# SerDes

A Serializer/Deserializer (SerDes) is a pair of functional blocks commonly used in high speed communications to compensate for limited input/output. These blocks convert data between serial data and parallel interfaces in each direction. The term "SerDes" generically refers to interfaces used in various technologies and applications. The primary use of a SerDes is to provide data transmission over a single line or a differential pair in order to minimize the number of I/O pins and interconnects.

## Generic function

The basic SerDes function is made up of two functional blocks: the Parallel In Serial Out (PISO) block (aka Parallel-to-Serial converter) and the Serial In Parallel Out (SIPO) block (aka Serial-to-Parallel converter). There are 4 different SerDes architectures: (1) Parallel clock SerDes, (2) Embedded clock SerDes, (3) 8b/10b SerDes, (4) Bit interleaved SerDes.
The PISO (Parallel Input, Serial Output) block typically has a parallel clock input, a set of data input lines, and input data latches. It may use an internal or external phase-locked loop (PLL) to multiply the incoming parallel clock up to the serial frequency. The simplest form of the PISO has a single shift register that receives the parallel data once per parallel clock, and shifts it out at the higher serial clock rate. Implementations may also make use of a double-buffered register to avoid metastability when transferring data between clock domains.
The SIPO (Serial Input, Parallel Output) block typically has a receive clock output, a set of data output lines and output data latches. The receive clock may have been recovered from the data by the serial clock recovery technique. However, SerDes which do not transmit a clock use reference clock to lock the PLL to the correct Tx frequency, avoiding low harmonic frequencies present in the data stream. The SIPO block then divides the incoming clock down to the parallel rate. Implementations typically have two registers connected as a double buffer. One register is used to clock in the serial stream, and the other is used to hold the data for the slower, parallel side.
Some types of SerDes include encoding/decoding blocks. The purpose of this encoding/decoding is typically to place at least statistical bounds on the rate of signal transitions to allow for easier clock recovery in the receiver, to provide framing, and to provide DC balance.

### Source synchronous clocking

Parallel clock SerDes is normally used to serialize a parallel bus input along with data address & control signals. The serialized stream is sent along with a reference clock. The clock jitter tolerance at the serializer is 5–10 ps rms.

### Embedded clocking

An embedded clock SerDes serializes data and clock into a single stream. One cycle of clock signal is transmitted first, followed by the data bit stream; this creates a periodic rising edge at the start of the data bit stream. As the clock is explicitly embedded and can be recovered from the bit stream, the serializer (transmitter) clock jitter tolerance is relaxed to 80–120 ps rms, while the reference clock disparity at the deserializer can be ±50,000 ppm (i.e. 5%).

### Data encoding

8b/10b SerDes maps each data byte to a 10-bit code before serializing the data. The deserializer uses the reference clock to monitor the recovered clock from the bit stream. As the clock information is synthesized into the data bit stream, rather than explicitly embedding it, the serializer (transmitter) clock jitter tolerance is to 5–10 ps rms and the reference clock disparity at the deserializer is ±100 ppm.
A common coding scheme used with SerDes is 8b/10b encoding. This supports DC-balance, provides framing, and guarantees frequent transitions, allowing a receiver to extract the embedded clock. The control codes allow framing, typically on the start of a packet. The typical 8b/10b SerDes parallel side interfaces have one clock line, one control line and 8 data lines.
Such serializer-plus-8b/10b encoder, and deserializer-plus-decoder blocks are defined in the Gigabit Ethernet specification.
Another common coding scheme used with SerDes is 64b/66b encoding. This scheme statistically delivers DC-balance and transitions through the use of a scrambler. Framing is delivered through the deterministic transitions of the added framing bits.
Such serializer-plus-64b/66b encoder and deserializer-plus-decoder blocks are defined in the 10 Gigabit Ethernet specification. The transmit side comprises a 64b/66b encoder, a scrambler, and a gearbox that converts the 66b signal to a 16-bit interface. Another serializer then converts this 16-bit interface into a fully serial signal.

### Bit-interleaved SerDes

Bit interleaved SerDes multiplexes several slower serial data streams into faster serial streams, and the receiver demultiplexes the faster bitstreams back to slower streams.

## Standardization of SerDes

The Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) has published the Common Electrical I/O (CEI) Interoperability Agreements (IAs), that have defined six generations of the electrical interface of SerDes, at 3.125, 6, 10, 28, 56 and 112 Gb/s. The OIF has announced new projects at 224 Gb/s. The OIF also published three earlier generations of electrical interfaces. These IAs have been adopted or adapted or have influenced high speed electrical interfaces defined by IEEE 802.3, Infiniband, RapidIO, Fibre Channel and numerous others.