OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Calorimeter constant

A calorimeter constant (denoted C$_{cal}$) is a constant that quantifies the heat capacity of a calorimeter. It may be calculated by applying a known amount of heat to the calorimeter and measuring the calorimeter's corresponding change in temperature. In SI units, the calorimeter constant is then calculated by dividing the change in enthalpy (ΔH) in joules by the change in temperature (ΔT) in kelvins or degrees Celsius:
    $C_{\mathrm {cal} }={\frac {\Delta {H}}{\Delta {T}}}$
The calorimeter constant is usually presented in units of joules per degree Celsius (J/°C) or joules per kelvin (J/K). Every calorimeter has a unique calorimeter constant.

## Uses

The calorimeter constants are used in constant pressure calorimetry to calculate the amount of heat required to achieve a certain raise in the temperature of the calorimeter's contents.

### Example

To determine the change in enthalpy in a neutralization reaction (ΔH$_{neutralization}$), a known amount of basic solution may be placed in a calorimeter, and the temperature of this solution alone recorded. Then, a known amount of acidic solution may be added and the change in temperature measured using a thermometer. The difference in temperature (ΔT, in units K or °C) may be calculated by subtracting the initial temperature from the final temperature. The enthalpy of neutralization ΔH$_{neutralization}$ may then be calculated according to the following equation:
    $\Delta {H_{\mathrm {neutralization} }}=C_{\mathrm {cal} }\cdot \Delta {T}$.
Regardless of the specific chemical process, with a known calorimeter constant and a known change in temperature the heat added to the system may be calculated by multiplying the calorimeter constant by that change in temperature.
# Peter Ivers (United Irishmen)

Peter Ivers (born 1774, Tinryland, County Carlow, Ireland) was a recruiter and strategist for the United Irishmen, a mass-membership organisation committed to, an ultimately insurrectionary, struggle against the British Crown and Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland for a representative national government. He was arrested on the eve of the Rebellion of 1798 and transported to Australia.

## United Irishman

Ivers was born in Tinryland, County Carlow, the only son of Jemmy Ivers. Listed as a carpet-maker, he was described as a young man of good education and of striking personality.
In the summer of 1797, the authorities issued a warrant for Ivers on the capital charge of administering the test, or membership pledge, of the Society of United Irishmen. Having despaired of either the Crown in London or the Ascendancy parliament in Dublin conceding reform, and in the hope of French assistance, Ivers was recruiting for a republican insurrection. He evaded arrest until March 1798 when, as the delegate for Carlow, he was arrested with 13 other members of the Leinster directory of the Society in the house of Oliver Bond in Dublin. Ivers had clearly made some impression upon the other members of the directory, as the password for their meeting had become "Is Ivers from Carlow come?". He was, however, responsible for their detection having placed trust in William Farrell, a government informer.

## Arrest and exile

The arrests, undertaken on the information of a government informer, crippled the United Irish leadership in the province and gravely affected the course and chances of success of the impending revolution. This was particularly the case in Carlow, where Ivers had been "the driving force behind the society" in the county.
While two members of the Directory were executed, Ivers was held in Kilmainham Gaol until 1799 when he was convicted of treason and sentenced to deportation. In August, he was transported on the Minerva to penal colony of New South Wales, landing in Sydney in January 1800, with his occupation listed as "weaver". Among the 234 convicts accompanying him, was Harold James, the first catholic priest to arrive in Australia's penal colonies. Ivers assisted at mass.
By August 1800, the authorities were convinced that rebel convicts who had arrived on the Minerva were preparing to take over the colony. Several arrests were made, and suspects were flogged to elicit further details of the plot. Harold, who shielded conspirators by claiming the sanctity of confession prevented such disclosure, was exiled to Norfolk Island.
Iver's role, if any, is unknown. He is believed to have adopted an alias in the colony. He was not among the United Irish convicts granted pardons in the wake of the Rum Rebellion of 1808, a coup d'état staged by the New South Wales Corps that deposed Governor William Bligh.
# Brnjac

Brnjac may refer to:
* Brnjac, Serbia, a village near Loznica
* Mario Brnjac (1944–2007), Croatian football player
* Nikolina Brnjac (born 1978), Croatian politician
# Generation M: Misogyny in Media & Culture

Generation M: Misogyny in Media and Culture is a 2008 documentary film written, produced, and directed by Thomas Keith. It explores the issues of sexism and misogyny in American media and their effects.

