OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# May Qoqah

The May Qoqah is a river of the Nile basin. Rising on the Ts’ats’en plateau of Dogu’a Tembien in northern Ethiopia, it flows northward to empty finally in the Giba and Tekezé River.

## Characteristics

It is a confined bedrock river, with an average slope gradient of 90 metres per kilometre. The river has cut a gorge in the surrounding basalt.

## Flash floods and flood buffering

Runoff mostly happens in the form of high runoff discharge events that occur in a very short period (called flash floods). These are related to the steep topography, often little vegetation cover and intense convective rainfall. The peaks of such flash floods have often a 50 to 100 times larger discharge than the preceding baseflow. The magnitude of floods in this river has however been decreased due to interventions in the catchment. Physical conservation structures such as stone bunds and check dams also intercept runoff.
Observing that, in rivers with coarse bedload, gabion check dams were destroyed by abrasion, boulder-faced log dams were installed transversally across this torrent. They were embedded in the banks of torrent, 0.5–1 m above the bed, and their upstream sides were faced with large rocks. Such dams lead to temporary water ponding, spreading of peak flow over the entire channel width, and sediment deposition. After testing under extreme flow conditions (including two heavy storms) it appeared that 60% of the dams resisted strong floods, particularly in the upper segment of the river. Neighbouring farmers appreciate such structures to control first-order torrents with coarse bed load because the technique is cheap and can be easily installed.

## Irrigated agriculture in Hamute

Besides springs and reservoirs, irrigation is strongly dependent on the river's baseflow. Such irrigated agriculture is important in meeting the demands for food security and poverty reduction. Irrigated lands are established at the outlet of the gorge in Hamute.

## Boulders and pebbles in the river bed

Boulders and pebbles encountered in the river bed can originate from any location higher up in the catchment. In the uppermost stretches of the river, only rock fragments of the upper lithological units will be present in the river bed, whereas more downstream one may find a more comprehensive mix of all lithologies crossed by the river. From upstream to downstream, the following lithological units occur in the catchment.
* Upper basalt
* Interbedded lacustrine deposits
* Lower basalt
* Amba Aradam Formation

## Trekking along the river

Trekking routes have been established across and along this river. The tracks are not marked on the ground but can be followed using downloaded .GPX files. Trek 7 partly follows the river and allows visiting the log dams.
# Laura K. Boyer

Laura Kate Boyer is a clinical assistant professor at the Science and Technology Studies Department at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

## Background

In 1991, Boyer received her BA (Cum Laude) in Geography and Psychology at Macalester College in Saint Paul, Minnesota. She received her MA in Human Geography at the University of British Columbia in 1994. In 2001, Boyer received her PhD in Human Geography at McGill University. In 2014 she became a lecturer in Human Geography in the School of Planning and Human Geography at Cardiff University.; As a professor, she specializes in urban studies, public policy, science and technology studies, as well as feminism and other social theories.

## Published works

* 1996 - Boyer, Laura K. What's a Girl Like You Doing in a Place Like This? A Geography of Sexual Violence in Early 20th Century Vancouver. Urban Geography, #4, pp. 286–293 (1996).
* 1998 - Boyer, Laura K. Place and the Politics of Virtue: Clerical Work, Corporate Anxiety, and Changing Meanings of Public Womanhood in Early Twentieth-Century Montreal. Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, Vol. 5, #3 pp. 261–276 (1998).
* 2001 - Boyer, Laura K. and Lawrence, Catherine. Performance Management in the New World of Welfare. Quicker, Better, Cheaper?: Managing Performance in American Government, Ed. Dall Forsythe (Albany, NY) State University of New York Press, 2001.
* 2003 - Boyer, Laura K. At Work, At Home? New Geographies of Ethnicity, Gender, Work, and Care-Giving under Welfare Reform. Space and Polity, Vol. 7, #1, pp. 75–86 (2003).
* 2003 - Boyer, Laura K. 'Neither Forget Nor Remember Your Sex': Sexual Politics in the Early Twentieth-Century Canadian Office. The Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 29, #3 (2003).
* 2004 - Boyer, Laura K. 'Miss Remington' Goes to Work: Gender, Space and Technology at the Dawn of the Information Age. The Professional Geographer (May 2004).
# Empress Zhang (Later Qin)

