OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alfred Henry Lloyd

Alfred Henry Lloyd (January 3, 1864 – May 11, 1927) was an American philosopher.

## Life

Lloyd received both his B.A. and M.A. degrees from Harvard. He studied philosophy at Göttingen University and Heidelberg University, before returning to Harvard for his Ph.D., which he received in 1893. Upon returning from Europe in 1891, Lloyd was recruited by John Dewey as an instructor in philosophy at the University of Michigan. He remained there his entire career, becoming full professor in 1906. He was named dean of the Graduate School in 1915.
Lloyd was interim president of the University of Michigan from February 26 through September 1925, following the death of Marion LeRoy Burton. He died in Ann Arbor, Michigan on May 11, 1927.
He was succeeded by Clarence Cook Little. Lloyd's daughter, Alice Crocker Lloyd, served as the Dean of Women.

## Works

Lloyd was the author of five books—Citizenship and Salvation (1897), Dynamic Idealism (1898), Philosophy of History (1899), The Will to Doubt (1907), and Leadership and Progress (1922)—and over 70 articles.

### The Will to Doubt

The Will to Doubt was Lloyd's fourth book and was published as a volume in the Ethical Library Series. The book was a response to William James' 1896 collection of essays titled The Will to Believe. Professor Lloyd's simple thesis is that "doubt is essential to real belief". He wrote at the beginning of the 20th century, in what he called an age of doubt:
   We would often hide it from others, not to say from ourselves, but it is there, and we all know it to be there. Though many fear doubt, and try to keep it hidden and locked away, the confession of doubt is in fact the beginning of philosophy.
   Fear is a chief motivator of dogmatism, and dogmatic people are slaves to their fears. This is not genuine confidence. But doubt is not the road to atheism; in fact, doubt is part of a very difficult road to theism.
Bertrand Russell built upon these arguments in subsequent years, even directly referencing Lloyd in Free Thought and Official Propaganda.
# Saeed Kadkhodaian

Saeed Kadkhodaian is a retired American soccer player, former team owner and currently the president of Azad, Inc. Soccer USA and Doostan, Inc. Soccer USA. He had previously played for, owned and coached the Austin Sockadillos and owned the Minnesota Thunder from 2005 to 2007.

## Biography

Kadkhodaian, a native of Iran, spent much of his youth in Germany. In 1973, he moved to Austin, Texas to work as a mechanical engineer for a telecommunications company. In 1978, he moved to Minnesota before eventually returning moving back to Texas. In 1987, he began playing for the Austin Sockadillos in the Southwest Indoor Soccer League. He also served as the team's director of operations. In 1989, he purchased the team from founder Francisco Marcos. The team was renamed the Austin Lone Stars in 1994. In 1997, Kadkhodaian coached the team for several games after head coach Wolfgang Suhnholz was named as an assistant coach with the U.S. U-16 national team. In 1999, he became team president.
In addition to playing soccer, Kadkhodaian also worked for twenty-five years as an engineer for 3M. He left the firm in 2003. In 1986, he founded a string of soccer stores, known as Soccer USA, in both Texas and Minnesota. In 1998, he became a minority shareholder in the Minnesota Thunder. In April 2005, Kadkhodaian became a majority owner, along with minority owners Ron Carter and Jim Froslid, after they purchased the Minnesota Thunder of the USL First Division from Bill George. After the change in ownership, Kadkhodaian became president of the Thunder. In August 2007, WingField NV, a Belgium-based real estate firm, purchased the Thunder from the three partners. In February 2008, Kadkhodaian became a member of the board of directors for the Austin Aztex, but he left that position in February 2009.
In 2006, he was inducted into the United Soccer Leagues Hall of Fame.
# The Cult (novel)

The Cult is a novel by Max Ehrlich, published in 1978 by Simon & Schuster. It was the author's tenth book. The book follows a couple's attempt to deprogram their son after he falls under the influence of a cult. The book received mixed reviews, with reviewers criticizing its writing quality and the plot as predictable, but praising it for its entertainment value.

