OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# BrMT

BrMT (6-bromo-2-mercaptotryptamine) is a neurotoxin found in the hypobranchial gland of the marine snail species Calliostoma canaliculatum. The disulfide-linked dimer of BrMT possesses inhibitory effects on the K$_v$1 and K$_v$4 families of voltage-gated potassium channels.

## Source

BrMT was first isolated from the mucus of Calliostoma canaliculatum, a cone snail found in the temperate coastal waters of the western Pacific. BrMT is the first compound found in the hypobranchial gland mucus to produce a biological response.

## Chemistry

BrMT is a brominated tryptamine. It has a thiol group, allowing dimerization via a disulfide linkage. BrMT is found to be light-sensitive and unstable in a reducing environment. Its first total synthesis was reported in 2013.

## Target

Calliostoma canaliculatum deters predators by covering its shells with BrMT-containing mucus, in particular when exposed to a predator, such as Pycnopodia helianthoides or Pisaster giganteus.
The BrMT dimer is known to affect voltage-gated potassium channels in the central nervous system. It strongly inhibits ShBΔ potassium channels, and to a lesser degree also isoforms found in humans (hK$_v$1.1) and squid (sqK$_v$1.A). It also affects members of K$_v$4 family (K$_v$4.1 and K$_v$4.2) and Drosophila ether-à-go-go channels.

## Mode of action

The mode of action of BrMT involves inhibition of specific voltage gated potassium channels present in the nervous system. By stabilizing the voltage sensor of the ion channel, the opening of ShBΔ ion channels and other K$_v$1 members is inhibited. BrMT has an IC$_{50}$ of 1.1 ± 0.1 μM on ShBΔ channels, a member of the K$_v$1 family. The BrMT binding to ShBΔ has been found to be allosteric in nature, due to a change of conformation in the K$^+$ channel subunits and not by blocking the entrance of the channel.
# Tom Clare (lawyer)

Thomas A. Clare is an American lawyer who specializes in defamation law.

## Career

Clare and his wife Libby Locke run the law firm Clare Locke LLP. They founded Clare Locke in 2014 after leaving Kirkland & Ellis LLP.
Clare represented Dominion Voting Systems against Rudy Giuliani, Sidney Powell and Mike Lindell in defamation cases related to the 2020 United States presidential election.
For about eighteen months beginning in the summer of 2019 he sent letters to journalist Patrick Radden Keefe, the New Yorker and Doubleday attempting to undermine the publication of Empire of Pain.
In January 2021 Clare was retained by Adam Neumann to defend his reputation. In 2022 he got HBO to change their characterization of the show Generation Hustle which featured an episode on Neumann and WeWork as being about scammers and true crime.

## Personal life

Clare's father was an aerospace engineer who worked for the Navy and his mother was a housewife.
Clare identifies politically as an American conservative.
# Vanda Dignani Grimaldi

Vanda Dignani Grimaldi (25 July 1930 – 18 April 2019) was an Italian politician. She was a member of the Chamber of Deputies for the Italian Communist Party and the Democratic Party of the Left. She was the first blind person to serve in the Italian parliament.

## Early life

Dignani Grimaldi was born on 25 July 1930 in San Severino Marche, Macerata. She had a sister, Ivana, and she was married to Luigi Grimaldi. She received a university degree in philosophy and worked as a teacher. She was president of the provincial section of the Italian Union of Blind and Partially Sighted People.

## Political career

Dignani Grimaldi was elected as a councillor of Macerata in 1990 and re-elected in 1995. She also served as the municipal health councillor for four years.
She was first elected to the Chamber of Deputies on 5 July 1983 as a representative for the Ancona-Pesaro-Macerata-Ascoli Piceno district in the 1983 general election. She was a member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI). She served as a member on the committee of internal affairs. She was the first blind person to serve in the Italian parliament. Dignani Grimaldi was re-elected in the 1987 general election on 26 June 1987 as a member of the PCI, but she changed parties to become a member of the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) on 13 February 1991 when the PCI was dissolved. She was a member of the PDS for the remainder of her term in office. She was appointed as a member of the committee of social affairs. She left office on 22 April 1992.

