OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bush administration payment of columnists

The Bush administration payment of columnists refers to the payment of public funds to right-wing media commentators by several U.S. executive departments under Cabinet officials to promote various policies of U.S. President George W. Bush's administration. Hundreds of thousands of dollars were paid to at least three commentators to promote Bush administration policies.

## Investigative reports
### Armstrong Williams

The payments were revealed on January 7, 2005, in an investigative report by Greg Toppo of USA Today. USA Today had obtained the information through documents provided by the U.S. Department of Education after the newspaper had made a Freedom of Information Act request. The documents showed that Armstrong Williams, a prominent syndicated columnist and pundit on CNN and CNBC, had received $241,000 of tax money through the Education Department's contract with Ketchum Communications, a public relations firm. In exchange for the money, Williams promoted the No Child Left Behind initiative and encouraged other journalists and commentators to provide favorable views of the law. Williams admitted that he had received the payments and wrote a column entitled "My Apology," admitting to the charges but writing that he "did not change [his] views just because my PR firm was receiving paid advertising promoting the No Child Left Behind Act." Williams' column was cancelled by the Tribune Company, which had previously syndicated his work.

### Maggie Gallagher

A second syndicated columnist, Maggie Gallagher, was revealed to have also accepted public funds from the Bush administration. An article by Howard Kurtz of The Washington Post first reported on January 26 that Gallagher had received $41,500 in two federal contracts from the Department of Health and Human Services for authoring brochures, a magazine article and a report and briefing government employees in support of Bush's marriage initiative, which redirected welfare funds, previously used to reward states for lowering out-of-wedlock child birth rates, to pay for premarital counseling and abstinence education.

### Michael McManus

Michael McManus is the third person to be implicated, in an article by Tom Hamburger of the Los Angeles Times on January 28. It was revealed that McManus, who is a self-described marriage advocate and writes the "Ethics & Religion" column that appears in 50 regional newspapers, was paid through a subcontractor with a consulting firm that does work for the Department of Health and Human Services. The payments were said to be $4,000 plus travel expenses, with an additional $49,000 paid to his organization, Marriage Savers Inc.

## Bush's Response

The president responded to the ensuing scandal by denying any taxpayer money was used to pay columnists and stating that any such action is forbidden under his administration.
# Tshepiso Ramphele

Tshepiso David Humphrey Ramphele is a South African attorney and politician who represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the National Assembly from 2004 to 2006. He later left the ANC for Agang SA and in the 2014 general election was Agang's top-ranked candidate for election to the Limpopo Provincial Legislature.
Ramphele is a lawyer by profession and was admitted as an attorney of the High Court of South Africa in 1992. He has a BJuris from the University of the North and an LLB from Witswatersrand University. He was elected to represent the ANC in the National Assembly in the 2004 general election but resigned with effect from 1 October 2006; his seat was filled by Tshoganetso Gasebonwe. Afterwards he worked as municipal manager at Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality in the North West province from 2006 to 2009. In 2016, he was shortlisted for appointment to the office of the Public Protector.
# Lane Meddick

Leonard John Meddick (18 March 1924 – 1 January 2017), known professionally as Lane Meddick, was a British actor, journalist and writer.

## Early life and career

Meddick was born on 18 March 1924 in Barry, Glamorgan, Wales. He died on 1 January 2017 in Binfield Heath, Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England.
He worked as a trainee reporter for the Associated Press of America on Fleet Street, and then joined the Royal Air Force in 1942, aged 18. He qualified as a Flying Officer and went on to fly Hurricanes, Spitfires and Dakotas. He trained in England and South Africa and served in Egypt, India, Ceylon, Malaya, Sumatra, Singapore and Java. He returned to journalism in 1947 with a south London suburban paper, before finding work as a stage manager in repertory theatre in the 1950s. Despite having no formal training, he gradually took on small acting parts, travelling across the whole of England. He adopted the pseudonym Lane Meddick for TV and film work.

