OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Col legno

In music for bowed string instruments, col legno, or more precisely col legno battuto (Italian for 'with the wood [being hit]'; pronounced), is an instruction to strike the string with the stick of the bow across the strings.

## History

The earliest known use of col legno in Western music is to be found in a piece entitled "Harke, harke", from the First Part of Ayres (1605) by Tobias Hume, where he instructs the gambist to "drum this with the backe of your bow".

## Sound

The percussive sound of battuto has a clear pitch element determined by the distance of the bow from the bridge at the point of contact. As a group of players will never strike the string in exactly the same place, the sound of a section of violins playing col legno battuto is dramatically different from the sound of a single violin doing so.
The wood of the bow can also be drawn across the string – a technique called col legno tratto ("with the wood drawn"). This is much less common, and the plain marking col legno is invariably interpreted to mean battuto rather than tratto. The sound produced by col legno tratto is very quiet, with an overlay of white noise, but the pitch of the stopped note can be clearly heard. If the sound is too quiet, the bow can be slightly rolled so that a few bow hairs touch the string as well, leading to a slightly less "airy" sound.

## Equipment

Some string players object to col legno playing as it can damage the bow; many players have a cheaper bow which they use for such passages, or for pieces which require extended passages. Some players tap the strings with pencils instead of bows, producing a further percussive, lighter sound.
# Renate Loll

Renate Loll (born 19 June 1962, Aachen) Is a German physicist. She is a Professor in Theoretical Physics at the Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics of the Radboud University in Nijmegen, Netherlands. She previously worked at the Institute for Theoretical Physics of Utrecht University. She received her Ph.D. from Imperial College, London, in 1989. In 2001 she joined the permanent staff of the ITP, after spending several years at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Golm, Germany. With Jan Ambjørn and Polish physicist Jerzy Jurkiewicz she helped develop a new approach to nonperturbative quantization of gravity, that of Causal Dynamical Triangulations.
She has been a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2015.
# Feng Chuanhan

Feng Chuanhan (Chinese: 冯传汉; 26 January 1914 – 16 June 2019) was a Chinese orthopaedic surgeon and professor. He served as Vice President of Beijing Medical College and President of Peking University People's Hospital. A pioneer in the research of bone cancer in China, he was awarded the Ho Leung Ho Lee Prize and the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Chinese Medical Association.

## Biography

Feng was born on 26 January 1914 in Hankou, Hubei, Republic of China, with his ancestral home in Panyu, Guangdong. In 1932, he entered the pre-medical program of Yenching University, where he earned his bachelor of science degree. He earned his MD in 1940 from Peking Union Medical College. From 1949 to 1950, he received training in England in orthopaedics and hand surgery.
In 1942, Feng began working at Peking Central Hospital (now Peking University People's Hospital). He established the Department of Osteology at the hospital and served as its director, and pioneered the research of bone cancer and soft tissue tumours in China. He later served as president of the hospital. From 1980 to 1985, he served as Vice President of Beijing Medical College (now Peking University Health Science Center).
Feng was awarded the Ho Leung Ho Lee Prize for Medical Sciences and Materia Medica, and the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Chinese Medical Association.
Feng died in Beijing on 16 June 2019, at the age of 105.
# Mitchell Piqué

Mitchell Piqué (born 20 November 1979 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch-Surinamese former footballer who played as a left back.

## Career

His former clubs are Excelsior Rotterdam, Ajax Amsterdam, FC Twente, Cambuur Leeuwarden, Excelsior, ADO Den Haag and Willem II. At Ajax he scored once; his goal coming in a 2-0 win at RKC Waalwijk on 13 October 2001.

## Personal life

Mitchell's younger cousin Lorenzo played with him at ADO Den Haag.
# SS Munich (1908)

SS Munich was a North Sea passenger ferry that was built in Scotland in 1908 for the Great Eastern Railway (GER). In the 1923 railway grouping she passed to the new London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). She was scrapped in England in 1950.
In 1914 she was requisitioned as a hospital ship and renamed St. Denis. Early in the Second World War St Denis was requisitioned as a troop ship. In 1940 the Kriegsmarine captured her and renamed her Skorpion, and then Barbara. She returned to Allied control in 1945.

