OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fumio Niwa

Fumio Niwa (丹羽 文雄, Niwa Fumio, November 22, 1904 Japan, died April 20, 2005 in Musashino, Tokyo) was a Japanese novelist with a long list of works, the most famous in the West being his novel The Buddha Tree (Japanese Bodaiju, "The Linden", or "The Bodhi Tree", 1956).
He was ordained as a Shin Buddhist priest in his youth, but abandoned the priesthood two years after his ordination.

## Career

Niwa was born in Mie Prefecture, the eldest son of a priest in the Pure Land sect of Buddhism. He grew up at Sōgen-ji, a temple in Yokkaichi near Nagoya. After his graduation from Waseda University, he reluctantly entered the hereditary priesthood there but quit two years later, at the age of 29, in order to become a writer, walking out of the temple grounds on 10 April 1932 and heading back to Tokyo. He was supported by his girlfriend until their marriage in 1935. During this time he published Sweetfish (Japanese Ayu), serialised in Bungeishunjū, and the novel Superfluous Flesh (Japanese Zeiniku).
Niwa's work was controversial and, during World War II, two of his novels were banned for immorality. In 1938, Niwa joined the Pen butai (lit. "Pen corps"), a government organisation which consisted of authors who travelled the front during the Second Sino-Japanese War to write favourably of Japan's war efforts in China. He worked as a war correspondent in China and New Guinea, accompanied Rear Admiral Gunichi Mikawa's Eighth Fleet and was on board the flagship Chōkai during the Battle of Savo Island on 9 August 1942. He was wounded at Tulagi. These experiences inspired Naval Engagement (Japanese Kaisen) and Lost Company (Kaeranu Chutai), both censored.
After the war Niwa became an extremely prolific author of more than 80 novels, 100 volumes of short stories, and 10 volumes of essays. His most celebrated short story was The Hateful Age (Japanese Iyagarase no Nenrei, 1947, literally "The Age of Disgust"), about a family terrorised by a senile grandmother, which enjoyed such popularity that the title became a phrase in the language, for a time.
The novel The Buddha Tree uses his unhappy childhood at Sōgen-ji as a backdrop. When he was eight years old his mother eloped with an actor from a Kansai Kabuki company; an event that greatly traumatised him. In this novel the story is elaborated fictionally.
Later works include, from 1969, a five-volume biography of Shinran (1173-1262), the founder of the Pure Land sect, and in 1983 an eight-volume work on Rennyo, a 15th-century monk who died on a pilgrimage to India.
In 1965 Niwa was elected a member of the Japan Art Academy, and the following year he was elected as Chairman of the Japanese Writers' Association, a position he held for many years. Niwa encouraged fellow members to play golf, organised health insurance, and bought land for a writers' cemetery. He won the 19th Yomiuri Prize and was awarded the Order of Culture in 1977.
He was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1986. He was married twice and had one son and one daughter, Keiko Honda, who described his decline in Days of Care (Japanese Kaigo no hibi, 1997). He died of pneumonia in 2005.
# Ivindomyrus opdenboschi

Ivindomyrus opdenboschi is a species of elephantfish in the family Mormyridae. It is only found in the Ivindo River in Gabon. It reaches a length of about 27.4 cm (10.8 in).

## Etymology

The fish is named in honor of Armand Opdenbosch (1929–1977), the chief technician and taxidermist at the Musée Royal de I’Afrique Centrale, because of his invaluable technical aid in the study of mormyrid systematics.
# Louis Schoonhoven

Louis Mensse Schoonhoven (born 30 June 1931) is a Dutch entomologist. He was a professor of general and comparative animal physiology and later entomology at Wageningen University and Research between 1972 and 1991. He is a specialist in insect-plant relationships.

## Early life

Schoonhoven was born on 30 June 1931 in The Hague. Although raised in an urban environment Schoonhoven became interested in biology at an early age. He started his secondary school at the gymnasium. During the Dutch famine of 1944–45 he moved to Groningen. Upon return to The Hague he switched his secondary school type to the Hogere Burgerschool. In 1950 he moved to Groningen to study biology at the University of Groningen. During this period he had internships under biologist Gerard Baerends and ecologist Luuk Tinbergen. Schoonhoven was trained as an animal ecologist and behavioural biologist. He obtained his degree in 1957.
He continued his studies at Wageningen University and Research in 1957. In 1962 he obtained his PhD under professor Jan de Wilde with a thesis titled: "Diapause and the physiology of hostparasite synchronization in Bupalus piniarius L. [Geometridae] and Eucarcelia rutilla Vill. [Tachinidae]". In his research he confirmed De Wilde's theory that the relationship between the moth Bupalus piniaria and the parasite Eucarcelia rutilla was based on hormones. Schoonhoven subsequently moved to the United States where he was a postdoctoral researcher under Vincent Dethier in Philadelphia. There he studied chemoreceptors in caterpillars. Back in the Netherlands De Wilde encouraged Schoonhoven to study insect-plant relations. Schoonhoven subsequently performed research on various caterpillars and the Colorado potato beetle.