## Film, TV and writing work

Film appearances include: Journey's End (1954), The Dam Busters (1955 - uncredited RAF orderly), Touch of Death (1961), Flower of Evil (1961), Countdown to Danger (1967) and Psychomania (1973).
He made numerous TV appearances between 1953 and 1980, including Coronation Street, Hancock, Steptoe and Son, Dial M for Murder and Z-Cars.
Writing credits include Potts and the Phantom Piper (TV series, 1957), No Hiding Place (TV series, 1960), and tales of boys-own military adventures for DC magazines and the Eagle comic.
# List of mayors of Salina, Kansas

The following is a list of mayors of the city of Salina, Kansas, United States of America.
* C. H. Martin, c.1870
* C. R. Underwood, c.1871, 1889–1890, 1897-1898
* James W. Russell, c.1872
* R. H. Bishop, c.1873, 1875
* W. S. Wells, c.1874
* Charles S. Radcliff, c.1876-1878
* A. W. Wickham, c.1878-1879
* William Berg, c.1879-1880
* D. J. Addison, c.1881-1882
* E. W. Ober, c.1883-1884
* Willis Bristol, c.1885-1886
* C. W. Banks, c.1887-1888
* Smith George, c.1891-1892
* R. P. Cravens, c.1892-1894
* James T. Hayward, c.1895-1896
* T. W. Roach, c.1899-1900
* Thomas Anderson, c.1901-1904
* David H. Shields, c.1905-1906
* D. W. Hills, c.1907-1908
* C. B. Kirtland, c.1909-1912
* V. E. Niquette, c.1913-1914
* J. E. Putnam, c.1915-1916
* Ed Mathews, c.1917-1921
* F. S. Dyar, c.1921-1923
* J. S. Hargett, c.1923-1926
* Guy T. Helvering, c.1926-1930
* Charles F. Dodds, c.1930-1931
* M. A. Stevenson, c.1931-1934
* Robert J. Pafford, c.1934-1935
* F. C. Peters, c.1935-1937
* Ed Morgenstern, c.1937-1945
* J. H. Moore Jr., c.1945-1946
* Lloyd W. Price, c.1946-1947, 1949-1950
* Al Noyce, c.1947-1948
* A. W. Stedham, c.1948-1949
* Richard W. King, c.1950-1951
* Carl Ramsey, c.1951-1952, 1960-1961
* Ward E. Barcafer, c.1952-1954
* E. P. Wenger, c.1954-1955
* Max S. Lake, c.1955-1956
* W. Hawkes, c.1956-1957
* Ralph Exline, c.1957-1958, 1962-1963
* Harold Jaeger, c.1958-1959
* Don C. McCune, c.1959-1960
* R. W. Bull, c.1961-1962
* Gaylord E. Spanger, c.1963-1964
* Donald Tucker, c.1964
* Carl R. Rundquist, c.1964-1965, 1967-1968
* Robert M. Stark, c.1965-1966
* G. N. Waddell, c.1966-1967
* William Yost, c.1968-1969
* Donald D. Millikan, c.1969-1970
* Robert C. Caldwell, c.1970-1972, 1975-1976
* Jack Weisgerber, c.1972-1974, 1978-1979
* William M. Usher, c.1974-1975
* Gerald F. Simpson, c.1976-1977
* Keith G. Duckers, c.1977-1978, 1982-1983
* Karen M. Graves, c.1979-1980
* Dan S. Geis, c.1980-1981
* Merle A. Hodges, c.1981-1982, 985-1986
* John F. Burgess, c.1983-1984
* Charles B. Roth, c.1984-1985
* Joseph M. Ritter, c.1986-1987
* Stephen C. Ryan, c.1987-1988, 1991-1992
* Sydney Soderberg, c.1988-1989
* Joseph A. Warner, c.1989-1990, 1994-1995
* Robert E. Frank, c.1990-1991
* Carol E. Beggs, c.1992-1993
* Peter F. Brungardt, c.1993-1994, 1998-1999
* John Divine, c.1995-1996
* Evelyn Maxwell, c.1996-1997
* Kristin M. Seaton, c.1997-1998, 2001-2003
* Monte D. Shadwick, c.1999-2000, 2004-2005
* Alan E. Jilka, c.2000-2001, 2003–2004, 2007–2008
* Deborah P. Divine, c.2005-2006
* Donnie D. Marrs, c.2006-2007
* John K. Vanier II, c.2008-2009
* M. Luci Larson, c.2009-2010
* Aaron Peck, c.2010
* Trent Davis, c.2019
* Mike Hoppock, c.2020
* Bill Longbine, c.2024
# Art Bleeds

Art Bleeds is the first album by Italian technical death metal band Gory Blister. Originally an Independent record, it was re-issued by Sekhmet Records in November 2003.

