OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# United Irishman (1848 newspaper)

The United Irishman was a nationalist weekly newspaper published by John Mitchel in Dublin in 1848. It was suppressed by the British Government the same year.

## History

From 1845, John Mitchel had been invited by Charles Gavan Duffy, co-founder and first editor of The Nation (a paper supporting Daniel O'Connell's Repeal Association) to write for that paper. He became part of the Young Ireland movement and after the schism in the Repeal Association, he formed the Irish Confederation, with Thomas Reilly, William O'Brien and led by Thomas Meagher. Dissatisfied with his lot at The Nation, he favoured a more "vigorous policy against the English government" and resigned in 1847. From his office at 12 Trinity Street, Dublin, he printed and published the first issue of the United Irishman on 12 February 1848. Other Young Ireland contributors included John Martin, Thomas Devin Reilly and the nationalist Roman Catholic priest, John Kenyon. The contents included articles and letters citing public grievances (which were discussed in Parliament), promoting Irish independence, and reporting the general European unrest of the time, including the Chartist movement in Great Britain.
On 24 February, Edward Smith-Stanley, then known as Lord Stanley, highlighted the United Irishman in the House of Lords and quoted Mitchel's published "letter" to the Earl of Clarendon, George Villiers, which he claimed fomented sedition. On 21 March, O'Brien and Meagher were charged with making seditious speeches and Mitchel was charged with publishing three seditious articles in the United Irishman. Mitchel's words - saying that he was guilty of sedition and wanting to overthrow the Government - were quoted by George Grey in the first reading of the Crown and Government Security Bill in House of Commons on 7 April. An article by Gavan Duffy in The Nation was quoted in the same speech as being of seditious nature.
Mitchel was finally arrested. In the U.K. Parliament, a new crime of treason felony had been proposed and royal assent granted in April. Mitchel was duly charged with this crime. In the Commission Court on 22 May, after the Clerk of the Crown queried the foreman of the jury who said the bill against Mitchel was for "Sedition". The foreman replied, to laughter, "For treason, felony or whatever it is - I know not." On Friday, 26 May, Mitchel was found guilty and was the following day sentenced to transportation for 14 years to Van Diemen's Land.
Sixteen issues of the United Irishman had been printed. The last was on 27 May 1848 and covered at length Mitchel's court case and conviction. It included Mitchel's final contribution, penned in Newgate Prison. After that issue, the Government seized the printing materials and suppressed further publication of the paper. In June, Martin printed and published The Irish Felon, a successor newspaper from the same Dublin office, honouring subscriptions to its predecessor. Martin suffered the same fate as Mitchel on 18 August.
# Thomas T. Moulton

Thomas T. Moulton (January 1, 1896 – March 29, 1967) was an American sound engineer. He won five Academy Awards in the category Sound Recording and was nominated for eleven more in the same category. He was also nominated four times in the category Best Visual Effects.

## Selected filmography

Moulton won five Academy Awards for Best Sound, was nominated for eleven more in the same category and four more for Best Visual Effects:

### Won

* The Hurricane (1937)
* The Cowboy and the Lady (1938)
* The Snake Pit (1948)
* Twelve O'Clock High (1949)
* All About Eve (1950)

### Nominated (Best Sound)

* The Affairs of Cellini (1934)
* The Dark Angel (1935)
* Dodsworth (1936)
* Gone with the Wind (1939)
* Our Town (1940)
* Ball of Fire (1941)
* The Pride of the Yankees (1942)
* The North Star (1943)
* Casanova Brown (1944)
* Leave Her to Heaven (1945)
* With a Song in My Heart (1952)

### Nominated (Best Visual Effects)

* Foreign Correspondent (1940)
* The Long Voyage Home (1940)
* The Pride of the Yankees (1942)
* The North Star (1943)
# 1972 in Croatian television

This is a list of Croatian television related events from 1972.

