OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Negativity (quantum mechanics)

In quantum mechanics, negativity is a measure of quantum entanglement which is easy to compute. It is a measure deriving from the PPT criterion for separability. It has been shown to be an entanglement monotone and hence a proper measure of entanglement.

## Definition

The negativity of a subsystem $A$ can be defined in terms of a density matrix $\rho$ as:
    ${\mathcal {N}}(\rho )\equiv {\frac {||\rho ^{\Gamma _{A}}||_{1}-1}{2}}$
where:
* $\rho ^{\Gamma _{A}}$ is the partial transpose of $\rho$ with respect to subsystem $A$
* $||X||_{1}={\text{Tr}}|X|={\text{Tr}}{\sqrt {X^{\dagger }X}}$ is the trace norm or the sum of the singular values of the operator $X$.
An alternative and equivalent definition is the absolute sum of the negative eigenvalues of $\rho ^{\Gamma _{A}}$:
    ${\mathcal {N}}(\rho )=\left|\sum _{\lambda _{i}<0}\lambda _{i}\right|=\sum _{i}{\frac {|\lambda _{i}|-\lambda _{i}}{2}}$
where $\lambda _{i}$ are all of the eigenvalues.

### Properties

* Is a convex function of $\rho$:
    ${\mathcal {N}}(\sum _{i}p_{i}\rho _{i})\leq \sum _{i}p_{i}{\mathcal {N}}(\rho _{i})$
* Is an entanglement monotone:
    ${\mathcal {N}}(P(\rho ))\leq {\mathcal {N}}(\rho )$
where $P(\rho )$ is an arbitrary LOCC operation over $\rho$

## Logarithmic negativity

The logarithmic negativity is an entanglement measure which is easily computable and an upper bound to the distillable entanglement. It is defined as
    $E_{N}(\rho )\equiv \log _{2}||\rho ^{\Gamma _{A}}||_{1}$
where $\Gamma _{A}$ is the partial transpose operation and $||\cdot ||_{1}$ denotes the trace norm.
It relates to the negativity as follows:
    $E_{N}(\rho ):=\log _{2}(2{\mathcal {N}}+1)$

### Properties

The logarithmic negativity
* can be zero even if the state is entangled (if the state is PPT entangled).
* does not reduce to the entropy of entanglement on pure states like most other entanglement measures.
* is additive on tensor products: $E_{N}(\rho \otimes \sigma )=E_{N}(\rho )+E_{N}(\sigma )$
* is not asymptotically continuous. That means that for a sequence of bipartite Hilbert spaces $H_{1},H_{2},\ldots$ (typically with increasing dimension) we can have a sequence of quantum states $\rho _{1},\rho _{2},\ldots$ which converges to $\rho ^{\otimes n_{1}},\rho ^{\otimes n_{2}},\ldots$ (typically with increasing $n_{i}$) in the trace distance, but the sequence $E_{N}(\rho _{1})/n_{1},E_{N}(\rho _{2})/n_{2},\ldots$ does not converge to $E_{N}(\rho )$.
* is an upper bound to the distillable entanglement
# Sungei Punggol

Sungei Punggol (Malay for Punggol River; Chinese: 榜鵝河; Pinyin: Bǎng'é Hé) is a river located within the North-East Region in Singapore.

## Geography

Other than Punggol New Town, the river flows through 7 other towns in the late 1990s and early 2000s, much of the river banks along Sungei Punggol have since been reclaimed and the river canalised. Since 2011, it is now part of the Punggol Reservoir. In addition, Kampong Tongkang Pecah was along Sungei Punggol as well.

## Developments

To better serve the recreational needs of the residents of Sengkang New Town, a network of green connectors have been built along the banks of Sungei Punggol. These connectors link the housing precincts to neighbourhood parks, the town park and Sengkang Sports Centre in the new town. These park connectors are also linked to the Coney Island Park in Punggol New Town and Punggol Park in Hougang.
An artificial floating island has been constructed in the middle of the river in the Sengkang part of the river.
The Sengkang Riverside Park, which opened in November 2008, is situated beside the Sungei Punggol.
The estuary of Sungei Punggol has also been dammed to form a reservoir, in 2011 with Sungei Serangoon.
# Monument to the victory of the people of Slavonia