Empress Zhang (張皇后, personal name unknown) was an empress of the Qiang-led Later Qin dynasty of China. Her husband was Yao Xing (Emperor Wenhuan).
There is a scroll in the San Diego Museum of Art's collection, named "Ordination Scroll of Empress Zhang" which narrates the imperial ordination of Empress Zhang.
Very little is known about Empress Zhang. She was promoted to empress from the imperial consort title Zhaoyi (昭儀) in 402. No further reference was made to her in history, including when she died or whether she had any children.
# Peltogyne mexicana

Peltogyne mexicana is a species of tree that belongs to the family Fabaceae. Members of the genus Peltogyne are commonly known in different regions as purpleheart, morao, nazareno, violeta, pau roxo, or palo morado. The genus Peltogyne is neotropical and is made up of 23 species. Peltogyne mexicana occurs in Guerrero, Mexico, and is one of the northernmost species in the genus.
Many of the vernacular names derive from the characteristic of the color of the wood, which is unusually purple in the center. The coloration darkens and intensifies with exposure to air and ultraviolet (UV) light; if it is put in water for a few hours, the purple color changes to intense black. Peltogyne mexicana is considered a precious wood.

## Classification and description

The flowers are grouped in inflorescences, from 5 to 8 cm, with peduncles and densely ferruginous-pubescent pedicels. The flowers are white, aromatic, 8 mm in diameter, with the surface covered with beautiful whitish; with four sepals of which only three are visible outside the button, slightly violet or chestnut colored, 3 mm; with five elliptical petals 5 mm long by 2 to 2.5 wide; with 10 stamens, of which five are greater than 7 mm and alternate with the others (5 to 6 mm), are all fertile, with white filaments. The fruit is oblique, compressed, from 3 to 4 cm, with the apex rounded. It is usually covered by a kind of very sticky sap. It flowers in August and is pollinated by insects.

## Distribution and environment

This tree was reported as a new botanical species by Maximino Martínez in 1960.
The distribution of P. mexicana is in Guerrero, Mexico. P. mexicana is a geographic outlier, with most other members of the genus found in South America.

## Wood

This species is prized for its beautiful heartwood which, when cut, quickly turns from a light brown to a rich purple color. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light darkens the wood to a brown color with a slight hue of the original purple. This effect can be minimized by treating cut wood with a finish or sealant containing a UV inhibitor. The dry timber is very hard, stiff, and dense with a specific gravity of 0.86 (860 kg/m$^3$ or 54 lb/cu ft). Purpleheart is correspondingly difficult to work with.

### Uses and hazards

Purpleheart is prized for use in fine inlay work, especially on musical instruments, guitar fret boards, woodturning, cabinetry, flooring, and furniture. The timber is also valuable in applications that require toughness, such as truck decking.
Exposure to the dust, generated by cutting and sanding purpleheart, can cause irritation and nausea, possibly due to the presence of dalbergione (neoflavonoid) compounds in the wood, limiting purpleheart's use for crafts. Purpleheart is also a fairly expensive wood, which is why it is usually used in smaller-scale projects.

## State of conservation

This species has a category of Endangered species (A) according to NOM-059-ECOL-2010, caused in part by overexploitation and deforestation and compounded by its slow growth.

## Gallery

* Example of P. mexicana heartwood
# Sophie Opel

Sophie Marie Opel also referred to as Mother Opel (née Scheller; February 13, 1840 - October 30, 1913) was a German industrialist. Under her management and controlling interest Opel transformed from manufacturing sewing machines and bicycles to automobiles.

## Early life and education

Opel was born Sophie Marie Scheller on February 13, 1840, in Dornholzhausen, Grand Duchy of Hesse, German Empire, to Friedrich Franz Scheller and Susanna Maria Scheller (née Fischer). She had 13 siblings. Her parents were innkeepers and operated the inn "zum Hirschen" which her father purchased in 1828. She attended the local schools where she also learned the French language.

