OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Duncan Forbes (historian)

Duncan Forbes MC (19 May 1922 – 3 December 1994) was a Scottish historian. He was a Reader (later Emeritus) in the History of Political Thought at the University of Cambridge.

## Life

Forbes was born in 1922, the only son of Duncan Alexander Forbes and Sybil Mitchell, and nephew of the Cambridge academic Mansfield Forbes. He was educated at Haileybury College and Clare College, Cambridge, where his late uncle was a fellow and had published a history of the college's first 600 years. Duncan Forbes's time at Clare was initially short-lived, as in 1942 he was called up to fight in the Second World War; enlisting in the Seaforth Highlanders, he won the Military Cross while serving as a platoon commander at the Battle of Anzio. Returning to Clare in 1945, he was awarded a degree in history and was made a fellow of the college in 1947, remaining there for the rest of his life.

## Academic career

Forbes edited Adam Ferguson's An Essay on the History of Civil Society for the University of Edinburgh Press in 1966. In 1970 Pelican Books published the volumes of David Hume's History of Great Britain that covered the early Stuarts, to which Forbes wrote the introduction.
In his book Hume's Philosophical Politics, Forbes argued that Hume's main purpose in writing The History of England was to give "the Hanoverian regime a proper intellectual foundation". Against the traditional portrayal of Hume as a Tory, Forbes labelled Hume's beliefs "skeptical Whiggism", that is, an acceptance of the Revolution Settlement coupled with a rejection of most other Whig orthodoxies such as the concept of the "ancient constitution".
Forbes' work on the Scottish Enlightenment led to one of his students, John Dunn, calling him "a Highlander in exile".

## Works

* 'Scientific Whiggism: Adam Smith and John Millar', Cambridge Journal, VII (1954), pp. 643–70.
* Hume's Philosophical Politics. Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 1975 – via Internet Archive..
* 'Sceptical Whiggism, Commerce and Liberty', in A. S. Skinner and T. Wilson (eds.), Essays on Adam Smith (Oxford University Press, 1976).
# Haustrum (anatomy)

The haustra (sg.: haustrum) of the colon are the small pouches caused by sacculation (sac formation), which give the colon its segmented appearance. The teniae coli run the length of the colon. A proposed explanation for the existence of haustra is that the colon becomes sacculated between the teniae coli because the taenia coli are shorter than the colon. However, it is now more commonly accepted that the haustra form because of enteric nervous system activity.
Haustral contractions are slow segmenting, uncoordinated movements that occur approximately every 25 minutes. One haustrum distends as it fills with chyme, which stimulates muscles to contract, pushing the contents to the next haustrum. Also see peristalsis.
There is a wider distance between haustra than between the circular folds of the small intestine, and the haustra do not reach around the entire circumference of the intestine, in contrast to circular folds of the small intestine that do. These differences can assist in distinguishing the small intestine from the colon on an abdominal x-ray.

## Clinical significance

Widespread loss of haustra is a sign of chronic ulcerative colitis. Localized ahaustral distended colon can be seen on abdominal x-ray during obstruction or volvulus.
Sigmoidal volvolus, more often seen in psychiatric and neurologically impaired patients (e.g. Parkinson's disease), shows lack of haustra on x-ray and points from the pelvis to the right upper quadrant just below the diaphragm.
# Romain Ferrier

Romain Ferrier (born 24 February 1976) is a retired French footballer who played as a defender.
His previous clubs include AS Cannes, Bordeaux, Montpellier HSC and Guingamp. He also played in Europe with Bordeaux and Montpellier and had a spell in Greece with Skoda Xanthi.

## Honours

Bordeaux
* Division 1 champions: 1998–99
Montpellier
* UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1999
Chamois Niortais
* Championnat National champions: 2005–06
# Hillhurst, Calgary

Hillhurst is a community located within the inner city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The boundaries of the community are 8th Avenue NW to the north, 10th Street NW to the east, the Bow River to the south, and 18th Street NW to the west. The communities of Hillhurst and the neighbouring Sunnyside together form the Hillhurst-Sunnyside Community Association. The two communities have an area redevelopment plan in place, revised in 2009.
The Kensington Business Revitalization Zone (BRZ) adjoins the Hillhurst community.

