OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Schmidt number

In fluid dynamics, the Schmidt number (denoted Sc) of a fluid is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity) and mass diffusivity, and it is used to characterize fluid flows in which there are simultaneous momentum and mass diffusion convection processes. It was named after German engineer Ernst Heinrich Wilhelm Schmidt (1892–1975).
The Schmidt number is the ratio of the shear component for diffusivity (viscosity divided by density) to the diffusivity for mass transfer D. It physically relates the relative thickness of the hydrodynamic layer and mass-transfer boundary layer.
It is defined as:
    $\mathrm {Sc} ={\frac {\nu }{D}}={\frac {\mu }{\rho D}}={\frac {\mbox{viscous diffusion rate}}{\mbox{molecular (mass) diffusion rate}}}={\frac {\mathrm {Pe} }{\mathrm {Re} }}$
where (in SI units):
* $\nu ={\tfrac {\mu }{\rho }}$ is the kinematic viscosity (m$^2$/s)
* D is the mass diffusivity (m$^2$/s).
* μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa·s = N·s/m$^2$ = kg/m·s)
* ρ is the density of the fluid (kg/m$^3$)
* Pe is the Peclet Number
* Re is the Reynolds Number.
The heat transfer analog of the Schmidt number is the Prandtl number (Pr). The ratio of thermal diffusivity to mass diffusivity is the Lewis number (Le).

## Turbulent Schmidt Number

The turbulent Schmidt number is commonly used in turbulence research and is defined as:
    $\mathrm {Sc} _{\mathrm {t} }={\frac {\nu _{\mathrm {t} }}{K}}$
where:
* $\nu _{\mathrm {t} }$ is the eddy viscosity in units of (m$^2$/s)
* $K$ is the eddy diffusivity (m$^2$/s).
The turbulent Schmidt number describes the ratio between the rates of turbulent transport of momentum and the turbulent transport of mass (or any passive scalar). It is related to the turbulent Prandtl number, which is concerned with turbulent heat transfer rather than turbulent mass transfer. It is useful for solving the mass transfer problem of turbulent boundary layer flows. The simplest model for Sct is the Reynolds analogy, which yields a turbulent Schmidt number of 1. From experimental data and CFD simulations, Sct ranges from 0.2 to 6.

## Stirling engines

For Stirling engines, the Schmidt number is related to the specific power. Gustav Schmidt of the German Polytechnic Institute of Prague published an analysis in 1871 for the now-famous closed-form solution for an idealized isothermal Stirling engine model.
    $\mathrm {Sc} ={\frac {\sum {\left|{Q}\right|}}{{\bar {p}}V_{sw}}}$
where:
* $\mathrm {Sc}$ is the Schmidt number
* $Q$ is the heat transferred into the working fluid
* ${\bar {p}}$ is the mean pressure of the working fluid
* $V_{sw}$ is the volume swept by the piston.
# Hord Hardin

Hord Wilson Hardin (January 3, 1912 – August 5, 1996) was the President of the United States Golf Association (USGA) from 1968 to 1969, then Chairman of the Masters Tournament and the Augusta National Golf Club from 1980 to 1991.

## Biography

Hardin was born in 1912 in St. Louis, Missouri and graduated from Washington University in St. Louis.
He worked as a lawyer. Later, he competed in six U.S. Amateurs between 1953 and 1963. He served as President of the USGA from 1968 to 1969, then Chairman of the Masters Tournament and the Augusta National Golf Club from 1980 to 1991. He was instrumental in the relocation of the Bellerive Country Club.
In a post-tournament victory interview at Butler Cabin following the 1985 Masters, Hardin seem to have implied no player really showed the want to win the tournament, to which winner Bernhard Langer disagreed. Subsequently, when asked by Hardin what his Masters' win will mean to his native country (Germany), Langer answered what the win meant to him personally and completely ignored Hord's question.
He died of a terminal illness in Harbor Springs, Michigan in 1996. He was also club champion Bellerive 22 times.
# John A. Farrell Stadium

John A. Farrell Stadium is an American stadium that is located in West Chester, Pennsylvania. It is primarily used by the West Chester University of Pennsylvania's football and track and field teams.

