OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Loch A'an

Loch A'an is a remote freshwater loch set deep within the central Cairngorms plateau, in the Cairngorms National Park, located in the eastern Highlands of Scotland. Loch A'an, also called Loch Avon, is the source of the River Avon. Loch A'an is oriented southwest–northeast and is bounded on three sides by precipitous mountains, cliffs and crags, with the North-East opening out to provide an outflow for the river through Glen Avon.

## Geography

To the north of the loch, rising almost vertically, lies the Cairn Gorm, the sixth highest mountain in the United Kingdom. Southwest of Cairn Gorm, at the head of the loch, lies the imposing peak of Ben Macdui, the second-highest mountain in the UK, and to east lies Beinn Mheadhoin, the thirteenth-highest mountain in the UK, again rising almost vertically from the Loch A'an basin. Lying 1.2 kilometres (3⁄4 mile) south of the loch and 202 m (663 ft) higher up the range at an elevation of 927 m (3,041 ft), lies Loch Etchachan.

## Poem

Nan Shepherd wrote a short poem about the loch in her 1934 anthology In the Cairngorms.
Loch A’an, Loch A’an, hoo deep ye lie! Tell nane yer depth and nane shall I. Bricht though yer deepmaist pit may be, Ye’ll haunt me till the day I dee. Bricht, an’ bricht, an’ bricht as air, Ye’ll haunt me noo for evermair.

## Gallery

* The Loch in springtime before the thaw
* Photo taken from just east of the Saddle on the SW ridge of A'Choinneach
* View towards Loch A'an and Beinn Mheadhoin The 'Middle Hill' from Shelter Stone Craig.
* Burns tumble towards Loch Avon
# Jarigan

Baul, the mystic minstrel of Bengal. :
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Jarigan (Bengali: জারি গান), (Persian Jari/zari for lamentation and Bengali gan for song) or (song of sorrow) is one of the few indigenous music art performances of Bangladesh, West Bengal, Barak Valley and Brahmaputra Valley. Though varied and divergent in form, most are based on legends relating to Muslim heroes Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali, grandsons of Muhammad and other members of his family at Karbala. The most renowned is jari gan from eastern Mymensingh, which commemorates the death of Hosain at Karbala. The performers, who are male Shia Muslims, work chiefly as farmers.
The origins of Jarigan may be traced back to the early 17th century, when poetry started being written on the tragic stories of Karbala. One of the earliest recorded is Muhammad Khan's poem on Karbala titled Maktul Hussain (The Martyrdom of Hussain) in 1645, when Shi'ism had reached Bengal via Persia.
During the ten days Bengali celebration of Muharram and Ashura, morsia and Jari songs are sung in memory of Hazrat Imam Hussain and his family members. Over time, Muharram turned out to be one of the biggest festivals of Bengali culture and the Bengali community within Bengal.
# Levi decomposition

In Lie theory and representation theory, the Levi decomposition, conjectured by Wilhelm Killing and Élie Cartan and proved by Eugenio Elia Levi (1905), states that any finite-dimensional Lie algebra g over a field of characteristic zero is the semidirect product of a solvable ideal and a semisimple subalgebra. One is its radical, a maximal solvable ideal, and the other is a semisimple subalgebra, called a Levi subalgebra. The Levi decomposition implies that any finite-dimensional Lie algebra is a semidirect product of a solvable Lie algebra and a semisimple Lie algebra.
When viewed as a factor-algebra of g, this semisimple Lie algebra is also called the Levi factor of g. To a certain extent, the decomposition can be used to reduce problems about finite-dimensional Lie algebras and Lie groups to separate problems about Lie algebras in these two special classes, solvable and semisimple.
Moreover, Malcev (1942) showed that any two Levi subalgebras are conjugate by an (inner) automorphism of the form
    $\exp(\mathrm {ad} (z))\$
where z is in the nilradical (Levi–Malcev theorem).
An analogous result is valid for associative algebras and is called the Wedderburn principal theorem.

