OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2007 Samoan o le Ao o le Malo election

An indirect election was held in Samoa to elect the O le Ao o le Malo (head of state) on 16 June 2007 after the death of the country's head of state for four and a half decades, Malietoa Tanumafili II, in May 2007. Former Prime Minister Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi was elected unopposed by the 49-member strong parliament. This election was the first to occur for an O le Ao o le Malo since Samoa gained independence in 1962.

## Background

The O le Ao o le Malo is the head of state of Samoa, an office which was established on its independence in 1962. The position is mostly ceremonial. Although power is vested in the prime minister and their cabinet, the head of state can dissolve the Legislative Assembly, and no act can become law without their signature.
The constitution, drafted in 1960 and adopted upon independence, stated that two paramount chiefs, Malietoa Tanumafili II and Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole, representatives of "two of the four main family lineages", would serve as co-heads of state for life. After the termination of both of their terms, the Legislative Assembly would elect successive heads of state.
The election was triggered by the death of Malietoa Tanumafili II in May 2007, who served as the sole head of state of Samoa since Tupua Tamasese predeceased him in 1963. Per the Constitution, the two members of the Council of Deputies at the time, Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi and Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II, served as acting co-heads of state until a successor would be elected.

## Eligibility

Parliament elects the head of state for a five-year term. According to the Constitution, the legislative assembly may only nominate one individual to be head of state. For an individual to qualify to be head of state, they must be a Samoan citizen, be eligible to run for parliament and not have previously been removed from the office.

## Election

Tui Ātua was the sole nominee elected as head of state. A former prime minister and son of Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole, he was previously the opposition leader and became a member of the Council of Deputies in 2004. He was sworn in at parliament for his first term on 20 June 2007.
# Joe Navarro (basketball)

Joe Navarro (born June 25, 1972) is an American basketball head coach for the Tokyo Cinq Rêves of the Japanese B.League.

## Head coaching record

| Team | Year | G | W | L | W–L% | Finish | PG | PW | PL | PW–L% | Result |
| Hiroshima Lightning | 2015-16 | 48 | 1 | 47 | .021 | 12th in Western | - | - | - | – | - |
| Kagawa Five Arrows | 2016-17 | 60 | 19 | 41 | .317 | 5th in B2 Western | - | - | - | – | - |
| Tokyo Cinq Rêves | 2017-18 | 42 | 6 | 36 | .122 | 8th in B3 | 20 | 2 | 18 | .100 | 6th in Final stage |
# Franklin Hobbs

Franklin Warren "Fritz" Hobbs, IV (born July 30, 1947) is an American rower who competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics and in the 1972 Summer Olympics.
He was born in Manchester, New Hampshire and is the older brother of rower Bill Hobbs.
In 1968, he was a crew member of the American boat which finished sixth in the eight event. Four years later he won the silver medal with the American boat in the 1972 eights competition.

## Education and business career

Fritz Hobbs was educated at the Milton Academy (1965), Harvard College (1969) and the Harvard Business School (1972), after which he spent the next 25 years with the investment banking firm of Dillon Read & Co., the last five of which he was Chief Executive Officer. When Dillon Read merged with SBC Warburg, and subsequently with Union Bank of Switzerland, Hobbs continued as Chairman of the resulting UBS Warburg. He then moved to Houlihan Lokey as CEO. He has been a director of Molson Coors, Lord Abbett, Ally Financial, BAWAG, and other corporations, as well as serving on the Boards of Harvard University and Milton Academy.
# Silvana Botti

Silvana Botti is a full professor for Theory of Excited States of Integrated Solid State Systems at the Ruhr University Bochum. She is an expert in the development of first-principles methods for electronic excitations and methods for theoretical spectroscopy.

