OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Absorption (economics)

In economics, absorption is the total demand for all final marketed goods and services by all economic agents resident in an economy, regardless of the origin of the goods and services themselves. As the absorption is equal to the sum of all domestically-produced goods consumed locally and all imports, it is equal to national income [Y = C + I + G + (X - M)] minus the balance of trade [X - M].
The term was coined, and its relation to the balance of trade identified, by Sidney Alexander in 1952.
The term "absorption" is often used in real estate to assess demand for leasing space.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Deardorff, Alan V. (2006). Terms of Trade: Glossary of International Economics. Hackensack: World Scientific Publishing. ISBN 978-981-256-603-4.
* ↑ Haberler, Gottfried (December 1976). "The Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments". Journal of Economic Literature. 14 (4): 1324–1328.
* This trade-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Kim Fjelde Formation

The Kim Fjelde Formation is a geologic formation in Greenland. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.
# Petrovičky

Petrovičky is a municipality and village in Jičín District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 50 inhabitants.
# Darren Lehto

Darren Lehto (born May 17, 1968) is a Canadian-American curler from Athabasca, Alberta.
He won the 2013 United States Men's Curling Championship, earning the chance to compete at the 2013 World Men's Championship in Victoria, British Columbia. They finished ninth at World's.
At the national level Lehto has also won the 2005 United States Mixed Curling Championship and the 2020 United States Senior Curling Championship. The latter means he will again play on the world level, representing the United States at the 2020 World Senior Curling Championships in Kelowna, British Columbia in April, 2020.

## Teams
### Men's

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Alternate | Coach | Events |
| 2002–03 | Craig Brown | Leon Romaniuk | Greg Romaniuk | Darren Lehto | | | USMCC 2003 |
| 2006–07 | Phil Tilker | Darren Lehto | Paul Lyttle | Doug Kauffman | | | |
| 2009–10 | Craig Brown | Rich Ruohonen | Darren Lehto | Pete Annis | | | |
| 2011–12 | Craig Brown | Darren Lehto | Leon Romaniuk | Steve Lundeen | Wes Johnson | | USMCC 2012 (4th) |
| 2012–13 | Brady Clark | Sean Beighton | Darren Lehto | Phil Tilker | Greg Persinger (WCC) | Ken Trask | USMCC 2013 WCC 2013 (9th) |
| 2013–14 | Brady Clark | Sean Beighton | Phil Tilker | Darren Lehto | | | |
| 2019–20 | Joel Larway | Doug Kauffman | Darren Lehto | John Rasmussen | | | USSCC 2020 |

### Mixed

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Events |
| 2004–05 | Brady Clark | Cristin Clark | Darren Lehto | Bev Walter | USMxCC 2005 |

## Personal life

Darren Lehto started curling in 1984 at the age of 16.
He moved from Canada to the United States in 1996 and became an American citizen in 1998.
He is employed as regional sales manager with RedBuilt.
# Curtiss Tanager

The Curtiss Model 54 Tanager was an aircraft constructed in 1929 as Curtiss' entry in the Guggenheim Safe Aircraft Competition.

## Design and development

The Model 54 was a conventional biplane design with a highly streamlined fuselage similar in outline to the Curtiss Eagle, but of considerably smaller proportions. The wings were fitted with a variety of high-lift devices, including automatic leading edge slots on the upper wing, flaps that extended along the entire span of the upper wing, and "floating" ailerons on the lower wing that, in the absence of pilot input, automatically adjusted themselves parallel to the airflow over the wing. The combination of these devices gave the Tanager a stalling speed of just 31 mph (50 km/h) and allowed it to land in only 90 ft (27 m).
Only the Tanager and the Handley Page Gugnunc passed the qualifying round of the competition, and ultimately the Tanager beat its rival by only one point to claim the $100,000 (£20,000) prize, since the Gugnunc failed to achieve a minimum speed below 38 mph. Even before the competition was decided, however, Handley Page was suing Curtiss for the unlicensed use of the leading-edge slot. Curtiss claimed they were using the slots experimentally and would apply for a license for any commercial use. Curtiss counter-sued Handley Page for infringements of six of their patents in the Handley Page machine. They also cited a ruling that the British machine was not permitted to be imported into the US.
Following the competition, the Tanager was destroyed in a fire when sparks from its engine set the grass alight.

