OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dibek, Nusaybin

Dibek, also known as Daskan, (Arabic: بادبة; Kurdish: Badibê; Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܕܒ̈ܐ, romanized: Beth Debe, lit. 'House of the Bear') is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Nusaybin, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Assyrians and Kurds and had a population of 45 in 2021. The Kurdish population is Yazidi. It is located atop Mount Izla in the historic region of Tur Abdin.
In the village, there is a Syriac Orthodox church of the Mother of God.

## History

Beth Debe (today called Dibek) is attested in AD 776/777 (AG 1088) in an inscription, engraved by Cyril of Aynwardo, at the Mor Gabriel Monastery, in which it is recorded that stone which had been quarried at the village in 768/769 (AG 1080) by Zechariah of Aynwardo was transported to the monastery by his shawshbino (relative by sponsorship) Isaiah of Fofyath. In the Life of Gabriel of Qartmin, Mor Gabriel of Beth Qustan (d. 648) is credited with having commissioned the stone.
350 people from Beth Debe were killed by Hamza Beg in 1711. Three Syriac Orthodox monks from Beth Debe were recorded in 1870, including one named Gawriyyah residing in the village whilst another called Danḥā was at the nearby Monastery of Morī Ya‘qūb, and the third monk Yūsef was abbot of the Monastery of Mar Awgin. The Syriac Catholic bishop Gabriel Tappouni recorded that 250 Assyrians in 50 families populated Beth Debe in 1913 and were served by one priest. The village was inhabited by 250 or 400 Assyrians in 1914, as per the list presented to the Paris Peace Conference by the Assyro-Chaldean delegation. In 1915, there were 40 Assyrian families. They adhered to the Syriac Orthodox Church.
Amidst the Sayfo, refugees from neighbouring villages fled to Beth Debe, including 20 families from Sederi, 20 families from Kharabe-Mishka, and some from Mor Bobo, and they built defensive barriers. The villagers received weapons and ammunition from Sarokhano Agha, the temporary leader of the Chelebi faction of the Haverkan confederation, who also warned them the night before of the planned attack on Beth Debe. In early August, the village was attacked by the Hajo, Ali Batte, Doman, Chumaran, Dayre, Surgechi, Bunusra, Omaran, and Alike tribes in addition to Qaddur Bey with the Nisibis militia whilst the villagers were reinforced by one hundred armed men from the Monastery of Mor Malke. The battle lasted for fifteen days and nights until the Kurds retreated prior to the holiday of Saint Mary in mid-August and resulted in the death of 18 Assyrians and 30 Kurds. The Assyrians at Beth Debe then took refuge at the Mor Malke Monastery following the Kurds' withdrawal.
The village had a population of 356 in 1960. There were 410 Turoyo-speaking Christians in 65 families at the village in 1967. In 1987, only one Assyrian family inhabited Beth Debe, and by the following year there were no remaining Assyrians.
# Samuel McGaw

Samuel McGaw VC (1838 – 22 July 1878) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

## Details

McGaw was about 36 years old, and a lance-sergeant in the 42nd Regiment of Foot (later The Black Watch Royal Highlanders), British Army during the First Ashanti Expedition when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.
On 21 January 1874 at the Battle of Amoaful, Ashanti (now Ghana), Lance-Sergeant McGaw led his section through the bush in a most excellent manner and continued to do so throughout the day, although badly wounded early in the engagement.

## Further information

He later achieved the rank of sergeant. He died of a fever whilst serving with his regiment in Cyprus. He is now buried in The Old British Cemetery in Kyrenia, North Cyprus.

## The medal

Samuel McGaw's Victoria Cross is on public display in the Lord Ashcroft VC Gallery at the Imperial War Museum in London.
# Dorset (district)

Dorset is a unitary authority area, existing since 1 April 2019, in the ceremonial county of Dorset, England. It covers all of the ceremonial county except for Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole. The council of the district is Dorset Council, which is in effect Dorset County Council re-constituted so as to be vested with the powers and duties of five district councils which were abolished, and shedding its partial responsibility for and powers in Christchurch.

