OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ozjasz Thon

Abraham Ozjasz Thon (also Yehoshua Thon; 13 February 1870 – 11 November 1936) was a rabbi, early Zionist, and leader of the Jewish community in Poland.

## Biography

Thon was born on 13 February 1870 in Lviv. He studied philosophy and sociology under George Simmel. As a student, he assisted Theodor Herzl in the ideological preparations for the First Zionist Congress.
Thon died on 11 November 1936 in Kraków and is buried in Kraków's New Jewish Cemetery.

## Rabbinic career

In 1897, Ozjasz Thon was appointed to the rabbinate of Kraków, a position he held until his death. He was the rabbi of the Tempel Synagogue of the more religiously-liberal constituency within the Jewish community. He promoted a Zionist program despite the overall assimilationist trends prevalent in the Jewish community at that time, and was an adherent of Ahad Ha'Am's school of Jewish identity.

## Literary career

In 1897 published a groundbreaking philosophical study of Zionism, Zur geschichtsphilosophischen Begründung des Zionismus. Thon wrote literary and scientific academic works and journalistic essays, and a 1910 work on the philosophical and sociological methods of Herbert Spencer.

## Political career

In 1906, Thon made an unsuccessful bid to represent the Jewish National Party in Kolomyya, Eastern Galicia, in the elections to the Austrian parliament. He continued his political activities and expanded them after the First World War. He represented the Western Galician Jewish National Council at the Versailles Peace Conference. In 1919, Thon was elected to the first Sejm and served in the Polish parliament until 1931, where his oratory received a hearing even among antisemitic MPs.
# Septizodium

41°53′07″N 12°29′20″E﻿ / ﻿41.8854°N 12.4889°E﻿ / 41.8854; 12.4889
The Septizodium (also called Septizonium, Septicodium, or Septisolium) was a building in ancient Rome. It was built in 203 AD by Emperor Septimius Severus. The origin of the name "Septizodium" is from Septisolium, from the Latin for temple of seven suns, and was probably named for the seven planetary deities (Saturn, Sol, Luna, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, and Venus) or for the fact that it was originally divided into seven parts. The building had no known practical purpose and was probably meant to be a decorative façade, known as a nymphaeum. Ancient and medieval sources describe its purpose as being to impress Severus' fellow north Africans as they entered the city, as it was located at the place where the Via Appia passes the Palatine and leads east towards the Forum Romanum. Other examples of septizodia are known, all from Africa.
Ammianus Marcellinus refers to the building in an ambiguous passage: "The plebs...had come together at the Septemzodium, a popular place, where Marcus Aurelius built a Nymphaeum in a rather ostentatious style."
By the 8th century, the edifice was already ruined and had been incorporated in one of the numerous baronial fortresses of the medieval city, held in the 12th-13th century by the Frangipani family. In August 1241, after the death of Pope Gregory IX, the 11 cardinals who were able to get into Rome through the lines of Emperor Frederick II's army came together in the ramshackle palace of the Septizodium. The two-month-long election was arduous, not only because of the deep political crisis but the physical hardships. There was a frightful heat and the rain leaked through the roof of the chamber of the cardinals, mingled with the urine of Matteo Rosso Orsini's guards on the rooftiles. One of the cardinals fell ill and died. The new pope, Celestine IV, was also very worn out, and died 16 days after his election.
In 1588, during the reign of Pope Sixtus V, the eastern facade of the building was demolished under the direction of Domenico Fontana. The stones obtained were used for the basement of the Flaminio Obelisk of Piazza del Popolo, the restoration of the Column of Marcus Aurelius, the pope's tomb in St. Mary Major and other structures.
# St Cuthbert's Church, Lincoln

St Cuthbert's Church, Lincoln was a medieval parish church in the city of Lincoln in Lincolnshire, England. It was built in 1050 AD and served as one of the many parish churches for the city and surrounding area until 1549 AD when it ceased being a church and was demolished although its churchyard survived until 1850. The church and its graveyard are now under a row of buildings on Danes Terrace.

