OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Protein-sparing modified fast (diet)

A protein-sparing modified fast or PSMF diet is a type of a very-low-calorie diet (<800 kcal per day) with a high proportion of protein calories and simultaneous restriction of carbohydrate and fat. It includes a protein component, fluids, and vitamin and mineral supplementation.
PSMF diets can last for up to 6 months, followed by a gradual increase in calories over 6–8 weeks.

## Description

A PSMF attempts to spare the dieter the health risks of a complete fast by introducing the minimum amount of protein necessary to prevent muscle-wasting effects, while still eliminating fats and carbohydrates. Typically, depending on activity level, 0.8–1.2 g of protein per pound of lean body mass (not total body weight) is consumed. Protein beyond this minimum amount is also eliminated, as the body would use it for energy in a process called gluconeogenesis. Further lean body mass (muscle, organs, etc.) are spared through resistance training and limiting aerobic activity.

## History
### The Last Chance Diet

The concept of "protein-sparing modified fast" (PSMF) was described by George Blackburn in the early 1970s as an intensive weight-loss diet designed to mitigate the harms associated with protein-calorie malnutrition and nitrogen losses induced by either acute illness or hypocaloric diets in patients with obesity, in order to adapt the patient's metabolism sufficiently to use endogenous fat stores as well as to preserve the protein contained in the body cell mass.
The "liquid protein" PSMF diet described in the book The Last Chance Diet in 1976, motivates that the liquid protein diets of varying composition became widely popular. Three years later, in 1979, Isner published a report of 17 deaths associated with liquid protein VLCD, due to heart-related causes. These serious effects caused a substantial concern about the safety of clinical use of PSMF and VLCD. As a result, a review was published that highlighted the differences between these liquid protein diets, arguing that the fatal diets typically used hydrolyzed collagen (gelatin) supplemented with the amino acid tryptophan for protein but that this omitted the other 8 essential amino acids; it further emphasized the importance of close medical monitoring during the fast and refeeding periods.

### Modern PSMF diets

Instead of hydrolyzed collagen, modern medically supervised PSMF diets include foods of higher biological value, such as meat, fish, eggs, cheese, and/or tofu. PSMF is used as a treatment for highly motivated patients to achieve rapid weight loss and usually is administered for 6 – 16 weeks.
Before an individual starts a PSMF diet, their doctor should order an electrocardiogram, to check for signs of heart disease and also will prescribe specific vitamins minerals and electrolytes to be taken daily as long as the diet persists.
# National University of Vanuatu

National University of Vanuatu (NUV) was established by the Parliament on the 17th December 2019 via Act No. 34 of 2019.
It incorporates the Vanuatu Institute of Teacher Education (VITE), Vanuatu Institute of Technology, Vanuatu Agriculture College, Vanuatu Maritime College, Vanuatu Nursing College, and Vanuatu Police College.
Former education minister, Jean Pierre Nirua, has been appointed as the inaugural vice-chancellor.
# Gra Adiam

The Gra Adiam is a river of the Nile basin. Rising in the mountains of Dogu’a Tembien in northern Ethiopia, it flows southward where its name changes to Bitchoqo. It empties in the Giba and finally Tekezé River.

## Characteristics

It is a confined ephemeral river, locally meandering in its narrow alluvial plain, with an average slope gradient of 74 metres per kilometre. With its tributaries, the river has cut a deep gorge.

## Flash floods and flood buffering

Runoff mostly happens in the form of high runoff discharge events that occur in a very short period (called flash floods). These are related to the steep topography, often little vegetation cover and intense convective rainfall. The peaks of such flash floods have often a 50 to 100 times larger discharge than the preceding baseflow. The magnitude of floods in this river has however been decreased due to interventions in the catchment.
At Ch'elaqo and on other steep slopes, exclosures have been established; the dense vegetation largely contributes to enhanced infiltration, less flooding and better baseflow. Physical conservation structures such as stone bunds and check dams also intercept runoff.

## Transhumance towards the gorge

Transhumance takes place in the summer rainy season, when the lands near the villages are occupied by crops. Young shepherds will take the village cattle down to the gorge and overnight in small caves. The gorges are particularly attractive as a transhumance destination zone, because there is water and good growth of semi-natural vegetation.

