OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Georgina Rylance

Georgina Elizabeth Rylance (born 20 April 1976) is an English actress, best known for Dinotopia.

## Early life

Born in Ladbroke Grove in 1976, Rylance has a younger sister, Charlotte, and is the daughter of Judge John Rylance KC, a circuit judge, by his marriage to Philippa Bailey. She was educated at St Paul's Girls' School, London, Downe House School, St Edward's School, Oxford, and Oxford Brookes University.
After being recruited in a pub on the Portobello Road, London, during the Notting Hill Carnival, the eighteen-year-old Rylance embarked on a short modelling career which included a Coca-Cola commercial. However, it ended when she accepted a place at Oxford Brookes to read politics and publishing.

## Screen career

After leaving Oxford Brookes, Rylance trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. While she was a drama student, she was a regular in the audience at the Gate Theatre.
Rylance's first screen role was in Howard Davies's television movie Armadillo (2001) as Amabel. She played Marion Waldo in ABC's thirteen-part television series of Dinotopia, Helena in Spartacus (a TV movie for USA Network, 2004), Rachel Kelly, the on-screen daughter of Mark Rylance (unrelated), in The Government Inspector (2005), and Suza in the film 7 Seconds (2005). Other television appearances include Manchild, Keen Eddie, As If, The Inspector Lynley Mysteries, Scooterman, New Tricks, Agatha Christie's Poirot, and War Machine.

## Theatre

In 2015, Rylance starred in Chekhov's Uncle Vanya, and in 2017 appeared in a revival of Noël Coward’s "This Was a Man" at the Finborough Theatre.

## Personal life

In 2008, Rylance met Greg Bailey, a Canadian doctor, in Los Angeles and in 2009 was living with him in an apartment in Knightsbridge, Westminster. The same year, she spent a month in Antarctica and several weeks in Peru, working in an orphanage.
In April 2015, her father announced Rylance's engagement to Giuseppe (Peppe) Ciardi, and their son was born in 2016. Ciardi, a hedge fund manager, was a widower with three grown-up children, having lost his wife in a boating accident in 2005.
# Edward Gifford (MP)

Edward Gifford (c. 1485–1556), of Wicken, Northamptonshire, was an English politician.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Buckingham in October 1553.
# August Lederer

August Lederer (3 May 1857 in Böhmisch Leipa (Austria-Hungary) – 30 April 1936 in Vienna), was an Austrian industrialist and art collector whose art collection was looted by Nazis. He helped promote the artists of the Vienna Secession, notably Gustav Klimt.

## Biography

In 1892, Lederer married Serena Pulitzer (1867–1943).
With a business empire built on distilleries, the Lederer family became the second wealthiest in Vienna, using their fortune to support artists and acquire art, notable of the Vienna Secession. To complete the artistic claim, the furnishings of the residence had been entrusted to Eduard Josef Wimmer-Wisgrill und produced by the Wiener Werkstätte founded by Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser.
In 1912, the Lederers met Egon Schiele, who spent that year's Christmas with them in Györ, becoming friends with their son Erich, whom he painted and drew several times.

## Art collection

The Lederer's art collection was the largest and most important private collection of Gustav Klimt.
Lederer acquired the Beethoven Frieze from Carl Reininghaus in 1915.
Their relationship with Klimt was very friendly, intimate to the point that Elisabeth Franziska Lederer, born in 1894, was able to affirm during the Nazi period to be the adulterous daughter of the painter and to receive in 1940 a certificate of filiation establishing that she was only "Half-Jewish", while her two brothers, Erich and Fritz, were considered full Jews.
Gustav Klimt painted Portrait of Elisabeth Lederer between 1914 and 1916 for the Lederer family.

## Nazi persecution and looting

The Lederer's art collection was one of the first stolen by the Nazis in Austria.
The Gestapo seized most of the Lederer's art collection. The "Zentralstelle für Denkmalschutz" or so-called "Monument protection" and Vugesta were involved.
The Lederer collection, confiscated in 1938, was stored mainly at Immendorf Castle in Lower Austria, where it would have largely burned in early 1945 under poorly clarified circumstances - which seems to contradict the fact that Isolated paintings resurfaced after the war, which were returned to the heirs.

