OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze M.12

The Obuzierul Krupp, caliber 105 mm, model 1912 was a Romanian requested upgrade of the German 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09 howitzer used extensively during World War I. After two years of planning and experimentation by Romanian officers, the final design was approved and put into production by Krupp. The German aiming system was replaced with an improved Romanian system and the maximum range was increased to 6,500 meters, being superior to the 6,300 meters maximum range of its German counterpart. Maximum elevation was also increased from 40° to 60°. The first pieces started to arrive in Romania in 1912, and by the start of World War I thirty batteries (120 pieces) were in service, their performance during the war being described as "flawless". However, wartime attrition was heavy and by the beginning of 1918, only 64 remained in service. They appear to have lingered in Romanian service into World War II. Guns captured by the Bulgarians appear to have been placed into service during World War I, although they seem to have been out of service by the outbreak of World War II.

## Surviving examples

* National Military Museum, Romania, Bucharest.
* Belgrade Military Museum, Serbia
# Flood gun

A flood gun is an electromechanical device that provides a steady flow of low-energy electrons to a desired target or "flood area".
Typically, the target is an area on an insulator or semiconductor where another "writing gun" has just left a net positive charge.
If the energy of a flood gun's electrons is properly balanced, each impinging flood gun electron knocks out one secondary electron from the target, thus preserving the net charge in the target area. This is called "charge neutralization".
Flood guns are typically used in photoelectron spectroscopy, oscilloscopes and ion beam implanters as their secondary electron gun.
# FuelPHP

FuelPHP is an open-source web application framework written in PHP which implements the HMVC pattern.

## History

The FuelPHP project commenced in October 2010, with its major contributors being Harro Verton, Jelmer Schreuder, Dan Horrigan, Philip Sturgeon and Frank de Jonge. In November 2013, Steve West joined the development team. Philip Sturgeon and Dan Horrigan had contributed to the CodeIgniter framework.

### Major releases

The first version of FuelPHP (FuelPHP 1.0) was developed under the GitHub repository named Fuel. Another GitHub repository named FuelPHP was created for the development of the second version (FuelPHP 2.0).
| Version | Release date |
| 1.0 | July 30, 2011 |
| 1.0.1 | August 23, 2011 |
| 1.1 | December 13, 2011 |
| 1.2 | May 6, 2012 |
| 1.3 | September 9, 2012 |
| 1.4 | November 11, 2012 |
| 1.5 | January 20, 2013 |
| 1.6 | May 3, 2013 |
| 1.7 | October 13, 2013 |
| 1.8 | April 9, 2016 |
| 1.9 | December 28, 2021 |
| 2.0 | No date set |

## Project guidelines

The project guidelines are to build a framework based on the best ideas from other ones. The framework must provide powerful functionalities, it must be easy to work with, and it should have a lightweight codebase that takes account of community developers' orientations.

## Architecture overview

* FuelPHP is written in PHP 5.3 and requires at least version 5.3.3 of PHP for version 1.x.
* Cascading File System (inspired by Kohana framework): a directory structure partially based on namespaces used by classes.
* Flexibility: almost every component of the core framework can be extended or replaced.
* Modularity: applications can be divided up into modules.
* Extensibility: additional functionalities can be added to the framework through packages.

## Features overview

* A URL routing system
* RESTful implementation
* HMVC implementation
* Template parsing: Stags (a specific FuelPHP template engine) and Mustache template engines are included; drivers for Markdown, Smarty, Twig, Haml, Jade and Dwoo template engines
* Form and data validation features
* An Object Relational Mapper (ORM)
* Vulnerability protections: the framework encodes output, provides CSRF protection, cross-site scripting protection, input filtering features, and prevents SQL injection
* The Auth package provides a set of components with which authentication and authorization application functionalities can be built. Sentry is another authentication and authorisation package for FuelPHP.
* A caching system

## Tools

* Profiling and debugging: PHP Quick Profiler integration
* Database migrations tool (inspired by the popular Ruby on Rails framework)
* Scaffolding (inspired by Ruby on Rails framework, Oil package)
* Tasks (operations that can be executed through the command line)
* Testing: PHPUnit integration (Oil package)
# Pimpalkutti

Pimpalkutti is a village and a railway station in Yavatmal district of Maharashtra State in India. This is the last village and last railway station in Maharashtra on NH7 and Nagpur – Adilabad line respectively.
# Moe Lee

Martavious "Moe" Lee (born August 10, 1989) is an American former professional football cornerback. He played college football at Utah.