## Boulders and pebbles in the river bed

Boulders and pebbles encountered in the river bed can originate from any location higher up in the catchment. In the uppermost stretches of the river, only rock fragments of the upper lithological units will be present in the river bed, whereas more downstream one may find a more comprehensive mix of all lithologies crossed by the river. From upstream to downstream, the following lithological units occur in the catchment.
* Upper basalt
* Interbedded lacustrine deposits
* Lower basalt
* Amba Aradam Formation
* Antalo Limestone
* Quaternary freshwater tufa
* Adigrat Sandstone

## Natural boundary

During its course, this river passes through four municipalities and constitutes one border. On the various parts:
* The headwaters are located in Seret and Mika'el Abiy
* The main and lower course form the boundary between Walta (at the west) and Inda Sillasie (at the east)

## Trekking along the river

Trekking routes have been established across and along this river. The tracks are not marked on the ground but can be followed using downloaded .GPX files.
* Trek 9 diagonally crosses the middle Gra Adiam valley
* Trek 8V, across the river and further to Dabba Hadera monastery
In the rainy season, flash floods may occur and it is advised not to follow the river bed. At times it may be impossible to cross the river in the rainy season.
# Ian Hipa

Ian Hipa is a Niuean businessman, politician and Member of the Niue Assembly. He is the brother of former MP Richard Hipa.
Hipa worked as an electrician. In July 2012 he was prosecuted for arson over a series of fires in Hikutavake, one of which destroyed his home. The charges were dismissed due to inconsistencies in the evidence.
He was first elected to the Niue Assembly in the 2023 Niuean general election in the village of Hikutavake, defeating incumbent Opili Talafasi by a single vote.
# Vasundhara Kashyap

Vasundhara Kashyap is an Indian actress and model in Tamil language films.

## Career

Vasundhara was born to a Tamil father and a Maharashtrian mother. She first appeared in the 2006 Tamil film, Vattaram and later starred in films including Kaalaipani, Jeyamkondaan and Peraanmai. She took part in the Miss Chennai contest and was crowned Miss Creativity, following which she took up modelling. She changed her name to Vasundhara Kashyap while filming Thenmerku Paruvakaartru.

## Filmography

* All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.
List of Vasundhara Kashyap film credits :
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| 2006 | Vattaram | Veena | Credited as Adhisaya |
| 2007 | Unnale Unnale | Jhansi's friend | Credited as Adhisaya |
| 2008 | Kaalaipani | Samvedhna | Credited as Adhisaya |
| 2008 | Jayamkondaan | Poongodhai | |
| 2009 | Peranmai | Kalpana | |
| 2010 | Thenmerku Paruvakaatru | Pechi | |
| 2011 | Poraali | Maari | |
| 2012 | Tuneega Tuneega | Neetu | Telugu film |
| 2013 | Sonna Puriyathu | Anjali | |
| 2014 | Chithirayil Nilachoru | Gauri | |
| 2019 | Kanne Kalaimaane | Muthulakshmi | |
| 2019 | Bakrid | Geetha | |
| 2023 | Thalaikkoothal | Kalaiselvi | |
| 2023 | Kannai Nambathey | Vasundhara "Vasu" | |
| 2023 | Modern Love Chennai | Vaijayanti | |
| 2024 | Kanguva | Koduvan's wife | |
# Hīkoi

A hīkoi is a walk or march, and especially a protest march, in New Zealand. The word comes from the Māori language, and often implies a long journey taking many days or weeks. The most famous hīkoi was the 1975 Māori Land March, on which supporters and protestors travelled the length of the North Island, from Te Hāpua to Parliament in Wellington, organised by Whina Cooper.
In 2004, a large hīkoi was organised during the 2004 Foreshore and seabed controversy in opposition to the nationalisation of New Zealand's foreshore and seabed along the coastline. Marchers travelled on foot through cities and towns and in motor vehicles in rural areas.
A hīkoi with between 500 and 700 participants took place in Auckland on 25 May 2009, following an indication by the National government that it would not heed a Royal commission recommendation that the proposed council for the Auckland supercity include dedicated Māori seats.
In November 2024, a hīkoi opposing the Treaty Principles Bill occurred. An estimated 42,000 people took part in the hīkoi, taking nine days to reach the parliament grounds of Wellington, with some groups beginning in the Far North and Bluff. The Māori Queen Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō joined the protests in Wellington. Coinciding with the march was an online petition opposing the bill that received over 200,000 signatures.
# Hilary Halba

Hilary Halba (born ca 1962) is a New Zealand actor, theatre director and academic. She is the head of the performing arts programme at the University of Otago.

