# Forest Landscape Integrity Index

The Forest Landscape Integrity Index (FLII) is an annual global index of forest condition measured by degree of anthropogenic modification. Created by a team of 47 scientists, the FLII, in its measurement of 300m pixels of forest across the globe, finds that ~17.4 million km$^2$ of forest has high landscape-level integrity (with a score from 9.6–10), compared to ~14.6 million with medium integrity (6–9.6) and ~12.2 million km$^2$ with low integrity (0–6).
The FLII finds that most remaining high-integrity forest landscapes are found in Canada, Russia, the Rocky Mountains, Alaska, the Amazon, the Guianas, southern Chile, Central Africa, and New Guinea. Low integrity forests, on the other hand, are found in Western and Central Europe, the American Southeast, South-East Asia, west of New Guinea, the Andes, much of China and India, the Albertine Rift, West Africa, Mesoamerica, and the Atlantic Forests of Brazil.
The results are meant to help decision-makers at all levels achieve their commitments to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

## Forest Integrity

An ecosystem is considered to have integrity when its structure, composition, and ecological processes are within their natural range.

## Country rankings

172 countries have been ranked:
Forest Landscape Integrity 2019 :
| Country | Mean FLII | Low integrity (km$^2$) | Medium integrity (km$^2$) | High integrity (km$^2$) | Total forest area (km$^2$) |
| Seychelles | 10 | 0 | 0 | 68 | 68 |
| Sudan | 9.8 | 1 | 72 | 495 | 569 |
| Guyana | 9.58 | 4,162 | 40,817 | 147,413 | 192,391 |
| South Sudan | 9.45 | 5,083 | 59,389 | 146,218 | 210,691 |
| Suriname | 9.39 | 6,796 | 25,031 | 107,954 | 139,781 |
| Mongolia | 9.36 | 520 | 11,915 | 27,407 | 39,841 |
| Central African Republic | 9.28 | 30,161 | 139,350 | 379,097 | 548,608 |
| Botswana | 9.13 | 13 | 187 | 372 | 572 |
| Gabon | 9.07 | 11,780 | 118,348 | 120,852 | 250,979 |
| Russia | 9.02 | 739,484 | 2,245,281 | 5,137,079 | 8,121,843 |
| Canada | 8.99 | 480,206 | 1,027,386 | 2,968,268 | 4,475,860 |
| Congo | 8.89 | 24,512 | 124,215 | 158,184 | 306,911 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 8.86 | 329 | 2,819 | 2,761 | 5,909 |
| Peru | 8.86 | 85,793 | 190,547 | 509,720 | 786,061 |
| Afghanistan | 8.85 | 90 | 1,475 | 977 | 2,542 |
| Bhutan | 8.85 | 1,620 | 16,769 | 10,140 | 28,529 |
| Papua New Guinea | 8.84 | 37,294 | 183,415 | 216,355 | 437,064 |
| Vanuatu | 8.82 | 734 | 5,322 | 4,448 | 10,504 |
| Venezuela | 8.78 | 64,650 | 170,792 | 351,112 | 586,554 |
| Tajikistan | 8.65 | 34 | 137 | 130 | 301 |
| Bolivia | 8.47 | 78,745 | 280,532 | 272,007 | 631,284 |
| Namibia | 8.43 | 5 | 13 | 17 | 36 |
| Angola | 8.35 | 105,487 | 284,054 | 315,895 | 705,436 |
| Fiji | 8.35 | 1,753 | 10,802 | 3,594 | 16,148 |
| Colombia | 8.26 | 150,737 | 272,442 | 428,320 | 851,499 |
| Kazakhstan | 8.23 | 6,068 | 18,926 | 15,294 | 40,288 |
| Palau | 8.09 | 45 | 333 | 9 | 387 |
| North Korea | 8.02 | 8,374 | 40,156 | 8,410 | 56,939 |
| Cameroon | 8 | 66,191 | 181,336 | 119,263 | 366,789 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 7.99 | 3,982 | 17,595 | 5,007 | 26,585 |
| Georgia | 7.79 | 6,982 | 17,803 | 9,784 | 34,570 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 7.71 | 1,102 | 2,842 | 1,498 | 5,442 |
| Comoros | 7.69 | 284 | 1,149 | 82 | 1,515 |
| Iran | 7.67 | 3,361 | 12,930 | 2,162 | 18,453 |
| Ecuador | 7.66 | 48,822 | 77,585 | 73,492 | 199,900 |
| DRC | 7.56 | 533,118 | 935,508 | 727,983 | 2,196,608 |
| Micronesia | 7.55 | 8 | 35 | 0 | 43 |
| Brazil | 7.52 | 1,374,902 | 1,354,961 | 2,338,101 | 5,067,963 |