## Education and professional life

She did her PhD at the University of Pavia in 2002. After her PhD, she was a Marie-Curie Fellow at the University of Paris-Saclay. She was also appointed CNRS Research Scientist there in 2004. In 2008, she moved to University of Lyon where she habilitated in 2010. In 2014, she became a full professor for physics at the University of Jena. Her research group was a member of the European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility. Since 2023, she has been a full professor for Theory of Excited States of Integrated Solid State Systems at Ruhr University Bochum.

## Research

Her research focuses on theoretical spectroscopy and the development of first-principles methods for electronic excitations based on (time-dependent) density functional theory and many-body perturbation theory. She edited the book "First Principles Approaches to Spectroscopic Properties of Complex Materials". She is an associate editor of npj Computational Materials. Botti was part of an international research collaboration on a silicon-based direct bandgap light emitter, which was announced to be the "Breakthrough of the Year" by Physics World in 2020.
# Emma More

Emma More is a South African politician currently serving as a Member of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature, representing ActionSA.
former Member of Parliament for the main opposition Democratic Alliance between 2009 and 2014. She then served as a DA councillor in the City of Johannesburg between 2014 and 2016.
More later left DA to join ActionSA. After the 2021 municipal elections, she again became a PR councillor in Johannesburg.
On 14 June 2024, she was sworn in as ActionSA's Member of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature.
# Zintle Ndlazi

Zintle Alexia Ndlazi (born 4 April 1955) is a South African politician who served in the National Assembly for two partial terms from 2007 to 2009 and from 2010 to 2014. She joined Parliament as a member of the United Independent Front (UIF) in August 2007 but crossed the floor to the African National Congress (ANC) a month later.

## Legislative career

Ndlazi was born on 4 April 1955. She was a member of the UIF, a party formed in 2005 as a breakaway from the United Democratic Movement. She first joined the National Assembly on 15 August 2007, when she was sworn in to fill the seat of Malizole Diko, the UIF's later leader. On 12 September 2007, during the floor-crossing window and less than a month after she was sworn in to her seat, Ndlazi announced that she would join the UIF's only other MP, Nomakhaya Mdaka, in defecting from the UIF to the governing ANC. The UIF described the decision as "politically stage-managed melodramatic grandstanding" and said that floor-crossing "exposes people for what they are, and... rids the party of political ashes".
Ndlazi left Parliament after the 2009 general election. However, on 18 October 2010, she returned for another partial term after the ANC nominated her to fill Mighty Madasa's seat. She vacated the seat again after the 2014 general election.
# Sarah Paulse

Sarah Unes Paulse is a South African politician who served in the Western Cape Provincial Parliament from 2004 until 2010 and in the National Assembly of South Africa from 2010 until 2014 as a member of the Independent Democrats. She is a sister of Patricia de Lille, the current leader of Good and the former leader of the Independent Democrats.

## Political career

Paulse was a member of the Independent Democrats, a now-defunct political party which was led by her sister Patricia de Lille. She was the chairperson of a party branch in the Boland. Despite having been ranked ninth on the ID's candidate list for the Western Cape Provincial Parliament in the 2004 general elections, Paulse was chosen to fill one of the three seats the party won in the Provincial Parliament. De Lille was subsequently accused of nepotism, which she denied. De Lille reasoned that Paulse was selected to take up the seat because Paulse had been with the party since before its formation and that because the party was gender sensitive, the party had a rule that 30 percent of all the party structures had to be represented by women.
After the 2009 general election, the party decided to send Paulse back to the Provincial Parliament over Brett Herron, who had been ranked higher on the candidate list and appeared on the IEC's list for the provincial parliament. ID Secretary-General Haniff Hoosen defended the party's decision, saying that it was to ensure "representivity".
In September 2010, Paulse was appointed to take up ID party leader and her sister's seat in the National Assembly after her sister was appointed a provincial cabinet minister by Western Cape Premier and Democratic Alliance leader Helen Zille; this move happened after the ID and the DA had announced its merger earlier that year with the ID set to be dissolved at the 2014 general election.
Paulse was not a parliamentary candidate for the DA at the 2014 general elections and left the National Assembly as a result.

