# Timeline of the Han dynasty

This is a timeline of the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD).

## 3rd century BC

| Year | Date | Event |
| 202 BC | 28 February | Liu Bang becomes emperor of the Han dynasty (posthumously known as Emperor Gaozu of Han) |
| 202 BC | | Emperor Gaozu of Han moves the capital from Luoyang to Chang'an |
| 201 BC | | Battle of Baideng: Emperor Gaozu of Han's army is defeated by the Xiongnu |
| 201 BC | | Xin, King of Han defects to the Xiongnu |

## 2nd century BC
### 200s BC

| Year | Date | Event |
| 197 BC | | The Xiongnu invade Dai Commandery with the help of Chen Xi and Han Xin |
| 196 BC | | Emperor Gaozu of Han replaces nine of the ten Kings of the Han dynasty with his brothers and sons |
| 196 BC | | The Xiongnu invade Dai Commandery with the help of Han Xin |
| 195 BC | 1 June | Emperor Gaozu of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Ying (posthumously Emperor Hui of Han) |
| 195 BC | | The Xiongnu invade You Province with the help of Lu Wan |

### 190s BC

| Year | Event |
| 188 BC | Emperor Hui of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Gong (posthumously Emperor Qianshao of Han) |
| 184 BC | Emperor Qianshao of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Hong (posthumously Emperor Houshao of Han) |
| 182 BC | The Xiongnu invade Longxi Commandery and Tianshui |
| 181 BC | Nanyue invades Changsha |
| 181 BC | The Xiongnu invade Longxi Commandery |

### 180s BC

| Year | Event |
| 180 BC | Lü Clan Disturbance: Empress Lü dies and her clan is slaughtered |
| 180 BC | Emperor Houshao of Han is deposed and succeeded by Liu Heng (posthumously Emperor Wen of Han) |
| 179 BC | Earliest archaeological evidence of paper |
| 179 BC | The Xiongnu invade Yunzhong Commandery |
| 177 BC | The Xiongnu invade Ordos |
| 176 BC | The kingdoms of Liang, Zhao, Qi, Dai, and Huainan are split up |

### 170s BC

| Year | Date | Event |
| 169 BC | | The Xiongnu raid Han |
| 166 BC | | A 140,000 strong Xiongnu force invade near Chang'an |

### 160s BC

| Year | Event |
| 160 BC | A system of beacon and lookout stations is deployed |
| 158 BC | A 30,000 strong Xiongnu force attacks Yunzhong Commandery and Dai Commandery |
| 157 BC | Emperor Wen of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Qi (posthumously Emperor Jing of Han) |
| 154 BC | Rebellion of the Seven States: Liu Pi and six other kings rebel but are defeated |

### 150s BC

| Year | Event |
| 148 BC | The Xiongnu attack Yan Province |
| 144 BC | The Xiongnu raid Yanmen Pass for horses |
| 142 BC | The Xiongnu attack Yanmen Pass |
| 141 BC | Emperor Jing of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Che (posthumously Emperor Wu of Han) |

### 140s BC

| Year | Date | Event |
| 139 BC | | Zhang Qian sets off for the Western Regions |
| 136 BC | | Official posts are created for academicians |
| 135 BC | | Han campaigns against Minyue: A puppet king is installed in Minyue |
| 133 BC | June | Battle of Mayi: The Han army fails to ambush the Xiongnu |
| 132 BC | | Yellow River dikes burst |

### 130s BC

| Year | Event |
| 129 BC | Han forces (40,000) under Wei Qing, Gongsun Ao, Gongsun He, and Li Guang engage in combat with the Xiongnu |
| 128 BC | The Xiongnu attack Liaoxi and engage in combat with Han forces (40,000) under Wei Qing and Li Xi |
| 128 BC | Nan Lü of Dongye surrenders to Han and the Canghai Commandery is created |
| 127 BC | The Xiongnu raid Liaoxi and Yanmen |
| 127 BC | Han forces under Wei Qing, Hao Xian, and Li Xi plunder the Xiongnu for livestock |
| 126 BC | The Canghai Commandery is abandoned |
| 126 BC | The Xiongnu army (900,000) raids Han territory |
| 123-124 BC | Han forces (100,000) under Wei Qing attack the Xiongnu |
| 122 BC | The Prince of Huainan rebels and is defeated |
| 122 BC | The Xiongnu raid Shanggu |
| 121 BC | Han forces under Huo Qubing, Zhao Ponu, Zhang Qian, and Li Guang attack the Xiongnu |