## Description

The stadium also served as the temporary home of the Philadelphia Independence of the Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) league during its inaugural season. Additionally, Farrell Stadium was home to the Philadelphia Eagles for its summer training camp from 1980 to 1995.
A statue of Michael Horrocks resides at one endzone of the field. Horrocks, a former Golden Rams quarterback, died 2001 in the September 11 attacks; he was a co-pilot of United Airlines Flight 175.
# Essaïd Abelouache

Essaïd Abelouache (born 20 July 1988) is a Moroccan racing cyclist, who rides for Emirati amateur team Al Shafar Jumeirah Cycling Team. He rode at the 2014 UCI Road World Championships.

## Major results
### 2011

    National Road Championships
       2nd Road race
       6th Time trial

### 2012

    Les Challenges de la Marche Verte
       2nd GP Al Massira
       8th GP Oued Eddahab
       9th GP Sakia El Hamra
    Challenge du Prince
       3rd Trophée Princier
       7th Trophée de la Maison Royale
    8th Road race, National Road Championships

### 2013

    Les Challenges de la Marche Verte
       1st GP Sakia El Hamra
       3rd GP Oued Eddahab
       5th GP Al Massira
    Tour du Maroc
       1st Points classification
       1st Stages 1 & 5
    3rd Overall 2012–13 UCI Africa Tour
    5th Overall Tour d'Algérie
       1st Points classification
    Challenge du Prince
       5th Trophée Princier
       7th Trophée de la Maison Royale
       7th Trophée de l'Anniversaire
    6th Time trial, National Road Championships

### 2014

    Les Challenges de la Marche Verte
       1st GP Sakia El Hamra
       4th GP Oued Eddahab
    1st Stage 3 Tour d'Algérie
    2nd Overall Grand Prix Chantal Biya
    3rd Critérium International d'Alger
    Challenge du Prince
       3rd Trophée de l'Anniversaire
       4th Trophée de la Maison Royale
    4th Road race, National Road Championships
    5th Critérium International de Blida
    6th Grand Prix d'Oran
    8th Overall Tour du Maroc

### 2015

    Challenge du Prince
       1st Trophée de l'Anniversaire
       2nd Trophée Princier
       5th Trophée de la Maison Royale
    Les Challenges de la Marche Verte
       1st GP Oued Eddahab
       2nd GP Sakia El Hamra
       5th GP Al Massira
    La Tropicale Amissa Bongo
       1st Sprints classification
       1st Stage 6 (TTT)
    2nd Road race, National Road Championships
    3rd Overall UCI Africa Tour
    3rd UAE Cup
    Challenge des phosphates
       3rd Grand Prix Fkih Ben Saleh
       4th Grand Prix de Khouribga
       10th Grand Prix de Ben Guerir
    5th Circuit d'Alger
    8th Overall Tour d'Egypte

### 2016

    1st Overall Tour International de Sétif
       1st Mountains classification
       1st Stage 2
    2nd Overall Tour d'Oranie
    2nd Circuit de Constantine
    3rd Overall Tour de Blida
    3rd Overall Tour de Constantine
       1st Mountains classification
    4th Overall Tour d'Annaba
       1st Mountains classification
       1st Stage 4
    5th Overall Tour of Mersin
       1st Points classification
       1st Stage 4
    7th Grand Prix d'Oran
    10th Circuit d'Alger
    10th Critérium International de Blida

### 2017

    1st Road race, National Road Championships
    2nd Trophée Princier, Challenge du Prince
    9th GP Sakia El Hamra, Les Challenges de la Marche Verte

### 2018

    10th Overall Grand Prix International de la ville d'Alger
# The Crowning with Thorns (Titian, Munich)

The Crowning with Thorns or Christ Crowned with Thorns is an oil on canvas painting by Titian, executed in 1576, now in the Alte Pinakothek in Munich. It is a typical composition from his final period. and can be compared with an earlier 1542 work of his on the same subject.
# Poladha (Hazara tribe)

The Poladha (alternatively Polada, Poladi, Foladi); (Dari: پولادی) is a tribe of Hazara inhabit mainly in Afghanistan, of the Southern branch of Hazara.

