OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Farquhar–Hill rifle

The Farquhar–Hill rifle, a British design by Moubray G. Farquhar and Arthur H. Hill, was one of the first semi-automatic rifles designed in the early 20th century.

## Description

The Farquhar-Hill is a long recoil operated semi-automatic rifle with rotary bolt locking. It was .303 British caliber and fed from a 19-round drum magazine. Magazine variations included a 10-round truncated cone and a 65-round drum. It has a muzzle velocity of 732 m/s (2,400 ft/s) and is sighted to 1,500 yd (1,370 m). Some models of the rifle have a bayonet lug for an experimental shortened version of the bayonet pattern 1907 of the Lee-Enfield Mark III rifle.
The Farquhar-Hill was first patented in the UK in 1908 and in the United States in 1909. The key feature was an intermediate 'action' spring which stored recoil energy. Upon discharge, the barrel recoiled while still locked with the bolt, compressing the intermediate spring on recoil. Upon return of the barrel to the forward position, the energy stored in the intermediate spring cycled the bolt back and forth, extracting and ejecting the spent case and feeding a fresh round into the now stationary barrel. The main goal was to achieve smooth and reliable cycling, but the design was very complicated and thus badly suited for a military firearm. By 1911, Farquhar and Hill revised their rifle, changing its source of energy from barrel recoil to more convenient gas operated action. The new weapon also used an intermediate spring as a source of energy for cycling of the bolt with a stationary barrel, simplifying design and making it potentially more accurate and reliable. The design was refined and then tested by British Army on several occasions. This rifle was initially chambered for the new ".303 rimless" round, designed by necking up the 7.65x53mm Belgian Mauser case and loading it with British-issue Mk.VII bullet of .303 caliber. Later on this experimental loading was discarded in favor of the standard issue .303 British ammunition.
After several trials, including troop trials at the Front, and some use by observers in aircraft, in 1918 the Farquhar–Hill rifle was found to be suitable for military use and an official request was issued for procurement of as many as 100,000 Farquhar–Hill rifles. Official nomenclature assigned to the military Farquhar–Hill rifle in August 1918 was "Rifle. .303 inch, Pattern 1918". However, the war ended before production facilities were allocated, and manufacture of Farquhar–Hill rifles was cancelled in 1919.

## Further development

During the 1920s and early 1930s Farquhar redesigned this rifle into a lightweight machine-gun fed from top-mounted pan magazines. On several occasions the British Army tested this machine gun, known as the Beardmore-Farquhar but ultimately rejected it for a variety of reasons.
# Lambert Closse

Raphaël Lambert Closse (1618–1662) was a merchant when he disembarked at Ville-Marie, Nouvelle-France in 1647.
His exact date of birth is unknown, however, he was born in Mogues in the Ardennes department of today's northern France.
He became a public notary, as well as Sergeant Major of the garrison of Ville-Marie. He is most known for his work in fighting the Iroquois and exhibiting combat tactics that allowed him to win many fights during his time. He met his wife, Elisabeth Moyen, while rescuing her from the Iroquois in 1657.
Lambert Closse died in combat fighting the Iroquois in 1662.

## Legacy

The Lambert Closse rose, developed by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, was named in his honour.
# Paddyman

Paddy Kayiwa Mukasa aka Paddyman is a Ugandan music producer, who has produced songs for almost every top musician in Uganda. He has worked on many songs that have turned out to be classics

## Produced works

He is the producer behind the timeless hits such as Valu Valu by DR Jose Chameleone, Banyabo by Rema Namakula, Birowoozo by Iryn Namubiru, Wanimba by Eddy Kenzo, Survivor by Judith Babirye, Pressure Ya Love by Chosen blood and Walden, Bamuyita YESU by Pr wilson bugembe, agenze by Bebecool, trouble by Bebecool, maama mbile by Bobiwine and juliana, Bada by Bobiwine, kiwani by Bobiwine, Bibuuzo, time bomb, ayagala mulasi by Bobiwine. Abakyala bazira, sooka osabe by Jamal.
Bilowooza, Nabulo, Kabi Kii, Tebiba bingi , kawoowo by Iryn Namubiru,
Judith Babirye's Olugendo, yeggwe Kabaka, and many others
Pain killer by Aziz Azion
Omukwano gunyuma by samali matovu
Dilema by cindy mr.g and bobiwine
Valu Valu, Badilisha, Basima Ongeze by chameleon
and all these and many other songs went on to win awards

