OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Roman arch of Medinaceli

The Roman arch of Medinaceli (Spanish: Arco Romano de Medinaceli) is a Roman triumphal arch located in Medinaceli, in Castile and León, Spain. It is constructed in stone using a technique called opus quadratum. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1930.

## Characteristics

Its preservation is decent, except for its decoration, which is plain and has significantly worn due to its geographical location. It was built on a hill overlooking the Jalón valley, situated nearly 1200 meters high in a cold area prone to rain, winds, and snowfall, which caused the wear of the ashlar masonry, moldings, and cornices. The northern and western sides, which face the town and mountain, are better preserved, while the southern and eastern sides, facing the valley, are notably worn. The base is in a worse state, with some replaced ashlars.
The arch's orientation has always been from east to west and longitudinally from north to south. The arch's front, to the east, faces the valley and the Medinaceli Station, while the back of the arch, to the west, looks towards the town of Medinaceli.
Its construction is of Opus Quadratum with varying sizes, laid in stretcher bond, and some in header bond. All decorative elements were carved on them. The overall size of the structure is 13.20 meters in length, 2.10 meters in width, and 8.10 meters in height. It was erected at the end of the 1st century. Besides its commemorative function, it served as an entrance gate to the city. The central archway was used for carriages and animals, and the side passages were for pedestrians.

## Decoration

Its base consists of four large pillars connected by arches, forming two equal arches with a span of 1.30 meters, composed of seven identical voussoirs. They are crowned with a finishing molding from which the central arch arises, turning them into support elements for it.
The central arch, crowned with a molding similar to the lower elements, has a span of 1.90 meters and is made up of 23 voussoirs and two decorative side sets. These sets consist of fluted pilasters with a Corinthian capital, a tympanum, and two bases resting on the lower molding. In the four corners of the intermediate section, there are four other pilasters on two facades, larger than the previous ones but with the same design. This unique design, where pilasters appear in the middle section but not at the base, is because the wall in which this arch opened had a height similar to the first level, so the protruding height began at the same point as these pilasters.
The top section consists of two rows of ashlar blocks crowned by a cornice. Golden letters were anchored to these blocks to form the commemorative inscription, leaving some fastening bolts. This inscription has been reconstructed and reads:
* North Side: NVMINI AVGVSTO SACRV[M].
Dedicated to the divine spirit of the Emperor Augustus.
* South Side: NVMINI IMP (eratoris) DOMITIANI AVG (usti) GER (manici).
To the divine spirit of Emperor Domitian Augustus Germanicus. It was modified in 98 AD to NVMINI IMP (eratoris) TRAIANI AVG (usti) GER (manici). To the divine spirit of Emperor Trajan Augustus Germanicus.
# Africa (Italian journal)

Africa: Rivista semestrale di studi e ricerche (Africa (Rome) or Africa (Italy)) is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal covering African studies. The journal was established in 1946 and published quarterly until 2010. It was subtitled Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente and was published by the Italian Institute for Africa and the Orient. Editors-in-chief included Teobaldo Filesi, who in 1965 chose a Humanities approach, and Gianluigi Rossi [it] who maintained this orientation since 1994. After a hiatus, the journal was revived in 2019, published by Viella Editrice on behalf of the Centro Studi per i Popoli Extraeuropei “Cesare Bonacossa” (University of Pavia).
The journal features articles, notes and reports, and book reviews, written in English, French, or Italian.
As of 2023 issues from the years 1950–2009 and 2019–2021 can be read at JSTOR.
This journal should not be confused with the bimonthly magazine Africa, La rivista del continente vero.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in EBSCO databases, ProQuest databases, and Scopus (2019–2022).
* Affrica: Rivista mensile di interessi affricani, Volume 7, issue 1, January 1952
* Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, Volume 65, issues 1–4. March–December 2010. Table of contents.
# Advocate for Competition

