# List of birds of Virginia

This list of birds of Virginia includes species credibly documented in the U.S. state of Virginia by the Virginia Avian Records Committee of the Virginia Society of Ornithology (VARCOM). As of January 1, 2022 the list contained 487 species and four species pairs. Of them, 109 are considered accidental. Seven species were introduced to North America, one is extinct, and one has been extirpated. Four additional species, now extinct, are believed to have occurred in Virginia, but there is insufficient evidence to include them in the main list. The published list includes identifiable subspecies which are not presented here. An additional extirpated species is added from another source. Additional accidental species have also been added from different sources.
This list is presented in the taxonomic sequence of the Check-list of North and Middle American Birds, 7th edition through the 62nd Supplement, published by the American Ornithological Society (AOS). Common and scientific names are also those of the Check-list, except that the common names of families are from the Clements taxonomy because the AOS list does not include them.
Unless otherwise noted, all species listed below are considered to occur regularly in Virginia as permanent residents, summer or winter visitors, or migrants. The following codes are used to annotate some species:
* (A) - Accidental - a species that has "less than six accepted physical or written records in the past 50 years" according to VARCOM
* (R) - Rare - "A species that is so scarce that it cannot be expected with any certainty, or one that occurs in a very specific and extremely limited habitat" according to VARCOM
* (I) - Introduced - a species introduced to North America by humans
* (H) - Historical - "Species believed to have occurred historically" according to VARCOM

## Ducks, geese, and waterfowl

Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils. Forty-eight species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Black-bellied whistling-duck, Dendrocygna autumnalis (R)
* West Indian whistling-duck, Dendrocygna arborea (A)
* Fulvous whistling-duck, Dendrocygna bicolor (R)
* Snow goose, Anser caerulescens
* Ross's goose, Anser rossii (R)
* Greater white-fronted goose, Anser albifrons
* Pink-footed goose, Anser brachyrhynchus (A)
* Brant, Branta bernicla
* Barnacle goose, Branta leucopsis (R)
* Cackling goose, Branta hutchinsii
* Canada goose, Branta canadensis
* Mute swan, Cygnus olor (I)
* Trumpeter swan, Cygnus buccinator (A)
* Tundra swan, Cygnus columbianus
* Wood duck, Aix sponsa
* Garganey, Spatula querquedula (A)
* Blue-winged teal, Spatula discors
* Cinnamon teal, Spatula cyanoptera (A)
* Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata
* Gadwall, Mareca strepera
* Eurasian wigeon, Mareca penelope (R)
* American wigeon, Mareca americana
* Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos
* American black duck, Anas rubripes
* Mottled duck, Anas fulvigula (A)
* White-cheeked pintail, Anas bahamensis (A)
* Northern pintail, Anas acuta
* Green-winged teal, Anas crecca
* Canvasback, Aythya valisineria
* Redhead, Aythya americana
* Ring-necked duck, Aythya collaris
* Tufted duck, Aythya fuligula (A)
* Greater scaup, Aythya marila
* Lesser scaup, Aythya affinis
* King eider, Somateria spectabilis (R)
* Common eider, Somateria mollissima (R)
* Harlequin duck, Histrionicus histrionicus (R)
* Surf scoter, Melanitta perspicillata
* White-winged scoter, Melanitta deglandi
* Black scoter, Melanitta americana
* Long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis
* Bufflehead, Bucephala albeola
* Common goldeneye, Bucephala clangula
* Barrow's goldeneye, Bucephala islandica (A)
* Hooded merganser, Lophodytes cucullatus
* Common merganser, Mergus merganser
* Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator
* Ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis

## New World quail

Order: Galliformes Family: Odontophoridae
The New World quails are small, plump terrestrial birds only distantly related to the quails of the Old World, but named for their similar appearance and habits. One species has been recorded in Virginia.
* Northern bobwhite, Colinus virginianus

