OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Venus (bivalve)

Venus is a genus of small to large saltwater clams in the family Veneridae, which is sometimes known as the Venus clams and their relatives. These are marine bivalve molluscs.

## Etymology

The genus Venus is named after Venus, the Roman goddess of love and sexuality.

## Taxonomy

However, some bivalves are still called Venus clams because they used to be in the genus Venus, though they are now placed in other genera: these include the species within the genus Mercenaria, and Pitar dione, the Venus shell described in sexual terms by Linnaeus.

## Fossil records

The genus is known from the Cretaceous to the recent periods (age range: from 136.4 Mya to now). Fossils shells have been found all over the world. About 20 extinct species are known.

## The family Veneridae

The family Veneridae contains over 400 known species, many of which are attractive and popular with shell-collectors.
The shells of venerids vary in shape, and include shells that are circular, triangular, and rectangular. Characteristically, Venus clams possess a porcelain-like inner shell layer, a complex tooth structure in the hinge, well-developed escutcheon and lunule, and a well-developed pallial sinus.
Veneridae colonize the sandy ocean bottom, and their populations are often dense and large. The Veneroida order typically has a folded gill structure which is well developed for filtering out small food particles.

## Common name

The common names of clams in this genus often include the name Venus. A few species that still have "Venus" as part of their common name, but which are no longer in the genus Venus are:
* Sunray Venus, Macrocallista nimbosa (Lightfoot)
* Cross-barred Venus, Chione cancellata (Linnaeus)
* Lady-in-waiting Venus, Chione intapurpurea (Conrad)
* Imperial Venus, Lirophora latilirata (Conrad)
* Grey pygmy Venus, Chione grus (Holmes)
* Striped Venus clam, Chamelea gallina (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Elegant Venus clam, Pitar dione (Linnaeus, 1758)

## Species

The genus Venus contains these extant species:
* Venus albina G. B. Sowerby II, 1853
* Venus casina Linnaeus, 1758
* Venus cassinaeformis (Yokoyama, 1926)
* Venus chevreuxi Dautzenberg, 1891
* Venus crebrisulca Lamarck, 1818
* Venus declivis G. B. Sowerby II, 1853
* Venus lyra Hanley, 1845
* Venus nux Gmelin, 1791
* Venus rosalina Rang, 1802: synonym of Venus crebrisulca Lamarck, 1818
* Venus subrosalina Tomlin, 1923
* Venus thomassini Fischer-Piette & Vukadinovic, 1977
* Venus verdensis Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1906
* Venus verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758
# Vester Formation

The Vester Formation is a geologic formation in Oregon which preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period. The partial skeleton of a new genus of basal thalattosaur has been recovered from the Brisbois Member of this formation. The Brisbois Member, which dates to between the Carnian and Norian, is a marine sequence primarily composed of fine-grained clastic sedimentary rocks with fissile mudstones of black, green or gray variety broken up by widely spaced intervals of calcirudite beds and calcareous conglomerate. The formation formed between two parallel island arcs, that of the Baker Terrane and the Olds Ferry Terrane. The formation mostly consists of reworked chert grains from the Baker Terrane. In addition to the remains of the basal thalattosaur, fragmentary and undescribed remains exist of an ichthyosaur, archosaur, and a hybodontid shark as well as many invertebrate fossils.
# Vicksburg Group

The Vicksburg Group is a geologic group in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.
# Wadleigh Limestone

The Wadleigh Limestone is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
# Ronald de la Fuente

Ronald Vladimir de la Fuente Arias (born January 25, 1991) is a Chilean footballer who plays for Deportes Iquique. He plays as a defender.

