OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Palms Book State Park

Palms Book State Park is a publicly owned nature preserve encompassing 388 acres (157 ha) in Thompson Township, Schoolcraft County, in the eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The state park is noted for Kitch-iti-kipi, the "Big Spring" of the Upper Peninsula.

## History

The Palms and Book Land Company sold the property to the state in 1926, insisting on the name and a ban on camping. John I. Bellaire arranged for the sale of a 90-acre (36 ha) parcel to the state for $10. The arrangement called for the establishment of a park that would be named after the land company. During the 1930s, workers with the Civilian Conservation Corps assisted in making park improvements that included construction of an observation raft, dock, and ranger's quarters.

## The spring

Kitch-iti-kipi, the spring, is a pool of clear water 400 feet (120 m) across in its largest dimension, and up to 40 feet (12 m) deep. The spring water can be seen from above as it wells upward through the pond's bottom of bedrock limestone and sand, creating a continual pattern of random eddies and cross-currents in the depths of the pond. To the Anishinaabe people that were the original inhabitants of much of the Upper Peninsula, this site was a place of mystery and wonder. The water is 45 °F (7 °C) in both winter and summer.
Since the days of the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s, the state has operated a manually propelled observation raft. The raft, which is fixed by cables, carries visitors onto the spring pond, allowing the depths of the pond to be seen from above. The pond is stocked with trout.

## Indian Lake

More than 10,000 gallons (40,000 liters) of water per minute pass from the pond into nearby Indian Lake. Palms Book State Park protects approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) of lake frontage.
# Wenche Lyngholm

Wenche Lyngholm (born 13 May 1951 in Moss) is a Norwegian politician for the Socialist Left Party.
She was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Østfold in 1989, but was not re-elected in 1993.
When the Socialist Left Party entered the Cabinet in 2005, Lyngholm was appointed State Secretary in the Ministry of Government Administration and Reform.
# List of drugs: Fi

This multi-page article lists pharmaceutical drugs alphabetically by name. Many drugs have more than one name and, therefore, the same drug may be listed more than once. Brand names and generic names are differentiated by capitalizing brand names.
See also the list of the top 100 bestselling branded drugs, ranked by sales.
Abbreviations are used in the list as follows:
* INN = International Nonproprietary Name
* BAN = British Approved Name
* USAN = United States Adopted Name
* Two-letter codes for countries
Lists of drugs 1–9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
Fa | Fe | Fi | Fl | Fm–Ft | Fu–Fy

## fi

* fiacitabine (INN)
* fialuridine (INN)
* fibracillin (INN)
* fibrin, bovine (INN)
* fibrin, human (INN)
* fibrinogen (125 I) (INN)
* FibriScint
* fibrinolysin (human) (INN)
* fidanacogene elaparvovec (USAN, INN)
* fidanacogene elaparvovec-dzkt
* fidarestat (INN)
* fidaxomicin (USAN, INN)
* fidexaban (USAN)
* figitumumab (USAN, INN)
* filaminast (INN)
* filenadol (INN)
* filgrastim (INN)
* filgrastim-aafi
* filgrastim-ayow
* filgrastim-sndz
* filgrastim-txid
* filibuvir (USAN, INN)
* filipin (INN)
* Filspari
* Filsuvez
* fimasartan (INN)
* Finacea
* finasteride (INN)
* fingolimod (USAN)
* Finlee
* Fioricet
* Fiorinal
* fipexide (INN)
* firategrast (USAN, INN)
* firocoxib (USAN)
* fispemifene (USAN)
# Wat Sri Suphan

Wat Sri Suphan (Thai: วัดศรีสุพรรณ, RTGS: Wat Si Suphan) is a Buddhist temple in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. It is situated on Wualai Road, Haiya district, in the southern part of the old city. It is known as the "Silver Temple" because its ordination hall was constructed using silver, aluminium and nickel.

## History

Wat Sri Suphan was founded around 1500 during the reign of King Mueang Kaeo of the Mangrai Dynasty (1292–1558). Within ten years, the assembly hall, the ordination hall, and the pagoda (Phra Wihan Borommathai) had been completed, and the Buddha image (Phra Phutthapatitam) consecrated. Little remains of the original buildings except some teak pillars and supports which can be seen in the new assembly hall.
The temple is situated in Haiya district, the traditional silversmith area of the city where workshops continue to operate. Their craftsmanship was celebrated when the temple's striking new ordination hall was completed using silver, nickel, and aluminium panelling, and featuring extensive, decorative metalwork sculpting and repoussé work. The ordination hall is in active use and women are barred from entering.
In 2022, the pagoda, which had previously formed a large crack, collapsed following heavy rain. In the remains many Buddhist artefacts were discovered which had been placed inside the structure. The collapse was attributed to the later addition of an outer cement shell that was painted over with gold construction paint, which added weight and trapped moisture in the original earthen core.
* Front of the Ubosot
* Backside of the Ubosot
* The interior of the Ubosot, seen through the entrance
* The interior of the Ubosot
* Panel showing the evolution of mankind
* The Viharn
* The interior of the Viharn
# John Lofton

John D. Lofton, Jr. (May 26, 1941 – September 17, 2014) was an American paleoconservative political commentator, editor, journalist, and political advisor.

