OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Craft of Science Writing

The Craft of Science Writing: Selections from The Open Notebook is a non-fiction book edited by Siri Carpenter and published in 2020 by The Open Notebook.

## Synopsis

The Craft of Science Writing presents more than 30 articles, some new, others previously published on The Open Notebook website, organized to answer five questions: "Who is a science journalist and how do you become one? What makes a science story and how do you find one? How do you report a science story? How do you tell your story? How do you build expertise in science writing?"
In ALA's CHOICE, Melody Herr wrote that the articles are organized "into an introductory course that covers becoming a science journalist, identifying a story idea, conducting research, writing the story, and building proficiency in core skills". She also said the articles demonstrate effective idea presentation, "through personal anecdotes, interviews with award-winning journalists, expert panel discussions, and visuals, including a marked-up science article, a flowchart, and helpful checklists".
Jonathan Wai wrote in Psychology Today, that it "...seeks to illuminate the craft of science writing by collecting numerous perspectives from science writers themselves about how to improve their own craft of science writing." Carolyn Crist wrote the pieces "offer advice about how to pitch stories, evaluate scientific and statistical claims, report on controversial topics, and engage readers with a scientific story."

## Critical reception

Wai wrote, "The conversation among scientists themselves has not yet included learning from science writers and editors themselves, and thus this new volume, in my view, is important to read for scientists to understand what it is that science writers do, what it means to tell a great story about science, and the incentive structure that science writers are under especially as journalism is rapidly shifting."
The editor of Brontide Journal said,"It is the go to source for anyone who wants to write about science. Whether that's the science behind the story or if the science, is the story itself."
Herr wrote that the articles "address artistic, practical, and business aspects of the craft", as well as "the emotional strain of reporting and the journalist’s social responsibility to confront flawed science and incorporate diverse voices... Summing Up: Highly recommended. All readers".
Jacqui Banaszynski said that this anthology and The Open Notebook, "while embedded in a science-based world, offer valuable wisdom for any writer who covers a challenging specialty subject. Or, frankly, for any writer who has the aspiration to do high-level, in-depth work."
# Edward Jollie

Edward Jollie (1 September 1825 – 7 August 1894) was a pioneer land surveyor in New Zealand, initially as a cadet surveyor with the New Zealand Company. The Christchurch Central City is laid out to his survey.

## Biography

Jollie was born in 1825. The family was from Brampton, Carlisle, England. His father was the Reverend Francis Jollie, and he was the fourth son. He followed his elder brother Francis to New Zealand, arriving on the barque Brougham in Wellington in 1842. Later he worked in the Wairau, and in Canterbury, where he laid out the new town of Christchurch in 1850.
Later he was briefly the first Member of Parliament for the Cheviot electorate 1859–1860, being elected in December 1859. In his diary, he says about his parliamentary career that "In the Assembly I voted with the Government, but only spoke once in a debate, and then briefly."
He farmed in Southbridge, Canterbury. He was active on the Canterbury Provincial Council from 1865 until the abolition of the provinces in 1876. He held several posts including Secretary of Public Works and Provincial Treasurer.
He lived with his wife, Caroline, six daughters and two sons in Europe from 1877 and when they returned to New Zealand in 1884 settled in Patea. His wife encouraged him to write an autobiography for the benefit of their children, and he began writing his reminiscences in 1872.
Although he had no connection with Otago, Jollie is commemorated in the name of a street in Mosgiel. Jollie Street in Linwood is named after him.
# Active metabolite

An active metabolite, or pharmacologically active metabolite is a biologically active metabolite of a xenobiotic substance, such as a drug or environmental chemical. Active metabolites may produce therapeutic effects, as well as harmful effects.

## Metabolites of drugs

An active metabolite results when a drug is metabolized by the body into a modified form which produces effects in the body. Usually these effects are similar to those of the parent drug but weaker, although they can still be significant (see e.g. 11-hydroxy-THC, morphine-6-glucuronide). Certain drugs such as codeine and tramadol have metabolites (morphine and O-desmethyltramadol respectively) that are stronger than the parent drug and in these cases the metabolite may be responsible for much of the therapeutic action of the parent drug. Sometimes, however, metabolites may produce toxic effects and patients must be monitored carefully to ensure they do not build up in the body. This is an issue with some well-known drugs, such as pethidine (meperidine) and dextropropoxyphene.

