# Nebraska Territory

The Territory of Nebraska was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from May 30, 1854, until March 1, 1867, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Nebraska. The Nebraska Territory was created by the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. The territorial capital was Omaha. The territory encompassed areas of what is today Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota, North Dakota, Colorado, and Montana.

## History

An enabling act was passed by the Congress of the United States in 1864. Delegates for a constitutional convention were elected; this convention did not produce a constitution. Two years later, in 1866, a constitution was drafted and voted upon. It was approved by 100 votes. However, a clause in this constitution that limited suffrage to "free white males" delayed Nebraska's entry into the Union for almost a year. The 1866 enabling act for the state was subject to a pocket veto by Democratic Party / War Democrat and new 17th President Andrew Johnson 1808-1875, served 1865-1869), When the Congress reconvened in 1867, it passed another bill to create the new 37th state of Nebraska, on the condition that Nebraska's new proposed first state constitution be amended to remove the suffrage clause. This bill was also vetoed by President Johnson. The then dominant Republican Party-controlled by Radical Republicans in the Congress, then overrode his veto, with the required two-thirds super majority..

### Early settlement

Several trading posts, forts and towns were established in the previous area of the original Louisiana Purchase of 1803, abd the organization of the subsequent Louisiana Territory (1804-1812) and the following Missouri Territory of 1812-1821 (until admission of Missouri as the xx state that year of 1821, in the southeastern corner of the former larger territory. Later decades saw the new Western lands as temporarily unorganized federal territory between the Mississippi River in the east across the Great Plains to the far western Rocky Mountains. That status endured for 33 years from 1821 to the establishment of new official federal territories for Kansas Territory and the one further north in the Nebraska lands, both in 1854.
From the early 19th century through 1867, including Fontenelle's Post founded in the present-day site of Bellevue in 1806. It was first mentioned in fur trading records in 1823. Fort Lisa, founded by Manuel Lisa (1772-1820), (near present-day Dodge Park in North Omaha), was founded in 1812, although Lisa had earlier founded posts further up the upper Missouri River in future Dakota Territory (North Dakota) and Montana Territory (Montana). Fort Atkinson, was founded on the Council Bluff in 1819; in 1822 Cabanne's Trading Post was founded nearby on the Missouri River. Mormon (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) settlers founded Cutler's Park in 1846, and the town of Bellevue was incorporated in 1853. Nearby Omaha City was founded in 1854, with Nebraska City and Kearney incorporated in 1855. The influential towns of Brownville and Fontanelle were founded that year as well. The early village of Lancaster, (later called and renamed Lincoln), was founded in 1856, along with the towns of Saratoga, South Nebraska City and Florence.