## Specifications

Data from Curtiss Aircraft 1907–1947
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Capacity: 2 pax
* Length: 26 ft 8 in (8.13 m)
* Wingspan: 43 ft 10 in (13.36 m)
* Height: 11 ft 4 in (3.45 m)
* Wing area: 333 sq ft (30.9 m$^2$)
* Airfoil: Curtiss C-72
* Empty weight: 1,959 lb (889 kg)
* Gross weight: 2,841 lb (1,289 kg)
* Powerplant: 1 × Curtiss R-600 Challenger 6-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 185 hp (138 kW)
* Propellers: 2-bladed propeller
Performance
* Maximum speed: 112 mph (180 km/h, 97 kn)
* Cruise speed: 95 mph (153 km/h, 83 kn)
* Landing speed: 37 mph (32 kn; 60 km/h)
* Range: 535 mi (861 km, 465 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 12,500 ft (3,800 m)
* Rate of climb: 700 ft/min (3.6 m/s)
# Akinfiy Nikitich Demidov

Akinfiy Nikitich Demidov (Russian: Акинфий Никитич Демидов) (1678 Tula - 5 August 1745 Yatskoye Ustye, Menzelinsky Uyezd, Orenburg Governorate) was a Russian industrialist of the Demidov family.

## Life

He was the eldest son of Nikita Demidov and increased the family fortune, raising it to one of Russia's most important industrial dynasties. He studied the secrets of metallurgical production in Saxony.
He zealously set to work and became the creator of the "empire" of the Demidovs, which by the middle of the 18th century produced 52% of all Russian metal. He set up at least nine steel foundries and munitions factories from 1717 to 1735, and had 25 by his death. He also created iron and copper mines in the Urals and Western Siberia to supply them and mines for precious and semi-precious stones, silver and gold.
In 1720, having bought from Nikolai Fedorovich Golovin an estate in the Barminskaya volost of the Nizhny Novgorod district, the Demidovs received a letter of nobility from Tsar Peter the Great rewarding his services by making him a hereditary nobleman, as he also did with Akinfiy's brothers.
He commissioned the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk, with its underground rooms and secret routes towards one of his factories. By the end of his life Akinfiy was the richest man bar the Tsar. In 1734 he founded the Nicholas-Zaretsky Church in Tula.
In 1740, Akinfiy Demidov received the rank of State Councillor (статский советник), and in 1744 a Privy Councillor (действительный статский советник). Empress Elizaveta Petrovna granted a special patronage, that the Demidov brothers were exempted from compulsory military service and many taxes. The Demidovs turned out to be the freest, according to one of the biographers of the family, people in Russia.

### Family

He married firstly Avdotya Jevdokia Tarassovna Korobkova (1688-1728), and married secondly in 1723 Jevfemia Ivanovna Paltseva (1713-1771). He had five children:
* Maria Akinfievna Demidova (1706-after 1760), married Fedor Petrovich Volodimerov and had issue.
* Prokofi Akinfiyevich Demidov (1710-1786); married firstly Matryona Antipovna Pastukhova (1711-1764) and secondly Tatyana Vasilievna Semyonova (1746-1800). Had nine children with the first wife and two children with the second wife.
* Grigory Akinfiyevich Demidov (14 November 1715 - 13 November 1761), married 23 May 1731 Anastasia Pavlovna Surovtzova (16 December 1713 - 3 December 1763), and had issue;
* Nikita Akinfiyevich Demidov (1724-1789); married three times, had issue.
* Jevfemia Akinfiyevna Demidova (17??-1772), married Ivan Mikhailovich Serdukov and had issue.
# Gagnon River

The Gagnon River is a tributary of the Upper Channel which flows into Lake Saint-Paul (which flows into the St. Lawrence River via the Godefroy River).
The "Gagnon River" flows through the town of Bécancour, in the Bécancour Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Centre-du-Québec, in Quebec, in Canada.

## Geography

The main hydrographic slopes of the Gagnon River are:
* north side: Bécancour River, St. Lawrence River;
* east side: Blanche River, Bécancour River;
* south side: Blanche River;
* west side: Chenal d'en Haut, Judith River, St. Lawrence River.
The Gagnon river has its source in an agricultural area of the town of Bécancour, south of the Bécancour River and north of the hamlet of Précieux-Sang. The Gagnon River receives the waters of the "East Arm of the Gagnon River" and the "West Arm of the Gagnon River".
From its source, the Gagnon River flows over 5.4 kilometres (3.4 mi), mainly in agricultural land. On its course, the river crosses the southwestern part of the territory Wolinak.
The Gagnon river empties on the west bank of the "Chenal d'en Haut". Its confluence is located 1.0 kilometre (0.62 mi) east of the Judith river, south of the town of Bécancour and south of the confluence of the Bécancour river.