## Career
### Writing

Lofton edited Monday, the weekly publication of the Republican National Committee, between 1970 and 1973. He later became a syndicated columnist for United Features Syndicate whose columns appeared in 100 newspapers between 1973 and 1980. He became a columnist for the Washington Times in 1982. During his seven years at the Washington Times, Lofton became nationally known in print and on the nascent cable news circuit. He was also the editor of The American View, a radio program run by Michael Peroutka.
Lofton interviewed poet Allen Ginsberg in 1990 for Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture. The interview was subsequently reprinted in Harper's Magazine.

### Political campaign work

Describing himself as a "recovering Republican", Lofton was most closely allied with the Constitution Party. Lofton advised Pat Buchanan's presidential campaign and was the communications director for the Michael Peroutka presidential campaign in 2004.

## In popular culture

Lofton made numerous appearances on political talk shows, including The Political Cesspool, Politically Incorrect, Scarborough Country, and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart.
Lofton is perhaps best known for a 1986 appearance on Crossfire in which he debated musician Frank Zappa about the Parents Music Resource Center's campaign to identify music albums inappropriate for children. Lofton vehemently argued that the Founding Fathers of the United States did not mean to include lyrics like Zappa's under the protection of the First Amendment. He and Zappa argued while Zappa kept defending free speech, even if it implies taboo subject matter. In the debate, Lofton eventually called Zappa an idiot; Zappa responded, "Tell you what – kiss my ass! How do you like that?". The Crossfire video went viral after freeform radio station WFMU posted about it on its widely read blog in early 2006.
In a 1989 appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show, Lofton and fellow conservative columnist Mona Charen debated with two homosexual couples on the subjects of gay adoption and the then-novel concept of same-sex marriage. Both Lofton and Charen argued that legally sanctioning such marriages would undermine the fabric of the American family.

## Personal life
### Death

Lofton died on September 17, 2014, of a heart condition.
# Markiszki

Markiszki, is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sejny, within Sejny County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Lithuania.
# Gilbert Daniel Nessim

Gilbert Daniel Nessim (Hebrew: דניאל נסים; born 31 January 1966) is a chemistry professor at Bar-Ilan University specializing in the synthesis of 1D and 2D nanomaterials for electronic, mechanic, and energy applications.

## Biography

Gilbert Daniel Nessim was born in Milan, in 1966. He earned two Master of Sciences in Electrical Engineering (Master of Engineering), the first in 1989 from the Polytechnic University of Milan (Politecnico di Milano), Italy and the second in 1991 from École Centrale Paris, France within the Erasmus / T.I.M.E. program (Top International Managers in Engineering). He completed D.E.A. (Diplôme d’études Approfondies) in optoelectronics in 1991 from the Pierre and Marie Curie University (Paris VI), France with distinction. After graduation, he worked for three years at Otis Elevators in their European Research and Development center in France where he developed and patented an innovative electronic infrared detector for elevator doors. Later in 1994, he earned an MBA from INSEAD, France with a Giovanni Agnelli scholarship. Following his MBA, Nessim joined an American consulting firm, PRTM (now acquired by PwC, PricewaterhouseCoopers), as a consultant, assisting in product development and operations strategy to various hi-tech companies in Europe and USA.
In 2004, he started his PhD at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Material Science and Engineering. Under the supervision of Professor Carl V. Thompson, he focused his research on the synthesis of carbon nanotubes. He then spent a year as a postdoc in a collaborative project between Professor Carl V. Thompson (MIT) and Professor Doron Aurbach (Bar-Ilan University, Israel). In 2010, he joined the staff of the Chemistry Department of Bar-Ilan University where he became an Associate Professor leading his lab on the synthesis of 1D and 2D nanostructures.

