# Lee Breuer

Esser Leopold "Lee" Breuer (February 6, 1937 – January 3, 2021) was an Obie Award-winning and Pulitzer-, Grammy-, Emmy- and Tony-nominated American playwright, theater director, academic, educator, filmmaker, poet, and lyricist. Breuer taught and directed on six continents.

## Career

Breuer was a founding co-artistic director of Mabou Mines Theater Company in New York City, which Breuer began in 1970 with colleagues Philip Glass, Ruth Maleczech, JoAnne Akalaitis, David Warrilow, and Frederick Neumann. Since the birth of the company, Breuer worked with Mabou Mines.
In 2013, Breuer directed the La Divina Caricatura: Part I The Shaggy Dog which was co-produced by Mabou Mines. In 2005, Breuer's previous Mabou Mines production Red Beads, was adapted by Breuer from a Russian folk story, created in collaboration with puppeteer Basil Twist and composer Ushio Torikai. Of the September 2005 New York City premiere, the New York Times critic wrote "...theater as sorcery; it is a crossroads where artistic traditions meet to invent a marvelous common language. It is a fairy tale, a puppet play and a chamber opera… amazing work."
Mabou Mines Dollhouse, a deconstruction of the Ibsen classic, won 2004 Obie Awards for Best Director and Best Performance. The production toured nationally and internationally. Breuer directed high definition video adaptation of stage production for Arte television France, which was aired throughout Europe.
Much of Breuer's work with Mabou Mines premiered at The Public Theater (NYC) under the patronage of the late Joseph Papp, and at the La Mama Experimental Theater Club under the patronage of Ellen Stewart. These include his Obie-winning adaptation of three works by Samuel Beckett: Play, Come and Go and The Lost Ones.
Breuer authored/directed Mabou Mines' trilogy, Animations, including The B Beaver, The Red Horse and The Shaggy Dog Animation, which was awarded the Obie for Best Play in 1978. In 1980 Breuer received two Obies for writing and direction of his play, A Prelude to a Death in Venice. He also wrote and directed An Epidog, the winner of the President's Commission Kennedy Center-American Express Award for Best New Work.
In 1976 he appeared in Rosa von Praunheim's New York film Underground and Emigrants.

### The Gospel at Colonus

Breuer's best-known work is The Gospel at Colonus, a Pentecostal Gospel rendering of Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus, created with composer Bob Telson, starring Morgan Freeman and Clarence Fountain. It premiered at the Brooklyn Academy of Music's "Next Wave Festival". It was later performed on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theater in 1988 for which he was nominated for a Tony Award. The production received numerous awards, including a Pulitzer Prize nomination (1988), an Obie Award for Best Musical (1984), and an Emmy.
The Gospel at Colonus would go on to performances worldwide (Paris, Spoleto, Edinburgh, Moscow, Barcelona, London, Avignon). It was recreated for the 70th Anniversary of New York's legendary Apollo Theater for two weeks in the fall of 2004 starring Charles S. Dutton and Jevetta Steele.

### Productions

In 1981, with Ruth Maleczech, Lee Breuer directed The Tempest for Joseph Papp's Shakespeare in the Park, starring Raul Julia. Breuer and Maleczech's daughter Clove Galilee played "Young Miranda" in the production.
Breuer's music-theater collaborations with Bob Telson include Sister Suzie Cinema (featuring 14 Karat Soul), which premiered at The Public Theater and was televised on the PBS series, "Alive from Off Center" and “The Warrior Ant” which premiered at BAM in 1988.
Breuer has directed 13 Obie Award-winning productions over a period of more than 40 years including: David Warrilow in The Lost Ones (1974); Bill Raymond in A Prelude to Death in Venice (1979); Ruth Maleczech in Hajj (1986); Yoshida Tamamatsu in The Warrior Ant (1990); Ruth Maleczech, Isabel Monk, Karen Kandel and Greg Mehrten in Mabou Mines Lear (1991); Karen Kandel in Peter and Wendy (1997); and Maude Mitchell in Mabou Mines Dollhouse (2004). His involvement outside of the U.S. includes directing Yi Sang Counts to Thirteen by Sung Rno, which had its debut in South Korea at the Seoul Theater Festival 2000.
Lee taught an acting workshop in New Delhi, India during the summer of 2011 where he wrote and directed a workshop production of La Divina Caricatura. Divina is a Bunraku pop-opera that uses puppetry and draws from the traditional format of Indian epics such as the Mahabharata.