## Toponymy

The toponym "rivière Gagnon" was made official on August 17, 1978, at Commission de toponymie du Québec.
# Casa de la Ciutat (Valencia)

The Casa de la Ciutat (in Spanish: Casa de la Ciudad), or what is now called the City Hall, was in the place where today the Gardens known as de la Audiencia or more commonly the gardens next to the Palau de la Generalitat. It was therefore the headquarters of the Municipal Council of Valencia.

## History and description

The King James I of Aragon granted houses and privilege to build the Casa de la Ciutat in the 13th century in a place near the present plaza de la Almoina and near the Archbishop's Palace, but this will be place in any case interim.
The first Casa de la Ciutat in its usual location is built in 1302, but will be in 1311 when King James II of Aragon authorized to expand the locals which by then had become too small. Officially the Casa de la Ciutat would be completed in 1342 and would lodge halls for the juries of the city (Sala del Consejo), Hall of inkstand, courts of justices of criminal and civil, imprisonment of men and women, offices of notaries, Hall of the Rational, Hall of Archives, halls for tax administrators, and a Hall dedicated exclusively to Chapel, made around 1454 and as presumably was one of the most important of the Casa. In 1517 the master builder Jaume Vicent would make a new Chapel with ribbed vaulted roofs. In 1376 the building was wide again to build a hall for the called Secret Council or Council of the Juries, and another hall for tax administrators. In these works involved the major master of the walls and moats of the city Bernat Boix.
By 1392 the painter Marçal de Sax decorate with murals the walls of the Hall of the Secret Council, with scenes of the Last Judgment, the Heaven, the Hell and the Guardian Angel of the city.
Between 1418 and 1426 it concludes the so-called Golden Hall, well known for the rich paneled ceiling (roof) that it closed. The hall it devoted to representative and ceremonial functions. Between 1421 and 1423 are constructed new halls that are expanding the perimeter and height of the building. In 1458 still it is working on minor details of the halls.
In 1423 the Great Hall of the Council suffered a fire consuming the roof of it. Between 1425 and 1428 are made the repair work that would run under the direction of Joan del Poyo and is constructed a new wooden roof. Once rebuilt this hall would be known as Hall of the Angels because of the large number of angels with shields of the city that decorated the roof. On February 15, 1586, the Casa de la Ciutat suffers another fire, this time dreadful, and had to be rebuilt largely. That last fire apparently was caused by the prisoners serving sentences in the jails that were on the ground floor of the building.
One of the direct consequences of the fire was that some of the prisoners were to be transferred to the House of the Brotherhood of San Narciso, (at the beginning of the calle Salvador) and from that time this house would be known as Prison of San Narciso.
Between 1854 and 1860 the municipal building that threatened ruin was demolished and its dependencies were moved to the current City Hall, then House of Education of girls created by Archbishop Mayoral in the 18th century.
# Tom Vasel

Thomas J. Vasel is a podcaster, designer and reviewer of board games, and hosted The Dice Tower podcast from 2003-2022, which has more than 300,000 subscribers. Vasel began publishing board game reviews in 2002 on BoardGameGeek, followed by YouTube, and his Dice Tower website. As of 2021, he has rated over 7000 games and expansions. His first board game review was for The Settlers of Canaan.
Vasel was the designer of the board game Vicious Fishes in 2010, and co-designer for the boardgame Nothing Personal in 2013.
One of his children, Jack Vasel, died in 2011, resulting in Vasel establishing the Jack Vasel Memorial Fund, a not-for-profit fund with the goal of raising and distributing funds to help gamers in their hour of need.
# Kirkby Moor Flags

The Kirkby Moor Flags is a geologic formation in England. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.
# Darrick Heath

Darrick Heath (born October 12, 1964) is an American former handball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics. After his playing career, Heath became a coach, and coached the national team.

