OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vladimir Antonovich Kovalevsky

Vladimir Antonovich Kovalevsky (born 1927) is a physicist. His research interests include digital geometry, digital topology, computer vision, image processing and pattern recognition.

## Scientific activity

Vladimir A. Kovalevsky received his diploma in physics from Kharkiv University (Ukraine) in 1950, his first doctoral degree in technical sciences from the Central Institute of Metrology (Leningrad) in 1957 and his second doctoral degree in computer science from the Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kiev) in 1968. From 1961 to 1983 he served as Head of Department of Pattern Recognition at that Institute. In 1983 he moved to the GDR. He worked as teaching professor or as scientific collaborator on universities in Germany (Zentralinstitut für Kybernetik at the ADW, Berlin University of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Rostock, Technische Universität Dresden), USA (University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University), Mexico (National Autonomous University of Mexico), New Zealand (University of Auckland, Manukau Institute of Technology) and Korea (Chonbuk National University).
Over a period of nearly 40 years, Vladimir A. Kovalevsky made many fundamental and pioneering contributions to nearly every area of the above-mentioned fields. The research on digital image analysis (specifically on digital geometry and digital topology) is an important insertion to image processing and image analysis. He developed the statistically founded correlation method of recognizing optical patterns and the department “Pattern Recognition” at the Institute of Cybernetics, Kiew, has constructed in 1968 the optical character reading machine “Chars” implementing this method. The machine could read typed pages with high security.
He suggested 1989 using topological knowledge, especially those of abstract cell complexes, in image processing. This has improved the definitions and the processing of boundaries and edges in two- and three-dimensional digital images. Vladimir A. Kovalevsky invented new efficient algorithms for edge detection in color images which can detect edges between subsets of different colors but the same lightness. He suggested efficient algorithms for tracing and encoding boundaries and also new definitions and recognition algorithms for recognizing digital straight segments. Kovalevsky developed as programmer many projects implementing these algorithms. The results of his research are described in his monographs.

## Publications

* Image Pattern Recognition. Springer, 1980, ISBN 978-1-4612-6033-2
* Finite Topology as Applied to Image Analysis. In: Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, vol. 46 (1989) pp. 141–161
* Geometry of Locally Finite Spaces. Verlag Dr. Baerbel Kovalevski, Berlin, 2008, ISBN 978-3-9812252-0-4
* Modern Algorithms for Image Processing. Apress, 2019, ISBN 978-1-4842-4236-0
* Image Processing with Cellular Topology. Springer, 2021, ISBN 978-981-16-5771-9
# Topping (agriculture)

Topping is a process by which a mower or similar implement is used to "top", or remove, the aerial part of a crop, in order to prevent seed formation and distribution onto the soil. Typically, a set-aside cover crop is topped in July or August, to prevent seed production and subsequent soil contamination leading to germination and regrowth. For example, controlling the spread of Soft rush or Juncus Effusus on wet land, such as Purple Moor and Rush Pastures.
A variation of topping is often employed in order to create a more stout and bushy plant, one that is suitable for thriving indoors.
# Vsevolod Zhuravlyov

Vsevolod Svyatoslavovich Zhuravlyov (Russian: Всеволод Святославович Журавлёв; born 27 December 1978) is a former Russian professional football player.
Zhuravlyov played in the Russian First Division with FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod and FC Metallurg-Kuzbass Novokuznetsk.
# William Riley

William, Bill, Billy, or Willie Riley may refer to:

## Sports

* William Riley (Nottinghamshire cricketer) (1888–1917)
* William Riley (Leicestershire cricketer) (1892–1955)
* Bill Riley (ice hockey, born 1921) (1921–2000), American ice hockey player
* Bill Riley (ice hockey, born 1950), Canadian ice hockey player
* Bill Riley Jr., American ice hockey player and coach
* Billy Riley (1889–1977), wrestler
* Billy Riley (baseball) (1855–1887), outfielder in Major League Baseball

## Arts and entertainment

* Willie Riley (1866–1961), British author
* William K. Riley, one of the pen names of British author John Creasey (1908–1973)
* Bill Riley Sr. (1920–2006), American entertainer
* Billy Lee Riley (1933–2009), American musician

## Other

* William Riley (architect) (1852–1937), British architect
* William J. Riley (1947-2023), United States federal judge
* William F. Riley (judge) (1884–1956), United States federal judge
* William F. Riley (engineer), American engineer and professor
* William Harrison Riley (1835–1907), British socialist
* William Bell Riley (1861–1947), American religious leader
* William Riley (criminal), a.k.a. "Mush" Riley, American saloon keeper and underworld figure
* William E. Riley (1897–1970), American general
# Smilets of Bulgaria

Smilets (Bulgarian: Смилец) reigned as tsar of Bulgaria from 1292 to 1298.

