OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Public Office, Birmingham

The Public Office was a municipal building on Moor Street in Birmingham, England, built between 1805 and 1807. It was the first important administrative building in Birmingham, and remained the principal local government centre until the 1880s, when the much larger Council House was constructed. The building was demolished in 1911 to make way for a railway goods station.

## History

The Public Office was built to give the Birmingham Street Commissioners a permanent headquarters. The complex also included the magistrates courts and a small prison.
The architect was William Hollins. The design was described as 'imposing' consisting of a rusticated base, above which was the principal story of six bays, divided by paired Ionic columns which supported an entablature and a balustraded parapet. The first stone of the building was laid on 18 September 1805, the cost being estimated at £10,000 (equivalent to £1,030,000 in 2023), The prison was opened on 29 September 1806 and the Public Office was opened on 19 October 1807. It was enlarged in 1830, and again in 1861.
The small prison attached to the rear of the building, known as the Birmingham Town Gaol, was used to hold prisoners immediately before trial and immediately after conviction, to serve their sentences they were sent to the county gaol at Warwick. In 1849 a dedicated prison was built at Winson Green. After this it was used as a lock up, and was described as the 'Moor Street Lock Up'.
In 1852, the Street Commissioners were wound up, and ownership of the building was transferred to Birmingham Town Council, who used a room at the Public Office known as the council chamber as their meeting place. Despite being expanded, the Public Office was inadequate for the needs of the growing town (which became a city in 1889) and so in the 1870s, the council decided to build a much larger premises; the Council House which opened in 1879.
The building continued to be used by the Birmingham City Police, but in 1909 the Great Western Railway opened Moor Street railway station adjacent to it, and in July that year they purchased the old Public Office from the council for £15,250 (equivalent to £2,010,000 in 2023), in order to demolish it to make way for a new goods station. Demolition was delayed however until 1911, as the police had to move to a new police station in Digbeth. Most of the site of the Public Office is now occupied by the Selfridges Building.
# Tyrants Destroyed and Other Stories

Tyrants Destroyed and Other Stories is a collection of thirteen short stories by Vladimir Nabokov. All but the last one were written in Russian by Nabokov between 1924 and 1939 as an expatriate in Berlin, Paris, and Menton, and later translated into English by him and his son, Dmitri Nabokov. These stories appeared first individually in the Russian émigré press. The last story was written in English in Ithaca, New York in 1951. The collection was published in 1974.

## Stories included

* "Tyrants Destroyed"
* "A Nursery Tale"
* "Music"
* "Lik"
* "Recruiting"
* "Terror"
* "The Admiralty Spire"
* "A Matter of Chance"
* "In Memory of L. I. Shigaev"
* "Bachmann"
* "Perfection"
* "Vasiliy Shishkov"
* "The Vane Sisters"

## Reception

Kirkus Reviews gave a positive review of the collection, writing that "the voice and manner are cultivated, elegant and composed in that unique Nabokovian mix of hauteur and human understanding." Temira Pachmuss, writing for the Slavic Review, praised the poetic language and called the collection "a welcome addition to Nabokov's oeuvre in English".
# Leyden House

The Leyden House (1858 or 1859–1913) was one of Atlanta's most historic homes. It was located on 124 Peachtree Street NE between Cain (now Andrew Young International Blvd.) and Ellis streets.
The architect was John Boutell. It was an unusually grand and ambitious house for antebellum Atlanta with Ionic columns at the front and sides in Greek Revival style.
This was long the residence of Austin Leyden and his family. Leyden co-founded the Atlanta Machine Works in 1848, the first foundry in the new town of Atlanta. During the Civil War, Gen. George H. Thomas, commander of the Army of the Cumberland, used the house as his headquarters. The house was demolished in 1913 after Asa G. Candler bought the property for commercial development. The Davison's department store flagship was built on the site and still stands as the 180 Peachtree Building, as of 2012 used mostly as a data center.
Columns from the building were removed to and are preserved at the Old Woodberry School Building in Ansley Park, Atlanta, 149 Peachtree Circle.
# Kropswolde railway station

Kropswolde (Dutch pronunciation:; abbreviation: Kw) is an unstaffed railway station in Foxhol near Kropswolde in the Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 May 1868 and is located on the Harlingen–Nieuweschans railway between Groningen Europapark and Martenshoek in the province of Groningen. Train services are operated by Arriva.

## Location

The railway station is located at the Woldweg in the village of Foxhol, just north of the village of Kropswolde, both part of the municipality of Midden-Groningen, in the province of Groningen in the northeast of the Netherlands. It is situated on the Harlingen–Nieuweschans railway between the railway stations of Groningen Europapark and Martenshoek.

