OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# List of riots in Singapore

Part of a series on the :
History of Singapore :
Early history (pre-1819) Srivijaya 650–1377 Temasek, Long Ya Men, Ban Zu c.14th century Kingdom of Singapura 1299–1398 Malacca Sultanate 1400–1511 Johor Sultanate 1528–1819 :
British colonial era (1819–1942) Founding 1819–1826 Straits Settlements 1826–1867 Crown colony 1867–1942 :
Japanese Occupation (1942–1945) Fall of Singapore 1942 Sook Ching 1942 Double Tenth incident 1943 :
Post-war period (1945–1962)First Legislative Council 1948–1951Maria Hertogh riots 1950Second Legislative Council 1951–1955Anti-National Service Riots 1954 :
Internal self-government (1955–1963) Hock Lee bus riots 1955 Singapore Glass Factory strikes 1960 Pulau Senang prison riots 1963 :
Merger with Malaysia (1963–1965) Singaporean referendum 1962Operation Coldstore 1963Race riots in Singapore 1964MacDonald House bombing 1965 :
Republic of Singapore (1965–present)ASEAN Declaration (ASEAN) 19671969 race riots of Singapore 1969Laju incident 1974Operation Spectrum 1987Asian financial crisis 1997Embassies attack plot 2001H1N1 pandemic 2009–2010Bus drivers' strike 2012Little India riot 20132018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit 2018COVID-19 pandemic 2020–2022 :
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Riots in Singapore have been documented since the former British colony became part of the Straits Settlements in 1826. In the present day, under the penal code, rioting refers to the unlawful gathering of five or more people where force or violence is used by any member of the assembly; an affray is committed if two or more people fight in a public place. The below describes serious rioting cases.

## Singapore in Straits Settlements

Singapore in Straits Settlements (1826-1946)
* 15 – 20 February 1851 - Anti-Catholic riots (1851) Anti-Teochew Catholic riots (500 dead (Teochews))
* 5 – 17 May 1854 - Hokkien-Teochew riots (200-480 dead, 222 injured)
* 15 December 1876 - Chinese Post Office Riots
* 12 March 1927 - Kreta Ayer Incident [zh]

## Colony of Singapore

Colony of Singapore (1946-1963)
* 11 December 1950 - Maria Hertogh riots (18 dead, 173 injured)
* 13 May 1954 - 1954 National Service riots (26 injured)
* 12 May 1955 - Hock Lee bus riots (4 dead, 31 injured)
* 26 October 1956 - Chinese middle schools riots (13 dead, more than 100 injured)
* 22 April 1963 - City Hall riot

## Singapore in Malaysia

Singapore in Malaysia (1963-1965)
* 12 July 1963 - Pulau Senang prison riot (4 dead, 5 injured)
* 21 July 1964 - 1964 race riots (36 dead, 560 injured)

## Singapore

Singapore (1965-present)
* 31 May – 6 June 1969 - 1969 race riots (4 dead, 80 injured)
* 8 December 2013 - 2013 Little India riot (62 injured)
# Mary Roberts (painter)

Mary Roberts (died 1761) was an American miniaturist active in Charleston, South Carolina in the 1740s and 1750s. One of the earliest American miniaturists, and the first woman recorded as working in the medium in the American colonies, she is also believed to have painted the first watercolor-on-ivory miniature in the colonies.

## Life

Almost nothing is known about Roberts' life; what little may be gleaned about her comes from advertisements run in the South Carolina Gazette and from the wills of her contemporaries. She was the wife of painter Bishop Roberts, who first advertised his services in the Gazette in 1735, and again two years later. He claimed to be able to paint portraits, landscapes, and heraldry; to offer drawings for sale; to paint houses; and to print engravings as well. He is best remembered for a view of Charleston which was engraved by W. H. Toms in 1739. Roberts died unexpectedly in 1740, in which year his wife's name appeared in newspaper notices for the first time. She provided a statement to the Gazette on her husband's death, further offering to provide "Face Painting well performed by the said Mary Roberts, who has several Pictures and a Printing-Press to dispose of"; no further written evidence exists to show that she worked as a miniaturist. In 1746 she again offered the printing press for sale. That she was continually suffering financial difficulties after her husband's death may be inferred from the will of one William Watkins, who on his death in 1747 left her fifty pounds for the support of her son. Upon the death of a friend in 1750 she received a bequest of clothing and furniture. Roberts herself died in 1761, and her burial is recorded in the register of St. Philip's Episcopal Church on October 24 of that year.

