OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Subsistence economy

A subsistence economy is an economy directed to basic subsistence (the provision of food, clothing and shelter) rather than to the market.

## Definition

"Subsistence" is understood as supporting oneself and family at a minimum level. Basic subsistence is the provision of food, clothing, shelter. A subsistence economy is an economy directed to one's subsistence rather than to the market. Often, the subsistence economy is moneyless and relies on natural resources to provide for basic needs through hunting, gathering, and agriculture. In a subsistence economy, economic surplus is minimal and only used to trade for basic goods, and there is no industrialization. In hunting and gathering societies, resources are often, if not typically underused.
The subsistence system is maintained through sharing, feasting, ritual observance and associated norms. Harvesting is an important indicator of social capital. Subsistence embodies cultural perspectives of relationships to places, people and animals.

## History

In human history, before the first cities, all humans lived in a subsistence economy. As urbanization, civilization, and division of labor spread, various societies moved to other economic systems at various times. Some remain relatively unchanged, ranging from uncontacted peoples, to marginalized areas of developing countries, to some cultures that choose to retain a traditional economy.

## List of strategies

* Hunting and gathering techniques, also known as foraging:
** Artisan fishing — a term which particularly applies to coastal or island ethnic groups using traditional techniques for subsistence fishing.
** Aboriginal whaling, including the subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale in the Arctic.
* Agriculture:
** Subsistence agriculture — agricultural cultivation involving continuous use of arable (crop) land, and is more labor-intensive than horticulture.
** Horticulture — plant cultivation, based on the use of simple tools.
* Pastoralism, the raising of grazing animals:
** Pastoral nomadism — all members of the pastoral society follow the herd throughout the year.
** Transhumance or agro-pastoralism — part of the society follows the herd, while the other part maintains a home village.
** Ranch agriculture — non-nomadic pastoralism with a defined territory.
* Distribution and exchange:
** Redistribution
** Reciprocity — exchange between social equals.
** Potlatching — a widely studied ritual in which sponsors (helped by their entourages) gave away resources and manufactured wealth while generating prestige for themselves.
** LETS — Local Exchange Trading Systems.
* A parasitical society, subsisting on the produce of a separate host society:
** Raiding
** Conquest
** Garbage picking, when subsisting in a larger economy
# Calisch

Calisch is a surname with Dutch and Jewish connections. Notable people with this surname include:
* Edward Nathan Calisch (1865–1946), American rabbi
* Moritz Calisch (1819–1870), Dutch painter
* Betty Callish, born Babette Calisch (1886–after 1941), Dutch-born actress, singer and violinist
* Edith Lindeman, a.k.a. Edith Elliott Lindeman Calisch (1898–1984), American film and theatre critic and lyric writer
# Theatre on Nassau Street

The Theatre on Nassau Street, or The New Theatre, was probably the first purpose-built theatre in Manhattan.

## History

It was a two-story wooden structure, owned by merchant and former governor Rip Van Dam, and it opened on December 11, 1732, with a performance of The Recruiting Officer. The building was located at what is now 64–66 Nassau Street, between John Street and Maiden Lane.
In 1750, shortly after Van Dam's death, it hosted New York's first-known performance of a musical, The Beggar's Opera, presented by a London-based traveling troupe, Murray & Kean's. This was also the first record of professional actors in New York; previously all productions had been amateur affairs. In 1753, actor and director Lewis Hallam expanded the theatre, describing the new structure as "very fine, large and commodious." But only a few years later, in 1758, the building was converted to a German Calvinist church, and finally demolished in 1765 to be replaced by a more substantial building which remained on the same site until 1822.
# Phonetica

Phonetica is a peer-reviewed academic journal of phonetics that was established in 1957 by E. Zwirner. It is published by De Gruyter. Its current editor-in-chief is Catherine T. Best, Bankstown, N.S.W.
# Julian Gibbs

