OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Brady Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania

Brady Township is a township in Butler County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,216 at the 2020 census.

## Geography

Brady Township is located northwest of the center of Butler County. It is bordered by Slippery Rock Township to the north, Cherry Township at the northeast corner, Clay Township to the east, Franklin Township to the south, Worth Township to the west, and the borough of West Liberty to the north and west. The township includes the unincorporated community of Elora near its eastern border, and the neighborhood of Slippery Rock Park occupies the valley of Slippery Rock Creek at the township's northern border.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 17.4 square miles (45.0 km$^2$), of which 17.0 square miles (44.1 km$^2$) is land and 0.35 square miles (0.9 km$^2$), or 2.00%, is water.

## Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 1,452 people, 517 households, and 385 families residing in the township. The population density was 86.0 inhabitants per square mile (33.2/km$^2$). There were 600 housing units at an average density of 35.6 per square mile (13.7/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 98.8% White, 0.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4% of the population.
There were 517 households, out of which 42.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.6% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.5% were non-families. 19.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.24.
In the township the population was spread out, with 30.6% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $35,547, and the median income for a family was $38,646. Males had a median income of $30,769 versus $22,708 for females. The per capita income for the township was $14,237. About 12.3% of families and 16.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.2% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.
# John Grange (immunologist)

Professor John Grange (born 4 April 1943 at East Dereham, Norfolk) died 10 October 2016 was an English immunologist, epidemiologist, researcher, and academic, and was one of Europe's leading tuberculosis specialists.

## Education

Grange was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, Norfolk, and then from 1962 to 1967 at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School of the University of London.

## Career

After qualification as a physician, Grange joined the Research Department at the Middlesex Hospital, where he studied the genus Mycobacterium and the diseases it causes in humans and other animals. This followed a stay in Zaire to study the Buruli ulcer. His doctoral thesis was on the classification of certain rapidly growing mycobacteria and led to research on the development of bacteriophage typing of mycobacteria for epidemiology.
Next he was appointed Reader in Microbiology at the National Heart and Lung Institute, where his interests turned to the immunology and epidemiology of tuberculosis. From there he became assistant lecturer (1969-1970) at the Bland Sutton Institute of Pathology of Middlesex Hospital Medical School, University of London and then lecturer in the same school's Department of Microbiology from 1971 to 1976.
From 1976 to 2000, Grange was Reader in Clinical Microbiology at the Imperial College School of Medicine and honorary consultant Microbiologist to the Royal Brompton NHS Trust.
Between 1978 and 1995, he undertook a series of visits to Indonesia to pursue research into the immunology and epidemiology of tuberculosis.
From 1985 to 1995, he was an honorary research fellow at King's College Hospital Medical School. After retirement from ICL he became a visiting professor at the University College London Centre for Infectious Disease and International Health.
In his later years, Grange's interests turned to the causes of the world tuberculosis pandemic - poverty, inequity and injustice. He retired early from Imperial College London and to work for the British charity TB Alert, the Consultation on Health of the World Council of Churches and the International Society for Human Values.

## Career related activities

* Member of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
* Founder member of the European Society for Mycobacteriology
* Founder, TB Alert, 1998
* Trustee, TB Alert, 1998-2000
* Member, Scientific Advisory Board of TB Alert, 2001 to date
* President, TB Focus since 2000
* Editor of Tubercle, 1990-1992
* Associate Editor of Tubercle and Lung Disease, 1992-1997
* Associate Editor of International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 1997-1999
* Member of editorial board of Journal of Applied Bacteriology 1985-1990.

## Degrees

1967 - Bachelor of Medicine (London) 1967 - Bachelor of Surgery (London) 1974 - Doctor of Medicine (London) 1981 - Master of Science, Immunology (London)

## Sources

* Professor John Grange at UCL at the Wayback Machine (archived May 28, 2006)
# Toronto Central Prison

