OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Titulus pictus

A titulus pictus is an ancient Roman commercial inscription made on the surface of certain artefacts, usually the neck of an amphora. Typically, these inscriptions were made in red or black paint. The inscription specifies information such as origin, destination, type of product, and owner. Tituli picti are frequent on ancient Roman pottery containers used for trade. They were not exclusively used for trade. They were also used to provide easily recognizable advertisements and may have served as insurance if a good was damaged in some way. There are around 2,500 tituli picti recorded in CIL IV (the volume of Latin inscriptions from Pompeii and Herculaneum).
The text of these inscriptions used a wide variety of abbreviations such as primum, excellens, optimum, flos, florum, praecellens, penuarium, and secundarium. It is possible that these epithets were used to convey the quality of the product. These abbreviations were organized into a style consisting of several elements. Numerals were used to indicate the age and weight of the contents and the weight of the container when empty. The measurement of the container's weight would be duplicated by another component of the titulus pictus in the genitive case. There was also a tria nomina indicating the buyer and the seller. The fifth element was the name of the owner.
The structure of the titulus pictus differed depending on its usage. The most intricate tituli were for Spanish oil amphorae. Usually, these tituli were painted in black, and indicated the amphora's weight, contents, producer, and owner's name in the genitive case. Wine Tituli from Crete were written in Greek, Latin, or both. These inscriptions informed the reader of the qualities of the wine, the volume of the container, the date, the origin, and the owner (whose name was written in red and the dative case). The colors of the tituli conveyed information about its source. For example, white tituli were used to refer to producers. Red ones meant that the producer was a local producer. Black tituli meant the owners were wholesale traders. Different grammatical cases had different meanings when used in the titulus pictus. The dative case was used to show the recipient or buyer of the good. The genitive case was used to identify the producer and owner of the product. The ablative case was used to identify the consignor of the goods. The nominative case was used to identify the consumer or wholesaler.
A container found in Tunisia has a titulus pictus dated between the 4th century and 6th centuries that reads:
   Container of wine, Mary begets Christ, 22 units of wine.
One Cretan titulus pictus found in Capua reads:
   wine which is owed to Campania, amphora 472
# Bargil Pixner

Bargil Pixner (March 23, 1921 – April 5, 2002) was an ethnically German Italian-American monk of the Order of Saint Benedict, Biblical scholar and archaeologist, and commentator on the Dead Sea Scrolls.

## Biography

Pixner was born in 1921, the first of eight children, in Untermais, Merano, South Tyrol. He started his study of theology in 1940 in Brixen and joined the Saint Joseph's Missionary Society of Mill Hill's Tyrolean branch in 1941.
During World War II, Pixner was sent to the Eastern Front in 1944 after refusing to take an oath of allegiance to Hitler, but he escaped from Silesia in May 1945.
Pixner was ordained a priest in 1946 in Brixen immediately prior to leaving for missionary work in the Philippines, where he headed a leprosy centre in Santa Barbara, Iloilo for the next eight years. He later worked in France, Italy, and the United States, becoming a US citizen.
In May 1969, Pixner moved to Israel, co-founding Neve Shalom, a peace village, located near the biblical Emmaus, and entered the Order of Saint Benedict in 1972, taking his final vows at the Abbey of the Dormition in Jerusalem in 1974. Pixner spent the next twelve years organizing the construction of an affiliated abbey at Tabgha before returning to Hagia Maria Sion Abbey in 1994 and then serving as a prior. Pixner gave tours of the Holy Land to famous pilgrims such as Jimmy Carter and Helmut Kohl.

## Theories

Pixner's theories, linking archaeological sites to events and figures in the Bible, have been met with mixed acceptance by scholars. In particular, he argued for a connection between Jesus and the Essenes and for the identification of the "Essene Gateway" (excavated beginning in 1977) on Mount Zion, and the dating of the crucifixion to Friday, April 7, AD 30. He shared Bagatti and Testa's thesis of a Church of Zion, Jerusalem in the 3rd–4th Centuries.
Pixner also identified a site on the north shore of the Sea of Galilee as the site of Bethsaida in a 1985 article, an identification which the State of Israel made official in 1989 after excavations in 1987. Pixner showed the site to Pope John Paul II in March 2000, declaring a key excavated from the site to be the "key to the first Vatican." The tell had previously been dismissed by William F. Albright in the 1930s as a potential site for Bethsaida, but Pixner discovered Hellenistic and Roman artefacts while walking through Syrian trenches after the Six-Day War.