## Pheasants, grouse, and allies

Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings. Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans. Turkeys have a distinctive fleshy wattle that hangs from the underside of the beak and a fleshy protuberance that hangs from the top of its beak called a snood. As with many galliform species, the female (the hen) is smaller and much less colorful than the male (the tom). With wingspans of 1.5–1.8 meters (almost 6 feet), the turkeys are the largest birds in the open forests in which they live and are rarely mistaken for any other species. One species has been recorded in Virginia. Grouse inhabit temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. They are game and are sometimes hunted for food. In all Virginia species, males are polygamous and have elaborate courtship displays. These heavily built birds have legs feathered to the toes. Most species are year-round residents and do not migrate. Four species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Wild turkey, Meleagris gallopavo
* Ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus
* Ring-necked pheasant, Phasianus colchicus (I) (extirpated)
* Greater prairie-chicken, Tympanuchus cupido (H) (extirpated)
** †Heath hen, T. c. cupido

## Flamingoes

Order: Phoenicopteriformes Family: Phoenicopteridae
Flamingoes are gregarious wading birds, usually 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 m) tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down. One species has been recorded in Virginia.
* American flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber (R)

## Grebes

Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land. Six species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Pied-billed grebe, Podilymbus podiceps
* Horned grebe, Podiceps auritus
* Red-necked grebe, Podiceps grisegena
* Eared grebe, Podiceps nigricollis (R)
* Western grebe, Aechmorphorus occidentalis (R)
* Clark's grebe, Aechmorphorus clarkii (R)

## Pigeons and doves

Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. Six species have been positively recorded in Virginia.
* Rock pigeon, Columba livia (I)
* White-crowned pigeon, Patagioenas leucocephala (A)
* Eurasian collared-dove, Streptopelia decaocto (I)
* Passenger pigeon, Ectopistes migratorius (H)
* Common ground dove, Columbina passerina (R)
* White-winged dove, Zenaida asiatica (R)
* Mourning dove, Zenaida macroura

## Cuckoos

Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites. Three species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Groove-billed ani, Crotophaga sulcirostris (A)
* Yellow-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus
* Black-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus erythropthalmus

## Nightjars and allies

Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet which are of little use for walking and long, pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically colored to resemble bark or leaves. Three species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Common nighthawk, Chordeiles minor
* Chuck-will's-widow, Antrostomus carolinensis
* Eastern whip-poor-will, Antrostomus vociferus

## Swifts

Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae
The swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. One species has been recorded in Virginia.
* Chimney swift, Chaetura pelagica

## Hummingbirds

Order: Apodiformes Family: Trochilidae
Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards. Nine species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Rivoli's hummingbird, Eugenes fulgens (A)
* Ruby-throated hummingbird, Archilochus colubris
* Black-chinned hummingbird, Archilochus alexandri (A)
* Buff-bellied hummingbird, Amazilia yucatanensis (A)
* Anna's hummingbird, Calypte anna (A)
* Calliope hummingbird, Selasphorus calliope (A)
* Rufous hummingbird, Selasphorus rufus
* Allen's hummingbird, Selasphorus sasin (A)
* Violet-crowned hummingbird, Leucolia violiceps (A)

## Rails, gallinules, and coots

Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. The most typical family members occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. Ten species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Paint-billed crake, Neocrex erythrops (A)
* Clapper rail, Rallus crepitans
* King rail, Rallus elegans
* Virginia rail, Rallus limicola
* Sora, Porzana carolina
* Common gallinule, Gallinula galeata
* American coot, Fulica americana
* Purple gallinule, Porphyrio martinicus (R)
* Yellow rail, Coturnicops noveboracensis (R)
* Black rail, Laterallus jamaicensis (R)

## Limpkin

Order: Gruiformes Family: Aramidae
The limpkin is a large bird in a monotypic family. It is similar in appearance to the rails, but skeletally it is closer to the cranes. It is found in marshes and gets its common name from its appearance of limping as it walks.
* Limpkin, Aramus guarauna (A)

## Cranes

Order: Gruiformes Family: Gruidae
Cranes are large, long-legged, and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances". One species has been recorded in Virginia.
* Sandhill crane, Antigone canadensis

## Stilts and avocets

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. Two species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Black-necked stilt, Himantopus mexicanus
* American avocet, Recurvirostra americana

## Oystercatchers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large, obvious and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prying open molluscs.
* American oystercatcher, Haematopus palliatus