## Life

Although Smilets is credited with being descended "from the noblest family of the Bulgarians", his antecedents are completely unknown. Judging by the landholdings of Smilets’ brothers Radoslav and Vojsil, the family held extensive lands between the Balkan Mountains and Sredna Gora.
Before ascending the throne replacing George I in 1292, Smilets had married daughter of the sebastokratōr Constantine Palaiologos, a half-brother of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. Apart from the information that Smilets became emperor of Bulgaria according to the wishes of Nogai Khan, we know nothing of the circumstances of Smilec's accession. Smilets was crowned by Patriarch Joachim III. Joachim was executed for treason in 1300 by emperor Theodore Svetoslav, George I's son, and historian John Van Antwerp Fine Jr. theorizes that the alleged treachery might be linked to the obscure period when Smilets overthrew George Terter I.
The reign of Smilets has been considered the height of Mongol overlordship in Bulgaria. Nevertheless, Mongol raids may have continued, as in 1297 and 1298. Since these raids pillaged parts of Thrace (then entirely in Byzantine hands), perhaps Bulgaria was not one of their objectives. In fact, in spite of the usually pro-Byzantine policy of Nogai, Smilets was quickly involved in an unsuccessful war against the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of his reign.
About 1296/1297 Smilets married his daughter Theodora to the future Serbian King Stefan Dečanski, and this union produced Serbian king Stefan Dušan.
In 1298 Smilets disappears from the pages of history, apparently after the beginning of Chaka's invasion. Smilets may have been killed by Chaka or died of natural causes while the enemy advanced against him. Smilets was briefly succeeded by his son Ivan II.
Smilets Point in Antarctica is named after Smilets of Bulgaria.

## Family

Smilec was married to an unnamed Byzantine princess, daughter of sebastokratōr Constantine Palaiologos. She was called just Smiltsena (Bulgarian: Смилцена; the wife of Smilets). By her he had at least three children:
* Ivan II, who succeeded as emperor of Bulgaria 1298–1299/1300
* Teodora of Bulgaria, Queen of Serbia
* Marina
# Ni Orsi Jr.

Ni Orsi Jr. (born September 14, 1944) is an American alpine skier. He competed in the men's downhill at the 1964 Winter Olympics.
# Allan Pruett

Allan K. Pruett (June 8, 1948 – December 6, 2008) was an American basketball player. He played college basketball for the Mississippi State Bulldogs and Arkansas State Indians.
Born in Jonesboro, Arkansas, Pruett was raised in Rector, Arkansas, and attended Rector High School. He scored 2,018 points during his high school career and ranks third in scoring in Arkansas boys high school basketball history.
Pruett began his collegiate career with the Mississippi State Bulldogs in 1966. Pruett transferred to play for the Arkansas State Indians in 1969, where he averaged 17.1 points per game and was named to the second-team All-Southland Conference during his first season. He averaged 19.5 points per game during the 1970–71 season and was selected as the Southland Player of the Year alongside Luke Adams of the Lamar Cardinals. He was also named as a member of the first-team All-Southland.
Pruett worked as a special education vocational teacher in the San Antonio Independent School District for 18 years. He died on December 6, 2008, in San Antonio, Texas.
# Kristoffer Skåne Grytnes

Kristoffer Skåne Grytnes (27 July 1887 – 22 July 1965) was a Norwegian politician for the Christian Democratic Party.
He was born in Horten.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Nordland in 1950, but was not re-elected in 1954.
Outside politics he worked as a school teacher in Grue, Horten, Drammen, Eidanger and Helgeland. He was a long-time member and deputy leader of the Diocese Council of Hålogaland.
# Martha Bronson

Martha Bronson is a fictional recurring character in the American television sitcom Leave It to Beaver. "Aunt Martha," as she is known in the series, appears in five of the show's 234 episodes and is mentioned occasionally but not seen. The character is portrayed by Madge Kennedy.
In the 1997 film adaptation of the series, Leave It to Beaver, Aunt Martha is played by Barbara Billingsley. Billingsley portrayed June Cleaver in the original series.

