OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Scaphohippus

Scaphohippus is an extinct Miocene genus of equine, with two known species, known from fossils found in California, New Mexico, Montana, and Nebraska.

## History

Both species in the genus were originally described as members of the wastebasket taxon Merychippus in the 1915 by John Merriam. The genus was described from specimens found in the Barstow Formation of southeast California. Specimens of Scaphohippus were medium-sized horses with hypsodont (high-crowned) teeth.

## Phylogenetic relationships

The genus is closely related to Protohippus and Callippus. In the Barstow Formation, the two species of Scaphohippus occur with only one other hypsodont horse, Acritohippus stylodontus. Scaphohippus apparently developed on the Great Plains late in the Hemingfordian, about 17 to 16 million years ago and invaded the Great Basin at about 15 million years ago. The Great Plains and Great Basin were then isolated by tectonic barriers and Scaphohippus became extinct in the Great Plains, but survived in the Great Basin, until the barriers disappeared at about 13 million years ago and Scaphohippus also became extinct in the Great Basin.

## Species
### Scaphohippus sumani

Scaphohippus sumani, the type species for the genus, was originally described in 1915 by John Merriam as Merychippus sumani from University of California Museum of Paleontology specimen number 21422, consisting of four teeth. The specimen was collected from fossiliferous layers of the Barstow Formation outcropping in Rodent Hill Basin, San Bernardino County, California. Specimens of the species have also been found in three other sites in California and one in Nebraska. While numerous specimens of isolated teeth and partial palates have been found at the type locality, comparatively few complete skulls are known. The few examples from the location are badly crushed or have been altered due to pressure during fossilization. Detailed measurement of teeth from the type locality enabled identification of a S. sumani skull from the Punchbowl Formation, Cajon Valley, California and one from the Olcott Formation, Sioux County, Nebraska.

### Scaphohippus intermontanus

Scaphohippus intermontanus, the second species in the genus Scaphohippus, is distinguishable from S. sumani by several distinct features of the teeth. The upper cheek teeth have a height of 40–50 mm at the mesostyle and the protocone connects with the protoconule after approximately 30% wear. The enamel fossettes are both simpler and possess fewer plications than those of S. sumani. The species was first described as Merychippus intermontanus in the same 1915 paper by John Merriam in which "Merychippus" sumani was described. The type specimen for S. intermontanus is a section of jaw containing 6 teeth found in the Hemicyon Tuff, Barstow Formation, that outcrops in Hellgate Basin, San Bernardino County. The species has been confidently identified from several California sites with possible specimens known from Montana and New Mexico.
# Shomronella

Shomronella jordanica is the only species in the extinct genus Shomronella, a genus of prehistoric frogs. According to findings from fossils of S. jordanica, that were found in Jordan and Israel, the frog lived during the Lower Cretaceous, specifically in the Hauterivian to Barremian.
# Soturnia

Soturnia is an extinct genus of procolophonid parareptile. It is known from rocks of the Late Triassic-age Caturrita Formation of the municipality of Faxinal do Soturno in the geopark of Paleorrota, Brazil. Soturnia was named in 2003 by Cisneros and Schultz; the type species is S. caliodon. It was a leptopleuroninae procolophonid.
# Venus of Dolní Věstonice

The Venus of Dolní Věstonice (Czech: Věstonická venuše) is a Venus figurine, a ceramic statuette of a nude female figure dated to 31,000–27,000 years ago (Gravettian industry). It was found at the Paleolithic site Dolní Věstonice in the Moravian basin south of Brno, in the base of Děvín Mountain in what is today the Czech Republic. This figurine and a few others from locations nearby are the oldest known ceramic articles in the world.

