OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ramadan Çitaku

Ramadan Çitaku (1914-1990) (known as Baca) was an Albanian politician of the Party of Labour of Albania. A native of Kosovo, he was one of the founding members of the Albanian Communist Party, member of the General Council of the National Liberation Movement during World War II, Minister of Finance of Albania, and diplomat.

## Biography

Çitaku was born in Mitrovica, Kosovo, which had only a few years before come under Serbian control. He studied in the "Harry Fultz Technical School" in Tirana, along with other future prominent Albanian communists as Anastas Lula, Sadik Premtja, Muhamet Gjollesha, Mehmet Shehu, and Sadik Stavaleci. He was one of the founding members of the Albanian Communist Party, which after World War II was transformed into Party of Labour. He was a representative of the "Youth" (Alb: Rinia) Communist Group. He was elected member of the Central Committee and its Politburo in March 1943.
A trusted man of the Yugoslav communist Miladin Popović, Çitaku took active part during World War II using the name Ibrahim Baci. He was member of the 118-people Antifascist Council of National Liberation Movement or LANC (the main Albanian resistance front during World War II) established by the Congress of Përmet which took place on 24 May 1944 declaring the LANC council as a transitional parliament and establishing a provisional government, thus being crucial in helping the communists to take the power. In 1945, he became a member of the Constituent Assembly (Alb: Asambleja Kushtetuese), the first Albanian Parliament of post-World War II. He remained there until 1950.
On 22 October 1944, due to his rich warfare curricula and without any distinguished skills in finance, he was elected Minister of Finance in the government of Prime Minister Enver Hoxha. He retained this position until his replacement by Kiço Ngjela on February 6, 1948. In 1946, he became the first Chairman of the Albanian-Yugoslav Friendship Society (Alb: Shoqata e miqësisë Shqipëri-Jugosllavi). In addition, during 1947–1948, he served as ambassador in Yugoslavia. He served also as delegate of post-war Albanian governments in conferences and meetings.
A quiet man by nature, Çitaku could not escape the persecution and displacement that followed most of the key personalities of the Communist Party and World War II by Hoxha's clans. He was expelled from the Party during the 1st Congress of November 1948, but without any harsh consequences. From that moment he kept a very low profile. He served as head of the Savings Bank for some time, and was rehabilitated later. He rarely left his house and most of the Albanians didn't even know he was alive. Çitaku died at an old age on (4-5?) April 1990 and was buried on the 6th. Between the other participants in his funeral were the Politburo of the Labour Party of Albania members Rita Marko and Manush Myftiu, and candidate-members Pirro Kondi, Kiço Mustaqi, and Llambi Gegprifti.
A street in Tirana is named after him.
# Feçor Shehu

Feçor Shehu (26 March 1926 - 15 September 1983) was a politician of Communist Albania who served as Minister of Internal Affairs and Sigurimi from 1978 to 1982.

## Biography

Shehu was born in Mallakaster District in 1923. Although he shares the same surname as Mehmet Shehu, he is not related to Mehmet Shehu. After Shehu's suicide, Feçor Shehu, Fiqrete Shehu, Former Minister of Internal Affair from 1954 to 1978 Kadri Hazbiu, Foreign Minister Nesti Nase, other political figures as Llambi Peçini - Diplomat and Head of Security for Blloku highly restricted area, Llambi Ziçishti - former Minister of Public Health, Xhavit Ismailaga, and many others from the ranks of the army and police were sent to trial and condemned. Feçor Shehu was executed, together with Hazbiu, on 15 September 1983. His remains were discovered in 1995.

## Legacy

Shehu is remembered for his brutal interrogation tactics with political prisoners or persons of interest. He is also mentioned as a pervert and rapist of young athlete women, and especially of arrested women who were being held by the Sigurimi. Controversies reached at a maximum when the Municipality of Mallakastër's Council awarded him with the title "Qytetar Nderi" (Honorary citizenship) on 20 November 2014, which led to the expulsion of the DPA councilmen from the Democratic Party of Albania.
# Rima Beradze

