OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tellurium dioxide

Tellurium dioxide (TeO$_2$) is a solid oxide of tellurium. It is encountered in two different forms, the yellow orthorhombic mineral tellurite, β-TeO$_2$, and the synthetic, colourless tetragonal (paratellurite), α-TeO$_2$. Most of the information regarding reaction chemistry has been obtained in studies involving paratellurite, α-TeO$_2$.

## Preparation

Paratellurite, α-TeO$_2$, is produced by reacting tellurium with O$_2$:
    Te + O$_2$ → TeO$_2$
An alternative preparation is to dehydrate tellurous acid, H$_2$TeO$_3$, or to thermally decompose basic tellurium nitrate, Te$_2$O$_4$·HNO$_3$, above 400 °C.

## Physical properties

The longitudinal speed of sound in Tellurium dioxide is 4,260 metres per second (14,000 ft/s) at around room temperature.

## Chemical properties

TeO$_2$ is barely soluble in water and soluble in strong acids and alkali metal hydroxides. It is an amphoteric substance and therefore can act both as an acid or as a base depending on the solution it is in. It reacts with acids to make tellurium salts and bases to make tellurites. It can be oxidized to telluric acid or tellurates.
The tellurite ion is kinetically inert, but TeO$_2$ equivalents will oxidize thioates in acid to the diacyl disulfide.

## Structure

Paratellurite, α-TeO$_2$, converts at high pressure into the β-, tellurite form. Both the α-, (paratellurite) and β- (tellurite forms) contain four coordinate Te with the oxygen atoms at four of the corners of a trigonal bipyramid. In paratellurite all vertices are shared to give a rutile-like structure, where the O-Te-O bond angle are 140°. α-TeO$_2$ In tellurite pairs of trigonal pyramidal, TeO$_4$ units, sharing an edge, share vertices to then form a layer. The shortest Te-Te distance in tellurite is 317 pm, compared to 374 pm in paratellurite. Similar Te$_2$O$_6$ units are found in the mineral denningite.
TeO $_2$ melts at 732.6 °C, forming a red liquid. The structure of the liquid, as well as the glass which can be formed from it with sufficiently rapid cooling, are also based on approximately four coordinate Te. However, compared to the crystalline forms, the liquid and glass appear to incorporate short-range disorder (a variety of coordination geometries) which marks TeO$_2$ glass as distinct from the canonical single-oxide glass-formers such as SiO$_2$, which share the same short-range order with their parent liquids.

## Uses

It is used as an acousto-optic material.
Tellurium dioxide is also a reluctant glass former, it will form a glass under suitable cooling conditions, or with additions of a small molar fraction of a second compound such as an oxide or halide. TeO$_2$ glasses have high refractive indices and transmit into the mid-infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, therefore they are of technological interest for optical waveguides. Tellurite glasses have also been shown to exhibit Raman gain up to 30 times that of silica, useful in optical fibre amplification.

## Safety

TeO$_2$ is a possible teratogen.
Exposure to tellurium compounds produces a garlic-like odour on the breath, caused by the formation of diethyl telluride.
# Western Stadium

Western Stadium (Khmer: កីឡដ្ឋានវេស្ទើន, UNGEGN: Keilâdthan Vésteun) was the home stadium of Cambodian League club Western University FC. It has capacity of 1000. This stadium was broke ground in 2014 and opened in 2015. It located in the Tuol Kouk District of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The stadium was demolished in early October 2022.
# Vieja Formation

The Vieja Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.
# Malpighia

Malpighia is a genus of flowering plants in the nance family, Malpighiaceae. It contains 108 species of shrubs or small trees, all of which are native to the American tropics, ranging from Texas through Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean to Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. The generic name honours Marcello Malpighi, a 17th-century Italian physician and botanist. The species grow to 1–6 m (3.3–19.7 ft) tall, with a dense, often thorny crown. The leaves are evergreen, simple, 0.5–15 cm (0.20–5.91 in) long, with an entire or serrated margin. The flowers are solitary or in umbels of two to several together, each flower 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) diameter, with five white, pink, red, or purple petals. The fruit is a red, orange, or purple drupe, containing two or three hard seeds. M. emarginata, the acerola, is cultivated for its sweet and juicy fruits, which are very rich in vitamin C.

