OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sainte-Laguë Index

The Sainte-Laguë index (SLI) measures an election’s disproportionality, the adherence to the one person, one vote principle of equal representation. This index assumes if the fraction of voters matches the fraction of seats, then perfect proportionality is achieved.
Equation for Sainte-Laguë index:
    $\mathrm {SLI} =\sum _{i=1}^{n}{V_{i}*(S_{i}/V_{i}-1)^{2}}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{(S_{i}-V_{i})^{2} \over V_{i}}$,
where $V_{i}$ is fraction of votes and $S_{i}$ is fraction of seats for each of the political parties. The first part of the equation illustrates the derivation of the equation as the squared difference to the ideal seats-to-votes ratio, then weighted equally for each voter.
The larger the Sainte-Laguë index is, the larger the disproportionality and the smaller the Sainte-Laguë index is, the more proportional the election.
Michael Gallagher stated that the Sainte-Laguë index (SLI) constructed from and minimized by the Sainte-Laguë method is "at the theoretical level is probably the soundest of all the measures." The Sainte-Laguë index is closely related to the Pearson's chi-squared test, which some argue gives it better statistical underpinning than the Gallagher index.
The Sainte-Laguë index, as other proportionality indices, is used in psephology to compare the proportionality between various elections from various electoral systems and countries. The relationship among Sainte-Laguë index and the other indices varies depending if the election disproportionality affects smaller or larger parties more.
# Les Vignes Formation

The Les Vignes Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.
# Zarzuela, Cuenca

Zarzuela, Cuenca is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 273.
# David Oakley

David K. Oakley (April 27, 1945 – July 2, 2006) was an American professional golfer whose greatest success came on the European Seniors Tour.

## Early life

Oakley was born in New York, but grew up in Panama City, Florida. He got started in golf by his mother, who thought a nine-hole course near their home would make a fine babysitter for Oakley and his brother. Oakley was the older brother of American professional golfer Pete Oakley.

## Amateur career

Oakley attended the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he was a walk-on member of coach Buster Bishop's Florida Gators men's golf team from 1965 to 1967. As a Gator golfer, he was a member of teams that won Southeastern Conference (SEC) championships in 1965 and 1967. He graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor's degree in business administration in 1967.

## Professional career

In 1970, Oakley turned pro. He played in Europe, Asia, Canada, and the United States. In 1976, he stopped working as a touring professional to concentrate on a business career unrelated to golf.

## Re-instated amateur status

Oakley regained his amateur status during this era. He worked for ten years as a hotel liquidator and then nine years as a furniture store manager.

## Second professional career

In 1996, Oakley returned to professional golf and played on various senior circuits. He had much success on the European Senior Tour where he won four times. He was fifth on the European Seniors Tour career money list at one point.

## Personal life

Oakley died in Orlando, Florida, from prostate cancer at the age of 61. He was survived by his wife Doris and sons James and Christopher.

## Professional wins (4)
### European Seniors Tour wins (4)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runner(s)-up |
| 1 | 23 May 1999 | MDIS & Partners Festival of Golf | −8 (68-71-69=208) | 6 strokes | Jerry Bruner, David Huish |
| 2 | 20 Aug 2000 | De Vere Hotels Seniors Classic | −17 (67-64-65=196) | 4 strokes | Noel Ratcliffe |
| 3 | 19 Aug 2001 | Energis Senior Masters | −8 (68-69-71=208) | 3 strokes | Malcolm Gregson |
| 4 | 2 Sep 2001 | Scottish Seniors Open | −6 (65-70-75=210) | Playoff | Keith MacDonald |
European Seniors Tour playoff record (1–0)
| No. | Year | Tournament | Opponent | Result |
| 1 | 2001 | Scottish Seniors Open | Keith MacDonald | Won with par on second extra hole |
# Rackelhahn

The rackelhahn or rackelwild is a hybrid between the western capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) and the black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix).
# All the Best (Tina Turner album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Rolling Stone | |
All the Best is a greatest hits album by American singer Tina Turner, released on November 1, 2004, by Parlophone. In the United States, it was released on February 1, 2005, by Capitol Records, followed by an abridged single-disc version titled All the Best: The Hits on October 4, 2005.