## Plovers and lapwings

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. Nine species and a species pair have been recorded in Virginia.
* Northern lapwing, Vanellus vanellus (A)
* Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola
* American golden-plover, Pluvialis dominica
* Killdeer, Charadrius vociferus
* Semipalmated plover, Charadrius semipalmatus
* Piping plover, Charadrius melodus
* Lesser sand-plover/greater sand-plover, Charadrius mongolus/Charadrius leschenaultii (A)
* Wilson's plover, Charadrius wilsonia
* Snowy plover, Charadrius nivosus (A)
* Mountain plover, Charadrius montanus (A)

## Sandpipers and allies

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. Thirty-eight species have been positively recorded in Virginia.
* Upland sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda (R)
* Eskimo curlew, Numenius borealis (H)
* Long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus (R)
* Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus
* Bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica (A)
* Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa (A)
* Hudsonian godwit, Limosa haemastica
* Marbled godwit, Limosa fedoa
* Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres
* Red knot, Calidris canutus
* Ruff, Calidris pugnax (R)
* Sharp-tailed sandpiper, Calidris acuminata (A)
* Stilt sandpiper, Calidris himantopus
* Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea (R)
* Red-necked stint, Calidris ruficollis (A)
* Sanderling, Calidris alba
* Dunlin, Calidris alpina
* Purple sandpiper, Calidris maritima
* Baird's sandpiper, Calidris bairdii (R)
* Least sandpiper, Calidris minutilla
* White-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis
* Buff-breasted sandpiper, Tryngites subruficollis (R)
* Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos
* Semipalmated sandpiper, Calidris pusilla
* Western sandpiper, Calidris mauri
* Short-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus
* Long-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus (R)
* Eurasian woodcock, Scolopax rusticola (A)
* American woodcock, Scolopax minor
* Wilson's snipe, Gallinago delicata
* Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus (A)
* Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularius
* Solitary sandpiper, Tringa solitaria
* Lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes
* Willet, Tringa semipalmata
* Greater yellowlegs, Tringa melanoleuca
* Wilson's phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor
* Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus
* Red phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius

## Skuas and jaegers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
They are in general medium to large birds, typically with gray or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They have longish bills with hooked tips and webbed feet with sharp claws. They look like large dark gulls, but have a fleshy cere above the upper mandible. They are strong, acrobatic fliers. Five species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Great skua, Stercorarius skua (R)
* South polar skua, Stercorarius maccormicki (A)
* Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus
* Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus
* Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus

## Auks, murres, and puffins

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Alcidae
Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colors, their upright posture, and some of their habits; however, they are only distantly related to the penguins and are able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest. Seven species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Dovekie, Alle alle
* Common murre, Uria aalge (A)
* Thick-billed murre, Uria lomvia (R)
* Razorbill, Alca torda (R)
* Black guillemot, Cepphus grylle (A)
* Ancient murrelet, Synthliboramphus antiquus (A)
* Atlantic puffin, Fratercula arctica

## Gulls, terns, and skimmers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Gulls are typically medium to large birds, usually gray or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, stout, longish bills and webbed feet. The large species take up to four years to attain full adult plumage, but two years is typical for small gulls. Terns are in general medium to large birds, typically with gray or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. They have longish bills and webbed feet. They are lighter bodied and more streamlined than gulls and look elegant in flight with long tails and long narrow wings. Skimmers are tropical and subtropical species. They have an elongated lower mandible. They feed by flying low over the water surface with the lower mandible skimming the water for small fish. Thirty-four species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Black-legged kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla
* Sabine's gull, Xema sabini (R)
* Bonaparte's gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia
* Black-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus (R)
* Little gull, Hydrocoloeus minutus (R)
* Laughing gull, Leucophaeus atricilla
* Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (R)
* Black-tailed gull, Larus crassirostris (A)
* Heermann's gull, Larus heermanni (A)
* Common gull, Larus canus (A)
* Ring-billed gull, Larus delawarensis
* California gull, Larus californicus (R)
* Herring gull, Larus argentatus
* Yellow-legged gull, Larus michahellis (A)
* Iceland gull, Larus glaucoides (R)
* Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus
* Glaucous gull, Larus hyperboreus (R)
* Great black-backed gull, Larus marinus
* Brown noddy, Anous stolidus (A)
* Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus (R)
* Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus (R)
* Least tern, Sternula antillarum
* Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica
* Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia
* Black tern, Chlidonias niger
* White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus (R)
* Roseate tern, Sterna dougallii (R)
* Common tern, Sterna hirundo
* Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea (R)
* Forster's tern, Sterna forsteri
* Royal tern, Thalasseus maximus
* Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis
* Elegant tern, Thalasseus elegans (A)
* Black skimmer, Rynchops niger

