OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ammar Abd Rabbo

Ammar Abd Rabbo (Arabic: عمّار عبد ربّه) is a French-Syrian journalist and photographer, born in Damascus, Syria, in 1966.
Abd Rabbo left Syria in his childhood and has been living in France since 1978. He has covered photo stories in the Arab world since the 1990s in Iraq, Libya and Lebanon, as well as in his homeland, Syria. His work has been published in Time, Le Monde, Der Spiegel, Bild and various other publications.
From a 25-year career, his portfolio includes portraits of head of states, war coverage in Iraq, Lebanon and Libya, celebrities like Michael Jackson, as well as of events such as the Cannes Film Festival and Paris Fashion Week.
Abd Rabbo has also had solo exhibitions of his press work, as well as works about nudity and the body. "Coming Soon" in Beirut in 2012 was a series of artistic silhouettes of pregnant women, aiming to "encourage the audience to think differently about pregnancy" as the artist stated on the television channel Al Arabiya.
He is known for his images of Stephen Hawking, as well as the image of Benazir Bhutto that made the cover of Time magazine after she was assassinated.
In August 2015, one of his works was shown at Dismaland, a temporary exhibition curated by anonymous artist Banksy, that took place in Weston-super-Mare near Bristol, England.
In December 2016, he published a book about Aleppo in war time, in French, titled "ALEP A Elles Eux Paix".
He was awarded "Knight of Arts and Letters" by the French government in 2017.
Since 2018, he is a regular contributor of the website "Daraj", where he publishes videos in Arabic raising awareness about fake news and conspiracy theories.

## Exhibitions

* "Love Stories" (collective) – at 61, Paris, 2010.
* "20–40, 20 ans, 40 photos", (solo) at Centre Culturel Français of Damascus, January 2011.
* "Coming Soon", (solo), at Ayyam Gallery, Beirut, February 2012.
* "Follow The Leader" (solo), at Ayyam Gallery, Dubai, June 2012.
* "The Sea Is My Land" (collective), at MAXXI Museum, Roma, July 2013.
* "At My Feet" (collective), at Cindy Glass, Beirut, November 2013.
* "Cris-Action", (collective), at Institut du monde arabe, Paris, May 2014.
* "ALEP : À Elles, Eux, Paix !" (solo), at Gallery Europia, Paris, November 2014.
* "ALEP : À Elles, Eux, Paix !" (solo), at lycée Marguerite de Navarre, Alençon, March 2015
* "My Voice Rings Out for Syria" (collective), at Gallery BOX Freiraum, à Berlin, May 2015
* "Dismaland" (collective), theme park curated by Banksy, in Weston-super-Mare, August 2015
* "Syria Off Frame" (collective), at Fondation Benetton Foundation, in Venice, August 2015
* "The Naked Truth" (solo), at Ayyam Gallery, Beirut, October 2015.
* "ALEP : À Elles, Eux, Paix !" (solo), at "Katara", Doha, March 2016.
* "D'Une Méditerranée L'Autre" (collective), at FRAC PACA (Fonds Régional d'Art Contemporain – Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur), Marseilles, November 2016
# Edmund Cotter

Edmund McCarthny (Ed) Cotter (15 January 1927 – 19 October 2017) was a New Zealand mountaineer who made several first ascents on the West Coast of New Zealand and was part of the team that first climbed the Maximilian Ridge on Mount Elie de Beaumont in 1951.
Cotter was a member of the 1951 New Zealand expedition to the Garhwal Himalaya, with Edmund Hillary, George Lowe and Earle Riddiford.
# Lavochkin La-168

The Lavochkin La-168 was a jet fighter developed for the USSR. Like the better known Mikoyan MiG-15 which was ultimately selected and went on to become one of the most successful jet fighters of its era, the Lavochkin La-168 was designed in response to a 1946 request for an advanced swept-wing jet fighter capable of transonic performance. It was to use new turbojet based on the Rolls-Royce Nene in competition with the design bureaus of Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich, and Aleksandr Yakovlev. A scaled down version of this aircraft would lead to the production of the La-15, which performed well but would be dropped in favor of the MiG-15.

