OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chapter (religion)

A chapter (Latin: capitulum or capitellum) is one of several bodies of clergy in Catholic, Old Catholic, Anglican, and Nordic Lutheran churches or their gatherings.

## Name

The name derives from the habit of convening monks or canons for the reading of a chapter of the Bible or a heading of the order's rule. The 6th-century St Benedict directed that his monks begin their daily assemblies with such readings, and over time expressions such as "coming together for the chapter" (convenire ad capitulum) found their meaning transferred from the text to the meeting itself and then to the body gathering for it. The place of such meetings similarly became known as the "chapter house" or "room".

## Cathedral chapter

A cathedral chapter is the body ("college") of advisors assisting the bishop of a diocese at the cathedral church. These were a development of the presbyteries (presbyteria) made up of the priests and other church officials of cathedral cities in the early church. In the Catholic Church, they are now only established by papal decree.
In the event of an episcopal vacancy, cathedral chapters are sometimes charged with election of the bishop's replacement and with the government of the diocese. They are made up of canon priests. "Numbered" chapters are made up of a fixed number of prebendaries, while "unnumbered" chapters vary in number according to the direction of the bishop. The chapters were originally led by the cathedral's archdeacon but, since the 11th century, have been directed by a dean or provost.
In the Catholic Church, the chapter appoints its own treasurer, secretary, and sacristan and – since the Council of Trent – canon theologian and canon penitentiary. The same council approved of other local offices, which might include precentors, chamberlains (camerarii), almoners (eleemosynarii), hospitalarii, portarii, primicerii, or custodes. Canons are sometimes given the functions of punctator and hebdomadarius as well. In the Church of England, the chapter includes lay members, a chancellor who oversees its educational functions, and a precentor who oversees its musical services. Some Church of England cathedrals have "lesser" and "greater" chapters with separate functions.
In the US Episcopal Church, the chapter is a meeting of those with the responsibilities of a vestry for a cathedral church.

## Collegiate chapter

A collegiate chapter is a similar body of canons who oversee a collegiate church other than a cathedral.

## General chapter

A general chapter is a general assembly of monks, typically composed of representatives from all the monasteries of an order or congregation. The equivalent meetings of provincial representatives of Franciscan orders is called a Chapter of Mats.

## Chapter of faults

A chapter of faults is a gathering for public correction of infractions against community rules and for self-criticism separate from standard confession.

## Orders of knighthood

The assembled body of knights of a military or knightly order was also referred as a "chapter”.
# Acme motorcycle (1911–1913)

Between 1911 and 1913, the Acme Motor & Engineering Company of Lonsdale Street, Melbourne, Victoria, built motorcycles under the "Acme" brand name, using Fafnir and Moser engines in Chater-Lea frames.
# Killalpaninna Mission

Killalpaninna Mission, also known as just Killalpaninna, or alternatively Bethesda Mission, or alternatively Kopperamanna, was a Lutheran mission for Aboriginal people in northeast South Australia, whose site is now located in the locality of Etadunna. It existed from 1866 to 1915.
The mission was founded by two German missionaries, Johann Friedrich Gößling and Ernst Homann, and two lay brethren, Hermann Vogelsang and Ernst Jakob. After a difficult three-month journey from Tanunda, they established their mission station at Lake Killalpaninna (about 40 km south of Cooper's Creek) and tried to convert the Dieri (Diyari) people to Christianity. Anthropologist and linguist Carl Strehlow worked on the mission from 1892 to 1894, before moving to Hermannsburg. Strehlow and Johann Georg Reuther translated Christian works into the Diyari language, and also documented the grammar and vocabulary of the language.
The South Australian Royal Commission on the Aborigines gathered evidence from the mission in 1914, and recommended that the mission be taken over by the government. The mission was closed by the state government in 1915. At that time, there were 70 Aboriginal children living at the mission.
After the mission closed, the station became a cattle station. The school continued to operate until 1917, when the government closed all Lutheran schools.
The station was listed on the South Australian Heritage Register on 8 November 1984 under the name "Killalpaninna Mission Historic Site".
# How to Lie with Statistics

