better potential for financial security, she joined tecnocumbia group Caña Dulce when she was 17. While in her third year of law school in 1999, Veras formed Las Chicas Dulces, with Lila Flores as its vocalist and Veras its manager. Veras contracted Hodgkin's lymphoma, so she suspended her studies and sought chemotherapy in Solca, Romania. She stopped managing Las Dulces Chicas and though her health improved, the group dissolved.
In 2005, Veras was hired by the Ventura Music Group company Alejandro Jaén, since merged with Sony Music, to compose music for television. In 2011, she composed Miento to be performed by Angélica Vale for a webnovela on Univision, in Mexico. She has also composed music for Lorena Rojas and Julio Iglesias Jr., and was nominated for Billboard magazine's prize for regional music.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 4 "Wendy Vera y Amparo Flores: Más que madre e hija... ¡cómplices!". Diario Extra (in Spanish). 5 January 2011. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
* 1 2 3 "Wendy Vera Cantautora". Télérama (in Spanish). 19 November 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
* 1 2 "Wendy Vera, la creadora de 'Mostro de amor'". El Universo (in Spanish). 17 November 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
* ↑ "Wendy Vera pasó fin de año en Finlandia". Diario Extra (in Spanish). 9 January 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
* ↑ "Angélica Vale cantará tema de ecuatoriana". Diario Extra (in Spanish). 17 May 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
* ↑ "MUESTRA SU NUEVA FACETA". Diario Expreso (in Spanish). 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
# Adenanthellum

Adenanthellum is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family, Asteraceae, described as a genus in 1979.
There is only one known species, Adenanthellum osmitoides, native to the Northern Provinces and KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa and to Eswatini.
# Vlasikha (station), Altai Krai

Vlasikha (Russian: Власиха) is a rural locality (a station) in Barnaul, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 57 as of 2013.
# Gilles Moreau

Gilles Moreau (born 2 May 1945) is a French former freestyle swimmer. He competed in the men's 200 metre freestyle at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
# Gilles Verrier

Gilles Verrier (born 19 September 1947) is a French field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
# Guy Lagorce

Guy Lagorce (12 January 1937 – 13 July 2023) was a French journalist and writer, and winner of the 1984 prix des libraires.

## Biography

Guy Lagorce was born in La Bachellerie (Dordogne). Lagorce became a sprint international athlete (100m, 200m and member of the French team). He improved the national record of the 4 × 100 m in 1961 at Thonon with Paul Genevay, Claude Piquemal and Jocelyn Delecour in 39.9 and that of Europe in the 4 × 200 m also in 1961 with the same compatriot sprinters. He has 13 team selections from France.
Lagorce then became a sports journalist and chief editor at L'Équipe, TF1, Le Figaro, Paris Match and L'Express.
In addition, as a writer, several films and television films have been made on television and in films from his books, in particular by Jacques Ertaud and Yves Boisset.
Guy Lagorce died on 13 July 2023, at the age of 86.

## Work

* 1972: La Fabuleuse Histoire des Jeux Olympiques, cowritten with Robert Parienté [fr], Minerva. ISBN 978-2-8307-0583-6 — Prix de l'Académie des Sports
* 1975: Noblesse du sport, cowritten with Robert Parienté, illustrations by André Dunoyer de Segonzac and André Planson
* 1976: Ne pleure pas, Éditions Grasset, ISBN 2246003008 — Prix Maison de la Presse
* 1977: La Vitesse du vent, Éditions Julliard, ISBN 2260000835
* 1979: Marie en plein soleil, France Loisir, ISBN 2724206711
* 1980: La Raison des fous, Grasset, ISBN 2246250900
* 1980: Les Héroïques, Éditions Gallimard, ISBN 2710308460 — Prix Goncourt de la nouvelle and prix Cazes
* 1981: Les Carnassiers, Grasset, ISBN 2246249619
* 1983: Le Train du soir, Grasset, ISBN 2246304512 — Prix des libraires
* 1985: Rue des Victoires, Grasset, ISBN 2246352517
* 1988: Fin de soirée, Grasset, ISBN 2246381118
* 1992: Les Dieux provisoires, JC Lattès, ISBN 2709611147
* 1994: Du vent sous la peau, JC Lattès, ISBN 2709613700
* 1995: Peinture fraîche, JC Lattès, ISBN 2709616009
* 1997: La Fine Équipe, JC Lattè, ISBN 978-2709617543
* 1999: Quelqu'un de bien, Plon, ISBN 2259187382
# Gérard Farison