## Design and development

Aircraft 168 was preceded by the Lavochkin La-160 jet fighter which was the first to utilize swept wing surfaces first researched by the Germans, but it moved the engine from the nose to behind the pilot. It resembled the Mikoyan MiG-15 and used the same cannon-armament and the Rolls-Royce Nene II engine. Unlike the MiG-15, the La-168 had shoulder mounted wings and a t-tail layout. Due to Lavochkin's decision to wait with La-168 development for the Nene II engine, the MiG-15, first flown with the less powerful Nene I, was available four months earlier, giving it a crucial advantage.
Aircraft 168's first flight was on April 22, 1948, with I. E. Fedorov at the controls. Trials continued until February 19, 1949, when testing of the cannons at high altitude caused the canopy to collapse, resulting in a nearly fatal crash. In the end, the Lavochkin fighter lost out to the competing MiG-15. Another 168 derivative was the La-176, the first Soviet plane to achieve supersonic flight (in a shallow dive) on December 26, 1948.
A scaled down version of this aircraft powered by a Rolls-Royce Derwent, was produced as Aircraft 174, prototype of the production La-15, which although well liked and having superior performance, was more expensive and harder to mass-produce than the MiG-15.

## Variants

* Aircraft 176 - One Aircraft 168 produced with 45° swept wings and tailplane. Believed to be first Soviet aircraft to exceed Mach 1.0 albeit in a dive. Crashed whilst supersonic when canopy collapsed.
* Aircraft 174 - A 0.9 scale version of aircraft 168 which was productionised as the La-15.

## Specifications (Aircraft 168)

Data from Lavochkins Last jets
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Length: 10.56 m (34 ft 8 in)
* Wingspan: 9.5 m (31 ft 2 in)
* Wing area: 18.08 m$^2$ (194.6 sq ft)
* Aspect ratio: 5
* Empty weight: 3,111 kg (6,859 lb)
* Gross weight: 4,580 kg (10,097 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Klimov RD-45 Centrifugal compressor turbojet, 22.26 kN (5,000 lbf) thrust
Performance
* Maximum speed: 1,080 km/h (670 mph, 580 kn) at 5,000m (16,400ft)
* Maximum speed: Mach 0.95
* Range: 1,500 km (930 mi, 810 nmi) at 10,000m (32,810ft)
* Endurance: 2hr 12min
* Service ceiling: 13,000 m (42,650 ft)
* Rate of climb: 37.8 m/s (7,440 ft/min)
* Time to altitude: 5,000m in 2.2min
* Thrust/weight: 0.49
Armament
* 2 × 23 mm Nudelman-Suranov NS-23 autocannon
* 1 × 37 mm Nudelman N-37 cannon
# Peaer

Peaer (stylised as peaer) is an American indie rock band from Purchase, New York. Beginning as the project of guitarist and vocalist Peter Katz, Peaer currently consists of Katz, Thom Lombardi and Jeremy Kinney. Peaer has released three full-length albums and was most recently signed to Tiny Engines. Their first album, released in 2014, is titled the eyes sink into the skull. In 2016, Peaer released their self-titled second album. In 2019, Peaer released their third full-length album titled A Healthy Earth.
# Yanigua Formation

The Yanigua Formation is a geologic formation in Dominican Republic. The lagoonal claystones and marls preserve fossils dating back to the Miocene period. The formation hosts Dominican amber.

## Fossil content

* Aureofungus yaniguaensis, named after the formation
* Cephalotes alveolatus, C. caribicus, C. dieteri, C. hispaniolicus
* Enischnomyia stegosoma
* Mesembrinella caenozoica
* Vetufebrus ovatus
* ?Neocallichirus quisquellanus
* Portunus sp.
# Zwethau Formation

The Zwethau Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period.

## Fossil content

The following fossils have been reported from the formation:
* Afiacyathus paracompositus
* Coscinocyathus germanicus
* Dictyocyathus stipatus
* Erismacoscinus tainius
* Erismacoscinus aff. primus
* Protopharetra dissuta
* P. gemmata
* Proaulopora cf. glabra
* Afiacyathus sp.
* Botomaella sp.
* Coscinocyathus sp.
* Epiphyton sp.
* Erismacoscinus sp.
* Kordephyton sp.
* Renalcis sp.
* Diplostraca indet.
* Hyolitha indet.
* Trilobita indet.
# Lavochkin La-190

The Lavochkin La-190, (a.k.a. Aircraft 190), was a swept wing jet fighter designed and manufactured by the Lavochkin Design Bureau from 1950.

