OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bergen landdistrikt

Bergen landdistrikt (English: Bergen rural district) is a former municipality in the old Hordaland county in Norway. The municipality existed from 1838 until 1877 when it was merged into the neighboring city of Bergen. Bergen landdistrikt encompassed about 5 square kilometres (1.9 sq mi) of land surrounding the city of Bergen, including the present neighborhoods of Møhlenpris, Nygård, Kalfaret, Sandviken, and Ytre Sandviken as well as the mountains Fløyfjellet and Sandviksfjellet.

## History

The city of Bergen has been established for centuries. From 1776 to 1789, the royal boundary surveying commission conducted a survey of the area to formally establish the boundaries of the city. The areas that were left outside the city boundaries were still part of the local Domkirken and Holy Cross Church parishes. The areas outside the city limits were referred to as the rural parishes of the city's churches. The area south of the city was called the Domkirken landsogn and the area east of the city was the Korskirkens landsokn ("landsogn" means rural parish). On 1 January 1838, all parishes in Norway were established as civil municipalities (see formannskapsdistrikt law). The two "rural parishes" of Bergen Cathedral and Holy Cross Church were merged to form the municipality called "Bergen landdistrikt". Initially, the new municipality had about 1500 residents.
In 1873, the city of Bergen requested that Parliament transfer Bergen landdistrikt to the city since a large part of the inhabitants of the rural parish worked in the city, and many of the city's businesses were located in Bergen landdistrikt. The rural parish was against the merger, but the Parliament agreed with the city and Bergen landdistrikt was incorporated into Bergen on 1 January 1877. There were 4,883 residents of the municipality at the time of its dissolution. Upon the merger, the municipality was transferred to the city, but it also switched from Søndre Bergenhus county to Bergen county.

### Name

The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the neighboring city of Bergen (Old Norse: Bjǫrgvin). The first element comes from the word bjǫrg which means "mountain" and the word vin which means "meadow" or "pasture". The last element of the name is the modern Norwegian word landdistrikt meaning "rural district" since it was the rural area surrounding the city.

## Government

During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor was indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.

### Mayors

The mayors (Norwegian: ordfører) of Bergen landdistrikt:
| Term began | Term ended | Name |
| 1839 | 1839 | Jacob Ludvig Gerhard Pleym |
| 1840 | 1845 | Ferdinand Valentinsen |
| 1847 | 1854 | Rasmus Rolfsen |
| 1856 | 1857 | Christian Mohn |
| 1860 | 1867 | Rasmus Rolfsen |
| 1868 | 1868 | W. Reehorst |
| 1869 | 1869 | Lyder Nicolaisen |
| 1870 | 1876 | Ditlef Bruland |
# Robert Blust

Robert A. Blust (/blʌst/; Chinese: 白樂思; pinyin: Bái Lèsī; May 9, 1940 – January 5, 2022) was an American linguist who worked in several areas, including historical linguistics, lexicography and ethnology. He was Professor of Linguistics at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Blust specialized in the Austronesian languages and made major contributions to the field of Austronesian linguistics.

## Early life and career

Blust was born in Cincinnati, Ohio on May 9, 1940, and raised in California. He received both a Bachelor of Arts in anthropology in 1967 and a PhD in linguistics in 1974 from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. He taught at Leiden University in the Netherlands from 1976 to 1984, after which he returned to the Department of Linguistics at Mānoa for the rest of his career, serving as department chair from 2005 to 2008. He was a Fellow of the Linguistic Society of America.

### Austronesian languages

Until 2018, he served as the review editor for Oceanic Linguistics, an academic journal that covers the Austronesian languages. Blust is best known for his work on this large language family, including the comprehensive Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (1995) and a Thao-English dictionary (2003). Another one of his well-known works is a 2009 work called The Austronesian Languages, which is the first single-authored book to cover all aspects (phonology, syntax, morphology, sound changes, classification, etc.) of the Austronesian language family in its entirety.

### Field work

As part of his field work, Blust studied 97 Austronesian languages spoken in locations such as Sarawak, Papua New Guinea, and Taiwan. In Taiwan, he performed field work on Formosan languages such as Thao, Kavalan, Pazeh, Amis, Paiwan and Saisiyat. His dictionary of the highly endangered Thao language, at over 1100 pages, is one of the most complete ever compiled for a Formosan language. Blust also had an abiding research interest in both linguistic and cultural aspects of rainbows and dragons.

