OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# David Johnston

David Johnston or Dave Johnston may refer to:

## Politics

* David Johnston (governor general) (born 1941), former governor general of Canada
* David Johnston (Australian politician) (born 1956), Australian Senator and former Defence Minister
* David Johnston (British politician) (born 1981), British politician
* David Emmons Johnston (1845–1917), U.S. Congressman
* David Russell Johnston (1932–2008), Scottish politician

## Sports

* David Johnston (Australian footballer) (born 1969), former Australian rules footballer
* Davie Johnston (footballer, born 1942) (1942–2004), Scottish footballer, played for Heart of Midlothian FC and Aberdeen FC
* Davie Johnston (footballer, born 1948), Scottish footballer, played for Dundee FC
* David Johnston (rugby union, born 1958), Scottish rugby player and coach, also played football for Heart of Midlothian FC
* David Johnston (English cricketer) (born 1943), former English cricketer
* David Johnston (South Australia cricketer) (born 1954), Australian cricketer
* David Johnston (New South Wales cricketer) (born 1955), Australian cricketer
* David Johnston (rugby union, born 1994), Irish rugby player
* D. T. Johnston (1889–1953), Australian sportsman and local politician
* David Johnston (swimmer) (born 2001), American swimmer

## Others

* David Johnston (minister) (1734–1824) Church of Scotland minister of Leith
* Dave Johnston (musician), American banjo player for Yonder Mountain String Band
* Dave Johnston (police officer), head of the Homicide and Serious Crime Command for the Metropolitan Police (United Kingdom)
* David Johnston (newsreader) (born 1941), former Australian newsreader
* David A. Johnston (1949–1980), volcanologist killed in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
* David Cay Johnston (born 1948), investigative journalist
* David Claypoole Johnston (1799–1865), American cartoonist, printmaker, painter and actor
* David E. Johnston, British classical archaeologist and historian
* David Johnston (admiral) (born 1962), senior officer in the Royal Australian Navy
* David Eric Lothian Johnston (born 1961), Scottish legal expert
* David Johnston (merchant) (1724–1809), American merchant and politician
* David Jhave Johnston, Canadian poet, videographer, and motion graphics artist
* David Johnston (soldier) (1838–1931) American soldier and recipient of the Medal of Honor
# Ghali

Ghali or Al-Ghali may refer to:

## People
### Mononym

* Ghali (rapper), Italian rapper of Tunisian origin

### Name

* El Ghali Boukaa, Moroccan equestrian
* Ghali Umar Na'Abba, Nigerian politician

### Surname

* Boutros Ghali, Egyptian politician
* Fathia Ghali, Egyptian princess
* Mohammad Mahmoud Ghali, Egyptian scholar
* Salah Ali Al-Ghali, Sudanese politician
* Samia Ghali, French politician

## Religion

* A person belonging to the ghulat (a plural noun derived from Arabic ghali), minority Shia Muslim groups who ascribe divine characteristics to members of Muhammad's family.

## Others

* Ghali (ship), several type of ships from Nusantara region
# Milton Terris

Milton Terris (April 22, 1915 – October 3, 2002) was an American public health physician and epidemiologist. He graduated from Columbia University in 1935 and completed his MD at the New York University School of Medicine in 1939 and his MPH from Johns Hopkins University in 1944. He was associate professor of preventive medicine at the State University of New York at Buffalo from 1951 through 1957, and was professor of epidemiology at Tulane University from 1958 through 1960. He was head of the Chronic Disease Unit of the New York City Public Health Research Institute from 1960 through 1963. In 1964 he became professor and chair of the department of preventive medicine at New York Medical College, serving in that role until his retirement in 1980.
He was president of the American Public Health Association from 1966 through 1967. In 1967, he co-founded the Society for Epidemiologic Research, a learned society for epidemiologists, and served as its first president. After retirement, he founded the Journal of Public Health Policy in 1980 and served as its editor until his death in 2002. He joined with several other past presidents of APHA in 1980 to found the National Association for Public Health Policy and served as president of that organization until 1993.
# Axel Schock