## Description

It has a height of 111 millimetres (4.4 in), and a width of 43 millimetres (1.7 in) at its widest point and is made of a clay body fired at a relatively low temperature (500–800 °C). The statuette follows the general morphology of the other Venus figurines: exceptionally large breasts, belly and hips, perhaps symbols of fertility, relatively small head and little detail on the rest of the body. A feature which no longer remains a part of the sculpture, is the fact that it is thought to have been originally ornamented with four feathers. This is evidenced by the four small holes on the top of the head. Although the type of feather has not been determined, the holes are said to be produced with a tool that is relatively sharp – of which a feather would satisfy.
The palaeolithic settlement of Dolní Věstonice in Moravia, a part of Czechoslovakia at the time organized excavation began, now located in the Czech Republic, has been under systematic archaeological research since 1924, initiated by Karel Absolon. In addition to the Venus figurine, figures of animals – bear, lion, mammoth, horse, fox, rhino and owl – and more than 2,000 balls of burnt clay have been found at Dolní Věstonice.
The figurine was discovered on 13 July 1925 in a layer of ash, broken into two pieces. It was found situated in a central fireplace. Once on display at the Moravian Museum in Brno, it is now protected and only rarely accessible to the public. It was exhibited in the National Museum in Prague from 11 October 2006 until 2 September 2007 as a part of the exhibition Lovci mamutů (The Mammoth Hunters). It was presented in the Moravian Museum in Brno at an expo "Prehistoric Art in Central Europe". It has returned to depository as of June 2009. Scientists occasionally examine the statuette. A tomograph scan in 2004 found a fingerprint of a child estimated at between 7 and 15 years of age, fired into the surface; the child who handled the figurine before it was fired is considered by Králík, Novotný and Martin Oliva [cs] (2002) to be an unlikely candidate for its maker.

## Gallery

* Front
* Back
* Left side
* Right side
# Old Cathedral of St. Sophia, Kyiv

The Old Cathedral of St. Sophia (Polish: Katedra św. Zofii w Kijowie, Latin: Sancta Sophia, Capitulo et Canonicis Cathedralis Ecclesiae Kioviencis ) also called Catholic Cathedral of St. Sophia is the name given to a Catholic cathedral that was in the city of Kyiv, the capital of the European country of Ukraine. It was transformed into an Orthodox church and later demolished during the Soviet era. The current main Catholic cathedral is now dedicated to St. Nicholas.
It is the oldest and historical Latin cathedral in Kyiv, the seat of the Bishop of the Catholic Church in the Diocese of Kyiv which was part of the metropolis of Lviv since 1412.
It began as a wooden chapel burned down in the year 1017.
A brick church was built only between 1614 and 1633 on efforts of Krzysztof Kazimirski within a Dominican monastery. With start of the Khmelnytskyi Uprising, the local Dominican Order was liquidated and the cathedral was robbed. Since 1650s it was used by the Muscovite voivode as a guard house.
In 1691 Metropolitan Varlaam of Kyiv consecrated as the Eastern Orthodox temple, the Church of Saints Peter and Paul. At first it did not have own staff and was assigned to the Saint Sophia's Cathedral. It was rebuilt in 1724 and in 1784 it was transformed into a separate temple. In 1744-50 the church was restructured and Ivan Grigorovich-Barsky built a three-story belltower next to the church. In the spring of 1786, Empress Catherine II secularized monasteries, which resulted in the closure of five Kyiv monasteries, including St. Peter and Paul's, where it was planned to open a primary public school, but at the request of Metropolitan Samuel Myslavsky, the monastery was transferred to the community of the Greek Sinai Monastery of St. Catherine in 1787, which allowed the monastery to continue functioning as a Greek Orthodox monastery.
The Sts. Peter and Paul Church was damaged during the 1811 Great Podil fire and top level of belltower was taken apart.
In 1832, at the court of the church compound was built the Kyiv-Podil Theological School.
In 1920, the church was closed to worship and its building was planned to be used as a warehouse for the Central Archives of Ukraine. However, around 1935 the church together with its belltower was destroyed.
# Ludwig Redtenbacher

Ludwig Redtenbacher (June 10, 1814, in Kirchdorf an der Krems, Austria – February 8, 1876, in Vienna) was an Austrian medical doctor and entomologist mainly interested in beetles.

## Life

Ludwig Redtenbacher was the brother of the chemist Josef Redtenbacher (1810–1870).
From 1833 to 1838, Ludwig Redtenbacher studied medicine at the University of Vienna, becoming a salaried trainee in 1840. In 1843, he earned his medical doctorate, afterwards working as an assistant with the entomological collection of the Hofnaturalienkabinett (from 1847). In 1851, he became a professor of zoology in Prague and, from 1860, he was director of the Vienna Natural History Museum.
Although Redtenbacher worked mainly on the beetles of Austria, his new approach to classification or, in German, "analytischen" was widely adopted. He is also significant for his work involving beetles collected on the voyage of the Novara, an Austrian frigate that went on a round-the-world scientific expedition between 1857 and 1859.
He also described many of the beetles collected by Ida Pfeiffer (1797-1858). He wrote the entomological portion of Joseph Russegger's Reisen in Europa, Asien und Afrika (Travels in Europe, Asia and Africa).