How to Lie with Statistics is a book written by Darrell Huff in 1954, presenting an introduction to statistics for the general reader. Not a statistician, Huff was a journalist who wrote many how-to articles as a freelancer.
The book is a brief, breezy illustrated volume outlining the misuse of statistics and errors in the interpretation of statistics, and how errors create incorrect conclusions.
In the 1960s and 1970s, it became a standard textbook introduction to the subject of statistics for many college students. It has become one of the best-selling statistics books in history, with over one and a half million copies sold in the English-language edition. It has also been widely translated.
Themes of the book include "Correlation does not imply causation" and "Using random sampling." It also shows how statistical graphs can be used to distort reality. For example, by truncating the bottom of a line or bar chart so that differences seem larger than they are. Or, by representing one-dimensional quantities on a pictogram by two- or three-dimensional objects to compare their sizes so that the reader forgets that the images do not scale the same way the quantities do.
The original edition contained illustrations by artist Irving Geis. In a UK edition, Geis' illustrations were replaced by cartoons by Mel Calman.
# Bromelia unaensis

Bromelia unaensis is a species of Bromelia from Brazil.
# Peyronellaea curtisii

Peyronellaea curtisii (leaf scorch) is a fungal plant pathogen first described by Miles Joseph Berkeley and received its current name in 2010. Formerly it was Stagonospora (syn. Stagonosporopsis) curtisii. It is a cause of leaf blotch, and its substrates include Narcissus, Galanthus and Hippeastrum.

## Symptoms

Peyronellaea curtisii causes red-brown spots on leaf tips of Narcissus and other members of the family Amaryllidaceae; this gives them a scorched appearance that is easily mistaken for frost damage. A yellowish discolouration then spreads down the leaf; more spots may develop as the leaf withers, turns brown and die away. Minute black fungal fruiting bodies may be visible on the foliage. The flowers and flower stalks may also display brown spots and marks.
On hippeastrum bulbs the fungus causes red spots that may develop into soft, sunken patches. Leaf scorch fungus can also affect other members of the Amaryllidaceae, including Amaryllis, Crinum, Nerine, Sprekelia and Sternbergia.
# TCS-1205

TCS 1205 is an organic chemical compound. It is a benzodiazepine site agonist selective for certain sub-units.

## Pharmacology

TCS 1205 acts at the benzodiazepine binding site, it is selective for the α1 and α2 subunits of the GABA$_A$ receptor. In vivo, it has anxiolytic effects but no sedative effects.

## Chemistry

Despite acting at the benzodiazepine receptor, it does not contain the benzodiazepine structure, it could therefore be classed as a nonbenzodiazepine.
# Cnemaspis zacharyi

Cnemaspis zacharyi is a species of diurnal, rock-dwelling, insectivorous gecko endemic to India. It is distributed in Kerala.
# Digvijaysinh Jhala

Digvijaysinh Pratapsinhji Jhala (20 August 1932 – 4 April 2021) was an Indian politician from Gujarat. He served as India's first environment minister in the central government.

## Early life

Jhala was born at Ranjit Vilas Palace at Wankaner on 20 August 1932, the eldest son of Pratapsinhji Jhala of the princely state of Wankaner, by his wife, Sisodiji Maharani Sri Rama Kanwar Sahiba.
He was educated at Rajkumar College, Rajkot and graduated from Cambridge University, and obtained a doctorate from Delhi University's St Stephen's College.

## Family

In 1955, Jhala married Maharajkumari Baiji Lal Pratap Kumari Sahiba, eldest daughter of Sir Tej Singhji, Maharaja of Alwar State. Jhala married again in 1982, to Vibha Singh, daughter of a senior bureaucrat and diplomat Shri Bhagwan Singh. She was media personality and also served as a consul general of Nauru. Jhala and Vibha's only son, Kesarisihji, was born in 1983. Kesarisihji is nominated as Rajysabha Member of Parliament from Bharatiya Janta Party and elections are awaiting.

## Wankaner State

Jhala was heir apparent to the throne of the princely state of Wankaner at birth, holding the title Yuvraj Sahib of Wankaner officially from 1932, when the State merged with newly-independent India. He succeeded his father in 2007 as the titular King of Wankaner and head of its royal house.

## Political career

Jhala entered politics after the independence of India and joined the Indian National Congress. He was a Member of Legislative Assembly for Wankaner in the Gujarat Legislative Assembly for the years 1962-67 and 1967-71. He was then elected Member of Parliament for Surendranagar for two terms, from 1980 to 1989. He also served as the Union Deputy Minister for Ecology and the Environment from 1982 to 1984.

