OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John I. Curtin

John Irvin Curtin (June 17, 1837 – January 1, 1911) was a cousin of Pennsylvania governor Andrew Gregg Curtin. He led a regiment and then a brigade in the American Civil War.

## Early life

Curtin was born at Eagle Forge, Pennsylvania. He was educated at Dickinson Seminary, later Lycoming College and became a civil engineer.

## Civil War service

In 1861, Curtin served as a private in the 2nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment. On September 9, 1861, he was commissioned a captain in the 45th Pennsylvania Infantry. Curtin was promoted to major on July 30, 1862, and lieutenant colonel on September 4 of the same year. He became the regiment's colonel on April 13, 1863.
In the Army of the Potomac, Curtin served in IX Corps. He led the regiment at the Battle of South Mountain and the Battle of Antietam in the place of Col. Thomas Welsh, who was holding brigade command. Welsh return to command of the regiment for the Battle of Fredericksburg. When Welsh was promoted to the rank of brigadier general, Curtin became the regiment's commander. After IX Corps was transferred west, Curtin led the 45th Pennsylvania in the Siege of Vicksburg. He was absent, however, from the Knoxville Campaign.
When IX Corps returned to the Army of the Potomac in 1864, Curtin led his regiment at the Battle of the Wilderness in the 2nd Division of Brig. Gen. Robert B. Potter. Curtin took command of 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, on May 11, 1864, after Col. Zenas Bliss was injured at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. He led the brigade at the Battle of Cold Harbor and continued in command until June 18, when he was wounded in the Second Battle of Petersburg.
Curtin led his brigade again in the Siege of Petersburg from August 21 to January 13, 1865, before going on leave. (Col. Sumner Carruth led the brigade during Curtin's absence.) After this absence, Curtin resumed brigade command on February 11, serving until April 24. After the Confederate surrender, in the Department of Washington, Curtin led the 3rd Division, IX Corps, in place of Brig. Gen. John Hartranft from May 4 to July 8 and then his old brigade from July 8 to July 17, 1865.
On December 20, 1864, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Curtin for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from October 12, 1864, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on February 14, 1865. He was mustered out of the volunteer service on July 17, 1865.

## Post war

Curtin died in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania on January 1, 1911. He was buried at the Union Cemetery in Bellefonte.
# Midleton CBS Secondary School

Midleton CBS Secondary School is a Catholic secondary school for boys, located in Midleton, County Cork, Ireland. Midleton CBS was founded by the Congregation of Christian Brothers in 1867.

## History

The Christian Brothers arrived in Midleton in 1867 at the request of the parish priest who recognized the need of a dedicated school to educate the town's Roman Catholic male youth, at a time when the Church of Ireland's Midleton College was fast expanding. The local community provided donations for the cost of the construction, and the school opened on 3 April 1867, with over 300 pupils joining in its first week. The last of the Christian Brothers left the school in 2003, with the monastery and old school building being taken over by the Diocese of Cloyne for parish use.
The school buildings were massively extended in the 2010s, in a project which cost €12.6 million.

## Curriculum

The school offers both the Junior and Leaving Certificate cycles. The curriculum teaches first years: Religion; Irish as L2; English as L1; Mathematics; French as L2; German as L2; Science; Business Studies; History; Geography; CSPE; SPHE; Woodwork; Technical Graphics; Art; Music; Technology and Physical Education. In second year, the students may choose to drop one of the (L2) foreign languages.
After completing the Junior Certificate, the school requires students to complete a mandatory Transition Year. In 5th year, students begin the Leaving Cert cycle. Irish as L2, English L1 and Mathematics are compulsory.

## Extra curricular

The school has a notable history in hurling, especially the Dr. Harty Cup which has been won a total of 4 times by the school. Midleton CBS also have a successful athletics set up and have won All-Ireland's in a number of athletic events.

