OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shock factor

Shock factor is a commonly used figure of merit for estimating the amount of shock experienced by a naval target from an underwater explosion as a function of explosive charge weight, slant range, and depression angle (between vessel and charge).
$SF={\frac {\sqrt {W}}{R}}{{(1+\sin \phi )} \over 2}$
* R is the slant range in feet
* W is the equivalent TNT charge weight in pounds = charge weight (lbs) · Relative effectiveness factor
* $\phi$ is the depression angle between the hull and warhead.
The application scenario for Equation 1 is illustrated by Figure 1.
* Figure 1: Shock Factor Application Scenario.
The numeric result from computing the shock factor has no physical meaning, but it does provide a value that can be used to estimate the effect of an underwater blast on a vessel. Table 1 describes the effect of an explosion on a vessel for a range of shock factors.
       Table 1: Shock Factor Table of Effects Shock FactorDamage < 0.1 Very limited damage. Generally considered insignificant 0.1–0.15 Lighting failures; electrical failures; some pipe leaks; pipe ruptures possible 0.15–0.20 Increase in occurrence of damage above; pipe rupture likely; machinery failures 0.2 General machinery damage ≥ 0.5 Usually considered lethal to a ship

## Background

The idea behind the shock factor is that an explosion close to a ship generates a shock wave that can impart sudden vertical motions to a ship's hull and internal systems. Many of the internal mechanical systems (e.g. engine coupling to prop) require precise alignment in order to operate. These vibrations upset these critical alignments and render these systems inoperative. The vibrations can also destroy lighting and electrical components, such as relays.
The explosion also generates a gas bubble that undergoes expansion and contraction cycles. These cycles can introduce violent vibrations into a hull, generating structural damage, even to the point of breaking the ship's keel. In fact, this is a goal of many undersea weapon systems. The magnitude of an explosion's effects have been shown through empirical and theoretical analyses to be related to the size of the explosive charge, the distance of the charge from the target, and the angular relationship of the hull to the shock wave.
# Mary Gibbons Natrella

Mary Gibbons Natrella (September 23, 1922 – May 18, 1988) was an American statistician and "an expert on the application of modern statistical techniques in physical science experimentation and engineering testing". She worked at the National Bureau of Standards, where she wrote their Handbook 91, Experimental Statistics (1963). It became one of their "all-time best selling publications" and has been recognized as "a monumental work" with "deep and long-lasting impact on the application of statistics to the planning and analysis of scientific experiments".

## Education and career

Mary Blanche Gibbons was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania. After earlier studies at Keystone College, she completed a bachelor's degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1942. She worked as a mathematician for the U.S. Army Ordnance Department from 1942 to 1945, and as a statistician for the Navy beginning in 1945. In 1946, she married Joseph Victor Natrella, a mathematician for the Air Force who later worked for NASA. In 1950, she moved from the Navy to the National Bureau of Standards, where she remained until retiring in 1986.

## Contributions

Before writing her book, NBS Handbook 91 Experimental Statistics, Natrella helped produce defense standard MIL-STD-105 for acceptance sampling. At the National Bureau of Standards, she was responsible for teaching statistics to scientists, and "had a special gift for elucidating difficult statistical concepts".

## Recognition and legacy

In 1981, Natrella was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association; her brother-in-law, Vito Natrella, was also a Fellow. She was also a fellow of the American Society for Test Materials. She was given the Department of Commerce Bronze Medal in 1982. She died in 1988 and was buried in Ivy Hill Cemetery in Alexandria, Virginia.
A scholarship in her and her husband's name is awarded annually by the American Statistical Association, funded by a gift from her husband when she died.
# Thomas Christopher Greene

Thomas Christopher Greene (born 1968) is an American novelist and college president. His sixth novel, The Perfect Liar, was published by St. Martin's Press in January 2019. His fiction has been translated into thirteen languages and has found a worldwide following. He is best known for the international bestseller, The Headmaster's Wife, which both Library Journal and Publishers Weekly called "brilliant."

## Early life and education

Greene was born and raised in Worcester, Massachusetts, to Richard and Dolores Greene, the sixth of seven children. He was educated in Worcester public schools and then Suffield Academy in Suffield, Connecticut. He earned his BA in English from Hobart College in Geneva, New York, where he was the Milton Haight Turk Scholar. His MFA in Writing is from the former Vermont College. His brother, David, is the current president of Colby College in Waterville, Me.