Each executive agency of the United States federal government is required by federal law to have an Advocate for Competition, also referenced is some documents as a Competition Advocate. The role of an Advocate for Competition is to:
   [promote] the acquisition of commercial items, promoting full and open competition, challenging requirements that are not stated in terms of functions to be performed, performance required or essential physical characteristics, and challenging barriers to the acquisition of commercial items and full and open competition such as unnecessarily restrictive statements of work, unnecessarily detailed specifications, and unnecessarily burdensome contract clauses.
The purpose of the role reflects the belief that "competition is the cornerstone of [the federal] acquisition system and is a critical tool for achieving the best return on investment possible for our taxpayers".
The role is coded in federal law within section 1705 of Public Law 111–350 of 2011, "An Act to enact certain laws relating to public contracts as Title 41, United States Code, Public Contracts".
An Advocate for Competition may also function as a Task and Delivery Order Ombudsman, for example the two roles are held by the same person in the Department of Health and Human Services. This Ombudsman reviews complaints from contractors and ensures they are afforded a fair opportunity to be considered, consistent with the procedures in the contract. Sub-part 16.505 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation provides that "the ombudsman must be a senior agency official who is independent of the contracting officer and may be the agency’s advocate for competition".
# Mankins

Mankins may refer to
* Mankins, Texas, an unincorporated community in the United States
* Jim Mankins (born 1944), American football player
* Jimmy Mankins (1926–2013), American businessman and politician
* Logan Mankins (born 1982), American football guard
* John C. Mankins
# Rosa 'Love'

Rosa 'Love', (aka JACtwin ), is a grandiflora rose cultivar, developed by William Warriner, and introduced into the United States by Jackson & Perkins in 1980. The cultivar was the recipient of the Portland Gold Medal and was named an All-America Rose Selections winner in 1980.

## Description

'Love' is a medium-tall, upright shrub, 5 to 6 ft (152—182 cm) in height with a 2 to 3 ft (60—91 cm) spread. Blooms are large, with an average diameter of 4—5 in (10—12 cm), with 30 to 35 petals. Flowers are a scarlet red with a silvery white reverse. The rose has a mild fragrance. Blooms have a high-centered, relaxed bloom form, and are borne mostly solitary on long, upright stems, in small clusters. Leaves are large, glossy, leathery, and dark green. 'Love' blooms continuously from spring through autumn. The plant does best in USDA zone 6b and warmer.

## Child plants

'Love' was used to hybridize the following plants:
* Rosa 'Delany Sisters', (1997)
* Rosa 'Fire 'n' Ice', (1987)

## Awards

* Portland Gold Medal, (1980)
* All-America Rose Selections (AARS), (1980)
# Rosa 'Léontine Gervais'

Rosa 'Léontine Gervais' is an apricot-blend Hybrid wichurana rose cultivar, bred by French rose breeder, René Barbier in 1903. A best selling and popular rambler in the early 20th century, it is often confused with another Barbier rambler, 'Francois Juranville'.

## Description

'Léontine Gervais' is a vigorous Wichurana rambler, 10–25 ft (3.0–7.6 m) in height, with an 8–10 ft (2.4–3.0 m) spread. The flowers are medium-sized, on average 2 in (51 mm), with a loosely petalled, semi-double form. The buds are round and copper red, but open into a peach-apricot blend and fade to cream, light pink or white in hot weather. The rose has a strong musky, sweet fragrance and is shade tolerant. Flowers are borne singly or in clusters of 5 to 7 on short stems. The leaves are dark glossy green and the stems will turn red in the sun.

## History
### Barbier Frères & Compagnie

The Barbier nursery was founded by Albert Barbier (1845 -1931) and his brother, Eugene, in Olivet, a village near Orleans, France. Albert was a nurseyman who initially worked at the Transon brothers nursery and the D. Dauvesse nursery in Orleans with fellow nurseryman, Paul Transon, as his partner. Barbier took over the management of Transon nurseries in 1872, before starting his own nursery with his brother Eugene in 1894. The Barbier family business initially sold fruit trees, but later began breeding and selling roses. Albert's sons, René (1870-1931), Léon (b 1878), and George later joined the company.
The Barbiers introduced the hybrid Wichurana rose to Europe in the early 1900s. Between 1900 and 1930, René Barbier produced exceptional new rose cultivars, large-flowered rambling roses with strongly scented and beautifully shaped flowers. Barbier developed this new rose variety by crossing Rosa 'lucieae', (a vigorous, trailing species from Japan known for its thick purplish-red canes and glossy, dark green, foliage), and hybrid tea roses.
During the height of rose production, the Barbier nursery produced some of the most popular and best selling roses at the time, including 'Albertine', 'Alexandre Girault', and 'Francois Juranville'. The Barbiers roses produced more flowers but were less hardy than ramblers produced from Hybrid Perpetual stock parents. Later ramblers produced by the nursery were more robust. Hardier ramblers like 'Primevère' (1929) and 'Jacotte' (1920) were popular in colder climates, like the New England region of the United States. After eighty years in business, The Barbier nursery closed in 1972. There are 33 Barbier rose cultivars that exist today, all introduced between 1900 and 1930.