## Background

Filmmaker Thomas Keith is a philosophy instructor at California State University, Long Beach, and California Polytechnic University. His specializations include American philosophy and pragmatism, with an emphasis on race, class, and gender. The film was distributed by the Media Education Foundation.

## Synopsis

The film is divided into five sections. "Female Empowerment?" discusses whether sexualization of women should be viewed as empowering. "The Doll Wars" is about sexualization of dolls such as Barbie and Bratz and its effects on girls. "Idealized Beauty" comments on the commercialization of beauty and the industries of dieting and cosmetics. "The Pink-Blue Dichotomy" focuses on the differences between socialization for boys and girls. "Misogyny and Double Standards" is about violence against women in video games or violent rhetoric by public figures.
It features interviews with the filmmakers Byron Hurt, Jackson Katz and Jean Kilbourne. They discuss topics including cultural norms of feminine beauty, which they view as unhealthy, and how particular activities or characterisations are gendered. The film cites statistics to make its case that misogyny is widespread in contemporary American media.

## Reception

Tricia Davis of Teaching Sociology reviewed that the film has a "clear thesis that shows how the media can play a major part in shaping our perceptions of girls and women". Davis found it appropriate for undergraduate sociology teaching, recommending its online study guide. J. Osicki of Library Journal criticized that the documentary is a "competent production" but fails to consider "what factors may be at the heart of gender-specific hostility" and lacks detail of "how both media and consumer awareness can be used by individuals to counter that negativity".
# Greycourt State Park

Greycourt State Park is a public recreation area covering 24 acres (9.7 ha) atop the partially restored ruins of the Charles H. Tenney estate in Methuen, Massachusetts. The state park is a satellite of Lawrence Heritage State Park managed by the Department of Conservation and Recreation and the City of Methuen.

## History

The construction of Grey Court, also known as the Tenney Castle, was begun in 1890 and completed in 1892. The mansion, which was modeled after the Château d'Yquem, stood on the hilltop until it was destroyed by fire in 1978. A small portion survived when the majority of the ruins were razed in 1985. The Tenney Castle Gatehouse, which is associated with the property, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is home to the Methuen Historical Society.
In 2001, the Massachusetts legislature approved $1,750,000 for the rehabilitation and repair of Greycourt State Park, including public safety improvements and courtyard renovations.

## Activities and amenities

The park offers wooded walking trails and scenic landscape from dawn to dusk and hosts city activities such as the annual Fall Festivals and other events.
# Ashtishat

Ashtishat (Armenian: Աշտիշատ, romanized: Aštišat) is a locality and archaeological site in Muş Province of eastern Turkey. It is located near the village of Yücetepe on the Murat River east of Lake Van and north of the city of Muş.
In antiquity the village was an important site of early Armenian Christianity. The ruins of several ancient churches and the monastery of Saint Daniel of Gop still occupy the town. The site also hosts the tombs of several early saints and patriotic leaders of the ancient Armenian kingdom.

## History

According to Armenian tradition, Ashtishat was the site of a Hellenistic temple. In the 4th century, Saint Gregory the Illuminator founded a church here. In 364, Gregory's great-grandson Nerses, convened the Council of Ashtishat which established cannon, liturgy, fast days and procedures for classical Armenian Christianity.
Nerses' son, Sahak, founded a monastery in Ashtishat.
Ashtishat was destroyed during the Arab invasion and again by Tamerlane.
# Sweetzerland Manifesto

Sweetzerland Manifesto is the sixth solo album by Aerosmith guitarist Joe Perry, released on January 19, 2018 on Roman Records.
# Ulawa Airport

Ulawa Airport is an airport in Arona on Ulawa Island in the Solomon Islands (IATA: RNA, ICAO: AGAR).