## Personal life and death

Blust died in Honolulu, Hawaii, on January 5, 2022, at the age of 81, after a 13-year battle with cancer.
# Stephen Rowe (poet)

Stephen Rowe (born April 7, 1980) is a Canadian poet.

## Biography

Born in Heart's Content, Newfoundland and Labrador, Rowe was educated first in Heart's Content and Carbonear and then in St. John's, where he attended Memorial University of Newfoundland. He was admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 2003 and then to a bachelor's degree in Intermediate/Secondary Education in 2005.
In 2006 he studied poetry with Canadian poet Mary Dalton, during which he wrote the chapbook Below The Spruce and took part in a mentorship program with Canadian poet and novelist Alison Pick.
After graduating from university, Rowe lived and worked in St. John's before moving to Gander, where he now works and writes. In October 2009, he published his first book of poetry, entitled Never More There, and in 2015 his second book, geo•logics, was published by Breakwater Books. He is a member of the Writers' Alliance of Newfoundland & Labrador.

## Awards

* 2004 – 2nd place, Gregory J. Power Poetry Award for the poem "The Hillside Path"
* 2005 – 2nd place, Gregory J. Power Poetry Award for the poem "The Hag"
* 2006 – Honourable mention, Gregory J. Power Poetry Award for the poem "Aubade"
* 2008 – Finalist, Fresh Fish Award for Emerging Writers for the then-unpublished manuscripted titled Preservations
* 2011 – Winner, Senior Poetry Category, Newfoundland and Labrador Arts & Letters Award
* 2011 - Shortlisted for Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage and History Award
* 2012 - Winner, Senior Poetry Category, Newfoundland and Labrador Arts & Letters Award
* 2013 - Winner, Senior Poetry Category, Newfoundland and Labrador Arts & Letters Award
# William S. O'Brien

William Shoney O'Brien (c. 1825 – May 2, 1878) was an Irish-born American businessman. He formed a business partnership with fellow Irishmen James Graham Fair, James C. Flood, and John William Mackay, the Consolidated Virginia Mining Company. The four dealt in mining stocks and operated silver mines on the Comstock Lode, and in 1873 discovered the great orebody known as the "Big Bonanza" in the Consolidated Virginia and California Mine, an orebody more than 1,200 feet deep, which yielded in March of that year as much as $632 per ton, and in 1877 nearly $190,000,000 altogether. The four-way partnership, although formally called "Flood and O'Brien," was more commonly known as the Bonanza firm.

## Early life

O'Brien was born in about 1825 in Abbeyleix, Ireland (then in Queen's County but since 1922 in County Laois).

## Career

Upon emigrating to the United States and locating in San Francisco, California, he and James C. Flood opened the Auction Lunch Saloon on Washington Street in 1857. Accumulating considerable fortunes by 1868, they sold the Auction Lunch and opened a brokerage, where they met James G. Fair and John W. Mackay. The four joined forces, with a combined capital of $225,000, to challenge William Chapman Ralston for control of the Hale & Norcross silver mine at Virginia City, Nevada. In 1869 they outmaneuvered Ralston for stock control of the mine, forcing him out at the mining company's annual meeting. Production of the mine tripled in 1869 and quadrupled in 1870.
In 1873 they developed the Consolidated Virginia silver strike, which came to be called the "Big Bonanza," and they themselves were known variously as the Silver Kings, the Lords of the Comstock, and the "second Big Four." Together they also established the Nevada Bank in San Francisco. It opened in October 1875 when its building at Pine and Montgomery Streets was ready; Louis McLane was its first president. It became the Nevada National Bank in 1898 and merged with the Wells Fargo Bank effective April 22, 1905.
Of O'Brien, Noel M. Loomis wrote, in part: "O'Brien was plebeian, unpretentious and well aware that his wealth ... was largely luck. He was the oldest and least forceful of the Silver Kings, but easily the best liked. He never forgot his friends from pre-Consolidated Virginia days, but on the few occasions he appeared in society, he seemed to belong there. He did not marry, and died in 1878, worth $15,000,000."

