# Huayquerian

The Huayquerian (Spanish: Huayqueriense) age is a period of geologic time (9.0–6.8 Ma) within the Late Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification. It follows the Chasicoan and precedes the Montehermosan age.

## Etymology

The age is named after the Huayquerías Formation in the western Cuyo Basin of northwestern Argentina that was later dated to the Montehermosan. The most complete Huayquerian fauna is found in the Cerro Azul Formation, in Buenos Aires Province also referred to as Epecuén Formation.

## Formations

| Formation bold is type | Country | Basin |
| Huayquerías Formation | Argentina | Cuyo Basin |
| Andalhuala Formation | Argentina | Santa María-Hualfín Basin |
| Bahía Inglesa Formation - Cerro Ballena | Chile | Caldera Basin |
| Camacho Formation | Uruguay | Norte & Santa Lucía Basins |
| Cerro Azul Formation | Argentina | Colorado Basin |
| Chiquimil Formation | Argentina | Santa María-Hualfín Basin |
| Coquimbo Formation | Chile | Tongoy Bay |
| Las Flores Formation | Argentina | Sierra del Tontal |
| Entrerriana Formation | Argentina | Chaco Basin |
| Epecuén Formation | Argentina | Claromecó Basin |
| Içá Formation | Brazil | Madre de Deus Basin |
| Iñapari Formation | Peru | Madre de Dios Basin |
| India Muerta Formation | Argentina | Sierras Pampeanas |
| Ituzaingó Formation | Argentina | Paraná Basin |
| Kiyu Formation | Uruguay | Santa Lucía Basin |
| Madre de Dios Formation | Peru | Madre de Dios Basin |
| Maimará Formation | Argentina | Eastern Argentinian Andes |
| Mauri Formation | Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |
| Miramar Formation | Peru | Sechura Basin |
| El Morterito Formation | Argentina | Cajón Valley |
| Muyu Huasi Formation | Bolivia | Muyu Huasi Basin |
| Navidad Formation | Chile | Chilean Coast Range |
| Palo Pintado Formation | Argentina | Salta Basin |
| Paraná Formation | Argentina | Chaco Basin |
| Pebas Formation | Brazil Colombia Ecuador Peru | Amazon Basin |
| Piquete Formation | Argentina | Salta Basin |
| Pisco Formation | Peru | Pisco Basin |
| Quehua Formation | Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |
| Raigón Formation | Uruguay | Norte Basin |
| Rosa Pata Formation | Bolivia | Altiplano Basin |
| Saldungaray Formation | Argentina | Buenos Aires Province |
| Salicas Formation | Argentina | Sierra de Velasco |
| Solimões Formation | Brazil | Solimões Basin |
| Urumaco Formation | Venezuela | Falcón Basin |

## Fossil content

| Group | Fossils | Formation | Notes |
| Mammals | Cyonasua pascuali, Huayqueriana cristata | Huayquerías | |
| Mammals | Australophoca changorum, Brachydelphis jahuayensis, Thalassocnus natans, Acrophoca sp., Balaenoptera sp., ?Nanosiren sp., Odobenocetops sp., Piscophoca sp., Pliopontos sp., Pontistes sp., Balaenopteridae indet., Delphinoidea indet., Istiophoridae indet., Kogiidae indet., Monachinae indet., Odontoceti indet., Phocidae indet., Phocoenidae indet., Physeteroidea indet., Xiphiidae indet. | Bahía Inglesa | [43][44] [45][46] |
| Mammals | Arazamys castiglionii, Kiyumylodon lecuonai, Kraglievichia paranense, Lestobradys sprechmanni, Neoglyptatelus uruguayensis, Pseudoplohophorus absolutus, Euphractini indet. | Camacho | [47][48] [49][50] [51] |
| Mammals | Hyperdidelphys pattersoni, Microtragulus rusconii, Neocavia pampeana, Palaeoctodon aff. simplicidens, Pampamys emmonsae, Pliolestes venetus, Reigechimys plesiodon, R. simplex, Thylacosmilus atrox, Thylamys pinei, Thylatheridium dolgopolae, T. hudsoni, Zygolestes tatei, Eumysops sp., Sparassocynidae indet. | Cerro Azul | [52][53] [54][55] [56][57] |
