OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kujishi

A kujishi (公事師), sometimes translated as suit solicitor, was a person who assisted private citizens in litigation in Japan during the Edo period. The kujishi were also known as deirishi or kujikai ("lawsuit buyers").
The kujishi bore some similarities to modern lawyers, but unlike lawyers, they were not authorized by the state, received no standard training, and did not represent their clients in court. Their role was closer to that of a fixer or a litigation master of pre-modern China. They were frequently accused of bribery and swindling and were generally held in low social esteem. Their portrayal in popular literature was overwhelmingly negative.

## Background

The sale of legal advice in Japan dates to at least the Kamakura period, but the rise of the Tokugawa shogunate led to both increased demand for such services and increased efforts by the state to control or curtail them. The role of the kujishi was closely related to that of the kujiyado [ja] ("litigation inns"), which emerged in the 1600s and provided lodgings for litigants in the major government centers. The kujiyado were had an authorized monopoly that required litigants to stay at them and register their location with the magistrate. In 1699, kujiyado in Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto organized a guild that obtained a partial, heritable monopoly; by the 18th century there were four such guilds. The number of such inns in Tokyo alone was approximately 100.
The relationship between the authorized kujiyado and unauthorized kujishi is not entirely clear; some authorities treat them as synonymous. The staff of the kujiyado were permitted to appear to assist their clients at hearings before the magistrate, while the kujishi were not; however, it is likely that many kujishi did in fact appear at hearings in the guise of village officials.

## Practice

Some kujishi only provided the services of a scrivener, such as instructing a litigant on the necessary procedural methods and litigation techniques, or preparing necessary documents on a litigant's behalf. However, some kujishi also acted as mediators for settlement or facilitating bribes of officials. The shogunate prohibited the kujishi's activities, and on one occasion they were driven out of Tokyo by a mob, although this had little effect on their numbers.

## Legacy

When legal representation was finally allowed under the daigennin (代言人) system of the 1870s following the Meiji Restoration, the daigennin were sometimes perceived as simply kujishi by another name. The negative perception of the kujishi has sometimes been credited with delaying popular acceptance of a Western-style system of legal representation in Japan.
The relationship of kujishi to modern lawyers has been disputed. Many 20th-century historians averred that pre-modern Japan had no lawyers at all, and that the kujishi were not analogous to lawyers. They accordingly received little attention from international scholarship; until the 1950s, the only non-Japanese source discussing the kujishi was John Henry Wigmore's Panorama of the World's Legal Systems.
# John Akparibo Ndebugre

John Akparibo Ndebugre (12 March 1950 – 6 May 2022) was a Ghanaian politician of the Republic of Ghana. He was the Member of Parliament representing Zebilla constituency of the Upper East Region of Ghana in the 4th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana. He was a member of the People's National Convention.

## Early life and education

Ndebugre was born on 12 March 1950. He was a product of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. He held a Bachelor of Science degree from the university. He was also a product of the Ghana School of Law. He acquired a Bachelor of Law degree from the school.

## Career

Ndebugre was a lawyer by profession.

## Political career

Ndebugre was a member of the People's National Convention. He became a member of parliament from January 2005 after emerging winner in the General Election in December 2004. He was elected as the member of parliament for the Zebilla constituency in the fourth parliament of the fourth Republic of Ghana.

## Elections

Ndebugre was elected as the member of parliament for the Zebilla constituency of the Upper East Region of Ghana for the first time in the 2004 Ghanaian general elections. He won on the ticket of the People's National Convention. His constituency was a part of the 3 parliamentary seats out of 13 seats won by the People's National Convention in that election for the Upper East Region. The People's National Convention won a minority total of 4 parliamentary seats out of 230 seats. He was elected with 11,026 votes out of 31,188 total valid votes cast. This was equivalent to 35.4% of total valid votes cast. He was elected over Appiah Moses of the New Patriotic Party, Cletus Apul Avoka of the National Democratic Congress and Sulley Aneda Apam of the Convention People's Party. These obtained 8,921, 10,913 and 328 votes respectively of total votes cast. These were equivalent to 28.6%, 35% and 1.1% respectively of total valid votes cast.
# Epic Records Japan

Epic Records Japan is a Japanese record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment Japan. Its founder was Shigeo Maruyama.
Between 1978 and 1988 the label operated as a wholly owned subsidiary: Epic/Sony Inc. (株式会社EPIC・ソニー) was established in August 1978 and was folded back into CBS/Sony Group in March 1988.
Notable music artists for this company have included Hikaru Utada, Tetsuya Komuro, and Kimiko Itoh.
In 2001, it was re-established as Epic Records Japan Inc. (株式会社エピックレコードジャパン, Kabushiki Gaisha Epikku Rekoodo Japan).