## History

Established in 1914, Hillhurst is one of Calgary's oldest neighbourhoods. The first homesteads appeared here in the 1880s – the most notable being that of Felix McHugh. In 1883, he established his homestead in Section 21, now known as Hillhurst. The site of his house is now a playground at corner of 9A Street and Memorial Drive. Ezra Riley acquired the land, and sold it to the city in 1904. He also donated a 20 acre parcel, which is now Riley Park, and a stone structure where St. Barnabas Church is now located.
The city set the size of the lots to 25 feet with lots selling for about $300 each in 1907. In the early days, much of Hillhurst was a slough. As more and more people came, the dirt trails and wooden sidewalks gave way to paved roads; cement side walks, and lit roadways. Now, Hillhurst is a community with a population of approximately 5000.

## Demographics

In the City of Calgary's 2012 municipal census, Hillhurst had a population of 6,291 living in 3,557 dwellings, a 6.4% increase from its 2011 population of 5,914. With a land area of 2.1 km$^2$ (0.81 sq mi), it had a population density of 3,000/km$^2$ (7,760/sq mi) in 2012.
Residents in this community had a median household income of $50,822 in 2000, and there were 18.6% low income residents living in the neighbourhood. As of 2000, 15.3% of the residents were immigrants. A proportion of 48.2% of the buildings were condominiums or apartments, and 56.2% of the housing was used for renting.

## Crime

Crime Data :
| Year | Crime Rate (/100 pop.) |
| 2018 | 5.9 |
| 2019 | 8.5 |
| 2020 | 6.0 |
| 2021 | 5.3 |
| 2022 | 6.3 |
| 2023 | 4.9 |

## Education

In 2006, there were five schools in the district:
* Hillhurst Community School — Public
* Queen Elizabeth Elementary School — Public
* Queen Elizabeth Junior and Senior High — Public
* St. John Fine Arts Elementary — Calgary Catholic School District (closed in 2010)
* Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, or SAIT Polytechnic — Post Secondary College

## Sports teams

Hillhurst is home to the Calgary Kookaburras Australian rules football club.
# Andrei Cherenkov

Andrei Nikolayevich Cherenkov (Russian: Андрей Николаевич Черенков; born 8 October 1976) is a Russian professional football manager and a former player. He is the manager of FC Zorkiy Krasnogorsk.

## Club career

He made his debut for FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don on 12 September 1998 in a Russian Cup game against FC Lada-Grad Dimitrovgrad. He made his second appearance for Rostselmash on 17 July 1999 in an Intertoto Cup game against Varaždin.
He played in the Russian Football National League for FC SKA-Energiya Khabarovsk in 2003.
# Ildar Gizatullin

Ildar Nailevich Gizatullin (Russian: Ильдар Наилевич Гизатуллин; born 2 November 1976) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player. He is an assistant manager with FC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk.

## Club career

He played two seasons in the Russian Football National League for FC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk.
# Sophronica subaureovittata

Sophronica subaureovittata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1977.
# BRQ

BRQ may refer to:
* Brno-Tuřany Airport (IATA airport code: BRQ), airport in Brno, Czech Republic
* Buraq Air (ICAO airline code: BRQ), airline based in Tripoli, Libya
* Breri language (ISO 639-3 language code: brq), a Ramu language of Papua New Guinea
* B-R-Q, a given name of Semitic origin frequently spelled as "Barack", "Barak" or "Baraq"
* Bus request, a control bus signal
# Hyman Liberman

Hyman Liberman (1853 - June 23, 1923) was a Polish-born South African politician, produce merchant and philanthropist. He served three consecutive terms as the Mayor of Cape Town between 1904 and 1907. He was the city's first elected Jewish mayor. David Bloomberg, who served as mayor of the city in the 1970s, said that Liberman's appointment was "extraordinary" at the time as much of the Council was made up of gentry from England, Scotland and Ireland. He became the second Jewish person in South Africa to hold mayoral office, after H.H. Solomon in Port Elizabeth in 1875. According to Milton Shain, Liberman may have been the inspiration behind a Jewish caricature cartoon by D. C. Boonzaier.
He was born in Suwałki in Poland and spent much of his childhood in Birmingham, where he served a business apprenticeship, before emigrating to South Africa in 1873 at age 20. He was a senior partner in the produce merchants firm, Liberman & Buirski and became very successful. This allowed him to be an active philanthropist, and he also showed great care and concern for the refugees and unemployed that fled to the Cape during the Second Boer War.
He was congregation president of the Gardens Shul and formally opened the new synagogue in 1905. The facade of the synagogue also contains the Liberman Memorial stained glass windows. As mayor he also opened the newly completed Cape Town City Hall. He was a member of Cape Town City Council from 1900 to 1916.
He died on 23 June 1923 and is buried at the 7th Avenue Jewish cemetery in Maitland.

