OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Toutswemogala Hill

Toutswemogala Hill lies 6.5 km West of the North-South Highway in the Central District of Botswana. It is situated about 50 km north of the village of Palapye. Toutswemogala is an elongated flat-topped hill, geologically called a mesa, rising about 50 meters above the surrounding flat mopane veld. It is an Iron Age settlement, which has been occupied on two occasions. The radio-carbon dates for this settlement range from 7th to late 19th century AD indicating occupation of more than one thousand years. The hill was part of the formation of early states in Southern Africa with cattle keeping as major source of economy. This was supplemented by goats, sheep and foraging as well as hunting of wild animals. The remaining features of Toutswe settlement include house-floors, large heaps of vitrified cow-dung and burials while the outstanding structure is the stone wall. There are large traits of centaurs ciliaris, a type of grass which has come to be associated with cattle-keeping settlements in South, Central Africa.

## History

Around 700 A.D., the Zhizo people moved westward to Toutswe in Botswana after being displaced from the Limpopo-Shashi Basin by the Leopard's Kopje people, and began an agricultural and pastoral land tenure system based on sorghum and millet, and domesticated stock, respectively.$^{:16}$ Some scholars believe their relations to have been hostile, however others insist they were more complex, both socially and politically.
The site was situated in the center of a broader cultural area in Eastern Botswana and shares many commonalities with other archaeological sites of this region, in both ceramic production styles and also timeframes inhabited. Large structures were observed that contained vitrified remains of animal dung, leading to the theory that these were animal enclosures and that Toutswemogala Hill was thus a major center of animal husbandry in the region. However, agriculture also played a vital role in the longevity of Toutswemogala Hill's extended occupation, as many grain storage structures have also been found on the site. Many different stratified layers of housing floors further signal continuous occupation over hundreds of years.
Skeletal remains of 84 individuals from Toutswe tradition sites are used to assess the palaeodemographic characteristics of the communities. The analysis includes estimation of age and sex. The data are used to construct a life table, which is then compared to data from K2 and Mapungubwe. The results indicate a high infant mortality and a low life expectancy at birth. However, by comparison to K2 and Mapungubwe communities, the Toutswe people appear to have had better survival chances. The palaeodemographic characteristics of these communities are typical of pre-industrialized communities throughout the world. The representativeness of the sample is discussed.
# Purandare

Purandare is a prominent Indian family of Nobles, Sardars, Patil, Jagirdars during Maratha Empire. They belong to Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmin (DRB) community. Dhondo Malhar Purandare, a member of Purandare family held the patilki watan of Vadule, a village in present day Shevgaon taluka in Ahmednagar district. Purandare wada (palace) in Saswad was the seat of the Purandares until 1818, when the Peshwas lost control to the British East India Company after the Third Anglo-Maratha War.The Purandare Wada still stands but is in a much dilapidated state. The design of the Purandare wada was the inspiration for the better known Shaniwar Wada in Pune.

## History

Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath rose to prominence through the support of Purandare. After becoming Peshwa, Balaji made Ambaji Pant Purandare as his Mutalik, or 'deputy Peshwa.' Ambaji Pant Purandare is the founder of the Purandare family. In 1727, a dispute concerned the posts of Kulkarni and Deshkulkarni between the Purandares and Atreyas in which the Purandares won.

## Notables

* Balwant Moreshwar Purandare, writer and theatrical personality from Maharashtra, India
# James I. Kirkland

James Ian Kirkland (born August 24, 1954) is an American paleontologist and geologist. He has worked with dinosaur remains from the southwest United States of America and Mexico and has been responsible for discovering new and important genera. He named (or worked with others in naming) Animantarx, Cedarpelta, Eohadrosaurus (nomen nudum, now named Eolambia), Jeyawati, Gastonia, Mymoorapelta, Nedcolbertia, Utahraptor, Zuniceratops, Europelta and Diabloceratops. At the same site where he found Gastonia and Utahraptor, Kirkland has also excavated fossils of the therizinosaur Falcarius.