Rima Beradze (born 28 October 1955) is a Georgian politician. Since 2020, she has been a member of the Parliament of Georgia of the 10th convocation by party list, election bloc for Georgian Dream – Democratic Georgia.
Beradze became briefly infamous in December 2015 for stating, that it "was absolutely possible that a socially vulnerable person could survive on food worth 1.18 GEL [per day, approximately 0.70 USD] at the capital city’s budget financed free of charge canteens".
# Mariam Lashkhi

Mariam Lashkhi (born 1 August 1988) is a Georgian politician. Since 2020, she has been a member of the 10th convocation of the Parliament of Georgia, for the Georgian Dream political party.
# Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman

Maharaja Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya DebBarma Bahadur (13 December 1933 – 28 November 2006) was the 185th and last King of Tripura, a princely state in northeastern India. His formal coronation was held in 1941, but he never gained the powers of a king.

## Political career

He succeeded his father, Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarma. He was the nominal king for two years until the state's merger into India in 1949. Since he was a minor during this time, the state was governed by a Council of Regency headed by his mother Kanchan Prava Devi.
He was elected from Tripura East Lok Sabha seat on an Indian National Congress ticket and was elected thrice in 1967, 1977 and 1989.

## Personal life

He was born on 13 December 1933 in Calcutta to Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarma Manikya Bahadur who was Maharaja of Tripura State and Kanchan Prava Devi daughter of the HH Sir Maharaja Yadvendra Singh, the King of Panna State.
He was married to Padmavati Raje 'Akkasaheb' Scindia (1942–64) eldest daughter of Maharaja Jivajirao Scindia of Gwalior State and Vijaya Raje Scindia, who died in 1965, in Kolkata. Later, he married Bibhu Kumari Devi, daughter to Raja Lav Shah. They had one son and two daughters. His wife and son Pradyot Bikram Manikya DebBarma were also members of the Indian National Congress. One of his daughters, Pragya DebBarma also contest election from Tripura East Lok Sabha seat in 2019 Indian general election.
# Gartcosh railway station

Gartcosh railway station serves the village of Gartcosh, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. The railway station is managed by ScotRail and is located on the Cumbernauld Line, 7+3⁄4 mi (12 km) northeast of Glasgow Queen Street (High Level) station.
The station was opened on 9 May 2005 by The Princess Royal. The station was built at a cost of over £3 million, provided by Strathclyde Passenger Transport and North Lanarkshire council, on the site of the previous Gartcosh station that closed in 1962.

## Services
### 2017

Monday to Saturday there are three trains per hour from Gartcosh to Glasgow Queen Street westbound and Cumbernauld eastbound with an hourly service continuing to Falkirk Grahamston. Two of the westbound services run via Queen St Low Level to Partick and Dalmuir over the North Clyde Line whilst the other (the service to/from Falkirk) terminates at Queen St High Level.
On Sundays there is an hourly service to Partick via Queen St LL and to Cumbernauld.

### 2018/19

From December 2018, a new half hourly Glasgow - Edinburgh via Cumbernauld and Falkirk Grahamston service started, replacing the hourly DMU service and taking over the existing EMU service between Springburn and Cumbernauld. The service uses new Class 385 EMUs.
| Preceding station | National Rail | National Rail | National Rail | Following station |
| Stepps | | ScotRail Cumbernauld Line | | Greenfaulds |

## Facilities

The station has a car park, but is not permanently staffed.
# Aldol

In organic chemistry, an aldol is a structure consisting of a hydroxy group (-OH) two carbons away from either an aldehyde or a ketone. The name combines the suffix 'ol' from the alcohol and the prefix depending on the carbonyl group, either 'ald' for an aldehyde, or 'ket' for a ketone, in which case it referred to as a 'ketol'. An aldol may also use the term β-hydroxy aldehyde (or β-hydroxy ketone for a ketol). The term "aldol" may refer to 3-hydroxybutanal.
Aldols are the product of a carbon-carbon bond-formation reaction, giving them wide applicability as a precursor for a variety of other compounds.

