OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Platystrophia

Platystrophia is an extinct genus of brachiopods that lived from the Ordovician to the Silurian in Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. It has a prominent sulcus and fold. It usually lived in marine lime mud and sands.

## Distribution

Platystrophia ponderosa has been found in the Fairview and Oregonia (=Arnheim) Formations, Platystrophia clarksvillensis in the Waynesville and Liberty Formations, and Platystrophia cypha from Grant Lake to the Liberty Formations. In South America, the genus is found in the Ordovician San Juan Formation of Argentina and the Caparo Formation of Venezuela.

## Species

Species in the genus Platystrophia include:
* P. acutilirata (Conrad, 1842)
* P. amoena McEwan, 1919
* P. annieana Foerste, 1910
* P. anomala Hiller, 1980
* P. baltica Zuykov and Harper, 2007
* P. biforatus (Schlotheim, 1820)
* P. caelata Williams, 1974
* P. chama Eichwald, 1861
* P. clarkvillensis Foerste, 1910
* P. colbiensis Foerste, 1910
* P. costata Zuykov, 2000
* P. costatus (Pander, 1830)
* P. crassoplicata Alichova, 1951
* P. cypha (James, 1874)
* P. dentata Pander, 1830
* P. elegantula McEwan, 1919
* P. extensa McEwan, 1920
* P. hongueda
* P. hopensis (Foerste, 1910)
* P. humilis Li and Copper, 2006
* P. laticosta (James, 1871)
* P. lutkevichi Alikhova, 1951
* P. lynx Eichwald, 1830
* P. orbiculata Oraspold, 1959
* P. pogrebovi Zuykov and Harper, 2007
* P. ponderosa Foerste, 1909
* P. profundosulcata (Meek, 1873)
* P. putilovensis Zuykov, 1999
* P. quadriplicata Alikhova, 1951
* P. saxbyensis Oraspold, 1959
* P. scotica Williams, 1962
* P. tramorensis Liljeroth et al., 2017
* P. trentonensis McEwan, 1919
# Irondequoit Limestone

The Irondequoit Limestone is a geologic formation in New York and southern Ontario. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.
# Ishbel Formation

The Ishbel Formation is a geologic formation in British Columbia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.
# GReAT

Graph Rewriting and Transformation (GReAT) is a Model Transformation Language (MTL) for Model Integrated Computing available in the GME environment. GReAT has a rich pattern specification sublanguage, a graph transformation sublanguage and a high level control-flow sublanguage. It has been designed to address the specific needs of the model transformation area. The GME environment is an example of a Model Driven Engineering (MDE) framework.
# Poul Dalsager

Poul Christian Dalsager (5 March 1929 – 2 May 2001) was a Danish Social Democrats politician.
He was Minister of Agriculture in the second cabinet of Anker Jørgensen, from February 1975 to August 1978, and Minister of Fisheries from February 1975 to February 1977.
In the fourth cabinet of Anker Jørgensen, Dalsager was Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries from October 1979 to January 1981.
From 1981 to 1985, he was European Commissioner for Agriculture in the Thorn Commission.
He was mayor of Hjørring Municipality from 1990 to 1995, when he retired due to illness.

## Source

* HVEM-HVAD-HVOR 1976, Politikens Forlag, København 1975.
| Preceded byFinn Olav Gundelach | Danish European Commissioner 1981–1985 | Succeeded byHenning Christophersen |
* This article about a mayor in Denmark is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This article about a politician in the European Commission is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Kanosh Shale

The Kanosh Shale is a geologic formation in Utah. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.
# Karangatites

Karangatites is a genus of ceratitid ammonites included in the Meekoceratidae, found in the upper Lower Triassic, Olenkean stage, of far eastern Russia.