## Profile

Aunt Martha (Bronson) is June Cleaver's spinster aunt. June credits Martha with raising her and says Aunt Martha was practically the only mother she ever knew. June spent summers as a girl with her. Beaver was named for Aunt Martha's brother, Theodore, and, in one episode, Beaver receives her brother's heirloom ring. The boys call Martha their "umbrella aunt" because she once gave them umbrellas on their birthdays. Martha lives within a few hours of Mayfield at Riverside. In one episode, the boys take a train trip to her house, and, in another episode, Beaver visits her for the weekend.
Martha makes her first appearance in the first-season episode, "Beaver's Short Pants" when she steps in to take care of Ward and the boys while June visits an out-of-town sister who has given birth. Martha's "old maid" mindset and way of doing things irks the rugged Cleaver males. Martha prepares milk toast for breakfast, for example, and eggplant for dinner. She insists on buying Beaver a short pants suit for school. However, as Beaver is leaving for school, Ward calls him into the garage and gives Beaver a set of "regular" clothes to wear. In relief and gratitude, Beaver gives his father a quick kiss on the cheek. In this episode, Aunt Martha was picked up at the airport so presumably she lived further away than Riverside.
In another episode, Martha and her friend, Mrs. Hathaway, visit the Cleavers on short notice. The boys are forced to cancel plans to attend a carnival with their pals. In her final appearance, Martha presses her wish that Beaver attend a hoity toity prep school (Fallbrook, a school attended by four generations of Bronsons) on the east coast. Although Beaver gives the idea some consideration, he finally tells Martha he would rather attend Mayfield High with the friends he has known for years.
In another inconsistency, Aunt Martha is sometimes referred to as living in Bellport.
In The New Leave It To Beaver Aunt Martha appears in 2 episodes. She is played by Irene Tedrow.
In a previous series, Professional Father, in which Billingsley played the wife of a child psychologist (Stephen Dunne), there was also an "Aunt Martha", the aunt of Billingsley's character.

## Episodes

* "Beaver's Short Pants" (1957): Aunt Martha buys Beaver a short pants suit for school.
* "Train Trip" (1958): Aunt Martha sees the boys off when they return home after paying her a visit.
* "The Visiting Aunts" (1958): Aunt Martha drops by, forcing the boys to cancel plans to attend a carnival.
* "Beaver the Magician" (1959): Beaver visits his aunt after pretending to be turned into a rock.
* "Beaver's Prep School" (1963): Aunt Martha wants Beaver to attend a prep school on the east coast.
# 2019 in the Republic of the Congo

Events in the year 2019 in the Republic of the Congo.

## Incumbents

* President: Denis Sassou Nguesso

## Events

* October: 2019–2020 Congo River floods: Torrential rains causes floods along the Congo and Ubangi rivers causing the displacement of thousands of people.

## Sports

* 19 August: Republic of the Congo at the 2019 African Games.
# Lobivia pugionacantha

Lobivia pugionacantha, is a species of Lobivia found in Argentina and Bolivia. Lobivia is a genus of cacti.

## Description

Lobivia pugionacantha typically grows individually, though it can also form clusters. The shoots are spherical to egg-shaped, with a cloudy gray-green color, reaching heights of 8 to 15 centimeters and diameters of up to 4.5 centimeters. These shoots develop a long taproot and have about 17 ribs. Each shoot bears four to seven light yellow spines, which can be quite variable in shape, sometimes resembling daggers. These spiness point sideways and can reach lengths of up to 2.5 centimeters or more.
The flowers of Lobivia pugionacantha are funnel-shaped and emit a fragrant scent during the day. They come in shades ranging from yellow to pink or orange-red, measuring up to 4.5 centimeters in both length and diameter. The spherical fruits are semi-dry and split open upon maturity.

### Subspecies

Accepted subspecies:
* Lobivia pugionacantha subsp. haemantha (Rausch) Guiggi
* Lobivia pugionacantha subsp. pugionacantha
* Lobivia pugionacantha subsp. rossii (Boed.) Guiggi

## Distribution

This species is found in the Bolivian regions of Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, Potosí, Tarija, and possibly La Paz, as well as in the Argentine province of Jujuy at altitudes ranging from 3500 to 4000 meters.

