OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kadu people

The Kadu people (Burmese: ကဒူး/ကတူးလူမျိုး; also spelt Kado) are an ethnic group in Myanmar. They speak the Kadu language. They mostly reside in the country's northwestern hills, centred around Katha, and are ethnolinguistically related to the Ganan and Sak peoples. The Kadu traditionally cultivate rice on irrigated terraces.

## Names

In Old Burmese, the Kadu were referred to as the Kantu or Sak-Kantu. Their endonym is Asak, commonly shortened to Sak. Speakers of the Ganan and Mokhwang Kadu dialects do not self-identify as Sak or Asak. In the 13th century History of Yuan, they are recorded as the Jiandu (建都), while the Travels of Marco Polo recorded them as the Caindu.

## History

The Kadu likely descended from the Qiongdu [zh] (邛都), a sub-group of 'southwestern barbarians' described in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian. They settled in present-day Myanmar during the Tang dynasty, becoming a dominant group in the Tagaung Kingdom. Scholars like Gordon Luce posit that the Pyu people were converted to Buddhism by the Sak-Kadu peoples.
With the rise of the Pagan kingdom, by the 12th and 13th centuries, the Kadu inhabited the border areas between the present-day Sichuan and Yunnan provinces of China and Burma. By the 13th century, they had largely assimilated into more dominant Tibeto-Burman speaking groups in both China and Burma. By the mid-13th century, the Kadu had diverged from the Sak (or Thet people), who now reside in southwestern Myanmar's Rakhine State. By the early 20th century, most Kadu had assimilated and adopted Burmese customs, including Theravada Buddhism.

## Population

The Kadu population is estimated to be approximately 180,000. The 1901 census counted 16,300 Kadu speakers, while the 1911 census reported 11,069 Kadu speakers. The 1931 census counted 36,400 persons of Kadu descent.
The Kadu primarily live in the country's northwest in Sagaing Region, scattered across 98 villages, including 38 villages in Banmauk Township, 34 villages in Indaw Township, 16 villages in Pinlebu Township, 5 villages in Katha Township, and 5 villages in Mogaung Township.
# Corruption in Montenegro

Political corruption :
Forms and concepts :
Bribery
Cronyism
Economics of corruption
Electoral fraud
Elite capture
Influence peddling
Kleptocracy
Mafia state
Nepotism
Pyrrhic defeat theory
Slush fund
Simony
State capture
State-corporate crime
Throffer :
Anti-corruption :
International Anti-Corruption Court
Group of States Against Corruption
International Anti-Corruption Academy
International Anti-Corruption Day
United Nations Convention against Corruption :
Corruption by country :
vte :
In recent years, Montenegro has increased its efforts to implement preventive and legislative measures needed to curb corruption. For example, anti-bribery provisions in the Criminal Code, as well as laws on money laundering, conflict of interest, access to information, and political funding have all been strengthened, while awareness-raising activities and training of public officials in integrity standards have been intensified.
However, corruption remains a serious problem in the country. The European Commission finds in its Progress Report 2013 that efficiency in the fight against corruption is constrained by frequent legislative changes and the lax attitude among law enforcement authorities to investigate corruption allegations, especially those involving high-level officials.

## Areas
### Business

In the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014, surveyed business executives rank access to financing, corruption and inefficient bureaucracy as the most problematic factors for doing business in Montenegro. Active and passive bribery is prohibited by the Montenegrin Criminal Code, and government officials are subject to more stringent requirements under the Law on the Prevention of Conflict of Interest, which stipulates that they may only receive appropriate gifts of small value (not exceeding the amount of EUR 50).

### Government

On Transparency International's 2023 Corruption Perceptions Index, Montenegro scored 46 on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean"). When ranked by score, Montenegro ranked 63rd among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector. For comparison with worldwide scores, the average score was 43, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180). For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among Eastern European and Central Asian countries was 53, the average score was 35 and the lowest score was 18.
# Sir Richard Combe

Sir Richard Combe (c. 1632 – living 1675) of Hemel Hempstead, was knighted by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell during the Interregnum and again shortly after the Restoration by Charles II.

