OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Weyl transformation

In theoretical physics, the Weyl transformation, named after German mathematician Hermann Weyl, is a local rescaling of the metric tensor:
$g_{ab}\rightarrow e^{-2\omega (x)}g_{ab}$
which produces another metric in the same conformal class. A theory or an expression invariant under this transformation is called conformally invariant, or is said to possess Weyl invariance or Weyl symmetry. The Weyl symmetry is an important symmetry in conformal field theory. It is, for example, a symmetry of the Polyakov action. When quantum mechanical effects break the conformal invariance of a theory, it is said to exhibit a conformal anomaly or Weyl anomaly.
The ordinary Levi-Civita connection and associated spin connections are not invariant under Weyl transformations. Weyl connections are a class of affine connections that is invariant, although no Weyl connection is individual invariant under Weyl transformations.

## Conformal weight

A quantity $\varphi$ has conformal weight $k$ if, under the Weyl transformation, it transforms via
    $\varphi \to \varphi e^{k\omega }.$
Thus conformally weighted quantities belong to certain density bundles; see also conformal dimension. Let $A_{\mu }$ be the connection one-form associated to the Levi-Civita connection of $g$. Introduce a connection that depends also on an initial one-form $\partial _{\mu }\omega$ via
    $B_{\mu }=A_{\mu }+\partial _{\mu }\omega .$
Then $D_{\mu }\varphi \equiv \partial _{\mu }\varphi +kB_{\mu }\varphi$ is covariant and has conformal weight $k-1$.

## Formulas

For the transformation
    $g_{ab}=f(\phi (x)){\bar {g}}_{ab}$
We can derive the following formulas
    ${\begin{aligned}g^{ab}&={\frac {1}{f(\phi (x))}}{\bar {g}}^{ab}\\{\sqrt {-g}}&={\sqrt {-{\bar {g}}}}f^{D/2}\\\Gamma _{ab}^{c}&={\bar {\Gamma }}_{ab}^{c}+{\frac {f'}{2f}}\left(\delta _{b}^{c}\partial _{a}\phi +\delta _{a}^{c}\partial _{b}\phi -{\bar {g}}_{ab}\partial ^{c}\phi \right)\equiv {\bar {\Gamma }}_{ab}^{c}+\gamma _{ab}^{c}\\R_{ab}&={\bar {R}}_{ab}+{\frac {f''f-f^{\prime 2}}{2f^{2}}}\left((2-D)\partial _{a}\phi \partial _{b}\phi -{\bar {g}}_{ab}\partial ^{c}\phi \partial _{c}\phi \right)+{\frac {f'}{2f}}\left((2-D){\bar {\nabla }}_{a}\partial _{b}\phi -{\bar {g}}_{ab}{\bar {\Box }}\phi \right)+{\frac {1}{4}}{\frac {f^{\prime 2}}{f^{2}}}(D-2)\left(\partial _{a}\phi \partial _{b}\phi -{\bar {g}}_{ab}\partial _{c}\phi \partial ^{c}\phi \right)\\R&={\frac {1}{f}}{\bar {R}}+{\frac {1-D}{f}}\left({\frac {f''f-f^{\prime 2}}{f^{2}}}\partial ^{c}\phi \partial _{c}\phi +{\frac {f'}{f}}{\bar {\Box }}\phi \right)+{\frac {1}{4f}}{\frac {f^{\prime 2}}{f^{2}}}(D-2)(1-D)\partial _{c}\phi \partial ^{c}\phi \end{aligned}}$
Note that the Weyl tensor is invariant under a Weyl rescaling.
# Die Heimat (journal)

Die Heimat was the title of a monthly journal that was published from 1891 to 2002 on the subject of the natural history and regional culture of Schleswig-Holstein and neighbouring regions. Since 2003, the journal has been called Natur- und Landeskunde: Zeitschrift für Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg und Mecklenburg ("Natural History and Regional Culture: Journal for Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg und Mecklenburg").

