OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John Holker (Jacobite)

John Holker (1719 – 27 April 1786) was an English Jacobite soldier, industrialist, and one of the world's first industrial espionage agents.

## Early life

Born in Stretford, Lancashire, England, to blacksmith John Holker and his wife Alice Morris. He married a local woman, Elizabeth Hilton, in 1740, and while still in his twenties, he set up a calendering business in Manchester, in partnership with Peter Moss. When Bonnie Prince Charlie's army entered the town in 1746, both men purchased commissions in the Jacobite regiment that was raised there. Holker and Moss were captured at Carlisle during the army's retreat, and were incarcerated in Newgate Prison, in London. They succeeded in escaping together, and Holker made his way, via Holland, to France, where he joined the Scottish Ogilvy Regiment, a Jacobite regiment in the French army, seeing service in Flanders.
Holker and his wife became French citizens in 1766.

## French textile industry

Holker came to the attention of Daniel-Charles Trudaine, head of the French bureau of commerce. Trudaine believed that Holker would be able to increase the competence of the French cotton industry, based in Rouen, raising it to the standards of the English, and he provided funds and resources to allow Holker to set up two factories: one for spinning and weaving, and the other for the finishing of cloth, particularly by calendering. Holker returned to England, and with help from his mother, managed to recruit a sufficient number of skilled workers for his new factories. He also managed to acquire some of the necessary textile machinery and have it shipped to France. Holker subsequently submitted a proposal to the French government suggesting that a scheme should be set up to encourage the "seduction" of workers and machinery from England, and that agents should be employed for that purpose. The French government approved Holker's idea, and appointed him inspector-general of foreign manufactures in 1756, with a brief to identify those industries that might benefit from "an infusion of English technology and workers".
Holker's samples and descriptions of textiles, including the earliest known samples of jean fabric, are preserved in a manuscript at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris. In 2023 a facsimile of the manuscript along with related essays was published.

## French chemical industry

Holker also developed an interest in the French chemical industry, and in particular the manufacture of vitriol, an archaic name for sulfuric acid, which could be used as a bleach for linen. At the time, Britain had a monopoly on the manufacture of vitriol, but working with his son Holker was able to establish a factory at Saint-Sever, a suburb of Rouen, which produced the acid in sufficient quantities not only to supply the needs of France, but also to turn the country into an exporter of sulfuric acid.
# Evgeny Feoktistov

Evgeny Mikhaylovich Feoktistov (Russian: Евгений Михайлович Феоктистов; 1828 – 28 June 1898) was a Kaluga-born Russian journalist, editor, historian and, later in his life, state official.
A Moscow University alumnus, Feoktistov started out as an essayist and journalist. Contributing to Moskovskiye Vedomosti, Russky Vestnik, Sovremennik, and Otechestvennye Zapiski, he published numerous articles on Russian history and current politics. Three of his major works came out as separate editions, "Greece's Fight for Independence" (1863), "Magnitsky. The Materials for the History of Education in Russia" (1865), and "Russia and Prussia's Relations in the Reign of Elizaveta Petrovna" (1882). He also edited Russkaya Rech and the Journal of the Ministry of Education.
Having started out as a liberal, Feoktisov later turned conservative and monarchist. In 1883–1896 he served as the head of the Interior Ministry's Press department (Russia's 'censor-in-chief'), his very name becoming the symbol of the severity of Alexander III's censorship. Once Otechestvennye Zapiski's respected author, he proved to be the one who finally closed this magazine, as well as the newspaper Golos. Ironically, Feoktistov's own memoirs Behind the Curtains of Politics and Literature (За кулисами политики и литературы), containing fierce criticism of the Tsarist bureaucracy and later compared to Saltykov-Shchedrin's satires, proved to be so contentious, they could be published only in 1929, in the Soviet Union.
# Douglas Professor of Civil Law

The Douglas Chair of Civil Law at the University of Glasgow was founded in 1948, and named after John Brown Douglas (c 1855–1935), who had been Professor of Roman Law at St Mungo's College. The name was changed in 2001 to the Douglas Chair in Roman Law when occupied by Olivia Robinson, but was changed back in 2006 when the current professor, Ernest Metzger, assumed the position.
The chair was occupied from 1965 to 1969 by Alan Watson, a graduate of the School of Law and now considered one of the world's foremost authorities on Roman Law.

## John Brown Douglas

Douglas was born in England and graduated MA from the University in 1875 before becoming a solicitor. He was Professor of Roman Law at St Mungo's College. In his will, he left a bequest to found the W.P. Ker Lectureship, established in 1938, in memory of the literary scholar, William Paton Ker.
The John B. Douglas Prize is awarded each year to the most distinguished student in the Civil Law class.