## Scientific interests and publications

Nessim's research involves synthesizing and understanding complex growth mechanisms of 1D and 2D nanostructures. Most research is carried using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to tune properties and integration of the nanomaterials into various innovative energy storage and electronic devices. These nanostructures include carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon fiber-mats (CNFs), graphene, graphene oxide (GO) reduced GO (rGO), and non-carbon bulk layered materials like metal -sulfides, -phosphides and -selenides. In the synthesis of carbon nanotubes, (CNTs), he has pioneered multiple techniques such as gas preheating, the role of the underlayer, and the use of thin film reservoirs and overlayers to modulate specific material characteristic parameters such as diameter, length and the number of walls. In the synthesis of metal chalcogenides, he innovated in the synthesis of bulk 2D layered materials.
Among his previous awards were a 2-year Intel Corporation Fellowship during his PhD. Currently, he is the President of The Israel Vacuum Society (IVS), which is aimed at promoting and stimulating professional interconnections and communication among Israeli scientists specializing in the areas of surface science, thin films and vacuum science.
# Californium tetrafluoride

Californium tetrafluoride is a binary inorganic compound of californium and fluorine with the formula CfF$_4$.

## Synthesis

Californium tetrafluoride can be prepared from Cf$_2$O$_3$ and F$_2$ at 400 °C.
    2Cf$_2$O$_3$ + 8F$_2$ → 4CfF$_4$ + 3O$_2$
Also californium tetrafluoride is produced by β-decay of BkF$_4$.

## Physical properties

Californium tetrafluoride is a light green solid. It possesses a monoclinic UF$_4$ structure.

## Chemical properties

CfF$_4$ decomposes to californium trifluoride when heated:
    2CfF$_4$ → 2CfF$_3$ + 2F
# Upton St Leonards

Upton St Leonards is a village in the English county of Gloucestershire. Forming part of the district of Stroud, it is a mile or so north of the A46 road between Stroud and Cheltenham.

## Facilities

The village has two four-star hotels (Hatton Court Hotel and Bowden Hall Hotel) a Church of England parish church, a pub, a primary school, and a village hall.
The village has won the Bledisloe Cup for the Best Kept Village in Gloucestershire in the large village category more than 20 times, most recently in 2006.

## Governance

An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches south from Upton St Leonards to Harescombe. The total population of the ward as at the 2011 census was 2,845.

## Clubs and societies

The village has a branch of the Mothers' Union and of the Women's Institute.
The village also has a successful local football side that run two teams within the Stroud District Football league; the First team won the 2010/2011 Division 3 title and moved into Division 2 in 2011. The 2011/2012 season proved successful with both the first and second teams winning their respective divisions. The reserve team also added a County Cup title to the league titles.
# Arno Karlen

Arno Chanoch Karlen (May 7, 1937 – May 13, 2010) was an American poet, psychoanalyst, and popular science writer. He won the 1996 Rhone-Poulenc Prize for science books with Plague's Progress.

## Early life and education

Arno Karlen was born on May 7, 1937, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the younger of two sons, to Herman Morris Karlen (1902–1990), proprietor of a book store, and Bertha Karlen (née Milner). Both his parents had an Ashkenazi Jewish background. His father was born in Putnam, Connecticut to Russian parents, whilst his mother was born in present-day Ukraine. The family name was originally Karpilow and has been anglicized to Karlen. He had a brother, Mark Karlen.
He was a talented child who was promoted two grades and finished high school at 15. As a teenager, he was interested in literature, science, and classical music. He studied music, and graduated from Antioch College with majors in English and French literature.

## Academic career

After he finished college, Karlen wrote for many magazines and spent a couple of years traveling around Europe writing about food and culture. Eventually, he became editor of several magazines, including Holiday and Newsweek, and published a short stories book called White Apples at the age of 24.
In the 1970s, Karlen became an Associate Professor in the English Department Writing Program at Penn State University. In the coming years he wrote books in fields of history, medicine, and science. He then returned to New York as executive editor of Penthouse Magazine and Physicians World magazines.
In the 1990s, Karlen achieved a doctorate in sexology while studying for three years at an institute of psychoanalysis. Karlen won the 1996 Rhone-Poulenc Prize for science books with Plague's Progress, but did not attend the award ceremony due to illness. In the ten years before his death, Karlen worked as a psychotherapist and kept writing articles and publishing books.