## Professional career
### Baltimore Ravens

On May 8, 2013, he signed with the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent. On August 25, 2013, he was waived by the Ravens.

### San Jose SaberCats

On October 4, 2013, Lee was assigned to the San Jose SaberCats of the Arena Football League. On January 2, 2014, he was reassigned by the SaberCats.
# Derry Pemberton

Derry Pemberton (born February 1, 1971) is a sprinter who represents the United States Virgin Islands. He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Pemberton won a bronze medal in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 1991 Pan American Games.
Hall of Fame :
| Year | |
| 2019 Inaugural Class | US Virgin Islands Olympic Hall of Fame |
# Tryblidium

Tryblidium is a paleozoic genus of Ordovician and Silurian monoplacophorans.
The generic name comes from the Greek (τρυβλίον), which means patella.

## Species

Species in the genus Tryblidium include:
* Tryblidium acutum
* Tryblidium arctica
* Tryblidium erato
* Tryblidium eubule
* Tryblidium exserta
* Tryblidium hyrie
* Tryblidium modestum
* Tryblidium niobe
* Tryblidium nycteis
* Tryblidium ovale
* Tryblidium ovatum
* Tryblidium pileolum
* Tryblidium reticulatum
* Tryblidium rugosum
* Tryblidium simplex
* Tryblidium thorsteinssoni
# Ewart Culpin

Ewart Gladstone Culpin (3 December 1877 – 1 December 1946) was a British Labour Party politician and town planner who served as the Chairman of London County Council.

## Biography

The son of Ben Ephraim Lamartine and Eliza Culpin, Ewart attended Alleynes Grammar School and Hitchin Grammar School. He became a journalist, based in Letchworth, where he developed an interest in town planning and the garden city movement. In 1906, he was appointed as secretary of the Garden City Association, and in 1907 he founded the International Garden Cities and Town Planning Association. Enthusiastic about the positions, in his spare time he qualified as a town planner and as an architect. Through the association, he promoted low-density housing schemes, whether designed as new towns or as extensions to existing ones, and in 1913 he toured the United States speaking on this topic. His approach was opposed by Ebenezer Howard, founder of the movement, and in 1918 he was replaced by Charles Purdom, who, like Howard, championed only new town developments.
After World War I, Culpin was president of the Belgian Society for the Reconstruction of Belgium, and he chaired the Standing Conference on London Regional Planning from 1926 until his death. In 1930, he was the president of the Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors, while in 1937/8 he was president of the Town Planning Institute. He also became a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects.
Culpin became active in the Labour Party, for which he stood unsuccessfully in Islington North at the 1924 United Kingdom general election. In 1925, he was appointed to London County Council as an alderman, serving until 1937, when he moved to become a councillor in Battersea North. He chaired the council from 1938 to 1939.
Culpin received several honours, including becoming an officer of the Belgian Order of the Crown, a grand officer of the Romanian Order of the Crown, and a commander of the Dahomean Order of the Black Star.
# Exploits River

The Exploits River (Mi'kmaq: Sple'tk; Tenenigeg) is a river in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It flows through the Exploits Valley in the central part of Newfoundland.
Including the Lloyds River, which discharges in Beothuk Lake, the Exploits river has a length of 246 km, making it the longest river on the island draining an area of 1,100 km$^2$ and is the second longest in the province after the Churchill River.
The river drains Beothuk Lake at its source and discharges into the Bay of Exploits near the port town of Botwood.
The Exploits River provides habitat for spawning Atlantic Salmon and other species of fish. The salmon population increased dramatically when fish ladders were installed, opening up sections of the river that had been previously inaccessible.