## Taxonomy

First described as Echinopsis pugionacantha in 1931 by Joseph Nelson Rose and Friedrich Bödeker, the specific name "pugionacantha" is a combination of the Latin word "pugio," meaning 'dagger,' and the Greek word "akantha," meaning 'thorn.' Curt Backeberg later reclassified the species under the genus Lobivia in 1936.
# Thamanya Sayadaw

Thamanya Sayadaw U Vinaya (Burmese: သာမညဆရာတော် ဦးဝိနယ) was a prominent and influential Burmese Buddhist monk of Pa-O descent, best known for his doctrinal emphasis on metta.
He was first ordained as a novice at the age of 13 and received higher ordination on 3 June 1932 at the age of 20. He established a monastery and meditation retreat near his hometown, on Thamanya Hill, where he taught meditation and discourses. The area around his monastery was declared a sanctuary (ဘေးမဲ့ဒေသ) where nonviolence and vegetarianism were practiced. By the mid-1980s, followers established a thriving community around Thamanya Hill, comprising 5,000 households in the late 1990s, as the Sayadaw doled out free land tracts around his monastery.
In 1991, the Burmese government conferred him the title "Abhidhaja Agga Maha Saddhamma Jotika" for his charity and missionary works. He was known for his education and infrastructure projects, including the construction of the Thanlwin Bridge, a road that connects Myawaddy to Mae Sot and his sponsorship of local schools. However, he publicly criticized the ruling State Law and Order Restoration Council, refused its patronage and invitations to visit Yangon, while he publicly expressed support for Aung San Suu Kyi.
He died on 29 November 2003 and had suffered from diabetes and heart problems. On 2 April 2008, his corpse was mysteriously removed from tomb. Four days later, the unknown perpetrators notified monks that the corpse had been burnt, and was found at the site of a small stupa in Kawkada village. This act was widely considered a yadaya ritual.
# Dzierzbia

Dzierzbia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stawiski, within Kolno County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of Stawiski, 12 km (7 mi) south-east of Kolno, and 78 km (48 mi) west of the regional capital Białystok.
# Galaxy Turnpike

Galaxy Turnpike (ギャラクシー街道, Gyarakushī Kaidō) is a 2015 Japanese science fiction comedy film written and directed by Kōki Mitani. The film was released on October 24, 2015.

## Plot

The film is set in 2265.

## Cast

* Shingo Katori
* Haruka Ayase
* Shun Oguri
* Yūka
* Takanori Nishikawa
* Kenichi Endō
* Yasunori Danta [ja]
* Kanji Ishimaru
* Sayaka Akimoto
* Kenji Anan

## Development

Galaxy Turnpike was filmed at Toho Studios in Tokyo in March 2015.

## Reception

The film was number-one on its opening weekend in Japan, with ¥270 million. It was also number-one on its second weekend, with US$1.5 million.
# Einar Iveland

Einar Iveland (9 May 1892 – 15 May 1975) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.
He was born in Iveland.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Aust-Agder in 1950, but was not re-elected in 1954. He had previously served in the position of deputy representative during the term 1934–1936.
Iveland held various positions in Iveland municipality council from 1933 to 1950, and was chairman of Aust-Agder county council in 1940 and 1945–1949.
# Top-five play-offs

A play-off structure involving the top five teams is used to determine the winners of the Super League competition in British rugby league. Apart from the grand final, all matches are staged at the home ground of the team placed higher in the final league table.
The same system was used in the NSWRL's Sydney Competition 1973–1994, the Super League in its only season 1997, the VFL, 1972–1990 and New Zealand's Lion Red Cup, 1994–1996, and Bartercard Cup, 2000–2006.
From week two on the top-five play-offs system reflects exactly the Page playoff system.

## Procedure

Week one
* Qualification final: 2nd vs 3rd
* Elimination final: 4th vs 5th
* Bye: 1st
Week two
* Major semi-final: 1st vs winners of qualification final
* Minor semi-final: losers of qualification final vs winners of elimination final
Week three
* Preliminary final: losers of major semi-final vs winners of minor semi-final
* Bye: winners of major semi-final
Week four
* Grand final: winners of major semi-final vs winners of preliminary final
This is considered a good playoff system, as while it allows fifth place to take part, it is incredibly difficult for fourth and them to be crowned champions as they must beat every other team at some point.
The only NSWRL team to win the premiership from 5th was Brisbane in 1993.
In elite Australian Rules Football, only twice have the premiers won from fifth – Norwood in 1984 and North Adelaide in 2018. No AFL/VFL team won from fifth under this format (1972–1990), and no WAFL team has won under this format as of 2021.
If all matches have the same odds to win, then seed 1 has 37.5% to be champion; seed 2 and 3 have 25% to be champion; seed 4 and 5 have 6.25%;
Seed 1 has two chances to reach the final, and only needs to win 1 match to clinch it. It is only eliminated before the final if loses against both finalists, and doesn´t win any match.
Seed 2 and 3 need to win 2 out of 3 matches to reach the final (they are like in a best-of-3 semi-final, but with different opponents in any round).
Seed 4 and 5 need to win all other 4 opponents without loss to be crowned. Any loss means its elimination.

