OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# SangSom

SangSom (แสงโสม) is a rum from Thailand, distilled from sugarcane. It was introduced in November 1977 and has since become a dominant brand in the Thai spirits market. Over 70 million litres are sold in Thailand each year, achieving a market share of more than 70 percent in its category.
"SangSom Special Rum", as it is called on its website, is distilled from molasses. Its alcohol content is 40 percent by volume. It is aged in charred oak barrels for five years before bottling.
The drink won gold medals in liquor competitions in Madrid, Spain in 1982 and 1983, and again in Barcelona in 2006. The medals are featured prominently on the product's packaging and have led to it being referred to locally as "SangSom Rianthong" (SangSom Gold Medallion).
The beverage is virtually unheard of outside Thailand. The manufacturers, SangSom Company, export to around 20 countries, but export sales account for barely one percent of total sales. SangSom Company is a member of Thai Beverage Public Company, which itself is a group company of International Beverage Holdings Limited.
# Paraguay at the Pan American Games

Paraguay has sent athletes to all editions of the games, except in two editions: 1959 and 1963. Paraguayan athletes have won 2 gold medals, 5 silver and 15 bronze and 22 overall counting the 2023 Panamerican Games in Santiago.

## Hosted Games

Paraguay is expected to host the upcoming II Junior Pan American Games:
| Games | Host city | Dates |
| 2025 Junior Pan American Games | Asunción | Future event |

## Pan American Games
### Medal by games

| Year | Edition | Host city | Rank | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1951 | I | Buenos Aires | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1955 | II | Mexico City | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1959 | III | Chicago | Did not participate | Did not participate | Did not participate | Did not participate | Did not participate |
| 1963 | IV | São Paulo | Did not participate | Did not participate | Did not participate | Did not participate | Did not participate |
| 1967 | V | Winnipeg | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1971 | VI | Cali | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1975 | VII | Mexico City | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1979 | VIII | San Juan | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1983 | IX | Caracas | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1987 | X | Indianapolis | 23rd | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1991 | XI | Havana | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1995 | XII | Mar del Plata | 21st | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 1999 | XIII | Winnipeg | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2003 | XIV | Santo Domingo | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2007 | XV | Rio de Janeiro | 25th | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2011 | XVI | Guadalajara | 25th | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2015 | XVII | Toronto | 18th | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2019 | XVIII | Lima | 18th | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| 2023 | XVIX | Santiago | 21st | 1 | 0 | 6 | 7 |
| Total | Total | Total | 26th | 2 | 5 | 15 | 22 |

### Medals by sport

| Sport | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| Golf | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| Tennis | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Athletics | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Table tennis | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Canoeing | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Rowing | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Taekwondo | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Cycling | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Futsal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Handball | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Karate | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Squash | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Swimming | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (13 entries) | 2 | 5 | 15 | 22 |

## Junior Pan American Games
### Medals by games

| Year | Edition | Host city | Rank | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 2021 | I | Cali-Valle | 15th | 2 | 4 | 4 | 10 |
| 2025 | II | Asunción | Future event | Future event | Future event | Future event | Future event |
| Total | Total | Total | 15th | 2 | 4 | 4 | 10 |

### Medals by sport

| Sport | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| Rowing | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Swimming | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Tennis | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Handball | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Fencing | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (5 entries) | 2 | 4 | 4 | 10 |
# OPE

OPE or Ope may refer to:
* Camp Opemikon
* Operator product expansion
* One Photon Excitation, see also Nonlinear optics
* Ope, a locality in Jämtland County, Sweden
* Street name for opium
* Ope Pasquet (born 1956), Uruguayan politician and lawyer
* Ope Peleseuma (born 1992), New Zealand rugby union footballer
* Operational Preparation of the Environment, US and Russian Intelligence strategic planning technique
* Outdoor Power Equipment, like lawn mowers, leaf blowers etc.
# Alberic

Alberic (French: Albéric; German: Alberich; Dutch: Alberik, Latin: Albericus) is a learned form of the name Aubrey.
Notable people with the name include:

## People with the mononym

* Alberic of Cîteaux (died 1109), one of the founders of the Cistercian Order
* Alberic I, Count of Dammartin (died after 1162)
* Alberic II, Count of Dammartin (died 1183)
* Alberic III, Count of Dammartin (died 1200)
* Alberic, Count of Hainaut (died c. 694)
* Alberic of Humbert, archbishop of Reims 1207–1218
* Alberic of London, a possible Third Vatican Mythographer
* Alberic of Monte Cassino (died 1088), Cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church
* Alberic of Ostia (1080–1148), Benedictine monk and Cardinal Bishop of Ostia
* Alberic I of Spoleto (died c. 925), Duke of Spoleto
* Alberic II of Spoleto (912–954), ruler of Rome 932–954
* Alberic of Trois-Fontaines (died c. 1252), monk and Cistercian chronicler
* Alberic III, Count of Tusculum (died 1044)
* Albericus de Rosate (c. 1290–1354 or 1360), an Italian jurist
* Alberic[us] de Ver or Aubrey de Vere II (c. 1085–1141), master chamberlain of England
* Alberik I van Utrecht, Saint Alberic of Utrecht (died 784), Benedictine monk and bishop of Utrecht
* Alberik II, bishop of Utrecht from 838 to 844

## People with the given name

* Albéric Bourgeois (1876–1962), French-Canadian cartoonist
* Albéric Clément (c. 1165–1191), the first Marshal of France
* Albéric Collin (1886–1962), Belgian sculptor
* Alberic Crescitelli (1863–1900), Catholic priest and martyr
* Alberico Gentili (1552–1608), Italian lawyer
* Albéric Magnard (1865–1914), French composer
* Albéric de Montgolfier (born 1964), French politician
* Albéric O'Kelly de Galway (1911–1980), Belgian chess champion
* Albéric Pont (1870–1960), French dentist
* Alberic Schotte (1919–2004), a Belgian cyclist, twice World Road Race Champion (1948, 1950)
* Albéric Second (1817–1887), French writer
* Alberich Zwyssig (1808–1854), a Cistercian monk who composed the Swiss national anthem
* Alberik de Suremain (born 1950), a Guatemalan rower
# John Paul College, Canberra

St John Paul II College is a systemic Roman Catholic co-educational high school located in the Canberra suburb of Nicholls in the Australian Capital Territory of Australia. The school is named in honour of Pope John Paul II.
The school caters for boys and girls from years 7-12 who live in the Gungahlin area and nearby regional areas in New South Wales. The school is part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn.

## Curriculum

St John Paul II College follows the Australian Curriculum.
In Year 7 students undertake six subjects, which through a middle school approach, encourages a smooth transition to high school. English, History, Geography and Civics & Citizenship are combined into Integrated Humanities, and Maths and Science are also combined into one subject. This is to make the transition to high school smoother for the students by limiting the number of different teachers and classes.
Subjects are:
* Religious Education
* Integrated Humanities (IH) (English, History, Geography, Civics and Citizenship)
* Integrated Maths and Science (IMS)
* Physical Education and Health
* LOTE - French or Chinese
* four electives (one a term)
After Year 7, the integrated subjects, IMS and IH, are separated into single subjects.
Subjects studied are:
* Religious Education
* English
* Mathematics (Optional Advanced Mathematics for Year 10)
* Science
* HASS (History, Geography, Civics and Citizenship)
* Physical Education and Health
* LOTE - French or Chinese (elective in Year 9)
* four electives (one a term)
# Heathcote Valley

Heathcote Valley is a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. It is named after Sir William Heathcote, who was secretary of the Canterbury Association.

## Location

Heathcote is 8 kilometres (5 mi) southeast of the city centre. It is site of the lower terminus of the Christchurch Gondola, which goes up to the top of Mount Cavendish on the Port Hills.

## History

In the past Heathcote was known for its orchards, brickworks and maltworks. The distinctive towers of the Canterbury Malting Company's maltworks dominated the skyline until 2012 when it was demolished to make way for residential developments.

