OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Wladimir Besnard

Wladimir Besnard (1890, St. Petersburg, Russia – 1960, São Paulo, Brazil) was a French biologist and Brazilian oceanographer, and is considered to be the father of Brazilian oceanography.
He was born in the Russian Empire of French parents.
As a biologist he is credited (together with Theodore Monod) with the discovery of the skeleton of the Asselar man in 1927 (although various sources refer to him as M.M. Besnard or M.V. Besnard).
An oceanographic ship, some undersea features (Besnard Bank, Besnard Passage), and a street in São Paulo (Rua Professor Wladimir Besnard) are named in his honor.

## Oceanographic ship

During 1967–2008 Brazil operated Professor W. Besnard, its only oceanographic vessel at that time. The ship was launched on August 18, 1966, from the shipyard Mjellem & Karlsen, Norway, and belonged to the Institute of Oceanography of the University of São Paulo. In 1988 the ship suffered damage from a fire. In 2012 a new ship, Alpha Crucis, has replaced the Professor W. Besnard.
# Górki-Sypniewo

Górki-Sypniewo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Piątnica, within Łomża County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.
# Milena Turk

Milena Turk (Serbian Cyrillic: Милена Турк; born 1986) is a politician in Serbia. She has served in the National Assembly of Serbia since 2014 as a member of the Serbian Progressive Party.

## Early life and career

Turk was born in Trstenik, at the time part of the Socialist Republic of Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. She graduated from the University of Niš Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics with a Bachelor's degree in Chemistry, taught chemistry at the Živadin Apostolović school in Trstenik, and worked for two years at Prva Petoletka in the municipality.

## Political career

Turk received the 120th position on the Progressive Party's Aleksandar Vučić — Future We Believe In electoral list for the 2014 Serbian parliamentary election and was elected when the list won a landslide victory with 158 out of 250 mandates. She was promoted to the eighty-fourth position on the successor Aleksandar Vučić — Serbia is winning list for the 2016 parliamentary election and was re-elected when the list won 131 mandates. She is currently a member of the assembly committee on human and minority rights and gender equality, a member of the environmental protectional committee, the head of Serbia's parliamentary friendship group with Luxembourg, and a member of the parliamentary friendship groups with Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovenia, Tunisia, and the United States of America.
Turk is vice-president of the Progressive Party's municipal board in Trstenik.
# Zykovo, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast

Zykovo (Russian: Зыково) is a rural locality (a village) in Nikolskoye Rural Settlement, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 12 as of 2002.

## Geography

Zykovo is located 20 km northeast of Kaduy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Yaryshevo is the nearest rural locality.
# Lorenza Trucchi

Lorenza Trucchi (born 11 January 1922) is an Italian journalist and art critic. Trucchi was born on Monaco. She is the daughter of Olga Cassini and Lorenzo Trucchi, a well-known surgeon who practiced his profession in the Principality.

## Career

Since 1950 she collaborated assiduously with the newspapers: Il Momento, Il Gazzettino, Il Corriere mercantile and with the periodicals: Leggere, Il Taccuino delle Arti, Giovedi, Art Dossier.
In 1955 she began to write for La Fiera Letteraria and from 1967 to 1977 she was the owner of the weekly column Arte per tutti on Momento Sera. From 1961 to 1968 she was responsible for the art insert of the magazine L'Europa letteraria directed by Giancarlo Vigorelli. She was a member of the Expert Commission of the Visual Arts Sector of the Venice Biennials in 1988 and 1990.
She held the chair of Art History at the Academy of Fine Arts in L'Aquila and Rome from 1969 to 1994. From 1995 to June 2001 she was the president of the XII National Art Quadrennial in Rome.
She turned 100 in January 2022.

## Publications

* Qualche ritratto da Cézanne a Pollock, Carocci 1961
* Carmelina, Vanni Scheiwiller, Milano 1964
* Dubuffet, De Luca 1965; Francis Bacon, Fratelli Fabbri, Milano 1975;
* Thames and Hudson, Londra, Abrams New York 1975,
* Celiv, Parigi 1975-1989
* Franco Sarnari, Vallecchi 1983
* Arte per tutti, Edizioni della Cometa 1992
* Francis Bacon, De Luca Edizioni d'Arte 2005
# Vader & Zoon

Vader & Zoon (Father & Son) was a Dutch newspaper gag-a-day comic strip, drawn by Peter van Straaten. It was published in Het Parool from November 12, 1968 until 1987 and Van Straaten's most famous and popular work.