| Mammals | Eosclerocalyptus planus, Orthomyctera andina, ?Palaeocavia mawka, Cardiomys sp., Chasicotatus sp., Chorobates sp., Diadiaphorus sp., Gyriabrus sp., Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp., Paedotherium sp., Paleuphractus sp., Paranamys sp., Potamarchus sp., Proscelidodon sp., Protabrocoma sp., Stromaphorus sp., Tetrastylus sp., Typotheriopsis sp., Vassallia sp., Vetelia sp., Xotodon sp. | Chiquimil | |
| Mammals | Balaena dubia, Notictis ortizi, Ischyrorhynchus vanbenedeni, Otaria fischeri, Palaeobalaena bergi, P. dubia, Phugatherium cataclisticum, Pontistes rectifrons, Pontivaga fischeri, Ribodon limbatus, Saurocetes argentinus, Stylocynus paranensis, Toxodon paranensis, Chironectes sp. | Entrerriana | |
| Mammals | Aspidocalyptus castroi, Borhyaenidium musteloides, Chorobates villosissimus, Coscinocercus brachyurus, C. marcalaini, Cyonasua brevirostris, C. prebrevirostris, Doellotatus chapadmalensis, Elassotherium altirostre, Eoauchenia cingulata, Epecuenia thoatherioides, Hemihegetotherium lazai, Macrauchenia sp., Macrochorobates scalabrinii, Macroeuphractus morenoi, Paedotherium minor, Phtoramys hidalguense, Pisanodon nazari, Plohophorus araucanus, Pseudotypotherium carhuense, Tetrastylus araucanus, Thylacosmilus atrox, Thylatheridium dolgopolae, T. hudsoni, Cardiomys sp., Eosclerocalyptus sp., Lagostomus sp., Lutreolina sp., Orthomyctera sp., Palaeocavia sp., Paleuphractus sp., Plesiomegatherium sp., Proeuphractus sp., Promacrauchenia sp., Thylamys sp., Hydrochoeridae indet. | Epecuén | |
| Mammals | Cardiatherium calingastaense | Las Flores | |
| Mammals | Amazonycteris divisus | Içá | |
| Mammals | Mionothropus cartellei | Iñapari | |
| Mammals | "Microtragulus ameghino" | India Muerta | |
| Mammals | ?Adinotherium paranense, Amphiocnus paranense, Brachytherium cuspidatum, Cardiatherium paranense, Chasicotatus spinozai, Chlamyphractus pressulus, Comaphorus concisus, Cyonasua argentina, Dasypus neogaeus, Diadiaphorus paranensis, Dilobodon lutarius, Dinotoxodon paranensis, Eleutherocercus paranensis, Eomegatherium nanum, Eumysops parodii, Eutomodus elautus, Haplodontherium limun, Hoplophorus verus, Kraglievichia paranense, Macroeuphractus retusus, Megabradys darwini, Megalonychops primigenius, Mesopotamocnus brevirostrum, Munyizia paranensis, Neobrachytherium ameghinoi, Neobrachytherium mesopotamiense, Neoepiblema ambrosettianus, N. horridula, Neohapalops rothi, Notictis ortizi, Octomylodon aversus, Ortotherium laticurvatum, O. robustum, Oxyodontherium piramydatus, O. zeballosi, Pachynodon modicus, Palaehoplophorus antiquus, Palaeotoxodon paranensis, ?P. protoburmeisteri, ?P. virgatus, Paraglyptodon paranensis, Parahoplophorus paranensis, Paranabradys vucetichae, Paranauchenia denticulata, Philander entrerianus, Phoberomys burmeisteri, P. insolita, P. lozanoi, P. minima, P. praecursor, Phugatherium cataclisticum, Pliomegatherium lelongi, Pliomorphus mutilatus, P. paranensis, P. robustus, Proeuphractus limpidus, Prolestodon antiquus, P. paranensis, Promacrauchenia antiqua, Promegatherium parvulum, P. smaltatum, Promylodon paranensis, Pronothrotherium mirabilis, Protoglyptodon primiformis, Protomegalonyx doellojuradoi, P. praecursor, Proterotherium cervioides, Protypotherium