# List of birds of Nova Scotia

This is a list of bird species confirmed in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Unless otherwise noted, the list is that of the Nova Scotia Bird Society (NSBS) as of 2021. The Society's field checklist contains 308 species, some of which are seen regularly but only in small numbers. To that list are added an additional 169 uncommon species from the full NSBS list. Of the resulting 491 species presented here, 246 are accidental and seven were introduced to North America. Birds that are considered probable escapees or to have been released, although they may have been sighted flying free, are not included.
This list is presented in the taxonomic sequence of the Check-list of North and Middle American Birds, 7th edition through the 62nd Supplement, published by the American Ornithological Society (AOS). Common and scientific names are also those of the Check-list, except that Canadian English spellings are used and the common names of families are from the Clements taxonomy because the AOS list does not include them.
* (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Nova Scotia
* (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Nova Scotia as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions

## Ducks, geese, and waterfowl

Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils.
* Black-bellied whistling-duck, Dendrocygna autumnalis (A) LC
* Fulvous whistling-duck, Dendrocygna bicolor (A) LC
* Snow goose, Anser caerulescens LC
* Ross's goose, Anser rossii (A) LC
* Greylag goose, Anser anser (A) LC
* Greater white-fronted goose, Anser albifrons (A) LC
* Tundra bean-goose, Anser serrirostris (A) LC
* Pink-footed goose, Anser brachyrhynchus (A) LC
* Cackling goose, Branta hutchinsii (A) LC
* Canada goose, Branta canadensis LC
* Brant, Branta bernicla LC
* Barnacle goose, Branta leucopsis (A) LC
* Mute swan, Cygnus olor (I) (A) LC
* Trumpeter swan, Cygnus buccinator (A) LC
* Tundra swan, Cygnus columbianus (A) LC
* Wood duck, Aix sponsa LC
* Garganey, Spatula querquedula (A) LC
* Blue-winged teal, Spatula discors LC
* Cinnamon teal, Spatula cyanoptera (A) LC
* Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata LC
* Gadwall, Mareca strepera LC LC
* Eurasian wigeon, Mareca penelope LC
* American wigeon, Mareca americana LC
* Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos LC
* American black duck, Anas rubripes LC
* Northern pintail, Anas acuta LC
* Green-winged teal, Anas crecca LC
* Canvasback, Aythya valisineria (A) LC
* Redhead, Aythya americana LC
* Ring-necked duck, Aythya collaris LC
* Tufted duck, Aythya fuligula (A) LC
* Greater scaup, Aythya marila LC
* Lesser scaup, Aythya affinis LC
* King eider, Somateria spectabilis (A) LC
* Common eider, Somateria mollissima NT
* Harlequin duck, Histrionicus histrionicus LC
* Labrador duck, Camptorhynchus labradorius EX
* Surf scoter, Melanitta perspicillata LC
* White-winged scoter, Melanitta deglandi LC
* Black scoter, Melanitta americana LC
* Long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis VU
* Bufflehead, Bucephala albeola LC
* Common goldeneye, Bucephala clangula LC
* Barrow's goldeneye, Bucephala islandica LC
* Hooded merganser, Lophodytes cucullatus LC
* Common merganser, Mergus merganser LC
* Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator LC
* Ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis (A) LC

## Pheasants, grouse, and allies

Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings. Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans.
* Ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus LC
* Willow ptarmigan, Lagopus lagopus (A) LC
* Rock ptarmigan, Lagopus mutus (A) LC
* Spruce grouse, Canachites canadensis LC
* Grey partridge, Perdix perdix (I) (A) LC
* Ring-necked pheasant, Phasianus colchicus (I) LC

## Flamingos

Order: Phoenicopteriformes Family: Phoenicopteridae
Flamingos are gregarious wading birds, usually 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 m) tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down.
* American flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber (A) LC

## Grebes

Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.
* Pied-billed grebe, Podilymbus podiceps LC
* Horned grebe, Podiceps auritus VU
* Red-necked grebe, Podiceps grisegena LC
* Eared grebe, Podiceps nigricollis (A) LC
* Western grebe, Aechmorphorus occidentalis (A) LC