| Zambia | 7.5 | 96,969 | 164,376 | 110,822 | 372,167 |
| North Macedonia | 7.42 | 2,034 | 7,090 | 459 | 9,583 |
| Pakistan | 7.42 | 2,090 | 7,859 | 1,139 | 11,088 |
| Lesotho | 7.4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 5 |
| Chile | 7.37 | 56,849 | 41,971 | 93,537 | 192,357 |
| Bahamas | 7.35 | 741 | 1,935 | 399 | 3,075 |
| Nepal | 7.23 | 13,785 | 41,992 | 3,760 | 59,538 |
| Australia | 7.22 | 117,672 | 239,624 | 103,852 | 461,148 |
| Argentina | 7.21 | 98,249 | 189,966 | 72,557 | 360,772 |
| Solomon Islands | 7.19 | 6,871 | 15,310 | 3,149 | 25,329 |
| Myanmar | 7.18 | 129,745 | 220,188 | 96,924 | 446,857 |
| Ethiopia | 7.16 | 52,652 | 84,430 | 44,397 | 181,479 |
| Mali | 7.16 | 451 | 996 | 140 | 1,586 |
| Somalia | 7.16 | 347 | 1,384 | 46 | 1,777 |
| China | 7.14 | 533,800 | 974,431 | 301,051 | 1,809,282 |
| Tanzania | 7.13 | 123,997 | 159,712 | 122,812 | 406,521 |
| New Zealand | 7.12 | 34,503 | 44,155 | 35,334 | 113,992 |
| Senegal | 7.11 | 847 | 2,456 | 162 | 3,465 |
| Timor-Leste | 7.11 | 1,783 | 7,008 | 47 | 8,838 |
| India | 7.09 | 117,992 | 254,792 | 54,428 | 427,211 |
| Cyprus | 7.06 | 388 | 1,026 | 18 | 1,432 |
| Norway | 6.98 | 39,343 | 67,383 | 16,627 | 123,352 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 6.95 | 91 | 221 | 0 | 312 |
| Mozambique | 6.93 | 150,665 | 189,362 | 115,379 | 455,406 |
| Mexico | 6.82 | 193,908 | 280,445 | 121,842 | 596,195 |
| Albania | 6.77 | 2,426 | 5,256 | 122 | 7,805 |
| Uzbekistan | 6.77 | 214 | 227 | 199 | 640 |
| Morocco | 6.74 | 2,260 | 4,076 | 451 | 6,787 |
| United States | 6.65 | 1,328,079 | 1,144,693 | 658,645 | 3,131,417 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 6.64 | 31 | 140 | 0 | 171 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 6.62 | 1,478 | 2,176 | 418 | 4,072 |
| Greece | 6.6 | 14,548 | 27,833 | 1,078 | 43,459 |
| Indonesia | 6.6 | 535,370 | 509,018 | 431,973 | 1,476,361 |
| Azerbaijan | 6.55 | 4,820 | 7,189 | 1,534 | 13,543 |
| Montenegro | 6.41 | 2,949 | 4,778 | 82 | 7,809 |
| Paraguay | 6.39 | 78,538 | 102,626 | 29,877 | 211,041 |
| Turkey | 6.39 | 43,043 | 68,243 | 3,516 | 114,801 |
| Taiwan | 6.38 | 8,786 | 14,547 | 1,453 | 24,786 |
| Cabo Verde | 6.37 | 27 | 38 | 0 | 65 |
| Panama | 6.37 | 25,420 | 21,310 | 14,605 | 61,336 |
| Cambodia | 6.31 | 30,143 | 31,939 | 16,349 | 78,431 |
| Turkmenistan | 6.31 | 5 | 33 | 0 | 37 |
| Zimbabwe | 6.31 | 9,450 | 14,417 | 1,644 | 25,511 |
| Nigeria | 6.2 | 64,621 | 65,355 | 24,307 | 154,283 |
| Chad | 6.18 | 5,261 | 6,016 | 1,910 | 13,187 |
| Saint Lucia | 6.17 | 235 | 316 | 0 | 551 |
| Belize | 6.15 | 7,004 | 7,957 | 2,744 | 17,705 |
| Bulgaria | 6.09 | 18,884 | 26,325 | 847 | 46,057 |
| South Korea | 6.02 | 25,060 | 32,009 | 888 | 57,956 |
| Thailand | 6 | 86,276 | 89,326 | 33,612 | 209,214 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 5.99 | 13,387 | 17,031 | 574 | 30,993 |
| Romania | 5.95 | 38,395 | 48,394 | 607 | 87,395 |
| Philippines | 5.91 | 91,820 | 100,831 | 8,393 | 201,044 |
| Togo | 5.88 | 5,064 | 4,522 | 1,076 | 10,662 |
| Benin | 5.86 | 4,724 | 3,698 | 1,769 | 10,191 |
| Sri Lanka | 5.83 | 20,.541 | 22,390 | 1,613 | 44,544 |
| Japan | 5.8 | 135,783 | 133,480 | 16,005 | 285,268 |
| Malawi | 5.74 | 12,514 | 12,167 | 2,396 | 27,078 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 5.7 | 9,274 | 8,702 | 855 | 18,831 |
| Laos | 5.59 | 92,986 | 80,564 | 19,252 | 192,801 |
| Armenia | 5.46 | 1,894 | 1,681 | 3 | 3,577 |
| Mauritius | 5.46 | 567 | 478 | 0 | 1,045 |
| Bangladesh | 5.45 | 10,013 | 7,251 | 1,947 | 19,211 |
| Cuba | 5.4 | 22,605 | 18,460 | 1,632 | 42,697 |
| Sweden | 5.35 | 174,415 | 109,779 | 23,494 | 307,687 |