## Biography

Halba was born in Milton and attended Tokomairiro High School before studying at the University of Otago.
Halba studied acting and the teaching of acting at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theater in New York City, and is an accredited teacher of the Meisner Technique. She was a founding member of theatre collectives Kilimogo Productions and Wow! Productions Trust.
In 2010 she collaborated with Stuart Young to research and create a verbatim theatre production telling stories of domestic violence.

### Recognition

Halba won Best Female Performer in the 2012 Dunedin Theatre Awards, and was named Dunedin's best actor of 2003 by the New Zealand Listener.

## Theatre and television work
### Theatre

| Year | Title | Author | Role |
| 2011 | Hush | | Researcher and performer |
| 2010 | Skin Tight | Gary Henderson | Director |
| 2010 | Mo and Jess Kill Susie | Gary Henderson | Actor |
| 1999 | Whaea Kairau: Mother Hundred Eater | Apirana Taylor | Producer (Kilimogo Productions) |
| 1997 | Ngā Tāngata Toa | Hone Kouka | Co-director (with Rangimoana Taylor) |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1987 | The Marching Girls | Michelle | |

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1994 | The Last Tattoo | Committee Woman | |
# Eohippus

Eohippus is an extinct genus of small equid ungulates. The only species is E. angustidens, which was long considered a species of Hyracotherium (now strictly defined as a member of the Palaeotheriidae rather than the Equidae). Its remains have been identified in North America and date to the Early Eocene (Ypresian stage).

## Discovery

In 1876, Othniel C. Marsh described a skeleton as Eohippus validus, from Greek: ἠώς (eōs, 'dawn') and ἵππος (hippos, 'horse'), meaning 'dawn horse'. Its similarities with fossils described by Richard Owen were formally pointed out in a 1932 paper by Clive Forster Cooper. E. validus was moved to the genus Hyracotherium, which had priority as the name for the genus, with Eohippus becoming a junior synonym of that genus. Hyracotherium was recently found to be a paraphyletic group of species, and the genus now includes only H. leporinum. E. validus was found to be identical to an earlier-named species, Orohippus angustidens Cope, 1875, and the resulting binomial is thus Eohippus angustidens.

## Description

Eohippus stood at about 12 in (30 cm), or three hands tall, at the shoulder. It has four toes on its front feet and three toes on the hind feet, each toe ending in a hoof. Its incisors, molars and premolars resemble modern Equus. However, a differentiating trait of Eohippus is its large canine teeth.

## Stephen Jay Gould comments

In his 1991 essay, "The Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone", Stephen Jay Gould lamented the prevalence of a much-repeated phrase to indicate Eohippus size ("the size of a small Fox Terrier"), even though most readers would be quite unfamiliar with that breed of dog. He concluded that the phrase had its origin in a widely distributed pamphlet by Henry Fairfield Osborn, and proposed that Osborn, a keen fox hunter, could have made a natural association between his horses and the dogs that accompanied them.
# Libertarian Society of Iceland

The Libertarian Society of Iceland (Icelandic: Frjálshyggjufélagið) was founded in Reykjavík, Iceland, on August 10, 2002. As the name suggests it is established on the ideals of libertarianism. It is currently the only active propertarian libertarian organization in Iceland.
The society aims at promoting the values of a free-market economy and individual liberty to the Icelandic public.

## People

* Jóhannes Loftsson
# Zemysia zelandica

Zemysia zelandica is a species of medium-sized marine bivalve mollusc in the family Ungulinidae. It is endemic to the waters off New Zealand and occurs at depths down to 90 m (300 ft).
# Family Tree (2010 film)

Family Tree (French: L'Arbre et la forêt) is a 2010 French film directed by Olivier Ducastel and Jacques Martineau. It drew its inspiration in large measure from the life of Pierre Seel, an Alsatian homosexual deported to the camp of Schirmeck, who wrote of his experiences in a book, Moi, Pierre Seel, déporté homosexuel. The film won the Prix Jean Vigo in 2009.

## Cast

* Guy Marchand as Frédérick
* Françoise Fabian as Marianne
* Sabrina Seyvecou as Delphine
* Yannick Renier as Rémi
* François Negret as Guillaume
* Catherine Mouchet as Françoise
* Sandrine Dumas as Elisabeth
* Pierre-Loup Rajot as Charles, oldest son of Frédérick and Marianne
# Wuhua, Kunming

Wuhua District (simplified Chinese: 五华区; traditional Chinese: 五華區; pinyin: Wǔhuá Qū) is one of seven districts of the prefecture-level city of Kunming, the capital of Yunnan Province, Southwest China.

