OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paul Girardet

Paul Girardet (French pronunciation:; 8 March 1821, Neuchâtel - 28 February 1893, Paris) was a Swiss-born French copper engraver.

## Life and work

He came from a Swiss Huguenot family, and his father was the engraver, Charles Samuel Girardet. His brothers, Edouard and Karl, also became artists. Like them, he received his first art lessons from his father, but was interested only in copper engraving, which he worked hard to perfect. He also took courses in drawing at the École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris.
His works first appeared in Le Magasin Universel in 1839. Three years later, he took part in his first exhibition, with four mezzotints. After this success, his reputation was firmly established. His subject matter ranged from simple genre scenes, to complex depictions of battles.
His works include engraved versions of the paintings of numerous well-known artists, such as Horace Vernet, Paul Delaroche and Joseph Nicolas Robert-Fleury.
He was married to Louise Alexandrine, née Sandoz. His sons Léon, Jules, Eugène, Paul Armand and Théodore all became printmakers or painters, as did his daughter, Julia Antonine (1851-1921).

## Sources

* M.Tripet: "Girardet, Paul". In: Carl Brun (Ed.): Schweizerisches Künstler-Lexikon. Vol.1: A–G. Huber & Co., Frauenfeld 1905, pg.585 (Online)
* "Girardet, Paul". In: Ulrich Thieme, Fred. C. Willis (Eds.): Allgemeines Lexikon der Bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, Vol.14: Giddens–Gress. E. A. Seemann, Leipzig 1921, pg.167 (Online)
* René Burnand: L'étonnante histoire de Girardet. Artistes suisses. La Baconnière, Neuchâtel 1940.
* (in German) Renate Treydel: Girardet, Paul. In: Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon. Die Bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker (AKL). Band 55, Saur, München u. a. 2007, ISBN 978-3-598-22795-0, S. 191
# Bernard Chaix

Bernard Chaix (born 6 January 1965) is a French politician of the Union of the Right for the Republic (UDR) who has served as a member of the National Assembly for Alpes-Maritimes's 3rd constituency since 2024.
# Paul Broderick

Paul Broderick (born 3 January 1970) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the VFL/AFL between 1988 and 1993 for the Fitzroy Football Club and then from 1994 until 2001 for the Richmond Football Club. He won the Richmond Best and Fairest award in 1996.
# Gerry Wiedel

Gerard Wiedel (13 May 1933 – 1 November 2023) was a German-born Canadian épée and foil fencer. He competed at the 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics. Gerry died in Bracebridge, Ontario on 1 November 2023, at the age of 90.
# Long Teng Cup

The Long Teng Cup was an annual international friendly football tournament organized by the Chinese Taipei Football Association and held in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. The competition has been contested by Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, Macau and Philippines. Hong Kong has won the first two editions of the tournament.

## Tournament winners

| Year | Host city | 1st Place | 2nd Place | 3rd Place | 4th Place |
| 2010 | Kaohsiung | Hong Kong U-23 | Chinese Taipei | Philippines | Macau |
| 2011 | Kaohsiung | Hong Kong | Philippines | Chinese Taipei | Macau |
| 2012 | No tournament; see also 2012 Philippine Peace Cup | No tournament; see also 2012 Philippine Peace Cup | No tournament; see also 2012 Philippine Peace Cup | No tournament; see also 2012 Philippine Peace Cup | No tournament; see also 2012 Philippine Peace Cup |

## Top goalscorers

| Rank | Player | Goals |
| 1 | Emelio Caligdong | 5 |
| 2 | Ian Araneta | 4 |
| 3 | Lo Kwan Yee | 3 |
| 3 | Phil Younghusband | 3 |
| 3 | Lo Chih-an | 3 |
| 6 | Chan Siu Ki | 2 |
| 6 | Lam Hok Hei | 2 |
| 6 | Lee Hong Lim | 2 |
| 6 | Sham Kwok Keung | 2 |
| 6 | Wong Chin Hung | 2 |
| 6 | Xu Deshuai | 2 |
| 6 | Leong Ka Hang | 2 |
| 6 | Chen Po-hao | 2 |
| 6 | Chen Po-liang | 2 |
# Mannetjies Grobler

Godfried Augus Josephes "Mannetjies" Grobler (born 25 June 1941) is a retired South African politician who represented the Democratic Party (DP) in the National Assembly from 1999 to 2004. He served the Gauteng constituency.