## Personal life

In 1960, Karlen married Frances "Fran" Lapidus, whom he divorced in 1969. They had two sons;

## Work
### Notable works

* Sexuality and Homosexuality (1972)
* Huneker and Other Lost Arts.
* The MacGregor Syndrome and Other Literary Losses
* Napoleon's Glands and Other Ventures in Biohistory (1984)
* UK: Plague's Progress: A Social History of Man and Disease; US: Man and microbes: disease and plagues in history and modern times (1996)
* The Biography of a Germ (2000)

### The Biography of a Germ

Karlen's book tracks the friends, foes and ancestors of Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), a "silvery, wriggling corkscrew-like" bacterium which causes Lyme disease. Asides include the naming of living things and the history of germ theory. Bb is named after Willy Burgdorfer who isolated the cause of an illness affecting residents of Lyme, Connecticut.
# Bharat Vikas Morcha

Bharat Vikas Morcha ('India Development Front') is a political party in the Indian state of Bihar. The party is aligned with Babulal Marandi, former Chief Minister of Jharkhand. As of 2010 the general secretary of the party was Vijay Kumar Mishra.
# Erik Wallenberg

Erik Wallenberg (25 December 1915 – 18 October 1999) was a Swedish engineer. He is credited for inventing the Tetra Pak tetrahedron packaging in 1944.

## Career

Wallenberg had initially planned to join the Army as an officer, but fell ill during military training and had to abandon his plans. He was accepted at Karolinska Institutet medical school in Stockholm, but decided to move to Lund and try to enter the medical school at Lund University instead.
In 1943, waiting to get accepted at Lund University, Wallenberg got a job as lab assistant at Åkerlund & Rausing, a local firm manufacturing food packaging. When his manager got drafted in 1944, he became head of the research lab, aged 28.
The team had orders from the company owner Ruben Rausing to produce a viable packaging for milk that was cheap enough to compete with the current milk distribution system, based on loose milk sold in reusable glass bottles. The key to this was to use as little packaging material as possible. The research lab had tried and failed a number of different solutions. Finally, reportedly when ill with fever, Wallenberg got the idea of using one single sheet of paper rolled into a cylinder and folded from two different sides, creating a mathematical tetrahedron. The volume created only needed to be sealed in three places and the packages could be produced in one subsequent sequence from one roll of paper, using a minimum of material, with a minimum of waste.
After some initial hesitation, Ruben Rausing became convinced that the invention was a good idea and ordered the project to be developed. In March 1944 he filed for a patent, and in 1951 Tetra Pak was created as a subsidiary to Åkerlund & Rausing. The tetrahedron package made Tetra Pak one of the world's most successful companies. The package is still sold today under the name of Tetra Classic Aseptic.

## Legacy

Upon visiting the Tetra Pak factory in Lund in the 1950s, Danish Nobel Prize winner and Physics professor Niels Bohr called the tetrahedron "a perfect practical application of a mathematical problem", and the invention lay the foundation of the Tetra Pak success saga. The Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences has called the Tetra Pak packaging system one of Sweden's most successful inventions of all times. The development of the triangular tetrahedron carton package, the rectangular Tetra Brik, was represented at the 2011 exhibition Hidden Heroes – The Genius of Everyday Things at the London Science Museum/Vitra Design Museum, celebrating "the miniature marvels we couldn’t live without".
Despite the positive attention of the tetrahedron, Wallenberg did not get due recognition for the invention until 1991, when he was awarded the Grand Gold Medal by The Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences for "his ideas and efforts in the development of the packaging system Tetra Pak".
# Belgica (fly)

Belgica is a flightless midge genus in the family Chironomidae. It contains the following two species:
* Belgica albipes (Séguy, 1965), found in the Crozet Islands (Îles Crozet) in the southern Indian Ocean
* Belgica antarctica Jacobs, 1900, found in the maritime Antarctic
# Zhenkang County

Zhenkang County (simplified Chinese: 镇康县; traditional Chinese: 鎮康縣; pinyin: Zhènkāng Xiàn) is located in western Yunnan province, China, bordering Burma's Shan State to the west. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Lincang.

## Ethnic groups

Ethnic Bulang are found in the following villages in Zhenkang County (Zhenkang Ethnic Gazetteer 1994).
* Muchang District 木场区: Dalong 打龙, Mangxi 忙喜, Laohuangtian 老黄田, Jiuzhai 旧寨, Wengkong 翁控 in Dengteng 等藤
* Fengwei Town 凤尾镇: Xuancai Village 轩菜村

## Administration divisions

* The County government is located in Nansan Town.
Zhenkang County has 3 towns, 3 townships and 1 ethnic township.

