OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Numerius Negidius

Numerius Negidius is a name used in Roman jurisprudence to refer to the defendant in a hypothetical lawsuit. It based on a play on words: Numerius is a Roman praenomen, or forename, resembling the verb numero, "I pay"; while Negidius has the form of a gentile name formed from the verb nego, "I refuse". Thus, Numerius Negidius is a personal name that can also be interpreted to mean "he who refuses to pay".
The plaintiff would be referred to as Aulus Agerius. Aulus is also a praenomen, while Agerius suggests the Latin verb ago, "I set in motion", as it is the plaintiff who initiates a lawsuit.
One well-known legal formula, a model instruction to the judge in a civil lawsuit, began as follows: si paret Numerium Negidium Aulo Agerio sestertium decem milia dare oportere, meaning, "if it appears that Numerius Negidius ought to pay Aulus Agerius ten thousand sesterces..." In actual use, the names and amounts would be changed to the appropriate values. This formula appears several times in Book IV of Gaius' Institutiones (c. AD 161).
The initials N. N. can also stand for "name unknown" (nomen nescio), a placeholder name roughly equivalent to John or Jane Doe, Thomas Atkins, etc.
# Postage stamps and postal history of Benin

This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Benin, formerly Dahomey.
Located in West Africa, Benin borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north; its short coastline to the south leads to the Bight of Benin. Benin is just over 110000 km$^2$ in size with a population of almost 8,500,000. Its capital is the city of Porto-Novo but the seat of government is the city of Cotonou.

## French colony

Benin's first stamps were French colonial stamps used at Porto Novo from 1888. Stamps were issued in 1892 for French colonies on the coast of the Bight of Benin called the Établissments du Golfe de Benin.
In 1904, the colony of French Dahomey was established, as part of French West Africa. Stamps inscribed Dahomey were issued between 1899 and 1942. Stamps of French West Africa were then used until 1960.

## Independence

The colony became the self-governing Republic of Dahomey, and two years later on 1 August 1960, it gained full independence. Stamps inscribed Dahomey were issued again in 1960.
In 1975, the country was renamed Benin.
# Selective recruitment

Selective recruitment is an observed effect in traffic safety. When safety belt laws are passed, belt wearing rates increase, but casualties decline by smaller percentages than estimated in a simple calculation. This is because those converted from non-use to use are not “recruited” random members of the driving population. Instead, users differ from non-users in many ways that influence safety. Two effects are:
* 1. When non-wearers crash, they have more severe crashes.
* 2. Non-wearers are more likely to crash

## Illustrative example of effect

Say initial belt use was zero (it never is, but this assumption makes it easy to understand), and after a belt law is passed use rate increases to 50%. As belts reduce driver fatality risk in crashes by 42%, a naive calculation would lead one to expect a 21% reduction in fatalities. In fact, a lesser reduction is observed. A somewhat complicated equation (p. 293 of Traffic Safety (book) estimates expected fatality reductions when use rates increase from any initial percent to any new percent. For the case of an increase in belt use from zero to 50%, the calculated reduction in deaths is 16%, well below the 21% estimated from the naive calculation.

## Diminishes effectiveness of belt wearing laws

So even when belt wearing rates reach 90%, the 10% who do not wear have substantially more crashes, and more severe crashes, than the overall population. The 10% of non wearers thus make a far larger contribution to the overall casualty toll than might appear likely if selective recruitment did not occur.

## Hardly unexpected

Belt wearers have been shown in more than a dozen good studies to behave differently from non-wearers. The phenomenon is in many ways obvious and to be expected. When a belt-wearing law is in effect, those not wearing belts are violating traffic law. Someone who does not obey one traffic law is more likely to not obey another – hence those who do not use belts are more likely to speed, drive drunk, and so on.
Although selective recruitment provides a perfectly reasonable and quantitative explanation for why casualty reductions from belt laws fall short of those computed simply from increased belt use, other explanations that are convincingly refuted by mountains of research persist.
The risk compensation explanation claims that the same driver substantially increases risk taking as a consequence of being compelled to wear a belt. Any such interpretation is compelling rejected by simple analyses of innumerable data sets (fatalities, crash-involvement rates, insurance claims). Any behavior change can change the risk of a fatal crash by no more than 5% percent in either direction—dramatically less than the 42% reduction in fatality risk provided by the belt in a crash. Claims that substantially lower than expected safety benefits from belts are due to drivers changing their behavior as a result of being compelled to wear belts are well outside the solid body of accepted traffic safety knowledge.
# Postage stamps and postal history of Liberia

This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Liberia.
Liberia is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, and the Atlantic Ocean. The capital is Monrovia.