## Demographics

Heathcote Valley covers 4.20 km$^2$ (1.62 sq mi). It had an estimated population of 2,400 as of June 2024, with a population density of 571 people per km$^2$.
Heathcote Valley had a population of 2,229 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 111 people (5.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 57 people (2.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 873 households, comprising 1,083 males and 1,146 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.95 males per female. The median age was 44.6 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 411 people (18.4%) aged under 15 years, 330 (14.8%) aged 15 to 29, 1,080 (48.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 405 (18.2%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 94.1% European/Pākehā, 6.9% Māori, 1.7% Pasifika, 2.3% Asian, and 2.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 20.6, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 59.1% had no religion, 30.1% were Christian, 0.4% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.3% were Hindu, 0.5% were Muslim, 0.1% were Buddhist and 1.6% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 459 (25.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 294 (16.2%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $36,100, compared with $31,800 nationally. 393 people (21.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 927 (51.0%) people were employed full-time, 315 (17.3%) were part-time, and 36 (2.0%) were unemployed.

## Education

Heathcote Valley School (Māori: Te Kura o Te Tihi o Kahukura) is a full primary school catering for years 1 to 8. It had a roll of 201 as of August 2024. The school started in a private house in 1860 and the first classroom opened in 1861.

## Notable residents

* Wally Argus – New Zealand rugby international who bought a market garden in Heathcote Valley in 1949
* Bob Parker – former mayor of Christchurch was brought up here
# Lars Barfoed

Lars Barfoed (Danish pronunciation:; born 4 July 1957) is a Danish politician representing the Conservative People's Party and was the party's leader from 2011 to 7 August 2014. He was Justice Minister of Denmark from February 2010 to October 2011, and Deputy Prime Minister of Denmark from January to October 2011. He also served as Minister for Family and Consumer Affairs from 18 February 2005 to 14 December 2006.
A report from Rigsrevisionen had criticized the food quality inspections which is his ministry's responsibility, as well as the information which Barfoed had passed on to Folketinget about the problems. The Danish People's Party announced that it no longer had confidence in him on 13 December, meaning that there was a risk that a majority in the Folketing no longer supporting Barfoed. Barfoed resigned his office the same day with effect from 14 December. Later on it was concluded from the report that the situation only had become better while Barfoed was in office, and that the problems was dating back to former Minister of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Ritt Bjerregaard. He was Minister for Transportation from September 2008 to February 2010.
On 14 January 2011, Lars Barfoed succeeded Lene Espersen as political leader of the Conservative People's Party. Ended on 8 August 2014. He was succeeded by Søren Pape Poulsen. In August 2023, he left the Conservative People's Party, joining the Moderates later that month.
# Helga Pedersen (Denmark)

Inger Helga Pedersen (24 June 1911 – 27 January 1980) was a Danish Chief Justice and politician. She served as Justice Minister of Denmark from 1950 to 1953 and was a member of the liberal party, Venstre.