## Pigeons and doves

Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. They feed on seeds, fruit and plants. Unlike most other birds, the doves and pigeons produce "crop milk," which is secreted by a sloughing of fluid-filled cells from the lining of the crop. Both sexes produce this highly nutritious substance to feed to the young.
* Rock pigeon, Columba livia (I) LC
* Band-tailed pigeon, Patagioenas fasciata (A) LC
* Eurasian collared-dove, Streptopelia decaocto (I) LC
* Passenger pigeon, Ectopistes migratorius EX
* Common ground dove, Columbina passerina (A) LC
* White-winged dove, Zenaida asiatica (A) LC
* Mourning dove, Zenaida macroura LC

## Cuckoos

Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs.
* Yellow-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus LC
* Black-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus erythropthalmus LC

## Nightjars and allies

Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs, and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically coloured to resemble bark or leaves.
* Common nighthawk, Chordeiles minor LC
* Chuck-will's-widow, Antrostomus carolinensis (A) NT
* Eastern whip-poor-will, Antrostomus vociferus (A) NT

## Swifts

Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae
The swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
* Chimney swift, Chaetura pelagica VU

## Hummingbirds

Order: Apodiformes Family: Trochilidae
Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards.
* Ruby-throated hummingbird, Archilochus colubris LC
* Black-chinned hummingbird, Archilochus alexandri (A) LC
* Calliope hummingbird, Selasphorus calliope (A) LC
* Rufous hummingbird, Selasphorus rufus (A) NT
* Broad-tailed hummingbird, Selasphorus platycercus (A) LC

## Rails, gallinules, and coots

Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. The most typical family members occupy dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
* Clapper rail, Rallus crepitans (A) LC
* King rail, Rallus elegans (A) NT
* Virginia rail, Rallus limicola LC
* Corn crake, Crex crex (A) LC
* Sora, Porzana carolina LC
* Common gallinule, Gallinula galeata (A) LC
* American coot, Fulica americana LC
* Purple gallinule, Porphyrio martinicus (A) LC
* Yellow rail, Coturnicops noveboracensis (A) LC
* Black rail, Laterallus jamaicensis (A) EN

## Limpkin

Order: Gruiformes Family: Aramidae
The limpkin is an odd bird that looks like a large rail, but is skeletally closer to the cranes. It is found in marshes with some trees or scrub in the Caribbean, South America, and southern Florida.
* Limpkin, Aramus guarauna (A) LC

## Cranes

Order: Gruiformes Family: Gruidae
Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances".
* Sandhill crane, Antigone canadensis (A) LC

## Stilts and avocets

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.
* Black-necked stilt, Himantopus mexicanus (A) LC
* American avocet, Recurvirostra americana (A) LC

## Oystercatchers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large, obvious and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.
* American oystercatcher, Haematopus palliatus (A) LC

## Plovers and lapwings

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
* Northern lapwing, Vanellus vanellus (A) NT
* Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola LC
* European golden-plover, Pluvialis apricaria (A) LC
* American golden-plover, Pluvialis dominica LC
* Pacific golden-plover, Pluvialis fulva (A) LC
* Killdeer, Charadrius vociferus LC
* Common ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula (A) LC
* Semipalmated plover, Charadrius semipalmatus LC
* Piping plover, Charadrius melodus NT
* Wilson's plover, Charadrius wilsonia (A) LC
* Snowy plover, Charadrius nivosus (A) NT