## History

The original station building was completed in 1865. The Harlingen–Nieuweschans railway between Groningen and Winschoten including Kropswolde was opened on 1 May 1868. The original station building was replaced by the current building in 1915.

## Building and layout

Station layout :
Legend :
The station building is owned by NS Stations. It has been a national heritage site (Dutch: rijksmonument) since 2001.
The unelectrified double track railway passes through the station from west to east. At the station, there are two tracks with a platform each: platform 1 is north of the northern track and platform 2 is south of the southern track. The platforms are separated by a level crossing of the public road.

## Train services

| Route | Service type | Operator | Notes |
| Groningen - Hoogezand-Sappemeer - Zuidbroek - Veendam | Local ("Stoptrein") | Arriva | 2x per hour - 1x per hour on evenings and Sundays. |
| Groningen - Hoogezand-Sappemeer - Zuidbroek - Winschoten - Bad Nieuweschans - Leer (Germany) | Local ("Stoptrein") | Arriva | 1x per hour |
| Groningen - Hoogezand-Sappemeer - Zuidbroek - Winschoten (- Bad Nieuweschans) | Local ("Stoptrein") | Arriva | 1x per hour - 1x per 2 hours on Sundays. During morning rush hour and on evenings, a couple of runs run through to Bad Nieuweschans. |

## Bus services

There are no bus services at this station. The nearest bus stop is in Hoogezand.
# Galama

"Galama" ("Noise") is a song recorded by Serbian pop recording artist Dara Bubamara. It was released 26 April 2011 and was featured as a bonus track on her twelfth studio album Dara 2013, released by City Records. The lyrics were written by Marina Tucaković and the song was arranged by composer Aleksandar Kobac, with music by DJ Kim from France. It was produced and recorded in Belgrade. A week after its release, Galama was chosen as "Hit of Day" by Radio Svet.
The song is a Serbian remake of "Ray Rayi" by Morocco rapper Nocif featuring singer Cheb Rayan. The music video, directed by Nikola Kesić, premiered 19 June 2011.
# Tivoli Theatre of Varieties

The Tivoli Theatre of Varieties was a popular English theatre based in the Strand, West London. It was designed by Charles Phipps and was built during 1889–90 at a cost of £300,000. It was constructed on the former site of the Tivoli Beer Garden and Restaurant. In the consortium that financed the project was the actor Edward O'Connor Terry. The hall opened on 24 May 1890 and was located opposite the Adelphi Theatre.
After a few years, the hall was bought by the impresario Charles Morton, under whose proprietorship, it became one of London's leading music halls. Morton employed, among others: George Robey, Harriet Vernon, Nellie Navette, Harry Randall, Herbert Campbell, Vesta Victoria, the Brothers Griffiths, Ada Blanche, Leo Stormont, Little Tich, Dan Leno and Eugene Stratton. In 1900, the theatre was refurbished and the seating capacity was reduced. On 7 February 1914 the theatre closed for a road widening scheme, but due to the outbreak of World War I this didn't happen immediately, so the theatre stood derelict until it was demolished in 1916.

## The cinema period

Several years after the end of World War I, when the Strand had been widened to its present size, it was decided to build a cinema on the site. Theatre architect Bertie Crewe and the architectural firm Gunton & Gunton designed the new Tivoli Picture Theatre, an imposing building in white Portland stone. Inside the auditorium, there were 2,115 seats: 906 seats in the stalls, 637 in the circle and 572 in the balcony. Marketed as the Tivoli Theatre or simply The Tivoli, it opened on 7 September 1923 with the showing of the film Where the Pavement Ends. This was the result of a deal with American Loew's Incorporated, that the Tivoli would present exclusive runs of their films (from Metro Pictures and MGM) concurrent with their American release.
In 1925, the cinema was taken over by MGM/Loew's and was their showcase theatre in London for a few years, until they opened their new Empire Theatre in Leicester Square in November 1928. Tivoli was then sold to Provincial Cinematograph Cinemas (PCT), which soon became part of Gaumont British.
During its most popular period, the Tivoli was the big premier cinema in London, showing the very first sound short films in 1925, as well as the epic Ben Hur starring Ramon Novarro, which showed twice daily to a total of 1.2 million spectators. It also premiered Samuel Goldwyn's first "talkie", Bulldog Drummond starring Ronald Colman, which was a huge hit in August 1929. However, as newer cinemas opened around Leicester Square, Tivoli lost its premier status, and in 1938 it became a second-run weekly change house.
The cinema remained in business for over 30 years but eventually closed in 1957 and was demolished and replaced by a department store, which was later converted into New South Wales House for the Australian Government. In the late 1990s, New South Wales House was demolished and replaced by an office block.
# White's Fort (Hayfield, Virginia)

White's Fort was an 18th-century residence and fortification located near the present-day unincorporated community of Hayfield, Frederick County in the U.S. state of Virginia. Alternatively known as the "White Hall," the first structure contributing to "White's Fort" was built between 1732 and 1735 by Dr. Robert White (1688–1752), a Scottish American physician, military officer, pioneer, and planter. "White's Fort" was later utilized as a fortification by White's son Major Robert White for the protection of European American settlers in the vicinity of Great North Mountain during the French and Indian War. The farm was also the birthplace of Alexander White (1738–1804), an inaugural member of the United States House of Representatives.

