OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Stipe (mycology)

In mycology, a stipe (/staɪp/) is the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. Like all tissues of the mushroom other than the hymenium, the stipe is composed of sterile hyphal tissue. In many instances, however, the fertile hymenium extends down the stipe some distance. Fungi that have stipes are said to be stipitate.
The evolutionary benefit of a stipe is generally considered to be in mediating spore dispersal. An elevated mushroom will more easily release its spores into wind currents or onto passing animals. Nevertheless, many mushrooms do not have stipes, including cup fungi, puffballs, earthstars, some polypores, jelly fungi, ergots, and smuts.
It is often the case that features of the stipe are required to make a positive identification of a mushroom. Such distinguishing characters include:
* the texture of the stipe (fibrous, brittle, chalky, leathery, firm, etc.)
* whether it has remains of a partial veil (such as an annulus (ring) or cortina) or universal veil (volva)
* whether the stipes of many mushrooms fuse at their base
* its general size and shape
* whether the stipe extends underground in a root-like structure (a rhizome)
When collecting mushrooms for identification it is critical to maintain all these characters intact by digging the mushroom out of the soil, rather than cutting it off mid-stipe.

## Drawings

| with ring | with ring | with ring | with veil | remains of veil | with volva |
# Edith Gertrude Willcock

Edith Gertrude Willcock (1879–1953) was an English nuclear physicist and biochemist. After publishing on radium, she contributed to research into the role of amino acids in diet.

## Early life

Edith Willcock was born at Albrighton on 7 January 1879 to solicitor Robert Willcock and his wife Emma. She was educated at the King Edward VI High School for Girls in Birmingham, known for its science syllabus.

## Scientific career

Willcock studied at Newnham College, Cambridge from 1900, gaining a second class pass in Part I in 1902 and a first class pass in Part II in 1904. She received a Bathurst studentship to continue her research in 1904 – 5 and was appointed a research fellow at Newnham in 1905 – 9. Since Cambridge did not award degrees to women until 1948, she was one of the 'steamboat ladies' who travelled to Trinity College, Dublin to receive their degrees, gaining a DSc in 1906.
During her undergraduate studies, she did research with William Bate Hardy on radium, and published a solo paper which represents one of the first studies to show the damaging effects of radiation on animal life.
Inspired by her 'realisation of the existence of vast unexplored tracts and the unfolding of immense opportunities for research' in lectures by Frederick Gowland Hopkins, she carried out research with him from 1905 – 9. By studying the effects of adding or subtracting tryptophan to the diet of mice, they established in 1906 that some amino acids were essential to diet and could not be substituted for others. This research led to Hopkins' discovery of vitamins.

## Agricultural consultancy and later life

In 1909, Willcock married zoologist John Stanley Gardinar. They had two daughters and lived in Bredon House, which was built for them in 1914, and was later given to Wolfson College, Cambridge.
During World War I, Edith worked as a local consultant for the British Ministry of Agriculture on the raising of rabbits and poultry, on which she wrote leaflets for distribution, and an advisor on the cultivation of oysters.
After her marriage, Edith focused on her other interests, as a watercolour artist, singer, and children’s author.
She died in Cambridge on 8 October 1953.

## Publications

* (with W.B. Hardy) 'On the oxidizing action of the rays from radium bromide as shown by the decomposition of iodoform,' Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 71 (1903): 200–204
* 'Radium and animals,' Nature 69 (1903): 55
* 'The action of the rays from radium upon some simple forms of animal life,' Journal of Physiology 30:5–6 (1904): 449–454
* 'The action of radium rays on tyrosinase,' Journal of Physiology 34:3 (1906): 207–9
* 'The importance of individual amino-acids in metabolism,' Journal of Physiology 35:1–2 (1906): 88–102
* 'Crystalline egg-albumin,' Journal of Physiology 37:1 (1908): 27–36
# Machacalis

