OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Willoughby Smith

Willoughby Smith (6 April 1828, in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk – 17 July 1891, in Eastbourne, Sussex) was an English electrical engineer who discovered the photoconductivity of the element selenium. This discovery led to the invention of photoelectric cells, including those used in the earliest television systems.

## Career

In 1848, he began working for the Gutta Percha Company, London where he developed iron and copper wires insulated with gutta-percha to be used for telegraph wires. In 1850, Smith superintended the manufacture and laying of 30 miles of underwater telegraph wire from Dover to Calais. Though the first cable failed almost immediately, another laid the following year was a success and over the following decades, Smith and the company he worked for were involved with many other underwater telegraph cable projects.
In 1866, Smith developed a method for continually testing an underwater cable as it was being laid. For his test circuit, he needed a semi-conducting material with a high resistance and selected selenium rods for this purpose. The selenium seemed to do the job properly, except in actual use, the device gave inconsistent results. Upon investigation, it was discovered that the conductivity of the selenium rods increased significantly when exposed to strong light. Smith described his research in a paper presented at the 12 February 1873 meeting of the Society of Telegraph Engineers as "Electrical Properties of Selenium and the Effect of Light Thereon". A brief summary was published as the "Effect of Light on Selenium during the passage of an Electric Current" in the 20 February 1873 issue of Nature. In 2017 his work on selenium was recognized with a Technology and Engineering Emmy Award for "Concept of Opto-Electric Transduction" by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. As the Emmy can be presented only to living persons, the award was made to three organizations (or their successors) with which his work was associated: Telcon (now Alcatel-Lucent), the Society of Telegraph Engineers (now the Institution of Engineering and Technology, IET) and Siemens.

## Personal life

Willoughby was the son of William Smith, a sailor, and his wife, Harriot. He married Ann, daughter of William Sanders, a brewer, at St John's, Waterloo, on 24 June 1849. By 1871 they had three daughters and three sons.
Smith died on 17 July 1891 and is buried with his wife Ann on the east side of Highgate Cemetery.

## Works

* Book: Selenium, its electrical qualities, and the effect of light thereon : being a paper read before the Society of Telegraph Engineers. 28 November 1877, Willoughby Smith
* Book: A résumé of the earlier days of electric telegraphy. Hayman Brothers and Lilly, Printers, 1881, Willoughby Smith
* Book: The rise and extension of submarine telegraphy. London: J.S. Virtue & co, 1891, Willoughby Smith
* Book: Selenium: its electrical qualities, and the effect of light thereon. London, 1877, Willoughby Smith
# Fenster School

The Fenster School of Southern Arizona was a school located in Catalina Foothills, Arizona, United States. Its college-preparatory curriculum offered students an opportunity to take courses for high school as well as towards college credit. Fenster School offered boarding and day student programs.
The school closed in 2016 and the campus is now home to Sabino Recovery Integrative Health and Wellness.

## Accreditation

The Fenster school was accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools.
# Megachile mundifica

Megachile mundifica is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1921.
# Leandro Ferreira

Leandro Ferreira is a Brazilian municipality located in the center of the state of Minas Gerais. Its population as of 2020 was 3,226 people living in a total area of 355 km$^2$ (137 sq mi). The city belongs to the meso-region of Central Mineira and to the micro-region of Bom Despacho. It became a municipality in 1963.

## Geography
### Location

The city center of Leandro Ferreira is located at an elevation of 700 m (2,300 ft) on state highway MG-235, in the Serra da Saudade mountains. Neighboring municipalities are: Martinho Campos (N), Pitangui and Conceição do Pará (E), Nova Serrana (S), and Bom Despacho (W).
Distances
* Belo Horizonte: 144 km (89 mi)
* Nova Serrana: 17 km (11 mi) south
* Divinópolis: 57 km (35 mi)

### Geographical Facts

* Average annual temperature: 22.1 C
* Average annual maximum temperature: 29.1 C
* Average annual minimum temperature: 16.7 C
* Average annual rainfall: 1415.7 mm
* Topography: flat 20%, hilly 30%, mountainous 50%
* Main rivers: Rio Pará, Rio Lambari, and Ribeirão das Areias.

## Economic activities

Services, small industries, and agriculture are the most important economic activities. In 2005 there were 10 extractive industries employing 35 workers, 7 transformation industries employing 118 workers, and 34 retail units employing 55 workers. The GDP in 2005 was approximately R$19 million, with 9 million reais from services, 1 million reais from industry, and 7 million reais from agriculture. There were 217 rural producers on 18,000 hectares of land. 36 farms had tractors (2006). Approximately 600 people were occupied in agriculture. The main crops are rice, beans, and corn. There were 19,000 head of cattle, of which 6,000 were milk cows (2006).
There was one bank (2007). In the vehicle fleet there were 325 automobiles, 30 trucks, 48 pickup trucks, 5 buses, and 249 motorcycles (2007).