## Extensions of the results

In representation theory, Levi decomposition of parabolic subgroups of a reductive group is needed to construct a large family of the so-called parabolically induced representations. The Langlands decomposition is a slight refinement of the Levi decomposition for parabolic subgroups used in this context.
Analogous statements hold for simply connected Lie groups, and, as shown by George Mostow, for algebraic Lie algebras and simply connected algebraic groups over a field of characteristic zero.
There is no analogue of the Levi decomposition for most infinite-dimensional Lie algebras; for example affine Lie algebras have a radical consisting of their center, but cannot be written as a semidirect product of the center and another Lie algebra. The Levi decomposition also fails for finite-dimensional algebras over fields of positive characteristic.
# Loch of Aboyne

Loch of Aboyne is a shallow, artificial formed, freshwater loch in Grampian, Scotland. It lies 1+1⁄4 miles (2 km) northeast of Aboyne and 28 miles (45 km) west-southwest of Aberdeen. An earthen dam was constructed around 1834 to retain the loch. It also served as a reservoir for a nearby mill.

## Survey

The loch was surveyed on 13 July 1905 by T.N. Johnston and L.W. Collett and later charted as part of the Sir John Murray's Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.

## Flora and fauna

The loch was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1984 owing to its aquatic flora and fauna and rich reedbed and fen vegetation. It has one of the finest submerged floras in the area with 8 species of pondweeds. There is a high diversity of leeches and pond snails and modest numbers of passage and wintering wildfowl including wigeon, goosander and whooper swans. It provides a valuable habitat for waterfowl and other birds, with Osprey regularly seen plucking fish from the water. It is also an important site for butterflies.

## Leisure and recreation

Aberdeen Waterski and Wakeboard Club uses the loch for its activities and the club was also responsible for repairing the dam in the late 1980s. In winter, when ice forms on the loch, it is used for curling. A bonspiel was held here in 1891 and the Aboyne Curling Club had its own private railway station named Aboyne Curling Pond railway station, the remains of which can still be seen.
Fishing is available by permit and the existing stock of perch, pike and eels was supplemented in 2002 and 2003 with common roach, bream, ide and carp. On the north shore of the loch is the Aboyne Golf Club and course. The Aboyne Loch Caravan Park lies on a peninsula which extends into the loch, and The Lodge on the Loch health spa is located on the north shore.
# Sproxton, Leicestershire

Sproxton (/ˈsproʊsən/) is a village and civil parish within the Borough of Melton in Leicestershire, England, close to the border with Lincolnshire. It has approximately 80 occupied dwellings (2021) and a population of 480, rising to 658 (including Coston, Saltby and Stonesby) at the 2011 census.
The village and civil parish are not coterminous; the parish includes the villages of Sproxton, Saltby, Stonesby, Bescaby, and the former RAF Saltby. The River Eye runs through the parish. Nearby places are Waltham on the Wolds, Croxton Kerrial, Coston, Buckminster, and Skillington (in Lincolnshire).
The Viking Way runs close by. Nearby is Sproxton Quarry Site of Special Scientific Interest.
The 14th-century parish church of St Bartholomew, extended and restored in 1882 by architect Henry Woodyer, is a Grade II* listed building. There is evidence of Norman building in the west wall of the south aisle and the tower is 13th-century. The top part of the tower was rebuilt in the restoration of 1882. There is a Saxon cross in the churchyard - the only complete one in Leicestershire.
A post mill stood at Sproxton. The mill was rebuilt in 1889 after it blew down and killed the miller. Wakes & Lamb of Newark rebuilt the mill using materials from the old mill and from one at Castle Bytham. It was wrecked by the gales of March 1916, but repaired. By 1920 it was out of use and was demolished in 1949 when owned by Mr T.A.Mount.

## Quarrying

Quarrying for iron ore was carried out at Sproxton from 1925 to 1973 and for limestone from 1965 to 1969. The stone was taken away by a railway, construction of which was started in about 1922 by the Great Northern Railway. The line was an extension of the branch from the main line at High Dyke to Stainby. The terminus was on the east side of the Sproxton to Saltby road. It was planned to extend the line to Waltham Station but this extension was never opened.
The first quarry was for iron ore close to the road between the railway and Sproxton Church and worked its way eastwards until 1961. The quarry was extended eastwards and southwards between 1965 and 1968 but for the getting of limestone rather than iron ore. A second iron ore quarry operated on the south side of the Skillington road between 1961 and 1973, again working eastwards. A further iron ore quarry was worked on the north side of the railway between 1962 and 1963 again working eastward from the Saltby road. The ore was taken to the railway by standard gauge tramways, worked by horses from 1925 to 1928, then by a petrol engined locomotive and from 1931 by steam locomotives. From 1961 some of the ore was taken to the railway by lorry and from October 1963 the last of the tramways was abandoned and all of the stone was taken to the railway by lorry. Steam quarrying machines were used until 1940 when electric and diesel machines were introduced.
Some of the quarried area has been restored for agriculture (in places it looks hummocky). Some has been forested and the final gullets and the limestone quarry remain. There are traces of the railway and tipping dock.
# Oxgang

