OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# George Smith (chemist)

George Pearson Smith (born 10 March 1941) is an American biologist and Nobel laureate. He is a Curators' Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Biological Sciences at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri, US.

## Career

Born in Norwalk, Connecticut, he earned his A.B. degree from Haverford College in biology, was a high school teacher and lab technician for a year, and earned his PhD degree in bacteriology and immunology from Harvard University. He was a postdoc at the University of Wisconsin (with future Nobel laureate Oliver Smithies) before moving to Columbia, Missouri and joining the University of Missouri faculty in 1975. He spent the 1983–1984 academic year at Duke University with Robert Webster where he began the work that led to him being awarded a Nobel Prize.
He is best known for phage display, a technique where a specific protein sequence is artificially inserted into the coat protein gene of a bacteriophage, causing the protein to be expressed on the outside of the bacteriophage. Smith first described the technique in 1985 when he displayed peptides on filamentous phage by fusing the peptide of interest onto gene III of filamentous phage. He was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work, sharing his prize with Greg Winter and Frances Arnold.

## Human rights advocacy

Smith is an advocate for equal rights for Palestinians and Israeli Jews in their common homeland, and a strong supporter of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement. On the topic of religion, Smith is quoted as saying "I'm not religious or Jewish by birth. But my wife is Jewish and our sons are bar-mitzvahed, and I'm very engaged with Jewish culture and politics."

## Awards and honors

* 2000 University of Missouri Curators' Professor
* 2001 Elected Fellow – American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
* 2007 American Society for Microbiology Promega Biotechnology Research Award
* 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Greg Winter and Frances Arnold
* 2020 Elected Member – United States National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
* 2023 Inaugural Mizzou Medal of Distinction – University of Missouri College of Arts and Sciences
# Rhynchodercetis

Rhynchodercetis (meaning "beaked throat whale") is a genus of prehistoric ray-finned fishes.
# La Habra Formation

The La Habra Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils.
# Ahmed Ashraf

Ahmed Ashraf Al-Fiqi (Arabic: أحمد أشرف الفقي; born 31 December 1992) is a Saudi Arabian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Al-Jabalain.

## Club career

Ahmed Ashraf started playing as an amateur in the Al-Shalhoub Academy in Riyadh. He represented the Saudi Arabia national football team in the 23rd Arabian Gulf Cup after foreign players who were born in Saudi Arabia were allowed to represent the national team. On 10 January 2018, Ashraf signed his first professional contract, an 18 months contract, with Pro League champions Al-Hilal. On 27 December 2018, he renewed his contract with Al-Hilal for 2-years. On 22 August 2019, Ashraf joined Al-Faisaly on a one-year loan from Al-Hilal. On 25 October 2020, Ashraf joined Al-Faisaly on a permanent deal.
On 2 September 2023, Ashraf joined Al-Taawoun on a two-year deal. On 13 September 2024, Ashraf joined Al-Jabalain.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of match played 27 May 2024
| Club | Season | League | League | King Cup | King Cup | Asia | Asia | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Al-Hilal | 2017–18 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 7 | 0 |
| Al-Hilal | 2018–19 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 15 | 0 |
| Al-Hilal | 2020–21 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Al-Hilal | Total | 17 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 24 | 0 |
| Al-Faisaly (loan) | 2019–20 | 19 | 2 | 3 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 22 | 2 |
| Al-Faisaly | 2020–21 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 21 | 1 |
| Al-Faisaly | 2021–22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| Al-Faisaly | Total | 39 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 3 |
| Al-Taawoun | 2023–24 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 7 | 0 |
| Career totals | Career totals | 63 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 74 | 3 |
* ↑ Appearances in Arab Club Champions Cup

## Honours
### Club
#### Al-Hilal

* Saudi Professional League: 2017–18
* Saudi Super Cup: 2018

#### Al-Faisaly

* King Cup: 2020–21
# National Police Board of Finland

The National Police Board of Finland (Finnish: Poliisihallitus) is the central agency under the Ministry of the Interior of Finland responsible for planning, leading, developing, and supervising police operations in Finland and its support functions. It also ensures equitable access to police services across the country, decides on cooperation between police units, and oversees the performance management of police units. The National Police Board began its operations at the beginning of 2010. Its organization is two-tiered: the National Police Board leads and directs operational police activities. Directly under the National Police Board are the police departments and the national police units, including the National Bureau of Investigation and the Police University College of Finland. The Finnish Security Intelligence Service is directly under the Ministry of the Interior.