## Work

Only three miniatures by Roberts were currently known to exist until fairly recently; none is signed with her full name, but each is inscribed "MR". All are undated, but based on the styles of the clothing and wigs depicted are believed to date from the 1740s. The technique is assured enough to suggest that Roberts had some sort of formal training in painting prior to arriving in Charleston. At least one of the portraits, a watercolor on ivory rendering of a Woman of the Gibbes or Shoolbred Family, still exists in its original frame of gold set with garnets. This work descended through the Gibbes and Shoolbred families before coming to the Gibbes Museum of Art.
In 2006, five watercolor on ivory miniatures of children, a group of cousins from the Middleton family, were found at Shrublands (the family estate in England) and purchased by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2007. Each one measures 1 1/2 x 1 in. (3.8 x 2.5 cm) and is in its original gold case and signed MR and was painted around 1752 -1758. The portrait of Henrietta Middleton is on display at the museum.
# Lapa, Salinas, Puerto Rico

Lapa is a barrio in the municipality of Salinas, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 9,419. Among its attractions is the Monumento al Jíbaro Puertorriqueño, located on Highway 52, km 49.0.

## History

Lapa was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Lapa barrio was 1,019.
# 630s BC

This article concerns the period 639 BC – 630 BC.

## Events and trends

* 639 BC—Interregnum ends and Ancus Marcius becomes the king of Rome.
* 637 BC—Sadyattes becomes king of Lydia.
* 636 BC—Duke Wen of Jin ascends to power in the State of Jin during the Zhou dynasty of China.
* 635 BC—Alyattes becomes king of Lydia
* 632 BC—Cylon, Athenian noble, seizes the Acropolis in a failed attempt to become king.
* 632 BC—In the Battle of Chengpu, the Chinese kingdom of Jin and her allies defeat the kingdom of Chu and her allies.
* 631 BC—Founding of Cyrene, a Greek colony in Libya (North Africa) (approximate date).

## Significant people

* 638 BC—Birth of Solon, lawmaker of Athens (approximate date)
* 637 BC—Death of Ardys, Lydia
* 637 BC—Death of Duke Xiang of Song, China
* 635 BC—Birth of Thales, Greek philosopher (d. 543 BC) (approximate date)
* 635 BC—Death of Sadyattes, Lydia
* 634 BC—Birth of Jehoiakim, 18th king of Judah (approximate date)
* 632 BC—Birth of Jehoahaz, 17th king of Judah (approximate date)
* 630 BC—Birth of Sappho (approximate date)
# Micropentila cherereti

Micropentila cherereti is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Uganda (the western shore of Lake Victoria) and north-western Tanzania. The habitat consists of primary forests.
# Abelardo Díaz Alfaro

Abelardo Díaz Alfaro (July 24, 1916 – July 22, 1999) was an author from Puerto Rico who achieved great fame throughout Latin America during the 1940s. His book Campo Alegre is a text that has been studied at schools in Austria, Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand as well as all over the Americas.

## Life and career

Díaz Alfaro was born in Caguas, Puerto Rico, but soon after his family moved to Ponce. He was the son of Abelardo Díaz Morales, a Baptist minister, and Asunción Alfaro Pratts (Doña Sunchita). His siblings were Abigail, Dalila, Miriam, Priscilla, Raquel, Lydia and Samuel. He returned to Caguas to attend University and married Gladys Meaux, with whom he had two daughters (Dalila and Nanette) and one son (Abelardo).
Díaz Alfaro obtained a bachelor's degree in arts at the Instituto Politécnico de San Germán, which is now known as Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico. He also obtained a title as a social worker, and certificates in Spanish and Psychology.
He obtained many honorary doctorates from different universities.
Some of his short stories, like "Peyo Mercé enseña inglés" or "Santa Cló va a la Cuchilla" (in Terrazo) create a Manichaean dichotomy between unlearned Puerto Rican peasants and American invaders (portrayed through the mandatory teaching of the English language in Puerto Rico). Thus, a praise of layman culture is expressed throughout his short stories. The metaphor of weak or feminine Americans versus uneducated but brave Puerto Ricans is taken later by other writers like Ana Lydia Vega.
He presented at conferences in many parts of Latin America after reaching fame, including in Mexico (at the Ateneo Español), Venezuela and many other countries. His books have been translated into English, Polish, Russian, German, French, Italian and Czech, among other languages.