## Claims for restitution

In 1999, the Lederer heirs received the return of six works by Egon Schiele and a painting by Gentile Bellini.
In 2013, the Lederer heirs initiated a lawsuit to claim restitution of the Beethoven Frieze which had been looted by the Nazis. Austria refused the claim.
In 2018, a Swiss court in Geneva ordered that the Galerie Kornfeld respond to questions asked by the Lederer heirs concerning artworks by Klimt and Schiele.
Austria restituted a Klimt painting that was looted from the Lederers to the wrong family.
# Uskela

Uskela is a former municipality of Finland.
It was merged into Salo in 1967. Many municipalities surrounding Uskela were split from it. In 1967 Uskela and part of Halikko were merged to the rapidly growing Salo which needed more area.
It bordered Salo, Halikko, Kuusjoki, Pertteli, Muurla and Perniö.

## History

Uskela is the oldest parish in eastern Finland Proper, having been established sometime in the 13th century. Halikko, Kiikala, Pertteli and Muurla were formerly parts of the parish.
In the 16th century, Uskela was administratively a part of Halikko, but remained a separate parish. Salo was originally an important village within the parish, but became an epäitsenäinen kauppala (a market town that was not a separate administrative unit) in 1887 and a municipality in 1891. More land from Uskela was transferred to Salo in 1932.
Uskela was consolidated with Salo in 1967.

## Church

Uskela Church (Uskelan kirkko) is the parish church for Uskela. The present church was completed in 1832. It replaced a parish church founded in the Middle Ages dating from approximately 1440. Uskela was the oldest congregation of its region; it was formed in the 12th century. The new church was designed by Carl Ludvig Engel in Empire style. It was built of stone and is one-nave long church.
# Janet Mackey

Janet Elsdon Mackey JP (née Craig; 14 June 1953 – 22 July 2024) was a New Zealand politician. She was a Member of the New Zealand Parliament for the Labour Party from 1993 until 2005.

## Early life and family

Mackey was born in Auckland on 14 June 1953, the daughter of Elsdon Walter Grant Craig and Zeta Harriet Craig (née Brown). Her father is a Scottish-New Zealander, and the nephew of Elsdon Best, and her mother is from Northern Ireland. Mackey was educated at Auckland Girls' Grammar School from 1966 to 1969, and went on to study at the University of Auckland, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in English.
Previously married, Mackey has three children, including Moana Mackey, who has also served as a Labour MP.

## Parliamentary career

She was first elected to Parliament in the 1993 election, winning the seat of Gisborne. In the 1996 election, she won the newly created seat of Mahia, and in the 1999 and 2002 elections, she won the seat of East Coast. In 2003, she was joined in Parliament by her daughter, Moana Mackey. Before entering politics, she was a real estate agent.
She announced her intent to retire before the 2005 election, and did not stand for re-election.

## Other activities

Mackey served as a trustee of the Trust Bank Eastern and Central Community Trust, and from 1984 to 1990 was chair of the East Coast Regional Employment and Access Council. She was appointed as a justice of the peace in 1988, and became a marriage celebrant in 1989.

## Death

She died on 22 July 2024 after a short illness.
# Maria Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp

Maria Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (6 June 1634, in Gottorp Castle – 17 June 1665, in Darmstadt), was by marriage landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt.

## Life

Mary Elizabeth was a daughter of the Frederick III of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (1597–1659) from his marriage to Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony (1610–1684), a daughter of John George I, Elector of Saxony.
She married on 24 November 1650 at Gottorp Castle, Louis, who later became Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1630–1678), whom she had engaged on his birthday in 1649. On the occasion of the wedding, the last sword dance in Hesse was performed at a festival in Lollar.
His father drew Louis into the government business in the year after their marriage in 1651. Louis succeeded his father in 1661. Louis tied extensive political relations with Sweden via Maria Elizabeth's sister Hedvig Eleonora, Queen of Sweden. Marie Elisabeth had eight children; she died in 1665 in child birth. Her death plunged Louis into deep mourning. He wrote some poems in memory of his wife.

