OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# RAF Jurby Head

RAF Jurby Head is a former Royal Air Force air weapons range, on the north west coast of the Isle of Man. The range operated between 1939 and 1993.

## History

As part of the RAF Expansion Scheme the Manx Government was approached by the Air Ministry in 1937 with a view to establishing an Aircraft Armament Training Camp for air crew in the sparsely populated Parish of Jurby. This opened as RAF Jurby in September, 1939.

### World War II

As operations at RAF Jurby commenced, the station was re-designated as the No. 5 Bombing and Gunnery School and saw the arrival of various aircraft to undertake the training sorties such as the Bristol Blenheims and Armstrong Whitworth Whitleys which would undertake their practice missions on the ranges operated by RAF Jurby Head.

### Post World War II

Following the end of the Second World War the RAF began its post-war period of contraction, and on 17 September 1946, No. 5 Air Navigation School moved out from RAF Jurby and transferred to RAF Topcliffe in Yorkshire. This was followed by the transfer of No. 11 Air Gunnery School following which most of the bombing and gunnery ranges were closed.
In the late 1940s RAF Jurby Head oversaw the use of a new air weapons range, which stretched along the shoreline 8 miles (13 km) from Bluepoint to Ballabane and 6 miles (9.7 km) out to sea. Bombing practices were carried out at sea with the use of dummy bombs, including inert nuclear weapons. From 1956 - 1965 the range was operated by personnel from 1243 Signals Unit, Royal Air Force.
Many weapon types were used at Jurby Head ranging in weight up to 1,000 lbs. The range was used during 1982 by Vulcan bombers of the RAF Waddington Wing, comprising aircraft from Nos 44, 50 and 101 Squadrons, as part of their practice bombing sorties for Operation Black Buck.
The main user of the range was the United States Air Force (USAF), but the RAF and other NATO air forces used the range regularly. In addition the range was also used in the 1950s by personnel of 515 (Isle of Man) L.A.A. Royal Artillery (T.A.) for training exercises with 40mm Bofors guns.

### Closure

With the ending of the Cold War and the subsequent reduction of USAF operations in Europe the requirement for RAF Jurby Head reduced significantly and the station closed on 6 July 1993. At the time it was the smallest RAF station in the British Isles, staffed by eight military and two civilian personnel.
During the latter lifetime of its operation RAF Jurby Head became the focus of protest from the Isle of Man Branch of the Celtic League. Today the area of the bombing range is still a source of concern regarding environmental issues. Ordnance periodically continues to be washed ashore onto adjacent beaches or brought up in fishing nets.
# Spruce (disambiguation)

Spruce are trees in the genus Picea.
Spruce may also refer to:

## Places

In the United States:
* Spruce, Michigan, an unincorporated community
* Spruce, Dickinson County, Michigan, former train depot
* Spruce, Missouri
* Spruce, Wisconsin, a town
** Spruce (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
* Spruce Township, Minnesota

## People

* Andy Spruce (born 1954), Canadian ice hockey player
* Edward Caldwell Spruce (1865–1922), English sculptor
* Everett Spruce (1908–2002), American painter
* George Spruce (1923–1998), English professional football player
* Nelson Spruce (born 1992), American football player
* Richard Spruce (1817–1893), English botanist and explorer
* Stuart Spruce (born 1971), English rugby league player
* Tabitha Spruce (born 1949), American author

## Media

* The Spruce, a website about home and food, published by Dotdash Meredith
# Spurlock (surname)

Spurlock is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Delbert Spurlock (born 1941), American lawyer and government official
* Hugh L. Spurlock, namesake of the Hugh L. Spurlock Generating Station
* Isabella S. Davis Spurlock (1843–1906), American philanthropist
* Jeanne Spurlock (1921–1999), American psychiatrist, professor and author
* J. David Spurlock (born 1959), American author, illustrator, and editor, founder of Vanguard Productions
* Kirby Lee Spurlock (1893–1977), American college football player
* Micheal Spurlock (born 1983), American football coach and player
* Morgan Spurlock (1970–2024), American filmmaker
* James "Toofer" Spurlock, fictional TV series character, see list of 30 Rock characters
* William R. and Clarice V. Spurlock, namesakes of the Spurlock Museum
# Spurline