## Species

* Karangatites evolutus.
# Kashevarof Formation

The Kashevarof Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.
# Keyser Limestone Formation

The Keyser Limestone Formation is a geologic formation in West Virginia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.
# Kirkland Formation

The Kirkland Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.
# Knockerk Formation

The Knockerk Formation is a geologic formation in Ireland. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.
# Knoydart Formation

The Knoydart Formation is a geologic formation in Nova Scotia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
# Kugururok Formation

The Kugururok Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
# Kunga Group

The Kunga Group is a geologic group in British Columbia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.
# Labrador Group

The Labrador Group is a geologic group in Newfoundland and Labrador. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period.
# Ladegardsaen Formation

The Ladegardsaen Formation is a geologic formation in Greenland. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.
# La Difunta Formation

The La Difunta Formation is a geologic formation in Mexico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.
# La Lande Muree Formation

The La Lande Muree Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.
# Landevennec Formation

The Landevennec Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
# Langenfelde Formation

The Langenfelde Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.
# LaPorte City Formation

The LaPorte City Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.
# Ledumahadi

Ledumahadi (meaning "giant thunderclap" in Sesotho language) is a genus of lessemsaurid sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Elliot Formation in Free State Province, South Africa. The type and only species is L. mafube, known from a singular incomplete postcranial specimen. A quadruped, it was one of the first giant sauropodomorphs, reaching a weight of around 12 tonnes (13 short tons), despite not having evolved columnar limbs like its later huge relatives.

## Description

Ledumahadi was likely a quadruped, as determined by analysis of the circumference of its humerus and femur compared to those of other dinosaurs. It would have had very large, robust forelimbs, consistent with those of its relatives. Unlike those of later sauropods, these limbs were naturally flexed, as opposed to being purely columnar.

### Size

At its time in the Early Jurassic epoch, Ledumahadi is thought to have been the largest land animal that had ever lived. At the age of 14 years, L. mafube is estimated to have reached a maximum size of around 12 tonnes (13 short tons) in body mass, significantly larger than its relatives. L. mafube was more comparable to the later sauropod Diplodocus in body mass. An ichnotaxon named Tetrasauropus belongs to a sauropodomorph that is estimated to have a hip height of 2 m (6.6 ft), meaning that it likely belongs to Ledumahadi.

## Classification

A phylogenetic analysis of Ledumahadi mafube was performed by McPhee and colleagues, which found it to belong to a recently recognised clade of sauropodiformes called Lessemsauridae, including the closely related South African Antetonitrus and Lessemsaurus from Argentina. Another lessemsaurid described in 2018, Ingentia, could not be included in their analysis but was also recognised as belonging to Lessemsauridae. The results of McPhee and colleagues' analysis are shown in the cladogram below:
The size of the taxon was deemed to be important in the wider picture of sauropodomorph evolution, similar to its other lessemsaurid relatives. Living only a few million years after the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event, it indicates that this event must have either had only a small effect on body size within the sauropodomorph lineage, or may have not affected it at all. Significance was also found in the magnitude of the size itself—it lacked the columnar limbs that characterized its more derived relatives, thought to be a key adaptation in body size evolution. Ornithischian dinosaurs reach their largest sizes around a similar size of 12 to 17 tonnes in weight. This may have been the upper limit for dinosaurs without adopting the characteristics found in true sauropods, which grew to be several times the weight of Ledumahadi.
# Breydon Viaduct

Breydon Viaduct was a railway bridge across the River Yare near Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England, that was built by the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway (M&GN).

## History

Breydon Viaduct was built to cross the River Yare just downstream of Breydon Water and hence connect Yarmouth Beach station to the Norfolk and Suffolk Joint Railway line from Yarmouth South Town railway station. By doing so it gave passengers from the Midlands a direct link to Lowestoft. The Engineer-in-Chief of the work was Alexander Ross, the Chief Engineer of the Great Northern Railway. William E. Newman provided the mechanical and structural design and William Marriott acted as executive engineer. The bridge was 800 ft (240 m) long and consisted of five spans. The second span from the south rotated about its midpoint in the manner of a swing bridge to leave two 60 ft (18 m) passages for river traffic. This section sat on a cast iron pivot which used 2 in (51 mm) ball bearings which made the bridge so free running that it could be manually opened by just one person.
Work on the bridge began in 1899 and it was finished in 1903 at a total cost of £38,453. (equivalent to £5,215,631 in 2023), It was the largest structure on the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway. The bridge was successfully weight tested on 8 July 1903 with a train of heavy engines and it was opened shortly after. The bridge was single track whilst the rest of the line was double track and so signal boxes were provided at each end. River traffic on the Yare had priority over trains that wished to use the bridge. The viaduct closed on 21 September 1953 prior to the rest of the MG&N line. The tracks over the bridge remained in place for several years afterwards before the bridge was finally demolished in 1962. At the time of its closure it was anticipated that major repairs would be required to keep it in service, although it was found to be in good condition when it was demolished. The closure left Yarmouth Beach station a terminus until it was closed in 1959. After its demolition the pilings remained in the river until the construction of Breydon Road Bridge in the late 1980s when they were removed. The new road bridge followed the alignment of the rail viaduct and was a drawbridge which could open completely in 90 seconds; the rail bridge could take up to ten minutes to open in strong winds.
# Chondroplon