## Awards

Music producer Paddyman is an awarded producer
He won the "Producer of the Year" award at the 2011 PAM awards.
VIGA award Best producer of the year 2014

## STUDIO/COMPANY

Music producer paddyman is the founder owner and senior music producer at audio1 records
Audio1 Records is a studio that specializes in the production of music but also offers a variety of other services

## PADDDYMAN'S MUSIC

paddyman is not only a producer, he is an artist too and some of his songs include
* Vva mukkubo lyange
* christmas featuring Bobi wine
* ebilooto
* milelembe
* nsabira ungada
* nze naguzza
* ekimala kimala
* be humble
# Glenolabral articular disruption

Glenolabral articular disruption (GLAD) lesion is a type of shoulder injury. It is difficult to diagnose clinically, and requires surgical repair to correct the damage to the shoulder.

## Signs and symptoms

Persistent or worsening shoulder pain is the most common symptom of glenolabral articular disruption lesions. The pain is often described as anterior or global. Joint instability has also been reported in some cases.

## Causes

Glenolabral articular disruption lesions often develop as a result of shoulder trauma. External rotation and forced shoulder adduction from an abduction position characterize the classic pattern from the original series. This often occurs due to falling onto an outstretched arm. The injury has also been reported in association with forceful adduction as a result of throwing.

## Mechanism

The glenoid cartilage underneath the labrum in the glenohumeral (GH) joint is disrupted by glenolabral articular disruption. The articulation of the humeral head inside the glenoid fossa of the scapula forms the GH joint itself, which is a synovial ball and socket joint. The labrum, a fibrocartilaginous rim, encircles the fossa at its edge and is lined with articular cartilage. The labrum gives the fossa more depth and serves as an anchor for the GH ligaments and the long head of the biceps tendon.
Glenolabral articular disruption lesions usually occur from forceful adduction of the humeral head onto the glenoid fossa. Shear force might also be present. This results in varying degrees of underlying cartilage damage as well as a superficial tear along the anterior-inferior aspect of the labrum. This could be a loose chondral body, a more significant flap tear, or even a focal cartilage defect.

## Diagnosis

On non-contrast MRI or CT arthrography imaging, lesions might be harder to find, but the more recent 3T MRI scanners might increase the pick-up rate in the absence of contrast. The accepted gold standard for identifying or detecting the glenolabral articular disruption lesion is MR arthroscopy (MRA).

## Treatment

The preferred course of treatment for the glenolabral articular disruption lesion is arthroscopic debridement of the labrum and glenoid articular defect in patients without any discernible anterior instability.
# Korobovo, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast

Korobovo (Russian: Коробово) is a rural locality (a village) in Yudinskoye Rural Settlement, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 11 as of 2002.

## Geography

Korobovo is located 5 km northeast of Veliky Ustyug (the district's administrative centre) by road. Galkino is the nearest rural locality.
# Johanna Maluleke

Johanna Mmule Maluleke (died 11 January 2021) was a South African politician from North West. A member of South Africa's African National Congress, she served as a Member of the National Assembly of South Africa from 2009 until 2016, when she resigned to join the North West Provincial Legislature.
Maluleke died in 2021.
# Olaf Gjerløw

Jens Olaf Gjerløw (20 March 1885 – 5 December 1949) was a Norwegian newspaper editor. He was editor for the newspaper Morgenbladet from 1920 until his death in 1949, except for a period in German prisons during World War II.

## Personal life

Gjerløw was born in Stavanger as a son of vicar Ole Ohnstad Jensen Gjerløw (1845–1924) and Agnethe Hermine Brun (1854–1936). He grew up in Hamarøy Municipality and Vågan Municipality, where his father was stationed. He was a nephew of Mons Klingenberg Gjerløw and Ragnvald Gjerløw and a first cousin of Lilli Gjerløw. From 1914 to 1920 he was married to Gretchen Scheen (1890–1981), and from February 1924 he was married to Dagmar Helene Jæger (1889–1979), a daughter of Henrik Bernhard Jæger. He was the maternal grandfather of Socialist politician Tora Aasland.