Axel Schock (born 11 September 1965 in Neckarbischofsheim, Baden-Württemberg) is a German journalist and author.
Schock grew up in Sinsheim. He studied literature and theater at the Free University of Berlin. In 1982 he published his first work and in 1985 received the Scheffelpreis, a prize in literature awarded to high school graduates.
He lives as an openly gay man in Berlin and works as a journalist and editor for different magazines and newspapers, including the gay magazine Hinnerk in Hamburg and citymag Berlin. As a freelance author, he writes articles for daily newspapers like Berliner Zeitung, taz and Berliner Morgenpost. Schock also writes features for radio (for example RIAS Berlin, DeutschlandRadio and Radio 100) and for TV. He has also written under a pseudonym.

## Selected works (in German)

* Schreib-Spuren. (Co-Editor) (1993)
* Zehn Minuten. Jetzt. Kürzestgeschichten. (1993)
* I'm crazy for das Holzfällerhemd. (1994)
* Der schwule Sprachführer. (with Ulf Meyer) (1996)
* Out!: 800 berühmte Lesben, Schwule und Bisexuelle. (with Karen-Susan Fessel), 5. Edition. (2004)
* Das Queer Quiz Buch. (with Ulrike Anhamm) (1996)
* Ein letzter Gruß. Trauer – Anatomie eines Gefühls. (1997)
* Die Bibliothek von Sodom. Das Buch der schwulen Bücher. (1998)
* Die Cazzo-Story. Pornostars, made in Germany. (2000)
* Die acapickels drücken sich aus. (2000)
* Der schöne Mann ist tot. Beiträge zum Literaturpreis der Schwulen Buchläden. (Editor, 2003)
* Out im Kino. Das lesbisch-schwule Filmlexikon. (with Manuela Kay) (2004)
* Out-Takes Das lesbisch-schwule Lexikon des unnützen Wissens. (with Karin Schupp) (2005)
* Mein schwules Auge 3. (with Rinaldo Hopf) (2006)
* Schwule Orte. 150 berühmt-berüchtigte Schauplätze (2007)
* Mein schwules Auge 4. (with Rinaldo Hopf) (2007)
* Mein schwules Auge 5. (with Rinaldo Hopf) (2008)
* Mein schwules Auge 6. (with Rinaldo Hopf) (2009)

## Prizes

* Scheffelpreis, 1985
* Literaturpreis der Schwulen Buchläden
# Alexander (grandson of Seleucus I Nicator)

Alexander (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος; flourished 3rd century BC) was a Greek nobleman of Anatolia and served as a Seleucid official.
Alexander was the first son born to Achaeus by an unnamed Greek mother. His father Achaeus was a wealthy nobleman who owned estates in Anatolia. His family had power in Anatolia with strong royal connections. Alexander had three siblings, two sisters, Antiochis and Laodice I, and a brother Andromachus. His father Achaeus was the second son of King Seleucus I Nicator and his first wife Apama I.
According to surviving inscriptions, Alexander was already active and held high positions under his paternal uncle Antiochus I Soter. A surviving decree at Bargylia honoring a judge from Teos mentions Alexander as having been ‘left in charge’ by Antiochus I Soter, meaning that Alexander was some sort of governor in the Caria region. The surviving decree at Bargylia dates from 270–261 BC.
During the reign of his paternal cousin and brother-in-law Antiochus II Theos, Alexander was a very powerful figure in Anatolia. Between 261–244 BC in Magnesia ad Sipylum, he is noted in writing a letter about land allotments granted to soldiers and he was honored at Tralles.
In the year 240 BC Alexander was still loyal to his nephew Seleucus II Callinicus, as he was the governor of Lydia, based at Sardis. In the civil war between Seleucus II Callinicus and his brother Antiochus Hierax, Alexander supported this second nephew, and held Sardis against attacks by Seleucus II.
After the end of the civil war, nothing is known on Alexander. His namesake was his great-nephew Seleucus III Ceraunus, whose name was Alexander until he succeeded his father Seleucus II Callinicus as King in 225 BC.
# Karl Marx Monument, Chemnitz