## Notable alumni

* Brian Corcoran, former inter-county hurler, no.58 in 125 greatest hurlers and voted left corner-back in the Cork Hurling team of the century.
* Paul Townend 6 time Irish Jump Racing champion Jockey with numerous wins including 3 Gold cups and 28 total wins at the Cheltenham Festival.
* Cian O'Connor, former inter-county hurler.
* Conor Lehane, inter-county hurler.
* Luke O'Farrell, former inter-county hurler.
* John Fenton, former inter-county hurler, 1984 All-Ireland Hurling winning captain and several All-Stars to his name.
* Ger Fitzgerald, former inter-county hurler.
* Paddy Fitzgerald, former inter-county hurler.
* Ronan Dwane, former inter-county hurler.
* Kevin Hennessy, former inter-county hurler.
* Paudie O'Sullivan, former inter-county hurler.
* Diarmuid O'Sullivan, former inter-county hurler.
* Dónal Óg Cusack, former inter-county hurling goalkeeper, 2006 Hurler of the Year Nominee
* Conor Cusack, former inter-county hurler
* Joe Deane, former inter-county hurler.
* Eoghan Keniry, inter-county hurler.
* Donal Óg Cusack, former inter-county hurler and now a TV presenter with RTÉ.
* Brian Lawton, former inter-county hurler.
* Ciarán Joyce, inter-county hurler.
* Sean O'Leary-Hayes, inter-county hurler.
* Ciarán Cronin, former inter-county hurler.
# Nordic Gold

Nordic Gold (Swedish: nordiskt guld) is the gold-coloured copper alloy from which many coins are made. The alloy is a type of aluminium bronze. It has been used for a number of coins in many currencies, most notably in euro 50, 20, and 10 cents, in the Swedish 5 and 10 kronor coins (for which it was originally developed and introduced in 1991), as well as the Polish 2 złoty commemorative coins. Its composition is 89% copper, 5% aluminium, 5% zinc, and 1% tin.
Being a copper alloy, it contains no gold. Its colour and density are unlike pure gold. It is non-allergenic; its other advantages include antimycotic and weak antimicrobial (especially after abrasion) attributes, and resistance to tarnishing. It has been studied for its antimicrobial hospital applications.
Nordic Gold was developed by Mariann Sundberg while she worked for the Finnish metal company Outokumpu. The European Central Bank says that the alloy is "difficult to melt and used exclusively for coins."

## Properties

Compared to commercial copper metal, Nordic Gold has significantly smaller grains. A thin oxide material is formed after abrasive polishing. The alloy's antimicrobial properties were studied extensively in 2014 because it showed promise for use in hospitals, to help prevent MRSA infections. A rather complete description of its electrochemical properties was one result.
# John Meikle

John Meikle VC MM (11 September 1898 – 20 July 1918) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for valour in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

## Life

Born in Kirkintilloch, Dunbartonshire, Meikle's family later moved to Nitshill, on the south side of Glasgow. Here, after leaving school, he worked as a clerk at the ticket office of Nitshill railway station.
In February 1915 he enlisted in the Seaforth Highlanders, joining the regiment's 4th Battalion in France in July 1916. He was serving as a lance-corporal at the Third Battle of Ypres when he won the Military Medal for bravery on 20 September 1917 at the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge.

### VC action

Meikle was a 19 years old sergeant in the 4th Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place on 20 July 1918 near Marfaux, France, during the Second Battle of the Marne for which he was awarded the VC.
   For most conspicuous bravery and initiative when his company, having been held up by machine-gun fire, he rushed single-handed a machine-gun nest. He emptied his revolver into the crews of the two guns and put the remainder out of action with a heavy stick. Then, standing up, he waved his comrades on. Very shortly afterwards another hostile machine gun checked progress, and threatened also the success of the company on the right. Most of his platoon having become casualties, Sjt. Meikle seized the rifle and bayonet of a fallen comrade, and again rushed forward against the gun crew, but was killed almost on the gun position. His bravery allowed two other men who followed him to put this gun out of action. This gallant non-commissioned officer's valour, devotion to duty, and utter disregard for his personal safety was an inspiring example to all.
Meikle is buried at Marfaux British Cemetery, maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, in the Marne department of France.