Gérard Farison (15 March 1944 – 8 September 2021) was a French professional footballer who played as a defender.
# Greg Richards (rugby league)

Greg Richards (born 12 July 1995) is an English rugby league footballer who plays as a prop for Toulouse Olympique in the RFL Championship.
He played for St Helens in the Super League, and on loan from Saints at the Rochdale Hornets and the Sheffield Eagles in the Championship. Richards also played in the Super League and the Championship for both the Leigh Centurions and the London Broncos.

## Background

Richards was born in Urswick, Cumbria, England. He attended Ulverston Victoria High School
He started his career with amateur club Barrow Island.

## Career
### St Helens

He was signed by St Helens. He made his first team début in July 2013 in a Super League game against Castleford.
He appeared in the 2014 Super League Grand Final as a substitute in Saints' 14–6 victory over the Wigan Warriors at Old Trafford.
During the 2017 season, Richards was sent to Championship side the Sheffield Eagles as part of a Dual registration deal with Saints. Here, he played just three games before returning.

### Leigh Centurions

Shortly after his departure from the Eagles came his departure from the Saints, as he joined then struggling Super League outfit Leigh.
He played for the Leigh Centurions in the 2018 Betfred Championship.

### London Broncos

On 31 October 2018 it was announced that Richards had joined the London Broncos ahead of the 2019 Super League season.

### Hull Kingston Rovers

On 8 September 2021 it was reported that he had signed for Hull Kingston Rovers in the Super League

### Toulouse Olympique

On 27 September 2023 it was reported that he would make his stay at Toulouse Olympique permanent in 2024 on a two-year deal On 15 October 2023, Richards played in Toulouse Olympique's upset loss in the Million Pound Game against the London Broncos.

## Club statistics

| Year | Club | Competition | Appearances | Tries | Goals | Drop goals | Points |
| 2013 | St Helens | Super League | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2014 | St Helens | Super League | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2014 | Rochdale Hornets | Championship | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2015 | St Helens | Super League | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2016 | St Helens | Super League | 26 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 2017 | St Helens | Super League | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2017 | Sheffield Eagles | Championship | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2017 | Leigh Centurions | Super League | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2018 | Leigh Centurions | Championship | 26 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
| 2019 | London Broncos | Super League | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2020 | London Broncos | Championship | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2021 | London Broncos | Championship | 12 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Club career total | Club career total | Club career total | 146 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 20 |
# Solomon Islands women's national futsal team

The Solomon Islands women's national futsal team represents the Solomon Islands in international women's futsal competitions and is controlled by the Solomon Islands Football Federation.

## History

The first ever Solomon Islands women's national futsal team formed for the purpose of the 2024 OFC Futsal Women's Nations Cup . The tournament hosted at home was team's first major competition. Their first match against Tahiti on 18 August 2024 which the team lost 1–5 was their first ever international. They finished fourth in the tournament.

## Tournament record
### FIFA Futsal Women's World Cup

FIFA Futsal Women's World Cup record :
| Year | Round | Position | GP | W | D | L | GS | GA |
| 2025 | Did not qualify | Did not qualify | Did not qualify | Did not qualify | Did not qualify | Did not qualify | Did not qualify | Did not qualify |
| Total | – | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

### OFC Futsal Women's Nations Cup

OFC Futsal Women's Nations Cup record :
| Year | Round | Position | GP | W | D | L | GF | GA |
| 2024 | Fourth place | 4/5 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 8 | 19 |
| Total | 1 title | 1/1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 8 | 19 |
# Counts of Durbuy

