OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alkalosis

Alkalosis is the result of a process reducing hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood plasma (alkalemia). In contrast to acidemia (serum pH 7.35 or lower), alkalemia occurs when the serum pH is higher than normal (7.45 or higher). Alkalosis is usually divided into the categories of respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis or a combined respiratory/metabolic alkalosis.

## Signs and symptoms

Metabolic alkalosis is usually accompanied by low blood potassium concentration, causing, e.g., muscular weakness, muscle pain, and muscle cramps (from disturbed function of the skeletal muscles), and muscle spasms (from disturbed function of smooth muscles).
It may also cause low blood calcium concentration. As the blood pH increases, blood transport proteins, such as albumin, become more ionized into anions. This causes the free calcium present in blood to bind more strongly with albumin. If severe, it may cause tetany.

## Causes

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by hyperventilation, resulting in a loss of carbon dioxide. Compensatory mechanisms for this include release of hydrogen ion from tissue buffers and excretion of bicarbonate in the kidneys, both of which lower blood pH. Hyperventilation-induced alkalosis can be seen in several deadly central nervous system diseases such as strokes or Rett syndrome.
In McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease type V), the inability to utilize muscle glycogen leads to a shortage of ATP during exercise and subsequent exercise-induced premature muscle fatigue, muscle cramps, muscle pain (myalgia), inappropriate rapid heart rate response to exercise (tachycardia), rapid depletion of phosphocreatine, insufficient ATP production, increased ADP and AMP, increased rise in venous ammonia (from the purine nucleotide cycle), increased epinephrine (adrenaline), increased plasma free fatty acids (lipolysis), increased venous pH (alkalosis), rapid (tachypnea) and commonly (approx. 50%) also heavy breathing (hyperpnea), that is exercise hyperventilation. During exercise, due to the inability to utilize muscle glycogen as a substrate for ATP synthesis, plasma lactate does not significantly rise (and may fall below) compared to resting levels; consequently, McArdle disease individuals do not experience lactic acidosis. The rise in venous pH (alkalosis), may be due to increased ammonia production, increased epinephrine, and/or increased oxygen demand for oxidative phosphorylation of blood borne substrates (free fatty acids and blood glucose).
Metabolic alkalosis can be caused by repeated vomiting, resulting in a loss of hydrochloric acid in the stomach contents. Severe dehydration, and the consumption of alkali, are other causes. It can also be caused by administration of diuretics and endocrine disorders such as Cushing's syndrome. Compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis involve slowed breathing by the lungs to increase serum carbon dioxide, a condition leaning toward respiratory acidosis. As respiratory acidosis often accompanies the compensation for metabolic alkalosis, and vice versa, a delicate balance is created between these two conditions.
# Moresby Treaty

The Moresby Treaty was an anti-slavery treaty between Sayyid Said, Sultan of Muscat and Oman and Fairfax Moresby, senior officer of Mauritius, on behalf of Britain in September 1822.
Initially composed of six articles, the purpose of the treaty was to limit the Indian Ocean slave trade by preventing the importation of slaves to British holdings in India and the Indian Ocean from land ruled by Omani Arabs in East Africa. The treaty barred the sale of slaves to Christians of any nationality, recognized the sultan’s jurisdiction over the waters near the East African coast, allowed for the installation of a British official in Zanzibar or the mainland, and created the Moresby Line.

## The Moresby Line

Among the stipulations was the creation of the Moresby Line. The line ran from the southernmost point of the sultan's territory in Africa – Cape Delgado in Mozambique – through the Indian Ocean to the city of Diu on the coast of India. The transportation of slaves west of the established line, a primarily Muslim zone of the Indian Ocean, was at this point considered legal but prohibited on the eastern side. To enforce this rule, warships were given the authority to confiscate ships carrying slaves in illegal waters east of the line and punish the captain in the same manner as a pirate, by "death without the benefit of clergy". The only exemption to this regulation provided for ships that had gone past the line due to conditions beyond their control including extreme weather conditions. Confusion arose as to who exactly was to enforce this part of the treaty as the English version of the text placed responsibility on the Oman while the Arab text placed the onus on the British.