## Track listing

* "Primordial Scenery" – 4:01
* "As Blood Moves" – 3:25
* "Art Bleeds" – 3:09
* "Mermaids Beloved" – 1:21
* "Anticlimax" – 3:13
* "Cognitive Sinergy" – 3:49
* "Snowfall" – 3:03
* "A Gout From the Scar" – 3:25
* "Comet... and Her Trail of Spiritual Dust" - 3:54
* "Never Let Me Down (Depeche Mode cover)" - 3:46

## Credits

* Dome – vocals
* Raff Sangiorgio – guitar
* Bruce Teah – bass
* Joe La Viola – drums
* Alberto Cutolo – remastering
* B-Lial – illustrations
* Bruce Teah and Gory Blister – producer
* Gabriele Ravaglia and Riccardo "Paso" Pasini - engineer
# Davydkovo, Syamzhensky District, Vologda Oblast

Davydkovo (Russian: Давыдково) is a rural locality (a village) in Zhityovskoye Rural Settlement, Syamzhensky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 5 as of 2002.

## Geography

Davydkovo is located 15 km southeast of Syamzha (the district's administrative centre) by road. Yakovlevskaya is the nearest rural locality.
# Thandi Shongwe

Blessing Thandi Shongwe (born 28 February 1962) is a South African politician. She formerly served as Speaker of the Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature from 2014 until March 2018, when she was first appointed to the Mpumalanga Executive Council as the MEC for Culture, Sport and Recreation. Following the 2019 election, she was moved to the Social Development portfolio before returning as the MEC for Culture, Sport and Recreation in February 2021. She left the provincial legislature in May 2024. She is a member of the African National Congress (ANC).

## Early life and career

Shongwe was born on 28 February 1962 in Barberton in the Transvaal, now part of Mpumalanga province. She trained as a teacher. While working as a teacher and then as a headmaster at primary schools in Mpumalanga, she was active in the ANC's Ehlanzeni regional branch, in the ANC Women's League, and in the South African Democratic Teachers Union. From 2000 to 2006, she was an ANC local councillor in Ehlanzeni and served as the Member of the Mayoral Committee responsible for finance and community safety.

## Career in the legislature

In 2009, she was elected to a seat in the Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature, and she subsequently served Deputy Chief Whip of the Majority Party, the ANC, from 2010 to 2014. In the 2014 general election, she was re-elected to the provincial legislature, ranked seventh on the ANC's party list, and was elected Speaker of the legislature. In 2018, the opposition Economic Freedom Fighters laid a complaint against Shongwe with the South African Police Service, alleging that as Speaker Shongwe had contravened the Public Finance Management Act in failing to ensure accountability after the Auditor-General found that two provincial government contracts had been improperly awarded.
Shongwe left the Speaker's office in March 2018 when Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane was sworn in as Premier of Mpumalanga and appointed Shongwe to her Executive Council as MEC for Culture, Sport and Recreation. In the 2019 general election, Shongwe was re-elected to the provincial legislature, ranked 11th on the ANC's party list, and Mtsweni-Tsipane moved her to a new portfolio as MEC for Social Development. She remained in that position until February 2021, when Mtsweni-Tsipane announced a reshuffle which saw Shongwe swop portfolios with Lindiwe Ntshalintshali and return to her earlier post as MEC for Culture, Sport and Recreation. Shongwe left the provincial legislature and the provincial government in 2024.
# K.One

Kaleb "K.One" Vitale is a New Zealand rapper, currently signed to Illegal Musik. The most successful song of his career is featuring with J. Williams on "Night of Your Life" which reached number 4 on the RIANZ charts and received gold certification in 2010.

