OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nathaniel Creswick

Sir Nathaniel Creswick KCB (31 July 1831 – 20 October 1917) was an English footballer who co-founded Sheffield FC, the oldest football club in the world, in 1857. With William Prest, he established the Sheffield Rules, which were highly influential upon the modern laws of association football. He was also a founder of the Hallamshire Rifles. He was the first footballer to ever score a goal in the history of association football, giving Sheffield FC the lead in the match against Hallam FC; the first recognised football match in history.

## Biography

Creswick was born in Sheffield, England to Nathaniel and Elizabeth. His father was a silver-plating manufacturer. He was educated at Sheffield Collegiate School and became a solicitor of a silver-plate company. He became involved with several local sports clubs including the Clarkhouse Road Fencing Club and Sheffield Cricket Club.
While at Sheffield CC, he joined several other players in informal football matches that started in 1855.
He and William Prest decided to create an independent football club which was founded on 24 October 1857 with Creswick as Honorary Secretary and Treasurer. The club, known as Sheffield Football Club, is officially accepted by FIFA as being the oldest football club in the world.
They also established a set of playing rules to be used by the club. These were later used by other clubs in the area and eventually spread to many clubs in the north of England and became known as the Sheffield Rules.
Creswick resigned the office of secretary in February 1862, being replaced by William Chesterman.
Creswick and Prest were also involved in founding the 2nd West Yorkshire Rifles (better known as the Hallamshire Rifles) in 1858. He remained with them until 1897 rising to the rank of Colonel. He was knighted for services to the volunteer movement in the 1909 Birthday Honours.
On 2 July 1891, Nathaniel Creswick chaired the Founders' meeting of Sheffield's first, pioneering golf club - the Sheffield and District Golf Club - whence he served as the club's first Captain and President. Like Creswick, a number of his fellow Founders had been early Sheffield FC players and Hallamshire Rifles officers too. Almost immediately The Sheffield & District Golf Club's course on Lindrick Common gained renown as a regular championship golfing venue, which it still is. In 1934 the club's members changed its name to Lindrick Golf Club. Most famously, in October 1957, Lindrick hosted the Ryder Cup, and became the last course on which the Great Britain and Ireland team, led by Dai Rees, beat the USA before the inclusion of European players. Since then Lindrick Golf Club has played host to a number of events including the Curtis Cup in 1960, the Dunlop Masters (1966 & 1977), the Sun Alliance Matchplay (1975) and Martini International (1982). Lindrick also regularly hosts Open Championship Regional Qualifiers.
# Political Action

Political Action (Azione Politica, AP) is a liberal political party based in Abruzzo, Italy.

## History

Political Action was founded in 2017 by Gianluca Zelli.
In 2019, the party took part in the regional election in Abruzzo among the ranks of the centre-right coalition, in support of the candidacy of Marco Marsilio, getting 3.24% of the vote and one seat. Following the election, AP was excluded from the regional government, provoking the anger of Zelli, who resigned as coordinator of the party. However, the resignations returned a few days later, following a request from the regional coordination of the party.
In the 2020 local elections, the party took part in the municipal election of Chieti, in a coalition of civic lists in support of Paolo De Cesare, scoring just 1.63% of the vote. In the ballot it supported the candidate of the centre-left, Diego Ferrara, and won one seat.
In occasion of the 2023 local elections, the party announced to support the candidacy of Maria Cristina Marroni for Mayor of Teramo.
On the occasion of the 2024 regional election in Abruzzo, AP reached an electoral agreement with the League.
# Anthony David Barnosky

Anthony David Barnosky is an ecologist, geologist and biologist (paleoecology). He was Professor at the Department of Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley until his retirement. His research is concerned with the relationship between climate change and mass extinctions.

## Life

Barnosky graduated in 1974 with a bachelor's degree in geology from Colorado College. This was followed by a master's degree (1980) and a Ph.D. (1983) in Earth Sciences at the University of Washington. He is married to Elizabeth A. Hadly, who works in the same field.

## Work

His work on tipping elements in the Earth System has led Barnosky to work for clearer efforts in climate policy to make possible the two-degree target for increase in average temperature rise. Barnosky stresses that climate change is a major cause of displacement and the cause of the current mass extinction.
A key concern is the concept of "tipping point"
   Localized ecological systems are known to shift abruptly and irreversibly from one state to another when they are forced across critical thresholds. Here we review evidence that the global ecosystem as a whole can react in the same way and is approaching a planetary-scale critical transition as a result of human influence. The plausibility of a planetary-scale 'tipping point' highlights the need to improve biological forecasting by detecting early warning signs of critical transitions on global as well as local scales, and by detecting feedbacks that promote such transitions. It is also necessary to address root causes of how humans are forcing biological changes.
# Republican Party of South Sudan

The Republican Party of South Sudan was a political party in the Republic of South Sudan.