## First stamps

Began as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS), Liberia declared its independence on July 26, 1847. The first stamps of Liberia were issued in 1860, depicting a sitting Liberty with a sailing vessel in the background.
# Postal orders of New Zealand

Postal orders were issued in New Zealand from 1886 until 1986.

## New Zealand postal notes

The first postal notes were issued in 1886. Some of them are known overprinted "SPECIMEN", in 1890. It has been confirmed that the last day of issue was 31 July 1986.

## New Zealand-issued British postal orders

It is not yet known when these were first issued. The majority of them were overprinted. They ceased to be issued during 1987 due to the announcement by Mr. (now Sir) Roger Douglas that foreign exchange controls were being abolished.
The 5 shilling denomination was not commonly overprinted.
Any extant examples are very sought after by collectors.
# Israeli Navy Band

The Israeli Navy Band (Hebrew: להקת חיל הים, romanized: Lehakat Heyl Hayam) was an ensemble of the Israeli Navy, and was one of many in the Israel Defense Force (IDF).

## History
### Early years

The navy band first appeared in October 1948. The band consisted of 13 active duty soldiers. Since their commanders did not oversee their activities, expenses began to pile up and the band was disbanded. In the early 1960s, a officers from the Education and Youth Corps asked a group of reservists to form the Lehakat Kheil Hayam (Naval Corps Entertainment Group). Its early members included Dan Almagor, Rivka Zohar, and Meir Noy. Upon its creation, it immediately began rehearsing for the program Ve BaYom HaShlishi ("And On The Third Day"). In 1967, the Navy Band performed the song "Mah Avarekh" written by Rachel Shapira in memory of a young man from her Kibbutz who fell in the Six-Day War. The band performed at internal naval events, especially during the Sea Corps celebrations, and in the mid-1960s active duty soldiers were also incorporated as a part-time life crew. When the decision was made in the Navy to form a representative band, the Six-Day War broke out and only afterwards were the resources allocated to form the band.

### 1970s

In the 1970s, the band continued its momentum of success even after the band's release of previous programs. The band even won the Israel Band of the Year award in 1970 and 1972 as part of the annual Hebrew chanting parade and hits such as "Haska", "Only the Sea Is Silent", and "On the Road" captured the radio.
Like many bands, the Yom Kippur War marked the end of the glamor period. The band's plans were not as successful as its predecessors, and towards the end of 1975 the band was disbanded. Prominent alumni of the band during this period were Haya Arad, Oded Ben-Hur, Yael Levy, Albert Piamente and Uzi Asner.

### 1980s and present

Despite the establishment of the military bands in the 1980s in most of the commands and arms, the Navy did not re-establish a band. The Variety Ensemble of the Israeli Navy currently serves as the Premier musical unit of the navy. Netta Barzilai, who is an Israeli singer, recording artist, and looping artist, as well as a winner of the fifth season of HaKokhav HaBa, also winner of the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest (with her famous song "Toy") was a member of the band.

## Notable members

Among the prominent alumni of the band:
* Rivka Zohar
* Shlomo Artzi
* Netta Barzilai
* Riki Gal
* Dov Glickman
# VAHAN (firearm)

The VAHAN (Russian: Ваган, romanized: Vagan; Armenian: ՎԱՀԱՆ, romanized: Vahan) is an assault rifle of Soviet/Armenian origin and was designed by Engineer and Firearms Designer Vahan S. Manasian. It can be fitted with a GP-30 grenade launcher, bayonet and scope. The weapon dates back to 1952 as the MBC-2 prototype when Manasian was a soldier in the Soviet Army. As of 2009, the VAHAN rifle has not yet been tested by Armenian government and the program has been canceled.
# Robert Burrows (politician)

Sir Robert Abraham Burrows, KBE (17 March 1884 – 14 August 1964), was a British businessman and Liberal Party politician.