## Honours

In 1848, Carl Eduard Hammerschmidt named comadia redtenbacheri, known as the caterpillar placed in bottles of mezcal, in honour of Ludwig Redtenbacher.
The Redtenbachergasse in the Viennese districts of Ottakring and Hernals was named in his honor in 1894.

## Literary works

His most significant works were:
* Die Gattungen der deutschen Käfer-Fauna nach der analytischen Methode, 1845 - Genera of German beetle fauna via the "analytical method".
* Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858,1859 unter den befehlen des Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band: Coleopteren. 249 pp., illus. (1868)
* Fauna Austriaca. Die Käfer, nach der analytischen Methode bearbeitet. Wien : Karl Gerold 1st Edn. xxvii 883 pp. (1849). Second expanded and revised edition 1858, third edition 1874.

## Insects described by Ludwig Redtenbacher

* Mesoprionus persicus, described in 1850
* Nagiella quadrimaculalis (Kollar & Redtenbacher, 1844)
# Wojsławice, Opole Voivodeship

Wojsławice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Byczyna, within Kluczbork County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.
# Mother-in-Law (TV series)

Mother-in-Law is a Kenyan television comedy and family drama that premiered in 2008 on Citizen TV. It revolves around the family of Charity Mwamba Mother-in-Law is a weekly drama series that has been aired since 2008 on Kenya's Citizen TV. The family drama is divided into episodes, with each seemingly addressing a bundle of unique familial issues.

## Overview

The television series is set in a typical family setting in one of the modern homes in Kenya. It demonstrates the existence of a middle-class Kenyan family. The storyline depicts the actions of a mother-in-law towards her husband, sons, daughter-in-law, and grandchildren. More importantly, the series has its eyes focused on the relationship between mother-in-law and her daughter-in-law.
The series depicts a typical middle class Kenyan family setting. The script revolves around the triad linkage between a mother on one side, and her daughters–in-law on the other, and how it impacts on other family members. The producer brings on board a diversity of characters such as domestic workers, extended families, the police and politicians to show conflicting issues and to advance the central themes. The focus of programme is to capture conflicts that are witnessed between daughters-in-law and mothers-in-law in real life contexts.

## Characters

Elizabeth Wanjiru as Charity Mwamba the titular Mother-in-Law. Mother to Jack, Charlie, Robert and Betty. She's an old Septegenerian who wants things done her way and is in running arguments with her daughters-in-law, more so Alison.
Peter Muriithi as Eddie Mwamba husband to Charity and the voice of reason in the drama. Usually acts as Charity's leash when she gets overboard.
Faith Nyaga as Lisa wife to Robert daughter-in-law to Charity.
Arabron Nyyneque/Osenya as Jack Mwamba father to Tina Aggie and Mike.
Naomi Kamau as Alison daughter-in-law to Charity Mwamba mother to Tina Aggie and Mike.
Jackie Mungai as Tina daughter of Jack and Alison wife to Rasta.
John Githu as Ras husband to Tina living in Nairobi's suburbs of Kosovo.
Curtis Wachira as Mike son to Alison and Jack.
Patrick Oketch as Charlie Mwamba son to Charity Mwamba and Eddie Mwamba, brother of Jack, Robert and Betty; an on and off alcoholic who reverts to alcohol as soon as he gets sober.
Maggie Karanja as Betty daughter of Charity and Eddie Mwamba. She has one son called Alpha.
Catherine Kamau as Celina estranged wife to Charlie, who had an affair with a Senator.

## Reception

The series has been called one "of the most entertaining TV shows produced in Kenya".
# Rashtra Sant Tukdoji Regional Cancer Hospital & Research Centre

Rashtra Sant Tukdoji Regional Cancer Hospital & Research Centre (RSTRCH) is a state-owned cancer care hospital and research centre in Nagpur, Maharashtra. It was founded on 10 March 1974 as Rashtra Sant Tukdoji Cancer Hospital. It was approved as a Regional Cancer Centre in 1999.
# Oxygenated treatment

Oxygenated treatment (OT) is a technique used to reduce corrosion in a boiler and its associated feedwater system in flow-through boilers.

