OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# George Lawson (MP for York)

Sir George Lawson was one of two Members of the Parliament of England for the constituency of York on two occasions from 1529 to 1533 and from 1533 to 1536.

## Life and politics

George was born around 1493 to William Lawson of Cramlington and Anne Horsley of Thernham. In 1516 he married Elizabeth and they had at least two sons, one named George, and one daughter named Anne. He was knighted in May 1530.
Throughout his life, he held many offices in both the city of York and for the Crown. He was Deputy Captain in the garrison of Berwick-upon-Tweed in 1514. He became a member of the Corpus Christi Guild in 1516 and an alderman from 1527 until his death in 1543. He served one term as Lord Mayor of York in 1530 as well as the two terms as MP for the city, sitting with George Gale. He also held the position of cofferer, or treasurer, in the household of Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset between 1526 and 1534. He was appointed Justice of the Peace for the East Riding of Yorkshire in 1532-33, the North Riding of Yorkshire in 1536 until his death and for the West Riding of Yorkshire from 1537 also until his death. He was also a member of the Council of the North from 1540.
Between 1513 and 1516, George built a reputation at the garrisons of Berwick-upon-Tweed and Tournai under the commands of Thomas Lord Darcy and William 4th Baron Mountjoy respectively. Having been a royal official helped him rise through the ranks in the city of York and also increased his wealth. George found himself playing the part of intermediary between Thomas Cromwell and Henry Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland. During the Pilgrimage of Grace, George found himself in a difficult place politically being a government official but sympathizing with the rebels. When the rebels were admitted to the city of York, several lodged with him at his house. He was also reported to have attended the rebel council at Pontefract, but he eventually distanced himself from the movement to declare himself a loyal subject again. His loyalty was rewarded when he was commissioned to repair the castles of Sheriff Hutton, Pontefract, Sandal and Berwick. As religious houses surrendered to the Crown, George acquired the leases to the Whitefriars in Newcastle and the Augustinian priory in York adjacent to his house, converting it into a malting house. Around 1539-40, George bought a twenty-one year lease of the Austin Friars in London following its dissolution. George was not beyond criticizing the government where it conflicted with city matters. In 1536 he spoke out against a parliamentary act the enclosed common land on the Knavesmire.
He died in Berwick during a supply run to the garrison in February 1543.
# Leander Clark College

Leander Clark College, originally named Western College, was a college in Iowa, United States. It operated from 1857 to 1919, when it was absorbed into Coe College.

## History

Western College was established in 1857 by the United Brethren in Christ at a location north of Shueyville in Linn County, Iowa. It was named "Western" because it was the denomination's first college west of the Mississippi River.
In 1881, the college, which was facing financial difficulties, moved to Toledo because of a pledge of $20,000 in financial support from that community's residents. Enrollment grew rapidly in Toledo, whose residents' religious values were more compatible with the college's values than had been the case in Linn County. Enrollment grew from 80 students when Western College started operations in Toledo, to 196 students by the end of that school year, and an eventual total of more than 400.
On December 26, 1889, a major fire destroyed much of the college's property, but the facilities were later rebuilt. The campus eventually grew to occupy 16 acres (6.5 ha) in Toledo.
In 1906, Western College changed its name to Leander Clark College in honor of a local benefactor, Major Leander Clark, a United Brethren member who donated $50,000. The college had made an announcement in 1902 promising to change its name in honor of anyone who would donate $50,000 to start an endowment fund to help the school resolve its financial troubles. In 1903, Clark responded to this announcement with a promise to donate that amount if the college could raise an additional $100,000 for its permanent endowment before January 1, 1906. The college met Clark's challenge in 1905, largely because of a $50,000 donation from Andrew Carnegie. In spite of that assistance, the college went bankrupt and merged with Coe College in 1919, bringing a $200,000 endowment to the merger along with its faculty and students. The Leander Clark campus became a state juvenile home.
After the merger, an heir of Leander Clark filed a lawsuit asking for the return of the funds that Clark had provided to the college. The lawsuit asserted that the college had agreed to operate as an educational institution named for Leander Clark, and that it breached its contract with Clark when it ceased to exist under his name. In 1922, the Supreme Court of Iowa decided the case in favor of the college, finding that the primary purpose of Clark's gift was not to perpetuate his name, but to support education.

## Student body

Western College was coeducational from its founding. In 1910, Leander Clark College officials told a researcher that the college had enrolled "a number of" African American students, but none had ever graduated.

## Sports

Leander Clark College fielded intercollegiate American football, baseball, and basketball teams. The football team had overall records of 2–6 against Grinnell College and 0–3 against Cornell College.

## Notable alumni

* John Ward Studebaker, U.S. Commissioner of Education from 1934 to 1948
# Deçan Bistrica

Lumbardhi i Deçanit, or Deçan Bistrica or Dečani Bistrica (Albanian: Bistrica e Deçanit; Serbian: Дечанска Бистрица, romanized: Dečanska Bistrica), is a river in Kosovo. It is a 53 km (33 mi)-long right tributary of the White Drin River, passing the western part of Kosovo.

## Name

The river's name, Lumbardh, literally translates to White River in Albanian. The adjective, i Deçanit, differentiates it from the other Lumbardh tributaries of the White Drin (Albanian: Drinit të Bardhë) in the Dukagjini area. The other name, Bistrica, means "clearwater" in Serbian. Like the official name, the adjective Dečanska, "of Dečani", is added to distinguish it from other Bistrica rivers in the Dukagjini region: Peja's Lumbardh ("of Peć"), Prizren's Lumbardh ("of Prizren"), Baba Loc's Lumbardh ("of Baba Loc/Kožnjar"), Lloqan's Lumbardh ("of Loćane"), etc.

## Geography
### Bjeshkët e Nemuna and Gorge of Deçan

Lumbardhi i Deçanit river originates from the southern slopes of the Bogiçevica mountain, a part of the massive Bjeshkët e Nemuna mountain system. The river flows north of the Gjeravica peak, the highest in Kosovo (2,656 m), initially under the name of Lumi Shqiptar, and receives many streams from the Bogiçevica, Micinat, Strečoka and Kopranik mountains. The river turns southeast on the northern slopes of the Kopranik and Strečoka mountains, where it carved the deep gorge of Deçan (Gryka e Deçanit). The upper part of the gorge is the glacial trough of the ancient Deçan glacier on the Bjeshkët e Nemuna, or Accursed Mountains.

### Dukagjini region

As the river flows out of the gorge it reaches the medieval monastery of Visoki Dečani, which is on UNESCO's World Heritage List. The river continues eastward, in the very densely populated area next to the small town of Deçan and the villages of Isniq, Beleg, Jabllanicë, Këpuz, Kotradiq, Kralan, Lluka e Epërme, Lumbardh, Nepolë, Papiq and Vranoc, before it empties into the White Drin. In the upper course, the waters of the river are used for the Kožnjar hydroelectrical power plant (6.5 MW). In the lower parts its waters are, to some extent, used for irrigation. The Lumbardhi i Deçanit belongs to the Adriatic Sea drainage basin, drains itself an area of 300 km$^2$ (120 sq mi), and it is not navigable.
# What Is Called Thinking?

What is called thinking? (German: Was heißt Denken?) is a book by the philosopher Martin Heidegger, the published version of a lecture course he gave during the winter and summer semesters of 1951 and 1952 at the University of Freiburg.

## Reception

The philosopher Hannah Arendt wrote that "For an acquaintance with the thought of Heidegger, What Is Called Thinking? is as important as Being and Time. It is the only systematic presentation of the thinker's late philosophy and . . . it is perhaps the most exciting of his books."
# Cowan Lake (Saskatchewan)

Cowan Lake is a lake in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan in the Beaver River watershed. The primary inflow for the lake is Big River at the lake's southern end by the town of Big River and the outflow, located near the lake's northern end, is Cowan River at Cowan Lake Dam. The dam was originally built in 1937 and was upgraded in 1971. It is 4.2 metres (14 ft) high and the total volume of the reservoir created by the dam is 40,334 dam$^3$ (32,699 acre⋅ft).
Highway 55 follows the length of the lake along its eastern shore and Highway 942 runs up most of the length of the western shore.

## Parks and recreation

At the southern end of Cowan Lake at the town of Big River is Big River Regional Park (53°50′16″N 107°01′26″W﻿ / ﻿53.8379°N 107.0239°W﻿ / 53.8379; -107.0239). The park has a campground and boat launch on the lake's shore. At the northern end of the lake is Cowan Dam Recreation Site (54°11′35″N 107°27′01″W﻿ / ﻿54.1930°N 107.4503°W﻿ / 54.1930; -107.4503). It is a small campground at the dam that is accessed from Highway 55.

## Fish species

Commonly found fish in the lake include northern pike, yellow perch, and walleye.
# Armah Vaikainah

Armah Ayo Vaikainah (born 17 June 1995) is a Liberian professional footballer who plays for Maltese side Marsaxlokk and the Liberia national team.

## Career statistics
### International

    As of match played 17 November 2024
Appearances and goals by national team and year :
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| Liberia | 2019 | 4 | 0 |
| Liberia | 2022 | 2 | 0 |
| Liberia | 2023 | 1 | 0 |
| Liberia | 2024 | 4 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 11 | 0 |
# Eduardo Simões

Eduardo Manuel Melico Simões (born 25 January 1982) is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a central defender.

## Club career

Born in Lisbon, Simões joined S.L. Benfica's youth system at the age of 9, and completed his development in 2001 by winning the under-19 championship. He was subsequently promoted to the reserves in the third division, making his debut on 2 September 2001 against A.D. Camacha. Despite being called up for the training sessions of the first team on several occasions in his first two seasons, he only played once for the main squad in official matches, on 1 June 2003.
In July 2003, Simões agreed to extend his contract until 2005, hoping to play in a more competitive league in the 2003–04 campaign were he not to remain with the roster. However, it was decided that he would be loaned to Amora F.C. of the third level, a move he disliked because he expected to play in the professional leagues: "When I renewed my contract, it was mentioned that I would be loaned to a team in the Primeira Liga or the Segunda Liga. That did not happen, but I will still present myself without any worries."
In 2004–05, Simões joined the first team pre-season in Switzerland, and Benfica attempted to find him a club in division two, but despite interest from Alverca F.C. he remained and returned to the reserve side for a further season. After his contract expired, he resumed his career in the third tier, with C.D. Olivais e Moscavide, C.D. Mafra and Real SC. This was interspersed with a brief stint in Bulgaria, with FC Vihren Sandanski.
Simões spent the vast majority of his remaining career in the Lisbon regional leagues, in representation of Grupo Sportivo Loures, União Desportiva Alta de Lisboa and Clube Atlético Pêro Pinheiro.

## International career

All categories accounted for, Simões earned 31 caps for Portugal at youth level. He represented the under-16 side at the 1999 UEFA European Championship in the Czech Republic, helping the country reach the quarter-finals; he was also part of the squad that failed to qualify for the 2000 edition.
In 2000, Simões appeared with the under–18s in the qualifying stages for the 2001 European Championships. The following year, he played under–20 football at the V Madeira International tournament.
# Manuel Noriega Ruiz

Manuel "Manolo" Noriega, (June 24, 1880 – August 12, 1961) was a Spanish-born Mexican stage and film actor, screenwriter, and film director.
Born Manuel Noriega Ruiz in Colombres, Spain, he worked in live theatre for many years, performing in his native Spain as well as in Mexico, Cuba and the United States. A pioneer in silent film, he made his first screen appearance in 1907. It is believed some of his early silent films have been lost, but his main body of work began in talkies in the early 1930s, performing in close to two hundred sound films. Noriega earned an Ariel Award nomination for "Best Actor in a minor role" for his performance in the 1946 film Pepita Jiménez.
Married to Hortensia Castañeda Avila, their daughter Carmen became a singer who married Tito Guízar.
Noriega died of gastric ulcer in Mexico City on August 12, 1961, and is buried at the Panteón Jardín in Mexico City.

## Selected filmography

* Heart of Gold (1923)
* The Mystery of the Ghastly Face (1935)
* These Men (1937)
* Poppy of the Road (1937)
* Huapango (1938)
* Here's the Point (1940)
* To the Sound of the Marimba (1941)
* Jesusita in Chihuahua (1942)
* Alejandra (1942)
* Beautiful Michoacán (1943)
* El Ametralladora (1943)
* Father Morelos (1943)
* Les Misérables (1943)
* The Two Orphans (1944)
* A Woman's Diary (1944)
* Cruel Destiny (1944)
* Porfirio Díaz (1944)
* My Memories of Mexico (1944)
* The White Monk (1945)
* Twilight (1945)
* The Shack (1945)
* Symphony of Life (1946)
* The Operetta Queen (1946)
* Tragic Wedding (1946)
* It's Not Enough to Be a Charro (1946)
* Pepita Jiménez (1946)
* The Lost Child (1947)
* The Thief (1947)
* The Tiger of Jalisco (1947)
* Five Faces of Woman (1947)
* Fly Away, Young Man! (1947)
* The Shadow of the Bridge (1948)
* The Newlywed Wants a House (1948)
* The Desire (1948)
* The Genius (1948)
* The Fourth Commandment (1948)
* The Magician (1949)
* Wife or Lover (1950)
* What Has That Woman Done to You? (1951)
* María Montecristo (1951)
* The Guests of the Marquesa (1951)
* My Goddaughter's Difficulties (1951)
* Mexican Bus Ride (1952)
* Genius and Figure (1953)
* The Spot of the Family (1953)
* Tehuantepec (1954)
# Rwanda National Congress