## Douglas Professors of Civil Law

* Tony Thomas (1957)
* Alan Watson (1965)
* William Gordon (1969)
* Olivia F. Robinson (2001)
* Ernest Metzger (2006)
# Xtabentún (liqueur)

Xtabentún (Spanish pronunciation:) is an anise liqueur made in Mexico's Yucatán region from anise seed and fermented honey produced by honey bees from the nectar of xtabentún flowers. Rum is then added to the anise and honey mixture. Because of the rum content, the xtabentún liqueur is sometimes called a "distilled honey" beverage, which is misleading, because the honey alcohol is fermented, not distilled. It is, nonetheless, a spirit beverage, since rum, a distilled product, is added. Distilleries still survive today in the Yucatán that produce the liqueur.

## Origin

Xtabentún may have its origin in balché, a ceremonial liquor produced by the Maya. The strong flavor did not appeal to the Spanish conquistadores, so they introduced anise and took away the tree bark and corn.

## Etymology

The word xtabentún means "vines growing on stone" in the Mayan language. It refers to the Christmas vine (Turbina corymbosa), a species of morning glory whose seeds contain ergine and have hallucinogenic properties. This has led Jonathan Ott to suggest that balché may also have had entheogenic qualities, although this remains to be demonstrated. Ancient Mayas likely would have enjoyed the inebriating effects of a similar beverage to produce visionary and trance states.

## Use

It is usually served straight, cold, or with ice and honey. It can also be served with coffee, or with one shot of tequila and an equal part xtabentún, creating a drink called "Mayan coffee." Adding half a lime makes a "Maya margarita". When mixed with wine, it is called olhombre which means "clashing" in Yukatek (Màaya t'àan).
# Race for the Prize

"Race for the Prize" (subtitled "Sacrifice of the New Scientists"), is a song by The Flaming Lips, released as the first single taken from their 1999 album The Soft Bulletin, and reaching #39 in the UK Singles Chart as the highest-charting single from the album. In 2010 Pitchfork Media included the song at number 30 on their Top 200 Tracks of the 90s. The song is also played live frequently, and is usually featured as a set opener for many of their concerts.

## Single release

The single, released in 1999, was the album's highest-charting single, reaching the top 40 at #39.
The b-side of the UK release featured material previously featured in Flaming Lips U.S. releases.
The single's b-sides both featured in the Japanese and UK single releases, "Riding to Work in the Year 2025 (Your Invisible Now)" and "Thirty-Five Thousand Feet of Despair" later appeared in CD5 of the U.S. release of the album's subsequent single "Waitin' for a Superman."

## Track listing
### UK CD1

* "Race for the Prize"
* "Riding to Work in the Year 2025 (Your Invisible Now)" (From Zaireeka CD No.1)
* "Thirty-Five Thousand Feet of Despair" (From Zaireeka CD No.1)

### UK CD2

* "Race for the Prize"
* "Riding to Work in the Year 2025 (Your Invisible Now)" (From Zaireeka CD No.2)
* "Thirty-Five Thousand Feet of Despair" (From Zaireeka CD No.2)

### Japan CD

* "Race for the Prize"
* "Race For the Prize" (Remix)
* "Riding to Work in the Year 2025 (Your Invisible Now)" (Stereo remix)
* "Thirty-Five Thousand Feet of Despair" (Stereo remix)
* "The Big Ol' Bug Is the New Baby Now" (Stereo remix)

## Chart positions

| Chart (1999) | Peak position |
| UK Singles Chart | 39 |

## Oklahoma City Thunder fight song

In 2012, the band rewrote some of the lyrics to the song to make a fight song for their hometown NBA team: the Oklahoma City Thunder. The new song is called "Thunder Up: Race for the Prize." The Thunder played in the NBA Finals that year.
# Skúli Jón Friðgeirsson

Skúli Jón Friðgeirsson (born 30 July 1988) is an Icelandic retired football player.
Skúli was described as a very all around player with very strong defensive skills. He could play as a midfielder but mainly as a defender which was the reason IF Elfsborg signed him, due to the many injuries among their defenders. He was right-footed and could play as secondary position right-fullback even if his main position was centre back.

## Early years

His mother club is KR Reykjavik where he has played ever since he transferred to IF Elfsborg.