## Works

Among the books he wrote are:
* Terrazo (published in 1947)
* Mi Isla Soñada
* Los Perros
* The Eye of the Heart
* United States in Literature
* Classic Tales of Spanish America
* Cuentos del Mundo Hispano (Spanish version of Classic Tales)
* Changes Antología Mundial
* The Green Antilles
* Contemporary Readers
* National Catholic
* The Princeton Tiger
* Europe in France
* Campo Alegre.
* Santa Clo va a la cuchilla (cuento)
# Richard Crawshay (fencer)

Richard Oakes Crawshay (12 April 1882 – 31 January 1953) was a British fencer, the son of Richard Frederick Crawshay, J.P. and D.L., of Ty Mawr, Abergavenny, Brecknockshire by his wife Tempe Isabella, daughter of Colonel Edward Oakes. He was the great-grandson of William Crawshay (1788-1867), great-great-grandson of William Crawshay (1762-1834), and great-great-great grandson of Richard Crawshay, who owned the Cyfarthfa Ironworks at Merthyr Tydfil.
Crawshay was educated at Harrow. He attained the rank of Lieutenant in the Grenadier Guards. In 1907 he married Ann, the youngest daughter of Lazarus Threlfall Baines, of Westbrook, and divorced her in 1915 having had no children.
Crawshay competed in the team sabre event at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
# MRH

MRH may refer to:
* MRH-90, Australian designation of NHIndustries NH90 helicopter
* Michael J. Smith Field, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA, airport IATA code
MRH may also stand for:
* March of Remembrance and Hope, a student program
* Montgomery Regional Hospital, later Lewis-Gale Hospital Montgomery, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
mrh may refer to:
# A Place Called Today

A Place Called Today is a 1972 American drama film written and directed by Don Schain. The film stars J. Herbert Kerr Jr., Lana Wood, Cheri Caffaro, Richard Smedley, Timothy Brown and Peter Carew. The film was released on June 7, 1972, by Embassy Pictures. The film is also known as City in Fear.

## Plot

During a political campaign for mayor elections in an American town, white and black militants attack each other violently, leading to the kidnapping of Cindy, the mistress of one of the candidates.

## Cast

* J. Herbert Kerr Jr. as Randy Johnson
* Lana Wood as Carolyn Schneider
* Cheri Caffaro as Cindy Cartwright
* Richard Smedley as Ron Carton
* Timothy Brown as Steve Smith
* Peter Carew as Ben Atkinson
* Woody Carter as Black Radical
* Leo Tepp as Alexander Cartwright
* Cucho Viera as White Radical
* Howard Zeiden as Doug Gilmore
* Humphrey Davis as John Higgins
* Mary Rio Lewis as Mrs. Johnson

## Reception

In his list of the 10 worst films of 1972, Vincent Canby of The New York Times, wrote of A Place Called Today, "This is my sentimental choice as the most horrible film of the year, one of the two soft-core porn films of 1972 that, starred Cheri Caffaro (Mrs. Don Schain) as a singularly unqualified enchantress, a role that amounts to a kind of character part for her. The film also has to do with a furiously complicated and crooked election campaign involving a crooked black politician, a crooked white politician, and a pretty white revolutionary (Lana Wood) who obviously divides her time equally between participating in politics and applying eye make-up."
# Swann baronets

The Schwann, later Swann Baronetcy, of Prince's Gardens in the Royal Borough of Kensington, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 16 July 1906 for Charles Swann, Liberal Member of Parliament for Manchester North from 1886 to 1918. He was the son of Frederick Schwann, a German merchant who had emigrated to England. Born Charles Schwann, he assumed by Royal licence the surname of Swann in lieu of his patronymic in 1913. The second Baronet represented Hyde in the House of Commons from 1906 to 1909.

