OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Durham rule

A Durham rule, product test, or product defect rule is a rule in a criminal case by which a jury may determine a defendant is not guilty by reason of insanity because a criminal act was the product of a mental disease. Examples in which such rules were articulated in common law include State v. Pike (1870) and Durham v. United States (1954).$^{:633}$ In Pike, the Superior Court of Judicature of New Hampshire wrote, "An accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act was the product of mental disease or mental defect."$^{:633}$
The Durham rule was abandoned in the case United States v. Brawner, 471 F.2d 969 (1972).$^{:634}$ After the 1970s, U.S. jurisdictions have tended to not recognize this argument as it places emphasis on "mental disease or defect" and thus on testimony by psychiatrists and is argued to be somewhat ambiguous. The problem with the "product test" was that it gave psychiatric and psychological experts too much influence in a decision of insanity and not enough to jurors. Although an expert witness may testify as to his opinion in a trial, judges are reluctant to allow it when the opinion goes to the ultimate issue of a case, i.e. when the opinion alone could decide the outcome of a case. The product test asked expert witnesses to use their judgment in determining whether criminal actions were "'the product' of a mental disease or defect." It is the jury's job to decide whether a defendant's actions were the product of his mental disease or defect. The expert witness' job is to determine whether the defendant possesses a mental disease or defect. Further, often conflicting 'expert witnesses' were put on the witness stand by the prosecution and defense to draw the opposite conclusions regarding the cause of an individual's actions.
# China Metal Recycling

China Metal Recycling (Holdings) Limited (SEHK: 773) was a company the largest recycler of scrap metal in mainland China by revenue. Based in Guangzhou, Guangdong, it was mainly engaged in collecting scrap steel, scrap copper and other scrap metals and processing them using equipment to produce recycled scrap metals for its customers. Its recycling facilities were located in Guangdong, Jiangsu and Hong Kong. The company was wound up and de-listed after accounting fraud surfaced.

## History

The company was established in 2000. The company was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in June 2009 with the IPO price of HK$5.15 per share. Its stock price was closed at HK$6.44 at the first trading day, 24% higher than its IPO price. On 17 November 2009, its price suddenly plunged 24%, the most since listing, as its chief financial officer, Wong Hok-leung, resigned after saying he was denied information.
Trading in the shares of the company on the Stock Exchange was halted from 9:17 a.m. on 28 January 2013. American short-seller Glaucus Research Group said that "CMR purports to be the largest scrap metal recycling company in China. We believe this is a lie. Publicly accessible import data from the Chinese government suggests CMR is a blatant fraud that has deceived the market about the size of its business." Chun Chi Wai, the chairman and chief executive officer of the company, announced that he had engaged legal advisers to initiate legal proceedings against Glaucus.
The Securities and Futures Commission won a court order in February 2015 to wind up the company, and the company was delisted from SEHK in December 2015 for "obtaining its initial listing by fraud."
# Whampoa

Whampoa is a romanisation of 黃埔 / 黄埔, and may refer to:

## Mainland China

* Huangpu District, Guangzhou
* Pazhou, an island known historically as Whampoa
* Whampoa anchorage, the intermediate way station between Macao and Guangzhou
* Whampoa Military Academy, a military academy of the Republic of China in Guangzhou
* Whampoa Pagoda, in Guangzhou
* Treaty of Whampoa, a commercial treaty between France and China, concluded in 1844

## Hong Kong

* Whampoa Dock, a Hong Kong dockyard operated in the Crown Colony of Hong Kong from 1863 to 1979
* Whampoa Garden, a private housing estate built in the 1980s located on part of the former site of the dock
* Whampoa station, terminal station on the Kwun Tong line of the MTR in Hong Kong
* Hutchison Whampoa, a Hong Kong conglomerate, the eventual owner of the Whampoa Dock, Whampoa Garden, A.S. Watson & Co., Superdrug, and Hutchison 3G

## Singapore

* Whampoa, Singapore, a housing estate located in the district of Novena
* Hoo Ah Kay, a prominent 19th century Singaporean businessman and community leader.
* Whampoa Single Member Constituency, a former constituency represented by Heng Chee How that contains the housing estate of Whampoa along with other areas
# 2021 Serbia Open – Women's doubles

This was the first edition of the tournament.
Aleksandra Krunić and Nina Stojanović won the title, defeating Greet Minnen and Alison Van Uytvanck in the final, 6–0, 6–2.