## Tropicbirds

Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their long wings have black markings, as does the head. Two species have been recorded in Virginia.
* White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus (A)
* Red-billed tropicbird, Phaethon aethereus (A)

## Loons

Order: Gaviiformes Family: Gaviidae
Loons are aquatic birds, the size of a large duck, to which they are unrelated. Their plumage is largely gray or black, and they have spear-shaped bills. Loons swim well and fly adequately, but are almost hopeless on land, because their legs are placed towards the rear of the body. Three species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Red-throated loon, Gavia stellata
* Pacific loon, Gavia pacifica (R)
* Common loon, Gavia immer

## Albatrosses

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae
The albatrosses are amongst the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus Diomedea have the largest wingspans of any extant birds. Two species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Yellow-nosed albatross, Thalassarche chlororhynchos (A)
* Black-browed albatross, Thalassarche melanophris (A)

## Southern storm-petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae
The storm-petrels are the smallest seabirds, relatives of the petrels, feeding on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. Until 2018, this family's three species were included with the other storm-petrels in family Hydrobatidae.
* Wilson's storm-petrel, Oceanites oceanicus
* White-faced storm-petrel, Pelagodroma marina (R)

## Northern storm-petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae
Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.
* Leach's storm-petrel, Hydrobates leucorhous (R)
* Band-rumped storm-petrel, Hydrobates castro (R)
* European storm-petrel, Hydrobates pelagicus (A)

## Shearwaters and petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterized by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary. Eleven species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Northern fulmar, Fulmarus glacialis
* Trindade petrel, Pterodroma arminjoniana (A)
* Bermuda petrel, Pterodroma cahow (A)
* Black-capped petrel, Pterodroma hasitata (R)
* Fea's petrel, Pterodroma feae (A)
* Bulwer's petrel, Bulweria bulwerii (A)
* Cory's shearwater, Calonectris diomedea
* Sooty shearwater, Ardenna griseus
* Great shearwater, Ardenna gravis
* Manx shearwater, Puffinus puffinus
* Audubon's shearwater, Puffinus lherminieri

## Storks

Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, heavy, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long stout bills and wide wingspans. They lack the powder down that other wading birds such as herons, spoonbills and ibises use to clean off fish slime. Storks lack a pharynx and are mute. One species has been recorded in Virginia.
* Wood stork, Mycteria americana (R)

## Frigatebirds

Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black, or black-and-white, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have colored inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week. One species has been recorded in Virginia.
* Magnificent frigatebird, Fregata magnificens (R)

## Boobies and gannets

Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium-large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish. Three species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Brown booby, Sula leucogaster (A)
* Masked booby, Sula dactylatra (A)
* Northern gannet, Morus bassanus

## Anhingas

Order: Suliformes Family: Anhingidae
Anhingas are cormorant-like water birds with very long necks and long, straight beaks. They are fish eaters which often swim with only their neck above the water. One species has been recorded in Virginia.
* Anhinga, Anhinga anhinga (R)

## Cormorants and shags

Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Cormorants are medium-to-large aquatic birds, usually with mainly dark plumage and areas of colored skin on the face. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed. Three species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo
* Double-crested cormorant, Nannopterum auritum
* Neotropic cormorant, Nannopterum brasilianum (A)

## Pelicans

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are very large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. Like other birds in the order Pelecaniformes, they have four webbed toes. Two species have been recorded in Virginia.
* American white pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
* Brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis

## Herons, egrets, and bitterns

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the herons, egrets, and bitterns. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more secretive. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills. Fourteen species have been recorded in Virginia.
* American bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus
* Least bittern, Ixobrychus exilis
* Great blue heron, Ardea herodias
* Gray heron, Ardea cinerea (A)
* Great egret, Ardea alba
* Little egret, Egretta garzetta (A)
* Snowy egret, Egretta thula
* Little blue heron, Egretta caerulea
* Tricolored heron, Egretta tricolor
* Reddish egret, Egretta rufescens (A)
* Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis
* Green heron, Butorides virescens
* Black-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax
* Yellow-crowned night-heron, Nyctanassa violacea