## Tributaries

* Lloyds River
* Victoria River
* Buchans River
# Hyledius regalis

Hyledius regalis, is a species of weevil found in Sri Lanka.
It is a small reddish color beetle and the host plant is Myristica dactyloides.
# Alessandro Mercati

Alessandro Mercati (born 12 April 2002) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Greek Super League club Athens Kallithea.

## Club career

On 1 August 2022, Mercati joined Serie C club Carrarese on a season-long loan.
On 2 August 2023, Mercati joined fellow Serie C club Gubbio on a season-long loan.
On 14 August 2024, Mercati joined Greek side Athens Kallithea for an undisclosed fee.

## Career statistics

    As of 21 October 2024
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Montevarchi (loan) | 2021–22 | Serie C | 36 | 1 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 37 | 1 |
| Carrarese (loan) | 2022–23 | Serie C | 24 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 25 | 0 |
| Gubbio (loan) | 2023–24 | Serie C | 35 | 2 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 36 | 2 |
| Athens Kallithea | 2024–25 | Superleague Greece 2 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 7 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 102 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 105 | 3 |
# Madonna of the Cherries

The Madonna of the Cherries is a 1515 painting by Titian, heavily influenced by the work of Giovanni Bellini. Originally oil on wood, it was later transferred to canvas. During the 17th century it formed part of the collection of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm, where it was copied by David Teniers. It is now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, in Vienna.

## Description

A red curtain, damasked with gold, forms the backdrop to the half-figures of the Madonna and Child, who are depicted among two saints. Jesus wriggles on a parapet offering cherries to his mother, a reference to the doctrine of the Original sin and to the red color of the blood of the Passion of Christ, while, on the right side, Saint John the Baptist leans out. Saints Saint Joseph and Zechariah close the sides.
The work is particularly closely related to Bellini's iconic Madonna and Child (with parallel figures in the foreground and a curtain hanging behind the Virgin Mary ), but the figures have a greater sense of freedom of movement and realism, and they are in a lively and intimate communication with each other.
As in The Gypsy Madonna (Kunsthistorisches Museum), the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus Christ are placed in a triangular composition with the infant John the Baptist between the balustrade in the foreground and the cloth behind. The triangle symbolizes eternity, legitimacy and harmony. The Virgin and Child are contrasted by the saints standing vertically on either side of them (Saint Joseph on the right and St. Zacharias, father of John, on the left). Moreover, the Virgin and Child are idealized, while the saints are realistic.
The infant John offering a cherry, a symbol of virginity, is holding a scroll with the inscription "ECCE AGNVS DEI." This is similar to the infant John holding a lily of the valley in Albrecht Dürer's Madonna del Lucherino [it] (Berlin Gesellschaft), executed in Venice, in 1506. This is a traditional composition in the Venetian style, referable to Giovanni Bellini, but also to the mentioned work of Dürer, also seen in the unusually detailed realism of Zacharias.
Titian however updated the theme with a greater sense of movement that animates the characters, who are seen sometimes facing downwards or upwards, and with the use of bright and full-bodied colors, in the name of overcoming tonality.

## Theatrum Pictorium

This painting was documented in David Teniers the Younger's catalog Theatrum Pictorium of the art collection of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in 1659 and again in 1673, but the portrait had already enjoyed notoriety in Teniers' portrayals of the Archduke's art collection:
* 1673 engraving from Teniers' catalog, by Lucas Vorsterman
* 1640
* Gallery of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in Brussels (Petworth), 1651
# Postal Telegraph Company