## History and statutory process

Statutory instruments for re-organisation of Dorset (as to local government) were made in May 2018. These implemented the Future Dorset plan to see all councils then existing within the county abolished and replaced by two new unitary authorities on 1 April 2019.
* The unitary authorities of Bournemouth and Poole merged with the non-metropolitan district of Christchurch to create a single unitary authority called Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council, which has since created a BCP abbreviation in much of its work and amenities, to serve the coastal conurbation.
* Weymouth and Portland, West Dorset, North Dorset, Purbeck and East Dorset (non-metropolitan districts) combined with the functions vested in Dorset County Council to form Dorset Council.

## Rationale and other tiers of government

As regards to planning decisions, highways, cleaning, education and social care no confusion remains as to the potentially relevant body (including occasional open conflict of powers/responsibilities) between two tiers of local government (which can be the case where county and district councils co-exist).
Significant saving (economy of scale) follows from one highly skilled and well-remunerated executive and one body of councillors as compared to six each of varying functions. Co-working measures had long been shown locally to make inroads towards an efficient, combined approach. This delivers better value for ratepayers.
Allaying fears of democratic deficit, the council area's population, approximately 380,000, is smaller than the most populous and complex or larger unitary authorities such as Birmingham City Council (serving more than 1,000,000 people) and Wiltshire Council (covering a larger area).
All of the unitary authority area retains another tier of local government, by having a civil parish, a late Victorian innovation which has been reduced to a consultative planning and minor amenities role such as co-funding events, festivities, footpaths and sports facilities during the 20th century. The funding of civil parishes is through a small tax supplement to council tax known as civil parish precept.
# Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes) Act 1962

The Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes) Act 1962 (No 29) is an act of the Oireachtas.
The act repealed various acts of the pre-Union Parliament of Ireland, passed from 1459 to 1800, either wholly or in part, including the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 making the king of England also king of Ireland, the Counties of Leix and Offaly Act 1556 declaring the title of the Crown to those counties, and various acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, and the Irish version of the Act of Union 1800. Some of the equivalent English and British acts which also applied to Ireland were not explicitly repealed in the Republic of Ireland until later statute law revision acts (for example, the British version of the Act of Union in the Statute Law Revision Act 1983), even though their application had been overtaken by events.
This act has not been amended.
# Abdul Sattar Murad

Abdul Sattar Murad is a politician in Afghanistan.
Murad was born on March 16, 1958, in Parwan province. He completed his bachelor's degree in political science in June 1976 at Jawaharlal Nehru University in India. In 1979, he joined the Military Academy in India and completed the Academy in 1980. In 1988, he joined the Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, USA, for a postgraduate program in public administration. In June 2000, he received his M.A. degree in public administration from the Faculty of Economics and Administration at the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Murad held various positions in the government of Afghanistan. Between 1991 and 1995, he was general director of First Political Division at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was assigned as minister counselor and chargé d'affaires at the Afghanistan Embassy in Malaysia from 1995 to 2002. Following the collapse of the Taliban, he was appointed as Governor of Kapisa province from 2004 to 2006.
He was selected as chairman of the political committee of Jamiat-e-Islami of Afghanistan, the country's largest political party, by the leadership council of the party in 2007.
From May 2015 until 2017, he was minister of economy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
# Doğançay, Midyat

Doğançay (Kurdish: Mizîzex; Syriac: Mzīzāḥ) is a village in the district of Midyat, Mardin Province in Turkey. It is populated by Assyrians and by Kurds of the Zaxuran tribe. The village had a population of 159 in 2021. It is located in the historic region of Tur Abdin.

## History

In 1914, Mzīzāḥ (today called Doğançay) was inhabited by 350 Assyrians, according to the list presented to the Paris Peace Conference by the Assyro-Chaldean delegation. They adhered to the Syriac Orthodox Church. Amidst the Sayfo, the Assyrians of Mzīzāḥ fled with their possessions in July 1915 upon hearing of the attack on Midyat to ‘Ayn-Wardo, where they subsequently came under siege. Mas’ud Shabo from the Musa Gebro family of Mzīzāḥ was chosen to lead the defence of ‘Ayn-Wardo. Those who attempted to return Mzīzāḥ after a ceasefire had been agreed were shot. The Assyrians were able to return to the village with the aid of Çelebi Ağa after his release from prison following the end of the First World War.
The first Turkish primary school was founded at Mzīzāḥ in 1953. In 1960, the population was 927. There were 724 Turoyo-speaking Christians in 100 families at Mzīzāḥ in 1966 and were served by one priest. By 1980, the village was inhabited by 150 families, half of whom were Assyrian whilst the other half was Kurdish. In the late 20th century, a number of Assyrians emigrated abroad to Germany. In 2003, the restoration of the Church of Mar-Yuhanon was financed by the village's expatriate community.