## Ibises and spoonbills

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae
The family Threskiornithidae includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings. Their bodies tend to be elongated, the neck more so, with rather long legs. The bill is also long, decurved in the case of the ibises, straight and distinctively flattened in the spoonbills. Four species have been recorded in Virginia.
* White ibis, Eudocimus albus
* Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus
* White-faced ibis, Plegadis chihi (R)
* Roseate spoonbill, Platalea ajaja (A)

## New World vultures

Order: Accipitriformes Family: Cathartidae
The New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures, but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution. Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers. However, unlike Old World vultures, which find carcasses by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carcasses. Two species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Black vulture, Coragyps atratus
* Turkey vulture, Cathartes aura

## Osprey

Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae
The osprey is a medium-large fish-eating bird of prey or raptor. It is widely distributed because it tolerates a wide variety of habitats, nesting in any location which is near a body of water and provides an adequate food supply. It is the only member of its family.
* Osprey, Pandion haliaetus

## Hawks, eagles, and kites

Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight. Nineteen species have been recorded in Virginia.
* White-tailed kite, Elanus leucurus (A)
* Swallow-tailed kite, Elanoides forficatus (R)
* Golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos (R)
* Western marsh harrier, Circus aeruginosus (A)
* Northern harrier, Circus husonius
* Sharp-shinned hawk, Accipiter striatus
* Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii
* American goshawk, Accipiter atricapillus (R)
* Bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus
* Mississippi kite, Ictinia mississippiensis
* Roadside hawk, Rupornis magnirostris (A)
* White hawk, Pseudastur albicollis (A)
* Red-shouldered hawk, Buteo lineatus
* Broad-winged hawk, Buteo platypterus
* Swainson's hawk, Buteo swainsoni (R)
* Zone-tailed hawk, Buteo albonotatus (A)
* Red-tailed hawk, Buteo jamaicensis
* Rough-legged hawk, Buteo lagopus
* Ferruginous hawk, Buteo regalis (A)

## Barn-owls

Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons. One species has been recorded in Virginia.
* Barn owl, Tyto alba

## Owls

Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
Typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk. Eight species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Eastern screech-owl, Megascops asio
* Great horned owl, Bubo virginianus
* Snowy owl, Bubo scandiacus (R)
* Burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia (A)
* Barred owl, Strix varia
* Long-eared owl, Asio otus (R)
* Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus
* Northern saw-whet owl, Aegolius acadicus

## Kingfishers

Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails. One species has been recorded in Virginia.
* Belted kingfisher, Megaceryle alcyon

## Woodpeckers

Order: Piciformes Family: Picidae
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks. Ten species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Lewis's woodpecker, Melanerpes lewis (A)
* Red-headed woodpecker, Melanerpes erythrocephalus
* Gila woodpecker, Melanerpes uropygialis (A)
* Red-bellied woodpecker, Melanerpes carolinus
* Yellow-bellied sapsucker, Sphyrapicus varius
* Downy woodpecker, Dryobates pubescens
* Red-cockaded woodpecker, Dryobates borealis (R)
* Hairy woodpecker, Dryobates villosus
* Northern flicker, Colaptes auratus
* Pileated woodpecker, Dryocopus pileatus

## Falcons and caracaras

Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey, notably the falcons and caracaras. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons. Six species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Crested caracara, Caracara plancus (A)
* American kestrel, Falco sparverius
* Merlin, Falco columbarius
* Gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus (A)
* Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus
* Prairie falcon, Falco mexicanus (A)

## New World and African parrots

Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittacidae
Parrots are small to large birds with a characteristic curved beak. Their upper mandibles have slight mobility in the joint with the skull and they have a generally erect stance. All parrots are zygodactyl, having the four toes on each foot placed two at the front and two to the back. Most of the more than 150 species in this family are found in the New World. One species has been positively recorded in Virginia.
* Monk parakeet, Myiositta monachus (I)
* Carolina parakeet, Conuropsis carolinensis (H)