Julian Howard Gibbs (June 24, 1924 – February 20, 1983) was an American physical chemist and the fifteenth President of Amherst College. He was a pioneer in developing theoretical models for the glass transition.
In 1942, he entered Amherst College, but had to serve in the United States Navy for a year in the Pacific during World War II. In 1946, he married Cora Lee Gethman (1924-2016), daughter of YMCA officials who graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Smith College with a degree in art history in the same year and later served as a director of Newport Art Museum. They had a daughter, Judith Gibbs Shaw, and three sons, Jonathan, James and Jeffrey.
Gibbs graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Amherst in 1947 and then earned his master’s and Ph.D. degrees in 1949 and 1950 from Princeton University. After a year of postdoctoral study at University of Cambridge in England with a Fulbright Fellowship, he briefly taught at the University of Minnesota. Gibbs then worked for eight years at General Electric Company and American Viscose Corporation before accepting a position at Brown University in 1960 as associate professor of chemistry.
Starting from 1956, he published seminal articles on glass transition. Together with Edmund A. DiMarzio, he developed the thermodynamic basis for the glass transition, suggesting a second-order phase transition underlying the observed kinetic slowdown. Gibbs-DiMarzio theory remains influential and continues to be debated and refined.
He was named a full professor in 1963 and served as the chairman of the Chemistry Department at Brown from 1964 to 1972.
In 1965, Gerold Adam and he explained the dramatic increase in viscosity characteristic in glass-forming liquids at lower temperatures. They posited that molecular motion must become increasingly cooperative during cooling, requiring larger groups of molecules to move simultaneously, thus decreasing the configurational entropy and creating higher energy barriers. The Adam-Gibbs equation connects this entropy to the relaxation time and is now applied well beyond polymer chemistry.
In 1967 he won the High Polymer Prize of the American Physical Society. He succeeded John William Ward in 1979 as President of Amherst College and served as president for five years until his death in 1983 due to a heart attack. He continued his chemical research while he was president. The Archives and Special Collections at Amherst College holds a collection of his papers.
# HD 81817 c

HD 81817 c is a brown dwarf orbiting around the star HD 81817. It is 877 light-years away in Draco (The Dragon). The planet takes 1.7 years to complete an orbit around its star. It is 22 times more massive than Jupiter, being a T-dwarf.
# Philip Hoffmann (alpine skier)

Philip Hoffman (born 2002) is an Austrian Olympic alpine skier. He participated at the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics in the alpine skiing competition, being awarded the gold medal in the boys' giant slalom event. Hoffman also participated in the parallel mixed team event, being awarded the bronze medal with his teammate, Amanda Salzgeber.
# Far from Moscow

Far from Moscow (Russian: Далеко от Москвы) is a 1950 Soviet war drama film directed by Aleksandr Stolper and starring Nikolay Okhlopkov, Lev Sverdlin and Pavel Kadochnikov. It is based on Vasily Azhayev's 1948 novel of the same title. A major production by Mosfilm, it was awarded the Stalin Prize.

## Plot

A team of builders is constructing an oil pipeline in the Russian Far East during World War II. Some workers, including the young engineer Kovshov and the site manager Rogov, believe they should be fighting on the front lines instead of working thousands of kilometers away from the warzone. Conversations with the project leader Batmanov and party organizer Zalkind lead them to reconsider, helping them recognize the critical importance of their work. Witnessing the immense enthusiasm of Soviet workers, they come to understand that their construction site is also a front line in the war effort. Overcoming challenges, including resistance from specialists overly reliant on foreign expertise, and enduring the harsh conditions of the taiga winter, the team implements innovative solutions to complete the pipeline in record time. The oil from the Far East ultimately supports the needs of the front.