## Selected species

108 species are accepted. Selected species include:
* Malpighia aquifolia L.
* Malpighia cauliflora Proctor & Vivaldi (Jamaica)
* Malpighia coccigera L. – Singapore holly (Caribbean)
* Malpighia cubensis Kunth – palo bronco de hoja pequeña (Cuba)
* Malpighia emarginata DC. – Barbados cherry, acerola (southern Texas and Florida, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, northern South America.)
* Malpighia fucata Ker Gawl. (Puerto Rico)
* Malpighia glabra L.
* Malpighia harrisii Small (Jamaica)
* Malpighia mexicana A.Juss.
* Malpighia obtusifolia Proctor (Jamaica)
* Malpighia polytricha A.Juss.
* Malpighia proctorii Vivaldi (Jamaica)
* Malpighia setosa Spreng. – bristly stingingbush (The Bahamas, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico)
* Malpighia suberosa Small
* Malpighia urens L. – cowhage (Caribbean)

### Formerly placed here

* Bunchosia argentea (Jacq.) DC. (as M. argentea Jacq.)
* Bunchosia armeniaca (Cav.) DC. (as M. armeniaca Cav.
* Bunchosia glandulifera (Jacq.) Kunth (as M. glandulifera Jacq.)
* Bunchosia glandulosa (Cav.) DC. (as M. glandulosa Cav.)
* Byrsonima altissima (Aubl.) DC. (as M. altissima Aubl.)
* Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth (as M. crassifolia L.)
* Byrsonima densa (Poir.) DC. (as M. densa Poir.)
* Byrsonima spicata (Cav.) DC. (as M. spicata Cav.)
* Heteropterys multiflora (DC.) Hochr. (as M. reticulata Poir.)
# HRL

HRL may refer to:
* HRL (software), an artificial intelligence program named for mathematicians Hardy, Ramanujan and Lakatos
* HRL, a Rockwell scale of materials' hardness
* HRL Laboratories, formerly Hughes Research Laboratories, in Malibu, California, United States
* Harlech railway station, in Wales
* Hilandar Research Library of medieval Slavic manuscripts, at Ohio State University, United States
* IBM Haifa Research Laboratory, in Haifa, Israel
* Valley International Airport (IATA airport code), serving Harlingen, Texas, United States
# Harrogate Convention Centre

Harrogate Convention Centre is a convention and exhibition centre in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England.

## History

Previously named Harrogate International Centre it was renamed Harrogate Convention Centre in April 2017. The centre has been described as being a "magnet for business conferences" and generates around £60 million per year into the local economy.
While Harrogate had been hosting conferences and exhibitions since the end of the Second World War, the 2,000-seat main auditorium opened in 1982 and was the host of the Eurovision Song Contest 1982. The venue has since expanded to include eight exhibition halls offering 180,000 square feet (17,000 m$^2$) of space as well as ancillary facilities including a hotel. Further expansion took place between 2009 and 2014.
The Royal Hall holds 1,000 people, whereas the Queen's Suite holds up to 600. The Royal Hall is grade II* listed building which is a former concert hall designed by Frank Matcham and Robert Beale.
The between April 2013 and December 2018, the director of the conference centre was Simon Kent. Since January 2019, the director is Paula Lorimer.
In April 2020, the centre was converted into an NHS Nightingale Hospital Yorkshire and the Humber in response to the Coronavirus pandemic of 2020. The centre was furnished with 500 beds.

## Notable events

The Liberal Democrats have held the Liberal Democrat Federal Conference at the centre on six occasions since the party's formation in 1988.
The Green Party held their 2022 Autumn Conference at the centre.
The Eurovision Song Contest was held at the International Centre in 1982.
# Dimosthenis Chantzaras

Dimosthenis 'Dimos' Chantzaras (Greek: Δημοσθένης 'Δήμος' Χαντζάρας; born 8 January 1997) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a winger.

## Honours
### Veria

Gamma Ethniki: 2018–19
# Validity

Validity or Valid may refer to:

## Mathematics

* Validity (logic), a property of a logical argument

## Statistics

* Validity (statistics), the degree to which a statistical tool measures that which it is purported to measure
** Statistical conclusion validity, establishes the existence and strength of the co-variation between the cause and effect variables
** Test validity, validity in educational and psychological testing
** Face validity, the property of a test intended to measure something
** Construct validity, refers to whether a scale measures or correlates with the theorized psychological construct it measures
** Content validity, the extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given construct
** Concurrent validity, the extent to which a test correlates with another measure
** Predictive validity, the extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some other measure
** Discriminant validity, the degree to which results a test of one concept can be expected to differ from tests of other concepts that should not be correlated with this one
** Criterion validity, the extent to which a measure is related to an outcome
** Convergent validity, the degree to which multiple measures of the same construct lead to the same conclusion

