OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Area 12 (band)

Area 12 is a melodic punk rock band from Bogotá, Colombia. The band was founded in 1998 as a school project. They started out playing in small bars and venues in Bogotá. It was not an easy start, full of adversity. They contributed meaningfully to the creation of a Punk Rock scene in the city. They are considered to be one of the pioneer bands of Colombian punk rock. Their influences include punk rock, melodic punk, Latin punk and hard core punk. They have been strongly influenced by bands such as NOFX and Bad Religion. They have reached a mature and diverse sound over the years, creating their own lyric and musical style. They have performed with bands such as Ska-p, Die toten hosen, MxPx, Voodoo Glow Skulls, and Joey Cape from Lagwagon.

## History

The band was founded by Roberto Perez and his brother Jose Perez in 1998. They recorded their first EP called Live it my way in 1999. In 2000 and 2001, they participated in two main punk rock compilation albums in Colombia: Neo travel kit and Neobox Punk Compilation. The band released their first album in 2002. Un alto en el camino consolidated Area 12 as one of the most relevant Colombian bands. With a difficult underground market and more than 5000 copies sold, the band released their second album No me vas a joder in 2005. After touring around the country, Area 12 recorded the song Aquí Estaré. The song reached the radio after participating in a contest organized by Radioakctiva, Hard Rock Cafe Bogota and CityTv Bogota. They started a local tour with Radioacktiva and also recorded the Rock and Gol opening theme, which made part of this popular radio sport show, and opened the doors to international concerts. They celebrated 10 years of musical career in 2008. After one of the founder members left the band, Area 12 released their third album Desaparecidos in 2009. This album was mastered in Los Angeles and was a trampoline for the band and they were invited to play along with international bands. In 2012 they released the EP El fin de la ciudad which included a crude video about the situation in Bogotá.

## Discography
### Studio albums

* Live it my way (1999)
* Un alto en el amino (2002)
* No me vas a joder (2005)
* Desaparecidos (2009)
* El fin de la ciudad (2012)

### Compilation albums

* Neo Travel Kit (2000)
* Neobox Punk Compilation (2001)
* Tribulo a la Polla Records (2003)
* Louder Heart (2007)
* Radioacktiva Lo Mejor del Planeta Rock (2007)

### Single

* Aquí Estaré (2007)
* Yo no soy pirata (2009)
* El fin de la ciudad (2012)

## Members

* Roberto Perez - Lead vocals and lead guitar
* Jose David Perez - Drums
* Ivan Urrea - Rhythm guitar
* Carlos Cortes - Bass
# Monochromatic triangle

In graph theory and theoretical computer science, the monochromatic triangle problem is an algorithmic problem on graphs, in which the goal is to partition the edges of a given graph into two triangle-free subgraphs. It is NP-complete but fixed-parameter tractable on graphs of bounded treewidth.

## Problem statement

The monochromatic triangle problem takes as input an n-node undirected graph G(V,E) with node set V and edge set E. The output is a Boolean value, true if the edge set E of G can be partitioned into two disjoint sets E1 and E2, such that both of the two subgraphs G1(V,E1) and G2(V,E2) are triangle-free graphs, and false otherwise. This decision problem is NP-complete.

## Generalization to multiple colors

The problem may be generalized to triangle-free edge coloring, finding an assignment of colors to the edges of a graph so that no triangle has all three edges given the same color. The monochromatic triangle problem is the special case of triangle-free edge-coloring when there are exactly two colors available. If there exists a two-color triangle-free edge coloring, then the edges of each color form the two sets E1 and E2 of the monochromatic triangle problem. Conversely, if the monochromatic triangle problem has a solution, we can use one color for E1 and a second color for E2 to obtain a triangle-free edge coloring.

## Connection to Ramsey's theorem

By Ramsey's theorem, for any finite number k of colors, there exists a number n such that complete graphs of n or more vertices do not have triangle-free edge colorings with k colors. For k = 2, the corresponding value of n is 6. That is, the answer to the monochromatic triangle problem on the complete graph K$_6$ is no.