## Biography

Richard Combe was the son of Tobias Combe, of Felmeston-Bury, Hertfordshire, and Mary, daughter of John Theede of Crofton Com. Buckinghamshire.
Combe was knighted by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell at Whitehall in August 1656. This honour passed into oblivion with the Restoration of the monarchy under Charles II in May 1660, however Charles bestowed a new knighthood on Sir Richard on 5 February 1661. During the Interregnum Sir Richard a supporter of the Parliamentary cause prospered, but after the Restoration his fortunes waned, and he died poor.
The manor house of Sir Richard Combe was located in the Gadebridge Park, of which currently only the Charter Tower remains. His arms may still be seen on the tower.

## Family

Combe married twice. His first wife was named Anne, daughter and coheir of John Frere of Stroke Suffolk. They had two sons:
* Richard (1654–1692).
* Thomas (born 1656 – before 1692).
Combe married secondly Anne daughter of —— Trowe of ——, Oxfordshire.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Sir Richard Combe :
# Reassortment

Reassortment is the mixing of the genetic material of a species into new combinations in different individuals. The product of reassortment is called a reassortant. It is particularly used when two similar viruses that are infecting the same cell exchange genetic material. More specifically, it refers to the swapping of entire segments of the genome, which only occurs between viruses with segmented genomes. (All known viruses with segmented genomes are RNA viruses.)

## Flu virus

The classical example of reassortment is seen in the influenza viruses, whose genomes consist of eight distinct segments of RNA. These segments act like mini-chromosomes, and each time a flu virus is assembled, it requires one copy of each segment.
If a single host (a human, a chicken, or other animal) is infected by two different strains of the influenza virus, then it is possible that new assembled viral particles will be created from segments whose origin is mixed, some coming from one strain and some coming from another. The new reassortant strain will share properties of both of its parental lineages.
Reassortment is responsible for some of the major antigenic shifts in the history of the influenza virus. In the 1957 "Asian flu" and 1968 "Hong Kong flu" pandemics, flu strains were caused by reassortment between an avian virus and a human virus. In addition, the H1N1 virus responsible for the 2009 swine flu pandemic has an unusual mix of swine, avian and human influenza genetic sequences.

### Multiplicity reactivation

When influenza viruses are inactivated by UV irradiation or ionizing radiation, they remain capable of multiplicity reactivation in infected host cells. If any of a virus's genome segments is damaged in such a way as to prevent replication or expression of an essential gene, the virus is inviable when it, alone, infects a host cell (single infection). However, when two or more damaged viruses infect the same cell (multiple infection), the infection can often succeed (multiplicity reactivation) due to reassortment of segments, provided that each of the eight genome segments is present in at least one undamaged copy.

## Other viruses

The reptarenavirus family, responsible for inclusion body disease in snakes, shows a very high degree of genetic diversity due to reassortment of genetic material from multiple strains in the same infected animal.
# Estêvão da Gama (16th century)

Estêvão da Gama (c. 1505–1576) was the Portuguese governor of Portuguese Gold Coast (1529–1535) and Portuguese India (1540–1542). Named after his paternal grandfather Estêvão da Gama, Estêvão was the second son of Vasco da Gama, and the brother of Cristóvão da Gama.
He commanded the fleet that entered the Red Sea, with the intent of attacking the Ottoman fleet in its harbor at Suez, leaving Goa on 31 December 1540 and reaching Aden on 27 January 1541. The fleet reached Massawa on 12 February, where Gama left a number of ships and continued north. Reaching Suez, he discovered that the Ottomans had long had intelligence of his raid, and foiled his attempt to burn their beached ships. Gama was forced to retrace his steps to Massawa, although pausing to attack the port of El-Tor on the Sinai Peninsula.
Once back at Massawa, Gama found the men he had left were restless and convinced by the self-described patriarch João Bermudes that they should provide military assistance to the beleaguered emperor of Ethiopia. Gama acquiesced to their demands, and landed 400 men, 130 military slaves, and sufficient supplies for them at Massawa and the nearby port of Arqiqo under the charge of his brother Cristóvão, before departing for India on 9 July.

## Cultural depiction

* Estêvão da Gama appears in the 2011 Indian film Urumi, portrayed by the American actor Alexx O'Nell.
# Master of the View of Saint Gudula

The Master of the View of Saint Gudula (active 1480 – 1499), was an Early Netherlandish painter active in Brussels in the last quarter of the 15th century.

## Biography

He was born in Brussels and is known for portraits of prominent church patrons and other religious works. His work is sometimes confused with that of other Antwerp or Brussels painters of his day.
# Dzihunia pseudoamudarjensis

Dzihunia pseudoamudarjensis, the Uzbekistan stone loach, is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Nemacheilidae. It is endemic to the Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan. It lives in slowly flowing, turbid water (in spring and summer) of the Great Fergana Canal.