### 120s BC

| Year | Date | Event |
| 120 BC | | The Xiongnu raid Youbeiping and Xingxiang, taking 1,000 captives |
| 119 BC | June | Battle of Mobei: Han generals Huo Qubing and Wei Qing defeat the Xiongnu |
| 119 BC | | Introduction of the iron and salt monopoly |
| 119 BC | | New taxes are levied on market transactions, vehicles, and property |
| 119 BC | | Zhang Qian goes on another trip to the Western Regions |
| 116 BC | | The Xiongnu raid Liang Province |
| 113 BC | | Reign names are introduced |
| 112 BC | | State monopoly on minting is enacted |
| 112 BC | | A Han force of 20,000 attack the Qing in eastern Tibet |
| 111 BC | | Han conquest of Nanyue: Han annexes Nanyue |
| 111 BC | | Han campaigns against Minyue: Âu Việt is defeated but the Han evacuate the Yue area rather than annex it; with the exception of Dongye at the mouth of the Min River, modern Fujian would not see significant colonization until 200 AD |
| 111 BC | | Han forces (25,000)) under Gongsun He and Zhao Ponu try to attack the Xiongnu but can't find them |
| 111 BC | | Modern Guizhou is incorporated into the empire |

### 110s BC

| Year | Event |
| 110 BC | Emperor Wu of Han personally leads Han forces (180,000) against the Xiongnu but their chanyu decides to retreat |
| 110 BC | Han secures a marriage alliance with the Wusun through Liu Jieyou |
| 109 BC | Han conquest of Dian: The Dian Kingdom becomes a Han vassal |
| 108 BC | Han conquest of Gojoseon: Han annexes Gojoseon and sets up the Lelang, Lintun, Xuantu, and Zhenfan commanderies |
| 108 BC | Battle of Loulan: Han subjugates Qiemo and the Jushi Kingdom |
| 106 BC | Thirteen regional inspectors are appointed to be directly answerable to the central government |
| 105 BC | Cai Lun improves on paper using a combination of rags and plant fibers |
| 105 BC | Aboriginals rebel in the southwest |
| 104 BC | War of the Heavenly Horses: Li Guangli fails to make it to Dayuan |
| 103 BC | Han forces (20,000) under Zhao Ponu attack the Xiongnu but are defeated |
| 102 BC | The Xiongnu raid Jiuquan and Zhangye, capturing several thousand people |
| 101 BC | War of the Heavenly Horses: Li Guangli forces Dayuan to provide horses |
| 101 BC | Han vassalizes Fergana |

## 1st century BC
### 100s BC

| Year | Date | Event |
| 99 BC | | Battle of Tian Shan: Han forces (35,000) under Li Guangli and Li Ling are defeated by the Xiongnu |
| 98 BC | | State monopoly on liquor is enacted |
| 97 BC | | Han forces (140,000) under Li Guangli attack the Xiongnu without results |
| 94 BC | Summer | Han forces under Xu Xiangru kill the king of Suoju (around modern Yarkant County) and capture 1,500 people |
| 91 BC | | Factional strife in Chang'an results in the deaths of thousands |

### 90s BC

| Year | Date | Event |
| 90 BC | | Han forces (79,000) under Li Guangli are defeated by the Xiongnu but another Han army (30,000) under Shang Qiucheng manages to force the Xiongnu to flee |
| 90 BC | | Han forces under Cheng Wan conquer Jushi Kingdom |
| 87 BC | | Han forces under Wen Zhong capture a city near modern Islamabad |
| 87 BC | 29 March | Emperor Wu of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Fuling (posthumously Emperor Zhao of Han) |
| 86 BC | | Liu Dan's coup fails |
| 86 BC | | Rebellion occurs in the southwest |
| 83 BC | | Rebellion occurs in the southwest |
| 82 BC | | Zhenfan and Lintun commanderies are abandoned |
| 82 BC | | Hainan is abandoned for a time |
| 81 BC | | Discourses on Salt and Iron |
| 81 BC | | State monopoly on liquor is abolished |