## Amendment

On 17 December 1839 the treaty was expanded in scope, adding three more articles to the original agreement. The extension increased the area in which the transportation of slaves was considered illegal by moving the endpoint of the Moresby Line west to the Port of Pasni on the Makran Coast. Additionally, the amendment prohibited the sale of Somalis as slaves because, as Muslims, they were considered ‘free men’ by the Omani ruler who was a Muslim himself.
It was followed by the Hamerton Treaty in 1845.
# Konradów, Opole Voivodeship

Konradów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Głuchołazy, within Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, close to the Czech border. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Głuchołazy, 21 km (13 mi) south of Nysa, and 56 km (35 mi) south-west of the regional capital Opole.
On 29 January 1945, German SS soldiers were conducting a death march in the area and murdered 138 prisoners on a road leading to Zlaté Hory.
# Rakovac

Rakovac may refer to:

## People

* Rakovac, a Croatian surname
** Dragutin Rakovac (1813–1854), Croatian writer, translator and journalist
** Ladislav Rakovac (1847–1906), Croatian physician

## Geography
### Serbia

* Rakovac (Beočin)
* Rakovac (Bujanovac)
* Rakovac (Novi Pazar)
* Rakovac (Raška)
* Rakovac Monastery

### Bosnia and Herzegovina

* Rakovac (Novi Grad)
* Rakovac (Bratunac)
* Rakovac (Pale)

### Croatia

* Rakovac, Karlovac, a section of the city of Karlovac, Croatia
# Song Mi-ryung

Song Mi-ryeong (Korean: 송미령, born 1967) is a South Korean professor and the Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs.

## Career

Song attended Seoul National University, earning a bachelor's degree in urban planning and a doctorate in public administration. She served as a policy research expert at the Korea Rural Economic Institute (KREI), a South Korean agricultural think tank; she joined in 1997 and ultimately became senior researcher, specializing in agricultural economics. She served as an advisor to the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and as a member of several committees.
In December 2023, President Yoon Suk Yeol appointed Song to the post of Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, as part of a broader cabinet reshuffle in which six new ministers and ministerial-level appointees were named. During her confirmation hearings before the National Assembly in December 2023, Song supported the proposal to ban the dog-meat trade in South Korea beginning in 2027. The dog-meat ban unanimously passed the National Assembly in January 2024, and Song named a team within the ministry to oversee implementation.
As agriculture minister, Song reaffirmed government policy against the import of apples and pears (a phytosanitary measure intended to prevent the introduction of pests). Song said in 2024 that relaxing the ban would not bring down high fruit prices in South Korea.
In 2024, Song promoted a plan to boost the global prominence of Korean cuisine, setting a goal of having 15,000 Korean restaurants overseas and 100 Michelin-starred Korean restaurants (by 2027 compared to 31 Michelin-starred Korean restaurants globally as of 2023).
# Vera Rudakova

Vera Viktorovna Rudakova (Russian: Вера Викторовна Рудакова; born 20 March 1992) is a Russian athlete who specialises in the 400 metres hurdles. She won several titles for her country in various junior categories. She reached her first major final at the 2014 European Championships finishing sixth.
Her personal best in the event is 54.42, set in Moscow 2016.

## International competitions

Representing  Russia :
| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| 2009 | World Youth Championships | Brixen, Italy | 1st | 400 m hurdles | 57.83 |
| 2009 | European Youth Olympics | Tampere, Finland | 1st | 400 m hurdles | 58.01 |
| 2010 | World Junior Championships | Moncton, Canada | 1st | 400 m hurdles | 57.16 |
| 2010 | World Junior Championships | Moncton, Canada | 6th | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:36.94 |
| 2011 | European Junior Championships | Tallinn, Estonia | 1st | 400 m hurdles | 57.24 |
| 2013 | European U23 Championships | Tampere, Finland | 1st | 400 m hurdles | 55.92 |
| 2014 | European Championships | Zürich, Switzerland | 6th | 400 m hurdles | 56.22 |
| 2015 | World Championships | Beijing, China | 19th (sf) | 400 m hurdles | 56.38 |
| Competing as Authorised Neutral Athlete ||||||
| 2018 | European Championships | Berlin, Germany | 6th | 400 m hurdles | 55.89 |
| 2019 | World Championships | Doha, Qatar | 18th (sf) | 400 m hurdles | 55.57 |
# Tectonatica

Tectonatica is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Naticinae of the family Naticidae, the moon snails.

## Fossil record

Fossils of Tectonatica are found in marine strata from the Eocene until the Quaternary (age range: from 61.7 to 0.0 million years ago.). Fossils are known from various localities in Europe, North America, South America and Japan.