## Administrative divisions

Huguo, Huashan, Daguan, Longxiang, Lianhua, Fengning, Hongyun, Helinpu and Puji Sub-district Offices, Shalang Bai Nationality Village and Changkou Village.
# John of Tynemouth (chronicler)

John of Tynemouth (sometimes John of York or John de Tinmouth) was a medieval English chronicler who flourished in the mid-14th century.
Little is known of his background. According to medieval accounts, he was claimed to have been the vicar of the parish of Tynemouth in Northumberland. From his writings, he was familiar with the area around Wheatley, near Winchester, which might mean that he could be identified with John Whetely, who is known to have been the vicar at Tynemouth during the 1350s and 1360s. Or possibly, the Wheatley was the one in Yorkshire, which would explain the alternate name he is occasionally given in manuscripts, John York. John may have been a monk of St Albans Abbey, for his work was early associated with that monastery, and the vicar at Tynemouth was appointed by the prior of the monastic priory at Tynemouth that was a dependent priory of St Albans.
John was the author of a chronicle, the Historia aurea, which was a work composed about 1350. It was a history of the world from the creation to 1347. He used as sources a shortened version of the Polychronicon. The Historia survives in full in manuscripts that were originally from Durham Cathedral, Bury St Edmunds Abbey, and St Albans. The St Albans copies, however, are only dated to the 15th century, which undercuts the idea that John might have been a monk at that abbey. The Historia also survives in shortened versions.
Besides the Historia, he also authored a Sanctilogium, or Sanctilogium Angliae Walliae Scotiae et Hiberniae, which gave the lives of 156 English saints. The Sanctilogium survives in a single manuscript, now in the British Library, where it is Cotton Library MS Tiberius E.i. He also wrote a Martyrologium, which survives in some extracts that are appended to one of the manuscripts of the Historia aurea. The Sanctilogium was subsequently rearranged into alphabetical order by the medieval historian John Capgrave, and published by him under the title Nova Legenda Angliae (also spelled Anglie).

## Citations

* 1 2 3 Sharpe Handlist of Latin Writers pp. 333–334
* ↑ Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (1898). "Tinmouth, John de". In Dictionary of National Biography. 56. London. p. 408.
* 1 2 3 Taylor "Tynemouth, John (fl. c.1350)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
* ↑ "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4591. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
# J.C. Cannistraro

J.C. Cannistraro, LLC (commonly referred to as Cannistraro) is a privately held mechanical construction firm headquartered in Watertown, Massachusetts. The company provides HVAC, fire Protection and facilities maintenance services for large mechanical plants at hospitals, universities, laboratories, and many other facilities. Using the progressive construction technologies along with the most modern prefabrication capabilities, Cannistraro offers complete mechanical services from pre-construction through service and maintenance throughout New England.

## History

In 1963, John Cannistraro, Sr., with the help of his wife Rita, invested $1500 and founded a small plumbing shop named J.C. Cannistraro, Inc. in Watertown, Massachusetts. Soon after, the company began installing plumbing systems for MassPort at Boston's Logan International Airport.
In 1984, John Cannistraro, Sr., purchased the ice house from the Jac-Pac Company, a frozen meat distributor, and moved the company from a garage on Pleasant Street in Watertown. Over the next two decades, the site became a large complex which houses the prefabrication facilities and corporate offices. The company is in its second generation with the current President, John Cannistraro, Jr., and he is being assisted in running the company by three other siblings, and a team of non-family management specialists.
Today, Cannistraro designs and builds mechanical systems for public and private construction projects. The company employs more than 500 people with annual revenues of more than $250,000,000.
* Mirebalais National Teaching Hospital, Haiti
* Millennium Tower, Boston
* Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts
* Vertex Pharmaceuticals Headquarters, Boston

## Awards

* Cannistraro named in Boston Globe's 2013 Top Places to Work survey.
* PHC News Magazine named Cannistraro as Contractor of the Year in 2011.
# Terje Nyberget

Terje Nyberget (born 8 July 1953) is a Norwegian military officer and politician.