## Sandpipers and allies

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
* Upland sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda (A) LC
* Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus LC
* Eskimo curlew, Numenius borealis (A) CR (possibly extinct)
* Long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus (A) LC
* Eurasian curlew, Numenius arquata (A) NT
* Bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica (A) NT
* Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa (A) NT
* Hudsonian godwit, Limosa haemastica LC
* Marbled godwit, Limosa fedoa (A) LC
* Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres LC
* Red knot, Calidris canutus NT
* Ruff, Calidris pugnax (A) LC
* Broad-billed sandpiper, Calidris falcinellus (A) LC
* Stilt sandpiper, Calidris himantopus LC
* Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea (A) NT
* Sanderling, Calidris alba LC
* Dunlin, Calidris alpina LC
* Purple sandpiper, Calidris maritima LC
* Baird's sandpiper, Calidris bairdii LC
* Little stint, Calidris minuta (A) LC
* Least sandpiper, Calidris minutilla LC
* White-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis LC
* Buff-breasted sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis NT
* Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos LC
* Semipalmated sandpiper, Calidris pusilla NT
* Western sandpiper, Calidris mauri (A) LC
* Short-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus LC
* Long-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus (A) LC
* American woodcock, Scolopax minor LC
* Wilson's snipe, Gallinago delicata LC
* Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularia LC
* Solitary sandpiper, Tringa solitaria LC
* Lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes LC
* Willet, Tringa semipalmata LC
* Spotted redshank, Tringa erythropus (A) LC
* Common greenshank, Tringa nebularia (A) LC
* Greater yellowlegs, Tringa melanoleuca LC
* Common redshank, Tringa totanus (A) LC
* Wilson's phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor LC
* Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus (A) LC
* Red phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius LC

## Skuas and jaegers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
Skuas and Jaegers are in general medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They have longish bills with hooked tips and webbed feet with sharp claws. They look like large dark gulls, but have a fleshy cere above the upper mandible. They are strong, acrobatic fliers.
* Great skua, Stercorarius skua (A) LC
* South polar skua, Stercorarius maccormicki LC
* Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus LC
* Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus LC
* Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus (A) LC

## Auks, murres, and puffins

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Alcidae
Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture, and some of their habits, however they are only distantly related to the penguins and are able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest.
* Dovekie, Alle alle LC
* Common murre, Uria aalge LC
* Thick-billed murre, Uria lomvia LC
* Razorbill, Alca torda LC
* Great auk, Pinguinus impennis EX
* Black guillemot, Cepphus grylle LC
* Atlantic puffin, Fratercula arctica VU

## Gulls, terns, and skimmers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds and includes gulls, terns, kittiwakes, and skimmers. They are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet.
* Black-legged kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla VU
* Ivory gull, Pagophila eburnea (A) NT
* Sabine's gull, Xema sabini (A) LC
* Bonaparte's gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia LC
* Black-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus LC
* Little gull, Hydrocoleus minutus (A) LC
* Ross's gull, Rhodostethia rosea (A) LC
* Laughing gull, Leucophaeus atricilla (A) LC
* Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (A) LC
* Black-tailed gull, Larus crassirostris (A) LC
* Common gull, Larus canus (A) LC
* Short-billed gull, Larus brachyrhynchus (A) LC
* Ring-billed gull, Larus delawarensis LC
* California gull, Larus californicus (A) LC
* Herring gull, Larus argentatus LC
* Iceland gull, Larus glaucoides LC
* Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus LC
* Slaty-backed gull, Larus schistisagus (A) LC
* Glaucous gull, Larus hyperboreus LC
* Great black-backed gull, Larus marinus LC
* Kelp gull, Larus dominicanus (A) LC
* Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus (A) LC
* Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus (A) LC
* Least tern, Sternula antillarum (A) LC
* Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica (A) LC
* Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia LC
* Black tern, Chlidonias niger LC
* White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus (A) LC
* Roseate tern, Sterna dougallii LC
* Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea LC
* Forster's tern, Sterna forsteri (A) LC
* Royal tern, Thalasseus maximus (A) LC
* Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis (A) LC
* Black skimmer, Rynchops niger (A) LC

## Tropicbirds

Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their long wings have black markings, as does the head.
* White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus (A) LC
* Red-billed tropicbird, Phaethon aethereus (A) LC

## Loons

Order: Gaviiformes Family: Gaviidae
Loons are aquatic birds, the size of a large duck, to which they are unrelated. Their plumage is largely grey or black, and they have spear-shaped bills. Loons swim well and fly adequately, but are almost hopeless on land, because their legs are placed towards the rear of the body.
* Red-throated loon, Gavia stellata LC
* Pacific loon, Gavia pacifica (A) LC
* Common loon, Gavia immer LC