The Karl Marx Monument (German: Karl-Marx-Monument) is a 7.10m (23.29ft)-tall stylized head of Karl Marx in Chemnitz, Germany. The heavy-duty sculpture, together with the base platform, stand over 13 meters (42 feet) tall and weighs approximately 40 tonnes. On a wall just behind the monument, the phrase "Workers of the world, unite!" (from the Communist Manifesto) is inscripted in four languages: German, English, French and Russian.
It is the most famous monument in the inner city of Chemnitz, where it has gained the nickname "Nischel", which is derived from the Saxon term for head or skull.

## History

After renaming the city and the district of Chemnitz to Karl-Marx-Stadt on 10 May 1953 for Karl Marx Year, the East German government decided to honour the namesake of the city, and hired a Soviet sculptor, Lev Kerbel, to design a monument.
The monument was cast in the art foundry Monument Skulptura in Leningrad in bronze and then broken down into 95 pieces. In Karl-Marx-Stadt, these items were to be welded together again, but the Soviet technology was not suitable. Instead, it was decided to transfer the job to the VEB Germania. The monument stands on two pedestals with Korninskij granite, named after the mining region in southern Ukraine.
On 9 October 1971, the monument was inaugurated before a crowd of around 250,000 people along Karl-Marx-Allee (popularly referred to as "Nischelgasse" ("Skull Alley"), today's Brückenstraße).
As the landmark of the city, it served during holidays in the German Democratic Republic as a backdrop for pageants and other mass events. The monument remained intact after German reunification, although the proposed demolition of the monument led to a heated debate when Karl-Marx-Stadt returned to its former name of Chemnitz. Many other cities around the world at that time reported interest in buying the monument; there have been discussions about a sale to Cologne.
Until 2007, the motto of the city was "Stadt mit Köpfchen" (the city with heads/brains), referring to the monument.
# Mausoleum of Imam Ali

The Mausoleum of Ali (Persian: مقام علی, romanized: Maqām ʿAlī) or Blue Mosque (مسجد کبود), located in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan, is a shrine purportedly housing the tomb of Caliph Ali, the first Imam of Shia Muslims (r. 656–661).
Many pilgrims annually celebrate Nowruz at the site. At the annual Jahenda Bala ceremony a flag is raised in honour of Alī. People touch the flag for supposed luck in the New Year.

## History

The earliest surviving source stating Ali to be buried in Balkh is Tuhfat al-Albab of the Andalusian traveller Abu Hamid al-Gharnati (d. 1170). Abd al-Ghafur Lari wrote that Muhammad al-Baqir, the fifth Shia imam, assigned Abu Muslim the task of transferring Ali's body to the Khurasan, though this is likely apocryphal.
The first structure of the site dates back to the Seljuk era. It was built by Sultan Ahmad Sanjar in the 11th century. In the 13th century, the Mongols under Genghis Khan invaded Balkh, where they massacred the Balkhi population and destroyed their places of worship. The mosque built by Sanjar was destroyed by the Mongols in the year 1220.
In the 15th century, the Timurid amir, Sultan Husayn Bayqara, ordered a reconstruction of the destroyed building.
In later years, various rulers made repairs and endowments, including the Shaybanid emir Abd al-Mu'min ibn Abd Allah Khan, who built a dome. Later, Berdi Beg, the Khan of the Golden Horde who reigned from 1357 to 1359, added several decorations to the building. In the modern era, a plan was created to renovate the whole complex in 1910.

## Gallery

* Muslim men praying during Ramadan, 2012.
* Entrance to one of the buildings.
* Distant view of the mosque in 2011.
* White pigeons in the Blue Mosque's courtyard.
* Close up.
* Persian-style tile work.
* A family feeding the pigeons

## Sources

* McChesney, Robert Duncan (2014). Waqf in Central Asia: Four Hundred Years in the History of a Muslim Shrine, 1480-1889. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400861965.
# Moncef Ben Salem

Moncef Ben Salem (Tunisian Arabic: المنصف بن سالم; February 1, 1953 – March 24, 2015) was a Tunisian politician and university professor. He served as the Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research under Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali.