## Process

With oxygenated treatment, oxygen is injected into the feedwater to keep the oxygen level between 30 and 50 ppb. OT programs are most commonly used in supercritical (i.e. >3250psi) power boilers. The ability to change an existing sub-critical boiler over to an OT program is very limited. "Common injection points are just after the condensate polisher and again at the deaerator outlet." This forms a thicker protective layer of hematite (Fe$_2$O$_3$) on top of the magnetite. This is a denser, flatter film (vs. the undulation scale with OT) so that there is less resistance to water flow compared to AVT. Also, OT reduces the risk of flow-accelerated corrosion.
When OT is used, conductivity after cation exchange (CACE) at the economiser inlet must be maintained below 0.15μS/cm this can be achieved by the use of a full-flow condensate polisher.

## Comparison of AVT to OT

| Characteristic | All-Volatile Treatment (Reducing) | All-Volatile Treatment (Oxidizing) | Oxygenated Treatment (Neutral Water Treatment) | Oxygenated Treatment (Combined Water Treatment) |
| Feedwater system piping | ferrus or mixed metallurgy (e.g. copper feedwater train) | all-ferrous metallurgy | all-ferrous metallurgy | all-ferrous metallurgy |
| Dissolved oxygen level | < 10 ppb | 1 to 10 ppb | 30-50 ppb (drum), 30-150 (supercritical) | 30-50 ppb (drum), 30-150 (supercritical) |
| Chemicals added | a reducing agent (such as hydrazine), ammonia to raise pH | ammonia to raise pH | an oxidizing agent (such as hydrogen peroxide or oxygen) | an oxidizing agent, ammonia to raise pH |
| pH | 9.0-9.3 | 9.2-9.6 | 9.2-9.6 | 8.0-8.5 (once-through), 9.0-9.4 (drum) |
| Top layer composition | magnetite (Fe$_3$O$_4$) on steel piping, cuprous oxide (Cu$_2$O) on copper piping | hematite (Fe$_2$O$_3$) forms on top of the porous magnetite (Fe$_3$O$_4$) | ferric oxide hydrate (FeOOH) or hematite (Fe$_2$O$_3$) forms over the porous magnetite | ferric oxide hydrate (FeOOH) or hematite (Fe$_2$O$_3$) forms over the porous magnetite |
| Advantages | Can be used with mixed metallurgy piping | More protection against FAC than AVT(R), minimizes orifice fouling | Less flow resistance, lower dissolved feedwater iron concentrations, FeOOH film is more stable, reduced boiler cleaning frequency | - |
| Disadvantages | Increased risk of FAC, a deaerator is required, more frequent chemical cleaning is required, hazardous chemicals (hydrazine) are used. | A deaerator is required. | Air leakage is more serious. Two-phase FAC can be a concern. | Condensate polishers are required. |
# Astor Market

40°47′38″N 73°58′22″W﻿ / ﻿40.793826°N 73.972808°W﻿ / 40.793826; -73.972808
The Astor Market was an indoor public market built in 1915 at 95th Street and Broadway on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City. It was financed by Vincent Astor with between $750,000 and $1,000,000.

## History

It was designed by Tracy and Swartwout in 1915 and financed by Vincent Astor who wanted to provide fresh produce at lower prices for the people of Manhattan. The frieze was a mural by William Mackay. Jules Guérin created banners for the flagpoles that were placed on the roof. The market closed in 1917 and was later demolished.
At the time of the market's demise, one published account summarized the causes of its failure as follows:
   Laudable as were the motives of the would-be reformer, the Astor Market, like other similar experiments, failed because its founder failed to consider the whims of human nature. One can count on his fingers the number of grocery and produce stores which have succeeded in attracting trade from any considerable distance to purchase staple articles of food. People will come into the shopping district to compare values on rugs, furniture and dresses, but not on oranges, Bread and fish. This is an age in which convenience and service are as vital to the grocer's success as good merchandise and an attractive store. Most people, on account of service and convenience, prefer to buy at the neighborhood corner grocery, with the result that in this country there is one grocery store for every 400 people.
# Oscar Peterson and Jon Faddis

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide | |
Oscar Peterson and Jon Faddis is a 1975 studio album by Oscar Peterson, featuring Jon Faddis.