| Vietnam | 5.35 | 82,551 | 75,353 | 9,588 | 167,492 |
| Serbia | 5.29 | 17,513 | 14,112 | 516 | 32,141 |
| Algeria | 5.22 | 7,418 | 6,044 | 81 | 13,543 |
| Kosovo | 5.19 | 2,628 | 1,775 | 47 | 4,450 |
| Tunisia | 5.14 | 1,354 | 987 | 0 | 2,340 |
| Finland | 5.08 | 144,310 | 83,572 | 9,294 | 237,176 |
| Jamaica | 5.01 | 5,362 | 3,249 | 158 | 8,770 |
| Malaysia | 5.01 | 130,825 | 91,957 | 21,499 | 244,281 |
| South Africa | 4.94 | 45,489 | 34,968 | 3,196 | 83,653 |
| Croatia | 4.92 | 15,732 | 10,522 | 379 | 26,633 |
| Guinea | 4.9 | 81,702 | 54,877 | 2,895 | 139,475 |
| Libya | 4.85 | 15 | 2 | 0 | 17 |
| Liberia | 4.79 | 51,975 | 31,162 | 11,025 | 94,163 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 4.72 | 114 | 92 | 0 | 206 |
| Costa Rica | 4.65 | 27,164 | 12,838 | 4,164 | 44,167 |
| Madagascar | 4.63 | 120,340 | 66,584 | 11,922 | 198,846 |
| Gambia | 4.56 | 181 | 85 | 0 | 266 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 4.55 | 95 | 50 | 0 | 145 |
| Ghana | 4.53 | 57,519 | 28,901 | 2,160 | 88,580 |
| France | 4.52 | 161,987 | 49,496 | 74,121 | 285,604 |
| Burundi | 4.5 | 6,882 | 3,841 | 46 | 10,769 |
| Liechtenstein | 4.5 | 59 | 42 | 0 | 101 |
| Honduras | 4.48 | 57,899 | 23,802 | 3,692 | 85,392 |
| Andorra | 4.45 | 170 | 49 | 0 | 219 |
| Uganda | 4.36 | 77,303 | 36,381 | 7,507 | 121,190 |
| Slovakia | 4.34 | 17,615 | 8,165 | 0 | 25,781 |
| Spain | 4.23 | 82,770 | 46,013 | 133 | 128,916 |
| Grenada | 4.22 | 221 | 86 | 0 | 308 |
| Eswatini | 4.21 | 5,054 | 2,501 | 14 | 7,569 |
| Kenya | 4.2 | 28,427 | 13,558 | 4,702 | 46,686 |
| Dominican Republic | 4.19 | 19,890 | 9,364 | 518 | 29,772 |
| Israel | 4.14 | 170 | 85 | 0 | 255 |
| El Salvador | 4.05 | 8,837 | 2,947 | 0 | 11,784 |
| Haiti | 4.01 | 7,116 | 2,831 | 12 | 9,959 |
| Guatemala | 3.85 | 58,572 | 18,764 | 5,592 | 82,928 |
| Rwanda | 3.85 | 5,665 | 2,170 | 619 | 8,454 |
| Slovenia | 3.78 | 11,065 | 3,791 | 0 | 14,856 |
| Lebanon | 3.76 | 541 | 115 | 0 | 656 |
| Italy | 3.65 | 79,403 | 26,858 | 25 | 106,286 |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 3.64 | 158,010 | 41,005 | 7,288 | 206,303 |
| Syria | 3.64 | 841 | 282 | 0 | 1,123 |
| Belarus | 3.63 | 77,870 | 20,847 | 91 | 98,808 |
| Nicaragua | 3.63 | 65,356 | 17,646 | 4,858 | 87,860 |
| Uruguay | 3.61 | 11,793 | 3,998 | 0 | 15,791 |
| Iraq | 3.59 | 104 | 9 | 0 | 113 |
| Austria | 3.55 | 36,666 | 12,422 | 21 | 49,109 |
| Switzerland | 3.53 | 13,636 | 4,412 | 10 | 18,058 |
| Ukraine | 3.3 | 89,540 | 20,183 | 176 | 109,900 |
| Estonia | 3.05 | 24,473 | 4,832 | 52 | 29,358 |
| Jordan | 2.79 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
| Sierra Leone | 2.76 | 52,512 | 11,858 | 640 | 65,010 |
| Germany | 2.28 | 122,168 | 11,307 | 0 | 133,475 |
| Hungary | 2.25 | 18,729 | 2,047 | 0 | 20,776 |
| Poland | 2.24 | 101,886 | 7,103 | 0 | 108,989 |
| Moldova | 2.2 | 3,113 | 202 | 0 | 3,315 |
| Latvia | 2.09 | 38,164 | 2,137 | 0 | 40,301 |
| Czechia | 1.71 | 32,161 | 1,611 | 0 | 33,772 |
| United Kingdom | 1.65 | 29,149 | 2,917 | 35 | 32,101 |
| Lithuania | 1.62 | 24,554 | 930 | 0 | 25,484 |
| Belgium | 1.36 | 8,803 | 297 | 0 | 9,099 |
| Luxembourg | 1.12 | 1,170 | 0 | 0 | 1,170 |
| Singapore | 1.11 | 170 | 2 | 0 | 172 |
| Dominica | 1.06 | 531 | 2 | 0 | 533 |
| Ireland | 0.92 | 5,283 | 96 | 0 | 5,378 |
| Portugal | 0.82 | 25,966 | 553 | 0 | 26,519 |
| Netherlands | 0.6 | 5,250 | 72 | 0 | 5,322 |
| Egypt | 0.56 | 4,772 | 218 | 69 | 5,059 |
| Denmark | 0.5 | 5,756 | 31 | 0 | 5,787 |
| San Marino | 0.01 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
* Countries with high mean FLII (8-10)
* Countries with medium mean FLII (5-7.99)
* Countries with low mean FLII (0-4.99)

## Background

The index was authored by a global team of forest conservation experts, including:
| Institution | Author(s) |
| Wildlife Conservation Society, The Bronx | H.S. Grantham; A. Duncan; T. D. Evans; K. R. Jones; J. Walston; J. G. Robinson; M. Callow; T. Clements; H. M. Costa; A. DeGemmis; P. R. Elsen; P. Franco; S. Jupiter; A. Kang; S. Lieberman; M. Linkie; M. Mendez; C. Samper; J. Silverman; T. Stevens; E. Stokes; T. Tear; R. Tizard; S. Wang; J. E. M. Watson |
| University of Queensland, Brisbane | H. L. Beyer; S. Maxwell; H. Possingham; J. E. M. Watson |
| Carleton University, Ottawa | R. Schuster |
| Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Toronto | J. C. Ray |
| United Nations Development Program, Manhattan | J. Ervin |
| World Resources Institute, Washington, DC | E. Goldman; R. Taylor |
| Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff | S. Goetz; P. Jantz |
| Montana State University, Bozeman | A. Hansen |
| Rainforest Foundation Norway, Oslo | E. Hofsvang |
| Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas | P. Langhammer; R. Mittermeier |
| Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona | P. Langhammer |
| James Cook University, Cairns | W. F. Laurance; N. J. Murray |
| University of Oxford, Oxford | Y. Malhi |
| The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia | H. Possingham |
| Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California | S. Saatchi |
| World Wide Fund for Nature Germany, Berlin | A. Shapiro |
| International Institute of Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro | B. Strassburg |
| University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia | O. Venter |
| International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria | P. Visconti |