Monument to the revolutionary victory of the people of Slavonia or Monument to the people-hero of Slavonia was a World War II memorial sculpture by Vojin Bakić, that was located in, now uninhabited, Serbian village of Kamenska, Brestovac, Slavonia, Croatia. It was destroyed by the Armed Forces of Croatia in 1992.
It was built over a decade, from 1957 to 1968. At the time of its opening it was the largest postmodern sculpture in the world. It was dedicated to the people of Slavonia during World War II and made of stainless steel. The opening ceremony was performed on 9 November 1968 and attended by Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito.
During the disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1991, the works of Vojin Bakić were on the "list" for monuments to be demolished. In 1992, an unprecedented culturicide occurred when, according to eyewitnesses, the commander of the 123rd Brigade of the Croatian Army, Major Miljenko Crnjac, ordered the demolition of the monument on February 21. The monument was completely demolished only after the ninth attempt with further explosives.
# Esso Tower

The Esso Tower was one of the first buildings built in La Défense in the 1960s. It was demolished in 1993 to be replaced by the Cœur Défense tower.

## A pioneer of La Défense

This building was a pioneer from many points of view: the first office building in France, it was built in the district of La Défense in 1963, when the business district was not yet established: only the CNIT was built earlier. The land had already been bought by Esso in 1957, even before the Public Establishment for Installation of La Défense (EPAD) existed.
Esso wanted its 1550 employees be able to work in a single comfortable and functional building. This one included one of the first self-service restaurants, an air-conditioned room for IBM computers, an employee lounge, and even a movie theater. The building went into service in April 1965.
In 1993, the Esso tower was also the first tower of La Défense to be demolished. Today the Cœur Défense tower rises in its place, completed in 2001.

## Characteristics

* Architects: Gréber, Lathrop Douglass
* 11 floors
* 30,000 m$^2$
* central concrete structure concentrating the elevators and the wiring network — the facades are metal curtain walls.
* built on the Commune of Courbevoie, in sector 4 of La Défense.
# Fallbach (Kinzig)

Fallbach is a river of Hesse, Germany. It flows into the Kinzig in Hanau.
# Hala Torbyd

Hala Torbyd was an indoor arena in Bydgoszcz, Poland. It was primarily used for basketball and ice hockey and was the home of Polonia Bydgoszcz of the Polish ice hockey league. The arena held 10,000 spectators and opened in 1959. Eventually, the Łuczniczka was opened in 2002 to replace the Hala Torbyd.
# Colfax Theater

Colfax Theater was a historic theater building in South Bend, St. Joseph County, Indiana. It was built in 1928, and was a two-story, irregularly shaped brick building with a glazed terra cotta facade. The auditorium seated 2,000 patrons. The second story featured a multi-paned Palladian window.$^{:16}$ It was demolished in 1991 to accommodate an expansion of the neighboring South Bend Tribune.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, and delisted in 1993.
# May Myat Waso

May Myat Waso (Burmese: မေမြတ်ဝါဆို) is a Burmese fashion designer. Her designs are based on Myanmar rincau (the wavy leaf pattern and motifs found on pagodas and temples), and include influences from other fashion traditions around the world. May Myat Waso won the Best in Vogue at the 2019 Myanmar's Pride Awards.

## Early life and education

May Myat Waso was born on 12 July 1984 in Yangon, Myanmar. She is the youngest daughter of Nwam Jar Thaing, a prominent Burmese writer. Her elder sisters Nay Chi Win Lae Yi, an art designer and Aung Se Sar, an architect. She attended high school at Practising School Yangon Institute of Education. She graduated from the Dagon University.

## Career

After her graduating, she founded Dressmaking & Fashion Design Training Center, Happy Heart, in 2007. She then opened another Brand & Design school with the same name. She also founded the Fashion Designers Entrepreneur Association in 2010 with eight other members, now nearly 100 members.
She showcased gold embroidery Myanmar traditional dresses in the BIFF & BIL International Fashion Fair, Bangkok in 2011 and at the Hong Kong Fashion Week 2016. She was selected to represent Myanmar at Indonesia Fashion Week 2017, 2018 and 2019. She displayed dresses made in the traditional Shwe Chi Hto-style, presented 12 of her Shwe Chi Hto outfits. She made headlines in Jakarta after exhibiting her masterpiece collection of Myanmar designs in 2017, showing off her designs of long flowing dresses and the characteristic Myanmar umbrella, winning her the adoration of the judges and the press. Her work was featured on the front page of the Jakarta Post for two days.
She also participated in the Women Costume and Dress Exhibition to honor Myanmar Women's Day for six times. A prolific creator, she was showcased in over 50 fashion shows both locally and internationally. She won the prestigious Designer Award organized by Shwe FM in 2018.
At the Indonesia Fashion Week 2018, she exhibited her collection alongside pictures of people from Myanmar. She has been nominated Fashion Award at the 2018 Myanmar's Pride Awards and won for first time in 2019.