## Background

Burrows was born the son of Miles Formby Burrows, Esq., JP, Lancs. and Gertrude Dawbarn. He was educated at The Leys School, Cambridge. In 1911, he married Eleanor Doris Bainbridge (1891-1975), great-granddaughter of Bainbridge's founder Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge. Sir Robert and Lady Burrows had two sons and two daughters. In 1937 he was awarded a knighthood in the New Year's Honours. In 1952 he was awarded a KBE in the New Year's Honours for services to the disabled.
Burrows is, through his granddaughter Nikki Williams-Ellis (née Burrows), the great-grandfather of Princess Beatrice's husband Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi.

## Career

Burrows was Chairman of Lancashire Associated Collieries. He was Chairman of Directors, Remploy Ltd. In July 1947, as Chairman of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, Burrows presented a display of flowers in the shape of a "large heart" at Crewe railway station as a "personal tribute" to farewell Princess Elizabeth, her fiancé Prince Philip, Princess Margaret, King George VI and his wife Queen Elizabeth who were leaving for Scotland aboard the Royal Train. Through their mutual involvement in the National Association of Boys' Clubs, Burrows enjoyed "direct contact and friendship" with the Duke of York, (later George VI) who occasionally stayed with Burrows at his Bonis Hall home in Prestbury, Cheshire.

## Political career

Burrows was Liberal candidate for the Leigh division of Lancashire at the 1923 General Election. He hoped to regain a seat lost to Labour in 1922 when his Liberal predecessor finished third. He was unsuccessful but managed to claim second place. He did not stand for parliament again.

### Electoral record

General Election 1923: Leigh :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | John Joseph Tinker | 13,989 | 43.0 | −2.0 |
| | Liberal | Robert Abraham Burrows | 9,854 | 30.3 | +9.2 |
| | Unionist | Herbert Metcalfe | 8,664 | 26.7 | −7.2 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 4,135 | 12.7 | +1.6 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 86.5 | −3.4 |
| | Labour hold | Labour hold | Swing | -5.6 | |
He served as a Justice of the peace for the County of Lancaster. In 1940 he served as High Sheriff of Cheshire.
# 8.8 cm Raketenwerfer 43

The 8.8 cm Raketenwerfer 43 Puppchen was an 88 mm calibre reusable anti-tank rocket launcher developed by Nazi Germany during World War II.
Raketenwerfer 43 was given to infantry to bolster their anti-tank capability. The weapon was fired from a small two-wheeled gun carriage which fired a percussion-primed, rocket-propelled, fin-stabilized grenade RPzB. Gr. 4312 with a shaped charge warhead. The grenade had a shorter tailboom of 490 mm (19 in) compared to the 650 mm (26 in) tailboom for the electrically-primed grenade RPzB. Gr. 4322 for the Panzerschreck. Both grenades used identical warhead and fuzing.
Approximately 3,000 units were completed from 1943 to 1945. It was made in much smaller numbers than either the Panzerschreck, which was based on the American bazooka rocket launcher, or the Panzerfaust, which was a disposable anti tank recoilless rifle. This is partly because it was realized that a simple hollow tube with an ignition device was all that was needed to launch the 88 mm rocket, rather than an elaborate miniature artillery piece with carriage and breech. Due to the carriage and better sights, the accuracy was better, and the range more than double that of the Panzerschreck. However, Raketenwerfer 43 was more expensive, heavier and had longer production time than Panzerschreck or Panzerfaust.
# Nishitetsu 9000 series

The Nishitetsu 9000 series (西鉄9000形) is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the private railway operator Nishi-Nippon Railroad (Nishitetsu) in Japan on the Nishitetsu Tenjin Ōmuta Line since 20 March 2017.
Ten sets of five three-car and five two-car formations are in service as of 2021.

## Design

The 9000 series trains were built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries in Kobe, with two three-car sets and two two-car sets (10 vehicles) entering service in March 2017, and a further two three-car sets and one two-car set (eight vehicles) entering service in May 2017.
Based on the earlier 3000 series trains, externally, the new trains carry a livery with a "royal red" waist-line stripe.

## Operations

The 9000 series trains operate on Nishitetsu Tenjin Ōmuta Line express and all-stations local services.

## Formations
### 2-car sets

The two-car sets are formed as follows with one motored ("M") car and one non-powered trailer ("T") car.
| Designation | M | Tc |
| Numbering | 91xx | 95xx |
| Weight (t) | 36.3 | 27.2 |
| Capacity (Seated/total) | 40/124 | 40/124 |
The motored car has two single-arm pantographs.