## Plot

Jeff Reed falls under the influence of a religious cult called Souls for Jesus (SFJ), led by Reverend Buford Hodges. His parents hire deprogrammer John Morse, whose daughter committed suicide after becoming a member of SFJ. They kidnap him from the SFJ, and Morse uses Chinese brainwashing techniques on him, but SFJ in turn re-kidnap and re-brainwash him, and he sues his parents and Morse. The novel ends with a court scene revealing deep penetration of the US justice system by SFJ.

## Publication

The book was published by Simon & Schuster in 1978. Ehrlich said the cult in the book was not based on specific cases or facts.

## Reception

In a survey of 1970s fiction, John Sutherland called The Cult a roman à clef. A contemporary Kirkus Reviews reviewer compared the SFJ in the book to "the Moonies and the Hare Krishnas put together" and in their influence, to the Scientologists, but declared the book "numbingly obvious at every point". Several reviews criticized the writing quality, with one reviewer commenting that the book "demands no mental effort". Other reviews praised the book's entertainment value.
A reviewer writing for The State believed that it would likely offend faithful Christians, as well as members of the Unification Church, but said "it is doubtful that any of them would read it anyway". A review in The Gazette argued the book was not an attack on religion. Another reviewer described the story as interesting but also predictable, and suggested that if the reader was "looking for truth" they should instead read old newspaper headlines.
# List of presidents and principals of Glenville State University

This list of presidents and principals of Glenville State University includes all who have served as principals or presidents of Glenville State University since its founding in 1872.

## Principals
### As Glenville Branch of the West Virginia Normal School (1872–1900)

* Thomas Marcellus Marshall, January 1873-June 1873
* Louis Bennett, 1873–1875
* Thomas Marcellus Marshall, 1875–1881
* Robert Franklin Kidd, 1882–1884
* Reverend Ezra Irwin Hall, 1884–1885
* Samuel B. Brown, 1885–1890
* R.W. Tapp, 1890–1891
* Verona Mapel, 1891-February 1892
* William J. Holden, 1895–1901

### As Glenville State Normal School (1900–1931)

* John C. Shaw, 1901–1908
* Edward Gay Rohrbough, 1908–1914
* S. Orestes Bond, 1914–1915

## Presidents
### As Glenville State Normal School (1900–1931)

* Edward Gay Rohrbough, 1915–1942

### As Glenville State Teachers College (1931–1943)

* David L. Haught, 1942–1947

### As Glenville State College (1943–2022)

* Robert T. Crawford, August 1947-October 1947
* Harry Bruce Heflin, 1947–1964
* D. Banks Wilburn, 1964–1977
* William K. Simmons, 1977–1988
* James Lowell Peterson, February 1988-June 1989
* William K. Simmons, 1989–1998
* Bruce C. Flack, 1998–1999
* Thomas H. Powell, 1999–2003
* Robert N. Freeman, 2003–2006
* Peter B. Barr, 2006–2017
* Tracy L. Pellett, 2017–2019
* Kathleen L. Nelson, 2019–2020

### As Glenville State University (2022-Present)

* Mark A. Manchin, 2020–Present
# List of presidents of Abruzzo

This is the list of presidents of Abruzzo since 1970.

## Elected by the Regional Council (1970–1995)

| | Name | Term of office | Term of office | Political party | Legislature |
| 1 | Ugo Crescenzi | 3 September 1970 | 23 March 1972 | DC | I (1970) |
| 2 | Giustino De Cecco | 23 March 1972 | 16 July 1973 | DC | I (1970) |
| (1) | Ugo Crescenzi | 16 July 1973 | 31 May 1974 | DC | I (1970) |
| (2) | Giustino De Cecco | 31 May 1974 | 8 October 1975 | DC | I (1970) |
| 3 | Felice Spadaccini | 8 October 1975 | 1 March 1977 | DC | II (1975) |
| 4 | Romeo Riciuti | 1 March 1977 | 8 October 1980 | DC | II (1975) |
| 4 | Romeo Riciuti | 8 October 1980 | 30 November 1981 | DC | III (1980) |
| 5 | Anna Nena D'Antonio | 30 November 1981 | 13 May 1983 | DC | III (1980) |
| (3) | Felice Spadaccini | 13 May 1983 | 1 October 1985 | DC | III (1980) |
| 6 | Emilio Mattucci | 1 October 1985 | 1 August 1990 | DC | IV (1985) |
| 7 | Rocco Salini | 1 August 1990 | 13 October 1992 | DC | V (1990) |
| 8 | Vincenzo Del Colle | 13 October 1992 | 29 May 1995 | DC | V (1990) |