## Overview

The track listing concentrates on Turner's solo singles, but also features a few highlights from her partnership with Ike Turner. It also contains three new recordings ("Open Arms", "Complicated Disaster" and "Something Special") and some rarer tracks, including duets and her song from the Brother Bear soundtrack, "Great Spirits".
The album peaked at number six on the UK Albums Chart, selling nearly 45,000 copies in its first week, and at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 121,000 copies in its first week, becoming Turner's highest debut in the United States. The album was certified platinum in the U.S. three months after its release. In March 2007, the album re-entered the UK chart at number 18. It has since been certified platinum in various countries.

## Certifications and sales

Certifications and sales for All the Best :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Austria (IFPI Austria) | Platinum | 30,000$^*$ |
| Belgium (BEA) | Platinum | 50,000$^*$ |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Platinum | 100,000$^^$ |
| Denmark (IFPI Danmark) | Gold | 20,000$^^$ |
| Finland | — | 10,779 |
| France (SNEP) | Gold | 100,000$^*$ |
| Germany (BVMI) | 3× Gold | 300,000$^^$ |
| Hungary (MAHASZ) | Gold | 10,000$^^$ |
| Ireland (IRMA) | Platinum | 15,000$^^$ |
| Netherlands (NVPI) | Gold | 40,000$^^$ |
| New Zealand (RMNZ) | Gold | 7,500$^^$ |
| Poland (ZPAV) | Gold | 20,000$^*$ |
| Portugal (AFP) | Platinum | 40,000$^^$ |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | Platinum | 100,000$^^$ |
| Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) | Platinum | 40,000$^^$ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Platinum | 300,000$^^$ |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 616,000 |
| Summaries |||
| Europe (IFPI) | Platinum | 1,000,000$^*$ |
| $^*$ Sales figures based on certification alone. $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# Tutte matrix

In graph theory, the Tutte matrix A of a graph G = (V, E) is a matrix used to determine the existence of a perfect matching: that is, a set of edges which is incident with each vertex exactly once.
If the set of vertices is $V=\{1,2,\dots ,n\}$ then the Tutte matrix is an n-by-n matrix A with entries
    $A_{ij}={\begin{cases}x_{ij}\;\;{\mbox{if}}\;(i,j)\in E{\mbox{ and }}i<j\\-x_{ji}\;\;{\mbox{if}}\;(i,j)\in E{\mbox{ and }}i>j\\0\;\;\;\;{\mbox{otherwise}}\end{cases}}$
where the x$_{ij}$ are indeterminates. The determinant of this skew-symmetric matrix is then a polynomial (in the variables x$_{ij}$, i < j ): this coincides with the square of the pfaffian of the matrix A and is non-zero (as a polynomial) if and only if a perfect matching exists. (This polynomial is not the Tutte polynomial of G.)
The Tutte matrix is named after W. T. Tutte, and is a generalisation of the Edmonds matrix for a balanced bipartite graph.
# Doris Sharp

Doris Sharp is the assumed title of a very early television series starring a vocalist of that name, which aired from 1931 to 1932 on New York City station W2XAB (now WCBS-TV).

## Production

Doris Sharp had a 15-minute segment on the station, in which she sang songs. The program appeared frequently in TV listings as simply "Doris Sharp, songs," as W2XAB's schedule was arranged in the manner of a vaudeville program; moreover, the series did not air on a specific day of the week. For example, one episode aired on Monday August 31, 1931 at 8:45 P.M., preceded by a "negro quartet" and followed by a fashion show. A different episode, airing Thursday January 14, 1932 at 8:00 P.M., was the first program on the schedule, followed by "mixed quartet".
In his 1932 study, The Outlook for Television, Orrin E. Dunlap reproduces the station's entire broadcast schedule for two consecutive days, beginning on August 24, 1931. The listing for that evening's 8:45 slot reads "Television Crooner, Doris Sharp, dressed entirely in red. Experiment to show effect of color in television pick-up."
Nothing remains of the series today, as it aired live, and practical methods to record live television did not exist until late 1947.