## Networks and services
### Channels
#### New channels

* 27 August – Radiotelevizija Zagreb

## Births

* 17 February - Bojana Gregorić, actress & TV host
* 2 March - Rene Bitorajac, actor & TV host

## Deaths

* This Croatian television-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Sirik Rural District

Sirik Rural District (Persian: دهستان سيريك) is in the Central District of Sirik County, Hormozgan province, Iran. It is administered from the city of Bandar Sirik.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population (as a part of the former Biyaban District of Minab County) was 11,311 in 1,909 households. There were 12,898 inhabitants in 2,800 households at the following census of 2011, by which time the district had been separated from the county in the establishment of Sirik County. The rural district was transferred to the new Central District. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 8,846 in 2,343 households. The most populous of its 19 villages was Sham Ju, with 1,280 people.
# Eric Amend

Eric Amend (born November 17, 1965) is an American former tennis player who represented the United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Born in Berkeley, California, the right-hander did not win any ATP titles during his professional career reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on September 20, 1993, when he became the World No. 234. Amend served as an assistant coach for his alma mater's Tennis Team, at the University of Southern California, for five years during which the team won the 2009 & 2010 NCAA National Championships. He was a 4 time All-American at USC and teamed with Byron Black to win the 1989 NCAA Doubles Championship.
# Alexander Nevsky Cathedral

Alexander Nevsky Cathedral may refer to the following (alphabetically by country, then by town):
* Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Baku, Azerbaijan
* Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Bulgaria
* Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tallinn, Estonia
* Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Paris, France
* Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tiflis, Georgia
* Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Łódź, Poland
* Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Warsaw, Poland
* Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Izhevsk, Russia
* Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Moscow, Russia
* Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
* Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Novosibirsk, Russia
* Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tver, Russia
* Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Volgograd, Russia
* Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Yalta, Ukraine
* Saint Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Bulgaria
* Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Allison Park, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US; under the jurisdiction of the Orthodox Church in America (OCA)
* Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Howell, New Jersey, US; under the jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR)
# Population Registration Act, 1950

The Population Registration Act of 1950 required that each inhabitant of South Africa be classified and registered in accordance with their racial characteristics as part of the system of apartheid.
Social rights, political rights, educational opportunities, and economic status were largely determined by the group to which an individual belonged. There were three basic racial classifications under the law: Black, White and Coloured (mixed). Indians (that is, South Asians from the former British India, and their descendants) were later added as a separate classification as they were seen as having "no historical right to the country".
An Office for Race Classification was set up to overview the classification process. Classification into groups was carried out using criteria such as outer appearance, general acceptance and social standing. For example, it defined a "white person" as one who "in appearance is obviously a white person who is generally not accepted as a coloured person, or is generally accepted as a white person and is not in appearance obviously a white person." Because some aspects of the profile were of a social nature, reclassification was not uncommon, and a board was established to conduct that process. The following criteria were used for separating the coloured people from the white people:
* Characteristics of the person's head hair
* Characteristics of the person's other hair
* Skin colour
* Facial features
* Home language and especially the knowledge of Afrikaans
* Area where the person lives, the person's friends and acquaintances
* Employment
* Socioeconomic status
* Eating and drinking habits
This law worked in tandem with other laws passed as part of the apartheid system. Under the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949, it was illegal for a white person to marry a person of another race. With the enactment of the Immorality Amendment Act of 1950, it also became a crime for a white person and a person of another race to have sexual intercourse.
Under the act, as amended, Coloureds and Indians were formally classified into various subgroups, including Cape Coloured, Malay, Griqua, Chinese, Indian, Other Asian and Other Coloured.
The South African Parliament repealed the act on 17 June 1991. However, the racial categories defined in the act remain ingrained in South African culture and they still form the basis of some official policies and statistics aimed at redressing past economic imbalances (Black Economic Empowerment and Employment Equity).
# Leigh Ashton (museum director)

Sir Arthur Leigh Bolland Ashton FSA (1897–1983) was a British art historian and director of the Victoria and Albert Museum.

## Early life

Ashton was the son of the Arthur Jacob Ashton, KC, Recorder of Manchester. He was educated at Winchester College and Balliol College, Oxford.

## Career

In 1945, he was appointed director of the Victoria and Albert Museum, taking over from Eric Maclagan.
Ashton retired in 1955, and was succeeded by Trenchard Cox.

## Personal life

In 1952, he married the fashion editor and academic Madge Garland, in a marriage of convenience. They divorced in 1962, and had no children.
# Charles Leonard Gavan Duffy

Sir Charles Leonard Gavan Duffy (15 June 1882 – 12 August 1961) was an Australian soldier and judge. He served as a judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria from 1933 until his death in 1961. He was the son of Chief Justice of Australia Frank Gavan Duffy.