## Directly-elected presidents (since 1995)

| N. | President | Term of office | Term of office | Tenure (Years and days) | Party | Composition | Legislature |
| 9 | Antonio Falconio (1938–2021) | 29 May 1995 | 18 May 2000 | 4 years, 355 days | Italian People's Party | PDS–PRC–PPI–PdD–FdV | VI (1995) |
| 10 | Giovanni Pace (1933–2018) | 18 May 2000 | 22 April 2005 | 4 years, 339 days | National Alliance | FI–AN–CDC–CDU | VII (2000) |
| 11 | Ottaviano Del Turco (1944–2024) | 22 April 2005 | 13 July 2008 | 3 years, 82 days | Italian Democratic Socialists/ Democratic Party | DS–DL–SDI–PRC–UDEUR–PdCI–FdV | VIII (2005) |
| 12 | Giovanni Chiodi (1961– ) | 3 January 2009 | 10 June 2014 | 5 years, 158 days | The People of Freedom | PdL–MpA | IX (2008) |
| 13 | Luciano D'Alfonso (1965– ) | 10 June 2014 | 10 August 2018 | 4 years, 61 days | Democratic Party | PD–CD–SEL–IdV | X (2014) |
| 12 | Marco Marsilio (1968– ) | 23 February 2019 | 10 April 2024 | 5 years, 229 days | Brothers of Italy | Lega–FI–FdI–AP–UDC | XI (2019) |
| 12 | Marco Marsilio (1968– ) | 10 April 2024 | Incumbent | 5 years, 229 days | Brothers of Italy | FdI–FI–Lega–NM | XII (2024) |

## Notes

* ↑ Resigned after a corruption scandal. His deputy Enrico Paolini (PD) held the office till a new regional election was called.
* ↑ Resigned after being elected senator in the national general election. His deputy Giovanni Lolli (PD) held the office till a new regional election was called.
# List of presidents of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol

This is the list of presidents of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol since 1948.
Since 1999, the presidency of the regional government has been rotational, between one provincincial councillor from Trentino and another from South Tyrol, for two years and a half each in each legislature (parliamentary term). Since 2004, these have been the president of Trentino and the governor of South Tyrol.
Presidents of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol :
| President | Party | Term | Legislature |
| Tullio Odorizzi | DC | 1948–1953 | I Legislature |
| Tullio Odorizzi | DC | 1953–1957 | II Legislature |
| Tullio Odorizzi | DC | 1957–1961 | III Legislature |
| Luigi Dalvit | DC | 1961–1965 | IV Legislature |
| Luigi Dalvit | DC | 1965–1967 | V Legislature |
| Giorgio Grigolli | DC | 1967–1969 | V Legislature |
| Giorgio Grigolli | DC | 1969–1973 | VI Legislature |
| Bruno Kessler | DC | 1974–1976 | VII Legislature |
| Flavio Mengoni | DC | 1976–1977 | VII Legislature |
| Spartaco Marziani | DC | 1977–1979 | VII Legislature |
| Enrico Pancheri | DC | 1979–1984 | VIII Legislature |
| Pierluigi Angeli | DC | 1984–1987 | IX Legislature |
| Gianni Bazzanella | DC | 1987–1989 | IX Legislature |
| Gianni Bazzanella | DC | 1989–1992 | X Legislature |
| Tarcisio Andreolli | DC | 1992–1994 | X Legislature |
| Tarcisio Grandi | PPI | 1994–1999 | XI Legislature |
| Margherita Cogo | DS | 1999–2002 | XII Legislature |
| Carlo Andreotti | PATT | 2002–2004 | XII Legislature |
| Luis Durnwalder | SVP | 2004–2006 | XIII Legislature |
| Lorenzo Dellai | Civica | 2006–2008 | XIII Legislature |
| Luis Durnwalder | SVP | 2008–2011 | XIV Legislature |
| Lorenzo Dellai | UpT | 2011–2013 | XIV Legislature |
| Alberto Pacher | PD | 2013–2014 | XIV Legislature |
| Ugo Rossi | PATT | 2014–2016 | XV Legislature |
| Arno Kompatscher | SVP | 2016–2018 | XV Legislature |
| Arno Kompatscher | SVP | 2018–2021 | XVI Legislature |
| Maurizio Fugatti | LT | 2021–2024 | XVI Legislature |
| Arno Kompatscher | SVP | 2024–present | XVII Legislature |
# Alfred Rieber