## Origins

The Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM), the governing party of South Sudan, fractured in December 2013, leading to the civil war, which killed thousands and forced a large number of people to seek refuge in neighbouring countries. The party was formed on 22 June 2017 by senior officials who have split from the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) faction allied to President Salva Kiir.

## History

Former governor of the defunct Warrap state, Lewis Anei Madut, was heavily endorsed to be the party's new chairman. The new party's deputy chairman and secretary general were also elected at the same meeting of the founding members. Speaking at the official launch of the party, Lewis Anei Madut said "the Republican Party of South Sudan is a non-violent political organization formed after being inspired by the call to unite the country along a political party that aspires for equal rights of all the people of South Sudan.

## Members
### Elected officials

* Chairman: Lewis Anei Madut - Former governor of the now defunct state Warrap
* Deputy Chairman:
* Secretary General:
* Party Lawyer: Philip Manyok Kuol

### Founding members

* Anthony Agiem Akot
* John Garang Dau USA-Chapter
* Salva Kiir
* Paul Malong Awan
* Kuol Manyang
# Katie Bray

Katie Emily Bray (born 23 January 1987) is an English coloratura mezzo-soprano and is best known as the winner of the Dame Joan Sutherland Audience Prize at the BBC Cardiff Singer of the World in 2019. She is particularly noted for her baroque repertoire.

## Early life and education

Bray was born on 23 January 1987 in Exeter, Devon, England. She was educated at St Margaret's School in Exeter until 2005 and went on to study at the University of Manchester, graduating in 2008. She then went onto study opera as a post-graduate at the Royal Academy of Music, where she was taught by Elizabeth Ritchie and Iain Ledingham, and finished her studies at the academy in 2012 having won an Alfred Alexander Scholarship and been recipient of The Karaviotis Scholarship.

## Professional career

In 2013, Bray made her debuts with Glyndebourne Festival Opera and English Touring Opera. Bray has also performed with Opera North, English National Opera, Scottish Opera, Welsh National Opera, Garsington Opera, Opera Holland Park, English Touring Opera and Irish National Opera. Bray has also performed in concert halls and festivals around the United Kingdom, such as Wigmore Hall, Cadogan Hall, the Holywell Music Room and St George's, Hanover Square. She has also performed recitals in many song festivals that include the City of London Festival, the London English Song Festival and the Oxford Lieder Festival.

### Repertoire

* Hansel - Hansel and Gretel
* Rosina - The Barber of Seville
* Varvara - Káťa Kabanová
* Louis XV Chair/Female Cat/Owl - L'enfant et les sortilèges
* Lola - Cavalleria rusticana
* Nancy - Albert Herring
* Daughter - Akhnaten
* Lucilla - La scala di seta
* Zerlina - Don Giovanni
* Zulma - L'italiana in Algeri
* Zaida - Il turco in Italia
* Mallika - Lakmé
* Zenobia - Radamisto
* Minerva - Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria
* Satirino - La Calisto
* Charlotte - Werther

### Competitions and awards

* Alfred Alexander Scholarship and recipient of The Karaviotis Scholarship
* Major van Someren-Godfrey Prize for English Song (2009)
* Elena Gerhardt Lieder Prize (2010)
* Audience Prize in the Handel Singing Competition (2010)
* Third prize in the Jackdaws Vocal Award (2010)
* Sir Thomas Armstrong Prize
* Opera Prize in the Mozart International Singing Competition (2011)
* Third prize overall in Mozart International Singing Competition (2011)
* At the Royal Academy of Music she received the Principal's Prize and first prize in the Richard Lewis Singing Competition (2011)
* Represented England in the BBC Cardiff Singer of the World competition, where she won the Dame Joan Sutherland Audience Prize (2019)

## Discography

Bray appears on
* David Matthews: Symphony No. 7 & Vespers (2014)
* Mahler: Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen (arr. Schoenberg) (2015)
* Rückert Lieder: Robert & Clara Schumann (2016)
# The Hayseeds' Melbourne Cup

The Hayseeds' Melbourne Cup is a 1918 Australian rural comedy from director Beaumont Smith. It was the fourth in his series about the rural family, the Hayseeds, and centers on Dad Hayseed entering his horse in the Melbourne Cup.
It is considered a lost film.

## Synopsis

Dad Hayseed buys a horse for £20 called Cornstalk and it starts winning so many local races he decides to enter it in the Melbourne Cup. He is accompanied by his son Jim (the trainer), cousin Harold (jockey) and Mum Hayseed. Jim falls in love with an actress, and Mum has a nightmare about washing steps of Parliament House. On the race day, Mum boils a billy at Flemington and Cornstalk wins the race despite the efforts of a crooked bookmaker.