## Parameterized complexity

It is straightforward to express the monochromatic triangle problem in the monadic second-order logic of graphs (MSO$_2$), by a logical formula that asserts the existence of a partition of the edges into two subsets such that there do not exist three mutually adjacent vertices whose edges all belong to the same side of the partition. It follows from Courcelle's theorem that the monochromatic triangle problem is fixed-parameter tractable on graphs of bounded treewidth. More precisely, there is an algorithm for solving the problem whose running time is the number of vertices of the input graph multiplied by a quickly-growing but computable function of the treewidth.
# Salua, Paschim Medinipur

Salua is a village, in Kharagpur I CD Block in Kharagpur subdivision of Paschim Medinipur district in the state of West Bengal, India.

## Geography
### Location

Salua is located at 22°16′21.7″N 87°17′35.9″E﻿ / ﻿22.272694°N 87.293306°E﻿ / 22.272694; 87.293306.

### Area overview

Kharagpur subdivision, shown partly in the map alongside, mostly has alluvial soils, except in two CD blocks in the west – Kharagpur I and Keshiary, which mostly have lateritic soils. Around 74% of the total cultivated area is cropped more than once. With a density of population of 787 per km$^2$nearly half of the district’s population resides in this subdivision. 14.33% of the population lives in urban areas and 86.67% lives in the rural areas.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Demographics

As per 2011 Census of India Salua had a total population of 4,430 of which 2.463 (56%) were males and 1,967 (44%) were females. Population below 6 years was 515. The total number of literates in Salua was 3,915 (88.37% of the population over 6 years).
.* For language details see Kharagpur I#Language and religion

## Transport

SH 5 running from Rupnarayanpur (in Bardhaman district) to Junput (in Purba Medinipur district) passes through Salua.

## Air Force Station

Air Force Station Salua is a radar station of Indian Air Force. It had an air-field during World War II and was in use from 1942 to 1946.
# Merello

Merello is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Eugenio Merello (born 1940), Italian former water polo player
* Rubaldo Merello (1872–1922), Italian painter and sculptor
* Tita Merello (1904–2002), Argentine actress, dancer and singer
# Aciurina lutea

Aciurina lutea is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Aciurina of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

United States.
# Lotta Fountain

Lotta Fountain is a 1939 fountain and sculpture by artist Katharine Lane Weems and architects J. W. Ames and E. S. Dodge. It is installed along Boston's Charles River Esplanade in the U.S. state of Massachusetts.

## Description and history

The granite structure is approximately 10 x 20 x 15 ft. and functions as a drinking fountain. It features a square column topped with seated dog, and a spout on the base depicting the head of a cat. The work was surveyed as part of the Smithsonian Institution's "Save Outdoor Sculpture!" program in 1997.
* Dog sculpture
* Inscription and spout
# Méchant Pouce River

The rivière Méchant Pouce (in English: Bad Tumb River) flows in the municipalities of Saint-Marcel (MRC of L'Islet Regional County Municipality) and Sainte-Apolline-de-Patton (MRC de Montmagny Regional County Municipality), in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, in Canada.
The confluence of the Méchant Pouce river forms the head of the Bras Saint-Nicolas which flows north-west, then south-west, to flow onto the south-east bank of the rivière du Sud (Montmagny); the latter flows north-east to the south shore of the St. Lawrence River.

## Geography

The main neighboring watersheds of the Méchant Pouce river are:
* north side: Bras Saint-Nicolas;
* east side: Bras d'Apic, outlet of the Lac des Roches;
* south side: Fortin stream;
* west side: Cloutier River, Fortin stream.
The Méchant Pouce river takes its source from mountain streams, north-west of Violon Lake (altitude: 426 metres (1,398 ft)), in the Notre Dame Mountains. Violon Lake straddles the townships of Arago Saint-Marcel and Patton Sainte-Apolline-de-Patton. Rather, this lake is drained by the Rocheuse River (hydrographic slope of the Great Noire River).
From its source, the Méchant Pouce river flows over 8.3 kilometres (5.2 mi), divided into the following segments:
* 0.3 kilometres (0.19 mi) west in Saint-Marcel, up to the municipal limit of Sainte-Apolline-de-Patton;
* 2.9 kilometres (1.8 mi) northwesterly, to the northern limit of the township of Patton;
* 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) towards the north-west, crossing an area of marshes, up to the route de l'Esperance;
* 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) north-west, up to its confluence.
The Méchant Pouce river flows on the south bank of Bras Saint-Nicolas which flows north-west, then south-west to flow on the south-east bank of rivière du Sud (Montmagny). The confluence of the Méchant Pouce river is located in the hamlet of L'Espérance.