## Biography

Nyberget was born in Østre Toten to Egil Nyberget and Solveig Lundstad. He was elected representative to the Storting from the constituency of Troms for the period 1989–1993, representing the Progress Party.
# Homar (disambiguation)

Homar may refer to:

## People
### Surname

* Albert Monteys i Homar (born 1971), Spanish comic writer and illustrator
* Lluís Homar (born 1957), Spanish actor and theater director
* Lorena Homar López (born 1991), Spanish Paralympics swimmer
* Lorenzo Homar (1913–2004), Puerto Rican American printmaker, painter, and calligrapher
* Marjana Bremec Homar (born 1946) Yugoslav and Slovenian basketball player

### Given name

* Homar Rojas (born 1964), Mexican baseball player and coach

## Places

* Homar, a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina

## Other

* HOMAR-A, a Polish military defence program
# 1910 Indiana Hoosiers football team

The 1910 Indiana Hoosiers football team was an American football team that represented Indiana University Bloomington during the 1910 college football season. In their sixth season under head coach James M. Sheldon, the Hoosiers compiled a 6–1 record, finished in third place in the Western Conference, shut out five of seven opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 111 to 6.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| October 1 | DePauw* | Jordan FieldBloomington, IN | W 12–0 |
| October 8 | at Chicago | Marshall FieldChicago, IL | W 6–0 |
| October 15 | Millikin* | Jordan FieldBloomington, IN | W 34–0 |
| October 22 | vs. Wisconsin | Washington ParkIndianapolis, IN | W 12–3 |
| October 29 | Butler* | Jordan FieldBloomington, IN | W 33–0 |
| November 5 | Illinois | Jordan FieldBloomington, IN (rivalry) | L 0–3 |
| November 19 | at Purdue | Stuart FieldWest Lafayette, IN (rivalry) | W 15–0 |
| *Non-conference game |||||
# Atli Sveinn Þórarinsson

Atli Sveinn Þórarinsson (born 24 January 1980) is an Icelandic football coach and former player who played as a defender for KA, Valur and Örgryte.

## Club career

Atli Sveinn started his senior team career with KA before going on to play for Örgryte IS and Valur. He finished out his career by playing in the Icelandic Cup with Nökkvi and Ármann.

## National team career

Atli Sveinn debuted for the national team in 2002.

## Managerial career

Atli Sveinn started his manager career with Dalvík/Reynir in 2016. He was later the manager of Fylkir from 2020 to 2021 with Ólafur Stígsson. In September 2021, he was hired as the manager of Haukar.
# Rufford railway station

Rufford railway station, opened on 2 April 1849, serves the village of Rufford in Lancashire, England. The station is (9½ miles) south west of Preston on the Preston-Ormskirk branch service. The line was formerly the Liverpool, Ormskirk and Preston Railway, which was quickly merged into the East Lancashire Railway on 3 August 1846; this in turn was merged into the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in May 1859.
The level crossing runs across the B5246, the aptly named "Station Road". This is supervised from the nearby signal box, which also controls the only passing loop on the otherwise single track branch line.

## History

Direct trains to Liverpool via Ormskirk (and also to Blackburn and East Lancashire) were withdrawn from Rufford station in October 1969, though Liverpool trains continued to run through non-stop until May of the following year. From July 1970, Rufford became the only passing point on the truncated Preston-Ormskirk branch line after the Midge Hall to Ormskirk section was singled. Over that same summer the station was rebuilt, with its wooden platforms and substantial station building demolished and replaced with more functional and basic facilities.
Until the late 1980s, peak-hour trains on the Preston-Ormskirk line continued to cross at Rufford station. Thereafter the timetable was further reduced, leaving the branch line to be operated by a single DMU running essentially along a long siding. Rufford's Victorian signal box was demolished in October 1988 and replaced with a portakabin like structure on the site of the former station building.
Over the past twenty five years, changes in the station's layout and traction have been minimal. The portakabin signal box was due to close, along with that at Midge Hall, in 2017. However as of summer 2023 this has yet to happen. Network Rail plans to automate the crossing here, remove the loop and raise the line speed to 75 mph to allow a more frequent timetable to operate. The crossings trackbed was dug up and re-laid in 2018 in preparation for the automation of the crossing but this has of yet (Summer 2023) to be carried out.

## Service

On Mondays to Saturdays there is a service westbound to Ormskirk to connect with the Merseyrail service to Liverpool Central and eastbound to Preston every hour. This is an improvement on the former irregular frequency (twelve per day each way) operated under previous timetables.
There is no Sunday service. A normal service operates on Bank holidays.