## Distribution

This marine genus occurs in the Indo-West Pacific and off Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia).

## Species

Species within the genus Tectonatica include:
* Tectonatica bougei (Sowerby, 1908)
* Tectonatica impervia (Philippi, 1845)
* Tectonatica lactinea (X.-T. Ma & S.-P. Zhang, 1993)
* Tectonatica micra (Haas, 1953)
* † Tectonatica occulta (Deshayes, 1864)
* Tectonatica prietoi (Hidalgo, 1873)
* Tectonatica pusilla (Say, 1822)
* Tectonatica rizzae (Philippi, 1844)
* Tectonatica robillardi (Sowerby, 1894)
* Tectonatica sagraiana (d'Orbigny, 1842)
* Tectonatica shorehami (Pritchard & Gatliff, 1900)
* Tectonatica suffusa (Reeve, 1855)
* Tectonatica tecta (Anton, 1838)
* † Tectonatica tectula (Sacco, 1890)
* Tectonatica violacea (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825)
* Tectonatica zonulata (Thiele, 1930)

### Species brought into synonymy

* Tectonatica clausiformis Oyama, 1969: synonym of Cryptonatica affinis (Gmelin, 1791)
* Tectonatica filosa (Philippi, 1845) : synonym of Tectonatica sagraiana (d'Orbigny, 1842)
* Tectonatica flammulata (Requien, 1848): synonym of Tectonatica sagraiana (d'Orbigny, 1842)
* Tectonatica janthostomoides Kuroda & Habe, 1949: synonym of Cryptonatica janthostomoides (Kuroda & Habe, 1949)
* Tectonatica operculata (Jeffreys, 1885): synonym of Cryptonatica operculata (Jeffreys, 1885)
* Tectonatica pavimentum (Recluz, 1844): synonym of Tanea pavimentum (Recluz, 1844)
* Tectonatica rikuzenensis Tiba, 1985: synonym of Cryptonatica ranzii (Kuroda, 1961)
* Tectonatica unicolor (Ma & Zhang, 1993): synonym of Tectonatica lactinea (X.-T. Ma & S.-P. Zhang, 1993)
* Tectonatica venustula (Philippi, 1851): synonym of Notocochlis venustula (Philippi, 1851): synonym of Notocochlis gualteriana (Récluz, 1844)
# Sergei Narylkov

Sergei Viktorovich Narylkov (Russian: Серге́й Викторович Нарылков; born 7 October 1987) is a Russian professional football player who plays for Sibir Novosibirsk.

## Club career

He made his Russian Football National League debut for Dynamo Barnaul on 27 March 2008 in a game against Ural Yekaterinburg.

## Honours

* Russian Professional Football League Zone East best player, top scorer: 2016–17.
# Saartha

Saartha (meaning "caravan") is an historical novel written in the Kannada language by Indian writer S. L. Bhyrappa. Through a caravan, the book explores the whole of 8th-century India, covering the political, economic, artistic and spiritual life of the country. It refers to many historical personalities including Adi Shankaracharya, Maṇḍana Miśra, Ubhaya Bharati and Kumārila Bhaṭṭa and to institutions like Nalanda. Its Sanskrit translation was received by Sanskrit scholars like a work originally written in the language. It has also been translated into Hindi and English in editions published by Oxford University Press, Chennai.
# Oslavskoye

Oslavskoye (Russian: Ославское) is a rural locality (a selo) in Bogolyubovskoye Rural Settlement, Suzdalsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 336 as of 2010. There are 36 streets.

## Geography

Oslavskoye is located on the right bank of the Nerl River, 39 km southeast of Suzdal (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novoye is the nearest rural locality.
# Selsey Formation

The Selsey Formation is a geologic formation in England. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.
# Daniel Pender

Daniel Pender was a Royal Navy Staff Commander, later captain, who surveyed the Coast of British Columbia aboard HMS Plumper, HMS Hecate and Beaver from 1857 to 1870.
Pender was recorded as the second master of the admiralty survey vessel, HMS Plumper, in 1857 when he arrived at Esquimalt. He was promoted as the ship's master in 1860. He was, however, transferred to HMS Hecate a year later after the Plumper was deemed too small and unsuitable for the coast's waters. When the British government commissioned the Hudson Bay Company to continue the hydraulic survey of the coast, he was given command of the company's Beaver. He replaced Captain George Henry Richards, who was recalled to Britain after he was appointed as the Hydrographer of the Royal Navy.

