OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Damian Paul Chopa

Damian Paul Chopa (born 28 November 1986) is a Tanzanian long-distance runner who specializes in the 5000 metres and cross-country running.

## Achievements

| Year | Tournament | Venue | Result | Extra |
| 2004 | World Cross Country Championships | Brussels, Belgium | 27th | Short race |
| 2005 | World Cross Country Championships | St Etienne, France | 27th | Short race |
| 2006 | Commonwealth Games | Melbourne, Australia | 6th | 5000 m, 13:24.03 PB |
| 2006 | African Championships | Bambous, Mauritius | 9th | 5000 m |
| 2007 | World Cross Country Championships | Mombasa, Kenya | 12th | Senior race |

### Personal bests

* 800 metres - 1:50.19 min (2004)
* 1500 metres - 3:43.4 min (2003)
* 5000 metres - 13:24.03 min (2006)
# Gibraltar Limestone

Gibraltar Limestone consists of greyish-white or pale-gray compact, and sometime finely crystalline, medium to thick bedded limestones and dolomites that locally contain chert seams. This formation comprises about three quarters of the Rock of Gibraltar near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula. Geologists have found various poorly preserved and badly eroded and rolled marine fossils within it. The fossils found in the Gibraltar Limestone include various brachiopods, corals, echinoid fragments, gastropods, pelecypods, and stromatolites. These fossils indicate an Early Jurassic age (Lower Lias) for the deposition of the Gibraltar Limestone.
# Shrule Castle

Shrule Castle (Irish: Caisleán Sruthair, meaning 'Castle of the River') is a ruined tower house near Shrule in County Mayo, Ireland. The castle was built c.1238, near the Black River at the County Mayo and County Galway border by the de Burgh family. It was given to John de Burgh in 1308 by his father Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster.

## History

The castle was captured in 1570 by a strong force led by Sir Edward Fitton, President of Connaught and Vice Treasurer of Ireland, the force mainly consisted of the McDonnells of Knocknacloy's gallowglass warriors. Mac William Uachtar, Lord of Thomond, the de Burghs of Mayo and McDonnells of Mayo led a force to retake the castle, however they did not succeed. The chief of the McDonnells of Knocknacloy Calvagh McDonnell was killed on 18 June 1570 and during the battle Edward Fitton was unhorsed and severely wounded in the face.
William Burke occupied the castle, and passed it to his son John Burke in 1574. In 1610, Richard Burke, 4th Earl of Clanricarde leased the castle and lands to Pierce Lynch of Galway.
The tower house and its field are used to keep sheep now.
# Combe Martin Slates

The Combe Martin Slates is a geologic formation in England. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
# Comox Formation

The Comox Formation is a geologic formation in British Columbia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.
# Conocoryphidae

Conocoryphidae is a family of trilobites within the order Ptychopariida. Members of this family have been recorded from the Cambrian to early Ordivician from 513 to 478 MYA. Members of this family have been uncovered in the United States, Canada, China, Czech Republic, France, Greenland, Russia, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.

## Genera

* Bailiaspis Resser, 1936
* Bailiella Matthew, 1885
* Conocoryphe Hawle and Corda, 1847
* Ctenocephalus Hawle and Corda, 1847
* Elyx Brogger, 1879
* Hartella Matthew, 1885
* Holocephalina Salter, 1864
* Novocatharia Özdikmen, 2009
* Parabailiella Thoral, 1946
* Tchaiaspis Korobov, 1966
# Copenhagen Formation

The Copenhagen Formation is a geologic formation in Nevada.
Areas it is found include the Antelope Valley region of Eureka County and Nye County.
It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.
# Corumictis

Corumictis is an extinct genus of mustelid from the Early Oligocene (Arikareean) of North America, specifically Oregon. It contains a single species Corumictis wolsani, which is notable for being the oldest currently known mustelid.

## Name

The generic name is derived from the Latin words Corum (northwest) and ictis (weasel). The specific name honors paleontologist Mieczysław Wolsan, who extensively studied the evolutionary history of fossil musteloids.

## Discovery

The skull of Corumictis was discovered around 2005 at the John Day Formation in northern Oregon, which dates to between 28.8 million and 25.9 million years ago. The skull was originally believed to have belonged to an ancient feline, but was re-examined by palaeontologist Ryan Paterson of Carlton University in Canada, who concluded that it was a mustelid instead.