## Toponymy

This unusual name appears on a map of the township of Bourdages, drawn up in 1876.
The toponym Rivière Méchant Pouce was made official on December 5, 1968, at the Commission de toponymie du Québec.

## List of bridges

| Sleepers | Municipality (ies) | Year of construction | Road | Length | Bridge type |
| Bridge 05062 | Sainte-Apolline-de-Patton | 1945 | Route of Hope | 14.1 metres (46 ft) | Steel-timber bridge |
| Private deck | Sainte-Apolline-de-Patton | | Forest road | | Steel-wood bridge |
| Bridge 11718 | Sainte-Apolline-de-Patton | | Monk section | | Steel-wood bridge | - |
# Mboshi languages

The Mboshi languages are a clade of Bantu languages coded Zone C.20 in Guthrie's classification. According to Nurse & Philippson (2003), apart from Kyba (Kuba), the languages form a valid node. They are:
    Kwala, Mbosi, Koyo, Akwa, Mboko
Maho (2009) adds Bwenyi.
# The Barn Sessions

The Barn Sessions is a studio album by American reggae rock band State Radio. It consists mostly of reworkings of songs from their previous record, Us Against the Crown, plus two previously unreleased tracks.

## Track listing

* State I and I (State Inspector) – 4:18
* Black Cab Motorcade – 3:50
* People to People – 4:41
* Olli Olli – 3:44
* Calvados Chopper – 6:42
* Right Me Up – 6:16
* Rushian – 2:46
* Camilo – 7:17
* Diner Song – 4:09
* Give You All My Time to Save – 3:28
# Mark Perry (impressionist)

Mark Perry (born Phillip Perry) is a British impressionist and his notable impressions include David Dickinson, John Prescott and Robin Cook. Perry is known for playing various public figures in Dead Ringers and 2DTV.
In 2007 he appeared in the radio comedy Bleak Expectations. He has won several awards, including a Sony Radio Award for Dead Ringers (2000), a BAFTA for Double Take and Golden Rose of Montreux for 2DTV. He can also be seen as an extra playing a Gallifreyan Guard in the 1983 Doctor Who story Arc of Infinity. He was recently heard as Gerry (temporary chairman of the board of directors of Borchester Land) in the BBC Radio 4 soap The Archers.
Perry is involved with the charities NCH and The Heritage Foundation.
# Mittonia

Mittonia is a genus of snout moths described by Paul Ernest Sutton Whalley in 1964.

## Species

* Mittonia carcassoni Whalley, 1964
* Mittonia hampsoni (Distant, 1897)
# Arthur Magugu

Arthur Kinyanjui Magugu (1934 – 15 September 2012) was a Kenyan politician who served as Minister for Finance from 1982 to 1988. He was a beneficiary of the Kennedy Airlift in 1959. As a KANU MP he represented the Githunguri Constituency from 1969 to 1988, and from 2002 to 2007.
# Salvia prunelloides

Salvia prunelloides, synonyms including Salvia forreri and Salvia glechomifolia, is a perennial native to Mexico. It was named in 1817 by Carl Sigismund Kunth for its similarity to Prunella vulgaris.
Salvia prunelloides is a small procumbent plant with nodules on its roots that spreads through underground runners. The lax stems are less than 1 foot long, with small trowel-shaped leaves that reach up to 1.25 inches long by 0.75 inches wide, with a 0.5 inch petiole. The leaves give off a faint hay-like aroma when brushed. Flowering is sporadic, with 0.5 inch periwinkle-blue flowers that grow in tight whorls at the end of the inflorescence. The flower's upper lip is hooded and small, with the lower lip three times as long. The lower lip has faint white markings leading to the pollen inside.
As of April 2024, Salvia glechomifolia was regarded as a synonym of Salvia prunelloides, but has been described as a separate species, taller than S. prunelloides with longer 1 inch blue-violet flowers.
# Tajuria ister

Tajuria ister, the uncertain royal, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Asia.