## Later life

Dignani Grimaldi died on 18 April 2019 in Matelica, at the age of 88.
# Enzo Ghigo

Enzo Ghigo (born 24 February 1953) is an Italian politician, former President of Piedmont from 1995 to 2005.

## Biography

A manager of the Publitalia-Fininvest group, whose owner was Silvio Berlusconi, Ghigo entered politics in December 1993, becoming the promoter of Forza Italia in Piedmont. Elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1994, Ghigo was elected President of Piedmont in 1995, leading a center-right coalition.
In 2000, Ghigo was re-elected Governor, defeating The Olive Tree candidate Livia Turco, and remained at the head of his region until 2005, when, seeking a third term, he was defeated by The Union candidate Mercedes Bresso.
In 2006, Ghigo refused the offer to run for Mayor of Turin, and was instead elected Senator for Forza Italia in Piedmont and held his seat until 2013.

## Honours and awards

* Italy: Grand Cross Knight of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (28 May 2002)
* Italy: Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (27 December 1996)
# Alberto Lembo

Alberto Lembo (28 July 1944 – 22 February 2022) was an Italian politician. A member of the Lega Nord and later the National Alliance, he served in the Chamber of Deputies from 1994 to 2001. He died in Lonigo on 22 February 2022, at the age of 77.
# Antonino Mannino

Antonino Mannino (7 December 1939 – 26 November 2022) was an Italian politician. A member of the Italian Communist Party, he served in the Chamber of Deputies from 1983 to 1992.
Mannino died in Partinico on 26 November 2022, at the age of 82.
# Angelo Cemmi

Angelo Cemmi was a member of the Italian Christian Democracy, and was an Italian Senator from Lombardy. He retired in 1963.

## Political career

Cemmi, mayor of Darfo in office, entered in the Italian Senate in 1948. He retired after two re-elections.
# Albino Donati

Albino Donati (31 March 1902 – 17 July 1972) was a member of the Italian Christian Democracy, and was an Italian Senator from Lombardy. He did not seek for re-election in 1953.

## Political career

Donati was a city councillor of Brescia and member of the board of directors of Cariplo. He obtained a landslide victory in 1948, but retired in 1953 to follow his private business.

## Role in the Senate
### Committee assignments

* Committee on Wealth
** Legislature I

### Electoral history

* 1948 election for the Italian Senate
* Direct mandate for Chiari (65.7%) obtaining the landslide victory required by law (more than 2/3 of votes)
# Antonio Toselli

Antonio Toselli (20 October 1884 – 2 June 1954) was an Italian engineer and politician, who served as Mayor of Cuneo from 1946 to 1948 and as Senator for two legislatures (1948–1953, 1953–1954).
# Wronski

Wronski or Wroński (feminine: Wrońska, plural: Wrońscy) is a Polish surname. Czech, Ukrainian and Russian variants include Vronski and Vronsky (feminine: Vronska, Vronskaya). It may refer to:

## People

* Christopher R. Wronski (1939–2017), electrical engineer who co-discovered the Staebler–Wronski effect
* Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński (1776-1853), Polish philosopher and mathematician (see Wronskian)
* Peter Vronsky, Canadian filmmaker and writer
* Petr Vronský (born 1946), Czech conductor
* Sergei Arkadevich Vronsky (1923-2003), Soviet and Russian cinematographer
* Eugenia Vronskaya (born 1966), Russian painter

## Fictional characters

* Alexei Vronsky, a character of Leo Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina
* Michael "Mike" Vronsky, one of the main characters in Michael Cimino's The Deer Hunter
# Roberto Scheda

Roberto Scheda (born 30 October 1942) is an Italian politician who has served as Mayor of Vercelli since June 2024. He previously served as mayor of Rosasco (2009–2019) and Senator (1992–1994).
He was also president of the New Italian Socialist Party from 2007 to 2009.
# Tony Free

Tony Free (born 27 June 1969) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the VFL/AFL between 1987 and 1996 for the Richmond Football Club. He played one game in the 1987 season (wearing No. 49) and then became a regular player from 1988 (wearing No. 30).
Free's career was cut short by a knee injury and he retired in 1996. His last game was against Geelong in round 5 of 1996. He captained the club for three seasons from 1994 and was appointed a Director of the club in June 2008. In December 2013, he became a Life Member of the club.
In 2019, Free was inducted into the Richmond 'Hall of Fame'.
# Japan National Route 394

National Route 394 (国道394号, Kokudō San hyaku kyū jūyongō) is a national highway in the Japanese prefecture of Aomori. Route 394 stretches 185 km (115 miles) from National Routes 279 and 338 in Mutsu southwest to National Route 7 in Hirosaki.