An oxgang or bovate (Old English: oxangang; Danish: oxgang; Scottish Gaelic: damh-imir; Medieval Latin: bovāta) is an old land measurement formerly used in Scotland and England as early as the 16th century sometimes referred to as an oxgait. It averaged around 20 English acres, but was based on land fertility and cultivation, and so could be as low as 15.
An oxgang is also known as a bovate, from bovāta, a Medieval Latinisation of the word, derived from the Latin bōs, meaning "ox, bullock or cow". Oxen, through the Scottish Gaelic word damh or dabh, also provided the root of the land measurement 'daugh'.
Skene in Celtic Scotland says:
    "in the eastern district there is a uniform system of land denomination consisting of 'dabhachs', 'ploughgates' and 'oxgangs', each 'dabhach' consisting of four 'ploughgates' and each 'ploughgate' containing eight 'oxgangs'.
    "As soon as we cross the great chain of mountains [the Grampian Mountains] separating the eastern from the western waters, we find a different system equally uniform. The 'ploughgates' and 'oxgangs' disappear, and in their place we find 'dabhachs' and 'pennylands'. The portion of land termed a 'dabhach' is here also called a 'tirung' or 'ounceland', and each 'dabhach' contains 20 pennylands."
In Scotland, oxgang occurs in Oxgangs, a southern suburb of Edinburgh, and in Oxgang, an area of the town of Kirkintilloch.

## Usage in England

In England, the oxgang was a unit typically used in the area conquered by the Vikings which became the Danelaw, for example in the Domesday Book, where it is found as a bovata, or 'bovate'. The oxgang represented the amount of land which could be ploughed using one ox in a single annual season. As land was normally ploughed by a team of eight oxen, an oxgang was thus one eighth the size of a ploughland or carucate. Although these areas were not fixed in size and varied from one village to another, an oxgang averaged 15 acres (6.1 ha), and a ploughland or carucate 100–120 acres (40–49 ha). However, in the rest of England a parallel system was used, from which the Danelaw system of carucates and bovates seen in the Domesday Book was derived. There, the virgate represented land which could be ploughed by a pair of oxen, and so amounted to two oxgangs or bovates, and was a quarter of a hide, the hide and the carucate being effectively synonymous.
A peasant occupying or working an oxgang or bovate might be known as a "bovater" or "oxganger".
# Meiji Gakuin University

35°38′15.72″N 139°43′51.95″E﻿ / ﻿35.6377000°N 139.7310972°E﻿ / 35.6377000; 139.7310972
Meiji Gakuin University (明治学院大学, Meiji gakuin daigaku) is a private, Christian university with the main campus in Minato, Tokyo, Japan, and a satellite campus in Yokohama, Kanagawa. It was established in 1863. The Rev. Dr. James Curtis Hepburn was one of its founders and served as the first president. The novelist and poet Shimazaki Toson graduated from this university and wrote the lyrics of its college song.

## List of undergraduate schools and departments

* Faculty of Letters
** Department of English
** Department of French literature
** Department of Art Studies
* Faculty of Economics
** Department of Economics
** Department of Business Administration
** Department of International Business
* Faculty of Sociology and Social Work
** Department of Sociology
** Department of Social Work
* Faculty of Law
** Department of Juridical Studies
** Department of Political Science
** Department of Current Legal Studies
** Department of Global Legal Studies
* Faculty of International Studies
** Department of International Studies
** Department of Global and Transcultural Studies
* Faculty of Psychology
** Department of Psychology
** Department of Education and Child Development

## List of graduate schools

* Graduate School of Arts and Letters
* Graduate School of Economics
* Graduate School of Sociology and Social Work
* Graduate School of Law
* Graduate School of International Studies
* Graduate School of Psychology
* Graduate School of Business and Law