## Biography

Pedersen was born on her parents' farm as one of 6 siblings in Tårnborg, Denmark to Jens Peder Nicolaj Pedersen (1877–1955) and Vilhelmine Sofie Kolding (1884–1973). Helga never married and had no children. She became a student from Slagelse Gymnasium in 1930 and earned her MSc from the University of Copenhagen in 1936.
Beginning in 1936, she worked for the Ministry of Justice in the government of Erik Eriksen (1950–1953). She was Secretary to the Ministers of Justice KK Steincke, Svend Unmack Larsen, Harald Petersen, Eigil Thune Jacobsen, Niels Busch-Jensen and Aage Elmquist, among others, during the years of World War II and the Nazi occupation. After Denmark's liberation, Pedersen attended Columbia University in New York, which was funded by an International Study Grant from the American Association of University Women.
After returning to Denmark, Pedersen became the Copenhagen District Court judge from 1947 to 1950. In 1949–1950, she was named chairman of the Danish Women's National Council. In 1950, she participated in United Nations Commission on the Status of Women and until 1974, she was also a delegate at the UNESCO General Assembly, from 1962 as chair of the Danish delegation.
She was elected to the Parliament in 1950 and remained a member until 1964. She was appointed Minister of Justice for the government of Erik Eriksen. She was also a judge for the District Court and the Appeals Court. In 1964, she was appointed judge to the Supreme Court, only the second woman to hold that position.
She was against the death penalty.
She had a wide influence on issues in Parliament (called in Danish, Folketing).
   As a member of parliament, she served as the Liberal Party's rapporteur in a number of legal cases. On the issue of an amended abortion law in 1956, she was the only one in her party to vote in favor of the proposal that Mødrehjælpen should have an increased influence on abortion permits at the expense of doctors. She was one of the few members of the Liberal Party who opposed the handing over of the Icelandic manuscripts from Copenhagen University, and was already, while sitting in the Folketing, interested in the work of protecting authors 'and artists' rights and in establishing the Statens Kunstfond [Danish Arts Foundation]. She was a member of the Copyright Council 1963-72, by the Planning Council for Higher Education 1964-73 and by the Prison Board 1968-73 and chairman of the Board of Representatives of the Statens Kunstfond 1964-73.
In 1971, Pedersen became the first female judge at the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France, a position she held until her death.

## Awards

* In 1951, Pedersen became the first female commander of the Order of the Dannebrog.
* In 1976, she became Commander of the 1st Degree.
# Ene (name)

Ene is both a given name and a surname.

## Given name

* Ene Ergma (born 1944), Estonian politician
* Ene Järvis (born 1947), Estonian actress
* Ene Kaups (born 1963), Estonian politician
* Ene Mihkelson (1944–2017), Estonian writer
* Ene Franca Idoko (born 1985), Nigerian sprinter
* Ene Rämmeld (born 1947), Estonian actress
* Haide-Ene Rebassoo (1935–2018), Estonian botanist
* Ene Riisna (born 1938), Estonian-American television producer
* Ene-Margit Tiit (born 1934), Estonian mathematician and statistician

## Surname

* Alexandru Ene (1928–2011), Romanian footballer
* Ana Derșidan-Ene-Pascu (1944–2022), Romanian fencer
* Gheorghe Ene (1937–2009), Romanian footballer
* Gigel Ene (born 1982), Romanian footballer
* Noni Răzvan Ene (born 1992), Romanian singer
* Orhun Ene (born 1967), Turkish former professional basketball player
# Søren Pind

Søren Pind (born 20 November 1969) is a Danish lawyer and former politician. He served as Danish Minister of Justice from 2015 to 2016, and as Minister of Science, Technology, Information and Higher Education from 2016 to May 2018, whereupon he retired from politics.
Pind was born in Herning. He served as councillor in the Copenhagen City Council from 1994 to 2005, and has taught at the University of Copenhagen.
Pind is considered more liberal than most other members of his party. In 2003, he was part of a group of party members who issued the "ten liberal theses", a document unsuccessfully challenging the direction the party was taking under Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen.

## Political career

He was appointed to the Lars Løkke Rasmussen I Cabinet during a cabinet reshuffle in February 2010, becoming Minister for Development Cooperation. He was appointed Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration on 8 March 2011, thus holding double ministerial office.
Pind's first term as minister ended on 3 October 2011, after the center-left coalition prevailed in the 2011 parliamentary election.
On 28 June 2015 he was appointed as Minister of Justice in the Cabinet of Lars Løkke Rasmussen II.
On 28 November 2016 he was appointed as Minister of Science, Technology, Information and Higher Education in Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen's Cabinet III.