## Health and education

In the health sector there were 3 public health clinics. (2005). Patients with more serious health conditions are transported to Belo Horizonte. Educational needs of 750 students were met by 3 primary schools, 1 middle school, and 1 pre-primary school.
* Municipal Human Development Index: 0.737 (2000)
* State ranking: 370 out of 853 municipalities as of 2000
* National ranking: 2239 out of 5,138 municipalities as of 2000
* Literacy rate: 85%
* Life expectancy: 70 (average of males and females)
In 2000 the per capita monthly income of R$197.00 was below the state average of R$276.00 and below the national average of R$297.00. Poços de Caldas had the highest per capita monthly income in 2000 with R$435.00. The lowest was Setubinha with R$73.00.
The highest ranking municipality in Minas Gerais in 2000 was Poços de Caldas with 0.841, while the lowest was Setubinha with 0.568. Nationally the highest was São Caetano do Sul in São Paulo with 0.919, while the lowest was Setubinha. In more recent statistics (considering 5,507 municipalities) Manari in the state of Pernambuco has the lowest rating in the country - 0.467 - putting it in last place.
# Jonmi Magunagoitia

Jon Mikel "Jonmi" Magunagoitia Blasco (born 6 August 2000) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for SD Eibar.

## Club career

Born in Amorebieta-Etxano, Biscay, Spain, Magunagoitia joined SD Eibar's youth setup in 2017, from hometown side SD Amorebieta. On 15 August 2018, after finishing his formation, he was loaned to the latter for one year, in Segunda División B.
Magunagoitia made his senior debut on 23 September 2018, starting in a 2–1 away win over Gimnástica de Torrelavega. The following 22 January, he returned to his parent club and was assigned to the farm team also in the third division.
Upon returning, Magunagoitia shared the starting spot with Markel Areitio as Vitoria suffered relegation. On 7 July 2021, after becoming a first-choice, he moved to Zamora CF in Primera División RFEF.
On 18 July 2022, Magunagoitia returned to his first club Amorebieta on a permanent deal. He contributed with 32 appearances during the 2022–23 season, as the club achieved promotion to Segunda División.
Magunagoitia made his professional debut on 10 September 2023, starting in a 1–0 away loss to Racing de Santander. He was mainly a backup to Pablo Cuñat during the campaign, as the club suffered immediate relegation.
On 2 July 2024, Magunagoitia signed a two-year contract with SD Eibar in the second division.
# Harrell Woolard

Harrell Judson Woolard (born October 6, 1963) is a swimmer who represented the United States Virgin Islands. He competed in four events at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
# Garo Project

GARO Project is a Japanese musical ensemble made up of the cast of the Garo television series. As a group, they released two singles in 2006 that featured the ending themes of the TV series and the made-for-TV movie Garo Special: Byakuya no Maju.

## Members

* Masaki Kyomoto: Producer, lyricist, composer, and guitarist. Portrayed Karune Ryuzaki/Barago/Kiba in Garo.
* Hiroki Konishi: Vocals. Portrayed Kouga Saejima/Garo in Garo.
* Ray Fujita: Vocals and chorus. Portrayed Rei Suzumura/Zero in Garo.
* Mika Hijii: Chorus. Portrayed Kaoru Mitsuki in Garo.
* Hiroyuki Watanabe: Drums and chorus. Portrayed Taiga Saejima/former Garo in Garo.

## Discography

* "Garo ~Boku ga Ai o Tsutaeteyuku~" (牙狼～僕が愛を伝えてゆく～, "Garo ~I'll Keep Showing You My Love~") - July 26, 2006
** C/W "Boku wa Mada Koi o Shite wa Ikenai" (僕はまだ恋をしてはいけない, "I Shouldn't Still Be Loving")
* "Akai Bara" (赤いバラ, "Red Rose") - November 26, 2006
** C/W "Aurora no Shita de" (オーロラの下で, Ōrora no Shita de, "Under the Aurora")
# Arnulf Kolstad

Arnulf Kolstad (23 April 1942 – 21 May 2020) was a Norwegian social psychologist. He was professor emeritus of Social Psychology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). He was appointed by the King-in-Council at the then-University of Trondheim in 1986 and was head of department for the Department of Psychology from 1990 to 1992. He became professor emeritus in 2012.