## Reception

The January 29, 1933 edition of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle features an article titled Success via Television. The article stated that "All last summer Doris sang on television. Lookers-in who heard and saw her said she sounded like a female Bing Crosby. They said she was great and should get somewhere". The article states that radio bandleader Harold Stern saw her performing on television and booked her to sing on nationwide radio with his orchestra.
# Zbraslavec

Zbraslavec is a municipality and village in Blansko District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
Zbraslavec lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) north-west of Blansko, 33 km (21 mi) north of Brno, and 166 km (103 mi) south-east of Prague.
# David Perkowski

David Perkowski (born July 23, 1947) is an American former competition swimmer.
Raised in Westfield, New Jersey, Perkowski graduated in 1965 from Westfield High School, where he won six individual state titles.
Perkowski represented the United States at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. He competed in the semifinals of the men's 100-meter breaststroke and finished third in his heat with a time of 1:09.0.
Perkowski attended Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, where he swam for coach Doc Counsilman's Indiana Hoosiers swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition from 1967 to 1969. He was a four-time All-American, and was a key contributor to the Hoosiers' NCAA national team championships in 1968 and 1969.
# Suzanne Brøgger

Suzanne Preis Brøgger Zeruneith (born 18 November 1944 in Copenhagen) is a Danish writer, a novelist, poet and journalist. Her first book Fri os fra kærligheden has been translated into c. 20 languages. Since 1997 she has been a member of the Danish Academy.

## Early life

Brøgger grew up in Denmark until she was fourteen, after that she moved abroad with her mother and her stepfather Svend Brøgger, who worked for UNICEF and was stationed in Colombo, Sri Lanka and later in Bangkok, Thailand. Suzanne Brøgger returned to Denmark to attend high school a couple of years later. She finished the Silkeborg Gymnasium (a secondary school) in 1964, and she then studied Russian and French at the University of Copenhagen. She did not graduate, but has later said that her university days inspired her to constantly extend her horizons in life-long study.

## After secondary school

While studying she also worked as a model and with films and theatre. Through articles in Danish newspapers in the form of interviews, travel descriptions and war articles, she got in touch with a publishing house, which offered her to publish her first book. Her first book was the essay collection Fri os fra kærligheden (Deliver Us from Love), which was published in 1973, it is critical against the western way of life. Her break through in Danish literature was Creme Fraiche, which was published in 1978. This book is the first of a trilogy of autobiographical books and describes her childhood and youth years in Denmark and in the South Asia/Southeast Asia (Sri Lanka and Thailand). In 1997 she published one of her main works the family saga Jadekatten (The Jade Cat: A Family Saga, 1997) where she writes about the same autobiographical themes as in the trilogy, which started with Creme Fraiche in 1973, but here she also writes about her Jewish family who immigrated from Poland to Denmark. Besides from being a portrayal of the loss of a family, it is also a showdown with her mother.

## Family

She is the daughter of Ove Preis (1920–69) and Lilian Henius (1921–93), stepdaughter of Svend Brøgger. She is married to Keld Zeruneith, they have one child together.
# Thomas Duffield (died 1579)

Thomas Duffield (1492/93 – 1579), of East Grinstead, Sussex, was an English politician.

## Family

Duffield was born in East Grinstead, and lived there until his death. He married a woman named Alice, and they had two sons and at least one daughter.

## Career

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for East Grinstead in November 1554.
# Toronto West Detention Centre

The Toronto West Detention Centre was a maximum security remand facility located in Rexdale, a community located in the north-west corner of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The facility was known as the Metropolitan Toronto West Detention Centre until Rexdale, as part of the City of Etobicoke, became part of the newly amalgamated City of Toronto in 1998.
With a designed capacity for 631 prisoners, the Toronto West Detention Centre housed adult males who had been remanded into custody while awaiting trial or sentencing, were serving short sentences, or were awaiting transfer to federal or provincial correctional facilities. Over the years the Toronto West Detention Centre had at times also housed female and juvenile offenders. From October 1997 through January 1999 the facility underwent extensive retrofitting of its security systems using up-to-date technology. The facility has also housed foreign nationals being detained on security certificates.
In January 2014, the Toronto South Detention Centre opened to replace the Toronto West Detention Centre and the Toronto Jail (Don Jail). The Toronto Jail was demolished and is now a vacant site situated beside the new hospital facility.
Demolition of the Toronto West Detention Centre commenced in December 2016 with a projected finish of February 2017. The 111 Disco road site is slated to become the home of the new Toronto Young Offender Facility.

