# Hyperaccumulators table – 3

This list covers hyperaccumulators, plant species which accumulate, or are tolerant of radionuclides (Cd, Cs-137, Co, Pu-238, Ra, Sr, U-234, 235, 238), hydrocarbons and organic solvents (Benzene, BTEX, DDT, Dieldrin, Endosulfan, Fluoranthene, MTBE, PCB, PCNB, TCE and by-products), and inorganic compounds (Potassium ferrocyanide).
See also:
* Hyperaccumulators table – 1 : Ag, Al, As, Be, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Naphthalene, Pb, Pd, Se, Zn
* Hyperaccumulators table – 2 : Nickel
hyperaccumulators and contaminants: Radionuclides, Hydrocarbons and Organic Solvents – accumulation rates :
| Contaminant | Accumulation rates (in mg/kg of dry weight) | Latin name | English name | H-Hyperaccumulator or A-Accumulator P-Precipitator T-Tolerant | Notes | Sources |
| Cd | | Athyrium yokoscense | (Japanese false spleenwort?) | Cd(A), Cu(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) | Origin Japan | |
| Cd | >100 | Avena strigosa Schreb. | New-Oat Lopsided Oat or Bristle Oat | | | |
| Cd | H- | Bacopa monnieri | Smooth Water Hyssop, Waterhyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola, Water hyssop | Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A) | Origin India; aquatic emergent species | |
| Cd | | Brassicaceae | Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family | Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H) | Phytoextraction | |
| Cd | A- | Brassica juncea L. | Indian mustard | Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), U(A), Zn(H) | cultivated | |
| Cd | H- | Vallisneria americana | Tape Grass | Cr(A), Cu(H), Pb(H) | Origins Europe and N. Africa; extensively cultivated in the aquarium trade | |
| Cd | >100 | Crotalaria juncea | Sunn or sunn hemp | | High amounts of total soluble phenolics | |
| Cd | H- | Eichhornia crassipes | Water Hyacinth | Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U and pesticides | Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed' | |
| Cd | | Helianthus annuus | Sunflower | | Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration | |
| Cd | H- | Hydrilla verticillata | Hydrilla | Cr(A), Hg(H), Pb(H) | | |
| Cd | H- | Lemna minor | Duckweed | Pb(H), Cu(H), Zn(A) | Native to North America and widespread | |
| Cd | T- | Pistia stratiotes | Water lettuce | Cu(T), Hg(H), Cr(H) | Pantropical, Origin South U.S.A.; aquatic herb | |
| Cd | | Salix viminalis L. | Common Osier, Basket Willow | Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) | Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) | |
| Cd | | Spirodela polyrhiza | Giant Duckweed | Cr(H), Pb(H), Ni(H), Zn(A) | Native to North America | |
| Cd | >100 | Tagetes erecta L. | African-tall | | Tolerance only. Lipid peroxidation level increases; activities of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase are depressed. | |
| Cd | | Thlaspi caerulescens | Alpine pennycress | Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) | Phytoextraction. Its rhizosphere's bacterial population is less dense than with Trifolium pratense but richer in specific metal-resistant bacteria. | |
| Cd | 1000 | Vallisneria spiralis | Eel grass | | 37 records of plants; origin India | |
| Cs-137 | | Acer rubrum, Acer pseudoplatanus | Red maple, Sycamore maple | Pu-238, Sr-90 | Leaves: much less uptake in Larch and Sycamore maple than in Spruce. | |
| Cs-137 | | Agrostis spp. | Agrostis spp. | | Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides | |
| Cs-137 | up to 3000 Bq kg-1 | Amaranthus retroflexus ( cv. Belozernii, aureus, Pt-95) | Redroot Amaranth | Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H) | Phytoextraction. Can accumulate radionuclides, ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents. Maximum concentration is reached after 35 days of growth. | |
| Cs-137 | | Brassicaceae | Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family | Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H) | Phytoextraction. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents. | |
| Cs-137 | | Brassica juncea | Indian mustard | | Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs-137 in his roots than in the biomass above ground Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents. | |
| Cs-137 | | Cerastium fontanum | Big Chickweed | | Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides | |
| Cs-137 | | Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae, Kail? and/or Salsola? | Beet, Quinoa, Russian thistle | Sr-90, Cs-137 | Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides | |
| Cs-137 | | Cocos nucifera | Coconut palm | | Tree able to accumulate radionuclides | |
| Cs-137 | | Eichhornia crassipes | Water hyacinth | U, Sr (high % uptake within a few days). Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A) and pesticides. | | |
| Cs-137 | | Eragrostis bahiensis (Eragrostis) | Bahia lovegrass | | Glomus mosseae as amendment. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution. | |
| Cs-137 | | Eucalyptus tereticornis | Forest redgum | Sr-90 | Tree able to accumulate radionuclides | |
| Cs-137 | | Festuca arundinacea | Tall fescue | | Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides | |
| Cs-137 | | Festuca rubra | Fescue | | Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides | |
| Cs-137 | | Glomus mosseae as chelating agent (Glomus (fungus)) | Mycorrhizal fungi | | Glomus mosseae as amendment. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution. | |
| Cs-137 | | Glomus intradices (Glomus (fungus)) | Mycorrhizal fungi | | Glomus mosseae as chelating agent. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution. | |
| Cs-137 | 4900-8600 | Helianthus annuus | Sunflower | U, Sr (high % uptake within a few days) | Accumulates up to 8 times more Cs-137 than timothy or foxtail. Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs-137 in its roots than in the biomass above ground. | |
| Cs-137 | | Larix | Larch | | Leaves: much less uptake in Larch and Sycamore maple than in Spruce. 20% of the translocated caesium into new leaves resulted from root-uptake 2.5 years after the Chernobyl accident. | |
| Cs-137 | | Liquidambar styraciflua | American Sweet Gum | Pu-238, Sr-90 | Tree able to accumulate radionuclides | |
| Cs-137 | | Liriodendron tulipifera | Tulip tree | Pu-238, Sr-90 | Tree able to accumulate radionuclides | |
| Cs-137 | | Lolium multiflorum | Italian Ryegrass | Sr | Mycorrhizae: accumulates much more Cs-137 and Sr-90 when grown in Sphagnum peat than in any other medium incl. Clay, sand, silt and compost. | |
| Cs-137 | | Lolium perenne | Perennial ryegrass | | Can accumulate radionuclides | |
| Cs-137 | | Panicum virgatum | Switchgrass | | | |
| Cs-137 | | Phaseolus acutifolius | Tepary Beans | Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H) | Phytoextraction. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents | |
| Cs-137 | | Phalaris arundinacea L. | Reed canary grass | Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Sr(H), Zn(H) Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents. | Phytoextraction | |
| Cs-137 | | Picea abies | Spruce | | Conc. about 25-times higher in bark compared to wood, 1.5–4.7 times higher in directly contaminated twig-axes than in leaves. | |
| Cs-137 | | Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa | Monterey Pine, Ponderosa pine | Sr-90. Also petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (Pinus spp. | Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides. | |
| Cs-137 | | Sorghum halepense | Johnson Grass | | | |
| Cs-137 | | Trifolium repens | White Clover | | Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides | |
| Cs-137 | H | Zea mays | Corn | | High absorption rate. Accumulates radionuclides. Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs137 in his roots than in the biomass above ground. | |
| Co | 1000 to 4304 | Haumaniastrum robertii (Lamiaceae) | Copper flower | | 27 records of plants; origin Africa. Vernacular name: 'copper flower'. This species' phanerogamme has the highest cobalt content. Its distribution could be governed by cobalt rather than copper. | |
| Co | H- | Thlaspi caerulescens | Alpine pennycress | Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) | Phytoextraction | |
| Pu-238 | | Acer rubrum | Red maple | Cs-137, Sr-90 | Tree able to accumulate radionuclides | |
| Pu-238 | | Liquidambar styraciflua | American Sweet Gum | Cs-137, Sr-90 | Tree able to accumulate radionuclides | |
| Pu-238 | | Liriodendron tulipifera | Tulip tree | Cs-137, Sr-90 | Tree able to accumulate radionuclides | |
| Ra | | | | | No reports found for accumulation | |
| Sr | | Acer rubrum | Red maple | Cs-137, Pu-238 | Tree able to accumulate radionuclides | |
| Sr | | Brassicaceae | Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family | Cd(H), Cs(H), Ni(H), Zn(H) | Phytoextraction | |
| Sr | | Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae, Kail? and/or Salsola? | Beet, Quinoa, Russian thistle | Sr-90, Cs-137 | Can accumulate radionuclides | |