## Design and development

The La-190 was an all-metal aircraft with a bicycle undercarriage and mid set wings with 55° sweep at 1/4 chord. The afterburning, Lyul'ka AL-5 (TR-3A), axial flow turbo-jet engine was attached to the rear of the centre fuselage with the air intake at the extreme nose, and exhaust at the end of the rear fuselage. Access to the engine for maintenance and removal was gained by removing the rear fuselage aft of the wing.
The bicycle main and nose undercarriages were housed entirely within the fuselage with wing mounted outriggers in small pods at the wingtips. To increase the angle of incidence of the aircraft, to 20–22°, for take-off and landing, the twin wheeled levered suspension main undercarriage could be shortened or "knelt".
The swept wings were of medium taper with 2/3 span flaps / 1/3 span ailerons, and wing fences at approximately 1/2 span. The tail unit comprised a sharply swept fin with a delta tailplane at 2/3 fin length.
An early Soviet Airborne Interception radar was also fitted called Korshun – (Kite (the bird)), with a single aerial under a radome above the intake and a CRT for the pilot to manually track the target.

## History

The unusual layout of the La-190, combined with many innovations, including powered flying controls, and new manufacturing methods, challenged Lavochkin's design bureau. To assist with design, many test rigs were made to simulate parts of the aircraft and its systems. Aerodynamic models were also used in wind tunnels and as large-scale droppable gliding models.
Despite all the preparations, major problems with the Lyul'ka engine caused several flame-outs, one of which caused serious damage during the ensuing deadstick landing.
Although the La-190 displayed good performance during the limited flight testing carried out, the MAP – Ministerstvo Aviatsionnoy Promyshlennosti (Ministry of Aviation Industry) cancelled further work on Aircraft 190.

## Specifications (La-190)

Data from Gordon, Yefim. Lavochkin's Last Jets. Midland Publishing. Hinkley. 2007. ISBN 1-85780-253-5
General characteristics
* Crew: One
* Length: 16.35 m (53 ft 8 in)
* Wingspan: 9.9 m (32 ft 6 in)
* Height: 4.4 m (14 ft 5 in)
* Wing area: 38.93 m$^2$ (418.6 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 7,315 kg (16,127 lb)
* Gross weight: 9,257 kg (20,407 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Lyul'ka AL-5 (TR-3A) , 8.83 kN (1,984 lbf) thrust dry, 49.05 kN (11,030 lbf) with afterburner
Performance
* Maximum speed: 1,190 km/h (739 mph, 642 kn)
* Maximum speed: Mach 1.03
* Range: 1,150 km (714 mi, 620 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 15,000 m (51,180 ft)
* Rate of climb: 55.6 m/s (10,936 ft/min)
Armament
* 2 x 37mm cannon
# 13 Years, 13 Minutes

13 Years, 13 Minutes (Polish: 13 lat 13 minut) is a Polish historical film. It was released in 2006.
Romek Strzałkowski and Peter Mansfeld were young boys during the Poznań 1956 protests and Budapest 1956. Romek was the youngest victim.
# Maria Qvist

Maria "Maja" Månsson (née Qvist, 5 September 1879 - 9 October 1958) was a Swedish politician and active member of the Social Democrats and the party's Youth League.