## History

The church was originally built in the 1050 AD period and had its own churchyard. The church was located directly off Steep Hill and close to Lincoln Cathedral. It was closed in 1549 AD but the churchyard remained in use until 1850 when it was closed and demolished. The site is now occupied by a row of buildings on Danes Terrace,

## Present day

The site is now occupied by a row of buildings including an antiques shop and dental practice (now closed).
# John Lindsay, 19th Earl of Crawford

John Lindsay, 19th Earl of Crawford and 3rd Earl of Lindsay (died December 1713) was a Scottish peer and politician.

## Life

He was born before 1672, the eldest son of William Lindsay, 18th Earl of Crawford, and succeeded to the earldoms in 1698 on the death of his father. His mother was Lady Mary Johnstone.
On 6 March 1698, he succeeded to the title of 12th Lord Lindsay of Byres. He married Emilia Stuart daughter of James Stuart, Lord Doune, and Catherine Tollemache around 1700. Trained as a lawyer, in 1702 he rose to the position of Privy Counsellor for Scotland. He was Colonel of the "nd Troop of Horse in the Grenadier Guards from 1704 to 1714.
Following the Treaty of Union in May 1707, he was elected as one of the first Scottish representative peers (to serve in the new United Kingdom), and served until September 1710.
He died in London on 4 January 1714. He is buried in the family vault of Ceres, Fife churchyard in central Fife. He was succeeded by his oldest surviving son, John Lindsay, his first-born son, William, having died.
Military offices :
| Preceded byThe Lord Forbes | Captain and Colonel of the 2nd Troop Horse Grenadier Guards 1704–1713 | Succeeded byThe Earl Marischal |
| Peerage of Scotland |||
| Preceded byWilliam Lindsay | Earl of Crawford Earl of Lindsay 1698–1713 | Succeeded byJohn Lindsay |
| Political offices |||
| Preceded byNone | Scottish representative peer 1707–1710 | Succeeded byThe Duke of Atholl |
* This article about a Scottish politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This biography of an earl in the Peerage of Scotland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Mellieħa Redoubt

Mellieħa Redoubt (Maltese: Ridott tal-Mellieħa) was a redoubt in Mellieħa, Malta. It was built by the Order of Saint John in 1715–1716 as one of a series of coastal fortifications around the Maltese Islands. The limestone structure was demolished in the 19th century.

## History

Mellieħa Redoubt was built in 1715–1716 as part of the first building programme of coastal fortifications in Malta. It was part of a chain of fortifications that defended Mellieħa Bay, which also included Fedeau and Westreme Batteries and several entrenchments.
Construction of the Mellieħa Redoubt cost about 1,644 scudi. It consisted of a pentagonal platform with a low parapet, with rectangular blockhouse located at the centre of its gorge. It was one of the few redoubts which were armed with artillery, and had four 6-pounder guns in 1770. The gunpowder was stored in the nearby Saint Agatha's Tower.
The redoubt was demolished in the early 19th century to make way for the road leading from Mellieħa to Ċirkewwa. Its stones were used to build the road.
# Qalet Marku Redoubt

Qalet Marku Redoubt (Maltese: Ridott ta' Qalet Marku) was a redoubt in the limits of Naxxar, Malta. It was built in 1715–1716 by the Order of Saint John as one of a series of coastal fortifications around the Maltese Islands. It was demolished to make way for the coast road; its remains are possibly still buried under the road.

## History

Qalet Marku Redoubt was built in 1715–1716 as part of the first building programme of redoubts in Malta. The nearest fortifications to the redoubt were Għallis Battery to the northwest and Qalet Marku Battery to the east. Both these batteries have now largely been destroyed, but some remains still survive.
The redoubt originally consisted of a pentagonal platform with a low parapet. A rectangular blockhouse was located at the centre of its gorge.
The redoubt was demolished to make way for the Baħar iċ-Ċagħaq–Salina coast road. Its remains are probably still buried under the surface of the road. Part of the structure can still be seen protruding from beneath the road, although it is encased in concrete.
# Riaño, León

Riaño is a town and former municipality located along the Esla River in the mountains of the province of León, in the autonomous community of Castile and León, northern Spain. The village is across the reservoir from Peak Gilbo. Located 3650 feet above sea level, it is in the Cantabrian mountains near the foothills of the Picos de Europa.
Due to planned construction of a dam and reservoir in the 1980s, for flood control and generation of hydroelectric power, the village and its lowlying farmland were submerged, as were six other villages in the associated dam project. The residents were relocated to New Riaño, built as a replacement higher above the reservoir waters. In 2010 the village had 532 residents.