## Origin

One study indicated that Maknak, Kalo Zaida, Khurdak Zaida, Kim Sung, Maradina are also subset of Poladha; especially the Dahla tribe (possibly extinct) was a subset of the Poladha.
# DeAndra' Cobb

DeAndra' Cobb (born May 18, 1981) is an American former professional football running back. He was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the sixth round of the 2005 NFL draft. He played college football for the Michigan State Spartans.
Cobb was also a member of the Jacksonville Jaguars, Hamilton Tiger-Cats, and Montreal Alouettes.

## Early life

Cobb attended Clark High School in Las Vegas, Nevada and was a letterman in football and track. In track, he finished second in the 100 meters at the 1999 Nevada Class 4A Championships, and ran a personal best of 10.4 seconds in the 100 meters. He graduated from Clark High School in 1999.

## College career

He was regarded as one of the premier kickoff returners in college football, returning four kickoffs for touchdowns (one return shy of the Big Ten Conference record of five) for the Michigan State Spartans in 24 games played. He earned first-team All-America honors after setting a Michigan State single-season record with three kickoff returns for touchdowns as a junior, which also tied an NCAA Division I record shared with six others.

## Professional career
### National Football League

Cobb was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the 2005 NFL draft in the sixth round. Before the 2006 NFL season the Falcons released Cobb. He was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars on December 22, 2006, but never played a game for them and was subsequently released.

### Hamilton Tiger-Cats

Cobb was signed by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats on May 29, 2009. He was released on June 25, 2009, before being re-signed to the practice roster. He made his professional debut on July 10, 2009, in the Ti-Cats' victory over the BC Lions and was named the CFL's offensive player of the week. In the game, he ran for 110 yards over 14 carries and made 5 receptions for 75 yards including a 48-yard touchdown catch in the fourth quarter that gave Hamilton it 31–28 win; its first of the season and ended the Ti-Cats' nine-game losing streak against the Lions.
He rushed for over one thousand yards in both seasons with the Ticats (1207 and 1173.)
On March 1, 2011, Cobb was released by the Tiger-Cats.

### Montreal Alouettes

Cobb was signed by the Montreal Alouettes on March 18, 2011.
After sustaining an injury in training camp, he was released by the Alouettes on July 12.

## Teaching

DeAndra' Cobb now works as a Physical Education teacher at Somerset Academy in Henderson, Nevada.
# K. A. Shanmuga Mudaliar

K. A. Shanmuga Mudaliar (2 November 1885 - 17 July 1978) is an Indian educationalist, freedom fighter, and politician. He was former Chairman and former Member of the Legislative Assembly from Tirupattur constituency as a Congress candidate. He worked for the development of education in the Gudiyatham area of Tirupattur. He donated 47 acres of land his oun land and Rupees 5 lakhs to set up the Government Thirumagal Mill's College.
He served as President of Sengunthar Mahajana Sangam for more than 20 years.
# Landesbank Berlin Holding

Landesbank Berlin Holding (formerly Bankgesellschaft Berlin; FWB: BEB2) is a large commercial bank based in Berlin, Germany. It is the holding company of the Berliner Sparkasse and Landesbank. In 2007, LBB was taken over by the Deutscher Sparkassen- und Giroverband (DSGV). Berlin was forced to sell its stake by the European Commission as a condition of permitting the bailout of the then Bankgesellschaft Berlin, which had gotten into difficulties due to a real-estate scandal. In 2010, a net profit of EUR 317 million was reported.
LBB has been designated as a Significant Institution since the entry into force of European Banking Supervision in late 2014, and as a consequence is directly supervised by the European Central Bank.
# Richard Dougherty

Richard Leo "Dick" Dougherty (August 5, 1932 – November 23, 2016) was an American ice hockey player. He led the United States to a silver medal at the 1956 Winter Olympics. He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2003. Dougherty was born in Fort Frances, Ontario, Canada but moved to International Falls when he was 5 years old. He attended the University of Minnesota, where he was a brother of Phi Gamma Delta. Dougherty died November 23, 2016, at the age of 84.