## Personal life

Prior the 2011 municipal elections, in which De Lille was the DA's candidate for Mayor of Cape Town, the ANC accused De Lille of nepotism; The party said that Paulse's husband, Desmond, had been De Lille's driver for many years and that De Lille had made sure that their son, Shaun, found employment at the Witzenberg Local Municipality before he found employment at the Stellenbosch Local Municipality. De Lille denied the allegations.
# Lindiwe Hendricks

Lindiwe Benedicta Hendricks (born 29 July 1957 in Vryburg, Northern Cape), formerly known as Lindiwe Ngwane, is a South African politician and a member of the National Assembly. She served as Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry in the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry from 22 May 2006 to 10 May 2009.
She previously served as Minister of Minerals and Energy from 2005 to 2006, and Deputy Minister of Trade and Industry from 1999 to 2005. She was a partner of Ngwane & Ngwane Attorneys, a law firm based in Durban, from 1986 to 1988, and was an attorney at the Supreme Court from 1995 to 1999.
# Bulelwa Tinto

Bulelwa Tinto is a South African politician. A member of the African National Congress, Tinto is from Cape Town, Western Cape Province. She is a member of the National Assembly of South Africa and does not sit on any parliamentary committees.
# Watty Watson

Armiston "Watty" Watson (26 November 1944 – 12 October 2014) was a South African politician and Democratic Alliance stalwart. He served as the Chief Whip of the Official Opposition in the National Assembly from 2011 to 2014 under the leadership of Lindiwe Mazibuko. He was first elected to Parliament in 1994 as an MP for the National Party of South Africa. Watson was a founding member of the Democratic Alliance and served as the party's leader in the National Council of Provinces prior to being selected as Chief Whip of the party's National Assembly caucus. Watson left Parliament after the May 2014 elections and died in October of the same year.

## Early life

Armiston Watson was born in Matatiele. When he was approximately eight years old, his family moved to Lesotho. They later returned to South Africa. Watson matriculated from Port Natal High School and went on to study at the University of Pretoria where he studied commerce and management.
He worked for the maize board until 1965. He later worked for Paragon Business Forms. The company soon promoted him from sales representative to head of sales and marketing. From 1981 to 1997, he worked for the Kontra Group.

## Political career

Watson was mostly involved with the local politics of Mpumalanga. He served on the Transvaal Roads Board and the Nature Conservation Committee.
Watson was Deputy Mayor of the Marloth Park Local Council. He was then elected to the Onderberg Local Government Council and the Lowveld and Escarpment Regional Services Council. Watson served as Leader of the Opposition during his tenure on the Metsweding District Council.
Watson was elected a Member of Parliament in the 1994 general election. He represented the National Party and later on the New National Party. He joined the Democratic Alliance following the formation of the party and was later appointed the leader of the party's caucus in the National Council of Provinces.
In 2011, he was selected to be Chief Whip of the Democratic Alliance caucus in the National Assembly. He served in the position until he left Parliament in 2014.

## Death and legacy

Watson died on 12 October 2014 in hospital in Pretoria following complications of a fall he had at his home, which broke his vertebra. Watson also had diabetes. Upon his death, the Federal Chairperson of the Democratic Alliance, Wilmot James, and the Office of the ANC Chief Whip released statements in which they praised and remembered Watson.
# Mpowele Swathe

Mpowele Swathe is a South African politician, a former Member of Parliament with the Democratic Alliance, and the former Shadow Minister of Rural Development and Land Reform.

## Early life

Swathe was born in Limpopo, became part of Black Consciousness Movement in the late 1980s, and joined the United Democratic Front in 1990 and the African National Congress. He later qualified as a teacher in 1996.