## Career

De la Fuente was born in Talcahuano, where he began his football career with Huachipato. He made a few appearances in the 2011 Clausura and the 2012 Apertura before joining another Primera División club, San Marcos de Arica, on loan. He made only three appearances in the 2013 Transición before making another loan move, to Segunda División (third-tier) club Iberia, under the management of Ronald Fuentes. He started 18 matches as Iberia won the 2013–14 title, before returning to his parent club for whom he made three appearances in the group stages of the Copa Chile. De la Fuente rejoined Iberia for the 2014–15 season, but injury prevented his playing as much as he would have liked.
After Fuentes took over as manager of Primera División club Universidad de Concepción, he signed De la Fuente. He made 11 appearances in the 2015 Apertura and 9 in that season's Copa Chile, helping his team reach the semifinals, as well as appearing on the losing side in the 2015 Supercopa. Although he played little in the Clausura, he established himself in the starting eleven the following season, and his performances attracted attention from other clubs. In early 2018, De la Fuente played in the Copa Libertadores for Universidad de Concepción against Vasco da Gama of Brazil: despite a 4–0 defeat in the first leg, he felt the tie was not over, but, at 2–0 down in the return leg, he was sent off for kicking an opponent in the groin.
In 2024, he joined Deportes Iquique.

## Personal life

He began to study law in the context of COVID-19 pandemic, but he had to suspend due to the fact that the university changed the course to in-person mode. So, he began to study at the INAF (National Football Institute).

## Honours
### Huachipato

* Primera División: 2012–C

### Deportes Iberia

* Segunda División de Chile: 2013–14

### Colo-Colo

* Copa Chile: 2019
# Wapsipinicon Formation

The Wapsipinicon Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
# Washita Formation

The Washita Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.
# Watson Ranch Quartzite

The Watson Ranch Quartzite is a geologic formation in Utah. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

## Background

The namesake of the quartzite is the homestead of Jack Watson, owner of the Watson Ranch. The ranch was in the Fossil Mountain and Ibex area.
# Thomas Boyce (dramatist)

Thomas Boyce (c. 1732?–1793), was an English cleric and dramatist.

## Life

He was born at Swanton, Norfolk, the son of John Boyce, brewer, of Norfolk. Boyce spent four years under Mr. Bullimer at Norwich, and four at Scarning under Mr. Brett. He was admitted pensioner 17 March 1749–50 to Caius College, Cambridge, proceeding B.A. in 1754 and M.A. in 1767. Ordained deacon 2 Nov. 1755, he served as curate of Cringleford in 1768, and rector of Worlingham, Suffolk, from 1780 until his death. He also served as chaplain to the Earl of Suffolk.
Boyce died 4 February 1793, in his 62nd year.

## Works

Boyce was the author of A specimen of Elegiac Poetry, 1773, and one tragedy, Harold, London 1786, which was never acted. In the preface to this he states that when he wrote it he was unaware that Richard Cumberland's play on the same subject was in rehearsal at Drury Lane.

## Plays

* Harold: a tragedy, Thomas Boyce, (London 1786).
# Bukobay Svita

The Bukobay Svita (also anglicized as Bukobay or Bukobai Formation) is a Middle Triassic geological unit in Russia. It is composed primarily of red or grey lacustrine sediments, reconstructing a humid and marshy depositional environment. Bukobay is the youngest section of a Triassic terrestrial succession exposed south of the Ural Mountains. It is equivalent to a biostratigraphic unit, the Bukobay Gorizont, which is also called the "Bukobay Horizon" or "Mastodonsaurus" fauna).

## Fossil content

Notable components of the Bukobay fauna include "Mastodonsaurus" torvus (a giant capitosaur amphibian), Malutinisuchus gratus and Energosuchus garjainovi, the insect Mesoneta uralensis, Elephantosaurus jachimovitschi (a large dicynodont), and Chalishevia cothurnata (the youngest known erythrosuchid). Temnospondyls include Bukobaja enigmatica, Cyclotosaurus, Plagioscutum caspiense and Plagiorophus paraboliceps, with Ceratodus orenburgensis and C. bucobaensis as fish. The flora is also diverse, including Equisetites arenaceus (a species of giant horsetails) and Ladinian-age palynomorphs.
# Geocoma

Geocoma is an extinct genus of brittle stars that lived in the Jurassic. Its fossils are known from Europe.