## Legacy

He bequeathed part of his personal fortune to the people of Cape Town to create art. The South African National Gallery was being built at the time and subsequently became home to the "Hyman Liberman Memorial Doors" by H. V. Meyerowitz, depicting aspects of Jewish life in South Africa. The main exhibition was also named after Liberman. In 1934 the Hyman Liberman Institute opened as a community centre and library in District Six. It was based on the model of Toynbee Hall in London and was partnered with the University of Cape Town. It became the centre of "high culture" in the district.
Scholarships were also established in his name at the University of Cape Town from 1927. He also established the Esther Liberman Scholarship at the university in 1918, in the name of his late wife. He also bequeathed money to his synagogue, the Gardens Shul. Liberman's former home, Rosecourt at 25 Breda St in Gardens is now used by Astra, a sheltered employment organisation for Jewish adults.
# Kalanchoe salazarii

Kalanchoe salazarii is a succulent plant that is native to Huíla Province in Angola. It is named after the Portuguese dictator António de Oliveira Salazar.
# Christophe Ferron

Christophe Ferron (born 27 October 1970) is a French football manager and former professional player who played as a defender. During a 15-year professional career, Ferron made a total of 432 league appearances for Stade Lavallois and FC Lorient.
# Chikako Nakamori

Chikako Nakamori (中森 智佳子, Nakamori Chikako, born 11 April 1967) is a Japanese former freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics and in the 1988 Summer Olympics.
# Carl Skottsberg

Carl Johan Fredrik Skottsberg (1 December 1880 – 14 June 1963) was a Swedish botanist and explorer of Antarctica.

## Life

Skottsberg was born in Karlshamn on 1 December 1880 the son of Carl Adolf Skottsberg a schoolmaster and his wife, Maria Louisa Pfeiffer.
He was educated locally then studied Sciences at Uppsala University from 1898, specialising in Botany, and receiving his doctorate (PhD) there in 1907.
From 1901 to 1903 Skottsberg served as official botanist to the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of 1901 to 1903 on the ship Antarctic. On his return to Sweden, Skottsberg published (1905) the first comprehensive phytogeographic study of the flora of southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Later he led the Swedish Magellanic Expedition to Patagonia, 1907 to 1909. Carl Skottsberg is believed to have been the last to have seen the Santalum fernandezianum tree alive when he visited the Juan Fernández Islands in 1908.
He was conservator at the Uppsala University Botanical Museum 1909 to 1914, but led the work on the new Botanical Garden in Gothenburg from 1915, and was appointed professor and director of the garden there, Göteborg Botanical Garden, in 1919.
In 1909, he married Inga Margareta Reuter.
Skottsberg was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and several other Swedish learned societies, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1950. That same year he presided the 7th International Botanical Congress. He was awarded the Linnean Society of London's Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1958 and the Linnean Medal in 1959.
He is buried at Östra kyrkogården in Gothenburg.

## Publications

* The Wilds of Patagonia (1919)
* Remarks on the Hawaiian Flora (1939)
* Observations on Hawaiian Violets (1940)
* Communities of Marine algae (1941)
* Botanical Survey of the Falkland Islands
* The Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island
* Meddelanden (1963)

## Honours

Several taxa have been named in his honour;
* Skottsbergia Cardot 1905 (genus of moss in Ditrichaceae family),
* Skottsbergiella Petr. 1927 (genus of Fungi in Gnomoniaceae family),
* Skottsbergiella Epling 1935 (genus of Lamiaceae) a synonym of Cuminia Colla,
* Skottsbergiliana H.St.John 1974 (a genus of Cucurbitaceae), now a synonym of Sicyos,
* Skottsbergiella Boelcke 1982 (genus of Brassicaceae), now a synonym of Xerodraba Skottsb.,
* Skottsbergianthus Boelcke 1984 (genus of Brassicaceae), now a synonym of Xerodraba,
# Shardha Ram Phillauri

Shardha Ram Phillauri (September 1837 – 24 June 1881) was an Indian writer, poet and social reformer, known for his contributions to Hindi and Punjabi literature. He is best known for his Hindu religious hymn Om Jai Jagdish Hare and Bhagyawati, one of the first novels in Hindi. Phillauri has also been called the "father of modern Punjabi prose". Born in Phillaur, he visited cities across Punjab and died in Lahore in 1881.