antiquum, Pseudoeuryurus lelongianus, Ranculcus scalabrinianus, Saurocetes gigas, Scalabrinitherium bravardi, S. rothii, Scirrotherium carinatum, Sphenotherus paranensis, Stenotephanos plicidens, Strabosodon acuticavus, S. obtusicavus, Stylocynus paranensis, Thylacosmilus atrox, Torcellia paranense, Toxodontherium compressum, T. reverendum, ?Trachycalyptus cingulatus, Urotherium interundatum, Xotodon doellojuradi, Xotodon foricurvatus, Zygolestes paranensis, Anatochoerus sp., ?Berroia sp., Berthawyleria sp., Briaromys sp., Cardiomys sp., Carlesia sp., Caviodon sp., Chironectes sp., Colpostemma sp., Contracavia sp., Cullinia levis, Diaphoromys sp., Doellomys sp., Drytomomys sp., Eumegamys sp., Eumegamysops sp., Gyriabrus sp., Haplostropha sp., Isostylomys sp., Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp., Myocastor sp., Palaeocavia sp., Paradoxomys sp., Paranamys sp., Parodimys sp., Pentastylomys sp., Pliodolichotis sp., Potamarchus sp., Prodolichotis sp., Protabrocoma sp., Protomegamys sp., Pseudosigmomys sp., Pyramiodontherium sp., Strophostephanos sp., Tetrastylus sp., Trachytypotherium sp., ?Zaedyus sp., Iniidae indet., Scelidotheriinae indet. | Ituzaingó | [64] [65][66] [67] |
| Mammals | Proeuphractus limpidus | Kiyu | [68] [note 4] |
| Mammals | Noctilio lacrimaelunaris, Surameryx acrensis, Sylvochoerus woodburnei, Waldochoerus bassleri | Madre de Dios | [69][70] [71][72] [73] |
| Mammals | Proscelidodon patrius, Sparassocynus maimarai, Xotodon maimarensis | Maimará | [74][75] [76] |
| Mammals | Borhyaenidium altiplanicus, Hoffstetterius imperator, Mcdonaldocnus villarroeli Trachycalyptoides achirense, Dasypodidae indet., Hegetotheriidae indet., Lagostominae indet., Mesotheriidae indet., Nothrotheriinae indet., Sclerocalyptinae indet., Toxodontidae indet. | Mauri | |
| Mammals | Balaenopteridae indet. | Miramar | |
| Mammals | Calchaquitherium mixtum | El Morterito | |
| Mammals | ?Cardiomys sp., cf. Doellotatus sp., Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp., ?Orthomyctera sp., cf. Paleuphractus sp., Protabrocoma sp., Protypotherium sp., Pseudohegetotherium sp., cf. Sciamys sp., Dinomyidae indet., Erethizontidae indet., Mylodontidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet. | Muyu Huasi | |
| Mammals | Paedotherium kakai | Palo Pintado | |
| Mammals | Dioplotherium sp., Metaxytherium sp. | Paraná | |
| Mammals | Koristocetus pescei, Tiucetus rosae | Pisco | |
| Mammals | Cranithlastus xibiensis, Megatheriinae indet. | Piquete | |
| Mammals | Microtypotherium cf. choquecotense, Plesiotypotherium cf. achirense, P. cf. majus, P. minus, Orthomyctera sp., Dasypodidae indet. | Quehua | |
| Mammals | Pronothrotherium figueirasi, P. mirabilis | Raigón | |
| Mammals | Pseudotypotherium sp., Dasypodidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., ?Macraucheniidae indet. | Rosa Pata | |
| Mammals | Chasicotatus ameghinoi, C. cf. peiranoi, Chorobates villosissimus, Doellotatus cf. inornatus, D. cf. praecursor, Macroeuphractus cf. morenoi, Neophanomys biplicatus, Paedotherium bonaerense, P. cf. minor, Phtoramys cf. hidalguense, P. homogenidens, Ringueletia simpsoni, Tremacyllus cf. impressus, Xenodontomys ellipticus, Acantharodeia sp., Aspidocalyptus sp., Berthawyleria sp., cf. Borhyaenidium sp., Dolicavia sp., Lagostomus sp., Neocavia sp., Palaeocavia sp., Promacrauchenia sp., Caviidae indet., Dasypodidae indet. | Saldungaray | [90][91] [92][93] [94] |