### 3-car sets

The three-car sets are formed as follows with one motored ("M") car and two non-powered trailer ("T") cars.
| Designation | Tc | M | Tc |
| Numbering | 90xx | 93xx | 95xx |
| Weight (t) | 26.0 | 34.6 | 27.2 |
| Capacity (Seated/total) | 40/124 | 38/138 | 40/124 |
The motored car has two single-arm pantographs.

## Interior

Passenger accommodation consists of longitudinal bench seating with a seat width of 470 mm (19 in) per person. LED lighting is used in the interiors, and two 17-inch LCD passenger information screens are provided above each of the doorways with information provided in four different languages (Japanese, English, Korean, and Chinese).
* Interior
* Priority seating with wheelchair space at left
* LCD information displays
* Driver's cab

## History

Details of the new trains were officially announced in February 2016. The first two trains (one three-car and one two-car set) entered revenue service on 20 March 2017.
In 2019 a three-car set and a pair of two-car sets were delivered.
# Sha'r Awtar

Sha'r Awtar (Sabaean: 𐩦𐩲𐩧𐩣 𐩱𐩥𐩩𐩧𐩣) was a king from the Hashid tribe related to Banu Hamdan which took control over the Kingdom of Saba'. His rule was contemporary with a rival tribe led by Il Sharih Yahdhib.
He led many campaigns against Hadhramaut and Axum in which he managed to defeat them.
# Drowning in the Sea of Love

"Drowning in the Sea of Love" is a 1971 song recorded by Joe Simon for Spring Records. It was the title track of his seventh LP, and was the first release from the album. The song was written by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff.

## Chart performance

The single was Simon's fourth of eight U.S. Top 40 hits. In early 1972, it reached number 11 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and number eight on the Cash Box Top 100. It also reached number three on the R&B chart and became a gold record. Billboard ranked "Drowning in the Sea of Love" as the No. 77 song for 1972. The song remained Simon's longest-running and highest-charting U.S. single until his 1975 hit, "Get Down, Get Down (Get on the Floor)."

### Weekly charts
## Notable cover versions

The Northern Irish band the Adventures recorded a sophisticated pop version which rose to number 44 on the UK pop charts in July 1988. The single was taken from their album The Sea of Love. Beatles drummer Ringo Starr recorded a cover version for his 1977 album Ringo the 4th.
# Bamba (actress)

Marvee Lou Leelin-Cruz (born August 8, 1979), better known as Bamba Leelin, was a former child actress, model, and producer in the Philippines. She won the 1986 FAMAS Awards for Best Child Actress in the movie Moomoo.

## Career

Her first film was Moomoo (1985) with Gloria Diaz and Eddie Rodriguez. She played as one of the children of Carding (played by Ronald Corveau) and Luisa (played by Marianne dela Riva) of Gulong ng Palad on television.
She became a famous child star of the 1980s along with Lady Lee, RR Herrera, Chuckie Dreyfus, Jaypee de Guzman, Rose Ann Gonzales, Glaiza Herradura, Matet de Leon, and Aiza Seguerra, among others.
Her other projects were Barbi: Maid in the Philippines (1989) with Joey de Leon and Petrang Kabayo at ang Pilyang Kuting (1990) with Roderick Paulate, among others.
She became a member of That's Entertainment, her batchmates were Ara Mina and Patricia Javier.

## Personal life

She left That's Entertainment for school. She finished a degree in Production Design. She married Jay Tan Cruz in 2005, and has a daughter, Jaela Leelin Cruz.

## Filmography

* Moomoo (1985)
* Tuklaw (1986)
* Once Upon a Time (1987)
* Bunsong Kerubin (1987)
* No Retreat... No Surrender... Si Kumander (1987)
* 1 + 1 = 12 (+ 1): One Plus One Equals Twelve (Cheaper by the Dozen) (1987)
* Love Boat: Mahal Trip Kita (1988)
* Nakausap Ko ang Birhen (1988)
* Love Letters (1988)
* One Day, Isang Araw (1988)
* Petrang Kabayo at ang Pilyang Kuting (1988)
* Sheman: Mistress of the Universe (1988)
* Barbi: Maid in the Philippines (1989)
* Bote, Dyaryo, Garapa (1989)
* Pulis Pulis sa Ilalim ng Tulay (1989)
* Captain Yagit (1989)
* Pido Dida 3: May Kambal Na (1993)
# Safety Investigation Authority

The Safety Investigation Authority of Finland (SIAF or SIA, Finnish: Onnettomuustutkintakeskus, lit. Accident Investigation Center, shortened to OTKES; Swedish: Olycksutredningscentralen) is the accident investigation authority of Finland. It investigates all major accidents, and all aviation, maritime, and rail accidents and incidents. SIAF is located within the Ministry of Justice, and is headquartered in Helsinki, Finland.
The SIAF was previously known in English as the Accident Investigation Board of Finland.