## Personal life

Being very active in public life, Jhala was also Convener of the Indian Heritage Hotels Association, Gujarat, Chairman of Gujarat Hotels Association and President of the Wankaner Co-op Agricultural Bank Ltd for 1962-1964.
He was Director of Shree Amarsinhji Mills Ltd since 1960, a cotton textile mill founded in 1951 by his grandfather Sir Amarsinhji Banesinhji, which was later taken over by Kores India in 1980.
He served as a director of India Tourism Development Corporation for the years 1968-1982.
He was a founder member of the Indigenous Horse Society of India founded in 1999. He was also a member of the Gujarat State Water Pollution Control Board since 1976, National Committee for Environmental Planning since 1981 and president of the Akhil Bharatiya Kshatriya Mahasabha since 1989.
Jhala died on 4 April 2021 at the age of 88, after a brief illness.
# Geula Nuni

Geula Nuni (Hebrew: גאולה נוני; 9 June 1942 – 10 November 2014) was an Israeli actress and singer.

## Biography

Nuni was born in Ramat Gan in a family of three daughters to a Yemeni-Jewish father and an Austrian-Jewish mother. She made her first stage appearance at the age of 15 and she first appeared in the 1960 film I Like Mike. In 1961, she served in the Nahal Troupe, after which she left for Europe where she studied the works of Mary Wigman. Upon returning to Israel, Nuni worked in the Habima Theatre and appeared in the stage adaptation of Irma La Douce which boosted her popularity.
Nuni's most famous film appearance was in the 1964 film Sallah Shabati starring Chaim Topol. She performed a song in the film with her on-screen partner Arik Einstein. Nuni's other films have included Charlie and a Half and A Thousand and One Wives. In 1971, Nuni moved to Vienna and pursued various projects and starred in a stage production about the Dreyfus affair.
Upon Nuni's return to Israel, she acted in a short lived 1994 sitcom with Ze'ev Revach and acted in various television shows until 2010. Nuni also had a career as a voice actress. Her most notable voice dubbing role was when she performed the Hebrew voice of Fanny in Casper Meets Wendy. She retired in 2011.

### Personal life

Nuni married twice. Her second husband was the mime artist Samy Molcho. She also had one daughter, Sharon and three grandchildren.

## Death

Nuni died of cancer at Ichilov Hospital on 10 November 2014, at the age of 72. She was interred at Nahalat Yitzhak Cemetery.
# Ayr Ice Rink

Ayr Ice Rink was an ice arena in Ayr, Scotland that opened in 1939 and was used for ice skating, ice hockey and curling. The rink was notable as being the home of professional ice hockey clubs Ayr Raiders and Ayr Bruins.
The building was located at 21 Beresford Terrace on the former site of Beresford Park, home of Ayr Parkhouse Football Club. Ayr Ice Rink Ltd purchased the land from London Midland and Scottish Railway in 1938 to build the rink.
The property was demolished in 1972 to make way for a Safeway supermarket and today the site is occupied by two retail stores and carpark.
A new ice rink was built at Limekiln Road on the site of the defunct Tams Brig Stadium in 1973, but closed permanently in September 2023. It was predominantly used for curling but figure skating and recreational ice hockey.
# Mubarak Al-Besher

Mubarak Al Besher (born 15 July 1988) is an Emirati swimmer. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed in the Men's 100 metre breaststroke, finishing in 42nd place in the heats, failing to reach the semifinals.
# Sunderland City Centre

Sunderland City Centre is the central business district in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England. The city centre is just to the west of Sunderland Docks.

## History

In 2020 it was announced that 14 million would be spent on a new car park in the city centre.

## Districts
### Market

The city centre’s main area, it extends south from the Wear to the A1231, including Sunderland's major shops. It contains the market square, Elephant Tea Rooms, Sunderland station, High Street West and The Bridges Shopping Centre. The former Sunderland Civic Centre site is being redeveloped.

### Monkwearmouth

Monkwearmouth is north of the River Wear. It is best known for being the home of the Stadium of Light, St Peter’s Church and the University of Sunderland St Peter’s campus. The area is mainly made up of residential properties and light industry, and to the north merges into outer residential areas.

### Bishopwearmouth

Bishopwearmouth is the western end of the centre. Known for being the home of the city hall, magistrates court, Keel Square, minster and the University of Sunderland city campus. The area’s west merges into outer residential areas.

### Hendon

Hendon is the centre’s east end. It is home to the Town Moor, Sunderland Docks and the former Sunderland Barracks. The area’s north is also called the East End while to the south it merges into outer residential areas.

### Sunniside

Sunniside is the centre’s closest residential area. With merchant terraces and Mowbray Park to the south. It extents from Fawcett Street to the A1018. The area contains Sunderland Empire Theatre and the Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens.

