OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Novo (car)

The Novo was a Czech automobile prototype designed by Břetislav Novotný.
Novotný started working his first prototype, the Novo in 1921 in a small workshop in Brno and later in a garage in Košíře. He presented the finished prototype to the public in July 1922.
The Novo had an open body with a wheelbase and track gauge (front and rear wheels) of 2300 mm, a length of 3200 mm and a height of 1400 mm, equipped with a canvas roof. Both front and rear wheels were rigid axles with quarter-elliptical leaf spring suspensions. Drum brakes were only used on the rear wheels. It was powered by an air-cooled 770cc two-stroke inline two-cylinder Baer engine with an output of 12 hp (9 kW; 12 PS) and a top speed of 70 km/h (43 mph), the engine was mounted behind the front axles with a chain drive powering the rear axles. Mated with a friction transmission which also worked as the clutch with an aluminium disc with a rubber lining fitted to the flywheel. It had 5 forward speeds and 1 reverse speed.
The first prototype had a simple square shape design with folded fenders. The steering wheel was on the left hand side and the door on the right hand side (at the time, vehicles in Czechoslovakia were driven on the left side of the road). The headlights were built into the wall of the windscreen frame. The second prototype had more refined front fenders and the front headlights were moved to the side of the bonnet. The steering wheel was also moved to the right hand side and the door on left hand side. A spare wheel was added to the right side of the body as well as a flip-up emergency seat in the rear accommodated for one adult or two children.
Novotný told journalist in July 1922 about it reliability thanks to the friction gearbox and claimed to have drove it successfully around the Giant Mountains but had no intention of putting it into production. The Czech and German press in Prague reported that Novotný was negotiating sale licenses with foreign buyers but this was most likely a publicity stunt to attract potential investors.

## Gallery

* Early prototype with left hand drive and headlights built into the wall of the windscreen frame
* Final prototype with right hand drive and traditional front headlights
* Final prototype with right hand drive and traditional front headlights.
* Final prototype with canvas roof up
* Final prototype with canvas roof removed
# Ogoryltsevo

Ogoryltsevo (Russian: Огорыльцево) is a rural locality (a village) in Mardengskoye Rural Settlement, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 13 as of 2002.

## Geography

Ogoryltsevo is located 14 km southwest of Veliky Ustyug (the district's administrative centre) by road. Torzhino is the nearest rural locality.
# Lerumo Kalako

Mziwamadoda Uppington "Lerumo" Kalako (born 12 December 1955) is a South African politician who represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the National Assembly from 1999 to 2009 and from 2014 to 2019. He was elected in the 1999 general election and re-elected in 2004. After a hiatus from the legislature, he returned in the 2014 general election, ranked second on the ANC's provincial party list for the Western Cape. He also served as the ANC's whip in the Portfolio Committee on Communications and Digital Technologies from 2014 to 2015.
During apartheid, Kalako was imprisoned on Robben Island for eight years between 1978 and 1986. During the first democratic Parliament, he was a member of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament and served as the Western Cape's Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Environmental Affairs, Nature Conservation and Tourism.
Following the disbandment of the ANC Provincial Executive Committee (PEC) in the Western Cape in August 2019, Kalako was appointed convenor of the Interim Provincial Committee tasked with preparing the provincial structure for a provincial elective conference. After nearly four years in the position, the ANC in the Western Cape held its provincial conference in June 2023 where Kalako was expected to stand for the position of provincial chairperson, however, he declined the nomination. His ally, Vuyiso JJ Tyhalisisu, was nominated from the conference floor and won the election for provincial chairman.
# Languages of Senegal