## Works

* 1986. Glory of Bethlehem. Judson Press. ISBN 0-8170-1109-9
* 1992. With Jesus Through Galilee: According to the Fifth Gospel. Corazin Publishing. ISBN 0-8146-2427-8
* 1996. With Jesus In Jerusalem: His First and Last Days in Judea. Corazin Publishing. ISBN 965-434-004-6
* 1991. Paths of the Messiah And Sites of the Early Church from Galilee to Jerusalem. Ignatius. ISBN 978-0-89870-865-3
# Monifieth railway station

Monifieth railway station serves the town of Monifieth near Dundee, Scotland. It is sited 5 miles 72 chains (9.5 kilometres) from the former Dundee East station, on the Dundee to Aberdeen line, between Balmossie and Barry Links. ScotRail, who manage the station, operate all services.

## History

The station was opened on 6 October 1838 on the 5ft 6in gauge (1676mm) Dundee and Arbroath Railway. The station had two platforms, one on each side of a double track running line. The goods yard was to the north of the station. The railway changed to standard gauge in 1847.
A camping coach was positioned here by the Scottish Region from 1956 to 1966, with two coaches here for the last two years.
The original station buildings have been demolished and recovered parts used for the Birkhill railway station building on the Bo'ness and Kinneil Railway.

## Facilities

Both platforms have shelters and benches. Platform 1 has a payphone and help point, whilst platform 2 is equipped with cycle racks. Both platforms have step-free access, but the footbridge which links them is not step-free. As there are no facilities to purchase tickets, passengers must buy one in advance, or from the guard on the train.

## Passenger volume

Passenger Volume at Monifieth :
| | 2002–03 | 2004–05 | 2005–06 | 2006–07 | 2007–08 | 2008–09 | 2009–10 | 2010–11 | 2011–12 | 2012–13 | 2013–14 | 2014–15 | 2015–16 | 2016–17 | 2017–18 | 2018–19 | 2019–20 | 2020–21 | 2021–22 | 2022–23 |
| Entries and exits | 1,031 | 1,333 | 1,757 | 1,897 | 2,106 | 2,082 | 1,170 | 1,288 | 2,398 | 2,570 | 3,122 | 4,680 | 6,654 | 5,830 | 5,942 | 9,224 | 21,710 | 2,886 | 17,898 | 24,368 |
The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.

## Services

British Rail operated a local passenger service to the intermediate stations between Dundee and Arbroath until May 1990. Since these were discontinued, most of the intermediate stations have had only a very sparse service, provided so as to avoid the difficulty of formal closure procedures. In 2012, however, the number of services calling here increased from 2 per day to 6 per day from the December timetable change, unlike the other stations in the area (particularly Balmossie, Barry Links and Golf Street).
In the May 2022 timetable, there is an approximately hourly service in each direction to Dundee and Arbroath. There is no Sunday service.
In 2022, a number of people campaigned for the service - which currently terminates at Dundee - to be extended to Edinburgh, to avoid missing onward connections at Dundee.
| Preceding station | National Rail | National Rail | National Rail | Following station |
| Balmossie or Broughty Ferry | | ScotRail Dundee–Aberdeen line Mondays-Saturdays only | | Barry Links or Carnoustie |
| | Historical railways | Historical railways | Historical railways | |
| Broughty Ferry Line and Station open | | Dundee and Arbroath Railway | | Buddon Line open; Station closed |
# Kim Ki-hae

Kim Ki-hae (Korean: 김기해; born September 28, 1999) is a South Korean actor. He made his debut in 2020, and best known for his role in Duty After School (2023).