Postal Telegraph Company (Postal Telegraph & Cable Corporation) was a major operator of telegraph networks in the United States prior to its consolidation with Western Union in 1943. Postal partnered with Commercial Cable Company for overseas cable messaging.
Postal was founded in the 1880s by John William Mackay, an entrepreneur who had made a fortune in silver mining in the Comstock Lode. Mackay's original purpose was to provide a domestic wire network to directly link with the Atlantic Cable. Mackay built the Postal network by the purchase of existing insolvent firms. The company was initially called The Pacific Postal Telegraph Cable Co. Under president Albert Brown Chandler, the Postal network was able to achieve sufficient economy of scale to compete with Western Union, occasionally controlling as much as 20% of the business.
By 1893, the company's rate of growth had allowed it to become the only viable competitor to Western Union. It had grown so large that management had to move out of the company's New York City headquarters at 187 Broadway to accommodate more operations staff. Chandler oversaw the design and construction of the Postal Telegraph Company Building, a new headquarters at 253 Broadway and Murray Street.
In the film of William Saroyan's The Human Comedy the story is mainly told through the eyes of a teenager working as a delivery boy for the Postal Telegraph Company, and some of the action takes place in the telegraph office.
# Elena Lander

Elena Vladimirovna Lander (Russian: Елена Владимировна Ландер; born 27 September 1985 in Moscow, USSR) is a Russian theatre and cinema actress and TV presenter. Since 27 November 2014 she has hosted the Russian breakfast TV programme Morning of Russia on Russia-1.

## Biography

She was born on 27 September 1985 in Moscow into a theatrical family (father — director and teacher Vladimir Baikher). She graduated from music school in harp class.
In 2006 she graduated from the Acting Department of the Derzhavin International Slavic Institute (artistic directors — Lyudmila Ivanova and Vladimir Baikher).
Being a second-year student she made her debut on the stage of the children's musical theater Impromptu Theater under the direction of Lyudmila Ivanova in the play Mama by Gogol's works. Since 2006 — actress of the Impromptu Theater. Since 2007 — the actress of the Melikhovsky Theater Chekhov Studio under the direction of Vladimir Baikher. She played roles in movies and television series.
Since 2013 — the leader of news releases on the Israel Plus in Israel. November 27, 2014 was the leading morning program Morning of Russia on the channel Russia-1, replacing Irina Muromtseva. Worked in tandem with Vladislav Zavyalov and with Andrei Petrov. In 2017, she was nominated for the TEFI Award in the category Daily Ether in the nomination Morning Program.
# Studies in Words

Studies in Words is a work of linguistic scholarship written by C. S. Lewis and published by the Cambridge University Press in 1960. In this book, Lewis examines the history of various words used in the English language which have changed their meanings often quite widely throughout the centuries. The meanings in the predecessor languages are also part of the discussion.
Lewis's motivation for writing the book was in explaining to students of the work of previous centuries that the definition of a word that they already think they know (his dangerous sense, which he abbreviates D.S.) may yield a total misunderstanding of what the author meant to say. Those who have a large vocabulary are actually more likely to pick a wrong meaning because they can rationalize its enjambment. Some of the earlier meanings are only partially recalled in stock phrases, such as "world without end," which employs the earlier use of the word "world" to mean 'age'.
The words studied are nature, in all its phrases, especially "human nature"; sad, which originally meant "heavy"; wit; free, with all its differences from slavery and villainy; sense, with its two meanings of perception and judgement; simple; conscience and conscious; world; and life; with also the phrase "I dare say!" examined. The details of the history of these seemingly straightforward words encompasses 300 pages.

## Reception

Jackson J. Campbell, writing for the Journal of English and Germanic Philology, gave a negative review, criticizing the text for its errors and calling the text "disappointing", but writing that the text was otherwise enjoyable. Eric John Dobson praised the text as "an excellent book, which deserves to be widely known and red"; Dobson praised Lewis' writing on the word conscience and criticized several errors made by Lewis. William G. Moulton praised the book as "readable, informative...and witty" but also criticized it as "amateurish", and stated that it had little to offer professional linguists beyond "a delightful style and many well-chosen examples".
# Elisabeth Williams

Elisabeth Williams is a Canadian art director, production designer and set decorator. She won three Primetime Emmy Awards and was nominated for three more in the category Outstanding Production Design.