## Science

* Internal validity, the validity of causal inferences within scientific studies, usually based on experiments
* External validity, the validity of generalized causal inferences in scientific studies, usually based on experiments
* Valid name (zoology), in animal taxonomy
* Validly published name, in plant taxonomy

## Other uses

* Valid (number format), a universal number format (unum type III)
* Valid (engraving company), a Brazilian company
* VALID (Video Audio Line-up & IDentification), part of the GLITS broadcast television protocol
* Validity and liceity (Catholic Church), concepts in the Catholic Church.
# Judgement 5

Judgement 5 (審判～Judgement5～, Shinpan: Jajimento Faibu) was a professional wrestling event promoted by DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT). It took place on March 28, 2001, in Tokyo, Japan, at the Kitazawa Town Hall. It was the fifth event under the Judgement name.

## Storylines

Judgement 5 featured five professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.

## Event

During the event, at around 2:37 pm, Chotaro Kamoi pinned Shark Tsuchiya to become the 47th Ironman Heavymetalweight Champion.

## Results

| No. | Results | Stipulations | Times |
| 1 | Kengo Takai defeated Issei Fujisawa | Singles match | 9:16 |
| 2 | Mitsunobu Kikujawa defeated "Showa" | Singles match | 8:50 |
| 3 | Poison Sawada Julie and Hebikage defeated Takashi Sasaki and Thanomsak Toba | Tag team match | 12:07 |
| 4 | Super Uchuu Power and Tomohiko Hashimoto defeated Mikami and Osamu Tachihikari | Tag team match | 18:52 |
| 5 | Exciting Yoshida defeated Sanshiro Takagi (with Naomi Susan) (c) | Singles match for the KO-D Openweight Championship | 14:26 |
| (c) – the champion(s) heading into the match ||||
# Vik Formation

The Vik Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.
# The Big Half

The Big Half is an annual road running event over the half marathon distance (21.1 km), held in central London, United Kingdom. The event, first held in 2018, initially took place in early March, a few weeks before the London Marathon, but after the COVID-19 pandemic switched to dates in late August/early September.

## Course

The event, organised by London Marathon Events, attracts both mass and elite participation, with runners following a course that is closed to road traffic. They start near the north side of Tower Bridge on the Highway then run eastwards, including a stretch through the Limehouse Link tunnel, to the Canary Wharf district before returning through Wapping to cross Tower Bridge. Runners then route through Bermondsey, Rotherhithe, Surrey Quays and Deptford to finish by the Cutty Sark in Greenwich. Finish area facilities are accommodated in the grounds of the Old Royal Naval College, the National Maritime Museum and Queen's House and in Greenwich Park.
The 2023 event attracted over 16,000 runners, and was also the official British Athletics trial race for the 2023 World Athletics Road Running Championships.
The Big Mile is a free mass participation event using the same finishing stretch as The Big Half.

## Records

Mo Farah and Charlotte Purdue are respectively both three-time winners of the elite men's and elite women's categories of the event. The men's course record holder is Kenenisa Bekele; the women's course record holder is Eilish McColgan.

### Editions

| Edition | Date | Men's winner | Time | Women's winner | Time |
| 1 | 4 March 2018 | Mo Farah (GBR) | 1:01:40 | Charlotte Purdue (GBR) | 1:10:29 |
| 2 | 10 March 2019 | Mo Farah (GBR) | 1:01:15 | Charlotte Purdue (GBR) | 1:10:38 |
| 3 | 1 March 2020 | Kenenisa Bekele (ETH) | 1:00:22 | Lily Partridge (GBR) | 1:10:50 |
| 4 | 22 August 2021 | Jake Smith (GBR) | 1:02:06 | Charlotte Purdue (GBR) | 1:09:51 |
| 5 | 4 September 2022 | Mo Farah (GBR) | 1:01:49 | Eilish McColgan (GBR) | 1:07:35 |
| 6 | 3 September 2023 | Jack Rowe (GBR) | 1:01:08 | Calli Thackery (GBR) | 1:09:15 |
| 7 | 1 September 2024 | Jack Rowe (GBR) | 1:02:35 | Eilish McColgan (GBR) | 1:09:14 |

## Gallery

* Mo Farah, Bashir Abdi and Daniel Wanjiru compete in the 2019 Big Half, finishing in that order
* Charlotte Purdue heading to victory in 2019 Big Half
* Winner in 2020, Lily Partridge in the 2019 Big Half
* Runners walking northwards towards Tower Bridge before 2023 Big Half
* Big Half 'Runners only' sign on Tower Bridge
* Greenwich Park being used for 2023 Big Half (Canary Wharf district in background)
# Manuel da Câmara

Manuel da Câmara (c. 1504 - 13 March 1578, Lisbon), was the son of Rui Gonçalves da Câmara II and successor to the Donatary-Captaincy of the island of São Miguel in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.