## Life and career

Grobler was born on 25 June 1941. He gained election to the National Assembly in the 1999 general election as a DP candidate for the Gauteng constituency. In 2000, the DP co-founded the Democratic Alliance (DA), a multi-party coalition of opposition parties, and DA leader Tony Leon appointed Grobler as the coalition's spokesman on public service and administration. He later served as spokesman on local government.
In the 2004 general election, the DP was fully absorbed into the DA, and Grobler stood for re-election to his seat under the DA's banner. He was ranked 20th on the DA's regional party list for Gauteng and did not secure re-election.
# Stefan Grové

Stefanus Petrus Grové (born 15 October 1949) is a retired South African politician from Mpumalanga. He represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the National Council of Provinces (NCOP) from 1994 to 1999 and in the National Assembly from 1999 to 2004.

## Legislative career

In South Africa's first post-apartheid elections in 1994, Grové was elected to represent the ANC in the Senate, the upper house of the new South African Parliament. He was a member of the Eastern Transvaal caucus (present-day Mpumalanga). He remained in his seat after the house was restructured as the NCOP under the 1996 Constitution.
In the next general election in 1999, Grové stood for election to the lower house, the National Assembly, on the ANC ticket. He narrowly missed election. However, shortly into the legislative term, Mathews Phosa resigned from his seat; Grové was sworn in to replace him on 27 September 1999. He left Parliament after the 2004 general election.
# Melissa Kite

Melissa Louise Kite (born 1972) is a British journalist, and current columnist for The Spectator. She has also written articles for several other newspapers, and was deputy political editor of The Sunday Telegraph until March 2011. She appeared as a panelist on 22 March 2012 edition of the BBC television programme Question Time which was broadcast from the coastal town of Grimsby in North East Lincolnshire.
# Battle of Rafah

The Battle of Rafah primarily refers to any of the military engagements fought in and around Rafah, today in the Gaza Strip:

## Battles

* Battle of Raphia (720 BC), a battle between Pharonic Egypt and Assyria, at Rafah, during the reign of Pharaoh Osorkon IV
* Battle of Raphia (217 BC), a battle between the Ptolemaic Egypt and the Seleucid Empire, near Rafah
* Battle of Rafa, a World War I battle in 1917
* Battle of Rafah (1949), in context of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
* Battle of Rafah (2009), part of internal Palestinian conflict between Hamas and Jund Ansar Allah
* Rafah offensive (2024), part of the ongoing Israel–Hamas war

## Other uses

* The Battle of Raphia, 217 B.C., a boardgame based on the 217 BCE battle
# Isaiah Ntshangase

Isaiah Boy Ntshangase (1 April 1966 – February 2001) was a South African politician who represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the National Assembly from 1999 until his death in 2001. A lionised figure in the ANC Youth League, he was provincial chairperson of the league's KwaZulu-Natal branch from 1996 to 2000. Before that, he was an activist in the South African Youth Congress.

## Life and career

Ntshangase was born on 1 April 1966 in Pongola in the north of the former Natal Province. He was an activist in the South African Youth Congress and served as provincial chairperson of the ANC Youth League in KwaZulu-Natal from 1996 to 2000.
While in his youth league office, Ntshangase was elected to the National Assembly in the 1999 general election; he joined the ANC's KwaZulu-Natal caucus. He remained in his seat until his death in February 2001. His seat was later filled by Albertina Luthuli.

## Memorials

In 2008, Walter Gilbert Street in eThekwini was renamed Isaiah Ntshangase Road. Nathi Mthethwa addressed a memorial lecture held in his honour in 2019.
# Ezra Sigwela

Ezra Mvuyisi Sigwela (born 26 October 1940) is a retired South African politician and former anti-apartheid activist. He was recruited into the African National Congress (ANC) in the 1950s and was active in the organisation's underground structures in the Transkei after it was banned in 1960. He was imprisoned on Robben Island for his political activities. Upon his release, Sigwela, a devout Christian, became a fieldworker for the Transkei Council of Churches.
After the 1994 general election, Sigwela served in the Executive Council of the Eastern Cape from 1994 to 1997, first as the Eastern Cape's inaugural Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Planning and Development and then as MEC for Public Administration. Premier Arnold Stofile fired him from the executive council in a reshuffle in May 1997. In the 1999 general election, Sigwela was elected to represent the ANC in the National Assembly, where he served a single term. After leaving Parliament, he was South African Ambassador to Rwanda until 2008.
# Pinky Mokoto

Nthibane Rebecca "Pinky" Mokoto (born 25 February 1973) is a South African politician from the North West. She represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the National Assembly for two non-consecutive terms from 2004 to 2009 and from 2014 to 2019. In the interim, she was Mayor of the North West's Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality from 2009 to 2011.
Mokoto was a member of the ANC's National Executive Committee from 2007 to 2012. She had formerly been a member of the national executive of the ANC Youth League.

