OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# CENBOL

In astronomy, CENBOL (derived from "CENtrifugal pressure supported BOundary Layer) is a model developed by the astrophysicist Sandip Chakrabarti and collaborators to explain the region of an accretion flow around a black hole.

## Centrifugal force dominated boundary layer

Because centrifugal force l$^2$/r$^3$ increases very rapidly compared to the gravitational force (which goes as 1/r$^2$) as the distance r decreases, matter feels increasing centrifugal force as it approaches a black hole. Thus the matter initially slows down, typically through a shock transition, and then accelerates again to become a supersonic flow.
The importance of CENBOL is that it behaves like a boundary layer of a black hole. This region is located between the shock and the innermost sonic point of an accretion flow. CENBOL becomes hot due to sudden reduction of radial kinetic energy and the flow is puffed up, since hot gas can fight against gravitational. In a certain sense it behaves like a thick accretion disk (ion pressure supported torus if the accretion rate is low; or radiation pressure supported torus, if the accretion rate is high), except that it also has radial velocity, which original models of thick disk did not have. Because it is hot, the electrons transfer their thermal energy to the photons. In other words, CENBOL inverse Comptonizes low energy X-rays or soft photons (also called seed photons) and produces very high energy X-rays (also called hard photons). Just as a boundary layer, it also produces jets and outflows.
The observed spectrum of a black hole accretion disk is in reality partly coming from a Keplerian disk (viscous Shakura and Sunyaev (1973) type disk) in the form of multi-colour black body emission. But the power-law component primarily comes from the CENBOL. In presence of high accretion rates in the Keplerian component, the CENBOL can be cooled down so that the spectrum may be totally dominated by the low energy X-rays. The spectrum goes to a 'so-called' soft state. When the Keplerian rate is not high compared to the low-angular momentum component, the CENBOL survives and the spectrum is dominated by the high energy X-rays. Then it is said to be in a so-called 'hard-state'.
In the presence of radiative or thermal cooling effects, CENBOL may start to oscillate, especially when the infall time scale and the cooling time scale are comparable. In this case, number of intercepted low energy photons would be modulated. As a result, the number of high energy photons are also modulated. This effect produces what is known as quasi-periodic oscillations (or QPOs) in black hole candidates.
# NGC 5461

NGC 5461 is an emission nebula (HII region) located in Messier 101 (the Pinwheel Galaxy) towards the constellation Ursa Major. Eight other regions of Messier 101 are listed in the New General Catalogue, namely NGC 5447, NGC 5449, NGC 5450, NGC 5451, NGC 5453, NGC 5458, NGC 5461 and NGC 5462. Three of these regions were discovered by William Herschel (NGC 5447, NGC 5461 and NGC 5462) and the other six by Bindon Stoney.
# Sherwin Bitsui

Sherwin Bitsui is a Navajo writer and poet. His book of poems, Flood Song (2009), won the American Book Award and the PEN Open Book Award.

## Life and Education

Bitsui was born in 1974. He is originally from Whitecone, Arizona. He is Navajo; his mother was Todichʼíiʼnii (Bitter Water Clan), while his father was Tłʼízíłání (Many Goats Clan).
He holds an AFA from the Institute of American Indian Arts Creative Writing Program. He is the recipient of the 2000-01 Individual Poet Grant from the Witter Bynner Foundation for Poetry, the 1999 Truman Capote Creative Writing Fellowship, a Soul Mountain Residency, a Lannan Foundation Literary Residency Fellowship and a 2006 Whiting Award. In 2012, he was honored with an NACF Artist Fellowship in Literature. He has served in visiting faculty positions, including distinguished visiting, Eminent Writer for the University of Wyoming, Visiting Hugo Writer University of Montana, and San Diego State University, where he has been on creative writing faculty since 2013. Since 2013, he has served on the faculty of the Institute of American Indian Arts in the Low Residency MFA in Creative Writing program.
He currently lives in Tucson, Arizona.

## Writing

Sherwin has published poems in American Poet, The Iowa Review, Frank (Paris), Lit Magazine, and elsewhere.
His poems were also anthologized in Legitimate Dangers: American Poets of the New Century and Sing: Poetry from the Indigenous Americas.
A common theme within Bitsui's poems is the exploration of different values, concepts and ideas become when experienced in Navajo as opposed to English.
His book, Flood Song, was published in 2009 and won an American Book Award in 2010. His most recent book of poetry, Dissolve, was published in 2018.