The spurline is a type of radio-frequency and microwave distributed element filter with band-stop (notch) characteristics, most commonly used with microstrip transmission lines. Spurlines usually exhibit moderate to narrow-band rejection, at about 10% around the central frequency.
Spurline filters are very convenient for dense integrated circuits because of their inherently compact design and ease of integration: they occupy surface that corresponds only to a quarter-wavelength transmission line.

## Structure description

It consists of a normal microstrip line breaking into a pair of smaller coupled lines that rejoin after a quarter-wavelength distance. Only one of the input ports of the coupled lines is connected to the feed microstrip, as shown in the figure below. The orange area of the illustration is the microstrip transmission line conductor and the gray color the exposed dielectric.
Where $\lambda _{g}$ is the wavelength corresponding to the central rejection frequency of the bandstop filter, measured - of course - in the microstrip line material. This is the most important parameter of the filter that sets the rejection band.
The distance between the two coupled lines can be selected appropriately to fine-tune the filter. The smaller the distance, the narrower the stop-band in terms of rejection. Of course that is limited by the circuit-board printing resolution, and it is usually considered at about 10% of the input microstrip width.
The gap between the input microstrip line and the one open-circuited line of the coupler has a negligible effect on the frequency response of the filter. Therefore, it is considered approximately equal to the distance of the two coupled lines.

## Printed antennae

Spurlines can also be used in printed antennae such as the planar inverted-F antenna. The additional resonances can be designed to widen the antenna bandwidth or to create multiple bands, for instance, for a tri-band mobile phone.

## History

A spurline filter was first proposed by Schiffman and Matthaei in stripline form in 1964. Bates adapted the design for microstrip in 1977. Nguyen and Hsieh improved the analysis for microstrip implementations in 1983.
# List of moths of Australia (Epermeniidae)

This is a list of the Australian moth species of the family Epermeniidae. It also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full List of moths of Australia.

## Epermeniinae

* Agiton idioptila Turner, 1926
* Epermenia commonella Gaedike, 1968
* Epermenia exilis Meyrick, 1897
* Epermenia tasmanica Gaedike, 1968
* Epermenia trileucota Meyrick, 1921
* Paraepermenia santaliella Gaedike, 1968

## Ochromolopinae

* Gnathifera acacivorella (Gaedike, 1968)
* Gnathifera aphronesa (Meyrick, 1897)
* Gnathifera australica (Gaedike, 1968)
* Gnathifera bidentata (Gaedike, 1968)
* Gnathifera bipunctata (Gaedike, 1968)
* Gnathifera eurybias (Meyrick, 1897)
* Gnathifera opsias (Meyrick, 1897)
* Gnathifera paraphronesa (Gaedike, 1968)
* Gnathifera paropsias (Gaedike, 1972)
* Gnathifera pseudaphronesa (Gaedike, 1972)
* Gnathifera queenslandi (Gaedike, 1968)
* Gnathifera uptonella (Gaedike, 1968)
* Ochromolopis cornutifera (Gaedike, 1968)
The following species belongs to the subfamily Ochromolopinae, but has not been assigned to a genus yet. Given here is the original name given to the species when it was first described:
* Epermenia epispora Meyrick, 1897
* Epermenia xeranta Meyrick, 1917
# R. grandis

R. grandis may refer to:
* Rangea grandis, a frond-like fossil from the Precambrian era
* Rhagio grandis, a predatory snipe fly species in the genus Rhagio
* Richeria grandis, the bois bande, a tree species found in the Caribbean Islands
* Rhabdornis grandis, the long-billed creeper, long-billed rhabdornis or grand rhabdornis, a bird species endemic to Luzon Island in the Philippines

## Synonyms

* Rhinophis grandis, a synonym for Uropeltis smithi, a snake species found in India
# List of municipalities of the Province of Latina

The following is a list of the 33 municipalities (comuni) of the Province of Latina, Lazio, Italy.