### 80s BC

| Year | Date | Event |
| 80 BC | | Liu Dan attempts another coup, which also fails |
| 78 BC | | Han forces under (20,000) under Fan Mingyou attack the Wuhuan |
| 77 BC | | After several Han envoys are killed in or near the Loulan Kingdom, supreme general Huo Guang has an envoy named Fu Jiezi assassinate the Loulan King Angui |
| 75 BC | | Goguryeo attacks Xuantu Commander |
| 74 BC | 18 July | Emperor Zhao of Han dies and the Marquis of Haihun is enthroned |
| 74 BC | 14 August | The Marquis of Haihun is deposed and replaced by Liu Bingyi (posthumously Emperor Xuan of Han) |
| 71 BC | | The Han, Wusun, Dingling, and Wuhuan coalition defeats the Xiongnu |

### 70s BC

| Year | Event |
| 69 BC | Han forces under Chang Hui retaliate against Qiuci for killing Colonel Laidan |
| 67 BC | Battle of Jushi: Han forces conquer the Jushi Kingdom |
| 65 BC | Han forces under Feng Fenshi force the king of Suoju to commit suicide and enthrone another king |
| 65 BC | Han vassalizes Qiuci |
| 65 BC | The Qiang revolt in eastern Tibet |
| 64 BC | The people of the Jushi Kingdom are moved to Quli to work the land |
| 64 BC | The Xiongnu attack Jiaohe in the aftermath of the Battle of Jushi |
| 61 BC | Han forces under Zhao Chongguo advance into Qinghai and establish colonies |

### 60s BC

| Year | Date | Event |
| 60 BC | | The Protectorate of the Western Regions is established under Zheng Ji |
| 53 BC | | Wusun submit to Han suzerainty and are split into Greater and Lesser Kunmi |

### 50s BC

| Year | Event |
| 49 BC | Emperor Xuan of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Shi (posthumously Emperor Yuan of Han) |
| 46 BC | Hainan is abandoned for a time |
| 44 BC | The state monopoly on salt and iron is temporarily abolished |
| 42 BC | Qiang tribes revolt in the west |
| 41 BC | The state monopoly on salt and iron is restored |
| 41 BC | Han forces (60,000) under Feng Fengshi crush the Qiang rebels |

### 40s BC

| Year | Event |
| 39 BC | Yellow River dikes burst |
| 38 BC | Emperor Yuan of Han deposes Liu Yuan, King of Hejian, disestablishing his kingdom |
| 36 BC | Battle of Zhizhi: Han forces defeat the Xiongnu |
| 33 BC | Emperor Yuan of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Ao (posthumously Emperor Cheng of Han) |
| 32 BC | The Hejian Kingdom is re-established |

### 30s BC

| Year | Date | Event |
| 29 BC | | Yellow River dikes burst |
| 27 BC | | Aboriginals rebel in the southwest |

### 10s BC

| Year | Date | Event |
| 7 BC | 7 May | Emperor Cheng of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Xin (posthumously Emperor Ai of Han) |
| 3 BC | | The cult of the Queen Mother of the West spreads throughout China |
| 1 BC | 15 August | Emperor Ai of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu JIzi (posthumously Emperor Ping of Han |

## 1st century
### 0s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 1 | | Earliest extant blast furnaces |
| 3 | | The Yellow River floods and changes course |
| 6 | 2 February | Emperor Ping of Han dies and Ruzi Ying becomes heir apparent but Wang Mang becomes acting emperor |
| 7 | | Wang Mang is accused of murdering Emperor Ping of Han |
| 9 | 10 January | Wang Mang declares his own Xin dynasty (literally "new dynasty") |
| 9 | | The slave trade is outlawed |