Senegal is a multilingual country: Ethnologue lists 36 languages, Wolof being the most widely spoken language.
French, is the only official language of Senegal, used mainly by the administration, the education and spoken by 26% of the total population. Senegal is a member State of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. A Senegalese, Abdou Diouf, held the position of its Executive Secretary between 2003 and 2014.
Several of the Senegalese languages have the status of "national languages": Wolof, Balanta-Ganja, Arabic, Jola-Fonyi, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon (Serer-Noon), Pulaar, Serer, and Soninke.
Senegal is a Francophone country, where, as of 2024, 5.13 million (27.73%) out of 18.50 million people speak French.
In terms of usage, Wolof is the lingua franca and the most widely spoken language in Senegal, as a first or second language (80%).
Mande languages spoken include Soninke, and Mandinka. Jola (Diola) is a main language in the Casamance region. The Guinea Creole dialect, based on Portuguese is also spoken in that region. In 2008 Senegal, due to its historical connections to Portuguese colonisation in Casamance, was admitted as Associate Observer in the CPLP (Community of Portuguese Language Countries).
Education for the deaf in Senegal uses American Sign Language, introduced by the deaf American missionary Andrew Foster. A local language is Mbour Sign Language.
A report for the High Council of Francophonie in Paris stated in 1986 that in Senegal, 60,000 people spoke French as a first language and 700,000 spoke French as a second language. The total population of Senegal at the time was 6,500,000.

## Languages taught at school

French is the only official language of education in the Senegalese system, for 96% of public education, and 90% of private education.
English is taught as a subject in secondary school across the country.

## Languages

* Arabic
* American Sign Language
* Badyara
* Banyum
* Balanta
* Bandial
* Bassari
* Bayot
* Bedik
* Guinea-Bissau Creole (Casamance Creole dialect)
* French
* Fula
* Gusilay
* Hassaniya Arabic
* Jola-Felupe
* Jola-Fonyi
* Kasa
* Karon
* Kassonke
* Kobiana
* Kwatay
* Laalaa
* Mandinka
* Manjak
* Maninka
* Mankanya
* Mbouti Sign Language
* Mlomp
* Ndut
* Nko
* Noon
* Palor
* Pulaar
* Pular
* Safen
* Serer
* Soninke
* Wamey
* Wolof
* Yalunka
# Surendran Pattel

Surendran Pattel (born May 29, 1971) is an Indian-born American lawyer who is a judge for the 240th Texas District Court in Fort Bend County.

## Personal life

He was born in Kasargod, Kerala on May 29, 1971 as the fourth child of his parents who were labourers. He was grown up in poverty. In his early age, he rolled cigarettes. He was dropout from his school. His parents were poor and they were depended on meager wages. He is founder of a law firm.

## Career

He got law degree from University of Calicut. He began his career by starting practicing in Hosdurg taluk in 1996 and Delhi in 2005. He has also fought cases in Supreme Court of India. In 2007, when his wife was selected to work in medical center in United States, they moved to Houston.
# Wanderer Fantasy

The Fantasie in C major, Op. 15 (D. 760), popularly known as the Wanderer Fantasy, is a four-movement fantasy for solo piano composed by Franz Schubert in 1822. It is widely considered Schubert's most technically demanding composition for the piano. Schubert himself said "the devil may play it," in reference to his own inability to do so properly.

## Historical background

Schubert composed this work in late 1822, just after breaking off work on the Unfinished Symphony while sketching its incomplete scherzo. It was written for and dedicated to Carl Emanuel Liebenberg von Zsittin, who had studied piano with Johann Nepomuk Hummel, in the hope of some remuneration from the dedication. It is not only a technically formidable challenge for the performer, but also a structurally formidable four-movement work combining theme-and-variations with sonata form. Each movement transitions into the next instead of ending with a final definitive cadence, and each starts with a variation of the opening phrase of his lied "Der Wanderer", D. 489. The second movement, marked "adagio," states the theme in virtually the same way it is presented in the song, whereas the three fast movements begin with variants in diminution (that is, shortened note values): the first movement, "allegro con fuoco ma non troppo," a monothematic sonata form in which the second theme is another variant, the third, "presto," a scherzo in triple meter, and the finale, marked simply "allegro," starting as a quasi-fugue and making increasing demands on the player's technical and interpretive powers as it storms on to its conclusion.

## Structure

The whole work is based on one single basic motif from which all themes are developed. This motif is distilled from the theme of the C-sharp minor second movement, which is a sequence of variations on a melody taken from the lied "Der Wanderer", which Schubert wrote in 1816. It is this set of variations from which the work's popular name is derived.
The four movements are played without a break. After the first movement Allegro con fuoco ma non troppo in C major and the second movement Adagio (which begins in C-sharp minor and ends in E major), follow a scherzo presto in A-flat major and the technically transcendental finale, which starts in fugato returning to the key of C major and becomes more and more virtuosic as it moves toward its thunderous nonfugal conclusion.