## List

| ISTAT Code | Comune | Population (2005) |
| 059001 | Aprilia | 62,471 |
| 059002 | Bassiano | 1,664 |
| 059003 | Campodimele | 703 |
| 059004 | Castelforte | 4,484 |
| 059005 | Cisterna di Latina | 33,035 |
| 059006 | Cori | 10,802 |
| 059007 | Fondi | 34,910 |
| 059008 | Formia | 36,688 |
| 059009 | Gaeta | 21,522 |
| 059010 | Itri | 9,198 |
| 059011 | Latina | 111,946 |
| 059012 | Lenola | 4,130 |
| 059013 | Maenza | 3,055 |
| 059014 | Minturno | 18,288 |
| 059015 | Monte San Biagio | 6,117 |
| 059016 | Norma | 3,851 |
| 059017 | Pontinia | 13,476 |
| 059018 | Ponza | 3,242 |
| 059019 | Priverno | 13,744 |
| 059020 | Prossedi | 1,253 |
| 059021 | Roccagorga | 4,471 |
| 059022 | Rocca Massima | 1,096 |
| 059023 | Roccasecca dei Volsci | 1,186 |
| 059024 | Sabaudia | 17,463 |
| 059025 | San Felice Circeo | 8,218 |
| 059026 | Santi Cosma e Damiano | 6,667 |
| 059027 | Sermoneta | 7,073 |
| 059028 | Sezze | 22,835 |
| 059029 | Sonnino | 7,070 |
| 059030 | Sperlonga | 3,219 |
| 059031 | Spigno Saturnia | 2,810 |
| 059032 | Terracina | 42,475 |
| 059033 | Ventotene | 688 |
| | Total | 519,850 |
# List of marine molluscs of Australia

Marine molluscs of Australia are a part of the molluscan fauna of Australia.
Marine molluscs include saltwater snails, clams and other classes of Mollusca.

## Gastropoda

* Tonna tankervillii (Hanley, 1860)
# St. Elmo (Columbus, Georgia)

St. Elmo is a historic residence on the National Register of Historic Places, located in MidTown Columbus, Georgia at 2808 18th Avenue.

## Overview

Colonel Seaborn Jones drew all the plans for his home and called it El Dorado, land of beauty. The house was begun in 1828 and completed in 1833. The materials used to build this house, with the exception of the marble and the mahogany, were taken from the property itself. A small lake now fills the place where the clay was removed. To this El Dorado, Colonel Seaborn Jones brought his wife and children, a daughter and a son, in 1833. In 1833, Henry L. Benning, an aspiring young lawyer, wrote a friend: "Above all things (I advise if you desire ease and happiness) marry. Marry a lady of accomplishment, i.e. worth $100,000. It will be better than quibbling. I am anxious to experiment at least." In 1839, Benning, for whom Fort Benning is named, married Colonel Seaborn Jones's daughter.
Many historic personages were entertained at El Dorado among them were President Millard Fillmore, President James K. Polk, Henry Clay, General Winfield Scott, and Edwin Booth. Also, here Mrs. Jones's niece, Augusta Jane Evans Wilson, finished her celebrated novel, St. Elmo. In 1878, the home was purchased by Captain and Mrs. James J. Slade who changed its name to St. Elmo in honor of the novel which it had inspired.