## Career

Since 1993, Tom has lived and worked in central Vermont. He is the founder and founding president emeritus of Vermont College of Fine Arts (VCFA), a graduate fine-arts college in Montpelier, Vermont, with degrees in visual art, writing, writing for children and young adults, graphic design, music composition, film, writing & publishing, and art & design education. Greene served as President from 2007 to 2020.
Prior to founding VCFA, Greene had a long career as a higher education administrator, working as a member of the leadership team at Norwich University, as an admissions and marketing professional, as the director of public affairs for two universities, as a professor of writing and literature, and as the director of a graduate program. He has also worked as an oyster shucker, delivered pizza, on the line in a staple factory, and as a deputy press secretary for a presidential campaign.

## Works

* Mirror Lake (Simon & Schuster, 2003)
* I'll Never Be Long Gone (HarperCollins, 2005)
* Envious Moon (HarperCollins, 2007)
* The Headmaster's Wife (Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin's Press, 2014)
* If I Forget You (Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin's Press, 2016)
* The Perfect Liar (St. Martin's Press), 2019
* Notes from the Porch: Tiny True Stories to Make You Feel Better about the World (Rootstock Publishing, 2024)
# Álex Calatrava (footballer)

Álex Calatrava Torrado (born 22 June 2000) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a winger for CD Castellón.

## Career

Born in Parets del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Calatrava began his career at CF Damm. He subsequently spent two years at FC Barcelona's La Masia before returning to Damm and playing for UA Horta.
Calatrava made his senior debut with Horta on 22 April 2018, coming on as a late substitute in a 2–0 Tercera División away loss to CE Europa. In July, he joined UE Sant Andreu and returned to youth setup, before moving to Primera Catalana side CE Parets in the following year.
On 10 June 2020, Calatrava signed for UE Sants in the fourth tier. A regular starter as the club avoided relegation, he left on 19 June 2021.
On 1 July 2021, Calatrava agreed to a deal with Primera División RFEF side UE Llagostera; the club changed name to UE Costa Brava at the end of the month. The following 31 January, he moved to Atlético Madrid on a two-and-a-half-year contract, being assigned to the reserves in Segunda División RFEF.
On 11 July 2024, free agent Calatrava joined CD Castellón, newly-promoted to Segunda División. He made his professional debut on 17 August, replacing Óscar Gil in a 1–0 away loss to SD Eibar.
# Wildfires in 2023

The 2023 wildfire season involves wildfires on multiple continents.
Below is an ongoing list of articles on wildfires from around the world in the year 2023.

## Africa

* 2023 North Africa wildfires

## Asia

* 2023 Kazakhstan wildfires
* 2023 Turkey wildfires

## Europe

* 2023 Greece wildfires
* 2023 Italy wildfires
* 2023 Spain wildfires
* 2023 Tenerife wildfire, the worst in the Canary Islands in 40 years.
* Cannich wildfire, United Kingdom

## North America
### Canada

* 2023 Alberta wildfires
* 2023 Nova Scotia wildfires
* 2023 Canadian wildfires
* McDougall Creek Fire

### United States

* 2023 Arizona wildfires
* 2023 California wildfires
* 2023 Colorado wildfires
* 2023 Florida wildfires
* 2023 Hawaii wildfires
* 2023 Idaho wildfires
* 2023 Louisiana wildfires
* 2023 Montana wildfires
* 2023 Nevada wildfires
* 2023 New Mexico wildfires
* 2023 North Carolina wildfires
* 2023 Oregon wildfires
* 2023 Washington wildfires

## South America

* 2023 Chile wildfires
# Dushanbe International School

Dushanbe International School (DIS) (Russian: Душанбинская международная школа; Tajik: Мактаби байналмилалии Душанбе) is an international school located in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. DIS offers Cambridge International Examinations in addition to local examinations.
Lessons are taught in English. Tajik and Russian are the compulsory second languages.