## Selected television

* Fargo (2015; nominated)
* The Handmaid's Tale (2017; nominated)
* The Handmaid's Tale (2017; won)
* The Handmaid's Tale (2018; won)
* The Handmaid's Tale (2019; won)
* The Handmaid's Tale (2020; nominated)
# 1581 in India

Events from the year 1581 in India.

## Events

* Francisco de Mascarenhas becomes 13th Vice Regent of Portuguese India (until 1584)

## Deaths

* 1 September, Guru Ram Das, the fourth of the ten gurus of Sikhism dies in Goindval (born 1534)
# Ethel Raybould

Ethel Harriet Raybould B.A., M.A. (1899–1987), was the University of Queensland's first female Mathematics Lecturer who taught at the University from 1928 to 1955. She was one of the University's most generous benefactors with her bequest to the University of almost $1 million upon her death supporting fellowships, prizes, and a teaching facility.

## Education

Ethel Harriet Raybould was born on 31 July 1899 in Brisbane, Queensland. She was brought up in Paddington, Brisbane While a student at Petrie Terrace State School, the Head of the school noticed her intelligence and dedication to her studies and she was appointed a Pupil-Teacher at the age of 14, while she completed her senior school studies. She worked as an Assistant Teacher in domestic science studies at Kangaroo Point (Girls) School, Mundubbera State School, Rockhampton High, Domestic Science High, Bulimba State School, and Central Technical College (now QUT). She would attend night classes at the Central Technical College, studying physics, whilst teaching domestic science at the College during the day.
In 1921, Raybould won a teacher scholarship to the University of Queensland. She completed her B.A. in mathematics part-time whilst teaching domestic science, and took a year away from her teaching duties to take first class honours in mathematics in 1927. She was awarded the University Gold Medal in 1927, only the 10th person to receive it.

## Career

In 1928, Raybould was seconded to the University of Queensland by the Department of Public Instruction, as a temporary lecturer in pure mathematics. In 1931, she was appointed as a permanent lecturer in the Department, one of the few women to be employed as such by UQ. She took her M.A. in 1931 with a thesis in mathematics on "The Transfinite and its Significance in Analysis". From 1937 to 1939 she undertook postgraduate study at Columbia University She returned to the University as Lecturer and later Senior Lecturer from 1951 to 1955. She retired in 1955
Raybould died in 1987 and left her estate to the University of Queensland.

## Legacy

The Ethel Harriet Raybould Trust was established at the University in 1988. Two Fellowships were made available from the money - the Raybould Tutorial Fellowship and the Raybould Visiting Fellowship. The Fellowships provide an opportunity for people to work in a university mathematics department and to develop a project that supports senior secondary mathematics. A prize is also given in her name.
The Raybould lecture theatre was constructed with part of the bequest and was opened in 1990. Another portion of the estate went to the Dorothy Hill Engineering and Sciences Library which sits adjacent to the lecture theatre.
# The Heathland School

The Heathland School is an 11–18 co-educational community comprehensive school located in the London Borough of Hounslow. As a comprehensive school, Heathland School provides a broad general education for girls and boys.

## Curriculum

It has a traditional curriculum based on academic subjects, taught by well qualified staff. Pupils are placed in teaching sets from Year 7 for core subjects according to their ability in each subject with the exception of art, drama, information and communications technology (taught in sets according to tutor group), music, physical education and religious education. Pupils are taught in their tutor groups in these subjects.
Homework is an integral part of pupils' learning and pupils in all years receive regular, set homework. All pupils study religious education to GCSE standard as either short or full courses and the great majority of pupils study ten subjects at GCSE.
The sixth form is the largest in Hounslow, enabling it to offer a wide range of AS and GCSE advanced courses in addition to vocational courses at both intermediate and advanced level. Approximately 90% of the upper sixth students take up places at University.
The 2013 inspection report by Ofsted graded the school "outstanding" in all criteria.