## Editors

* 1891–1896: Heinrich Dannmeier (1852–1937)
* 1897–1900: Heinrich Lund (1855–1916)
* 1901–1911: Joachim Eckmann (1850–1922)
* 1911–1914: Friedrich Lorentzen (1868–1914)
* 1914–1917: Heinrich Barfod (1870–1917)
* 1917–1920: Joachim Eckmann (1850–1922)
* 1920–1943: Gustav Friedrich Meyer (1878–1945)
* 1947: Reinhold Stolze (1890– )
* 1947–1963: Willi Christiansen (1885– )
* 1963–1973: Nicolaus Detlefsen (1897– )
* 1974–1978: Christian Radke
* since 1979: Wolfgang Riedel

## Publishers

The publishing society has changed its name three times during its history:
* Verein zur Pflege der Natur- und Landeskunde in Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Lübeck und dem Fürstentum Lübeck
* Verein zur Pflege der Natur- und Landeskunde in Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg und Lübeck
* Verein zur Pflege der Natur- und Landeskunde in Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg
* Verein zur Pflege der Natur- und Landeskunde in Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg und Mecklenburg - Die Heimat
# Francis Burke (Franciscan)

Francis Burke, O.F.M. (died 1697), was an Irish Franciscan friar and writer.
Born in Galway sometime early in the 17th century, Burke was among those expelled from the local Franciscan convent in 1652. He died in Italy in 1697. His only known work, Directorium Concionatorium, I and II, was published in Prague in 1690.
* This article about an Irish writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# William Oxenden

William Oxenden (c. 1510-1576), of Wingham, Kent, was an English Member of Parliament (MP). He was a Member of the Parliament of England for Hythe in October 1553 and for New Romney in 1554.
# Tshepo Liphoko

Tshepo Liphoko (born 21 February 1995) is a South African soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Uthongathi.

## Career

Liphoko started his career at Orlando Pirates, and had a loan spell at Lamontville Golden Arrows in 2013. He has since played for AmaZulu, Mbombela United and Uthongathi.

## Personal life

In 2015, Liphoko was involved in a car accident alongside team-mate Mbongeni Gumede.
# Henri Hubert

Henri Hubert (23 June 1872 – 25 May 1927) was a French archaeologist and sociologist of comparative religion who is best known for his work on the Celts and his collaboration with Marcel Mauss and other members of the Année Sociologique.

## Life and work

Hubert was born and raised in Paris, where he attended Lycée Louis-le-Grand. There he was influenced by the school chaplain, Abbé Quentin, who instilled in him an interest in religion and in particular in religion amongst Assyrians. He entered the École Normale Supérieure. He began to study the history of Christianity. He passed the agrégation in history in 1895 after studying the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Byzantine Empire, and iconoclasm. His doctoral thesis focused on pre-Christian religion in Asia Minor.
Unlike most French academics, Hubert focused on research rather than teaching after graduation. He took a position at the École Pratique des Hautes Études and in 1898 he also took up a position at the Musée des Antiquités. It was at this time that he grew increasingly interested in Celtic history and culture.
It was also in 1898 that Hubert became a close friend of Marcel Mauss and began collaborating on the Année Sociologique of Émile Durkheim, where he eventually became responsible for the section on the 'sociology of religion'. Hubert and Mauss were to collaborate on several important works in the future, including an "Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function" (1899) and their Outline of a General Theory of Magic (1904).
By 1906 Mauss was thoroughly ensconced at the Ecole Pratique, where he would remain until his death. It was also this time that he took up a post at the École du Louvre where he lectured on the ethnographic prehistory of Europe. Throughout the first two decades of the twentieth century Hubert continued to publish on both Asia and the Celts as well as more general topics. Works from this period include (in English translation) The Rise of the Celts and The Greatness and Decline of the Celts, both available in a single volume entitled The History of the Celtic People (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner 1934; reprint Bracken 1993). His follow-up work on the Germanic peoples, entitled Les Germains and published posthumously in 1952, has yet to be translated to English. Also from this period is Essay on Time: A Brief Study of the Representation of Time in Religion and Magic.
Durkheim's death in 1917 affected Hubert greatly, as did the death of his wife in childbirth in 1924. After years of bereavement, Hubert died in 1927.
# St Morris, South Australia

St Morris is a suburb of Adelaide, located in the local government area of the City of Norwood Payneham St Peters.