Machacalis is a Brazilian municipality located in the northeast of the state of Minas Gerais. Its population as of 2020 was 7,111 living in a total area of 329 km². The city belongs to the statistical mesoregion of Vale do Mucuri and to the statistical microregion of Nanuque. It became a municipality in 1954.
Machacalis is located at an elevation of 285 metres, 18 kilometres west of the state boundary with Bahia. The nearest major population centre is Teófilo Otoni. The population lived mainly in the rural areas.
The distance to Teófilo Otoni is 210 km; and the distance to the state capital, Belo Horizonte, is 636 km. Neighboring municipalities are: Águas Formosas, Fronteira dos Vales, Santa Helena de Minas, Bertópolis, Umburatiba and Crisólita.
The main economic activities are services, and subsistence agriculture. The GDP in 2005 was R$23 million, with 15 million from services, 1 million from industry, and 5 million from agriculture. There were 308 rural producers on 27,000 hectares of land. Only 11 farms had tractors (2006). 4,000 persons were dependent on agriculture. The main crops were coconuts, sugarcane, beans, and corn. There were 33,000 head of cattle (2006). There was 1 bank (2007) and 270 automobiles (235 motorcycles), giving a ratio of 25 inhabitants per automobile.
The social indicators rank it in the bottom tier of municipalities in the state.
* Municipal Human Development Index: 0.637 (2000)
* State ranking: 772 out of 853 municipalities as of 2000
* National ranking: 3,980 out of 5,138 municipalities as of 2000
* Literacy rate: 72%
* Life expectancy: 63 (average of males and females)
The highest ranking municipality in Minas Gerais in 2000 was Poços de Caldas with 0.841, while the lowest was Setubinha with 0.568. Nationally the highest was São Caetano do Sul in São Paulo with 0.919, while the lowest was Setubinha. In more recent statistics (considering 5,507 municipalities) Manari in the state of Pernambuco has the lowest rating in the country--0,467--putting it in last place.
There were 3 health clinics and 1 hospital with 58 beds (2006). Patients with more serious health conditions are transported to Teófilo Otoni. Educational needs were met by 5 primary schools, 1 middle school, and 2 pre-primary schools.
# Zbelava

Zbelava is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the D2 highway.
# Paloma Tortajada

Paloma Tortajada Lorente (9 August 1969 – 25 April 2019) was a Spanish journalist and radio and television broadcaster. She firstly worked at Radio Popular de Zaragoza (now called COPE Zaragoza) in Zaragoza before becoming head of news of Antena 3 Radio Aragón. Tortajada worked at Cadena SER from 1992 to 2005 and then was head of society at Cuatro and CNN+ between 2006 and 2009. She was lead press officer of the Ministry of Education under Ángel Gabilondo and then returned to Cadena COPE in 2013.

## Biography

On 9 August 1969, Tortajada was born in Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. She began listening to the radio with her parents from an early age. Tortajada was a graduate of the University of the Basque Country with a degree in Information Sciences.
Following her graduation, she began her career at Radio Popular de Zaragoza (now called COPE Zaragoza) in Zaragoza and was mentored in the world of journalism by María José Cabrera. Tortajada later became head of news at Antena 3 Radio Aragón. In 1992, she began working at Cadena SER in Madrid for half a year on behalf of PRISA and was co-ordinator of Hoy por hoy alongside Iñaki Gabilondo for 13 years. Tortajada was also the deputy director of Hora 14 [es] with José Antonio Marcos [es; gl]. She covered events such as the September 11 attacks and the Death of Pope John Paul II.
When the television station Cuatro was launched, Tortajada decided to switch from radio to television in mid-2005 and worked as the head of society at Cuatro and CNN+ from 2006 to 2009. Following this period, she was appointed to become the lead press officer of the Ministry of Education under Ángel Gabilondo. Tortajada remained at the Ministry of Education until 2013 when she returned to Cadena COPE. She became a member of the La mañana [ca; es] team, firstly working with Ernesto Sáenz de Buruaga [ca; es] in the morning, then with Ángel Expósito [ca; es] (also in the morning) and finally with Carlos Herrera as co-ordinator of Herrera's evening news programme. In July 2017, Tortajada replaced Herrera on the programme and she was replaced by Marta Ruiz Blázquez the following month.
Tortajada was the presenter of the Aragón TV programme Tal como somos [es]. In March 2017, she and three friends opened the La Tres Catorce book store in Madrid because she wanted to disseminating collections of books to homes in the city. Tortajada took time off work due to illness and briefly returned to work on 2 January 2019. She died of lung cancer in Madrid on the morning of 25 April 2019. Tortajada's funeral took place at the Parroquia de Santa Rita, Zaragoza the following day.
# Carole Satyamurti

Carole Lavinia Satyamurti (nee Methven, previously Sathyamurthy) (13 August 1939 – 13 August 2019) was a British poet, sociologist, and translator.

## Personal life

Satyamurti grew up in Kent, and lived in North America, Singapore and Uganda. She lived in London until her death on 13 August 2019, aged 80.