## Demography

The following is a list of the number of Assyrian families that have inhabited Mzīzāḥ per year stated. Unless otherwise stated, all figures are from the list provided in Eastern Christianity, Theological Reflection on Religion, Culture, and Politics in the Holy Land and Christian Encounter with Islam and the Muslim World, as noted in the bibliography below.
* 1915: 70
* 1966: 100
* 1979: 80
* 1981: 56
* 1987: 35
* 1995: 8
* 1997: 7
* 2013: 6–7
The following is a list of the number of Kurdish families that have inhabited Mzīzāḥ per year stated.
* 1915: 50
* 2013: 18

## Notable people

* Derwich Ferho (b. 1961), Kurdish activist
# La Gouesnière

La Gouesnière (French pronunciation:; Breton: Gouenaer) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.
Charles de Gaulle, on a trip to Brittany, stopped in the city on 11 September 1960 before joining Saint-Malo.
La Gouesnière is twinned with Saint-Désert wine village, in the heart of the Burgundy vineyard, quoted in the poem of Aragon, The conscript of the hundred villages, written as an act of intellectual Resistance in a clandestine way in the spring of 1943, during the Second World War.

## Population

Inhabitants of La Gouesnière are called Gouesnériens in French.
# Proof-carrying code

Proof-carrying code (PCC) is a software mechanism that allows a host system to verify properties about an application via a formal proof that accompanies the application's executable code. The host system can quickly verify the validity of the proof, and it can compare the conclusions of the proof to its own security policy to determine whether the application is safe to execute. This can be particularly useful in ensuring memory safety (i.e. preventing issues like buffer overflows).
Proof-carrying code was originally described in 1996 by George Necula and Peter Lee.

## Packet filter example

The original publication on proof-carrying code in 1996 used packet filters as an example: a user-mode application hands a function written in machine code to the kernel that determines whether or not an application is interested in processing a particular network packet. Because the packet filter runs in kernel mode, it could compromise the integrity of the system if it contains malicious code that writes to kernel data structures. Traditional approaches to this problem include interpreting a domain-specific language for packet filtering, inserting checks on each memory access (software fault isolation), and writing the filter in a high-level language which is compiled by the kernel before it is run. These approaches have performance disadvantages for code as frequently run as a packet filter, except for the in-kernel compilation approach, which only compiles the code when it is loaded, not every time it is executed.
With proof-carrying code, the kernel publishes a security policy specifying properties that any packet filter must obey: for example, the packet filter will not access memory outside of the packet and its scratch memory area. A theorem prover is used to show that the machine code satisfies this policy. The steps of this proof are recorded and attached to the machine code which is given to the kernel program loader. The program loader can then rapidly validate the proof, allowing it to thereafter run the machine code without any additional checks. If a malicious party modifies either the machine code or the proof, the resulting proof-carrying code is either invalid or harmless (still satisfies the security policy).
# List of linear integrated circuits

The following is a list of linear integrated circuits. Many were among the first analog integrated circuits commercially produced; some were groundbreaking innovations, and many are still being used.
| Part number | Predecessor | Obsolete? | Description |
| 555 timer IC | | No | Timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. |
| 78xx | | No | Family of self-contained fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits. |
| Current conveyor | | | Electronic amplifier with unity gain. Three versions of generations of the idealised device, CCI, CCII and CCIII. |
| Low-dropout regulator (LDO) | | | DC linear voltage regulator that can regulate the output voltage even when the supply voltage is very close to the output voltage. |
| Hitachi HA12043 | | Yes | CX noise reduction system for phonograph records in the 1980s. |
| Hitachi HA12044 | | Yes | CX noise reduction system for phonograph records in the 1980s. |
| MK484 | | | Fully functional AM radio detector on a chip. Constructed in a TO-92 case. |
| NE612 | | | Oscillator and a mixer. Used in ham radio applications. |
| Operational amplifier | | | DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. |
| Telefunken U401B | | Yes | High quality High Com analogue compander for audio in the 1970s. |
| Telefunken U401BG | Telefunken U401B | Yes | High quality High Com analogue compander for audio in the 1970s. |
| Telefunken U401BR | Telefunken U401BG | Yes | High quality High Com analogue compander for audio in the 1970s/1980s. |
| Telefunken U2141B | | Yes | CX noise reduction system for phonograph records in the 1980s. |
| ZN414 | | | Single-chip AM radio integrated circuit from 1972. |
| LM317 | | | Adjustable 1.5 A positive voltage regulator (1.25 V-37 V) |
| LM13700 | | | Two current controlled operational transconductance amplifiers (OTA), each having differential inputs and a push-pull output. |
| LM393 | | No | Dual Differential Comparator |
| LM358 | | No | Low power, wide supply range dual op-amps |
| LM386 | | | Low voltage audio power amplifier |
| LM3875 | | | High-performance 56 W audio power amplifier |
# William of Kilkenny