## Synthesis and reactions

Aldols are usually synthesized from an aldol addition reaction using two aldehydes or an aldehyde and a ketone for a ketol. These reactions may also be done intramolecularly to form 5 or 6 member rings or for stereoselective syntheses in the active area of asymmetric synthesis.
Aldols may also undergo a condensation reaction in which the hydroxy group is replaced by a pi bond. The final structure is a reactive α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound, which can also be used in a variety of other reactions:
    RC(O)CH$_2$CH(OH)R' → RC(O)CH=CHR' + H$_2$O

## Applications

Aldols synthesized from two aldehydes are usually unstable, often producing secondary compounds such as diols, unsaturated aldehydes, or alcohols. Hydroxypivaldehyde is a rare example of a distillable aldol. The aldol 3-hydroxybutanal is a precursor to quinaldine, which is a precursor to the dye quinoline Yellow SS.
Aldols are also used as intermediates in the synthesis of polyketide natural products and drugs such as Oseltamivir and Epothilone.
# Scouts of Albania

Scouts of Albania (Albanian: ‘Skautët Shqiptarë) is a scouting organization in Albania, established in 2021, which became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in August 2024.

## History

Scouting in Albania traces back to 1920, when it was first founded. In 1922, Albania was among the founders of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, remaining active until 1937 when Zog of Albania banned Scouting in Albania. After World War II, the Socialist People's Republic of Albania had the Pionieret e Enverit, the Pioneers of Enver Hoxha, a local variant of the Pioneers. Scouting quickly returned to Albania in 1989 after communism collapsed in the country, in Sarandë by Dolores and Mihal Dhima, International Commissioner and Chief Scout of Besa Scouts Albania, respectively.
In July 1999, WOSM accepted Besa Skaut Albania as a member organisation. The membership of the organization was terminated by the World Scout Committee in 2005 due to the actions of the Dhima family who used the organization for their own monetary and political ends. WOSM membership was then granted to Beslidhja Skaut Albania, an offshoot of the older organization formed from disaffected members of the previous National Committee of Besa Skaut Albania. In November 2014, WOSM terminated membership of Beslidhja Skaut Albania for their inability to fulfil its basic constitutional and educational requirements, with a statement supporting the establishment of a new National Scout Organization in Albania.
In 2019, the European Scout Region began to support the development of a new National Scout Organization in Albania with no ties to Beslidhja Skaut Albania, with a strategic and sustainable approach to growth leading to a unified, co-educational, multi-ethnic and inter-religious movement in the country, and putting the organisation on a path towards full membership status. Scouts of Albania was founded in 2021 and legally registered in the Court of Tirana in September 2023.
Scouts of Albania applied for membership of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in May 2024. The World Scout Committee recommended for the member organization of WOSM to accept the application. In August 2024, Scouts of Albania was declared the 176th member organization of WOSM during the 43rd World Scout Conference in Cairo, Egypt.
As of August 2024, Scouts of Albania membership includes 390 children, 160 adults and 49 Scout leaders spread across the country. In addition to the capital, Tirana, Scouts of Albania is active in regions such as Berat, Diber, Elbasan, Fier, Kukës, and Shkoder.

## Program and Ideals

Scouts of Albania is divided into four age sections and adult leaders:
* Simba (7-10 years old)
* Skautët (11-14 years old)
* Eksploruesit (15-18 years old)
* Roverët (18-29 years old)
* Veteranët (Adults in Scouting, 30+ years old)
The Scout Motto of Scouts of Albania is Ji i Përgatitur, "Be Prepared" in Albanian.
The membership badge of Scouts of Albania incorporate the helmet of Gjergj Kastrioti, Albania’s national hero.
# Wilfrid Percy Henry Sheldon

Sir Wilfrid Percy Henry Sheldon (1901-1983) was an English consulting physician. He wrote one of the first major textbooks of paediatric medicine and was physician-paediatrician to the household of Queen Elizabeth II for nearly 20 years. Together with researchers in Holland, Sheldon was responsible for the discovery that coeliac disease is related to wheat products in the diet.

## Education and career

Wilfrid Percy Henry Sheldon was born on 23 November 1901 at Woodford, Essex. He attended Bancroft's School in Woodford, King's College, London, and King's College Hospital, London, graduating from the latter in 1923. In 1926, he was appointed consulting paediatrician at King's College Hospital and became consultant physician to the Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street several years later. He was one of the few full-time early practitioners of paediatric medicine in Britain during this era, when volunteer hospital consultants were not paid for their services.
During the Second World War, Sheldon organized hospitals for children evacuated from London. In 1947 he became director of the department of child health at King's College Hospital.
Sheldon was physician-paediatrician to the household of Queen Elizabeth II from 1952 to 1971, a period covering the childhoods of the royal siblings Charles, Anne, Andrew and Edward. He also maintained a private practice in Harley Street, London.
As an advisor in child health to the Department of Health (United Kingdom) from 1952 to 1961, Sheldon was closely involved in establishing paediatric medical programmes under the National Health Service.
Sheldon was made Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1954, and Knight Commander in 1959. During the later years of his life, he lived in the Coombe neighborhood of Kingston upon Thames.