## Organization

The head of the National Police Board is the Chief of Police. The tasks of the National Police Board are divided into seven units, which are the headquarters, police operations unit, administration unit, technology unit, and internal audit. In addition, outside the unit structure, the National Police Board includes Gambling Administration directly under the Chief of Police.
The central unit of the National Police Board is located in Pasila, Helsinki, and parts in Joensuu. Gambling Administration and firearms administration are located in Riihimäki, and the security supervision unit is in Mikkeli. The Police University College is located in Tampere, and its subordinate police dog department is in Hämeenlinna.
# Richmondoceras

Richmondoceras is an extinct genus of actively mobile carnivorous cephalopods, essentially a Nautiloid, that lived in what would be North America during the Ordovician and Silurian from 449.5—443.7 mya, existing for approximately 5.8 million years.

## Taxonomy

Richmondoceras was named by Frey (1995). Its type is Richmondoceras brevicameratum. It was assigned to Orthocerida by Frey (1995).

## Morphology

The shell is usually long, and may be straight ("orthoconic") or gently curved. In life, these animals may have been similar to the modern squid, except for the long shell.

## Fossil distribution

Fossil distribution is exclusive to Indiana, USA.
# Path coloring

In graph theory, path coloring usually refers to one of two problems:
* The problem of coloring a (multi)set of paths $R$ in graph $G$, in such a way that any two paths of $R$ which share an edge in $G$ receive different colors. Set $R$ and graph $G$ are provided at input. This formulation is equivalent to vertex coloring the conflict graph of set $R$, i.e. a graph with vertex set $R$ and edges connecting all pairs of paths of $R$ which are not edge-disjoint with respect to $G$.
* The problem of coloring (in accordance with the above definition) any chosen (multi)set $R$ of paths in $G$, such that the set of pairs of end-vertices of paths from $R$ is equal to some set or multiset $I$, called a set of requests. Set $I$ and graph $G$ are provided at input. This problem is a special case of a more general class of graph routing problems, known as call scheduling.
In both the above problems, the goal is usually to minimise the number of colors used in the coloring. In different variants of path coloring, $G$ may be a simple graph, digraph or multigraph.
# Kawang, Kachin State

Kawang is a village in Nogmung Township, Putao District, in the Kachin State of Myanmar.
# Duquesne Light Company

Duquesne Light Holdings, Inc. (DLH) is an energy services holding company formed in 1989 to serve as the holding company for Duquesne Light Company and to engage in certain unregulated energy and related businesses. After a 2007 acquisition, DLH is a wholly owned subsidiary of parent company DQE Holdings LLC, with principal executive offices located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Through its chief subsidiary, Duquesne Light Company, the corporation provides energy to over 588,000 homes and businesses.

## Historic incorporation

Duquesne Light was one of the dozens of companies founded by inventor George Westinghouse and for its first 75 years of operation (1870s-1940s) was a subsidiary of the holding company known as the "Philadelphia Company". Other such companies also founded by Westinghouse such as the Equitable Gas company and other "Equitable" energy/electronic companies were equal subsidiaries with DQE when it was a subsidiary of the 'Philadelphia Company'.
In 1997, Duquesne and Allegheny Energy agreed to a $4.3 billion merger with headquarters remaining in Hagerstown, Maryland. However DQE backed out of the deal by 1998.
In May 2007, Duquesne was acquired by a consortium led by affiliates of the Australian-based Macquarie Group Limited. The consortium consists of several institutional investors which own all of the common equity of parent company, DQE Holdings, LLC. This classifies it as an investor-owned utility. In 2010, GIC Private Limited acquired a 29% stake from original investor DUET Group.
In 2018, Duquesne Light began offering $3,000 rebates for the purchase of electric vehicles in an effort to promote adoption of electric vehicles and increase the number on the road. The company partnered with Nissan North America to execute the program. People in Pennsylvania who purchase electric vehicles, in addition to the rebate, get up to $7,500 in federal tax credits and a $1,750 rebate from the state. In 2019, the company named Steve Malnight as CEO, replacing Rich Riazzi, who had held the post since 2010.
* Energy portal
# Peter Billingham

Peter Arnold Billingham (1938-2019) was a greyhound trainer and an English professional footballer.