## Seeds

* Shuko Aoyama / Ena Shibahara (first round)
* Tímea Babos / Vera Zvonareva (semifinals)
* Xu Yifan / Zhang Shuai (semifinals)
* Aleksandra Krunić / Nina Stojanović (champions)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | S Aoyama E Shibahara | 3 | 6 | [5] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | G Minnen A Van Uytvanck | 6 | 1 | [10] | | G Minnen A Van Uytvanck | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | I Jorović L Radivojević | 0 | 1 | | | D Jakupović Y Sizikova | 3 | 3 | | | | | | | | | |
| | D Jakupović Y Sizikova | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | G Minnen A Van Uytvanck | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| 3 | Y Xu S Zhang | 3 | 7$^7$ | [10] | | | | | | 3 | Y Xu S Zhang | 2 | 1 | | | | |
| | G Dabrowski LA Fernandez | 6 | 6$^5$ | [8] | 3 | Y Xu S Zhang | 6 | 7$^9$ | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Kato R Voráčová | 6$^2$ | 7 | [10] | | M Kato R Voráčová | 1 | 6$^7$ | | | | | | | | | |
| Alt | C Osorio E Webley-Smith | 7$^7$ | 5 | [5] | | | | | | | | | | | G Minnen A Van Uytvanck | 0 | 2 |
| | L Marozava A Mitu | 6 | 4 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | 4 | A Krunić N Stojanović | 6 | 6 |
| | M Buzărnescu A Raina | 3 | 6 | [5] | | L Marozava A Mitu | 2 | 6 | [6] | | | | | | | | |
| | P Kania-Choduń J Wachaczyk | 3 | 1 | | 4 | A Krunić N Stojanović | 6 | 3 | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | A Krunić N Stojanović | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 4 | A Krunić N Stojanović | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| PR | N Dzalamidze I Khromacheva | 7$^9$ | 6 | | | | | | | 2 | T Babos V Zvonareva | 2 | 4 | | | | |
| | C Lister K Piter | 6$^7$ | 3 | | PR | N Dzalamidze I Khromacheva | 1 | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
| | C Bucșa R Peterson | 2 | 2 | | 2 | T Babos V Zvonareva | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | T Babos V Zvonareva | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Yin T. Hsieh

Yin T. Hsieh (Traditional Chinese: 謝英鐸; 14 April 1929 – 24 February 2018) was a Taiwanese scientist and agronomist based in the Dominican Republic.

## Contributions

Hsieh is considered the "Father of Dominican Rice" for his work on the development of several rice varieties and technologies .
In Taiwan, Doctor Hsieh worked in the development of several rice varieties, including Kaohsiung 22, Kaohsiung 24, Kaohsiung 25, Kaohsiung 27, Kaohsiung 53, Kaohsiung 64, Kaohsiung 136, y Kaohsiung 137.
Hsieh Arrived to the Dominican Republic on December 29, 1965. He focused efforts in genetic improvement of Dominican rice helping to increase the country yield production of the crop. Due to these, and other, efforts, the country now has a strong and well developed rice production system
# Don Marino Barreto Jr.

Don Marino Barreto Jr. (8 December 1925 – 10 December 1971) was a Cuban-Italian pop singer and musician.

## Career

Born Marino Barreto y Rubio in Matanzas, Barreto moved to Italy in 1949, beginning his career as a contrabassist. His main success was the song "Arrivederci", which peaked the Italian hit parade in 1959 and won a Gold Record. Other Top 5 hits include the songs "Telefonami", "Visino d'angelo", "È vero", "Non lasciarmi". His success declined in the early 1960s, nonetheless Barreto continued his activity performing live until his death for cirrhosis on 8 December 1971 in Milan, two days after his 46th birthday.
He is sometimes confused with his half-brother, Don Marino Barreto (1907–1995), who had a singing career in Britain.
# Softgel