## Parliamentary career

Swathe retired from politics in 1996 before joining the Democratic Party in 2000, getting elected to parliament in the 2004 South African general election. In March 2014 it became known that Swathe had joined the United Christian Democratic Party (UCDP), and his name appeared on both parties' lists for the 2014 general election. UCDP did not win any seats.
# Mighty Madasa

Zwelethu Lukanyiso "Mighty" Madasa (born 20 February 1960) is a South African politician and lawyer who served in the National Assembly from 1999 to 2010, excepting a month-long hiatus in 2009. He represented the African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP) until September 2005, when he crossed the floor to the African National Congress (ANC). He resigned from the National Assembly in September 2010 and became the Clerk of the Pan-African Parliament.

## Early life

Madasa was born on 20 February 1960.

## South African Parliament

Madasa was first elected to the National Assembly in the 1999 general election as a representative of the ACDP in Gauteng and was elected to a second term in his seat in the 2004 general election. Shortly after the 2004 election, the National Assembly nominated him as one of its five representatives at the Pan-African Parliament.
He resigned from the ACDP and joined the governing ANC on 8 September 2005 during that month's floor-crossing window. The ACDP said that he and his fellow defector, Selby Khumalo, were "respected and valued members of the ACDP" but that their decision did not "reflect the will of the voters". Madasa served the rest of the legislative term under the ANC banner, and in October 2008, in a reshuffle of the ANC's caucus, the party nominated him to chair the Portfolio Committee on International Relations.
However, he held the chairmanship for less than a year, because he was not re-elected to his legislative seat in the 2009 general election. He was restored to his seat just over a month after the election, on 13 June 2009; he was sworn in to fill the casual vacancy in the ANC's caucus that had arisen after Mandisi Mpahlwa's resignation.

## Pan-African Parliament

On 1 September 2010, Madasa in turn resigned from the National Assembly and took up a full-time position as head of the Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament.
He is a lawyer by profession and in June 2016 was one of 73 candidates nominated to succeed Thuli Madonsela as Public Protector, though he was not shortlisted.
# Ben Turok

Benjamin Turok (26 June 1927 – 9 December 2019) was a South African anti-apartheid activist, politician, and economics professor. He represented the African National Congress in the post-apartheid National Assembly from 1994 to 2014.

## Early life and activism

Turok was born to poor working-class Jewish parents in Byelorussia in 1927, who were radicalized by the secular Jewish socialist Bundist movement; his parents migrated to Libau, Latvia when his father became involved in the Jewish labor movement. Later, seeking safety, Turok's father moved the family to the then Union of South Africa in 1934. Jewish identification in his household was mostly cultural and his parents were involved in Yiddish theatre: "There were play readings, poetry evenings, political debates and a host of similar events all focusing on the Jewish way of life". His parents were not religious and he did not have a bar mitzvah, however he was obliged to attend Hebrew school.
Turok graduated from the University of Cape Town in 1950. Returning to South Africa in 1953, he joined the South African Congress of Democrats and in 1955 became its secretary for the Cape Western region, acting as a full-time organiser for the Congress of the People. With Billy Nair, he drafted the economics section of the Freedom Charter. He was also the African representative on the Cape Provincial Council and served time in police detention, including as a defendant in the 1956 Treason Trial.

## Personal life and death

Turok married Mary Butcher, a politician and activist. They had three sons together: Fred Turok; Ivan Turok; and Neil Turok, a cosmologist and founder of the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences in Muizenberg, South Africa.
He died on the morning of 9 December 2019 at his home in Cape Town. He was 92 years old.
# Masizole Mnqasela

Masizole Mnqasela (born 1 March 1981) is a South African politician, currently the founding leader of the Alliance of Citizens for Change. He formerly served as the 7th Speaker of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament. He was previously a Member of Parliament with the Democratic Alliance from 2009 to 2014, the Shadow Minister of Home Affairs, and the country's third youngest parliamentarian after the African National Congress's Mduduzi Manana, and the Congress of the People's Luzelle Adams.