The Toronto Central Prison, also known as the Central Prison, Central Prison for Men, and more colloquially as The Toronto Jail (the third of four Toronto area jails to be given that nickname) was a prison in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was a 336-bed facility located near the intersection of King Street and Strachan Avenue. It opened in 1873, when the area was still well away from any residential development. The prison was intended as an industrial facility and began with the manufacturing of railway cars for the Canada Car Company. Hard work and discipline were considered the best forms of rehabilitation and active industry would raise money for the prison.
The prison should have flourished as an example of modern penal facility of its time, but by the 1880s it had a well-deserved reputation for brutality. Its first warden, William Stratton Prince, was an alcoholic ex-military officer who resigned as chief of the Toronto Police to take the position. During his tenure he was accused of ordering extreme beatings, denying medical treatment, and supporting clandestine, nighttime burials. Wardens that followed tried to adopt a less disciplinarian approach, but the guards continued to brutalize the inmates. In 1911, Dr. J.T. Gilmour, one of the more reformist wardens, made news in the United States with his new outdoor work program, specifically one that allowed inmates to work without armed guards. Dr. Gilmour's reforms were not enough to overcome the prison's reputation. The Toronto Historical Association sums up the facility's reputation: "Central Prison represents one of the most shameful parts of the city's history, and its severe conditions and brutality are shocking".
In 1915, the prison was abandoned as changing attitudes toward crime and punishment led to a revamping of the province’s correctional system and replaced by the Ontario Reformatory in Guelph. For the next five years, the facility was used as an army base and a processing centre for new immigrants. In 1920, the main prison building was demolished and much of the land sold for use by the railroads. Remaining buildings ended up being used by Hobb's, Dr. Ballard's, and finally by the neighbouring John Inglis and Company Limited factory until 1981. During its operation the prison also had an out-camp with a shale and clay quarry on property in Mimico. That property and its buildings became part of what is now known as the Mimico Correctional Centre when the prison closed.
All that remains today is the Central Prison's Roman Catholic chapel on East Liberty Street (added to the main building in 1877) and a wall of the prison's paint shop. The chapel became part of the city’s inventory of heritage properties in 1985. The wall is now part of the east wall of the A. R. Williams Company Liberty Storage Warehouse on Lynn Williams Street. The Williams company purchased the paint shop property after the closure of the prison and demolished the building. The Williams warehouse is itself now a listed heritage property.
* East side of the Toronto Central Prison Chapel
* The prison in use as the Aeroplane Repair Park in 1917 during WWI
# Fort Saint Michael

Fort Saint Michael (Maltese: Forti San Mikiel) was a small fort in the land front of the city of Senglea, Malta. It was originally built in the 1552 and played a significant role in the Great Siege of Malta of 1565. Following the siege, it was rebuilt as Saint Michael Cavalier (Maltese: Kavallier ta' San Mikiel), and was completed in 1581. The cavalier was partially demolished in the 20th century, and only a part of its base remains today.

## Construction and history

In 1537 d’Homedes renovated a villa and surrounded it with a casemate.
In 1551, the Ottomans attacked Malta and later invaded Gozo. This prompted the Order's Grand Master, Juan de Homedes y Coscon, to strengthen the defences of the island. Two new forts were needed, one on the Sciberras Peninsula, and one on the smaller peninsula then known as Isola di San Michele, which was formed by Dockyard Creek and French Creek in Grand Harbour.
The first stone of the fort on l'Isola was laid on 8 May 1552 by de Homedes himself. Fort Saint Michael was built to a design by the military engineer Pedro Pardo d’Andrera. The second fort, located on the Sciberras Peninsula, was called Fort Saint Elmo. Both new forts were built in the remarkably short period of six months in 1552.
Fort Saint Michael was extended to a fortified city named Senglea by Grand Master Claude de la Sengle during the Knights' preparations for the anticipated Great Siege of Malta. The siege eventually came in 1565, and St Michael was one of three forts defending the Knights stronghold in Grand Harbour, along with Fort St Angelo and Fort St Elmo. The latter fell, but Fort St Michael and Fort St Angelo both withstood the siege. Fort St Michael was severely damaged, as it had been the scene of some of the most desperate fighting and bombardment of the siege. It withstood 10 assaults from the Ottoman attackers.
The fortifications of Senglea was rebuilt after the siege, and the redevelopment continued until 1581. Fort St. Michael was converted to a cavalier, consisting of a tower with a casemated interior, which had a terrace platform with ten embrasures.
In 1687, Don Carlos de Grunenbergh visited the fort and recommended the addition of a faussebraye. He decided to finance the expenses himself.