## Notable prisoners

* Hassan Almrei, Syrian who came to Canada on a forged passport, alleged to have been involved in an al Qaeda forgery ring.
* Wahid Khalil Baroud, Palestinian who came to Canada on a forged passport, alleged to be a member of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Force 17, who served as a bodyguard to PLO leader Yasser Arafat and coordinated PLO terrorist acts.
* Laurie Bembenek, also known as Bambi Bembenek, convicted of murder of her husband's ex-wife
* Karla Homolka, serial killer, co-accused with her then-husband Paul Bernardo
* Abdullah Khadr, awaiting extradition, 2004–current, alleged tied to terrorism.
* Karlheinz Schreiber, German-Canadian businessman embroiled in a dispute with former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney; later extradited to Germany
* Ernst Zündel, neo-Nazi, was held at Toronto West from 2003 until his 2005 deportation
# List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kentucky

This article contains a list of fossil-bearing stratigraphic units in the state of Kentucky, U.S.

## Sites

| Group or Formation | Period |
| Alvy Creek Formation | Carboniferous |
| Arnheim Formation | Ordovician |
| Ashlock Formation | Ordovician |
| Bardstown Formation | Ordovician |
| Beechwood Limestone | Devonian |
| Bellevue Formation | Ordovician |
| Benbolt Formation | Ordovician |
| Borden Formation | Carboniferous |
| Brassfield Formation | Silurian |
| Breathitt Formation | Pennsylvanian |
| Bull Fork Formation | Ordovician |
| Calloway Creek Formation | Ordovician |
| Caseyville Formation | Carboniferous |
| Chattanooga Shale | Devonian |
| Chester Series | Carboniferous |
| Claiborne Formation | Paleogene |
| Clays Ferry Formation | Ordovician |
| Copland Coal | Carboniferous |
| Corniferous Formation | Devonian |
| Corryville Formation | Ordovician |
| Drakes Formation | Ordovician |
| Elkhorn Formation | Ordovician |
| Elwren Formation | Carboniferous |
| Fairview Formation | Ordovician |
| Fort Payne Chert | Carboniferous |
| Four Corners Formation | Carboniferous |
| Fraileys Shale | Carboniferous |
| Gilbert Formation | Ordovician |
| Glen Dean Limestone | Carboniferous |
| Glenshaw Formation | Carboniferous |
| Golconda Formation | Carboniferous |
| Grant Lake Formation | Ordovician |
| Hance Formation | Carboniferous |
| Haney Limestone | Carboniferous |
| Harrodsburg Limestone | Carboniferous |
| Jeffersonville Limestone | Devonian |
| Kope Formation | Ordovician |
| Leipers Limestone | Ordovician |
| Lexington Limestone | Ordovician |
| Liberty Formation | Ordovician |
| Louisville Limestone | Silurian |
| Lower Whitewater | Ordovician |
| McMillan Formation | Ordovician |
| Miamitown Formation | Ordovician |
| Mount Auburn Formation | Ordovician |
| New Albany Shale | Devonian |
| New Providence Formation | Carboniferous |
| Ohio Shale | Devonian |
| Okaw Group | Carboniferous |
| Oregonia Formation | Ordovician |
| Ramp Creek Formation | Carboniferous |
| Reba Formation | Ordovician |
| Salem Limestone | Carboniferous |
| Sanderson Formation | Carboniferous |
| Ste. Genevieve Formation | Carboniferous |
| Stingy Creek Formation | Ordovician |
| Sunset Formation | Ordovician |
| Tar Springs Formation | Carboniferous |
| Tate Formation | Ordovician |
| Tradewater Formation | Carboniferous |
| Tyrone Limestone | Ordovician |
| Waynesville Formation | Ordovician |
| Whitewater Formation | Ordovician |
# Yanhamu

Yanhamu, also Yenhamu, and Enhamu, was an Egyptian commissioner of the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence.

## Biography
### Amarna Archive

Yanhamu is referenced in 16 of the 60–letter "Rib-Hadda of Gubla"-(Byblos) sub-corpus, and also 12 additional letters.

#### Milkilu's EA 270, "Extortion"

Letter no. 4 of 5 to Pharaoh, from "Milkilu of Gazru"-(modern Gezer):
   Say to the king, my lord, my god, my Sun: Message of Milkilu, your servant, the dirt at your feet. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord, my god, my Sun, 7 times and 7 times. May the king, my lord know the deeds that Yanhamu keeps doing to me since I left the king, my lord. He indeed wants 2000 shekels of silver from me, and he says to me, "Hand ov[er] your wife and your sons, or I will kill (you). May the king know of this deed, and may the king, my lord, send chariots and fetch me to himself lest I perish.

