# List of plant hybrids

This is a list of plant hybrids created intentionally or by chance and exploited commercially in agriculture or horticulture. The hybridization event mechanism is documented where known, along with the authorities who described it.

## Hybrids

| Species | Common name | Family | Hybridization | Confirmed or putative hybridization? | Putative parental/ introgressive species | Polyploid or homoploid? | Polyploid chromosome count | References | Notes |
| Abelmoschus esculentus | Okra | Malvaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Putative | Uncertain | Polyploid (tetraploid) | usually 2n=4x=130 | Joshi and Hardas, 1956; Schafleitner et al., 2013 | Variable ploidy |
| Actinidia deliciosa | Kiwifruit | Actinidiaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Putative | Actinidia chinensis and other Actinidia species | Polyploid (hexaploid) | 2n=6x=174 | Atkinson et al., 1997 | |
| Agave fourcroydes | Henequen | Asparagaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain | Polyploid (usu. pentaploid, triploid) | 2n=5x(3x)=150(90) | Robert et al., 2008; Hughes et al., 2007 | Variable ploidy, polyploid event not recent |
| Agave sisalana | Sisal | Asparagaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain | Polyploid (usu. pentaploid, hexaploid) | 2n=5x(6x)=150(180) | Robert et al., 2008 | Variable ploidy, polyploid event not recent |
| Allium ampeloprasum | Great headed garlic | Amaryllidaceae | Intraspecific hybrid origin | Putative | Allium ampeloprasum | Homoploid | – | Guenaoui et al., 2013 | |
| Allium cepa | Common onion | Amaryllidaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Putative | Uncertain: Allium vavilovii, A. galanthum or A. fistulosum | Homoploid | – | Gurushidze et al., 2007 | |
| Allium cornutum | Triploid onion | Amaryllidaceae | Triparental allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Allium cepa, A. roylei, other Allium species | Polyploid (triploid) | 2n=3x=24 | Fredotovic et al., 2014 | |
| Ananas comosus | Pineapple | Bromeliaceae | Interspecific introgression | Putative | Ananas ananassoides | Homoploid | – | Duval et al., 2003 | |
| Annona × atemoya | Atemoya | Annonaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Annona cherimola and A. squamosa | ? | – | Perfectti et al., 2004; Jalikop, 2010 | |
| Arachis hypogaea | Peanut | Fabaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Arachis duranensis and A. ipaënsis | Polypoid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=40 | Kochert et al., 1996; Bertioli et al., 2011 | |
| Armoracia rusticana | Horseradish | Brassicaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Putative | Uncertain | ? | – | Courter and Rhodes, 1969 | |
| Artocarpus altilis | Breadfruit | Moraceae | Interspecific introgression | Putative | Artocarpus mariannensis | ? | – | Zerega et al., 2005; Jones et al., 2013 | |
| Avena sativa | Oat | Poaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain | Polyploid (hexaploid) | 2n=6x=42 | Linares et al., 1998; Oliver et al., 2013 | |
| Brassica carinata | Ethiopian mustard | Brassicaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Brassica oleracea and B. nigra | Polyploid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=19 | Arias et al., 2014 | |
| Brassica juncea | Indian mustard | Brassicaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Brassica nigra and B. rapa | Polyploid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=18 | Arias et al., 2014 | |
| Brassica napus | Rapeseed, rutabega | Brassicaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Brassica rapa and B. oleracea | Polyploid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=19 | Arias et al., 2014 | |
| Cajanus cajan | Pigeon pea | Fabaceae | Intraspecific introgression, interspecific introgression | Putative | Wild Cajanus cajan and other Cajanus species | Homoploid | – | Kassa et al., 2012 | |
