# Cocoseae

Cocoseae is a tribe of cocosoid palms of the family Arecaceae.

## Description

The fruit of the Cocoseae is a modified drupe, with a sclerenchymatous epicarp and a highly developed mesocarp, formed mainly by parenchyma . The endocarp is generally sclerenchymatous and protects the seeds from predation and drying. The most obvious synapomorphy of the species of this tribe is the presence, in the endocarp, of three or more "eyes" or pores of germination. According to Thomas C. Whitmore all Cocosoid palms have inflorescences in which the flowers are in triads (sets of three flowers).

## Distribution

The Cocoseae are distributed mainly in the Neotropical regions, with two genera endemic to Africa (Jubaeopsis and Elaeis) and Madagascar (Beccariophoenix and Voanioala), respectively.

## Systematics

The Cocoseae in the sense of Dransfield et al. (2008) are identified as natural relatives (monophylum) in most studies. Their systematic position within the Arecoideae is still unclear. Different studies see them as a sister group of the Reinhardtieae, as a sister group of the group from Reinhardtieae and Roystoneeae, or as a sister group of the Oranieae.
The tribe is divided into three subtribes. All three are monophyletic. Bactridinae and Elaeidinae are sister groups

### Genera

| Subtribe | Genus | Extant species |
| Beccariophoenicinae J.Dransf. & Uhl | Beccariophoenix Jum. & H.Perrier | Beccariophoenix alfredii Rakotoarin., Ranariv. & J.Dransf. (High plateau coconut palm) Beccariophoenix madagascariensis Jum. & H.Perrier (Coastal beccariophoenix) Beccariophoenix fenestralis J. Dransfield & M. Rakotoarinivo (Giant windowpane palm) |
| Butiinae Saakov | Allagoptera Nees | Allagoptera arenaria (Gomes [pt]) Kuntze (1891) Allagoptera brevicalyx M.Moraes (1993) Allagoptera campestris (Mart.) Kuntze (1891) Allagoptera caudescens (Mart.) Kuntze (1891)(Buri palm) Allagoptera leucocalyx (Drude) Kuntze (1891) |
| Butiinae Saakov | Butia (Becc.) Becc (Jelly palms) | Butia archeri (Glassman) Glassman Butia arenicola (Barb.Rodr.) Burret Butia campicola (Barb.Rodr.) Noblick Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc. Butia catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi Butia eriospatha (Mart. ex Drude) Becc. (Woolly butia palm) Butia exilata Deble & Marchiori Butia exospadix Noblick Butia lallemantii Deble & Marchiori Butia lepidotispatha Noblick Butia leptospatha (Burret) Noblick Butia marmorii Noblick Butia matogrossensis Noblick & Lorenzi Butia microspadix Burret Butia odorata (Barb.Rodr.) Noblick (South American jelly palm) Butia paraguayensis (Barb.Rodr.) L.H.Bailey (Dwarf yatay palm) Butia pubispatha Noblick & Lorenzi Butia purpurascens Glassman Butia witeckii K.Soares & S. Longhi Butia yatay (Mart.) Becc. |
| Butiinae Saakov | Jubaea Kunth | Jubaea chilensis (Molina) Baill. (Chilean wine palm) |
| Butiinae Saakov | Jubaeopsis Becc. | Jubaeopsis afra Becc. (Pondoland palm) |
| Butiinae Saakov | Cocos L. | Cocos nucifera L. (Coconut) |
| Butiinae Saakov | Syagrus Mart. | 56 species: Syagrus allagopteroides Noblick & Lorenzi Syagrus amara (Jacq.) Mart. (Overtop palm) Syagrus angustifolia Noblick & Lorenzi Syagrus botryophora (Mart.) Mart. Syagrus caerulescens Noblick & Lorenzi Syagrus campestris (Mart.) Bomhard Syagrus campylospatha (Barb.Rodr.) Becc. Syagrus cardenasii Glassman Syagrus cearensis Noblick Syagrus cerqueirana Noblick & Lorenzi Syagrus cocoides Mart. Syagrus comosa (Mart.) Mart. Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc. (Licuri palm) Syagrus deflexa Noblick & Lorenzi Syagrus duartei Glassman Syagrus evansiana Noblick Syagrus flexuosa (Mart.) Becc. Syagrus glaucescens Glaz. ex Becc. Syagrus glazioviana (Dammer) Becc. Syagrus gouveiana Noblick & Lorenzi Syagrus graminifolia (Drude) Becc. Syagrus harleyi Glassman Syagrus hoehnei Burret Syagrus inajai (Spruce) Becc. Syagrus insignis S(Devansaye) Becc. Syagrus itacambirana Noblick & Lorenzi Syagrus itapebiensis (Noblick & Lorenzi) Noblick & Meerow Syagrus kellyana Noblick & Lorenzi Syagrus lilliputiana (Barb.Rodr.) Becc. Syagrus loefgrenii Glassman Syagrus lorenzoniorum Noblick & Lorenzi Syagrus macrocarpa Barb.Rodr. Syagrus mendanhensis Glassman Syagrus microphylla Burret Syagrus minor Noblick & Lorenzi Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc. Syagrus orinocensis (Spruce) Burret Syagrus petraea (Mart.) Becc. Syagrus picrophylla Barb.Rodr. Syagrus pimentae Noblick Syagrus pleioclada Burret Syagrus pleiocladoides Noblick & Lorenzi Syagrus pompeoi K. Soares & R. Pimenta Syagrus procumbens Noblick & Lorenzi Syagrus pseudococos (Raddi) Glassman Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman (Queen palm) Syagrus rupicola Noblick & Lorenzi Syagrus ruschiana (Bondar) Glassman Syagrus sancona (Kunth) H. Karst. Syagrus santosii K. Soares & C.A. Guim. Syagrus schizophylla (Mart.) Glassman (Arikury palm) Syagrus smithii (H.E.Moore) Glassman Syagrus stenopetala Burret Syagrus stratincola Wess.Boer Syagrus vagans (Bondar) A.D. Hawkes Syagrus vermicularis Noblick Syagrus weddelliana (H. Wendl.) Becc. Syagrus werdermannii Burret Syagrus yungasensis M. Moraes |
| Butiinae Saakov | Parajubaea Burret | Parajubaea cocoides Burret Parajubaea sunkha M.Moraes Parajubaea torallyi (Mart.) Burret |
| Butiinae Saakov | Voanioala J. Dransf. | Voanioala gerardii J. Dransf. (Forest coconut) |
| Attaleinae Drude | Attalea Kunth | List of Attalea species |
| Elaeidinae Hook.f. | Barcella (Trail) Trail ex Drude | Barcella odora(Trail) Drude |
| Elaeidinae Hook.f. | Elaeis Jacq. | Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (African oil palm) Elaeis oleifera (Kunth) Cortés (American oil palm) |
| Bactridinae Drude | Acrocomia Mart. | Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex R.Keith Acrocomia crispa (Kunth) C. Baker ex. Becc. Acrocomia emensis (Toledo) Lorenzi Acrocomia glaucescens Lorenzi Acrocomia hassleri (Barb.Rodr.) W.J.Hahn Acrocomia intumescens Drude Acrocomia media O.F.Cook Acrocomia totai Mart. |
| Bactridinae Drude | Aiphanes Willd. | 29 species: Aiphanes acanthophylla (Mart.) Burret Aiphanes acaulis Galeano & R.Bernal Aiphanes bicornis Cerón & R.Bernal Aiphanes buenaventurae R.Bernal & Borchs. Aiphanes chiribogensis Borchs. & Balslev Aiphanes deltoidea Burret Aiphanes duquei Burret Aiphanes eggersii Burret Aiphanes erinacea (H.Karst.) H.Wendl. Aiphanes gelatinosa H.E.Moore Aiphanes graminifolia Galeano & R.Bernal Aiphanes grandis Borchs. & Balslev Aiphanes hirsuta Burret Aiphanes horrida (Jacq.) Burret Aiphanes leiostachys Burret Aiphanes lindeniana (H.Wendl.) H.Wendl. Aiphanes linearis Burret Aiphanes macroloba Burret Aiphanes minima (Gaertn.) Burret Aiphanes multiplex R.Bernal & Borchs. Aiphanes parvifolia Burret Aiphanes pilaris R.Bernal Aiphanes simplex Burret Aiphanes spicata Borchs. & R.Bernal Aiphanes stergiosii S.M.Niño Aiphanes tricuspidata Borchs., M.Ruíz & Bernal Aiphanes ulei (Dammer) Burret Aiphanes verrucosa Borchs. & Balslev Aiphanes weberbaueri Burret |
| Bactridinae Drude | Astrocaryum G.Mey. | 36 species: Astrocaryum acaule Mart. Astrocaryum aculeatissimum (Schott) Burret Astrocaryum aculeatum G.Mey. Astrocaryum alatum Loomis Astrocaryum campestre Mart. Astrocaryum carnosum F.Kahn & B.Millán Astrocaryum chambira Burret Astrocaryum chonta Mart. Astrocaryum ciliatum F.Kahn & B.Millán Astrocaryum confertum H.Wendl. ex Burret Astrocaryum faranae F.Kahn & E.Ferreira Astrocaryum farinosum Barb.Rodr. Astrocaryum ferrugineum F.Kahn & B.Millán Astrocaryum giganteum Barb.Rodr. Astrocaryum gratum F.Kahn & B.Millán Astrocaryum gynacanthum Mart. Astrocaryum huaimi Mart. Astrocaryum huicungo Dammer ex Burret Astrocaryum jauari Mart. Astrocaryum javarense (Trail) Drude Astrocaryum macrocalyx Burret Astrocaryum malybo H.Karst. Astrocaryum mexicanum Liebm. ex Mart. Astrocaryum minus Trail Astrocaryum murumuru Mart. Astrocaryum paramaca Mart. Astrocaryum perangustatum F.Kahn & B.Millán Astrocaryum rodriguesii Trail Astrocaryum sciophilum (Miq.) Pulle Astrocaryum scopatum F.Kahn & B.Millán Astrocaryum sociale Barb.Rodr. Astrocaryum standleyanum L.H.Bailey Astrocaryum triandrum Galeano-Garces, R.Bernal & F.Kahn Astrocaryum ulei Burret Astrocaryum urostachys Burret Astrocaryum vulgare Mart. |