## Career

After marrying into the Opel family, she would soon be involved and participating in the Adam Opel works of her husband. However, initially her dowry wouldn't be lavish, as the Scheller family was not wealthy. In 1869, her father, Friedrich Scheller, won 100,000 Thalers in the Lottery of the Duchy of Brunswick which he split between his surviving ten children. Sophie Opel invested her stake in the company of her husband which ultimately led to the purchase of a new steam engine. Her sisters Dorothée and Elise Scheller also invested in the Adam Opel works in Rüsselsheim and she managed the transformation from sewing machine and bicycle production to an automobile factory. After the death of her spouse and company owner Adam Opel in 1895 she became biggest shareholder and with two of her sons she developed the company to a leading European car company. In 1895 the firm already had over 1,000 employees.

## Personal life

On November 17, 1868, she married Adam Opel, the founder of Opel. They resided on the industrial land of the factory in Rüsselsheim and had five sons;
* Georg Adolf Carl "Carl" (August 31, 1869 - February 16, 1927)
* Wilhelm Albert "Wilhelm" (May 15, 1871 - May 2, 1948)
* Heinrich Adam "Heinrich" (September 22, 1873 - May 25, 1928)
* Friedrich Franz "Fritz" (April 30, 1875 - August 30, 1938)
* Ludwig (January 1, 1880 - April 16, 1916)
Sophie Opel died on October 30, 1913, from heart failure aged 73. She was buried in Rüsselsheim am Main.

## Literature

* Gerta Walsh: Sophie Opel – Unternehmerin im 19. Jahrhundert. In: Hessische Heimat. Heft 2/1992, S. 68–70
# Maki Gingoyon

Maki Yurong Gingoyon (born 1990) is a Filipino transgender model, beauty queen, transgender activist, and businesswoman. She is the co-founder and chief operating officer of My Transgender Date.

## Early life and education

Gingoyon was born in Cebu City, Philippines. She graduated from University of San Carlos in 2009 with a Bachelor of Science in Psychology.
Starting in 2009, Gingoyon worked in a call center for four years. She lived as a woman during this time, however she was made to use the male bathroom, a situation which frustrated her.

## Pageantry

She was named Queen of Cebu Universe in 2010 at the age of 21. She won the title of Super Sireyna of the Sky on Eat Bulaga's 2013 weekly finals.
After a nine-year break from pageants, Gingoyon entered as the 10th contestant for Miss International Queen Philippines 2023.

## My Transgender Date

In 2013, Gingoyon and French businessman Cyril Mazur founded My Ladyboy Date, with its initial focus in Asia, as a space for trans women. In 2014, they launched My Transsexual Date, a second brand for My Ladyboy Date intended for a global audience. Both were available in 9 languages and had registered members from 190 countries in 2015. By 2020, 1 million users had joined, and over 100 million messages had been exchanged. My Transsexual Date was renamed My Transgender Date in 2021, to be more inclusive.

## Personal life

Gingoyon is a transgender woman and uses she/her pronouns.
# 3 Baruch

3 Baruch or the Greek Apocalypse of Baruch is a visionary, pseudepigraphic text written some time between the fall of Jerusalem to the Roman Empire in 70 AD and the third century AD. Scholars disagree on whether it was written by a Jew or a Christian, or whether a clear distinction can be made in this era. It is one of the Pseudepigrapha, attributed to the 6th-century BC scribe of Jeremiah, Baruch ben Neriah, and does not form part of the biblical canon of either Jews or Christians. It survives in certain Greek manuscripts, and also in a few Old Church Slavonic ones.