## List of research institutes

* Institute of Christian Research
* International Peace Research Institute
* Institute of Language and Culture
* Research Institute of Industry and Economy
* Institute of Sociology and Social Work
* Law Research Institute
* Institute of the Faculty of International Studies
* Institute of Center for Liberal Art
* Institute of the Faculty of Psychology

## List of affiliated schools

* Meiji Gakuin High School
* Meiji Gakuin Higashi Murayama High School
* Meiji Gakuin Junior High School
* Tennessee Meiji Gakuin High School (former)
* Tokyo portal
* Japan portal
* Christianity portal
# Tom Baker (legal scholar)

Tom Baker (born 1959) is professor of law and a scholar of insurance law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School.

## Education

Baker holds both a BA (1982) and a JD (1986) from Harvard University.

## Professional career

Baker clerked for Judge Juan R. Torruella of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. He then practiced with the firm of Covington and Burling in Washington, DC. He served as an Associate Counsel for the Independent Counsel investigating the Iran-Contra affair.
Before joining Penn Law in 2008, he was Connecticut Mutual Professor of Law and director of the Insurance Law Center at the University of Connecticut School of Law. One of his students at UConn Law was future U.S. Senator Chris Murphy.
His research explores insurance, risk, and responsibility in a wide variety of settings, using methods and perspectives drawn from economics, sociology, and history, as well as law.
He is co-founder of the Insurance and Society Study Group, an informal association of scholars from law, humanities and the social sciences who write about risk and insurance. Baker is regularly involved as a consultant in high-stakes insurance projects and litigation.
Baker is the Reporter for the Restatement of the Law, Liability Insurance published by the American Law Institute in 2019.

## Awards

2024 Baker was awarded the Harry J. Kalven, Jr. Prize from the Law & Society Association (LSA).
# William Covell

William Covell (died 1613) was an English clergyman and writer.

## Life

He was born in Chadderton, Lancashire, England, and proceeded MA at Queens' College, Cambridge in 1588.
In the 1590s Covell took part in the controversy about how far the newly reformed Church of England should abandon the liturgy and hierarchy of the past, to which debate he contributed several broadly anti-puritan works. In his later career he allied himself with Archbishop John Whitgift and afterwards with his successor, Richard Bancroft, who, like Covell, was Lancashire-born.
William Covell died in 1613 at Mersham, Kent, where he was rector.

## Works

Covell's interest to modern scholars now largely depends on one polemical work published in 1595, Polimanteia. In the course of this work, dedicated to the 2nd Earl of Essex, Covell briefly mentioned contemporary authors such as Thomas Nashe, Samuel Daniel and William Shakespeare.
Covell published in 1603 a religious volume which weighed in on the then-contemporary tension in the Church of England between tradition and puritanism.
# Hacienda Rosalia

Hacienda Rosalia, also known as Hacienda Santa Rosalia, is a compound where the ancestral home mansion of Gaston family and the Church of Cartwheels are located. It is situated in Manapla, Negros Occidental, Philippines. The mansion was built in 1930s.

## History

Hacienda Santa Rosalia is a sugar plantation owned by Jose Gaston, one of the sons of Victor Gaston, a sugar planter of Negros. He was married to Consuelo Azcona and had 8 children. The Gaston Mansion was built in the 1930s. It is set in lush, verdant and gorgeous garden of flowers, shrubs, trees, potted palms and herbs. Within the grounds are a fresh water swimming pool (used as hiding place during World War II), a Victorian fountain, a basketball court, a windmill, and a time-worn shoe house (which was used before as a playground). The Chapel of the Cartwheels is also situated a few meters away from the ancestral home. The Gaston family originated from the Frenchman Yves Leopold Germain Gaston. He is credited as the first to commercially produce cane sugar, the primary product of the province.

## Media

Hacienda Rosalia is also been used as a setting and location shoot for films, most notable of which is the 1982 epic Oro, Plata, Mata.