## Personal life

He is considered to have been one of the 100 wealthiest Americans, having left an enormous fortune. He died of Bright's disease on May 2, 1878, in San Rafael, California.
He was buried at Calvary Cemetery in San Francisco which eventually closed, his remains were moved to Holy Cross Cemetery in Colma, California. The design plans for O'Brien's memorial at Calvary Cemetery can be found at U.C. Berkeley's Bancroft Library.
# Józef Łyczak

Józef Mikołaj Łyczak (born 2 January 1952) is a Polish politician. He was elected to the Senate of Poland (10th term) representing the constituency of Toruń. He was also elected to the 9th term of the Senate of Poland.
# Isaac Levi

Isaac Levi (June 30, 1930 – December 25, 2018) was an American philosopher who served as the John Dewey Professor of Philosophy at Columbia University. He is noted for his work in epistemology and decision theory.

## Education and career

Levi was one of several doctoral students of Ernest Nagel at Columbia University who were influential in American post-war philosophy; others were Morton White, Patrick Suppes, and Henry E. Kyburg, Jr. Levi taught at Case Western Reserve University before joining the Columbia faculty in 1970. He was elected in 1986 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Levi also served as doctoral advisor to prominent formal philosophers, including Horacio Arló-Costa and Teddy Seidenfeld, and acted as a mentor to Cheryl Misak during her year at Columbia. There was a debate between Kyburg and Levi on topics in what has come to be known as formal epistemology.

## Philosophical work

Levi first made a name for himself with his first book, Gambling with Truth. In the text Levi offered a decision theoretic reconstruction of epistemology with a close-eye towards the classical pragmatist philosophers like William James and Charles Sanders Peirce. Levi was known for his work in belief revision and imprecise probability.

## Major publications
### Books

* Levi, Isaac (1973) [1967]. Gambling with truth: an essay on induction and the aims of science. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262620260. Originally issued by Knopf (1967).
* Levi, Isaac (1980). The enterprise of knowledge: an essay on knowledge, credal probability, and chance. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262620437.
* Levi, Isaac (1984). Decisions and revisions: philosophical essays on knowledge and value. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521027625.
* Levi, Isaac (1986). Hard choices: decision making under unresolved conflict. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521386302.
* Levi, Isaac (1991). The fixation of belief and its undoing: changing beliefs through inquiry. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521110297.
* Levi, Isaac (1996). For the sake of the argument: Ramsey Test conditionals, inductive inference and nonmonotonic reasoning. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521039017.
* Levi, Isaac (1997). The covenant of reason: rationality and the commitments of thought. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139173032.

### Chapters in books

* Levi, Isaac (2009), "Convexity and separability in representing consensus", in Kanbur, Ravi; Basu, Kaushik (eds.), Arguments for a better world: essays in honor of Amartya Sen | Volume I: Ethics, welfare, and measurement, Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 193–212, ISBN 9780199239115.
# Grenada at the Pan American Games

Grenada has competed at every edition of the Pan American Games since the tenth edition of the multi-sport event in 1987. Sprinter Hazel-Ann Regis won the country's first Pan Am medal in 2003, a silver in the women's 400 metres. To date, all four of Grenada's medals have been won in the sport of track and field. Grenada did not compete at the first and only Pan American Winter Games in 1990.
The country won its first ever gold medal at the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima, with Anderson Peters winning gold in the javelin throw event.

## Pan American Games
### Medals by games

| Year | Host city | | | | Total |
| 1987 | Indianapolis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1991 | Havana | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1995 | Mar del Plata | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1999 | Winnipeg | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2003 | Santo Domingo | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 2007 | Rio de Janeiro | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2011 | Guadalajara | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2015 | Toronto | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2019 | Lima | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 2023 | Santiago | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6 |

## Junior Pan American Games
### Medals by games

| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Rank |
| 2021 Cali-Valle | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 22nd |
| 2025 Asunción | Future event | Future event | Future event | Future event | Future event |
| Total | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 22nd |

### Medals by sport

| Sport | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| Athletics | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Totals (1 entries) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |

### Medalists

| Medal | Name | Games | Sport | Event |
| Silver | Joniar Thomas | 2021 Cali-Valle | Athletics | Women's heptathlon |
# Beamery

Beamery is a privately-held global human resource management software company. It is headquartered in London, United Kingdom, and operates in Germany, Singapore and the United States. Their main product is an AI-powered talent platform meant to assist other organizations in managing employees.