## Legacy

Pender Harbour, a harbour and group of communities on the Sunshine Coast of British Columbia, Canada, are named for Pender, as are North and South Pender Islands in the Southern Gulf Islands and various placenames associated with those islands. Farther north are also a Mount Pender on Campania Island and a Pender Point on Neroutsos Inlet. The Pender Harbour area also includes a Mount Daniel, a Daniel Point and a Pender Hill; all three are parkland.
# Ksenia Krasilnikova

Ksenia Vasilyevna Krasilnikova (Russian: Ксения Васильевна Красильникова, born 18 June 1991) is a Russian former pair skater. With Konstantin Bezmaternikh, she is the 2008 World Junior champion.

## Career

Krasilnikova teamed up with Konstantin Bezmaternikh in 2003. The pair was coached by Valeri Tiukov and Valentina Tiukova in poor conditions in Perm. Although they placed second on the day, they were later awarded the 2007-2008 Junior Grand Prix Final title following the retroactive disqualification of Vera Bazarova / Yuri Larionov due to a positive doping sample from Larionov.
Krasilnikova / Bezmaternikh withdrew from the 2009 Nebelhorn Trophy after the short program – he injured ligaments in his right hand. Krasilnikova decided to retire from competitive skating after the 2009–2010 season due to a persistent back injury.

## Programs

(with Bezmaternikh)
| Season | Short program | Free skating | Exhibition |
| 2009–2010 | The Blizzard by Georgy Sviridov | Pirates of the Caribbean by Klaus Badelt, Hans Zimmer | |
| 2008–2009 | Valpurgis Night (from the opera Margarethe) by Charles Gounod | Pirates of the Caribbean by Klaus Badelt, Hans Zimmer | Color of the Night by Dominic Frontiere |
| 2007–2008 | Quidam (from Cirque du Soleil) | Spartacus by Aram Khachaturian | |
| 2006–2007 | The Circus Princess by Emmerich Kálmán | Spartacus by Aram Khachaturian | |
| 2005–2006 | The Circus Princess by Emmerich Kálmán | Don Quixote by Ludwig Minkus | |
| 2004–2005 | The Music of the West | Don Quixote by Ludwig Minkus | |

## Competitive highlights

(with Bezmaternikh)
Results :
| International |||||||
| Event | 2004–05 | 2005–06 | 2006–07 | 2007–08 | 2008–09 | 2009–10 |
| GP Cup of Russia | | | | 5th | | |
| GP NHK Trophy | | | | | | 6th |
| Nebelhorn | | | | | | WD |
| Universiade | | | | | 6th | |
| International: Junior |||||||
| Junior Worlds | | 3rd | 3rd | 1st | | |
| JGP Final | | | 2nd | 1st | 3rd | |
| JGP Belarus | | | | | 4th | |
| JGP Croatia | | 2nd | | | | |
| JGP Czech | | | 1st | | | |
| JGP Germany | | | | 3rd | | |
| JGP Gr. Britain | | | | 2nd | | |
| JGP Japan | | 2nd | | | | |
| JGP France | 4th | | | | | |
| JGP Mexico | | | | | 1st | |
| JGP Serbia | 6th | | | | | |
| JGP Taipei | | | 4th | | | |
| National |||||||
| Russian Champ. | 8th | 9th | | 5th | 4th | WD |
| Russian Junior | | 2nd | 1st | 1st | | |
| GP = Grand Prix; JGP = Junior Grand Prix; J. = Junior level; WD = Withdrew |||||||
# Ivo Cerda

Ivo Héctor Cerda Woldarsky (born 31 October 1995), known as Ivo Cerda, is a Chilean footballer.

## Career

Cerda played as a midfielder for Lansing Ignite FC of USL League One in 2019. The club ceased operations after its inaugural 2019 season.