## Academics

* DIS is a regular member of the European Council of International Schools.(www.ecis.org)
* DIS is a regular member of the Council of International Schools.(www.cois.org)
* DIS is ETS certified test center for internet based TOEFL.(www.ets.org/toefl)
* DIS is a centre of Cambridge International Examinations.(www.cie.org.uk)
* DIS uses Cambridge International Primary Programme in Grades 1-5.
* DIS uses Cambridge Checkpoints in Grades 6-7.
* DIS uses Cambridge IGCSE in Grades 8-9.
* DIS will start using Cambridge AS level in Grade 10-11.

## School Sections

DIS is divided into three sections: Kindergarten, Primary School and Secondary School. There are 11 grade levels in Dushanbe International School.

## Facilities

DIS offers various physical activities, including group sports, volleyball, basketball, football (soccer) and table tennis. Picnics and field trips are frequently arranged in our school. There are clubs for Science, Maths, English, Computer Studies, Soccer, Table Tennis, Basketball, Volleyball, Music, Journalism and Chess.
There is a computer laboratory and a collection of educational and recreational CD-ROMs. There is 12-hour Internet capacity in school and through the network most of the staff have access to the Internet. The students also have access to Internet during IT lessons, after the lessons and at the weekends. School's library is one of the best, possessing around 8000 books, most of which are available for student's use.

## History

Dushanbe International School (DIS) was founded in 1997 to serve the international community in Dushanbe and the surrounding area. It now houses students in grades Year 1 to Year 11 and Kindergarten. Students are drawn from families working for both the international and local business communities, including the diplomatic corps and various multi-national government-funded organizations.
# Department of Social Policy and Intervention

The Department of Social Policy and Intervention is an interdisciplinary centre for research and teaching in social policy and the systematic evaluation of social intervention based in the Social Sciences Division of the University of Oxford. It dates back to Barnett House, a social reform initiative founded in 1914 by a reform movement clergyman, Samuel Barnett (known as Canon Barnett), becoming a department of Oxford in 1961.
The department hosts two main research units: the Oxford Institute of Social Policy (OISP) and the Centre for Evidence-Based Social Intervention (CEBI).
In 2021 Professor Jane Barlow followed Professor Bernhard Ebbinghaus as head of department.

## Research

The department was ranked first among all social policy departments in the Research Excellence Framework 2014, which assess the research performance of institutions of higher education in the UK, with 79% of its research classified as world-leading. The Department of Social Policy and Intervention is a multidisciplinary centre of excellence for research in social policy and the development and systematic evaluation of social interventions. Within the department, research is organised around two main units:
* The Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention (CEBI)
* The Oxford Institute of Social Policy (OISP)
Whilst the majority of work is focused on OECD countries, faculty members also address important social policy issues in developing countries. The academic backgrounds of members of staff in the department include anthropology, demography, economics, health services research, political science, psychology, social policy, social work and sociology. The substantive focus of research in the department covers a wide range of policy areas including; Children and Families, Family Policies, Health Policy, Education Policy and Social Policy, Pensions, Poverty and Social Exclusion, Welfare and Work, Demographic and Population based problems and a wide range of social and psycho-social interventions. Whilst the majority of work is focused on OECD countries, faculty members also address important social policy issues in developing countries.

## Teaching

The department offers teaching on two core graduate study tracts: Comparative Social Policy (MSc and MPhil) and Evidence Based Social Intervention and Policy Evaluation (MSc and MPhil). Research courses are offered in Social Policy and Social Intervention (DPhil). Additionally the department provides teaching on the undergraduate Politics, Philosophy and Economics course.

## Notable people

Notable former heads of department have included Leonard Barnes, A. H. Halsey, Stein Ringen, Martin Seeleib-Kaiser and Bernhard Ebbinghaus.
The Barnett Professor of Social Policy is based in the department. Notable academics have included:
* Mary Daly, Professor of Sociology and Social Policy since 2012
* Jane Lewis, Barnett Professor of Social Policy from 2000 to 2004
# Madore railway station

Madore railway station was on the Ilen Valley Railway in County Cork, Ireland.

## History

The station opened on 1 March 1878.
Regular passenger services were withdrawn on 1 April 1961.

## Routes

| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Drimoleague | Ilen Valley Railway Dunmanaway-Skibbereen | Skibbereen |
# Escudo de Veraguas Formation

The Escudo de Veraguas Formation is a geologic formation in Panama. It preserves fossils dating back to the Piacenzian to Early Pleistocene period.