## Concept

Vader & Zoon centers around a conservative, square father and the generation gap between him and his progressive, intellectual, socially conscious young son. It captured the zeitgeist of the late 1960s and early 1970s and poked fun at many political and social themes. Apart from the father and son there were no notable recurring characters. The strip was published in a text comics format, being one of the last Dutch comics to be so, as the format lost popularity in the 1960s.
Originally the strip was published weekly, but due to its popularity it started appearing three times a week and eventually daily. The cartoons were published in pocket books by company Van Gennep.

## Adaptations

Vader & Zoon was so popular at the time that the Dutch TV channel AVRO adapted it into a TV sitcom in 1974. Guus Hermus played the part of Vader, while Gees Linnebank acted as his son.

## Sources

* ↑ "Peter van Straaten".
* ↑ "Peter van Straaten".
* ↑ "Peter van Straaten".
* ↑ "Vader & Zoon".
* ↑ "Vader & Zoon".
# Posyolok otdeleniya 3 sovkhoza Ust-Medveditsky

Posyolok otdeleniya 2 sovkhoza Ust-Medveditsky (Russian: Посёлок отделения № 2 совхоза «Усть-Медведицкий») is a rural locality (a settlement) in Peschanovskoye Rural Settlement, Serafimovichsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 63 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.

## Geography

The settlement is located 75 km southwest of Serafimovich (the district's administrative centre) by road. Peschany is the nearest rural locality.
# Lorenzo Marchionni

Lorenzo Marchionni (born 17 August 1994) is an Italian football midfielder who plays for Serie D club Acireale.

## Career

Marchionni began his footballing career with Ascoli, and in the summer of 2010 he was loaned to Juventus.
However, after a full season with Juve's Primavera squad, he returned to Ascoli. Marchionni made his first team debut on 14 August 2011, in Coppa Italia victory against Taranto.
In July 2016 Marchionni was signed by Lega Pro club Pro Piacenza.
# Górnystok

Górnystok is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jasionówka, within Mońki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.
# Zhornovets

Zhornovets (Russian: Жорновец) is a rural locality (a village) in Semizerye Rural Settlement, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 2 as of 2002.

## Geography

Zhornovets is located 10 km northeast of Kaduy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Chernovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Minister for Equal Opportunities

The Minister for Equal Opportunities (Italian: Ministro per le Pari Opportunità) in Italy is one of the positions in the Italian government.
The current minister is Eugenia Roccella, who is serving in the government of Giorgia Meloni.

## List of ministers
### Parties

* Democratic Party of the Left / Democrats of the Left
* Federation of the Greens
* Party of Italian Communists
* Forza Italia / The People of Freedom
* Democratic Party
* Italia Viva
* Brothers of Italy
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Term of office | Term of office | Term of office | Party | Party | Government | Ref. |
| Portrait | Name (Born–Died) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Party | Party | Government | Ref. |
| Minister for Equal Opportunities |||||||||
| | Anna Finocchiaro (1955– ) | 18 May 1996 | 21 October 1998 | 2 years, 156 days | | Democratic Party of the Left | Prodi I | |
| | Laura Balbo (1933– ) | 21 October 1998 | 26 April 2000 | 1 year, 188 days | | Federation of the Greens | D'Alema I·II | |
| | Katia Bellillo (1951– ) | 26 April 2000 | 11 June 2001 | 1 year, 46 days | | Party of Italian Communists | Amato II | |
| | Stefania Prestigiacomo (1966– ) | 23 June 2001 | 17 May 2006 | 4 years, 328 days | | Forza Italia | Berlusconi II·III | |
| | Barbara Pollastrini (1947– ) | 17 May 2006 | 8 May 2008 | 1 year, 357 days | | Democrats of the Left / Democratic Party | Prodi II | |
| | Mara Carfagna (1975– ) | 8 May 2008 | 16 November 2011 | 3 years, 192 days | | The People of Freedom | Berlusconi IV | |
| Minister for Equal Opportunities, Sport and Youth Policies |||||||||
| | Josefa Idem (1964– ) | 28 April 2013 | 24 June 2013 | 57 days | | Democratic Party | Letta | |
| Office not in use | Office not in use | 2014–2019 | 2014–2019 | 2014–2019 | 2014–2019 | 2014–2019 | Renzi Gentiloni | |
| Office not in use | Office not in use | 2014–2019 | 2014–2019 | 2014–2019 | 2014–2019 | 2014–2019 | Conte | |
| Minister for Family and Equal Opportunities |||||||||
| | Elena Bonetti (1974–) | 5 September 2019 | 14 January 2021 | 1 year, 131 days | | Democratic Party / Italia Viva | Conte II | |
| | Giuseppe Conte (1964– ) As Prime Minister | 14 January 2021 | 13 February 2021 | 30 days | | Independent | Conte II | |
| | Elena Bonetti (1974–) | 13 February 2021 | 22 October 2022 | 1 year, 251 days | | Italia Viva | Draghi | |
| | Eugenia Roccella (1953– ) | 22 October 2022 | Incumbent | 2 years, 35 days | | Brothers of Italy | Meloni | |
# Self-consistency principle in high energy physics