## Politics

Sunderland City Centre is part of the Sunderland Central parliamentary constituency.
For local elections, it is currently divided between three wards of the city council. The majority of the city centre, lying to the west of Fawcett Street and the north of Holmeside, is located in Millfield ward. The eastern parts of the centre beyond Fawcett Street form part of Hendon ward, while the south of the city centre around Park Lane is within St Michael's ward.
# DOB-2-DRAGONFLY-5-BUTTERFLY

DOB-2-DRAGONFLY-5-BUTTERFLY is a drug with an unusual furo[2,3-g]chromene core structure which acts as a 5-HT$_{2A}$ receptor agonist. It was first synthesised by David E. Nichols and colleagues in 2008, and while it is weaker than similar compounds such as Bromo-DragonFLY it is still the most potent among a number of related derivatives.
# Rodrigo Astudillo

Rodrigo Daniel Astudillo (born 23 November 1977, in Jesús María) is a former Argentine football forward.

## Career

Astudillo is a product of Talleres de Córdoba and made his debut on 5 October 1996. Besides Argentina, he played in Mexico, Peru, Chile, Brazil and Colombia.
In Mexico, he had a brief stint with Cruz Azul in 2001.
In Peru, he played for Alianza Lima in 2005.
In Chile, he played for Universidad de Chile in the second half of 2006.
In Brazil, he was with América-RN in 2007.
In Colombia, he played for both Millonarios and América de Cali during 2008.
His last clubs were Colegiales in 2009–2010 and Deportivo Colón from Colonia Caroya, Córdoba, in 2011, but he returned to play for them in the 2015 Torneo Federal C.

## Personal life

Both his father, Eduardo, and his younger brother, Federico, were professional footballers. Eduardo represented Argentina in 1980.

## Honours
### Talleres

* Copa CONMEBOL: 1999

### San Lorenzo

* Copa Sudamericana: 2002
# Nick Navarro

Nick Navarro may refer to:
* Nick Navarro (sheriff) (1929-2011), Cuban-American businessman and former sheriff of Broward County, Florida
* Nick Navarro (dancer) (born 1938), Mexican-American dancer and choreographer
# Adrián Chávez Ruiz

Adrián Chávez Ruiz (born 27 August 1976) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Party of the Democratic Revolution. As of 2014 he served as Deputy of the LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress as a plurinominal representative.
# Dave Waddington

Dave Waddington is a former powerlifter and strongman from Ohio, United States. Apart from his three appearances at the World's Strongest Man finals, he is also famed as the first man to ever break the 1000 lb barrier in the squat.

## Early life

Dave Waddington was born on May 10, 1952, in Sandusky, Ohio. He attended Sandusky High School.

## Powerlifting career

Waddington competed in three World's Strongest Man contests, finishing third in the first one he entered in 1981 behind two of the most accomplished strength athletes, Bill Kazmaier and Geoff Capes.
As a powerlifter, Dave Waddington was briefly the super heavyweight IPF champion in 1980, but was later disqualified, the title passing to Doyle Kenady. The next year, on June 13, 1981, Waddington became the first man to squat over 1,000 lbs.

## Powerlifting record

Dave Waddington was a seven time Ohio Champion, and a four time YMCA National Champion.
1977
1980
1981
1982
1984

## Personal life

Waddington was born on 5-10-1952 in Sandusky, Ohio. He is a lifelong resident of Sandusky, where he resides with his wife and son. He is a custodian with the Sandusky City Schools. He was elected Sandusky City Commissioner in 2003 and served two terms before being termed out in 2011. He was re-elected city commissioner in 2015. Waddington is a community activist, avid golfer, and known "Cheesehead", a term sports writers and fans use to describe Green Bay Packers enthusiasts.
# Mamonkino

Mamonkino (Russian: Мамонкино) is a rural locality (a village) in Chuchkovskoye Rural Settlement, Sokolsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 9 as of 2002.

## Geography

Mamonkino is located 85 km northeast of Sokol (the district's administrative centre) by road. Gorka is the nearest rural locality.
# Gongjing, Zigong

Gongjing District is a district of the city of Zigong, Sichuan Province, China. According to the 2010 Census, Gongjing District has a population of 226,704 inhabitants (2020).