## History

North Norwood Post Office opened around 1886, was renamed Trinity Gardens in 1950 and St Morris in 1963 before closing in 1988.
The Windsor Theatre opened at 407 Magill Road in 1931, purpose-built as a picture theatre, on a corner block. It was owned by the Cunnew brothers, was also known as the De Franco at some point, and closed in 1957, by which time the lease had been acquired by Ozone Theatres Ltd. and as of 2022 houses Inspirations paint shop.
The suburb was regarded as a middle class one in the 20th century.
# Open-end fund

Open-end fund (or open-ended fund) is a collective investment scheme that can issue and redeem shares at any time. An investor will generally purchase shares in the fund directly from the fund itself, rather than from the existing shareholders. The term contrasts with a closed-end fund, which typically issues at the outset all the shares that it will issue, with such shares usually thereafter being tradable among investors.
Open-ended funds are available in most developed countries, but the terminology and operating rules vary. US mutual funds, UK unit trusts and OEICs, European SICAVs, and hedge funds are all examples of open-ended funds.
The price at which shares in an open-ended fund are issued or can be redeemed will vary in proportion to the net asset value of the fund and so directly reflects its performance.

## Fees

There may be a percentage charge levied on the purchase of shares or units. Some of these fees are called an initial charge (UK) or 'front-end load' (US). Some fees are charged by a fund on the sale of these units, called a 'close-end load,' that may be waived after several years of owning the fund. Some of the fees cover the cost of distributing the fund by paying commission to the adviser or broker that arranged the purchase. These fees are commonly referred to as 12b-1 fees in US.
Not all fund have initial charges; if there are no such charges levied, the fund is "no-load" (US).
These charges may represent profit for the fund manager or go back into the fund.

## Active management

Most open-end funds are actively managed, meaning that a portfolio manager picks the securities to buy, although index funds are now growing in popularity. Index funds are open-end funds that attempt to replicate an index, such as the S&P 500, and therefore do not allow the manager to actively choose securities to buy.

## Net asset value

The price per share, or NAV (net asset value), is calculated by dividing the fund's assets minus liabilities by the number of shares outstanding. This is usually calculated at the end of every trading day.

## Forward Pricing Rule 22c-1

Based on the forward pricing rule (22c-1); funds and their principal underwriters, and dealers must sell interests in the fund based on the Net Asset Value (NAV) which is calculated daily. This helps to mitigate shareholder dilution, as well as increasing efficiency.

## Hedge funds

Hedge funds are typically open-ended and actively managed. However, investors can typically redeem shares only monthly or less frequently (e.g., quarterly or semi-annually).

## Examples

U.S. mutual funds:
* T. Rowe Price
* Fidelity Investments' Magellan
* The Vanguard Group's S&P 500
* PIMCO Total Return
* WorldCommodity Fund
# Lemogang Kwape

Lemogang Kwape is a Botswana politician, who has served as Minister of Foreign Affairs since 2020. He was also MP for Kanye South.

## Ministerial roles

* Minister of Health and Wellness (until 2020)
* Minister of International Affairs and Cooperation (since 2020)
# Tumelo Nhlapo

Tumelo Nhlapo (born 20 January 1988) is a South African soccer player.