Chondroplon bilobatum is a medusoid Ediacaran fossil. It has sand-filled tubes, although these may not have been sand-filled in life. It has a shield-like shape, with one end different from the other, and bilateral symmetry, and although it has been suggested that it possesses glide reflection symmetry, such suggestions are based upon a taphonomic effect deforming some specimens. Chondroplon was originally described by Mary Wade in 1971 from fossils found in South Australia. It was named after chondrophores — chitinous floats found on some kinds of colonial floating hydroids.
In addition to the Ediacara Hills in South Australia Chondroplon is also found in the White Sea area of Russia. The host rocks in these areas have been dated as 555 million years old.
The original interpretation was that Chondroplon is a chondrophorine cnidarian. It has also been interpreted as a deformed Dickinsonia. The Vendobionta theory has them as "fluid–filled quilts". As with most of the Ediacaran biota, scientists are yet to reach agreement on a firm classification for this enigmatic fossil.
# Deltoptychius

Deltoptychius (from Greek: δέλτα délta, 'triangle' and Greek: πτυχή ptyche 'fold') is an extinct species of cartilaginous fish related to the modern chimaeras. It lived in the Carboniferous period in present-day United Kingdom. Fossils of the genus have been found in the Glencartholm Volcanic Beds Formation of the Upper Border Group in Scotland.
Although it emerged over 300 million years ago, Deltoptychius was similar in appearance to modern-day chimaeras, possessing a long, whip-like tail and large, wing-like pectoral fins that it probably used to glide through the water. Deltoptychius's large eyes allowed it to hunt in deep waters, crushing shellfish between solid tooth plates in its mouth.
# Aleksandr Roediger

Alexander Roediger (or Rödiger) (Russian: Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Ре́дигер, tr. Aleksándr Fyodorovich Rédiger; 12 January 1854 [O.S. 31 December 1853], in Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Governorate, Russian Empire – 26 January 1920, in Sevastopol, Crimean ASSR, Russian SFSR) was a Russo-German General of Infantry who fought in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, served as a member of the Imperial Russian State Council, and was the Minister of War of the Russian Empire (1905–1909). He also briefly served as the Minister of War of the Principality of Bulgaria (1883).

## Biography
### Origin

Born on 12 January [O.S. 31 December 1853] 1854, Roediger was born into a German family of Philipp Friedrich Roediger and a Finland-Swedish noblewoman Elisabeth Charlotta von Schulmann, his father was a German who was working as a cadet school principal in Novgorod at the time of Alexander’s birth. His family was of Hessian origin.

## Career

Roediger graduate of the Page Corps and a student of the Nikolayev Academy of the General Staff; served in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878; in 1882 was appointed Assistant Minister and later Minister of War of the newly independent Principality of Bulgaria; on his return to Russia became a Professor in the Nikolayev Military Academy. He was appointed Assistant Minister of War of Russia in 1898 under Aleksey Kuropatkin. Served as Russian Minister of War from 1905 through 1909 serving in the Witte, Goremykin and Stolypin governments. He was also an appointed member of the Imperial State Council beginning in 1905. In June 1907 police foiled a plot to assassinate Roediger. Several members of Socialist-Revolutionary Party were arrested.
# Ashiq Qurbani

Ashik Qurbani or Kurbani (Azerbaijani: Aşıq Qurbani) was an Azerbaijani ashik.

## Early life

Qurbani was born in about 1477 in Iri village (today Jabrayil District of Azerbaijan).

## Musician

He was a contemporary of Shah Ismail and may have served as a court musician. According to folk traditions, Qurbani became an ashik via divine intervention in a dream. In the dream, he sees a big palace and a beautiful maiden in the garden. The girl is looking at him. A Saint holds one of the girl's hands; a second Saint holds the other and puts a love potion into her hand. Qurbani opens his eyes while trying to embrace the girl, but realizes that it has all been a dream. Thus he falls in love with the maiden whose name was Perizat (Pari). This tradition is the basis of a famous ashik hikaye, known as "Qurbani and Pari".