## Personal life

Breuer was born in Philadelphia. He studied English at the University of California, Los Angeles. Breuer married Maleczech in 1978. They had two children (Clove Galilee and Lute Breuer) and remained legally married until her death in 2013, but spent much of the latter period separated. He also had three children (Alexander Tiappa Klimovitsky, Mojo Lorwin, and Wah Mohn) by other relationships. Ms. Mitchell and Mr. Breuer met in 1999 at Sundance Theater Lab and became partners; they married in 2015. In addition to Mitchell, he was survived by his daughter, Clove Galilee; his sons, Lute Ramblin Breuer, Alexander Tiappa Klimovitsky, Mojo Lorwin and Wah Mohn; daughters-in-law Jenny Rogers and Martha Elliot and three grandchildren.
Breuer's children all grew up to be artists. Like their mothers — Maleczech, Klimovitskaya, Lorwin and Leslie Mohn (died 2007) — all had collaborated with him.
Breuer died at his home in Brooklyn Heights on January 3, 2021, at age 83. He had advanced kidney disease and metastatic lung cancer.

## Selected works
### Plays

| Title | Role | Year |
| The Warrior Ant (La Divina Caricatura play cycle) | Playwright | 1988 |
| An Epidog (La Divina Caricatura play cycle) | Playwright | 1996 |
| Ecco Porco (La Divina Caricatura play cycle) | Playwright | 2002 |
| Peter and Wendy | Lyricist | 1996 |
| Mabou Mines Dollhouse | Adaptor | 2003 |
| Red Beads | Playwright | 1993 |
| The MahabharANTa | Playwright | 1992 |
| Gospel at Colonus | Playwright | 1982 |
| The Quantum | Playwright | 1991 |
| Hajj | Playwright | 1982 |
| Lear | Playwright | 1990 |
| The Saint and the Football Players | Playwright | 1976 |
| The Lost Ones (Samuel Beckett) | Adaptor | 1976 |
| Red Horse Animation (Animations Trilogy) | Playwright | 1972 |
| B-Beaver Animation (Animations Trilogy) | Playwright | 1974 |
| Shaggy Dog Animation (Animations Trilogy) | Playwright | 1978 |
| A Prelude to Death in Venice | Playwright | 1980 |
| Sister Suzie Cinema | Playwright | 1980 |
| The Line | Playwright | 1959 |
| A Play | Playwright | 1958 |
| The Wood Complains | Playwright | 1957 |

### Publications

| Title | Publisher | Year |
| Animations: A Trilogy for Mabou Mines | Performing Arts Journal Publications | 1979 |
| Red Horse Animation | The Theatre of Images, Drama Book Specialists | 1977 |
| A Prelude to Death in Venice | Theatre Communications Group | 1982 |
| Sister Suzie Cinema: The Collected Poems and Performances, 1976-1986 | Theatre Communications Group | 1987 |
| The Warrior Ant: Poems | Vincent FitzGerald & Co. | 1992 |
| La Divina Caricatura: A Fiction | Green Integer | 2002 |
| Gospel at Colonus | Theatre Communications Group | 1989 |
| Travailler de Bois | Puck: La point critique | 2010 |
| Porco Morto | The Drama Review | 2009 |
| The Wall (short fiction) | Westwinds Magazine | 1959 |
| In the City (short fiction) | San Francisco Review | 1961 |
| How We Work | Performing Arts Journal | 1977 |
| B-Beaver Animation | From the Other Side of the Century Collection. Sun & Moon Press | 1998 |