## Albatrosses

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae
The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses of the genus Diomedea have the largest wingspans of any extant birds.
* Yellow-nosed albatross, Thalassarche chlororhynchos (A) EN
* Black-browed albatross, Thalassarche melanophris (A) LC

## Southern storm-petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae
The storm-petrels are the smallest seabirds, relatives of the petrels, feeding on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. Until 2018, this family's three species were included with the other storm-petrels in family Hydrobatidae.
* Wilson's storm-petrel, Oceanites oceanicus LC
* White-faced storm-petrel, Pelagodroma marina (A) LC

## Northern storm-petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae
Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.
* European storm-petrel, Hydrobates pelagicus (A) LC
* Leach's storm-petrel, Hydrobates leucorhous VU
* Band-rumped storm-petrel, Hydrobates castro (A) LC

## Shearwaters and petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterized by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
* Northern fulmar, Fulmarus glacialis LC
* Bermuda petrel, Pterodroma cahow (A) EN
* Black-capped petrel, Pterodroma hasitata (A) EN
* Fea's petrel, Pterodroma feae (A) NT
* Cory's shearwater, Calonectris diomedea LC
* Sooty shearwater, Ardenna griseus NT
* Great shearwater, Ardenna gravis LC
* Manx shearwater, Puffinus puffinus LC
* Audubon's shearwater, Puffinus lherminieri (A) LC
* Barolo shearwater, Puffinus baroli (A) LC

## Storks

Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, heavy, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long stout bills and wide wingspans. They lack the powder down that other wading birds such as herons, spoonbills and ibises use to clean off fish slime. Storks lack a pharynx and are mute.
* Wood stork, Mycteria americana (A) LC

## Frigatebirds

Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black, or black-and-white, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
* Magnificent frigatebird, Fregata magnificens (A) LC

## Boobies and gannets

Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium-large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
* Masked booby, Sula dactylatra (A) LC
* Brown booby, Sula leucogaster (A) LC
* Red-footed booby, Sula sula (A) LC
* Northern gannet, Morus bassanus LC

## Cormorants and shags

Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Cormorants are medium-to-large aquatic birds, usually with mainly dark plumage and areas of coloured skin on the face. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed.
* Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo LC
* Double-crested cormorant, Nannopterum auritum LC

## Pelicans

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are very large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. Like other birds in the order Pelecaniformes, they have four webbed toes.
* American white pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos (A) LC
* Brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis (A) LC

## Herons, egrets, and bitterns

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the herons, egrets, and bitterns. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more secretive. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills.
* American bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus LC
* Least bittern, Ixobrychus exilis (A) LC
* Great blue heron, Ardea herodias LC
* Grey heron, Ardea cinerea (A) LC
* Great egret, Ardea alba LC
* Little egret, Egretta garzetta (A) LC
* Western reef-heron, Egretta gularis (A) LC
* Snowy egret, Egretta thula LC
* Little blue heron, Egretta caerulea LC
* Tricolored heron, Egretta tricolor (A) LC
* Reddish egret, Egretta rufescens (A) NT
* Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis (A) LC
* Green heron, Butorides virescens (A) LC
* Black-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax LC
* Yellow-crowned night-heron, Nyctanassa violacea (A) LC

## Ibises and spoonbills

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae
The family Threskiornithidae includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings. Their bodies tend to be elongated, the neck more so, with rather long legs. The bill is also long, decurved in the case of the ibises, straight and distinctively flattened in the spoonbills.
* White ibis, Eudocimus albus (A) LC
* Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus (A) LC
* White-faced ibis, Plegadis chihi (A) LC

## New World vultures

Order: Cathartiformes Family: Cathartidae
The New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures, but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution. Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers. However, unlike Old World vultures, which find carcasses by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carcasses.
* Black vulture, Coragyps atratus (A) LC
* Turkey vulture, Cathartes aura LC

## Osprey

Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae
Pandionidae is a family of fish-eating birds of prey possessing a very large, powerful hooked beak for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. The family is monotypic.
* Osprey, Pandion haliaetus LC