## Personal life

On 14 February 2010, she married Min Min Bo. They have one daughter.
# St. Paul's-Avenue Road United Church

St. Paul's-Avenue Road United Church was a church in Toronto, Ontario. It was founded in the 1870s as St. Paul's Methodist Church. Its home on Avenue Road, just north of Bloor Street in the Yorkville community, was built in 1877. With church union in 1925, it became St. Paul's United Church, and in 1930, it merged with the nearby Avenue Road United Church (previously Presbyterian) to form St. Paul's-Avenue Road United Church.
Originally, the congregation included many of Toronto's elite, but the church began to decline during the 1960s and 1970s. In 1980, the congregation merged with Trinity United Church on Bloor Street (west of Spadina Avenue) to form Trinity-St. Paul's United Church. The congregation based itself in the Trinity church building on Bloor Street, while the St. Paul's church building on Avenue Road was sold to developers. An acclaimed heritage property, there were several years of debate over what could be done with the structure. The developers hoped to demolish it, but this was blocked by the community and city council. The building became a gallery for the arts and music for several years.
In 1995, the church building was destroyed by fire, and accusations of arson were made. The destruction of the building, leaving it open for development, tripled the value of the property overnight. The insurance company refused to pay for the damage after it found evidence that the fire was deliberate. The property was subsequently developed in stages. Townhouses were built along Webster Avenue, while the property at the corner of Webster and Avenue Road was surrounded by hoardings. In 2024, a further development was announced on that corner site.
43°40′23″N 79°23′44″W﻿ / ﻿43.6731°N 79.3955°W﻿ / 43.6731; -79.3955
# Jin Taw Yan

Jin Taw Yan (Chinese: 金多堰; pinyin: Jīnduōyàn; Burmese: ကြင်းတော်ယန်ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာဘုရားကျောင်း), is a Mahayana Buddhist temple located on Strand Road in Mandalay, Myanmar (Burma). The temple was officially opened on 18 February 2014, and faces the Irrawaddy River. Construction began in 2009, and cost approximately 4.5 billion kyats, with 20% of funds coming from the Capital Diamond Star Group. The temple is reputed to be Myanmar's largest Chinese temple.
# Taṇhaṅkara

Taṇhaṅkara or Taṇhaṅkara Buddha is the first of the twenty-seven Buddhas who preceded the historical Gotama Buddha and the earliest known Buddha. He was also the first Buddha of the Sāramaṇḍa kalpa.
In the Buddhavamsa of the Pali canon, he is briefly mentioned as:
   Innumerable aeons ago, Taṇhaṅkara Buddha, Medhaṅkara Buddha, Saraṇaṅkara Buddha and Dīpaṃkara Buddha were born in the Sāramaṇḍa kalpa.

## Biography

He had practiced pāramitā for 16 asaṃkhyeya and 100,000 (16×10$^{140}$ + 10$^5$) aeons to gain enlightenment. After practising, he resided at the tushita realm.
He was born in Puphavedi to the King Sunanda and Queen Sunandā. When he became a king, he reigned over his country for ten thousand years. After his son was born, he decided to leave the castle and begin practising. He practiced asceticism for seven days. He attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree, Alstonia scholaris.
The incarnation of Gotama Buddha became a disciple of him and asked for his wish. However, he did not grant his wish. After death, the incarnation become a Deva in the desire realm.
Taṇhaṅkara Buddha lived for 100,000 years. He liberated many living beings in his lifetime.
# Ballamona Hospital

Ballamona Hospital was an asylum located in Braddan, Isle of Man. It was known as the Isle of Man Lunatic Asylum until 1934 when it became the Isle of Man Mental Hospital. From 1955 it was known as Ballamona Hospital.
It was built in 1868, then called the Mental Hospital, and 76 patients were admitted. In 1925 there were 254 patients at the hospital with a further 65 at the nearby Home for the Poor.
In 1948, there were 345 beds, and it had a farm and market gardens where patients worked. There was an annexe, Ard Aalin, for voluntary patients. It was renamed Ballamona Hospital on the establishment of the health service.
It was demolished in 1998, to make way make way for the new Noble's Hospital installations.
# Omega Tower Trelew