## Destruction

St. Michael Cavalier was largely dismantled in 1921 to make way for a school. A small part of the structure's lower section was retained and was used as the base of a clock tower.
Today, the bastion at Senglea Point, which is known as "the Spur", is often mistakenly referred to as Fort Saint Michael, although the fort was actually located at the opposite end of the city.
# Diederichs's stone

The Diederichs's stone (German: Diederichsstein, Chinese: 迪特里希碑; pinyin: Dítèlǐ Xībēi) was a German monument in the city of Qingdao to commemorate Admiral Otto von Diederichs and the German occupation of the Kiautschou Bay concession on 14 November 1897. The monument was dedicated on 21 November 1898 by Prince Henry of Prussia. It was located at an elevation of 98 m, about halfway up the southwestern slope of the Signal Hill, the official German name of the mountain at the time was "Diederichsberg". Its most prominent feature was a plate decorated with the imperial eagle of the German Empire and the inscription "For him who won for Kaiser and Reich the land all around, let this rock be named Diederichs's stone" ("Der hier für Kaiser warb u. [und] Reich ringsher das Land, nach ihm sei dieser Felsen Diederichsstein genannt"). Below the plate was a rock inscription that read, "In this place on 14 November 1897, Admiral v.[von] Diederichs took possession of the Kiautschou territory" ("Am 14. November 1897 ergriff an dieser Stelle der Admiral v.[von] Diederichs Besitz vom Kiautschou Gebiet"). A separate Chinese inscription was located to the right-hand side of the German text. The entire monument stood about 5 meters tall.
After Japan occupied Qingdao in November 1914, a Japanese inscription (executed using Chinese characters: 大正三年十一月七日, "7 November of the third year of the Taishō period") was placed across the imperial eagle. When Japan handed Qingdao back to China on 10 December 1922, the monument was dismantled and parts taken to a military museum in Tokyo.
# Tzameret Towers

Tzameret Towers, also known as Akirov Towers, are three 34-story residential towers in Tel Aviv, Israel.

## History

The first two towers were completed in 2003, and the third in 2006. The towers were designed by Moore Yaski Sivan Architects. Tower 3 was originally planned as a 140-meter tower containing 140 apartments, but this was scaled down and it was finished to a height almost identical to that of the other towers. The final design contained 120 apartments. This tower topped out in August 2004. The top three floors of Tower 2 contain one of Israel's most expensive apartments, purchased for $10 million, a record-breaking purchase at the time. The total complex contains 360 apartments.
Living in Tzameret Towers became a status symbol, although marketing was accomplished without a sales campaign or public promotion. The building set a new standard for residential buildings, with amenities such as fitness centers and swimming pools that were introduced hereafter into all new luxury complexes. The project has been described as a turning point in Tel Aviv's housing culture.

## Notable residents

* Ehud Barak, former Prime Minister of Israel
# CryptoParty

CryptoParty (Crypto-Party) is a grassroots global endeavour to introduce the basics of practical cryptography such as the Tor anonymity network, I2P, Freenet, key signing parties, disk encryption and virtual private networks to the general public. The project primarily consists of a series of free public workshops.

## History

As a successor to the Cypherpunks of the 1990s, CryptoParty was conceived in late August 2012 by the Australian journalist Asher Wolf in a Twitter post following the passing of the Cybercrime Legislation Amendment Bill 2011 and the proposal of a two-year data retention law in that country, the Cybercrime Legislation Amendment Bill 2011. The DIY, self-organizing movement immediately went viral, with a dozen autonomous CryptoParties being organized within hours in cities throughout Australia, the US, the UK, and Germany. Many more parties were soon organized or held in Chile, The Netherlands, Hawaii, Asia, etc. Tor usage in Australia itself spiked, and CryptoParty London with 130 attendees—some of whom were veterans of the Occupy London movement—had to be moved from London Hackspace to the Google campus in east London's Tech City.
As of mid-October 2012 some 30 CryptoParties have been held globally, some on a continuing basis, and CryptoParties were held on the same day in Reykjavik, Brussels, and Manila.
The first draft of the 442-page CryptoParty Handbook (the hard copy of which is available at cost) was pulled together in three days using the book sprint approach, and was released 2012-10-04 under a CC BY-SA license.