| Mammals | Eosclerocalyptus planus, Hemihegetotherium cf. torresi, Lagostomus cf. pretrichodactyla, Macrochorobates scalabrinii, Neophanomys biplicatus, Orthomyctera andina, Paedotherium minor, Proeuphractus limpidus, Acantharodeia sp., cf. Cardiomys sp., Chaetophractus sp., Chasicotatus sp., Lagostomus sp., Neobrachytherium sp., Potamarchus sp., Protypotherium sp., Pseudotypotherium sp., cf. Tremacyllus sp., Hoplophorini indet., Octodontidae indet. | Salicas | |
| Mammals | Abothrodon pricei, Acarechimys hunikuini, Acrecebus fraileyi, Amahuacatherium peruvium, Didelphis solimoensis, Eumegamys paranensis, Ferigolomys pacarana, Gyrinodon quasus, Ischyrorhynchus vanbenedeni, Lutreolina materdei, Mesenodon juruaensis, Mesotoxodon pricei, Minitoxodon acrensis, Neoepiblema ambrosettianus, N. horridula, Neotoxodon pascuali, Neotrigodon utoquineae, Noctilio lacrimaelunaris, Octodontobradys puruensis, Phoberomys bordasi, P. burmeisteri, P. minima, Plesiotoxodon amazonensis, Plicodontinia mourai, cf. Pomatodelphis bobengi, Potamarchus adamiae, P. murinus, P. sigmodon, Pseudoprepotherium venezuelanum, Purperia cribatidens, Ribodon limbatus, Scirrotherium carinatum, Scleromys colombianus, Solimoea acrensis, Stenodon campbelli, Telicomys amazonensis, Toxodontherium listai, Trigodonops lopesi, Urumacotherium campbelli, Xenastrapotherium amazonense, Anadasypus sp., Asterostemma depressa, Boreostemma pliocena, Cardiatherium sp., Cullinia levis, Gyriabrus sp., Hapalops indifferens, Kraglievichia paranense, Neoglyptatelus originalis, Palaeotoxodon sp., Paraglyptodon sp., Paratrigodon sp., cf. Planops sp., Pliomorphus sp., Plohophorus paranensis, cf. Protomegalonyx sp., Proterotherium cervioides, Pseudoprepotherium sp., Ranculcus sp., Saurocetes gigas, Simplimus sp., Stirtonia tatacoensis , Tetrastylus sp., Trigodon gaudryi, Urumacotherium campbelli, Cardiomyinae indet., Dasyproctidae indet., Erethizontidae indet., Heteropsomyinae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Marsupialia indet., Megalonychidae indet., Molossidae indet., Mylodontidae indet., Neoepiblemidae indet., Pampatheriinae indet., Pontoporiidae indet., Toxodontidae indet. | Solimões | [97][98] [99][100] [101][102] [103] |
| Mammals | Ullumys pattoni | Las Tapias | |
| Mammals | Eionaletherium tanycnemius, Lestodon urumaquensis, Phoberomys pattersoni, Pattersonocnus diazgameroi, Urumacocnus urbanii, Cardiatherium sp., Eumegamys sp., Hemihegetotherium sp., Ocnerotherium sp., Ribodon sp., Tetrastylus sp. | Urumaco | [105][106] [107][108] [109][110] [111] |
| Birds | Argentavis magnificens | Andalhualá | |
| Birds | Pelagornis chilensis, Spheniscidae indet. | Bahía Inglesa | |
| Birds | Argentavis magnificens, Eudromia sp. | Epecuén | |
| Birds | Andalgalornis sp., Devincenzia sp., Megapaloelodus sp., Phoenicopteridae indet., Phorusrhacidae indet., Rallidae indet., Rheidae indet. | Ituzaingó | |
| Birds | Anhinga fraileyi, A. cf. grandis, A. minuta, Phorusrhacinae indet. | Solimões | |
| Reptiles | Caiman australis, C. paranensis, C. praecursor, Leptorramphus entrerrianus, Rhamphostomopsis neogaeus, Testudines indet. | Entrerriana | |
| Reptiles | Caiman australis, C. gasparinae, C. jacare, C. latirostris, C. lutescens, C. cf. yacare, Gryposuchus neogaeus, Mourasuchus arendsi, Parahydraspis paranaensis, Phrynops cf. geoffroanus, Tupinambis cf. merianae | Ituzaingó | |
| Reptiles | Chelonioidea indet., Crocodylia indet., Eusuchia indet. | Miramar | |