## Fossil content

Among others, the following fossils have been found in the formations:
* Cancellaria stri
* Diaphus aequalis
# Lucas Trecarichi

Lucas Ezequiel Trecarichi Loiácono (Spanish pronunciation:; born 12 February 1991) is an Argentine former footballer who played mainly as a left winger.

## Club career
### Early years / Sevilla

Born in Béccar, Buenos Aires Province, Trecarichi began his career at Club Atlético River Plate, being released in December 2004. In January of the following year, one month before his 14th birthday, he joined CD Leganés, moving to Spain with his parents and soon attracting interest from several clubs in Europe, which prompted the Madrid side to sign him to a five-year contract with a €3 million clause; he often trained with the main squad, but played only with the B-team.
In 2007, the youngster signed for Sevilla FC – as Arsenal was also interested– playing two seasons with the reserves in the second division with little success. Subsequently, Trecarichi was loaned to Club Atlético Huracán for six months, making his top flight debut on 3 September 2009 by coming on as a substitute in a 0–2 loss against Atlético Tucumán; on 7 October he scored his first and only goal for them, in a 2–2 draw at Club Atlético Tigre.
On 24 August 2010, after another spell in Spain, playing four months with lowly SD Ponferradina, Trecarichi moved teams and countries again, joining PFC CSKA Sofia of Bulgaria on a three-year contract. In the summer of 2011, however, he was released by the latter club.

### Unión San Felipe / Kallithea

On 16 February 2012, Trecarichi signed with Chilean Primera División side Unión San Felipe as a free agent. He made appearances for the B-team in the Segunda División Profesional.
He spent the 2013–14 season in Greece with Kallithea FC, being relatively played as his team finished in eighth position in the second tier.

### FC Jūrmala

Prior to the 2014 campaign, Trecarichi joined FC Jūrmala. He scored his first and only league goal on 12 April, in a 4–2 victory over FS METTA/Latvijas Universitāte.

## International career

Trecarichi represented Argentina at under-17 and under-20 levels, appearing for the later at the 2009 Toulon Tournament.
# Nemotelus bonnarius

Nemotelus bonnarius is a species of soldier fly in the family Stratiomyidae.

## Distribution

Canada, United States.
# Minibloq

Minibloq is a graphical development environment for Arduino and other platforms. Its main objective is to help in teaching programming. It is specially used in robotics at elementary, middle and high schools. It's widely used in Argentina, where in the San Luis province alone, more than 60000 children have been trained with this software in public schools.

## How it works

Minibloq is basically a graphical code generator with some IDE capabilities. It's self-contained and every distribution includes the complete [toolchain] needed to compile (or interpret, depending on the selected target) and deploy the code to the selected hardware target. Every code block is configured in XML. Since its first public version, the code is generated in real time (for this purpose uses Scintilla). Here are some examples of code generated for Arduino:
* Blink: Blocks and codes.
* Simple counter, with serial OUT.
* Tones (with a buzzer) varying the frequency.
* Sprites for screens like "LED-Matrix".
* Speed variation of one motor with one analog sensor.
* Sending numbers through a serial port. Numbers are received from an IR remote control RC5.
Since the v0.82 version, it also can be used as an IDE for conventional programming of Arduino and other physical computing boards.

## miniSim

Since the v0.82 version, miniBloq includes miniSim: a small 2D robot simulator, aimed specially for kids. It's a very simple tool to help teaching basic robot programming to kids whom do not own a real robot. miniBloq features some simple blocks that controls a small simulated robot with some remembrances to Logo, where the robot can draw a small environment (a maze, for example) and then use a sensor to interact with that environment. miniSim is under the same license as miniBloq, and has been programmed in Python, using PyGame. miniSim is the official simulator software used by the Educ.Ar educational program from the Argentine Government.

## Operating systems

miniBloq runs under Windows and Linux, in principle, without dependencies. The v0.81 version is distributed both as a Windows installer (exe) or as a single multiple OS compressed file, which contains the Windows and the Linux versions. This last distribution was designed to be portable, so the user can run in from a pen drive in any of these operating systems. The version v0.82 comes only in Windows version, since the Linux is under development. However, a preliminary Linux version can be downloaded from a branch from miniBloq's GitHub repository.