## Career

Born August 24, 1954, Weymouth, Massachusetts. High School, Marshfield High School, Marshfield, Massachusetts. 1972 B.S. Geological Sciences, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico. 1977 (Pres. Student Body, 1975-1976) M.S. Geology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona. 1983 Ph. D. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. 1990
He was an adjunct Professor of Geology at Mesa State College, Grand Junction, Colorado, USA adjunct Associate Professor at University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah and a Research Associate of the Denver Museum of Natural History in the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Colorado Boulevard, Denver, Colorado. For the past two decades he has been the Utah State Paleontologist for Utah Geological Survey. He issues permits for paleontological research on Utah state lands, keeps tabs on paleontological research and issues across the state, and promotes Utah’s paleontological resources for the public good.

### Mesozoic

An expert on the Mesozoic, he has spent more than thirty years excavating fossils across the southwestern US and Mexico authoring and coauthoring more than 75 professional papers. The reconstruction of ancient marine and terrestrial environments, biostratigraphy, paleoecology, and mass extinctions are some of his interests. In addition to dinosaurs, he has described and named many fossil mollusks and fish.

### Cretaceous

His researches in the middle Cretaceous of Utah indicate that the origins of Alaska and the first great Asian-North American faunal interchange occurred about 100 million years ago, which his numerous trips to China and Mongolia have substantiated.

## Star Trek

Together with Diane Carey, he has written a Star Trek novel, First Frontier.
# Yixianteres

Yixianteres is an extinct genus of lophocaterine beetle found in China during the Early Cretaceous epoch. It is a monotypic genus known from the species Y. beipiaoensis.
# Ross Martin (American football)

Ross Martin (born July 3, 1993) is an American former professional football placekicker. He played college football at Duke and holds a school record for most field goals (78), extra points (196), and total points (430). Martin made 83% of his collegiate field goal attempts.

## College career
### 2012

At the end of the 2012 season, Martin totaled 106 points on 20-of-23 (.870) field goals and 46-of-47 (.979) PATs. Martin kicked a career-high 4 field goals, and scored a career-high 14 points against North Carolina. Martin kicked a season-high 6 PATs against North Carolina Central.

### 2013

At the end of the 2013 season, Martin totaled 97 points on 13-of-19 (68.4%) field goals and 58-of-58 PATs. Martin kicked a career-high 7 PATs against Pittsburgh. Martin scored a season-high 12 points against Miami.

### 2014

At the end of the 2014 season, Martin compiled 107 points on 19-of-21 (90.5%) field goals and 50-of-50 PATs. In the ACC, Martin ranked first in field goal percentage, and tied for first in PAT percentage. Martin kicked a season-high 7 PATs against Elon. Martin scored a season-high 11 points against Kansas. Martin kicked a season-high 3 field goals against Virginia Tech.

### 2015

At the end of the 2015 season, Martin totaled 120 points on 26-of-30 (86.7%) field goals and 42-of-42 PATs. Martin kicked a season-high 7 PATs against North Carolina Central. Martin scored a season-high 14 points against Army. Martin kicked a season-high 3 field goals against Tulane.

## Professional career
### New York Jets

On April 30, 2016, after going undrafted in the 2016 NFL draft, Martin signed with the New York Jets. He was released on August 28, 2016. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Jets on January 4, 2017.
On September 1, 2017, Martin was waived by the Jets.

### Cleveland Browns

On June 14, 2018, Martin signed with the Cleveland Browns. He was released on August 28, 2018.
# Drymodromia plurabella

Drymodromia plurabella is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae.
# Acer beckianum

Acer beckianum is an extinct maple species in the family Sapindaceae described from a single fossil wood section. The species is solely known from the Middle Miocene sediments exposed in central Washington in the United States. It is one of three Washington state Acer species described in 1961 from petrified wood.

## Distribution and paleoenvironment

The type specimen was part of a collection compiled by Jay O'Leary, who was then a student of Harvard College, in 1954 from the west bank of the Columbia River near Vantage, Washington. The petrified woods of the area are preserved in an interbed area between the older Grande Ronde Basalt and the younger Wanapum basalts, with the interbed overlain by the Ginkgo Flow, the oldest segment of the Frenchman Springs Member of the Wanapum basalts.
K–Ar dating performed on the Grande Ronde Basalts gives an age of 15.6 million years old, and dating of the Frenchman Springs Member gives a date of 15.3 million years old. This places the vantage woods as from the Langhian stage of the Miocene. Mean annual temperature estimates for the vantage paleoclimate were made based on analysis of the fossil wood. Based on a series of wood anatomy characters, a temperature range between 15.8–16.2 °C (60.4–61.2 °F). This is distinctly warmer than the modern mean annual temperature of 8.4 °C (47.1 °F).