## Career

Nhlapo was born in Parys. He made his senior debut for Bloemfontein Celtic on 8 August 2007 against Mamelodi Sundowns in the South African Premier Division. After 15 senior appearances for Celtic, he was called up to the South African national team squad for the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations but did not play at the tournament. Nhlapo left Bloemfontein Celtic after refusing to sign a contract extension ahead of the 2010–11 season.
# Baby Do You Wanna Bump

"Baby Do You Wanna Bump" is a song recorded by German record producer Frank Farian under the name Boney M., and included on the group's 1976 debut album Take the Heat off Me. Released as the first Boney M. single, it became a minor hit in the Netherlands and Belgium, prompting Farian to create a proper group to promote his studio project. In the United Kingdom, the single was released by Creole Records, but went unnoticed.

## Concept and release

"Baby Do You Wanna Bump"—a remake of Prince Buster's 1960s song "Al Capone"—was written by producer Frank Farian under the pseudonym Zambi, with Farian himself doing the deep male lead vocal, as well as the high falsetto backing vocals. George Reyam was also credited as a composer on Part II, but the label did not mention Prince Buster, who had written "Al Capone". When the song was included on the Boney M. debut album Take the Heat off Me, Farian joined the A- and B-sides of the original single (Parts I & II) together and created an extended album version. Many YouTube uploads of the song and online articles have included a question mark at the end of the title, despite the single cover and the single itself not having one.
The track was not included on the UK, US, Brazilian and Japanese versions of that album, since the recording was still licensed to Creole Records, and it was replaced on those pressings by "Help Help", a Farian composition previously released by Austrian singer Gilla.
When Boney M. topped the UK charts with "Rivers of Babylon" and "Brown Girl in the Ring" in 1978, Creole Records re-issued "Baby Do You Wanna Bump" as a 12" single there. The running times of the 7" and 12" singles were unchanged‍— 3:40 for part 1 and 3:00 for part 2‍— although the German-released 7" single had a slightly longer part 2 on the B-side with a running time of 3:13.

## Charts

Chart performance for "Baby Do You Wanna Bump" :
| Chart (1976) | Peak position |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 8 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 12 |
# Dan Froyliche

Dan Froyliche (Hebrew: דן פרויליך; born November 18, 1992) is an Israeli Olympic sailor. He sails with Eyal Levin.

## Early life

Froyliche was born and lives in Gan Hashomron, Israel, as small coastal town on the Mediterranean Sea between Tel Aviv and Haifa.

## Sailing career

Froyliche started sailing and racing at the age of nine, and his first boat was an Optimist single-handed dinghy. His sailing club is Sdot Yam Yacht Club, in Kibbutz Sdot Yam, Israel. The main class that he originally sailed in was the 420 4.2-metres-long double-handed dinghy, and now the main class that he sails in is the 470 4.7-metres-long double-handed dinghy. He sails as the crew.
In 2009 he and Yoav Levi came in second in the 420 Junior Europeans. In 2010, they won the gold medal at the 420 Junior European Championship. In 2011, they switched to the 470, and came in 18th at the 470 Junior World Championships.
In 2013 Froyliche, sailing with Gal Cohen, won the bronze medal at the U21 470 World Championships, their first medal match ever, and the gold medal in the U21 470 European Championships. In 2014 they placed 7th in the South African Championship, 30th in the 470 European Championships, and 31st in the 470 World Championships.
In 2015, Froyliche began to compete with Eyal Levin. They placed 9th at the 470 M World Cup in June 2015, 23rd in the European Championships, and 24th in the 2015 World Championships in Haifa, earning a place as part of Team Israel at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
In 2016, they placed 12th in the Princess Sofia Trophy Regatta, and 26th in the World Championships.
They represented Israel at the 2016 Summer Olympics in sailing in the Men's 470. They finished in 21st place.
# Maksym Radziwill

Maksym Radziwill (born 24 February 1988) is a Polish-Canadian mathematician specializing in number theory. He is currently a professor of mathematics at the Northwestern University.