## Personal life

Kaleb is originally from Masterton, in the Wairarapa district of New Zealand, and previously made his living in the forestry industry. He has two daughters named Dream and Summer-Jade and also a son Kyrie.

## Music career
### 2010 - present: debut album

"Never" featuring Junipah was released as the lead single for Vitale's debut album. His next single "Walking Away" featuring Jason Kerrison from Opshop made it to the RIANZ charts at number 38. He also made many singles as a featured artist from which all came from fellow label mates. The most successful one was his song with J. Williams on "Night of Your Life" which peaked at number 4 on the RIANZ charts and received a gold certification. There is also to be a single for his daughters on the album.
In 2012, K.One was the supporting act for New Zealand boy band, Titanium on their Come On Home Tour.

## Discography
### Studio albums

| Year | Album details | NZ | Certifications (sales thresholds) |
| 2012 | Far from Home Released October 2012 Label: Illegal Musik, Warner | 21 | |

### Mixtapes

| Year | Title |
| 2010 | Welcome to the Bright Lights |

### Singles

| Year | Title | NZ |
| 2010 | "Never" (featuring Junipah) | — |
| 2010 | "Walking Away" (featuring Jason Kerrison) | 38 |
| 2011 | "She's a Killer" (featuring J. Williams) | 26 |
| 2014 | "Love Don't Live Around Here" | |

#### Featured singles

| Year | Title | NZ | Album |
| 2010 | "Alone No More" (Vince Harder featuring K.One) | — | Non-album single |
| 2010 | "Natural" (DJ CXL featuring Erakah and K.One) | — | Non-album single |
| 2010 | "Night of Your Life" (J. Williams featuring K.One) | 4 | TBA |
| 2010 | "I Like It" (Illegal Banditz featuring Brooke Fowler and K.One) | — | Non-album single |
| 2011 | "Want to Rule the World" (J. Williams featuring K.One) | 29 | TBA |
| 2015 | "Team, Ball, Player, Thing" (#KiwisCureBatten featuring Lorde, Kimbra, Brooke Fraser, et al.) | 2 | Non-album single |
# Chirkovskaya

Chirkovskaya (Russian: Чирковская) is a rural locality (a village) in Korobitsynskoye Rural Settlement, Syamzhensky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 25 as of 2002.

## Geography

Chirkovskaya is located 34 km east of Syamzha (the district's administrative centre) by road. Shishakovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Crimson Thorn

Crimson Thorn is an American Christian death metal band. According to Allmusic, they are "surely one of the world's most extreme-sounding Christian metal bands". Crimson Thorn has performed at Cornerstone Festival and Sonshine Festival. They have also been featured in HM Magazine.

## History

The band was founded in 1991 by members Luke Renno, Dave Quast, Dylan Paul Jenniges, Paul Jongeward and Miles Sunde. They were almost ready to record their first demo when Dylan left, and Luke took his place on the bass. Their demo was entitled Plagued, and was recorded in 1992 at Blue Moon Studios in Minneapolis.
After Quast left, Kevin Sundberg joined as the new drummer, and their style changed from thrash metal to death metal. Crimson Thorn was signed to Atomic Records and released their first full length CD, Unearthed, in 1994. Later, R.E.X. Records re-released Unearthed. Paul Jongeward left the band, and was replaced with Andy Kopesky before the release of Dissection in 1997 on the label Morphine Records. Little Rose Records re-released it in 1999. Purification, was later released after the band built their own studio in the basement of Kevin's home.
Crimson Thorn announced at Cornerstone Festival 2007 that they were working on a new album. They performed unreleased tracks, all of which had a much more melodic feel than their previous works. Despite this, the band assured fans that the rest of the upcoming album would be much heavier, like their previous works.
On July 6, 2019, it was announced that Crimson Thorn would be coming out of their unofficial hiatus to play a week worth of shows in March 2020, on the Hasten Revelation Tour, alongside Broken Flesh, Abated Mass of Flesh, Taking the Head of Goliath, and Cardiac Rupture. Due to health concerns, Broken Flesh dropped off the tour, being replaced by My Place Was Taken.