## Sources

* Fossils (Smithsonian Handbooks) by David Ward (Page 189)
# Lake County Superior Courthouse (demolished)

The Lake County Superior Courthouse was the original building for the superior court of Lake County, located in northwest Indiana. It was built in 1903 in downtown Hammond, Indiana by architect Joseph Tristan Hutton. The courthouse was located on the corner of Hohman Avenue and Rimbach Street. It was demolished in 1974, to be replaced with a parking lot.
# Castel Campagnano

Castel Campagnano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Naples and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) northeast of Caserta.
Castel Campagnano borders the municipalities of Caiazzo and Ruviano in the province of Caserta, and Amorosi, Dugenta, Limatola, Melizzano in the province of Benevento.
Castel Campagnano is a small agricultural center located on the right bank of the river Volturno, near Caserta. The surrounding hills are characterised by vineyards, olive trees and dense vegetation. The frazione of Squille is south of the municipal area. Today, Castel Campagnano's economy revolves mostly around agriculture, small industries and tourism.

## Main sights

* Castle
* Parish of St. Mary of the Snow. The present building was renovated in 1753, and has a single nave.
* Church of Sant'Angelo

## Culture

A wine and oil festival is held in two days in June.
# Kome Formation

The Kome Formation is a geologic formation in Greenland. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.
# Pappenheimer Mansion

The Pappenheimer Mansion, later the Ponce de Leon Infirmary, then Midtown Hospital, was located at 144 Ponce de Leon Avenue NE in Midtown Atlanta, on the north side between Piedmont and Juniper streets. Furniture magnate Oscar Pappenheimer (1861-1917) built his first house on the site around 1900, which burned down in 1914. Pappenheimer rebuilt almost immediately, including a famous music room which contained a pipe organ as well as two grand pianos.
Interest in classical music waned in the 1890s through 1910s and Pappenheimer was credited as being one of the sole forces encouraging the performance of chamber music in Atlanta. For more than three decades, informal concerts were given in his music room.

## History

The Pappenheimer family lived in the house until the 1930s, after which the house was used as a fraternity house for Georgia Tech students.
By 1941 it had become an ear, nose and throat hospital called the Ponce de Leon Infirmary, founded by Dr. Murdock Equen.
In 1977 it became Midtown Hospital, which specialized in second trimester abortions, performing the largest number of abortions of any institution in the state, more than 7000 in 1996. By the 1980s conditions in the hospital had deteriorated, conditions had become overcrowded and unsanitary and in 1988 the State of Georgia closed it.
The mansion was demolished in 1999 and the Marq on Ponce apartment complex now occupies the site.
# Pease River Group

The Pease River Group is a geologic group in Texas Red Beds. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period, including some of the geologically most recent continental and coastal vertebrates of the Permian in North America. These are preserved in the San Angelo Formation, which is probably of early Roadian age. They include several fragmentary fossils that Everett C. Olson interpreted as the earliest therapsids, an interpretation that has not been widely accepted.
# Pectinatites

Pectinatites is an extinct cephalopod genus belonging to the order Ammonoidea, that lived during the upper Tithonian stage of the Late Jurassic. They were fast-moving nektonic carnivores.
Clutches of eggs attributed to this genus have been discovered in the Kimmeridge Clay.
# Pelargopappus

Pelargopappus is an extinct genus of raptor related to the secretarybird that lived in early Miocene France. Only one species, the type species P. magnus is officially recognized. A second species, P. schlosseri from the mid-and late Oligocene, was split off into the genus Amphisagittarius.
French paleontologist Cécile Mourer-Chauviré examined the bones of the two genera and concluded that the distal ends of tibiotarsi and tarsometatarsi were the same and that Amphisagittarius should be synonymised with Pelargopappus and supported the placement of the genus in Sagittariidae (rather than the stork family Ciconiidae). She added that Amynoptilon was also a synonym.
# Pennington Formation

The Pennington Formation is a geologic formation named for Pennington Gap, Virginia. It can be found in outcrops along Pine Mountain and Cumberland Mountain in Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee, where it is the uppermost Mississippian-age formation. The name has also been applied to similar Mississippian strata in the Cumberland Escarpment of eastern Kentucky, though the rocks in that area were later renamed to the Paragon Formation.
According to general usage among geologists, the Pennington Formation corresponds to shales, sandstones, and thin limestone beds located above the highest massive limestone bed of the Newman Formation. Paleosols have also been preserved in a Pennington outcrop at Pound Gap, recording a series of fluctuations in climate between dry and wet conditions. The Pennington Formation has been inferred to represent a coastal environment transitioning between a Mississippian marine basin and Pennsylvanian coal swamps.
Some parts of the Pennington Formation preserve fossils, including conodonts which are useful for biostratigraphic dating. Conodont dating indicates that the Pennington Formation formed near the end of the Mississippian subperiod of the Carboniferous period. The Pennington Formation is considered equivalent to the Hinton, Princeton, and Bluestone formations of the Mauch Chunk Group, which is exposed further north in West Virginia.
# Peramus

Peramus is an extinct genus of cladotherian mammal. It lived in the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of Europe and North Africa.