## Career

Kim made his acting debut in the Cheeze Film's web series The Female Friend Among Guys in 2020, which was released on April 17. On the same year on September 9, he appeared in another web series Dalgona as the class president Ha Jin-hyuk.
In 2022, Kim made his big screen debut after he was confirmed to appear for director Park Hoon-jung's science fiction action horror film The Witch: Part 2. The Other One which was released on June 15. On June 14, Sports Seoul reported that he was cast along with actors Shin Ye-eun, Kang Hoon, and Ryeoun for SBS drama The Secret Romantic Guesthouse. On August 23, Kim landed his first lead role as the dark hero Oh Byung-hoon in the 2022 KBS Drama Special episode 2: "Currently Offline", which aired on November 22.
In 2023, Kim was confirmed to play the role of Kim Chi-yeol, an ordinary student, in TVING original Duty After School, which premiered on March 21. He then nominated for Best New Actor at the 2nd Blue Dragon Series Awards in July and at the 2023 APAN Star Awards in December, respectively.
In 2024, Kim was announced as part of the ensemble cast of Disney+ original series Light Shop, and it will be released on December 4.

## Personal life
### Military enlistment

In 2024, SPOTV News reported that Kim will enlist in the Navy at the Naval Basic Military Training Corps on October 28, and will undergo a five-week training course as part of his mandatory military service.

## Filmography
### Film

Film appearances :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Ref. |
| 2022 | The Witch: Part 2. The Other One | Tou pretty boy | | |

### Television series

Television series appearances :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2022 | KBS Drama Special – "Currently Offline" | Oh Byung-hoon | Season 13; Episode 2 |
| 2023 | Duty After School | Kim Chi-yeol | |
| 2024 | Light Shop | Ji-woong | |

### Web series

Web series appearances :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Ref. |
| 2020 | The Female Friend Among Guys | Ki-hae | | |
| 2020 | Dalgona | Ha Jin-hyuk | | |

## Awards and nominations

Name of the award ceremony, year presented, category, nominee of the award, and the result of the nomination :
| Award ceremony | Year | Category | Nominee / Work | Result | Ref. |
| APAN Star Awards | 2023 | Best New Actor | Duty After School | Nominated | |
| Blue Dragon Series Awards | 2023 | Best New Actor | Duty After School | Nominated | |
# Arlene Stringer-Cuevas

Arlene Stringer-Cuevas (née Gluss; September 25, 1933 – April 3, 2020) was an American politician, educator, and civil servant. She was a schoolteacher before serving on the New York City Council from 1976 to 1977. Stringer-Cuevas later worked for the New York City Human Resources Administration for 16 years until her retirement in 1994. She died during the COVID-19 pandemic due to complications of COVID-19.

## Early life

Stringer-Cuevas was born Arlene Gluss in the Bronx, and was a school teacher. She lived in the Washington Heights, Manhattan. She was Jewish.

## Career

Stringer-Cuevas served as her neighborhood's Democratic Party district leader from 1969 to 1976. She was elected to the New York City Council in 1976 after winning a four-person primary for the Democratic nomination, becoming the first woman to represent Washington Heights. Stringer-Cuevas was defeated in the Democratic primary in 1977.
Stringer-Cuevas then worked for the New York City Human Resources Administration from 1978 until her retirement in 1994.

## Personal life

Stringer-Cuevas was part of a politically active family. Her first husband, Ronald Stringer, was an assistant to New York City Mayor Abraham Beame. Her second husband, Carlos Cuevas, was the New York City Clerk and a Deputy Borough President of the Bronx. Stringer-Cuevas' son Scott Stringer was elected Borough President of Manhattan and New York City Comptroller. She was the cousin of politician women's rights pioneer Bella Abzug.
On April 3, 2020, at the age of 86, Stringer-Cuevas died from complications due to COVID-19 at Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx.
# Idan

Idan or Edan may refers to:

## People
### Given name

* Edan (musician) (born 1978), American alternative hip hop artist
* Edan Everly (born 1968), American guitarist, musician, singer songwriter
* Edan Gross (born 1978), American child actor
* Edan Milton Hughes (1935-2015), American art dealer and art collector
* Edan Leshem (born 1997), Israeli tennis player
* Edan Lui (born 1997), Hong Kong singer
* Idan Alterman (born 1971), Israeli television, film, and theater actor
* Idan Baruch (born 1990), Israeli-Romanian football goalkeeper
* Idan David (born 1987), Israeli footballer
* Idan Malichi (born 1979), Israeli footballer
* Idan Raichel (born 1977), Israeli singer-songwriter and musician
* Idan Roll (born 1984), an Israeli politician
* Idan Rubin (born 1983), Israeli footballer
* Idan Sade (born 1988), Israeli footballer
* Idan Schefler (born 1984), Israeli footballer
* Idan Shriki (born 1981), Israeli footballer
* Idan Shum (born 1976), Israeli footballer
* Idan Srur (born 1986), Israeli footballer
* Idan Tal (born 1975), Israeli footballer
* Idan Vered (born 1989), Israeli footballer
* Idan Weitzman (born 1985), Israeli footballer
* Idan Yaniv (born 1986), Israeli singer
* Idan Zalmanson (born 1995), Israeli basketball player
* Máedóc of Ferns (558-632), also referred to as Saint Edan

### Surname

* Abdullah Al-Edan, Qatar football defender
* John Idan, American guitarist and vocalist
* Sarah Idan (born 1990), an Iraqi woman was a Miss Universe contestant and the target of people's death threats after she took pictures with Israeli contestants.

## Music

* The Idan Raichel Project, self-titled debut album by Idan Raichel.

## Places

* Edan Hills, South Australia, Australian suburb of the city of Mitcham
* Idan, Israel, a moshav in the Arava region of southern Israel.
* Idan HaNegev Industrial Park, industrial park southeast of Rahat, Israel
* St Edan's Cathedral, Irish cathedral
# Eleutheropolis (diocese)

Eleutheropolis in Palaestina is a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church located in modern Israel. The position of bishop is vacant.

## History of the see

In A.D. 200 Septimius Severus founded a Roman colony on the site of a previous Jewish town, Maresha, destroyed by Vespasian 130 years earlier. The new colony grew quickly, due to its location on important trade routes and in 325 it became the site of an episcopal see in Palaestina Prima, with Macrinus as first bishop.
Eusebius of Caesarea an important early church writer who lived at this time and was based from this Bishopric used it as a starting point for measuring distances of other locations.
We know of only six bishops, with Macrinus, and Zebennus being the only ones named, there are another four for whom we don’t know their name.
Church texts mention 50 soldiers who were executed here in 638 for not abandoning the Christian religion following the arrival of Islam. Their burial site is in the vicinity of the town. The diocese ceased to function effectively from this time.
The last titular bishop was Alfred Matthew Stemper .

## Notable persons

* Bishop Epiphanius of Salamis
* Eutchius
* Peter of Eleutheropolis
* Justus of Eleutheropolis (the legend of him at Eleutheropolis is possibly untrue.)
* Matthias

### Known bishops

* Zebennus
* Macrinus fl.359
* Paul-Eugène Roy (8 Apr 1908 Appointed – 26 Jun 1914)
* Nicolás de Carlo (2 Aug 1918 Appointed – 1 Aug 1940)
* Michel Thomas Verhoeks (16 Oct 1941 Appointed – 8 May 1952)
* Giuseppe de Nardis (1 Apr 19 numb 53 Appointed – 18 Dec 1956)
* Alfred Matthew Stemper [pl] (5 Jul 1957 Appointed – 15 Nov 1966)
# Dorking West railway station

Dorking West railway station is in Dorking, Surrey, England. It is 30 miles 42 chains (30.53 miles, 49.13 km) from London Charing Cross, via Redhill, and is one of three stations serving the town, the others being Dorking and Dorking Deepdene.
Dorking West is on the North Downs Line. The station is managed by Great Western Railway, which also operates all trains serving it. The station is unstaffed, and there is no ticket office, nor have ticket machines been installed. Passengers travelling from the station must purchase tickets on board the train.