Alfred J. Rieber (born 1931) is an American historian specializing in Russian and Soviet history.

## Biography

He graduated magna cum laude from Colgate University, where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He obtained his MA (1954) and PhD (1959) from the Russian Institute at Columbia University. He wrote his doctoral thesis on Joseph Stalin and the French Communist Party in the 1940s.
He has taught at numerous prestigious institutions, including Northwestern University, the University of Chicago, the University of Pennsylvania, Columbia University, and the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. He taught at the University of Pennsylvania for 30 years and was chair of the history department for ten years. He also taught for more than two decades at the Central European University (CEU), again chairing the history department for four years. He won several teaching awards throughout his career for excellence in teaching.
As a historian, he has published widely in the field of Russian and Soviet history. Among his notable books are Struggle for the Eurasian Borderlands: From the Rise of Early Modern Empires to the End of the First World War (Cambridge, 2014) which won the Bentley Prize of the World History Association and its sequel Stalin's Struggle for Supremacy in Eurasia (Cambridge, 2016) which was shortlisted for the Pushkin Book Prize.
Rieber has also written three historical detective novels: To Kill a Tsar (2010); The Kiev Killings (2013); and Siberian Secrets (2014), all published by the New Academia Press.
# List of presidents of the Philippines by previous executive experience

This is a list of the current and former Philippine presidents by previous executive experience before they became president of the Philippines. Executive experience is defined as having been something where one is the top decision-maker in a company, a regional constituency, a military unit, or something similar. Positions like army general, governor, vice governor, mayor, vice mayor, vice president, and chief executive officer are included, but not limited to just that.
| Order | President | Previous executive experience |
| 1 | Emilio Aguinaldo | Gobernadorcillo of Cavite el Viejo, President of the Tejeros Revolutionary Government, President of the Biak-na-Bato Republic, Dictator of the Dictatorial Government & President of the Revolutionary Government |
| 2 | Manuel L. Quezon | President of the Senate of the Philippines, Governor of Tayabas |
| 3 | Jose P. Laurel | Secretary of the Interior |
| 4 | Sergio Osmeña | Governor of Cebu, Secretary of Public Instruction, Health, and Public Welfare, Vice President of the Philippines |
| 5 | Manuel Roxas | Governor of Capiz |
| 6 | Elpidio Quirino | Vice President of the Philippines |
| 7 | Ramon Magsaysay | Military Governor of Zambales, Secretary of National Defense |
| 8 | Carlos P. Garcia | Governor of Bohol, Vice President of the Philippines |
| 9 | Diosdado Macapagal | Vice President of the Philippines |
| 10 | Ferdinand Marcos Sr. | Major in the 14th Infantry Division of the US Armed Forces in the Philippines |
| 11 | Corazon Aquino | No particular experience |
| 12 | Fidel V. Ramos | Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, Secretary of National Defense |
| 13 | Joseph Estrada | Mayor of San Juan, Vice President of the Philippines, Chairman of the Presidential Anti-Crime Commission |
| 14 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Vice President of the Philippines, Secretary of Social Welfare and Development, Undersecretary of Trade and Industry, Assistant Secretary of Trade and Industry |
| 15 | Benigno Aquino III | Vice President of Intra-Stra Assurance Corporation |
| 16 | Rodrigo Duterte | Mayor of Davao City, Vice Mayor of Davao City |
| 17 | Bongbong Marcos | Governor of Ilocos Norte, Vice Governor of Ilocos Norte |
# STDU Viewer