## Offspring

From her marriage, Marie Elisabeth had the following children:
* Magdalena Sybille (1652–1712)
    married in 1673 Duke William Louis of Württemberg (1647–1677)
* Sophie Eleonore (born and died 1653)
* George (1654–1655)
* Marie Elisabeth (1656–1715)
    married in 1676 Duke Henry of Saxe-Römhild (1650–1710)
* Auguste Magdalene (1657–1674)
* Louis VII (1658–1678), Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
* Frederick (1659–1676)
* Marie Sophie (1661–1712)
    married in 1681 Duke Christian of Saxe-Eisenberg (1653–1707)

## Sources

* Heinrich Zehfu: antiquity of the royal capital Darmstadt, p. 60 (in German)
* magazine for German cultural history, p. 345 (in German)
* Georg Friedrich Teuthorn: extensive history of Hesse, p. 582 (in German)
| VacantTitle last held bySophia Eleonore of Saxony | Landgravine consort of Hesse-Darmstadt 1661–1665 | VacantTitle next held byElisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg |
# Croatan Formation

The Croatan Formation is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.
# Sebastián Díaz (footballer, born 1996)

Sebastián Andrés Díaz Aracena (born 26 February 1996) is a Chilean footballer that currently plays for Primera B de Chile club Deportes La Serena as a defensive midfielder.

## Club career

He began his at hometown Unión Temuco, joining the youth set-up of the IX Region of La Araucanía team. He was promoted to first-team in 2013 when the club already was called Deportes Temuco, following the merger of both under Chilean legend Marcelo Salas administration.
In 2024, he joined Deportes La Serena from Universidad de Concepción in the second level.

## International career

He has represented Chile national team in under-17 and under-20 levels.
In 2015, he was called up by coach Nicolás Córdova for participe in the L'Alcúdia International Football Tournament at Valencia with Chile-U20 team, where he scored the only one goal during the semifinal match with UD Levante. Nevertheless, he was champion algonside the team of this tournament.

## Honours

Chile U20
* L'Alcúdia International Tournament (1): 2015
# Dimitrios Kontodimos

Dimitrios Kontodimos (Greek: Δημήτριος Κοντοδήμος; born 21 April 1982) is a Greek professional football player, who last played for Panachaiki.

## Career

On 5 July 2013 he signed for Greek Football League club Iraklis. He made his debut for his new club in an away 3–2 loss against Kavala. On July 9, 2014, he signed a one-year contract with his hometown club AE Larissa.
# Salim Barakat

Salim Barakat (Arabic: سليم بركات, Kurdish: Selîm Berekat; born 1 September 1951 in Qamishli) is a Kurdish-Syrian novelist and poet. He is considered one of the innovative poets and novelists writing in Arabic. Since the 1970s, he has published numerous novels, poetry collections, biographies and children's books. Several of his works have been translated into Kurdish, English, French, German, Swedish and other languages.

## Life and career

Barakat was brought up in the city of Qamishli in an area in northern Syria with a large Kurdish population and spent most of his youth there. In 1970 he moved to Damascus to study Arabic literature but after one year he moved to Beirut where he stayed until 1982. While in Beirut he published five volumes of poetry, a diary and two volumes of autobiography. He moved to Cyprus and worked as a managing editor of the prestigious Palestinian journal Al Karmel, whose editor was Mahmoud Darwish. In 1999 he moved to Sweden, where he still resides.
He wrote about Kurdish culture, as well as Arab, Assyrian, Armenian, Circassian and Yazidi culture. His earliest major prose work, Al-Jundub al-Hadidi (The Iron Grasshopper), is an autobiography of his childhood in Qamishli.
Stefan G. Meyer said "Barkat's style is probably the closest by any Arab writer's to that of Latin American magical realism" and has called Barakat "perhaps the master prose stylist writing in Arabic today".
In the 2006 anthology Literature from the "Axis of Evil", an excerpt from his novel Jurists of Darkness (1985) in English was published by Words Without Borders.
According to online magazine Literary hub, Barakat had been one of the official candidates for the 2022 Nobel Prize for Literature.

## Published works
### in English

* An excerpt from his novel Jurists of Darkness. In: Literature from the Axis of Evil : Writing from Iran, Iraq, North Korea and Other Enemy Nations: A Words Without Borders Anthology. 2006. New York: New Press.
* Salīm Barakāt, Huda J. Fakhreddine and Jayson Iwen. 2021. Come, Take a Gentle Stab: Selected Poems. London: Seagull Books, ISBN 9781803091952.
* Salīm Barakāt and Huda J. Fakhreddine. 2024. The Universe, All at Once: Selected Poems. London: Seagull Books, ISBN 9781803094038.

### in Arabic

I
# Gas Gang

The Gas Gang were a group of short-lived fictional robots in DC Comics. They first appeared in Metal Men #6.

## Fictional team history

The Metal Men are a group of robots created by Will Magnus after he was exposed to cosmic rays during a space mission and transformed into a robot. However, the Metal Men destroy the Gas Gang, transforming them into steam and returning Magnus to his normal form.
In subsequent appearances, the Gas Gang are rebuilt and begin serving Platinum Man.