## History

Beamery was founded as a "garage project" by Abakar Saidov and his brother, Sultan Saidov, along with Mike Paterson, in London in 2013. Their vision for Beamery had its origins in their experiences as children of immigrants, when they became aware of the structural challenges associated with work.
In 2016, Beamery raised $2 million in a seed round from Edenred Capital Partners and Grupa Pracuj, a human resources tech firm. They went on to raise a further $5 million in a Series A funding round in 2017, led by Index Ventures and continued in 2018 to raise $28m in Series B funding in a round led by EQT Ventures.
Beamery's Series C funding took place in 2021, when Beamery raised $138 million. The Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan Board (Ontario Teachers'), a prolific tech investor, led the round by way of its Teachers' Innovation Platform (TIP). Other participants included several strategic backers who are also using Beamery: Accenture Ventures, EQT Ventures, Index Ventures, M12 (venture capital) (Microsoft's venture arm) and Workday Ventures.
In 2022, Beamery reached a valuation of $1 billion and became a "unicorn", after a Series D funding round raising $50m. The funding round was led by Teachers' Ventures Growth (TVG), part of the C$242 billion Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan, adding to its Series C investment in June 2021.
In January 2023, Beamery announced it would be laying off approximately 12% of its workforce, citing inflation and energy crises, high interest rates and "sparser startup funding".
In November 2023, Beamery announced a further round of redundancies, laying off an additional 25% of their workforce amid restructuring.

## Awards and recognition

* 2022 "Best Recruitment Technology" from the National Online Recruitment Awards
* 2022 "Tech Cares Award" from Trust Radius
* 2022 "100 of the fastest-growing companies to accelerate your career"
* 2022/2021 "50 Fastest Growing Companies in the UK"
* 2020 "top 50 leading late-stage tech companies in the UK"
* 2018 "LinkedIn's Top 25 Startups To Work For"
# Mountain (Sam Ryder song)

"Mountain" is a song by English singer and songwriter Sam Ryder. It was released on 12 May 2023 through Parlophone Records. It was written and co-produced by Ryder along with Jimbo Barry and Lewis Allen. Lyrically about perseverance and overcoming and conquering life obstacles, it received its first televised performance at the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 in Liverpool. The song peaked at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Ryder's second top 40 entry in his home country. The song was produced for a global brand campaign with Ottobock, and some of their disabled performers joined Ryder onstage at Eurovision.

## Background release

Ryder first performed "Mountain" across his European tour and teased the release date through his social media pages. In April 2023, Ryder was announced as one of the interval acts for the grand final of the Eurovision Song Contest. In May, he confirmed in an interview with Graham Norton, at Virgin Radio that he will perform his new track "Mountain" at the Grand Final. The song was available to purchase in bundles and was released as a single on 12 May 2023.
   It was lyrically inspired by fans that Ryder had met through on his tour and how they overcame obstacles in their lives. "We often say that things in our lives are like mountains, you know, like with something we've got to overcome and hop over and conquer for life to get great again. But this song is flipping that narrative and saying that you are the mountain and down in the valley below is all that you've overcome.”

## Production and composition

"Mountain" was written by Sam Ryder, who produced the track alongside Lewis Allen and Jimbo Barry. Its lyrics address perseverance and overcoming life obstacles. It runs for a total of 2 minutes and 49 seconds.

## Promotion

Ryder performed the song as an interval act in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 in Liverpool. It featured a guest appearance by Roger Taylor of rock band Queen on drums.