## Memorial

A memorial to John Meikle stands outside Dingwall railway station. The inscription reads: "In memory of Sergt John Meikle V.C M.M late clerk at Nitshill Station who enlisted in H.M. Forces (Seaforth Highlanders) 8th February 1915 during the Great War and was killed in action on 20th July 1918. Erected by his railway comrades".
The memorial was originally erected at Nitshill railway station in 1920, where, over the decades, it suffered vandalism. It was then moved to Levern Primary School in Nitshill, the local school Meikle had attended, and was on display in the school entrance for many years. When the school was to be demolished in 1997 the Head Teacher, Margaret Gallagher, contacted the Railway Authorities to enable the memorial to be saved for posterity. It now stands outside Dingwall station, while a new memorial, funded by the Railway Heritage Trust, was unveiled at Nitshill Station on 18 October 2016.
Meikle's medals, including the Victoria Cross, are displayed at Dingwall Museum in Ross-Shire.
# Bletsoe

Bletsoe is a village and civil parish in Bedfordshire, England. It is on the A6, and about eight miles north of Bedford. The village has a small park, the former site of Bletsoe Castle and a church. Nearby places are Sharnbrook, Milton Ernest, Riseley, Thurleigh, Odell, Souldrop, and Swineshead. The nearest town to Bletsoe is Bedford.
The small hamlet of Bourne End borders Bletsoe and is part of the civil parish. In 1086, Bletsoe parish was within the ancient hundred of Buckelowe. The parish was added to the Hundred of Willey when the ancient hundred was parceled out.
Bletsoe Castle was the birthplace of Margaret Beaufort. She was the mother of Henry VII and grandmother of Henry VIII.
# Alfred Götze

Alfred Götze (or Goetze) (1 Jun 1865, Weimar–20 Nov 1948, Römhild) was a German prehistorian. Götze may have received the first doctorate in the field of prehistory and early history, and later became one of the first scientists active in the field. He worked for a long time in the Archaeological Preservation (Bodensekmalpflege) in Berlin and Brandenburg and was founder and long-time director of the Steinsburg Museum in Römhild.
# Tamer Soubar

Tamer Husni Omar Soubar (Arabic: تامر حسني عمر صوبر; born in 1994) is a Jordanian footballer who plays as a striker for Al-Ahli.

## International goals
### With U-17

| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1 | 3 October 2009 | Al Ain | India | 6–1 | Win | 2010 AFC U-16 Championship qualification (4 Goals) |
| 2 | 10 October 2009 | Al Ain | Kyrgyzstan | 2–1 | Win | 2010 AFC U-16 Championship qualification (2 Goals) |
| 3 | 13 October 2009 | Al Ain | Oman | 1–1 | Draw | 2010 AFC U-16 Championship qualification |
| 4 | 27 March 2010 | Amman | Egypt | 1–1 | Draw | U-17 Friendly |
| 5 | 8 May 2010 | Kuwait City | Kuwait | 3–0 | Win | U-17 Friendly |
| 6 | 29 May 2010 | Amman | Iraq | 9–1 | Loss | U-17 Friendly |
| 7 | 12 August 2010 | Amman | Iran | 2–2 | Draw | U-17 Friendly (2 Goals) |
| 8 | 31 August 2010 | Al Ain | Egypt | 5–1 | Loss | U-17 Friendly |
# Happy Frame of Mind

Happy Frame of Mind is an album by American jazz pianist Horace Parlan featuring performances recorded for Blue Note in 1963, but not released under Parlan's name on the label until 1986. The session was originally released under Booker Ervin's name in 1976 as part of the Blue Note 2-LP set Back from the Gig and later released as originally intended. The album was first released on a CD in 1995.