## History

Dr. Robert White (1688–1752) arrived as one of the first "pioneer settlers" and physicians of Frederick County, Virginia between 1732 and 1735. White "staked out" his farm which consisted of 375 acres (152 ha) along Hogue Creek south of the present-day unincorporated community of Hayfield, Virginia along U.S. Route 50. White named his farm "White Hall."
The original structure that would be expanded upon to become "White's Fort" was erected between 1732 and 1735 to serve as White's primary residence. White's eldest son, Major Robert White, inherited the "White Hall" property following the death of his father in 1752.
In 1763, White expanded the residence at "White Hall" by erecting a taller stone structure 4 feet (1.2 m) from the original dwelling and an adjacent stockade to serve as a fortification to protect White's family and other families residing in the vicinity of Great North Mountain from attacks by Native Americans during the French and Indian War. Following White's addition to the house built by his father, the buildings became known as "White's Fort." In July 1763, White received word that Native Americans were approaching Frederick County from the Cacapon River in Hampshire County and thus warned his fellow settlers in the area to seek safety within his fortification. One of the nearby residents, Owen Thomas, refused to abandon harvesting his crops and was subsequently killed by the approaching Native Americans. The following year in June 1764, White again received word that Native Americans were present in the area and invited his neighbors to seek safety at his fort. More than 20 of the settlers in the area heeded his call, but were attacked by Lenape tribesmen while en route to "White's Fort," after which most of them were killed. Others in the party were captured or escaped, one of which was a woman who survived a scalping. In his A History of the Valley of Virginia (1833), Samuel Kercheval remarks of White, "who had a small fort around his house as an asylum for the people in the neighborhood."
White later acquired an additional tract of 374 acres (151 ha) along Hogue Creek from his brother John White on April 7, 1790. It was on this property in 1790 that White erected the brick mansion that would later be known as "Hayfield." The structures constituting "White's Fort" were destroyed by fire around 1919.
# Porta Salaria

Porta Salaria was a gate in the Aurelian Walls of Rome, Italy. Constructed between 271 AD and 275 AD, it was demolished in 1921.

## History

Porta Salaria was part of the Aurelian Walls built by emperor Aurelian in the 3rd century, including pre-existing constructions in order to hasten the works. Under it passed the Via Salaria nova, which joined the Via Salaria vetus (Old Via Salaria) outside the city. The gate had a single passage and was flanked by two semi-circular towers. The Horti Sallustiani were located in the city just inside the gate.
During the restoration by emperor Honorius in the early 5th century, the arch was strengthened in opus mixtum, and over it three large windows were opened.
The Goth king Alaric I entered Rome from this gate to begin the famous Sack of Rome. In 537, the area between Porta Salaria and Castro Pretorio was the location of the siege by the Goth king Witigis against the troops of Belisarius.
On September 20, 1870, the part of the Aurelian Walls between Porta Salaria and Porta Pia witnessed the end of the Papal States (see Capture of Rome). The gate was damaged by the artillery fire of the Italian troops, and the following year it was demolished. In 1873, it was rebuilt under the design of the architect Virginio Vespignani.
However, in 1921, it was again decided to demolish the gate to open the area to road traffic. The area is now occupied by Piazza Fiume ("Fiume square").

## Remains

The 1921 demolition uncovered several funerary monuments of the sepulchres that flanked the old Via Salaria and that had been re-used to erect the towers. A copy of the sepulchre of Quintus Sulpicius Maximus, an 11-year-old boy, is now visible in Piazza Fiume (the original is the Musei Capitolini).
On right of the walls near the square are remains of 1st-century BC tombs.
# Stanwick Park

Stanwick Park (also known as Stanwick Hall) was a Palladian country house at Stanwick St John in North Yorkshire, England.

## History

It was re-built by the 1st Duke of Northumberland, a great patron of the arts, c. 1739–1740, mostly to his own designs. The duke's principal seat was Alnwick Castle in Northumberland, thus Stanwick Park was always a secondary residence. The 1st Duke furnished the interior of the house with many works of art, including paintings by Canaletto. As a secondary seat, the house was often allocated to a dowager duchess of Northumberland. During the First World War, the house served as a military hospital. Following the end of the war, it remained empty. In 1918, on the death of 7th Duke of Northumberland, his heirs became liable for large death duties, and as a consequence in 1922 the 8th Duke of Northumberland sold the estate. The house was demolished in 1923.

