OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Julian Kawalec

Julian Kawalec (born October 11, 1916 in Wrzawy, died September 30, 2014 in Kraków) was a Polish prose writer, publicist and poet, and member of the National Council of Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth.

## Biography

He was born in the village of Wrzawy near Sandomierz. He was the son of Józef and Stanisława née Bobek – smallholders. After completing five grades of a village primary school, he began studying at an eight-grade Humanities Gymnasium in Sandomierz. This was possible thanks to the enormous effort of his parents and the so-called poverty certificate, which entitled him to discounts on tuition fees.
In 1935, after passing his high school leaving exams, he began studying Polish at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. During his studies, he supported himself by giving private lessons in Latin and German. He became involved in the folk movement. He was a member of the Polish Academic People's Youth - PAML. In 1938, he was a member of the board of this organization.
The war forced him to interrupt his studies. During the occupation, he stayed in his hometown. He collaborated with the resistance movement and organized secret education. Wanted by the Gestapo, he had to go into hiding.
After the liberation of the areas east of the Vistula, in the autumn of 1944 he was sent by his colleagues from the "Wieś" organization to work at the Polish Press Agency "Pol-Pres" in Lublin, where he served as a war correspondent.
In the autumn of 1945, he returned to Kraków with the intention of continuing his interrupted studies. In 1946, he began working as a journalist in the Kraków press, and then at the Polish Radio. Meanwhile he completed his studies at the Jagiellonian University.
He began his literary work with a collection of short stories entitled Ścieżki między ulice (with illustrations by Józef Wilkoń; Państwowe Wydawnictwo Literatury Dziecięcej "Nasza Księgarnia", Warsaw 1957). He published 22 books, collections of short stories and two volumes of poetry. They have been translated into over 20 languages. The most translated novels are Ziemi przypisane, W słońca, Tańczący jastrząb, Wezwanie, Przepływiesz rzeka, Szara aureola. In his biographical novel W gąszczu bram he included, among other things, memories from his time at the Sandomierz Gymnasium. In 1999 he published Harfa Gorców. The novel has been the basis for films, theatre plays and numerous radio plays.
He was a member of the Polish Writers' Union (since 1960) and the international writers' organisation PEN International and the European Culture Association SEC. In the years 1986–1989 he was a member of the National Grunwald Committee. He was honored with numerous awards, including the State Award of the 1st and 2nd degree (1976, 1986), the Awards of the Ministry of Culture and Art (1967), the publishers', and several times the readers' - "Złoty Kłos" (1968, 1971, 1973 and 1978).
He died on September 30, 2014. He was buried at the Rakowicki Military Cemetery at Prandoty Street in Kraków (section 7 WOJ-płd-11).
# Ryan Ruffels

Ryan Ruffels (born 29 April 1998) is an Australian professional golfer.

## Early life and amateur career

Ruffels was born in Florida to tennis professionals Ray Ruffels and Anna-Maria Fernandez, but moved at a young age to southern California. His schooling was bilingual, and he is now fluent in both Spanish and English. He was an avid athlete, participating in many sports such as tennis, soccer, and golf.
His two years younger sister Gabriela also became a successful tennis player and, from 2015, golfer. winning the 2019 U.S. Women's Amateur.
Ruffels moved to Australia after his father was offered a major job in Australian tennis. After moving to Australia, Ruffels focused on golf. In 2013, he was on the winning Australian team in the Ten Nations Cup. Later that year he made the cut at the Australian Open and finished in a tie for 24th. In 2014, he became the youngest winner of the Riversdale Cup, winning the event at 15 years of age; he followed a month later with a win in the Australian Boys' Amateur. He also won the 2014 Callaway Junior World Golf Championship. He was ranked 13th in the World Amateur Golf Ranking when he turned professional in January 2016.

## Professional career

In January 2016, at the age of 17, Ruffels turned professional, making his debut at the Farmers Insurance Open on the PGA Tour. He received the maximum seven sponsor exemptions on the PGA Tour, but failed to finish higher than 20th in any of his starts. In September, he received an invitation to the Copa Diners Club International on PGA Tour Latinoamérica and finished in a tie for second. He went on to play five more Latinoamérica events and had three more top-ten finishes, causing him to finish 22nd on the Order of Merit. In 2017 he split his time between PGA Tour Latinoamérica and sponsor exemptions to PGA Tour events.