## Description

It grows to 107 mm SL. Eyes are present. Mouth is inferior. Gill rakers are absent in outer row. Scales are absent on the body. The lateral line is complete with 84-86 pores. Elongated body is slightly compressed anteriorly and strongly compressed posteriorly. Lips moderately thick, strongly furrowed, lower lip wide and medially interrupted. Three pairs of barbels are present. Dorsal fin distal margin slightly concave, anal fin distal margin straight or slightly concave. Pectoral fins are developed. Caudal fin forked.
# Oster (surname)

Oster is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Daniel Oster (1938–1999), French writer
* Emily Oster (born c. 1980), American economist and academic, daughter of Sharon
* Ernst Oster (1908—1977), German pianist, musicologist and music theorist
* George Oster (1940–2018), American mathematical biologist
* Grigoriy Oster (born 1947), Russian children's book author and scriptwriter
* Hans Oster (1887–1945), German World War II general, and anti-Nazi resistance figure
* Harry Oster (1923–2001), American folklorist and musicologist
* Heinrich Oster (1878–1954), German chemist, businessman and Nazi war criminal
* Jack Oster (c. 1910–?), British rugby player
* Jeffrey W. Oster, US Marine Corps lieutenant general
* Jennifer Oster (born 1986), German footballer
* John Oster (born 1978), British football player
* Josef Oster (born 1971), German politician
* Shai Oster, American journalist
* Sharon Oster (1948–2022), American economist and academic
* Stefan Oster (born 1965), German Catholic bishop
# Diestelbach

Diestelbach is a river in the district of Lippe in the eastern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Also known as the Diestel, it is a tributary of the Emmer.

## Course

The source of the Diestelbach is 250 m above sea level on the 426 m high Winterberg hill in the city forest of Blomberg in North Rhine-Westphalia. Flowing west in the direction of Blomberg, the river then curves southward from Blomberg by Borkhausen where it is fed by the Königsbach. From here the Diestelbach flows southeast until Nessenberg where it joins the Emmer at 35.2 km west of Schieder-Schwalenberg at a height of 123 m above sea level.

## Water quality

The Diestelbach is moderately polluted by outflows from the Blomberg wastewater treatment facility and the timber industry in Blomberg. This pollution reaches the Diestelbach via the Königsbach river.
# Murder of Festus Okey

On the evening of 20 August 2007, Festus Okey, a Nigerian footballer living in Turkey, was detained by an undercover police officer and fatally shot in police custody at the police station in Beyoğlu, Istanbul. The case was controversial and spurred several protests over the poor handling of the killing, with prime suspect Cengiz Yıldız also being the investigating officer and the unexplained loss of critical evidence, as well as racist and xenophobic profiling by law enforcement. Yıldız was initially found guilty of manslaughter in 2011 and sentenced to four years and two months in prison. However, the Court of Cassation reversed the decision on appeal to try Yıldız for murder. A second trial starting in 2018 with the participation of Okey's family, who live in Nigeria. In January 2021, the Constitutional Court of Turkey ruled that Okey has his right to life violated, ordering state compensation of ₺80,000 for his family. On 17 March 2021, Yıldız was resentenced to 16 years and eight months for murder, which has been reduced from a proposed life sentence.
# Grapholita fissana

Grapholita fissana is a species of moth belonging to the family Tortricidae.
It is native to Europe.
# You've Been Watching Me

You've Been Watching Me is an album by the American composer and saxophonist Tim Berne's Snakoil which was released on the ECM label in 2015.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| The Guardian | |
| All About Jazz | |
The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album 4 stars and stated "You've Been Watching Me is the most structured record from Snakeoil as well as the most varied. The band's language has expanded with the addition of Ferreira, yet it's more intuitive -- where the space and complexity are different shades in the face of beauty".
Writing in The Guardian, John Fordham commented "The original alto sax, clarinets, piano and drums now expands to include the subtle and cinematic Ryan Ferreira’s guitar. Though this is the most collectivised edition of Snakeoil, a wealth of fascinating detail remains ... Some Berne followers might find the sense of being lost within his tightening mazes increases with this more collective venture, but DownBeat magazine nailed Berne’s current music by declaring that it “rocks and thinks, explores, deconstructs and, yes, it swings”".
The All About Jazz review by Karl Ackermann said that "You've Been Watching Me represents another forward-looking development for Berne and Snakeoil. The quintet works in various breakout formations adding to the variety of textures and sounds. There's an openness in this setting that adds depth and drama to the improvisations that weave through the arrangements. Berne's music has never been anything less than challenging, but here it is broader and more accessible without sacrificing edginess; You've Been Watching Me is a major achievement in Berne's portfolio".
JazzTimes reviewer Mike Shanley wrote "Snakeoil’s third album finds Berne continuing to assert his intense writing style under the ECM banner, with guitarist/collaborator David Torn handling the production for a second time and maintaining the saxophonist’s personality ... Previous Berne groups have focused on acoustic frenzy (Bloodcount) and dabbled in noisy electric structures (Science Friction). Snakeoil is poised to be his strongest band yet, because it combines those qualities".