## Description

Corumictis was very small, about the size of the living least weasel; its skull measured just 4 cm (1.6 in) long. It is considered closely allied with Plesictis and certain Oligobunine mustelids. Corumictis has very sharp teeth, and compared to modern mustelids it lacks an alisphenoid canal and a postprotocrista on its first molars. It retains a dorsally deep suprameatal fossa, a feature occasionally considered unique to procyonids.
# Couches de la Maurerie

The Couches de la Maurerie is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.
# Craie de Sens

The Craie de Sens is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.
# Craie d'Antifer

The Craie d'Antifer is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.
# Craie de Veulette

The Craie de Veulette is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.
# Craspedites

Craspedites is an ammonoid cephalopod included in the Perisphinctoidea that lived during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, found in Canada, Greenland, Poland, and the Russian Federation.

## Diagnosis and range

Craspedites, described by Aleksei Petrovich Pavlow in 1892, is characterized by a small, up to about 5 cm in diameter, smooth, essentially involute shell with simple ammonitic sutures. Whorl section is rounded, venter smooth; umbilicus small, exposing the dorsal portion of the inner whorls. Main sutural elements, primary saddles and lobes, are modified by small secondaries.
Craspedites was thought to be restricted to the Upper Jurassic Tithonian until discovery of a new species, C. sachsi, described from the Berriasian age of Russia by A. E. Igolnikov in 2012, named in honour of paleontologist V.N. Sachs.

## Species

* C. canadensis Jeletzky, 1966
* C. ivanovi Gerasimov, 1960
* C. jugensis Prigorovsky, 1906
* C. kaschpuricus
* C. mosquensis Gerasimov, 1960
* C. nodiger Eichwald, 1868
* C. planus
* C. praeokensis Rogov, 2017
* C. pseudofragilis Gerasimov, 1960
* C. sachsi Igolnikov, 2012
* C. shulginae Alifirov, 2009
* C. singularis
* C. taimyrensis
* C. transitionis Rogov, 2017
* C. unshensis
# Crassispira constricta

Crassispira constricta is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.
Drillia (Crassispira) constricta (Edwards, 1861) is a homonym.

## Distribution

Fossils have been found in Miocene strata of Myanmar; age range: 37.2 to 20.43 Ma
# Crassispira maonisriparum

Crassispira maonisriparum is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 9.5 mm, its diameter 4 mm.

## Distribution

Fossils have been found in Miocene strata of the Dominican Republic and Venezuela: age range: 11.608 to 7.246 Ma.
# Sameeruddin Qasmi

Muhammad Sameeruddin Qasmi (Muhammad Thamīruddīn Qasimi; born 6 November 1950), also written as Samīruddīn Qasmi, is an Indian Islamic scholar based in the UK, specializing in Islamic astronomy, hadith, Hanafi jurisprudence, and Islamic theology.

## Early life and education

Qasmi was born on 6 November 1950 in the village of Ghutti, Godda district, in the former state of Bihar, India (now Jharkhand).
He began his early education at a local maktab and continued his studies at various religious institutions across India. He completed his advanced studies at Darul Uloom Deoband in 1970, studying under notable scholars such as Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, Anzar Shah Kashmiri, Naseer Ahmad Khan, Mahmood Hasan Gangohi, Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi, and Muhammad Salim Qasmi.
He has particularly benefited from Naseer Ahmad Khan in the field of Islamic astronomy and from Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi in Arabic.

## Career

Qasmi began teaching in Gujarat, India, before moving to the United Kingdom, where he taught in institutions including Darul Uloom of Dewsbury and Jamia Islamia of Feltham and Manchester. In 2000, he transitioned to full-time writing and has authored several works in Islamic jurisprudence and theology.
He serves as the Chairman of the Religious Committee at the Moon Research Centre, UK. He has also participated in seminars of the Islamic Fiqh Academy.
In December 2021, Qasmi denied allegations linking Tablighi Jamaat to terrorism in a video message from the UK. He stated that the Tablighi Jamaat opposes, condemns, and disowns terrorism, focusing solely on the five pillars of Islam and refraining from any negative comments on religions, communities, or countries. Qasmi suggested that the Saudi government may have been misled in its decision to ban the organization.