## Organization

The SIAF consists of five investigation branches: aviation, maritime, rail, other accidents, and exceptional events. The SIA has appointed a chief investigator to each.
| Investigation branch | Description | Chief investigator |
| Aviation | The investigation of incidents and accidents regarding aviation in Finland. | Ismo Aaltonen |
| Maritime | The investigation of accidents and dangerous situations that take place on Finnish territorial waters or in which a Finland-based vessel is involved. | Risto Haimila |
| Rail | The investigation of especially hazardous accidents that happen either in rail, metro, or tram traffic, such as level crossing accidents, rolling stock fires, and train collisions. | Esko Värttiö |
| Social and Healthcare | The purpose of the investigation branch is to investigate social and healthcare accidents in Finland. | Hanna Tiirinki |
| Other accidents | The Other accidents-branch investigates serious accidents that pose a risk to life or that cause significant economic or environmental harm. | Kai Valonen |
| Exceptional events | Exceptional events are events of a non-accidental nature, in which a severe risk to life and society is posed. The SIAF has investigated four of such events during its history: the Jokela school shooting (2007), Kauhajoki school shooting (2008), death of 8-year-old Eerika [fi] (2012), and Turku stabbing (2017). | Kai Valonen |
# Antonio Soldevilla

Antonio "Toni" Soldevilla Castellsagué (born 19 December 1978) is a Spanish former footballer who played as a central defender.
He amassed La Liga totals of 116 games and three goals, all with Espanyol. He added 122 matches and five goals in the Segunda División B where he represented a host of clubs, and also competed professionally in Russia and Indonesia.

## Club career

Soldevilla was born in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia. Brought through the ranks of RCD Espanyol, he made his first-team debut on 19 February 1997 in a 0–2 La Liga home loss against Athletic Bilbao, being sent off in the game. He made 133 competitive appearances for the club with four goals, eventually becoming first-choice while partnering fellow youth graduate Alberto Lopo in the centre and also captaining the squad.
However, Soldevilla grew unsettled and left it in 2005, citing personal reasons; he had already spent several months away from the game during the 2003–04 season. He signed for Segunda División side Polideportivo Ejido midway through 2005–06.
After an unsuccessful trial with Ipswich Town and starting off 2006–07 in Cyprus with Apollon Limassol FC, Soldevilla became the first Spanish player in the Russian Premier League, joining FC Amkar Perm for the start of the 2007 campaign. He was released in early March 2008.
Soldevilla agreed to a contract at UD Marbella of Segunda División B in December 2009, following a one-month trial. He split the following season also in that tier, totalling 20 matches for Caravaca CF and Ontinyent CF.

## Honours

Espanyol
* Copa del Rey: 1999–2000
# A.I. (song)

"A.I." is a song by American rock band OneRepublic featuring English musician Peter Gabriel. The song serves as the second promotional single and seventh track from the band's fourth studio album Oh My My. It was released September 30, 2016.

## Background and composition

"A.I." was written by band members Ryan Tedder and Brent Kutzle as well as Peter Gabriel and Steve Wilmot. It was produced by Tedder, Kutzle, and Wilmot. The song draws inspiration from the 2001 film A.I. Artificial Intelligence.
In an interview with Rob Copsey, Tedder acknowledged that Gabriel rarely did collaborations with other artists and said that the band spent time forming a rapport with Gabriel before they recorded the song, which Tedder described as "a long process". He also said that the band and the record label singled out "A.I." as their favorite song on Oh My My".

## Personnel

Musicians
* Ryan Tedder – lead vocals, background vocals
* Peter Gabriel – lead vocals
* Zach Filkins – guitar
* Drew Brown – guitar
* Brent Kutzle – bass guitar, guitar
* Eddie Fisher – drums
Production
* Tedder – production
* Kutzle – production
* Steve Wilmot – production, engineering
* Richard Chappell – engineering
* Rich Rich – engineering
* Tyler Spry – engineering
* Serban Ghenea – mixing
* John Hanes – mixing
* Chris Gehringer – mastering