## Biography

Shardha Ram was born in September 1837, to a Punjabi Hindu Brahmin family in the town of Phillaur in the Sikh Empire under the reign of Ranjit Singh. His father, Jai Dyalu, was an astrologer. Their gotra was Moudgil. He did not have any formal education as such. By age ten, he had studied Hindi, Sanskrit, Persian, astrology, and music. Later, he was also a missionary of traditional Hinduism (Sanatana dharma).
In his books, Shardha Ram documented Punjabi culture and language.
Shardha Ram gave forceful lectures on the Mahabharata, and because of this was charged with conducting propaganda against the British government in 1865. As a result, he was exiled temporarily from his home town, Phillaur.
Sharda Ram often visited Amritsar and adjoining Lahore, especially in connection with astrology. During this time, he earned a reputation as an astrologer and wrote several books in Hindi.
In 1886, Sikhan De Raj Di Vithia (Punjabi:The Story of Sikh Rule) he published, an account of Sikh religion and the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The last of its three chapters documents Punjabi culture and language, including its customs, usages, and folk songs. The book was often prescribed as a text book.
Shardha Ram has recently been acknowledged as having written the first novel in Hindi. His novel Bhagyawati, believed to have been written mainly in Amritsar, was first published in 1888, after Shardha Ram's death. The novel's portrayal of women and women's rights was progressive for its day.
Shardha Ram died on 24 June 1881, aged 43, at Lahore.

## Works

| Work | Year | Description |
| Sikhan De Raj Di Vithia (The Story of Sikh Rule) | 1866 | The book is an account of Sikh religion and the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The last of its three chapters documents Punjabi culture and language, including its customs, usages, and folk songs. The book was often prescribed as a text book. |
| Punjabi Batcheet | | This book was specifically written to help the British understand the local dialect. It may have been the first book transliterated into Roman script from Gurmukhi script. The study of this was a requirement for admission into the administrative services. The book is taught to this day at schools affiliated with the Punjab School Education Board (PSEB) Mohali. |
| Om Jai Jagdish Hare | 1870s | Translated in Punjabi the first time |
| Bhagyawati | published 1888 | This book is believed to be the first novel in Hindi. |
| Satya Dharm Muktavli | | |
| Shatopadesh | | |
| Satyamrit Pravaha | | |
# Hacker Culture

Hacker Culture is a cultural criticism book written by Douglas Thomas that deals with hacker ethics and hackers.

## Reception

Publishers Weekly reviewed Hacker Culture as "an intelligent and approachable book on one of the most widely discussed and least understood subcultures in recent decades."
San Francisco Chronicle reviewed Hacker Culture as "an unusually balanced history of the computer underground and its sensational representation in movies and newspapers."
# Rory Barrett

John Rory Barrett (born 31 December 1945) is a New Zealand weightlifter. He competed in the men's heavyweight event at the 1976 Summer Olympics. Barrett was a teacher at Lynfield College in the 1970s.
# Isa Markhiyev

Isa Magometovich Markhiyev (Russian: Иса Магометович Мархиев; born 9 May 1971) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player who is an assistant manager of FC Angusht Nazran.

## Club career

He made his Russian Football National League debut for FC Erzu Grozny on 3 April 1993 in a game against FC Druzhba Maykop. He played one more season in the FNL for FC Angusht Nazran.

## Honours

* Russian Third League Zone 1 top scorer: 1995 (21 goals).
* Russian Second Division Zone South top scorer: 1999 (34 goals).
# Marie Randall

Marie Louise Mansell Randall MBE (1881–1965) was a politician in Guernsey. In 1924 she was elected to the States of Deliberation, the parliament and government of Guernsey, becoming its first female member.

## Biography

Randall was born in 1881, the second daughter of Robert Randall, the owner of Randalls Brewery. During World War I she volunteered as a nurse, initially serving with the Voluntary Aid Detachment in Rouen, before moving to the First London General Hospital in Camberwell.
Randall contested the 1924 elections and was elected to the States, becoming its first female member. She remained a deputy until 1955. While a member of the States, she served on the Education Council. She was awarded an MBE in the 1954 Birthday Honours.
She died in 1965.