## Members

* Oxygen: An oxygen tank.
* Helium: A rubberized container that can expand.
* Carbon Monoxide: A lit Bunsen Burner with a fiery head.
* Chloroform: A cylindrical tank perforated with holes from which it emits gas.
* Carbon Dioxide: An anthropomorphic dry ice crystal.

## In other media

The Gas Gang appear in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Clash of the Metal Men!", consisting of Oxygen (voiced by Brian Bloom), Carbon Dioxide (Hynden Walch), Helium (Bill Fagerbakke), Chloroform - who has no dialogue - and series original characters Hydrogen (Lex Lang) and Nitrogen, the latter of whom also has no dialogue. This version of the Gas Gang consisted of former colleagues of Milton Magnus who were presumed dead while working on a gas designed to trigger volcanic eruptions, which turned them into gaseous beings. In the present, the Gas Gang kidnap Magnus and coerce him into building robot bodies to contain them until they are thwarted by Batman and the Metal Men. During the subsequent battle, Batman accidentally merges them into a lethal gas cloud before destroying them with the Batplane.
# Cromer Knoll Group

The Cromer Knoll Group is a geological group of Early Cretaceous age, found at outcrop in eastern England and developed extensively beneath the North Sea in the UK, Norwegian and Danish sectors and in the Norwegian Sea. It preserves fossils dating back to the Early Cretaceous period.
# Turris inconstans

Turris inconstans is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 28 mm; the maximum diameter is 6.4 mm.
(Original description) The long, fusiform shell contains about 10 whorls. The first two whorls are turbinate, smooth. The third to sixth whorls show ten or twelve transverse close-set ribs, which, on the other four whorls, show only on the posterior half of each, being replaced by eight or ten revolving riblets, forming a cancellated sculpture near middle, and toward the siphonal canal appearing alone. The aperture is narrow with a sinus at angle. The siphonal canal is long.

## Distribution

Fossils of this marine species were found in Eocene strata in California, USA (age range: 55.8 to 48.6 Ma)
# Dimitrios Pliagas

Dimitrios Pliagas (Greek: Δημήτριος Πλιάγκας; born 26 March 1985) is a Greek wide midfielder who plays for AEL 1964 in Gamma Ethniki.

## Career

Pliagas started his professional career from Panathinaikos FC, but was given on loan and played in several Greek teams mostly in the Second Division, such as Thrasivoulos, Levadiakos, OFI Crete, and Olympiakos Volou.
He made his European Competitions debut playing for OFI Crete against FC Tobol from Kazakhstan during 2007–2008 UEFA Intertoto Cup qualifiers.
# Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline

Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline (French: Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence) is an 18th-century book written by French political philosopher Montesquieu. First published in 1734, it is widely considered by scholars to be among Montesquieu's best known works and was an inspiration to Edward Gibbon's more extensive The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.

## Publication

In 1734, the book was first published anonymously as an octavo by Jacques Desbordes in Amsterdam. There are no surviving manuscripts prior to 1734, except for one preface which was ultimately excluded from the publication. This leaves uncertainty as to when exactly the work was written.
However, Montesquieu kept meticulous notes and corrections right after the publication, which were used in an edition revised by Montesquieu himself and published in France in 1748.

## Format

In its 1734 edition, a copy of which resides in the National Library of France, the book consists of a leatherbound cover including 277 pages organized into 23 chapters, plus 2 pages of errata.

## Content

Initially, Montesquieu only intended on writing a few pages on the topic. However, the size of his topic overwhelmed him, so he chose to expand the scope of his writing from the beginnings of the Roman Republic to the decay of the late Roman Empire. He begins in the year 753 BC, the traditional date for the founding of Rome, and continues until the Fall of Constantinople in AD 1453 to an invading army of the Ottoman Empire. Montesquieu extensively compares the Roman civilisation to other civilisations, usually its enemies (including Carthage, Greece, and Macedon), throughout the course of the book.
In Chapters I to X, Montesquieu postulates that the wealth, military might and expansionist policies, which were by most historical accounts a source of great strength for Rome, actually contributed to the weakening of the spirit of civic virtue of Roman citizens. After detailing the history of Rome's many wars, Montesquieu claimed, "The greatness of the state caused the greatness of personal fortunes. But since opulence consists in morals, not riches, the riches of the Romans, which continued to have limits, produced a luxury and profusion which did not."
In the remainder of the book, Montesquieu details a pattern of steady moral decline interrupted with several short periods of remission caused by the leadership of great emperors, such as Titus, Nerva, Trajan, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius and Julian as examples of this. Montesquieu states that the Sack of Rome and downfall of the Western Roman Empire irreparably destabilized the region. He also concludes that the rise of Christianity and the desire of the citizenry for the opulence of Rome's most prosperous period directly precipitated the fall of the Greek Empire (Eastern Empire). When the Ottoman Empire was pressing in on Byzantine territory, "people were more preoccupied with the Council of Florence than with the Turkish army."
# Vatchrawee Vivacharawongse