## Amateur wins

* 2012 Srixon International Sub-Junior
* 2014 Riversdale Cup, Australian Boys' Amateur, Callaway Junior World Golf Championship
* 2015 Australian Boys' Amateur
Source:

## Team appearances

Amateur
* Eisenhower Trophy (representing Australia): 2014
* Ten Nations Cup (representing Australia): 2013
* Toyota World Junior (representing Australia): 2013
* Australian Men's Interstate Teams Matches (representing Victoria): 2013, 2014 (winners), 2015 (winners)
# Fort George (New York)

Fort George was the name of five different forts in what is now the state of New York.

## Military forts
### First fort (Lower Manhattan)

The first Fort George was built in 1626 in the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam and named Fort Amsterdam. The British Army renamed it Fort James in 1664. It was briefly reoccupied by the Dutch from 1673 to 1674 as Fort Willem Hendrick. The British renamed it Fort William Henry in 1691, Fort Anne or Queen's Fort in 1703, and finally Fort George in 1714. The north side bastions and ramparts were destroyed in the American Revolutionary War in 1776 by the Americans and finally demolished in 1790. The site is now the location of the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House in Lower Manhattan.

### Second fort (Oswego, NY)

A second Fort George was built by the British in 1755 at Oswego, New York, but it was destroyed by the French commander Louis-Joseph de Montcalm in 1756. The site is now Montcalm Park, bordered by West Schulyer Street, Montcalm Street and West 6th Street.

### Third fort (Lake George, NY)

A third Fort George was built in Lake George, New York, in 1755. It was destroyed in 1777 and abandoned in 1780. It was located southeast of Fort William Henry facing Lake George, in the wooded area within Lake George Battlefield Park.

### Fourth fort (Staten Island)

A fourth Fort George was an encampment built on Staten Island around 1777 in the area of St. George, Staten Island, likely Fort Hill. The hill, overlooking the harbor, was the location on Duxbury's Point or Ducksberry Point and was fortified by the British during the American Revolutionary War. Hessian troops, who were contracted by the British, were stationed near the Jersey Street brook (or Hessian Springs).

### Fifth fort (Upper Manhattan)

The last Fort George was built in 1776 in New York City on Fort George Hill, near the current intersection of Audubon Avenue and West 192nd Street in Upper Manhattan. It was briefly named Fort Clinton and finally Fort George.

## Present-day Fort George neighborhood

The site of the fifth fort, in upper Manhattan, is on a hill at the northern end of the Washington Heights neighborhood. The site of the fort became a site of a Victorian-era amusement park. From 1895 to 1914, the fort was the site of the Fort George Amusement Park and is now the location of George Washington Educational Campus and part of Highbridge Park. Fort George Hill is also the name of a present-day street that encircles the fort's site.
The area encompassing the hill is also called Fort George, and is considered a sub-neighborhood of Washington Heights. It is sometimes given as West 181st Street to Dyckman Street, other times a smaller north/south area, east of Broadway to the Harlem River. However, the name Fort George is not widely used by New Yorkers and could be considered an example of neighborhood rebranding.
# Selim Zilkha

Selim Khedouri Zilkha (7 April 1927 – 16 September 2022) was an Iraqi-born British entrepreneur, who founded Mothercare, one of the UK's largest retail chains until it was put into administration in 2019.

## Early life

Zilkha was born in 1927 in Baghdad to an Iraqi Jewish family, the son of the banker Khedouri Zilkha, and raised in Lebanon, Egypt and the United States. He was educated at the Horace Mann School in New York City and Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts. He was in the US Army during the Second World War.

## Career

Zilkha worked in finance in the family firm, Zilkha & Sons, from 1947 to 1960.
Zilkha then moved to the UK, where he, together with Clinical Industries Limited, bought dispensing chemist Lewis & Burrows from Mappin and Webb. In 1961, he bought the 50-store W.J. Harris nursery furniture chain, which he renamed Mothercare, and expanded it until it had over 400 stores. He sold his interest in Mothercare in 1981 and moved back to the United States.
In 1982, he invested $28 million in Towner Petroleum and, in 1998, he sold his investment for $1 billion.
In 2001, his net worth was estimated at US$700 million.
In 2002, he donated $20 million to complete a Neurogenetic Institute in Los Angeles.
In 2010, he became the co-owner of Zilkha Biomass Energy, which owns timberland and which makes pellet biofuel in Texas.
In 2016, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Southern California.
He was also the co-owner of Laetitia Vineyard & Winery, Inc. in San Luis Obispo, California, until 2019.