## House of Gaston

The house of Yves Leopold Germain Gaston's eldest son Victor in Silay City is now a museum open to the public and is officially called the Balay Negrense (Hiligaynon, "The Negrense House").
# Catani (surname)

Catani is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Carlo Catani (1852–1918), Australian civil engineer
* Claudia Catani (born 1969), Italian actress and voice actress
* Damian Catani (born 1973), literary scholar
* Ina Catani (1906–1938), Swedish archer
* Luigi Catani (1762–1840), Italian painter
* Vittorio Catani (1940–2020), Italian writer
# Alex Hanna

Alex Hanna (born 1964) is an English artist. He studied Fine Art at Sunderland Polytechnic from 1983 to 1986. His paintings display arrangements of disposable packaging and objects which have little or no material value. These objects are arranged in a traditional still life format and painted using process based and traditional painting techniques.
Hanna has exhibited at the National Portrait Gallery, London, Glasgow School of Art, and the Royal Academy of Arts. His paintings have been acquired by Abbot Hall Art Gallery, Falmouth Art Gallery, Swindon Art Gallery, The Priseman Seabrook Collection, Rugby Art Gallery and Museum, and the University of Arizona Museum of Art.

## Selected exhibitions

* “Perceptions of the Mundane” The Crypt, St Marylebone Parish Church, London (2015)
* “Documentary Realism: Painting in the Digital Age” The Crypt, St Marylebone Parish Church, London (2015)
* “Lynn Painter-Stainers Prize” The Mall Galleries, London (2015)
* “Ambiguous Practices” Aberystwyth University (2015)
* “The Brentwood Stations of the Cross” Brentwood Cathedral (2014)
* “@Paintbritain” Ipswich Museum (2014)
* “Contemporary British Painting” Huddersfield Art Gallery (2014)
* “Contemporary British Painting” The Crypt, St Marylebone Parish Church, London (2013)
* “Threadneedle Prize” Mall Galleries, London (2013)
* “Royal Academy Summer Exhibition” Royal Academy of Arts, London (2013)
* “Artist in Action for Education” Mok Space Gallery, London (2013)
* “Marmite Painting Prize for Painting” Mackintosh Museum, Glasgow School of Art (2013)
* “Salon Art Prize”, John Jones, London (2012)
* “ BP Portrait Award” National Portrait Gallery, London (2012)

## Selected collections

* Abbot Hall Art Gallery
* Falmouth Art Gallery
* Swindon Art Gallery
* The Priseman Seabrook Collection
* Rugby Art Gallery and Museum
* University of Arizona Museum of Art
# Ebrahim Seedat

Ebrahim Seedat (born 18 June 1993) is a South African soccer player who plays as a defender and midfielder for Cape Town Spurs in the National First Division.

## Early and personal life

Seedat hails from Athlone in Cape Town.
# Benson Omala

Benson Omalla Ochieng is a Kenyan professional footballer who plays as a striker for Lebanese Premier League club Safa SC and the Kenya national team.
Omalla, finished second-best scorer in the 2022–23 Kenyan Premier League while turning out for Kenyan Premier League club Gor Mahia, and was the top scorer in the 2023–24 Kenyan Premier League with 19 goals.
He has also featured for the Kenya U-20 and U-23 sides.
# Handicap (horse racing)

A handicap race in horse racing is a race in which horses carry different weights, allocated by the handicapper. A better horse will carry a heavier weight, to give it a disadvantage when racing against slower horses.
The skill in betting on a handicap race lies in predicting which horse can overcome its handicap. Although most handicap races are run for older, less valuable horses with less prize money, this is not true in all cases; some prestigious races are handicaps, such as the Grand National steeplechase in England and the Melbourne Cup in Australia. In the United States, over 30 handicap races are classified as Grade I, the top level of the North American grading system.

## Handicapping in action

In a horse handicap race (sometimes just called "handicap"), each horse must carry a specified weight called the impost, assigned by the racing secretary or steward based on factors such as past performances, so as to equalize the chances of the competitors. To supplement the combined weight of jockey and saddle, up to the assigned impost, lead weights are carried in saddle pads with pockets, called lead pads.
The weight-for-age scale was introduced by Admiral Rous, a steward of the Jockey Club. In 1855, he was appointed public handicapper. In Britain, the horses are assigned weights according to a centralised rating system maintained by the British Horseracing Authority (BHA). Weights may be increased if a horse wins a race between the publication of the weights and the running of the contest.

### Predicting the outcome of races

In the USA, (thoroughbred) handicapping may also refer to the act of predicting and betting on horse racing.
# Montgomery Limestone

The Montgomery Limestone is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.
# Stary Gręboszów

Stary Gręboszów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Domaszowice, within Namysłów County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.