## Literary works

Qasmi has written extensively on Islamic law and theology. His work is often referenced in the field of Islamic beliefs and theology, particularly in the analysis of various intellectual and conceptual perspectives on Allah. Notable works include:
* Athmār al-Hidayah (a thirteen-volume Urdu commentary on Al-Marghinani's Al-Hidayah in Hanafi jurisprudence)
* Al-Sharh al-Thamīri (a four-volume Urdu commentary on Al-Quduri's Mukhtasar in Hanafi jurisprudence)
* Thamart-un-Najāh (a two-volume Urdu commentary on Ash-Shurunbulali's Noor Al-Idaah)
* Thamarat al-Aqāid (a book on Islamic theology in which 350 beliefs are outlined, with each belief supported by ten verses and ten hadiths as evidence, translated into multiple languages, including English and Arabic)
* Thamarat-ul-Falkiyyāt (a book on Islamic astronomy)
* Thamrat al-Awzān
* Thamīri Calendar
* Science Aur Qur’ān (transl. Science and the Quran; in which 95 scientific topics are discussed in the light of the Quran with scholarly analysis).
* Hanafiyah ka maslak ihtiyaaṭ par hai (transl. The Hanafi school of thought is based on caution.)
His publications focus on Hanafi jurisprudence, aiming to provide detailed discussions on Islamic legal principles and theological issues.
# Chameleon goby

The chameleon goby (Tridentiger trigonocephalus) is a species of ray-finned fish native to marine and brackish waters along the coasts of eastern Asia. It has also spread to other parts of the world where it is found in waters with varying degrees of salinity.

## Description

The chameleon goby can reach 11 centimetres (4.3 in) total length. It is pale greyish-brown with a white-speckled head and two longitudinal black bands extending along the flank from the head to the caudal peduncle. The two dorsal fins may be speckled with white and have a brown longitudinal stripe, and the anal fin an orange or grey band across the centre. Under certain circumstances, this fish can darken in colour so that the black bands are nearly invisible. It is very similar in appearance to the Shimofuri goby (Tridentiger bifasciatus), but it has no white spots on the underside of its head and has a white margin to the second dorsal fin and the anal fins. T. bifasciatus has white spots on both the upper and lower part of the head and an orange-red margin to the second dorsal fin and the anal fins, but lacks the distinctive stripes that T. trigonocephalus has on these fins. T. bifasciatus prefers waters with a salinity of less than 22 parts per thousand, while T. trigonocephalus prefers higher salinities.

## Distribution and habitat

The chameleon goby is native to the eastern coast of Asia where its range includes Japan, Korea, China and Siberia. There have been reports that it has been found in the Black Sea, and recently in the eastern Mediterranean Sea from Ashdod harbour, Israel.
It is a demersal fish, living and feeding near the seabed, both in bays and rocky coasts, in brackish water and freshwater lakes. It typically hides in crevices, under stones, in burrows or among seagrasses.

## Biology

The chameleon goby is mainly nocturnal and feeds mostly on invertebrates such as polychaete worms which it extracts from the sediment. It also consumes crustaceans including skeleton shrimps and crab larvae. Breeding takes place at intervals throughout the spring and summer. The male prepares a nest in a crevice, a mollusc shell or even a discarded bottle or can. The eggs are guarded by the male and hatch after about ten days. The juveniles become mature within a year and their life expectancy is up to three years.

## Invasiveness

The chameleon goby was first detected in Los Angeles harbor in 1960 and was later found at other locations in California including Redwood City docks, the tidal lagoon of Lake Merritt in Oakland and San Diego Bay. It has also been reported from Australian waters. Possible means of introduction include being transported in a ship's ballast water, as a result of the commercial trade in Pacific oysters, or as eggs among the fouling organisms on the hull of a vessel. As an invasive species it is likely to compete with native species.
# Cretan otter

The Cretan otter (Lutrogale cretensis) is an extinct otter that was endemic to Crete during the Pleistocene.

## Taxonomy

It was a close relative of the smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata), whom today lives only in southern Asia but had a wider distribution in the past.
The Cretan otter is the only carnivoran known from the Pleistocene of Crete. Its remains are known from only one locality (Liko Cave).

