# Sugarloaf (New Zealand)

Sugarloaf (Māori: Te Heru o Kahukura) is a hill in the Port Hills, 8 km (5.0 mi) south of central Christchurch in New Zealand. The hill is home to the main television and FM radio transmitter for Christchurch and the wider Canterbury region.

## Etymology

Te Heru o Kahukura, the Māori name for Sugarloaf, translates as "the headcomb of Kahukura".

## Geography

The tower is situated at an elevation of 493.78 m on the top of the Port Hills, near Dyers Pass. This area is officially known as Sugarloaf Scenic Reserve. This reserve land occasionally doubles as a sheep farm and includes a car park lookout point for general public use.

## Communications tower

In 1962, the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation leased a 4.9ha section of the reserve from the Crown on the summit of Sugarloaf Hill to install and operate a television communications tower and control building. The tower and building were completed in 1965. Television channel CHTV3 (now part of TVNZ 1) started transmitting from the tower at 9:00 AM on 28 August 1965. In 1975, new aerials were installed on the tower for TV2 (now TVNZ 2). However, an aerial fault caused loss of reception to northwestern Christchurch and the channel's launch in the city on 30 June 1975 was delayed to 6:00pm to give engineers extra time to repair the fault. FM radio broadcasting from the tower began on 31 May 1986, with 3ZM broadcasting on 91.3 MHz.
With a height of 121 m, the lattice steel structured tower is founded on a 5-metre deep concrete pad underlain by basalt volcanic rock. It is situated approximately 50 m behind the main transmission building, which combined with the tower is visible from most parts of Christchurch city.

### Transmission house

The tower is located 50 m behind a two storey transmission building which houses multiple transmission gear. The main equipment room is fully air conditioned and known to local technicians as the great transmitter hall. The building is approximately 40 m in width and 20 m in depth. On the roof of this building there are several satellites, small antennae and multiple parabolic dishes for private WiFi networks. There are two main shielded cable runs that go between the transmission house and back to the tower. This building has been unmanned for several years.

### Technical aspects

The main antennas transmit TV and VHF FM signals in the 88 MHz to 610 MHz range. The composite total power fed to all of the transmitting antennas is approximately 64 kW while the antenna gain values range from 7.8 to 16.5 dBd. Multiple services operate off the tower including television, radio, emergency response, aviation, cellular and other data signals.
The tower covers much of Christchurch and central Canterbury, for example the DVB-T signal reaches as far as Waipara in the north, the foothills of the Southern Alps in the west, and the Rangitata River in the south. However, not all of the central Canterbury region is covered by this tower. The nearby township of Akaroa (and most of the settlements near Akaroa) have limited to non-existent TV reception and variable radio reception.Likewise, the Christchurch suburbs of Redcliffs and Sumner have limited coverage from Sugarloaf, with radio (and formerly analogue television) provided through a low-power repeater in the suburb of Southshore.

### Transmission frequencies

This table contains television frequencies currently operating at Sugarloaf, and the FM broadcast frequencies are contained in this linked list of stations article:
| TV Channel | Transmit Channel | Transmit Frequency | Band | ERP (kW) |
| Kordia digital | 28 | 530 MHz | UHF | 50, horizontal |
| Sky digital | 30 | 546 MHz | UHF | 50, horizontal |
| Discovery NZ digital | 32 | 562 MHz | UHF | 50, horizontal |
| TVNZ digital | 34 | 578 MHz | UHF | 50, horizontal |
| Kordia digital | 36 | 594 MHz | UHF | 50, horizontal |
| Māori Television digital | 38 | 610 MHz | UHF | 50, horizontal |

#### Former analogue television frequencies

The following frequencies were used until 28 April 2013, when Sugarloaf switched off analogue broadcasts.
| TV Channel | Transmit Channel | Transmit Frequency | Band | Power (kW) |
| TV One | 3 | 62.2396 MHz | VHF | 100 |
| TV3 | 6 | 189.2604 MHz | VHF | 320 |
| TV2 | 8 | 203.25 MHz | VHF | 320 |
| Four | 11 | 224.239575 MHz | VHF | 200 |
| CTV | 44 | 655.25 MHz | UHF | 25 |
| Māori Television | 46 | 671.2604 MHz | UHF | 320 |
| Prime | 62 | 799.25 MHz | UHF | 320 |

### Case studies

An RF emissions report conducted on 9 February 1998 by the National Radiation Laboratory found that maximum exposure levels of 8 μW/cm2 were detected in the car park area, immediately below the Sugar Loaf antenna. This is 4% of the maximum of 200 μW/cm2 specified for public exposure levels in NZS 6609.1:1990. As the distance from the antenna increased, the exposure levels decreased markedly and, in general, were below 2 μW/cm2. The report concluded that the site is operating in accordance with NZS 6609.1:1990.

## Climate

Climate data for Sugarloaf (1991–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.5 (67.1) | 19.1 (66.4) | 17.4 (63.3) | 14.8 (58.6) | 12.3 (54.1) | 9.6 (49.3) | 8.8 (47.8) | 9.9 (49.8) | 12.1 (53.8) | 13.9 (57.0) | 15.8 (60.4) | 17.6 (63.7) | 14.2 (57.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.9 (58.8) | 14.9 (58.8) | 13.4 (56.1) | 11.4 (52.5) | 9.2 (48.6) | 6.8 (44.2) | 6.2 (43.2) | 6.9 (44.4) | 8.5 (47.3) | 9.9 (49.8) | 11.4 (52.5) | 13.4 (56.1) | 10.6 (51.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.3 (50.5) | 10.6 (51.1) | 9.4 (48.9) | 7.9 (46.2) | 6.2 (43.2) | 3.9 (39.0) | 3.5 (38.3) | 3.9 (39.0) | 4.8 (40.6) | 5.8 (42.4) | 7.0 (44.6) | 9.1 (48.4) | 6.9 (44.4) |
| Source: NIWA ||||||||||||||

## Gallery

* The Sugarloaf Communications tower stands 121 m high.
* Sugarloaf Communications Tower showing cable runs from back of building to base of tower.
* Close up view of Sugarloaf Communications Tower.
* A gate prevents access to the transmitter site for private vehicles.
* View of the tower from the carpark in 1990, showing old signage.
* A close up of the tower base.
* A survey point next to the Sugarloaf tower.
* The Victoria Park fire close to the Sugarloaf tower.

## Management

The tower and building are currently owned and maintained by Kordia, previously known as Broadcast Communications Limited (BCL NZ).