| Bactridinae Drude | Atitara (Trail) Trail ex Drude | Atitara aculeata Atitara americana Atitara polyphylla |
| Bactridinae Drude | Bactris Jacq. ex Scop. | 78 species: Bactris acanthocarpa Mart. Bactris acanthocarpoides Barb.Rodr. Bactris ana-juliae Cascante Bactris aubletiana Trail Bactris baculifera Karw. ex Mart. Bactris bahiensis Noblick ex A.J.Hend. Bactris balanophora Spruce Bactris barronis L.H.Bailey Bactris bidentula Spruce Bactris bifida Mart. Bactris brongniartii Mart. Bactris campestris Poepp. Bactris caryotifolia Mart. Bactris caudata H.Wendl. ex Burret Bactris charnleyae de Nevers, A.J.Hend. & Grayum Bactris chaveziae A.J.Hend. Bactris coloniata L.H.Bailey Bactris coloradonis L.H.Bailey Bactris concinna Mart. Bactris constanciae Barb.Rodr. Bactris corossilla H.Karst. Bactris cubensis Burret Bactris cuspidata Mart. Bactris dianeura Burret Bactris elegans Barb.Rodr. & Trail Bactris faucium Mart. Bactris ferruginea Burret Bactris fissifrons Mart. Bactris gasipaes Kunth Bactris gastoniana Barb.Rodr. Bactris glandulosa Oerst. Bactris glassmanii Med.-Costa & Noblick ex A.J.Hend. Bactris glaucescens Drude Bactris gracilior Burret Bactris grayumii de Nevers & A.J.Hend. Bactris guineensis (L.) H.E.Moore Bactris halmoorei A.J.Hend. Bactris hatschbachii Noblick ex A.J.Hend. Bactris herrerana Cascante Bactris hirta Mart. Bactris hondurensis Standl. Bactris horridispatha Noblick ex A.J.Hend. Bactris jamaicana L.H.Bailey Bactris killipii Burret Bactris kunorum de Nevers & Grayum Bactris longiseta H.Wendl. ex Burret Bactris macroacantha Mart. Bactris major Jacq. Bactris maraja Mart. Bactris martiana A.J.Hend. Bactris mexicana Mart. Bactris militaris H.E.Moore Bactris nancibaensis Granv. Bactris oligocarpa Barb.Rodr. Bactris oligoclada Burret Bactris panamensis de Nevers & Grayum Bactris pickelii Burret Bactris pilosa H.Karst. Bactris pliniana Granv. & A.J.Hend. Bactris plumeriana Mart. Bactris polystachya Grayum Bactris ptariana Steyerm. Bactris rhaphidacantha Wess.Boer Bactris riparia Mart. Bactris rostrata Galeano & R.Bernal Bactris schultesii (L.H.Bailey) Glassman Bactris setiflora Burret Bactris setosa Mart. Bactris setulosa H.Karst. Bactris simplicifrons Mart. Bactris soeiroana Noblick ex A.J.Hend. Bactris sphaerocarpa Trail Bactris syagroides Barb.Rodr. & Trail Bactris tefensis A.J.Hend. Bactris timbuiensis H.Q.B.Fern. Bactris tomentosa Mart. Bactris turbinocarpa Barb.Rodr. Bactris vulgaris Barb.Rodr. |
| Bactridinae Drude | Desmoncus (Trail) Trail ex Drude | 24 species: Desmoncus chinantlensis Liebm. ex Mart. Desmoncus cirrhifer A.H.Gentry & Zardini Desmoncus costaricensis (Kuntze) Burret Desmoncus giganteus A.J.Hend. Desmoncus horridus Splitg. ex Mart. Desmoncus interjectus A.J.Hend. Desmoncus kunarius de Nevers ex A.J.Hend. Desmoncus latisectus Burret Desmoncus leptoclonos Drude Desmoncus loretanus A.J.Hend. Desmoncus madrensis A.J.Hend. Desmoncus mitis Mart. Desmoncus moorei A.J.Hend. Desmoncus myriacanthos Dugand. Desmoncus obovoideus A.J.Hend. Desmoncus orthacanthos Mart. Desmoncus osensis A.J.Hend. Desmoncus parvulus L.H.Bailey Desmoncus polyacanthos Mart. Desmoncus prunifer Poepp. ex Mart. Desmoncus pumilus Trail. Desmoncus setosus Mart. Desmoncus stans Grayum & Nevers Desmoncus vacivus L.H.Bailey |