| Cannabis sativa | Hemp | Cannabaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Putative | Cannabis sativa 'Indica' and 'Sativa' types | Homoploid | – | de Meijer and van Soest, 1992 | |
| Carica pentagona | Babaco | Caricaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain (Carica stipulata, Vasconcellea pubescens, V. weberbaueri | ? | – | Van Droogenbroeck et al., 2002; Van Droogenbroeck et al., 2006 | |
| Carya illinoinensis | Pecan | Juglandaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Putative | Uncertain | ? | – | Grauke et al., 2011 | |
| Castanea dentata | American Chestnut | Fagaceae | Interspecific introgression | Confirmed | Castanea pumila | Homoploid | – | Li and Dane, 2013 | Also ongoing efforts to introgress blight resistance from Castanea mollissima (see Jacobs et al., 2013) |
| Castanea sativa | Chestnut | Fagaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Castanea sativa Eurosiberian and Mediterranean populations | Homoploid | – | Villani et al., 1999; Mattioni et al., 2013 | |
| Chenopodium quinoa | Quinoa | Chenopodiaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Putative | Uncertain | Polyploid (tetraploid) | – | Heiser, 1974; Ward, 2000; Maughan et al., 2004 | |
| Cicer arietinum | Chickpea (pea-shaped) | Fabaceae | Intraspecific hybrid origin | Putative | Cicer arietinum Desi and Kabuli germplasm | ? | – | Upadhyaya et al., 2008; Keneni et al., 2011 | |
| Cichorium intybus | Radicchio | Asteraceae | Interspecific introgression | Confirmed | Wild Cichorium intybus | Homoploid | – | Kiaer et al., 2009 | |
| Citrus aurantiifolia | Key lime | Rutaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Citrus medica and Citrus subg. Papeda | ? | – | Ollitrault and Navarro, 2012; Penjor et al., 2014; Nicolosi et al., 2000; Moore, 2001 | |
| Citrus aurantium | Sour oranges | Rutaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Citrus maxima and C. reticulata | ? | – | Wu et al., 2014; Moore, 2001 | |
| Citrus clementina | Clementine | Rutaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Citrus sinensis and C. reticulata | ? | – | Wu et al., 2014 | |
| Citrus limon | Lemon, lime | Rutaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Citrus medica, C. × aurantiifolia, and other Citrus species | ? | – | Nicolosi et al., 2000; Moore, 2001 | |
| Citrus paradisi | Grapefruit | Rutaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Citrus sinensis and C. maxima | ? | – | Wu et al., 2014; Moore, 2001 | |
| Citrus reticulata | Mandarin | Rutaceae | Interspecific introgression | Confirmed | Citrus maxima | ? | – | Wu et al., 2014 | |
| Citrus sinensis | Sweet orange (blood, common) | Rutaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain | ? | – | Wu et al., 2014; Moore, 2001 | |
| Cocos nucifera | Coconut | Arecaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Cocos nucifera Indo-Atlantic and Pacific lineages | Homoploid | – | Gunn et al., 2011 | |
| Coffea arabica | Coffee | Rubiaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Coffea eugenioides and C. canephora | Polyploid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=44 | Lashermes et al., 1999 | |
| Corylus avellana | Hazelnut | Betulaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Wild Corylus avellana in southern Europe | Homoploid | – | Campa et al., 2011; Boccacci et al., 2013 | |
| Cucurbita pepo | Winter squash, pumpkin | Cucurbitaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Putative | Cucurbita pepo var. texana | Homploid | – | Kirkpatrick and Wilson, 1988 | |
| Daucus carota subsp. sativus | Carrot | Apiaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Daucus carota subsp. carota | Homoploid | – | Iorizzo et al., 2013; Simon, 2000 | |
| Dioscorea species | Yam | Dioscoreaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin, introgression | Putative | Uncertain | Variable | – | Terauchi et al., 1992; Dansi et al., 1999; Bhattacharjee et al., 2011; Mignouna et al., 2002 | Multiple species of putative hybrid (perhaps allopolyploid) origin including Dioscorea cayennensis subsp. rotundata and D. cayennensis |