## Career

She taught at the University of East London and at the Tavistock Clinic, where her main interest was relating psychoanalytic ideas to the stories people tell about themselves, whether in formal autobiography or everyday encounters.
She was a writer in residence at the University of Sussex and the College of Charleston. She taught for the Arvon Foundation and for the Poetry School. She was vice-president of Ver Poets, a group of writers and poetry lovers based in St Albans. She ran poetry programmes in Venice, Corfu and the National Gallery (London), with Gregory Warren Wilson.

## Awards

Satyamurti won many awards including:
* 1986 National Poetry Competition
* 1988 and 2008 Arts Council Writers' Award
* 2000 Cholmondeley Award
* 2007 short-listed Forward Prize
* 2015 Roehampton Poetry Prize

## Works

* "Chesil Beach", poetry pf
* "Lust in Translation"; "How I Altered History"; "Woman Pursued by Dragon Flees into the Desert"; "Dear Departed", poetry pf
* "Villanelle", Ambit, No 165 2001
* "When He is Silent", Ambit, No 165 2001
* Broken Moon. Oxford University Press. 1987. ISBN 978-0-19-282097-6.
* Changing the Subject. Oxford University Press. 1990. ISBN 978-0-19-282738-8.
* Striking Distance. Oxford University Press. 1994. ISBN 978-1-85224-692-1.
* Selected Poems. Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-288101-4.
* Love and Variations. Bloodaxe Books. 2000. ISBN 978-1-85224-526-9.
* Stitching the Dark: New and Selected Poems. Bloodaxe Books. 2005. ISBN 978-1-85224-692-1.
* Countdown. Bloodaxe Books. 2011. ISBN 978-1-85224-912-0.
* Mahabharata: A Modern Retelling. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 2015. ISBN 978-0-393-08175-6

### Translations

* "Two Women", Toeti Heraty, Poetry Translation Centre
* "A Woman's Portrait 1938", Toeti Heraty, Poetry Translation Centre
* "Geneva in July", Toeti Heraty, Poetry Translation Centre
* "Jogging in Jakarta", Toeti Heraty, Poetry Translation Centre
* from The Mahabharata, The Poetry Society

### Anthologies

* Carol Ann Duffy, ed. (1997). "Piccadilly Line". I Wouldn't Thank You for a Valentine: Poems for Young Feminists. Illustrator Trisha Rafferty. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8050-5545-0.
* Neil Astley, ed. (2002). Staying alive: real poems for unreal times. Bloodaxe Books. ISBN 978-1-85224-588-7.
* Neil Astley, ed. (2003). Staying alive: real poems for unreal times. Miramax Books. ISBN 978-1-4013-5926-3.
* "Difficult Passages". Writing My Way Through Cancer. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2003. ISBN 978-1-84310-113-0.

### Editor

* Carole Satyamurti; Hamish Canham, eds. (2003). Acquainted with the Night: psychoanalysis and the poetic imagination. Karnac. ISBN 978-1-85575-963-3.
* Noel Parry; Michael Rustin; Carole Satyamurti, eds. (1979). Social work, welfare, and the state. E. Arnold. ISBN 978-0-7131-6233-2.
# Alexandromenia

Alexandromenia is a genus of solenogaster, a kind of shell-less, worm-like mollusk.
It lives in Benthic zone regions in tropical climates. It can be found in the Western Atlantic.

## Species

* Alexandromenia acuminata Salvini-Plawen, 1978
* Alexandromenia agassizi Heath, 1911
* Alexandromenia antartica Salvini-Plawen, 1978
* Alexandromenia avempacensis Pedrouzo & Cobo, 2014
* Alexandromenia crassa Odhner, 1920
* Alexandromenia grimaldii Leloup, 1946
* Alexandromenia gulaglandulata Salvini-Plawen, 2008
* Alexandromenia heteroglandulata Salvini-Plawen & Schwabe, 2012
* Alexandromenia latosoleata Salvini-Plawen, 1978
* Alexandromenia marisjaponica Saito & Salvini-Plawen, 2014
* Alexandromenia pilosa Handl & Salvini-Plawen, 2002
* Alexandromenia valida Heath, 1911
# Awash multimammate mouse

The Awash multimammate mouse or Awash mastomys (Mastomys awashensis) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae found only in Ethiopia. Phylogentically the Awash multimammate mouse is the sister taxon of the Natal multimammate mouse (M. natalensis), a species found almost everywhere in Africa south of the Sahara and considered a serious agricultural pest throughout its range.