## Biography
### Early life

Younger son of Rui Gonçalves da Câmara II and D. Filipa Coutinho, following the death of his older brother, the adult would fall in line to replace his father in succession to the familial fiefdom of São Miguel in the Azores. Further, the obligation to succeed his brother's duties also included his marriage to D. Joana de Melo, daughter of Jorge de Melo (head gamekeeper to the King), who assisted his father in the captaincy government. This turn of events did not ingratiate Manuel, who hopped onto a galleon sailing to Lisbon, but stopping-off in Madeira he obtained a voyage to the North of Africa. His father eventually ordered his return, but it was the intervention of the King who forced the adult to Corte, where he was obliged to marry the gamekeeper's daughter.

### Donatário

Upon receiving notice of his father's death, he departed for São Miguel in 1535, living his wife at Corte. He remained on the island until 1540, before returning to Lisbon.
At the end of that year, he was ordered by the King to the fortress in Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué, which was encircled by Moors, by the time of his arrival in December. He distinguished himself in combat, but was eventually imprisoned. Following two years of captivity, he paid his own ransom, and eventually returned to Lisbon, where he was compensated with his Captaincy privileges. Yet, he remained at Corte until 1552, the year when French pirates and corsairs threatened many of the Câmara holdings: his familial ties insisted on his presence. By order of the King, he sailed for São Miguel where he remained until 1554, fortifying the defences, including the Fort of São Brás in Ponta Delgada.

### Later life

Following volcanic eruptions in 1563, he returned to the islands in 1565 and remained until 1573, when he returned to Portugal, leaving his son, Rui, as the Captain-General in his place. Manuel da Câmara died in Lisbon on 13 March 1578; his body was laid to rest in Ponta Delgada, where he received a funeral befitting a member of the monarchy.
# Bader Field (ballpark)

Bader Field was a baseball stadium in Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States. It was located at the Bader Field airport and was referred to by the same name as the airfield. It was named after the former mayor of Atlantic City Edward L. Bader, who purchased the land for the airfield.
The New York Yankees held spring training at Bader Field in 1944. The Philadelphia Athletics considered using the ballpark for 1944 spring training. On November 17, 1943, Connie Mack examined Bader Field and the National Guard Armory as one possibility. But he knew the Yankees were already considering it. The A's went to McCurdy Field in Frederick, Maryland when the Yankees chose Atlantic City. The Yankees made the 300-room Senator Hotel their headquarters and practiced indoors at the Atlantic City Armory. They played their first exhibition game in Atlantic City on April 1, 1944, and beat the Philadelphia Phillies 5-1, behind a home run by Johnny Lindell. The following day, 4,000 fans saw the Yankees beat the Brooklyn Dodgers, 4–3. In 1945, the Boston Red Sox based their spring training at Ansley Park in nearby Pleasantville. The last spring exhibition played at Bader Field was a Red Sox-Yankees game on April 8, 1945.
A municipal stadium, John Boyd Stadium, with a football field and track was opened at Bader Field on October 22, 1949. It stood just north of the ballpark's left-field wall and was built at a cost of $350,000. John Boyd Stadium was the home of Atlantic City High School football from 1949 until 1994, and was demolished in February 1998. In 1998, The Sandcastle baseball stadium was built at Bader Field, returning professional baseball to the airport site. The Atlantic City Surf played at the ballpark through 2008. The ballpark sits unused today amid discussions of redevelopment.
# Dublin's Last Supper

Dublin's Last Supper is a photographic mural by Irish artist John Byrne that was installed in Dublin's Italian Quarter in 2004. The work features contemporary Dubliners as Jesus and the Twelve Apostles, reenacting The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci. Measuring 220 by 930 centimetres (87 by 366 in), Dublin's Last Supper is printed on vitreous enamel covering nine steel panels installed along Bloom Lane, part of the Millennium Walkway.