### 10s

| Year | Event |
| 12 | Wang Mang extends Xin territory into Qinghai |
| 12 | Xin forces defeat Goguryeo in battle |
| 12 | Aboriginals in Zangke Commandery (Guizhou) rebel |
| 12 | The slave trade ban is rescinded |
| 13 | Karasahr rebels |
| 14 | Aboriginals in Yi Province rebel |
| 16 | A Xin expeditionary army under Guo Qin massacres the population of Karasahr |
| 17 | Red Eyebrows: Rebellion erupts in modern Shandong |

### 20s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 22 | | Lulin: Rebellion erupts in Nanyang |
| 22 | 11 March | Liu Xuan (later known as the Gengshi Emperor) is enthroned by the rebels |
| 22 | | Red Eyebrows: Xin forces are defeated by the rebels |
| 23 | January | Lulin: Xin forces are defeated by rebels |
| 23 | 7 July | Battle of Kunyang: Xin forces are defeated by rebels |
| 23 | 6 October | Lulin: Rebels take Chang'an and kill Wang Mang; Luoyang falls soon after |
| 23 | | Koreans raid the Lelang Commandery and take slaves |
| 23 | | The Protectorate of the Western Regions is abandoned |
| 24 | March | The Gengshi Emperor relocates to Chang'an |
| 25 | July | Red Eyebrows: The Red Eyebrows enthrone their own emperor, Liu Penzi |
| 25 | 5 August | Liu Xiu proclaims himself emperor (posthumously Emperor Guangwu of Han) |
| 25 | October | Red Eyebrows: The Red Eyebrows take Chang'an and strangle the Gengshi Emperor |
| 25 | 27 November | Emperor Guangwu of Han takes Luoyang |
| 25 | | Wang Diao takes over Lelang Commandery |
| 27 | 15 March | Red Eyebrows: Rebels surrender to Emperor Guangwu of Han |
| 29 | | Emperor Guangwu of Han pacifies the northern Central Plains and Nanyang |
| 29 | | The Taixue is created |

### 30s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 30 | | Emperor Guangwu of Han pacifies the Lelang Commandery, southern Central Plains and Shandong |
| 31 | | Du Shi uses waterwheels to power piston-bellows for blast furnaces |
| 32 | | Ban Gu is born |
| 34 | | Emperor Guangwu of Han defeats Wei Ao and pacifies the northwest |
| 36 | 25 December | Emperor Guangwu of Han defeats Gongsun Shu and takes Chengdu, restoring the Han |

### 40s

| Year | Event |
| 40 | Trung sisters' rebellion: Yue tribes rebel in Jiaozhi |
| 43 | Trung sisters' rebellion: The Trưng Sisters are decapitated |
| 44 | Han forces under Ma Yuan are defeated by Xiongnu |
| 45 | Ban Zhao is born |
| 45 | Aboriginals rebel in the southwest |
| 45 | Xiongnu raid Changshan |
| 48 | Aboriginals rebel in Wuling Commandery (northwestern Hunan) |
| 49 | Wuhuan settle in the northwest and north of the Central Plain |
| 49 | Qiang tribes retake the Qinghai region |

### 50s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 51 | | An Ailao tribe defects to Han |
| 57 | 29 March | Emperor Guangwu of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Yang (posthumously Emperor Ming of Han) |

### 60s

| Year | Event |
| 63 | The Xiongnu gain control of the Western Regions and start raiding Han |
| 65 | Liu Ying becomes the first documented sponsor of Buddhism in China |
| 69 | An Ailao tribe defects to Han |

### 70s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 70 | | The southern flow of the Yellow River is eliminated |
| 73 | | Battle of Yiwulu: Han general Dou Gu defeats the Xiongnu and restores the Protectorate of the Western Regions |
| 74 | | Han forces capture Jushi Kingdom |
| 75 | 5 September | Emperor Ming of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Da (posthumously Emperor Zhang of Han) |
| 77 | | The Protectorate of the Western Regions is abandoned |

### 80s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 88 | 9 April | Emperor Zhang of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Zhao (posthumously Emperor He of Han) |
| 89 | | Battle of the Altai Mountains: Han general Dou Xian defeats the Xiongnu |