The Counts of Durbuy were Frankish noblemen in the 11th and 12th century who were descended from Albert II, Count of Namur. Durbuy is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg apparently founded (or named) in the 11th century as no earlier mention of it has been found. A chronology of Durbuy can be found in the French Wikipedia article Chronologie de la Terre de Durbuy. The counts were descended from the families ruling Namur and then Limburg.
* Henry I
* Godefroi, son of the previous and father of Richard I, Bishop of Verdun
* Henry II.
It is unclear if Henry I inherited the county from one of his parents (his father was the Count of Namur and his mother the daughter of Gothelo the Great, Duke of Lorraine) or from his wife. After the death of Henry II, Durbuy reverted to his cousin Henry I(IV) the Blind, Count of Namur and Luxembourg. One other Count of Durbuy is recorded, Gérard I, whose grandfather Henry III, Duke of Limburg, was a bitter enemy of Henry the Blind. With some caveats discussed below, the countship progressed as follows:
* Henry the Blind, also Count of Namur (as Henry I) and Luxembourg (as Henry IV)
* Ermesinda of Luxembourg, Countess of Durbuy, daughter of the previous
* Waleran III, Duke of Limburg, and Count jure uxorious of Durbuy, husband of the previous
* Gérard I, Count of Durbuy, son of the previous.
The succession from Henry to Waleran is somewhat murky. Childless, Henry designated his brother-in-law Baldwin IV, Count of Hainaut, as his heir. When Baldwin IV died in 1171, his son Baldwin V became the heir apparent. In 1186, Henry's daughter Ermesinda was born, wreaking havoc on the succession, as Henry declared his previous plans null and void. Baldwin V still claimed his inheritance, but record of his using the title Count of Durbuy is lacking. In an attempt to reclaim her lands, Ermesinda's first husband Theobald I, Count of Bar, besieged the castle at Namur controlled by Phillip I, Margrave of Namur, and Baldwin V, with the resulting capitulation by the owners of the keep. The Treaty of Dinant, signed 6 July 1199 at Saint Medard, returned the lands to Ermesinda. When Theobald dies in 1214, Ermesinda marries Waleran. It is unclear that either Theobald or Waleran ever use the title Count of Durbuy, and hence are not included in the list of counts above.
After Gérard no further references to the Counts of Durbuy can be found. Durbuy transitioned to Emperor Henry VII after the death of Gérard.

## Sources

* Gade, John A., Luxembourg in the Middle Ages, Brill, 1951
* Terre de Durbuy, catalogue d'exposition, Durbuy, Halle aux Blés, Ministère de la Communauté française, Direction générale des Arts et des Lettres, Administration du Patrimoine Culturel, 1982
# Hubert Linard

Hubert Linard (born 26 February 1953) is a former French racing cyclist. He rode in six editions of the Tour de France between 1980 and 1985.
# Wijster

Wijster is a village in the Dutch province of Drenthe. It is a part of the municipality of Midden-Drenthe, and lies about 11 km north of Hoogeveen.

## History

The village was first mentioned in 1206 as in Wisnare. The etymology is unknown. Wijster is an esdorp which developed in the Early Middle Ages as a satellite of Beilen. It used to have no church, but did have a large funnel shaped brink (village square).
Wijster was home to 300 people in 1840. The Dutch Reformed church dates from 1929 and is a simple church with a little ridge turret.
Wijster is best known for its landfill. From 1929 onwards, garbage was dumped in Wijster, and has resulted in 56 metres (184 ft) high hill.

## 1975 train hostage crisis

Wijster was the site of the 1975 Dutch train hostage crisis. In 1949, Indonesia became independent, and the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army was disbanded. The islands of Ambon, Buru, and Seram had fought on side of the Netherlands. They were opposed to a Java-dominated Indonesia, and proclaimed the Republic of South Maluku which resulted in an attack by Indonesia. In 1951, 12,000 refugees from South Maluku were temporarily resettled in the Netherlands. They started to feel betrayed, because it developed into permanent exile.
On 2 December 1975, the train from Groningen to Zwolle stopped in a field near Wijster. Seven South Moluccans had ceased the train and killed the driver. The Dutch government was reluctant to negotiate, and the hijackers tried to kill a passenger, however he managed to escape and after being shot at, pretended to be dead. During the twelve days which followed, two more passengers were shot. Johan Manusama, the former president of the Republic of South Maluku, managed to persuade the hijackers to surrender. In 1976, the hijackers were sentenced to 14 year imprisonment.

## Education

There is one primary school, Zuiderenk.

## Notable people

* Nina Gademan (born 2003), Dutch racing driver

## Gallery

* Train unloads its garbage (1954)
* Train hostage crisis of 1975
# Jacques Faivre

Jacques Faivre (25 November 1932 – 13 August 2020) was a French professional footballer. He was born in Bourg-en-Bresse.