## Cast

* Fred MacDonald as Jim Hayseed
* Tal Ordell as Dad Hayseed
* Harry McDonna as Cousin Harold
* Gladys Leigh as Mrs Hayseed
* Guy Hastings
* Ethel Grist
* Mattie Ive
* Jessie Dale
* Driscoll

## Production

Each of the first four Hayseeds movies had been filmed in a different state to maximise box-office appeal. This one was shot in Melbourne Victoria in November 1917. It included footage from the real 1917 Melbourne Cup Carnival, as well as Parliament House, Flinders Street Station, Collins Street, Bourke Street, and the stables belonging to famous horse trainer James Scobie.
It was followed by Townies and Hayseeds.
# Mount Otemanu

Mount Otemanu is a mountain located in the South Pacific, on the island of Bora Bora. With an elevation of 727 metres (2,385 ft) above sea level, it is the highest point of the island. Mount Otemanu is an extinct volcano. The mountain serves a major tourist attraction in Bora Bora for both hiking and picture taking. The island is centered around its peak although there are no major settlements or inhabitants that occupy the mountain. It is next to the smaller Mount Pahia.
# Environmental Policy Center JIIS

The Environmental Policy Center is a center established with the support of the Charles H. Revson Foundation as part of The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. Its headquarters are in the Rehavia neighborhood of Jerusalem, Israel.
The center draws up policy papers on environmental issues such as Israel's endangered cliff shores, sustainable development and the creation of metropolitan parks.
# The Coining House, Segovia

The Coining House is a former royal mint in Segovia, Spain, which dates back to the 1500s. Today, it is a museum dedicated to coins, industrial heritage and Segovia's famous aqueduct.

## History

The royal mint was a coining factory that Philip II ordered to be built in the end of 1580. He was aware of the new rolling and coining system in which the involvement of the use of machinery and devices were moved by hydraulic wheels. The hydraulic wheels technique had been already operating in several cities in Europe. Archduke Ferdinand of Tyrol managed to get all the equipment necessary in order for the king to proceed. The coining house was the first mechanized factory in Spain.
In 1582, a team of experts travelled to Spain from the Austrian territory of Tyrol in search for the most fitting location in which they could construct the building that would stock the machinery. The property chosen was owned by Antonio de San Millán and was located on the banks of the Eresma River. Previously, the property was used to grind cereal and to fabricate paper. The construction of the new building began on November 7, 1583 in which they used plans drawn from Juan de Herrera, who at that time was considered the most famous Spanish architect. Together, Herrera, the king, and the German technicians met at the old mill to mutually decide the upcoming procedures.
The technology was updated in the 18th century with the introduction of the flywheel press.
During the Napoleonic Wars the mint fell under the control of Joseph Bonaparte. With the restoration of Fernando VII coins were minted for him and his successors until the deposition of Isabel II: the last coining was in 1869.

## Architecture

It was built in the 16th century, commissioned by Philip II to one of the most important architects, Juan Herrera. The first draft of the construction was made by Juan Herrera and a group of tyroleans that were sent by the archduke and since then the place has stayed almost intact. It is an industrial building located between the Eresma river and The garden of Poets. The building was in a state of deterioration after its manufacturing inactivity from 1968 on. There has been a long rehabilitation process that started in 1998 with the governments protocol of collaboration to commence rehabilitation but the project was actually executed between 2007 and 2011.

## Current state

The building was sold and from 1878, it was transformed into a flour factory. The flour production continued until November 1967, and from then on the building was abandoned, sold, and then acquired in 1989 by the municipality. On February 14, 2007, the rehabilitation began. Today, the Royal Mill Mint is the jewel of the Spanish Mints and is considered to be the oldest industrial architecture sign still standing around the world.
# Nishitetsu 3000 series

The Nishitetsu 3000 series (西鉄3000形) is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the private railway operator Nishi-Nippon Railroad (Nishitetsu) in Japan since 2006.

## Formations

The trains are formed as two-car, three-car, and five-car formations. As of 2021, the fleet consists of eight two-car sets, eight three-car sets, and four five-car sets (60 vehicles in total), formed as shown below.

### Two-car sets

| Designation | Mc | Tc |
| Numbering | 31xx | 35xx |
| Capacity (seated/total) | 44/118 | 44/118 |
The Mc car has two single-arm pantographs.

### Three-car sets

| Designation | Tc1 | M | Tc2 |
| Numbering | 30xx | 33xx | 35xx |
| Capacity (seated/total) | 44/118 | 56/131 | 44/118 |
The M car has two single-arm pantographs.

### Five-car sets

| Designation | Tc1 | M1 | T | M2 | Tc2 |
| Numbering | 30xx | 33xx | 34xx | 36xx | 35xx |
| Capacity (seated/total) | 44/118 | 56/131 | 56/131 | 56/131 | 44/118 |
The M1 and M2 cars each have two single-arm pantographs.