## Early life

Duffy was born on 15 June 1882 in Caulfield, Victoria. He was the oldest son of Ellen Mary (née Torr) and Frank Gavan Duffy. His father, the son of Victorian premier Charles Gavan Duffy, served as Chief Justice of Australia from 1931 to 1935. Duffy was educated at St Ignatius' College, Sydney, and Xavier College, Melbourne. He subsequently entered Trinity College in 1899, while studying law at the University of Melbourne.

## Career

Duffy served his articles of clerkship in Wangaratta and was admitted to the Victorian Bar in 1908, joining the chambers of his cousin's husband Hayden Starke.

### Military service

Prior to World War I, Duffy held a commission as a second lieutenant in the Australian Field Artillery from 1908 to 1910. He enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force in April 1915, serving on the Gallipoli Campaign and in France on the Western Front. He was promoted captain in January 1917 and commanded the 4th Field Battery as a temporary major from August 1917, later promoted to substantive major. Duffy returned to Australia in August 1919.

### Judiciary

Duffy was appointed to the Supreme Court of Victoria on 20 May 1933, following the death of Leo Cussen. According to the Australian Dictionary of Biography, he "proved a competent judge, gifted with keen memory and complete independence of mind and conducting his court admirably". In 1947, federal MP Max Falstein alleged that Robert Menzies, then serving as Attorney-General of Victoria, had appointed Duffy to the court as part of an attempt to persuade his father to resign from the High Court. Menzies described this as a "filthy and untrue statement". Duffy was knighted in 1952.
Duffy was involved in several notable cases on the court. In 1937 he upheld the will of former federal government minister Jens Jensen, which left his entire estate to his mistress. In 1950 he imposed the death sentence on Norman Andrews, Robert Clayton, and Jean Lee for the murder of a 73-year-old bookmaker. Lee became the last woman to be legally executed in Australia. In 1952, Duffy was appointed as one of three royal commissioners into allegations of bribery made to state MPs, along with the chief justice Edmund Herring and judicial colleague Russell Martin.

## Personal life

Duffy married Mary Marjorie Alexa Back in 1919; the couple had twin sons who died at birth. In 1944 he was elected president of the Melbourne Club. He was widowed in 1959 and died in East Melbourne on 12 August 1961. He was interred at Boroondara General Cemetery.
# Athletics at the 1987 Pan American Games – Women's marathon

The women's marathon event at the 1987 Pan American Games was held in Indianapolis, United States on 9 August. It was the first time that this event was contested at the Games.

## Results

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | María del Carmen Cárdenas | Mexico | 2:52:06 | GR |
| | Debbie Warner | United States | 2:54:49 | |
| | Maribel Durruty | Cuba | 2:56:21 | |
| 4 | Kathy Molitor | United States | 2:59:58 | |
| 5 | Ena Guevara | Peru | 3:01:04 | |
| 6 | Nelly Chávez | Bolivia | 3:02:48 | |
| 7 | Margarita Galicia | Mexico | 3:03:01 | |
| 8 | Zoila Muñoz | Ecuador | 3:06:06 | NR |
| 9 | Gina Coello | Honduras | 3:07:29 | |
| 10 | Esperanza Melville | Guatemala | 3:12:52 | |
| 11 | Trinidad Rodríguez | Puerto Rico | 3:16:37 | |
| | Cornelia Melis | Aruba | DNS | |
# United Nigeria People's Party

The United Nigeria People's Party was a political party in Nigeria formed and led by Chief Donald Etiebet during General Sani Abacha's military era. It succeeded the United Nigeria Democratic Party.
At the 12 April 2003 legislative elections, the party won 2.75% of popular vote. It also won two out of 360 seats in the House of Representatives of Nigeria, and no seats in the Senate.
# Poor Law Amendment Act 1867

The Poor Law Amendment Act 1867 (30 & 31 Vict. c. 106) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, sponsored by Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook and supported by Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, Florence Nightingale and the Association for the Improvement of the Infirmaries of London Workhouses.
# Eric Carr (boxer)