## Life

He was born in Moscow in 1988. His family moved to Poland in 1991 where he graduated from high school and in 2006 to Canada. Radziwill graduated from McGill University in Montreal in 2009, and in 2013 earned a PhD under Kannan Soundararajan at Stanford University in California. In 2013–2014, he was at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey as a visiting member, and in 2014 became a Hill assistant professor at Rutgers University. In 2016, he became an assistant professor at McGill. In 2018, he became Professor of Mathematics at California Institute of Technology, and in 2022 he moved to the University of Texas at Austin. In 2023, Radziwill joined Northwestern University as the Wayne and Elizabeth Jones Professor of Mathematics.

## Honors and awards

In 2016, along with Kaisa Matomäki of the University of Turku, Radziwill was awarded the SASTRA Ramanujan Prize.
In February 2017, Maksym Radziwill was awarded the prestigious Sloan Fellowship.
In 2018, he was awarded the Coxeter–James Prize by the Canadian Mathematical Society. In 2018 he was invited with Matomäki to present their work at the International Congress of Mathematicians.
With Matomäki, he is one of five winners of the 2019 New Horizons Prize for Early-Career Achievement in Mathematics, associated with the Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics. In the same year he was awarded the Stefan Banach Prize (2018) of the Polish Mathematical Society. For 2023 he received the Cole Prize in Number Theory of the AMS. In 2023, he was also invited to give a Łojasiewicz Lecture by the Jagiellonian University.
# Giuseppe Buonamici

Giuseppe Buonamici (19 February 1846 – 18 March 1914) was an Italian composer, pianist and musicologist.

## Life

Grandson of the opera singer Ferdinando Ceccherini, Buonamici was born in Florence. He started very early his musical studies, and already at the age of 14 was an appreciated pianist, known by the stage name "Niccolini". In 1868 he moved to Munich to study piano and counterpoint with Hans von Bülow and Josef Rheinberger, and began his activity as a composer during his stay in Germany.
In 1873 he returned to Florence, where he became director of the Cherubini Choral Society, founded the "Trio fiorentino" with Luigi Chiostri and Jefte Sbolci, and in 1893 he was appointed by royal decree professor of piano at the musical institute of the city. He continued to give occasional concerts in Italy, Germany and England, where he performed for the Queen Victoria and had the privilege of being appointed honorary member of the London Philharmonic Orchestra. In the last twenty years of his life, Buonamici devoted himself mainly to teaching and working as a researcher, reviewer and adaptor of music from the past, in particular as curator of the collection La Biblioteca del pianista published by the Casa Ricordi.
Buonamici emerged as an editor of piano compositions by Beethoven and Schubert. In addition to piano pieces, he composed a string quartet, an overture and songs. Buonamici died in Florence at the age of 68.
His son was the concert pianist and music educator Carlo Buonamici.
# Union Sekailwe

Union Sekailwe (born 6 January 1986) is a Paralympian athlete from South Africa competing mainly in category T38 sprint events. Sekailwe competed for his country at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, where he won a bronze medal in the 400 metre sprint. Sekailwe has competed at World Championship level on two occasions, picking up three medals. He has also competed in long jump at the Paralympics, and in the javelin throw at the World Championships.
# Scrape It Off

"Scrape It Off" is a song by American rapper Pusha T featuring fellow American rappers Lil Uzi Vert and Don Toliver. It was sent to urban contemporary radio on May 10, 2022 as the fourth single from Pusha T's fourth studio album It's Almost Dry (2022). The song was produced by Pharrell Williams.

## Critical reception

The song received generally positive reviews from music critics. Will Dukes of Rolling Stone described it as "all verdant keyboards and sensual bass, with a soothing Don Tolliver hook." Aron A. of HotNewHipHop gave the song a "Very Hottt" rating and wrote, "Push and Uzi spit pure quotables on the record as they celebrate their fleet of foreign cars and residences in private communities. Meanwhile, Don Toliver's smooth harmonies produce an infectious hook layered onto Pharrell's spacey production." Austin Williams of Vibe called the song an "obligatory party record", adding, "The song is fun, but we can't lie, we were a little nervous throughout much of Push's verse—up until the very last line, it seemed like he'd go the entire song without a single bar referencing drug dealing, making it a first for the album." AllMusic and Paul A. Thompson of Pitchfork both praised the Pharrell's production of the song.
Anthony Malone of HipHopDX wrote a negative response to the song in his review of It's Almost Dry, calling it "another robotic performance from Don Toliver and an out-of-place Lil Uzi Vert verse that makes it hard to believe this is a Pusha T album" and regarding it as a "cheap attempt" at making a radio hit.