## Club career

Before transferring to Elfsborg, Skúli played for KR Reykjavik which he made his debut in 2005 and since he has won all the titles to be won in Iceland, lately he won the double, league- and cup title in 2011. He have made 14 appearances in Europa League qualification with KR and is also going to play there the season 2012/2013 with his new team Elfsborg who is participating EL-qualification for the seventh time in a row, for the great results in Allsvenskan. IF Elfsborg head coach Jörgen Lennartsson commented about Skúli as such: "Skúli is an all-around player, useful in many positions, both as a center-back, wing back and defensive midfielder. He is physically strong, intelligent, has good technique and is defensively strong. He also has a very good game idea".
On 29 January 2014 Friðgeirsson signed a six-months loan deal with Gefle IF.
In September 2019, 31-year-old Friðgeirsson announced his retirement.

## Achievements

* 2012 Allsvenskan champion, Sweden
* 2011 Icelandic champions
* 2010, 2011 cup title, Iceland
* 2005, 2010 supercup title, Iceland
# Water (2006 film)

Water (Russian: Вода), also released as The Great Mystery of Water (Russian: Великая тайна воды) is a 2006 documentary television film directed by Anastaysia Popova about the memory of water. The film was part of television channel Rossiya 1's project The Great Mystery of Water.
In the film, scientists and pseudoscientists from various countries (including Kurt Wüthrich, Masaru Emoto, Rustum Roy, and Konstantin Korotkov) present their work on the theme of water. Additionally, clergy from major religions (including Metropolit of Smolensk Kirill, Shamil Alyautdinov, and Pinchas Polonsky) discuss the importance of water in their faith. The film also presents experiences of water, including the emotions of humans interacting with the water (using kirlian photography).
In November 2006 the film won three television awards at TEFI, including for the best documentary film.
Water faced sharp criticism from the Russian scientific community, which condemned the movie as pseudoscience.
Wüthrich distanced himself from the film, saying that although he was interviewed, his statements were taken out of context. He was not informed that the interview was to be used for a film. He later wrote: "It is much more problematic that the film, by presenting a Nobel Prize winner, suggests to the viewer that the nonsense presented is actually scientific consensus."

## Claims

Water includes many pseudoscientific and dubious claims, including:
* Water has the highest surface tension of all liquids.
* Water is the most powerful solvent on earth.
* In 1956, in a secret military lab in southeast Asia, scientists were discussing a new biological weapon of mass destruction. All of the scientists present were hospitalized with food poisoning after drinking plain water. The film implies that the water decided to poison them.
* Water has memory. It reacts to and remembers emotions, violence (such as the violence of traveling many miles to reach us), curse words, and more.
* Jesus Christ turned water into wine.
* One and a half liters of water is absorbed through the skin when we take a shower or bath.
* Frequency of serious crimes correlate to the times people curse in those areas.
* Water accumulates informational pollution as it flows through pipes.
* Images of all future organisms were present in the water. The impulse for life to arise was a primordial divine spark.
* Water reacts to religious words by forming beautiful crystals.
# Cahto language

Cahto (also spelled Kato) is an extinct Athabaskan language that was formerly spoken by the Kato people of the Laytonville and Branscomb area at the head of the South Fork of the Eel River. It is one of the four languages belonging to the California Athabaskan cluster of the Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages. Most Kato speakers were bilingual in Northern Pomo and some also spoke Yuki. It went extinct in the 1960s.

## Phonology
### Consonants

| | | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
| | | Labial | Dental | central | lateral | Post- alveolar | Palatal | plain | labial | Uvular | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | | n ⟨n⟩ | | | ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ | | | | |
| Plosive/ Affricate | unaspirated | p~b ⟨b⟩ | t~d ⟨d⟩ | ts ⟨ts⟩ | | t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ ⟨dj⟩ | c~ɟ ⟨g⟩ | k~g ⟨g⟩ | kʷ ⟨kw⟩ | k~q ⟨q⟩ | ʔ ⟨′⟩ |
| Plosive/ Affricate | ejective | | tʼ ⟨t'⟩ | tsʼ ⟨ts'⟩ | tɬʼ ⟨L⟩ | t͡ʃʼ ⟨tc'⟩ | cʼ ⟨k'⟩ | kʼ ⟨k'⟩ | kʷʼ ⟨kw'⟩ | | |
| Plosive/ Affricate | aspirated | | tʰ ⟨t⟩ | | | t͡ʃʰ ⟨tc⟩ | cʰ ⟨k⟩ | kʰ ⟨k⟩ | | | |
| Fricative | voiceless | | | s ⟨s⟩ | ɬ ⟨ʟ⟩ | ʃ ⟨c⟩ | | | | | h ⟨h⟩ |
| Fricative | voiced | | | z ⟨z⟩ | | ʒ | | ɣ ⟨ɢ⟩ | | | |
| Approximant | Approximant | | | l ⟨l⟩ | | | j ⟨y⟩ | | w ⟨w⟩ | | |
Cahto has 26 consonant phonemes and 30 phones.