Eric Carr (born January 26, 1975) is an American professional heavyweight boxer. Carr's amateur boxing career began at the age of 14. His amateur career produced a record of 56 wins with 6 losses.
Carr has sparred with boxing champions, including seven-time world middleweight champion Tommy "Hit Man" Hearns, the former WBC Continental Middleweight Champion Kid Fire Parks, and 1984 Olympics medal winner Frank Tate, the former world Middleweight Champion.
Carr credits training camp experiences with trainer Johnny Powell for his boxing skills. Powell served as co-trainer with Eddie Futch, known for his work with Michael Spinks and Leon Spinks. Carr also trained with former New York Golden Gloves and WBA Light Heavyweight champion Eddie Mustafa Muhammad, and David Parks, the architect of Lamar "Kid Fire" Parks. Carr has won bouts in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Houston. He has fought on a card produced by Fight to the Finish Productions along with Big Wheel Promotions. Carr also served on the board of the NAACP as an executive committee member, and also currently sits on the board of the YMCA.
# Microframework

A microframework is a term used to refer to minimalistic web application frameworks. It is contrasted with full-stack frameworks.
It lacks most of the functionality which is common to expect in a full-fledged web application framework, such as:
* Accounts, authentication, authorization, roles
* Database abstraction via an object-relational mapping
* Input validation and input sanitation
* Web template engine
Typically, a microframework facilitates receiving an HTTP request, routing the HTTP request to the appropriate function and returning an HTTP response. Microframeworks are often specifically designed for building the APIs for another service or application. For example, Lumen microframework is designed for microservices development and API development.

## Microframeworks

* Bottle for Python
* Camping for Ruby
* Express.js for Node.js
* Falcon for Python
* Fastify for Node.js
* Flask for Python
* Scalatra for Scala
* Lumen for PHP
* Slim for PHP
* Silex for PHP
* Sinatra for Ruby
* Spark for Java
* Jooby for Java
* Javalin for Java
* Jodd for Java
* Helidon for Java
* Pippo for Java
* Rapidoid for Java
* Armeria for Java
* Akka HTTP for Java
* Ratpack for Java
* Ktor for Kotlin
* Toolatra for Tcl
# Lazarus Salii

Lazarus Eitaro Salii (17 November 1936 – 20 August 1988) was a politician from Palau. He served as the second elected President of Palau from 25 October 1985 until his death by suicide on 20 August 1988, amid bribery allegations.
Salii was elected to the Senate of Micronesian Congress. He was involved in the Palau Constitutional Convention of 1978. After the Constitution took effect in 1981, he became an ambassador. As ambassador, he was given wide-ranging authority to negotiate with the U.S. ambassador. He was ambassador until 1984, when he became a senator, representing Koror in the Palau National Congress.
When President Haruo Remeliik was assassinated on 30 June 1985, Salii was elected in August to finish his term of office (although Thomas Remengesau and then Alfonso Oiterong served in the interim). Following his suicide by gunshot in 1988, he was succeeded by Vice President Remengesau as president for the remainder of his term, followed by Ngiratkel Etpison as the fifth president.
He was the elder brother of Carlos Salii.
# California Cup Distance Handicap

The California Cup Distance Handicap is an American Thoroughbred horse race run annually during the autumn Oak Tree Racing Association meet at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California. The race covers a distance of 1¼ miles on turf, and is open to fillies and mares at least three years old and bred in the state of California. The event winnings currently include a purse of $100,000 and a trophy.
The California Cup Distance Handicap is part of the "California Cup Day" series of races, intended to call attention to and honor the California Thoroughbred racing and breeding industry.