A softgel is an oral dosage form for medicine in the form of a specialized capsule. They consist of a shell, usually gelatin based, surrounding a liquid fill. Softgel shells are a combination of gelatin, water, opacifier and a plasticiser such as glycerin or sorbitol.
Softgels are produced in a process known as encapsulation using the Rotary Die Encapsulation process invented by Robert Pauli Scherer. The encapsulation process has been described as a form/fill/seal process. Two flat ribbons of shell material are manufactured on the machine and brought together on a twin set of rotating dies. The dies contain recesses in the desired size and shape, which cut out the ribbons into a two-dimensional shape, and form a seal around the outside. At the same time a pump delivers a precise dose of fill material through a nozzle incorporated into a filling wedge whose tip sits between the two ribbons in between two die pockets at the point of cut out. The wedge is heated to facilitate the sealing process. The wedge injection causes the two flat ribbons to expand into the die pockets, giving rise to the three-dimensional finished product. After encapsulation, the softgels are dried for two days to two weeks depending on the product.
Since the 1990s, manufacturers have been able to replace gelatin in the shell with other polymers based on, for example, starch and carrageenan.
Catalent Pharma Solutions is the current owner of the RPScherer technology.
# After The End (2017 film)

After The End is a 2017 post-apocalyptic coming of age story written by Joshua Scher and directed by Ron Hanks in his feature debut. Originally titled “I’m Ok”, the movie was released in 2021 as "After The End". The movie stars Justin Hall as a 17-year-old doomsday prepper navigating the challenges of adolescence and the emotional toll of isolation.

## Plot

In the aftermath of a devastating viral pandemic that has wiped out much of the population, 17-year-old Addison (Justin Hall) roams the rural Oklahoma countryside, searching for supplies and survivors. Trained by his survivalist uncle, Izzy, Addison is methodical and resourceful, maintaining a well-stocked storm cellar as his base camp. Despite his preparation for every conceivable disaster, he struggles with the crushing loneliness of isolation, finding solace only in music and videos of his late mother. Determined to find his uncle, Addison sets out on his bicycle to reach a neighboring city.
Along the way, Addison encounters Ava (Alex Frnka), a pregnant teenager navigating her own perilous journey. Initially distrustful of one another, the two gradually form an uneasy alliance. As their bond grows, the barren, lifeless world around them seems to transform—vivid landscapes emerge as a reflection of the hope and connection they bring to each other.
Their fragile peace is shattered by the arrival of three armed men, led by the ruthless and manipulative Fish. The men are relentless in their pursuit of Ava, intent on claiming her for their twisted vision of survival. As Fish sows seeds of mistrust between Addison and Ava, the pair must navigate both external threats and their own fears about survival and humanity.
What follows is a tense and brutal confrontation where Addison and Ava must confront the depths of their resilience and the true cost of survival. In a world stripped bare, their choices will determine not only their fate but the possibility of a future worth fighting for.

## Cast

* Alex Frnka as Ava
* Justin Hall as Addison
* Kevin E. West as Fish
* Billy Chase Goforth as Esau
* Warren McCullough as Zeke
* Dot-Marie Jones as Mom
* Missy Speer Gipson as Bridget
# Moszczanka-Kolonia

Moszczanka-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Prudnik, within Prudnik County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, close to the Czech border. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Prudnik and 52 km (32 mi) south-west of the regional capital Opole. Historically located in Upper Silesia, in the Prudnik Land.
# Villa Elisa, Entre Ríos

Villa Elisa is a city in the center-east of the province of Entre Ríos, Argentina. It has 10,266 inhabitants as per the 2010 census [INDEC]. It is located about 25 west of Colón and 20 km from the Uruguay River, on National Route 130.
Like many other towns in this area, Villa Elisa features hot springs. There is a hot spring complex about 5 minutes from the city, which was opened to the public in 1999.
# 47th Regiment Royal Artillery

47 Regiment Royal Artillery is a regiment of the Royal Artillery in the British Army. It is equipped with the Thales Watchkeeper WK450. It is located at Horne Barracks, Larkhill in Wiltshire. It falls under command of Joint Aviation Command.

## History

The regiment was formed in 1947 when 4th Coast Training Regiment Royal Artillery was renamed 47 Coast Training Regiment Royal Artillery. It was reformed as 47 Guided Weapons Regiment Royal Artillery and equipped with the Corporal missile in 1957. In 1965 it was renamed 47 Light Regiment Royal Artillery and equipped with the 105mm Pack Howitzer and then deployed to Aden in 1967. It saw service in Northern Ireland during the Troubles in 1973 and 1975. In 1976 it became 47 Field Regiment Royal Artillery, initially equipped with the 105mm light gun, before moving on to the Abbott self-propelled gun in 1981. 21 Battery and elements of 43 Battery deployed to the South Atlantic during the Falklands War in 1982. 3 Battery, 31 Battery and elements of 21 Battery took part in the Gulf War in 1991. 21 Battery saw action in Bosnia in 1995 and elements of 31 Battery were deployed to Macedonia and to Kosovo in 1999. Between 2001 and 2014 elements of the Regiment were deployed on Operation Herrick in Helmand Province, Afghanistan.
In September 2019, the regiment changed from their Royal Artillery headdress to that of the aviation light blue beret.