| Reptiles | Caiman cf. latirostris | Palo Pintado | |
| Reptiles | Acresuchus pachytemporalis, Caiman brevirostris, C. niteroensis, Charactosuchus fieldsi, C. mendesi, C. sansoai, Chelus colombianus, Chelus lewisi, Colombophis portai, C. spinosus, Gryposuchus jessei, Melanosuchus latrubessei, Mourasuchus amazonensis, M. arendsi, Podocnemis bassieri, Podocnemis negrii, Purussaurus brasiliensis, Chelonoidis sp., aff. Epicrates sp., Eunectes sp., Hesperogavialis bocquentini?, cf. Paradracaena sp., Stupendemys souzai, Waincophis sp., Brachygnathosuchus braziliensis, Colubridae indet., ?Gavialosuchus sp., Pelomedusidae indet., Serpentes indet., Testudinidae indet. | Solimões | [99][100] [101][115] |
| Reptiles | Melanosuchus fisheri, Mourasuchus pattersoni, Stupendemys geographicus | Urumaco | |
| Fishes | Carcharodon carcharias, C. hastalis, Cosmopolitodus hastalis | Bahía Inglesa | |
| Fishes | Megalodon, Carcharhinus egertoni, Carcharodon hastalis, Carcharias sp., Myliobatis sp. | Camacho | [118][119] [120][121] |
| Fishes | Lamna amplibasidens, L. serridens, L. unicuspidens, Myliobatis americanus, Odontaspis macrota, Osteophorus typus, Sargus incertus, Silurus agassizii, Sparus antiquus, Squalus eocenus, Squalus obliquidens, Solea sp. | Entrerriana | |
| Fishes | Colossoma macropomus, Megapiranha paranensis, Cynodontidae indet. | Ituzaingó | |
| Fishes | Megalodon, Carcharhinus brachyurus, Carcharhinus falciformis, Carcharhinus leucas, Carcharias taurus, Galeocerdo aduncus, Ginglymostoma cirratum, Hemipristis serra, Negaprion brevirostris, Sphyrna lewini, Sphyrna zygaena, Aetobatus sp., Dasyatis sp., Myliobatis sp. | Miramar | |
| Fishes | Megalodon, Carcharias taurus, Carcharhinus sp., Carcharodon plicatilis, Galeocerdo aduncus, Hemipristis serra, Megascyliorhinus trelewensis, Dasyatis sp., Heterodontus sp., Sphyrna sp., Squatina sp., Ariidae indet., Holocephali indet., Rajidae indet., Sciaenidae indet., Sparidae indet. | Paraná | |
| Fishes | Acregoliath rancii, Colossoma macropomum, Callichthyidae indet., Doradidae indet., Osteoglossidae indet., Phractocephalus acreornatus, Pimelodidae indet., Potamotrygonidae indet. | Solimões | |
| Decapods | Homarus meridionalis | Entrerriana | |
| Flora | Alnipollenites verus, Annulispora folliculosa, Arecipites asymmetricus, Baculatisporites comaumensis, Biretisporites potoniaei, Chenopodipollis chenopodiaceoides, C. multicavus, Cricotriporites guianensis, Cyathidites congoensis, C. minor, Cyperaceaepollis neogenicus, Deltoidospora minor, Dictyophyllidites arcuatus, D. chiquimilense, D. mortoni, Echiperiporites parviechinatus, Equisetosporites claricristatus, E. lusaticus, E. notensis, Foveotriletes microfoveolatus, Gleicheniidites senonicus, Graminidites media, Haloragacidites trioratus, Laevigatosporites ovatus, Leiotriletes regularis, Leptolepidites major, Liliacidites vermireticulatus, Malvacipollis argentina, Muricingulisporis verrucosus, Nothofagidites saraensis, Osmundacidites ciliatus, Palaeocoprosmadites zelandiae, Parsonsidites multiporus, Periporopollenites vesicus, Plicifera delicata, Podocarpidites ellipticus, P. exiguus, P. marwickii, Polycolporopollenites esobalteus, Polypodiaceoisporites simplex, P. tumulatus, Polypodiisporites speciosus, Psilamonocolpites grandis, Psilaperiporites minimus, Psilatricolporites cyamus, Reticuloidosporites tenellis, Rhoipites