## Subspecies

* Tajuria ister ister (Assam, Burma, possibly Thailand)
* Tajuria ister tussis Druce, 1895 (Peninsular Malaya, Borneo, possibly Sumatra)
# Messapus

Messapus, (Greek: Μέσσαπος, Messapos) a character in Virgil's Aeneid, appears in Books VII to XII of the Latin epic poem. He was a son of Neptune, a famous tamer of horses, and king of Etruria, known for being one "whom no one can fell by fire or steel" (Mandelbaum, VII.911-912).

## Narrative

Although accustomed to peace, in Book VII Messapus joins forces with Turnus in his battle against Aeneas and the Trojans. Book VIII lists him as one of Turnus' chief captains, along with Ufens and Mezentius.
In Book IX, which recounts the nighttime raid by Nisus and Euryalus on the Rutulian camp, the battle helmet of Messapus is taken by Euryalus. Light reflected off the stolen helmet, betraying Euryalus to his enemies and leading not only to his own death, but also that of Nisus.
Messapus fought in battle in Book X, killing Clonius, and Ericetes son of Lycaon. In Book XI, he led a cavalry charge alongside Coras and Camilla.
Book XII again lists Messapus as one of the captains of the armies, described as "brilliant in gold and purple". He threw a spear at Aeneas, taking the top off his helmet, and enraging him. At the height of the battle, Messapus and Atinas alone held the Rutulian line at the gates of Laurentum. A truce was called for Turnus and Aeneas to fight in single combat, but the Rutulians break the truce. Messapus, eager to stop the duel, charged on horseback towards Etruscan king Aulestes, who tripped and fell onto an altar and pleaded for his life. Messapus stabbed him with his spear, saying "He's had it, this nobler victim given to the mighty gods!"

## Inspiration

Virgil adapted a myth from Greek poetry to create Messapus, namely the Greek mythological figure Cycnus, who was a son of Poseidon. Virgil also "borrowed" the property of invulnerability from Cycnus and attributed it to Messapus.
# Arlene Stein

Arlene Stein is an American sociologist and author best known for her writing about sex and gender, the politics of identities, and collective memory. She is Distinguished professor of sociology at Rutgers University where she directs the Rutgers University Institute for Research on Women. Stein has also taught at the University of Essex and at the University of Oregon.

## Early life and education

Stein grew up in New York City and graduated from the Bronx High School of Science. She attended Amherst College from which she received her BA in History in 1980. She studied at University of California, Berkeley where she obtained an MA in 1985 and a PhD in sociology in 1993. Stein identifies as a lesbian. She is the daughter of Holocaust survivors from Poland.

## Scholarship

Stein's work explores intersections among personal and political change, particularly how marginalized and traumatized people narrate experiences. Stein draws on feminist theory, symbolic interactionism, psychoanalytic theory, and queer theory. She employs interviewing and ethnographic research methods. Her 1997 Sex and Sensibility traces accounts by women engaged in feminist and gay/lesbian movements noting challenges to the culturally dominant medical definitions of lesbianism. Stein's 2018 Unbound explores new varieties of masculinity that challenge feminist notions of gender. The Stranger Next Door focuses on a town in the United States Pacific Northwest that passed a ballot initiative designed to outlaw gay/lesbian rights. Stein establishes that opposition to LGBT rights in the United States became a way to constitute Christian fundamentalism, and illustrates ways that conservative social movements construct knowledge and shape public opinion about sexuality. Reluctant Witnesses examines the rise of Holocaust consciousness in the United States. It draws on interviews and participant observation with Holocaust survivors and their children to describe how the Holocaust became widely discussed and understood.

## Awards

Stein received the American Anthropological Association's Ruth Benedict Prize in 2001 for her second monograph, The Stranger Next Door: The Story of a Small Community’s Battle over Sex, Faith, and Civil Rights. In 2006, Stein received the American Sociological Association Simon and Gagnon Lifetime Achievement Award for her career contribution to the study of sexualities.