## Description

The Cretan otter was similar in length to the smooth-coated otter, around 1 m (3.3 ft) long, but was more robustly built and slightly heavier.
The Cretan otter shows more terrestrial adaptations than both the smooth-coated otter and the Eurasian otter, though not to the extent seen in otters of the genus Aonyx. Its skeleton combines a number of adaptations to terrestrial locomotion (e.g. the position of the teres major and the sacropelvic angle), with clear aquatic adaptations (e.g. the ratio of ilium and ischiopubis length, the large feet and somewhat flattened tail to facilitate fast underwater swimming).
This change in lifestyle likely arose due to the special conditions (such as lack of rivers) on Crete.
# Cretorectolobus

Cretorectolobus is an extinct carpet shark. It was described by G.R. Case in 1978, and the type species is C. olsoni, which existed during the Campanian in Canada and the United States. Another species, C. gracilis, was described by Charlie J. Underwood and Mitchell in 1999, from the Hauterivian to Barremian strata of the Speeton Clay Formation of England. The species epithet refers to the shark's teeth, which Underwood and Mitchell described as gracile and narrow in form. A new species, C. robustus, was described from the Cenomanian of Canada by Underwood and Stephen L. Cumbaa in 2010.

## Species

* †Cretorectolobus olsoni Case, 1978
* †Cretorectolobus gracilis Underwood & Mitchell, 1999
* †Cretorectolobus robustus Underwood & Cumbaa, 2010

## Fossil distribution

Fossils of Cretorectolobus have been found in:

### Hauterivian-Barremian

* Speeton Clay Formation, England

### Albian

* Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah
* Kolbay, Kazakhstan

### Cenomanian

* Saskatchewan, Canada

### Campanian

* Aguja Formation, Mexico
* Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta
* Judith River Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada and Montana, United States
* Mesaverde Group, Wyoming
* Åsen and Ignaberga, Sweden

### Maastrichtian

* Kemp Clay Formation, Texas
* Bakla Hill, Ukraine
# Cross Formation

The Cross Formation is a geologic formation in South Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.
# Racer goby

The racer goby (Babka gymnotrachelus) is a species of goby native to fresh, sometimes brackish, waters, of the Black Sea basin. It is a Ponto-Caspian relict species. The species is placed a monotypic genus, Babka, which was once considered a subgenus of genus Neogobius, but was then elevated to genus-status based on the molecular analysis.

## Characteristics

It has 7–8 dorsal spines, 14–18 dorsal soft rays, a single anal spine and 12–16 anal soft rays. This species is distinguished from its relatives in Neogobius based on multiple characteristics. B. gymnotrachelus has diagonal bars of irregular position and shape. The first branched ray of second dorsal is about as long as its penultimate ray. It lacks scales on the midline of its nape, anterior to its preoperculum. It has a pelvic-disc fraenum with small rounded lobes and length less than 1/6 of width at base. It has 54–62 + 2–3 scales in midlateral series. The posterior part of first dorsal has no black spot.

## Ecology
### Range

This goby inhabits the coasts of Turkey, the rivers of the Caucasus, including Inguri, Rioni and the rivers of Kolkhida, including Lake Paliastomi, Lake Suzha. In the north-western Black Sea it inhabits the Dnieper-Bug Estuary, Dniester Estuary, near the Tendra sandbar and Berezan Island. In the Danube River it is widespread up to Vidin, and lives in tributaries and lakes of Danube delta, including Brateş, Kahul, Yalpug, Katlabuh, Kitay, Razelm, etc. It inhabits the Dniester River and its tributaries, including Zbruch, Zhvanchik, Smotrych, Răut, Bîc, Dubăsari Reservoir. It is common in the Southern Bug River and in the Dnieper River as far as Kyiv. It lives in the Kamchiya River and Lake Shablensko in Bulgaria. In the Sea of Azov it is in Taganrog Bay and the Don, Aksay, Seversky Donets rivers. It also inhabits the Caspian Sea, where it is represented by the subspecies Babka gymnotrachelus macrophthalmus, which further research may show to be a separate species.
The racer goby inhabits but is non-indigenous in the rivers of the Baltic basin, including the Bug and Vistula. It was also introduced in the Middle Danube, in Hungary. The westernmost locality of this species range is the German sector of the Danube River, where this fish occurred first in 2011. The information about the introduction of this species to the Lower Rhine River is considered erroneous.