## Biography
### Early life

Moncef Ben Salem was born on 1 April 1953. He received a BA degree in Mathematics and Physics 1972 and a master's degree in Maths in 1974. He received PhDs in Maths and Physics from the University of Toulouse and Supméca in Paris. He was a member of the Union of Arab Mathematicians and Physicians from 1980 to 1987. He co-founded the Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax in 1983

### Political activism and career

He was a member of the Ennahda Movement. He was critical of Presidents Habib Bourguiba and Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, calling Bourguiba a "zionist". As a result of his political activism under Ben Ali, he was jailed for eighteen months from 1987 to 1989, and from 1990 to 1993. In 1987, his passport was revoked, and he was forbidden from leaving Tunisia or travelling inside the country for twenty years, as were his children. From 1993 to 2011, he was forced to live under surveillance. He was also forbidden to work as a university professor. During those years, he was supported by the Canadian Committee of Scientists and Scholars and the American Mathematical Society. He later taught at the University of Maryland in the US, at the French National Centre for Scientific Research in France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, and at the University of Sfax in Tunisia.

### Minister

On 20 December 2011, after former President Ben Ali was deposed, he joined the Jebali Cabinet as Minister of Higher Education.

### Death

He died on March 24, 2015, leaving a widow and 4 children.
# Puerto Rico at the Pan American Games

Puerto Rico first participated at the Pan American Games in 1951 and has competed in every edition since then. Puerto Rico did not compete at the 1990 Winter Pan American Games in Las Leñas. Puerto Rico won the first medal at the 1955 Pan American Games in Mexico City with two silver medals and two bronze medals. 12 years later in Winnipeg, Puerto Rico won the first gold medal at the Pan American Games.

## Pan American Games
### Medals by games

| Year | Host city | | | | Total |
| 1951 | Buenos Aires | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1955 | Mexico City | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 1959 | Chicago | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| 1963 | São Paulo | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 1967 | Winnipeg | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 1971 | Cali | 2 | 4 | 7 | 13 |
| 1975 | Mexico City | 0 | 3 | 7 | 10 |
| 1979 | San Juan | 2 | 9 | 10 | 21 |
| 1983 | Caracas | 2 | 7 | 6 | 15 |
| 1987 | Indianapolis | 3 | 6 | 20 | 29 |
| 1991 | Havana | 3 | 13 | 11 | 27 |
| 1995 | Mar del Plata | 1 | 9 | 12 | 22 |
| 1999 | Winnipeg | 1 | 3 | 8 | 12 |
| 2003 | Santo Domingo | 3 | 4 | 9 | 16 |
| 2007 | Rio de Janeiro | 3 | 6 | 12 | 21 |
| 2011 | Guadalajara | 6 | 8 | 8 | 22 |
| 2015 | Toronto | 1 | 1 | 13 | 15 |
| 2019 | Lima | 5 | 5 | 14 | 24 |
| 2023 | Santiago | 3 | 6 | 11 | 20 |
| Total | Total | 36 | 91 | 159 | 286 |

## Junior Pan American Games
### Medals by games

| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Gold medals | Total medals |
| 2021 Cali-Valle | 8 | 4 | 8 | 20 | 9th | 12th |
| 2025 Asunción | Future event | Future event | Future event | Future event | Future event | Future event |
| Total | 8 | 4 | 8 | 20 | 9th | 12th |
# Uruguay at the Pan American Games

Uruguay at the Pan American Games.