## Role

The regiment is the sole operator of the Thales Watchkeeper WK450 UAS. By March 2025, the regiment's fleet of Watchkeeper drones will be retired from service. The Army is expected to replace the Watchkeeper with a more advanced drone system.

## Batteries

The Regiment currently comprises four equipment Batteries and one HQ Battery. The fourth equipment Battery (57 Battery) was added in 2019:
* 10 (Assaye) Battery
* 43 Battery (Lloyd's Company)
* 57 (Bhurtpore) Battery
* 74 Battery (The Battle Axe Company)
* 31 (Headquarters) Battery

### Previous Batteries

* 4 (Sphinx 1742–1993) Battery
* 3 Battery
* 21 (Gibraltar) Battery
* 25/170 (Imjin) Battery
# Uintah Lake

Uintah Lake is one of many lakes in Uinta Mountains in Duchesne County, Utah, United States. The lake is at an elevation of 10,945 feet (3,336 m).
The lake has a rough oval shape about 1,200 feet (370 m) long by 600 feet (180 m) wide oriented east–west. The lake lies just east of a northwest–southeast trending ridgeline with an unnamed peak about 1,000 feet (300 m) to the south at an elevation of 11,834 feet (3,607 m) and another about 3,000 feet (910 m) to the northwest at an elevation of 12,070 feet (3,680 m). Spread Eagle Peak on the Duchesne-Summit county line lies 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the northwest and has an elevation of 12,540 feet (3,820 m).
Although it has a slightly different spelling, the name of the lake has the same etymology as the mountain range in which it is located.
# Festival of Floral Offerings

The Festival of Floral Offerings or Tak Bat Dokmai is a traditional merit making ceremony where takes place at Wat Phra Phuttabat in Saraburi province.

## Overview

At the beginning of Buddhist Lent in July, people gather together at Wat Phra Phuttabat to offer food to the monks. After that, they go out to collect the flower, Dok Khao-Phansa, to offer to the monks in the afternoon respectively. Dok Khao-Phansa is a special kind of flower that only found in the Saraburi province in Central Thailand. The colors of this flower are either white or purple. It blooms during the Buddhist Lent festival which is the reason why it is called Buddhist Lent Flower.
In Buddha’s lifetime, Sumonmala had a duty to collect eight flowers of jasmine for offering to the king of Ratchakuek kingdom, Phra Chao Pimpisarn.
One day, Sumonmalal found Buddha and his monks when he picked the flowers for Phra Chao Pimpisarn. Being faithful, he offered the flowers to the Buddha instead of Phra Chao Pimpisarn. However, known the reason, Phra Chao Pimpisarn did not get angry with him. Moreover, he gave the price to Sumonmala which helped him to have a better living afterwards.
Long time ago, Dok Khao-Phansa was elegant. It had so many because of the abundance of the forest, the proper amount of rainfall. In addition, no one deforested. As a result, the people could bring them to offer the monk frequently. They went to the forest to collect the flowers together. Then, they packed these flowers with the joss sticks and candles. This activity brought them to be harmonized to each other closely. Nowadays, this ceremony was restored in 1987 which was the year of changing and removing Thai’s recitation. People took interest in it increasingly.
In this ceremony, it is performed in the afternoon of Buddhist Lent Day. People stand in the two long lines with a two-meter space between them. Then, the monks walk in that space to receive the flowers from the people. Afterwards, the monks ascend to the mondop of Wat Phra Phutthabat to the north letting the people to pour water onto their feet to wash away the sins of the people according to their belief. On the occasion, there are folk dances, folk music and exhibitions of the art. There is also a parade of the Lent Candle with long drums moving along the streets to the temple.
# Malama Meleisea