## Hawks, eagles, and kites

Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight.
* Swallow-tailed kite, Elanoides forficatus (A) LC
* Golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos (A) LC
* Northern harrier, Circus hudsonius LC
* Sharp-shinned hawk, Accipiter striatus LC
* Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii (A) LC
* American goshawk, Accipiter atricapillus LC
* Bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus LC
* Steller's sea-eagle, Haliaeetus pelagicus (A) VU
* Mississippi kite, Ictinia mississippiensis (A) LC
* Red-shouldered hawk, Buteo lineatus (A) LC
* Broad-winged hawk, Buteo platypterus LC
* Swainson's hawk, Buteo swainsoni (A) LC
* Zone-tailed hawk, Buteo albonotatus (A) LC
* Red-tailed hawk, Buteo jamaicensis LC
* Rough-legged hawk, Buteo lagopus LC

## Barn-owls

Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Owls in the family Tytonidae are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces.
* Barn owl, Tyto alba (A) LC

## Owls

Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
Typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
* Eastern screech-owl, Megascops asio (A) LC
* Great horned owl, Bubo virginianus LC
* Snowy owl, Bubo scandiacus VU
* Northern hawk owl, Surnia ulula (A) LC
* Burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia (A) LC
* Barred owl, Strix varia LC
* Great grey owl, Strix nebulosa (A) LC
* Long-eared owl, Asio otus (A) LC
* Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus LC
* Boreal owl, Aegolius funereus (A) LC
* Northern saw-whet owl, Aegolius acadicus LC

## Kingfishers

Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails.
* Belted kingfisher, Megaceryle alcyon LC

## Woodpeckers

Order: Piciformes Family: Picidae
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.
* Lewis's woodpecker, Melanerpes lewis (A) LC
* Red-headed woodpecker, Melanerpes erythrocephalus (A) LC
* Red-bellied woodpecker, Melanerpes carolinus LC
* Yellow-bellied sapsucker, Sphyrapicus varius LC
* American three-toed woodpecker, Picoides dorsalis (A) LC
* Black-backed woodpecker, Picoides arcticus LC
* Downy woodpecker, Dryobates pubescens LC
* Hairy woodpecker, Dryobates villosus LC
* Northern flicker, Colaptes auratus LC
* Pileated woodpecker, Dryocopus pileatus LC

## Falcons and caracaras

Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey, notably the falcons and caracaras. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
* Crested caracara, Caracara plancus (A) LC
* Eurasian kestrel, Falco tinnunculus (C) LC
* American kestrel, Falco sparverius LC
* Merlin, Falco columbarius LC
* Gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus LC
* Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus LC

## Tyrant flycatchers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Tyrannidae
Tyrant flycatchers are Passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, are rather plain. As the name implies, most are insectivorous.
* Ash-throated flycatcher, Myiarchus cinerascens (A) LC
* Great crested flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus (A) LC
* Sulphur-bellied flycatcher, Myiodynastes luteiventris (A) LC
* Tropical kingbird, Tyrannus melancholicus (A) LC
* Cassin's kingbird, Tyrannus vociferans (A) LC
* Western kingbird, Tyrannus verticalis (A) LC
* Eastern kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus LC
* Grey kingbird, Tyrannus dominicensis (A) LC
* Scissor-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus forficatus (A) LC
* Fork-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus savana (A) LC
* Olive-sided flycatcher, Contopus cooperi NT
* Western wood-pewee, Contopus sordidulus (A) LC
* Eastern wood-pewee, Contopus virens LC
* Yellow-bellied flycatcher, Empidonax flaviventris LC
* Acadian flycatcher, Empidonax virescens (A) LC
* Alder flycatcher, Empidonax alnorum LC
* Willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii (A) LC
* Least flycatcher, Empidonax minimus LC
* Hammond's flycatcher, Empidonax hammondii (A) LC
* Dusky flycatcher, Empidonax oberholseri (A) LC
* Western flycatcher, Empidonax difficilis (A) LC
* Eastern phoebe, Sayornis phoebe LC
* Say's phoebe, Sayornis saya (A) LC
* Vermilion flycatcher, Pyrocephalus rubinus (A) LC

## Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis

Order: Passeriformes Family: Vireonidae
The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds mostly restricted to the New World, though a few other members of the family are found in Asia. They are typically greenish in colour and resemble wood warblers apart from their heavier bills.
* White-eyed vireo, Vireo griseus (A) LC
* Bell's vireo, Vireo bellii (A) LC
* Yellow-throated vireo, Vireo flavifrons (A) LC
* Blue-headed vireo, Vireo solitarius LC
* Plumbeous vireo, Vireo plumbeus (A) LC
* Philadelphia vireo, Vireo philadelphicus LC
* Warbling vireo, Vireo gilvus (A) LC
* Red-eyed vireo, Vireo olivaceus LC

## Shrikes

Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae
Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey.
* Brown shrike, Lanius cristatus (A) LC
* Loggerhead shrike, Lanius ludovicianus (A) NT
* Northern shrike, Lanius borealis LC

## Crows, jays, and magpies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers, and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
* Canada jay, Perisoreus canadensis LC
* Blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata LC
* Black-billed magpie, Pica hudsonia (A) LC
* Eurasian jackdaw, Corvus monedula (A) LC
* American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos LC
* Fish crow, Corvus ossifragus (A) LC
* Common raven, Corvus corax LC

## Tits, chickadees, and titmice

Order: Passeriformes Family: Paridae
The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.
* Black-capped chickadee, Poecile atricapilla LC
* Boreal chickadee, Poecile hudsonica LC

## Larks

Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.
* Horned lark, Eremophila alpestris LC

## Swallows

Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
* Bank swallow, Riparia riparia LC
* Tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor LC
* Violet-green swallow, Tachycineta thalassina (A) LC
* Northern rough-winged swallow, Stelgidopteryx serripennis (A) LC
* Purple martin, Progne subis (A) LC
* Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica LC
* Cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota LC
* Cave swallow, Petrochelidon fulva (A) LC

## Kinglets

Order: Passeriformes Family: Regulidae
The kinglets are a small family of birds which resemble the titmice. They are very small insectivorous birds. The adults have coloured crowns, giving rise to their name.
* Ruby-crowned kinglet, Corthylio calendula LC
* Golden-crowned kinglet, Regulus satrapa LC

## Waxwings

Order: Passeriformes Family: Bombycillidae
The waxwings are a group of passerine birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter.
* Bohemian waxwing, Bombycilla garrulus LC
* Cedar waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum LC

## Nuthatches

Order: Passeriformes Family: Sittidae
Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails, and powerful bills and feet.
* Red-breasted nuthatch, Sitta canadensis LC
* White-breasted nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis LC

## Treecreepers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Certhiidae
Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees.
* Brown creeper, Certhia americana LC

## Gnatcatchers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Polioptilidae
These dainty birds resemble Old World warblers in their structure and habits, moving restlessly through the foliage seeking insects. The gnatcatchers are mainly soft bluish grey in colour and have the typical insectivore's long sharp bill. Many species have distinctive black head patterns (especially males) and long, regularly cocked, black-and-white tails.
* Blue-grey gnatcatcher, Polioptila caerulea (A) LC

## Wrens

Order: Passeriformes Family: Troglodytidae
Wrens are small and inconspicuous birds, except for their loud songs. They have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous.
* Rock wren, Salpinctes obsoletus (A) LC
* House wren, Troglodytes aedon (A) LC
* Winter wren, Troglodytes hiemalis LC
* Sedge wren, Cistothorus platensis (A) LC
* Marsh wren, Cistothorus palustris (A) LC
* Carolina wren, Thryothorus ludovicianus (A) LC
* Bewick's wren, Thryomanes bewickii (A) LC

## Mockingbirds and thrashers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Mimidae
The mimids are a family of passerine birds which includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalization, especially their remarkable ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. The species tend towards dull greys and browns in their appearance.
* Grey catbird, Dumetella carolinensis LC
* Brown thrasher, Toxostoma rufum (A) LC
* Northern mockingbird, Mimus polyglottos LC

## Starlings

Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings and mynas are small to medium-sized Old World passerine birds with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct and most are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit. The plumage of several species is dark with a metallic sheen.
* European starling, Sturnus vulgaris (I) LC