## Published works
### Collections

* —— (2003). Shapeshift. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2342-9.
* Bitsui (2009). Flood Song. Copper Canyon Press. ISBN 978-1-55659-308-6.
* Dissolve, Copper Canyon Press. 2018. ISBN 978-1-55659-5455
# In a Different Key

In a Different Key: The Story of Autism is a 2016 non-fiction book by John Donvan and Caren Zucker. It discusses the history of autism and autism advocacy, including issues such as the Refrigerator mother theory and the possibility of an autism epidemic. Donald Triplett, the first person diagnosed with autism, and psychiatrist Leo Kanner are also covered, as is the ongoing debate concerning the neurodiversity movement, especially with respect to autistic people with more apparent support needs.

## Story

The book starts by focusing on Donald Triplett, the first recorded child to be diagnosed with autism. It discusses how he was treated and his family life. The book continues with the refrigerator mother theory, which claimed that parents were the main cause of autism. Leo Kanner and Bruno Bettelheim's role in the formation of this theory is examined, with emphasis on Kanner's position vis à vis the refrigerator mother. The authors discuss the importance of redefining the disorder so that more people with autism can receive treatment and improve their quality of life. After looking at the beginnings of modern autism research, how autism is defined, and whether the disorder is a benefit or a deficit, the authors close the book with discussion of the increase in public knowledge about autism, the MMR vaccine controversy, and the neurodiversity debate.

## Reception

Kirkus Reviews wrote that the book was compelling and well-researched, and the authors blended the search for treatment with the personal stories of various individuals. Spectrum wrote that the book provided a meticulous, absorbing stepwise chronology of how the perception of autism changed from being unknown to being abhorred, then later accepted. Ari Ne'eman has criticized the book for sympathizing with a parent who murdered their autistic child, and has claimed that the book misrepresents the neurodiversity movement.

### Awards

In a Different Key was a finalist for the 2017 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction, described by the reviewers as "a passionate work of advocacy that traces public perceptions about autism from chillingly cruel beginnings to a kinder but still troubling present."

### Adaptation

In a Different Key was adapted into a documentary in 2022.
# HR 2501

HR 2501, also known as HD 49131 and HP Canis Majoris, is a star about 2,000 light years from the Earth, in the constellation Canis Major. It is a 5th magnitude star, so it will be faintly visible to the naked eye of an observer far from city lights. It is a variable star, whose brightness varies from magnitude 5.35 to 5.80 on a variety of timescales ranging from hours to hundreds of days.
In 1838, John Herschel discovered that HR 2501 is a double star, with a magnitude 8.4 companion 4.9 arc seconds away. The companion is a slightly less massive, cooler, and less luminous B-type main sequence star. It is also a chemically peculiar helium-weak star.
In 1977, Mikolaj Jerzykiewicz and Christiaan Sterken detected slight (0.12 magnitude) variability in the brightness of HR 2501 during their search for beta Cephei variable stars in the southern sky. Christoffel Waelkens et al. confirmed that HR 2501 is variable in 1983, and reported that it varied in brightness on a timescale of weeks to months, with no clear period. In 1986 it was given the variable star designation HP Canis Majoris. In 1998, Anne-Marie Hubert and Michele Floquet examined the Hipparcos data for HR 2501, and found that it exhibited outbursts in which the brightness increased by 0.35 magnitudes, with a rise time of 100 days and a decay time of 400 days.
In 1984, Christopher Corbally found that the spectrum HR 2501 shows Hα, Hβ, Hγ and Hδ emission features, which along with its spectral type makes it a Be star. Jacqueline Coté found that the IRAS data for HR 2501 showed excess (above what would be expected from the star's photosphere) 12 and 25 μ emission. She concluded that this infrared excess could be due to either a circumstellar dust shell located 21 stellar radii from HR 2501, with a temperature of about 585 K, or (more likely) free-free emission from circumstellar gas.
An extensive study of HR 2501, published in 2003 by Fabien Carrier and Gilbert Burki, found that the star exhibits several periodicities. The radial velocity varies by 20.5 km/sec with a period of 19.005±0.0091 hours. They confirm the roughly 500 day photometric period found earlier by Hubert and Floquet, and suggest these outbursts may arise from episodes of matter ejection from the star or disk formation. Finally, they found a low amplitude (0.065 magnitude) brightness oscillation with a period of 11.05 hours. Spectroscopic data were presented by Carrier and Burki which suggest that during the brightness outbursts, "blobs" of ejected matter can be detected moving through a Keplerian disk surrounding the star.
# BHK Bhalla@Halla.Kom