## Cast

* Nikolay Okhlopkov as Batmanov
* Lev Sverdlin as Zalkind
* Pavel Kadochnikov as Kovshov
* Valerian Kvachadze as Beridze
* Aleksandr Khanov as Topolev
* Grigori Kirillov as Grubskiy
* Tatyana Makhova as Tanya
* Ivetta Kiselyova as Zhenya
* Vladimir Vladislavskiy as Liberman
* Sergei Stolyarov as Pogov
* Mark Bernes as Umara-Magomet
* Leonid Kmit as Makhov
* Stepan Krylov as Solntsev
* Roza Makagonova as Zhenya
* Pavel Olenev as Merzlyakov
* Vladimir Solovyov as Efimov
* Viktor Bubnov as Karpov
* Sergei Gurzo as Petya Gudkin
* P. Ivanov as Genka Pankov
* Georgi Chernovolenko as Fursov
* Aleksandr Khvylya as Pisarev
* Aleksandra Panova as Batmanov's secretary
* Lyubov Sokolova as Olga Fyodorovna, doctor
* Yuri Timoshenko as Operator
# Diogo Gouveia

Diogo Gouveia Miranda, known as Diogo Gouveia (born 25 January 1995) is a Portuguese footballer who plays for União de Lamas as a midfielder.

## Football career

On 25 October 2014, Gouveia made his professional debut with Boavista in a 2014–15 Primeira Liga match against Paços Ferreira.
# List of surfing events

This is an incomplete list of surfing events and competitions:
| Event | Site | Country | Est. | Ended | Notes |
| ASP World Tour | | | | | |
| Association of Surfing Professionals | Coolangatta | Australia | 1982 | | |
| Australian Boardriders Battle | Cronulla Beach | Australia | 2014 | | |
| Australian Open of Surfing | Manly Beach | Australia | 2012 | | |
| Bells Beach Surf Classic | Bells Beach, Victoria | Australia | 1973 | | |
| Billabong Pipeline Masters | Banzai Pipeline, Oahu, Hawaii | United States | 1970 | | Part of the Triple Crown of Surfing |
| Billabong Pro Jeffreys Bay | Jeffreys Bay, Eastern Cape | South Africa | | | |
| Billabong Pro Teahupoo | Teahupo'o, Taiarapu | Tahiti | | | |
| Copa Movistar | San Bartolo, Lima | Peru | | | |
| Duke Kahanamoku Invitational Surfing Championship | Sunset Beach on the North Shore of Oʻahu, Hawaii | United States | 1965 | 1985 | Replaced by the Billabong Pro |
| East Coast Surfing Championships | Virginia Beach, Virginia | United States | 1963 | | |
| International Surf Festival | Southbay beach area of Los Angeles in Manhattan Beach, Hermosa Beach, Redondo, Torrance, California | United States | 1961 | | |
| ISA World Junior Surfing Games Ecuador | Salinas | Ecuador | | | |
| Ku Ikaika Challenge | Makaha Beach, Mākaha, Hawai'i, Oahu | United States | 2008 | | |
| Lion Foundation Surf League | | New Zealand | | | |
| Noosa Festival of Surfing | Noosa, Queensland | Australia | 1992 | | |
| O'Neill Sebastian Inlet Pro | Space Coast, Florida | United States | | | |
| O'Neill World Cup of Surfing | Sunset Beach, Hawaii | United States | | | Bodysurfing. Part of the Triple Crown of Surfing |
| Pipeline Bodysurfing Classic | Oahu, Hawaii | United States | 1971 | | |
| Quiksilver Big Wave Invitational | Waimea Bay, Oahu, Hawaii | United States | 1984 | | |
| Quiksilver Pro France | Hossegor, Seignosse | France | | | |
| Quiksilver Pro Gold Coast | Coolangatta | Australia | 2004 | | |
| Red Bull Big Wave Africa | "Dungeons", Hout Bay, Cape Town, Western Cape | South Africa | 2007 | | |
| Red Bull Cape Fear | southern side of the Botany Bay at Cape Solander. Known locally as 'Ours' | Australia | 2014 | | |
| Reef Hawaiian Pro | Oahu, Hawaii | United States | | | Part of the Triple Crown of Surfing |
| Rip Curl Pro | Torquay, Victoria | Australia | | | Formerly the Bells Beach Surf Classic |
| Shark Island Challenge | Cronulla, New South Wales | Australia | 1997 | | |
| Smirnoff World Pro-Am Surfing Championships | | | | | |
| Stubbies | Burleigh Heads, Queensland | Australia | 1977 | 1988 | |
| Surfabout | Sydney | Australia | 1974 | 1991 | |
| Surfest | Newcastle, New South Wales | Australia | 1985 | | |
| Surfing Hainan Open | Hainan Province | China | 2008 | | |
| Triple Crown of Surfing | | | | | |
| U.S. Open of Surfing | Huntington Beach, California | United States | 1959 | | |
| World Qualification Series | Various sites | | 1992 | | 2009 edition |
# John J. Coit