Malama Meleisea is a Samoan historian and the author of several historical books on Samoa. He holds the Samoan title Leasiolagi.
Meleisea is from Poutasi in Falealili. He worked as a teacher before studying at the University of Papua New Guinea and Australian National University. He holds a Phd in History and Politics from Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia. In 1978 he became a lecturer at the University of the South Pacific. He was the founding director of Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies at Canterbury University and director at Centre for Pacific Studies at Auckland University, New Zealand.
In 2007 he was appointed UNESCO director in Bangladesh. Between 2011 and 2012 he served as a judge on the Land and Titles Court of Samoa. In 2016 he was appointed as one of the commissioners for a commission of inquiry into domestic violence in Samoa.
Dr Meleisea was the Director of Samoan Studies at the National University of Samoa, until 2022.

## Selected bibliography

* Meleisea, Malama (1987). The making of modern Samoa : traditional authority and colonial administration in the history of Western Samoa. [Suva, Fiji]: Institute of Pacific Studies of the University of the South Pacific. ISBN 9820200318. OCLC 19102181.
* Meleisea, Malama (1992). Change and adaptations in Western Samoa. Christchurch: Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies.
* Meleisea, Malama; Meleisea, Penelope Schoeffel; Meleisea, Ellie (2012). Samoa's journey, 1962-2012 : aspects of history. Wellington: Victoria University Press.
# Asau, Samoa

Asau is a village situated on the north west coast of Savai'i island in Samoa. It is the capital village of the Vaisigano political district and serves as the main business centre at the west end of the island. The population in 2016 was 1133, a decrease from 1207 in 2011.
The eastern part of the village was destroyed by a lava flow from Mauga Afi in the mid 18th century. Its name is derived from two words: a (what) and sau (come), and may be a linguistic trace of the eruption.
The Asau Airport is an airstrip primarily used for chartered flights. In 2008, an American development company, South Pacific Development, based in Honolulu, made plans to expand Asau Airport and harbour. The company has obtained a 120-year lease for 600 acres (2.4 km$^2$) of prime oceanfront customary land in Sasina village, to build a luxury resort estimated to cost $450 – $500 million US dollars.
The breakwater protecting the bay is an old American airstrip from World War II.
In 1998, bushfires destroyed 30,000 hectares (300 km$^2$) in the area. A further series of fires in September 2008 destroyed more than two thousand acres (8 km$^2$).

## Wharf

Asau was noted as having the best harbour in Samoa, being well protected on the north and west by coral reefs, though the shallowness of the passage made it useable only by light craft. The German colonial government considered opening the passage and developing a harbour there.
In 1963 a report on Savai'i's economic development recommended the construction of a new town and deep-water port at Asau. 6,035 acres (2,442 ha) of government land was set aside for the town. Funding was secured in 1964, and construction was completed in 1966, but the opening of the port was repeatedly delayed due to difficulties clearing a channel through the reef. One attempt to blast a channel by the New Zealand navy resulted in the largest explosion in Samoan history. In 1969 a dredge was damaged, and in 1972 the project was labelled a fiasco by the Samoa Times. The harbour was upgraded in 2011, but is still blocked by coral.
In 2019 the Samoan government announced a feasibility study into plans for a wharf at Asau. In 2020 it asked China to provide funds for the development.

## Forestry

Asau was the centre of the timber industry in Samoa with logging of native forests. In 1966 US timber company Potlatch Forests proposed to develop the timber industry on Savai'i, construct a sawmill and use the Asau wharf for exports. A deal was signed in March 1968, but the failure of the wharf project saw the company depart in 1977.

## Temperature record

On 24 December 1968, Asau recorded a temperature of 35.3 °C (95.5 °F), which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Samoa.

## Notable people

* Leilua Lino - human rights activist
# Sala Vaimili Uili II

Sala Vaimili Uili II is a Samoan politician and former Cabinet Minister.
Vaimili was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Samoa in the 1991 Western Samoan general election. He served as Minister of Health from 1991 to 1996. He lost his seat at the 1996 election. He unsuccessfully ran for election again in 2001 and 2006. He ran as a candidate for the Tautua Samoa Party at the 2011 election.
In May 2016 he was banished from the village of Leauva’a alongside two election candidates after supporting an election petition against incumbent MP Sala Fata Pinati.
He contested the 2021 election as a candidate for the F.A.S.T. Party, but was not elected. In August 2022 he was appointed to the board of the Samoa Ports Authority.