## Habitat

Its natural habitats are dry savanna and arable land. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is also considered as a pest for grain crops.

## Ecology

The species' ecology has been studied in detail in the croplands of the Degua Tembien district in Tigray, where it commonly occurs in crop fields, domestic and peri-domestic habitats in wider altitudinal range (1500 m up to 2700 m). Being a nocturnal and burrowing species, it prefers crop fields with vertisols. Likewise, the multimammate mouse possibly contributes to a significant portion to the rodent diet of night-active raptors such as Barn owl.
# Fumonelix christyi

Fumonelix christyi is a species of land snail of the genus Fumonelix.

## Range

North Carolina

## Habitat

Leaf litter
# Jerry Koch

Jerry Koch (born c. 1934) is a retired American basketball player. He is known for his collegiate career at Saint Louis University (SLU) between 1951–52 and 1954–55. A forward, Koch once recorded 38 rebounds in a single game. He accomplished the feat on March 5, 1954, against Bradley University. The 38 rebounds remain a SLU and Missouri Valley Conference record. Koch was also instrumental in SLU's 1952 NCAA Tournament Elite Eight appearance; during his freshman season he teamed with his older brother and the team's center, Bob, as a dominant frontcourt duo.
For his career, Jerry recorded 1,157 rebounds with a 14.6 per game average, which are second and first in school history, respectively (the leader in total rebounds, Anthony Bonner, played 54 more games than Koch). In the 1955 NBA draft, the Philadelphia Warriors selected him in the 10th round, although he never played professionally. In 1994, he was inducted into the Saint Louis University Hall of Fame.
# Mohamed Habib Gherab

Mohamed Habib Gherab (8 May 1926 – 17 March 2011) (Arabic: محمد الحبيب غراب) was a United Nations Under Secretary-General, Tunisian diplomat, and senior government official.

## Education

Amb. Gherab was educated at Sadiki College in Tunis and is a graduate of the Faculty of Law of Paris.

## Career

After joining the Neo Destour Party as a young militant for the independence of Tunisia, in 1955 he became a member of the cabinet of Mongi Slim, the Interior Minister in the government of Prime Minister Tahar Ben Ammar as it negotiated the process that led to the effective independence of Tunisia on 20 March 1956. Gherab later became the only chief of staff to Taieb Mehiri, the first Interior Minister of independent Tunisia during his entire tenure from 1956 until 1965. President Habib Bourguiba appointed him Ambassador to Spain from 1965 to 1967 and Ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1981 to 1987, where he became the longest serving Ambassador of Tunisia. In between his two ambassadorial terms, he served as the first high-ranking Tunisian in the cabinet of the United Nations Secretary-General when Secretary-General U Thant appointed him in 1969 as the Assistant Secretary-General, Director of Personnel of the United Nations. UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim confirmed him in the same office from 1972 until 1979 when he was promoted to the rank of Under Secretary-General of the United Nations and appointed the first Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy from 1979 to 1981.

### Criticisms

As director of personnel, Gherab was accused of appointing un- and under-qualified applicants from Arab countries, discriminating against women in hiring, and hiring men for high-salaried positions where lower-paid female employees did the majority of the work.

## Honours

Amb. Gherab was the recipient of a number of Tunisian and foreign honours, including the Grand Cross of the Order of Isabel La Catolica of Spain, the Grand Officier of the Order of the Republic of Tunisia, and the Grand Officier of the Wissam Alaouite of the Kingdom of Morocco. He was a Commandeur of the francophone Order of La Pléiade.

## Personal life

Amb. Gherab married Fawzia Ladjimi on 22 June 1958. They have three children: Habib, Fawzy and Noha.
# Ali Al-Mdfa

Ali AMdfa (Arabic: علي المدفع; born September 6, 1927) is a Saudi actor, best known for Al-Najdi roles.

## Career

Al-Mdfa started his career in the 1970s as the presenter of plays and cultural competitions in the Al-Hilal Club. He is a member of the Association of Culture and Arts and has made several appearances on television, theater and radio.

## Life

Al-Mdfa was born Ali Saleh Ali Al-Mdfa in Methnb in Al-Qassim. He is married and has four children

## Acting Roles
### Series

* Al-Tiaf Al-Qarib (English: Curious guest)
* Tash Ma Tash
* Ghashamsham with Fahad Al-Hayyan
* Shabab Al-bomb

### Plays

* Tahat Al-Karsi (English: Under the chairs)

### Movies

* Hammoud Wa Muhaimid
# Michele Cozzoli

Michele Cozzoli (3 May 1915 – 31 August 1961) was an Italian composer, conductor, and arranger. He is best known for his work in film score composition and orchestral arrangements, which contributed significantly to Italian cinema. Cozzoli’s career spanned several decades, during which he collaborated with notable filmmakers and artists of his time.