## Other activities

* European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), Member

## Honours and decorations

* Denmark : Commander (Kommandør) of the Order of the Dannebrog 17 March 2017.
* France : Chevalier (Knight) of the Legion of Honour on 12 March 2015.
# Rell

Rell may refer to:
* Jodi Rell (1946-2024) American politician, 87th Governor of Connecticut
* Hell Rell (born 1979), stage name of Durrell Mohammad American rap artist
* Rell, stage name of Gerrell Gaddis, American R&B singer
* Rell Sunn (1950-1998), American surfer
* RELL, a model of bus; see Bristol RE
* Rell, a Support character in the video game League of Legends
# Brownson, Nebraska

Brownson is an unincorporated community in Cheyenne County, Nebraska, United States.
It is one endpoint of the Sidney and Lowe Railroad.

## History

Brownson was named for a former general freight agent of the Union Pacific Railroad. A post office called Bronson (without the W) operated from 1887 until 1895.
# Minister of Foreign Affairs (South Vietnam)

The Minister of Foreign Affairs was a government minister in charge of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Vietnam (common name for the State of Vietnam and the Republic of Vietnam), in what is now southern region of Vietnam. The Minister was responsible for conducting foreign relations of the country.

## List of ministers

The following is a list of foreign ministers of South Vietnam from 1949 until the fall of Saigon in 1975:
| No. | Name (Birth–Death) | Tenure |
| State of Vietnam (1949–1955) ||||
| 1 | Nguyễn Phan Long (1888–1960) | 1949–1950 |
| 2 | Trần Văn Hữu (1896–1984) | 1950–1952 |
| 3 | Nguyễn Trung Vinh | 1952 |
| 4 | Trương Vĩnh Tống (1884–1974) | 1952–1954 |
| 5 | Nguyễn Quốc Định (1916–1976) | 1954 |
| 6 | Trần Văn Đỗ (1903–1990) | 1954–1955 |
| Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975) ||||
| 7 | Vũ Văn Mẫu (1914–1998) | 1955–1963 |
| — | Trương Công Cừu (1917–2022) Acting Minister | 1963 |
| 8 | Phạm Đăng Lâm (1918–1975) | 1963–1964 |
| 9 | Phan Huy Quát (1908–1979) | 1964 |
| (8) | Phạm Đăng Lâm (1918–1975) | 1964–1965 |
| (6) | Trần Văn Đỗ (1903–1990) | 1965–1968 |
| 10 | Trần Chánh Thành (1917–1975) | 1968–1969 |
| 11 | Trần Văn Lắm (1913–2001) | 1969–1973 |
| — | Nguyễn Phú Đức (1924–2017) Acting Minister | 1973 |
| 12 | Vương Văn Bắc (1927–2011) | 1973–1975 |
# List of Soviet foreign ministers

This is a list of foreign ministers of the Soviet Union.
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term | Term | Term | Cabinet |
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Took office | Left office | Duration | Cabinet |
| People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR |||||||
| 1 | | Georgy Chicherin (1872–1936) | 6 July 1923 | 21 July 1930 | 7 years, 15 days | Lenin II Rykov I–II–III–IV–V |
| 2 | | Maxim Litvinov (1876–1951) | 21 July 1930 | 3 May 1939 | 8 years, 286 days | Molotov I–II–III–IV |
| 3 | | Vyacheslav Molotov (1890–1986) | 3 May 1939 | 15 March 1946 | 6 years, 305 days | Molotov IV Stalin I–II |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR |||||||
| (3) | | Vyacheslav Molotov (1890–1986) | 19 March 1946 | 4 March 1949 | 2 years, 350 days | Stalin II |
| 4 | | Andrey Vyshinsky (1883–1954) | 4 March 1949 | 5 March 1953 | 4 years, 1 day | Stalin II |
| (3) | | Vyacheslav Molotov (1890–1986) | 5 March 1953 | 1 June 1956 | 3 years, 88 days | Malenkov I–II Bulganin |
| 5 | | Dmitri Shepilov (1905–1995) | 1 June 1956 | 15 February 1957 | 259 days | Bulganin Khrushchev I |
| 6 | | Andrei Gromyko (1909–1989) | 15 February 1957 | 2 July 1985 | 28 years, 137 days | Khrushchev I–II Kosygin I–II–III–IV–V Tikhonov I–II |
| 7 | | Eduard Shevardnadze (1928–2014) | 2 July 1985 | 15 January 1991 | 5 years, 197 days | Tikhonov II Ryzhkov I–II |
| 8 | | Alexander Bessmertnykh (born 1933) | 15 January 1991 | 28 August 1991 | 225 days | Pavlov |
| (acting) | | Boris Pankin (born 1931) | 28 August 1991 | 18 November 1991 | 82 days | Silayev |
| Minister of External Relations of the USSR |||||||
| (7) | | Eduard Shevardnadze (1928–2014) | 19 November 1991 | 25 December 1991 | 36 days | Silayev |
# Tennis at the 1999 Pan American Games – Women's singles