## Thrushes and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
* Eastern bluebird, Sialia sialis LC
* Mountain bluebird, Sialia currucoides (A) LC
* Townsend's solitaire, Myadestes townsendi (A) LC
* Veery, Catharus fuscescens LC
* Grey-cheeked thrush, Catharus minimus (A) LC
* Bicknell's thrush, Catharus bicknelli (A) VU
* Swainson's thrush, Catharus ustulatus LC
* Hermit thrush, Catharus guttatus LC
* Wood thrush, Hylocichla mustelina (A) LC
* Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris (A) LC
* Redwing, Turdus iliacus (A) NT
* American robin, Turdus migratorius LC
* Varied thrush, Ixoreus naevius (A) LC

## Old World flycatchers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae
The Old World flycatchers are a large family of small passerine birds. These are mainly small arboreal insectivores, many of which, as the name implies, take their prey on the wing.
* Northern wheatear, Oenanthe oenanthe (A) LC

## Old World sparrows

Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small plump brownish or greyish birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.
* House sparrow, Passer domesticus (I) LC

## Wagtails and pipits

Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country.
* American pipit, Anthus rubescens LC

## Finches, euphonias, and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae
Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.
* Common chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs (A) LC
* Brambling, Fringilla montifringilla (A) LC
* Evening grosbeak, Coccothraustes vespertinus VU
* Pine grosbeak, Pinicola enucleator LC
* House finch, Haemorhous mexicanus (I) LC
* Purple finch, Haemorhous purpureus LC
* Common redpoll, Acanthis flammea LC
* Hoary redpoll, Acanthis hornemanni (A) LC
* Red crossbill, Loxia curvirostra LC
* White-winged crossbill, Loxia leucoptera LC
* Pine siskin, Spinus pinus LC
* American goldfinch, Spinus tristis LC

## Longspurs and snow buntings

Order: Passeriformes Family: Calcariidae
The Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds that were traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas.
* Lapland longspur, Calcarius lapponicus LC
* Chestnut-collared longspur, Calcarius ornatus (A) VU
* Smith's longspur, Calcarius pictus (A) LC
* Snow bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis LC

## New World sparrows

Order: Passeriformes Family: Passerellidae
Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae. Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns.
* Cassin's sparrow, Peucaea cassinii (A) LC
* Grasshopper sparrow, Ammodramus savannarum (A) LC
* Lark sparrow, Chondestes grammacus (A) LC
* Lark bunting, Calamospiza melanocorys (A) LC
* Chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina LC
* Clay-coloured sparrow, Spizella pallida (A) LC
* Field sparrow, Spizella pusilla (A) LC
* Brewer's sparrow, Spizella breweri (A) LC
* Fox sparrow, Passerella iliaca LC
* American tree sparrow, Spizelloides arborea LC
* Dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis LC
* White-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys LC
* Golden-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia atricapilla (A) LC
* Harris's sparrow, Zonotrichia querula (A) NT
* White-throated sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis LC
* Sagebrush sparrow, Artemisiospiza nevadensis (A) LC
* Bell's sparrow, Artemisiospiza belli (A) LC
* Vesper sparrow, Pooecetes gramineus (A) LC
* LeConte's sparrow, Ammospiza leconteii (A) LC
* Seaside sparrow, Ammospiza maritima (A) LC
* Nelson's sparrow, Ammospiza nelsoni LC
* Saltmarsh sparrow, Ammospiza caudacuta (A) EN
* Henslow's sparrow, Centronyx henslowii (A) LC
* Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis LC
* Song sparrow, Melospiza melodia LC
* Lincoln's sparrow, Melospiza lincolnii LC
* Swamp sparrow, Melospiza georgiana LC
* Green-tailed towhee, Pipilo chlorurus (A) LC
* Spotted towhee, Pipilo maculatus (A) LC
* Eastern towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (A) LC

## Yellow-breasted chat

Order: Passeriformes Family: Icteriidae
This species was historically placed in the wood-warblers (Parulidae) but nonetheless most authorities were unsure if it belonged there. It was placed in its own family in 2017.
* Yellow-breasted chat, Icteria virens (A) LC