## Football career

Billingham was associated with Worcester City F.C., Brierley Hill Alliance F.C. and Hednesford Town F.C. before making his professional debut for Walsall during October 1955 and played 99 times for the club. He was transferred to West Bromwich Albion for £7,000 in May 1960.

## Greyhound racing career

After retiring from football Billingham pursued a career in greyhound racing. He became a trainer and had a career that lasted over forty years until he retired in 2008 and handed the kennels to his daughter Kim. He trained out of the Swindon near Dudley kennels and was contracted at Kings Heath, Cradley, Norton Canes and a long association with Monmore Green Stadium.
Some of his highlights included reaching the 2007 Oaks final and training Honeygar Bell, who broke the Oxford Stadium track record and receiving a lifetime achievement award in 2008, at the Midland Greyhound Ball at the NEC Hilton Metropole, Birmingham.
# Otto Bonden

Otto Bonden (3 September 1858 – 28 July 1924) was a Norwegian farmer, businessperson and politician for the Liberal Left Party.
He was born in Sande, Vestfold as a son of farmers Ole Bonden (1816–1889) and Grethe Karine née Christiansen (1825–1869). When his father died in 1889, Bonden took over the family farm Øvre Bonden, where he died in July 1924. Bonden was also a shopowner near Sande Station and invested in forestry and mining, being a board member of Dalen Gruver.
He served as a member of Sande municipal council from 1902 to 1910, including a period as mayor from 1907 to 1910, and later returned to the municipal council from 1923 to his death.
Bonden was elected as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from the single-member constituency Jarlsberg in 1915 and 1918 as the running mate of Jørgen Hansen Gunnestad. They were joint tickets of the Conservative and the Liberal Left parties. In 1915 they needed a run-off election to win, whereas in 1918 they carried their constituency in the first round. Bonden met in parliamentary session in March 1920. He served as deputy mayor of Sande when he died in July 1924.
# Kumluca, Lice

Kumluca (Kurdish: Fûm) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Lice, Diyarbakır Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds and had a population of 205 in 2022.
# Concordance correlation coefficient

In statistics, the concordance correlation coefficient measures the agreement between two variables, e.g., to evaluate reproducibility or for inter-rater reliability.

## Definition

The form of the concordance correlation coefficient $\rho _{c}$ as
    $\rho _{c}={\frac {2\rho \sigma _{x}\sigma _{y}}{\sigma _{x}^{2}+\sigma _{y}^{2}+(\mu _{x}-\mu _{y})^{2}}},$
where $\mu _{x}$ and $\mu _{y}$ are the means for the two variables and $\sigma _{x}^{2}$ and $\sigma _{y}^{2}$ are the corresponding variances. $\rho$ is the correlation coefficient between the two variables.
This follows from its definition as
    $\rho _{c}=1-{\frac {{\rm {Expected\ orthogonal\ squared\ distance\ from\ the\ diagonal\ }}x=y}{{\rm {Expected\ orthogonal\ squared\ distance\ from\ the\ diagonal\ }}x=y{\rm {\ assuming\ independence}}}}.$
When the concordance correlation coefficient is computed on a $N$-length data set (i.e., $N$ paired data values $(x_{n},y_{n})$, for $n=1,...,N$), the form is
    ${\hat {\rho }}_{c}={\frac {2s_{xy}}{s_{x}^{2}+s_{y}^{2}+({\bar {x}}-{\bar {y}})^{2}}},$
where the mean is computed as
    ${\bar {x}}={\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{n=1}^{N}x_{n}$
and the variance
    $s_{x}^{2}={\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{n=1}^{N}(x_{n}-{\bar {x}})^{2}$
and the covariance
    $s_{xy}={\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{n=1}^{N}(x_{n}-{\bar {x}})(y_{n}-{\bar {y}}).$
Whereas the ordinary correlation coefficient (Pearson's) is immune to whether the biased or unbiased versions for estimation of the variance is used, the concordance correlation coefficient is not. In the original article Lin suggested the 1/N normalization, while in another article Nickerson appears to have used the 1/(N-1), i.e., the concordance correlation coefficient may be computed slightly differently between implementations.