## Building

Munich was the second of three sister ships that John Brown & Company of Clydebank, Dumbartonshire built for the GER. She was preceded by Copenhagen, launched in 1907, and followed by St Petersburg, launched in 1910. Brown built Munich as yard number 384. A Miss Lawson launched her on 26 August 1908. She was the daughter of Sir Arthur Tredgold Lawson, Baronet, who was a GER director.
Munich's registered length was 331.0 ft (100.9 m), her beam was 43.2 ft (13.2 m) and her depth was 17.8 ft (5.4 m). Her tonnages were 2,410 GRT and 1,029 NRT. She had three steam turbines and three screws. Each turbine drove its respective screw by direct drive. The combined power of her three turbines was rated at 1,325 NHP.

## Career

The GER registered Munich at Harwich. Her United Kingdom official number was 123938 and her code letters were HNJM. Her regular route was between Harwich and Antwerp.
By 1910 Munich was equipped with submarine signalling and wireless telegraphy. By 1913 her call sign was PQM. By 1914 this had been changed to GPJ.
In 1914 the Admiralty requisitioned Munich, had her converted into a hospital ship, and renamed her St. Denis. After the First World War she was returned to the GER, which in 1923 was absorbed by the new LNER. In 1932 the LNER relegated her to secondary services.
By 1930 St. Denis' call sign was GRNT. By 1934 this had superseded her code letters.
Early in the Second World War St Denis was requisitioned as a troop ship. The German invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940 caught her in Amsterdam, so she was scuttled. The Kriegsmarine had her raised, renamed her Skorpion, and started to have her converted into a minelayer. The conversion was discontinued, and she was renamed Barbara and used as an accommodation ship.
In 1945 the Allies found Barbara at Kiel, providing accommodation for Kiel University. In 1950 she was towed to Sunderland, where she arrived on 2 March to be scrapped by Thomas Young and Sons.
# Paul Roustan

Paul Roustan (born September 5, 1979) is an American contemporary body painter and photographer. Roustan paints people for a variety of needs including gallery shows, private photography workshops & commissions, tradeshows, TV/Movie, and advertising campaigns. He has done work on shows such as Skin Wars, Hollywood Today Live, The Queen Latifah Show, and in the movie Ted 2.
His work has appeared on media including, Spike TV, The Game Show Network, Sabado Gigante, the Chicago Sun-Times, The New York Post, GQ, Playboy, Maxim, and galleries along the East and West coasts. His work has been acquired in over 200 private collections. Roustan is an alumn of both the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and Rhode Island School of Design
In 2011, Roustan won the North American Body Paint Championship in the category of Airbrush. It was at this event that the iconic Skull Dove image was first created that he now uses as his logo and the cover of his book.

## Career

In 2005, as a freelance editorial illustrator for Boink Magazine, a sex positive magazine featuring photo spreads, creative writing, and education from male and female students of Boston University, Roustan pitched the idea to the editors to paint a model for one of the photo spreads. His first published partial body painting was a test painting on the founder of Boink Magazine, Alecia Oleyourryk. Roustan's first full body painting was published in the same issue featuring a photo series displayed in reverse giving the illusion that a female model, Anna, was undressing painted clothing. In actuality, the clothes were painted on step-by-step and they were photographed sequentially by photographer and Boink Co-founder, Christopher Anderson. This photo series was mentioned in an on the Howard Stern Show interview with Alecia Oleyourryk. Stern initially could not tell that the model was painted.
His work has gone viral multiple times including a woman camouflaged as a moth, and a My Little Pony Transformer.
In 2015, Roustan published a large hardcover coffee table book featuring over 130 of his studio body paintings. The book was funded completely through Kickstarter and has received rave reviews on Amazon and a lot of viral publicity from various blogs.
Roustan has been interviewed/featured on various media including Blisss Magazine, The Inertia, Dodho Magazine, Tat2X Blog, Maxim Magazine, The Beach Reporter, and Makeup Artist Magazine, among others.
Paul Roustan currently resides in Redondo Beach, California with his wife and two daughters where he continues to do body painting professionally for various clients within the United States.
# Hypercallia

Hypercallia is a genus of gelechioid moths.