BHK Bhalla@Halla.Kom is a 2016 Indian Hindi-language comedy film directed by Rakesh Chaturvedi Om, featuring songs by Rahul Mishra. The film was released on 5 February 2016 and stars Ujjwal Rana and Inshika Bedi in the lead roles.
In the film, Chaturvedi has commented that he drew upon his own life experiences as inspiration for the movie, as he had several of his marriage proposals rejected because he did not own his own home.

## Synopsis

All Pawan Bhalla wants is to marry his love Pooja, however her father has given him one requirement: that he get a place of his own and do so within a month. Finding a suitable home proves to be difficult, as living space in Mumbai is at a premium.

## Cast

* Ujjwal Rana as Pawan Bhalla
* Inshika Bedi as Pooja
* Raj Arjun as Gagan Dhalla

## Soundtrack and background score

Music and lyrics for the film were composed by Rahul Mishra.
* Aa Jaa Mahi Ve - Pavni Pandey
* Phalooda - Neeraj Joshi, Tochi Raina
* Soniye (Remix) - Rahul Mishra, Shivangi Bhayana
* Soniye - Revisited (Unplugged) - Rahul Mishra, Shivangi Bhayana

## Reception

The Times of India panned the film, as they felt that it was "far too content being plain and passable. Replete with amateur jokes, the writing is worse than that of laughter shows." The Free Press Journal also criticized BHK Bhalla@Halla.com, writing that it was "A threadbare situational comedy that tries hard to make it all look funny but fails miserably."
In contrast, actor Tom Alter praised the movie, which he felt was comparable to Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro. The Hans India was also more favorable, as they wrote that the movie "largely succeeds in narrating a good story in a light-hearted and funny manner."
# Like Colour to the Blind

Like Colour To The Blind (1996) is the third in a series of four autobiographical works by internationally bestselling autistic author Donna Williams.
The book relates Williams' diagnosis with scotopic sensitivity syndrome, and her experience with tinted lenses on her visual perceptual disorders including visual fragmentation, context blindness, face blindness, and loss of depth perception. This led to a wide social awakening to visual perceptual disorders in people on the autistic spectrum.
# José Cabrinetty

José Cabrinetty Cladera (1823-1873) was a Spanish Brigadier who was notable for being an Anti-Carlist during the Third Carlist War and a notable figure for the Spanish liberals after his death at Alpens.

## Biography

Cladera began his military career at the age of fourteen. He fought in the last battles of the First Carlist War, the first in the Basque Country and then the takings of Aliaga, Morella and Berga. Initially it was under the command of Leopoldo O'Donnell and later of that of Baldomero Espartero, reaching the rank of second lieutenant. When Espartero went into exile, he accompanied him with two of his brothers.
In 1847 he returned from exile and re-entered the army with the rank of lieutenant. In 1859 he was promoted to captain and he participated in several battles of the Hispano-Moroccan War, including the Battle of Los Castillejos.
At the beginning of the Third Carlist War in 1872, he was already a lieutenant colonel, but was promoted to brigadier. At first he fought in the Penedès; later, in the comarcas of Girona and finally held the position of general commander of the province of Lleida. In 1873 he liberated Puigcerdá from the siege of the Carlists. He relentlessly pursued the Carlist leader Francisco Savalls, who defeated him on 9 July 1873 at the Battle of Alpens. Cabrinetty was shot to the back of the neck as he rode into the town square, leading to the belief that he might have been killed by his own men.
The news of the government defeat in Alpens and the death of Brigadier Cabrinetty gave rise to anti-Carlist and pro-Republican demonstrations in Barcelona two days after his death, on 11 July 1873.