### Awards, et al

2011 Named USA Ford Fellow in Theater Arts by United States Artists
2011 Elliot Norton award for "Best Touring Production" Mabou Mines DollHouse
2008 Honored by the Cairo International Experimental Theatre Festival
2008 XI Festival Iberoamericana de Teatro de Bogota 2007
2008 Herald Archangel Award, Edinburgh Festival
2007 Edwin Booth Award presented to the Artistic Directors of Mabou Mines by the Doctoral Theatre Students Association at the Graduate Center, CUNY.
2006 Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters, Ministry of Culture of France
2004 OBIE Award for 'Direction' for MABOU MINES DOLLHOUSE
1997 OBIE Award for 'Best Production' to PETER AND WENDY
1994 Fund for New American Plays Award, Best American Play, for THE EPIDOG (Breuer)
1986 OBIE Award for 'Sustained Achievement' to Mabou Mines
1985 National Institute for Music Theater Award 'Outstanding Achievement' to GOSPEL AT COLONUS
1985 Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Concept to GOSPEL AT COLONUS
1985 Los Angeles Dramalogue Award for Best Direction and Text to GOSPEL AT COLONUS
1985 National Black Programming Award for Best Production Communicating Excellence to Black Audiences to GOSPEL AT COLONUS 1985 National Institute of Music Theater's Award for the Advancement of Music Theater
1984 OBIE Award for 'Best Musical' to GOSPEL AT COLONUS
1984 National Gospel Association Award 'Outstanding Production' to GOSPEL AT COLONUS
1984 Brandeis University Creative Arts Awards Citation in Theatre Arts to Mabou Mines for 'extraordinary artistic achievement,' re: script for HAJJ (Breuer)
1983 National ASCAP Popular Song Award for GOSPEL AT COLONUS lyrics
1983 United Gospel Association Award for Best Production to GOSPEL AT COLONUS
1983 American Theater Wing Joseph Maharam Award 'Consistently Excellent Collaborative Design'
1981 Villager Downtown Theatre Award to Mabou Mines for Outstanding Season
1980 OBIE Award to Lee Breuer for his script and direction of A PRELUDE TO DEATH IN VENICE.
1980 San Francisco Critics' Circle Award: Best Touring Production to A PRELUDE TO DEATH IN VENICE
1980 Villager Downtown Theatre Award for 'Best Musical' to SISTER SUZIE CINEMA
1979 Los Angeles Dramalogue Critics' Award to Lee Breuer (Direction) for THE LOST ONES
1978 OBIE Award for Best Play to Lee Breuer for THE SHAGGY DOG ANIMATION
1978 Villager Downtown Theatre Award to THE SHAGGY DOG ANIMATION
1978 Soho News Award for Best Ensemble to THE SHAGGY DOG ANIMATION
1974 OBIE Award for 'General Excellence' to Mabou Mines
1958-9 UCLA 'Best Play' Award to A PLAY and THE LINE
1958 Samuel French Award to A PLAY

#### Nominations

1988 Tony Nomination for Best Book - GOSPEL AT COLONUS (officially declined)
1988 Pulitzer Prize Nomination for Best Play - GOSPEL AT COLONUS
1987 NAACP Image Award Nomination - GOSPEL AT COLONUS
1986 Grammy Award Nomination for Best Theatrical Album - GOSPEL AT COLONUS
1986 Emmy Award Nomination for Best Direction (with Tod Browning) - GOSPEL AT COLONUS
In 1998, Breuer, was awarded an honorary degree from California Institute of the Arts.

#### Fellowships

2011 USA Ford Fellow in Theater Arts by United States Artists
2006 Bunting Fellowship - Radcliffe College, Cambridge, MA
2003 Fulbright Fellowship - Greece
2001 Asian Cultural Council - Thailand, Study 2000 Asian Cultural Council - Seoul, Korea, Workshop
1997-2001 John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Fellowship
1995 Asian Cultural Council - China, Teaching at Dramatic Institute in Beijing
1993 Japan-United States Friendship Commission - Japan, Research and Tour Planning
1992 Asian Cultural Council - China
1992 Arts International - China, Teaching and Travel
1992 Arts International - Bali, Rehearsal and Travel
1990-91 CIES Counsel for International Exchange of Scholars - North and South India
1985 Rockefeller Foundation Playwriting Fellowship
1984 McKnight Foundation Playwriting Fellowship
1983 Japan-United States Friendship Commission Exchange Fellowship
1982 National Endowment for the Arts Playwriting Fellowship
1979 Rockefeller Foundation Playwriting Fellowship
1978 Creative Artists Public Service (CAPS) Fellowship
1978 National Endowment for the Arts Playwriting Fellowship
1977 Guggenheim Fellowship

### Teaching

2011 Towsen University, Baltimore Maryland, Development workshop
2011 Duke University, North Carolina, Development workshop
2010 Master Classes, Moscow and St. Petersburg
2010 National Theatre of Scotland, Glasgow
2009 National Theatre of Scotland, Edinburgh
2009 Guest Faculty Shanghai University
2006 Guest Lecturer University of Thessaloniki
2004-06 Guest teaching, Yale University School of Drama, Brown University
1986-89 Co-Chair of Directing Department, Yale University School of Drama
1995-99 Professor of Theater, Stanford University 1995-99 Associate Professor
1994 UC Santa Cruz
1992-93 Associate Professor, Arizona State University West
1977-80 Associate Professor, Yale University School of Drama
1981 Harvard University Extension (Writers & Directors Seminar)
1981 Experimental Wing, New York University