## Taxonomy

In some systematic layouts, it is placed in the subfamily Amphisbatinae of the concealer moth family (Oecophoridae). Delimitation of Amphisbatinae versus the closely related Depressariinae and Oecophorinae is a major problem of Gelechioidea taxonomy and systematics, and some authors separate the former two as full-blown families (Amphisbatidae and Depressariidae), and/or include the Amphisbatinae in Depressariinae (or Depressariidae), or merge them in the Oecophorinae outright.

## Species

The species of Hypercallia are:<ref>FE (2009), and see references in Savela (2001)
* Hypercallia alexandra (Meyrick, 1909)
* Hypercallia argyropa Meyrick, 1914
* Hypercallia arista Walsingham, 1912
* Hypercallia bruneri Busck, [1934]
* Hypercallia catenella Zeller, 1877
* Hypercallia chaldaica (Meyrick, 1913)
* Hypercallia chionastra Meyrick, 1926
* Hypercallia chionopis Meyrick, 1916
* Hypercallia citrinalis (Scopoli, 1763)
* Hypercallia citroclista Meyrick, 1930
* Hypercallia cnephaea (Walsingham, 1912)
* Hypercallia crocatella Zeller, 1877
* Hypercallia cupreata (Dognin, 1905)
* Hypercallia cuprones van Gijen, 1912
* Hypercallia cyathopa (Meyrick, 1913)
* Hypercallia diplotrocha Meyrick, 1937
* Hypercallia gnorisma (Walsingham, 1912)
* Hypercallia haematella (Felder, 1875)
* Hypercallia halobapta Meyrick, 1930
* Hypercallia heliodepta Meyrick, 1932
* Hypercallia heliomima Meyrick, 1930
* Hypercallia heterochroma Clarke, 1971
* Hypercallia incensella Zeller, 1877
* Hypercallia inguinaris van Gijen, 1912
* Hypercallia leucothyrsa (Meyrick, 1938)
* Hypercallia longimaculata (Dognin, 1905)
* Hypercallia loxochorda Meyrick, 1926
* Hypercallia lydia (Druce, 1901)
* Hypercallia miltopa (Meyrick, 1912)
* Hypercallia miniata (Dognin, 1905)
* Hypercallia niphocycla Meyrick, 1926
* Hypercallia obliquistriga Dognin, 1905
* Hypercallia orthochaeta (Meyrick, 1913)
* Hypercallia phlebodes (Walsingham, 1912)
* Hypercallia psittacopa (Meyrick, 1912)
* Hypercallia pyrarcha Meyrick, 1910
* Hypercallia rhodosarca (Walsingham, 1912)
* Hypercallia sarcodes Diakonoff, 1954
* Hypercallia sincera Meyrick, 1909
* Hypercallia subreticulata Walsingham, 1881
* Hypercallia syntoma (Walsingham, 1912)
* Hypercallia unilorata (Meyrick, 1933)

## Former species

* Hypercallia calidaria Meyrick, 1921

## Footnotes

* 1 2 "Hypercallia Stephens, 1829". AfroMoths. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
* ↑ Pitkin & Jenkins (2004), and see references in Savela (2001)
# Shifman Mattress Company

Shifman Mattress Company (established in 1893) is a manufacturer and distributor of handcrafted sleeping mattresses. The mattresses are made using hand-tufting techniques, eight-way hand-tied boxsprings, natural materials, and are two-sided. The company's headquarters are located in Newark, New Jersey.