## Publications

* Text Book of Diseases of Infancy and Childhood (1936)
* Dietary Starch and Fat Absorption (1949)
* List of medical journal articles authored by Wilfrid Sheldon, University College of London Institute of Child Health
# Janet Aitken (physician)

Janet Kerr Aitken (1886 – 11 April 1982) was a specialist in juvenile rheumatism and President of the Medical Women's Federation from 1940 to 1942. She was a consultant physician at the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital in London.

## Early life and education

Janet Aitken was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. She studied at St Leonards School, St Andrews, and initially intended to study music. She studied piano, taking the LRAM, and was also awarded the gold medal for singing in 1912 from the Manchester School of Music.
With the outbreak of World War I, Aitken trained as a masseuse in order to help injured servicemen, and she obtained a qualification from the Incorporated Society of Masseurs. This led to an interest in medicine, which she followed by enrolling in the London School of Medicine for Women. She graduated in 1922. In 1924, she qualified as a Medical Doctor, and in 1926 obtained the Membership of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom.

## Career

Aitken began her medical career at the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital as a house physician and clinical assistant. She rose to the rank of consultant in 1929 and became a physician in charge of the Kensington Supervisory Rheumatic Clinic for Children shortly thereafter. The field of juvenile idiopathic arthritis was her speciality.
In the 1930s, Aitken was vice-dean of the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine and also served on the committees of hospitals and of the Central Health Services Council and the British Medical Association.
Aitken became the President of Medical Women's Federation in 1940, during the "difficult war years". She later became honorary secretary of the organisation, and her home was used as the office. Aitken obtained her FRCP in 1943. In 1949, she was appointed to the Medical Advisory Committee to the NHS.
In 1955, she was elected to the General Medical Council, topping the list of nominees with 16,500 votes. She was the first woman to be on the council, as Christine Murrell had been elected in 1933, but died before taking up her seat. Not long before her appointment to Council, Aitken had mused on the challenges of such "firsts":
   It is, I think, the first step which counts; once a woman has been appointed, if she is a wise woman and good at her work, our male colleagues get used to the idea and the next time a woman applies she is more or less considered on her merits. The first woman to be appointed anywhere has a great responsibility, as if she is not found to be a good colleauge the pendulum swings back and another chance is not given for some time.

## Awards and honours

Aitken was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1950 New Year Honours.
# Robert Platt, Baron Platt

Robert Platt, Baron Platt (16 April 1900 – 30 June 1978), known as Sir Robert Platt, 1st Baronet between 1959 and 1967, was a British physician.
Platt specialized in kidney disease research, but he is remembered for the 1940–1950s Platt vs. Pickering debate with George White Pickering over the nature of hypertension. Platt's position was that hypertension was a simple disease caused by perhaps just one genetic defect, and he presented evidence of its autosomal dominant inheritance and a bimodal distribution of blood pressures, indicating that hypertensives were a distinct subpopulation in humans.
In contrast, Pickering's viewpoint was that blood pressures varied continuously and unimodally, with hypertensives representing the upper end of the bell curve. Though Platt's view was favoured during his lifetime, Pickering's view ultimately dominated and is the basis of current understanding and treatment policies.
During his lifetime, Platt held the salaried position of head of the Central Manchester Health authority, and he later (1957–1962) became the president of the Royal College of Physicians. During his presidency he was influential in the writing and publication of the first College report on Smoking and Health, which assembled all the evidence for a causative relationship. It predated the first report on smoking and lung cancer from the US Surgeon General, which appeared in 1964.
On 14 July 1959 he was made a Baronet 'of Grindleford'. On 16 January 1967 he was created a life peer as Baron Platt, of Grindleford, in the County of Derby. On his death the baronetcy was inherited by his son; the life peerage became extinct. His autobiography, Private and Controversial, was published in the UK by Cassell and Company in 1972.
Coat of arms of Robert Platt, Baron Platt :
* CrestIn front of a demi-plate a nightingale in full song Proper.
* EscutcheonOr fretty Sable platée on a pale Gules a rod of Aesculapius Gold.
* SupportersDexter a unicorn and sinister a hart Argent each gorged with a chain Or pendant therefrom a bezant fimbriated Sable.
* MottoConcord A Res Parvae Crescunt
# Leslie Payne