John J. Coit (1875 – 21 September 1910) was an American experienced railroad engineer, who built and operated four miniature railways in California.

## Life and work

John J. Coit worked initially as a master machinist at the Johnson Machine Works but could not continue in this profession because he became physically handicapped. He built and operated several miniature railways in succession:
* Seaside Park Railway
* Long Beach and Asbury Park Railway
* Eastlake Park Scenic Railway
* Venice Miniature Railway
His oilfired steam locomotive No 1903 with a total length of 5.80 meters (19 ft 0 in) from tip of pilot to end of tank couple and a height of 1,295 millimetres (51 in) from the top of rail to the top of stack was of the 2-6-0 type Mogul. The locomotive had some technical innovations, such as a valve control without eccentrics, which was easy to adjust and to maintain. The locomotive had also automatic couplings and a bespoke oil burner, for which Coit filed a patent.
From July 1908 he worked as a locomotive engineer on the main line of the Panama railroad, while the Panama Canal was being built. He was employed by the Atlantic Division, and his residence in the Canal Zone was at Culebra.

## Death

Coit died in an accident in the morning of 21 September 1910 at the age of 35, when the locomotive No 500, with which he pulled a work train, derailed on the main line of the Panama Canal Railway from Gatún to Culebra after colliding with a cow. The locomotive derailed approximately 60 m (197 feet) in front of bridge No 47 near Mamei and tipped over onto the adjacent track, which ran towards the south. Coit died immediately at the scene of the accident and his West Indian fireman was seriously injured. The tipped-over locomotive was removed from the tracks to allow other trains to pass.
As Coit was not married, his sister, C.J. Stanton, 418 Solano Avenue, Los Angeles, was the next of kin. Three of his miniature locomotives are known to survive today. Venice Railway No. 1 and Eastlake Park No. 1903 are with private owners, while Venice Railway No. 2 operates at the Billy Jones Wildcat Railroad in Los Gatos, California.

## Patents

* Trolley-pole controller. US 879034 A. 20 October 1906.
* Air-brake mechanism. US 850564 A. 15 November 1906.
# Murder for Hire 2

Murder for Hire 2 is the fourteenth mixtape by American rapper Kevin Gates. It was released on May 27, 2016, by his own independent record label Bread Winners' Association and Atlantic Records. Unlike his other mixtapes, that were released for free and for retail, this mixtape was strictly for retail purposes only.

## Release

Kevin Gates wants to release another studio album but Atlantic Records said that they didn't allow him to release another studio album until February 2017 so he announced the sequel to Murder For Hire. The mixtape is available to stream on Spotify and Apple Music but not currently available on DatPiff.

## Songs

The mixtape contains 8 songs. The opening track, Fuck It contain sample of Cut It from American rapper O.T. Genasis. OG Boobie Black is the only feature of the mixtape.