## Relation to other measures of correlation

The concordance correlation coefficient is nearly identical to some of the measures called intra-class correlations. Comparisons of the concordance correlation coefficient with an "ordinary" intraclass correlation on different data sets found only small differences between the two correlations, in one case on the third decimal. It has also been stated that the ideas for concordance correlation coefficient "are quite similar to results already published by Krippendorff in 1970".
In the original article Lin suggested a form for multiple classes (not just 2). Over ten years later a correction to this form was issued.
One example of the use of the concordance correlation coefficient is in a comparison of analysis method for functional magnetic resonance imaging brain scans.
# Río Frías Formation

Río Frías Formation (Spanish: Formación Río Frías) is a Middle Miocene geologic formation made up sedimentary rock located in Aysén Region, western Patagonia. The formation crops out along the upper course of Cisnes River (Spanish: Río Cisnes). Marsupial fossils have been found in the formation. The Friasian period in the South American Land Mammal Ages is named after the formation.

## Description

Río Frías Formation was discovered by Santiago Roth in the summer of 1897–98. Roth was a Swiss immigrant who had been sent to survey the area by Francisco Moreno. Moreno was director of La Plata Museum and was involved in the Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case between Chile and Argentina, thus there was both a political and scientific motivation behind the exploration of Patagonia. Santiago Roth called the upper course of Río Cisnes for Río Frías being unaware that it was the same river. Further he thought this unexplored area to be in Argentina and not in Chile. This led the formation to acquire its name. Roth sent fossils he collected from the formation to Florentino Ameghino who was active at La Plata. It was with this fossils Ameghino established the Friasian period. Later research on $^{40}$Ar/$^{39}$Ar data revealed the base of the formation dating to 16.5 Ma, which means a slight overlap with the Santacrucian land mammal age (ending at 16.3 Ma). The formation was deposited in a fluvial environment, characterized by an intermontane valley flanked by Cretaceous basement rocks.

### Fossil content

The following fossils have been found in the formation:
| Group | Fossils |
| Mammals | Astrapotherium hesperinum |
| Mammals | Prothylacinus patagonicus |
| Mammals | Adinotherium sp. |
| Mammals | Nesodon sp. |
| Mammals | Protypotherium sp. |
| Mammals | Borhyaena tuberata |
| Mammals | Theosodon sp. |
| Mammals | Cladosictis patagonica |
| Mammals | Pachyrukhos sp. |
| Mammals | Homalodotherium sp. |
| Mammals | Abderites meridionalis, Alloiomys friasensis, Megathericulus friasensis, Microbiotherium tehuelchum, Parabderites bicrispatus, Palaeothentes intermedius, P. lemoinei, P. minutus, Pichipilus halleuxi, Pitheculites rothi, Prototrigodon rothi, Sipalocyon gracilis, Neonematherium sp., Phoenixauchenia sp., ?Propalaehoplophorus sp., Prozaedyus sp., Trachytypotherium sp., Platyrrhini indet. |
# Lambdotherium

Lambdotherium ("wave beast") is a genus of North American brontothere.
# List of All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players (A–C)

The following is a list of All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players who formed part of the circuit during its twelve years of existence.
# Nông Cổ Mín Đàm

The Nông Cổ Mín Đàm (1901–1924, fr:Causeries sur L'agriculture et Le commerce, en: Talks on Agriculture and Commerce) was the first Vietnamese economic newspaper published in Saigon. Owned by Paul Canavaggio – a French plantation owner cum salt trader – the newspaper was printed in both Quốc ngữ and Chữ Nho, once a week on Thursday at first, then increased to three issues per week.