## Charts

Chart performance for "Mountain" :
| Chart (2023) | Peak position |
| South Korea BGM (Circle) | 111 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 35 |
| UK Singles Downloads (OCC) | 2 |
| UK Singles Sales (OCC) | 1 |
# Papaliʻi Liʻo Taeu Masipau

Papaliʻi Liʻo Oloipola Taeu Masipau (born c. 1954) is a Samoan politician and Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Samoa.
Papaliʻi is a lawyer and former Assistant Police Commissioner. He was first elected to the Fono as a candidate for the Tautua Samoa Party in the 2011 Samoan general election. He lost his seat in the 2016 election. In 2019 he ran as a candidate for the Human Rights Protection Party in the Faʻasaleleaga No. 2 by-election, but was unsuccessful.
He was re-elected as a candidate for the F.A.S.T. party for Faʻasaleleaga No. 3 in the 2021 election. On 22 May 2021 he was nominated by FAST as Speaker. On 24 May he was sworn in in an ad-hoc ceremony after being locked out of Parliament. The appointment was disputed by the caretaker government. On 23 July 2021 the Court of Appeal ruled that the swearing-in ceremony was constitutional and binding, and that FAST had been the government since 24 May. On 26 July he was welcomed to parliament and given the keys to the parliamentary complex.
On 13 September, in response to HRPP MPs refusing to be sworn in by him, Papaliʻi banned them from attending the first full sitting of parliament. HRPP MPs were forbidden entry on both 14 and 15 September, and on 15 September the police threatened to disperse them by force. On 16 September 2021 the Supreme Court declared that the speaker has an obligation to administer the oath of allegiance, and ordered him to swear in the HRPP MPs. The MPs were sworn in on 17 September.
Following the 2021 Samoan by-elections Papaliʻi refused to swear in two HRPP MPs appointed under the women's quota until the Supreme Court finalised legal challenges on their appointment. The HRPP announced they would challenge the decision in court.
In December 2021 Papaliʻi's son, Deputy Electoral Commissioner Afualo Daryl Mapu, was arrested for dealing methamphetamine and possession of illegal weapons. Papaliʻi congratulated the police for their work and said that anyone who breaks the law should be held accountable for their actions.
# Unsteady (song)

"Unsteady" is a ballad by American rock band X Ambassadors. It was originally part of the band's second EP The Reason and was later released as the third single from the band's debut studio album, VHS, on October 13, 2015. The song has a remix version entitled "Unsteady (Erich Lee Gravity Remix)", a single for the motion picture soundtrack for the film Me Before You.

## Composition

In an interview with Best New Bands frontman Sam Nelson Harris discussed the main inspiration for the song
   "This song is about our parents getting divorced when we were in high school. I was a little bit uncomfortable when I decided to make the song about that… I felt like everyone’s parents get divorced. Who am I to say anything about it, it’s not a big deal? But I think precisely for that reason, I decided that was why I had to write. We have a great relationship with our parents and our stepmother. We love them so much. We wanted to really emphasize there’s a blamelessness there. These things happen. Relationships fall apart. Families fall apart. No one is to blame."
According to the sheet music published at MusicNotes.com, the song is written in the key of B minor, with a tempo of 58 beats per minute.

## Accolades

"Unsteady" was nominated for Top Rock Song at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards.

## Music video

Influenced by the song’s theme of divorce, the music video follows a couple at two points in their relationship: the moment they fell in love, and the moment they knew their relationship was over. The song shows how habits that may have been "fun and spontaneous" when young can turn into serious problems when they begin to affect an adult family life where children can be influenced by those choices.
The video was directed by ENDS (Zack Sekuler and Daniel Iglesias Jr.) Archived 2023-04-19 at the Wayback Machine

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | Platinum | 70,000$^‡$ |
| Canada (Music Canada) | 5× Platinum | 400,000$^‡$ |
| Denmark (IFPI Danmark) | Gold | 45,000$^‡$ |
| Germany (BVMI) | Gold | 200,000$^‡$ |
| Italy (FIMI) | Gold | 25,000$^‡$ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Platinum | 600,000$^‡$ |
| United States (RIAA) | 5× Platinum | 717,000 |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Palace steamer

Palace steamer is a term sometimes used to describe the largest and finest class of American passenger steamboats of their day. The term was used from almost the earliest era of American steam navigation, and continued to be employed up until at least the late 19th century.
The term was employed for steamboats in many parts of the United States, including the Great Lakes, the East Coast, the Hudson River and the Mississippi River, to name some of the more prominent regions.

## Sources

* University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute website
* This article about a type of ship or boat is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e