William of Kilkenny (died 21 September 1256) was a Lord Chancellor of England and Bishop of Ely.

## Life

William may be the same William of Kilkenny who was elected Bishop of Ossory in 1231, but resigned the office in 1232 before being consecrated. Whether or not that was the case, the man who later became bishop of Ely was a king's clerk by 1234. He was sent to Rome on royal business twice, once in 1234–1235 and again in 1237. In 1238 he left royal service, and was employed by two successive bishops of Durham, Nicholas of Farnham and Richard Poore. By May 1247 he was back in royal service, for in that month King Henry III of England sent him overseas.
William was Archdeacon of Coventry, from November 1247, as well as controller of the wardrobe from 1249 to 1252, and chancellor from 1250 to 1255.
William was elected to the see of Ely about 29 September 1254 and consecrated on 15 August 1255 at Bellay in Savoy by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Boniface of Savoy.
William died on 21 September 1256, in Spain where he had gone on a diplomatic mission for the king. His heart was sent to Ely for burial in Ely Cathedral. His only known relative was a nephew who held land in Waterford and was knighted in 1254. He had constructed an elaborate tomb that remained empty, and is now located near the high altar in the north choir aisle of Ely Cathedral. His heart was buried near the altar of Saint Etheldreda.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 4 Stacey "Kilkenny, William of" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
* ↑ Greenway Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces): Ely: Bishops
* ↑ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 85
* 1 2 Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 244
* ↑ Sayers "Once 'Proud Prelate'" Journal of the British Archaeological Association pp. 77–78
# Edmond de Biéville

Edmond de Biéville, full name Charles-Henri-Étienne-Edmond Desnoyers de Biéville, (30 May 1814 – 1 January 1880) was a French journalist and playwright.
The poet Fernand Desnoyers (1826-1869) was his brother.
A student at the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in 1832, he made his debut in the vaudeville under the pseudonyme Edmond de Biéville.
He was responsible for writing the theatrical reports for the newspaper Le Siècle from 1856 until his death.

## Works
### Theatre

* 1836: L'Homéopathie, comédie en vaudevilles in 1 act by Biéville and Narcisse Fournier, Gymnase-Dramatique (13 October)
* 1837: Sans nom ! ou Drames et Romans, mystère-folie-vaudeville in 1 act by Biéville and Théaulon, Gymnase-Dramatique (22 July)
* 1837: De l'or ! ou le Rêve d'un savant, comédy in 1 act mixed with distincts by Biéville and Bayard, Gymnase-Dramatique (11 November)
* 1839: Geneviève la blonde, comédie en vaudevilles in two acts by Biéville and Bayard, théâtre des Variétés (22 May)
* 1840: Les Enfants de troupe, comedy in 2 acts mixed with songs, by Biéville and Bayard, Gymnase-dramatique (16 January)
* 1842: Talma en congé, vaudeville in 1 act by Biéville and Charles Redier, Gymnase-Dramatique (31 July)
* 1844: Au bord de l'abîme, ou Un roman à la mode, comédie en vaudevilles in 1 act by Biéville and Fournier, Gymnase-Dramatique (15 November)
* 1845: La Contrebasse, vaudeville in 1 act by Biéville, Théâtre du Palais-Royal (1 July)
* 1845: Les Couleurs de Marguerite, comédie en vaudevilles in 2 acts by Biéville and Bayard, Gymnase-Dramatique (4 October)
* 1847: La Sirène du Luxembourg, ou l'Amour et la Police, comédie en vaudevilles in 2 acts by Biéville and ***, Variétés (30 July)
* 1848: La Femme blasée, comédie en vaudevilles by Biéville and Fournier, Gymnase-Dramatique (8 March)
* 1848: Éric ou le Fantôme, drama in 3 acts by Biéville and Fournier, Théâtre de la Gaité (23 May)
* 1849: L'Année prochaine, ou Qui vivra verra, comédie en vaudevilles in 1 act by Biéville and Bayard, Gymnase-Dramatique (28 December)
* 1852: Los dansores espagnolas, jocosa toquadillas in 1 act by Biéville and Bayard, Palais-Royal (3 February)
* 1852: Une poule mouillée, vaudeville in 1 act by Biéville and Bayard, Palais-Royal (9 November)
* 1852: Le Fils de famille, comédie en vaudevilles in 3 acts by Biéville and Bayard, Gymnase-Dramatique (25 November)
* 1856: Les Fanfarons du vice, comedy in 3 acts by Biéville and Dumanoir, Gymnase-Dramatique (6 June)
# Dieter Pohl (physicist)