## Commercial performance

Murder For Hire 2 debuted at number 12 on the US Billboard 200, with 27,000 album-equivalent units; it sold 20,000 copies in its first week, and boasted over 7.3 million streams.

## Track list
### Sample credits

* "Fuck It" contains samples of "Cut It, performed by O.T. Genasis.
# Prince Balde

Prince Balde (born 23 March 1998) is a Liberian professional footballer who plays as a center-back for Swedish club FC Rosengård and the Liberia national team.

## Club career
### Drita

On 1 July 2021, Balde signed a two-year contract with Kosovan club Drita and received squad number 26. On 21 August, he made his debut in a 2–1 home win against his former club Feronikeli.

## International career

In July 2017, Balde made his debut for Liberia in a friendly match against Mauritania.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of match played 10 November 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National cup | National cup | Europe | Europe | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Feronikeli | 2018–19 | Football Superleague of Kosovo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| Feronikeli | 2019–20 | Football Superleague of Kosovo | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 7 | 0 |
| Feronikeli | 2020–21 | Football Superleague of Kosovo | 22 | 0 | 3 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 25 | 0 |
| Feronikeli | Total | Total | 28 | 0 | 4 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 32 | 0 |
| Drenica (loan) | 2018–19 | Football Superleague of Kosovo | 7 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7 | 0 |
| Drenica (loan) | 2019–20 | Football Superleague of Kosovo | 15 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 15 | 1 |
| Drenica (loan) | Total | Total | 22 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 22 | 1 |
| FC Drita | 2021–22 | Football Superleague of Kosovo | 29 | 1 | 6 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 35 | 1 |
| FC Drita | 2022–23 | Football Superleague of Kosovo | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | — | — | 8 | 1 |
| FC Drita | Total | Total | 33 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 0 | — | — | 43 | 2 |
| FC Rosengård | 2024 | Allsvenskan | 23 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 23 | 1 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 106 | 4 | 10 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 120 | 4 |
* ↑ Appearances in UEFA Conference League

### International

    As of match played 17 November 2024
Appearances and goals by national team and year :
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| Liberia | 2017 | 2 | 0 |
| Liberia | 2021 | 7 | 0 |
| Liberia | 2022 | 3 | 0 |
| Liberia | 2023 | 2 | 0 |
| Liberia | 2024 | 3 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 17 | 0 |
# Mrityunjay (TV series)

Mrityunjay is an Indian television series based on the Marathi novel by Shivaji Sawant, produced by Jamshaid Ashraf and directed by Dr. Chandraprakash Dwivedi. It was telecast on Doordarshan in 1996. The series takes a look at the events in the Mahabharata
Though the series garnered many awards at the 3rd Screen Videocon Awards including Best Serial, Best Director (Dwivedi) and Best Art Direction (Muneesh Sappel), it was abruptly terminated for unknown reasons.

## Cast

* Karn - Rajendranath Zutshi
** Karn (Young) - Abhishek Dwivedi
* Adhirath - Rajendra Gupta
* Bheeshm - Surendra Pal
* Dhritrashtra - S. P. Dubey
* Sanjay - Ishaan Trivedi
* Dronachary - Ram Gopal Bajaj/ Jairoop Jeevan
* Yudhisthir - Virendra Singh
* Bhim -
** Bhim (Young) - Puru
* Arjun - Narendra Jha
** Arjun (Young) - Sunny
* Duryodhan - Shrivallabh Vyas
** Duryodhan (Young) - Raghav Soni
* Shakuni - Prakash Dwivedi
* Pandu - Suraj Chaddha
* Shon (Karn's Younger Brother) - Bakul Thakkar
** Shon (Young) - Wajid Khan
* Vidur - Virendra Saxena
* Dushashan - Ravi Jhankal
** Dushashan (Young) - Sharik Ashraf
* Kripacharya - Chand Dhar
* Ashwatthama - Ashok Lokhande
** Ashwatthama (Young) - Prasad Barve
* Ved Vyas - Ashok Mishra
* Durvasa - Shiv Kumar Subramaniam
* Madri - Ashwini Kalsekar
* Ambalika - Asha Sharma
* Gandhari - Meenal Karpe
* Radha Mata - Meghna Roy
* Kunti - Neena Gupta
* Ambika - Poonam Jha
* Sarathi (in Episode 2) - Ramshankar
# Colombian four-eyed frog