## Track listing

* "Things Ain't What They Used to Be" (Mercer Ellington, Ted Persons) – 10:23
* "Autumn Leaves" (Joseph Kosma, Johnny Mercer, Jacques Prévert) – 6:51
* "Take the "A" Train" (Billy Strayhorn) – 7:58
* "Blues for Birks" (Jon Faddis, Oscar Peterson) – 7:22
* "Summertime" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin, DuBose Heyward) – 7:28
* "Lester Leaps In" (Lester Young) – 6:25

## Personnel

Recorded June 5, 1975:
* Oscar Peterson - piano
* Jon Faddis - trumpet
* Norman Granz - producer
# Ulster Magdalene Asylum

The Ulster Magdalene Asylum was founded in 1839 at Donegall Pass, Belfast (now in Northern Ireland), by the Church of Ireland. It cared for "fallen women" like other Magdalene asylums. It was founded as part of the St. Mary Magdalene Parish and was to provide an asylum for "penitent females" with a chapel attached and named the Ulster Magdalene Asylum and Episcopal Chapel (St Mary Magdalene Chapel). It was opened on 1 December 1839. While the laundry closed in 1916, the institution survived and the home operated until the 1960s. Set up to rehabilitate the women, generally, women who were pregnant out of wedlock, women involved in prostitution and others convicted of petty crimes. It was described, "For the reception of erring and repentant females". As the residents, in keeping with similar institutions, worked in a laundry, the Asylum was sometimes termed the "steam laundry".
The English architect (and future MP and Mayor of Belfast) Sir Charles Lanyon renowned for many buildings in Ireland, particularly in Belfast, designed a new Gothic styled school and chapel for the Ulster Magdalene Asylum in 1851. The Ulster Magdalene Asylum in Belfast maintained a close relationship with other Protestant evangelical organisations set up in the Victorian era such as the Belfast Midnight Mission (which was a rescue for "unfortunate women and their offspring") as well as the Belfast Female Mission, a School was affiliated to the Asylum run by the Church Education Society these organisations shared members and trustees. The Magdalene Asylum was run by a board of trustees, five clergymen and four lay members of the church.
While the Ulster Magdalene Asylum was established by the Church of Ireland, similar institutions in Belfast were established for other denominations such as the Catholic refuge was set up at the Good Shepherd Convent, Ballynafeigh (established in 1867), or the earlier Ulster Female Penitentiary and Laundry, Edgar Home, named after its founder Rev. John Edgar, initially non-denominational but became associated with the Presbyterian Church. The Salvation Army also had a shelter.
The Ulster Magdalene Asylum was closed as a steam laundry in 1916 and demolished in 1918. During its existence from 1849–1916 it supplied shelter, maintenance, and instruction to upwards of 3,000 women. The Church provided services to women after the closure, as well as other services provided by the Belfast Mission.
Chaplains to the Asylum include a Rev. T.F. Miller, and Rev. Walter Riddell.
The Chapel survives as the parish of St Mary Magdalene, Donegall Pass, Belfast, and it celebrated its 175 anniversary in 2014.
# Simaria

Simaria is an Indian village on the Ganges river. It is in the Begusarai District and near BTPS, Barauni. It is also called Kumbhasthali, Amritbhumi, Welcome Gate of Mithila, and known as the birthplace of the Hindi poet Ramdhari Singh Dinkar.
# Edward Exton Barclay

Edward Exton Barclay JP (16 February 1860 – 4 March 1948) was an English gentleman and foxhunter.
# Convoy PQ 6

Convoy PQ 6 was the seventh of the Arctic convoys of World War II by which the Western Allies supplied material aid to the Soviet Union in its fight with Nazi Germany. The convoy sailed from Hvalfjörður, Iceland, on 8 December 1941 and arrived at Murmansk on 20 December 1941.

## Ships

The convoy consisted of eight merchant ships (1 Soviet, 4 British, 1 Norwegian and 2 Panamanian). The escort included the cruiser HMS Edinburgh, destroyers Echo and Escapade, two minesweepers and two armed trawlers. The ships arrived safely.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Woodman 2004, pp. 46–49.
* ↑ Woodman 2004, pp. 48–50.