## Games published

During the late 1980s and early 1990s they also published video games for Nintendo consoles.
* 1987 - Tokoro-san no Mamoru mo Semeru mo for Famicom – developed by HAL Laboratory
* 1988 - Vegas Dream for Famicom
* 1989 - 飛ing ヒーロー Flying Hero for Famicom – developed by Aicom
* 1989 - Tashiro Masashi no Princess ga Ippai for Famicom
* 1990 - サッカー・ボーイ Soccer Boy = Soccer Mania for Game Boy
* 1990 - Solstice for Famicom – developed by Software Creations (UK)
* 1991 - RoboCop for Game Boy
* 1991 - Hakunetsu Pro Yakyuu Ganba League = Extra Innings for Famicom – developed by Sting
* 1991 - Jerry Ball = Smart Ball for Super Famicom
* 1991 - Dragon's Lair for Famicom – developed by Motivetime
* 1991 - Dragon's Lair for Game Boy – developed by Motivetime
* 1991 - Altered Space for Game Boy
* 1991 - Xenon 2: Megablast for X68000 and PC-98 - developed by The Bitmap Brothers
* 1991 - Hudson Hawk for Famicom
* 1992 - Hudson Hawk for Game Boy
* 1992 - Robocop2 for Game Boy
* 1992 - Hook for Famicom – developed by Ocean
* 1992 - Hook for Game Boy – developed by Ocean
* 1992 - Hook for Super Famicom – developed by Ukiyotei
* 1992 - Ganba League '93 for Famicom – developed by Sting
* 1993 - ユートピア = Utopia: The Creation of a Nation for Super Famicom
* 1993 - Solstice II = Equinox for Super Famicom – developed by Software Creations
* 1993 - Ganba League '94
* 1994 - Karura Ou = Skyblazer for Super Famicom – developed by Ukiyotei

## Record labels
### Active

* Epic Records Japan

### Inactive

* Antinos
* Dohb Discs
* So What? Records
* Kowalski
* mf Records (joint venture with Motoharu Sano)
* Mint Age

## Current artists

* 2PM
* 7!!
* Abingdon Boys School
* Akeboshi, Yoshio
* Angela Aki
* Aqua Timez
* Kousuke Atari
* Aura
* Brian the Sun
* Cinemusica
* The Condors
* Daisuke
* Deen
* Dreams Come True
* Dustz
* Hajime, Chitose
* Got7
* Halcali
* Hanabie.
* Haneyuri
* Hikaru Utada
* Ikimono-gakari
* Yuki
* Sawa
* LGMonkees (No Doubt Tracks/Epic)
* LMYK
* Lizabet
* Yui Makino
* Nao Matsushita
* Yuya Matsushita
* Yukie Nakama
* Nangi
* Naoto
* Nexz
* NiziU
* No3b
* Nodame Orchestra
* Nothing's Carved in Stone
* Pengin
* Motoharu Sano (Epic/mf)
* Shigi
* Solita
* Stance Punks (Epic/Kowalski/Dynamord)
* Stray Kids
* Sugaru, Matsutani (Epic/Informel)
* Masaki Suda
* Masayuki Suzuki
* Takachiya
* Yutaka Take
* Theatre Brook
* T.M.Revolution
* Uranino
* Anne Watanabe
* Misato Watanabe
* Yacht

## Former artists

* ViViD
* Crystal Kay
# GLUMP

Geographic Number Portability Unbundled Line Metallic Path or GLUMP is a product related to Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) in the Republic of Ireland. Geographic Number Portability (GNP) is the process of a user moving their number to a new address. Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) is the process of a line being used by a 3rd party to provide a service on the incumbent's exchange or line. Comreg (The Irish Communications Regulator) and eircom, the incumbent telecom company, have named the combination GLUMP.
Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) is the better known process of a third party using the "last mile" Copper. GLUMP is a variation on this where a subscriber to a 3rd party for LLU based broadband may keep their existing number or even the analogue phone service from the incumbent. Normally the phone number and analogue line is lost on getting a LLU based product.
In the last revision of GLUMP (assisted by Comreg) 2007 only Magnet Networks was availing of this eircom product and by late 2007 even Magnet was making little use as they concentrate on offering their triple-play (Phone, Broadband and TV) via fibre.
Number Portability (NP) is defined as a right for the Irish user by Comreg; however, while porting a number between Mobile Phone Operators takes less than an hour, porting an eircom fixed line number can take days to months even if GLUMP is not involved. GLUMP is not required to port an existing number to a non-eircom connection, such as VOIP or phone service provided via fibre, cable or Metro Microwave.