## Personal

In May 2021, Cerda was named one of two recipients of the NCAA's prestigious Walter Byers Graduate Scholarship.
# Dino Valls

Dino Valls is a Spanish painter born in 1959 in Zaragoza.
Building on a childhood passion for drawing, Valls taught himself to paint in oils beginning in 1975. After completing his degree in Medicine and Surgery in 1982, Valls devoted himself full-time to the profession of painting.
As one of the Spanish representatives of the vanguard of figurative art, Valls' work displays the strong influence of past masters and their studies of the human being. In the early '90s, Valls began studying the use of egg tempera, adapting and customizing the techniques of Italian and Flemish masters from the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries to create new works in combinations of tempera and oil. His paintings elaborate and expand upon the methods of past masters, employing formal figurative techniques as the medium through which to explore the human psyche in a conceptual framework laden with profound psychological weight and symbolism.
Valls has participated in important international exhibitions of contemporary art, and has held numerous showings in Europe and the United States.
# Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana

18°30′54″N 73°49′30″E﻿ / ﻿18.515023°N 73.825054°E﻿ / 18.515023; 73.825054
Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana is a research and education institute for mathematics in Pune, India, founded by noted Indian-American mathematician professor Shreeram Abhyankar. The institute is named after the great ancient Indian Mathematician Bhaskaracharya (Born in 1114 A.D). It was founded in 1976. It has researchers working in many areas of mathematics, particularly in algebra and number theory.
Since 1992, the Pratishthan has also been a recognized center for conducting Regional Mathematics Olympiad (RMO) under the National Board for Higher Mathematics (NBHM) for Maharashtra and Goa Region.
Pratishthana publishes the mathematics periodical Bona Mathematica and has published texts in higher and Olympiad mathematics. Besides this the Pratishthan holds annual / biennial conferences/ Workshops in some research areas in higher mathematics attended by Indian/Foreign scholars and Professors. The Pratishthan has organized a number of workshops for research students and college teachers under the aegis of NBHM/NCM. The National Board for Higher Mathematics has greatly helped Pratishthan to enrich its library. The Department of Atomic Energy and the Mathematics Department of S. P. Pune University have rendered active co-operation in holding conferences/workshops.
It also conducts the BMTSC exam which is a school-level mathematics competition for students studying in the 5th and the 6th grade. The objectives of the competition are listed below: 1. Identify good students of mathematics at an early age. 2. A pre Olympiad type competition. 3. To enhance Mathematical ability and logical thinking. 4. Nurture programs for successful students to improve their ability.
# Zvijezda

Zvijezda in some Slavic languages means "star", and may refer to:
* Zvijezda (mountain near Drina), a mountain on the border of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Zvijezda, Vareš, a village in central Bosnia
* Zvijezda (mountain near Vareš), a mountain in central Bosnia
* NK Zvijezda Gradačac, a football club from Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Zvijezda (company), an edible oil manufacturing company from Croatia
* Zvijezda, Karlovac, a section of the city of Karlovac, Croatia
# KFF Olimpik Tirana

KFF Olimpik Tirana were an Albanian women's professional football club, based in Tirana. They coexisted briefly with two other teams in the capital, Tirana AS and KFF Tirana, before dissolving.

## History

Olimpik Tirana competed in the inaugural 2009 National Championship, losing in the quarter-finals to Juban Danja by a score of 0–7. The club was led by coaches Liljana Karanxha and Endi Hyka, both longstanding contributors to women's football within the Albanian Football Federation (FSHF).
# Vitalina Simonova

Vitalina Olegovna Simonova (Russian: Виталина Олеговна Симонова; born 18 September 1992) is a Russian breaststroke swimmer. She finished third in the individual 200 m at the 2013 European Short Course Swimming Championships, but later received a silver medal after the winner, Yuliya Yefimova, failed a doping test. She was also part of the Russian mixed medley relay team that won a bronze medal at the 2014 European Aquatics Championships.
Simonova also competes in the freestyle with fins, and won two world titles in 2012, in the 50 m and 100 m events.
# Dekalb Amberlink

The Dekalb Amberlink is a very popular chicken for free range, cruelty free, alternative production methods. They are very adaptive to non-cage operation, forages well, and have exceptional feather retention, being one of their best features for free range farms and other operations. Most popular in the United States in the 1970s, the Amberlink has become a relatively common chicken breed to be used on small house poultry farms. Mainly white with some amber brown feathers, the Amberlink is not currently recognized as a standard breed. It is often listed as either a crossbreed resulting from reverse-crossing of the parent line. Amberlinks lay light to medium rich brown eggs, laying about 270 eggs a year. The temperament of the Amberlink is conducive to small backyard flocks as it is both docile and social as long as they have had the opportunity to socialise from a young age with both other chickens and humans.