## Administrative divisions

Gongjing administers 3 subdistricts and 7 towns:

### subdistricts

* Wenxi 筱溪街道
* Gongjing 贡井街道
* Changtu 长土街道

### towns

* Aiye 艾叶镇
* Jianshe 建设镇
* Longtan 龙潭镇
* Qiaotou 桥头镇
* Wubao 五宝镇
* Lianhua 莲花镇
* Chengjia 成佳镇
# UPX

UPX (Ultimate Packer for eXecutables) is a free and open source executable packer supporting a number of file formats from different operating systems.

## Compression

UPX uses a data compression algorithm called UCL, which is an open-source implementation of portions of the proprietary NRV (Not Really Vanished) algorithm.
UCL has been designed to be simple enough that a decompressor can be implemented in just a few hundred bytes of code. UCL requires no additional memory to be allocated for decompression, a considerable advantage that means that a UPX packed executable usually requires no additional memory.
UPX (since 2.90 beta) can use LZMA on most platforms; however, this is disabled by default for 16-bit due to slow decompression speed on older computers (use --lzma to force it on).
Starting with version 3.91, UPX also supports 64-Bit (x64) PE files on the Windows platform. This feature is currently declared as experimental.

## Decompression

UPX supports two mechanisms for decompression: an in-place technique and extraction to temporary file.
The in-place technique, which decompresses the executable into memory, is not possible on all supported platforms. It has the advantage of being more efficient in terms of memory, and that the environment set up by the OS remains correct.
The rest uses extraction to temporary file. This procedure involves additional overhead and other disadvantages; however, it allows any executable file format to be packed. The extraction to temporary file method has several disadvantages:
* Special permissions are ignored, such as suid.
* argv[0] will not be meaningful.
* Multiple running instances of the executable are unable to share common segments.
Unmodified UPX packing is often detected and unpacked by antivirus software scanners. UPX also has a built-in feature for unpacking unmodified executables packed with itself.

## Supported formats

UPX supports the following formats:
* Portable Executable (PE, EXE and DLL files):
** ARM (Windows CE)
** 32-bit x86 (Windows Desktop)
** 64-bit x86-64 (Windows Desktop, still experimental)
** RTM32 (DOS extender, as generated by Borland C/Pascal compilers)
* COFF executables, used by DJGPP2
* a.out format, BSD i386 (removed)
* Raw 8086/DOS files:
** DOS/COM (including some binary images)
** DOS/EXE
** DOS/SYS
* Watcom/LE (used by DOS4G, PMODE/W, DOS32A and CauseWay)
* TMT/adam (as generated by the TMT Pascal compiler)
* Atari/TOS
* Linux kernel, i386, x86-64 and ARM
* Linux Executable and Linkable Format, i386, x86-64, ARM, PowerPC, MIPS
* PlayStation 1/EXE (MIPS R3000)
* Darwin Mach-O, ppc32, i386, and x86-64
UPX does not currently support PE files containing CIL code intended to run on the .NET Framework.
# Long Beach Plaza

Long Beach Plaza was a two-level 675,716-square-foot (62,776.1 m$^2$) shopping mall located in Downtown Long Beach, California. It was designed in the 1970s by The Hahn Company and opened in 1982. The eight-block dumbbell-shaped mall was an enclosed structure and included a two-story deck parking structure on both sides.
The mall was previously anchored by JC Penney, Montgomery Ward and Buffums (which closed in 1991).
Problems with the mall included the fact that the mall structure (which included stores that faced inward) had no connection with the rest of Downtown Long Beach area. The closure of the nearby Naval stations in the 1990s also contributed to the slow demise of the mall.
In 1999, the mall was purchased by DDR Corp., Coventry Real Estate Partners and Prudential Real Estate as a joint venture. In 2000, the mall was demolished except for the parking structure. DDR eventually rebuilt the area and renamed it Long Beach City Place.
# York Theatre (Montreal)

The York Theatre was an Art deco cinema and mixed-use complex in Montreal, opened in 1938 and demolished in 2001 for the construction of the Engineering, Computer Science and Visual Arts Integrated Complex of Concordia University.
The York was designed by architects Perry, Luke and Little, with an interior design by Emmanuel Briffa. Briffa, who had overseen interior designs of over 100 cinemas in Canada, commissioned murals by artist Kenneth Hensley Holmden for the project. These murals were badly damaged by a fire in 1989. Three of eight murals were removed and restored by the university, and are now incorporated into its new building.
Concordia purchased the complex in 1998, deciding that it was too badly deteriorated to save. It was demolished in 2001.
The building had included residential and commercial space, in addition to the cinema. It was built with a capacity of 1,200 theatre goers for the United Amusement Corporation.