## Awards and honors

| Award | Year |
| All-MCHL First Team | 1952–53 |
| All-WIHL First Team | 1953–54 |
| AHCA First Team All-American | 1953–54 |
| NCAA All-Tournament Second Team | 1954 |
# Togoland Congress

The Togoland Congress (TCP) was a political party formed in 1951 which had won three seats in the Gold Coast elections of April 1954 and two seats in the July 1956 elections, but did not survive for long afterwards. The Togoland Congress's goal was to campaign for the unification of the Ewe people in British Togoland and French Togoland as a separate Ewe state; however the party yet again failed in the May 1956 UN plebiscite held in British Togoland, which had resulted in the unification of British Togoland and the Gold Coast.

## Parliamentary elections

| Election | Number of TC votes | Share of votes | Seats | +/- | Position | Outcome of election |
| 1956 | 20,352 | 2.92% | 2 | 1 | 4th | Minority in parliament |
| 1954 | 25,214 | 3.57% | 3 | | 3rd | Minority in parliament |
# Isfahan (song)

"Isfahan" is a jazz piece credited to Billy Strayhorn and Duke Ellington and released on Ellington's 1967 album The Far East Suite; Isfahan is a city in Iran. It features long-time Ellington soloist Johnny Hodges on alto saxophone. It was originally called "Elf" when Strayhorn composed it, months before the 1963 Ellington orchestra world tour during which the group traveled to Iran.

## Legacy

In The Penguin Guide to Jazz, Richard Cook and Brian Morton have suggested that "Isfahan is arguably the most beautiful item in Ellington's and Strayhorn's entire output."
In 1988 the song was presented in Studio Sessions New York 1963 by LMR label and later on by the Saja Records.

## Notable covers

* 1980 – Heard Ranier Ferguson in album Heard Ranier Ferguson (Track #2)
* 1980 – Gary Burton in album Easy as Pie (Track #5)
* 1981 – Arnett Cobb in album Funky Butt (Track #7)
* 1985 – Joe Pass in album Akron Concert (Part #1 in track #6, Duke Ellington Medley)
* 1987 – Art Farmer in album Something to Live For (Track #1)
* 1992 – Joe Henderson in album Lush Life (Track #1)
* 1999 – André Previn in album We Got It Good and That Ain’t Bad: A Duke Ellington Songbook (Track #2)
* 2005 – Grace Kelly in album Times Too (Track #1)
* 2012 – Joe Jackson with Steve Vai in album The Duke (Track #1)

## Personnel

* Cootie Williams — trumpet
* William "Cat" Anderson — trumpet
* Mercer Ellington — trumpet & flugelhorn
* Herbie Jones — trumpet & flugelhorn
* Lawrence Brown — trombone
* Buster Cooper — trombone
* Chuck Connors — trombone
* Jimmy Hamilton — clarinet & tenor saxophone
* Johnny Hodges — alto saxophone (solo)
* Russell Procope — alto saxophone & clarinet
* Paul Gonsalves — tenor saxophone
* Harry Carney — baritone saxophone
* Duke Ellington — piano
* John Lamb — bass
* Rufus Jones — drums
# Houston McTear

Houston McTear (February 12, 1957 – November 1, 2015) was an American sprinter, who emerged from desperate poverty in the Florida Panhandle to become an international track star in the mid-1970s.
McTear rated in the top 10 in the 100 meters for the United States from 1975–1980, but he was stronger at shorter distances, including 60 meters. His 1978 world record in the 60 meters (6.54 s) stood up until it was broken by Ben Johnson in 1986. McTear ran a 6.38 in 1980, but that mark has been invalidated due to "questionable timing". If that time were to stand, it would still be the second best all time performance. However, his meteoric rise was effectively ended by the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics.