## Pan American Games
### Medals by games

| Year | Host city | | | | Total |
| 1951 | Buenos Aires | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1955 | Mexico City | 0 | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| 1959 | Chicago | 1 | 3 | 4 | 8 |
| 1963 | São Paulo | 4 | 1 | 7 | 12 |
| 1967 | Winnipeg | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
| 1971 | Cali | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 1975 | Mexico City | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 1979 | San Juan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1983 | Caracas | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 1987 | Indianapolis | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 |
| 1991 | Havana | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 1995 | Mar del Plata | 1 | 4 | 3 | 8 |
| 1999 | Winnipeg | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 2003 | Santo Domingo | 2 | 1 | 5 | 8 |
| 2007 | Rio de Janeiro | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2011 | Guadalajara | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 2015 | Toronto | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| 2019 | Lima | 0 | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| 2023 | Santiago | 2 | 5 | 3 | 10 |
| Total | Total | 14 | 34 | 53 | 101 |

## Junior Pan American Games
### Medals by games

| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Gold medals | Total medals |
| 2021 Cali-Valle | 8 | 3 | 3 | 14 | 10th | 10th |
| 2025 Asunción | Future event | Future event | Future event | Future event | Future event | Future event |
| Total | 8 | 3 | 3 | 14 | 10th | 10th |
# Mohamed Ridha Chalghoum

Mohamed Ridha Chalghoum (born 1962) is a Tunisian politician. He was the Minister of Finance from 2010 to 2011 and from 2017 to 2020.
He was born in Gafsa, Tunisia. He has a B.A. in Economics and a degree from the Tunisian Institute of National Defense. He served as Minister of Finance on January 14, 2010 to January 27, 2011, and was reappointed as Finance Minister on September 6, 2017.
# Afif Chelbi

Afif Chelbi is a Tunisian politician. He was the Minister of Industry and Technology between 2004 and 2011.

## Biography

Afif Chelbi was born on March 14, 1953, in Tunis. He graduated from the École centrale Paris in 1978. He worked for the Tunisian Ministry of Economy and for Tunisian Qatari Bank.
Since 2001, he has been the CEO of the International Maghreb Merchant Bank. In 2004, he was appointed as Minister of Industry, Energy and SMEs.
# Rachid Driss

Rachid Driss (Arabic: الرشيد إدريس) (January 27, 1917 – September 5, 2009) was a Tunisian diplomat and writer. He held the position of the Ambassador of Tunisia to the United States, and was President of the United Nations' Social and Economic Council in 1971.
He was born in Tunis and died in Carthage, Tunisia.
# Travelin' On

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Penguin Guide to Jazz | |
Travelin' On is an album by the jazz pianist Oscar Peterson and his trio, released in 1968. It was recorded during the same sessions as Mellow Mood. It was the sixth part of Peterson's Exclusively for My Friends series.

## Music

The Oscar Peterson trio included Sam Jones on bass and Bobby Durham on drums. "Sax No End" had been recorded for the first time in 1967 by the Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band. The AllMusic review suggested that "one can almost hear a larger ensemble by listening to Peterson's virtuoso interpretation in an uptempo setting, assisted by Jones' agile bass and Durham's steady percussion".

## Reception

The Penguin Guide to Jazz included the album in its selected "Core Collection".

## Track listing

* "Travelin' On" (Traditional)
* "Emily" (Johnny Mandel, Johnny Mercer)
* "Quiet Nights" (Antonio Carlos Jobim, Gene Lees)
* "Sax No End" (Francis Boland)
* "When Lights Are Low" (Benny Carter, Spencer Williams)

## Personnel

* Oscar Peterson – piano
* Sam Jones – double bass
* Bobby Durham – drums
# Rubén Alcaraz

Rubén Alcaraz Jiménez (born 1 May 1991) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Segunda División club Cádiz.