## Career

In 1972 Schoonhoven became professor of general and comparative animal physiology at Wageningen University. After two years he was asked to become professor of insect-plant relations at the University of Oxford. He declined, fearing he would not fit in with the English university culture. From 1979 to 1980 he was editor-in-chief of the journal Vakblad voor biologen. Between 1982 and 1985 Schoonhoven was dean of the Faculty of Agronomy. In 1985 he became professor of entomology. He retired in 1991.
Schoonhoven considers himself a generalist within entomology. In 1998 he wrote the book Insect-Plant Biology together with Joop van Loon and Tibor Jermy. In the 2005 edition Marcel Dicke took the place of Jermy. The book inspired the general audience book Niet zonder elkaar - bloemen en insecten, which Schoonhoven wrote with several others. He has also written a biography of German naturalist Christian Konrad Sprengel.
Schoonhoven was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1982. In 2015 he was the winner of the Jan Wolkers Prijs [nl] for the book Niet zonder elkaar - bloemen en insecten.
# Chapinero Alto

Chapinero Alto is one of 50 neighborhoods (barrios) in the locality of Chapinero in Bogotá, Colombia.

## Limits

    North - calle 72
    East - eastern hills
    West - carrera 7
    South - calle 40

## History

According to a November 2021 document by the locality of Chapinero, between 1993 and 2005, there was an increase in foreigners coming to live in the neighborhood. This occurred particularly between calle 63 and calle 100. These non-Colombian immigrants were of higher social status and were able to launch careers and hold a higher standard of living.
The neighborhood is currently considered a very affluent area of Bogotá, both residentially and commercially. A 2014 El Tiempo article stated Chapinero Alto as having "an infinity" of restaurants, stores, theaters, offices, clubs, and public transportation. Vogue has referred to it as "the Williamsburg of Bogotá."
# Zouheir M'Dhaffar

Zouheir M'Dhaffar (born 1948) served as the Tunisian Minister of Public Property and Real Estate Affairs under former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali from January 2010 to January 2011.

## Biography

Zouheir M'Dhaffar was born on December 20, 1948, in Sfax, Tunisia. He holds a PhD and the agrégation. He taught Law and Political Science, and was involved with the Constitutional Democratic Rally. He was a founding member of the Académie Internationale de Droit Constitutionnel, and he was also involved with the Arab Maghreb Union.
In January 2010, he was appointed as Minister of Public Property and Real Estate Affairs. He resigned in January 2011, in the aftermath of the 2010–2011 Tunisian revolution.
# John Karelse

John Karelse (born 17 May 1970 in Wemeldinge) is a retired Dutch football goalkeeper and unemployed manager after being fired by NAC Breda.
He played for AGOVV Apeldoorn in his native country for a few years before moving to NAC Breda. It was here that he caught the attention of then Newcastle United manager Ruud Gullit, who signed him for an undisclosed fee (thought to be in the region of £800,000) in August 1999. His time at Newcastle was largely unsuccessful, as he endured a terrible start to his career at the club, losing 4-2 to Southampton on his debut. He found his first team opportunities very limited after this, not helped by the competition for his position being very high with the reliable Shay Given and Steve Harper also at the club. Tony Caig was also ahead of him as third choice backup. He did, however, manage to keep a clean sheet against Arsenal at Highbury, in what proved to be his third and final game for the club.
A proposed move to Turkey broke down in 2000, but a year later a move back to the Netherlands seemed likely, with Feyenoord rumoured to be interested. No move materialised and the former Dutch Under-21 international had no choice but to stay in the Newcastle reserves. He retired in 2004 after one final season at AGOVV Apeldoorn.
In 2006, he became interim manager of NAC and led the team successfully through the relegation play-offs. Karelse became manager of NAC in 2011.
# Microbody

A microbody (or cytosome) is a type of organelle that is found in the cells of plants, protozoa, and animals. Organelles in the microbody family include peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, glycosomes and hydrogenosomes. In vertebrates, microbodies are especially prevalent in the liver and kidney. Many membrane bound vesicles called microbodies that contain various enzymes, are present in both plant and animal cells

## Structure

Microbodies are different type of bodies present in the cytosol, also known as cytosomes. A microbody is usually a vesicle with a spherical shape, ranging from 0.2-1.5 micrometers in diameter. Microbodies are found in the cytoplasm of a cell, but they are only visible with the use of an electron microscope. They are surrounded by a single phospholipid bilayer membrane and they contain a matrix of intracellular material including enzymes and other proteins, but they do not seem to contain any genetic material to allow them to self-replicate.