## History

With the first editor-in-chief Lương Khắc Ninh [vi] from 1901 to 1906, then the second – Trần Chánh Chiếu from 1906 to 1908, Nông Cổ Mín Đàm was a forum of the contemporary Vietnamse businessmen to protect the national economic development and interest.
The newspaper also diffused Quốc ngữ via translations of Chinese novels by a team of translators elite in both Quốc ngữ and Chữ Nho such as Nguyễn Chánh Sắc [vi], Trần Phong Sắc [vi], Nguyễn An Khương [vi], Nguyễn An Cư, Đinh Văn Đẩu, Trần Hữu Quang, Huỳnh Trí Phú.
# Amphidon

Amphidon is an extinct genus of Late Jurassic mammal from the Morrison Formation. It is present in stratigraphic zone five. Two species have been named in the genus: Amphidon superstes and Amphidon aequicrurius, by Simpson in 1925.
# Boardman Coal Plant

The Boardman Coal Plant was a coal-fired power plant located in Boardman, Oregon. The facility had a nameplate capacity of 550 megawatts (MWs) and is owned by Portland General Electric. In 2010, the plant was the only remaining coal powered plant in Oregon and received much attention from regional media due to its being the largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions in the state with environmental groups such as the Sierra Club calling for its closing.
In 2014, PGE built a new $500 million, 450 MW combined cycle natural gas power plant, named Carty Generating Station, next to the coal plant.
In October 2020, Portland General Electric announced that the coal plant has been permanently closed and was demolished in 2022, ending Oregon's legacy of coal-fired power generation.

## Background

The Boardman plant was authorized in 1975, just two years before the 1977 Clean Air Act amendments, which would have required the plant to meet stricter emission standards. When it was operating, the plant accounted for 65% of stationary SO$_2$ emissions, and 7% of CO$_2$ emissions in Oregon.
The Boardman plant was one of PGE's largest power stations, producing 15% of the utility's electricity in 2009.

## Recent action

Portland General Electric's original plan involved operating the plant until 2040; this would require installing over $500 million of pollution control equipment on the plant by 2017 in order to comply with federal and state clean air standards. In early 2010, however, PGE announced that they were considering an alternative plan for the Boardman plant that would close it in 2020.
In April 2010, PGE decided to close the plant in 2020 to save $470 million in upgrades they would have been required to install had they kept the plant operating until 2040. The decision is contingent upon favorable decisions in a lawsuit and possible federal regulations. In December 2010, the state's environmental protection agency approved the plans for the 2020 closing.
PGE started building a second gas-fired generating station at Boardman (the Carty Generating Plant) in 2014.
The plant was being dismantled in 2021, with the structure being demolished in 2022.
# Trinidad and Tobago International

The Trinidad and Tobago International in badminton is an international open held in Trinidad & Tobago.

## Previous winners

| Year | Men's singles | Women's singles | Men's doubles | Women's doubles | Mixed doubles |
| 2015 | Martin Giuffre | Elisabeth Baldauf | Luis Ramon Garrido Lino Munoz | Haramara Gaitan Sabrina Solis | David Obernosterer Elisabeth Baldauf |
| 2016– 2022 | No competition | No competition | No competition | No competition | No competition |
| 2023 | Mark Shelley Alcala | Eliana Zhang | Ryan Ma Daniel Zhou | Jeslyn Chow Eliana Zhang | Samuel Ricketts Tahlia Richardson |
| 2024 | No competition | No competition | No competition | No competition | No competition |

## Performances by nation

    As of the 2023 edition
| Pos | Nation | MS | WS | MD | WD | XD | Total |
| 1 | Canada | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 3.5 |
| 2 | Austria | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 2 | Mexico | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 4 | United States | 1 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 |
| 5 | Jamaica | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Total | Total | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 10 |
# Rollieria

Rollieria is a Jurassic ammonite belonging to the order Ammonitida.

## Distribution

France, Germany, Kenya, Switzerland and Tanzania