## Derivative software

There are derivative versions of miniBloq made for specific platforms by third party teams or private companies:
* AERobot: an Affordable Education Robot: This is a project from a Team at Harvard University, winner of the African Robotics Network 2103/2014 Design Challenge
* ArcBotics miniBloq for Sparki: Specific miniBloq version made from a pre-release of the v0.82 for the ArcBotics' Sparki robot.
* Lego Duino: Hobbyist project made by J. Benschop to help teaching robotics to kids using Lego and open source robotics hardware and software.
# Tunisia at the 1987 Mediterranean Games

Tunisia (TUN) competed at the 1987 Mediterranean Games in Latakia, Syria. It won 2 gold, 4 silver and 5 bronze medals.
# Sadullah Pasha

Sadullah Pasha (1838 – 14 January 1891) was an Ottoman statesman in the late Tanzimat period. He is most notable as the Ottoman ambassador to Berlin following the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.

## Early life and career

Sadullah Pasha was born in 1838 in Erzurum, as the son of Assad Muhlis Pasha. After completing his primary education he learned Arabic, Persian and French. He also took private lessons on French and Eastern literature.
In 1853, he began to work for the state. First, he worked at the "Financial Wage Cattle". In 1856, he worked in the Translation Office. In 1866 he was appointed to the "Mezahib Kalemi". In 1868, he was made the "Chief of the Ministry of State Education". In 1870, he was made "Principal State Attache". From April 4, 1876, to May 30, 1876, he served as the Trade and Agriculture Minister.
He along with Saffet Pasha was a representative of the Ottoman Empire at the Congress of Berlin, to determine the territories of the states in the Balkan peninsula following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78. The delegation in which he took part was successful in changing the San Stefano peace terms in favour of the Ottoman Empire (Treaty of Berlin).
He wrote the poem "The Nineteenth Century," which was much-cited at the time.
Sadullah Pasha committed suicide in Vienna in 1891.
# Fannin Formation

The Fannin Formation is a geologic formation in British Columbia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Early Jurassic period (Pliensbachian to Toarcian stages).
# Any Place I Hang My Hat Is Home

"Any Place I Hang My Hat Is Home" is a popular song with music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by Johnny Mercer.
It was first introduced in 1946 in the musical St. Louis Woman. In the musical, the song was sung by a female character of easy virtue, played by Ruby Hill, and the lyrics start out, "Free and easy". The score by Arlen provides a languid accompaniment, not dissimilar to that of "One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)", also by Arlen and Mercer.

## Barbra Streisand Recording

Barbra Streisand recorded the song for The Second Barbra Streisand Album in 1963. The song appeared on the album twice: first, as the individual song to open the album; then to close the album as a medley with "Like a Straw in the Wind".

## Notable Recordings

Many well-known vocalists have recorded the song including:
* Rosemary Clooney - Rosemary Clooney Sings the Lyrics of Johnny Mercer (1987)
* Sammy Davis, Jr. - That's All! (1967)
* Judy Garland - Judy (1956)
* Lena Horne - Stormy Weather (1957)
* Susannah McCorkle - The Quality of Mercer (1977)
* Audra McDonald - How Glory Goes (2000)
* Johnny Mercer (who co-authored the song) - a single release in 1946 and a re-recording in 1974 for the album Johnny Mercer Singer-Songwriter.
* Jimmie Rodgers - Jimmie Rodgers TV Favorites: Volume 1 (1959)
* Dinah Shore - Dinah Down Home! (1962)
* Jo Stafford - Swingin' Down Broadway (1958)
* Margaret Whiting - Goin' Places (1957)

## Footnotes

* ↑ Wilder, Alec (1990). American Popular Song. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 282. ISBN 0-19-501445-6.
* ↑ "www.allmusic.com". allmusic.com. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
* ↑ "www.discogs.com". www.discogs.com. Retrieved November 14, 2024.
* ↑ "www.discogs.com". Retrieved November 18, 2024.
* ↑ "www.allmusic.com". allmusic.com. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
* ↑ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. 1977. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
* ↑ "www.allmusic.com". allmusic.com. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
* ↑ "archive.org". archive.org. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
* ↑ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. 1974. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
* ↑ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
* ↑ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. 1962. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
* ↑ "www.discogs.com". www.discogs.com. Retrieved November 14, 2024.
* ↑ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved May 5, 2020.