## Biography

Heath was born in 1964 and attended Finger Lakes Community College. He then went to C. W. Post College where he played basketball.
After playing handball for a local club in Long Island, he eventually made his way onto the US National Team. In 1988, 1989 and 1993 he was part of the team that won national titles in handball. For the next two years, Heath moved to Europe, playing professionally in Budapest, Hungary and Graz, Austria. In 1993, Heath was also named the U.S. Team Handball Male Athlete of the Year.
At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Heath was part of the American team that finished in ninth place in the men's tournament. However, Heath would later suffer a spinal injury in a car crash, which ended his playing career.
After playing for the US National Team until 2003, Heath became a handball coach, and coached the national team during the 2011/12 season. He helped the US team reach the 2011 Pan American Games, the first time that the US team had qualified for the games since 2003. He was also a lecturer at Emory University in Atlanta for ten years from 2002 to 2012, and featured in a university paper.
# Difluoride

Order and disorder in difluorides :
| The fluorite structure | Beryllium fluoride glass |
Difluorides are chemical compounds with two fluorine atoms per molecule (or per formula unit).
Metal difluorides are all ionic. Despite being highly ionic, the alkaline earth metal difluorides generally have extremely high lattice stability and are thus insoluble in water. The exception is beryllium difluoride. In addition, many transition metal difluorides are water-soluble.
Calcium difluoride is a notable compound. In the form of the mineral fluorite it is the major source of commercial fluorine. It also has an eponymic crystal structure, which is an end member of the spectrum starting from bixbyite and progressing through pyrochlore.

## List of the difluorides

Examples of the difluorides include:

### Alkaline earth metal difluorides

The alkaline earth metals all exhibit the oxidation state +2, and form difluorides. The difluoride of radium is however not well established due to the element's high radioactivity.
* Beryllium difluoride
* Magnesium fluoride
* Calcium fluoride
* Strontium difluoride
* Barium fluoride
* Radium fluoride
    Solubility-related constants of alkaline earth metal fluorides Metal M$^{2+}$ HE F$^−$ HE "MF$_2$" unit HE MF$_2$ lattice energies (−kJ/mol) Solubility (mol/L) Be 2,455 458 3,371 3,526 25 Mg 1,922 458 2,838 2,978 0.0012 Ca 1,577 458 2,493 2,651 0.0002 Sr 1,415 458 2,331 2,513 0.0008 Ba 1,361 458 2,277 2,373 0.006

### Lanthanide difluorides

* Neodymium difluoride
* Samarium difluoride
* Europium difluoride
* Dysprosium difluoride
* Thulium difluoride
* Ytterbium difluoride

### Transition metal difluorides

Compounds of the form MF$_2$:
* Cadmium difluoride
* Chromium(II) fluoride
* Cobalt difluoride
* Copper(II) fluoride
* Iron(II) fluoride
* Manganese(II) fluoride
* Mercury difluoride
* Nickel difluoride
* Palladium difluoride
* Platinum difluoride
* Silver difluoride
* Vanadium difluoride
* Zinc difluoride

### Post-transition metal difluorides

* Lead difluoride
* Tin(II) fluoride

### Nonmetal and metalloid difluorides

* Dinitrogen difluoride
* Oxygen difluoride
* Dioxygen difluoride
* Selenoyl difluoride
* Sulfur difluoride
* Disulfur difluoride
* Thionyl difluoride
* Germanium difluoride

### Noble gas difluorides

* Helium difluoride (hypothetical)
* Argon difluoride (predicted)
* Krypton difluoride
* Xenon difluoride
* Radon difluoride

### Bifluorides

The bifluorides contain the two fluorine atoms in a covalently bound HF$_2$$^−$ polyatomic ion rather than as F$^−$ anions.
* Ammonium bifluoride
* Potassium bifluoride
* Sodium bifluoride

### Organic difluorides

* Ethanedioyl difluoride
* Ethylidene difluoride
* Carbonyl difluoride
* Carbon dibromide difluoride (dibromodifluoromethane)
* Carbon dichloride difluoride (dichlorodifluormethane)
* Methyl difluoride
* Methylphosphonyl difluoride
* Polyvinylidene difluoride
# Lab

Lab most often refers to:
Lab or LAB may also refer to:

## Places

* Láb, a village near Br in western Slovakia
* Lab a school in Chicago

## People

* ISO 639 code for the ancient Minoan language of Crete

## Music

* LAB Records, a British independent record label
* LAB (band), a Finnish band
* L.A.B., a New Zealand reggae band