## Background

In 2003, Byrne was approached by curator Clíodhna Shaffrey to submit a proposal for the project, which was commissioned by developer Mick Wallace of M&J Wallace, as a centrepiece for the Italian Quarter in Dublin.
In February 2004, Byrne started recruiting local models on the streets of Dublin, based on their resemblance to the figures in Leonardo's work. He approached a total of 150 potential candidates, who were narrowed down to 13 following rehearsals and screen tests. The models were Dubliners from a wide range of social, ethnic, and religious backgrounds, and included three women. Jesus was portrayed by Kulpreet Singh, an Indian Sikh PhD student at Trinity College Dublin. The apostles were portrayed by Dubliners from a variety of professions, including a tattoo artist, a librarian, an actor, a travel centre employee, an ecologist, a building worker, a network analyst, and various other students.
The models' costumes were created by Irish vintage fashion designer Jean Cronin. In July 2004, the 13 models were photographed in the Church of St Michael and St John at Temple Bar, in seven separate groups of one to three people at a time. The photographs were scanned in high resolution and sent to Belgium, where they were transposed onto nine panels of vitreous enamel. Byrne oversaw the installation in Dublin later that month.

## Description

The Twelve Apostles dining with Jesus are dressed in contemporary clothing in a medieval style, evoking Leonardo's original work. The exception is Judas, who is dressed in a business suit and appears to be a banker or businessman. The table itself is laid with Irish soda bread and a red teapot, in addition to wine and fruit. Other elements include a Juventus jersey draped over a chair in the corner, which is an homage to Mick Wallace, an Italophile and avid football fan. The background is a cross-section of the ruined St Luke's Church on the Coombe in Dublin, with the dome of the Four Courts in the distance.

## Reception

Dublin's Last Supper has been called "witty" and "irreverent". Although the work has been regarded by some as "blasphemous", according to journalist Frank McNally, "The Last Supper has survived to become one of the city's better-loved public works of art."
Artist Catherine Marshall wrote in The Irish Times that Dublin's Last Supper "subtly suggests that the Renaissance has finally come to Ireland in the form of cafe culture, while at the same time pointing to growing pluralism in Ireland, and the new religion of consumerism."
In 2008, an article in The Irish Times observed that the mural had remained "miraculously unvandalised, except for the occasional graffiti".
# Swine Flu Skank

"Swine Flu Skank" is a viral UK funky comedy song by British MCs Jstar and Pilot, released during the swine flu pandemic of 2009–2010 and utilising the Department of Health and Social Care's 'catch it, bin it, kill it' campaign slogan, encouraging the public to prevent the flu's spread. It received more than 10,000 views within three hours of its release, and has since accumulated over a million YouTube views.
# Will 2K

"Will 2K" is the second single taken from American rapper Will Smith's second studio album, Willennium (1999). The single was released on November 8, 1999. Sampling instruments and lyrics from the chorus of the Clash's "Rock the Casbah," as well as bits from "Superslapin'" by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, the song was co-written by Smith and produced by Trackmasters. The song features vocals from K-Ci. "Will 2K" peaked at number two in the United Kingdom and pays homage to the new millennium.

## Music video

The music video for "Will 2K" premiered in September 1999, at a total length of five minutes and two seconds. The video features Smith performing the song in a variety of settings, appearing in a series of musical eras and wearing costumes that reflect each epoch. DJ Jazzy Jeff, K-Ci, Eve, Tisha Campbell-Martin and then-husband Duane Martin, among others, make cameos in the video.

## Certifications

Certifications for "Will 2K" :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000$^^$ |
| New Zealand (RMNZ) | Gold | 5,000$^*$ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000$^^$ |
| $^*$ Sales figures based on certification alone. $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||

## Release history

Release dates and formats for "Will 2K" :
| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) |
| United States | October 19, 1999 | Contemporary hiturban radio | Columbia |
| United Kingdom | November 8, 1999 | CDcassette | Columbia |
| United States | November 16, 1999 | 12-inch vinyl | Columbia |
| Japan | January 26, 2000 | CD | Sony |
# Migas cumberi

Migas cumberi is a species of mygalomorph spider endemic to New Zealand.

## Taxonomy

This species was described in 1968 by Cecil Wilton from a single female specimen collected in Nelson. The holotype is stored at the New Zealand Arthropod Collection under registration number NZAC03014986.

## Description

The female is recorded at 11.8mm in length. The carapace and legs are chestnut brown. The abdomen is purplish grey.

## Distribution

This species is only known from Nelson, New Zealand.

## Conservation status

Under the New Zealand Threat Classification System, this species is listed as "Data Deficient" with the qualifiers of "Data Poor: Size", "Data Poor: Trend" and "One Location".