## Influence on Liszt

The Hungarian composer Franz Liszt, who was fascinated by the Wanderer Fantasy, transcribed it for piano and orchestra (S.366, premiered in Weimar in 1851 by Julius Egghard [de]) and two pianos (S.653). He additionally edited the original score and added some various interpretations in ossia, and made a complete rearrangement of the final movement (S.565a).
The work's structure is highly influential on Liszt's Sonata in B Minor.
# Drosera stricticaulis

Drosera stricticaulis, the erect sundew, is an erect perennial tuberous species in the carnivorous plant genus Drosera. It is endemic to Western Australia and is found near watercourses and granite outcrops in sandy clay or loam. D. stricticaulis produces small, cup-shaped carnivorous leaves along green, glandular stems that can be 25 cm (10 in) high. Pink flowers bloom from July to October.
Drosera stricticaulis was first described by Ludwig Diels in 1906 as a variety of D. macrantha. In 1913, Oswald Hewlett Sargent elevated the variety to species rank. A recently described infraspecific taxon under D. macrantha, D. macrantha subsp. eremaea, was described in 1992 by N. G. Marchant and Allen Lowrie but reclassified as a subspecies of D. stricticaulis in 1996 when Jan Schlauer provided a comprehensive revision and new field key to the genus. Other authorities, such as Western Australia's Department of Environment and Conservation's FloraBase still recognize subspecies eremaea under D. macrantha.
# Galayeri

Galayeri is an important archaeological site of the Chalcolithic era located in the Qabala District of Azerbaijan. It belongs to the Leyla-Tepe culture.
The site was first investigated in 2012 by archaeologist N. Museibli. The monument takes about 3 hectares, and it is located on a plain at 342 m above sea level. The hill rises to a height of 3 m above the plain.
The location is in the area of the Qabala International Airport, about 20 km south from the city of Qabala (Gabala).

## Related sites

The archaeological material of the Galayeri settlement is very similar to the finds at the settlements of Beyuk Kesik I, and Poylu II, both located in the Aghstafa District of Azerbaijan. Especially the ceramics is similar at these sites. All these settlements are located fairly close to each other along the valley of the Kura river. Soyuqbulaq, Agstafa, another important ancient site with many kurgans is also in this area.
Galayeri is also closely connected to early civilizations of Near East.
Structures consisting of clay layers are typical; no mud-brick walls have been detected at Galayeri. Almost all findings have Eastern Anatolian Chalcolithic characteristics. The closest analogues of the Galayeri clay constructions are found at Arslantepe/Melid VII in Temple C.
In 2018, during the excavations led by the deputy director of ANAS Institute of Archeology and Ethnography Najaf Museibli, it was established that the thickness of the cultural layer belonging to Leylatepe culture at the site is more than 3 m, indicating a long occupation.
Small metal tools finds indicate the production of metal here 6,000 years ago. Also the remains of a very early potter's wheel have been found.
Radiocarbon dating indicates that Galayeri settlement goes back to the beginning of the 4th millennium BC, which is also supported by the archaeological artifacts found at the settlement.
Several other archaeological sites were also discovered in the area recently.
Ceramic items of early Kura–Araxes culture have been discovered at Galayeri dating back to the early 4th millennium BC (Chalcolithic period). One of these findings is a clay wheel model.
# Holy Trinity Church, Dalston

Holy Trinity Church, Dalston, also known as the Clowns’ Church, is a Church of England parish church in Beechwood Road in the London Borough of Hackney. It is in the parish of Holy Trinity with St Philip Dalston and All Saints Church, Haggerston (St Philip having been bombed during World War II and demolished some time between 1947 and 1952).
From 1998 to 2014, the vicar was Rose Hudson-Wilkin, who held the roles of Speaker’s chaplain to the House of Commons, priest vicar at Westminster Abbey and chaplain to the Queen.

## History and design

Holy Trinity was designed by Ewan Christian – a noted church builder and restorer and architect of the National Portrait Gallery. The main phase of construction took place in 1878-79 and was funded from the proceeds of the sale of St Martin Outwich in the City of London.
It is a Grade II-listed building; its 1975 designation noted both the reputation of its architect and its impressive High Victorian style with continental influences.
It is constructed in red brick in the Early English style and has a slate roof. Inside Holy Trinity is a screen brought from St Philip, Dalston after that church was damaged by bombing in December 1940. The post-war east window of the church has glass by A. F. Erridge.