## Club career

Born in Barcelona, Catalonia, Alcaraz graduated with CF Damm's youth setup, after a stint at FC Barcelona and RCD Espanyol. He made his senior debuts with UA Horta in 2010, representing the side in the regional leagues.
In the 2010 summer, Alcaraz joined UDA Gramenet, being assigned to the reserves also in the lower levels. After making his debuts in Segunda División B and eventually suffering relegation, he was definitely promoted to the main squad in June 2011.
On 28 June 2012, Alcaraz signed for AE Prat in the third level. On 11 July 2014, he moved to fellow league team CE L'Hospitalet, and scored ten goals in 34 appearances during his first and only season at the club.
On 17 June 2015, Alcaraz signed a two-year deal with Segunda División side Girona FC. He made his professional debut on 24 August, starting in a 1–0 away win against Bilbao Athletic.
Alcaraz scored his first goal in the second tier on 1 November 2015, netting the game's only in an away success over CA Osasuna. On 21 August of the following year, he scored a brace in a 3–3 draw at Sevilla Atlético.
On 11 July 2017, after achieving promotion to La Liga, Alcaraz renewed his contract until 2020 and was immediately loaned to UD Almería for one year. He was the club's top goalscorer with nine goals, playing a key part as the club narrowly avoided relegation.
On 3 August 2018, Alcaraz signed a four-year contract with Real Valladolid, newly-promoted to the main category. He made his debut in the main category of Spanish football on 17 August, starting in a 0–0 away draw against former side Girona.
Alcaraz scored his first goal in the top tier on 7 October 2018, netting the game's only in a 1–0 home success over SD Huesca. He quickly established himself as a regular starter, but suffered team relegation in 2021.
On 20 January 2022, Alcaraz was loaned to Cádiz CF in the first division, until June. On 1 June, the club exercised his buyout clause, and he signed a permanent two-year contract.
# Bulboid corpuscle

The bulboid corpuscles (end-bulbs of Krause, Krause corpuscles) are cutaneous receptors in humans and other animals.
The end-bulbs of Krause were named after the German anatomist Wilhelm Krause (1833–1910).

## Function

The end-bulbs of Krause were thought to be thermoreceptors, sensing cold temperatures, but in early research their function remained unknown. Recently optogenetic studies revealed their role in sexual stimulation and mating behavior in mice:
"Optogenetic activation of male Krause corpuscle afferent terminals evoked penile erection, while genetic ablation of Krause corpuscles impaired intromission and ejaculation of males as well as reduced sexual receptivity of females. Thus, Krause corpuscles, which are particularly dense in the clitoris, are vibrotactile sensors crucial for normal sexual behavior."

## Structure

They are minute cylindrical or oval bodies, consisting of a capsule formed by the expansion of the connective-tissue sheath of a medullated fiber, and containing a soft semifluid core in which the axis-cylinder terminates either in a bulbous extremity or in a coiled-up plexiform mass.

## Location

End-bulbs are found in the conjunctiva of the eye (where they are spheroidal in shape in humans, but cylindrical in most other animals), in the mucous membrane of the lips and tongue, and in the epineurium of nerve trunks.
Krause corpuscles are found in the penis and the clitoris and sometimes are referred to as genital corpuscles; in these situations they have a mulberry-like appearance, being constricted by connective-tissue septa into from two to six knob-like masses.
In the synovial membranes of certain joints, e. g., those of the fingers, rounded or oval end-bulbs occur, and are designated articular end-bulbs.
# Flephedrone

Flephedrone, also known as 4-fluoromethcathinone (4-FMC), is a stimulant drug of the cathinone chemical class that has been sold online as a designer drug starting in 2008.

## Toxicity

Flephedrone has only a short history of human use and its toxicity is not well established.

## Legality

Flephedrone has been illegal in Denmark since December 2008.
Flephedrone has been illegal in the UK since April 2010. Flephedrone has been illegal in the Lithuania since April 2010. Flephedrone is illegal in Brazil since 2017 as an analogue or derivative of cathinone. Flephedrone is most likely illegal in Australia as an analogue or derivative of cathinone.
Flephedrone has been illegal in Poland since April 2010.
Flephedrone has been classed as a narcotic in Sweden since October 2010.
In the United States, flephedrone is temporarily listed as a Schedule I controlled substance. It is permanently listed as a Schedule I controlled substance in Florida, Georgia, and Pennsylvania.
As of October 2015 4-FMC is a controlled substance in China.