## Reception

The Allmusic review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine awarded the album 4½ stars and stated: "Happy Frame of Mind finds Horace Parlan breaking away from the soul-inflected hard bop that had become his trademark, moving his music into more adventurous, post-bop territory... it's one of Parlan's most successful efforts, finding the perfect middle ground between accessible, entertaining jazz and more adventurous music."
Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |

## Track listing

* "Home Is Africa" (Ronnie Boykins) - 6:14
* "A Tune for Richard" (Booker Ervin) - 5:44
* "Back from the Gig" (Parlan) - 5:58
* "Dexi" (Johnny Coles) - 5:57
* "Kucheza Blues" (Randy Weston) - 6:10
* "Happy Frame of Mind" (Parlan) - 8:49

## Personnel

* Horace Parlan - piano
* Johnny Coles - trumpet
* Booker Ervin - tenor saxophone
* Grant Green - guitar (#1–4, 6)
* Butch Warren - bass
* Billy Higgins - drums
# Komal Swaminathan

Komal Swaminathan (born 27 January 1935 in Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India, died 1995) was a congressional activist in his early years, a Tamil theater personality, film director and journalist.

## Early life

Swaminathan joined the school of S. V. Sahasranamam and learned the art of playwriting and stage techniques. In 1971, he formed Stage Friends.

## Career

He was a dramatist on the Tamil stage, his Thanneer Thanneer in 1980 brought him to the limelight. He scripted, directed and staged this play with his drama troupe "Stage Friends", this play was staged more than 250 times. This play, Thanneer Thanneer (Water Water) highlighted the acute water shortage in rural areas due to bureaucracy and the apathetic attitude of politicians and bureaucrats, and was later filmed under the same name by K. Balachander in 1981, which won National Award and international acclaim.
Komal Swaminathan has staged nearly 33 plays. He also directed the film Oru Indhiya Kanavu (An Indian Dream) and received the National Film Award for Best Regional film in 1984.
He was the editor of Subhamangala -a Literary, Socio-Cultural Tamil monthly magazine. He was the recipient of Kalaimaamani and a number of other awards. Komal Swaminathan died in 1995. He had a daughter, Lalitha Dharini.

## Filmography
### Plays

Komal has scripted and conducted the following plays with his own troupe
* Sannathi Theru, 1971
* Nawaab Narkali, 1971 (later adapted as the movie Nawaab Narkali)
* Manthiri Kumari, 1972
* Pattinam Paripogirathu, 1972
* Vaazvin Vaasal, 1973 (later adapted as a TV serial)
* Perumale Saatchi, 1974 (later adapted as the movie Kumara Vijayam)
* Jesus Varuvar, 1974
* Raja Parambarai, 1975 (later adapted as the movie Paalooti Valartha Kili)
* Yudha Kaandam, 1975 (later adapted as the movie Yudha Kaandam directed by him)
* Anju Puli Oru Penn, 1976
* Koodu Illa Kolangal, 1977 (Komal had originally named it Ilakkanam Meeriya Kavithaigal)
* Aatchi Matram, 1977
* Sultan Ekathasi, 1978
* Swarga Boomi, 1979 (later adapted as the movie Anal Kaatru directed by him)
* Chekku Maadugal,1980 (later adapted as the movie Saathikkoru Neethi)
* Thaneer Thaneer, 1980 (later adapted as the movie Thaneer Thaneer)
* Oru Inthiya Kanavu, 1982 (later adapted as the movie Oru Indhiya Kanavu directed by him)
* Asoka Vanam, 1983 (later adapted as a TV serial)
* Naliravil Petrom, 1984
* Manithan Ennum Theevu, 1985
* Irutile Thedatheenga, 1985 (later adapted as a TV serial)
* Karuppu Viyazakizamai, 1988
* Narkali, 1989 (later adapted as a TV play)
* Grama Rajyam, 1989
* Anbukku Panjamillai, 1992
* Pudhiya Paadhai
* Minnal Kolam
* Thillai Naayakam
* Doctorukku Marundhu
* Kalyaana Super Market
* Delhi Maamiyaar (later adapted as the movie Karpagam Vanthachu)
* Avan Paarthuppaan
* Appaavi
* Killiyoor Kanagam
* En Veedu En Kanavan En Kuzhanthai (later adapted as a TV play)