### Early press

The first newspaper published in the terrain that would become Nebraska Territory and following 37th State of Nebraska, was a weekly military journal stationed at the United States Army post of Fort Atkinson that was published for five years, from 1822 to 1827, before the fort was closed. Thirty years later the Nebraska Territory was being settled and print media appeared serving the dual purposes of sharing the news and promoting the area for further settlement. In 1854, one of the first was the Nebraska Palladium (and Platte Valley Advocate). was the first newspaper to be printed / published in the territory; however, it would last less than a year. These territorial newspapers were efficient but rough and many of the papers folded under quickly changed owners, financial stability or consolidated with other publications. By 1860, the growing Nebraska Territory had twelve weekly publications, one biweekly and one monthly, with a combined circulation of 9,750. After statehood in 1867 the newspaper business expanded greatly.
Pioneer Print Media in the federal Nebraska Territory (1854-1867) :
| Name | Print period | Location | Notes |
| Nebraska Palladium and Platte Valley Advocate | July 15, 1854 –55 | Bellevue, Nebraska Territory | Edited by Thomas Morton |
| Nebraskian | 1854–64 | Omaha, Nebraska Territory | |
| Bellevue gazette | October 23, 1856 – Oct. 1858 | Bellevue, Nebraska Territory Douglas, Nebraska Territory | Published by S.A. Strickland & Co. |
| Dakota City Herald | July 15, 1857 –1860 | Dakota City, Nebraska Territory | Published by John L. Dailey |
| Nebraska Advertiser | June 7, 1856 – July 16, 1909 | Brownville, Nebraska Territory | Edited by Robert W. Furnas |
| Huntsman's Echo | 1858–1861 | Wood River, (Buffalo County), Nebraska Territory | Edited by Joseph E. Johnson, this paper was influential with Oregon Trail pioneers on wagon trains. |
| Nebraska Republican | 1858 | Omaha, Nebraska Territory | The first paper in the Territory to have mechanical presses, this was later succeeded by the Omaha Republican, and in 1871 absorbed the Omaha Tribune, (ancestor of the current Omaha World Herald). |
| Nebraska Farmer | 1859 | Brownville, Nebraska Territory | Edited by Robert W. Furnas the Farmer was the first agricultural publication in Nebraska Territory and continues to be one of the modern state's longest running journals |
| Peru Orchardist | | Peru | |
| Daily Telegraph | 1860 | Omaha, Nebraska Territory | |
| Nebraska Deutsche Zeitung | 1861 | Nebraska City, Nebraska Territory | Published by Frank Renner, this German language paper was circulated nationally among German Americans and many copies even found their way back across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe in 19th century Germany with its various divided states in South Germany and the North German Confederation / Prussia. It is credited with bringing many European German settlers to the Territory. |
| Daily Herald | 1865 | Omaha, Nebraska Territory | Edited by George L. Miller, this paper was influential in bringing the transcontinental railroad of its eastern two-thirds of the line of the Union Pacific Railroad to Omaha for its eastern terminus . starting point in the 1860s. Another ancestor of the current major daily newspaper in the state's largest city and river port town, of the Omaha World Herald |

### Early military posts

With a variety of early fur trading posts, Fort Atkinson, founded in 1819, was the location of the first military post in what became the Nebraska Territory, as well as its first school. Other posts in the Nebraska Territory included Fort Kearny near present-day Kearney; Fort McPherson near present-day Maxwell; Fort Mitchell near present-day Scottsbluff; Fort Randall, in what is now South Dakota; and Fort Caspar, Fort Halleck, Fort Laramie, and Fort Sanders, in what is now Wyoming.

## Boundaries

The Nebraska Territory's original boundaries (as specified by its Organic Act) included much of the original Louisiana Purchase; the territory's boundaries were:
* Southern: 40° N (the current Kansas–Nebraska border);
* Western: the Continental Divide between the Pacific and the Atlantic/Arctic Oceans;
* Northern: 49° N (the U.S.–British North America border);
* Eastern: the White Earth and Missouri rivers.

### Subsequent territory creation

Upon creation, the territory encompassed most of the northern Great Plains, much of the upper Missouri River basin and the eastern portions of the northern Rocky Mountains. The Nebraska Territory gradually reduced in size as new territories were created in the 1860s.
The Colorado Territory was formed February 28, 1861 from portions of the territory south of 41° N and west of 102°03′ W (25° W of Washington, D.C.) (an area that includes present-day Fort Collins, Greeley and the portions of Boulder north of Baseline Road, in addition to portions of Kansas Territory, New Mexico Territory, and Utah Territory).
March 2, 1861, saw the creation of the Dakota Territory. It was made of all of the portions of Nebraska Territory north of 43° N (the present-day Nebraska–South Dakota border), along with the portion of present-day Nebraska between 43° N and the Keya Paha and Niobrara rivers (this land would be returned to Nebraska in 1882). The act creating the Dakota Territory also included provisions granting Nebraska small portions of Utah Territory and Washington Territory—present-day southwestern Wyoming bounded by 41° N, 110°03′ W (33° W of Washington, D.C.), 43° N, and the Continental Divide. These portions had not been part of the Louisiana Purchase; rather, they had been part of Oregon Country and became part of the United States in 1846.
On March 3, 1863, the Idaho Territory was formed of all the territory west of 104°03′ W (27° W of Washington, D.C.).