The self-consistency principle was established by Rolf Hagedorn in 1965 to explain the thermodynamics of fireballs in high energy physics collisions. A thermodynamical approach to the high energy collisions first proposed by E. Fermi.

## Partition function

The partition function of the fireballs can be written in two forms, one in terms of its density of states, $\sigma (E)$, and the other in terms of its mass spectrum, $\rho (m)$.
The self-consistency principle says that both forms must be asymptotically equivalent for energies or masses sufficiently high (asymptotic limit). Also, the density of states and the mass spectrum must be asymptotically equivalent in the sense of the weak constraint proposed by Hagedorn as
    $\log[\rho (m)]=\log[\sigma (E)]$.
These two conditions are known as the self-consistency principle or bootstrap-idea. After a long mathematical analysis Hagedorn was able to prove that there is in fact $\textstyle \rho (m)$ and $\textstyle \sigma (E)$ satisfying the above conditions, resulting in
    $\rho (m)=am^{-5/2}\exp(\beta _{o}m)$
and
    $\sigma (E)=bE^{\alpha -1}\exp(\beta _{o}E)$
with $\textstyle a$ and $\textstyle \alpha$ related by
    $\alpha ={\frac {aV}{(2\pi \beta )^{3/5}}}$.
Then the asymptotic partition function is given by
    $Z_{q}(V_{o},T)={\bigg{\frac {1}{\beta -\beta _{o}}}{\bigg )}^{\alpha }-1$
where a singularity is clearly observed for $\beta$ →$\beta _{o}$. This singularity determines the limiting temperature $\textstyle T_{o}=1/\beta _{o}$ in Hagedorn's theory, which is also known as Hagedorn temperature.
Hagedorn was able not only to give a simple explanation for the thermodynamical aspect of high energy particle production, but also worked out a formula for the hadronic mass spectrum and predicted the limiting temperature for hot hadronic systems.
After some time this limiting temperature was shown by N. Cabibbo and G. Parisi to be related to a phase transition, which characterizes by the deconfinement of quarks at high energies. The mass spectrum was further analyzed by Steven Frautschi.

## Q-exponential function

The Hagedorn theory was able to describe correctly the experimental data from collision with center-of-mass energies up to approximately 10 GeV, but above this region it failed. In 2000 I. Bediaga, E. M. F. Curado and J. M. de Miranda proposed a phenomenological generalization of Hagedorn's theory by replacing the exponential function that appears in the partition function by the q-exponential function from the Tsallis non-extensive statistics. With this modification the generalized theory was able again to describe the extended experimental data.
In 2012 A. Deppman proposed a non-extensive self-consistent thermodynamical theory that includes the self-consistency principle and the non-extensive statistics. This theory gives as result the same formula proposed by Bediaga et al., which describes correctly the high energy data, but also new formulas for the mass spectrum and density of states of fireball. It also predicts a new limiting temperature and a limiting entropic index.
# One Chance (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
One Chance is the debut album from British tenor Paul Potts. He won Britain's Got Talent on 17 June 2007, and the album was released on 16 July 2007 by Syco Music.

## Commercial performance

The album reached number one on the UK Albums Chart. The album had been at #1 from its release until 12 August, and it was certified platinum.
In Australia, the album opened at #4 on the ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart. It has so far reached Gold Status (35,000 copies sold). Four weeks later (2 September 2007), it reached #1.
In New Zealand, the album debuted at #1 on 6 August 2007 and was certified Gold in its first week, selling over 7,500 copies. The album was certified Platinum in its second week on the chart selling over 15,000 copies, and 2× Platinum after four weeks with sales of over 30,000 copies. The album spent twenty-three weeks on the chart, including six consecutive weeks at #1.