## Noted residents and natives

* Imanol Arias, film actor
# Campo de Coia

Campo de Coia (Coia Football Ground) was a sporting venue in Coia, Vigo, Spain, which was the home ground of Celta Vigo, and its predecessor Vigo Sporting Club, between 9 February 1908 and December 1928.
On 14 May 1922, it hosted the 1922 Copa del Rey Final between FC Barcelona and Real Unión which FC Barcelona easily won with 5–1.
The last match ever played at Coia was the first-leg of the quarter-finals of the Copa de España, on December 9, 1928, against Real Sociedad. Which ended in a 2–1 win for the local team. They would go on to lose the return leg 3–0 in San Sebastián.
The site is now occupied by a Lidl supermarket, residential housing and a park.
# Is Anybody Out There? (song)

"Is Anybody Out There?" is a song co-written and performed by Somalia-born rapper K'naan, featuring Canadian singer-songwriter Nelly Furtado, from his first extended play More Beautiful Than Silence. The song was first released as a digital download in the United States on January 24, 2012, before being physically issued in Germany on March 30. The single made its chart debut on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 67 and peaked at number 14. It was most successful in New Zealand, where it reached the top of the RIANZ chart on the week of March 12, 2012; it was Furtado's fourth number-one single in New Zealand.

## Background

"Is Anybody Out There?" was produced by Sham & Motesart. Lyrically, the track speaks about self-assurance, separation, and loneliness. K'naan raps about the character Mary, comparing her to American actress Cameron Diaz; "Something ’bout Mary, never won a pageant / Never felt pretty, never looked like Cameron / Diaz was her last name, always been abandoned / Keep your head up baby girl, this your anthem." It is the second time the duo have collaborated, the first being "Going Away". The video for "Is Anybody Out There?" was directed by Chris Robinson in Toronto, Ontario, Canada during the first week of February. The plot follows two characters named Mary and Adam. K'naan narrates their journeys through rap. Mary struggles with her appearance and being judged by her peers the video begins with her getting kicked out of a mini mart for loitering. Adam struggles with drugs and a father who is never there for him. K'naan and Furtado are shot in a separate scene located in the desolate woods.

## Critical reception

"Is Anybody Out There?" obtained mixed reviews by its critics. The track received negative reviews by Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone. Rosen gave the collaboration a mere one and a half out of five stars, criticizing the song's lyrical content.

## Track listing

* Digital download
* "Is Anybody Out There?" — 3:58
* CD single
* "Is Anybody Out There?" — 3:58
* "Is Anybody Out There?" (Cutmore Radio Edit) — 3:27

## Chart performance
### Weekly charts

| Chart (2012) | Peak position |
| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) | 7 |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 10 |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia) | 19 |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 14 |
| Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard) | 13 |
| Canada Hot AC (Billboard) | 11 |
| Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100) | 24 |
| Germany (GfK) | 11 |
| Hungary (Rádiós Top 40) | 30 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 15 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 25 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 1 |
| Slovakia (Rádio Top 100) | 15 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 20 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 92 |
| US Pop Airplay (Billboard) | 27 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2012) | Position |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 52 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 87 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Platinum | 80,000$^*$ |
| New Zealand (RMNZ) | Gold | 7,500$^*$ |
| $^*$ Sales figures based on certification alone. |||
# Athletic Park (Duluth)

Athletic Park is a former baseball and American football stadium located in Duluth, Minnesota. Constructed in 1903, the park was the home of the Duluth White Sox (1903–1916, 1934) and the Duluth Dukes (1935–1940). The stadium was also home to the Duluth Kelleys/Eskimos of the National Football League (1923–1926). It had a capacity of 6,000 spectators. It was demolished and replaced by Wade Stadium in 1941.
# Gonzaga Stadium