| Diospyros kaki | Persimmon | Ebenaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Putative | Uncertain | Polyploid (hexaploid) | | Yonemori et al., 2008 | |
| Ficus carica | Fig | Moraceae | Interspecific introgression | Putative | Uncertain | ? | | Aradhya et al., 2010 | |
| Fragaria ananassa | Strawberry | Rosaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Fragaria virginiana (octoploid), F. chiloensis (octoploid) | Homoploid relative to parentals (octoploid) | 2n=8x=56 | Evans, 1977; Hirakawa et al., 2014 | Uncertain which species formed the octoploid progenitors |
| Garcinia mangostana | Mangosteen | Clusiaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Putative | Garcinia celebica and G. malaccensis | Polyploid (tetraploid) | ? | Richards, 1990 | Recent work shows this may not be of hybrid origin (Nazre, 2014) |
| Gossypium hirsutum | Upland cotton | Malvaceae | hybrid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain, referred to as 'A' and 'D' | Polyploid (formed <1MYA) | 2n =4x=52 | Wendel and Cronn 2003 | Polyploidization likely led to agronomically significant traits (Applequist et al., 2001) |
| Hibiscus sabdariffa | Roselle | Malvaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Putative | Uncertain | Polyploid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=72 | Menzel and Wilson, 1966; Satya et al., 2013 | |
| Hordeum vulgare | Barley | Poaceae | Introgression | Confirmed | Hordeum spontaneum | Homoploid | | Badr et al., 2000; Dai et al., 2012 | |
| Humulus lupulus | Hops | Cannabaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Humulus lupulus North American and European germplasm | Homoploid | | Reeves and Richards, 2011; Stajner et al., 2008; Seefelder et al., 2000 | |
| Ipomoea batatas | Sweet potato | Convolvulaceae | Intraspecific introgression; Interspecific introgression? | Putative | Ipomoea batatas Central American and South American germplasm | Homoploid relative to parentals | | Roullier et al., 2013 | |
| Juglans regia | Walnut | Juglandaceae | Interspecific hybridization | Confirmed | Juglans sigillata | Homoploid | | Gunn et al., 2010 | |
| Lactuca sativa | Lettuce | Asteraceae | Intraspecific hybrid origin | Putative | Lactuca serriola and other Lactuca species | Homoploid | | de Vries, 1997 | |
| Lagenaria siceraria | Bottle Gourd | Cucurbitaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Lagenaria siceraria African/American and Asian germplasm | Homoploid | | Clarke et al., 2006 | |
| Lens culinaris subsp. culinaris | Lentil | Fabaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Putative | Wild lentil, Lens culinaris subsp. orientalis | Homoploid | | Erskine et al., 2011 | |
| Macadamia integrifolia | Macadamia | Proteaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression | Confirmed | Macadamia tetraphylla and other Macadamia species | Homoploid | | Hardner et al., 2009; Steiger et al., 2003; Aradhya et al., 1998 | |
| Malus domestica | Apple | Rosaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Malus sieversii, M. sylvestris, and possibly other Malus species | Homoploid | | Cornille et al., 2012 | |
| Mentha piperita | Peppermint | Lamiaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Mentha aquatica and M. spicata | Polyploid (12-ploid) | 2n=12x=66 or 72 | Harley and Brighton, 1977; Gobert et al., 2002 | |
| Musa paradisiaca | Banana | Musaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Musa acuminata and M. balbisiana | Polyploid (usually triploid) | 2n=3x=33 | Simmonds and Shepherd, 1955; Heslop-Harrison and Schwarzacher, 2007; De Langhe et al., 2010 | |
| Nicotiana tabacum | Tobacco | Solanaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain (Nicotiana sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis) | Polyploid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=48 | Kenton et al., 1993; Murad et al., 2002 | |