## Recognition

Randall features on the 'Notable Women of Guernsey' walking trail and a blue plaque for her was unveiled in 2024.
# Treaty of Heiligen

The Treaty of Heiligen was signed in 811 between the Danish King Hemming and Charlemagne. Based on the terms of the accord, the southern boundary of Denmark was established at the Eider River. Moreover, the treaty confirmed the peace established by both signatories in 810.
Since the days of King Offa the Eider river had been the border between the settlement area of the Angles and Saxons. After Charlemagne had subjected the Duchy of Saxony to his rule, Hemming's predecessor and uncle Gudfred took the chance, crossed the Eider and campaigned in the southern lands, which Charles had left to the allied Obotrites. The king however was killed by his retinue in 810 and Hemming, to assure his rule against his rivaling cousins, sought peace with the Franks. His and the Emperor's negotiators met on an island of the Eider in present-day Rendsburg and defined the limits of their spheres of influence.
Though in the following decades several quarrels occurred in the border area and the German King Henry I conquered Danish Hedeby at the Danevirke in 934, the border was confirmed by Canute the Great and King Conrad II in 1025 at the betrothal of their children Gunhilda and Henry III. For centuries the Eider marked the border between the Danish Duchy of Schleswig and the German County of Holstein, but these came to be united under one ruler and proclaimed indivisible, which caused the Eider boundary to become disputed in the 19th century. This dispute was finally settled after World War I: The Danish-German border which had been moved north to the Kongeå after the Prussian-Austrian conquest in 1864 was relocated south to its present location between Kongeå and Eider. The southern, German part of Schleswig was by then mostly German-speaking and identifying as German and remained part of the Province of Schleswig-Holstein.
# Stéphane Lièvre

Stéphane Lievre (born 3 October 1972) is a French football manager and former professional player he is the currently assistant manager Ligue 1 club of Toulouse.
Born in Paris, he played his entire career in France for three clubs: Stade Malherbe Caen, FC Nantes and Toulouse FC.
# Illuminize

Omar Martinez (born November 3, 1998), more commonly known by his stage name Illuminize, is an American music producer of Peruvian descent. The first release from Illuminize was a single titled Reality, which was introduced under Scantraxx's X-Bone label. Reality was Martinezs debut on Spotify and secured him a spot on Hardstyle.coms Top 100 list. Following this was his Scantraxx Debut titled Radiate. Shortly after, Illuminize released his third track titled Leave a Light with Nino Lucarelli.

## Career

Martinez started producing at the age of 15, and started Illuminize in 2017. In 2018 Illuminize released his first track, Reality, on X-Bone, which is a sub label under the larger and more well known Scantraxx Recordz. This release piqued the interest of hard dance fans. In July 2019 Illuminize released a track featuring Nashville based vocalist Weldon titled Radiate, shortly after in December 2019, Martinez released his third single featuring widely known vocalist Nino Lucarelli titled Leave a Light.

## Discography
### Singles

* "Reality" (2018)
* "Radiate" with Weldon (2019)
* "Leave a Light" with Nino Lucarelli (2019)

### Mixes

* "The Hard City Episode #18 Feat. Illuminize"
# Resonance chamber

A resonance chamber uses resonance to enhance the transfer of energy from a sound source (e.g. a vibrating string) to the air. The chamber has interior surfaces which reflect an acoustic wave. When a wave enters the chamber, it bounces back and forth within the chamber with low loss (See standing wave). As more wave energy enters the chamber, it combines with and reinforces the standing wave, increasing its intensity.
Since the resonance chamber is an enclosed space that has an opening where the sound wave enters and exits after bouncing off of the internal walls producing resonance, commonly acoustic resonance as in many musical instruments (see Sound board (music)), the material of the chamber, particularly that of the actual internal walls, its shape and the position of the opening, as well as the finish (porosity) of the internal walls are contributing factors for the final resulting sound produced.
# Konstantin Nizovtsev

Konstantin Stanislavovich Nizovtsev (Russian: Константин Станиславович Низовцев; born 25 March 1979) is a former Russian professional football player.

## Club career

He made his Russian Football National League debut for FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny on 31 March 2004 in a game against FC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk. He played 3 seasons in the FNL for KAMAZ, FC Vityaz Podolsk and FC Gazovik Orenburg.
# Berentin Rural District

Berentin Rural District (Persian: دهستان برنطين) is in the Central District of Rudan County, Hormozgan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Berentin.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population (as a part of Bikah District) was 8,328 in 1,700 households. There were 9,032 inhabitants in 2,336 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 8,684 in 2,472 households. The most populous of its 10 villages was Berentin, with 5,799 people.
In 2019, the rural district was separated from the district to join the Central District.