Gonzaga Stadium was an outdoor sports stadium in the northwest United States, located on the campus of Gonzaga University in Spokane, Washington. The home of Gonzaga Bulldogs football, it was built in five months and opened in 1922; the first game was against Washington State on October 14, won by the Cougars with a late field goal, 10–7. After the opening loss, Gonzaga was undefeated in the next ten games at the stadium, with eight wins and two ties.
The football field had a conventional north-south alignment at an elevation of approximately 1,900 feet (580 m) above sea level. Lights were installed in 1931, between the field and the running track.
Like many colleges, football was stopped at Gonzaga during World War II and the last season was in 1941. The program had been in financial difficulty, and was not resumed after the war; the stadium seating was demolished in 1949.
Gonzaga Stadium was used for city high school football until it was deemed unsafe by the city after the 1947 season. The wooden venue hosted a professional preseason game in 1946 under the lights, between the New York Yankees and Brooklyn Dodgers of the new All-America Football Conference. High school football moved to Ferris Field in 1948 for two years, then to the new Memorial Stadium in 1950, later named for Gonzaga alumnus Joe Albi in 1962.
The stadium site made its debut as a football venue in 1913, when Gonzaga hosted Inland Empire rival Idaho on October 11. At its opening, it had seating for 2,000 and room for fifty automobiles to line up.

## Present day

The football field of Gonzaga Stadium is currently occupied by the Foley Center Library (1992) and the Foley Lawn. The Crosby Student Center, originally a library, was constructed in 1957 on the site of the northern end of the west grandstand. A statue of Bing Crosby outside the north entrance was dedicated in early 1981.
# Schoenus compactus

Schoenus compactus is a species of sedge endemic to south-western South Africa.

## Description

The main distinguishing morphological characters of S. compactus are its short, dense and compact (or congested) inflorescences and its firm sheaths and ligules.
Schoenus compactus closely resembles Schoenus auritus, but the former species has firm ligules and sheaths, whereas S. auritus has membranaceous sheaths and ligules.
A second species that is very similar to S. compactus is Schoenus crassus. These two species both have thickened and firm primary inflorescence bracts and prophylls, which often have an orange-coloured tinge. The main difference between S. compactus and S. crassus, however, is that the inflorescence of S. compactus is short and congested with the spikes overlapping almost completely, whereas that of S. crassus is more elongate with the spikes overlapping only partially. In addition, S. crassus tends to be a more robust species than S. compactus.
Similar to other sedges, plants in this group are very difficult to identify. It appears that part of this problem is caused by the tendency of the southern African Schoenus to form hybrids with each other. Schoenus compactus might form hybrids with other southern African Schoenus species, but the preliminary evidence is inconclusive. If S. compactus does form hybrids with other southern African Schoenus species, it is most likely to hybridize with other species in the S. cuspidatus and allies group.
* Base of flowering stems (culms)
* Flowering head (inflorescence)
* Flower spikes
* Spikelet (the black scale bar represents 1 mm)
* Nutlet (the black scale bar represents 1 mm)

## Taxonomy

Schoenus compactus is a species in family Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae. Other notable genera in tribe Schoeneae include Lepidosperma, Oreobolus, Costularia, Tetraria and Gahnia. The most closely related species to S. compactus are other southern African Schoenus species, specifically, species in the S. cuspidatus and allies group.
Southern African Schoenus were once classified as Tetraria; however, based on molecular and morphological differences, we now know that the two groups are evolutionary distinct. To ensure that this group of sedges is monophyletic (i.e. the genus only has closely related species), several species of Epischoenus and the southern African Tetraria were transferred into Schoenus. In the field, the southern African Schoenus can be distinguished from Tetraria species by their lack of stem leaves and the absence of reticulate sheaths at the bases of the flowering stems.

## Distribution and habitat

Schoenus compactus has been found growing in south-western South Africa, with its distribution extending from the Cape Peninsula in the west to the Riviersonderend Mountains in the east. To date, most collections have been made from coarse-textured soils in the fynbos vegetation type.

