OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Heavy liquid

A heavy liquid is a solution or liquid chemical substance with a high density and a relatively low viscosity. Heavy liquids are often used for determination of density in mineralogy, for density gradient centrifugation and for separating mixtures.

## Uses

Common applications of heavy liquids include:
* Density gradient centrifugation
* Separating mixtures and sink/swim analysis
* Flotation process
* Determination of density

## Toxicity

The classical heavy liquids like 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane (Muthmanns solution), potassium tetraiodomercurate(II) (Thoulets solution), bromoform or diiodomethane which are used in mineralogy are very toxic. These toxic chemicals are avoided today in consideration of the fact that there are alternative water based, non-toxic heavy liquids like sodium polytungstate solutions. With this relatively new heavy liquid densities up to 3.1 g·cm$^{−3}$ can be adjusted . Adding parts of pulverulent tungsten carbide increases the density to 4.6 g·cm$^{−3}$.

## List of common heavy liquids with density > 2.0 g·cm$^{−3}$

| Name | Density (g·cm$^{−3}$) |
| 1,2-Dibromoethane | 2.180 |
| cis-1,2-Dibromoethene | 2.246 |
| trans-1,2-Dibromoethene | 2.231 |
| Dibromomethane | 2.477 |
| Bromal | 2.550 |
| Bromoform | 2.890 |
| 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane (Muthmanns solution) | 2.967 |
| Sodium polytungstate | 3.100 |
| Bromine | 3.1028 |
| Thoulets solution | 3.196 |
| Diiodomethane | 3.325 |
| Indium(III) iodide | 3.40 |
| Barium tetraiodomercurate(II) | 3.57 |
| Thallium formate + thallium malonate (Clerici solution) | 4.25 |
| Galinstan (gallium, indium, tin alloy) | 6.44 |
| Mercury | 13.6 |
Mercury is the heaviest liquid at room temperature. But the heaviest liquid irrespective of temperature is liquid osmium (a rare metal) at its melting point (3033°C/5491.4°F), with a density of 22.59 g·cm$^{−3}$, 1.65 times as heavy as mercury.
# Avitelmessus

Avitelmessus grapsoideus is an extinct species of crab from the Late Cretaceous Peedee Formation and Ripley Formation of the United States. The type species is A. grapsoideus.

## Taxonomic history

Avitelmessus was described in 1923 by Mary J. Rathbun, who assigned it to the family Atelecyclidae. Martin Glaessner reassigned it to the family Dakoticancridae in 1960.

## Description

The shell of Avitelmessus was about 2.25 inches (5.7 cm) in length and was nearly ovular in shape, with a "rounded outline". The upper surface was marked by "broad, shallow grooves" which formed two attached diamond-like shapes, with the larger one closer to the front. "Subsidiary" grooves came in contact with both sides of the larger diamond. The "fairly blunt" anterior edge of the carapace possessed a small, central rostrum, with orbits on either side. The front legs were modified to become chelipeds, with pincers formed by an upper finger, which was movable, and a lower finger, which was stationary (an extension of the previous leg segment). All limbs were covered by "fine granules". At least one specimen with "color markings" (considered rare among fossil crabs) has been discovered. The colors are described as "a medium background, dark spots and blotches, and light lines".

## Fossil sites

Avitelmessus was originally described by Rathbun based on the holotype from the Peedee Formation of North Carolina, as well as specimens from the Ripley Formation of Mississippi. Later, she would also describe specimens from western Tennessee. Avitelmessus is also present on the Atlantic coastal plain and in the Mississippi Embayment. The "near restriction" of Avitelmessus to the Mississippi embayment (and that of other Dakoticancridae members to other specific areas) suggest "provincialism" among the family.
# Douglas Clarke (conductor)

Douglas Clarke (4 April 1893 – 14 November 1962) was an English organist, conductor, composer and academic. For most of his career he lived in Canada, where in Montreal he was an academic at McGill University and conductor of the Montreal Orchestra.

## Life

Clarke was born in Reading, Berkshire in 1893. During the First World War he was a commissioned officer in the Royal Navy. He became a fellow of the Royal College of Organists in 1920. At the University of Cambridge he obtained BMus and MA degrees; he was appointed organ scholar at Christ's College, Cambridge in 1923.
In 1927 he moved to Canada, where in Winnipeg he was a choral conductor, and organist at Holy Trinity Church. In 1930 he became dean of the Faculty of Music at McGill University in Montreal. He was conductor of the Montreal Orchestra from its formation in 1930 until its dissolution in 1941; during this time, the orchestra introduced works by British composers, and works from the standard repertoire not previously heard in Montreal.
He retired from the university in 1955; returning to England, he lived in Warwick where he was organist of St Mary's Church. He died in Warwick in 1962.