| Olea europaea | Olive | Oleaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Putative | Wild Olea europaea, western and eastern germplasm | Homoploid | | Kaniewski et al., 2012; Besnard et al., 2013; Breton et al., 2006; Rubio de Casas et al., 2006; Besnard et al., 2007; Besnard et al., 2000 | |
| Opuntia species | Opuntia | Cactaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin, Allopolyploid origin | Putative | Including Opuntia ficus-indica | Polyploid, homoploid | | Hughes et al., 2007; Griffith, 2004 | |
| Oryza sativa | Rice | Poaceae | Intraspecific introgression, interspecific introgression | Putative | Oryza sativa 'Japonica' and 'Indica' germplasm, Oryza rufipogon | Homoploid | | Caicedo et al., 2007; Gao and Innan, 2008 | |
| Oxalis tuberosa | Oca | Oxalidaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Putative | Uncertain | Polyploid (octaploid) | 2n=8x=64 | Emswhiller and Doyle, 2002; Emshwiller 2002; Emswhiller et al., 2009 | |
| Pennisetum glaucum | Pearl millet | Poaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Wild Pennisetum glaucum | Homoploid | | Oumar et al., 2008 | |
| Persea americana | Avocado (Hass and other cultivars) | Lauraceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Persea americana 'Guatamalensis', 'Drymifolia', and 'Americana' | Homoploid | | Chen et al., 2008; Davis et al., 1998; Ashworth and Clegg, 2003; Douhan et al., 2011 | |
| Phoenix dactylifera | Date palm | Arecaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Putative | Uncertain | Homoploid | | El Hadrami et al., 2011; Bennaceur et al., 1991 | |
| Piper methysticum | Kava | Piperaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Putative | Piper wichmannii and P. gibbiflorum | Polyploid (decaploid) | 2n=10x=130 | Singh, 2004; Lebot et al., 1991 | |
| Pistacia vera | Pistachio | Anacardiaceae | Interspecific introgression | Putative | Pistacia atlantica, P. chinensis subsp. integerrima | Homoploid | | Kafkas et al., 2001 | |
| Pisum abyssinicum | Abyssinian Pea | Fabaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain (Pisum fulvum and other Pisum species) | Homoploid | | Vershinin et al., 2003 | |
| Pisum sativum | Pea | Fabaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain (Pisum sativum subsp. elatius and other Pisum species) | Homoploid | | Vershinin et al., 2003 | |
| Plinia cauliflora | Jaboticaba | Myrtaceae | Intraspecific hybridization, interspecific hybridization | Putative | Plinia 'Jaboticaba' and 'Cauliflora' germplasm; P. peruviana | Homoploid | | Balerdi et al., 2006 | |
| Prunus cerasus | Cherry | Rosaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Prunus avium and P. fruticosa | Polyploid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=32 | Tavaud et al., 2004; Olden and Nybom, 1968 | |
| Prunus domestica | Plum | Rosaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain (Prunus cerasifera and P. spinosa | Polyploid (hexaploid) | 2n=6x=48 | Zohary, 1992; Hartmann and Neumuller, 2009 | Also hybridizes with other cultivated Prunus species |
| Prunus dulcis | Almond | Rosaceae | Interspecific introgression | Confirmed | Prunus orientalis and other Prunus species | Homoploid | | Delplancke et al., 2012; Delplancke et al., 2013 | |
| Pyrus species | Pear | Rosaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Many species | Homoploid | | Silva et al., 2014 | Also introgression with semidomesticated populations (see Iketani et al. 2009) |
| Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus | Radish | Brassicaceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. raphanistrum | Homoploid | | Ridley et al., 2008 | |
| Rheum cultivated species | Rhubarb | Polygonaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Putative | Unclear | Homoploid relative to parentals (tetraploid) | | Foust and Marshall, 1991; Kuhl and Deboer, 2008 | Hybrids include: Rheum rhaponticum L., R. rhabarbarum L., R. palmatum L. |