## Career

Gjerløw finished his secondary education in 1903, and graduated from the Royal Frederick University in 1909 with the cand.philol. degree. In 1910 he was hired in the conservative newspaper Fredrikstad Tilskuer. After half a year he was hired in Høires Pressekontor, a centralized office that helped conservative newspapers with articles. In 1916 he went on to be sub-editor in Morgenbladet, and in 1918 he became acting editor-in-chief, succeeding Carl Joachim Hambro. He was appointed editor for the newspaper in 1920, and remained editor until 1949, except for some years during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany. He chaired the Conservative Press Association from 1925 to 1936. Following the milk strike in September 1941, he was arrested for "anti-German sentiments" and sentenced to fifteen years in jail. He was imprisoned at Grini concentration camp from 13 September to 8 October, then at Akershus Fortress for a week, then at Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel from 16 October 1941 to April 1942. He was released, but kept under close scrutiny, and Morgenbladet was stopped between 1943 and 1945. Gjerløw was then editor again from 1945 to his death, when he was succeeded by Rolv Werner Erichsen.
He also wrote the conservative-tinted history work Norges politiske historie, released in three volumes between 1934 and 1936. The purpose of the work was to discredit the "Liberal Party version" of the political history, represented by Ernst Sars' works. Specifically, Gjerløw wanted to show that the Conservative Party did not lack nationalist goals. The accusations of lacking such goals stemmed from the party's attitudes to the Union between Sweden and Norway. After the war Gjerløw became less of a Conservative Party supporter; he advocated broad political cooperation and was against NATO membership. He died in December 1949 in Oslo.
# Goran Marinković

Goran Marinković (Serbian Cyrillic: Горан Маринковић, born January 8, 1979) is a Serbian retired football midfielder.

## Career

After playing with Serbian clubs FK Solunac Karađorđevo, FK Spartak Subotica, FK Hajduk Kula, FK Radnički Bajmok and FK Mladost Apatin, he had a 6 months spelt in China with Qingdao Hailifeng F.C., and another half season in Sweden with Ljungskile SK, before returning to Serbia to play with FK Zlatibor Voda, Spartak Subotica again and FK Sloga Kraljevo. Since January 2010 he has been playing with Montenegrin club OFK Petrovac.
# Muhammad Toha

Muhammad Toha (1927 – 11 July 1946) was an Indonesian revolutionary and war hero, celebrated as a martyr in Indonesia for his act of self-sacrifice in Bandung during the Indonesian National Revolution.

## Biography

Muhammad Toha was born in Jalan Banceuy, Suniaraja village, Bandung in 1927. His father and mother, Suganda and Nariah respectively, both came from Kedunghalang, Bogor. Toha was orphaned in 1929 when his father died and his mother remarried. After his mother divorced her second husband, Toha was taken in by his grandparents on his father's side. Toha began attending school at the age of seven, and continued his studies until the outbreak of World War II.
During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, Toha joined Seinendan, a paramilitary group organised by the Imperial Japanese Army to train Indonesian youth in hopes of creating a local collaborator army. Toha spent most of his time helping his grandfather in the district of Sunda, and working in a motor shop in Cikudapateuh. The Japanese army later employed Toha as a car mechanic in a military vehicle workshop, where he learned to speak Japanese.
After Indonesia declared its independence on 17 August 1945, Toha was enlisted into Barisan Rakjat Indonesia (BRI), an Indonesian revolutionary militia led by Toha's uncle, Ben Alamsyah. Toha was promoted to commanding officer of Unit I of the BRI around the end of 1945.

## Indonesian National Revolution

After the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945, Japan promised to return Indonesia to the Netherlands under the administration of the Dutch East Indies. Fighting broke out between newly arrived Allied forces attempting to reestablish Dutch rule and Indonesian republicans and soldiers following World War II.
In Bandung, the Allies issued an ultimatum to Indonesian troops, demanding that they disarm and hand over their weapons to the Allies. The Indonesians refused, and withdrew from the southern half of the city to avoid civilian casualties. Civilians were evacuated by the Indonesian Army, and the southern half of Bandung was razed in an event known as the Bandung Sea of Fire.
Following the evacuations from Bandung, Toha smuggled several sticks of dynamite past Allied troops, and into the Dutch military headquarters in Dayeuh Kolot. He detonated the dynamite in the munitions warehouse, killing himself and several Allied troops in the area. After Indonesia officially gained independence from the Netherlands, the main street in the area was named "Mohammad Toha Street" in his honour.
# Beth Montague-Hellen

Elizabeth H. B. Montague-Hellen is the Head of Library & Information Services at the Francis Crick Institute, London known for her work supporting researchers and with the LGBTQ+ STEM organisation.