## Track listing

All compositions by Tim Berne
* "Lost in Redding" – 6:58
* "Small World in a Small Town" – 18:26
* "Embraceable Me" – 14:12
* "Angles" – 2:26
* "You've Been Watching Me" – 1:46
* "Semi Self Detached" – 10:23
* "False Impressions" – 13:22

## Personnel

* Tim Berne - alto saxophone
* Oscar Noriega - clarinet, bass clarinet
* Ryan Ferreira – electric guitar, acoustic guitar
* Matt Mitchell - piano, electronics
* Ches Smith - drums, percussion
# David Shaw (Canadian football)

David Shaw (April 11, 1953 – October 3, 2024) was a football player in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for 12 years. Shaw played defensive back for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and Winnipeg Blue Bombers from 1975 to 1986. He was a CFL All-Star five times and was a part of the Blue Bombers Grey Cup championship team in 1984. He played college football at the Prairie View A&M University.
Shaw died on October 3, 2024, at the age of 71.
# Thijs de Graauw

Mattheus Wilhelmus Maria (Thijs) de Graauw (born 10 March 1942 in Kerkdriel) is a Dutch astronomer.
Thijs de Graauw studied astronomy at Utrecht University and received there his Ph.D. in 1975 under Henk van Bueren with a dissertation on 'Infrared Heterodyne Detection in Astronomy : Experiments and Observations'. From 1975 to 1983 he worked as a scientist for the Space Science Department of ESA (European Space Agency). At ESA's largest facility, ESTEC in Noordwijk, he worked on the development of microwave receivers. In 1983 he became the director of the Groningen branch of SRON (Stichting Ruimte Onderzoek Nederland). From 2008 to 2013 he was the director of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA).
In 2012 he won the Joseph Weber Award for his work on the short wavelength spectrometer on the Infrared Space Observatory and also for his work on the HIFI camera, which was launched on board Herschel, ESA's infrared space observatory.
He was elected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society in 2020
# Mazgerd

Mazgerd (Persian: مازگرد) is a village in Kuh-e Shah Rural District of Ahmadi District, Hajjiabad County, Hormozgan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 705 in 139 households. The following census in 2011 counted 760 people in 185 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 842 people in 226 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Filipe Cardoso

Filipe Duarte Cardoso Sousa (born 15 May 1984) is a Portuguese former professional cyclist, who rode professionally between 2006 and 2019.

## Major results
### 2004

    2nd Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships

### 2005

    1st Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships

### 2006

    3rd Road race, National Under-23 Road Championships

### 2007

    1st Stage 7 Vuelta Chihuahua Internacional

### 2008

    8th Overall Vuelta Ciclista a la Rioja

### 2009

    1st Stage 2 Volta ao Alentejo
    1st Stage 1 GP Liberty Seguros
    2nd Overall La Tropicale Amissa Bongo

### 2011

    1st Overall Grande Prémio Crédito Agrícola de Costa Azul
       1st Stage 3
    2nd Overall Volta ao Alentejo
       1st Stage 4
    2nd GP Liberty Seguros
    3rd Road race, National Road Championships

### 2012

    2nd Overall Volta ao Alentejo
       1st Stage 4

### 2015

    1st Stage 4 Volta a Portugal
# Formica pressilabris

Formica pressilabris is a species of ant belonging to the family Formicidae.
It is native to Europe.
# Liam McMillan

Liam McMillan (born 2 March 1990 in King's Lynn) is a British racing driver.