## Fire

At approximately 2:00 p.m. on October 5, 2011, a fire broke out in the basement wine cellar of St. Elmo. Apparently started by a single candle, the fire did extensive damage to the structure, but was repaired.
# Spring Creek Township, Phelps County, Missouri

Spring Creek Township is an inactive township in Phelps County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
Spring Creek Township takes its name from Spring Creek.
# R298 road (Ireland)

The R298 road is a regional road in Ireland linking the R297 road near Enniscrone with the N59, entirely in County Sligo. The R298 is 4.9 km (3.0 mi) long.
# R299 road (Ireland)

The R299 road is a regional road in Ireland linking the N4 and R280 roads in County Leitrim. The road is 7.8 kilometres (4.8 mi) long northbound, shorter southbound.
# R294 road (Ireland)

The R294 road is a regional road in counties Roscommon, Mayo, and Sligo in Ireland. It connects the N4 road near Boyle to the N26 and N59 roads in Ballina, 66 kilometres (41 mi) away (map).
The government legislation that defines the R294, the Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012 (Statutory Instrument 54 of 2012), provides the following official description:
    Boyle, County Roscommon — Tobercurry, County Sligo — Ballina, County Mayo
    Between its junction with N4 at Kilbryan and its junction with N61 at Carrick Road in the town of Boyle via Warren all in the county of Roscommon
    and
    between its junction with N61 at Bridge Street in the town of Boyle in the county of Roscommon and its junction with N17 at Station Road Tobercurry in the county of Sligo via Patrick Street in the town of Boyle; and Mocmoyne in the county of Roscommon: Mullaghroe, Gorteen, Rathmadder, Knocknaskeagh, Quarryfield; Emmett Street, Wolfe Tone Square and Teeling Street at Tobercurry in the county of Sligo
    and
    between its junction with N17 at Circular Road Tobercurry in the county of Sligo and its junction with N59 at Cathedral Road in the town of Ballina via Station Road at Tobercurry; Drummartin and Largan in the county of Sligo: Bunnyconnellan, Behy and Ardnaree in the county of Mayo: and Abbey Street in the town of Ballina.
    and
    between its junction with N59 at Emmet Street and N59 at Teeling Street in the town of Ballina via Bridge Street O’Rahilly Street and Bury Street (and via Garden Street and Tone Street) in the town of Ballina.
# R358 road

R358 road may refer to:
* R358 road (Ireland)
* R358 road (South Africa)
# R35 (South Africa)

The R35 is a provincial route in Mpumalanga, South Africa that connects Amersfoort with Middelburg via Morgenzon and Bethal. The R35 used to connect with the N3 near Ladysmith, but the portion of the road from Amersfoort onwards is now part of the N11.

## Route

The R35 begins in Amersfoort, at a junction with the N11 national route.$^{:22}$ It begins by going westwards as Sybrand van Niekerk Street before turning towards the north-west. It crosses the Vaal River 25 kilometres from Amersfoort before bending northwards.
It enters Morgenzon from the south as De Jager Street and reaches a junction with the R39 road (Steyn Street).$^{:22}$ It joins the R39 eastwards up to the second junction, where it becomes the road northwards and proceeds to cross the Blesbokspruit and Kwaggalaagte rivers.
Entering Bethal from the south, it reaches a t-junction with the N17 national route and joins it to be co-signed northwards through the town centre.$^{:22}$ At the junction with Simon Street, the R38 route joins the N17/R35 co-signage northwards. At the sixth junction afterwards, the R35 and R38 split from the N17 to become the road eastwards. After one kilometre, the R35 splits from the R38 to become its own road northwards. After eleven kilometres, the R35 meets the south-eastern terminus of the R544 road from Witbank.
The R35 continues northwards, crossing the Olifants River and Leeuwfontein and then is intersected at a t-junction by the R542 at Komati.$^{:30}$ Continuing northwards, it interchanges with the N4 freeway (Maputo Corridor) just south of Middleburg to become Samora Machel Street.$^{:30}$ It heads northwards to reach its end at a junction with Cowen Ntuli Street (N11;$^{:30}$ R555; R104) in the Middelburg CBD.
# Raffaelea ellipticospora

Raffaelea ellipticospora is a mycangial fungus, first isolated from female adults of the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus.
# Pitcairnia alexanderi