## Compositions

His compositions Three Pieces were performed by the Montreal Orchestra in 1931, and Piece for Full Orchestra in 1936. Several works for choir have been published.
# John Austin Wharton (died 1838)

John Austin Wharton (April 1806 – December 17, 1838) was distinguished Texian statesman, lawyer, and soldier. He served as Adjutant General at the Battle of San Jacinto. In a eulogy at his grave, Republic of Texas President David G. Burnet said of him, "The keenest blade on the field of San Jacinto is broken." He died a bachelor on December 17, 1838, while serving as a member of the Texas Congress. His nephew, John A. Wharton, who would go on to be a Confederate Army general, was named for him.

## Early life

John Austin Wharton was born in Nashville, Tennessee, in April 1806. He became an orphan in 1816 and was raised, along with his four siblings by his uncle Jesse Wharton who ensured that he received a classical education. His older brother, William H. Wharton, preceded him in immigrating to colonial Texas in 1827. John Austin Wharton arrived in Texas between 1829 and 1833.

## In Texas

Upon arrival in Texas, Wharton became an agitator for Texas Independence from Mexico. He participated in conventions and consultations which led to Texas declaring independence from Mexico on March 2, 1836. He also formed one of the first Freemason lodges in Texas.

## Hero of San Jacinto

Previously, in December 1835, Sam Houston had appointed Wharton as Texas's agent in New Orleans to procure supplies for the coming conflict; and was responsible for bringing the cannons known as the "Twin Sisters" to the Texian army. Wharton was later appointed Adjutant General on Houston's staff. Wharton fought bravely during the Battle of San Jacinto, where Mexican strongman Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana was captured. Wharton was recognized by Texas' Secretary of War Thomas Rusk for his service. Wharton also served as Secretary of War of the nascent Republic of Texas in 1836.

## After Texas' independence

Wharton was elected to the Texas Congress, which was meeting in Houston in 1836 and served until 1837, chairing the Education Committee. During this time, the Texas schooner Independence was busy transporting Texas diplomatic officials, when on April 17, 1837 she was captured by Mexican navy ships. On board was Wharton's brother, William H. Wharton, Texas Minister to the United States, who was imprisoned in Matamoros, Mexico. Wharton attempted to gain the release of his brother and other Texans captured, but he too was imprisoned when he arrived in Mexico. The Wharton brothers eventually escaped and returned to Texas.
Wharton became ill and died on December 17, 1838. He is buried in Founders Memorial Park in Houston. At his funeral, the President of the Republic of Texas provided Wharton's eulogy. In it, he called Wharton, "the keenest blade of San Jacinto."

## Memorials

* Wharton County, Texas, is named for the Wharton brothers.
* The Texan brig Wharton was named for John Austin Wharton.
# Olivet Baptist Church

Olivet Baptist Church is a church located in Chicago, Illinois. The congregation first formed in 1861 through the merger of two African-American congregations.

## History

Before 1860, David G. Lett was pastor at the city's leading Black Baptist church, Zoar Church. In March 1860, about 40 parishioners left that church to form Zion Baptist Church led by Jesse Freeman Boulden, with Rev Tansbury leading the old body. Tansbury returned to his previous home in Canada and on December 22, 1861, the two churches combined under Boulden's efforts to form the new church, Olivet Baptist Church, where Boulden served until 1863. Nancy Green was a founding member of the congregation of the church. Boulden then resigned and Richard DeBaptiste became its new pastor in August 1863. DeBaptiste served until February 1882. He was followed by James Alfred Dunn Podd who served until his death in late 1886.
During its heyday, the church was the largest African-American church in the United States, and the largest Protestant congregation in the world. The congregation increased greatly in size in the 1920s due to the Great Migration, when the church provided services and structure to Southern blacks who had relocated to the north, bringing the congregation to 11,000. By the 1940s the congregation numbered 20,000.
The church is the oldest operating African American Baptist church in Chicago.
# Jean-Claude Bozga

Jean-Claude Adrimer Bozga (born 1 June 1984) is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a centre-back. He announced his retirement in 2022.