## Biography

Maria Qvist was born as the oldest of 11 siblings; her father was a soldier. Many girls at that time and with similar family backgrounds did not receive a formal education after elementary school. But after school, she visited an introductory course in Malmö for teachers in small, rural schools. Afterwards, she also attended the folk high school Hvilan, the oldest one of these institutions in Sweden. She had to work from the age of 15, mostly as maid or servant in Scania and became a full-time activist at 25.
Her political beliefs lead her to join the Social Democrats and in 1902, the National Association for Women's Suffrage. Together with others, she founded the Female Domestic Workers' Association (Stockholms tjänarinneförening) in Stockholm and became their first chairwoman in 1904. In 1910, she was the first woman elected into the city council of Gävle.
She was especially interested in women's rights and fought for female workers' rights, the limitation of working hours and education for employees.
Around the turn of the century, she got to know Fabian Månsson, a left-wing journalist, writer and former soldier. They started to live together, but were not legally married. That was considered a protest against the contemporary marriage laws, as women lost both responsibility and property when getting married. Their relationship corresponded to a Swedish version of common-law marriage (Samvetsäktenskap). Later in their lives, on Fabian's 50th birthday in 1922, they had the archbishop Nathan Söderblom bless their relationship and married in 1925, after the marriage laws had changed (from 1920 on, married women were no longer under the legal guardianship of their husbands). They shared the same political beliefs: Both were on the board of the Social Democratic Youth League from its foundation on. Maria was also an important contributor to Fabian's work: She researched historical facts, and was proof-reading and type-writing his works.
* Maria Qvist in her office
* Maria Qvist and her husband on Maria's 50th birthday in 1929
* The couple with their maid Rut and dogs in a garden
* Maria Qvist with her husband and (amongst others) their close friend Zeth Höglund
* The typewriter Maria Qvist used for her work on Fabian's writings
* The memorial for both Maria and Fabian Månsson
# Bente Hansen

Bente Hansen (4 March 1940 – April 2022) was a Danish writer, editor and women's rights activist who was a prominent supporter of the Danish Red Stocking Movement from 1970. She published a number of books on socialism and the role of women and was coordinating editor of the daily newspaper Information in the mid-1970s, giving special attention to social movements.

## Biography

Born on 4 March 1940 in Kolding, Hansen was the daughter of the veterinarian Hans Kristian Hansen and Grethe Vera Nornild, a teacher. After matriculating from Vestjsk Gymnasium in Tarm, she spent a year in Brussels, returning to Denmark to study literature at the University of Copenhagen. From 1961 to 1966, she was influenced by the strong women's traditions of Kvinderegensen, the women's college where she stayed. She received her M.A. in 1966.
On the political front, she was influenced by a group of students from the Soviet Union she met in 1959, becoming an active left-wing socialist and a member of the Socialist People's Party. A talented orator, she was a strong supporter of free abortion and equal pay, causes she also developed as editor of the bimonthly journal Politisk Revy from 1966. From 1970, thanks to contacts with Ninon Schloss, she consistently devoted a column to the Red Stocking Movement. Over the next 15 years, she became one of the unofficial leaders of the women's movement in Denmark, participating in the gathering on the island of Femø in 1971. Together with Vibeke Vasbo and Mette Knudsen, she drafted a number of documents which became the ideology of the Red Stockings. She was the main speaker at the first women's meeting in Copenhagen's Fælledparken in 1975.
Her role as an editor at Information from 1976, where she was one of just three women editors opposed by 33 men, proved too difficult, leading to her resignation in 1977. She nevertheless continued as a commentator at BT. She later participated in developing a major television series on women in the labour movement, broadcast in 1986. By 1990, as a result of exhaustion and increasingly poor health, she had to cut back on her activities.
Hansen died in April 2022 after prolonged illness.

## Selected publications

Hansen published the following books in Danish:
* Den marxistiske litteraturkritik (1967)
* Kapitalisme, socialisme, kommunisme (1969)
* Kunst og kapitalisme (1971)
* Kvinderne fra Herning (1971)
* Det lille røde leksikon (1974)
* Forfattere i/mod kapitalismen (1975)
* Dengang i 60’erne (1978)
* I virkeligheden - poems (1980)
* Fuglen Herbert Jørgensen - children's book (1990)
* Kommer til live - poems (1993)
* Til den som elsker en narkoman - conversations with those concerned (1995)
* En køn historie - (2004)
* Gud og hvermand - (2008)
* Det kimer nu til julefest - (2011)
* Historien Findes - (2014)
# Bill Culbert

William Franklin Culbert MNZM (23 January 1935 – 28 March 2019) was a New Zealand artist, notable for his use of light in painting, photography, sculpture and installation work, as well as his use of found and recycled materials.
He was born in Port Chalmers, near Dunedin, and divided his time between London, Croagnes in southern France, and New Zealand. He was married to artist Pip Culbert (1938–2016) and made many collaborative works with artist Ralph Hotere.