## Transportation

* Laburnum railway station, Melbourne
* League of American Bicyclists
* Linhas Aéreas Brasileiras, a defunct Brazilian airline
* Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano, a defunct Bolivian airline

## Science and technology

* Linear alkylbenzene
* Lithosphere-Asthenosphere boundary, between layers of the Earth
* Lactic acid bacteria
* Lab color space
* Lyman-alpha blob, in interstellar space
* Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate

## Groups

* Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak, a Basque trade union
* Lockerz advisory board
* Los Angeles Baptist High School, US

## Other

* Labrador Retriever, a dog breed
* Legs, abs, and butt fitness workout
# Joe Paladino

Giuseppe "Joe" Paladino (born 29 August 1965) is an English football coach and former professional player. He is currently the Goalkeeping Coach of New Mills.
Paladino also enjoyed a career as a professional boxer.

## Football career
### Playing career

Paladino, who played as a goalkeeper, started his career in non-league football with Rossendale United and St Helens Town. He signed for Wigan Athletic in December 1990, making seven appearances in the Football League for the team during the 1990–91 season. He returned to non-league football the following season with Runcorn, and went on to play for Witton Albion, where he was part of the squad that reached the final of the FA Trophy, and Altrincham.

### Coaching career

Paladino took charge of Daisy Hill in February 2002.
Paladino later took charge of St Helens Town in January 2004, before quitting in March 2005.
After working as a goalkeeping coach at FC United of Manchester, he was appointed Assistant Manager of Rossendale United in March 2010. He was manager of Congleton Town in 2011.

## Boxing career

Paladino was also a professional boxer. He retired in 1997 before returning as an amateur in 2006.
# Puerta de San Fernando (Seville)

The Puerta de San Fernando was a gate of the walled enclosure of Seville, Spain.
It was in the mouth of the straight and spacious street of the same name, at the height of the former Royal Tobacco Factory, now University of Seville. Also known as Puerta Nueva and no wonder since it was built in the middle of the 18th century, specifically in 1760.

## Description

Draws the attention the monumentality of the gate, escorted in turn by the two crenellated towers that made faithful squires in its past defensive duties.
This gate had its two fronts unequal in architecture, as belonging Doric to the outside and Ionic on the inside. In each of those appeared four columns on pedestals, two on each side of the arch, which had of light 4'18 m. and 7.52 m. in front of the high and solid lateral towers.

## Demolition

This gate had a short life, one century. In City Hall of September 9, 1864 it was decided to demolish this gate, but having emerged some difficulties by Mr. Administrator of the Royal Heritage defending the ownership of this monument, as belonging to the Royal House, being saved in those days of suffering fate reserved for other Sevillan gates, although the revolutionary pickaxe turned into rubble after auctioned, along with that of Osario and Carmona in 1868.
# Olanipekun

Olanipekun audio is a Yoruba surname common in Nigeria, meaning "Wealth has no limitation". Olanipekun is a peculiar and traditional rich name of Yoruba origin. It is a surname, but can as well be used as a given name, specifically in Yoruba societies. The name holds significant cultural importance as it is associated with the richness the Yoruba culture embodies such as wealth, strength, wisdom, and lineage.
The name, Olanipekun commands a sense of heritage and tradition while maintaining its uniqueness.

## Pronunciation

Though it is a unique and thoughtful name, it can be quite challenging to pronounce for those who are not native speakers of Yoruba language and are unfamiliar with the language.

## Utilization

In as much as Olanipekun is not gender-specific in its meaning, it is most commonly used as a surname. It can be used for both males and females, regardless it is less common as a given name.

## Notable people with the surname

* Matthew Olanipekun Sadiku, American electrical engineer
* Nelson Olanipekun, Nigerian human rights lawyer
* Wole Olanipekun, Nigerian jurist
# Estadio El Plantío

Estadio Municipal de El Plantío is a stadium in Burgos, Spain. It is currently used for football (soccer) matches and is the home stadium of Burgos CF. The stadium holds 12,194 spectators. The construction of the stadium started on June 22, 1963, a few months after the project presentation.
In March 2018 the reform of three of its four stands began.

## Gallery

* Burgos vs Real Sociedad in 2004.
* Burgos vs Oviedo in 2007.
* Burgos vs Racing Santander in 2016.