### 3 towns

* Fengwei (凤尾镇)
* Mengpeng (勐捧镇)
* Nansan (南伞镇)

### 3 townships

* Mangbing (忙丙乡)
* Mengdui (勐堆乡)
* Muchang (木场乡)

### 1 ethnic township

* Junsai Wa Lahu Lisu and De'ang (军赛佤族拉祜族傈僳族德昂族乡)

## Climate

Climate data for Zhenkang, elevation 1,054 m (3,458 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.2 (84.6) | 31.5 (88.7) | 32.7 (90.9) | 35.3 (95.5) | 36.1 (97.0) | 35.8 (96.4) | 33.8 (92.8) | 33.5 (92.3) | 33.1 (91.6) | 32.0 (89.6) | 30.2 (86.4) | 27.4 (81.3) | 36.1 (97.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22.9 (73.2) | 25.2 (77.4) | 28.3 (82.9) | 29.8 (85.6) | 29.6 (85.3) | 28.7 (83.7) | 27.7 (81.9) | 28.9 (84.0) | 28.9 (84.0) | 27.5 (81.5) | 25.3 (77.5) | 23.0 (73.4) | 27.2 (80.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.5 (54.5) | 14.6 (58.3) | 18.1 (64.6) | 20.9 (69.6) | 22.7 (72.9) | 23.6 (74.5) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.7 (74.7) | 22.9 (73.2) | 20.8 (69.4) | 16.8 (62.2) | 13.4 (56.1) | 19.5 (67.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) | 7.0 (44.6) | 10.2 (50.4) | 14.1 (57.4) | 18.0 (64.4) | 20.8 (69.4) | 21.1 (70.0) | 20.9 (69.6) | 19.9 (67.8) | 17.4 (63.3) | 12.4 (54.3) | 8.2 (46.8) | 14.7 (58.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) | −0.9 (30.4) | 1.6 (34.9) | 5.4 (41.7) | 11.2 (52.2) | 15.9 (60.6) | 15.6 (60.1) | 17.0 (62.6) | 11.9 (53.4) | 8.6 (47.5) | 5.4 (41.7) | −0.7 (30.7) | −1.0 (30.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 24.4 (0.96) | 16.3 (0.64) | 21.2 (0.83) | 61.0 (2.40) | 166.3 (6.55) | 254.9 (10.04) | 375.8 (14.80) | 293.6 (11.56) | 189.5 (7.46) | 152.9 (6.02) | 51.2 (2.02) | 14.1 (0.56) | 1,621.2 (63.84) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.9 | 4.0 | 5.4 | 11.4 | 17.2 | 24.3 | 28.0 | 24.5 | 19.8 | 16.9 | 8.2 | 4.5 | 168.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 78 | 70 | 63 | 66 | 76 | 85 | 88 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 84 | 83 | 79 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 210.9 | 208.6 | 220.0 | 204.4 | 180.1 | 113.6 | 83.7 | 124.8 | 144.7 | 151.4 | 177.6 | 193.4 | 2,013.2 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 63 | 65 | 59 | 53 | 44 | 28 | 20 | 31 | 40 | 43 | 54 | 59 | 47 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||
# Mary of St Joseph Doyle

Mary of St. Joseph Doyle (born Bridget Doyle, 1835–1869) was an Irish born, religious sister, and the Founder and first Prioress of the Abbotsford Convent, in Melbourne, Australia.

## Early life

She was born in 1835, in Roscore, County Offaly, Ireland to parents John Doyle and Eliza Molloy and was baptised on August 18, 1835 in the Parish of Rahan.

## Religious vocation

In the 1850s, she joined the Congregation of our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd, at the Mother House, located in Angers, France. The order was established by Mary Euphrasia Pelletier, who was later canonized. The mission of the order was to provide a place of refuge for women who were trapped in poverty or prostitution. Upon joining the order, Bridget took the religious name of Mary of St. Joseph.
In 1863, Mary of St. Joseph, along with three other sisters from her order, emigrated to Australia. The sisters were responding to a request from the Roman Catholic Bishop of Melbourne, James Goold, who wanted to establish a reformatory for girls in his diocese. The sisters purchased a manor known as Abbotsford House, which had been built in 1840 by John Orr; the estate included six acres of land on the bank of the Yarra river. This became the Abbotsford Good Shepherd Convent. Mary of St. Joseph became prioress of the convent and the first leader of the order in Australia. As the prioress, she raised funds and oversaw the launch of a penitentiary for women and a reformatory school for girls. They later added an Industrial School.

## Death and burial

Mary of St. Joseph died on 13 June 1869, after months of increasing health problems and an acute illness of several weeks. Bishop Goold performed the funeral mass, which was attended by many clergy as well as the sisters of the convent. Mary of St. Joseph was buried in the convent cemetery. In 1975, when the order sold the Abbotsford Convent, her remains were relocated to the Boroondara Cemetery.