| Sr | | Eichhornia crassipes | Water Hyacinth | Cs-137, U-234, 235, 238. Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A) and pesticides. | In pH of 9, accumulates high concentrations of Sr-90 with approx. 80 to 90% of it in its roots | |
| Sr | | Eucalyptus tereticornis | Forest redgum | Cs-137 | Tree able to accumulate radionuclides | |
| Sr | H-? | Helianthus annuus | Sunflower | | Accumulates radionuclides; high absorption rate. Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration | |
| Sr | | Liquidambar styraciflua | American Sweet Gum | Cs-137, Pu-238 | Tree able to accumulate radionuclides | |
| Sr | | Liriodendron tulipifera | Tulip tree | Cs-137, Pu-238 | Tree able to accumulate radionuclides | |
| Sr | | Lolium multiflorum | Italian Ryegrass | Cs | Mycorrhizae: accumulates much more Cs-137 and Sr-90 when grown in Sphagnum peat than in any other medium incl. clay, sand, silt and compost. | |
| Sr | 1.5-4.5 % in their shoots | Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa | Monterey Pine, Ponderosa pine | Petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cs-137 | Phytocontainment. Accumulate 1.5-4.5 % of Sr-90 in their shoots. | |
| Sr | | Apiaceae (a.k.a. Umbelliferae) | Carrot or parsley family | | Species most capable of accumulating radionuclides | |
| Sr | | Fabaceae (a.k.a. Leguminosae) | Legume, pea, or bean family | | Species most capable of accumulating radionuclides | |
| U | | Amaranthus | Amaranth | Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), Zn(H) | Citric acid chelating agent and see note. Cs: maximum concentration is reached after 35 days of growth. | |
| U | | Brassica juncea, Brassica chinensis, Brassica narinosa | Cabbage family | Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), Zn(H) | Citric acid chelating agent increases uptake 1000 times, and see note | |
| U-234, 235, 238 | | Eichhornia crassipes | Water Hyacinth | Cs-137, Sr-90. Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A), and pesticides. | | |
| U-234, 235, 238 | 95% of U in 24 hours. | Helianthus annuus | Sunflower | | Accumulates radionuclides; At a contaminated wastewater site in Ashtabula, Ohio, 4 wk-old splants can remove more than 95% of uranium in 24 hours. Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration. | URL |
| U | | Juniperus | Juniper | | Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his roots | |
| U | | Picea mariana | Black Spruce | | Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his twigs | |
| U | | Quercus | Oak | | Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his roots | |
| U | | Kail? and/or Salsola? | Russian thistle (tumble weed) | | | |
| U | | Salix viminalis | Common Osier | Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, Zn (S. viminalis); potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) | Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) | |
| U | | Silene vulgaris (a.k.a. "Silene cucubalus) | Bladder campion | | | |
| U | | Zea mays | Maize | | | |
| U | A-? | | | | | |
| Radionuclides | | Tradescantia bracteata | Spiderwort | | Indicator for radionuclides: the stamens (normally blue or blue-purple) become pink when exposed to radionuclides | |
| Benzene | | Chlorophytum comosum | spider plant | | | |
| Benzene | | Ficus elastica | rubber fig, rubber bush, rubber tree, rubber plant, or Indian rubber bush | | | |
| Benzene | | Kalanchoe blossfeldiana | Kalanchoe | | seems to take benzene selectively over toluene. | |
| Benzene | | Pelargonium x domesticum | Germanium | | | |
| BTEX | | Phanerochaete chrysosporium | White rot fungus | DDT, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP | Phytostimulation | |
| DDT | | Phanerochaete chrysosporium | White rot fungus | BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP | Phytostimulation | |
| Dieldrin | | Phanerochaete chrysosporium | White rot fungus | DDT, BTEX, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP | Phytostimulation | |
| Endosulfan | | Phanerochaete chrysosporium | White rot fungus | DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, PCP, Pentachloronitro-benzène | Phytostimulation | |
| Fluoranthene | | Cyclotella caspia Cyclotella caspia | | | Approximate rate of biodegradation on 1st day: 35%; on 6th day: 85％ (rate of physical degradation 5.86％ only). | |
| Hydrocarbons | | Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | Bermuda grass | | Mean petroleum hydrocarbons reduction of 68% after 1 year | |