## History

GLUMP was developed in 2006. The Irish Information Technology news wire reported at the time:
   (The) Commission for Communication Regulation (ComReg) ... expressed displeasure at the level of performance and delays in terms of ironing out glitches with some broadband LLU products. ComReg was due to report last week as part of the "roadmap" for LLU, but postponed publication in order to collate data and "provide feedback on key milestones which were due to be completed in early August". One of the milestones set out for the original 8 August deadline was that broadband customers should be able to keep their phone number when changing supplier, and that a long term solution for this issue should be identified. Known in the telecoms sector as number portability, in combination with LLU it is called GLUMP (Geographic Number Portability Unbundled Line Metallic Path). ComReg reports that Eircom launched a trial phase of this service 9 August, and that up to six meetings have been held with industry stakeholders over the past month to tackle automation of number portability.

## Investment

Investors have been warned about the risks of investing in this, or any other telecommunications securities, under Ireland's Blue Sky Law.
# Penalves

Penalves is a neighbourhood of the Portuguese city of Póvoa de Varzim.
Penalves was formerly known as Penalva or before it as Penalva de Regufe. Penalva is of Celtic roots: pen from penha (stone) with alva (white), thus white stone. In the 17th century, the Penalves variant became common.
Penalves is located in the south part of Matriz/Mariadeira district.
# Integrative level

An integrative level, or level of organization, is a set of phenomena emerging from pre-existing phenomena of a lower level. The levels concept is an intellectual framework for structuring reality. It arranges all entities, structures, and processes in the universe, or in a certain field of study, into a hierarchy, typically based on how complex their organization is. When arranged this way, each entity is three things at the same time: It is made up of parts from the previous level below. It is a whole in its own right. And it is a part of the whole that is on the next level above. Typical examples include life emerging from non-living substances, and consciousness emerging from nervous systems.

## Levels

The main levels usually acknowledged are those of matter, life, mind, and society. These are called strata in philosopher Nicolai Hartmann's ontology. Levels can be further analyzed into more specific layers, such as those of particles, atoms, molecules, and rocks forming the material stratum, or those of cells, organisms, populations, and ecosystems forming the life stratum.
The sequence of levels is often described as one of increasing complexity, although it is not clear whether this is always true: for example, parasitism emerges on pre-existing organisms, although parasites are often simpler than their originating forms.

## Philosophies

Ideas connected to integrative levels can be found in the works of both materialist philosophers and anti-materialist ones. Some philosophers and scientists have argued against certain ideas about levels of organization (see § Arguments against levels of organization).
# Keep the Faith: An Evening with Bon Jovi

Keep the Faith: An Evening with Bon Jovi is a live concert that aired on MTV in late 1992 prior to the release of the band's then upcoming album Keep the Faith. The performance captures Bon Jovi in an intimate experience, performing acoustic and electric renditions of classic hits (Bon Jovi and non-Bon Jovi tracks), new material from Keep the Faith, and also behind the scenes footage. The show took place at the Kaufman's Studios Astoria in Queens, New York City in 1992. It was released commercially in 1993.

## Track listing

* "With a Little Help From My Friends" (Lennon/McCartney)
* "Love for Sale" (Bon Jovi/Sambora)
* "Lay Your Hands on Me" (Bon Jovi/Sambora)
* "Blaze of Glory" (Bon Jovi)
* "Little Bit of Soul" (Bon Jovi/Sambora)
* "Brother Louie" (Brown/Wilson)
* "Bed of Roses" (Bon Jovi)
* "Livin' on a Prayer" (Bon Jovi/Sambora/Child)
* "Fever" (Davenport/Cooley)
* "We Gotta Get Out of This Place" (Mann/Weil)
* "It's My Life" (Roger Atkins, Carl D'Errico)
* "Wanted Dead or Alive" (Bon Jovi/Sambora)
* "I'll Sleep When I'm Dead" (Bon Jovi/Sambora/Child)
* "Bad Medicine" (Bon Jovi/Sambora.Child)
* "Keep the Faith" (Bon Jovi/Sambora/Child)

## Band Personnel

* Jon Bon Jovi (lead vocals, guitar, piano, percussion)
* Richie Sambora (guitar, backing vocals)
* David Bryan (keyboards, piano, backing vocals)
* Alec John Such (bass, double bass, backing vocals)
* Tico Torres (drums, percussion, backing vocals on 'Love for Sale')

## Available on the following formats

* VHS
* Laserdisc
* CDi
# Supper at Emmaus (Titian)

The Supper at Emmaus is the title shared by several similar works by Titian, two of which are discussed here. The first, made about 1534, is currently on long-term loan to the Walker Art Gallery, in Liverpool. The second, made about 1545 by Titian and his studio, is in the National Gallery of Ireland, in Dublin.