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Solomon Airlines | Honiara |
# Manman-ji

Manman-ji (万満寺)is a Buddhist temple belonging to the Rinzai school of Japanese Zen, located in the city of Matsudo in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Its main image is a statue of Amida Nyōrai.

## History

The temple was built by Chiba Yoritane in 1256, originally as a Shingon Buddhist temple named Dainichi-ji, with the assistance of the famed prelate Ninshō, and was located in what is now Inage-ku, Chiba.
In the Muromachi period, it was converted to the Rinzai school by Chiba Mitsutane (1360-1426) and was renamed Manman-ji, taking one kanji from the name of the Kamakura kubō, Ashikaga Ujimitsu.
Between 1532 and 1555 Takagi Tanetatsu, a regional leader, invited the priest Kinho from Daitoku-ji in Kyoto to the region. Over the next several years the area gained many adherents to the Rinzai school, and Manman-ji was related to its present location in 1537. Most of the temple was destroyed by a fire in 1908, and the Hondō was only reconstructed in 1987.
Manman-ji preserved a pair of Kamakura period statues of the Nio guardians, which are designated an Important Cultural Property (Japan)

## Gallery

* Sanmon
* Niōmon

### Sources

* Chibaken No Rekishi Sanpo (千葉県の歴史散歩: "Walking Chiba Prefecture's History"), Yamakawa Shuppansha, 1994.
# Superior sagittal sinus

The superior sagittal sinus (also known as the superior longitudinal sinus), within the human head, is an unpaired dural venous sinus lying along the attached margin of the falx cerebri. It allows blood to drain from the lateral aspects of the anterior cerebral hemispheres to the confluence of sinuses. Cerebrospinal fluid drains through arachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus and is returned to the venous circulation.

## Structure

It is triangular in section. It is narrower anteriorly, and gradually increases in size as it passes posterior-ward.
It commences at the foramen cecum, through which it receives emissary veins from the nasal cavity. It passes posterior-ward along its entire course. It is accommodated within a groove which runs across the inner surface of the frontal bone, the adjacent margins of the two parietal lobes, and the superior division of the cruciate eminence of the occipital lobe. Near the internal occipital protuberance, it deviates to either side (usually the right) before draining into the confluence of sinuses, continuing as the corresponding transverse sinus.
The superior sagittal sinus is usually divided into three parts: anterior (foramen cecum to bregma), middle (bregma to lambda), posterior (lambda to confluence).
Its inner surface presents the openings of the superior cerebral veins, which run, for the most part, obliquely forward, and open chiefly at the back part of the sinus, their orifices being concealed by fibrous folds; numerous fibrous bands (chordae Willisii) extend transversely across the inferior angle of the sinus; and, lastly, small openings communicate with irregularly shaped venous spaces (venous lacunae, also called 'lateral lacunae' or 'lacunae laterales') in the dura mater near the sinus.

### Venous lacunae

There are usually three lacunae on either side of the sinus: a small frontal, a large parietal, and an occipital, intermediate in size between the other two.
Most of the cerebral veins from the outer surface of the hemisphere open into these lacunæ, and numerous arachnoid granulations (Pacchionian bodies) project into them from below.

### Tributaries

The superior sagittal sinus receives the superior cerebral veins, veins from the diploë and dura mater, and, near the posterior extremity of the sagittal suture, veins from the pericranium, which pass through the parietal foramina.

## Function

Cerebrospinal fluid drains through arachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus and is returned to venous circulation.

## Additional images

* Brain with sagittal sinus at centre, with various lacunae.
* Left parietal bone. Inner surface.
* Frontal bone. Inner surface.
* Base of the skull. Upper surface.
* Diagrammatic representation of a section across the top of the skull, showing the membranes of the brain, etc.
* Diagrammatic section of scalp.
* Human brain dura mater
* Meninges and superficial cerebral veins. Deep dissection. Superior view.
* Meninges and superficial cerebral veins. Deep dissection. Superior view.
# Giannis Nakos

Giannis Nakos (Greek: Γιάννης Νάκος; born 23 February 1993) is a Greek professional footballer who plays for Asteras Parapotamou, in the Gamma Ethniki, as striker.