## Compositions

Qurbani's compositions were handed down orally and are performed by every ashik. A famous qushma, titled Violet, starts with:
Başina mən dönüm ala göz Pəri, --- (O my dearest, my love, my beautiful green-eyed Pari) Adətdir dərələr yaz bənəvşəni. --- (Custom bids us pluck violets when spring days begin) Ağ nazik əlinən dər dəstə bağla, --- (With your tender white hand gather a nosegay,) Tər buxaq altinə düz bənəvşəni... --- (Pin it under your dainty chin.....)
# Arctoptychites

Arctoptychites is a genus of extinct cephalopods belonging to the ceratitid family Ptychitidae, and related to such genera as Ptychites and Aristoptychites; all from the Triassic.
The Ptychitidae, to which Arctoptychites belongs, is a family of ceratitid ammonites (sensu lato) with ammonitic sutures and variably subglobular to compressed, ribbed or smooth, generally evolute shells.
# Betsham

Betsham is a hamlet in the parish of Southfleet in Kent, England.
Betsham is a mile north-west from the village of Southfleet, which is situated nearly in the middle of the parish. The hamlet was formerly called Bedesham and lies on the road that leads from Green Street Green (formerly Greensted-green) in the parish of Darenth to Southfleet railway station and thence to Wingfield-bank, Northfleet where it meets the ancient Roman highway Watling Street (A2 motorway), which runs along the northern side of this parish.
Westwood Road links Betsham with Westwood to the south.
# Lüshi (poetry)

Lüshi (traditional Chinese: 律詩; simplified Chinese: 律诗; pinyin: lǜshī; Wade–Giles: lü-shih) refers to a specific form of Classical Chinese poetry verse form. One of the most important poetry forms of classical Chinese poetry, the lüshi refers to an eight-line regulated verse form with lines made up of five, six, or seven characters; thus:
* Five-character eight-line regulated verse (wulü): a form of regulated verse with eight lines of five characters each.
* Six-character eight-line regulated verse is relatively rare.
* Seven-character eight-line regulated verse (qilü): a form of regulated verse with eight lines of seven characters each.
* Extended forms (pailü): expansion of the forms listed above with more than eight lines.
All lüshi forms are rhymed on the even lines, with one rhyme being used throughout the poem. Also, and definitionally, the tonal profile of the poem is controlled (that is, "regulated").

## Historical development

Although the idea of regulating the tonal pattern of poetry can be traced back to Shen Yue, the lüshi form did not reach its final codification until the seventh century.

## Well-known examples

Well-known examples of the form include the Tang poet Li Bai's "Seeing Off a Friend" (送友人) and "On Climbing in Nanjing to the Terrace of Phoenixes" (登金陵鳳凰臺).
# Max Merten

Max Merten (8 September 1911 in Berlin-Lichterfelde – 21 September 1971 in West Berlin) was the Kriegsverwaltungsrat (military administration counselor) of the Nazi German occupation forces in Thessaloniki in northern Greece during World War II. He was responsible among other crimes for the deportation of c. 50,000 Jews of the city as part of the Holocaust.
He was arrested during a visit to Greece in 1959, which caused a political scandal, the "Merten Affair" (Greek: Υπόθεση Μέρτεν). He was convicted in Greece and sentenced to a 25-year term as a war criminal. After a short, two-year imprisonment, political pressure by West Germany and personal intervention by Chancellor Adenauer, led to his extradition to his homeland, where he was set free.
According to Spiliotis, the handling of the Merten case was defined by both Greek and German political and economic interests, as was the question of war crimes in postwar Greek-German relations in general.
On 28 September 1960 the West German newspapers Hamburger Echo and Der Spiegel published excerpts of Merten's deposition to the German authorities, where Merten claimed that the Greek Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis was an informer during the Nazi occupation of Greece. These statements caused a reaction by the leader of the opposition, Georgios Papandreou, and the Greek Left against Karamanlis.
Karamanlis rejected the claims as unsubstantiated and absurd. Merten's accusations against Karamanlis were never corroborated in a court of law.