Trelew Omega Transmitter (station F) situated at Golfo Nuevo, 40 km outside Trelew, Argentina at 43°03′13″S 65°11′27″W﻿ / ﻿43.053553°S 65.190781°W﻿ / -43.053553; -65.190781 was a grounded 366m high steel guyed mast antenna, which was the tallest construction in South America. It was imploded as part of a project conducted by Controlled Demolition, Inc. on June 23, 1998.
# Tomáš Zima

Tomáš Zima (born 2 July 1966) is a Czech physician, chemist, and a teaching professor in the fields of biochemistry, clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. He was the Rector of Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic between 2014 - 2022 and was a candidate in the 2023 Czech presidential election.

## Academic career

Zima graduated from the First Faculty of Medicine of Charles University in 1990. He has been a professor of medical chemistry and biochemistry since 2001 and head of the Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine of the First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague. He is a specialist in clinical chemistry, and European Specialist in Laboratory Medicine (EuSpLM). He was the Dean of the First Faculty of Medicine from 2005 to 2012 and then became Rector of the university.
His main research interests include oxidative stress, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), experimental nephrology, tumor markers, and laboratory management and accreditation. He is the author of more than 440 articles, which are cited more than 2500 times in the Science Citation Index, eight books and co-author of 71 chapters in books, with an H-index of 35. He has given more than 130 lectures outside the Czech Republic. Zima is a member of several scientific societies, including the Czech Medical Academy and Czech Learned Society and serves on Boards including the executive board of EFLM, and the Conferences and Congresses Committee of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. He is a member of the European Commission's Scientific Panel for Health (SPH).

## Entry into politics

Tomáš Zima was a candidate in the 2023 Czech presidential election. He finished last of eight candidates in the first round on 14 January 2023, with 0.55%.

## Political views

During his presidential campaign, Zima voiced his support for the right to keep and bear arms, describing it as a "matter of principle" for him. Zima said he owns two CZ pistols and trains in defensive gun use at a shooting range. He further commented that "any greater restrictions would be to the detriment of issues related to the protection of the freedom of individuals, but also of the state", stating that as president, he would veto restrictions on the legal possession of firearms by civilians.
# Maniket

Maniket (Burmese: မဏိကက်, also spelt Manikhet), from Pali: Maṇikakkha (မဏိကက္ခ), is considered to be the earliest extant play in modern-day Myanmar, complete with dialogue, song lyrics, and stage directions. The storyline of Manikhet is based on the Sattadhanu Jataka, the 20th story in the Paññāsa Jātaka, a non-canonical collection of stories of the Buddha's past lives from Lan Na.

## Origins

The play is generally attributed to Padethayaza, a minister during the Nyaungyan period, who composed a pyo (a lyrical poem) in 1714. Other historians note that Manikhet may have originated during the reign of Bodawpaya, whose crown prince appointed a literary committee in December 1789 to translate songs and plays acquired from Thailand after Burmese conquest.

## Story

Manikhet is the name of a celestial horse with a precious stone eye. The story follows the life of Suthanu, a prince in the kingdom of Varanasi, and his accompanying horse, Manikhet.
# Chittenden Hotel

The Chittenden Hotel was a hotel building in Downtown Columbus, Ohio. The hotel, located at Spring and High streets, was in three succeeding buildings. The first was built in 1889; the second in 1892; and the third in 1895.
The Chittenden was created by Columbus businessman Henry Treat Chittenden, known for owning the Columbus Railway Company, in the horsecar and streetcar business. He was also involved in real estate and the arts, and was educated in and practiced law. Chittenden had seen William Neil, a stagecoach entrepreneur, make a second fortune with his Neil House hotel, inspiring Chittenden to follow suit. In 1873, he purchased the five-story Parker Building, an office building with retail space. In the late 1880s, he converted it into the first Chittenden hotel, adding two floors among other extensive renovations. It opened in 1889. The building was gutted in a large fire in 1890. The next building was constructed in 1892 in a more lavish style by Columbus architect George Bellows Sr. Chittenden built theaters around it – the Henrietta on Spring St. and the Park on High St.; he also built a massive auditorium nearby.
A block-wide fire demolished the second hotel on November 25, 1893, spreading from the unfinished auditorium to the hotel and Henrietta Theater. The city block had damage of about $300,000; Chittenden had only insured the hotel for $50,000. Undeterred by the fires, Henry Chittenden built his third hotel in 1895, using solid materials including stone, steel, concrete, and brick. The eight-story building was held under the Chittenden family's ownership, past his death in 1909, until it was sold in the early 1950s. It was sold to the Temple of Good Will, which planned to build a skyscraper in Columbus. The organization struggled with operating the hotel. It restricted any liquor sales there, and found it difficult to have commercial and other travelers in its rooms and restaurants without alcohol sales.
Just after 1960, the hotel's Moorish towers and eaves were removed to lower maintenance costs. The third hotel was the longest-lasting. It closed on March 15, 1972 and was demolished in February 1973.
The high-rise William Green Building stands at the site of the hotel.
# Endops