## Track listing

* "Nessun dorma" - composed by Giacomo Puccini, from the opera Turandot
* "Time to Say Goodbye" - composed by Francesco Sartori and lyrics by Lucio Quarantotto
* "Amapola" - composed by Joseph LaCalle
* "Everybody Hurts (Ognuno Soffre)" - composed by R.E.M.
* "Caruso" - composed by Lucio Dalla
* "Nella Fantasia" - composed by Ennio Morricone and lyrics by Chiara Ferraù
* "Por Ti Sere" - composed by Rolf Løvland and lyrics by Brendan Graham
* "A Mi Manera" - composed by Jacques Revaux
* "Cavatina" - composed by Stanley Myers and lyrics by Cleo Laine
* "The Music of the Night" - composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe, from the musical The Phantom of the Opera

## Certifications and sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | Platinum | 70,000$^^$ |
| Austria (IFPI Austria) | Platinum | 20,000$^*$ |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Platinum | 100,000$^^$ |
| Denmark (IFPI Danmark) | 2× Platinum | 60,000$^^$ |
| Germany (BVMI) | 5× Platinum | 1,000,000$^^$ |
| Ireland (IRMA) | Platinum | 15,000$^^$ |
| Mexico (AMPROFON) | Gold | 50,000$^^$ |
| Netherlands (NVPI) | Platinum | 70,000$^^$ |
| New Zealand (RMNZ) | 2× Platinum | 30,000$^^$ |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | Gold | 40,000$^^$ |
| Sweden (GLF) | 2× Platinum | 80,000$^^$ |
| Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) | Gold | 15,000$^^$ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) Christmas Edition | Gold | 188,000 |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Platinum | 357,000 |
| United States | — | 425,000 |
| Summaries |||
| Worldwide | — | 3,000,000 |
| $^*$ Sales figures based on certification alone. $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# František Janda

František Janda (10 September 1886 – 2 March 1956) was a Czechoslovak architect and urban planner, in which capacity he authored many regulation designs. Janda studied under the tutelage of Jan Kotěra at the Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague. Along with pianist and composer Václav Štěpán he founded the Arts Forum, for which he designed and in 1925 finished construction of his Cooperative Arts Forum building in Prague's Malá Strana district. For the remainder of his life Janda lived in this building. In 1960, four years after his death, the property was confiscated by the communist government. Janda's wife, however, was allowed to continue living there until her death. His most famous building is probably the functionalist Waldekova Vila in Hradec Králové (1937).

## Works

* Winter spa in Poděbrady (1912)
* 30-room art nouveau guest house at Rieger's Square, Poděbrady spa (1912)
* Regulation plans for the cities of Mladá Boleslav and Poděbrady (1912) and the spa village Brestovičky
* Mladá Boleslav courthouse
* Building societies in Mnichovo Hradiště, Holice, Bakov nad Jizerou, Nová Paka and Mnichovo Hradiště
* Arts Forum in Prague (1925)
* (with Č. Vořech) Theatre Na Prádle, Prague-Malá Strana (1924–26)
* District Union building in Nové Strašecí (1928–1930)
* Water towers in Kolín (1930; Janda replaced Jan Vladimír Hráský, author of the original 1928 project), Podebrady, Jaroměř, Bělá pod Bezdězem and Pečky
* Merkur restaurant and cafe in Jablonec nad Nisou (1930)
* Office buildings, including erstwhile municipal HQ, in Sušice (1925–1932)
* Waldekova Vila in Hradec Králové (1937)
# Makah (disambiguation)

The Makah are a Native American people of the U.S. state of Washington.
Makah may also refer to:
* Makah language, the indigenous language of the Makah people
* Makah Reservation, the Indian reservation of the Makah Indian Tribe
* Makah Formation, a geologic formation that outcrops in the vicinity of the Makah Reservation
* Makah Museum, a museum operated and founded by the Makah Indian Tribe
* Makah Bay, a bay in Clallam County, Washington
* Makah Peaks, mountain summits in the state of Washington
* Makah Air Force Station, a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station near Neah Bay, Washington, United States

## Other

* Ashraf Makah or Sharif of Mecca, former title of the ruler of Mecca
# Physogaleus

Physogaleus is an extinct genus of small requiem shark that lived from the Late Paleocene to Miocene epochs.

## Description

Physogaleus is only known from fossil teeth and isolated vertebra. The teeth similar to those of the modern Tiger shark, but are smaller, with a more central cusp that projects farther from the base of the tooth. The species of Physogaleus were originally described as belonging to the same genus as the modern Tiger shark, Galeocerdo. Recognition of numerous differences in dental anatomy of each these species compared other species of Galeocerdo lead researchers to erect the genus Physogaleus to include taxa that were more morphologically similar to one another than they were to Galeocerdo.
Physogaleus teeth reach a maximum size that is smaller than that of true tiger sharks, and they lack the heavy serrations typical of Galeocerdo. They are also are more slender and the central cusp can be somewhat twisted toward the crown. This indicates individuals of Physogaleus probably had a diet of bony fish, similar to the living sand-tiger shark.
# Turpal

Turpal (Russian: Турпал) is a rural locality (a village) in Semizerye Rural Settlement, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 5 as of 2002.