## Early life and career

Mokoto was born on 25 February 1973 in Mafikeng in the former Western Transvaal, where she grew up. She worked for the North West branch of the African National Congress (ANC) as provincial media liaison officer from 1997 to 2004. During that time she was also an active member of the party, serving on the National Executive Committee of the ANC Youth League and the Provincial Executive Committee of the ANC Women's League. She was also elected to a term as secretary of the mainstream ANC's branch in Tlhabologa, North West.

## Career in government
### National Assembly: 2004–2009

In the 2004 general election, Mokoto was elected to represent the ANC in the North West constituency in the National Assembly, the lower house of the South African Parliament. In 2005, she was one of two MPs appointed to join the South African observer delegation to the 2005 Palestinian presidential election. She left the National Assembly on 13 April 2009 and focused briefly on managing her business interests.

### Mayor of Ngaka Modiri Molema: 2009-2011

On 2 September 2009, Mokoto was elected as Executive Mayor of Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality in the North West. She succeeded Themba Ngwabeni, who had been sacked amid service delivery protests and financial problems; the latter had also led the provincial government to place the municipality under administration. Mokoto served less than two years in the mayoral office; she was replaced by Phaladi Saku after the 2011 local elections.
At the ANC's 53rd National Conference in December 2012, Mokoto was elected to a five-year term as a member of the party's National Executive Committee, its 80-member executive organ. She received 1,644 votes from among the 4,500 voting delegates.

### Return to Parliament: 2014–2019

In the 2014 general election, Mokoto was elected to return to the National Assembly. She was ranked second on the ANC's regional party list for the North West. In addition, the ANC appointed her as its whip in the Portfolio Committee on Basic Education, a position which she held throughout the 26th Parliament. She left Parliament at the 2019 general election.
# Michael Trend

Michael St John Trend, CBE (born 19 April 1952) is a British former Conservative politician and journalist who was a member of parliament from 1992 to 2005, when he stood down after an expenses scandal.

## Early life

He is the son of Lord Trend, the former Cabinet Secretary. He attended the independent Westminster School, then went to Oriel College, Oxford where he gained an MA in Modern History. He became a journalist for The Times Literary Supplement, History Today and The Spectator. He was chief leader writer for The Daily Telegraph from 1990 to 1992.

## Parliamentary career

He was elected at the 1992 General Election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire. When that constituency was abolished for the 1997 Election, he was returned for the new constituency of Windsor. Trend was a frontbench spokesman and Deputy Chairman and Chief Executive of the Conservative Party until 2000.
He was Chairman of the party's International Office until September 2005, and has done extensive democracy building work in much of the former Soviet Union, and also in Africa.

## Fraudulent expenses claim

In December 2002, Trend agreed to repay £90,000 to the House of Commons, after accepting that he wrongly claimed the money as an allowance. In February 2003, Trend was found guilty of abusing the allowances system, and ordered to repay £90,277.
He was briefly suspended from Parliament, and did not stand again at the following election. Trend claimed he "believed that I could properly continue to designate London as 'home' for the purposes of ACA, even though, in domestic terms, Windsor had become my 'main residence'." It was not accepted.
There was no doubt in the Standard's Committee's minds that there was no "real scope for doubt that the words 'main residence' were intended to have other than their natural meaning." The Committee ruled that: "Mr Trend should have recognised that, by claiming Additional Costs Allowance in relation to his Windsor home, the taxpayer was meeting some of the core running costs of what was in reality his main residence. He should have realised that this was wrong".
"Accordingly, we agree with the Commissioner that Mr Trend was negligent, and has breached the Code of Conduct by making improper use of the Additional Costs Allowance, and by failing strictly to observe the administrative rules relating to the Allowance."