## Interior

Passenger accommodation consists of transverse 2+2 abreast seating with seat backs that can be flipped over to face the direction of travel.
* Interior view

## History

Introduced in 2006, the 3000 series was the first stainless steel bodied design introduced by Nishitetsu.
A further two two-car sets (3119 and 3120) were delivered in January 2016.
# Hyloscirtus hillisi

Hyloscirtus hillisi is a species of tree frog native to the Cordillera del Cóndor in Ecuador at elevations of 6,532 to 7,001 feet (1,991 to 2,134 m). The species is in danger of extinction.

## Description

The adult male frog measures 66.7-72.3 mm in snout-vent length and the adult female frog about 65.8 mm long.
The frog is dark brown with orange flecks across its body. The amount of these flecks vary in number. This allows them to blend in with their environment. They have a claw at the sides of their thumbs. This may allow them to puncture the skin of competitors or predators.

## Habitat

This frog lives in forests with many short woody plants about 1.5 m tall. There are trees there too, about 10–15 m tall. Scientists found tadpoles and young frogs in ponds near the river.

## Etymology

The species was named after American-Danish biologist, David Hillis.
# John Yu Shuinling

John Yu Shuinling (Chinese: 裕勛齡; pinyin: Yù Xūnlíng; Wade–Giles: Yü Hsün-ling; 1874 – 1944), often referred to as John Shuinling (also spelt Shung-Ling), was a Hanjun Plain White bannerman who served as second secretary in the Qing-dynasty Embassy in France. He was also an engineer and worked as director of the power station of Summer Palace, and a photographer notably for taking numerous photographs of the Empress Dowager Cixi.

## Biography

Born in an upper-class family, he was the elder son of Yu Keng [fr], a high-ranking Manchu official, and Louisa Pierson, a Chinese-American woman of mysterious antecedents. He had three siblings, one brother Charles Yu Hsingling, two younger sisters, Lizzie Yu Der Ling and Nellie Yu Roung Ling. They all received Western education in American missionary school. The British diplomat Sir Robert Hart described them as "a noisy family of English-speaking children, were fluent also in Japanese and French".$^{:52}$
From 1899 to 1902, he served as second secretary in the Qing-dynasty Embassy in France, where his father held a diplomatic post. The Yu siblings led a cosmopolitan life in Paris, they socialised, frequented the theatre and performed at their parents' parties. The weekly magazine Armée et Marine reported that the four children of Minister Yu Keng "superbly performed" an English comedy in three acts at a soirée organised by their father.
In March 1901, the Yus threw a fancy dress ball at the Chinese Embassy to celebrate Chinese New Year, at which Shuinling was costumed as Pluto, his siblings Hsingling, Roung Ling and Der Ling, were dressed respectively as Napoleon, Prince Charming and a doll in the fairy tale.
He became an amateur photographer during his stay in Paris. After the Yus' return to China, from 1903 to 1905, he took a large number of photographs of the Empress Dowager Cixi with a camera from Europe. More than half of the negatives are now held by the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.
In 1936, he wrote an afterword for the Chinese translation of Der Ling's Imperial Incense, at the invitation of its translator Chin Shou-ou [zh]. Not much is known about his later life, he died in 1944.

## In popular culture

* In the 2006 television series Princess Der Ling, John Shuinling was played by Xu Jian.
# Kyalanur

Kyalanur is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Kolar taluk of Kolar district in Karnataka.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Kyalanur had a population of 6493 with 3406 males and 3087 females. pin code 563102
# Mazhin Rural District

Mazhin Rural District (Persian: دهستان ماژين) is in Mazhin District of Darreh Shahr County, Ilam province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Meydan Khalaf. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Mazhin, now a city.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 3,166 in 619 households. There were 2,827 inhabitants in 680 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 1,250 in 348 households. The most populous of its 24 villages was Meydan Khalaf, with 327 people.
# SOTM

SOTM may refer to:

## Entertainment

* Secrets of the Moon, a black metal band from Osnabrück, Germany.
* Sentinels of the Multiverse, a cooperative card game.
* Sentinels of the Multiverse: The Video Game, a video game based on the previous card game.
* "SOTM", a 2014 song by Teebs off the album Estara

## Transportation

* Satcom On The Move (SotM), the ability for a vehicle to maintain a satellite communication while moving
* Solosche Tramweg Maatschappij (SoTM), a rail company; see List of railway companies in the Dutch East Indies

## Other uses

* State of the Map, a kind of regular event organised by OpenStreetMap contributors around the world.
* State of the Municipality address, a version of the State of the City address, a speech by the mayor or city manager about the condition of the municipality