STDU Viewer is computer software, a compact viewer for many computer file formats: Portable Document Format (PDF), World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), DjVu, comic book archive (CBR or CBZ), FB2, ePUB, XML Paper Specification (XPS), Text Compression for Reader (TCR), Mobipocket (MOBI), AZW, multi-page TIFF, text file (TXT), PalmDoc (PDB), Windows Metafile (EMF), Windows Metafile (WMF), bitmap (BMP), Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), JPEG-JPG, Portable Network Graphics (PNG), Photoshop Document (PSD), PiCture eXchange (PCX-DCX). It works under Microsoft Windows, and is free for non-commercial use.
STDU viewer is developed in the programming language C++.

## Features

STDU Viewer has a tabbed document interface. Current versions allow users to save and restore sessions manually. It displays thumbnails of pages, it can create users' bookmarks, make color adjustments, and change text settings. The program supports three types of search algorithms and all the search results can be displayed in a list.
The rotation to 90 degrees option is useful for the portrait orientation of monitors. The opened document pages can be exported to text or image.

## Version history

The first STDU Viewer was version 1.0.60, released on 13 September 2007. It supported three formats: PDF (including hyperlinks embedded), DjVu, and Tagged Image File Format (TIFF).
Version 1.0.76 introduced Unicode character support. Version 1.4.7 introduced the Print document function.

## Critical reception

STDU Viewer was appreciated for its feature to read a wide range of ebook formats and can be considered as a replacement for Adobe Acrobat’s reader.
STDU Viewer was included in the list of top 50 freeware of 2009 and best software for students.
The program doesn't support formats for online help Microsoft Compiled HTML Help (CHM), Microsoft Reader (LIT), document (DOC), and HyperText Markup Language (HTML). When printing PDF document, a large temporary file is created, so the printing process is slow.
# Ali Olo

The Ali Olo is a mountain located in the northeast of Ali Sabieh Region in Djibouti. With an average elevation of 286 metres (938 ft) above sea level, they are situated near the border with Somalia.
# List of public art in Birmingham, Alabama

Download coordinates as:
* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)
This is a list of public art in Birmingham, Alabama, in the United States. This list applies only to works of public art on permanent display in an outdoor public space. For example, this does not include artworks in museums. Public art may include sculptures, statues, monuments, memorials, murals, and mosaics.
| Image | Title / subject | Location and coordinates | Date | Artist / designer | Type | Material | Wikidata | Notes |
| | Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument | Linn Park 33°31′12″N 86°48′34″W﻿ / ﻿33.52007°N 86.80948°W﻿ / 33.52007; -86.80948﻿ (Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument) | 1905 | | Obelisk | | Q96035904 | Removed in 2020 |
| | Statue of Charles Linn | Linn Park 33°31′12″N 86°48′35″W﻿ / ﻿33.52000°N 86.80972°W﻿ / 33.52000; -86.80972﻿ (Statue of Charles Linn) | 2013 | Branko Medenica | Statue | Bronze Granite | Q96038390 | Removed in 2020 |
| More images | Vulcan statue | Red Mountain 33°29′30.18″N 86°47′43.86″W﻿ / ﻿33.4917167°N 86.7955167°W﻿ / 33.4917167; -86.7955167﻿ (Vulcan statue) | 1904 | Giuseppe Moretti | Statue | Iron | Q7943500 | |
# The Daniel Centers

The Daniel Centers for Progressive Judaism is a Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue based in Tel Aviv, Israel. The Daniel Centers consist of the Beit Daniel synagogue and Kehilat Halev congregation in Tel Aviv and the Mishkenot Ruth Daniel hostel and community center in Jaffa. The Beit Daniel synagogue was established in 1991.
The current rabbis are Rabbi Meir Azari and Rabbi Galia Sadan.