The Colombian four-eyed frog (Pleurodema brachyops; in Spanish: sapito lipon) is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. It is found in an area stretching from Guyana and northern Brazil (Roraima state) through Venezuela (including Isla Margarita) and Colombia into Panama as well as the Dutch Caribbean.
The common name "four-eyed frog" refers to two inguinal poison glands that resemble eyes. When threatened, the frog lowers its head and raises its rear. When the frog adopts this posture, the poison glands are also raised toward the predator. The predator may also confuse the frog's raised posterior for the head of a larger animal.
The natural habitat of the Colombian four-eyed frog is open savanna and grassland. It is a very common species. While these frogs use ephemeral or permanent small water pools for breeding, they can be found far from water. During the dry season, they hide in the soil and emerge when the rains start.
# Hotot (program)

Hotot was a micro-blogging desktop client for Twitter as well as Statusnet/GNUsocial, developed in Python as an open source application. Despite the fact that it is still in its early stages of development, as stated on the official website, it has succeeded to achieve the "Best Linux Twitter Client" in a poll published on WebUpd8.org against four Linux Twitter clients; namely Gwibber, Pino, Turpial, and Choqok with 1021 voters. On February 9, 2014, it was announced that the client is being discontinued.
# Cees Bol

Cees Bol (born 27 July 1995) is a Dutch cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Astana Qazaqstan Team. In July 2019, he was named in the startlist for the 2019 Tour de France.

## Major results
### 2014

    10th Baronie Breda Classic

### 2015

    1st Sprints classification, Ster ZLM Toer

### 2016

    1st Overall Olympia's Tour
    4th Overall Ronde de l'Oise
    4th Overall Paris–Arras Tour
    8th Overall Boucles de la Mayenne
    10th Grand Prix de la ville de Pérenchies
    10th Ronde van Vlaanderen U23

### 2018

    1st Flèche Ardennaise
    2nd Overall Circuit des Ardennes
    2nd Grote Prijs Marcel Kint
    2nd Arno Wallaard Memorial
    2nd Ronde van Noord-Holland
    3rd Lillehammer GP
    4th Overall Tour de Bretagne
       1st Points classification
       1st Stage 5
    4th Midden–Brabant Poort Omloop
    5th Heistse Pijl
    5th Ronde van Overijssel
    7th Slag om Norg
    8th Gylne Gutuer
    9th Famenne Ardenne Classic
    10th Binche–Chimay–Binche

### 2019 (3 pro wins)

    1st Nokere Koerse
    1st Stage 7 Tour of California
    5th Overall Tour of Norway
       1st Stage 1
    5th Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen

### 2020 (1)

    1st Stage 3 Volta ao Algarve

### 2021 (1)

    1st Madison, National Track Championships (with Yoeri Havik)
    1st Stage 2 Paris–Nice
    3rd Overall Okolo Slovenska
    7th Classic Brugge–De Panne

### 2022 (1)

    1st Stage 2 Tour of Britain

### 2023

    3rd Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
    5th Overall ZLM Tour
    6th Overall Saudi Tour

### 2024

    4th Scheldeprijs
    5th Road race, National Road Championships
    6th Paris–Tours

### Grand Tour general classification results timeline

| Grand Tour | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
| Giro d'Italia | — | — | — | DNF | — | — |
| Tour de France | DNF | 140 | 140 | — | 149 | 138 |
| Vuelta a España | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Legend :
| — | Did not compete |
| DNF | Did not finish |