Dieter Pohl (Wolfgang Dieter Pohl, born 1938) is a German–Swiss physicist. He became known especially for his pioneering works in nano-optics, near field optics (NFO), and plasmonics.
Pohl studied at the University of Stuttgart and the Technische Universität München (TUM) where he did his doctorate with Wolfgang Kaiser. In 1968, he moved to IBM Zurich Research Laboratory in Rüschlikon and 1998 to University of Basel. He was appointed titular professor in 2002.
In 1982 he invented and developed the near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM/SNOM)., the first optical instrument that provided optical resolution far beyond Abbe's diffraction limit, e.g. 20 nm at wavelength 515 nm. In the following years the close relation between optical near-fields and plasmons was investigated, contributing to the emergence of the new field of plasmonics.
1999 Dieter Pohl suggested antennas as ideal sources or probes of localized optical near-fields. The problem was that optical antennas have to be 1000000 times smaller than the TV antennas one can see on any roof. By 2005, Dieter and his coworkers had solved the problem and could demonstrate for the first time the resonance and lifetime-reducing properties of nanometer-sized dipole antennas as well as an extremely high local intensity in the (antenna) gap, the place where the wires of a TV antenna are fixed. The intensity caused higher order nonlinear light emission, an interesting fact in view of the tiny near-field spot.
In 1992, Dieter Pohl and Daniel Courjon organized a workshop on near-field optics (NFO) that was to become the origin of bi-annual international NFO-x conferences (2018: x = 15), a platform for nano-, near-field-, nonlinear optics, plasmonics, metamaterials, quantum information, biosensing and ultrafast dynamics.
Dieter Pohl contributed to various reviews and book publications. He acted as reviewer for the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) and the German DFG. A complete list of his papers and inventions will be found on his home page.

## Publications and Patents

≈121 publications
≈20 patents, mostly on scanning probe microscopy, micromechanics, storage; diverse publications in the IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin

## Awards and Honors

* 1996 Carl-Zeiss Research Award
* 1997 Rank Prize for Electro-Optics
* 1999 Humboldt Research Prize
* 1968-1998 various IBM internal awards
* 2013 Stern-Gerlach Medal of the German Physical Society

## Memberships

* Swiss Physical Society
* German Physical Society
# Nactus panaeati

The Panaeati slender-toed gecko (Nactus panaeati) is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. It is endemic to Papua New Guinea.
# Boerhavia triquetra

Boerhavia triquetra, commonly known as creeping sticky stem, five-wing spiderling, slender spiderling, or spiderling, is an annual species of spiderling plant in the four o'clock family (Nyctaginaceae).

## Description

This species of plant is an annual herb that is somewhat variable in appearance, but in general it is loosely clumping, raising erect stems up to half a metre in height. It has lance-shaped, wavy-margined leaves and bears a branching inflorescence of clustered or singular flowers, each pale pink flower only one or two millimetres across. The clustered fruits that appear afterwards are tiny club-shaped, ridged achenes less than 3 mm long. This is a hardy plant, growing in arid, rocky, or disturbed areas, and often showing up as a roadside weed.

## Distribution and habitat

This species is a fairly widespread in the south-western United States and northern Mexico. It is native to California and Arizona, in habitats of the Mojave Desert and Sonoran Desert.