## Route description

The route has a total length of 185 km (114.95 mi). It travels southwest across Aomori Prefecture connecting the cities of Mutsu and Hirosaki by traveling over the Hakkōda Mountains in the center of the prefecture.

## History

National Route 394 was designated as route connecting Mutsu to Aomori in 1982; however, many of the sections of roadway that make up the highway predate this designation, including a bridge along the highway over Lake Ogawara that was built in 1958. Its routing has changed since its designation. In Shichinohe, the road used to parallel National Route 4 and National Route 45 for a short distance until March 2015. In the same town on 27 November 2018, the route was moved slightly to the west to better facilitate the junction between it and the Kamikita Expressway.

## Future

Improvements on the highway near the interchange with the Kamikita Expressway continue. A project to straighten a 1.9-kilometer-long (1.2 mi) section of the road north of the junction is planned by the government of Aomori Prefecture.

## Major junctions and features

The route lies entirely within Aomori Prefecture. Distance markers reflect distance traveled from the junction with National Route 338 in Rokkasho.
| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| Mutsu | | | National Route 279 / National Route 338 north | Northern terminus; northern end of unsigned National Route 338 concurrency |
| See National Route 338 |||||
| Rokkasho | 0 | 0.0 | National Route 338 south | Southern end of unsigned National Route 338 concurrency; beginning of distance markers |
| Shichinohe | 24.5 | 15.2 | Kamikita Expressway east | Current western terminus of the Kamikita Expressway |
| Shichinohe | 29.7 | 18.5 | National Route 4 / National Route 45 | National Route 45 is unsigned |
| Aomori | 54.0 | 33.6 | Aomori Prefecture Route 40 (Aomori-Tashiro-Towada route) | |
| Towada | 60.4 | 37.5 | National Route 103 south | Northern end of National Route 103 concurrency |
| Aomori | 70.8 | 44.0 | National Route 103 north | Southern end of National Route 103 concurrency |
| Aomori | 71.4– 71.8 | 44.4– 44.6 | Jōgakura Bridge | Jōgakura Bridge |
| Kuroishi | 87.9 | 54.6 | National Route 102 east | Northern end of National Route 102 concurrency (National Route 394 is unsigned) |
| Kuroishi | 94.2 | 58.5 | Tōhoku Expressway– Morioka, Aomori | Interchange; Tōhoku Expressway exit 52 |
| Hirosaki | 103.5 | 64.3 | National Route 7 | Interchange; southern end of National Route 102 concurrency; southern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus |||||
# Ricardo Torres Origel

Ricardo Torres Origel (8 September 1956 – 24 April 2016) was a Mexican politician affiliated with the PAN. He served as a Senator of the LX and LXI Legislatures of the Mexican Congress representing Guanajuato. He also served as federal deputy during the LVIII Legislature, as well as a local deputy in the LVII Legislature of the Congress of Guanajuato.
# Thipsamai

Thipsamai (Thai: ทิพย์สมัย) is a restaurant on Maha Chai Road in Samran Rat, Bangkok, Thailand. The restaurant is notable for its Pad Thai, using sun dried sen chan noodles from Chantaburi Province and a homemade prawn oil. It opened in the 1950s as a street stall and subsequently moved into a physical storefront in 1966. Owned by Sikarachat Baisamut, Thipsamai was named for his mother, Samai Baisamut, who opened the stall in Bangkok after selling pad thai with her mother on a boat on Phasi Charoen Canal in Samut Sakhon Province.
# Frans Weekers

Frans Hubertus Henricus Weekers (born 17 October 1967) is a Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and lawyer.

## Early life and education

Weekers was born in Weert, in the province Limburg. His father was an accountant and member of the municipal council. His paternal grandfather was a wethouder in Weert. His mother was a schoolteacher.
Weekers attended secondary school in Weert between 1980 and 1987, where he did the vwo programme. He became a member of the VVD in 1986, while he was still in secondary school. Weekers subsequently went to the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 1987, where he obtained an MSc degree in economics and econometrics in 1992 and an LLM degree in 1993.