## Prodrugs

Sometimes drugs are formulated in an inactive form that is designed to break down inside the body to form the active drug. These are called prodrugs. The reasons for this type of formulation may be because the drug is more stable during manufacture and storage as the prodrug form, or because the prodrug is better absorbed by the body or has superior pharmacokinetics (e.g., lisdexamphetamine).
# Walter Brodie

Walter Brodie (1811 – 11 September 1884) was a New Zealand politician in Auckland, on both provincial and national level.

## Biography

Brodie was born in 1811 in Eastbourne, East Sussex, England, as the sixth of twelve children. His mother was Anna Brodie (1779–1864), the daughter of The Times founder John Walter. His father was Revd Dr Alexander Brodie DD (1773–1828). His parents had married in 1802, and his father had become the Reverend at St Mary's, Eastbourne, in 1809. His grandfather died in 1812, the year after Brodie was born, and his mother inherited 2/16ths of the shares in The Times; the same proportion went to her sister Mary Carden. In 1821, the two sisters and their respective husbands signed an affidavit that clarified that the shares were held by the daughters of The Times founder, and were not the property shared with their husbands. His father died in 1828.
Brodie emigrated to the colony in the early 1840s. He returned to England in 1844 and published a book on his experience of New Zealand colonial life titled Remarks on the Past and Present State of New Zealand.
Brodie returned to New Zealand, by way of Pitcairn.
In 1851, he imported English pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) and released them near Mongonui. At around the same time, Thomas Henderson imported Chinese pheasants (Phasianus colchicus torquatus) and released them on his property on his property, now known as the Auckland suburb of Henderson. Pheasants became common game birds in the North Island. Brodie also imported sparrows into New Zealand.
He represented the Suburbs of Auckland electorate in the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, but resigned before the end of his term on 6 December 1859. He did not serve in any subsequent Parliaments. He also participated in Auckland provincial politics, representing the Suburbs of Auckland electorate in 1855–1857.
Upon receiving his inheritance, which included his mother's shareholding in The Times, Brodie returned to England with his wife and daughter around 1870. His daughter Josephine married George Daniel Moore at Holy Trinity, Paddington, on 1 July 1870.
Brodie visited Auckland again in December 1878. He died in England on 11 September 1884.
# Joseph Newman (politician)

Joseph Newman (1815 – 4 January 1892) was a 19th-century Member of Parliament in the Waikato, New Zealand.

## Biography

Newman was born in Willoughby, Lincolnshire in 1815 to a small farmer of the same name. Mehetabel Newman was a younger sister. Another sister was Elizabeth Newman, who became the second wife of William Thomas Fairburn and died in childbirth in 1847. Newman received his education at the nearby Alford Grammar School and then worked in the flour milling and grain-buying business. He became a teetotaller as a young man. He applied to become a missionary for the London Missionary Society but was not chosen.
Newman came to New Zealand on the James in 1840, travelling in the company of several missionaries. He returned to England in 1845 to marry Caroline Ewen. Upon his return, he bought farming land at Kohimarama. From 1850, he worked as an auctioneer. He had a house, now Cotter House, built in Remuera in 1847 and rebuilt in 1862; it is an early Victorian-style house which is one of the oldest remaining houses still standing in Auckland. He had a business partnership with the landowner and auctioneer Alfred Buckland from 1855 to 1856. Afterwards, he had a business partnership with his brother-in-law, Walter Ewen.
Newman entered politics by being elected to the first Auckland Provincial Council for the Southern Division electorate, where he served from August 1853 to September 1855. In October 1863, he was elected unopposed to represent the Raglan electorate on the council, was again unopposed at the 1865 election and served until November 1868. From February to December 1864, he was appointed to the Auckland Executive Council. From 18 April 1864, he served as Deputy Superintendent, until he resigned in November of that year. The next Deputy Superintendent, Samuel Jackson, was appointed on 21 July 1865. In January 1865 Newman was appointed as commissioner for settlement of the 'waste lands' of Waikato after their invasion. He represented the Raglan electorate in Parliament from 1866 to 1867, when he resigned.
He died on 4 January 1892 at his Remuera residence, a bit over a year after sustaining serious injury from a falling signboard. Several obituaries and more modern sources say the board was a whisky advert and that he was struck down by drink, but it was more probably advertising biscuits. Newman was well known as a teetotaller. He was buried in St Andrew's, Epsom Anglican cemetery and was survived by his wife; they had no children.
# John Williamson (New Zealand politician)

John Williamson (25 August 1815 – 16 February 1875) was a New Zealand politician, printer and newspaper proprietor. He was a leading opponent of the 1860s wars against Māori and lost his newspaper and fortune as a result.