## Schwann, later Swann baronets, of Prince's Gardens (1906)

* Sir Charles Ernest Swann, 1st Baronet (1844–1929)
* Sir (Charles) Duncan Swann, 2nd Baronet (1879–1962)
* Sir Anthony Charles Christopher Swann, 3rd Baronet (1913–1991)
* Sir Michael Christopher Swann, 4th Baronet (b. 1941)
The heir apparent is the present holder’s son Jonathan Christopher Swann (b.1966) The heir apparent’s heir apparent is his son Thomas Swann (b. 1998)
# M43

M43 may refer to:
* M43 BZ cluster bomb
* M43 field cap, a piece of German headgear
* M-43 (Michigan highway), a state highway in Michigan
* M43 (Johannesburg), a Metropolitan Route in Johannesburg, South Africa
* M43 (Pretoria), a Metropolitan Route in Pretoria, South Africa
* M43 (Durban), a Metropolitan Route near Durban, South Africa
* M43 mortar, a Soviet weapon
* M43 Howitzer Motor Carriage, an American self-propelled artillery vehicle
* M43 motorway (Hungary), a Hungarian Motorway
* BMW M43, a 1991 automobile piston engine
* Dodge M43, the ambulance variant of the Dodge M37
* Messier 43, a nebula near the Orion Nebula
* M43, the original designation for the 7.62×39mm Soviet carbine and rifle round
* the 43rd Mersenne prime
* Micro Four Thirds system lens mount standard for mirrorless interchangeable lens digital cameras
* Model 43 grenade, a German hand grenade introduced during World War II
* M43 Postcode in Greater Manchester
# M432 mine

The M432 is a Portuguese bounding anti-personnel mine, which traces the roots of its design to the Second World War German S-mine, although it is probably more directly related to the Belgian NR 442 mine and United States M16 mine. As of 2004, all operational stocks of the mine have been destroyed, although some may have been retained for training purposes.
The mine has an olive green steel cylindrical body which has an offset fuze well on the top. The mine is used with the T253 trip and pressure fuze, similar to the M605 fuze used with the US M16 mine. The fuze has three prongs with a central post for attaching a trip wire. The fuze is triggered by either pressure applied to the prongs or tension on an attached tripwire.
Once the fuze is triggered, the inner mine body is projected into the air by a small explosive charge. The outer shell of the mine remains in the ground, and is attached to the inner body by a short length of wire. This wire pulls taut once the mine has risen to a height of approximately one metre. The jerking action pulls a striker into a detonator, triggering the main charge of the mine.
The detonation of the mine scatters approximately 1,240 fragments to an effective radius of approximately 25 meters, with widely spaced fragments still lethal at a range of at least 50 meters. The mine is reported to also be effective against soft skinned vehicles.

## Specifications

* Height: 131 mm (body)
** 268 mm (body and fuze)
* Diameter: 105 mm
* Weight: 3.9 kg
* Explosive content: 0.8 kg
# Richard Phelps (pentathlete)

Richard Phelps (born 19 April 1961) is a British former modern pentathlete.

## Early life

He was from Hempsted. He was a scrap metal merchant. The British team manager in 1988 was Ron Bright.

## Career

He competed at the 1984, 1988, 1992 and the 1996 Summer Olympics. He won a bronze medal in the team event at the 1988 Games.
# Lipuli F.C.

Lipuli FC is a football club based in Iringa, Tanzania. They play at 5,000 capacity Samora Stadium in the Tanzanian Premier League after being promoted for the 2017–18 season.
They primarily wear red with white trim. They are now wearing white with maroon trim.
# Mabokweni

Mabokweni (Kata ya Mabokweni , in Swahili) is an administrative ward in Tanga City Council of Tanga Region in Tanzania. The Mtimbwani and Gombero wards of Mkinga District border the ward on the north and west, respectively. Chongoleani is to the east. The ward of Mzizima is to the south. The ward covers an area of 47.6 km$^2$ (18.4 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 48 m (157 ft). According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 5,433.

## Administration

The postal code for Mabokweni Ward is 21204. The ward is divided into the following neighborhoods (Mitaa):

### Government

The ward, like every other ward in the country, has local government offices based on the population served.The Mabokweni Ward administration building houses a court as per the Ward Tribunal Act of 1988, including other vital departments for the administration the ward. The ward has the following administration offices:
* Mabokweni Police Station
* Mabokweni Government Office (Afisa Mtendaji)
* Mabokweni Tribunal (Baraza La Kata) is a Department inside Ward Government Office
In the local government system of Tanzania, the ward is the smallest democratic unit. Each ward is composed of a committee of eight elected council members which include a chairperson, one salaried officer (with no voting rights), and an executive officer. One-third of seats are reserved for women councillors.

## Demographics

Like much of the district, the ward is the ancestral home of the Digo people and Segeju.