| Rubus species | Red raspberry, blackberry, tayberry, boysenberry, etc. | Rosaceae | Allopolyploid origin, interspecific hybridization | Confirmed | Many | Polyploid | | Alice et al., 2014; Alice and Campbell, 1999 | |
| Saccharum species | Sugarcane | Poaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Saccharum officinarum and S. spontaneum | Polyploid | Variable, 2n=10-13x=100-130 | Grivet et al., 1995; D'Hont et al., 1996 | |
| Secale cereale | Rye | Poaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Uncertain (Secale montanum, S. vavilovii) | Homoploid | | Bartos et al., 2008; Korzun et al., 2001; Hillman, 1978; Tang et al., 2011; Salamini et al., 2002 | |
| Sechium edule | Chayote | Cucurbitaceae | Interspecific introgression | Putative | Sechium compositum | Homoploid | | Newstrom, 1991 | |
| Setaria italica | Foxtail millet | Poaceae | Interspecific introgression | Confirmed | Setaria viridis | Homoploid | | Till-Bottraud et al., 1992 | |
| Solanum species section Petota | Potato | Solanaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin, allopolyploid origin, interspecific introgression | Confirmed | Including Solanum tuberosum, S. ajanhuiri, S. curtilobum, S. juzepczukii | Homoploid and Polyploid | | Rodriguez et al., 2010; Eggers et al., 2021 | |
| Solanum lycopersicum | Tomato | Solanaceae | Intraspecific introgression, interspecific introgression | Confirmed | Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme and S. pimpinellifolium | Homoploid | | Blanca et al., 2012; Causse et al., 2013; Rick, 1950 | |
| Solanum melongena | Eggplant | Solanaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression, intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Solanum undatum. and other Solanum species; wild S. melongena (= S. insanum) | Homoploid | | Knapp et al., 2013; Meyer et al., 2012 | Hybrid origin is not confirmed, but introgression is well documented |
| Solanum muricatum | Pepino dulce | Solanaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression | Likely | Solanum species in Series Caripensia | Homoploid | | Blanca et al., 2007 | Polyphyletic origin and extensive, ongoing introgression with wild species |
| Solanum tuberosum | Potato | Solanaceae | Intraspecific Hybrid | Confirmed | Diploid potato lines crossed with S. chacoense containing Sli gene | Homoploid | | Lindhout et al., 2011 | |
| Spondias purpurea | Jocote | Anacardiaceae | Interspecific introgression | Putative | Spondias mombin | Homoploid | | Miller and Schaal, 2005 | |
| Theobroma cacao | Cacao (Trinitario-type) | Malvaceae | Intraspecific hybrid origin | Confirmed | Theobroma cacao 'Forastero' and 'Criollo' germplasm | Homoploid | | Yang et al., 2013 | |
| Triticum aestivum | Bread wheat, spelt | Poaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Triticum turgidum (tetraploid) with Aegilops tauschii | Polyploid (hexaploid) | 2n=6x=42 | Matsuoka, 2011; Dvorak, 2012 | |
| Triticum turgidum | Emmer wheat, durum wheat | Poaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Triticum urartu and Aegilops speltoides | Polyploid (tetraploid) | 2n=4x=28 | Dvorak et al., 2012; Matsuoka, 2011; Yamane and Kawahara, 2005 | |
| Vaccinium corymbosum | Highbush blueberry | Ericaceae | Interspecific hybrid origin, interspecific introgression | Putative | Vaccinium tenellum, V. darrowii, (V. virgatum, V. angustifolium) | Uncertain | | Vander Kloet, 1980; Bruederle et al., 1994; Lyrene et al., 2003; Boches et al., 2006 | Possible hybrid origin during the Pleistocene |
| Vanilla × tahitensis | Tahitian vanilla | Orchidaceae | Allopolyploid origin | Confirmed | Vanilla planifolia and V. odorata | Polyploid | Variable, 2n=2x(4x)=32(64) | Lubinsky et al., 2008 | |
| Vitis rotundifolia | Grape | Vitaceae | Interspecific introgression | Confirmed | Many Vitis species | Homoploid | 2n=2x=38 | Reisch et al., 2012; This et al., 2006 | |
| Zea mays | Maize | Poaeceae | Intraspecific introgression | Confirmed | Wild Zea mays (teosinte, =subsp. parviglumis) | Homoploid | | Van Heerwaarden et al., 2011; Hufford et al., 2013 | |