## Political career

Mnqasela was initially an African National Congress branch organiser in the executive committee of Ward 96. He was General Secretary of the Ward 96 Development Forum in Makhaza, Khayelitsha from 2001 to 2002.
He introduced the Democratic Alliance to the ANC's bloated Khayelitsha Development Forum (KDF), which refused membership to the DA for quite some time. Mnqasela served as a member of its executive committee between 2004 and 2007.

### Constituency Chairperson

From 2003 to 2004, he served as the DA Branch Chairperson of Ward 96 in the City of Cape Town.
In 2004, he participated in a world forum of young people from 25 world countries, which took place in Germany on managing world conflicts, the protection of human rights and advancing liberal principles in the people of the world.
Mnqasela served as a councillor in the City of Cape Town between November 2003 and April 2009.
In 2006, Mnqasela worked together with Helen Zille in negotiating with the PAC to join a political pact, that saw the Democratic Alliance winning the City of Cape Town through a multi-party coalition system.
Between 2006 and 2009, he had served as an executive councillor and the Chairperson of both Sub-Council 6 & 10
Mnqasela has served as a member of the DA's Provincial Council since 2004.

### DA Federal Council

Mnqasela had been a member of the DA Federal Council from 2012 to 2014.

### National Parliament

He served as a member of Parliament in the Republic of South Africa from 2009 to 2014. In the same time, he was the DA Deputy Shadow Minister on Home Affairs.

### Provincial Parliament

Mnqasela was sworn in as a Member of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament on 21 May 2014. For the Fifth Provincial Parliament, he was the Chairperson of the Standing Committee on Local Government.
On 22 May 2019, he was elected Speaker of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament.
On 28 November 2022, the DA terminated his party membership after he made disparaging comments against the party. He faces allegations of corruption and irregularities.

### ACC formation

On 15 July 2023, Mnqasela announced the formation of the Alliance of Citizens for Change at the Rocklands Civic Centre.
# Fatima Hajaig

Fatima Hajaig (born 10 December 1938) is a South African politician, with the ruling African National Congress. She is a member of the African Union's Pan-African Parliament from South Africa. She used to be chairperson of the committee of foreign affairs of the South African parliament. She was a Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs under President Kgalema Motlanthe.

## Education

Hajaig graduated from University of the Witwatersrand in 1963. In 1967, she earned her LLB from Eötvös Loránd University in Hungary.

## Comments about Jews

In December 2008, she summoned Israel's new ambassador to the Foreign Ministry to criticize Israeli actions in Gaza. This led to an official complaint by Israel to the South African Embassy in Tel Aviv because, it said, Hajaig insulted Elias Inbram, the Israeli Embassy's Ethiopia-born spokesman, presuming he was brought to the meeting as a token black and asking the ambassador:
   When your colleagues in Europe attend a meeting like this, do they also take someone along like the person sitting next to you?
At a COSATU rally on Wednesday 14 January 2009, in Lenasia, Gauteng, she made the statement “The control of America, just like the control of most Western countries, is in the hands of Jewish money and if Jewish money controls their country then you cannot expect anything else.”
Her remarks about Jews were condemned by Foreign Affairs Minister Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma who issued a statement saying such remarks are against foreign policy. The South African Jewish Board of Deputies filed the complaint against Hajaig to the country's Human Rights Commission.
On 3 February 2009 she apologised for any pain caused by the remarks she made at the rally. However, South African Jewish Board of Deputies national chairperson Zev Krengel said Hajaig had given only a "veiled apology" in her statement. "She is still not apologising for what she has said. She is apologising for the hurt."
On 4 February 2009, the South African President Kgalema Motlanthe gave her "a dressing down" for her perceived anti-semitic comments. The South African Jewish Board of Deputies accepted her second apology.
Earlier, Cabinet had "expressed concern about the statement as it was contrary to the stated policies of this government regarding anti-Semitic sentiments."