### Screenwriter

* Kallum Kaniyagum (1968)
* Nawab Naarkali (1972)
* Paalazhi Madhanam (1975; Malayalam)
* Kumara Vijayam (1976)
* Thanneer Thanneer (1981)
* Kodai Mazhai (1986)

### Director

* Oru Indhiya Kanavu (1983)
* Anal Kaatru (1983)
* Yudha Kaandam (1983)
# Strood Rural District

Strood Rural District was a rural district in the county of Kent, England.
It was subject to boundary reforms in 1934 and 1935.
It consisted of the following civil parishes:
* Allhallows (1935–1974; gained from Hoo Rural District)
* Chalk (1894–1935; abolished and transferred to the Municipal Borough of Gravesend)
* Cliffe
* Cobham
* Cooling (1935–1974; gained from Hoo Rural District)
* Cuxton
* Denton (1894–1935; abolished and transferred to the Municipal Borough of Gravesend)
* Frindsbury Extra (part transferred to the City of Rochester in 1934)
* Halling
* Higham
* High Halstow (1935–1974; gained from Hoo Rural District)
* Hoo St Werburgh (1935–1974; gained from Hoo Rural District)
* Ifield (1894–1935; abolished and split between Cobham and the Municipal Borough of Gravesend)
* Isle of Grain (1935–1974; gained from Hoo Rural District)
* Luddesdown
* Meopham
* Nurstead
* Shorne
* St Mary Hoo (1935–1974; gained from Hoo Rural District)
* Stoke (1935–1974; gained from Hoo Rural District)
* Strood Extra (1894–1934; abolished and split between Cuxton and the City of Rochester)
On 1 April 1974 the district was abolished and split between the new districts of Medway and Gravesham.
# Apodemus

Apodemus is a genus of murid (true mice and rats) containing the field mice as well as other well-known species like the wood mouse and the yellow-necked mouse. The name is unrelated to that of the Mus genus, instead being derived from the Greek ἀπό-δημος (literally away from home).

## Taxonomy

Related to the Ryūkyū spiny rats (Tokudaia) and the prehistoric Rhagamys – and far more distantly to Mus and Malacomys – it includes these species:

### Apodemus sensu stricto

* Striped field mouse, A. agrarius
* Small Japanese field mouse, A. argenteus
* Chevrier's field mouse, A. chevrieri

### Alsomys

* South China field mouse, A. draco
* Himalayan field mouse, A. gurkha
* Sichuan field mouse, A. latronum
* Korean field mouse, A. peninsulae
* Taiwan field mouse, A. semotus
* Large Japanese field mouse, A. speciosus

### Sylvaemus

* Alpine field mouse, A. alpicola
* Yellow-necked mouse, A. flavicollis – includes A. arianus
* Caucasus field mouse, A. hyrcanicus
* Ward's field mouse, A. pallipes
* Black Sea field mouse, A. ponticus
* Wood mouse, A. sylvaticus
* Ural field mouse, A. uralensis
** Pygmy field mouse, A. u. microps
** Cimrman Ural field mouse, A. u. cimrmani
* Steppe field mouse, A. witherbyi

### Karstomys

* Western broad-toothed field mouse, A. epimelas
* Eastern broad-toothed field mouse, A. mystacinus
* Kashmir field mouse, A. rusiges

### Incertae sedis

* Apodemus avicennicus Darvish, Javidkar & Siahsarvie, 2006
Prehistoric species described from fossil remains include:
* A. gorafensis (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Italy)
* A. dominans (Kolzoi 1959)
# E. L. Crossley Secondary School

E.L. Crossley Secondary School is a public secondary school in Fonthill, Ontario, Canada. It is part of the District School Board of Niagara.