## History

Shifman & Bro. Mattress Company was founded in 1893 when brothers, Abraham and Samuel Shifman established a bedding manufacturing company. Twenty-three years later, Samuel bought out his brother's interest and changed the company's name to Shifman Bros., Inc. when his three sons, Milton, Simon and Arthur joined the company. In 1918, the company moved to its current location at One Mott Street in Newark, NJ. Throughout the 20th century, the Shifman family was slow to adjust to changes in the industry. Consumers wanted firmer bedding, more fashionable covers and brand name recognition.
In 1985, Mike Hammer purchased the company from Robert and Burton Shifman, grandsons of Samuel. Over the next several years, Hammer changed the name to Shifman Mattress Company and instituted improvements to manufacturing and design procedure.
In 1994, Mike's youngest son, Bill, joined the company and is currently the company's president. In 2008, the company expanded its facility by 40 percent in order to enhance its manufacturing capabilities and meet the growing demand for its mattresses.

## Products and process

Shifman Mattresses are two-sided and handmade using techniques including hand-tufting, natural cotton and eight-way, hand-tied box springs. Boxsprings are prepared by combining frames built with Canadian Spruce wood and hourglass-shaped steel upholstery-grade coils. The coils are interlaced with Italian twine using Shifman's eight-way, hand-tying system. The layers of cotton and upholstery are combined using a hand-tufting process popularly known in the early 20th century as Sanotuft. Hand-tufting securely locks the mattress' elements in place using a large needle replacing the button with a less noticeable stitch. The average Shifman mattress takes anywhere from 7 ½ to 12 ½ hours to produce.
# Richard Broadbridge

Richard Broadbridge is a Fijian journalist and media executive. In 2006 he founded private TV channel Mai TV.
Broadbridge was educated at Sacred Heart College, Auckland and the Marist Brothers High School, Fiji. He started his career in 1993 as a journalist with the Fiji Broadcasting Corporation Limited (formerly Radio Fiji). He is also a former Fiji TV employee and TV Journalist. He was the first local reporter when Fiji TV started Fiji One News in April 1994. He resigned from Fiji TV in 2001.
In 2006 he became founder and CEO of Mai TV. He left the company in 2014 to build a media venture in Papua New Guinea, Click Pacific. In 2018 he helped launch a TV station in Kiribati. The following year he assisted staff from the Tuvalu Broadcasting Corporation to conduct a test broadcast of the Parliament of Tuvalu for the then-upcoming Tuvalu.TV, which opened in December 2019.
# Flensburg-Jürgensby transmitter

Flensburg-Jürgensby transmitter was the first transmitter of Flensburg, situated in Jürgensby district. It went in service in 1928 and used, at its beginning, a quadruple T-antenna which was spun between two 60 metres tall wood lattice towers. These were 80 metres apart. In 1934 the transmission power was increased from 0.5 kW to 3 kW.
On March 15, 1935 the erection of a new 90 metres tall wood lattice tower started, which carried a skywave suppressing antenna. The new tower was inaugurated on April 9, 1935. In August 1935 the two lattice towers carrying the T-antenna were demolished.
Flensburg-Jürgensby transmitter was one of the few transmitters in Germany which worked at the end of World War II. and so the report of the unconditional surrender of the German military on May 8, 1945 was broadcast from there.
In 1957 the wooden radio tower was replaced by a 216 metres tall guyed tubular mast, which was insulated against ground as it was not able to carry the antenna for TV broadcasting on its top. As this mast was also used for mediumwave broadcasting, it was insulated against ground.
In 1988 construction of a new mast further east at Flensburg-Engelsby started, as the mast, which was situated in a housing area endangered people in winter by icefall and there was no space for expansion. Two years later the mast of Flensburg-Jürgensby transmitter was dismantled.

## Literature

* Die Geschichte der deutschen Mittelwellen-Sendeanlagen von 1923 bis 1945, ISBN 978-3-939197-51-5, Seite 64, 65, 112
# George Gebhardt

George Gebhardt (September 21, 1879 – May 2, 1919) was an American silent film actor. He appeared in more than 120 films between 1908 and 1922. He was born in Basel, Switzerland and died in Edendale, Los Angeles from tuberculosis.