Lieutenant-Colonel Leslie Herbert Payne DSO VD ADC (5 November 1888 – 23 December 1942) was an Australian politician and military officer.
He was born in Burnie, the son of Senator Herbert Payne. During the First World War, he served in the Australian Imperial Force. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in the 1918 New Year Honours.
In 1924, he was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly as a Nationalist member for Denison in a recount following Robert Snowden's resignation. He was defeated at the 1925 state election. Payne died in Hobart in 1942.
# Peter Fieber (footballer, born 1989)

Peter Fieber Jr. (born 10 December 1989) is a Slovak football player who currently plays for the Slovak 3. liga club Dunajská Lužná. He has been with Lužná since 2012.

## Club career

Prior to signing professionally with Bratislava for the 2008—2009 season, he played on their youth teams. He moved to Petržalka after the season ended. While there, he played in the Corgoň League, Slovakia's first division. After Petržalka, he transferred to Honvéd in Budapest on a 2.5 year contract, but left in 2011. In July 2011, he joined Slovak club FK LAFC Lučenec, where he continues to play.

## Personal life

His father Peter Fieber is a coach and retired football.
# Edward Mulcahy (politician)

Edward Mulcahy (28 March 1850 – 23 October 1927) was an Irish-born Australian politician. Born in County Limerick, he migrated to Australia as a child and was educated in Tasmania. He became an apprentice compositor and established a soft goods business in Hobart. In 1891 he was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly for West Hobart, serving until 1903, including a period from 1899 to 1903 when he was Minister for Lands and Works and Minister for Mines. In 1904, he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Protectionist Senator for Tasmania. Defeated as a Liberal in 1910, he returned to the House of Assembly as the member for Wilmot, serving as Minister for Lands and Works, Minister for Mines and Minister for Railways 1912–1914. In 1919, he left the Assembly and was appointed to the Senate as a Nationalist, filling the vacancy caused by Labor Senator James Long's resignation. He retired in 1919.

## Personal life

Mulcahy married dressmaker Mary Ann Bromwich in 1878, but was widowed in 1890. He remarried in 1893 to his first wife's sister Sarah Jane Bromwich. He was widowed a second time in 1910, and married a third time in 1913 to Rosie Bernard Winter. He had six daughters and three sons from his three marriages, dying in Hobart on 23 October 1927 at the age of 77.
# Charles Oakes

Charles William Oakes CMG (30 November 1861 – 2 July 1928) was an Australian politician.

## Early life

Oakes was born in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, to Agnes Jane née Revelle and James Richard Oakes, a storekeeper. He was educated at state schools in Sydney, after which he became a jeweller and watchmaker. He was involved in local politics as a member of Paddington Council. He married Elizabeth Gregory on 1 September 1885.

## Political career

In 1901, he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as a Liberal Reform candidate for Paddington, and was re-elected in 1904 and 1907. He was appointed a minister without portfolio in the Wade ministry in 1907 until 1910, when he was one of three ministers defeated at the election.
In 1913, he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Commonwealth Liberal Party Senator from New South Wales, he was not re-elected in the double dissolution election the following year.
Oakes returned to state politics and the Legislative Assembly, winning Waverley as a Nationalist in 1917, serving again as a minister without portfolio from 1919. He was elected as one of five members for Eastern Suburbs in 1920. He was Colonial Secretary and Minister for Public Health in the 7 hour Fuller ministry in 1921, and then served in the positions again in the second Fuller ministry from 1922 until 1925. He did not contest the 1925 election, having accepted an appointment to the Legislative Council, where he served until his death.

## Death

Oakes died on 2 July 1928(1928-07-02) (aged 66), survived by his wife, son and daughter.

## Honours

He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) on 3 June 1922.