## Education

Montague-Hellen received a BSc in Molecular Biology with Industrial Experience at the University of Manchester in 2004. She then went on to receive an MRes Bioinformatics at the University of York in 2005. Montague-Hellen completed a Ph.D. in bioinformatics at the Brighton & Sussex Medical School. Her thesis was titled Identification of co-regulated candidate genes by promoter analysis. She later earned an MSc in Digital Library Management from the University of Sheffield in 2017.

## Career

Montague-Hellen worked in bioinformatics and evolution before switching into the field of Digital Library Management. She has worked as a Research Services Librarian at the University of Sheffield, a Systems Librarian at Bishop Grosseteste University, and a Senior Research Librarian at the University of Nottingham. In 2014 she did a year of postdoctoral research at Rutgers University. She is currently the Head of Library & Information Systems at the Francis Crick Institute.
Beth has spent much of her career supporting efforts to ensure researchers are fully supported in their work and in their work-life balance. Between 2013 and 2015 she co-convened a twitter based global support group for early career researchers called #ECRChat
When she was a postdoc at the University of Sheffield, Montague-Hellen organized a group of LGBT scientists she knew through Twitter together for networking. That group had its first LGBT STEMinar in 2016 and a second in 2017.

## Awards

Montague-Hellen is the co-founder, with Alex Bond, of LGBTQ+STEM. In 2020, Montague-Hellen and Bond were jointly awarded the Royal Society Athena Prize for their work with LGBTQ+STEM, a project "that helps LGBTQ+ researchers to find their place within science."
In 2023 Montague-Hellen was named as one of the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP) 125 award recipients, honoring the next generation of leaders in Libraries.

## Personal life

Montague-Hellen lives in Sheffield with her wife, Kate Montague-Hellen. She is the grand-niece of Ruth and Charles Cranfield.
# Rosalie Woodruff

Rosalie Ellen Woodruff is an Australian politician and current leader of the Tasmanian Greens. She has represented Franklin in the Tasmanian House of Assembly since 17 August 2015, when she was elected in a countback to replace Nick McKim.

## Education

Woodruff holds a Bachelor of Arts in Professional Writing from the University of Canberra, as well as a Master of Public Health and PhD in Epidemiology from the Australian National University, on the topic of climate and environment as predictors for Ross River Virus.

## Political Career

Woodruff has previously contested the seat of Franklin for the Australian Greens at the 2013 federal election, and at the state level for the 2014 Tasmanian election. Prior to becoming a member of the Tasmanian Parliament, Woodruff was a local councillor on the Huon Valley Council from 2009. Woodruff was elected to state Parliament in a countback in 2015, replacing Nick McKim.

### Tasmanian Greens Leader

Following the resignation of Cassy O'Connor as leader of the Tasmanian Greens, and from the Tasmanian House of Assembly on 13 July 2023, Woodruff became acting Greens Leader. With the election of Vica Bayley on 1 August 2023 to the seat of Clark for the Greens, Woodruff was confirmed as leader of the Tasmanian Greens.
Woodruff lead the party to the 2024 Tasmanian State Election. Under her leadership, the party elected five members to the Tasmanian House Of Assembly, up from two members prior to the election.
# Buoang Mashile

Buoang Lemias Mashile (born 17 December 1957) is a South African politician who represented the African National Congress (ANC) in Parliament from 2004 to 2019. He served in the National Assembly for two non-consecutive terms from 2004 to 2009 and from 2014 to 2019. In the interim, he served in the Mpumalanga caucus of the National Council of Provinces (NCOP).