## Function

Microbodies contain enzymes that participate in the preparatory or intermediate stages of biochemical reactions within the cell. This facilitates the breakdown of fats, alcohols and amino acids. Generally microbodies are involved in detoxification of peroxides and in photo respiration in plants. Different types of microbodies have different functions:

### Peroxisomes

A peroxisome is a type of microbody that functions to help the body break down large molecules and detoxify hazardous substances. It contains enzymes like oxidase, react hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct of its enzymatic reactions. Within the peroxisome, hydrogen peroxide can then be converted to water by enzymes like catalase and peroxidase. Discovered and named by Christian de Duve.

### Glyoxysomes

Glyoxysomes are specialized peroxisomes found in plants and mold, which help to convert stored lipids into carbohydrates so they can be used for plant growth. In glyoxysomes the fatty acids are hydrolyzed to acetyl-CoA by peroxisomal β-oxidation enzymes. Besides peroxisomal functions, glyoxysomes also possess the key enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle.

## History

Microbodies were first discovered and named in 1954 by Rhodin. Two years later in 1956, Rouiller and Bernhard presented the first worldwide accepted images of microbodies in liver cells. Then in 1965, Christian de Duve and coworkers isolated microbodies from the liver of a rat. De Duve also believed that the name microbody was too general and chose the name of peroxisome because of its relationship with hydrogen peroxide. In 1967, Breidenbach and Beevers were the first to isolate microbodies from plants, which they named glyoxysomes because they were found to contain enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle.
# Mattia Persano

Mattia Persano (born 21 September 1996) is an Italian football player who plays for Serie D club Notaresco.

## Club career

He made his Serie C debut for Lecce on 14 September 2016 in a game against Catanzaro.
On 31 January 2020, he returned to Italy and signed with Rieti.
On 13 August 2020 he joined Turris.
On 17 December 2021, his contract with Vibonese was terminated by mutual consent. On 20 December 2021, he returned to Arezzo.
# Kanpō

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Kanpō (寛保) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. "year name"), also known as Kampō, after Genbun and before Enkyō. This period spanned the years from February 1741 through February 1744. The reigning emperor was Sakuramachi-tennō (桜町天皇).

## Change of era

* 1741 Kanpō gannen (寛保元年): Based on the belief in Chinese astrology that the 58th year of the sexagenary cycle brings changes, the era name was changed to Kanpō (meaning "Keeping Lenient and Generous"). The previous era ended and the new one commenced in Genbun 6, on the 27th day of the 2nd month.

## Events of the Kanpō era

* 1742 (Kanpō 2): A comet was seen in the sky.
* 1742 (Kanpō 2, 8th month): Persistent heavy rains create floods throughout the country, with noteworthy devastation in Musashi province, Kōzuke province, Shimotsuke province, and Shinano province. In Heian-kyō, the Sanjo Bridge is washed away in this destructive storm cycle.
* 1743 (Kanpō 3, 11th month): A comet was sighted in the night sky; and this comet is likely to have been what is today identified as C/1743 X1 (De-Cheseaux).
# Andrea Zambelli

Andrea Zambelli (24 April 1927 – 22 October 1994) was an Italian bobsledder who competed in the mid-1950s. He won a gold medal in the two-man event at the 1954 FIBT World Championships in Cortina d'Ampezzo.
# Romantic

Romantic may refer to:

## Genres and eras

* The Romantic era, an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement of the 18th and 19th centuries
** Romantic music, of that era
** Romantic poetry, of that era
** Romanticism in science, of that era
** Romantic chess of that era
* Romance film, a genre

## Books

* The Romantic (Gowdy novel), by Barbara Gowdy

## Film & TV

* The Romantic (film), a 2009 animated film
* The Romantics (film), a 2010 romantic comedy film
* Romantic (film), a 2021 Indian Telugu-language romantic film
* The Romantics, a 2023 Netflix documentary series
* "The Romantic" (The Amazing World of Gumball), an episode of The Amazing World of Gumball

## Music
### Classical

* Romantic, Anton Bruckner's 1881 Symphony No. 4
* Romantic, Carlos Chávez's 1953 Symphony No. 4
* Romantic, Howard Hanson's 1930 Symphony No. 2