## Career
### Legal work

Weekers worked as a legal advisor for the assurance company Van Rey and as the assistant of the member of the House of Representatives Jos van Rey in 1993 and 1994.

### Politics

Weekers was an elected member of the municipal council of Weert from 1994 to 2003, where he was the fraction leader of the VVD. From 1994, he also worked as a lawyer in Weert, until he was elected to the House of Representatives in 1998. He served as a member of the House of Representatives from 19 May 1998 to 23 May 2002, a second time from 3 June 2003 until 14 October 2010 and a third time from 20 September until 5 November 2012.
Weekers was State Secretary at the Ministry of Finance in the First Rutte cabinet starting 14 October 2010. On 5 November 2012, he was re-appointed in the Second Rutte cabinet, dealing with fiscal affairs and finances of lower governments. He resigned on 4 February 2014 and was replaced by Eric Wiebes, an alderman of Amsterdam.

### Later career

From 2016 to 2020, Frans Weekers served as Executive Director on the Board of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in London. Starting from March 1, 2020, he became the Deputy Secretary-General of the Benelux Union. On January 1, 2023, he assumed the position of Secretary-General.

## Resignation

Opposition parties have fiercely criticized his performance. According to them, Weekers had insufficient knowledge of the tax office being behind on payments, such as providing rental and care allowances to about 100,000 citizens. After Weekers heard that a motion of no confidence was imminent, he submitted his resignation on 29 January 2014. On January 30, 2014, decree No. 2014000256 on his dismissal from office was issued.
# IBZ

IBZ may refer to:
* Ibiza Airport
* International Bibliography of Periodical Literature (Internationale Bibliographie der Zeitschriftenliteratur)
* Irreducible Brillouin zone
# Reductone

A reductone is a special class of organic compounds. They are enediols with a carbonyl group adjacent to the enediol group, i.e. RC(OH)=C(OH)-C(O)R. The enediol structure is stabilized by the resonance resulting from the tautomerism with the adjacent carbonyl. Therefore, the chemical equilibrium produces mainly the enediol form rather than the keto form.
Reductones are reducing agents, thus efficacious antioxidants. Some are fairly strong acids. Examples of reductones are tartronaldehyde, reductic acid and ascorbic acid.
Examples of reductones :
| Tartronaldehyde | Reductic acid | Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) |
# New York Estonian Theater

The New York Estonian Theater (Estonian: New Yorgi Eesti Teater, NYET) was an Estonian theater abroad that operated in New York from 1950 to 1992. It is considered to have been the most prominent Estonian theater abroad.

## History

The theater was established by Henrik Visnapuu and Kadi Taniloo. On November 18, 1949, Visnapuu gave a speech at the New York Estonian House, and he was elected the chairman of the "theater department" of the New York Estonian Educational Society. The theater gave its first performance on April 8, 1950, with a production of August Mälk's 1932 play Vaese mehe ututall (The Poor Man's Ewe Lamb).
The theater had about 50 members, and it primarily performed works by Estonians from home and abroad. The records of the theater are held by the University of Minnesota Libraries.
# Star Rise

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| Uncut | |
Star Rise is a remix from two previous Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan–Michael Brook collaborations. The album was dedicated to the memory of Khan, who died prior to the album's completion, and released posthumously by Real World Records.
Tracks 1, 2, 5, 6, and 8 are remixed from the 1996 album Night Song. Tracks 3, 4, 7, and 9 are remixed from the 1990 album Mustt Mustt.
According to the Star Rise liner notes, the Nitin Sawhney remix of Tracery, created after Khan's death, is the only track not to receive Khan's feedback.
# State Highway 20B (Rajasthan)

State Highway 20B (RJ SH 20B) is a State Highway in Rajasthan state of India that connects Churu district of Rajasthan with Bikaner in Bikaner district of Rajasthan. The total length of RJ SH 20B is 143 km.
# USS Pirate (AM-275)

USS Pirate (AM-275) was an Admirable-class minesweeper built for the U.S. Navy during World War II. She was built to clear minefields in offshore waters, and served the Navy in the North Atlantic Ocean and then in the Pacific Ocean. She was returned to active service for the Korean War. During Operation Wonsan she struck a mine and sunk. For her dangerous work, she was awarded four battle stars for her Korean War effort.