## Awards

* Royal and Military Order of Saint Hermenegild (Cross)
* Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand
* A statue erected in Puigcerdá which was destroyed by Anarchists in 1936 and wouldn't be rebuilt until 2012.
# Arm span

Arm span or reach (sometimes referred to as wingspan, or spelled armspan) is the physical measurement of the length from one end of an individual's arms (measured at the fingertips) to the other when raised parallel to the ground at shoulder height at a 90° angle. The arm span measurement is usually very close to the person's height. Age, sex, and ethnicity have to be taken into account to best predict height from arm span. Arm span is sometimes used when a height measurement is needed but the individual cannot stand on a traditional stadiometer or against a wall due to abnormalities of the back or legs, such as scoliosis, osteoporosis, amputations, or those who are confined to a bed or wheelchair. Other, possibly more accurate measuring techniques include knee length or recumbent length when possible.
Because any decrease in height will cause an increase in the ratio of arm span to height, a large span to height ratio may sometimes be an indicator of a health problem that caused a vertical height loss such as postural changes due to ageing or any spinal conditions such as Degenerative Disc Disease.

## Arm span in sports

An above-average reach may be advantageous in sports such as Australian rules football, basketball, tennis, boxing, mixed martial arts, volleyball, discus throw, fencing, rock climbing, and swimming. For instance, boxer Sonny Liston, while 185 cm (6 ft 1 in) tall, had a reach of 213 cm (7 ft 0 in). Another example is current UFC Heavyweight and former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Jon Jones, who is 193 cm (6 ft 4 in) tall, but has an advantageous reach of 215 cm (7 ft 0.5 in). This unusually long reach has allowed them to hit from relatively safe distances where opposing fighters cannot hit back. However, a long arm span is mechanically disadvantageous on the bench press.

## Procedure

The most common and easily accessible method of measuring armspan uses the demi-span. Using a tape measure, measure from the individual's sternal notch (center of the breastbone) to their middle finger as it is stretched out to one side, then double the demi-span for the actual armspan measurement. Demi-span is used because measuring from fingertip to fingertip is difficult, requiring two people or markings on a wall.

### Height estimation

For bed-ridden patients, direct measurement of height is typically impractical. Since on average, a person's arm-span and height are equal, the measured span may be used as a good estimate of height.
# PTV-N-2 Gorgon IV

The PTV-N-2 Gorgon IV was a subsonic ramjet-powered missile developed by the Glenn L. Martin Company for the United States Navy. Originally intended as an air-to-surface weapon, it materialized as a propulsion test vehicle, and between 1947 and 1950 was used for test purposes and, as the KDM Plover, as a target drone.

## Design and development

Development of the Gorgon IV began in May 1945, when the U.S. Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics contracted with the Glenn L. Martin Company, as part of Project Gorgon, to develop an air-to-surface missile, powered by a ramjet engine and using active radar homing for guidance. The end of World War II saw a reduction in need for such a weapon, however the contract was continued in 1946 as a propulsion test vehicle, originally designated KUM-1, then PTV-2 before finally being redesignated PTV-N-2.
The PTV-N-2 was of fairly conventional design, with mildly-swept wings and a conventional empennage; roll control was through spoilerons. The Marquardt XRJ30 ramjet engine was mounted below the aft fuselage, and the vehicle was fitted with drag brakes to prevent exceeding the engine's design limits.
Flight control was through a combination of a preset course via autopilot and radio command guidance; the vehicle was equipped with radio telemetry to transmit data. Following the end of each test flight, the vehicle would deploy a parachute for recovery in the ocean; the vehicles were said to be in such good condition that it would be possible to re-fly them after cleaning them of salt water residue.