## Personal life

Bozga was born in Galați to a Romanian mother and a Congolese father who studied in Romania.

## Career

Bozga moved to Vestsjælland in February 2013 after a successful trial. He won promotion to the Danish Superliga in his first season at the club. Bozga formed a partnership in central defense with Lasse Nielsen, and the duo allowed the fewest goals on headers of all Superliga-clubs early on in the season. After the club suffered relegation and later filed for bankruptcy in December 2015, Bozga signed with K-League club Daejeon Citizen from the K League 2.
On 30 June 2017, Bozga returned to Denmark where he signed with HB Køge after a successful trial. He signed a contract extension in December 2019, keeping him at the club until 2020.
Bozga moved to Ishøj IF in the Denmark Series on 29 July 2020. After six months, he returned to Slagelse B&I, the continuation of the bankrupt Vestsjælland.
In June 2022, Bozga announced his retirement from football. He founded his own company after retiring from professional football, J.C Bozga Construct ApS, which deals with renovation tasks, painting and masonry work.

## Honours

Petrolul Ploiești
* Liga II: 2010–11
# Gmoney Imadiyi

George Imadiyi known professionally as Gmoney Imadiyi, is a Nigerian singer-songwriter and record executive.

## Early life and education

George Imadiyi was born in Benin City, Edo State. He graduated from Ambrose Alli University in 2008 with a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering and after serving in his National Youth Service Corps, moved to Europe in 2009.

## Career

In 2019, Gmoney Imadiyi released his debut album Born a Winner which featured singles such as "Igho", "Set me free" and "Shake am" which were released the previous year. The album was praised for his "unique blend of melodic ingenuity and thought-provoking lyrics". This was followed by Edo to the World which was lauded by Bioluwatife Akinyemi of Nigerian Tribune as "a cultural phenomenon that showcases the nature of Edo State through captivating melodies and insightful lyrics". In 2018, Gmoney Imadiyi founded Keymaker Records, a record label.
# My Valentine

"My Valentine" is a song written and performed by English musician Paul McCartney. It appears on his fifteenth solo studio album Kisses on the Bottom (2012), and was released as the record's lead single on 20 December 2011. One of only two original compositions on the album, "My Valentine" was written as a love song for McCartney's wife, Nancy Shevell. The song features Eric Clapton on acoustic guitar.
"My Valentine" earned positive reviews from critics, with multiple publications feeling it held its own against the covers on Kisses on the Bottom. A music video was created for the song, directed by McCartney and starring Natalie Portman and Johnny Depp.

## Reception

Upon release, "My Valentine" charted in multiple countries throughout mainland Europe. The song reached number 38 in Belgium, while in the Netherlands, it peaked at number 93. In the US, it reached number 19 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart.
"My Valentine" has received positive reviews from critics. Rolling Stone Australia ranked it as the 71st best solo track by a member of the Beatles, calling it "an artistic statement of purpose" and likening it to "Tower of Song" by Leonard Cohen. American Songwriter considered it on par with the standards covered on Kisses on the Bottom, stating it "couldn't be any more beautiful in its simplicity", as well as arguing it "may overall be McCartney's greatest love song". In a review of the album for Rolling Stone, Will Hermes echoed this sentiment, stating the song "holds its own" against the covers on the album, likening the track to Nat King Cole's rendition of "My Funny Valentine".
# Kwiatoniów

Kwiatoniów is a village located in the Opole Voivodeship (southern Poland), near the border with the Czech Republic. It is in Głubczyce County and Gmina Głubczyce. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Głubczyce and 51 km (32 mi) south of the regional capital Opole.
# Ahmed Sababti

Ahmed Sababti (born 10 December 1985), is a Belgian footballer and futsal player who plays for Futsal Topsport Antwerpen and the Belgian national futsal team.