## Content

Like 2 Baruch, this Greek Apocalypse of Baruch describes the state of Jerusalem after the sack by Nebuchadnezzar in 587 BC and discusses how Judaism can survive when the temple is no longer in existence. It frames this discussion as a mystical vision granted to Baruch ben Neriah. Also like 2 Baruch, 3 Baruch argues that the Temple has been preserved in heaven and is presented as fully functional and attended by angels; thus there is no need for the temple to be rebuilt on earth. This third book of Baruch addresses the question of why God permits good people to suffer, and answering with a vision of the afterlife in which sinners and the righteous get their just rewards.
During the vision, Baruch is shown various heavens, there witnessing the punishment of the builders of the "tower of strife against God" (perhaps the Tower of Babel); a serpent named Hades who drinks from the sea; and other such marvels, until he is finally stopped by a locked gate at the fifth heaven, which only the archangel Michael has the ability to open.
The builders of the "tower of strife" are described in terms that could be regarded as demonic – with the faces of cattle, horns of sheep, and feet of goats; while those who commanded them to build it are punished eternally in a separate heaven where they are reincarnated in the forms of dogs, bears or apes. Baruch also witnesses a phoenix, which the text portrays as a massive singular bird that protects the earth from the rays of the sun.

## Origins

Lee asserts that the text was originally written in Greek by someone with a Semitic background. Other scholars find significant that the Old Church Slavonic versions do not contain the Christian overtones of the Greek text and conclude that the extant Greek text represents a rewriting in the Christian age.
# George Griffin (butler)

George H. Griffin was an African-American born into slavery in Baltimore, Maryland in 1849. In 1874, as a free man, Griffin came to work for Samuel L. Clemens (a.k.a. Mark Twain). Details of Griffin's early life remain largely unknown, but there is much information about Griffin's later life, primarily from Clemens's letters and unpublished memoirs. For example, according to Clemens' unpublished manuscript A Family Sketch, Griffin "was a Maryland slave by birth; the Proclamation set him free, & as a young fellow he saw his fair share of the Civil War as body servant to General Devens".
Griffin was a Deacon in the Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Church, active political leader, and family man. He married servant Rhoda Marrian Hayes about 1871, Hartford, Connecticut. He was remembered as having a knack for making money and lending funds back to the African American community. Clemens describes him as:
   ...handsome, well built, shrewd, wise, polite, always good-natured, cheerful to gaiety, honest, religious, a cautious truth-speaker, devoted friend to the family, champion of its interests.... He was the peace-maker in the kitchen—in fact the peace-keeper, for by his good sense & right spirit & mollifying tongue he adjusted disputes in that quarter before they reached the quarrel-point.
Griffin worked as the Clemens' family butler for 17 years and appears to have been very close to the family (even after Griffin purchased a house in the city, he maintained a room at Clemens's home in Hartford). This was the period in which Clemens wrote Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and Griffin may have been an inspiration for the character Jim, one of two major characters in the novel. He died in 1897.
# Donald Braben

Donald W. Braben is a British author and Honorary Professor in the Office of the Vice-Provost (Research), University College London.

## Education

Braben was educated at the University of Liverpool where he was awarded a PhD in 1962 for work on Isotopes of sodium.

## Research

Braben is a well-known advocate of academic freedom, blue skies research, and the culture of science. Braben is the author of "To Be a Scientist: The Spirit of Adventure in Science and Technology", (OUP 1994), Pioneering Research: A Risk Worth Taking (Wiley 2004) and Scientific Freedom: The Elixir of Civilization (Wiley 2008), Promoting the Planck Club. How defiant youth, irreverent researchers and liberated universities can foster prosperity indefinitely (Wiley 2014). Scientific Freedom: The Elixir of Civilisation was republished by Stripe Press in 2020 with a new Introduction. Braben is now trying to persuade universities to recreate the considerable success he has had with the BP sponsored Venture Research Unit (1980–90), and later at University College London (2009 - ). Venture Research is the research that has a good chance of radically changing the way we think in an important field and is selected in face-to-face discussion.
# Hommel

Hommel is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Christian Hommel (born 1981), German ice hockey player
* Conrad Hommel (1883–1971), German painter
* Flora Hommel (1928–2015), American childbirth educator
* Fritz Hommel (1854–1936), German Orientalist
* Jane Franklin Hommel (1878–1946)
* Johann Hommel (1518–1562), German astronomer and mathematician
* Sascha Hommel (born 1990), German motorcycle racer
* Ulrich Hommel

## Other uses

* Hommel (crater), a lunar crater, named for Johann Hommel
* Hummel (instrument) (variant spelling), Northern European box zither
# Martha Sonntag Bradley-Evans

Martha Sonntag Bradley-Evans (born June 18, 1951) is an American academic who is a professor in the College of Architecture and Planning at the University of Utah. She was the president of the Mormon History Association. Bradley-Evans is also the author of several books, and is known for her history of Mormon feminism.