## Early life

Williamson was probably born on 25 August 1815, or possibly February 1815, in Newry, County Down, Ireland.

## Career

He served his apprenticeship as a printer. He married Sarah Barre in either 1833 or 1834, and they were to have five children.

### New South Wales

The family emigrated to Sydney, New South Wales, in 1840, where Williamson worked for the Australasian Chronicle and then the Sydney Monitor. He moved on to Auckland, New Zealand, in mid-1841.

### New Zealand

He purchased his own printing press in 1845 and started the New-Zealander, which became Auckland's leading newspaper. The editorial approach of the New-Zealander, was to support the ordinary settler and the Māori.
He was joined by partner W. C. Wilson in 1848, until Wilson left to found the New Zealand Herald in 1863. The New-Zealander ceased after a fire on 7 May 1866. A coroner's hearing concluded there was insufficient information to determine the cause, though evidence was given of an unknown person running away. In 1867 the Evening Post wrote, "It was a combination of leading men in Auckland—notably the business men—that killed the New Zealander, causing heavy loss to its actual proprietor and those conducting it. Why? It ventured to have an opinion, and to maintain it."
He was a member of the Auckland Provincial Council in the first council from 22 July 1853, representing the Pensioner Settlements electorate. He served until 15 November 1856 as a councillor. He was, over three periods, the fourth Superintendent of Auckland Province (1856–1862 resigned; 1867–1869 defeated; 1873–1875 died). On 28 December 1865, he became a member of the Auckland Executive Council as commissioner of waste lands under Frederick Whitaker as Superintendent, until he succeeded him in 1867 following his resignation.
Williamson represented the Pensioner Settlements (consisting of the Auckland suburbs of Howick, Onehunga, Ōtāhuhu, and Panmure) in the 2nd New Zealand Parliament from 1855 to 1860, and represented the City of Auckland West electorate in the 3rd Parliament, the 4th Parliament, and the 5th Parliament from 1861 to 1875 (in 1871 the election was declared void, but he was then re-elected).
He was briefly a minister without portfolio in the second Fox Ministry in July/August 1861. He died in 1875, while he was a Member of Parliament. He was buried in Symonds Street Cemetery.
# Eugene O'Conor

Eugene Joseph O'Conor (23 February 1835 – 5 July 1912) was a New Zealand Member of Parliament for the Buller electorate, in the South Island.

## Private life

Born in Ireland in 1835, O'Conor went to Victoria, Australia in 1854, and came to New Zealand in the early 1860s. He was a cattle dealer and storekeeper. O'Conor had 'several useful inventions patented' and lectured on his opinion that Francis Bacon (Baconian theory) was the author of Shakespeare's plays. He was a significant land owner on the West Coast.

## Member of Parliament

O'Conor was a member of the Nelson Provincial Council. From November 1869 to October 1873, he represented the Buller electorate. From May 1874 until the abolition of the Nelson Province in October 1876, he represented the Westport electorate. From June 1874, he was on the Nelson Executive Council for a time (the source does not record an end date).
Eugene O'Conor represented the Buller electorate in the New Zealand House of Representatives from 1871 to 1875 and again between 1884 and 1893. He was known as the 'Buller Lion' for his strong advocacy of local interests and was opposed to 'party government'. O'Conor had advanced ideas and promoted democratic measures, including removing the property qualification for the franchise and having the Legislative Council directly elected by the people.