Pitcairnia alexanderi is a species of flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae, endemic to eastern Ecuador, where it is known from only three subpopulations in Morona-Santiago Province. It grows in Amazonian forest habitat, and it is threatened by deforestation. It was first described by Harry Edward Luther in 1991 as Pepinia alexanderi.
# Rotthalmünster

Rotthalmünster (Central Bavarian: Rotthalmünsta) is a municipality in the district of Passau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Notable people

* Konrad Dobler, German athlete
# Stenoptilia tyropiesta

Stenoptilia tyropiesta is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from Ethiopia.
# Solid-state laser

A solid-state laser is a laser that uses a gain medium that is a solid, rather than a liquid as in dye lasers or a gas as in gas lasers. Semiconductor-based lasers are also in the solid state, but are generally considered as a separate class from solid-state lasers, called laser diodes.

## Solid-state media

Generally, the active medium of a solid-state laser consists of a glass or crystalline "host" material, to which is added a "dopant" such as neodymium, chromium, erbium, thulium or ytterbium. Many of the common dopants are rare-earth elements, because the excited states of such ions are not strongly coupled with the thermal vibrations of their crystal lattices (phonons), and their operational thresholds can be reached at relatively low intensities of laser pumping.
There are many hundreds of solid-state media in which laser action has been achieved, but relatively few types are in widespread use. Of these, probably the most common is neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG). Neodymium-doped glass (Nd:glass) and ytterbium-doped glasses or ceramics are used at very high power levels (terawatts) and high energies (megajoules), for multiple-beam inertial confinement fusion.
The first material used for lasers was synthetic ruby crystals. Ruby lasers are still used for a few applications, but they are no longer common because of their low power efficiencies. At room temperature, ruby lasers emit only short pulses of light, but at cryogenic temperatures they can be made to emit a continuous train of pulses.
The second solid-state gain medium was uranium-doped calcium fluoride. Peter Sorokin and Mirek Stevenson at IBM's laboratories in Yorktown Heights (US) experimented with this material in the 1960s and achieved lasing at 2.5 μm shortly after Maiman's ruby laser.
Some solid-state lasers can be made tunable by using intracavity etalons, prisms, gratings, or a combination of these. Titanium-doped sapphire is widely used for its broad tuning range, 660 to 1080 nanometers. Alexandrite lasers are tunable from 700 to 820 nm and yield higher-energy pulses than titanium-sapphire lasers because of the gain medium's longer energy storage time and higher damage threshold.

## Pumping

Solid state lasing media are typically optically pumped, using either a flashlamp or arc lamp, or by laser diodes. Diode-pumped solid-state lasers tend to be much more efficient and have become much more common as the cost of high-power semiconductor lasers has decreased.

## Mode locking

Mode locking of solid-state lasers and fiber lasers has wide applications as large-energy ultra-short pulses can be obtained. There are two types of saturable absorbers that are widely used as mode lockers: SESAM, and SWCNT. Graphene has also been used. These materials use a nonlinear optical behavior called saturable absorption to make a laser create short pulses.

## Applications

Solid state lasers are used in research, medical treatment, and military applications, among others.
# Ramodatodes sericeum

Ramodatodes sericeum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Villiers in 1982.
# 2019 Liuzhou Open – Men's doubles

Gong Maoxin and Zhang Ze were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.
Mikhail Elgin and Denis Istomin won the title after defeating Nam Ji-sung and Song Min-kyu 3–6, 6–4, [10–6] in the final.