## Biography

Born in Naples, Cozzoli studied piano and violin under the composer Raffaele Caravaglios. After the military service, he made his professional debut as a conductor, before focusing into composing and arranging music for films and revues.
Cozzoli was also a songwriter, and some of his compositions participated to the Festival di Napoli and to the Sanremo Music Festival.

## Selected filmography

* Falsehood (1952)
* Torna! (1953)
* The White Angel (1955)
* Sunset in Naples (1955)
* Sangue di zingara (1956)
* Mermaid of Naples (1956)
* Serenata a Maria (1957)
* Oh! Sabella (1957)
* Il Conte di Matera (1957)
* Cavalier in Devil's Castle (1959)
* World of Miracles (1959)
* The Pirate and the Slave Girl (1959)
* Pirates of the Coast (1960)
* Le signore (1960)
* Knight of 100 Faces (1960)
* Sword in the Shadows (1961)
* Guns of the Black Witch (1961)
# Andreas Miralis

Andreas Miralis (born 21 September 1987) is a Greek water polo player. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed for the Greece men's national water polo team in the men's event. He is 6 ft 0 inches tall.
# Yantarny Sports Palace

Yantarny Sports Palace, also known as Amber Sports Palace (Russian: Янтарный Дворец Спорта, Dvorets Sporta Yantarny) is a multi-purpose indoor arena that is located in Kaliningrad, Russia. It is a part of the Yantarny Sports Complex, which contains 10 sports halls, and 2 indoor arenas.
The two indoor arenas consist of the Yantarny Sports Complex Small Arena, which has a seating capacity of 1,000 people, and Amber Arena, which has a seating capacity of 7,000 people. Amber Arena can be used to host numerous different events, such as: exhibitions, concerts, gymnastics, volleyball, martial arts tournaments, futsal, handball, and basketball.

## History

Amber Arena opened in 2009. The Lokomotiv Kaliningrad Region Women's Volleyball Club has used the facility as its home arena. The arena has also been used as a home venue by both the senior Russian men's national volleyball team and the senior Russian women's national volleyball team, and it also hosted several major FIVB international volleyball tournaments. During the 2019–20 season, the arena was used as a substituent home arena of the VTB United League club CSKA Moscow, for two EuroLeague games.
# Aleksander Pisarev

Aleksandr Ivanovich Pisarev (Russian: Александр Иванович Писарев, 14 July 1803, village of Znamenskoye, Oryol Governorate, Imperial Russia - 15 March 1828, Moscow) was a Russian playwright, translator and theatre-critic.
In the course of just five years (1824–28) he authored 23 popular vaudevilles and comedies, most of which enjoyed great success on stages of Moscow's Maly Theatre and St. Petersburg's Alexandrinka. His best-known plays were Student and Teacher (Учитель и ученик, или В чужом пиру похмелье, 1824), The Magic Nose (Волшебный нос, или Талисман и финики, 1825), Caliph's Recreations (Забавы калифа, 1825, set to music by Alexander Alyabyev and Alexey Verstovsky), The Buzzing Man (Хлопотун, или Дело мастера боится, 1825, music by Alyabyev and Verstovsky), and How To Marry Your Daughter (Средство выдавать дочерей замуж, 1828). In 1826, with Alexey Verstovsky, he published the popular Drama Album for the Lovers of Music and Theatre (Драматический альбом для любителей театра и музыки). Pisarev was a controversial figure who, on the one hand used to pan "serious" drama (stating that theatre's mission was to entertain, not moralize) and to lambast Pyotr Vyazemsky and Alexander Griboyedov; on the other, he was himself a shrewd satirist who ridiculed in his plays and epigrams the life and manners of Russian high society as well as some of his literary contemporaries, notably Nikolai Polevoy.
Pisarev died of tuberculosis aged only 24, much to the distress of his friends, one of whom, Sergey Aksakov, was convinced that in 1828 Russian literature lost one of its greatest talents, who had every potential to become the "Russian Aristophanes". "All of our vaudevillians of today count less than this one man, Pisarev", wrote Vissarion Belinsky years later.