## History

The second U.S. Navy warship named USS Pirate, she was laid down 1 July 1943 by Gulf Shipbuilding Co., Chickasaw, Alabama, launched 16 December 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Clara L. Oliver and commissioned 16 June 1944.
That summer, Pirate operated in and around Casco Bay and Boston, Massachusetts; conducted ASW exercises with Italian submarine Vortice and with Task Group TG 23.9 in early-August, and later that month swept the channel from Boston to Provincetown, Massachusetts. In December she transferred to Miami, Florida, where she was school ship for student officers for the next four months.
Pirate got underway from Miami 4 April 1945 to transit the Panama Canal, stopping at San Diego, California, and proceeding on to Pearl Harbor for duty. She departed Pearl Harbor and proceeded with MinDiv 32 via Eniwetok to Apra Harbor, Guam 7 June. As Allied forces made the final drive on Okinawa, Pirate reported at Nakagusuku Bay 26 June. In September she was minesweeping in area "Arcadia", in and around Jinsen, Korea, and operated off the northern coast of Formosa in November.
Decommissioned at Bremerton, Washington on 6 November 1946, the ship reported to ServPac in December 1947 for deployment in Japanese waters. In a caretaker status, she retained this status, out of service in reserve for the next several years
In July 1950, Pirate was with MinDiv 32, ServPac when hostilities in Korea called her back into active service. Recommissioned 14 August 1950 at Yokosuka, Japan, she departed Sasebo 8 September for duties off Pusan, Korea.
On 12 October she and USS Pledge (AM-277) were mine sweeping three miles off the enemy-held island of Sin-Do when the ships hit mines. Sinking within five minutes, Pirate had 12 sailors missing and one dead.

## Aftermath

Attempts were made to salvage Pirate but failed so explosives were placed in her wreck and detonated to prevent North Korean forces from recovering any classified material. Additional aircraft and boats from other nearby warships arrived at the area after the action to help in the rescue operations.
USS Pirate, Pledge and Redhead each received the Presidential Unit Citation and their commanders were awarded the Silver Star for bravery. USS Partridge was mined off Wonsan on February 2 and became the last American vessel to be destroyed during operations in that area. Sometime in 1952, Lieutenant McMullen received an anonymous package containing Pirate's battle flag and on May 28, 1985, it was donated to the Naval Historical Center and is on display at the Korean War exhibit.

## Awards and honors

Pirate received four battle stars for Korean War service.
# Monte Merkel

Monte John Merkel (November 6, 1916 – July 22, 1981) was an American football guard who played one season with the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at the University of Kansas and attended St. John's Military Academy in Delafield, Wisconsin.
# Elfrid Payton (Canadian football)

Elfrid Payton Sr. (born September 22, 1967) is an American former all-star gridiron football player in the Canadian Football League (CFL). Payton graduated from Grambling State University.

## Career

Payton played with seven different teams over the course of his career.
1991–1993 – Payton played with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, where he was an all-star and James P. McCaffrey Trophy winner in 1993.
1994 – Payton started the season with the Shreveport Pirates, but finished with the Grey Cup finalist Baltimore CFLers, registering twenty seven tackles and four sacks.
1995 – Payton had eighteen sacks in an all-star season with the Grey Cup champion Baltimore Stallions.
1996–1999 – Payton had three all-star seasons (1997, 1998 and 1999) with the Montreal Alouettes.
2000 – Payton returned to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers.
2001 – Payton was an all-star with the Toronto Argonauts.
2002–2003 – Payton played with the Edmonton Eskimos, where he won the CFL's Most Outstanding Defensive Player Award and was an all star in 2002, and won a Grey Cup in 2003.
2004 – Payton returned to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers.
Payton played in 189 total regular season games, seventeen playoff games, and four Grey Cups. His 154 career sacks are the 2nd highest career total in CFL history.

## Post-career

In 2010 Payton was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame.
Payton's son, also named Elfrid, was a basketball player at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette who won the 2014 Lefty Driesell Award, and now plays for the New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association.