## The Clowns' Church

Holy Trinity is known as the Clowns’ Church for the annual Clowns International service held on the first Sunday in February in honour of Joseph Grimaldi and deceased clowns. The service was established in 1946/7 at St James's Episcopal Chapel in Pentonville Road, where Grimaldi is buried (now Joseph Grimaldi Park). It moved to Holy Trinity in 1959 after St James's was deconsecrated. The service is attended by clowns in full costume and is usually followed by a performance for members of the public.
The vestry of Holy Trinity Church is home to the Clowns Gallery-Museum, which includes the Clown Egg Register.
# Novaya Derevnya, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast

Novaya Derevnya (Russian: Новая Деревня) is a rural locality (a village) in Krasavino Urban Settlement, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 28 as of 2002.

## Geography

Novaya Derevnya is located 28 km northeast of Veliky Ustyug (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bukhinino is the nearest rural locality.
# Annette Lovemore

Annette Lovemore is a South African politician for the Democratic Alliance (DA), and the mayoral committee member (MMC) of infrastructure and engineering in the Nelson Mandela Bay coalition government that took office in 2016. She previously served as a DA Member of Parliament between 2009 and 2016.

## Early life

Annette Lovemore was born on 20 December 1958. She graduated from Kimberly Girls' High School in 1975 and went on to receive her BSc at University of Cape Town in 1978.

## Political life

Lovemore served as a councillor in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality before being elected to Parliament in 2009. As the DA's Shadow Minister of Home Affairs, she has continuously brought to light the inadequacies of handling of the refugee applicants within South Africa, laws that could hurt the prospects of foreign investments into the country, and the Department of Home Affairs seemingly nonchalant handling of ID, grant and pension fraud happening from foreigners illegally in South Africa. She later served as Shadow Minister of Basic Education.
After the opposition victory in Nelson Mandela Bay in 2016, Lovemore left parliament to become a member of the mayoral committee, where she'll be focusing on Infrastructure and Engineering.
# John Julian (priest)

John Julian (27 January 1839 – 23 January 1913) (no middle name on birth certificate) was a Church of England clergyman, known as the editor of A Dictionary of Hymnology. Throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first this was the common reference for those studying hymnody and hymnology. His own estimate was that there were 400,000 hymns in the scope of his chosen field; his correspondents for research numbered over 1000. It was only superseded over a century later by the online Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology.

## Life

Julian was awarded an honorary degree by Durham University (MA, 1887); a Lambeth degree (DD, 1894), and an honorary degree from Howard University, Washington DC (LL.D., 1894).
The son of Thomas and Ann Julian, he was brought up as a Wesleyan Methodist, and became a Probationer minister in 1861 aged 22. In 1864 he was dismissed from the ministry for ‘unworthy conduct in reference to a matrimonial engagement’ (the common wording for a ‘breach of promise’).
He moved to the Church of England, and trained for the priesthood at the University of Durham (1864-66)
He was Vicar of Wincobank from 1876. In November 1901 he was appointed Prebendary of Church Fenton in York Minster. He later became a Canon of York. From 1905, he was Vicar of Topcliffe, Yorkshire.
While at Wincobank he researched and prepared the three million words of the main work of scholarship for which he is renowned: A Dictionary of Hymnology, setting forth the Origin and History of Christian Hymns of all Ages and Nations, with special reference to those contained in the hymn books of English-speaking countries, and now in Common Use; together with biographical and critical notices of their authors and translators, and historical articles on national and denominational hymnody, breviaries, missals, primers, Psalters, Sequences, &c., &c., &c. Two common abbreviations are DoH and Julian.
He had a high opinion of his own work: in his will he described it as a work on which he had ‘spent much time and arduous labour’. In its preface he claimed that in order to attain ‘minute technical accuracy’, everything was meticulously researched, so that ‘The pursuit of this aim has very frequently demanded, for the production of one page only, as much time and attention, as is usually expended on one hundred pages of ordinary history or criticism.’ Ten thousand manuscripts were consulted; it involved the contributions of 43 others as well as Julian himself; and over a thousand people wrote letters to Julian assisting him in his research into a field that, according to Julian, numbered more than 400,000 hymns. His research and achievement were truly magisterial, and his Dictionary has remained at the forefront of hymnological research for over a hundred years.
He also wrote Concerning Hymns (1874), History of the Use of Hymns in Public Worship, and Their Proper Characteristics (1894), and Carols, Ancient and Modern (1900).
# Daylighting