## Gallery

* Growth form of Schoenus compactus
* Base of flowering stems
* Base of flowering stems
* Flowering heads
* Flowering head
* Flowering head
* Pseudo-vivipary in Schoenus compactus
# My Own Genie

My Own Genie is a comic strip in the British comic The Dandy, first seen in issue # 3314 on 4 June 2005. It is drawn by artist Jamie Smart, the creator of Bear. It is about a schoolgirl named Lula who gets her own Genie, called Brian, after she accidentally releases him from a tin of marzipan. The first thing Lula wishes for is a huge cake; she then asks for her pet dog Clive to have the power of speech. The Genie - who looks like a small, floating, furry mammal in a purple robe and fez - is so grateful to Lula for setting him free that he grants her unlimited wishes. However, being a selfish girl, her wishes get ever more bizarre. Clive the dog's wishes are far more sensible than Lula's and mainly consists of dog biscuit-type wishes.
My Own Genie became an overnight success with readers of The Dandy and by issue # 3342 (17 December 2005) the characters graced the front cover for the first time. Despite the huge success of the strip (it regularly topped readers' polls), Jamie Smart decided to rest My Own Genie in order to concentrate on new characters (specifically, a Dandy revival of his older strip Space Raoul). To date the last regular appearance of My Own Genie was in issue # 3378 (26 August 2006), although the characters did re-appear in the 2007 Dandy Summer Special, 2008 Dandy Annual and several random issues of the revamped Dandy Xtreme in 2007/2008. The strip sometimes breaks the fourth wall, as in the 2008 Dandy Annual, when Lula's pet gremlin "Simon" ate the title box, leading to a reprimand by Lula.
As of issue # 3544, My Own Genie returned to The Dandy in reprints, starting from its original episode, first seen in 2005.

## Characters

Lula
Lula is a schoolgirl of around eight to ten years old, with blonde hair. She is the main protagonist of the series, and rescued Genie from a marzipan tin. She can be selfish, and is typically seen wearing a pink dress and an orange beanie hat. She does not seem to have any feet, except when in a sitting position. Lula is particularly fond of biscuits.
Clive
Clive is Lula's dog. In the first instalment of the comic strip, he gains the power of speech. He is always hungry and is typically seen wearing a green flying hat with matching goggles. He rarely wishes, but when he does, they're usually more sensible than Lula's,.
Brian the Genie
Genie is a small, floating animal of an unknown species who is typically seen wearing a red and orange robe with a matching Fez hat. Genie's name is revealed to be "Brian" in the first instalment, however, this fact is rarely mentioned. He rarely loses his temper as is constantly advising Lula against her more bizarre wishes. He's never wished to himself.
* This UK comics–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Tam Shepherds Trick Shop

Tam Shepherds Trick Shop was a magic equipment shop in Glasgow, Scotland. It was established in 1886 and was the oldest joke and magic shop in the world. On 9 November 2024, the shop in Glasgow ceased to exist due to business costs being unsustainable.

## Location

The shop was located at 33 Queen Street, Glasgow near the site of the former Archaos nightclub.

## History

The shop was opened in 1886 by Tam Shepherd before being operated by the Walton family. It is the oldest joke and magic shop in the world.
In 2017, the shop was identified as Glasgow's favourite business at the Glasgow Business Awards. In 2018, the shop hosted the Good £uck art exhibition as part of Glasgow International 2018.
The shop was credited by Jerry Sadowitz for sparking his interest in magic. It was owned by Roy Walton until his death in 2020. Walton managed the shop from 1969 to 2019 before handing management over to his daughters Julia and Sarah.
# Riversdale Group

The Riversdale Group is a geologic group in Nova Scotia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.
# Rubidgina

Rubidgina is a genus of Biarmosuchian therapsid from Patrysfontein, Wellwood, South Africa known from RC 55, a skull with lower jaws. This specimen is a putative juvenile. It has been suggested that this specimen actually represents a juvenile of Herpetoskylax hopsoni. However, because the specimen lacks distinctive features, it cannot be determined if it is actually a juvenile of Herpetoskylax or if its current name of Rubidgina should remain.
# Rushford Formation

The Rushford Formation is a geologic formation in Pennsylvania. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
# Sables à Mactres

The Sables à Mactres is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.
# Sains Formation

The Sains Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
# Saint Cirac Formation

The Saint Cirac Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.
# Sand Canyon Formation

The Sand Canyon Formation is a geologic formation in Nebraska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.