## Career
### PAS Giannina

Born in Ioannina, Nakos began playing football with PAS Giannina. On 26 May 2013, he made his professional debut for PAS Giannina in a match against PAOK fon the second game of playoffs. In July 2015 released from PAS Giannina.

### Thesprotos Igoumenitsa

On summer 2015 he signed on Thesprotos. He had 36 appearances and 6 goals in Gamma Ethniki.

### Asteras Parapotamou

On summer 2017 he signed on Asteras Parapotamou.

### Doxa Kranoulas

In January 2018 he signed on Doxa Kranoulas.
# Benito Caballero Garza

Benito Caballero Garza (born 24 September 1965) is a Mexican politician and lawyer affiliated with the PRI. He currently serves as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Nuevo León.
# María Ceseñas Chapa

María del Socorro Ceseñas Chapa (born 2 January 1952) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRD. As of 2013 she served as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Nuevo León.
# Juan Carlos Muñoz Márquez

Juan Carlos Muñoz Márquez (born 30 April 1950) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PAN. As of 2013 he served as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Guanajuato.
# José Luis Flores Méndez

José Luis Flores Méndez (born 28 April 1956) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). In 2012–2015 he served in the Chamber of Deputies for the 52nd session of Congress, representing Coahuila's second district. He also served as a deputy for the 56th session (1994–1997), representing Coahuila's seventh district.
# Muhammad Shafqat Malik

Muhammad Shafqat Malik (born 7 September 1970) is a Pakistani field hockey player. He competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2000 Summer Olympics.
# Jaime Chris López

Jaime Chris López Alvarado (born 17 September 1979) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRI. He previously served as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Baja California, as well as the XIX Legislature of the Congress of Baja California.
# Genaro Ruiz Arriaga

Genaro Ruiz Arriaga (born 1 July 1955) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). In the 2012 general election he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies to represent the third district of Veracruz during the 62nd Congress.
# Mario Sánchez Ruiz

Mario Sánchez Ruiz (born 17 November 1961) is a Mexican former politician. As of 2013 he served as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Sonora.
# Aurora Aguilar Rodríguez

Aurora de la Luz Aguilar Rodríguez (born 15 June 1967) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PAN. She currently serves as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Tlaxcala.
# Nabor Ochoa López

Nabor Ochoa López (born 12 July 1960) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM). He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the 60th and 62nd sessions of Congress, representing Colima's second district. He has previously been a member of both the National Action Party (PAN) and the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).
# Eva Diego Cruz

Eva Diego Cruz (born 2 May 1975) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRD. She served as a federal deputy in the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Oaxaca, and previously served in the Congress of Oaxaca.
# María Elena Cano Ayala

María Elena Cano Ayala (born 20 April 1955) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRI. She served as a federal deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Guanajuato, and previously served as a local deputy in the LVII and LXI Legislatures of the Congress of Guanajuato.
# Lisandro Campos Córdova

Lisandro Arístides Campos Córdova (born 27 June 1957) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRI. He currently serves as Deputy of the LXII Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Puebla. He also served as Deputy between 2005 and 2006.
# Jorge Ramos Hernández

Jorge Ramos Hernández (born July 11, 1968) is a Mexican politician from the National Action Party. He currently serves as a deputy representing the fourth federal electoral district of Baja California in the LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress.

## Life

After abandoning his studies to receive a law degree from the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ramos Hernández began a political career. He joined the PAN in 1989 and would later serve on the municipal party council of Tijuana and also at the state level.
His first position in the municipal government came when he served on the city council between 1998 and 2001. After three years, he was tapped to become the Director of Social Development for the city. He resigned in 2003 in order to pursue a candidacy for municipal president, which he lost to Jorge Hank Rhon; after the campaign, he became the director of the Baja California State Public Services Commission.