## Members

Current members :
| Name | Instrument | Years | Other groups |
| Luke Renno | bass (1992-2005) guitar, vocals (1991–present) | 1991-2007, 2019-present | Taking the Head of Goliath, Temple of Perdition, Sylvan Fortress, Axehead Inc., Obadiah |
| Steve Reishus | drums | 2003-2007, 2019-present | Taking the Head of Goliath |
| Miles Sunde | guitars, backing vocals | 1991-2007, 2019-present | |

### Former

* Dylan Paul Jenniges - bass (1991-1992)
* Dave Quast - drums (1991-1993)
* Jeff Anderson - drums (1993-1994)
* Kevin Sundberg - drums, vocals (1994-2003)
* Paul Jongeward - guitar (1991-1997)
* Andy Kopesky - guitar, keyboards (1997-2005)
* Collin Anderson - keyboards (2005-2006)
* Brett Wilson - bass, vocals (2005-2007)

### Former live members

* Billy Frazer - drums

### Timeline
## Discography
### Studio albums

* Unearthed (1995)
* Dissection (1997)
* Purification (2002)

### Demos

* Plagued (1993)

### Compilations

* Unearthed for Dissection (2005)
* Crimson Thorn - Anthology of Brutality: 1992-2002 The Complete Collective Works (3-CD Set) (2017)

### Compilation Appearances

* "Anorexia Spiritual" on A Tribute to Living Sacrifice (2001; originally performed by Living Sacrifice)

### DVDs

* Live in Minneapolis (2005)
# Vypolzovo, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast

Vypolzovo (Russian: Выползово) is a rural locality (a village) in Nizhneyerogodskoye Rural Settlement, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 15 as of 2002.

## Geography

Vypolzovo is located 41 km southwest of Veliky Ustyug (the district's administrative centre) by road. Lodeyka is the nearest rural locality.
# Tuelo Anthony

Tuelo Gibson Anthony is a South African politician who represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the National Assembly from 2004 to 2009. He was elected to his seat in the 2004 general election, representing the North West constituency.
# Hypsognathus

Hypsognathus (from Greek: ῠ̔́ψος húpsos, 'height' and Greek: γνάθος gnáthos, 'jaw') is an extinct genus of procolophonid parareptile from the Late Triassic of New Jersey, Connecticut, and Nova Scotia.
Hypsognathus resembled a moderately sized lizard, with a length of 33 centimetres (13 in), although it was unrelated to modern lizards. Because of its broad teeth, Hypsognathus is thought to have been a herbivore. Its body is low and broad and it has a relatively short tail. Hypsognathus has some spikes on the side of its head, probably for protection against predators.
Multiple specimens from the Magnesian Conglomerate of England that were discovered during the 1970s by Jeanne Evans were initially referred to cf. Hypsognathus in 2016 before being moved to a separate species, Hwiccewyrm trispiculum in 2023.
# Rokushō-ji

Rokushō-ji (六勝寺, Rokushō-ji) is a collective name for six related Buddhist temples in northeastern Kyoto, Japan.
Six independently constructed and endowed temples have come to be known collectively as the "Six Victorious Temples", encompassing monasteries which had each enjoyed extravagant Imperial patronage from their inception. They are sometimes identified as the "Superlative Temples" or the "Shō Temples" because of the middle syllable of the temple name.