## Tyrant flycatchers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Tyrannidae
Tyrant flycatchers are passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, are rather plain. As the name implies, most are insectivorous. Twenty species and a species pair have been recorded in Virginia.
* Ash-throated flycatcher, Myiarchus cinerascens (R)
* Great crested flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus
* Couch's kingbird, Tyrannus couchii (A)
* Western kingbird, Tyrannus verticalis (R)
* Eastern kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus
* Gray kingbird, Tyrannus dominicensis (R)
* Scissor-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus forficatus (R)
* Fork-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus savana (R)
* Olive-sided flycatcher, Contopus cooperi (R)
* Western wood-pewee, Contopus sordidulus (A)
* Eastern wood-pewee, Contopus virens
* Yellow-bellied flycatcher, Empidonax flaviventris (R)
* Acadian flycatcher, Empidonax virescens
* Alder flycatcher, Empidonax alnorum
* Willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii
* Least flycatcher, Empidonax minimus
* Dusky flycatcher, Empidonax oberholseri (A)
* Western flycatcher, Empidonax difficilis (A)
* Eastern phoebe, Sayornis phoebe
* Say's phoebe, Sayornis saya (R)
* Vermilion flycatcher, Pyrocephalus rubinus (A)

## Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis

Order: Passeriformes Family: Vireonidae
The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are typically greenish in color and resemble the wood-warblers except for their heavier bills. Eight species have been recorded in Virginia.
* White-eyed vireo, Vireo griseus
* Bell's vireo, Vireo bellii (A)
* Yellow-throated vireo, Vireo flavifrons
* Blue-headed vireo, Vireo solitarius
* Philadelphia vireo, Vireo philadelphicus
* Warbling vireo, Vireo gilvus
* Red-eyed vireo, Vireo olivaceus
* Black-whiskered vireo, Vireo altiloquus (A)

## Shrikes

Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae
Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey. Two species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Loggerhead shrike, Lanius ludovicianus
* Northern shrike, Lanius borealis (R)

## Crows, jays, and magpies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers, and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence. Six species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Canada jay, Perisoreus canadensis (A)
* Blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata
* Black-billed magpie, Pica hudsonia (A)
* American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos
* Fish crow, Corvus ossifragus
* Common raven, Corvus corax

## Tits, chickadees, and titmice

Order: Passeriformes Family: Paridae
The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. Four species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Carolina chickadee, Poecile carolinensis
* Black-capped chickadee, Poecile atricapilla
* Boreal chickadee, Poecile hudsonicus (A)
* Tufted titmouse, Baeolophus bicolor

## Larks

Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds. One species has been recorded in Virginia.
* Horned lark, Eremophila alpestris

## Swallows

Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking and the front toes are partially joined at the base. Nine species have been recorded in Virginia..
* Bank swallow, Riparia riparia
* Tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor
* Violet-green swallow, Tachycineta thalassina (A)
* Northern rough-winged swallow, Stelgidopteryx serripennis
* Brown-chested martin, Progne tapera (A)
* Purple martin, Progne subis
* Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica
* Cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
* Cave swallow, Petrochelidon fulva (R)

## Kinglets

Order: Passeriformes Family: Regulidae
The kinglets are a family of very small insectivorous birds. The adults have colored crowns, giving rise to their name. Two species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Ruby-crowned kinglet, Corthylio calendula
* Golden-crowned kinglet, Regulus satrapa

## Waxwings

Order: Passeriformes Family: Bombycillidae
The waxwings are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter. Two species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Bohemian waxwing, Bombycilla garrulus (A)
* Cedar waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum

## Nuthatches

Order: Passeriformes Family: Sittidae
Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails, and powerful bills and feet. Three species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Red-breasted nuthatch, Sitta canadensis
* White-breasted nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis
* Brown-headed nuthatch, Sitta pusilla

## Treecreepers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Certhiidae
Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees. One species has been recorded in Virginia.
* Brown creeper, Certhia americana

## Gnatcatchers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Polioptilidae
These dainty birds resemble Old World warblers in their structure and habits, moving restlessly through foliage while seeking insects. The gnatcatchers are mainly a soft bluish gray in color and have the long sharp bill typical of an insectivore. Many species have distinctive black head patterns (especially males) and long, regularly cocked black-and-white tails. One species has been recorded in Virginia.
* Blue-gray gnatcatcher, Polioptila caerulea

## Wrens

Order: Passeriformes Family: Troglodytidae
Wrens are small and inconspicuous birds, except for their loud songs. They have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous. Seven species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Rock wren, Salpinctes obsoletus (A)
* House wren, Troglodytes aedon
* Winter wren, Troglodytes hiemalis
* Sedge wren, Cistothorus platensis
* Marsh wren, Cistothorus palustris
* Carolina wren, Thryothorus ludovicianus
* Bewick's wren, Thryomanes bewickii (R)