## Selected filmography

* Balked at the Altar (1908)
* After Many Years (1908)
* The Fight for Freedom (1908)
* Romance of a Jewess (1908)
* The Taming of the Shrew (1908)
* Money Mad (1908)
* A Calamitous Elopement (1908)
* The Greaser's Gauntlet (1908)
* The Man and the Woman (1908)
* The Fatal Hour (1908)
* For Love of Gold (1908)
* The Call of the Wild (1908)
* For a Wife's Honor (1908)
* Betrayed by a Handprint (1908)
* Monday Morning in a Coney Island Police Court (1908)
* The Girl and the Outlaw (1908)
* Behind the Scenes (1908)
* The Red Girl (1908)
* The Heart of O'Yama (1908)
* Where the Breakers Roar (1908)
* A Smoked Husband (1908)
* The Stolen Jewels (1908)
* The Devil (1908)
* The Zulu's Heart (1908)
* Father Gets in the Game (1908)
* Ingomar, the Barbarian (1908)
* The Vaquero's Vow (1908)
* The Planter's Wife (1908)
* Concealing a Burglar (1908)
* The Pirate's Gold (1908)
* The Guerrilla (1908)
* The Song of the Shirt (1908)
* The Ingrate (1908)
* A Woman's Way (1908)
* The Clubman and the Tramp (1908)
* The Valet's Wife (1908)
* The Feud and the Turkey (1908)
* The Reckoning (1908)
* The Test of Friendship (1908)
* An Awful Moment (1908)
* The Christmas Burglars (1908)
* Mr. Jones at the Ball (1908)
* The Helping Hand (1908)
* The Kentuckian (1908)
* One Touch of Nature (1909)
* The Maniac Cook (1909)
* The Honor of Thieves (1909)
* Love Finds a Way (1909)
* The Sacrifice (1909)
* A Rural Elopement (1909)
* The Criminal Hypnotist (1909)
* The Fascinating Mrs. Francis (1909)
* Those Awful Hats (1909)
* The Welcome Burglar (1909)
* The Cord of Life (1909)
* The Brahma Diamond (1909)
* A Wreath in Time (1909)
* Tragic Love (1909)
* The Curtain Pole (1909)
* The Golden Louis (1909)
* At the Altar (1909)
* Jones and the Lady Book Agent (1909)
* The Politician's Love Story (1909)
* The Dishonored Medal (1914)
* The Secret of the Submarine (1915)
* The Fighting Hope (1915)
* The Voice in the Fog (1915)
* Blackbirds (1915)
* The Unknown (1915)
* Hands Up! (1918)
* Madame Spy (1918)
* Through Eyes of Men (1920)
# Enzso

ENZSO was an orchestral project started by former Split Enz keyboardist Eddie Rayner. It combines the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra with contemporary pop singers to perform Split Enz songs.

## History

The project began with Eddie Rayner. He wanted something more from the old Split Enz songs, and doing orchestral arrangements seemed perfect. Creating the arrangements on his synthesiser, with help from Dave Woodcock, Eddie approached Mark Keyworth of the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra to ask the orchestra to play his arrangements; Keyworth gladly agreed.
With conductor Peter Scholes, the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, Dave Dobbyn, Annie Crummer, Sam Hunt, Neil Finn, Tim Finn and the New Zealand Youth Choir, they recorded and released their first album in 1996 simply titled ENZSO. Again in 1999 ENZSO recorded a second album titled ENZSO 2.
A film of the collaboration was made by director Justin Pemberton called ENZSO: Dirty Creature.

## Discography
### Albums

| Title | Details | Peaks | Peaks | Certifications |
| Title | Details | NZ | AUS | Certifications |
| ENZSO | Released: 5 November 1996 Label: Epic, Sony | 2 | 4 | RMNZ: Platinum ARIA: Platinum |
| ENZSO 2 | Released: 16 February 1999 Label: Epic, Sony | 25 | – | |

### Singles

| Year | Single | Peaks | Peaks | Album |
| Year | Single | NZ | AUS | Album |
| 1995 | "Poor Boy" | 29 | – | ENZSO |
| 1995 | "Message to My Girl" | – | 56 | ENZSO |
# Estadio Chamartín

Estadio Chamartín was a multi-use stadium in Madrid, Spain. It was initially used as the stadium of Real Madrid matches before the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium opened in 1947. The stadium held 22,500 people and was built in 1924.
The stadium was inaugurated on 17 May 1924, with a 3–2 victory for Real Madrid against Newcastle United.