## Early life and education

Culbert was educated at Hutt Valley High School, where his teachers included James Coe. He then studied at the Ilam School of Fine Arts at Canterbury University College in Christchurch from 1953 to 1956, alongside Pat Hanly, Gil Taverner, Quentin McFarlane, Trevor Moffitt, Ted Bracey, John Coley and Hamish Keith, many who lived in the same house in Armagh Street. Culbert received a National Art Gallery scholarship in 1957 and left New Zealand to study painting at the Royal College of Art, London. He exhibited in the Young Contemporaries and Young Commonwealth Artists exhibitions alongside fellow expatriate New Zealander Billy Apple.

## Career

Culbert began to experiment with electric light in 1967. He had a solo exhibition at the Serpentine Gallery, London, in 1977 and in 1979, with funding from the Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council the Brooke Gifford Gallery in Christchurch assembled the survey exhibition Bill Culbert: London and New Zealand Works that was toured to public art museums throughout New Zealand. The touring survey exhibition Lightworks was organised by City Gallery Wellington in 1997. He participated in the first Auckland Triennial in 2001. In 2013 he represented New Zealand at the 55th Venice Biennale. His exhibition, titled Front Door Out Back, was displayed in the New Zealand pavilion, sited at the Istituto Santa Maria della Pietà.
He has permanent commissioned sculptures in London, Wellington and Auckland. Many are collaborative works with Ralph Hotere, including Fault on the facade of City Gallery Wellington (1994), Void (2006) in the atrium of Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa and Black Stump, a 20m-high column outside the Vero Centre in Auckland. His work is held in public and private collections throughout New Zealand and Europe.
Culbert died on 28 March 2019.

## Awards, honours and fellowships

* National Art Gallery Scholarship (New Zealand), 1957
* Artist in Residence, University of Nottingham, 1963–65
* Greater London Arts Association Award, 1981
* Arts Council of Great Britain Holographic Bursary, Goldsmiths' Holography Workshop, Goldsmiths' College, London, 1982
* Residency, Museum of Holography, New York, 1985
* Residency, Exploratorium, San Francisco, 1989
* Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to art, particularly sculpture, 2008
# The Emperor's Soul

The Emperor's Soul is a fantasy novella written by American author Brandon Sanderson. It was first published in November 2012 by Tachyon Publications. It won the 2013 Hugo Award for best novella. The novella is included in the 2016 Arcanum Unbounded: The Cosmere Collection.

## Plot

Shai is a thief and practitioner of magical forgery who has been arrested and sentenced to death. The Emperor's corrupt advisors offer to free her if she agrees to forge a new soul for the Emperor, who has been left brain dead by an assassination attempt. She agrees, but plans to escape. She is given 100 days to forge the soul, given only official histories, the Emperor's diary, and Gaotona, the only non-corrupt advisor, a task even she deems impossible. As the two research the Emperor's past together, Gaotona learns more about forgery, a generally detested practice, and the two develop a grudging respect for each other. During this task, Shai realizes the Emperor had once been idealistic, but a life of leisure resulted in his recent indulgence, and resolves to create and tweak the soul as her masterpiece, setting him on a better path. Though many opportunities present themselves, Shai puts off escaping until the work is done, whereupon Gaotona helps her win her freedom against his colleagues' treachery. The Emperor, with the forged soul, resumes his rule.

## Setting

The Emperor's Soul is set in the Rose Empire, a nation on the shardworld of Sel. This is the same world in which Elantris was set, though few connections are made to that book within The Emperor's Soul. In the postscript, Sanderson explains that he was inspired to write this story after visiting the National Palace Museum in Taiwan and also by memories from the two years he spent in Korea as a missionary for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

## Audiobook

An audiobook version of the book was released on November 2, 2012 by Audible.com, read by narrator Angela Lin.

## Reception

The Emperor's Soul won the 2013 Hugo Award for Best Novella. Strange Horizons called it "thoughtful yet exciting" and "difficult to put down," and judged that it deserved its award because of the questions it raises about the nature of art.
The A.V. Club described Forgery as "one of (the) more intriguing (magical systems that Sanderson has created)", but noted that the magic is "far more developed than any of the characters"—while conceding that "the tale is never dull". Tor.com similarly described the work as "enjoyable" and "a worthy addition to Sanderson’s bibliography", and recommended it to "readers who enjoy getting into the intricacies of a magic system", but faulted it as "abbreviated and a bit unbalanced", positing that it would have worked better as a full-length novel.