# Defenders of the Homeland

Part of a series on the :
History of Indonesia :
Timeline :
Prehistory Paleolithic Java Man 1,000,000 BP Flores Man 94,000–12,000 BP Neolithic Toba catastrophe 75,000 BP Buni culture 400 BCE :
Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms Kutai kingdom 350–1605 Tarumanagara kingdom 400s–500s Kantoli 400s-500s Kalingga kingdom 500s–600s Melayu kingdom 600s–1347 Srivijaya Empire 600s–1025 Shailendra Dynasty 600s–900s Mataram kingdom 716–1016 Bali kingdom 914–1908 Sunda kingdom 932–1579 Kahuripan kingdom 1019–1045 Kediri kingdom 1045–1221 Dharmasraya kingdom 1183–1347 Pannai kingdom 1000s–1300s Singhasari Empire 1222–1292 Majapahit Empire 1293–1527 :
Islamic sultanates Spread of Islam 800–1600 Peureulak Sultanate840–1292 Aru kingdom 1225–1613 Ternate Sultanate 1257–1914 Samudera Pasai Sultanate 1267–1521 Pagaruyung kingdom 1347–1833 Brunei Sultanate 1368–1888 Malacca Sultanate 1400–1511 Sulu Sultanate 1405–1851 Cirebon Sultanate 1445–1677 Demak Sultanate 1475–1554 Aceh Sultanate 1496–1903 Sultanate of Ternate 1486–1914 Sultanate of Bacan 1515–1946 Sultanate of Tidore 1500s–1967 Sultanate of Jailolo 1496–1903 Banten Sultanate 1526–present Banjar Sultanate 1526–1863 Kalinyamat Sultanate 1527–1599 Mataram Sultanate 1586–1755 Johor Sultanate 1528s–1877 Kingdom of Kaimana 1600s–1926 Jambi Sultanate 1604s–1904 Palembang Sultanate 1659–1823 Siak Sultanate 1725–1946 Surakarta Sunanate 1745–present Yogyakarta Sultanate 1755–present Deli Sultanate 1814–1946 Riau-Lingga Sultanate 1824–1911 :
Christian kingdoms Larantuka kingdom 1515–1904 Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow1670–1950 :
Chinese Kongsi federations Heshun Confederation1776–1854 Lanfang Republic1777–1884 Santiaogou Republic1777–1853 :
European colonization Portuguese 1512–1850 Spanish 1521–1677 Dutch East India Company 1602–1799 British 1685–1824 French and British interregnum 1806–1816 Dutch East Indies 1800–1942 1945–1949 :
Emergence of Indonesia National Awakening 1908–1942 Japanese occupation 1942–1945 National Revolution 1945–1949 United States of Indonesia 1949–1950 :
Republic of Indonesia Liberal democracy 1950–1959 Guided Democracy 1959–1966 Transition 1966–1967 New Order 1967–1998 Reform era 1998–present :
Regions
Jakarta
Bali
Bogor
Bandung :
By topic
Agriculture
Archaeology
Currency
Economy
Education
Javanese historical texts
Religion
Buddhism
Christianity
Hinduism
Islam
Judaism
Mass media
Military
Sport
Women :
Indonesia portal :
vte :
The Defenders of the Homeland (Japanese: 郷土防衛義勇軍, romanized: Kyōdo Bōei Giyūgun; Indonesian: (Tentara Sukarela) Pembela Tanah Air, PETA) was a volunteer army established on 3 October 1943 in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) by the occupying Japanese. The Japanese intended PETA to assist their forces in opposing a possible invasion by the Allies. By the end of World War II, there were a total of 69 battalions (daidan) in Java, Madura, and Bali (around 37,000 men) and Sumatra (approximately 20,000 men). On 17 August 1945, the day after the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, the Japanese ordered the PETA daidan to surrender and hand over their weapons, which most of them did. Indonesia's inaugural President, Sukarno, supported the dissolution rather than turning the organisation into a national army as he feared allegations of collaboration had he allowed a Japanese-created militia to continue to exist.
During the Indonesian War of Independence, former PETA officers and troops, such as Suharto and Sudirman, formed the core of the fledgling Indonesian National Armed Forces.