## Taxonomy

The species was described from the 4 cm × 2.5 cm × 3 cm (1.57 in × 0.98 in × 1.18 in) section of mature secondary xylem designated the holotype. The type specimen, number 55226, was preserved in the paleobotanical collections of Harvard College. and was studied by paleobotanists Uttam Prakash of the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany and Elso Barghoorn of Harvard University. Prakash and Barghoorn published their 1961 type description for A. beckianum in the Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. The etymology of the chosen specific name beckianum is a patronym honoring George F. Beck, a resident of Yakima, Washington, who pioneered the interest and study of the Vantage petrified woods. The species was one of three Acer species described by Prakash and Barghoorn in the paper, along with A. olearyi and A. puratanum. Based on the wood anatomy, A. beckianum is closest in structure to A. negundo, while A. olearyi is closer to A. grandidentatum and A. puratanum is closest to A. circinatum.

## Description

The wood shows distinct growth rings which are separated from each other by between one and two layers of thick walled flattened fibers. The vessels in the wood are mostly solitary and have an oval to round outline. When grouped, the vessels are present in sets of mainly two and three, though rare four and five groupings are known. On average the vessel cells range between 102 and 408 nm (4.0×10$^{−6}$–1.61×10$^{−5}$ in) in length with horizontal to oblique end walls adjoining the next vessel cell and a simple perforation plate allowing fluid passage across the cell wall. The wood has fusiform wood rays, usually in groups of threes, which are composed of cells of a type.
# Idar Lind

Idar Lind (born 23 September 1954) is a Norwegian novelist, crime fiction writer, songwriter, and playwright.

## Biography

Lind was born on the island of Otterøya (now part of Namsos Municipality) in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. He made his literary debut in 1983 with Stengte dører. He was awarded the Riverton Prize in 1989 for the crime novel 13 takters blues.
His crime novel Hotell Tordenskjold (1985) introduced the characters "Kristian António Steen", a hotel porter of Spanish descent, and police officer "Breheim", as detectives. The same detectives also solved crime problems in the sequels Ormens gift (1986) and 13 takters blues (1989). Further crime novels are Som to dråper blod (1993), Usynlige spor (1994), and Hysj (1996).
Lind published the song collection Bakfot bok in 1980. His plays include Korsvikaspillet (1995) and Skottet i Buvika (2008). The Drakeblod series (3 volumes 1988–1991) for young adults is set in the Viking Age.
# Gene Kan

Gene Kan (September 6, 1976 — June 29, 2002) was a British-born Chinese American peer-to-peer file-sharing programmer who was among the first programmers to produce an open-source version of the file-sharing application that implemented the Gnutella protocol. Kan worked together with Spencer Kimball on the program called "gnubile" licensed under the GNU General Public License. Kan graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1997 with a major in electrical engineering and computer science, and was a member of the student club the eXperimental Computing Facility (XCF).
In June 2000, when Kan was 24, he formed a distributed search engine known as InfraSearch.com with Steve Waterhouse and another friend. Netscape co-founder Marc Andreessen was an investor in the start-up. InfraSearch was purchased by Sun Microsystems on March 6, 2001 for $12.5M USD in Sun stock options. The acquisition became part of the JXTA project at Sun. Kan joined Sun as an employee, and continued to work with the technology.
Kan was relatively well known in internet circles for a testimony he gave in July 2000 at the Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on "Intellectual Property in the Digital Age". Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich, Sony CEO Fred Ehrlich, and others also gave testimony at the hearing. In his account, as the United States Senate decides the fate of companies like Napster, he stressed that "technology moves forward and leaves the stragglers behind," and that "the adopters always win, and the stalwarts always lose". Kan was advocate of peer-to-peer (P2P) computing and some credit him, along with other Gnutella pioneers, as its originator. He argued that it is part of an emergent technological area called distributive computing.
On June 29, 2002, he committed suicide. The cause of death was a single gunshot wound to the head. Kan was 25 years old. Prior to taking his life, Kan updated an electronic copy of his resume hosted on a University of California, Berkeley server to read "Summary: Sad example of a human being. Specializing in failure." An independent documentary film was planned for Gene Kan after he died, but it never started production.
# Roberto Guitto

Roberto Guitto (born 5 February 1991) is an Italian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Serie D club Campodarsego.