### 90s

| Year | Event |
| 90 | The Protectorate of the Western Regions is restored |
| 92 | Ban Gu dies |
| 93 | The Xiongnu settle in southern Shaanxi |

## 2nd century
### 100s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 106 | 13 February | Emperor He of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Long (posthumously Emperor Shang of Han) |
| 106 | 21 September | Emperor Shang of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Hu (posthumously Emperor An of Han) |
| 106 | | Goguryeo invades Xuantu Commandery |
| 107 | | The Protectorate of the Western Regions is abandoned |
| 107 | | Aboriginals rebel in the southwest |
| 108 | | Qiang tribes raid the Central Plains |

### 110s

| Year | Event |
| 111 | The Book of Han is finished by Ban Zhao |
| 116 | Ban Zhao dies |
| 116 | Aboriginals rebel in the southwest |
| 117 | Han forces under Ren Shang defeat the Qiang |

### 120s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 123 | | Aboriginals rebel in the southwest |
| 125 | 30 April | Emperor An of Han dies and is succeeded by the Marquess of Beixiang |
| 125 | 16 December | Eunuch loyalists overthrow the Marquess of Beixiang and enthrone Liu Bao (posthumously Emperor Shun of Han) |

### 130s

| Year | Event |
| 132 | Han retakes some of Xuantu Commandery from Goguryeo |
| 132 | Zhang Heng invents the seismometer |
| 137 | Rebellion erupts in Rinan |

### 140s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 140 | | The Xiongnu overrun the Tiger's Teeth encampment near Chang'an |
| 140 | | The Qiang rebel |
| 142 | | The Qiang rebellion is defeated |
| 144 | 20 September | Emperor Shun of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Bing (posthumously Emperor Chong of Han) |
| 144 | December | Rebellion erupts in Jiujiang |
| 145 | 15 February | Emperor Chong of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Zuan (posthumously Emperor Zhi of Han) |
| 145 | | Rebels attack Guangling and Jiujiang |
| 145 | | Xianbei raid Dai Commandery |
| 145 | | Hua Meng declares himself the Black Emperor and gets killed |
| 146 | 26 July | Emperor Zhi of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Zhi (posthumously Emperor Huan of Han) |
| 146 | | Policy of assimilation in the southwest is implemented through education programs |

### 150s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 156 | | Aboriginals rebel in the southwest |
| 159 | | Aboriginals rebel in the southwest |

### 160s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 166 | | The Xianbei raid Han territory |
| 167 | | Han forces under Duan Jiong massacre the Qiang |
| 168 | 25 January | Emperor Huan of Han dies and is succeeded by Liu Hong (posthumously Emperor Ling of Han) |
| 169 | | Duan Jiong defeats the Xianlian Qiang |

### 170s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 176 | | Aboriginals rebel in the southwest |
| 177 | | Han forces (20,000) under Xia Yu and Tian Yan are defeated by the Xianbei |

### 180s

| Year | Date | Event |
| 184 | spring | Yellow Turban Rebellion: The Yellow Turbans ravage the north and east and are defeated |
| 184 | winter | Liang Province rebellion: A rebellion occurs in Liang province (Liangzhou; 涼州; roughly present-day Wuwei, Gansu) |
| 185 | | The imperial palace is damaged by fire and special taxes are levied for rebuilding |
| 188 | | Governors are appointed to unify provincial administrations |
| 189 | summer | Emperor Ling of Han dies; Empress He and her brother He Jin enthrone Liu Bian and establish a regency government |
| 189 | winter | The Ten Eunuchs kill He Jin and are themselves massacred by Yuan Shao; Dong Zhuo takes control of Luoyang and deposes Liu Bian in favor of his half-brother Liu Xie, Emperor Xian of Han |