### Vowels

| | Front | Central | Back | Diphthong |
| High | [i(ː)] ī | [ɪ] i ~ [ʊ] û | [u(ː)] ū | [ai] ai |
| High-Mid | [e(ː)] ē | [e] ɛ ~ [ə] ę | [o(ː)] ō | [ai] ai |
| Low-Mid | [ɛ] ɛ ~ [ə] ę | | [ʌ] ą ~ [a] a | [ai] ai |
| Low | [a(ː)] ā, [ʌ] ą ~ [a] a | [a(ː)] ā, [ʌ] ą ~ [a] a | [a(ː)] ā, [ʌ] ą ~ [a] a | | [ai] ai |
Cahto has 9 vowel phonemes (including the diphthong) and 12 phones.
# Konzhakovskiy Kamen

Mount Konzhakovskiy Kamen (Russian: Конжаковский Камень) is a mountain in the northern Urals, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia.
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia describes Konzhakovskiy as "mountain massif" of height 1,569 m. Its constitution is pyroxenites and dunites of lower and middle Paleozoic era. The slopes are covered with conifers with some birch up to 900–1000 m, with alpine tundra above.
# Nedumala Caves, Piralimattam

The Nedumala Caves are in Piralimattam. They are located on the border of Idukki district and Ernakulam District in Kerala state, India. Piralimattom Nedumala hills is a prehistoric site. Caves well carved on granite rock and stone shelter are here. According to P. Rajendran, an archaeologist and UGC Research Scientist, caves are points towards its chronology to the Neolithic period of around 4000 BC.
The three caves discovered at Piralimattam in Nedumala have elaborate petroglyphs in cupules and shallow grinding surface. At Piralimattam there are many concave cupules and grinding surfaces, both completed and in-completed. Even at the floor levels sight, excavations in the future may unravel early Stone Age evidences from the thick deposit within the caves.
Prehistoric rock-shelter (Muniyara)
It is a man made shelter of the Prehistoric past having a large single rock slab of 4 meters in length, 2 m width and 1.5 feet thickness which rests on two rock out-crops of 5 feet height. Shelter is in a north-south direction and its opening is on the eastern side. Shelter has 5 feet in height and can accommodate two or three people inside. Placing and carrying of such a heavy rock slab requires number of healthy human being and teamwork. The shelter seen at Paralimattam in Nedumala of Ernakulam district has no characteristics of a Dolmen or Muniyara of the Megalithic culture but is definitely a man made shelter in the past, possibly yet another type.

## Location

Piralimattam nedumala is in Manjalloor panchayath of Ernakulam district, Kerala. It is 3 km from Kadalikkadu and 5 km from Vazhakulam. Travellers have to negotiate a difficult terrain, cover a two-kilometre-stretch on the Kavana Pulukkayath kadavu via Kadalikkadu and scale small hills on the way.
# Neva (Italy)

The Neva is a 22-kilometre (14 mi) torrent or stream of Piemonte and Liguria (Italy).

## Geography

The creek is formed in Piemonte (comune of Garessio) near the Monte Galero, in the Ligurian Prealps. It then flows southeast and after a few kilometres it enters in Liguria crossing the territories of Erli, Castelvecchio di Rocca Barbena and Zuccarello. A little upstream of Cisano sul Neva it gets from the right hand its main tributary, the Pennavaira. Close to its mouth the Neva is crossed by State highway Aurelia bis and Autostrada dei Fiori. In Leca (comune of Albenga), joining the Arroscia, it forms the Centa, one of the most relevant rivers of Liguria.
Neva basin (140 km2) is mainly included in the Province of Savona, with a little part located in its NW side belonging to Piemonte.

### Main tributaries

* Right hand:
** rio Bossolasco,
** torrente Pennavaira,
** rio Sant'Antonio.
* Left hand:
** rio Collarea,
** rio Vernea,
** rio Ciosi.

## Discharge

The discharge of the Neva is extremely variable, characterized by violent floods during the autumn and long periods of low flows during the summer.
# List of extreme points of Serbia

This is a list of the extreme points of Serbia: the points that are farther north, south, east, west, higher or lower than any other location.

## Latitude and longitude

* North : Hajdukovo
* South : Dragaš (with Kosovo)
* South : Miratovac (without Kosovo)
* West : Bezdan
* East : Senokos

## Altitude

* Highest point : Midžor, 2 169 m
* Lowest point : Danube and Timok River, 35 m
# Newcastle (clipper)

The Newcastle was a clipper ship of the Green Blackwell line that operated on routes from England to India and Australia in the late 19th century. Built in 1857 in Sunderland, England, she was wrecked near the northern tip of Queensland, Australia, in 1883.