### Edward Snowden involvement

In May 2014, Wired reported that Edward Snowden, while employed by Dell as an NSA contractor, organized a local CryptoParty at a small hackerspace in Honolulu, Hawaii on December 11, six months before becoming well known for leaking tens of thousands of secret U.S. government documents. During the CryptoParty, Snowden taught 20 Hawaii residents how to encrypt their hard drives and use the Internet anonymously. The event was filmed by Snowden's then-girlfriend, but the video has never been released online. In a follow-up post to the CryptoParty wiki, Snowden pronounced the event a "huge success."

## Media response

CryptoParty has received early messages of support from the Electronic Frontier Foundation and (purportedly) AnonyOps, as well as the NSA whistleblower Thomas Drake, WikiLeaks central editor Heather Marsh, and Wired reporter Quinn Norton. Eric Hughes, the author of A Cypherpunk's Manifesto nearly two decades before, delivered the keynote address, Putting the Personal Back in Personal Computers, at the Amsterdam CryptoParty on 2012-09-27. Marcin de Kaminski, founding member of Piratbyrån which in turn founded The Pirate Bay, regards CryptoParty as the most important civic project in cryptography today, and Cory Doctorow has characterized a CryptoParty as being "like a Tupperware party for learning crypto." Der Spiegel in December 2014 mentioned "crypto parties" in the wake of the Edward Snowden leaks in an article about the NSA.
# Johann Scheibler

Johann Heinrich Scheibler (11 November 1777 – 20 January 1837) was a silk manufacturer from Crefeld, Prussia, without a scientific background, who went on to make contributions to the science of acoustics as a self taught musicologist. He made a "tonometer" (German: Tonmesser) from 56 tuning forks as an instrument for accurately measuring pitch by counting beating, described in 1834. "A wooden board...together with a small wooden mallet with which the forks are to be struck, and a good metronome, constitute Scheibler's tuning apparatus."
   'The physical and musical Tonometer, which makes evident to the eye, by means of the pendulum [metronome], the absolute vibrations of the tones, and of the principal kinds of combinational tones, as well as the most precise exactness of equally tempered and mathematical chords, invented and executed by Heinrich Scheibler, silk manufacturer in Crefeld.'
If the frequency of a tuning fork is known, then a higher fork's frequency may be determined by using a metronome to determine the frequency of the beating: F1+beating=F2. Joseph Sauveur (1653–1716) used this method to determine the relative frequencies of organ pipes and improve the earlier calculations of Marin Mersenne based on Mersenne's laws.
   In the experimental period at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century there were very virtuoso instrumentalists on the mouth harp. Thus, for example, [in 1816] Johann Heinrich Scheibler was able to mount up to ten mouth harps on a support disc. He called the instrument "Aura". Each mouth harp was tuned to different basic tones, which made even chromatic sequences possible.
His writings include:
* Der physikalische und musikalische Tonmesser, welcher… [The Physical and Musical Tonometer]; G. D. Bädeker, Essen, 1834.
* Ueber mathematische Stimmung, Temperaturen und Orgelstimmung nach Vibrations-Differenzen oder Stößen [On the mathematics of tuning: temperature and organ-tuning after alterations of vibration], Krefeld, 1837.
# Weenusk First Nation

Weenusk First Nation (Cree: ᐐᓈᐢᑯ ᐃᓂᓂᐗᐠ (wînâsko ininiwak); unpointed: ᐧᐃᓇᐢᑯ ᐃᓂᓂᐧᐊᐠ) is a Cree First Nation band government in the Canadian province of Ontario. In September, 2007, its total registered population was 516. Weenusk First Nation was an independent member of the Nishnawbe Aski Nation (NAN) but now have joined the Mushkegowuk Council, a regional tribal council, who is also a member of NAN.
Weenusk First Nation's reserve is the 5310 ha Winisk Indian Reserve 90. Associated with the reserve is their Winisk Indian Settlement also known as Peawanuck, which also holds reserve status. Originally, the Weenusk First Nation was located within their reserve, but they were forced to move 30 km (19 mi) southwest to Peawanuck when on May 16, 1986, spring floods swept away much of the original settlement, which had been located 6 km (4 mi) upriver from Hudson Bay.
In the Cree language, "Peawanuck" means "a place where flint is found," while "Weenusk" means "ground hog." The community, being primarily Swampy Cree, speaks the n-dialect of the Cree language. Being that the community is composed of Cree, Oji-cree, Ojibwa and Métis peoples, in addition to Cree, Anishininiimowin and Ojibwemowin are also spoken there.