## Early promise

Born and raised in Okaloosa County, Florida, McTear attended Baker High School and won state titles in the 100 and 220 yards four times, the only Florida high school athlete ever to do so. He recorded a 9.0 mark in the 100-yard dash as a high schooler in a preliminary heat of the Florida state championship meet in Winter Park, but the world record time was not recognized because it was hand-timed. The time remains the NFHS national high school record in the discontinued event; he was the 1975 High School Athlete of the Year, as selected by Track and Field News.
At the 1976 U.S. Olympic Trials in Eugene, Oregon, McTear ran a 10.16 sec over 100 meters (109.36 yards), at the time the fastest ever run under any condition by a Florida high school athlete. It remains fourth-best on the all-time list, only surpassed by Jeffery Demps, Marvin Bracy, and Trayvon Bromell, all born well over a decade after McTear's performance.

## International stardom

McTear qualified for the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal in the 100 meters, but an achilles tendon injury suffered in the Olympic Trials forced him to withdraw from the Olympic field. He was replaced by Johnny "Lam" Jones, who finished sixth. The American 4 x 100 meter relay team won the gold medal, led by McTear's rival Harvey Glance.
McTear appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated in 1978, and qualified for the U.S. Olympic team in 1980, but the U.S. boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics prevented his participation. From there he fell into drug use and was homeless for three years during the 1980s. He attempted a comeback in the early 1990s and won the 60 meters at the Swedish Indoor Championships in 1990 with a time of 6.68s.

## Personal

McTear was married to the Swedish sprinter Linda Haglund. They lived in Sweden and owned a sports consulting business.
McTear died of lung cancer on November 1, 2015, aged 58, in Stockholm. He was survived by four children and his widow, Haglund, who died on November 21, 2015, only three weeks after McTear's death, also from cancer.

## Rankings

McTear was ranked among the best in the world and the US in his event from 1975 to 1980, according to Track and Field News.
| Year | Event | World rank | US rank |
| 1975 | 100 meters | 10th | 3rd |
| 1976 | 100 meters | - | 6th |
| 1977 | 100 meters | 2nd | 1st |
| 1978 | 100 meters | - | 6th |
| 1979 | 100 meters | 4th | 3rd |
| 1980 | 100 meters | - | 9th |
# Alikhoja

Alikhoja is a census town in Chinsurah Mogra CD Block in Chinsurah subdivision of Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## Geography
### Location

Alikhoja is located at 22°58′42″N 88°22′14″E﻿ / ﻿22.97843°N 88.370669°E﻿ / 22.97843; 88.370669.
Hansghara, Kola, Alikhoja, Amodghata, Shankhanagar and Chak Bansberia form a cluster of census towns on the eastern side of Bansberia and includes Mogra and Bara Khejuria (outgrowth).
The area is composed of flat alluvial plains that form a part of the Gangetic Delta. The high west bank of the tidal Hooghly River is highly industrialised.

### Urbanisation

There are 13 statutory towns and 64 census towns in Hooghly district. The right bank of the Hooghly River has been industrialised over a long period. With the leading European powers dominating the area's industry, trade and commerce for over two centuries, it is amongst the leading industrialised areas in the state. At the same time the land is fertile and agricultural production is significant.
In Chinsurah subdivision 68.63% of the population is rural and the urban population is 31.37%. It has 2 statutory and 23 census towns. In Chinsurah Mogra CD Block 64.87% of the population is urban and 35.13% is rural. Amongst the four remaining CD Blocks in the subdivision two were overwhelmingly rural and two were wholly rural.
The map alongside shows a portion of Chinsurah subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Demographics

As per 2011 Census of India Alikhoja had a total population of 4,613 of which 2,278 (49%) were males and 2,335 (51%) were females. Population below 6 years was 382. The total number of literates in Alikhoja was 3,664 (86.6% of the population over 6 years).