## Club career

On 13 January 2021, Giutto joined Serie D side Lornano Badesse.
# Pien Dicke

Pien Dicke (born 28 August 1999) is a Dutch field hockey player, who plays as a forward.

## Personal life

Pien Dicke was born and raised in The Hague, Netherlands.
During her freshman year of university, Dicke studied at the University of Virginia.

## Career
### Club hockey

In the Dutch Hoofdklasse, Dicke plays club hockey for SCHC.

### National teams
#### Under–18

Pien Dicke made her debut in Netherlands colours in 2016, as part of the Under–18 team at the EuroHockey Youth Championship in Cork, Ireland.

#### Under–21

In 2019, Dicke made her second appearance for a Dutch team with the Under–21 team at the EuroHockey Junior Championship in Valencia, Spain. Dicke scored four goals throughout the tournament, helping the team to a silver medal after losing the final in a penalty shoot-out against Spain.

#### Oranje Dames

In 2019, Dicke was named in the Netherlands senior squad for the first time, and made her debut in 2020.
# Joan Lavender Bailie Guthrie

Joan Lavender Bailie Guthrie or Laura Grey (1889–1914) was a British suffragette, actress, and member of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).

## Life

Guthrie was born in 1889 in Caistor, Lincolnshire to a middle class family.

## Suffragist

Guthrie joined the WSPU at the age of 18. She was arrested during Black Friday on 18 November 1910 and twice during 1911.
In 1912, she took part in a window-smashing raid, breaking the shop windows of the famous jewellers Garrard & Co of Ablemare Street, London. She was sentenced to six months imprisonment in HM Prison Holloway.
During her time in prison, she contributed to Holloway Jingles, a book of poetry which was published by the Glasgow branch of the WSPU. Her poem To D.R. is thought to be dedicated to fellow suffragette Dorothea Rock.
Guthrie took part in a hunger strike and was force fed. She received a hunger strike medal. It is thought that she developed an addiction to the barbiturate drug veronal, which eased the pain caused by the after effects of the force feeding. Guthrie was awarded the Hunger Strike Medal 'for Valour' by the WSPU.
Along with her suffrage campaigning, Guthrie was also an advocate for animal welfare and was a member of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB).

## Acting career

After her release from prison Guthrie worked as an actor, using the stage name Laura Grey. Her first performance was in the pantomime "The forty thieves" at the Lyceum Theatre in 1912.

## Death

Guthrie died at the age of 25, at 111 Jermyn Street, St James's, Westminster, leaving an estate valued at £1564. The cause of death was taking an overdose of veronal, which shocked society. A poem about her was published in the "Daily Herald" newspaper in June 1914. According to the website "Woman and her sphere", the poem was written by Anna Wickham.
# USS Benham (DD-397)

USS Benham (DD-397) was the lead ship of her class of destroyers and the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Andrew Ellicot Kennedy Benham. She missed the Attack on Pearl Harbor, being an escort for the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise on her way to Midway Atoll at the time. She also served off Hawaii during the Doolittle raid, rescued survivors from several ships, and operated during the Battle of Midway and the landings on Guadalcanal, among other missions. She was torpedoed by the Japanese destroyer Uranami and rendered unusable, for which she was sunk at the end of 1942.

## Construction

Benham was laid down on 1 September 1936 by Federal Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company at their yard in Kearny, New Jersey. The destroyer was launched on 16 April 1938 and sponsored by Mrs. A. I. Dorr, grandniece of Rear Admiral Benham. Benham was commissioned on 2 February 1939 with Lieutenant Commander T. F. Darden in command.