### 'Léontine Gervais'

'Léontine Gervais' was bred by René Barbier in 1903. He created the cultivar by crossing Rosa lucieae and the red Tea rose, 'Souvenir de Catherine Guillot'. It was introduced in Orleans in 1903. It is very similar to 'Francois Juranville'. The early 'Léontine Gervais' cultivars were a salmon red-blend color. The current rose is a light apricot blend.
# Rosa 'Livin' Easy'

Rosa 'Livin' Easy', (aka HARwelcome), is a floribunda rose cultivar, bred by Jack Harkness. It was introduced into the United States by Weeks Roses in 1992 as 'Fellowship'. The rose was named an All-America Rose Selections winner in 1996.

## Description

'Livin' Easy' is a medium bushy, upright shrub, 3 to 5 ft (91–151 cm) in height with a 3 to 4 ft (91–121 cm) spread. Blooms are 4—5 in (10–12 cm) in diameter, with a petal count of 26 to 40. Bloom form is cupped, flat to cupped, and ruffled. Flowers are orange or an apricot-blend, displaying various shades of pink, apricot and orange, with unusual copper colored petal backs. Flowers also have dark pink petal edges and cream or yellow centers. Blooms have a moderate, citrus fragrance, and are generally borne singly, or in small clusters. The plant is vigorous, blooming in flushes from spring through fall. The shrub has medium-sized, glossy, medium-green, dense, leathery foliage. The plant is prone tp blackspot and spiky prickles. It grows well in many climates, and is considered an ideal rose for massed plantings.

## Sports and child plants

'Livin' Easy' was used to hybridize the following rose varieties:
* Rosa 'Bon Appetit', (2013)
* Rosa 'Easy Going', sport, (1996)
* Rosa 'Emma Haftl', (2014)
* Rosa 'Honey Nectar', (2001)
* Rosa 'Hot Cocoa', (2002)

## Awards

* Royal National Rose Society (RNRS) Gold Medal, (1990)
* All-America Rose Selections (AARS) winner, USA, (1996)
# Rosa 'Louis de Funès'

Rosa 'Louis de Funès' (aka MEIrestif) is an orange hybrid tea rose, bred by Marie-Louise Meilland before 1987. Meilland International introduced the rose in France in 1987. It was named after the famous French comedian Louis de Funès(1914 - 1983).

## Description

'Louis de Funès' is a medium, upright hybrid tea rose, 32 to 39 in (810–990 mm) in height, with a 2 to 3 ft (0.61–0.91 m) spread. The plant has a large, high-centered, double bloom form and flowers are carried singly carried on long stems. Bloom color is orange-nasturtium with a darker orange at the edges and a yellow-orange base. The backs of petals are yellow. The rose has a light, fruity scent. It has medium green leaves and many prickles It is very disease resistant.

## History
### Meilland International

The Meilland Family is a multi-generational family of French rose breeders. The family's first rosarian was gardener, Joseph Rambaux, who first started breeding roses in 1850 in Lyon. He is best known for developing the Polyantha 'Perle d'Or'. His wife, Claudine and son-in-law, Francois Dubreuil, took over the nursery after Rambaux died in 1878. Dubreuil became a successful rose breeder and grower. In 1900, Dubreuil hired sixteen year old, Antoine Meilland, as a gardening assistant, where he met Dubreul's daughter, Claudia. Antoine and Claudia married in 1909 and their son, Francis was born in 1912. The couple took over Dubareuil's nursery after his death in 1916.
After World War I, Antoine and Claudia bought property in Tassin-la-Demi-Lune, near Lyon and started a new nursery. Their son, Francis, married Marie-Louise (Louisette) Paolino, daughter of an Italian rose breeder in 1939. Francis expanded the family business over time into a large, international company, and became the most famous and prolific rose breeder in the family. His legendary 'Peace' rose, brought the family international attention and great commercial success when it was introduced after World War II. The Meilland family merged their business with Francisque Richardier in 1946, so that Francis Meilland could focus solely on breeding roses. After Francis's early death in 1958, Louisette continued to breed roses, introducing many awarding winning new varieties. The new company, Meilland-Richardier grew into Meilland International (AKA House of Meilland), and is located in Le Luc en Provence, France. Francis and Louisette's children, Alain and Michele, are both successful rose breeders and continue to manage the company.