### Feeding

In the Dniester Estuary half of the racer goby's diet consists of fish. The rest is a mix of crustaceans (Corophiidae) (29.6%), molluscs (Dreissena, Adacna, Monodacna) (12,5%) and polychaete worms of the species Hypania invalida. In the Dnieper River near Kyiv the diet consists of molluscs Dreissena sp., amphipods and sewage worms Tubifex tubifex.
# Crychan Formation

The Crychan Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.
# Cryoturris aptera

Cryoturris aptera is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 11.4 mm, its diameter 3.9 mm.

## Distribution

This extinct marine species has been found in Pliocene strata of the Bowden Formation, Jamaica; age range: 3.6 to 2.588 Ma.
# Diogo Leite (footballer, born 1989)

Diogo Carvalho Pereira Leite (born 29 April 1989) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played as a central defender. He studied sports management.
# Valentin Preda

Valentin "Vali" Preda (born May 24, 1985, in Brăila) is a Romanian swimmer, who specialized in breaststroke events. He represented his nation Romania at the 2008 Summer Olympics, and has also claimed multiple Romanian national records in the breaststroke (both 100 and 200 m), and medley relays (both 200 and 400 m). Preda is a former member of the swimming team for the Louisville Cardinals, and a graduate of exercise science at the University of Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky.
Preda competed for Romania in two swimming events at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Leading up to the Games, he scored an eighteenth-place time in 1:02.16 (100 m breaststroke) to beat the FINA B-cut (1:03.72) at the European Championships five months earlier in Eindhoven, Netherlands. In the 100 m breaststroke, Preda fired off a 1:01.77 to drop his own Romanian record on a tech body suit by 0.11 of a second and tie for third with Sweden's Jonas Andersson in heat five, but failed to advance to the semifinals, finishing thirty-first overall in the prelims. Nearly a week later, Preda teamed up with Răzvan Florea, Ioan Gherghel, and Norbert Trandafir in the 4 × 100 m medley relay. Swimming the breaststroke leg in heat one, Preda recorded a split of 1:01.41, before the Romanian foursome finished the race in fifth position and thirteenth overall with a new national record of 3:38.00.
# Horace P. Biddle

Horace Peters Biddle (March 24, 1811 – May 13, 1900) was a lawyer, judge, poet, musicologist, and famous hermit.

## Biography

Horace P. Biddle was born on what was then the frontier in present-day Hocking County, Ohio on March 24, 1811. He was the youngest of nine children and was largely raised by his oldest sister after the death of his mother when Biddle was five. After working for seven years for his brother Daniel, a store owner, he caught the attention of lawyer and future Ohio Senator Thomas Ewing who advised him to study law and found a place for him in the office of Hocking H. Hunter. After being admitted to the Ohio Bar in 1839, Biddle moved to Logansport, Indiana and opened a practice there. From 1847 to 1852 he served as the presiding judge of the Carroll County circuit. In 1850 he was a member of the state constitutional convention. In 1852 he resigned from the circuit court and ran for United States Representative on the Whig Party ticket but was unsuccessful. He was elected as a Republican to the Indiana Supreme Court in 1857, but the court decided that the vacancy, created by a resignation, could be filled by the governor by appointment. He was nominated again for the position in 1858, but was not elected. Biddle instead served two 6-year terms as Carroll County circuit court judge (1860-1872). In 1872 Biddle was nominated for a Congressional seat by the Democratic and Independent Reform conventions, but declined the nomination and endorsed Ulysses S. Grant's re-election. In 1874 he was nominated by the Democratic and Independent Reform slates for Supreme Court justice and was elected; he served from January 1875 to January 1881.
Biddle was also a poet who published a number of works; his work was praised by Washington Irving and others. He published several works on literary theory, including The Definition of Poetry (1873) and The Analysis of Rhyme (1876). He translated a number of works (The Swallow by Lamartine, for example) and published a book on Russian literature. He published several works on sound and music theory, including The Musical Scale (1860), a Review of Tyndall on Sound (1872), and a pamphlet describing an instrument of his invention called the tetrachord.
In his last years Biddle became rather reclusive, rarely leaving his home in Logansport, which was on a 17 acre island in the Wabash River known as Biddle Island. He died there on May 13, 1900. His will was not found until six months later; his estate, including a 9,000 volume library and the 17 acre island property, went largely to his niece Eva Peters Reynolds.
Biddle married Elema Ward on April 19, 1832; she died June 12, 1834. They had one child, who died as an infant. Biddle married Anna Maria Matlack (1824?-1900) on June 8, 1846; after 1847 they separated, although they never divorced.