The Rwanda National Congress (RNC; Kinyarwanda: Ihuriro Nyarwanda; French: Congrès national rwandais) is Rwandan opposition group in exile, established in the United States on 12 December 2010. Prominent founders included Dr. Theogene Rudasingwa, Gen. Kayumba Nyamwasa, Gerald Gahima, and Patrick Karegeya. Karegeya was murdered on 31 December 2013. Rudasingwa and Gahima have since left the organization.

## Rudasingwa-Nyamwasa break

In July 2016, Rudasingwa formed a breakaway faction called the "New RNC". Rudasingwa lamented "the disruptive influence of Lt. Gen. Kayumba Nyamwasa" and the decision "to go ahead with elections in August, 2016, [...] without first discussing and resolving the major problems facing the organization". In September, New-RNC declared that it had "decided to rise to the historic responsibility of naming the crimes committed against the Rwandan Hutu in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo by their rightful name, genocide." It released a list of what it called "masterminds of the genocide against the Rwanda Hutu", which included Nyamwasa. The "old" RNC announced the names of its "newly elected executives" the same month, which did not include Rudasingwa nor Gahima.

## Role in Rwanda-Uganda relations

In March 2019, a diplomatic conflict emerged between Rwanda and its neighbor Uganda. The Rwandan minister of foreign affairs Richard Sezibera accused Uganda of supporting the RNC and allowing them a base in Uganda. Uganda denied the accusations. Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni admitted to meeting with a member of the RNC but said he told them Uganda cannot support their cause.

## Other leaders

* Seif Bamporiki (d. 2021), lived in exile in South Africa
* Callixte Sankara until 2017
# Derck de Vilder

Derck de Vilder (born 23 November 1998) is a Dutch professional field hockey player who plays as a defender or midfielder for Hoofdklasse club Kampong and the Dutch national team.

## Career
### Club hockey

In the Dutch Hoofdklasse, De Vilder plays for SV Kampong.

### National teams
#### Under–21

De Vilder made his debut for the Netherlands U–21 team in 2017 during a test series against Germany in Mönchengladbach. Later that year he won a gold medal with the team at the EuroHockey Junior Championship in Valencia, Spain.
In 2019, two years after his debut, De Vilder returned to the junior national team during an eight-nations tournament in Madrid. He went on to represent the team at another EuroHockey Junior Championship later that year, on this occasion winning a bronze medal.

#### Oranje

Derck de Vilder made his senior debut for the Oranje in 2018 during a test series against Australia in Perth.
He has since gone on to make a number of appearances for the national team, before being named in the official squad for the first time in 2022.
# Clarence galaxias

The Clarence galaxias (Galaxias johnstoni) is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Galaxiidae endemic to Tasmania.

## Description

The Clarence galaxias is scaleless and has a dark brown back with brown bars and bands extending down its sides, while the belly is a lighter yellow-cream color. Adults reach a body length of 12.5–14 cm and a maximum weight of 20 g.

## Distribution and habitat

The Clarence galaxias is a freshwater species and inhabits lakes as well as swamps and streams connected to lakes. It is endemic to Tasmania's Derwent River catchment, including the Clarence Lagoon. Only seven breeding populations are currently known.

## Conservation

While locally common, the species has been classified as endangered by the IUCN. It is under pressure from predation and competition from introduced brown trout and rainbow trout.

## Behavior

This Galaxia is an ambush predator. They burrow or find a lair to predate from. Unless food is bountiful they show vigor and are aggressive during feeding .They tend to perch themselves on top of structures such as rocks using their pectoral fins regularly. They are more active during the evening. The foods observed eaten are only live foods such as nymphs, mosquito larve, and brine shrimp. Blood worms are an exception and also eaten frozen. Upon further observation, they clunkily get around swimming, turning their body they seem stiff in the mid section. They have tremendous strength relative to size with a thick front section, large gaping jaw and large fan like fins.
# Sidney Colowick

Sidney Paul Colowick (1916–1985) was an American biochemist, known for many contributions to metabolic biochemistry, especially glycogen metabolism, and as founding editor, with Nathan Kaplan, of the book series Methods in Enzymology.

## Career

Colowick studied at Washington University in St. Louis (B.S., M.S., Ph.D.) and Washington University School of Medicine and had his first academic appointment there. Subsequently, he worked at the Public Health Research Institute of New York City. He was associate professor of biochemistry at the University of Illinois from 1948 to 1950, and Professor of Biology at Johns Hopkins University from 1950 to 1959. In 1959 he moved to Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, as American Cancer Society–Charles Hayden Foundation Professor of Microbiology from 1959 until 1985.
He was particularly known for his work on hexokinase and the regulation of hexose transport in cultured animal cells. He also worked on coenzymes such as NADH ("TPNH$_2$").
He received the Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry (1947), and was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1969), and the National Academy of Sciences (1972).

## Personal life

Sidney Colowick was born on January 12, 1916, in St. Louis, MO. He married Grace Shaffel in 1943, with whom he had one son, and later Maryda Swanstrom in 1951, with whom he had three daughters. He died in Nashville, Tennessee on January 9, 1985.
# Stapleton Houses

The Stapleton Houses are a housing project in the Stapleton neighborhood of Staten Island, New York City. The project consists of six 8-story buildings with 693 apartment units. It covers 16.87 acres (6.83 ha) and is bordered by Tompkins Avenue, and Broad, Hill, Warren and Gordon Streets. It is owned and managed by New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) and is the largest NYCHA development in Staten Island.

## Development

The Stapleton Houses, which began construction in 1959, were designed by architects Ballard, Todd & Snibbe. Each building was designed to be long and narrow and with outdoor galleries to remove interior corridors. Facilities on the site include three playgrounds, lounge, meeting rooms, childcare center and a covered garden terrace. The development was completed on May 31, 1962.
In the 1980s, the development saw the rise of the crack epidemic, and with that a rise in crime. Crime declined in the 1990s, but violence did not and the houses are now home to a large array of security cameras.

## Notable residents

* 9th Prince, rapper of Killarmy
* Ghostface Killah (born 1970), rapper of the Wu-Tang Clan
* RZA (born 1969), rapper and leader of the Wu-Tang Clan
* Kenny Washington (born 1958), jazz drummer
* Mack Wilds (born 1989), R&B/Hip-Hop singer and actor
* Ronell Wilson (born 1982), convicted of the 2003 murder of two undercover New York City police officers
Shyheim
# Koningshuis

The Koningshuis (Dutch: Kings Home) was a royal palace in Rhenen, the Netherlands. It was the summer residence of the "winter king" Frederick V of the Palatinate. It was demolished in 1812.

## History

Frederick V (1596-1632) was the Elector Palatine of the Rhine in the Holy Roman Empire from 1610 to 1623, and reigned as King of Bohemia from 1619 to 1620. He was forced to abdicate both roles, and the brevity of his reign in Bohemia earned him the derisive sobriquet the Winter King. He went to exile in the Netherlands.
During his time in exile, he primarily lived in The Hague. He spent vast sums of money on building and entertainment to maintain the dignity of a royal court, quickly blowing through donations from the English and Dutch governments. The summers were spent in Rhenen, passing the time with hunting long walks.
In 1629, Frederick V acquired a former monastery on the west side of the city, next to the Cunera Church. The building was quickly demolished, and he commissioned Bartholomeus van Bassen to design a new palace, which was constructed between 1630 and 1631. The palace was a two-storey main building, thirteen windows wide (approximately 40 metres), with two wings projecting to the south. It was surrounded by large gardens.
Frederick V could only enjoy the palace for one year, as he passed away in 1632. The palace was then used by his widow, Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia (1596-1662). After the restoration in England, she returned to England and the palace was left empty.
The palace was inherited by the Electors of Hanover, who rented it out. In 1794, it served as a military hospital for British soldiers. The building fell into serious disrepair and was sold for demolition in 1812. In various places in Rhenen, one can find remains of the palace ornaments.
Although, there are only small ornaments remaining, there are various engravings and plans showing how the palace looked like.