## Troupials and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Icteridae
The icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colourful passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Most species have black as a predominant plumage colour, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red.
* Yellow-headed blackbird, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus LC
* Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus LC
* Eastern meadowlark, Sturnella magna NT
* Western meadowlark, Sturnella neglecta (A) LC
* Orchard oriole, Icterus spurius LC
* Hooded oriole, Icterus cucullatus (A) LC
* Bullock's oriole, Icterus bullockii (A) LC
* Baltimore oriole, Icterus galbula LC
* Red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus LC
* Shiny cowbird, Molothrus bonariensis (A) LC
* Bronzed cowbird, Molothrus aeneus (A) LC
* Brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater LC
* Rusty blackbird, Euphagus carolinus VU
* Brewer's blackbird, Euphagus cyanocephalus (A) LC
* Common grackle, Quiscalus quiscula NT
* Boat-tailed grackle, Quiscalus major (A) LC
* Great-tailed grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus (A) LC

## New World warblers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Parulidae
The wood-warblers are a group of small, often colourful, passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are more terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.
* Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla LC
* Worm-eating warbler, Helmitheros vermivorum (A) LC
* Louisiana waterthrush, Parkesia motacilla (A) LC
* Northern waterthrush, Parkesia noveboracensis LC
* Golden-winged warbler, Vermivora chrysoptera (A) NT
* Blue-winged warbler, Vermivora cyanoptera (A) LC
* Black-and-white warbler, Mniotilta varia LC
* Prothonotary warbler, Protonotaria citrea (A) LC
* Swainson's warbler, Limnothlypis swainsonii (A) LC
* Tennessee warbler, Leiothlypis peregrina LC
* Orange-crowned warbler, Leiothlypis celata LC
* Nashville warbler, Leiothlypis ruficapilla LC
* Virginia's warbler, Leiothlypis virginiae (A) LC
* Connecticut warbler, Oporornis agilis (A) LC
* MacGillivray's warbler, Geothlypis tolmiei (A) LC
* Mourning warbler, Geothlypis philadelphia LC
* Kentucky warbler, Geothlypis formosa (A) LC
* Common yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas LC
* Hooded warbler, Setophaga citrina (A) LC
* American redstart, Setophaga ruticilla LC
* Cape May warbler, Setophaga tigrina LC
* Cerulean warbler, Setophaga cerulea (A) NT
* Northern parula, Setophaga americana LC
* Magnolia warbler, Setophaga magnolia LC
* Bay-breasted warbler, Setophaga castanea LC
* Blackburnian warbler, Setophaga fusca LC
* Yellow warbler, Setophaga petechia LC
* Chestnut-sided warbler, Setophaga pensylvanica LC
* Blackpoll warbler, Setophaga striata NT
* Black-throated blue warbler, Setophaga caerulescens LC
* Palm warbler, Setophaga palmarum LC
* Pine warbler, Setophaga pinus LC
* Yellow-rumped warbler, Setophaga coronata LC
* Yellow-throated warbler, Setophaga dominica (A) LC
* Prairie warbler, Setophaga discolor LC
* Black-throated grey warbler, Setophaga nigrescens (A) LC
* Townsend's warbler, Setophaga townsendi (A) LC
* Hermit warbler, Setophaga occidentalis (A) LC
* Black-throated green warbler, Setophaga virens LC
* Canada warbler, Cardellina canadensis LC
* Wilson's warbler, Cardellina pusilla LC

## Cardinals and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Cardinalidae
The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.
* Summer tanager, Piranga rubra (A) LC
* Scarlet tanager, Piranga olivacea (A) LC
* Western tanager, Piranga ludoviciana (A) LC
* Northern cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis LC
* Rose-breasted grosbeak, Pheucticus ludovicianus LC
* Black-headed grosbeak, Pheucticus melanocephalus LC
* Blue grosbeak, Passerina caerulea (A) LC
* Lazuli bunting, Passerina amoena (A) LC
* Indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea LC
* Painted bunting, Passerina ciris (A) LC
* Dickcissel, Spiza americana (A) LC