### 'Louis de Funès'

'Louis de Funès' was bred in France by Marie-Louise "Louisette" Meilland before 1987. It was introduced in France by Meilland International in 1987. Meilland developed the cultivar by crossing hybrid teas, ('Ambassador' x 'Whiskey Mac') x ('Arthur Bell' x 'Kabuki'). 'Louis de Funès' The rose is named after the comedian Louis de Funès (July 31, 1914 - Jan. 27, 1983). It has four child plants: 'Abbaye de Cluny', 'Betty White', 'Duftjuwel', and 'Line Renaud'.
# Rosa 'Love and Peace'

Rosa 'Love & Peace', (aka BAIpeace), is a hybrid tea rose cultivar bred in the United States by Ping Lim and Jerry Twomey in 1991. The rose was named an All-America Rose Selections winner in 2002.

## Description

'Love & Peace' is a medium-tall upright shrub, 4 to 6 ft (121—182 cm) in height with a 2 to 3 ft (60—90 cm) spread. Blooms are large, 6 in (15 cm) in diameter, with a high-centered bloom form. Flowers are lemon yellow with dark pink edges, and are typically borne singly, and more rarely in small clusters. The rose has a medium, fruity fragrance and large, dark green foliage. 'Love & Peace' is an outstanding exhibition rose as well as a good garden rose. It blooms in flushes from spring through fall. The plants does well in USDA zone 7 and warmer.
'Love & Peace' was used by Alain Meilland, in France, to hybridize, the hybrid tea Rosa, 'Mademoiselle Meilland', (2006). The cultivar's stock parents are: ('Christopher Columbus x 'Graham Thomas') x 'Love & Peace'.

## Awards

* All-America Rose Selections (AARS) winner, USA, (2002)
# Advaita (disambiguation)

Advaita Vedanta is a school of Hindu philosophy and religious practice.
Advaita or Adwaita may also refer to:
* Advaita (band), a New Delhi–based Indian fusion band
* Advaita (festival), a festival of the Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar
* Adwaita, a giant tortoise at Alipore Zoological Gardens
* Advaitha (actress), Indian actress
* Adwaita Mallabarman (1914–1951), Bengali writer
* Adwaita, design language of the GNOME Desktop Environment
# Afon Merddwr

Afon Merddwr is a river in the south of the county of Conwy, Wales. It is a tributary of the River Conwy and joins it near Pentrefoelas. It is about 10 km long. "Merddwr" is Welsh for backwater or stagnant water, suggesting that it was named for its current or water quality.

## Course of the river

The source of the river is on the southern slopes of Mwdwl-eithin (532 m), the highest hill in Mynydd Hiraethog (the Denbigh Moors). Its name for the first part of its course is Afon Llaethog ("Milky River"). It flows south before turning west near the small village of Glasfryn.
Several streams flow down from the hills into the river as it flows through wetland and marshes to its confluence near Rhydlydan with the Afon Nug, a small stream that flows from the hills above Pentrefoelas. The marshes are a Site of Special Scientific Interest known as Corsydd Nug a Merddwr ("Nug and Merddwr Marshes").
The river flows beside the A5 road, under a bridge for the B5113 near Pentrefoelas, and on for another 2 km to the River Conwy north of Ysbyty Ifan.
# Afronyctemera

Afronyctemera is a genus of tiger moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Vladimir Viktorovitch Dubatolov in 2006.

## Species

* Afronyctemera camerunica
* Afronyctemera itokina (Aurivillius, 1904)
* Afronyctemera marcida
* Afronyctemera plana
# Tartesso

Tartesso is a 49,000 residential units planned community located off Sun Valley Parkway. Tartesso is the third largest development in Buckeye, Arizona.