## Past winners

* 2008 – Distant Victory (Victor Espinoza)
* 2007 – Imagine (Corey Nakatani)
* 2006 – Special Heather
* 2005 – Moscow Burning
* 2004 – Test The Waters
* 2003 – Moscow Burning
* 2002 – Nicole's Pursuit
(Moscow Burning is the all-time leading earner among Cal-bred females and a two-time winner of the California Cup Distance Handicap.)
# Jono Clegg

Jonathan Clegg (born 14 July 1989) known as Jono Clegg is a British rower who competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Clegg competed at the 2013 World Rowing Championships in Chungju, where he won a bronze medal as part of the lightweight coxless four with Adam Freeman-Pask, Will Fletcher and Chris Bartley. The following year he competed at the 2014 World Rowing Championships in Bosbaan, Amsterdam, where he won a bronze medal as part of the lightweight coxless pair with Sam Scrimgeour.
Two years later he was selected for the British Olympic team and competed in the men's lightweight coxless four event with Chris Bartley, Mark Aldred and Peter Chambers finishing in seventh place.
# Italian Reformist Socialist Party

The Italian Reformist Socialist Party (Italian: Partito Socialista Riformista Italiano, PSRI) was a social-democratic political party in Italy.

## History

It was formed in 1912 by those leading reformist socialists who had been expelled from the Italian Socialist Party because of their desire of entering in the majority supporting Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti. Leading members of the PSRI were Leonida Bissolati, Ivanoe Bonomi, and Meuccio Ruini. In the 1913 Italian general election, the party won 2.6% of the vote and 21 seats in single-seat constituencies spread in almost all the Italian regions; some others, such as Ruini, were elected for the Italian Radical Party. In the 1919 Italian general election, they won 1.5% of the vote and gained 15 seats under the new proportional representation system.
The party was dissolved by the Italian fascist regime on 6 November 1926, together with all opposition parties. After World War II, Bonomi and Ruini launched the Labour Democratic Party as the continuation of the PSRI and positioned it within the National Democratic Union, which comprised the Italian Liberal Party and some former Radicals.

## Electoral results
### Italian Parliament

Chamber of Deputies :
| Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Leader | Government |
| 1913 | 196,406 (6th) | 3.9 | 19 / 508 | – | Leonida Bissolati | Opposition (1914–1916) |
| 1913 | 196,406 (6th) | 3.9 | 19 / 508 | – | Leonida Bissolati | Coalition (1916–1920) |
| 1919 | 82,157 (9th) | 1.4 | 6 / 508 | 13 | Leonida Bissolati | Opposition (1920) |
| 1919 | 82,157 (9th) | 1.4 | 6 / 508 | 13 | Leonida Bissolati | Coalition (1920–1922) |
# Mille Pattes Records

Mille Pattes Records is a Canadian independent record label formed in Quebec. It distributes the music of two of the best known Trad bands of Quebec: La Bottine Souriante and Les Batinses.

## Noted artists

* La Bottine Souriante
* Les Batinses
# Smoke hole

A smoke hole (smokehole, smoke-hole) is a hole in a roof for the smoke from a fire to vent. Before the invention of the smoke hood or chimney, many dwellings had smoke holes to allow the smoke from the hearth to escape. Pre-modern English homes with unglazed windows or thatch roofs required no special vent for smoke. These structures typically had only one story for living spaces, and inhabitants made do with a band of relatively clear air near the ground.

## Smoke holes in buildings

Smoke holes were often built in a way such they would not leak water such as with a covering or in the gables. In the Native American long house, smoke holes occur in intervallic square openings along the roof.

## Smoke holes for tents

In Native American plains style tipi, the smoke hole consisted of one easily accessible smoke flap vent which was positioned around the apex of the interior beams and the flaps were extended outward on poles to open the vent. In modern ceremonial tipis this vent is in the traditional fashion.
Sami tents called a lavvu also have a smoke hole from which smoke from a campfire is vented out the top. Unlike the Native American tipi however, there are no smoke flaps, just a round hole at the top of the tent.

## Gallery

* A large "open chimney" in a longhouse on Orkney.
* The smoke hole at the top of the gable in a reconstruction of a longhouse from the Middle Ages in Germany. Image: LepoRello (Wikipedia)
* A "smoke outlet" in a reconstruction of a Viking longhouse at the Ancient Technology Centre, Cranborne, England

## In popular culture

In the book It by Stephen King, the members of the losers club build a pit in their club, which they fill with green branches and set them on fire to create smoke. One of them talks about the ritual use of smoke-holes by Native Americans.
# Eric Evans (canoeist)

Eric Mayfield Evans (born February 27, 1950, in Exeter, New Hampshire) is an American retired slalom canoeist who competed from the late 1960s to the late 1970s. He finished seventh in the K-1 event at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.