## Racing career

McMillan first competed in saloon racing in 2006, competing in the 750 Motor Club's SAXMAX Championship. McMillan dominated the championship starting every one of the ten races from pole, recording eight fastest laps and scoring nine wins to win by over fifty points in the championship standings. The only blip in the win tally was at the penultimate round at Snetterton, when he finished in eighth position. In 2007 he stepped up to the SEAT Cupra Championship, driving in the New Leon Cupra Class. His best result of the year was a sixth place in the rain-shortened round eleven at Donington Park. and finished the season in twelfth place from a field of thirteen runners. He also entered three rounds of the Spanish SEAT Leon Supercopa, scoring a solitary point. For 2008 he competed a full season in the SEAT Leon Supercopa with the Triple R Team and ended the season tenth on points, including three podium finishes – all coming at the triple-header Circuit de Catalunya season finale. This was combined with four rounds entered in the inaugural SEAT León Eurocup, scoring four points and a best finish of sixth in the opening race at Circuit de Valencia.
In 2009 he competed in the British Touring Car Championship in a self prepared ex-works SEAT Toledo for his independent family-run Maxtreme Team, which was managed by his father Paul. However, the team never got its engine back after sending it for a refit, forcing them out of the series after just 3 rounds.

## Racing record
### Complete British Touring Car Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position – 1 point awarded in first race) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap – 1 point awarded all races) (* signifies that driver lead race for at least one lap – 1 point awarded all races)
| Year | Team | Car | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | DC | Pts |
| 2009 | Maxtreme | SEAT Toledo Cupra | BRH 1 14 | BRH 2 Ret | BRH 3 Ret | THR 1 Ret | THR 2 19 | THR 3 Ret | DON 1 13 | DON 2 Ret | DON 3 14 | OUL 1 | OUL 2 | OUL 3 | CRO 1 | CRO 2 | CRO 3 | SNE 1 | SNE 2 | SNE 3 | KNO 1 | KNO 2 | KNO 3 | SIL 1 | SIL 2 | SIL 3 | ROC 1 | ROC 2 | ROC 3 | BRH 1 | BRH 2 | BRH 3 | 26th | 0 |
# Pizza My Heart (film)

Pizza My Heart is a 2005 film directed by Andy Wolk and starring Shiri Appleby, Michael Badalucco, and Eyal Podell. The movie premiered July 24, 2005, on ABC Family. It tells the story of a son and daughter of two rival pizzeria owners who fall in love, much to the disapproval of both families. It is a modern retelling of Romeo and Juliet set in modern-day Verona, New Jersey with a brick wall between two sides.

## Cast (in alphabetical order)
### The Prestolanis

* Shiri Appleby as Gina Prestolani
* Michael Badalucco as Lou Prestolani
* Joanna Canton as Annette Prestolani
* Ann Mahoney as Prestolani Cousin
* Natalia Nogulich as Mary Prestolani

### The Montebellos

* Eyal Podell as Joe Montebello
* Rob Boltin as Nicky Montebello
* Gina Hecht as Gloria Montebello
* Dan Hedaya as Vinnie Montebello

### The others

* Gary Desroche as Customer
* Matthew Dufour as Festival Patron
* Wayne Ferrara as Uncle Nat
* Larry Gamell Jr. as Firefighter
* Anthony Gangi as Fair Patron/Romantic Couple
* Vanessa Guild as Customer #1
* Bryan James Kitto as Antonio
* Cynthia LeBlanc as Fair goer
* Elton LeBlanc as Church Usher
* Don Lincoln as Carnival Vendor
* John Mese as Jean Paul Veber
* Gerald Moorman as Prestolani Delivery Boy
* Derek Morgan as Rouzan
* Wayne Morgan as Church Member
* Sean Olsen
* William Ragsdale as Tommy
* Dane Rhodes as Blue-Collar Neighbor
* Mathilde Semmes as Festival Patron
* Brian Simonson
* Maria Soccor as Barker
* Nick Spano as Carlo Delrio
* Deneen Tyler as Sous Chef
* T.J. Villarrubia Jr. as Churchgoer
* Alec Rayme as Vinnie the cousin

## Filming locations

* New Orleans, Louisiana
* Hammond, Louisiana
* Yonkers, New York
# Gambhir

Gambhir is an Indian surname.

## Notable people

People bearing the name Gambhir include:
* Daljeet Singh Gambhir, Indian cardiologist
* Eenam Gambhir, Indian diplomat
* Gautam Gambhir, Indian cricketer
* Jasvinder K. Gambhir, Indian doctor and professor
* Paru Gambhir, Indian actress
* Sanjiv Sam Gambhir, Indian-American physician
* Surendra Gambhir, Indian-American writer