## History

The collective name of the Rokushō-ji was formalized in the early Heian period. The Rokushō-ji had a particular function within the Imperial "cloister government" (院政, insei). The Rokushō-ji were "sacred vow temples" (gogan-ji) built by imperial command following a precedent established by Emperor Shirakawa's Hosshō-ji. Although these temple complexes were ostensibly established for a presumptively pious purpose,
    the relationship of Emperors Shirakawa, Toba, Sutoku, and Konoe with Hosshō-ji and the other "imperial vow" temples and with the imperial residences that adjoined the temple complexes is quite revealing. Clearly the temples were not built simply as acts of piety but as ways of protecting estate income and a certain style of life. Evidently the building of new temples could serve as a coercive device to extract support from other kuge families and to justify the use of public taxes for the benefit of members of the imperial-house, the religious intent giving support to the political interest.
The Rokushō-ji were also called the six "Superiority Temples;" and each were uniquely dedicated to an aspect of esoteric Buddhist ontology, as in
* the "Superiority of Buddhist Law" --
    Hosshō-ji (法勝寺, Hosshō-ji), founded by Emperor Shirakawa in 1077.
* the "Superiority of Worship" --
    Sonshō-ji (尊勝寺, Sonshō-ji), founded by Emperor Horikawa (Shirakawa's son) in 1102.
* the "Most Superior" --
    Saishō-ji, founded by Emperor Toba (Shirakawa's grandson) in 1118.
* the "Superiority of Perfection" --
    Enshō-ji (円勝寺, Enshō-ji]), founded by Imperial consort Taiken-mon'in (Shirakawa's adopted daughter and the mother of Emperor Sutoku) in 1128.
* the "Superiority of Becoming" --
    Jōshō-ji (成勝寺, Jōshō-ji), founded by Emperor Sutoku (Shirakawa's great-grandson) in 1139.
* the "Superiority of Duration" --
    Enshō-ji (延勝寺, Enshō-ji), founded by Emperor Konoe (Shirakawa's great-grandson) in 1149.
# Chizhovo, Vologda Oblast

Chizhovo (Russian: Чижово) is a rural locality (a village) in Korobitsynskoye Rural Settlement, Syamzhensky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2002.

## Geography

Chizhovo is located 41 km east of Syamzha (the district's administrative centre) by road. Podgornaya is the nearest rural locality.
# Hollertoppen

Hollertoppen is a mountain in Heer Land at Spitsbergen, in the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard in the Arctic Ocean.
It has a height of 1,012 m.a.s.l., and is located between the glaciers of Bakaninbreen and Ragna-Mariebreen, north of Paulabreen. The mountain is named after Norwegian Minister of Industry Kjell Holler.
# Verkhneye Yakutino

Verkhneye Yakutino (Russian: Верхнее Якутино) is a rural locality (a village) in Tregubovskoye Rural Settlement, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 112 as of 2002.

## Geography

Verkhneye Yakutino is located 24 km southwest of Veliky Ustyug (the district's administrative centre) by road. Luzhevitsa is the nearest rural locality.
# Ipswich Corporation Tramways

Ipswich Corporation Tramways was an electric tramway system that served the town of Ipswich in Suffolk from 23 November 1903 until 26 July 1926.

## Infrastructure
### Horse tramway

Ipswich's horse tramway (Ipswich Tramway) had been operating since 1880 from a depot located at the junction of Quadling Street and New Cardinal Street (TM 15900 44087), and with a total length of 4.25 miles (6.84 km).

### Electric tramway

In 1903 the electric tramway replaced the horse tramway. Extensions to the system increased track length to 10.82 miles (17.41 km) producing a network that centred upon Cornhill (TM 16238 44639). From Cornhill the lines ran along:
* Westgate Street, St Matthew Street, Barracks Corner, Mill Street, Portman Road to junction with Princes Street. Spur along Portman's Walk to the depot at Constantine Road.
* Westgate Street, St Matthew Street, Barracks Corner, Norwich Road to a terminus at TM 14098 47501 (Whitton Maypole)
* Westgate Street, St Matthew Street, Barracks Corner, Norwich Road, Bramford Road to a terminus just east of the railway line at TM 14470 45571
* Tavern Street, Carr Street, Major's Corner, St Helen's Street, Spring Road, St John's Road, Cauldwell Hall Road to a terminus at TM 18339 43944 (Derby Road railway station).
* Tavern Street, Carr Street, Major's Corner, St Helen's Street, Spring Road to a terminus at the junction with Woodbridge Road at TM 18977 44987.
* Princes Street to a terminus at TM 15724 43822(Ipswich railway station).
The depot, consisting of a power station and tram shed, was in Constantine Road (TM 15522 44301). The buildings are still in use by motorbuses.

## Tramcars

The fleet, in a livery of dark green and cream, consisted of 36 Brush open top double deck tramcars.

## Closure

Line closures started in 1923 and were completed in 1926. Five of the tramcars and one tramcar body were sold to Scarborough Tramways Company. The tramway system was replaced by a trolleybus system.