## Death

O'Conor died on 5 July 1912 in Nelson. His wife had pre-deceased him in 1890. They had no children, and he left the majority of his estate to destitute children and old people in Westport.
# Arthur John Burns

Arthur John Burns (22 October 1830 – 15 September 1901) was a prominent early settler of Otago, New Zealand, a member of the Otago Provincial Council, a member of the New Zealand House of Representatives and founder of the Mosgiel Woollen Company, Dunedin.

## Biography

Burns was born in Monkton, South Ayrshire, Scotland. He was the only son and eldest child of Thomas Burns and Clementina Grant and the great-nephew of the poet Robert Burns. He came to Otago with his father in the Philip Laing arriving in Port Chalmers on 15 April 1848.
He played a prominent part in provincial affairs and was a member of the Provincial Council from 1855 to 1859 and again from 1863 to 1870. On three occasions, he served on the Executive Council of the Otago Province. He was also a member of the New Zealand House of Representatives on three occasions; Bruce 1865–1866, Caversham 1866–1870 when he resigned, and Roslyn 1875–1878 when he resigned. He vigorously opposed the abolition of the provinces in 1876.
On 6 April 1861 he married Sarah Scott Dickson, with whom he had 11 children.
He founded the Mosgiel Woollen Company in 1871 in an area on the western outskirts of Dunedin. Burns named the town Mosgiel after his great-uncle Robert Burns's Mossgiel farm in Ayrshire, Scotland. He imported skilled labour and specialised equipment from Great Britain to begin large scale clothmaking in 1873. This mill formed the backbone of the Mosgiel economy for decades.
Burns died on 15 September 1901 and is memorialised in the names of two schools – Arthur Burns School in Mosgiel and the Arthur Burns Early Learning Centre. Arthur Burns School in Mosgiel has since been amalgamated with two other primary schools in the region. Burns Point and Arthurs Walk in Vauxhall are named after Burns, who lived on the site of the current White House.
# Russell Wainscoat

William Russell Wainscoat (28 July 1898 – July 1967) was an English footballer who played at inside left for several clubs in the 1920s and 1930s, spending the best part of his career at Leeds United. He made one appearance for England in 1929.
Powerful inside-left who scored a hat-trick on his league debut for Barnsley and managed two hat-tricks while he was with Leeds. He became a regular at Elland Road and was a popular figure with the fans in his six years with the club (1925–31). He picked up his only cap in 1929 in England's 0–1 defeat by the Scots in Glasgow in a match decided just two minutes from time by a goal scored direct from a corner. Wainscoat left Leeds for Hull in 1931 and helped them to the Division 3 North title two years later. He died at the age of 69. He played 226 games for Leeds scoring 93 times (info from http://www.leeds-fans.org.uk/leeds/players/521.html which states he played for Barnsley, Middlesbrough, Leeds then Hull).
He was born in East Retford, Nottinghamshire.
# Edward McGlashan

Edward McGlashan (12 December 1817 – 31 July 1889) was a 19th-century Member of Parliament in Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand.
McGlashan was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1817. His father's family were publishers to the University of Edinburgh. After receiving a good education, McGlashan worked in the book trade. Inspired by his brother's work as secretary for the Otago Association, he decided to emigrate and left in 1848. He went to Adelaide in South Australia, then Melbourne and finally Sydney, where he sold the books that he took with him for a good profit. There, he purchased provisions that he took with himself to Dunedin in 1850, which he could once again sell at a good profit. In 1853, he was joined in Dunedin by his older brother, John McGlashan.
Edward McGlashan worked at first as a registrar at the Supreme Court under Justice Sidney Stephen. He then leased a flour mill from William Henry Valpy on the Water of Leith. He also had a store and auction room in Princes Street. From 1858 until 1862, when the Otago gold rush began, he was in partnership with W. Carr Young, and they traded as Young and McGlashan. McGlashan visited England in 1862.
Edward McGlashan stood for election in the first Otago Provincial Council, and represented the Dunedin Country electorate from 28 September 1853 to 15 September 1855. He was unsuccessful at some later provincial elections. In 1865, he contested the superintendency, but was beaten by Thomas Dick. He would later represent the North Harbour electorate in the 6th and 7th council, from 17 March 1871 until the abolition of the provincial governments on 31 October 1876.
He represented the City of Dunedin electorate from the 1860 general election to 1862 when he resigned; and then the Roslyn electorate from the 1871 Roslyn by-election to 1875, when he retired.
McGlashan had various business interests later in life. He dealt in stock and farmland, and owned Mount Stokes station. He owned steamers and was milling in The Catlins. He started to manufacture paper, but was unsuccessful in making it from tussock grasses. He moved to Timaru for some years and was a director of a number of companies, including a major shareholder in the New Zealand Shipping Company. After a long visit to England from 1881, he returned to Dunedin to live in St Clair.
McGlashan married twice, and his second wife was Henrietta, the daughter of George Bell; they married on 10 March 1880. McGlashan's health was poor for his last few years. He died on 31 July 1889 at his residence in St Clair, and was survived by his second wife.
# Öwezgeldi Ataýew

