# Pebas Formation

The Pebas Formation is a lithostratigraphic unit of Miocene age, found in western Amazonia. The formation extends over 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi), including parts of Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. It is interpreted as representing the deposits of a lake ("Lake Pebas") or series of lakes, formed within the foreland basin of the Andes mountain belt. It is known for its abundant fossil ostracods and molluscs and an unusually diverse group of crocodylians.

## Fossil content
### Fish

| Taxa | Species |
| Anostomidae | Indeterminate |
| Hydrolycus | cf. H. sp. |
| Leporinus | L. sp. |
| Pristis | P. sp. |
| Potamotrygon | P. sp. |

### Insects

| Taxa | Species | Locality | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Macroteleia | M. yaguarum | | | | A parasitoid wasp. | |
| Sycorax | S. peruensis | | | | Relatives of moth flies and sand flies. | |

### Mammals

| Taxa | Species | Locality | Material | Notes |
| Dinomyidae | D. sp. | | | A hystricognath rodent. |
| Octodontoidea | Indeterminate. | | | A hystricognath rodent. |
| Neoepiblema | N. sp. | | | A hystricognath rodent. |
| Pebanista | P. yacuruna | Rio Napo. | A nearly complete skull. | A platanistid river dolphin. |
| Pseudoprepotherium | P. sp. | Rio Napo | | A ground sloth. |
| Potamarchus | P. sp | | | A hystricognath rodent. |
| Parapropalaehoplophorus | P. sp | | | a glyptodont |

### Reptiles

| Taxa | Species | Locality | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes |
| Caiman | C. wannlangstoni | Locality IQ26 and IQ114 | | A well-preserved partial skull. | An extinct caiman |
| Gavialoidea | Indeterminate. | | | | |
| Gnatusuchus | G. pebasensis | Locality IQ114, IQ116, and IQ125 | Upper | A nearly complete skull. | A clam eating caiman. |
| Gryposuchus | G. pachakamue | Locality IQ101 | | | A gavialid crocodilian. |
| Kuttanacaiman | K. iquitosensis | Locality IQ26 and IQ116 | Middle | nearly complete skull and mandibles. | A small caiman. |
| Chelus | C. colombianus | | | Pieces of shell bones and scutes | A slightly larger species of mata mata, reaching an estimated shell length of up to a meter. |
| Mourasuchus | M. atopus | Locality IQ114 | | | |
| Paleosuchus | P. sp. | | | | |
| Podocnemis | P. sp. | | | | |
| Purussaurus | P. neivensis | Locality IQ26 and IQ114 | | Skull and teeth. | A giant caiman. |

## Correlations
### Laventan

Laventan correlations in South America :
| Formation | Honda | Honda | Aisol | Cura-Mallín | Pisco | Ipururo | Pebas | Capadare | Urumaco | Inés | Paraná | Map |
| Basin | VSM | Honda | San Rafael | Caldera | Pisco | Ucayali | Amazon | Falcón | Falcón | Venezuela | Paraná | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Country | Colombia | Bolivia | Argentina | Chile | Peru | Peru | Peru | Venezuela | Venezuela | Venezuela | Argentina | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Boreostemma | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Hapalops | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Miocochilius | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Theosodon | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Xenastrapotherium | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Mylodontidae | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Sparassodonta | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Primates | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Rodents | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Birds | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Terror birds | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Reptiles | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| megalodon | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Flora | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Insects | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Environments | Fluvial | Fluvial | Fluvial | Fluvio-deltaic | Fluvio-deltaic | Fluvio-lacustrine | Fluvio-lacustrine | Fluvio-deltaic | Fluvio-deltaic | Fluvio-deltaic | Fluvial | Laventan volcanoclastics Laventan fauna Laventan flora |
| Volcanic | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | | | | | | | | Laventan volcanoclastics Laventan fauna Laventan flora |

### Huayquerian

Huayquerian correlations in South America :
| Formation | Cerro Azul | Ituzaingó | Paraná | Camacho | Raigón | Andalhuala | Chiquimil | Las Flores | Maimará | Palo | Pebas | Muyu | Rosa | Saldungaray | Salicas | Urumaco | Map |
| Basin | Colorado | Paraná | Paraná | Paraná | Paraná | Hualfín | Hualfín | Tontal | Andes | Salta | Amazon | Huasi | Altiplano | BA | Velasco | Falcón | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Country | Argentina | Argentina | Argentina | Uruguay | Uruguay | Argentina | Argentina | Argentina | Argentina | Argentina | Brazil Peru | Bolivia | Bolivia | Argentina | Argentina | Venezuela | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Cardiatherium | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Lagostomus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Macroeuphractus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Proeuphractus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Pronothrotherium | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Pseudotypotherium | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Thylacosmilus | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Xotodon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Macraucheniidae | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Primates | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Rodents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Reptiles | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Birds | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Terror birds | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Flora | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pebas Formation (South America) |
| Environments | Aeolian-fluvial | Fluvio-deltaic | Fluvio-deltaic | Fluvio-deltaic | Fluvial | Fluvial | Fluvial | Fluvial | Fluvial | Fluvial | Fluvio-lacustrine | Fluvial | Fluvial | Fluvial | Fluvio-lacustrine | Fluvio-deltaic | Huayquerian volcanoclastics Huayquerian fauna Huayquerian flora |
| Volcanic | | | | | | Yes | | | | | | | | | | | | Huayquerian volcanoclastics Huayquerian fauna Huayquerian flora |