## Governance

Weenusk is governed by Chief Joey Hunter and his three councillors: Jeff Hunter, Leah Hunter, and Paul Koostachin.
# Johann Sithmann

Johann Sithmann (1602–1666) was a German jurist, Professor of Pedagogy at the University of Greifswald and author, known from the 1657 publication Idea Arboris Consanguinitatis & Affinitatis Theoreticae & Practicae, and other works.

## Publications

* 1654. Disputatio ex jure publico de comitiis imperii Romano-Germanici
* 1654. Nucleus Pandectarum paratitlaris : praemissâ ad singulos quinquaginta libros tabulâ generali & singulorum librorum tabulis specialibus, qua seriem materiarum cognos cendam apprime utilibs, ex texta legum historia chronologica iure.
* 1657. Idea Arboris Consanguinitatis & Affinitatis Theoreticae & Practicae.
* 1657. Idea iuris episcopalis moderni : quomodo praesertim in ecclesiis Augustanae confessionis jus episcopale constituatur: in personis episcopum eligentibus ...; in singularem nostrorum consistoriorum & ecclesiarum utilitatem noviter exhibita
* 1661. Johannis Sithmanni speculum imperii Romani : ab origine urbis de eius regimine, magistratibus, patribus, plebe, iurisconsultis, deque iuris continuatione ad Iustinianum et inde de origine iurium Gothicorum, Longobardorum, de iure doctorum et academiarum, accessione iuris feudalis, canonici, iurisque publici introductione, transactione Passaviensi, pacificatione religiosa et capitulatione Caesarea; Varie et chronologice continuatum.
# Delphax

Delphax is a genus of mostly European planthoppers, typical of the family Delphacidae.

## Species

The Global Biodiversity Information Facility lists:
* Delphax alachanicus Anufriev, 1970
* Delphax angulicornis (Latreille, 1807)
* Delphax armeniacus Anufriev, 1970
* Delphax caliginea Stål, 1854
* Delphax conspersinervis Lethierry, 1890
* Delphax crassicornis (Panzer, 1796)
* Delphax dorsatus (Melichar, 1905)
* Delphax gilveola (Kirschbaum, 1868)
* Delphax hemiptera Germar, 1818
* Delphax horvathi (Lallemand, 1925)
* Delphax inermis Ribaut, 1934
* Delphax maritima Anufriev, 1977
* Delphax meridionalis (Haupt, 1924)
* Delphax modesta Fieber, 1866
* Delphax narbonensis (Ribaut, 1934)
* Delphax orientalis (Linnavuori, 1955)
* Delphax pakistanica Mushtaq, 1998-01
* Delphax productus (Walker, 1851)
* Delphax pulchellus (Curtis, 1833)
* Delphax radiata Costa, 1835
* Delphax rhenana Statz, 1950
* Delphax ribautiana Asche & Drosopoulos, 1982
* Delphax senilis Scudder, 1877
* Delphax setosus (Germar, 1830)
* Delphax stigmaticalis Curtis, 1837
* Delphax substituta Walker, 1851
* Delphax tenae (Muir, 1926)
* Delphax veterum Cockerell, 1921
* Delphax vicaria Walker, 1851
# Jefferson Market Prison

40°44′04″N 73°59′59″W﻿ / ﻿40.7345°N 73.9996°W﻿ / 40.7345; -73.9996﻿ (Jefferson Market Garden)
The Jefferson Market Prison was a prison in New York City at 10 Greenwich Avenue that opened in 1877, together with the adjacent Third Judicial District Courthouse. Frederick Clarke Withers designed these twin buildings in an ornate American Gothic style. The landmark courthouse survived Jefferson Market's 1927 demolition and today serves as a New York Public Library branch.
Originally a jailhouse was built at this site alongside a police court and volunteer firehouse in the 1833 Jefferson food market, named for the former president. The jail was torn down in 1873.
A third building—the only Art Deco jail ever built—operated here from 1931 to 1971 as New York Women's House of Detention.
The site is now a small park known as Jefferson Market Garden, with a historical marker recognizing the site's history. .
# Neurospicy

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#REDIRECT Neurodiversity