## Extracurriculars

EL Crossley offers a wide range of extra curricular activities this includes volleyball, soccer, rowing, badminton, and many more.
# Human knot

A human knot is a common icebreaker game or team building activity for new people to learn to work together in physical proximity.
The knot is a disentanglement puzzle in which a group of people in a circle each hold hands with two people who are not next to them, and the goal is to disentangle the limbs to get the group into a circle, without letting go of grasped hands. Instead, group members should step over or under arms to try to untangle the knot. Not all human knots are solvable, as can be shown in knot theory (see unknotting problem), and can remain knots or may end up as two or more circles.
An easy way to ensure that the game will end up with a single circle with no nodes is to start from a circle of people holding each other hand, looking all towards the center of the circle, and ask some of them to cross their arms and swap their left hand with their right hand grasping again the same neighbor; this corresponds to a Reidemeister move and thus preserves the solvability of the knot. When the game is successfully completed a certain number of people will appear to be outside of the circle. This number equals the number of people having crossed arms. The challenge is to solve the game several times starting each time with an increasing number of crossed people. To increase the difficulty level, players can be blindfolded or required that the game be played silently (no talking).
The game is recommended for children from 12 years and up, and is best suited to a group of ten or so players, although it can be played with as few as five and with much larger groups as well. No materials are required. The purpose of the human knot puzzle is to gain team building skills, problem solving skills, and communication skills among a group of people and onto the individuals participating.
# Kremlin, Virginia

Kremlin is an unincorporated community in Westmoreland County, Virginia.
# George Montgomery (basketball)

George Montgomery (born April 26, 1962) is an American former professional basketball player. He played basketball at Illinois, and was a second-round draft selection of the Portland Trail Blazers in the 1985 NBA draft, though he never played in the NBA. He is the biological father of Sacramento Kings center JaVale McGee.
# Whatever Comes First

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
| Country Standard Time | link |
Whatever Comes First is the debut studio album by American country music band Sons of the Desert. The album was released in 1997 (see 1997 in country music) on Epic Records. It produced three singles for them on the Billboard country singles charts: the Top Ten "Whatever Comes First", as well as "Leaving October" and "Hand of Fate". All of which, reached the Top 40 on the Hot Country Songs chart.

## Content

"Drive Away" was co-written by Phil Vassar, who would later record the song for his self-titled debut album. Additionally, lead singer Drew Womack later re-recorded "Leaving October" on his 2004 self-titled debut.

## Personnel
### Sons of the Desert

* Scott Saunders – keyboards
* Doug Virden – bass guitar, background vocals
* Brian Westrum – drums
* Drew Womack – acoustic guitar, lead vocals
* Tim Womack – electric guitar, background vocals

### Additional musicians

* Bob Mason – cello on "Colorado"
* Brent Mason – electric guitar on "Hand of Fate"
* Tom Roady – percussion on "Drive Away," "Hand of Fate," "Promises"
* Matt Rollings – keyboard on "Leaving October"
* Billy Joe Walker Jr. – acoustic guitar on "Promises"
* John Willis – "eclectic guru instruments"

## Charts

| Chart (1997) | Peak position |
| U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums | 38 |
| U.S. Billboard Top Heatseekers | 25 |
# John Young (ice hockey)

John Young (born August 31, 1969) is an American former professional ice hockey and roller hockey center.

## Career

Young played professional ice hockey in the American Hockey League for the Rochester Americans and Cornwall Aces, the East Coast Hockey League for the Greensboro Monarchs and the International Hockey League for the Minnesota Moose.
Young also played roller hockey in Roller Hockey International. He began playing for the Minnesota Arctic Blast for the 1994 season, where he led the team in points with 79. He then played for the Minnesota Blue Ox in 1995 before returning to the Arctic Blast in 1996.