## History

The Daniel Centers were founded by Gerard and Ruth Daniel, a business family of German birth who had migrated to the United States and established a firm in the aerospace technology business and later a real estate business in Florida. While living in the United States, the Daniels became involved in Reform Jewish causes, with Gerard becoming president of the World Union for Progressive Judaism and Ruth concurrently becoming treasurer of the organization from 1980 to 1988. The family established the Beit Daniel synagogue in 1991, and later the Mishkenot Ruth Daniel in 2007 following Ruth's death. The Beit Daniel synagogue's construction went up against legal opposition, with the family fighting up to the Supreme Court of Israel for the right to build the synagogue.
Journalist and former Finance Minister Yair Lapid, who identifies as hiloni, has written extensively of his frequent attendance and experience at Beit Daniel.
# Ali Akbar

Ali Akbar or Ali Ekber may refer to:

## Places

* Ali Akbar, East Azerbaijan, Iran
* Ali Akbar, Kermanshah, Iran

## People

* Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn (664–680), son of the third Shia Imam, Husayn ibn Ali, and Umm Layla
* Ali Ekber Çiçek (1935–2006), Turkish musician
* Ali-Akbar Davar (1885–1937), Iranian prosecutor
* Ali-Akbar Mousavi Khoeini, Iranian human rights activist
* 'Ali Akbar Khata'i (fl. ca. 1500–1516), Persian traveler and writer
* Ali Akbar Moradi (born 1957), Iranian-Kurdish musician and composer
* Ali Akbar Mohtashamipur (1947–2021), Iranian Shia cleric
* Ali Akbar Nategh-Nouri (born 1944), Iranian politician
* Ali Akbar Sadeghi (born 1937), Iranian artist
* Ali-Akbar Shahnazi (1897–1985), Iranian musician
* Ali Akbar Velayati (born 1945), Iranian politician
* Ali Akbar (writer) (born 1978), or Alakbar Aliagha oglu Aliyev, Azerbaijani writer and journalist
* Ali Akbar (academic) (born 1952), Bangladeshi academic
* Ali Akbar (Bangladeshi politician)
* Ali Akbar (director) (born 1963), Indian film lyricist, screenwriter and director known as Ramasimhan Aboobakker
* Ali Abdul-Razaq Akbar (born 1984 or 1985), American right-wing activist now known as Ali Alexander
# List of radiographic findings associated with cutaneous conditions

Many conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system have associated features that may be found by performing an x-ray or CT scan of the affected person.
Radiographic findings associated with conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system :
| Finding | Condition(s) |
| Osteopathia striata | Goltz syndrome |
| Osteopoikilosis | Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome |
| Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia | McCune–Albright syndrome |
| Osteodystrophy | Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy |
| Chondrodysplasia punctata | Conradi–Hünermann syndrome |
| Dyschondroplasia | Maffucci syndrome |
| Enchondroma | Maffucci syndrome Ollier disease |
| Tufted phalanges | Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia |
| Achondroplasia | Cartilage–hair hypoplasia |
| Metaphyseal widening | Menkes kinky hair syndrome |
| Long bone spurs | Menkes kinky hair syndrome |
| Absent patella | Nail–patella syndrome |
| Radial head subluxation | Nail–patella syndrome |
| Posterior iliac horns | Nail–patella syndrome |
| Intervertebral disk calcification | Alkaptonuria |
| Erlenmeyer flask deformity of the femur | Gaucher syndrome |
| Absent thymus | Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) DiGeorge syndrome Nezelof syndrome |
| Osteoporosis | Reflex sympathetic dystrophy |
| Osteoarthritis | Myxoid cyst |
| Exostosis | Proteus syndrome |
| Scoliosis | Ichthyosis hystrix Neurofibromatosis type 1 Proteus syndrome |
| Distal phalangeal radiolucency | Incontinentia pigmenti |
| Absent radius | Rothmund–Thomson syndrome |
| Periostosis of long bones | Pachydermoperiostosis |
| Tram-track calcifications | Sturge–Weber syndrome |
| Osteogenic jaw cyst | Gorlin syndrome |
| Sphenoid wing dysplasia | Neurofibromatosis type 1 |
| Stippled epiphyses | Conradi–Hünermann syndrome |
| Bifid rib | Gorlin syndrome |
| Melorheostosis | Linear morphea |
| Bilateral intracranial sickle-shaped calcifications of the temporal lobes | Lipoid proteinosis |