Endops yanagisawai is a proetid trilobite belonging to the family Proetidae, endemic to Middle Permian-aged marine strata in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. It was originally described by Riuji Endo as Paladin yanagisawai.
# Petite Rivière (Lunenburg County)

Petite Rivière is a river in Nova Scotia, Canada entirely within Lunenburg County. It is fed by numerous lakes, and a portion of the watershed is the drinking water supply for the town of Bridgewater.
Three of the lakes on Petite Rivière (Hebb, Millipisigate, and Minamkeak) are the only known habitat of the Atlantic Whitefish. Through damming of the lakes, some of the water that once fed the Medway River now flows through the Petite Rivière system. There was a water aerodrome at Fancy Lake.
French explorer Samuel de Champlain is said to have arrived in the area in 1604, mapped the offshore islands, and gave the river its name after landing near the mouth. The river lends its name to the small community of Petite Riviere, which was at one time known as Petite Riviere Bridge.
# Ebersroda

Ebersroda is a village and a former municipality in the Burgenlandkreis district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 July 2009, it is part of the municipality Gleina.
The village Ebersroda has been proposed by Germany for inscription in the List of World Heritage. The World Heritage nomination Naumburg Cathedral and the High Medieval Cultural Landscape of the Rivers Saale and Unstrut is representative for the processes that shaped the continent during the High Middle Ages between 1000 and 1300: Christianization, the so-called “Landesausbau” and the dynamics of cultural exchange and transfer characteristic for this very period.

## World Heritage nomination

The village Ebersroda is one of the eleven components of the cultural landscape Naumburg Cathedral and the High Medieval Cultural Landscape of the Rivers Saale and Unstrut that has been proposed by the Federal Republic of Germany for inscription in the List of World Heritage. The World Heritage nomination is representative for the pervasive processes that shaped the continent during the High Middle Ages between 1000 and 1300: Christianization, the so-called “Landesausbau” and the dynamics of cultural exchange and transfer characteristic for this very period.

## History

This component part encompasses the village of Ebersroda located north of the Unstrut River on the adjoining plateau of Querfurt-Gleina. As the neighboring village Schleberoda, Ebersroda was founded as a result of intensive land development by clearance in the High Middle Ages such as other villages with “root” (Roda) in the name (e.g. Albersroda, Baumersorda, Schnellroda, Ebersroda and Schleberoda). Ebersroda is a characteristic village built around a village green only accessible from one side. The oval-shaped green at the centre of the village community features a continuity of use, which has survived over the centuries, with a village pond, two well houses, a bake house and a brewery.

## Today

The farmsteads with forward-facing gables and with partly elaborate gates or portals have repeatedly been renovated on a persistent ground plan dating from the High Middle Ages; their building fabric today dates from the 17th to 20th century. The belt of barns terminating the farmsteads has been completely preserved. Around the gardens and meadows adjoining each barn, a path that can be accessed from each farmstead still marks the original village boundary today. The churchyard is located on the north-eastern edge of the village and is surrounded by a lane. From the church that existed in the High Middle Ages, a high choir tower with a wall bond of opus spicatum and coupled abat-sons remains. A Baroque hall church was adjoined to this tower on the eastern side in the 18th century.
# Quentin Cornette

Quentin Cornette (born 17 January 1994) is a French professional footballer who plays as a winger for Kazakhstani club Yelimay.

## Career

Cornette is a youth exponent from Montpellier. He made his Ligue 1 debut on 29 August 2015 against Troyes.
Cornette joined Le Havre in the summer of 2020.