| Hydrocarbons | | Festuca arundinacea | Tall fescue | | Mean petroleum hydrocarbons reduction of 62% after 1 year | |
| Hydrocarbons | | Pinus spp. | Pine spp. | Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products. Also Cs-137, Sr-90 | Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata) | |
| Hydrocarbons | | Salix spp. | Osier spp. | Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) | Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) | |
| MTBE | | Pinus spp. | Pine spp. | Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, TCE and by-products. Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa) | Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata) | |
| MTBE | | Salix spp. | Osier spp. | Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) | Phytoextraction, phytocontainment. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) | |
| Organic solvents | | Pinus spp. | Pine spp. | Petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products. Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa) | Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata) | |
| Organic solvents | | Salix spp. | Osier spp. | Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) | Phytoextraction. phytocontainment . Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) | |
| Organic solvents | | Pinus spp. | Pine spp. | Petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products. Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa) | Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata) | |
| Organic solvents | | Salix spp. | Osier spp. | Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) | Phytoextraction. phytocontainment . Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) | |
| PCNB | | Phanerochaete chrysosporium | White rot fungus | DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, PCP | Phytostimulation | |
| Potassium ferrocyanide | 8.64% to 15.67% of initial mass | Salix babylonica L. | Weeping Willow | Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (Salix spp.); Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) | Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). No ferrocyanide in air from plant transpiration. A large fraction of initial mass was metabolized during transport within the plant. | |
| Potassium ferrocyanide | 8.64% to 15.67% of initial mass | Salix matsudana Koidz, Salix matsudana Koidz x Salix alba L. | Hankow Willow, Hybrid Willow | Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (Salix spp.); Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis). | No ferrocyanide in air from plant transpiration. | |
| PCB | | Rosa spp. | Paul’s Scarlet Rose | | Phytodegradation | |
| PCP | | Phanerochaete chrysosporium | White rot fungus | DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzène | Phytostimulation | |
| TCE | | Chlorophytum comosum | spider plant | | Seems to lower the removal rates of benzene and methane. | |
| TCE and by-products | | Pinus spp. | Pine spp. | Petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE. Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa) | Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata) | |
| TCE and by-products | | Salix spp. | Osier spp. | Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE; Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis); Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.) | Phytoextraction, phytocontainment. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) | |
| | | Musa (genus) | Banana tree | | Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration. | |
| | | Cyperus papyrus | Papyrus | | Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration | |
| | | | Taros | | Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration | |
| | | Brugmansia spp. | Angel's trumpet | | Semi-anaerobic, good for rhizofiltration | |
| | | Caladium | Caladium | | Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration | |
| | | Caltha palustris | Marsh marigold | | Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration | |
| | | Iris pseudacorus | Yellow Flag, paleyellow iris | | Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration | |
| | | Mentha aquatica | Water Mint | | Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration | |
| | | Scirpus lacustris | Bulrush | | Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration | |
| | | Typha latifolia | Broadleaf cattail | | Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration | |