OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tomb of Mahmud II

The Tomb of Mahmud II is a tomb built by the Ottoman Sultan Abdulmecid for his father Mahmud II in Istanbul, where other sultans and members of the Ottoman Dynasty were later buried. Completed in 1840, the tomb is located on Divanyolu Street in the Çemberlitaş neighborhood of the Fatih district of Istanbul.

## Description and history

After Mahmud II passed away in 1839, his son Abdulmecid, who succeeded him, immediately asked the architect brothers Ohannes Dadyan and Boğos Dadyan to build a tomb for his father. The land used for the construction of the tomb was allocated by Mahmud II's beloved sister Esma Sultan. Esma Sultan had her own mansion on this land at the time. According to Can Selman, the tomb is the work of Engineer Abdulhalim Efendi, who served as the Ebniye Director for two terms. Pars Tuğlacı, on the other hand, claims that the work belongs to Garabed Balyan. However, he did not provide any sources to support this claim. There are also studies showing Ohannes and Bogos Dadyan as architects without any definitive evidence. The structure, which was built on the Divanyolu, on the area where the palace of Sultan Mahmud II's sister Esma Sultan was previously located, consists of a tomb, fountain, a burial ground and guard rooms. The tomb also contains the graves of Sultan Abdülaziz and Sultan Abdülhamid II. Engineer Abdülhalim Efendi built the Mekteb-i Maarif-i Adliye and a library next to the tomb. In fact, a building was built during the reign of Mahmud II as the Mekteb-i Maarif-i Adliye. However, due to the burning of the Babıâli, it was decided that the building, which was built as the Maarif-i Adliye, would be used until the construction of the new Babıâli was completed. After the death of Sultan Mahmud II, it was deemed appropriate to build this school, which was his own work, instead of the madrasah that was planned to be built next to his tomb. After the construction of the New Sublime Porte, it was decided to turn the old one into a guest house.
The tomb in the Empire style is covered with white marble. The tomb, which is reached by steps, is octagonal. Its dome is decorated with embossed wreaths and flowers. There is a marble inscription written by the calligrapher Mehmet Haşim inside the structure. The crystal chandelier hanging from the dome inside the tomb was sent by Queen Victoria I of the United Kingdom. The gilded wall clocks on both sides of the door were also gifts from Emperor Napoleon III of France.
The courtyard next to the tomb was converted into a hazire (cemetery attached to the tomb) in 1861, and the majority of statesmen, writers and poets who served between 1840-1920 were buried in this courtyard. Here are the tombstones and sarcophagi that reflect the most beautiful examples of Ottoman stonework art.
# Shallow Bay Formation

The Shallow Bay Formation is a geologic formation in Newfoundland and Labrador. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.
# Lal Bihari

'Lal Bihari' (or Lal Bihari Mritak, born 6 May 1955) is an Indian farmer and activist from Amilo, in Azamgarh district, Uttar Pradesh, who, though alive, was officially designated dead between 1975 and 1994. He fought with Indian bureaucracy for 19 years to prove that he was alive. Meanwhile, he added Mritak (transl. deceased) to his name, and founded Mritak Sangh, the Uttar Pradesh Association of Dead People, to highlight other cases like his.

## Biography

Bihari lived in a small village of Uttar Pradesh before becoming a well-known personality. In order to apply for a bank loan, Lal Bihari visited the revenue office at Azamgarh district headquarters to get proof of identity, whereupon he learned that he was officially designated as dead. His uncle had bribed an official to register him as dead, so that he would get the ownership of Bihari's ancestral land at Khalilabad, which measured less than an acre.
Bihari discovered at least 100 other people in similar situations, being officially dead. He formed Mritak Sangh, Uttar Pradesh Association of Dead People, in the Azamgarh district. He and many other members were in danger of being killed by those who had appropriated their property. Currently, the association has over 20,000 members from all over India. By 2004, they had managed to declare four of their members alive.
Over the years, Bihari tried to attract attention to his situation by various means. He organized his own funeral and demanded widow's compensation for his wife. In 1980, he added the word Mritak ('Dead') to his name and signed his letters "late Lal Bihari". He attempted to stand (unsuccessfully) for election against Rajiv Gandhi in 1989, to prove that he was alive. In 1994, he managed to have his official death annulled after a long legal struggle.
Bihari was awarded the Ig Nobel Peace Award in 2003. In 2004, he ran for a seat in the parliament of Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh.
Bihari continues to support other people in similar situations. In 2004, he sponsored fellow Mritak Sangh member Shivdutt Yadav when he attempted to contest the election against Indian prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

## In popular culture

In 2021, film-maker Satish Kaushik made a movie about his life and "death", titled Kaagaz, produced by Salman Khan and Nishant Kaushik under the banner of Salman Khan Films and The Satish Kaushik Entertainment Production. It stars Pankaj Tripathi along with Monal Gajjar and Amar Upadhyay and was released on ZEE5 on 7 January 2021.
# Waurine Walker

Waurine Elizabeth (or Isabel) Walker (June 30, 1908 – July 22, 1987) was an American educator based in Texas. She was elected president of the National Education Association in 1954.

## Early life

Waurine Isabel Walker was born in Tyler, Texas, the daughter of Alonzo "Lon" Singleton Walker and Minnie Lee Rogers Walker. Her father was a railroad conductor. She trained as a teacher at Baylor University. She earned a master's degree from Teachers College, Columbia University. She earned a doctorate in education at Baylor University. In 1955 she was presented with an honorary Doctor of Laws degree at Lindenwood College.

## Career

Walker taught school in Mineral Wells and Waco. She was director of teacher relations and certification for the Texas Education Agency. In 1950, she received the Texas State Achievement Award, from the Texas chapter of Delta Kappa Gamma. She was president of the Waco Classroom Teachers Association, and the Texas State Teachers Association.
Walker was elected president of the National Education Association in 1954. As NEA president, she lobbied for federal school building funds, and appeared on television to discuss education issues. She tied many of her policy positions to the arrival of the baby boomers in American public schools, requiring more space and more teachers. She gave keynote addresses at the World Federation of Teaching Professions meeting in Norway in 1954, and in Turkey in 1955. In 1955, she spoke at Baylor University's commencement, saying "Neither free speech, nor a free press, nor popular government nor universal education can long endure without a constantly renewed supply of teachers. Upon the character and quality of teachers the effectiveness of all education depends.” As former president in 1957, she addressed the NEA again, in the aftermath of Brown v. Board of Education ruling on school desegregation: "Fear to speak out on controversial issues seems to be growing," she said, before exhorting teachers to give students encouragement "to raise questions about economic, social and political issues in today's world."
In the early 1960s, Walker was president of the Texas Retired Teachers Association, and worked for the founding of the Texas Retired Teachers Residence in Waco. She was part of a US Department of Defense project to study the education of American military dependents overseas, and toured armed forces schools in Western Europe and East Asia. "We found the Japanese-based American school outstanding as compared to European bases," she remarked, noting further than that the European schools excelled in language instruction.

## Personal life

Walker died in 1987, in Austin, Texas.
# Abdelatif Noussir

Abdelatif Noussir (Arabic: عبد اللطيف نصير; born 20 February 1990, in Mohammedia) is a Moroccan footballer who plays for IR Tanger and represented the Morocco under 23 football team. He also played for Morocco at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

## Honours
### FUS

* CAF Confederation Cup: 2010

### Wydad AC

* Botola: 2015, 2017, 2019
* CAF Super Cup: 2018
* CAF Champions League: 2017
# Migas marplesi

Migas marplesi is a species of mygalomorph spider endemic to New Zealand.

## Taxonomy

This species was described in 1968 by Cecil Wilton from female and male specimens collected in Otago. This species is only known from Otago Museum.

## Description

The female is recorded at 13.2mm in length. The carapace and legs are olive grey. The abdomen is grey brown with transverse bands dorsally. The male is recorded at 8.2mm in length. The carapace and legs are yellow brown. The abdomen is purplish grey dorsally.

## Distribution

This species is only known from Otago, New Zealand.

## Conservation status

Under the New Zealand Threat Classification System, this species is listed as "Data Deficient" with the qualifiers of "Data Poor: Size" and "Data Poor: Trend".
# Pinkerton v. United States

Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640 (1946), is a case in the Supreme Court of the United States. The case enunciated the principle of Pinkerton liability, a prominent concept in the law of conspiracy.

## History

Walter and Daniel Pinkerton both lived separately on Daniel Pinkerton's farm. They were indicted for violations of the Internal Revenue Code. Walter Pinkerton was found guilty of nine counts of violating the tax code and one count of conspiracy. His brother Daniel was found guilty of 6 substantive counts of violating the tax code and one count of conspiracy. Daniel Pinkerton appealed, claiming that because only his brother had committed the substantive crimes he was incorrectly convicted. The actual crime committed may have been moonshining and the government chose to prosecute for tax evasion. They were suspected of "unlawful possession, transportation and dealing of whiskey.

## Issue

At issue is whether a defendant can be held liable for substantive crimes committed by another in the furtherance of a conspiracy in which they are joined.

## Holding

The Court held that when a defendant is joined in a conspiracy, substantive crimes committed to advance that conspiracy can be charged to all defendants as long as they are still part of the conspiracy when those crimes are committed.
# Bob Dwyer

Bob Dwyer AM (born 29 November 1940) is an Australian rugby union coach.

## Early life

Educated at Sydney Boys High School, from which he graduated in 1957, Dwyer played 2nd XV rugby for the school, lining up alongside former Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs and Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks player George Taylforth and St. George Dragons halfback George Evans.

## Career

Dwyer coached Sydney club Randwick to four Sydney championship wins before becoming Australia's national team coach. He coached Australia from 1982–83, and again from 1988-95. He coached Australia to victory at the 1991 Rugby World Cup.
Dwyer moved to Leicester Tigers after the game turned professional in 1996 and replaced Tony Russ. Tigers had immediate success, in 1997 reaching the Heineken Cup final and winning the Pilkington Cup, but finished fourth in the league. Dwyer's harsh attitude to the players led to them dubbing him 'Barb Dwyer' ('barbed wire') and a public spat with one of them, Austin Healey ensued. The club's board decided to replace Dwyer with former club captain Dean Richards.
In 1998 Dwyer was appointed head coach of recently relegated Bristol. Under him the club returned to the Premiership at the first time of asking. The next season saw Bristol finish sixth in the top flight and narrowly miss out on qualification for the Heineken Cup. In 2000, Dwyer left Bristol after changes to the club's back room staff. In his time at Bristol Dwyer was a forceful advocate for the club's potential to be the leading light in English rugby, "the potential here is greater than in any other rugby city in England, including Leicester".
In 2001 Dwyer returned to Australia and became coach of the New South Wales Waratahs in Super Rugby (at the time known as Super 12). He led the Waratahs to an eighth-place finish in 2001 and their first semi-final in the competition in 2002. He resigned in 2003 after a fifth-place finish but stayed with the New South Wales union as a development officer.
In 2011, he was inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame, alongside all other Rugby World Cup-winning head coaches and captains through the 2007 edition.

## Books

He has written two autobiographies - The Winning Way (1992) and Full Time: A coach's Memoirs (2004). He was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1991 and was made a Member of the Order of Australia in 2004 for services to rugby union. Dwyer survived a heart attack in 2013.
# Gu Siyu

Gu Siyu (Chinese: 谷思雨; born 11 February 1993) is a Chinese track and field athlete who competes in the discus throw and formerly the shot put. She holds a discus personal best of 67.86 m (222 ft 7+1⁄2 in) and a shot put best of 16.59 m (54 ft 5 in). She was a double Asian junior champion in 2010 and represented her country at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics.

## Career

Gu began to make her first impact at the age of sixteen, when she took the discus title at the 2009 Australian Youth Olympic Festival. She threw beyond fifty metres in the discus for the first time that year. International medals followed at the 2010 Asian Junior Athletics Championships where she claimed a shot put/discus double for China. She took the silver medal in the shot put later that year at the Summer Youth Olympics.
The focus of her 2011 season was the Chinese City Games and she was the shot put runner-up behind Guo Tianqian, who was the world youth champion that year. She was also runner-up in the discus competition and ended that tournament with improved bests of 16.59 m (54 ft 5 in) and 56.12 m (184 ft 1+1⁄4 in) in the throws. Both these marks ranked her in the top five juniors globally that year.
She marked herself as the best junior discus thrower in the country in 2012 by winning the Chinese junior championships with a big personal best of 60.59 m (198 ft 9+1⁄4 in). She was far off this form at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics and her best of nearly five metres less was only enough for fifth.
Gu, dropping the shot put to focus on discus throwing instead, placed herself among the senior elite in the 2013 season. She began with a new best of 60.93 m (199 ft 10+3⁄4 in) on the Chinese Athletics Grand Prix circuit. She travelled to compete in Germany in May and the 20-year-old surprised with a large throw of 67.86 m (222 ft 7+1⁄2 in), raising her to second on the seasonal lists behind the dominant Sandra Perković. She earned her first senior selection for China as a result, but at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics she failed to register a valid mark and dropped out at the qualifying stage. She had a quiet 2014, her best being a throw of 60.78 m (199 ft 4+3⁄4 in) in Jinan.

## Personal bests

* Shot put – 16.59 m (54 ft 5 in) (2011)
* Discus throw – 67.86 m (222 ft 7+1⁄2 in) (2013)
* Shot put (indoor) – 16.34 m (53 ft 7+1⁄4 in) (2012)

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| 2010 | Asian Junior Championships | Hanoi, Vietnam | 1st | Shot put | |
| 2010 | Asian Junior Championships | Hanoi, Vietnam | 1st | Discus throw | |
| 2010 | Youth Olympics | Singapore | 2nd | Shot put | |
| 2012 | World Junior Championships | Barcelona, Spain | 5th | Discus throw | |
| 2013 | World Championships | Moscow, Russia | — | Discus throw | No mark |
# Sheep Pass Formation

The Sheep Pass Formation is a geologic formation in Nevada. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

## Fossil content
### Vertebrates

Mammals :
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes |
| Apatemys | A. bellus | Near Ely, Nevada. | | An apatothere. |
| Elymys | E. complexus | Near Ely, Nevada. | | A rodent, possibly of the family Zapodidae. |
| Ischyromyidae | | Near Ely, Nevada. | | |
| Knightomys | | Near Ely, Nevada. | | A rodent represented by material not assignable to species. |
| Mattimys | | Near Ely, Nevada. | | A rodent represented by material not assignable to species. |
| Microparamys | M. sambucus | Near Ely, Nevada. | | A rodent. |
| Notharctus | N. tenebrosus | Near Ely, Nevada. | Upper and lower jaws. | A primate. |
| Nyctitheriidae | | Near Ely, Nevada. | | At least one nyctitheriid present. |
| Palaeochiropteryx | P. sambuceus | "Elderberry Canyon Quarry in the Egan Range near Ely, White Pine County". | Partial skeleton (USNM PAL 417350) and left dentary (USNM PAL 706598). | A palaeochiropterygid bat. |
| Pantolestes | P. longicaudus | Near Ely, Nevada. | | A pantolestid. |
| Pauromys | P. exallos | Near Ely, Nevada. | | A rodent. |
| Reithroparamys | R. delicatissimus | Near Ely, Nevada. | | A rodent. |
| Reithroparamys | cf. R. huerfanensis | Near Ely, Nevada. | | A rodent. |
| Sciuravus | S. sp. | Near Ely, Nevada. | | A rodent represented by material not assignable to species. |
| Sonor | S. handae | "Elderberry Canyon Quarry in the Egan Range near Ely, White Pine County". | Left dentary (USNM PAL 544091). | A vespertilionid bat. |
| cf. Tetrapassalus | cf. T. mckennai | Near Ely, Nevada. | | An epoicotheriid. |
| Trogolemur | T. myodes | Near Ely, Nevada. | | An anaptomorphine primate. |
| Volactrix | V. simmonsae | "Elderberry Canyon Quarry in the Egan Range near Ely, White Pine County". | Right and left dentaries. | An onychonycterid bat. |
Amphibians :
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Eorubeta | E. nevadensis | Member C (south Egan Range). | | A frog. | |
| Palaeobatrachus | P. occidentalis | Member B. | | A frog. | |

### Invertebrates

Crustaceans :
| Genus | Species | Presence | Notes |
| Clinocypris? | C.? sp. | Member B. | An ostracod. |
| Cypridea | C. bicostata | Member B. | An ostracod. |
| Paracypridopsis? | P.? sp. | Member B. | An ostracod. |
Molluscs :
| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |
| Hydrobia | | Member B. | | A snail. | |
| Valvata | | Member B. | | A snail. | |
# Lamberto Dalla Costa

Lamberto dalla Costa (April 14, 1920 – 1982) was an Italian bobsledder who competed in the late 1950s. He won the gold medal in the two-man event at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo.

## Biography

Dalla Costa was a jet pilot by trade who competed only on the Cortina track in his spare time.
# Purbek Kalk Formation

The Purbek Kalk Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.
# Jia Juntingxian

Jia Juntingxian (born 17 August 1986) is a visually impaired Paralympian athlete from China competing mainly in T11 classification sprint and long jump events. Zhou won two medals at her first Summer Paralympics, the 2012 London Games, in the women's 200m sprint (bronze) and the long jump (silver). Jia is also a World Championships and Asian Games medalists, winning seven medals over five tournaments.
# Shell Creek Shale

The Shell Creek Shale is a geologic formation in Montana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.
# Pygurus

Pygurus is an extinct genus of sea urchins belonging to the family Clypeidae.

## Fossil record

This genus is known in the fossil record from the Jurassic (Bajocian age) to Cretaceous Santonian age) (age range: from about 164.7 to 94.3 million years ago). Fossils of species within this genus have been found in Egypt, France, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, Chile, Germany, India, Madagascar, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and United States.

## Species

Species within this genus include:
* Pygurus andinus Larrain and Biró-Bagóczky 1985
* Pygurus asiaticus Tokunaga 1903
* Pygurus complanatus Tanaka 1965
* Pygurus lampas de la Beche 1833
* Pygurus montmollini Agassiz 1836
* Pygurus noetlingi De Loriol 1899
* Pygurus tenuis Agassiz & Desor, 1847
* Pygurus yamamaensis Kier 1972
# Montenegrins in France

Montenegrins living in France (French: Monténégrins en France) are supported and represented by various associations. The exact number is not known, but it is estimated that 30,000 Montenegrins live in France. Most Montenegrins arrived as refugees during the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s.

## Notable people

* Alexandre Martinović
* Janko Nilović
* Duchess Jutta of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
* Michel Auclair
* Nicholas, Prince of Montenegro
* Princess Nika Yourievitch
* Sara Cakarevic
# Rekha Punekar

Rekha Punekar is a former Test and One Day International cricketer who represented India. She is a right-handed batter and has played two Tests and one ODIs for India.
# Jiang Yan (rower)

Jiang Yan (Chinese: 江燕; pinyin: Jiāng Yàn; born 10 January 1989) is a Chinese rower. She competed in the women's quadruple sculls event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
# Cathetocephalidae

Cathetocephalidae is a family of flatworms belonging to the order Tetraphyllidea.
Genera:
* Cathetocephalus Dailey & Overstreet, 1973
* Sanguilevator Caira, Mega & Ruhnke, 2005
# Shublik Formation

The Shublik Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.
# 2007 Princeton Tigers football team

The 2007 Princeton Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Princeton University during the 2007 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Princeton tied for fourth in the Ivy League. Princeton averaged 10,215 fans per game.
In their eighth year under head coach Roger Hughes, the Tigers compiled a 4–6 record, though they were outscored 264 to 201. Brendan Circle and Jon Stern were the team captains.
Princeton's 3–4 conference record tied with Dartmouth and Penn for fourth in the Ivy League standings. The Tigers were outscored 171 to 133 by Ivy opponents.
On Nov. 10, The Tigers dedicated their playing field to alumnus William C. Powers after he donated $10 million to the University and renamed played their playing field Powers Field at Princeton Stadium, on the university campus in Princeton, New Jersey.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 15 | Lehigh* | Princeton StadiumPrinceton, NJ | L 21–32 | 8,640 |
| September 22 | at No. 22 Lafayette* | Fisher StadiumEaston, PA | W 20–14 | 8,921 |
| September 29 | Columbia | Princeton StadiumPrinceton, NJ | W 42–32 | 7,926 |
| October 6 | Hampton* | Princeton StadiumPrinceton, NJ | L 27–48 | 15,329 |
| October 13 | at Brown | Brown StadiumProvidence, RI | L 24–33 | 6,493 |
| October 20 | at Harvard | Harvard StadiumBoston, MA (rivalry) | L 10–27 | 12,005 |
| October 26 | Cornell | Princeton StadiumPrinceton, NJ | W 34–31 | 5,773 |
| November 3 | at Penn | Franklin FieldPhiladelphia, PA (rivalry) | L 0–7 | 12,397 |
| November 10 | No. 12 Yale | Powers Field at Princeton StadiumPrinceton, NJ (rivalry) | L 6–27 | 13,408 |
| November 17 | at Dartmouth | Memorial FieldHanover, NH | W 17–14 $^{OT}$ | 4,017 |
| *Non-conference gameRankings from The Sports Network Poll released prior to the game ||||||