## Geography

Turpal is located 65 km northwest of Kaduy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Timokhino is the nearest rural locality.
# Hong Kong Squash

Hong Kong Squash is the national sports governing body for Squash in Hong Kong.

## Background

* To ensure that squash remains a strong, viable and growing Hong Kong sport and that Hong Kong aspires to be the leaders of Squash in Asia.
Objectives :
* To develop the game of squash in Hong Kong.
* To safeguard the game of squash and to maintain the rules and regulations of HK Squash in Hong Kong.
* To represent Hong Kong's official membership of the World Squash Federation, Asian Squash Federation and Sports Federation and Olympic Committee.
* To arrange, regulate and manage international and local matches, championships and competitions.
* Generally to do all such other acts and things as are incidental or conducive to the attainment of all or any of the above objects.
# U Walk

U Walk (short for University Walk; Arabic: يو ووك), formerly University Avenue (Arabic: جادة الجامعة), is a lifestyle center at the Prince Turki al-Awwal Road in the King Saud University district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, owned by Cenomi Centers. Opened in 2019, it covers an area of almost 30 acres and assumed its current name for its flagship feature, a 900-metre long walkway.

## Overview

The project was launched by Arabian Centres Company in 2016 and was expected to be completed by 2018. U Walk was officially inaugurated in September 2019. It contains several high-end retail outlets. The complex hosted the promotional events for Diriyah ePrix in January 2022. In March 2022, the Ministry of Defense held one of the 8 exhibitions within the complex.
# Novoalexandrovsky, Volgograd Oblast

Novoalexandrovsky (Russian: Новоалександровский) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Zimnyatskoye Rural Settlement, Serafimovichsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 137 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.

## Geography

Novoalexandrovsky is located in steppe, on the left bank of the Protok River, 6 km north of Serafimovich (the district's administrative centre) by road. Berezki is the nearest rural locality.
# Halańskie Ogrodniki

Halańskie Ogrodniki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokółka, within Sokółka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus.
# Timokhino, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast

Timokhino (Russian: Тимохино) is a rural locality (a village) in Semizerye Rural Settlement, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 28 as of 2002.

## Geography

Timokhino is located 64 km northwest of Kaduy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Turpal is the nearest rural locality.
# Ray Armstead

Ray Ricky Armstead (born May 27, 1960 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American former track athlete who specialized in the 400 meters. He was a 1984 Summer Olympics gold medalist in the men's 4x400 meter relay. In the 1985 IAAF Grand Prix season, he won the 400m in Rieti (time 45.24s) and West Berlin (45.36s) and came second in the final in Rome (45.24s). In 1989 he contested the US Trials in Baton Rouge for 1989 the World Indoor Championships. As of 2020, he was an elementary-school art teacher in the Hazelwood School District.

## Sources

* Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Ray Armstead". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2009-12-27.

## Citations

* ↑ Litsky, Frank (5 September 1985). "Aouita Defeats Maree in Italy". The New York Times. p. 27 D. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
* ↑ "Aouita Sets Mark In 1,500-Meter Run". The New York Times. Associated Press. 24 August 1985. p. 44.
* ↑ Litsky, Frank (21 February 1989). "Track and Field; McKay's First Goal Goes Well Beyond Money". The New York Times. p. 16 D. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
* ↑ "HSD's Own Olympic Champion". Hazelwood School District.
* This article about a track and field Olympic medalist of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Jacob van Musscher

Jacob van Musscher (1580–1623) was a Dutch Golden Age painter.

## Biography

Van Musscher was born in Emden. According to Houbraken he was called Jaques de Moschero and was one of 5 pupils of Karel van Mander; the others were, Korn. Engelsz, Hendr. Gerretz., Fr. Venant and especially Frans Hals.
According to Karel van Mander who called him Iaques de Mosscher, he lived in Delft while he was writing, and was experienced and able in all forms of art.
According to the RKD he was also known as Jacob Fransz, was a pupil of Karel van Mander, and he was the grandfather of Michiel van Musscher. He became a member of the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke in 1593 as Jacques Musschaert, and was married in Januari 1603 in Delft. He died in Delft.
He may have been the father of the landscape painter Jacob van Moscher of Haarlem.