## Tartesso plan

Tartesso was originally announced in 2005, but the project never went into development. The extended period of dormancy ended when Dolphin Partners of Irvine, California purchased more than 10,000 acres from Valley developer Jerry Bisgrove in September 2016.
Homebuilder D.R. Horton will be the major builder in the current phase of Tartesso. In October 2016, Dolphin's affiliate Tartesso Partners LLC sold DR Horton 158 lots for $3,822,500, or $24,200 per lot. D.R. Horton's Express Homes division opened its first Tartesso subdivision in late 2016, and closed homes in January 2017. In June 2017, D.R. Horton purchased an additional 1,894 lots for $60,258,790, or $31,800 per lot, from Tartesso Partners. D.R. Horton had "Grand Opening Pricing" at its Tartesso-DR Horton Series as of August 23, 2017.
The development was originally developed by Stardust Companies and may take 25 years to finish, but at build-out, it could have 100,000 to 150,000 residents. As of January 2008, 964 of 3,375 lots planned were occupied in the first phase.
At its completion, Tartesso will include a 500-acre town center, 17 elementary schools, three high schools, 26 parks, one hospital and create nearly 18,000 jobs.

## Tartesso schools

All of Tartesso schools are part of the Saddle Mountain Unified School District.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Reagor, Catherine (Sep 2, 2016). "$80M land sale on metro Phoenix's western edge could bring 40K homes on stalled Tartesso development". Arizona Republic. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
* ↑ Maricopa County Recorder's Office. "Recorded Document Search". Maricopa County Recorder's Office. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
* ↑ Maricopa County Recorder's Office. "Recorded Document Search". Maricopa County Recorder's Office. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
* ↑ Maricopa County Recorder's Office. "Recorded Document Search". Maricopa County Recorder's Office. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
* ↑ DR Horton. "New Homes in Buckeye, Arizona". DRHorton.com. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
* ↑ Carr, Kelly (Jul 11, 2007). "Development remakes Sun Valley Parkway". Arizona Republic. Retrieved Jul 11, 2007..
* ↑ "Forbes Article". 16 July 2007. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
* ↑ "AZ Central August 2007". Retrieved 7 January 2008.
* ↑ "West Valley View July 2007". Retrieved 7 January 2008.
# Advena campbelli

Advena campbelli, also known as the Campbell's keeled glass-snail, is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Helicarionidae. This species is endemic to Norfolk Island. It was listed as extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 1996. However, the Australian Government lists the species as Critically Endangered, and stated in 2009 that the species' IUCN status was "incorrect and requires updating." A small living population was found in 2020.
# Tarvas

Tarvas may refer to:
* BC Rakvere Tarvas, basketball club based in Rakvere
* Rakvere JK Tarvas, football club based in Rakvere

## People with the surname

* Karl Tarvas (1885–1975), Estonian architect
* Peeter Tarvas (1916–1987), Estonian architect and professor
# Aetna Township, Missaukee County, Michigan

Aetna Township is a civil township of Missaukee County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the township population was 429.

## Communities

* Dinca is a small unincorporated community in the township at 44°16′44″N 85°03′15″W﻿ / ﻿44.27889°N 85.05417°W﻿ / 44.27889; -85.05417﻿ (Dinca) near the junction of E. Lotan and S. 8 Mile Roads. A rural post office operated from October 20, 1906, until May 31, 1914.
* Barger 44°16′17″N 85°00′10″W﻿ / ﻿44.27139°N 85.00278°W﻿ / 44.27139; -85.00278 was a rural post office in the township, named for farmer Martin S. Barger, that operated from April 5, 1902, until April 29, 1905.
* Mynnings 44°19′20″N 85°04′30″W﻿ / ﻿44.32222°N 85.07500°W﻿ / 44.32222; -85.07500 was a post office and lumber settlement named for lumberman Christen F. Mynning. The post office operated from January 15, 1900, until December 31, 1907.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.88 square miles (92.93 km$^2$), of which 0.01 square miles (0.03 km$^2$), or 0.02%, are water. The township is drained by east-flowing tributaries of the Muskegon River, most notably Butterfield Creek, which crosses the southern portion of the township.

## Highways

* M-55 forms the entire northern boundary of the township. The highway leads west to Lake City, the Missaukee county seat, and east to Houghton Lake.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 491 people, 166 households, and 125 families residing in the township. The population density was 13.7 per square mile (5.3/km$^2$). There were 292 housing units at an average density of 8.1 per square mile (3.1/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 97.76% White, 0.20% African American, 0.41% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.61% from other races, and 0.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.81% of the population.
There were 166 households, out of which 41.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.7% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was 3.50.
In the township the population was spread out, with 31.2% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.4 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $36,964, and the median income for a family was $41,406. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,530. About 4.1% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.9% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.