## Service history

Assigned to the U.S. Atlantic Fleet, Benham patrolled off Newfoundland during most of 1939 and then shifted to the Gulf of Mexico. Ordered to the Pacific, she arrived at Pearl Harbor 14 April 1940. After alternating between Californian and Hawaiian waters, the destroyer served as an escort for Enterprise during the delivery of Marine planes to Midway Atoll on 28 November to 8 December 1941, thus missing the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Benham served with Enterprise and Saratoga task forces off Hawaii and with Task Force 16 during the Doolittle raid on Tokyo, 8 to 25 April 1942. She continued operating with TF 16 through the Battle of Midway, 3 to 6 June, during which she rescued 720 survivors from the aircraft carrier Yorktown and 188 from the destroyer Hammann; landings on Guadalcanal and Tulagi, 7 to 9 August, and the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, 23 to 25 August.

### Battle of Guadalcanal

Benham joined Task Force 64 on 15 October as a part of the naval covering force off Guadalcanal. On 15 November, she took part in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, and alongside the US destroyers Preston, Walke, and Gwin were attacked by the Japanese light cruiser Nagara and the destroyers Ayanami and Uranami. Instantly, Walke was hit once by a six torpedo spread fired from Ayanami, blowing off Walke's bow as she sank stern last. Preston then exploded following gunfire damage from Nagara, before gunfire damage from both Ayanami and Uranami disabled Gwin (though she survived the battle and was later sunk by a mass torpedo spread at the battle of Kolombangara, July 1943).
Benham was then hit by a single torpedo, probably from Uranami, to her bow which severed everything forward of her bridge. Benham stayed afloat, making slow headway towards Guadalcanal during the 15th but, by 16:37, further progress was impossible and her crew abandoned ship. Gwin picked up the survivors, and scuttled the hulk at 19:38 by shell-fire.

## Honors

Benham received five battle stars for her service in World War II.
# Bhai Dasa

Baba Dasa Labana (Gurmukhi: ਬਾਬਾ ਦਾਸਾ ਲਬਾਣਾ) (also called Bhai Dasa) was a Labana trader and a devout Sikh. He belonged to Mota Tanda. He was the father of Makhan Shah Labana. According to Sikh Historian Harpal Singh Kasoor, Bhai Dasa was Masand of Africa region, appointed by Guru Ram Das.
# Hank Ketcham (American football)

Henry Holman Ketcham (June 17, 1891 – November 1, 1986) was an American college football player who played at the center and guard positions for the Yale Bulldogs football team. Ketcham was a consensus All-America first-team selection in 1911 and 1912, and a second-team selection in 1913. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1968.

## Biography

Ketcham was born in Englewood, New Jersey, and lived in Brooklyn, New York, and North Hatley, Quebec, during his youth. His father was a graduate of Yale and a lawyer. After attending the Hotchkiss School, Ketcham enrolled at Yale, where he was a member of Skull and Bones and the Psi Upsilon fraternity.
Ketcham played every game for Yale's varsity football team in 1911, 1912, and 1913. He helped lead Yale to a 7–2–1 record in 1911 and a 7–1–1 record in 1912 and was a consensus All-America Team selection for both of those seasons. In December 1912, Ketcham was selected as captain of the 1913 Yale football team. In a departure from past tradition at Yale, Ketcham subsequently appointed Howard Jones as the school's first salaried football coach.
Ketcham later recalled: "I played every varsity game for three years and was taken out only once for a slight injury … I am generally credited with having developed the term 'roving center'. Except for today's platoon systems, football hasn't changed materially. We had the on-side kick, the ball was a bit larger in circumference and the drop kick was more popular than the place kick."
At the time he graduated from Yale, Ketchum expected to work in railroading, having worked during one summer for the Big Four Railroad.
Ketcham served in the United States Army as a lieutenant during World War I, from May 1917 to April 1919. He saw action as a member of the 103rd Field Artillery Regiment in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse–Argonne offensive, being slightly wounded in the latter.
Ketcham moved to Seattle and entered the lumber business, eventually owning a lumber wholesale business. In 1921, he married Katherine Eugenia Peters. Three of their sons went on to found the West Fraser Timber company.
In February 1968, Ketcham was selected as an inductee to the College Football Hall of Fame. He died in 1986, aged 95.