## Species

There are three known extinct species in the genus:
* Peramus dubius Lulworth Formation, United Kingdom, Berriasian
* Peramus minor Lulworth Formation, United Kingdom, Berriasian
* Peramus tenuirostris Lulworth Formation, United Kingdom, Berriasian
Additionally, indeterminate remains are known from the Ksar Metlili Formation of Morocco, dating to the Tithonian-Berriasian, and the Angeac-Charente bonebed in France, dating to the Berriasian.

## Phylogeny

Peramus is generally considered an advanced cladotherian. In the analysis performed by Panciroli and colleagues (2018), Peramus was recovered as within a clade also including Palaeoxonodon and Amphitherium, as derived members of Cladotheria. Peramus, Palaeoxonodon and Amphitherium were united by the shared traits of "convergence of the Meckel’s sulcus with the ventral border of the mandible; and possessing open rooted postcanines." but the placement of Peramus as a more advanced cladotherian cannot be ruled out. In a 2018 analysis by Bi and colleagues, Peramus was recovered in a clade with Palaeoxonodon and Nanolestes also as advanced cladotherians. In a 2022 study of cladotherian relationships, it was recovered as a member of Zatheria, closer to Theria than either Palaeoxonodon and Nanolestes.
# Peterson Creek Beds

The Peterson Creek Beds Formation is a geologic formation in Idaho. It preserves fossils.
# Phlegethontia

Phlegethontia is an extinct genus of aïstopod tetrapodomorphs from the Carboniferous and Permian periods of Europe and North America.
It was about 1 metre (3.3 ft) long, and possessed a lightly built skull with many openings, unlike some earlier relatives.
"Dolichosoma" longissima, named by Antonin Fritsch in 1875, has been reassigned to the genus Phlegethontia and is now considered to be P. longissima. "Dolichosoma" has been considered to be a nomen nudum because the holotype was inadequately described through a layer of matrix by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1867.
# Grignon, Savoie

Grignon (French pronunciation:; Arpitan: Gregnon) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It is part of the urban area of Albertville.
# Pilgrim Formation

The Pilgrim Formation is a geologic formation in Montana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period.
# Pilton Formation

The Pilton Formation is a geologic formation in England. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
# Pinecrest Formation

The Pinecrest Formation is a geologic formation in Florida. It preserves mostly invertebrate fossils of the Pliocene.
# Pinole Tuff Formation

The Pinole Tuff Formation is a geologic formation of the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area in California.
It is found near Pinole and Rodeo area at San Pablo Bay and the Briones Hills of western Contra Costa County.

## Fossils

It preserves fossils, including Oncorhynchus rastrosus and fragments of a proto-hipparion prehistoric horse, dating back to the Neogene period.
# Bouabid Bouden

Bouabid Bouden (born 1 February 1982 in Rabat) is a Moroccan footballer.
Bouden has played for Kawkab Marrakech, Odense Boldklub and French team RC Lens. He also played on loan for AS Beauvais Oise in Ligue 2.
He was part of the Moroccan 2004 Olympic football team, which exited in the first round, finishing third in group D behind group winners Iraq and runners-up Costa Rica. In total Bouden has been capped 7 times for the Moroccan national team.
# Magic polygon

A magic polygon is a polygonal magic graph with integers on its vertices.

## Perimeter magic polygon

A magic polygon, also called a perimeter magic polygon, is a polygon with an integers on its sides that all add up to a magic constant. It is where positive integers (from 1 to N) on a k-sided polygon add up to a constant. Magic polygons are a generalization of other magic shapes such as magic triangles.

## Magic polygon with a center point

Victoria Jakicic and Rachelle Bouchat defined magic polygons as n-sided regular polygons with 2n+1 nodes such that the sum of the three nodes are equal. In their definition, a 3 × 3 magic square can be viewed as a magic 4-gon. There are no magic odd-gons with this definition.