### 190s

| Year | Event |
| 190 | Campaign against Dong Zhuo: An anti-Dong Zhuo alliance forms in the east, led by Yuan Shao |
| 190 | Dong Zhuo burns Luoyang, loots the imperials tombs, and relocates to Chang'an; the coalition breaks up and local officials set themselves up as warlords |
| 190 | Cai Yong dies |
| 191 | Zhang Lu sets up a theocracy in Hanzhong |
| 192 | Wang Yun and Lü Bu kill Dong Zhuo and Wang Yun himself is killed by Dong Zhuo's officers Li Jue and Guo Si |
| 192 | Cao Cao takes over Yan Province |
| 195 | Emperor Xian of Han escapes from Chang'an |
| 195 | Sun Ce sets up south of the Changjiang |
| 196 | Emperor Xian of Han relocates to Xuchang under Cao Cao's control |
| 197 | Campaign against Yuan Shu: Yuan Shu takes the imperial title but is driven south by Cao Cao |
| 199 | Battle of Yijing: Yuan Shao eliminates Gongsun Zan in You Province |
| 199 | Yuan Shu dies |

## 3rd century

| Year | Date | Event |
| 200 | | Battle of Guandu: Yuan Shao is defeated by Cao Cao northeast of modern Zhongmou, Henan |
| 200 | | Sun Ce dies and is succeeded by his brother Sun Quan |
| 200 | | Zheng Xuan dies |
| 202 | | Yuan Shao dies and is succeeded by his younger son Yuan Shang |
| 203 | | Cao Cao's campaigns to unify northern China begin |
| 207 | | Battle of White Wolf Mountain: Cao Cao defeats the Wuhuan and unites northern China |
| 208 | | Liu Biao dies in Jing Province and Cao Cao takes over |
| 208 | | Battle of Red Cliffs: Cao Cao is defeated on the Changjiang, west of modern Jiangxia, Hubei, by Sun Quan and Liu Bei |
| 210 | | Liu Bei occupies the south of Jing Province |
| 211 | | Battle of Tong Pass: Cao Cao defeats Ma Chao and Han Sui and starts campaigning in northwestern China |
| 211 | | Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province: Liu Zhang invites Liu Bei to Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) |
| 214 | | Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province: Liu Bei takes control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang |
| 215 | | Battle of Yangping: Zhang Lu surrenders Hanzhong to Cao Cao |
| 216 | | Cao Cao declares himself King of Wei |
| 219 | spring | Battle of Mount Dingjun: Liu Bei defeats Cao Cao's general Xiahou Yuan and takes Hanzhong |
| 219 | autumn | Liu Bei becomes King of Hanzhong |
| 219 | autumn | Battle of Fancheng: Liu Bei's general Guan Yu attacks north in Jing Province |
| 219 | winter | Lü Meng's invasion of Jing Province: Sun Quan's general Lü Meng attacks Guan Yu and seizes the south of Jing Province |
| 220 | | Guan Yu is executed by Sun Quan |
| 220 | spring | Cao Cao dies at Luoyang and is succeeded by his son Cao Pi |
| 220 | | The Nine-rank system is implemented |
| 220 | winter | Cao Pi forces Emperor Xian of Han to abdicate and declares himself Emperor of the Wei dynasty; so ends the Han dynasty |

## Gallery

* Chu-Han Contention (207 BC–202 BC)
* Han dynasty, 190 BC - kingdoms in red, commanderies in black
* 154 BC - Rebellion of the Seven States
* Southern tribes in ancient China - red means nomadic, yellow is semi-nomadic, and purple is sedentary.
* Han campaigns
* Korea 108 BC
* The Four Commanderies of Han, 107 BC
* Korea in 1 AD
* Extent of Han culture in 2 AD
* Han commanderies and kingdoms, 2 AD
* Han dynasty population distribution in 2 AD
* Major Yellow River course changes
* Xin dynasty
* Uprisings during the Xin dynasty
* Han dynasty, 140 AD
* Yellow Turban Rebellion
* Han provinces, 189 AD
* Korea 204 AD

## Citations

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* ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 310.
* ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 513.
* 1 2 3 Twitchett 2008, p. 286.
* 1 2 3 4 Twitchett 2008, p. 311.
* ↑ Twitchett 2008, p. 287.
* ↑ Crespigny 2017, p. 369.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Crespigny 2007, p. xxxi.
* 1 2 3 4 5 Xiong 2009, p. lxxxvii.
* 1 2 3 Xiong 2009, p. lxxxviii.