## History

The Newcastle launched in 1857, 1275 tons, was built by W. Pile junior at Sunderland for Richard Green's London to India service. The National Maritime Museum in Greenwich has a bill of sale for the transaction (NMM MS GRN 14). She was designed by the noted naval architect Bernard Waymouth (1824–1890). Waymouth went on to design the Leander (1867) and the Thermopylae (1868). He also served as Lloyd's Register's senior surveyor for London. The Newcastle was drawn by the artist William Foster in 1857, and his picture was made into a lithograph that same year by Thomas Goldsworthy Dutton; she was shown flying the Green Blackwall line House flag on her main mast. Her first commander was R.D. Crawford.
During a large part of the 1860s she was a troop carrier between London and Calcutta.
After the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 she carried passengers to Melbourne.
She served for years on the London to Australia route, carrying mail and cargo.
Sometime shortly before June 1883 when underway to Thursday Island to be hulked, she was stranded at Bushy Islet, in the Torres Strait. She was soon reported as having broken up. The wreck was sold at Thursday Island according to the Sydney Morning Herald on 21 June 1883. The Brisbane Courier of 31 July 1883 and The Queenslander of 4 August 1883 tell us that she "remained fast upon the reef". The Asteria, and Jemima, along with several lighters arrived at the wreck to recover the cargo. The salvage team employed several of the crew in the task, and the remaining members were transported to Sydney. In July 1883 the cargo was salvaged, the vessel stripped of its copper fastenings and blown up using explosives.

## References and notes

* ↑ "Bernard Waymouth (1824–1890)". lrfoundation.org.uk. Lloyd's Register Foundation. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
* ↑ "Clipper Ship 'Newcastle' 1275 Tons, R.D. Crawford Commander". rmg.co.uk. Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
* ↑ "Blackwall Frigates". 19thcenturyshipportraitsinprints.com. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
* ↑ "Newcastle (+1883)". wrecksite.eu. The Wrecksite. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
* ↑ "Shipwreck Newcastle". Australian National Shipwreck Database. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
* ↑ "Sailing ship Newcastle". Brisbane John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
# Ariau Towers

The Ariau Towers is an abandoned boutique hotel in Brazil. It is located 60 km northwest of Manaus on the Rio Negro, a major tributary of the Amazon River. The concept for the property was that of Dr. Francisco Ritta Bernardino. The property featured 6 towers, with all 291 rooms elevated from the rain forest floor by approximately 10-20m and connected by approximates 5 miles (8.0 km) of catwalks. Amenities included two restaurants and three swimming pools.
The hotel complex was one of the oldest and largest jungle lodges in the Amazon. It became known for its luxury accommodations and celebrity guests. Describing it as "the ultimate treehouse", travel writer Patricia Schulz included the hotel as one of her "1,000 Places to See Before You Die". On the other hand, the editors of Frommer's South America severely criticized the hotel for its "mass-market" offerings and its lack of environmental sensitivity, calling it "all that is wrong with Amazon 'ecotourism'". The hotel closed down in 2016.

## Structure

The hotel has 288 units split amongst apartments, suites (located in the towers) and tree houses. The tallest of the units, the Tarzan House, is built on top of a living mahogany tree, at the height of 22 m from the ground. The towers are interlinked by a wooden catwalk system of approximately 5 miles (8.0 km), all within the canopy of the rainforest. Other facilities within these tree tops include 2 swimming pools, two observation towers 134 ft (41 m) high and a panoramic auditorium for 450 people. There are also restaurants serving regional foods, bars and convenience stores.

## Activities

The hotel had various tours available within the forest, such as canoe walk, jungle walk, piranha fishing, visit to native's houses, and observation of nightlife animals. Visitors could also observe the Meeting of the Waters, where the Rio Negro and the Solimoes River meet, but because of density and different temperatures don't get mixed. The separate shades of water run side by side for a length of more than four miles (6 km) without mixing. Macaws and various breeds of native and non-native monkeys are common around the towers.

## Closure

In 2015, the government seized the property and planned to sell it to pay off its debt, with an asking price of US$8.3 million. A news item in May 2017 stated that the property would be sold by auction in September of that year with a suggested price of US$2.3 million, and a minimum bid of 2 million. A real estate listing in August 2019 indicated that the property was then for sale for €2.5 million. The description provided these specifics:
   The Ariaú closed the doors in 2016, despite the abandonment, the facilities still impress, with an architecture totally adapted to the forest and the river ... with all the advances would make this hotel again a unique hotel worldwide.