## Ducal residence

For many years, before the First World War, the house had been the residence of Eleanor Percy, Duchess of Northumberland. The duchess lived at the house for 40 years until her death in 1911. She became so attached to the estate that she chose to be buried in the village church, which she had rebuilt by Salvin, rather than in the Northumberland vault in Westminster Abbey. During her occupancy of the house, the gardens were expanded and developed, these included an Italian garden also designed by Salvin. During this period, the gardens were renowned for their glasshouses producing what at the time were considered rare and exotic fruits such as bananas, peaches, grapes, figs and nectarines; some varieties such as the "Stanwick nectarine" were propagated and bred on the estate. The "Stanwick nectarine" was introduced to the United Kingdom by the diplomat John Barker.

## The building

The interior of the house contained many fine 18th-century features; before the demolition, some of the decorations and motifs were removed. Three of the rooms were removed completely and are today believed by some to be those in the Minneapolis Institute of Arts. Comparisons with the extant photographs of the house interiors cast doubt upon this, and the links are doubtful; the director of the institute visited Alnwick in the 1930s to check on the provenance, but no record seems to exist of his ultimate findings. A firm called Robersons in London were in this relocation business. It seems possible that since there were 22 rooms from different houses being traded, of which only three were offered from Stanwick, there may have been an error. Museums in Roslyn, New York, and Toronto, as well as the collection of William Randolph Hearst are also alleged to have Stanwick rooms.
# Biliran Watchtower

The Biliran Watchtower, also known as Nasunugan Watchtower, is a watchtower ruin located in Biliran, Philippines.
Built in 1765 under the initiative of Filipino priest Gaspar Ignacio de Guevara, the watchtower was used to watch Biliran's coast for Muslim raids. In 1774, the raiders attacked and burned the local settlement, including the watchtower.
In 2000, the watchtower was reconstructed using its original materials. In 2008, the National Historical Institute (now the National Historical Commission of the Philippines) installed a historical marker on the watchtower.
# Distichia muscoides

Distichia muscoides is a species of plant in the rush family Juncaceae. It is native to the Andes of South America where it grows in upland wetland areas known as bofedales.

## Description

Distichia muscoides is a cushion plant, forming sheets or clumps of short, densely-packed, evergreen stems and leaves forming a firm, relatively flat surface; the individual shoots and leaves are only a few millimetres long and grow throughout the year. In favourable locations, growth can be as much as 5 cm (2 in) a year.

## Distribution and habitat

Distichia muscoides is found at high altitudes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and northwestern Argentina. It forms large cushions in the tropical Andes, dominating the flora of the high level, peat-accumulating uplands, locally known as "bofedales". These areas have high water tables and thick layers of peat up to about 5 m (16 ft) thick.

## Ecology

In the Colombia mountain ranges, D. muscoides forms an important constituent of the cushion bog, in association with Plantago rigida and Oreobolus cleefii. In the tropical Cordillera in Peru, the upland wetland areas are called bofedales; the peatlands have cushions of Distichia muscoides with mosses, including Sphagnum, Vaccinium floribundum, Puya, and Loricaria ferruginea. Other plant communities in the bofedales include peaty meadows with grasses, mosses (but not Sphagnum), sedges, rushes and woodrushes, and streamside grassland consisting mainly of Plantago tubulosa and Werneria pygmaea.
The bofedales provide grazing for guanacos, vicuñas, white-tailed deer, taruca and viscacha, are visited by ducks, the Andean goose and other birds, and provide habitat for various rodents, the Andean fox and the pampas cat. Because D. muscoides is evergreen, it provides important all-year-round grazing for domestic llamas and alpacas, as well as introduced sheep and cattle. However, the climate is becoming drier and warmer in the High Andes, the glaciers that provide meltwater to the bofedales are shrinking, the water table is becoming lower for long periods, precipitation is decreasing, and grazing pressure is high. These climatic conditions are likely to be unfavourable for D. muscoides, with the bofedales dwindling in some areas, becoming converted into puna grasslands, dominated by coarse bunch grasses which are much less nutritious for livestock.
# Apotomis fraterculana

Apotomis fraterculana is a species of moth belonging to the family Tortricidae.
It is native to Northern Europe.
# Lily Alexandre

Lily Alexandre is a transgender woman Canadian YouTuber and filmmaker. Her video essay Zoopraxography for Lovers (Cinema’s First Kiss Was Between Two Women) was included among Sight and Sound's best video essays of 2022.
She has also been a collaborator in Xtra Magazine.