## PETA units in Java and Bali

| Battalion | Battalion commander (daidancho) | Notes | Officers of other ranks (chūdanchō, shōdanchó) |
| I Labuan, Banten | Tubagus Ahmad Chatib al-Bantani [id] | Muslim cleric | Suhadisastra |
| II Malingping, Banten | E. Ojong Temaja | Muslim cleric | M.B. Sutman |
| III Serang, Banten | Syam'un | Muslim cleric | Zainul Falah |
| IV Pandeglang, Banten | Uding Sujatmadja | | Mustaram |
| I Harmoni, Djakarta | Kasman Singodimedjo | Graduate of RHS Former leader of JIB and MIAI | Moeffreni Moe'min [id] Latief Hendraningrat [id] |
| II Purwakarta, Djakarta | Surjodipuro | | Mursid |
| I Djampang Kulon, Bogor | Abdullah bin Nuh [id] | Muslim cleric | Husen Aleksah |
| II Pelabuan Ratu, Bogor | M. Basuni | Muslim cleric | Mulja |
| III Sukabumi, Bogor | Kafrawi | | Machmud |
| IV Tjibeber, Tjiandjur, Bogor | R. Gunawan Resmiputro | | Ishak Djuarsa [id] |
| I Tasikmalaja, Priangan | K.H. Sutalaksana | Muslim cleric | Abdullah Saleh |
| II Pangandaran, Priangan | K.H. Pardjaman | Muslim cleric | K. Hamid |
| III Bandung, Priangan | Iljas Sasmita | | Permana Umar Wirahadikusumah |
| IV Tjimahi, Priangan | Arudji Kartawinata | Graduate of MULO Former executive of PSII | Soeparjadi Poniman [id] Supardi (Indonesia) [id] |
| V Garut, Priangan | R. Sofjan Iskandar | | Katamsi Sutisna |
| I Tjirebon | Abdulgani Surjokusumo | | Rukman |
| II Madjalengka, Tjirebon | R. Zaenal Asikin Judibrata | | Suarman |
| I Pekalongan | Iskandar Idris | Muslim cleric | Ajub |
| II Tegal, Pekalongan | K.H. Durjatman | Muslim cleric | Sumardjono |
| I Tjilatjap, Banjumas | R. Sutirto | | R. Hartojo |
| II Sumpiuh, Banjumas | Susalit Joyoadiningrat [id] | | Zaelan Asikin |
| III Kroja, Banjumas | Sudirman | Graduate of Muhammadiyah teachers' training school Muhammadiyah schoolteacher | Supardjo Rustam |
| IV Banjumas | Isdiman Suryokusumo Gatot Subroto | | Sarengat |
| I Gombong, Kedu | Abdul Kadir (born 1906) [id] Bambang Sugeng | | R. Sutrisno |
| II Magelang, Kedu | Muhammad Susman | | Sugiardjo Supangkat |
| III Gombong, Kedu | Djoko Kusumo | | Slamet Ahmad Yani Sarwo Edhie Wibowo |
| IV Purworedjo, Kedu | Mukahar Ronohadikusumo | | Tjiptoroso |
| I Mrican, Semarang | R. Usman Sutrisno Sudomo | | Sujadi |
| II Weleri, Kendal, Semarang | R. Sudijono Taruno Kusumo | | Suparman Sumahamidjaja |
| I Pati | Kusmoro Hadidewo | | |
| II Rembang, Pati | Holan Iskandar | | Sukardi |
| III Djepara, Pati | Prawiro Atmodjo | | Sukardji |
| I Wates, Jogjakarta | D. Martojomeno | | Sudjiono |
| II Bantul, Jogjakarta | Mohammed Saleh | Graduate of higher teachers' training school Muhammadiyah schoolteacher | Sugiono |
| III Pingit, Jogjakarta | Sundjojo Purbokusumo | | Daryatmo Suharto |
| IV Wonosari, Jogjakarta | Muridan Noto | | Nudi |
| I Manahan, Surakarta | R.M. Muljadi Djojomartono | Muslim cleric | Suprapto Sukawati Djatikoesoemo |
| II Wonogiri, Surakarta | K.H. Idris | Muslim cleric | Budiman |
| I Babat, Bodjonegoro | K.H. Masjkur Sudirman | Muslim cleric | Utojo Utomo |
| II Bodjonegoro | Masri | | R. Rachmat |
| III Tuban-Bodjonegoro | Sumadi Sastroatmodjo | | Sumardjo |
| I Madiun | Agus Tojib | | Mumardjo |
| II Patjitan, Madiun | Akub Gulangge | | R. Subagijo |
| III Ponorogo, Madiun | M. Sudjono | | Sudijat |
| I Tulungagung, Kediri | Sudiro | | Tulus |
| II Blitar, Kediri | Surachmad [id] | | Sukandar Suprijadi |
| III Kediri | A. Judodiprodjo Sujoto Djojopurnomo | | Mashudi Sudjono |
| I Gunung Sari, Surabaja | Mustopo | Graduate of STOVIT Dentist | Masduki Abudardja |
| II Sidoardjo, Surabaja | R. Muhammad Mangundiprodjo | | Bambang Juwono |
| III Modjokerto, Surabaja | Katamhadi | | Usman |
| IV Gresik, Surabaja | K.H. Cholik Hasjim | Muslim cleric | Jondat Modjo |
| I Gondanglegi, Malang | K. Iskandar Sulaeman | Muslim cleric | Sumarto |
| II Lumadjang, Malang | M. Sujo Adikusumo | | S. Hardjo Hudojo |
| III Pasuruan, Malang | Arsjid Kromodihardjo | | Slamet |
| IV Malang | Imam Sudja'i | | Sukardani |
| V Probolinggo, Malang | Sudarsono | | Sumitro |
| I Kentjong, Djember, Besuki | Suwito Sudiro | | Sukarto |
| II Bondowoso, Besuki | K.H. Tahirruddin Tjokro Atmodjo | Muslim cleric | Rosadi |
| III Bentjuluk, Banjuwangi, Besuki | Sukotjo | | Imam Sukarto |
| IV Rambipundji, Djember-Besuki | Surodjo Astiklah | | Subandi |
| V Sukowidi, Banjuwangi, Besuki | R. Usman Sumodinoto | | Sudarmin |
| I Pamekasan, Madura | K.H. R. Amin Dja'far | Muslim cleric | R. Mohammad Saleh |
| II Bangkalan, Madura | Ruslan Tjakraningrat | | Hafiludin |
| III Batang-batang, Madura | Abdul Madjid | | Achmad Basuni |
| IV Ambunten, Sumenep, Madura | Abdul Hamid Mudhari | Muslim cleric | Suroso |
| V Ketapang, Madura | Trunodjojo | | Mochamad Sabirin |
| I Negara, Bali | I Made Putu | | I Wayan Mudana |
| II Tabanan, Bali | I Gusti Ngurah Gede Pugeng | | Ida Bagus Tongka |
| III Klungkung, Bali | Anak Agung Made Agung | | I Made Geria |