## Legislative career

Mashile joined the National Assembly on 14 May 2004, filling a seat in the Limpopo constituency that had initially been designated for Mninwa Mahlangu; Mahlangu joined the NCOP instead. After one term in the seat, Mashile moved to the NCOP after the 2009 general election. In the NCOP, he was a member of the Mpumalanga caucus, and he was elected as co-chairperson of Parliament's Joint Committee on Ethics and Members' Interests; he served alongside the National Assembly's Luwellyn Landers and later Ben Turok.
In the 2014 general election, Mashile returned to the National Assembly on the ANC's national party list. The ANC nominated him to chair the Portfolio Committee on Home Affairs. In May 2018, in a reshuffle of the ANC's parliamentary caucus, he replaced Fezeka Loliwe as chairperson of the Portfolio Committee on Labour. He held the latter position until the 2019 general election, when he vacated his legislative seat.
# Switchback

Switchback may refer to:

## Transportation

* A hairpin turn on a road
* A horseshoe curve
* A zigzagging pedestrian or cycling ramp
* A roller coaster, or a roller coaster-like road
* A zig zag (railway)
* The Switchback, a former railway line in Glasgow, Scotland
* A motorcycle having detachable windscreens and luggage bags, e.g. Harley-Davidson's Dyna 2012 model

## Entertainment

* Switchback Railway, the first roller coaster designed as an amusement ride in the United States
* Switchback (rollercoaster), a wooden roller coaster located at ZDT's Amusement Park
* Switchback (band), a duo which plays Americana music
* Switchback (TV series), a Canadian television show for children and teens broadcast on the CBC in the 1980s
* Switchback (comics), a Marvel Comics character connected to the X-Men
* Switchback (film), a 1997 film starring Dennis Quaid and Danny Glover
* "Switchback" (Celldweller song), a song from Celldweller's album Celldweller
* "Switchback" (Music for Pleasure song), a song from Music for Pleasure's album Into the Rain

## Other uses

* Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC, an association football club in Colorado, United States
* Switchback, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in the United States
* In asymptotic analysis (mathematics), a term of intermediate order multiplying a homogenous solution (forced by matching to an outer solution)
* Magnetic switchback, a sudden reversal in the magnetic field of the solar wind observed on the Sun
# Stalag 13 (film set)

Stalag 13 was an outdoor film set, built in 1964 near the northwest corner of RKO Forty Acres in Culver City. It was used to depict various prison camps, most famously the POW camp of Hogan's Heroes. In early 1968 it also hosted a Mission: Impossible crew. Often the camera faced the front gates from inside the compound near the commandant's office to show the passage of guest characters; such scenes looked northeast to a tree-covered berm beyond which utility poles along Higuera Street were visible.
In 1974, Stalag 13 became the outdoor location in Ilsa: She-Wolf of the SS. Set demolition began while that movie was photographed; by summer 1974 all traces of the "camp" were gone and a new set was erected for The Fortune.
# South Harewood

South Harewood is a hamlet and civil parish in the Test Valley district of Hampshire, England. At the 2011 Census the population according to the Post Office was included in the civil parish of Wherwell. Its nearest town is Andover, which lies approximately 2.5 miles (5.7 km) north-west from the hamlet.
* This Hampshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# William Mackenzie (publisher)

William Mackenzie (of Ludgate Hill, Edinburgh and Dublin) was a well-known Scottish publisher in the mid to late 1800s. He published works by the trio of Francis Orpen Morris, Benjamin Fawcett and Alexander Francis Lydon. Some of his prints were commissioned by the Royal Agricultural Society of England. He was most active in publishing from 1866 to 1895.
In 1859, he was awarded a patent for the invention of "An Improved Method Of Printing Impressions Upon An Enlarged Or Reduced Scale, Either From Engraved Plates, Electrotypes, Blocks, Drawings, Or Other Surfaces". According to The British & Colonial Printer and Stationer, Mackenzie "had an enormous business, their Family Bibles, Home Preachers and other books of a devotional nature being known all the world over. In Scotland, at least, no home was considered completely furnished unless one of Mackenzie's Family Bibles lay upon the parlour table".

## Selected books published

* British Fresh Water Fishes
* County Seats of The Noblemen and Gentlemen of Great Britain and Ireland
* Wilson's Tales of the Borders and of Scotland: Historical, Traditionary, and Imaginative
* The National Encyclopedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge
* The Scots Worthies: Their Lives and Testimonies
* Upper Egypt and Ethiopia
* The Museum of Natural History: Being A Popular Account of the Structure, Habits, and Classification of the various Departments of the Animal Kingdom
* The National Burns
* The Illustrated Family Burns
* Chemistry: Theoretical, Practical, and Analytical, As Applies and Relating To The Arts and Manufactures