## Seeds

* André Göransson / Christopher Rungkat (quarterfinals)
* Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan / Adil Shamasdin (first round)
* Nam Ji-sung / Song Min-kyu (final)
* Sadio Doumbia / Fabien Reboul (first round)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | A Göransson C Rungkat | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | F Sun Wu Hao | 3 | 2 | | 1 | A Göransson C Rungkat | 7$^7$ | 4 | [8] | | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Davidovich Fokina E López Pérez | 3 | 2 | | PR | M Elgin D Istomin | 6$^2$ | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | |
| PR | M Elgin D Istomin | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | PR | M Elgin D Istomin | 6 | 3 | [10] | | | | | |
| 4 | S Doumbia F Reboul | 3 | 6$^6$ | | | | | | | | T Matsui V Vardhan | 4 | 6 | [7] | | | | | |
| | T Matsui V Vardhan | 6 | 7$^8$ | | | T Matsui V Vardhan | 6 | 6$^4$ | [12] | | | | | | | | | | |
| | C Eubanks K Uchida | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | C Eubanks K Uchida | 2 | 7$^7$ | [10] | | | | | | | | | | |
| | S Diez M Safwat | 6$^1$ | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | PR | M Elgin D Istomin | 3 | 6 | [10] |
| | N Barrientos Z Li | 2 | 6 | [9] | | | | | | | | | | | 3 | J-s Nam M-k Song | 6 | 4 | [6] |
| WC | X Gao A Wang | 6 | 4 | [11] | WC | X Gao A Wang | 4 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | Wang Huixin Xiao Linang | 2 | 3 | | 3 | J-s Nam M-k Song | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | J-s Nam M-k Song | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 3 | J-s Nam M-k Song | 6 | 6 | | | | | | |
| | D-h Lee G Oliveira | 4 | 2 | | | | | | | | Y Bai Y-s Chung | 3 | 4 | | | | | | |
| | Y Bai Y-s Chung | 6 | 6 | | | Y Bai Y-s Chung | 7$^7$ | 4 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | |
| | I Sabanov M Sabanov | 6 | 6 | | | I Sabanov M Sabanov | 6$^5$ | 6 | [8] | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | J Nedunchezhiyan A Shamasdin | 4 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Looking on Darkness

Looking on Darkness is the debut CD of accordionist Frode Haltli, released on ECM New Series in 2002. The CD received a 'Norwegian Grammy' (Spellemannprisen) in the category Contemporary Music, as well as the French 'Prix Gus Viseur 2003'. In addition to Haltli the CD features the Vertavo String Quartet on one of the tracks. The CD is produced by Manfred Eicher.

## Track listing

* Bent Sørensen: Looking on Darkness (2000)
* PerMagnus Lindborg: Bombastic SonoSofisms (1996)
* Maja Solveig Kjelstrup Ratkje: gagaku variations, for accordion and string quartet (2001)
* Magnus Lindberg: Jeux d'anches (1990)
* Asbjørn Schaathun: Lament (2000)
# Reigate College

Reigate College is a state college in Reigate, Surrey, England, for students aged 16–19. The college occupies part of the town centre between the High Street and railway station.
Reigate College was graded by Ofsted as "Outstanding" in 2008.

## Curriculum

The college offers predominantly GCE AS/A level and BTEC two-year courses, with provision for students to enrol on an Intermediate Programme (pre- A Level) and GCSE re-sit courses.

## Feeder schools

Recruiting or drawing from up to 100 state and independent schools each year, the college serves as a dedicated sixth form to seven partner schools: Oakwood School, Reigate School, Carrington School, de Stafford School, Merstham Park School, The Priory CofE School Dorking and The Beacon School

## Visual arts

The Visual Arts Centre came into use in September 2002 and was formally opened by Dame Judi Dench in May 2003.

## Independent learning centres (ILCs)

The main ILC is located in the new Independent Learning centre building, on the ground and first floor, with wheelchair access by lift. It contains the library as well as a computer suite. Students can find books using the online catalogue, which also tells students whether the book is available or out on loan.

## Notable alumni

* Norman Cook, musician (also known as Fatboy Slim)
* Natasha Desborough, author and radio personality
* Michael Greco, actor
* Guy and Howard Lawrence, of Disclosure
* Jessie Mei Li, actress
* Hinako Omori, musician
* Ethan Pinnock, footballer
* Dan Noble, Radio Presenter
* Jake Roche, singer and former actor (a part of Push Baby)
* Faye White, former England football captain