## Malayan Volunteer Army

By April 1944, a Malayan Defenders of the Homeland Association (Ikatan Pembela Tanah Ayer Malaya), formally the Malayan Volunteer Army (Japanese: マライ義勇軍, romanized: Marai Giyūgun), was stationed in Johor Bahru in Japanese-occupied Malaya. It was staffed by some 2,000 Malays and Indians and modeled on the organization of the Indonesian PETA, intending to create a local pro-Japanese reserve force for the defense of Malaya and Singapore. It was reinforced by the part-time Malayan Volunteer Corps (Japanese: マライ義勇隊, romanized: Marai Giyūtai) and recruitment of local Heiho started in January 1945.
The commander of the Malayan PETA was Ibrahim Yaacob, who had been the founder and leader of the pro-independence Young Malays Union, which the Japanese had shut down over its ties to the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) and Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army. In his post-war autobiography, Yaacob claimed to have secretly continued communications with the CPM during the Japanese occupation.
After the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945, the Malayan Volunteer Army began marching towards Kuala Lumpur before disbanding in northern Johor.

## Notable members

* R. Bintoro
* Daryatmo
* Djatikoesoemo
* Muljadi Djojomartono
* Djamin Ginting
* Daan Jahja
* Arudji Kartawinata
* Soetardjo Kartohadikusumo
* Zulkifli Lubis
* Amir Machmud
* Gatot Mangkoepradja
* Muhammad Mangundiprojo
* Masjkur
* Moestopo
* Daan Mogot
* Imam Munandar
* Maraden Panggabean
* Basuki Rahmat
* Soekotjo Sastrodinoto
* Kasman Singodimedjo
* Gatot Soebroto
* Bambang Soegeng
* Widjojo Soejono
* G. M. Soeparmin
* Soetran
* Sudirman
* Suharto
* Sumitro
* Supriyadi
* Syam'un
* Tjokropranolo
* Wahono
* Sarwo Edhie Wibowo
* Umar Wirahadikusumah
* Ibrahim Yaacob
* Ahmad Yani