#### Milkilu's EA 271, "The Power of the 'Apiru"

Milkilu letter no. 5 of 5 to Pharaoh:
   Say to the king, my lord, my god, my Sun: Message of Milkilu, your servant, the dirt at your feet. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord, 7 times and 7 times. May the king, my lord, know that the war against me and against Šuwardata is severe. So may the king, my lord, save his land from the power of the 'Apiru-(Habiru). O[th]erwise, may the king, my lord, send chariots to fetch u[s] lest our servants kill us. Moreover, may the king, my lord, ask Yanhamu, his servant, about what is bein[g] done in his [l]and.

#### Referenced Amarna letters to Yanhamu

The largest sub-corpus of Amarna letters is from the Rib-Haddi corpus: namely "Rib-Hadda of Gubla"-(Byblos). 16 of Rib-Haddi's letters reference Yanhamu, (EA for 'el Amarna').
# David Pichler

David John Pichler (born September 3, 1968) was an American diver for Ohio State University and an Olympic diving competitor representing the United States in 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, where Pichler was elected team captain.

## Early swimming

Born in Butler, Pennsylvania on September 3, 1968, in his earliest years, Pichler swam for the Butler YMCA.
In 1985, swimming for Butler High School, Pichler was runner-up for the WPIAL diving championship, and in the Pennsylvania State Meet finished third. In March 1986, Pichler won the State Championship diving tournament earning 459.75 points, a state record. Beginning in High School Freshman year, Pichler trained in diving with Julian Krug at Pitt Aquatics Club, a highly competitive program that had produced Boy's state champions for three successive years. Pichler likely did the majority of his training at Pitt Aquatic Club practices. Krug also coached the swimming team at the University of Pittsburgh and was a former coach for the Naval Academy swim team.
Pichler attended Ohio State University, where he swam for Coach Vince Panzano, a former Ohio State diver. At Ohio State, Pichler was a 1991 NCAA National titlist. He returned to train with Panzano prior to the 1996 Olympics. He had formerly trained with Ron O'Brien in Fort Lauderdale for three years with the U.S. National Team, but was very unhappy with O'Brien's coaching style. He also trained with talented diving coach Randy Ablemen in Miami.

## International competition

In 1992, Pichler unsuccessfully participated in the Olympic trials, but finished seventh, and may have been suffering from the flu.
In 1994, Pichler participated in the World Championships in Rome.

### Olympics

In the 1996 Olympic Trials, Pichler placed second in the 10-meter platform finals behind Patrick Jeffrey.
In the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Pichler placed sixth in Platform diving, and in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Pichler placed ninth in platform diving, seventh in synchronized platform diving, and fourth in synchronized springboard diving, in one of his best performances. In the 2000 Olympics, Pichler served as team captain.
Pichler and Mark Ruiz won the synchronized platform final at the FINA-USA Diving Grand Prix in May 2000 scored 301.26 points, ahead of 298.50 for Australians Mathew Helm and Robert Newbery. In 1996, he publicly came out as gay.
# Kawanishi, Niigata

Kawanishi (川西町, Kawanishi-machi) was a town located in Nakauonuma District, Niigata Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 7,829 and a density of 106.44 persons per km$^2$. The total area was 73.55 km$^2$.
On April 1, 2005, Kawanishi, along with the towns of Matsudai and Matsunoyama (both from Higashikubiki District), and the village of Nakasato (also from Nakauonuma District), was merged into the expanded city of Tōkamachi.

## Transportation
### Highway

* National Route 252
* National Route 403
# Fanfare for the Volunteer

Fanfare for the Volunteer is an album of three pieces for violin and orchestra by composer and violinist Mark O'Connor with the London Philharmonic Orchestra under the direction of Steven Mercurio. Originally conceived as O'Connor's second "fiddle concerto", the three movements became separate pieces during the course of composition. Like his other classical works, the three pieces on the album: "Call of the Mockingbird", "Trail of Tears" and "Fanfare for the Volunteer" use styles and motifs from American folk music and the traditional Anglo-American fiddling techniques on which O'Connor was weaned.

## Track listing

All music written by Mark O'Connor
* "Call of the Mockingbird" – 20:26
* "Trail of Tears" – 16:08
* "Fanfare for the Volunteer" – 20:06

## Personnel

* Mark O'Connor - violin
* London Philharmonic Orchestra - orchestra
* Steven Mercurio - conductor