## Personal life

He has written extensively about music. He married Jill Kershaw in February 1987, in Westminster. They have a son and two daughters. For many years, he was the organist of his local church.
# Shadow Work

Shadow Work may refer to:
* Shadow work, in economics, a special kind of unpaid labor
* Shadow Work (Trapt album), 2020
* Shadow Work (Warrel Dane album), 2018
# Glossary of geography terms

Glossary of geography terms may refer to:
* Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
* Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
# Disappointment Island

Disappointment Island is one of seven uninhabited islands in the Auckland Islands archipelago, in New Zealand. It is 475 kilometres (295 mi) south of the country's main South Island and 8 kilometres (5 mi) from the northwest end of Auckland Island.
It is home to a large colony of white-capped albatrosses: about 65,000 pairs – nearly the entire world's population – nest there. Also on the island is the Auckland rail, endemic to the archipelago; once thought to be extinct, it was rediscovered in 1966. The island is known for being one of the least-modified subantarctic islands in New Zealand.

## History

On 7 March 1907, the Dundonald, a steel, four-masted barque, sank after running ashore on the west side of Disappointment Island. Twelve men drowned and seventeen men made it ashore. Two of the men died, and fifteen survivors waited seven months for rescue. They survived by eating mainly white-capped albatrosses (mollymawks), seals, and roots of the plant Azorella polaris. They built coracles out of veronica trees and used it to paddle to the mainland, where they eventually found the supplies and boat at Port Ross, a castaway depot, on Auckland Island.
The island was visited by a scientific expedition aboard the Hinemoa in November 1907, after the crew rescued the Dundonald survivors from Auckland Island. It was this ship which took the stranded men of the Dundonald home.

## Etymology

British mariner Abraham Bristow, who was the first European to reach the Auckland Islands, named the island Disappointment Island. Whilst aboard the ship Sarah in 1807, he unsuccessfully surveyed the island for fur seals and a base to reach the nearby fur seal rookeries on the western cliffs of Auckland Island.

## Important Bird Area

The island is part of the Auckland Island group Important Bird Area (IBA), identified as such by BirdLife International because of the significance of the group as a breeding site for several species of seabirds, including the white-capped mollymawk and white-chinned petrel, as well as the endemic Auckland shag, Auckland teal, Auckland rail, and Auckland snipe.
Over 150,000 pairs of white-chinned petrel breed there.
# 1881 in Romania

Events from the year 1881 in Romania. The year saw the end of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia and the creation of the Kingdom of Romania.

## Incumbents

* Domnitor: Carol I (until 14 March).
* King: Carol I (from 15 March).
* Prime Minister:
** Ion Brătianu (until 9 April).
** Dimitrie Brătianu (between 10 April and 8 June).
** Ion Brătianu (from 9 June).

## Events

* 14 March – The Parliament of Romania declares the dissolution of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia and its replacement by the Kingdom of Romania.
* 18 April – A law is passed that enables the "expulsion by decree of the Council of Ministers of foreigners who might disturb the peace or threaten national safety".
* 10 May – Carol I is crowned King of Romania.
* 12 May – The Romanian National Party is founded by the union of the National Party of Romanians in Transylvania (Partidul Național al Românilor din Transilvania) and the National Party of Romanians in Banat and Hungary (Partidul Național al Românilor din Banat și Ungaria).
* 20 June – A law is passed to found first rural hospitals, initially in unoccupied monasteries until they could build their own buildings.

## Births

* 6 January – Ion Minulescu, avant-garde poet, novelist, and short story writer (died 1944).
* 22 May – Istrate Micescu, lawyer, died in Aiud Prison (died 1951).
* 2 June – Stan Ghițescu, politician who died at Sighet Prison (died 1952).
* 7 August – George Enescu, composer (died 1955).
* 31 October – Eugen Lovinescu, literary historian and critic (died 1943).
* 7 December – Alexandru Mavrodi, director of the National Theatre Bucharest (died 1934).

## Deaths

* 8 August – Alexandru G. Golescu, Prime Minister of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (born 1819).
# Apple Pioneer Place

Apple Pioneer Place is an Apple Store, a retail outlet of Apple Inc., in downtown Portland, Oregon.
# Poqomam people

The Poqomam are a Maya people in Guatemala and El Salvador. Their indigenous language is also called Poqomam and is closely related to Poqomchiʼ. Notable Poqomam settlements are located in Chinautla (Guatemala (department)), Palín (Escuintla), and in San Luis Jilotepeque (Jalapa). Before the Spanish Conquest, the Poqomam had their capital at Chinautla Viejo. The Poqomam that advanced further east, to the territories of present-day El Salvador, were largely displaced by the migration of the Pipil people in the 11th century. The few Poqomam that remained in El Salvador live near the Guatemala border, in the departments of Santa Ana and Ahuachapan.
# Pretty Little Angel Eyes

"Pretty Little Angel Eyes" is a 1961 song by American singer Curtis Lee. It was released on Dunes Records, #45-2007. Phil Spector served as producer, and also produced Lee's follow-up hit "Under the Moon of Love".