Daylighting can refer to:
* Daylighting (architecture), use of windows for indirect lighting
* Daylighting (intersections), improving road visibility at intersections
* Daylighting (streams), restoration of a previously buried watercourse
* Daylighting (tunnels), opening a transportation tunnel
# Edvin Wide

Emil Edvin Wide (22 February 1896 – 19 June 1996) was a Swedish middle-distance and long-distance runner.

## Biography

Born in Finland as Emil Edvin Hermansson, Wide moved to Sweden in 1918. He competed for Sweden at the 1920 Summer Olympics in the 3000 metre team event, winning a bronze medal, together with Eric Backman and Sven Lundgren. At the 1924 Olympics he won a silver medal in the 10,000 m behind Ville Ritola of Finland. He also finished third in the 5,000 m, behind Ville Ritola and Paavo Nurmi.
At the 1928 Summer Olympics, the 5,000 metre medals went to the same people as in 1924, only the Finns swapped medals, leaving Edvin with his third Olympic bronze medal. He finished behind the same two yet again for the third time in Olympic competition to win the bronze medal in the 10,000 metres.
Nationally Wide won 12 Swedish titles: five in the cross country (1922–26), four in the 1,500 m and three in the 5,000 m, and held Swedish records over 1,500 m, 5,000 m and 10,000 m. He also held world records in non-Olympic 4 × 1500 m, 2000 m and 3000 m events, and won the United States two-mile indoor championships in 1929.
Wide lived most of hist life near Enköping, where he worked as a school teacher and then headmaster. In 1926 he was awarded the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal. He retired from competitions in 1930.
Wide died at the age of 100. He was survived by wife Axelina (age 99) and two sons.
# División de Honor Amateur (Chile)

The División de Honor Amateur (usually called simply División de Ascenso) was the second division of Chilean football (soccer) in 1943 until 1953. The tournament was played on a home-and-away round-robin basis.

## Division levels

| Year | Level | Promotion to |
| 1943–1953 | 2 | Primera División |

## Champions

| Ed. | Season | Champion |
| 1 | 1943 | Maestranza Central |
| 2 | 1944 | Bernardo O'Higgins |
| 3 | 1945 | Iberia |
| – | 1946 | No tournament |
| 4 | 1947 | Ferroviarios |
| 5 | 1948 | Ferroviarios |
| 6 | 1949 | Ferroviarios |
| 7 | 1950 | Maestranza Central |
| 8 | 1951 | Thomas Bata |
| 9 | 1952 | Walter Müller |
| 10 | 1953 | Minas Melón |
| Defunct Tournament (See: Segunda División) |||
# Plombir

Plombir is a type of ice cream made with vanilla, cream, eggs and sugar, originally created in the Soviet Union in 1937. USSR—and now Russian—state standards require natural ingredients and specific levels of fat and sugar content.

## History

The name "plombir" descends from the French dessert Plombières, a vanilla ice cream mixed with candied fruit soaked in kirsch.
In 1936, Joseph Stalin sent Anastas Mikoyan from the People's Commissar of the Food Industry on a business trip to the United States to study and adapt American food production. In addition to purchasing food equipment, Mikoyan brought many food recipes from the United States, one of which was ice cream. On November 4, 1937, the first plombir was produced in Moscow using American equipment and given a Frenchified name.
During the 1930s, the state standardized production, and it remained this way until the collapse of the USSR. In the 1990s, Russia started importing foreign brands of ice cream, and the state standards were dropped.

## Standards

The standards for plombir are specified with GOST 31457-2012. Plombir made in accordance with GOST must meet the following requirements:
* fat content must be between 12% and 20%
* sugar content must be 14% or higher
* amount of solid ingredients must exceed 37-42%, depending on fat content
# Navolok, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast

Navolok (Russian: Наволок) is a rural locality (a village) in Orlovskoye Rural Settlement, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 19 as of 2002.

## Geography

Navolok is located 61 km southeast of Veliky Ustyug (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pavlovo is the nearest rural locality.