## First version

Georg Gronau considers this a replica of the Pilgrims of Emmaus, in the Louvre. From the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, the picture was preserved in the Ducal Palace, Venice, and belongs now to the Earl of Yarborough. It is on long-term loan to the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool.

## Second version
### Provenance

* Venice;
* Abbate Celotti, 1836;
* Prince Demidoff, Villa San Donato, near Florence, 1836;
* Purchased, Paris, Prince Demidoff sale, March 1870.
# Caterina Bosetti

Caterina Chiara Bosetti (born 2 February 1994) is an Italian professional volleyball player. She plays for Italy women's national volleyball team. She has competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics. She is 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) tall

## Career

The daughter of Giuseppe Bosetti, former coach of Italy's volleyball female national team, and Franca Bardelli, who played 93 times for the latter, she was born at Busto Arsizio. Her sister Lucia Bosetti is also a volleyball player.
Bosetti won the silver medal in the 2014 FIVB Club World Championship after her club lost 0-3 to the Russian Dinamo Kazan in the championship match. She played with her national team at the 2014 World Championship. There her team ended up in fourth place after losing 2-3 to Brazil the bronze medal match. She was selected to play the Italian League All-Star game in 2017.

## Awards
### Individuals

* 2011 FIVB U20 World Championship "MVP"
* 2011 FIVB U20 World Championship "Best spiker"
* 2017–18 Italian League "All-Star"
* 2022 FIVB Nations League "Best outside spiker"

### Clubs

* 2010 Italian Cup – Champions, with Villa Cortese
* 2011 Italian Cup – Champions, with Villa Cortese
* 2012 Italian Supercup – Runner-up, with Villa Cortese
* 2013 Italian Cup – Runner-up, with Villa Cortese
* 2013 Paulista Championship – Champions, with Molico Osasco
* 2014 Brazilian Cup – Champions, with Molico Osasco
* 2014 South American Club Championship – Runner-up, with Molico Osasco
* 2014 FIVB Club World Championship – Runner-up, with Molico Osasco
* 2024 Wevza Cup Champions, with Igor Gorgonzola Novara
* 2024 Cev Challenge Cup, with Igor Gorgonzola Novara
# Corruption in Kosovo

Political corruption :
Forms and concepts :
Bribery
Cronyism
Economics of corruption
Electoral fraud
Elite capture
Influence peddling
Kleptocracy
Mafia state
Nepotism
Pyrrhic defeat theory
Slush fund
Simony
State capture
State-corporate crime
Throffer :
Anti-corruption :
International Anti-Corruption Court
Group of States Against Corruption
International Anti-Corruption Academy
International Anti-Corruption Day
United Nations Convention against Corruption :
Corruption by country :
vte :
According to several public surveys in Kosovo and reports from institutions such as the European Commission, levels of corruption and impunity among politicians are high.

## Perceptions

On Transparency International's 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index, Kosovo scored 41 on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean"). When ranked by score, Kosovo ranked 83rd among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector. For comparison with worldwide scores, the average score was 43, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180). For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among Eastern European and Central Asian countries was 53, the average score was 35 and the lowest score was 18.

## Dynamics

The European Commission reports that electoral fraud persists in Kosovo representing serious shortcomings in the electoral process. Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer 2013 points out that political parties are considered the second most corrupt institution in Kosovo by a significantly high number of households, second only to the judiciary.
Corruption is considered the largest obstacle to doing business in Kosovo, and businesses frequently resort to bribes when interacting with public officials. Sectors such as customs, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water supply are identified as those most affected by corruption. There are a number of burdensome and costly procedures for companies to undergo in order to obtain business licences and permits, these lead to increased opportunities for corruption.
# Plague City: SARS in Toronto

Plague City: SARS in Toronto is a 2005 medical thriller television movie directed by David Wu, set during the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Toronto. The locations and characters were composite characters or fictionalized versions of actual Toronto medical personnel and facilities.
Produced by CTV as part of its "Signature Series" of television films dramatizing significant Canadian news stories, it was filmed in Toronto and Hamilton. It was written by Collin Friesen and Pete McCormack.
The film aired on May 29, 2005, on CTV.