## Literature

* Gerrit Hamann: Die Rosenburg und der Kriegsverbrecher: Der Fall Max Merten, in: Gerd J. Nettersheim/Doron Kiesel (Hrsg.): Das Bundesministerium der Justiz und die NS-Vergangenheit. Bewertungen und Perspektiven, Göttingen 2021, S. 123–152, ISBN 978-3-666-35218-8, doi:10.13109/9783666352188.
* Gerrit Hamann: Max Merten. Jurist und Kriegsverbrecher. Eine biografische Fallstudie zum Umgang mit NS-Tätern in der frühen Bundesrepublik, Göttingen 2022, ISBN 978-3-525-35224-3, doi:10.13109/9783666352249.
# FC Internațional Curtea de Argeș

Internaţional Curtea de Argeș was a Romanian professional football club from Curtea de Argeș, Argeș County, founded in 2000 and dissolved in 2011. During its short existence, the club reached the highest stage in Romanian football, Liga I, playing for a season in this first tier.

## History

| Period | Name |
| 2000–2005 | Internațional Pitești |
| 2007–2011 | Internațional Curtea de Argeș |
The club was founded in 2000 by local business man Ion Lazăr, being then named Internațional Piteşti. It activated since the beginning in the Divizia C, and at the end of the first season in history, the club succeeded to promote to the Divizia B, finishing first in the series. The second season in history meant a fifth-place finish at the end of the Divizia B 2001–02 season. Another 3 seasons of second league football followed, finishing 11th, 8th and 13th, respectively, after which they sold their right to play in the Divizia B to Astra Ploiești.
Two years of pause passes for Internațional, until 2007, when Ion Lazăr, founded once again the club, and this time with headquarters in Curtea de Argeș. After buying the right from Voința Macea, the team plays once again in the Third League, and finishes first, promoting to the Liga II.
On 6 June 2009, the club succeeds to promote to the Liga I and obtains the greatest performance ever made by a club from Curtea de Argeș, becoming the third team from Argeș County that will play in the Liga I after FC Argeș Pitești and Dacia Mioveni.
Inter finished 12th its first Liga I season in history, but during the summer it announced that is forfeiting next season because Ion Lazăr, the owner of the club, couldn't afford to keep losing money in the football industry. Pandurii Târgu Jiu, the club that finished 15th last season, will take its place in the Liga I.
Internațional played in the Liga IV in the 2010–11 season, but was dissolved at the end of the season.

## Stadium

Internaţional played its Liga III home matches on the Municipal Stadium in Curtea de Argeș. In the Liga II it played on the Ştrand Stadium in Piteşti and in the Liga I it played on the Dacia Stadium in Mioveni and on the Nicolae Dobrin Stadium in Piteşti.

## Honours

Liga II
* Runners-up (1): 2008–09
Liga III
* Winners (2): 2000–01, 2007–08

## Former managers

* Stelian Badea (2001–2004)
* Octavian Grigore (2004–2005)
* Ștefan Stoica (2009)
* Ionuț Badea (2009–2010)
# Hyderabad Chloroform Commission

The Hyderabad Chloroform Commission was commissioned in Hyderabad by the then ruler of Hyderabad State, Mir Mahbub Ali Khan. The first Chloroform Commission was gathered in the year 1888 to assess the toxicity of chloroform when used in humans to allow for painless operations. The second commission was formed in the year 1889. Thus making Hyderabad the first to use the chloroform in a medical field.
Famous Scottish surgeon, Dr Edward Lawrie, Residency Surgeon in Hyderabad, pioneered a technique that he claimed permitted safe and painless operations. The first commission formed at Dr. Lawrie's request to evaluate his technique. The commission's findings were published in The Lancet in 1890. In 1891, the book Report of the Hyderabad Chloroform Commission was published by the Nizam's government.
In 1988, Osmania General Hospital celebrated the centenary of the Hyderabad Chloroform Commissions.
# Luca Mora

Luca Mora (born 10 May 1988) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Serie D club Cittadella Vis Modena.

## Club career

Mora made his professional debut in the Lega Pro for Alessandria on 19 September 2014 in a game against Pavia.
On 22 January 2021 he returned to SPAL on a 1.5-year contract.
On 15 July 2022, Mora signed with Pescara.
On 12 January 2024, Mora signed a contract with Fiorenzuola until 30 June 2025.