## Closing and demolition

The final official match at the stadium was played on 13 May 1946, with Real Madrid winning 2–0 against CD Alcoyano in the quarter-finals of the Spanish Cup. Three days later, Real Madrid played the "closing" friendly against Málaga in which the visitors prevailed 5–4. Demolition works proceeded the day after.
# Idi Rayeuk

Idi Rayeuk is a town in Aceh province of Indonesia and the capital of East Aceh Regency.

## Climate

Idi Rayeuk has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with moderate rainfall from February to August and heavy rainfall from September to January.
Climate data for Idi Rayeuk :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.0 (87.8) | 32.0 (89.6) | 32.5 (90.5) | 32.7 (90.9) | 32.2 (90.0) | 32.1 (89.8) | 31.8 (89.2) | 31.8 (89.2) | 31.1 (88.0) | 31.2 (88.2) | 30.7 (87.3) | 30.6 (87.1) | 31.6 (89.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.7 (80.1) | 27.2 (81.0) | 27.6 (81.7) | 28.0 (82.4) | 27.8 (82.0) | 27.6 (81.7) | 27.2 (81.0) | 27.3 (81.1) | 27.0 (80.6) | 27.2 (81.0) | 26.8 (80.2) | 26.6 (79.9) | 27.3 (81.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.5 (72.5) | 22.4 (72.3) | 22.7 (72.9) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.1 (73.6) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.8 (73.0) | 22.9 (73.2) | 23.2 (73.8) | 22.9 (73.2) | 22.7 (72.9) | 22.9 (73.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 209 (8.2) | 86 (3.4) | 69 (2.7) | 82 (3.2) | 136 (5.4) | 105 (4.1) | 110 (4.3) | 141 (5.6) | 179 (7.0) | 206 (8.1) | 234 (9.2) | 306 (12.0) | 1,863 (73.2) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org ||||||||||||||
# List of British Somalis

The following is a list of notable British Somalis.

## Entertainment

* Poly Styrene, early Punk musician
* Maya Jama, radio presenter
* Chunkz, YouTube personality
* Prince Abdi, stand-up comedian
* Aar Maanta, singer-songwriter
* Hudeydi, musician

## Politics

* Abdulrahim Abby Farah, Welsh born diplomat
* Mohamed Mohamud Ibrahim, Deputy Foreign Minister of Somalia (formerly lived in Harlesden)
* Magid Magid, Green Party politician; former Lord Mayor of Sheffield (2018-2019) and MEP for Yorkshire and the Humber (2019-2020)
* Sir Mark Hendrick, Labour MP for Preston (2000-present)

## Business

* Abdirashid Duale, CEO of Dahabshiil

## Fashion

* Samira Hashi, model and activist

## Media

* Mohamoud Sheikh Dalmar, journalist
* Mo Ali, film director
* Rageh Omaar, journalist and writer

## Activism

* Adam Matan OBE, activist
* Nimco Ali, activist
* Hanan Ibrahim, activist
* Leyla Hussein, psychotherapist
* Amal Azzudin, activist
* Hashi Mohamed, barrister/activist

## Writing

* Nadifa Mohamed, novelist
* Hirsi Magan Isse, scholar
* Hibo Wardere, author
* Warsan Shire, writer and poet
* Diriye Osman, writer and artist

## Sport

* Iqra Ismail, football coach
* Abdi Jama, basketballer
* Ramla Ali, boxer
* Mukhtar Mohammed, runner
* Jawahir Roble, referee
* Ibrahim Farah, footballer
* Leon Osman, footballer,
* Mukhtar Ali, footballer
* Mo Farah, runner
* Islam Feruz, footballer

## Other

* Ramzi Mohammed, criminal
* Muhaydin Mire, criminal
* Hussain Bisad, former world's largest hands
* Mahmood Hussein Mattan, sailor
* Adam Ahmed - Leicestershire police officer - Fresh Cops BBC iPlayer