## Charts

Chart performance for "Scrape It Off" :
| Chart (2022) | Peak position |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 41 |
| Global 200 (Billboard) | 80 |
| New Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ) | 7 |
| South Africa (TOSAC) | 77 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 59 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) | 17 |
| US Rhythmic (Billboard) | 25 |
# Ricardo Gutierrez

Ricardo Gutierrez (born September 28, 1955) is a Mexican American actor, director, and teacher. He had a recurring role as Alderman Mata on the first season of the Starz Network drama series Boss.

## Education

Gutierrez studied at Illinois State University.

## Career
### Theater

Gutierrez has acted in performances at The Goodman Theatre, Steppenwolf Theatre, Victory Gardens Theater, Lookingglass Theatre Company, and Denver Center Theater. He is the former artistic director of Glass Onion Theater, Nosotros Theatre Company in Los Angeles and the Canterbury Theatre in Indiana. He was the co-artistic director of Teatro Vista, a Latino theater company in Chicago, from August 2012 (a transition period for retiring founder Edward Torres), then sole artistic director from March 2013 to September 2020.
His directorial projects include How Long Will I Cry?: Voices of Youth Violence at Steppenwolf Theater, Quiara Alegría Hudes's The Happiest Song Plays Last at the Goodman Theatre, and Kenny D'Aquila's Unorganized Crime at the Teatro Vista.

### Television

Gutierrez has appeared in various television shows including Hill Street Blues, Knots Landing, Max Headroom, Hunter, and Wiseguy. In 2012 he starred as Alderman Lalo Mata on the Starz Network original drama series Boss.

## Personal life

Gutierrez was previously married to actress Judith Ivey.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role |
| 1986 | Running Scared | Sergeant Garcia |
| 1988 | The Boost | Valet |
| 1989 | Shocker | Guard Sergeant |
| 2006 | Stranger than Fiction | Bus Company Manager |
| TBA | Anita | Bento |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1985 | Lady Blue | Harvey | 4 episodes |
| 1986 | Knots Landing | Police Officer | Episode: "Touch and Go" |
| 1987 | Hunter | Patrolman | Episode: "Bad Company" |
| 1987 | Max Headroom | Martinez | 4 episodes |
| 1987 | Hill Street Blues | Pepe | Episode: "A Pound of Flesh" |
| 1987 | Wiseguy | Joe | Episode: "Last Rites for Lucci" |
| 1988 | Sonny Spoon | Tull | Episode: "Who's Got Tonsillitis?" |
| 1988 | Beverly Hills Buntz | Worker | Episode: "El Norte by Norte West" |
| 1989 | The Famous Teddy Z | Slate Man | Episode: "A Case of Murder" |
| 1991 | The New Adam 12 | Operation Estafadores Officer | Episode: "Operation Estafadores" |
| 1992 | Nightmare in the Daylight | Priest | Television film |
| 1999 | Early Edition | Priest | Episode: "Fate" |
| 2011 | The Chicago Code | Chief Hanley | Episode: "The Gold Coin Kid" |
| 2011 | Boss | Alderman Lalo Mata | 4 episodes |
| 2014 | Sirens | Father Julio | Episode: "Shotgun Wedding" |
| 2015, 2018 | Chicago P.D. | Marco Rivera / Bob Kirchen | 2 episodes |
| 2019 | Chicago Fire | George Pineda | Episode: "Badlands" |
| 2021 | Chicago Med | Ruben Esquivel | Episode: "Do You Know the Way Home?" |