## Career

Kolstad was born in Oslo. He held a higher degree in engineering from 1966 and a doctorate in engineering from 1973, as well as a higher doctorate of philosophy (dr.philos.) in social psychology from 1984. As a student, he served as editor-in-chief of the student newspaper Under Dusken in Trondheim. He was also a member of the Trondheim city council for the Socialist People's Party during this period. He was employed at the University of Bergen from 1972, where he became associate professor of social psychology in 1976. From 1978, he was associate professor at Aalborg University, before his appointment by the Norwegian government as a full professor at the University of Trondheim. He has also been research director at the Research Council of Norway.
Kolstad was a well-known figure nationally, and often participated in public debates relating to his fields of expertise. His research focus is social psychology, cultural psychology, political psychology, environmental psychology, ecological psychology, and mental health.
His criticism of the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize being awarded to Liu Xiaobo as "western arrogance" received significant media attention in Norway and abroad.

## Selected books

* Kolstad, A. (2011) Menneskets kultur. Om kulturpsykologi og sosialpsykologi, 236 pp. Fidus forlag 978-82-998746-0-1
* Kolstad, A. (2011) Det vakre og det gode. Om estetikk og arkitektur, 228 pp. Fidus forlag 978-82-998746-1-8
* Kolstad, A. (2011) Fra kritikk til karriere. Om universitetet og de intellektuelle, 230 pp. Fidus forlag 978-82-998746-2-5
* Kolstad, A. (2011) Forbrytelse – men straff? Om kriminalitet og kriminalomsorg, 264 pp. Fidus forlag 978-82-998746-3-2
* Kolstad, A. (2011) Etter regn kommer sol. Om psykiske lidelser og helse, 270 pp. Fidus forlag 978-82-998746-4-9
* Kolstad, A. (2011) Fantasi og kunnskap. Om kreativitet og skole, 214 pp. Fidus forlag 978-82-998746-5-6
* Kolstad, A. (2011) Pengene og arbeidslivet. Om økonomi og lønnsarbeid, 221 pp. Fidus forlag 978-82-998746-6-3
* Kolstad, A. (2011) I sportsidiotenes verden. Om idrett og samfunn, 209 pp. Fidus forlag 978-82-998746-7-0
* Kolstad, A. (2011) Krig og fred. Om politisk psykologi og rasisme, 253 pp. Fidus forlag 978-82-998746-8-7
* Kolstad, A. (2011) Hummer og kanari. Om litt av hvert, 245 pp. Fidus forlag 978-82-998746-9-4
* Kolstad, A. & Krogstad, R. (eds.) (2011) Psykologisering av sosiale problemer. Medikalisering av psykiske lidelser. Alpha Forlag.
* Myers, D., Abell, J., Kolstad, A. & Sani, F. (2010) Social Psychology. European Edition. McGraw-Hill. 864 sider
* Kolstad, A. (1976) Nei, vi elsker : Politisk militærnekting 193 pp. (Pax-bøkene; 107)
# Diane Falkenhagen

Diane Falkenhagen is an American artist, she is known as a metalsmith and creates mixed-media custom jewelry which incorporates two dimensional imagery. She is based in Texas.

## Early life and education

In 1977, she received her B.F.A. degree from the University of North Texas and in 1981 she received her M.F.A. degree from the University of Houston. At University of Houston, she studied sculpture under James Surls and John Alexander.

## Career

For more than three decades Diane Falkenhagen has been creating and exhibiting art jewelry. A native Texan, Falkenhagen lives and works on west Galveston Island.
Between 1992 and 1995, she lived in Brazil. Her time living in Brazil is reflected in her use of Latin American folklore in some of her art.
Falkenhagen’s jewelry is held in private collections and is exhibited all over the world. Some of her work had been featured in the publications American Craft, Metalsmith, Ornament, Southwest Art, The New York Times, and the books: Color on Metal, 500 Brooches and 500 Necklaces.
After Hurricane Ike in 2008 inundated her West Galveston island studio she received a CERF+ Emergency Grant and CERF+ Emergency Revovery Loan.
She is best known for her mixed media jewelry in which she transforms 2-D images into 3-D objects. The images serve the same purpose in the pieces as a gemstone would, drawing the viewer in and focusing their attention. Her images and inspiration come from art history, iconography, metaphor, and memory. She has also been inspired by the artist, Rene Magritte. One of her favorite forms of jewelry to create are brooches, "because there are fewer restrictions," and much of her work is done in series based on a central theme. Many of her brooches have a "narrative" where the jewelry is meant to convey part of a story. In some of her jewelry, she uses images of reproductions of paintings which she transfers onto polymer clay. The reproductions are further "enhanced" with colored pencils and then framed in various metal designs created by Falkenhagen. Falkenhagen also uses hard wax in her surface treatments of her transferred images.