## Transport

Alikhoja is on State Highway 13/ Grand Trunk Road. Mogra railway station is the nearest railway station.
# Khalid Sekkat

Khalid Sekkat (Arabic: خالد سقاط; born on 12 May 1984 in Fes) is a Moroccan footballer who plays for Wydad Casablanca and the Moroccan national team.
# Lahcen Saber

Lahcen Saber (born 1 January 1990) is a Moroccan cyclist.

## Major results
### 2010

    8th GP Oued Eddahab, Les Challenges de la Marche Verte

### 2011

    2nd Under-23 time trial, National Road Championships
    9th Trophée de la Maison Royale, Challenge du Prince
    9th Grand Prix Khouribga, Challenge des phosphates

### 2013

    7th Overall Tour de Tipaza
    Les Challenges de la Marche Verte
       7th GP Oued Eddahab
       8th GP Sakia El Hamra
    8th Trophée de la Maison Royale, Challenge du Prince

### 2014

    10th Overall Tour of Rwanda
    10th Overall Tour du Maroc

### 2015

    1st Stage 6 (TTT) La Tropicale Amissa Bongo
    Challenge des phosphates
       1st Grand Prix de Ben Guerir
       2nd Grand Prix Fkih Ben Saleh
    National Road Championships
       5th Road race
       6th Time trial
    Challenge du Prince
       5th Trophée de l'Anniversaire
       6th Trophée de la Maison Royale
       9th Trophée Princier
    Les Challenges de la Marche Verte
       5th GP Oued Eddahab
       6th GP Sakia El Hamra
    8th Overall Sharjah International Cycling Tour
    9th Overall Tour du Faso

### 2016

    3rd Team time trial, African Road Championships
    6th Time trial, National Road Championships

### 2017

    7th Overall Tour du Cameroun

### 2022

    3rd Trophée Princier, Challenge du Prince
    4th Road race, National Road Championships

### 2023

    1st Stage 3 Tour du Sahel
# Alpial

The Alpial is a Rajput tribe found in the Rawalpindi and Attock Districts of Pakistani Punjab.
# Squatting in Vanuatu

Squatting in the Republic of Vanuatu (an island country in the South Pacific Ocean) is the occupation of unused land or derelict buildings without the permission of the owner. After independence in 1980, informal settlements developed in cities such as Luganville and the capital Port Vila. Land in Vanuatu is either custom land owned by indigenous peoples or public land owned by the republic.

## History

The Republic of Vanuatu is an island country in the South Pacific Ocean which became independent in 1980. After 1980, internal migrants began to cluster in informal settlements around Port Vila, the capital city, which is on the island of Efate. People are forced to squat because of bad governance, the paucity of affordable housing and the lack of access to credit. The settlements do not have sanitation and are formed of shacks. Rental agreements are informal and not legally binding.
Settlements in Port Vila include Blaksans (first occupied in the 1960s) and Freswin, where settlers came on invitation of the customary land owner. The second biggest city is Luganville on the island of Espiritu Santo, where people live in informal settlements called La Milice, Mango, Pepsi, Rowok, Sarakata and St Michel. Mango was first settled by Vietnamese migrants who constructed shelters out of scrap metal left behind by the United States Army. The Vietnamese were repatriated in the 1960s and it was then occupied by Ni-Vanuatu migrants.

## Legal

Land in Vanuatu is either custom land owned by indigenous peoples or public land owned by the republic. Rural land is custom, urban land is public and peri-urban land can be either. The relevant laws are the 1980 constitution, the 1980 Land Reform Act, the 1983 Land Leases Act and the 2013 Custom Land Management Act. The principle of adverse possession does not exist.

## Recent

In 2015, indigenous chiefs at Mele village near Port Vila asked squatters to go home. A chief in Lenakel, on the island of Tanna, said he believed most of the squatters had migrated from Tanna and asked them to harvest their crops and then return. The following year, fifty chiefs met at the Vaturisu Council of Chiefs of Efate and resolved that squatting should be better regulated.