## Other publications

* Stein, Arlene (2006). Shameless: Sexual Dissidence and American Culture. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0814740286.
* Stein, Arlene; Daniels, Jessie (2017). Going Public: A Guide for Social Scientists. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226364780.
# San Marcuola

The church of San Marcuola is a religious building facing the Grand Canal and located in the sestiere of Cannaregio in Venice, Italy. It is dedicated to the saints Hermagoras and Fortunatus ("Marcuola" is a Venetian contraction of "Ermacora"). Palazzo Memmo Martinengo Mandelli is a neighboring building.

## History

The present church was first erected in the 12th century. Major reconstruction was designed by Antonio Gaspari, and completed in 1730-1736 by Giorgio Massari. The facade was never completed. The church has a large collection of statues by Gaetano Susali, and paintings by Francesco Migliori. It has a Last Supper by Jacopo Tintoretto on the left side of the apse.
For the right side, Tintoretto painted Christ Washing the Disciples' Feet but it is now at either Museo del Prado in Madrid or the Shipley Art Gallery.
Its place at San Marcuola is occupied now by a copy by Carlo Ridolfi.
The grave of 18th century German composer Johann Adolph Hasse is located in San Marcuola.
The church gives its name to the San Marcuola vaporetto stop on the Grand Canal.

## Sources

* Brusegan, Marcello. Le chiese di Venezia. Newton Compton.
* Massari, Antonio (1971). Giorgio Massari architetto veneziano del Settecento, Vicenza. Neri Pozza. pp. 51–54.
# Markov reward model

In probability theory, a Markov reward model or Markov reward process is a stochastic process which extends either a Markov chain or continuous-time Markov chain by adding a reward rate to each state. An additional variable records the reward accumulated up to the current time. Features of interest in the model include expected reward at a given time and expected time to accumulate a given reward. The model appears in Ronald A. Howard's book. The models are often studied in the context of Markov decision processes where a decision strategy can impact the rewards received.
The Markov Reward Model Checker tool can be used to numerically compute transient and stationary properties of Markov reward models.

## Continuous-time Markov chain

The accumulated reward at a time t can be computed numerically over the time domain or by evaluating the linear hyperbolic system of equations which describe the accumulated reward using transform methods or finite difference methods.
# Mariya Borodayevskaya

Mariya Borisovna Borodaevskaya, née Kessenikh (9 December 1911, Tbilisi – 11 November 1994, Moscow) was a doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences, professor, specialist in gold and copper deposits. She was an Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Commander of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour, two Orders of the Badge of Honour and other government awards, veteran of Central Scientific Research Geological Prospecting Institute of Non-ferrous and Precious Metals.

## Life

Mariya Kessenikh was born on 9 December 1911 in Tbilisi. She studied at the Leningrad Mining Institute. In 1934, Kessenikh graduated from the Moscow State Geological Prospecting Institute. She began her professional career at the All-Union Institute of Mineral Resources, then worked for some time at the Serkavzoloto trust, and two years later, in 1936, became an employee of the newly created Scientific Research Geological Prospecting Institute of Gold.
Kessenikh married Nikolay Borodaevsky. Together they researched the Berezovsky gold deposit and co-authored first scientific works. In 1949, Borodaevskaya defended her doctoral dissertation on the role of magmatism in the formation of gold deposits. She became the first doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences at NIGRIZoloto and soon has become a recognized expert on gold. She was also a chief specialist of the Mingeology of the USSR on copper.
During 1954-1972 Borodaevskaya was a Head of the Department of Geology at Central Scientific Research Geological Prospecting Institute of Non-ferrous and Precious Metals combining all geological research on gold, copper and diamonds. For many years, she was the curator of the USSR Ministry of Geology, the chairman of expert commissions on all-Union and mineral-raw material problems. From 1972 to 1982, Borodaevskaya headed the Department of geology, forecasting methods and prospecting for copper deposits.
She became the author and co-author of more than 200 scientific papers, including several monographs. More than 20 employees defended their candidate dissertations under her supervision, she was an opponent of a number of doctoral dissertations.
Mariya Borodayevskaya died on 11 November 1994 and was buried in Moscow at the Ostankino Cemetery.

## Awards

* Order of the October Revolution
* Order of the Red Banner of Labour
* Two Orders of the Badge of Honour