# Taiwanese Hangul

Taiwanese Hangul (Hangul: 대끼깐뿐; Chinese: 臺語諺文; pinyin: Táiyǔ Yànwén; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-gí Gān-bûn) is an orthography system for Taiwanese Hokkien (Taiwanese). Developed and promoted by Taiwanese linguist Hsu Tsao-te [zh] in 1987, it uses modified Hangul letters to represent spoken Taiwanese, and was later supported by Ang Ui-jin. Because both Chinese characters and Hangul are both written in the space of square boxes, unlike letters of the Latin alphabet, the use of Chinese-Hangul mixed writing is able to keep the spacing between the two scripts more consistent compared to Chinese-Latin mixed writing.

## Letters
### Initials

| | | Bilabial | Bilabial | Alveolar | Alveolar | Alveolo-palatal | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | Velar | Glottal |
| | | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless |
| Nasal | Nasal | | ᄆ [m] ㄇ 毛 (mo͘ ) | | ᄂ [n] ㄋ 耐 (nāi) | | | | ㄸ [ŋ] ㄫ 雅 (ngá) | |
| Stop | Unaspirated | ᄇ [p] ㄅ 邊 (pian) | ᄈ [b] ㆠ 文 (bûn) | ᄃ [t] ㄉ 地 (tē) | | | | ᄀ [k] ㄍ 求 (kiû) | ᄁ [ɡ] ㆣ 語 (gí) | |
| Stop | Aspirated | ᄑ [pʰ] ㄆ 波 (pho) | | ᄐ [tʰ] ㄊ 他 (thaⁿ) | | | | ᄏ [kʰ] ㄎ 去 (khì) | | |
| Affricate | Unaspirated | | | ᄌ [ts] ㄗ 曾 (tsan/chan) | ᄍ [dz] ㆡ 熱 (joa̍h) | ᄌ [tɕ] ㄐ 尖 (tsiam/chiam) | ᄍ [dʑ] ㆢ 入 (ji̍p) | | | |
| Affricate | Aspirated | | | ᄎ [tsʰ] ㄘ 出 (tshut/chhut) | | ᄎ [tɕʰ] ㄑ 手 (tshiú/chhiú) | | | | |
| Fricative | Fricative | | | ㅅ [s] ㄙ 衫 (saⁿ) | | ㅅ [ɕ] ㄒ 寫 (siá) | | | | ᄒ [h] ㄏ 喜 (hí) |
| Lateral | Lateral | | | | ᄅ [l] ㄌ 柳 (liú) | | | | | |

### Vowels

Monophthongs :
| | Front | Front | Central | Back | Back |
| | Simple | Nasal | Simple | Simple | Nasal |
| Close | ᅵ [i] ㄧ 衣 (i) | 잇 [ĩ] ㆪ 圓 (îⁿ) | | ᅮ [u] ㄨ 污 (u) | 웃 [ũ] ㆫ 張 (tiuⁿ) |
| Mid | ᅦ [e] ㆤ 禮 (lé) | 엣 [ẽ] ㆥ 生 (seⁿ) | ᅥ [ə] ㄜ 高 (ko) | ᅩ [ɔ] ㆦ 烏 (o͘ ) | 옷 [ɔ̃] ㆧ 翁 (oⁿ) |
| Open | ᅡ [a] ㄚ 查 (cha) | 앗 [ã] ㆩ 衫 (saⁿ) | | | |
Diphthongs & Triphthongs :
| Diphthongs | ᅢ [aɪ] ㄞ (ai) | 알 [aʊ] ㄠ (au) | ᅣ [ɪa] ㄧㄚ (ia) | ᅧ [ɪo] ㄧㄜ (io) |
| Diphthongs | ᅲ [iu] ㄧㄨ (iu) | ᅪ [ua] ㄨㄚ (oa) | ᅰ [ue] ㄨㆤ (oe) | ᅱ [ui] ㄨㄧ (ui) |
| Triphthongs | 얄 [ɪaʊ] ㄧㄠ (iau) | 얄 [ɪaʊ] ㄧㄠ (iau) | ᅫ [uai] ㄨㄞ (oai) | ᅫ [uai] ㄨㄞ (oai) |

### Coda endings

| | Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal |
| Nasal consonant | ᄆ [m] ㆬ (-m) | ᄂ [n] ㄣ (-n) | ㅇ [ŋ] ㆭ (-ng) | |
| Stop consonant | ᄇ [p̚] ㆴ (-p) | ᄃ [t̚] ㆵ (-t) | ᄀ [k̚] ㆶ (-k) | ᄒ [ʔ] ㆷ (-h) |