## Operational history

Nineteen PTV-N-2s were produced, with flight tests beginning in July 1947; in November, the program having adopted Northrop F2T night-fighters as launch aircraft, the Gorgon IV first achieved high-speed flight, reaching approximately Mach 0.85; it was the first ramjet-powered winged aircraft to successfully fly in the United States, and it was claimed that the missile's speed was deliberately restricted to keep it below the speed of sound. A flight time of 11 minutes 15 seconds, a record at the time for ramjets, was achieved on the second flight test.
The test program continued through December 1949, originally at the Naval Air Missile Test Center test range at Point Mugu, California; testing was later moved to the Naval Aviation Ordnance Test Station in Chincoteague, Virginia in order to be closer to Martin's factory. The Navy began a refit of USS Norton Sound to test the feasibility of launching Gorgon IVs from an at-sea platform, however the project was cancelled before completion. Despite this the program was considered to be "very successful" by the Navy. Following the end of the program, the remaining PTV-N-2s were assigned as target drones, given the designation KDM-1 Plover. The Gorgon IV airframe was also used as the basis of the ASM-N-5 Gorgon V chemical weapons dispenser.

## Surviving aircraft

A recovered Gorgon IV was donated by the U.S. Navy to the National Air and Space Museum in 1966; it is on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
# Xin Bao'an

Xin Bao'an (Chinese: 辛保安; pinyin: Xīn Bǎo'ān; born October 1960) is a Chinese engineer and executive who served as chairman of the State Grid Corporation of China from 2021 to 2024.
Zhang is a representative of the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. He is a member of the 14th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

## Career

Born in October 1960 in Huixian, Henan, Xin graduated from Xi'an Jiaotong University and North China Electric Power University.
Xin was appointed deputy general manager of the China Huadian Corporation in August 2005, serving in the post for more than 11 years. In November 2016, he became deputy general manager of the State Grid Corporation of China, rising to general manager in December 2018. In January 2021, he rose to become chairman of the State Grid Corporation of China, and held that office until March 2024, when he was succeeded by Zhang Zhigang.

## Publication

* 新型电力系统与新型能源体系 [New Power Systems and New Energy Systems] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Electric Power Press. 2023. ISBN 9787519881047.
# Erik Lindberg

Johan Erik Lindberg (31 December 1873 – 28 September 1966) was a Swedish sculptor and engraver. He was best known for designing the Nobel Prize medals.

## Biography

Erik Lindberg was born in Stockholm, Sweden. He was the son of Adolph Lindberg (1839–1916) and his wife Hildegard Charlotta Grundström (1843–1923). His father was a noted sculptor and professor at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts (Kungliga Akademien för de fria konsterna) in Stockholm.
He trained at his father's studio from 1892 to 1899. He also attended the Royal Swedish Academy from 1893 until 1897 when he graduated. He obtained a scholarship which enabled him to spend some years in Paris from around 1901 to 1902. He also conducted a study trip to Italy in 1901. He was influenced by modern French medal engravers of that period including Louis-Oscar Roty (1846–1911), Jules-Clément Chaplain (1839–1909), Ernest Paulin Tasset (1839–1921) and Frédéric-Charles-Victor de Vernon (1858–1912).
In 1901 Lindberg was given the task of creating the medal for the Nobel Prizes in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine and Literature. The medal for the Nobel Peace Prize was created by Norwegian sculptor Gustav Vigeland (1869–1943). According to correspondence between Lindberg and his father, the designs were not quite ready for the first ceremony in 1901; the reverse sides of the medals required approval from the Prize-Giving association, and so the winners were given temporary medals. In November 1901, after lengthy discussions by letter, Lindberg returned to Stockholm to present his ideas in person. However, it wasn't until September the following year the designs were ready and the first winners received their proper prize.
In 1912, he designed medals for the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm. In 1915 he received a gold medal at the Panama-Pacific International Exhibition. He was engaged as an engraver at the Royal Mint (Kungliga Myntet) from 1916 until he retired in 1944. He was a professor at the Royal Swedish Academy from 1930. Many of his works are on display in the collection of the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm.

## Personal life

In 1902, he married Johanna Dagmar Maria Treffenberg (1875–1960). They were the parents of Folke Adolf Lindberg (1903–1988) and Sven Erik Lindberg (1905-1996). Johan Erik Lindberg died in Stockholm in 1966.
# A Boy Made of Blocks

A Boy Made of Blocks is a novel by video game journalist Keith Stuart, first published in 2016 by St. Martin's Press.
Publishers Weekly described the book as a "funny and insightful novel about a neurotypical father's struggle to connect with his autistic son." The book also received reviews from publications including The Guardian and Irish Examiner.