alveolatus, R. baculatus, R. cienaguensis, R. exiguus, R. karamuensis, R. santafesii, Rugulatisporites caperatus, Sparganiaceaepollenites delicata, Stereisporites antiquasporites, Striatricolporites gamerroi, Tetracolporopollenites megadolium, Todisporites major, T. minor, Tricolpites reticulatus, Triorites orbiculatus, Tuberculatosporites parvus, Tubulifloridites antipodica, Verrustephanoporites simplex, Gomphrenipollis sp., Klukisporites sp., Margocolporites sp., Myrtaceidites sp., Perfotricolpites sp., Reticulatisporites sp., Retistephanocolpites sp., Undulatisporites sp., Verrucingulatisporites sp. | Chiquimil | |
| Flora | Acrostichum palaeoaureum, Blechnum serrulatiformis, Cabomba aff. caroliniana, Caesalpinia aff. stuckerti, Cedrela fissiliformis, Ficus tressensii, Lycopodiella aff. cernua, Mayaca aff. fluviatilis, Ranunculodendron anzoteguiae, Sapium haematospermoides, Schinus herbstii, Equisetum sp. | Palo Pintado | |

## Correlations

Huayquerian correlations in South America :
| Formation | Cerro Azul | Ituzaingó | Paraná | Camacho | Raigón | Andalhuala | Chiquimil | Las Flores | Maimará | Palo | Pebas | Muyu | Rosa | Saldungaray | Salicas | Urumaco | Map |
| Basin | Colorado | Paraná | Paraná | Paraná | Paraná | Hualfín | Hualfín | Tontal | Andes | Salta | Amazon | Huasi | Altiplano | BA | Velasco | Falcón | Huayquerian (South America) |
| Country | Argentina | Argentina | Argentina | Uruguay | Uruguay | Argentina | Argentina | Argentina | Argentina | Argentina | Brazil Peru | Bolivia | Bolivia | Argentina | Argentina | Venezuela | Huayquerian (South America) |
| Cardiatherium | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Huayquerian (South America) |
| Lagostomus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Huayquerian (South America) |
| Macroeuphractus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Huayquerian (South America) |
| Proeuphractus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Huayquerian (South America) |
| Pronothrotherium | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Huayquerian (South America) |
| Pseudotypotherium | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Huayquerian (South America) |
| Thylacosmilus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Huayquerian (South America) |
| Xotodon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Huayquerian (South America) |
| Macraucheniidae | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Huayquerian (South America) |
| Primates | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Huayquerian (South America) |
| Rodents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Huayquerian (South America) |
| Reptiles | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Huayquerian (South America) |
| Birds | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Huayquerian (South America) |
| Terror birds | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Huayquerian (South America) |
| Flora | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Huayquerian (South America) |
| Environments | Aeolian-fluvial | Fluvio-deltaic | Fluvio-deltaic | Fluvio-deltaic | Fluvial | Fluvial | Fluvial | Fluvial | Fluvial | Fluvial | Fluvio-lacustrine | Fluvial | Fluvial | Fluvial | Fluvio-lacustrine | Fluvio-deltaic | Huayquerian volcanoclastics Huayquerian fauna Huayquerian flora |
| Volcanic | | | | | | Yes | | | | | | | | | | | | Huayquerian volcanoclastics Huayquerian fauna Huayquerian flora |