## Honours

FT Antwerpen
* Belgian Futsal Division 1: 2011–12
* Belgian Cup: 2010–11
* Belgian Super Cup: 2008, 2012
Halle-Gooik
* Belgian Futsal Division 1: 2014–15, 2015–16
* Belgian Cup: 2015–16
# Laskowice, Kluczbork County

Laskowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lasowice Wielkie, within Kluczbork County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) south-west of Kluczbork and 23 km (14 mi) north-east of the regional capital Opole.
# Lasocice, Opole Voivodeship

Lasocice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łambinowice, within Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Łambinowice, 11 km (7 mi) north-east of Nysa, and 38 km (24 mi) south-west of the regional capital Opole.
# Lednica, Opole Voivodeship

Lednica is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubsza, within Brzeg County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Lubsza, 8 km (5 mi) north of Brzeg, and 46 km (29 mi) north-west of the regional capital Opole.
# Angelo Simone

Angelo Simone (born 19 December 1986 in Genk) is a former Belgian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for RKVV DESO. He formerly played for Fortuna Sittard and FC Oss.
# Bart Buysse

Bart Buysse (Dutch pronunciation:; born 16 October 1986) is a Belgian footballer who plays as a left back for Belgian club SV Oostkamp.

## Club career

On 1 July 2010 it was confirmed that Buysse would be moving from Zulte-Waregem to FC Twente, where he stayed until the summer of 2012 before moving to Club Brugge. In July 2013, he signed a two-year contract with Cercle Brugge. In the summer of 2015, he moves a free player to NEC Nijmegen.

## Honours

Twente
* KNVB Cup: 2010–11
* Johan Cruyff Shield: 2011
# Bart Poelvoorde

Bart Poelvoorde (born 18 May 1981) is a Belgian rower. He competed in the men's double sculls event at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
# Bernard Morreel

Bernard Morreel (born 3 November 1980) is a Belgian retired footballer.

## Club career

Morreel started his senior career in Leuven, playing for Stade Leuven and Zwarte Duivels Oud-Heverlee. After a short passage with Lommel SK in the Belgian Pro League, where he played 16 matches, Morreel was loaned out to OH Leuven in the Belgian Third Division. Morreel then moved to Mechelen (also third tier) before rejoining OH Leuven, a team with which he enjoyed promotion to the Belgian Second Division. OH Leuven rivals Tienen were his next employers, before moving to the fourth tier with teams as Londerzeel, Wijgmaal, and Diest.
# Bram Castro

Bram Castro (born 30 September 1982) is a Belgian former footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

## Club career

Castro made his debut in professional football, being part of the RC Genk squad in the 2000–01 season. He also played for Sint-Truidense VV before joining Roda JC.

### Roda JC

At Roda, Castro was the number one goalkeeper for 3 seasons. On 30 October 2007, Castro scored the equalizer (2–2) in the dying seconds of the KNVB Cup 2007-08 third round tie against De Graafschap. Roda JC won the match 3–2 after extra time and would go on to reach the final, losing to Feyenoord. In December 2009 Castro was involved in a fight with fellow team member Anouar Hadouir, who hit Castro in the face. Hadouir was fined by the club but Castro would lose his place between the goalposts soon after and was released by Roda at the end of the season.
On 1 October 2010, Castro joined PSV Eindhoven for the 2010–11 season. After 1 season at PSV Eindhoven he played 1 season for Sint-Truidense VV, 2 seasons for MVV Maastricht and in the summer of the 2014/2015 season he signed a 2 year long deal with Dutch Eredivisie team Heracles Almelo.

## Honours

Mechelen
* Belgian Cup: 2018–19
# Brian Ryckeman

Brian Ryckeman (born 13 July 1984) is a Belgian professional swimmer, specialising in Open water swimming. He competed at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics.
# Gerard Fairtlough

Gerard Fairtlough CBE (5 September 1930 – 15 December 2007) was an English author, speaker and management thinker.
Born on Hayling Island, Hampshire, Fairtlough trained initially as a biochemist at Cambridge University. He worked for 25 years in the Royal Dutch Shell group, where he spent the last 5 years as Chief Executive of Shell Chemicals UK.
In 1980, he founded the biopharmaceuticals firm Celltech and remained its chief executive until 1990. He subsequently founded the publishing company Triarchy Press and was involved in the formation of a number of high-tech businesses.
Fairtlough served as an advisor to several UK government and academic institutions. He was Specialist Advisor to the British House of Commons Select committee on Science and Technology, Chair of the Advisory Panel on Science Policy Research Unit at the University of Sussex, and a member of the UK Science and Engineering Council.
Gerard Fairtlough developed and elaborated his theory of triarchy and was the author of The Three Ways of Getting Things Done: Hierarchy, Heterarchy & Responsible Autonomy in Organisations, Creative Compartments: A Design for Future Organisation, and co-author with Julie Allan and Barbara Heinzen of The Power of the Tale: Using Narratives for Organisational Success. He also wrote extensively on the theory and practice of organization design and management and of innovation.
In 1954, Fairtlough married Lisa Betambeau (they had two sons and two daughters); he died in Ryall, Dorset on 15 December 2007.
He also has six grandchildren: Zoe, Tanya, Aurora, Zachery, Sorrel, Bidwell.
# Christophe Bertjens

Christophe Bertjens (born 5 January 1993) is a professional football midfielder. He currently plays for Saint Gilloise in the Belgian First Division B.
# Lehlohonolo Nonyane

Lehlohonolo Carreca Nonyane (born 7 December 1986) is a South African professional footballer, who currently plays for National First Division club Kruger United as a defender.
He won the 2020–21 Nedbank Cup with TTM. Staying in the squad after it was bought out by Marumo Gallants, he was the team captain until being released in 2023. After a stint with Baroka in the 2023–24 National First Division, he trained with newly promoted First Division club Kruger United.
# Juan Bimba

Juan Bimba is a fictitious character used in the past as the national personification of Venezuela, but is now regarded as obsolete. According to the local folklore of the region of Cumaná the name comes from a mentally ill local inhabitant of the 1850s; but this version is doubtful. It was first used by Juan Vicente González, a Venezuelan columnist of the 19th century as an example of the average Venezuelan peasant, the prototype of the common people. The cartoon was drawn by cartoonist Mariano Medina Febres in the 1930s

## Use in politics

The name was used and preserved by Andrés Eloy Blanco in several poems and in the Fantoches magazine. A sociopolitical essay by the poet, in 1936, revolving particularly on socialism and communism in Venezuelan history, was entitled Carta a Juan Bimba («A Letter to Juan Bimba»).
Acción Democrática, one of the two leading political parties of Venezuela in the 20th century, used and further popularized the name and created an image to accompany the symbolism of their 1963 electoral campaign's motto: El Partido del Pueblo («The People's Party»), especially since the country's supreme court banned the use of their official flag. Recently, former Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez was seen performing a humoristic version of himself as Juan Bimba, particularly during political campaigning tactics, portraying the image of a humble llanero.
# Back Bay Formation

The Back Bay Formation is a geologic formation in New Brunswick. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.
# Gennaro Licciardi

Gennaro Licciardi (Secondigliano, 30 November 1956 – Voghera, 3 August 1994) was a powerful Italian Camorrista in the north region of Naples, founder of the Licciardi clan, and one of the founders of the Secondigliano Alliance.

## Biography

Licciardi, known as 'a scigna (the monkey) for his escapes from the balconies of the apartments in Secondigliano, started his criminal career in the 1970s, when the violent war between the Nuova Famiglia and the Nuova Camorra Organizzata was at its peak. In that time, Licciardi was the capozona of the Giuliano clan in the Secondigliano zone. In 1981, he ended up in jail together with his friend Gennaro Esposito, on charges of Camorra association, murder contest, illegal possession of weapons and shoot in a public place.
Since he was an affiliate of the Nuova Famiglia, the NCO tried to kill him, but failing, they killed his brother, Antonio Licciardi, who was only 22 years old, in the popular Don Guanella district. Licciardi would continue to suffer attacks on his life more numerous times over the years, and always managing to escape unscathed.
The downfall of the NCO of Cutolo soon led Licciardi to conquer an autonomous and predominant role in the Neapolitan criminal scene, founding the Licciardi clan, and in the early 1990s he was also considered the undisputed godfather of the northern suburbs of the city of Naples.
In 1992 he was captured, at a roadblock, and according to the investigations, he would be going to meet Francesco Mallardo in the countryside of Giugliano. Two years later, on 2 August 1994, Gennaro Licciardi died in the hospital of Voghera, where he had been urgently transferred for an intestinal infection.
After Gennaro's death, the clan's reins passed to his siblings Vincenzo and Maria Licciardi.

### Secondigliano Alliance

Together with the boss Francesco Mallardo, of the Mallardo clan from Giugliano in Campania, and with the boss Edoardo Contini, of the Contini clan, Licciardi managed to found a maxi-criminal cartel called Secondigliano Alliance, which for years dominated almost the entire territory of Naples. The Alliance remained dominant even long after the death of Licciardi and the arrests of Contini and Mallardo, and in 2019 it was listed as the most powerful organization belonging to the Camorra.