## Background

The track is in the doo-wop style, with backing vocals by the Halos. The Halos were a doo-wop group composed of Harold Johnson, Al Cleveland, Phil Johnson, and Arthur Crier (bass).

## Chart history and performance

| Chart (1961) | Peak position |
| Canada - CHUM Hit Parade | 15 |
| New Zealand – Lever Hit Parade | 5 |
| U.S. Billboard Hot 100 | 7 |
| U.S. Cash Box Top 100 | 6 |
| UK Record Retailer | 47 |
The song spent 11 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at No. 7, while reaching No. 6 on the Cash Box Top 100, Outside the US, the song reached No. 5 on New Zealand's "Lever Hit Parade", No. 15 on Canada's CHUM Hit Parade, and No. 47 on the UK's Record Retailer chart.
The song was ranked No. 77 on Billboard's end of year "Hot 100 for 1961 - Top Sides of the Year" and No. 56 on Cash Box's "Top 100 Chart Hits of 1961".

## Cover versions

Notable acts who have performed the song include:
* Sha Na Na
* Showaddywaddy
# Lake, West Virginia

Lake is an unincorporated community in Logan County, West Virginia, United States. Lake is 4.5 miles (7.2 km) east-northeast of Mitchell Heights. Lake has a post office with ZIP code 25121.
The community was named after Nicholas Lake, the original owner of the town site. in 1863, after an executive order of Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, he visited the town.
# Basilan (disambiguation)

Basilan may refer to:

## Places

* Basilan, officially Province of Basilan, an island province in the Philippines
** Basilan National Park
** Basilan State College
** Basilan Strait

## Other uses

* Legislative district of Basilan
* USS Basilan (AG-68), an auxiliary ship acquired by the U.S. Navy during World War II
# The Enquiries of Doctor Eszterhazy

The Enquiries of Doctor Eszterhazy is a collection of historical mystery fantasy short stories by Avram Davidson featuring his scholarly detective character Doctor Eszterhazy and set in an imaginary European country. It was first published in paperback by Warner Books in December 1975. Its contents were later incorporated into the more comprehensive collection The Adventures of Doctor Eszterhazy (1991), which included five additional Eszterhazy stories written later but set earlier.

## Summary

The book collects eight novelettes and short stories by the author, some originally published in various speculative fiction magazines and others original to the collection, in addition to three maps by John E. Westfall illustrating the fictitious setting of Bella, capital of the equally fictitious empire of Scythia-Pannonia-Transbalkania, the empire itself, and its supposed position in the Balkans on the map of late 19th century Europe. The maps show the country as neighboring such other fictional states as Ruritania and Graustark, and, in an apparent error, place the Pannonia division at the opposite end of the empire from the historical Pannonia.

## Contents

* "Polly Charms, the Sleeping Woman" (from The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, v. 48, no. 2, February 1975)
* "The Crown Jewels of Jerusalem, or The Tell-Tale Head" (from The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, v. 49, no. 2, August 1975)
* "The Old Woman Who Lived with a Bear"
* "The Church of Saint Satan and Pandaemons" (from Fantastic, v. 25, no. 1, December 1975)
* "Milord Sir Smiht, the English Wizard"
* "The Case of the Mother-in-Law of Pearl" (from Fantastic, v. 24, no. 6, October 1975)
* "The Ceaseless Stone" (from New Venture #3, Winter 1975)
* "The King's Shadow Has No Limits" (from Whispers #8, December 1975)

## Reception

The collection was reviewed by Frederick Patten in Delap's F & SF Review, March 1976, John Boardman in Amra v. 2, no. 65, April 1976, Barry N. Malzberg in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, September 1976, and Steve Fahnestalk in New Venture #4, Summer 1976.

## Awards

The collection won the 1976 World Fantasy Award for Best Collection.
"Polly Charms, the Sleeping Woman" was nominated for the 1976 Nebula Award for Best Novelette, and placed tenth in the 1976 Locus Poll Award for Best Novelette.