Öwezgeldi Ataýew (Russian: Овезгельды Атаев, romanized: Ovezgel'dy Atayev; born 1951) is a Turkmen politician. He was the chairman of the Assembly of Turkmenistan from 2002 to 2006. According to the Constitution of Turkmenistan, he was to become the acting president after the death of Saparmurat Niyazov in December 2006. However, the State Security Council of Turkmenistan reported that Atayev was not appointed acting president due to a criminal case started against him. Atayev was charged with abuse of power and human rights violations.
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, who was one of several Deputy Prime Ministers and Minister of Health, succeeded Niyazov instead. According to Kommersant, Atayev was arrested on 21 December 2006. Berdimuhamedow signed an order dismissing Atayev for "committing a deed incompatible with the high position entrusted to him". Atayev was accused in a statement of harassing and humiliating his daughter-in-law and driving her to attempted suicide. He was subsequently imprisoned until March 2012.
# Hamed Ameli

Hamed Ameli (Persian: سید حامد عاملی, born 1977) is an Iranian conservative politician who formerly served as the governor general of Ardabil Province.

## Education

Ameli holds a bachelor's degree in industrial engineering and received a PhD in social communication sciences .
# George Beetham

George Beetham, F.R.G.S., M.H.R. (1840 – 20 August 1915), known to Māori as Hori Pitama, was a New Zealand politician and alpinist.
Beetham was born in 1840 in Horncastle, Lincolnshire, England. His father was the noted portrait painter William Beetham. The Beetham family emigrated to New Zealand in 1855, arriving on the William and Jane in 1855. Together with his brothers, he settled in the Wairarapa. The brothers built up a farm on land bought by his father, and Brancepeth Station was by 1901 the largest land holding in the Wairarapa, at 24,000 hectares (240 km$^2$). As the land had originally been owned by Māori, Beetham engaged with them frequently and they knew him as Hori Pitama. His sister Susannah married Cecil Fitzroy in 1878.
Beetham made his first exploration of Mount Ruapehu in March 1878. In 1879, Beetham, accompanied by Joseph Prime Maxwell, a civil engineer of Wellington, made a complete ascent of Mount Ruapehu, and, reaching its summit, crossed the large southern glacier, and made a close examination of the hot lake that is in the great ice plateau, the existence of which had not been previously recorded. In 1881 Beetham made another ascent of the north-east ridge to the Tahurangi peak accompanied by William Birch and his wife Ethel, the first European woman to make the ascent.
Beetham represented the Wairarapa West electorate on the Wellington Provincial Council from February 1873 until the abolition of provincial government in October 1876. He represented the Wairarapa electorate in Parliament, after winning the 1877 by-election, to 1881. He then represented the Wairarapa North electorate from 1881 to 1887, and the Masterton electorate from 1887 to 1890, when he was defeated by just 18 votes. For a time, he was in Parliament at the same time as Fitzroy, his brother-in-law.
Beetham moved to London in 1898, and he died there on 20 August 1915.
# State hospital

A state hospital is a hospital funded and operated by the government of a state. In some countries, such as South Africa, the term is synonymous with public hospital. In other countries, like the United States, general public hospitals are operated by local governments.

## Psychiatric hospitals

In the United States, due in part to the efforts of Dorothea Dix, the term "state hospital" generally refers to a public psychiatric hospital operated by a state government for persons committed to compulsory psychiatric care after being found not guilty of serious violent crimes on the basis of insanity.
In the United Kingdom, the term may refer to one particular psychiatric hospital known as the State Hospital.