### Popular

* Romantic (album), 2016, by Mannequin Pussy
* Romantic, Hungarian romani-pop band
* Romantic?, 1990, by the Human League
* Romantic (EP), a 1988 EP by Chisato Moritaka
* "Romantic" (song), by Karyn White
* The Romantics, an American rock 'n roll band from Detroit
* "Romantics", a song by Tove Lo from the 2017 album Blue Lips
# Kirstie Thomson

Kirstie Thomson (born 21 October 1988) is a South African cricketer who plays as a right-handed batter and right-arm medium bowler. She made 9 One Day International and 6 Twenty20 International appearances for South Africa between 2009 and 2011. She plays domestic cricket for Central Gauteng.
In April 2021, she was part of the South African Emerging Women's squad that toured Bangladesh.
# Anders Frihagen

Andreas Frihagen (born 28th January 1892 in Vanylven, Møre og Romsdal – died on 5th April 1979 in Oslo) was a prominent Norwegian bank manager and politician affiliated with the Norwegian Labour Party. He served as the manager of "Den norske Industribank" before transitioning to a governmental role. Initially, he held the position of head of the Ministry of Trade. Later, in 1942, he became the head of the Ministry of Supply and Reconstruction as part of Norway's post-war reconstruction efforts.
During World War II, Frihagen and the rest of the Norwegian government were forced to flee north to evade the German invasion. Utilizing his banking expertise, he facilitated the transport of Norges Bank's cash holdings and managed the government's "travel fund." Eventually, it was decided that Frihagen would represent the exiled Norwegian government in Sweden before re joining the government in London at a later time.
In the post-war period, Frihagen resumed his position as the director of Den norske Industribank, serving until 1957. Between 1951 and 1962, he also held the role of director in the Banking Inspectorate. He played various roles in the Norwegian financial system, contributing to public committees like The Money and Banking Law Committee of 1950. While he briefly served on the town council in Aker from 1946 to 1947, his active involvement in party politics ceased afterward.
Internationally, Frihagen engaged in significant affairs. He served as the President of the UN Economic Commission for Europe in Geneva from 1948 to 1950. Additionally, he advised the UN on establishing a banking system in Cyprus from 1963 to 1965. Frihagen documented his experiences and observations during the war in a book titled "Two Reports," published in 1972.
# Krivaya Beryoza

Krivaya Beryoza (Russian: Кривая Берёза) is a rural locality (a village) in Parfyonovskoye Rural Settlement, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2002.

## Geography

Krivaya Beryoza is located 22 km southeast of Veliky Ustyug (the district's administrative centre) by road. Karasovo is the nearest rural locality.
# Tancredi Canonico

Tancredi Canonico (14 May 1828 – 15 September 1908) was an Italian politician, teacher and magistrate who served as President of the Senate from 1904 to 1908. He previously served as Vice President of the Senate from 1897 to 1898 and from 1902 to 1904.

## Family and education

Canonico was born on 14 May 1828 in Turin. His father was Francesco Canonico and his mother was Felicita Pomba. His maternal ancestor was Giuseppe Pomba. Canonico was married to Emilia Marietti with whom he had two children, Luigi and Flaminio. Canonico graduated in law in 1847.

## Career
### Teacher and magistrate

From 1857 to 1860, Canonico was an alternate professor of philosophy of law at the University of Turin and in 1860 he became professor in charge of criminal law at the University of Turin. From 1861 to 1862, he was extraordinary professor of criminal law at the university. He was full professor of criminal law and procedure from 1862 to 1876 and was dean of the faculty of law in 1873, later becoming professor emeritus.
On 30 January 1876, Canonico became a councillor of the Court of Cassation of Rome and became its president on 3 July 1892. He served as its first president from 2 August 1902 and 15 May 1903.

### Political

Canonico was elected as a senator on 12 June 1881 and took oath on 30 June. He served as secretary of the senate from 23 November 1882 to 27 April 1886. He then served as vice president from 1 April 1897 to 15 July 1898 and returned to the position on 14 February 1902, serving until 14 October 1904. He became the president in 1904 and served until his resignation in 1908.

## Death

Canonico died on 15 September 1908 in Sarteano, at the age of 80 and was commemorated in the Senate by his successor as Senate President, Giuseppe Manfredi.
# Marcus Parker

Marcus Parker (born May 18, 1983) is an American former professional football defensive tackle who played for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was signed by the Detroit Lions as an undrafted free agent in 2006. He played college football at New Mexico from 2002 to 2005 after being redshirted in 2001. Parker also played for the Chicago Rush of the Arena Football League.
Parker was signed by the Lions on August 9, 2006. He was released on August 27, re-signed again on August 30, and waived/injured on September 3. He was released again on September 8, 2006. He later re-signed with the Lions on April 6, 2007 but was released on June 14, 2007.