## Early life

Martha Sonntag Bradley was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, on June 18, 1951. She had three brothers. Bradley-Evans is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

## Career

Bradley-Evans was the president of the Mormon History Association. Bradley-Evans was also the co-editor of Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. The journal encouraged members of the LDS Church to freely express their opinions and promoted discussion of various topics.
Bradley-Evans taught at Brigham Young University (BYU) in the history department, where she was awarded a teaching excellence award. She resigned from BYU in July 1993.
Bradley-Evans began teaching at the University of Utah in 1994, where she has spent most of her career. She was awarded the Distinguished Teaching Award, the Bennion Center Service Learning Professorship, the University Professorship, the Sweet Candy Distinguished Honors Professor Award and the Student's Choice Award among other honors for her teaching. She was appointed the dean of the honors college at the University of Utah in 2002 and served in that position until 2011. She became the associate vice president of academic affairs and the dean of undergraduate studies in 2011. In 2020, the University of Utah awarded Bradley with the Rosenblatt Prize, the highest honor given to a faculty member.

## Personal life

Bradley-Evans has six children. She married Robert Evans in 2002; he died in 2013.
# Penis (disambiguation)

The penis is the male sex organ.
Penis or PENIS may also refer to:
* Proton-enhanced nuclear induction spectroscopy
* Penis Park (Haesindang Park), on the east coast of South Korea
* Penis Song, by Monty Python

## Biology

* Penis fish (disambiguation)
** Urechis caupo, a species of spoon worm in North America
** Urechis unicinctus, a species of spoon worm in East Asia
* Penis plant, several plants
* Penis snake (Atretochoana)
* Penis worm (Priapulida)
# Daniele Altobelli

Daniele Altobelli (born 18 March 1993) is an Italian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Serie D club Sarnese.

## Career

He made his professional debut in the Lega Pro for Frosinone on 7 October 2012 in a game against Avellino.
On 2 September 2019, he joined Feralpisalò on loan.
On 3 October 2020, he signed a two-year contract with Catanzaro.
On 5 January 2021, he moved to Arezzo.
On 27 July 2021, he joined Juve Stabia.
# Osyris alba

Osyris alba, common name osyris, is a small perennial plant in the genus Osyris belonging to the Santalaceae family.

## Description

Osyris alba is a semiparasitic (hemiparasitic) broom-like shrub reaching 30–150 cm (12–59 in) in height. The stem is woody, brown or dark green, sometimes creeping on the ground. This plant has numerous longitudinally striated branches, green when young. The leaves are linear, lanceolate, coriaceous, and persistent, although sometimes deciduous. They are about 15–35 mm (0.59–1.38 in) long and 1–5 mm (0.039–0.197 in) wide. They are produced during the winter, while in summer they are almost totally absent. The flowers are hermaphroditic or unisexual; in the latter case, the male and female flowers show differences associated with the timing of pollination. They are very small (1 or 2 mm), with four yellow-green tepals and four stamens. Flowering period extends from March to June. The fruits are small, red, fleshy drupes, 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) in diameter. Their roots form haustoria that tap into the roots of nearby plants and extract their sap.

## Distribution

The species is widespread in all countries of the Mediterranean basin, from Portugal to Turkey. It is present in western Asia and in North Africa from Morocco to Tunisia and Libya.

## Gallery

* Plant of O. alba
* In bloom
* Flowers spike
* O. alba with fruits
* Leaves
* Fruits and seeds
# Dudenevo, Vologda Oblast

Dudenevo (Russian: Дуденево) is a rural locality (a village) in Yurovskoye Rural Settlement, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 1 as of 2002.

## Geography

Dudenevo is located 18 km northwest of Gryazovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Mokeyevo is the nearest rural locality.