## Affiliations

In 1996, she was elected to the Board of Directors of the Society of North American Goldsmiths (SNAG). Falkenhagen began teaching jewelry-making as early as 1979 in Galveston.
She runs workshops and lectures around the country and is an assistant professor at the University of Houston. She is also a former member of the editorial advisory committee of Metalsmith magazine. She started teaching at Galveston College in 1981 and remained there till 1992, when she moved to Rio de Janeiro.
Her work was shown at Pittsburgh's Society for Contemporary Craft in Transforamtion 8: Contemporary Works in Small Metals in 2012.
# Ramona Solberg

Ramona Solberg (1921–2005) created eccentric yet familiar jewelry using found objects; she was an influential teacher at the University of Washington School of Art and is often referred to as the "grandmother of Northwest found-art jewelry". Additionally, she served as an art instructor and a prolific jewelry artist in and around Seattle for three decades.

## Biography

Ramona Lorraine Solberg was born on 10 May 1921, in Watertown, South Dakota, but her family relocated to Seattle, Washington before Solberg's second birthday. She enlisted in the Women’s Army Corps in 1943 during the Second World War and served until 1950. Using her G.I. Bill benefits, she went to Mexico where she studied jewelry and textile design at the University of Michoacan in Morelia and textiles at the Belias Artes in San Miguel de Allende. She then studied in Oslo, Norway at Statens Kunst og Handverk Skole and worked with jewelry and enameling. Upon returning to the United States, she completed both a Bachelor's of Arts and a Master's of Fine Arts degree at the University of Washington and also studied with Ruth Penington.
From 1951 to 1956, Solberg taught at James Monroe Jr. High School and then worked until 1967 as an associate professor at Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Washington. From that time until her 1983 retirement, Solberg was an art professor at the University of Washington. Solberg is often associated with Pacific Northwest artists and jewelers and she taught like Laurie Hall, Ron Ho, Kiff Slemmons, and Nancy Worden.

## Artwork

Though Solberg made some jewelry in her studies and she did not create her first piece of jewelry using beads and found objects until 1956, while at Central Washington State College. Her jewelry was large, rather than typical delicate, precious jewelry. She created her jewelry to be worn and to be worn by large women.
In the 1960s, she began traveling. Her first round-the-world trip included visits to Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Nepal, where she picked up beads at every stop. When she returned, she published a book "Inventive Jewelry Making" in 1972. Solberg and a Seattle group called Friends of the Crafts began making annual travels through Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Africa and even one trip to Antarctica to both study crafts in other areas and obtain artifacts that could be used in their own works.
Solberg was honored as a Fellow of the Council by the American Craft Council for her leadership and ability as an artist and teacher. Craft historian Vicki Halper curated a major traveling exhibition in 2001-2002, along with writing a comprehensive, illustrated accompanying publication, after conducting an extensive (35 page transcribed) oral history.
Solberg worked on jewelry right up to her death. She died 13 June 2005 in Seattle, Washington.

## Collections

* Museums of Contemporary Crafts in New York City
* King County Arts Commission in Seattle, Washington
* Smithsonian American Art Museum
* Tacoma Art Museum in Tacoma, Washington
# Suriname President's Cup

The Suriname President's Cup is an association football super cup competition organized by the Surinamese Football Association. The match puts the winners of the SVB Eerste Divisie and the SVB Cup against each other.

## History

The tournament began in the 1993 season. The first champion was PVV. In 2018, SV Robinhood won the trophy for the seventh time, becoming the most successful club in the competition's history. Inter Moengotapoe matched the record in 2019.