Vatchrawee Vivacharawongse (Thai: วัชรวีร์ วิวัชรวงศ์, RTGS: Vatcharawee Wiwatcharawong; 14 June 1985) is a Thai-American financier and member of the Thai Royal Family.

## Early life and education

Vatchrawee was born on 14 June 1985 to then Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn and then wife Sujarinee Vivacharawongse, He is the fourth son of King Vajiralongkorn.
He graduated with two bachelor's degrees in international business and finance from Stetson University.
# Caudal vertebrae

Caudal vertebrae are the vertebrae of the tail in many vertebrates. In birds, the last few caudal vertebrae fuse into the pygostyle, and in apes, including humans, the caudal vertebrae are fused into the coccyx.
In many reptiles, some of the caudal vertebrae bear ribs, the caudal ribs, though these are often fused with the vertebrae.
The caudal vertebrae often articulate with haemal arches ventrally.
The number of caudal vertebrae in animals can vary greatly. Anguid lizards have been reported to have as many as 111 caudal vertebrae, whereas as few as seven are present in the tail of the early therapsid Tapinocaninus.
In lepidosaurs and captorhinids, the caudal vertebrae possess fracture planes at mid-length that allow caudal autotomy.
In frogs, the few caudal vertebrae are fused together to form part of the urostyle.
# County of Buren

The Buren County was a territory situated in what is now the Dutch province of Gelderland. It was an independent county until the establishment of the Batavian Republic in 1795. Although it was not formally part of the United Provinces, in practice it was governed by it.

## Lordship of Buren

The Lordship of Buren was a result of the division of the county of Teisterbant in 994. The manor was owned by the van Buren family. Their coat of arms was also the Lordship's and the city's ones. The lordship's original fortress' Buren received city rights in 1395 by the knights Allard, Asch and Erichem; but through the acquisition, war and marriage, a number of villages were grown, including Beusichem, Zoelmond, Buurmalsen and Tricht. By this marriages policy, in 1472 the lordship's ownership went to the House of Egmond.

## County

Buren was elevated to a county in 1498 by Emperor Maximilian of Austria. Later Charles V wanted to raise Buren to a duchy, but Maximilian of Egmond replied: "I'd rather be a rich count than a poor duke" and thus Buren remained a county.
William of Orange in 1551 married the heiress Anna of Egmont, Countess of Buren, bring the county in the ownership of the House of Orange-Nassau. Since then, members of this house also carry the title of Count of Buren.
Mary, the third child of William of Orange and Anna of Egmont, founded in 1612 the orphanage in Buren, serving the following 350 years. There is also the Museum of the Royal Military Police. The town of Buren has been declared protected townscape.
With the advent of the Batavian Republic, the county ceased to exist. However, the head of the House of Orange-Nassau (the Dutch Head of State) is named, among other titles, Count or Countess of Buren and Leerdam.

## List of the counts of Buren and Leerdam
### House of Egmont

* 1521–1539 Floris, son of Frederick.
* 1548–1558 Anna, daughter of Maximilian, married since 1551 William I of Orange.

### House of Orange-Nassau

* 1551–1584 William I.
* 1584–1618 William Philip.
* 1618–1625 Maurice.
* 1625–1647 Frederick II Henry.
* 1647–1650 Willem II.
* 1650–1702 William III, since 1689, King of England.
* 1702–1711 Johan Willem Friso.
* 1711–1751 William IV.
* 1751–1795 William V.
* 1813–1840 William VI.
* 1840–1849 William VII.
* 1849–1890 William VIII.
* 1890–1948 Wilhelmina.
* 1948–1980 Juliana.
* 1980–2013 Beatrix.
* 2013– Willem-Alexander.