### Municipal president and trial

In 2007, Ramos Hernández won election as municipal president of Tijuana, an office he would hold for three years. One of the signature projects of his presidency, the use of hydraulic concrete to repave streets throughout the city, resulted in a large debt load that later municipal presidents would need to refinance.
After his term ended, he was a councilor for Banobras and an advisor to SEDESOL, but he mostly remained private and away from the public eye.
In 2011, the Jurisdictional Commission of Baja California state congress voted unanimously to initiate a political trial against Ramos Hernández for failing to pay 80 million pesos to the social services institute for Baja California state and municipal employees. The case was abandoned, but when it came up three years later in the next Baja California state congress, the legislature closed it, saying the statute of limitations had expired.

### Chamber of Deputies

In 2015, voters in the fourth district of Baja California, including Tijuana, elected Ramos Hernández to the Chamber of Deputies for the LXIII Legislature. Beginning February 1, 2016, Ramos serves as President of the Public Security Commission; he also sits on a bicameral commission on national security and the Chamber of Deputies's Rural Development Commission. He previously had served on the Commission for the Strengthening of Federalism as its secretary, a position he left when he was tapped to head the Public Security Commission (replacing Miguel Ángel Yunes of Veracruz), and on the Northern Border Matters Commission, which he left on March 31, 2016.
# Jesús Zúñiga

Jesús Zúñiga Mendoza (15 April 1947 – 7 March 2022) was a Mexican farmer and politician. A member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, he served in the Chamber of Deputies from 2015 to 2018. Zúñiga was found murdered at his ranch in El Chante on 7 March 2022, at the age of 74.
# Marcin Święcicki

Marcin Święcicki (born 17 April 1947) is a Polish politician and economist. He is a former deputy minister of economy, former minister for foreign economic relations as well as a former city mayor of Warsaw.

## Early life and education

Święcicki was born in Warsaw on 17 April 1947. He graduated from the University of Warsaw. He attended George Washington University and Harvard University for postgraduate studies and received a PhD from George Washington University in economics.

## Career

Święcicki was the secretary general of the Consultative Economic Council from 1982 to 1989. He served as deputy minister of economy and then minister for foreign economic relations from 1989 to 1991 in the cabinet led by Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki. In 1989, he was also elected to the Parliament and served for two terms, from 1989 to 1991 and from 1993 to 1996. He was the mayor of Warsaw between 1994 and 1999. Then he served as an advisor to the President of Lithuania Valdas Adamkus on economic reforms from 1999 to 2000. He was the director of economic and environmental affairs at the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) between February 2002 and 2005 In 2011, he was again elected to the Parliament.
He is the president of the support committee for the Museum of the History of Polish Jews and president of European Movement Poland.

### Views and work

Although Święcicki was not a member of the Solidarity group, like other members of the Mazowiecki cabinet, he was acceptable to the group and had Solidarity-aligned economic views.
Święcicki is the author of several books which mostly focus on economics.
# Maciej Wąsik

Maciej Roman Wąsik (born 16 October 1969 in Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish politician who served as Secretary of State [pl] of the Ministry of Interior and Administration from 2019 to 2023, under Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki.
Wąsik also served as a member of the Sejm, representing the constituency of Płock, from 12 November 2015 until 20 December 2023, when his mandate expired due to his being sentenced to prison for an intentional crime.

## Early life and education

Wąsik earned a magister degree in 1994 from the faculty of history at the University of Warsaw, where he studied archaeology.

## Career

Wąsik co-founded Poland's Central Anticorruption Bureau, where he served as the deputy head from 2006 to 2009, under head Mariusz Kamiński. In 2009, Wąsik and Kamiński were accused of abusing their power by allowing subordinates to use entrapment when investigating a political opponent, Andrzej Lepper, who later killed himself.
The two were found guilty in 2015 and sentenced to three years in prison, but were pardoned by President Andrzej Duda a few months later, before their appeal was decided. Legal experts questioned whether the pardon was valid if it was granted before all possible avenues of appeal were exhausted, and the Supreme Court overturned the pardon on 6 June 2023.