## Mockingbirds and thrashers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Mimidae
The mimids are a family of passerine birds which includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalization, especially their remarkable ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. The species tend towards dull grays and browns in their appearance. Four species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Gray catbird, Dumetella carolinensis
* Brown thrasher, Toxostoma rufum
* Sage thrasher, Oreoscoptes montanus (A)
* Northern mockingbird, Mimus polyglottos

## Starlings

Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized Old World passerine birds with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct and most are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit. The plumage of several species is dark with a metallic sheen. One species has been recorded in Virginia.
* European starling, Sturnus vulgaris (I)

## Thrushes and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. Eleven species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Eastern bluebird, Sialia sialis
* Mountain bluebird, Sialia currucoides (A)
* Townsend's solitaire, Myadestes townsendi (A)
* Veery, Catharus fuscescens
* Gray-cheeked thrush, Catharus minimus
* Bicknell's thrush, Catharus bicknelli (R)
* Swainson's thrush, Catharus ustulatus
* Hermit thrush, Catharus guttatus
* Wood thrush, Hylocichla mustelina
* American robin, Turdus migratorius
* Varied thrush, Ixoreus naevius (R)

## Old World flycatchers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae
The Old World flycatchers form a large family of small passerine birds. These are mainly small arboreal insectivores, many of which, as the name implies, take their prey on the wing. One species has been recorded in Virginia.
* Northern wheatear, Oenanthe oenanthe (A)

## Old World sparrows

Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small plump brownish or grayish birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects. One species has been recorded in Virginia.
* House sparrow, Passer domesticus (I)

## Wagtails and pipits

Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws, and pipits. They are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country. Three species have been recorded in Virginia.
* White wagtail, Motacilla alba (A)
* American pipit, Anthus rubescens
* Sprague's pipit, Anthus spragueii (A)

## Finches, euphonias, and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae
Finches are seed-eating passerine birds that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well. Twelve species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Evening grosbeak, Coccothraustes vespertinus (R)
* Pine grosbeak, Pinicola enucleator (R)
* Gray-crowned rosy-finch, Leucosticte tephrocotis (A)
* House finch, Haemorhous mexicanus (Native to the southwestern U.S.; introduced in the east)
* Purple finch, Haemorhous purpureus
* Common redpoll, Acanthis flammea (R)
* Hoary redpoll, Acanthis hornemanni (A)
* Red crossbill, Loxia curvirostra (R)
* White-winged crossbill, Loxia leucoptera (R)
* Pine siskin, Spinus pinus
* Lesser goldfinch, Spinus psaltria (A)
* American goldfinch, Spinus tristis

## Longspurs and snow buntings

Order: Passeriformes Family: Calcariidae
The Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds that were traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas. Four species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Lapland longspur, Calcarius lapponicus (R)
* Chestnut-collared longspur, Calcarius ornatus (A)
* Smith's longspur, Calcarius pictus (A)
* Snow bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis

## New world sparrows

Order: Passeriformes Family: Passerellidae
Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae. Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns. Twenty-eight species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Bachman's sparrow, Peucaea aestivalis (R)
* Grasshopper sparrow, Ammodramus savannarum
* Black-throated sparrow, Amphispiza bilineata (A)
* Lark sparrow, Chondestes grammacus (R)
* Lark bunting, Calamospiza melanocorys (A)
* Chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina
* Clay-colored sparrow, Spizella pallida (R)
* Field sparrow, Spizella pusilla
* Brewer's sparrow, Spizella breweri (A)
* Fox sparrow, Passerella iliaca
* American tree sparrow, Spizelloides arborea
* Dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis
* White-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys
* Harris's sparrow, Zonotrichia querula (R)
* White-throated sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis
* Vesper sparrow, Pooecetes gramineus
* LeConte's sparrow, Ammospiza leconteii (R)
* Seaside sparrow, Ammospiza maritima
* Nelson's sparrow, Ammospiza nelsoni
* Saltmarsh sparrow, Ammospiza caudacuta
* Henslow's sparrow, Centronyx henslowii (R)
* Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis
* Song sparrow, Melospiza melodia
* Lincoln's sparrow, Melospiza lincolnii
* Swamp sparrow, Melospiza georgiana
* Green-tailed towhee, Pipilo chlorurus (A)
* Spotted towhee, Pipilo maculatus (A)
* Eastern towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus

## Yellow-breasted chat

Order: Passeriformes Family: Icteriidae
This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers (Parulidae) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there. It was placed in its own family in 2017.
* Yellow-breasted chat, Icteria virens

## Troupials and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Icteridae
The icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colorful passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Most species have black as a predominant plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red. Fourteen species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Yellow-headed blackbird, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (R)
* Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus
* Eastern meadowlark, Sturnella magna
* Western meadowlark, Sturnella neglecta (A)
* Orchard oriole, Icterus spurius
* Bullock's oriole, Icterus bullockii (R)
* Baltimore oriole, Icterus galbula
* Scott's oriole, Icterus parisorum (A)
* Red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus
* Shiny cowbird, Molothrus bonariensis (A)
* Brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater
* Rusty blackbird, Euphagus carolinus
* Brewer's blackbird, Euphagus cyanocephalus (R)
* Common grackle, Quiscalus quiscula
* Boat-tailed grackle, Quiscalus major

## New World warblers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Parulidae
The wood-warblers are a group of small, often colorful passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are more terrestrial, such as the Ovenbird. Most members of this family are insectivores. Forty-three species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla
* Worm-eating warbler, Helmitheros vermivorum
* Louisiana waterthrush, Parkesia motacilla
* Northern waterthrush, Parkesia noveboracensis
* Bachman's warbler, Vermivora bachmanii (H)
* Golden-winged warbler, Vermivora chrysoptera
* Blue-winged warbler, Vermivora cyanoptera
* Black-and-white warbler, Mniotilta varia
* Prothonotary warbler, Protonotaria citrea
* Swainson's warbler, Limnothlypis swainsonii
* Tennessee warbler, Leiothlypis peregrina
* Orange-crowned warbler, Leiothlypis celata
* Lucy's warbler, Leiothlypis luciae (A)
* Virginia's warbler, Leiothlypis virginiae (A)
* Nashville warbler, Leiothlypis ruficapilla
* Connecticut warbler, Oporornis agilis (R)
* MacGillivray's warbler, Geothlypis tolmiei (A)
* Mourning warbler, Geothlypis philadelphia
* Kentucky warbler, Geothlypis formosa
* Common yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas
* Hooded warbler, Setophaga citrina
* American redstart, Setophaga ruticilla
* Kirtland's warbler, Setophaga kirtlandii (A)
* Cape May warbler, Setophaga tigrina
* Cerulean warbler, Setophaga cerulea
* Northern parula, Setophaga americana
* Magnolia warbler, Setophaga magnolia
* Bay-breasted warbler, Setophaga castanea
* Blackburnian warbler, Setophaga fusca
* Yellow warbler, Setophaga petechia
* Chestnut-sided warbler, Setophaga pensylvanica
* Blackpoll warbler, Setophaga striata
* Black-throated blue warbler, Setophaga caerulescens
* Palm warbler, Setophaga palmarum
* Pine warbler, Setophaga pinus
* Yellow-rumped warbler, Setophaga coronata
* Yellow-throated warbler, Setophaga dominica
* Prairie warbler, Setophaga discolor
* Black-throated gray warbler, Setophaga nigrescens (A)
* Townsend's warbler, Setophaga townsendi (A)
* Black-throated green warbler, Setophaga virens
* Canada warbler, Cardellina canadensis
* Wilson's warbler, Cardellina pusilla

## Cardinals and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Cardinalidae
The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages. Eleven species have been recorded in Virginia.
* Summer tanager, Piranga rubra
* Scarlet tanager, Piranga olivacea
* Western tanager, Piranga ludoviciana (R)
* Northern cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis
* Rose-breasted grosbeak, Pheucticus ludovicianus
* Black-headed grosbeak, Pheucticus melanocephalus (R)
* Blue grosbeak, Passerina caerulea
* Lazuli bunting, Passerina amoena (A)
* Indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea
* Painted bunting, Passerina ciris (R)
* Dickcissel, Spiza americana (R)