## Cast

* Kari Matchett as Amy
* Ron White as Dr. Royce
* Rick Roberts as Dr. Jeremy Neville
* Lannette New as Rosie
* Rahnuma Panthaky as Laura Weston
* Merwin Mondesir as Rob Connell
* George Chiang as Tom Kwan
* Brian Markinson
* James Gallanders
* Leslie Carlson
* Alina Lee as Rosie's Mother
* Grace Lynn Kung as April
* James McGowan as Ed
* Grahame Wood as Paul

## Critical response

John Doyle of The Globe and Mail wrote that the film "is in some ways, absurdly ambitious. It tries to capture an entire city's plight while sticking to the facts. It has many mundane TV-movie moments, but it's a grimly compelling production."

## Awards

| Award | Date of Ceremony | Category | Nominees | Result |
| Directors Guild of Canada | 2006 | Outstanding Direction - Television Movie/Mini-Series | David Wu | Nominated |
| Directors Guild of Canada | 2006 | Outstanding Sound Editing - Television Movie/Mini-Series | Richard Calistan, Rob Hegedus, Kevin Howard | Nominated |
| Gemini Awards | November 4, 2006 | Best Photography in a Dramatic Program or Series | David Herrington | Nominated |
# Keio Gijuku

Keio Gijuku may refer to:
* Keio Gijuku (Gakkō Hōjin), the administrative body of the Keio University and its affiliated institutions
* Keio University, a university operated by the organisation mentioned above
# Johann, Count of Cleves

Johann (died 1368), was the last Count of Cleves, from 1347 through 1368. Upon his death in 1368, the counties of Cleves and Count of Mark were united.
Johann was the youngest son of Dietrich VII, Count of Cleves and his second wife Margaret of Habsburg. He succeeded in 1347 his brother Dietrich VIII, Count of Cleves who had died without sons.
He married Mechteld of Guelders († 1384), daughter of Reginald II, Duke of Guelders, but the marriage remained childless. After his death, the County of Cleves went to Adolf III of the Marck and so to the Counts of Marck.
# Philinopsis depicta

Philinopsis depicta is a species of sea slug, an opisthobranch gastropod mollusc in the family Aglajidae. It is native to the Mediterranean Sea where it lives on the sandy seabed in shallow water. It is a predator.

## Description

Philinopsis depicta is a large sea slug that can reach a length of 10 cm (4 in). The head is protected by a large cephalic shield which extends as far as the central body where it forms a noticeable pointed protrusion. A pair of parapodia extend from the foot and reach as high as the back. The small, flattened shell is obscured by the posterior shield which terminates with two small, sometimes raised, lobes. The colouring is somewhat variable, either pale brown with white specks, or a deeper brown or blackish shade, often flecked with small white specks which coalesce to form small patches. Nearly all individuals have a continuous double line of colour, orange and blue, which edges the cephalic shield, the parapodia, the posterior shield and the tip of the mantle. Other species of sea slug with which it could be confused include Aglaja tricolorata and Melanochlamys wildpretii; the former is tan with more-regularly arranged white spots, no cephalic shield peak and no orange and blue lines round the body; the latter has a more uniform orange-brown colour, no cephalic shield peak, and a slender white line that outlines the parapodia and crosses the mid-back.

## Distribution and habitat

Philinopsis depicta is native to the Mediterranean Sea. Reports of it occurring in the Caribbean Sea may be referring to a similar but different species. It is a shallow water sea slug, found on muddy sand.

## Ecology

Sea slugs in the Aglajidae family are predators. The diet of Philinopsis depicta has not been precisely ascertained, but stomach contents have been shown to include Bulla striata and Haminoea species, it probably eats other sea slugs, and it has eaten Elysia timida in captivity. There are no jaws, grinding plates in the stomach, or radula, so it is thought the sea slug protrudes its foregut and sucks up its prey whole; shells or undigested fragments are ejected.
This sea slug is a hermaphrodite. The gonopore is located under the right parapodium at the rear of the body. Either individual in a pair may receive sperm from the other, or sperm donation may be reciprocal. An individual which has been inseminated lays eggs embedded in a transparent thread which is usually covered with sand. When the eggs hatch after a few days, the veliger larvae are planktonic for a while, before settling on the seabed and undergoing metamorphosis into juveniles.