## Personal life

He married Diane Bashi, the daughter of a wealthy Lebanese banker. They had divorced by 1962, before she was 25, and she married the British politician Harold Lever (later Harold Lever, Baron Lever of Manchester).
They had a son, Michael Zilkha, the co-founder of ZE Records, and a daughter, Nadia Zilkha.
Zilkha died on 16 September 2022.
# The Devil Tavern

The Devil Tavern, whose full sign was The Devil and Saint Dunstan, was a tavern at number 2, Fleet Street in London, near the Temple Bar. It existed from the reign of James I (1603–25) until it was demolished in 1787 by Child & Co. to expand their banking premises.
The tavern was opposite the church of Saint Dunstan, and its sign depicted the devil tweaking Saint Dunstan's nose.
# Corradino Batteries

The Corradino Batteries (Maltese: Batteriji ta' Kordin) were a series of artillery batteries on Corradino Heights, near Paola, Malta, that were built by Maltese insurgents during the French blockade of 1798–1800. The batteries formed part of a chain of batteries, redoubts and entrenchments encircling the French positions in Marsamxett and the Grand Harbour.
The Corradino Batteries were built on the grounds of the Grand Master's Stables, a large Baroque building on the summit of Corradino Heights. During the siege, the stables served as barracks for the insurgents. There were three batteries, overlooking Għajn Dwieli, Senglea and the Floriana Lines respectively:
* The battery facing Għajn Dwieli was located near the entrance of the stables, and it was armed with two 8-pounder guns.
* The battery facing the road coming from Senglea was armed with two 8-pounder cannon taken from the Xrobb l-Għaġin coastal entrenchment.
* The battery facing Marsa and the Floriana Lines was initially armed with four 6-pounder guns, but the British later added two 9-inch mortars.
The batteries were linked together with long rubble wall entrenchments. A Belvedere Tower was also located north of the batteries. By the end of the siege, the batteries were armed with five cannons, including an 18-pounder which had been taken from St. Julian's Battery. The architect Michele Cachia had a leading role in the construction of the batteries, which were completed in January 1799.
The batteries and adjoining camp was one of the largest and most important insurgent positions. The camp fell under the overall command of Emmanuele Vitale and was garrisoned by 224 men from Rabat and Dingli.
On 21 November 1798, French troops attacked Corradino, but were repelled by the Maltese. Throughout the siege, the guns of Valletta's Saluting Battery were trained on Corradino to counter the insurgents.
The Grand Master's Stables were extensively damaged by French bombardment, and the ruined structure was demolished by an order of 21 January 1811. The adjoining batteries were presumably also dismantled at this point. The area formerly occupied by the stables and battery is now heavily industrialized.
# Lyces cruciata

Lyces cruciata is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1875. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.
# Anthony Street Theatre

The Anthony Street Theatre was an early New York City theatre which operated intermittently from 1812 to 1821. It opened as the Olympic Theatre in May 1812 and had multiple names during its brief existence.

## History

The theatre was converted from a circus building used by Pepin and Breschard and located at 79-85 Anthony Street (which is now Worth Street) in Manhattan. (The circus appears to have relocated to Broadway at the corner of White Street. However, there is much confusion among old sources between these two locations.) The first serious competition to the Park Theatre, the venue opened on May 22, 1812, managed by John Dwyer and Donald McKenzie as the Olympic Theatre. The first performance was The Way to Get Married, followed by "grand feats of horsemanship by Mr. Breschard and Company", and a farce called The Spoild Child.
By July 1812 the theatre came under the management of actor-manager William Twaits, along with Alexander Placide (but who died on July 26) and Breschard (who was still managing the horses); Twaits and Placide had come to New York after the disastrous Richmond Theatre fire in Richmond, Virginia, where they had been co-managers. Under Twaits, the Olympic was due to open with a production led by Charlotte Melmoth and Twaits, but while travelling to fulfil this engagement Melmoth was involved in a carriage accident, resulting in a severe fracture to her arm that failed to heal, forcing her to give up her acting career. Circus acts continued to appear here as well. The popular equestrian drama Timour the Tartar debuted in America at the Olympic in September 1812.
The theatre was renovated and redecorated in 1813 when it was named the Anthony Street Theatre, the Commonwealth Theatre in 1814, and the Pavilion Theatre in 1816, before reverting to the Anthony Street Theatre name in 1820.