### Tone markings

| No. | Hangul | Latin diacritics | Chinese tone name | Examples Hangul/Latin/Hanzi (Listen 🔊) meaning |
| 1 | ᄋ | absent | 陰平 (yinping) dark level | 카$_ᄋ$/kha/跤 🔊 foot; leg |
| 2 | ᄅ | ◌́ | 上聲 (sióng-siaⁿ)/陰上 (yinshang) rising / dark rising | 쥐$_ㄹ$/tsúi/水 🔊 water |
| 3 | ᄂ | ◌̀ | 陰去 (yinqu) dark departing | 갈$_ㄴ$/kàu/到 🔊 arrive |
| 4 | ᄋ | absent | 陰入 (yinru) dark entering | 빻$_ㅇ$/bah/肉 🔊 meat |
| 5 | ᄉ | ◌̂ | 陽平 (yangping) light level | 옹$_ㅅ$/ông/王 🔊 king |
| (6) appears only in Lukang dialect; merged to 7 in the prestige dialect | not devised | ◌̆ | 陽上 (yangshang) light rising |/huǎn (Lukang)/犯 violate / commit (a crime) |
| 7 | ᄀ | ◌̄ | 陽去 (yangqu) light departing | 환$_ㄱ$/huān (prestige)/犯 🔊 violate / commit (a crime) |
| 8 | ᄇ | ̍ (overstroke/vertical line above) | 陽入 (yangru) light entering | 쫳$_ㅂ$/joa̍h/熱 🔊 hot |
| Continuous tone sandhi | ㅣ | absent | occurs when a character/syllable is before another one in a phrase. Rule of the prestige dialect: 5→7, 7→3, 3→2, 2→1, 1→7; 4→8, 8→4 | 대$_시$끼$_ㄹ$/Tâi-gí/臺語 🔊 Taiwanese language |

## Different use of Hangul between Taiwanese and Korean

| | Taiwanese Hokkien | Korean | Note |
| ㅃ | /b/, a voiced consonant | /p͈/, a tense consonant | |
| ㄲ | /g/, a voiced consonant | /k͈/, a tense consonant | |
| ㅉ | /ʣ/ or /ʥ/, a voiced consonant | /t͡ɕ͈/, a tense consonant | |
| ㄸ | /ŋ/, | /t͈/ | as the syllable onset such as 따 |
| ㅎ | /ʔ/, a glottal stop | /t̚/ | as the syllable coda such as 앟 |
| ㅅ | /ⁿ/, vowel nasalization | /t̚/ | as the syllable coda such as 앗 |
| ㅆ | /ⁿʔ/, a combination of ㅅ and ㅎ | /s͈/ or /t̚/ | as the syllable coda such as 았 |
| ᅥ | /o/ or /ə/ | /ʌ/ | |
| ᅩ | /ɔ/ | /o/ | |
| ㅐ | /ai/ | /ɛ/ | |
| 알 | /au/ | /aɭ/ | |
| ㅡ | silent | /ɯ/ | |
| ㅢ | 읨/m̩ʔ/, 읭/ŋ̍ʔ/ | /ɰi/, /i/, /ɛ/ | |

## Examples
### Matthew 6:1

| Taiwanese Hangul | Taiwanese Hangul | Pe̍h-ōe-jī | Pe̍h-ōe-jī |
| Chinese characters | 關係行善的教訓 恁著謹慎，毋通為著欲予儂看，故意蹛儂的面前顯示恁的善行； 恁若按呢做，恁就袂當對天父得著報賞。 | | |
| Chinese-Hangul mixed writing | 關係行善에教訓 린뎧謹慎，음탕為뎧뼇호儂看，故意돠儂에面前顯示린에善行； 린若안네做，린就뻬당뒤天父得뎧報賞。 | Chinese-Latin mixed writing | 關係行善ê教訓 Lín tio̍h謹慎，m̄-thang為tio̍h boeh hō͘儂看，故意toà儂ê面前顯示lín ê善行； Lín若án-ne做，lín就bē-tàng tùi天父得tio̍h報賞。 |
| Hangul | 관헤 형센 에 갈훈 린 뎧 긴신，음탕 위뎧 뼇 호 랑 쾃，고이 돠 랑 에 삔졍 헨시 린 에 센형； 린 나 안네 저，린 쥬 뻬당 뒤 텐후 딛뎧 버슛。 | Romanization | Koan-he Hêng-siān ê Kàu-hùn Lín tio̍h kín-sīn, m̄-thang ūi-tio̍h boeh hō͘ lâng khoàⁿ, kò-ì toà lâng ê bīn-chêng hián-sī lín ê siān-hêng. Lín nā án-ne chò, lín chiū bē-tàng tùi Thian-hū tit-tio̍h pò-siúⁿ. |