## Magic polygons and degenerated magic polygons

Danniel Dias Augusto and Josimar da Silva defined the magic polygon P(n,k) as a set of vertices of $k/2$ concentric n-gon and a center point. In this definition, magic polygons of Victoria Jakicic and Rachelle Bouchat can be viewed as P(n,2) magic polygons. They also defined degenerated magic polygons.
# Pleuroceras spinatum

Pleuroceras spinatum is a species of ammonite from the lower Jurassic, upper Pliensbachian period (189.6 ± 1.5 – 183.0 ± 1.5 Mya). Species of this genus were fast-moving nektonic carnivore.

## Description

Shell of Pleuroceras spinatum can reach a diameter of about 45–54 millimetres (1.8–2.1 in).These ammonites have a planulate shell with a quadrate whorl section, bearing strong radial ribs ending in ventro-lateral tubercles. The venter is tabulate with a strong serrated keel.

## Distribution

Fossils of this species have been found in the Jurassic of France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Serbia and Montenegro, Spain and United Kingdom.
# Pleurodictyum

Pleurodictyum is an extinct genus of tabulate corals, characterized by polygonal corallites. Colonies commonly encrust hard substrates such as rocks, shells and carbonate hardgrounds.

## Distribution

Fossils of Pleurodictyum have been found in:

### Silurian

Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Tajikistan, and the United States (Kentucky, Wisconsin)

### Devonian

Algeria, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada (Ontario), China, Colombia (Floresta Formation, Altiplano Cundiboyacense), the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Luxembourg, New Zealand, South Africa, Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, the United Kingdom, United States (Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee), and Venezuela

### Carboniferous

Czech Republic, Mexico, and the United States (Georgia)
# Pleurotomella esmeralda

Pleurotomella esmeralda is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Distribution

Fossils of this marine species were found in Pliocene strata in Ecuador; age range: 5.332 to 3.6 Ma.
# Polyptychoceras

Polyptychoceras is an extinct genus of ammonites from the Late Cretaceous of Asia, Europe, and North and South America. It was first named by Hisakatsu Yabe in 1927.

## Species and subspecies

This genus contains the following eight species and one subgenus, Subtychoceras, which contains one species.
* Polyptychoceras mihoense
* Polyptychoceras pseudogaultinum, could reach a length of 100 – 120 mm
* Polyptychoceras haradanum (Yokoyama)
* Polyptychoceras obatai
* Polyptychoceras obliquecostatum
* Polyptychoceras subunduratum
* Polyptychoceras obstrictum (Jimbo)
* Polyptychoceras vancouverensis, located around the Trent and Puntledge Rivers. Due to its shape, fossil poachers often call it the "paperclip ammonite" or "candy cane".
* Polyptychoceras (Subptychoceras) yubarense, could reach a maximum length of 200 mm

## Description

Polyptychoceras is a heteromorph ammonite, meaning that its shell does not curl up into the tight spiral shape which shells of ammonites from the subclass Ammonoidea typically do.
Polyptychoceras shells have an abrupt weight increase after formation of the initial shaft, which represents the shell's automatic balance condition. This would have caused the shell to topple over if on land. The soft body of the animal would have to have been large, in order to keep the falling shaft off of the ground. The body would not have been resistant to the pressing shell.
Although the shafts in the fossils of the shells are usually parallel to each other, small aberrations during each growth stage often caused abrupt constrictions in the shape of the shell.

## Life

A Japanese study in 1979 suggested that Polyptychoceras lived and travelled in schools, similarly to modern cuttlefish. Individual fossil specimens of a particular species of Polyptychoceras are frequently found in sediments laid down in the same bed of water, around the Santonian and Upper Coniacian faunal stages of the Late Cretaceous Epoch. Polyptychoceras was probably buoyant, and swam in a slow, somewhat up-and-down locomotion. It also likely preferred living in sheltered parts of deep sea levels, although how deep is uncertain. Subptychoceras yubarense was likely very long like an eel, and preferred a benthic mode of life.

## Distribution

Fossils of Polyptychoceras have been found in Angola, Antarctica, Argentina, Austria, Japan, Mexico, the Russian Federation, and the United States (California).