## History

The Reading, Guildford and Reigate Railway opened the station in 1849 as "Dorking". From the outset it was leased and worked by the South Eastern Railway, which absorbed the RG&RR in 1852. The staggered platforms are typical of stations built for the SER where no footbridge was provided. The arrangement of the platforms enabled passengers to cross behind trains if two were at the station simultaneously.
In 1867 the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway opened a line from Leatherhead to Dorking, with its own Dorking railway station. In the 1923 Grouping the SER and LB&SCR became part of the new Southern Railway, which immediately renamed both stations. The SR renamed the former LB&SCR station "Dorking North" and the original RG&RR station "Dorking Town". In 1987 Network SouthEast changed "Dorking Town" to "Dorking West".
British Railways closed the goods yard in 1963 and made the station unstaffed in 1967.
Signals on this part of the line are worked from Reigate. The station is 30 miles 42 chains (49.1 km) from Charing Cross, and has two platforms, which can each accommodate a five-coach train.
The SER originally ran trains from Dorking West to London Charing Cross via Redhill. Latterly, the service has run on to Tonbridge in Kent. In 2004, First Great Western Link took over the former Thames Trains franchise and runs services between Reading and Gatwick Airport using Class 165 and Class 166 Turbo Diesel Multiple Units.
Although it is the least used of the three Dorking stations (as low as 16 passengers/year in 2011–12), the official rail passenger usage data is misleading because most tickets are issued to/from "Dorking Stations", rather than Dorking West specifically.

## Location

Access is from Station Road to the south, through the industrial estate car parks, and down an unlit un-signposted footpath. The station has no car park but both platforms are accessible by wheelchairs.

## Services

All services at Dorking West are operated by Great Western Railway using Class 165 and 166 DMUs.
The typical off-peak service is one train every two hours in each direction between Reading via Guildford and Gatwick Airport. During the peak hours, the service is increased to one train per hour in each direction.
On Sundays, eastbound services at the station run only as far as Redhill.
| Preceding station | National Rail | National Rail | National Rail | Following station |
| Dorking Deepdene | | Great Western RailwayNorth Downs Line | | Gomshall |

## Images

* Images of Dorking West station
* Station sign, advertising the Surrey Hills
* Pedestrian tunnel
# Robert Axtell

Robert Axtell is a professor at George Mason University, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, where he is departmental chair of the Department of Computational Social Science. He is also a member of the External Faculty of the Santa Fe Institute. Axtell is also the co-Director of the new Computational Public Policy Lab at Mason.

## Early life and education

Axtell received his first degree at the University of Detroit in 1983 and earned his Ph.D. in Carnegie Mellon University in 1992, where he studied computing, social science, and public policy.

## Career

In the early 1990s, whilst still a graduate student, he met Joshua M. Epstein who was to become a key collaborator. This led to Axtell joining Epstein at the Brookings Institution in 1992. The pair developed a keen interest in mathematical modeling influenced by the work of Thomas Schelling, with their primary research interest the modeling of complex social, economic, and biological systems using computational agent based models.
In Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science From the Bottom Up, Epstein and Axtell wrote about the first large scale agent-based computational model, the Sugarscape, developed by Axtell, which they used to explore the role of social phenomenon such as seasonal migrations, pollution, sexual reproduction, combat, and transmission of disease and even culture.
Whilst at Brookings, Axtell also undertook visiting roles at Georgetown University, New School University, Johns Hopkins University and the Santa Fe Institute.
In 2007 Axtell left Brookings for his current post at George Mason University.
Axtell is also a member of the steering committee of the Atalaya Institute, using agent based models to help provide evidence to influence social policy.
In 2013 Axtell became a visiting professor at Oxford's Hertford College during his sabbatical.

## Selected publications

Axtell has authored and co-authored several works including:
* Epstein, Joshua M.; Axtell, Robert L. (1996). Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science From the Bottom Up. MIT/Brookings Institution. pp. 224. ISBN 978-0-262-55025-3.
* Axtell, Robert (November 1999). Macal, Charles M.; Sallach, David (eds.). "Why Agents? On the Varied Motivations for Agent Computing in the Social Sciences" (PDF). Proceedings of the Workshop on Agent Simulation: Applications, Models, and Tools. University of Chicago: Argonne National Laboratory: 3–24.