Women's singles at the 1999 Pan American Games was won by María Vento-Kabchi of Venezuela.

## Medalists

| Gold | María Vento-Kabchi |
| Silver | Tara Snyder |
| Bronze | Mariana Díaz Oliva |
| Bronze | Alexandra Stevenson |

## Draw
### Final rounds

| Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final |
| María Vento-Kabchi | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | |
| Lilia Osterloh | 4 | 0 | | | | | | | |
| Lilia Osterloh | 4 | 0 | | María Vento-Kabchi | 6 | 6 | | | |
| | | | | Alexandra Stevenson | 0 | 3 | | | |
| Alexandra Stevenson | 7 | 4 | 7 | Alexandra Stevenson | 0 | 3 | | | |
| Renata Kolbovic | 6 | 6 | 4 | | | | | | |
| Renata Kolbovic | 6 | 6 | 4 | | | | María Vento-Kabchi | 7 | 7 |
| | | | | | | | Tara Snyder | 6 | 1 |
| Tara Snyder | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | Tara Snyder | 6 | 1 |
| Milagros Sequera | 2 | 6 | | | | | | | |
| Milagros Sequera | 2 | 6 | | Tara Snyder | 6 | 6 | | | |
| | | | | Mariana Díaz Oliva | 2 | 2 | | | |
| Vanessa Menga | 4 | 3 | | Mariana Díaz Oliva | 2 | 2 | | | |
| Mariana Díaz Oliva | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | |
# Isonicotinic acid

Isonicotinic acid or pyridine-4-carboxylic acid is an organic compound with the formula C$_5$H$_4$N(CO$_2$H). It is a derivative of pyridine with a carboxylic acid substituent at the 4-position. It is an isomer of picolinic acid and nicotinic acid, which have the carboxyl group at the 2- and 3-position respectively compared to the 4-position for isonicotinic acid.

## Production

On a commercial scale, isonicotinic acid, like other pyridine carboxylic acid is produced by ammoxidation of 4-picoline (4-methylpyridine) followed by hydrolysis of the resulting nitrile:
    NC$_5$H$_4$CH$_3$ + 1.5 O$_2$ + NH$_3$ → NC$_5$H$_4$C≡N + 3 H$_2$O
    NC$_5$H$_4$C≡N + 2 H$_2$O → NC$_5$H$_4$CO$_2$H + NH$_3$
It is also produced by oxidation of 4-picoline with nitric acid.

## Derivatives

Isonicotinic acids is a term loosely used for derivatives of isonicotinic acid. Hydrazide derivatives include isoniazid, iproniazid, and nialamide. Amide and ester derivatives include ethionamide and dexamethasone isonicotinate.
Its conjugate base forms coordination polymers and MOFs by binding metal ions through both the N and carboxylate.
# Bill White (bobsleigh)

Bill White (born December 6, 1959) is an American bobsledder. He competed in the four man event at the 1988 Winter Olympics. Bill White ran track and played football at Wasson High School in Colorado Springs. He then attended the University of Northern Colorado where he was on the track team, running sprints, with a 100 meter PR of 10.65. White earned MVP honors in the North Central Conference in track for three years. He was recruited to the US bobsled team because of his speed and athletic ability, leading to good push times. At the time he was a Captain in the US Air Force, stationed at Hanscom Field in Massachusetts.