## Example

The 1994 NSWRL finals occurred as follows:
| Qualifying final | Qualifying final | Qualifying final | Major Semi-final | Major Semi-final | Major Semi-final | Preliminary final | Preliminary final | Preliminary final | Grand Final | Grand Final | Grand Final |
| | | | 1 | Canterbury | 19 | | | | 1 | Canterbury | 12 |
| | | | | Canberra | 18 | | | | 3 | Canberra | 36 |
| 2 | North Sydney | 12 | | | | Canberra | Canberra | 22 | | | |
| 3 | Canberra | 26 | Minor Semi-final | Minor Semi-final | Minor Semi-final | North Sydney | North Sydney | 9 | | | |
| | | | North Sydney | North Sydney | 15 | | | | | | |
| 4 | Manly | 4 | Brisbane | Brisbane | 14 | | | | | | |
| 5 | Brisbane | 16 | | | | | | | | | |
# Yusup Guguyev

Yusup Mukhtanovich Guguyev (Russian: Юсуп Мухтанович Гугуев; born 30 July 1972) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player.

## Club career

He made his Russian Football National League debut for FC Angusht Nazran on 26 March 2006 in a game against FC Terek Grozny. That was his only season in the FNL.

## Honours

* Russian Second Division Zone South top scorer: 1998 (29 goals), 2000 (30 goals).
# Cryptarius daugueti

Cryptarius daugueti is a species of sea catfish from the Mekong River basin which inhabits large rivers. It is found in brackish and fresh waters of Cambodia and Vietnam. This species has a maximum length of 26 centimetres (10 in) TL.

## Etymology

The catfish is named in honor of Paul Dauguet (1883–?), a French merchant seaman and the commander of the research vessel De Lanessan from which the holotype was collected.
# Saint Dominic (Titian)

Saint Dominic is an oil on canvas painting of Saint Dominic by Titian, from c. 1565. It is held in the Galleria Borghese, in Rome.

## Description

The painting depicts Saint Dominic de Guzmán, the founder of the Dominican Order. The saint is shown with the typical Dominican habit, with a white tunic, and a black cloak, with an hood on his head, in a brown background. He raises his left hand towards the sky, while around his head there is a thin white halo, as a symbol of his sainthood.
# Dzierżki

Dzierżki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Poświętne, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in northeastern Poland.
# Allen Bell (cyclist)

Allen Charles Bell (born October 11, 1933) is an American former cyclist. He competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was a medalist four times at the United States Amateur National Cycling Championships, once as a junior. In 1994 he was elected to the United States Bicycling Hall of Fame.
# Paul Ingebretsen

Paul Ingebretsen (15 October 1904–16 August 1968) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.
Ingebretsen was born in the city of Stavanger. He graduated as cand.jur. in 1927. He worked as Inspector of Taxes in Stavanger from 1947 to 1958.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament for the Market towns of Vest-Agder and Rogaland counties constituency in 1950 until 1953. He was later re-elected to represent Rogaland county in 1954 and again in 1958, serving in the parliament until 1961.
Ingebretsen held various positions on the Stavanger city council from 1934 to 1955, except for a period between 1940 and 1945 during the German occupation of Norway. He served as County Governor of Rogaland from 1959 until his death in 1968.
# Drabesha

Darbesha is a village development committee and the abode of Drabeshiyans (native inhabitants) in Morang District in Province No. 1 of south-eastern Nepal. It has been merged with Rangeli and known as part of the Rangeli Municipality since 2073 B.S. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 14,565 people living in 2709 individual households.
It was supposed to be only VDC in Nepal where signal of mobile and wireless service is not available. Although Ncell and NTC have built low quality smaller towers on neighbouring Rangeli and Kanepokhari routes, no signal was felt on device on this VDC. Ranjani Chowk in Darbesha only received signal which was extremely low. But it does receive signal of Ncell with the internet capacity of 2G now. NTC signals cannot be received yet, however. Cable TV and electricity has reached there. Recent Survey estimates that if huge tower would be installed in Darbesha-1, it would be able to serve good quality of signal to smartphone and mobile users in whole Darbesha including neighbouring VDCs.

## Population

Major languages in this VDC includes Nepali and Maithili.
This VDC is thickly populated with major Nepalese ethnic groups such as Rajbanshi, Tajpuriya, Poudar Brahmins, Maithil (indigenous Madhesi), Hill Brahmins and Chhetri.