## Final season

During the 1820–1821 season, the theatre was the home of the acting company of the Park Theatre while their own theatre was being rebuilt after having burnt down.
With this company Edmund Kean made his first appearance to much acclaim in New York in November 1820 in Richard III. Of Kean's performance, manager Edmund Simpson wrote, "Kean is with us and playing to great business, he averages about $1,000 a night. The people don't know exactly what to make of him. His strange manner surprises them, but his style gains more converts every night and before he leaves us I expect they will be unanimous in calling him, as they express it, the greatest creation they ever saw."
Virginius by James Sheridan Knowles was first performed in America at the theatre on September 25, 1820. Henry John Wallack had his New York debut at the theatre in the role of Young Norval on May 9, 1821. The season wrapped on July 6, 1821, with a benefit for Mr. Moreland, a performance of Douglas and Falls of Clyde.
The theatre was demolished in 1821 shortly after the Park Theatre company left, and the plot was bought for the Christ Episcopal Church.
# Johannes Murmellius

Johannes Murmellius (c. 1480 – 2 October 1517) was a Dutch teacher and humanist, known for numerous textbooks, and his spreading of humanism, particularly in the Prince-Bishopric of Münster.

## Life

He was born in Roermond, and was a pupil of Alexander Hegius von Heek in Deventer. From 1496 to 1500 he was at the University of Cologne. Then with the support of Rudolph von Langen he was brought in as assistant head of the cathedral school at Münster. After friction with the head, he moved to another school there, reforming textbooks and promoting the teaching of Greek. Pupils travelled from distant parts of Europe to study with him.
He was then school rector in Alkmaar from 1513, where he insisted his pupils had a good reading knowledge of parts of the Bible. The marauding Arumer Zwarte Hoop sacked Alkmaar in late June 1517, leaving Murmellius destitute. Nowadays, a school in Alkmaar is named after him as the Murmellius Gymnasium.
He moved on to Zwolle, briefly working under Gerardus Listrius, and then to a position at Deventer. He died suddenly in early October 1517, giving rise to an unsubstantiated rumour that Listrius had poisoned him.

## Works

Around 50 works of his are known, mostly written with pedagogical intent.
He published an edition of the Consolation of Philosophy of Boethius in 1511, followed in 1514 by a commentary.
His Pappa Puerorum (1515) was a very successful Latin primer, and his Latin Lexicon was influential as far away as Hungary.
# Miss Earth Sri Lanka

Miss Earth Sri Lanka is a pageant in Sri Lanka to choose ambassador for the Miss Earth pageant.

## History

Sri Lanka debut in 2011 at Miss Earth pageant by TV Derana Production. Miss Earth Sri Lanka in under organization who mentioned other International pageants for Sri Lanka, its including; Miss Earth, Miss Globe INternational. Top Model of the World, Miss Intercontinental pageant and Miss Tourism World.

### Requirements

Entries for the pageant are now being accepted for girls between the ages of 17–25 with a minimum height of 5ft 4in. The best 12 will be chosen for the pageant. All our contestants will go through rigorous training programs aided by experts from the fields of fashion and beauty.
TV Derana is prepared to bring all the exclusive footage surrounding our contestants' journey in the format of a reality TV show spanning 3 months. The show will lead up to a gala event at which the 5 brand ambassadors will be chosen by an elite group of judges.

## Titleholders

Color keys
* : Declared as Winner
* : Ended as runner-up or Top 5/6 qualification
* : Ended as one of the finalists or semi-finalists
* : Ended as special awards winner
| Year | Miss Earth Sri Lanka | International placement | Special Award(s) | Ref. |
| 2024 | Hasani Kawya | Unplaced | | |
| 2023 | Viyana Pietersz | Unplaced | | |
| 2022 | Udani Nethmi Senanayake | Unplaced | | |
| 2021 | Diandra Soysa | Unplaced | | |
| 2020 | Romane Alvies | Unplaced | | |
| 2019 | Did not compete | Did not compete | Did not compete | Did not compete |
| 2018 | Nathasha Fernando | Unplaced | | |
| 2017 | Shyama Dahanayaka | Unplaced | | |
| 2016 | Dimanthi Edirirathna | Unplaced | | |
| 2015 | Visna Fernando | Unplaced | | |
| 2014 | Imaya Liyanage | Unplaced | Talent Competition Yahoo! Beauty for a Cause Eco-Beauty Video (Top 10) | |
| 2013 | Solange Kristina Gunawijeya | Unplaced | | |
| 2012 | Chaturika Ariyawansha | Unplaced | | |
| 2011 | Poojani Wakirigala | Unplaced | | |
# Pittosporum resiniferum