## Past finals

| Season | Winner | Scorers | Result | Runner-up | Scorers | Venue | Attendance |
| 1993 | PVV | | 2–1 | Transvaal | | | |
| 1994 | Robinhood | | | Leo Victor | | | |
| 1995 | Robinhood | | 2–0 | Coronie Boys | | | |
| 1996 | Robinhood | | 1–0 | Transvaal | | | |
| 1997 | Transvaal | | 1–1 (pen) | Voorwaarts | | | |
| 1998 | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held |
| 1999 | Robinhood | | 3–2 | Transvaal | | | |
| 2000 | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held |
| 2001 | Robinhood | | 3–2 | Transvaal | | | |
| 2002 | Voorwaarts | | 2–1 | Transvaal | | | |
| 2003 | Leo Victor | | 4–2 | FCS Nacional | | | |
| 2004 | WBC | | 5–0 | Super Red Eagles | | | |
| 2005 | FCS Nacional | | 1–0 | Robinhood | | | |
| 2006 | WBC | | 4–2 | Robinhood | | | |
| 2007 | Inter Moengotapoe | | 4–2 | Robinhood | | | |
| 2008 | Transvaal | | 3–0 | Inter Moengotapoe | | | |
| 2009 | WBC | Sandvliet 35' (pen) Kempenaar 54' Aroepa 60' | 3–0 | Inter Moengotapoe | | Andre Kamperveen Stadion | |
| 2010 | Inter Moengotapoe | | 1–0 | Excelsior | | | |
| 2011 | Inter Moengotapoe | | 2–2 ns (5–4) | Notch | | | |
| 2012 | Inter Moengotapoe | | 3-2 | Robinhood | | | |
| 2013 | Inter Moengotapoe | | 3-1 | WBC | | | |
| 2014 | Leo Victor | | 1–1 (5–3 pen.) | Inter Moengotapoe | | | |
| 2015 | Nishan 42 | da Silva 70' | 1–0 | Inter Moengotapoe | | Andre Kamperveen Stadion | 1800 |
| 2016 | Robinhood | Djimisie 35' (pen) Rozenblad 88' Fer 94' | 3–1 | Inter Moengotapoe | Vallei 14' (pen) | Andre Kamperveen Stadion | 3000 |
| 2017 | Inter Moengotapoe | | 4–2 | Papatam | | | |
| 2018 | Robinhood | | 4–0 | West United | | | |
| 2019 | Inter Moengotapoe | | 2–0 | Flora | | | |
| 2023 | Robinhood | Rigters 100' Singodikromo 118', 119' | 3–0 (aet) | Inter Moengotapoe | | Franklin Essed Stadion | 3,500 |

### Number of titles

| | Club | # Wins | Winning Years |
| 1 | Robinhood | 7 | 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2001, 2016, 2018, 2023 |
| 1 | Inter Moengotapoe | 7 | 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2019 |
| 3 | WBC | 3 | 2004, 2006, 2009 |
| 4 | Transvaal | 2 | 1997, 2008 |
| 4 | Leo Victor | 2 | 2003, 2014 |
| 6 | FCS Nacional | 1 | 2005 |
| 6 | Voorwaarts | 1 | 2002 |
| 6 | PVV | 1 | 1993 |
| 6 | Nishan 42 | 1 | 2015 |
# Soviet submarine TK-202

ТК-202 was a ballistic missile submarine of the Russian Navy, formerly having served in the Soviet Navy.
Hull number TК-202 was laid down at the Sevmash shipyards in Severodvinsk in October 1980 and launched in April 1982. She was the second ship of the Soviet Project 941 Akula class (Russian for shark, NATO reporting name Typhoon). In December 1983, she began her commission in the Soviet Northern Fleet. She was, along with the other Akulas, based in Nerpichya Bay, Zapadnaya Litsa.
During her service in the Soviet era she had a name, but it was forgotten. Several of her sister ships later received names, but the TК-202 and the TK-13 continued to be called by their hull numbers alone. ТК stands for тяжелая крейсерская (tyazholaya kreyserskaya), meaning heavy cruiser.
The 14-year-old submarine was deactivated in 1997, and was laid up from July 1999 at the Sevmash shipyard in Severodvinsk awaiting decommissioning. With funding from the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction programme the defueling of its reactors started in June 2002 at the Zvezdochka shipyard. She was scrapped between 2003 and 2005.
# Julie Anne Mihalisin

Julie Anne Mihalisin (born 1962) is an American jewellery artist. Mihalisin was born in Gainesville, Florida in 1962. She attended Tyler School of Art and Architecture and the Royal College of Art. Her work is included in the collections of the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, the Corning Museum of Glass and the Museum of Arts and Design. Her piece, Untitled Brooch, was acquired by the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of the Renwick Gallery's 50th Anniversary Campaign.
# Scrophularia ningpoensis

Scrophularia ningpoensis, commonly known as the Ningpo figwort or Chinese figwort, is a perennial plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae. It reaches 1 m by 0.4 m. Its flowers are hermaphrodite, insect-pollinated and the plant usually flowers in late spring.
This plant has been known to traditional Chinese medicine for as long as 2000 years. Its root is harvested in autumn in Zhejiang province and neighboring areas, then dried for later use.