## Education and health
### Education

The ward is home to these educational institutions:
* Mabokweni Primary School
* Kiruku Primary
* Kibafuta Primary School
* Mabokweni Secondary School

### Healthcare

The ward is home to the following health institutions:
* Mabokweni Health Center
* Kibafuta Health Center
# Richard Yates

Richard Yates may refer to:

## People

* Richard Yates (actor) (1706–1796), English comic actor
* Richard Yates (antiquary) (1769–1834), English cleric
* Richard Yates (politician, born 1815) (1815–1873), 13th governor of Illinois (1861–1865), U.S. Senator from Illinois (1865–1871), U.S. Congressman from Illinois (1851–1855), member of Illinois House of Representatives (1842–1845, 1848–1849)
** Richard Yates Jr. (1860–1936), his son, 22nd governor of Illinois (1901–1905), U.S. Congressman from Illinois (1919–1933)
* Dick Yates (1921–1976), Welsh footballer
* Richard Yates (novelist) (1926–1992), American novelist and short-story writer
* Richard Yates (athlete) (born 1986), English athlete

## Novels

* Richard Yates (novel), 2010 novel by Tao Lin
# Richard Yates (novel)

Richard Yates is a semi-fictionalized autobiographical novel by Tao Lin, published in 2010.

## Plot

Haley Joel Osment and Dakota Fanning (unrelated to their child star namesakes, though they are the same ages the actors were at the time the book was published) are friends who initially met online and converse with each other regularly through Gmail chat. Haley is a 22-year-old author in Manhattan, and Dakota is a 16-year-old high school student in a nearby suburb in New Jersey.

## Controversy

The novel's plot is based on Lin's relationship with the poet E. R. Kennedy, whom he dated when he was 22 and Kennedy was 16. In October 2014, Kennedy accused Lin of committing statutory rape over the course of their relationship. Kennedy also accused Lin of instances of emotional abuse, and claimed that Lin based passages in Richard Yates on personal email correspondence between the two.
Lin posted a statement on Facebook addressing Kennedy's accusations. He agreed that he had sex with Kennedy, with whom he had been in a long-term relationship, but said that it was "not statutory rape, let alone rape" (as the website Jezebel had originally reported before correcting the article), and said he had Kennedy's permission to use their correspondence. He also claimed to have offered Kennedy any royalties from Yates, and to have requested that Melville House withdraw it from circulation.

## Background

Before writing Richard Yates, Lin sold 10 percent shares of its royalties for $2,000 each. Expressing a desire to focus solely on the book without needing to maintain an income for living expenses, Lin said, "I actually will work better on my second novel, the way the novel is right now, if I have no obligations or responsibilities at all." According to Lin, a conventional book deal with a publisher would have provided him with only a month's worth of living costs, whereas through private investments he thought he could make enough money to live on for three or four months. Six days after announcing his plan, Lin had sold 60 percent of the royalties in shares, for a total of $12,000.

## Reception

Richard Yates, like Lin's previous work, met polarized criticism. Many reviewers criticized Lin's plain and minimally descriptive style. One wrote that his prose "may appeal to a bored and banalized readership, but the writing is anything but appealing." Others were more forgiving; Charles Bock's mostly negative review for The New York Times allowed that Lin could be "genuinely funny" and that "When Haley Joel and Dakota find solace in each other through small, intimate gestures, or in descriptions of Dakota’s defeated parents, Lin’s flat style resonates." The Boston Globe's review said Lin's writing had "the effect of putting a red butterfly behind glass: detached but brighter."

## Foreign editions

A French edition was published by Au Diable Vauvert and an Italian edition by Saggiatore.
# A Different Beat

A Different Beat may refer to:
* A Different Beat (Gary Moore album), 1999
* A Different Beat (Boyzone album), 1996
** "A Different Beat" (song), 1996
* "A Different Beat", a 2013 song by Little Mix from Salute
# Richard S. Carnell

Richard Scott Carnell is a United States lawyer who was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Institutions from 1993 to 1999.

## Biography

Richard S. Carnell was educated at Yale University, receiving a B.A. in 1975. He later attended Harvard Law School, receiving a J.D. in 1982.
From 1982 to 1984, Carnell worked as an associate attorney at the law firm of Broad, Schulz, Larson & Wineberg in San Francisco. He then worked as an attorney for the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System from 1984 to 1987. He became Counsel of the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs in 1987 and was then the Committee's Senior Counsel 1989-1993.
In 1993, President of the United States Bill Clinton nominated Carnell to be Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Institutions. He held that office until 1999.
Since leaving government service, Carnell has been a law professor at the Fordham University School of Law.