Pittosporum resiniferum, the resin cheesewood or petroleum nut, is a tree that grows in the Philippines and Malaysia, particularly in the wilderness surrounding the Mayon Volcano and in the Cordillera of the Philippines and Mount Kinabalu of Sabah, Malaysia. The petroleum nut derives its name from the resemblance of the fruit's odor to petroleum-based fuels. The fruits of the tree burn brightly when ignited, and can be used for illumination as torches or candles. Its fruit is also highly suitable for use in producing biofuel. This use has been encouraged by the Philippines Department of Agrarian Reform and the Philippine Coconut Authority.
In the Philippine Cordilleras petroleum nut is locally known as apisang, abkel, abkol and da-il, is found among other trees like oak and other mossy forest species. It can also grow well with pine trees.
The oil obtained from the fruit contains a dihydroterpene(C$_{10}$H$_{18}$) and also considerable quantities of normal heptane, which had only once before been found in nature, occurring in the Grey Pine (Pinus sabiniana) of California. The oil can also be distilled into a very pure form of n-Heptane.
# Velyke Orikhove

Velyke Orikhove (Ukrainian: Велике Оріхове) is a rural settlement in Makiivka urban hromada, Donetsk Raion in Donetsk Oblast of Ukraine. 591 (2022 estimate).

## Demographics

Native language as of the Ukrainian Census of 2001:
* Ukrainian 23.63%
* Russian 74.67%
* Belarusian 0.52%
* Romanian 0.13%
# Boar's Head Inn, Eastcheap

The Boar's Head Inn was a tavern in Eastcheap in the City of London which is supposed to be the meeting place of Sir John Falstaff, Prince Hal and other characters in Shakespeare's Henry IV plays.

## Historical basis

The Boar's Head Tavern is featured in historical plays by Shakespeare, particularly Henry IV, Part 1, as a favourite resort of the fictional character Falstaff and his friends in the early 15th century. The landlady is Mistress Quickly. It was the subject of essays by Oliver Goldsmith and Washington Irving. Though there is no evidence of a Boar's Head inn existing at the time the play is set, Shakespeare was referring to a real inn that existed in his own day. Established before 1537, but destroyed in 1666 in the Great Fire of London, it was soon rebuilt and continued operation until some point in the late 18th century, when the building was used by retail outlets. What remained of the building was demolished in 1831. The boar's head sign was kept, and is now installed in the Shakespeare's Globe theatre.

## Neo-Gothic building

The site of the original inn is now part of the approach to London Bridge in Cannon Street. From 1844 to 1935 the Statue of William IV stood on the location of the former inn, before being moved to Greenwich. Near the site, at 33–35 Eastcheap, the architect Robert Lewis Roumieu created a neo-Gothic building in 1868; this makes references to the Boar's Head Inn in its design and exterior decorations, which include a boar's head peeping out from grass, and portrait heads of Henry IV and Henry V. Roumieu's building originally functioned as a vinegar warehouse, though it has since been converted into offices. Nikolaus Pevsner described it as "one of the maddest displays in London of gabled Gothic brick". Ian Nairn called it "the scream you wake on at the end of a nightmare".

## Depiction by Washington Irving

Washington Irving, in his The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., wrote "The Boar's Head Tavern East Cheap," as a detective story of sorts, in which the author attempts to locate the real-life tavern of Shakespeare's Falstaff.
* The 1868 building near the site, with architectural references to the inn.
* Close up, showing boar's head decoration
* The old sign of the Boar's Head
* Former location of the inn in 1844, replaced by the Statue of William IV.
# Theatro D. Pedro II

The Teatro D. Pedro II was a theatre in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and named after Dom Pedro II, monarch of Brazil at the time. The theatre was inaugurated in 1871, and received the name of Teatro Imperial D. Pedro II in 1875.
In 1890, after the proclamation of the Republic of Brazil, the theatre was renamed Theatro Lyrico. The building was demolished in 1934.
# Education Law Association

The Education Law Association (ELA) is a professional association founded in 1954. It offers neutral information regarding the present legal problems which could have impact on education and the people related to the education in public and private K-12 schools, universities, and colleges to its professional members.
ELA's members comprise scholars and practitioners, including attorneys, professors, administrators, students, public officials, advocates, education writers, from plaintiff- as well as defense-side and labor as well as management. ELA is the publisher of books about education law that are used as resources in the field and as textbooks in university courses.