OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Halcrow Stadium

Halcrow Stadium was a greyhound racing stadium in Annan Road, Gretna, Scotland

## History

The plans to build a new greyhound stadium on a ten-acre site, west of Gretna were first instigated in 1983. The name Halcrow derives from Jim Halcrow a well-known Shetland accordionist. The construction was started by James Norman and sons as a replacement for the previous track at Raydale Park and the first race meeting took place in June 1986.
The original circumference of the track was 416 metres. Distances included 120, 300, 490 and 685 metres but later distances of 280 and 470 metres were used. The stadium was forced to suspend some racing in the Summer of 1987 due to a shortage of racing greyhounds.
The racing remained independent and was not controlled by the Greyhound Board of Great Britain. Amenities included several bars, a hospitality suite and function rooms for parties, weddings and traditional music events.
The stadium was also used for occasional concerts.
The track was closed in April 2017 and in 2021 was purchased by the Cunninghame Housing Association for the purposes of building new housing.
# PGE

PGE may refer to:
* Pacific Gas and Electric Company, commonly abbreviated PG&E
* Pacific Gas & Electric (band), an American blues rock band
* Pacific Great Eastern Railway, the original name of BC Rail
* Parser Grammar Engine, Perl 6 rule compiler/interpreter for the Parrot virtual machine
* Platinum group element
* Polska Grupa Energetyczna
* Portland General Electric
** PGE Park
* Programme Grande École, a French master's degree diploma
* Propylene glycol ether
* Prostaglandin E
* Provisional Government of Eritrea
# Athenkosi Mcaba

Athenkosi Mcaba (born 9 January 2002) is a South African professional soccer player who plays as a defender for Stellenbosch and the South Africa national team.

## Club career

Mcaba was born in Springs on 9 January 2002. After playing for Jealous Down FC, an amateur side in Springs, he played for the Bidvest Wits academy between 2017 and 2020. A spell with Cape Umoya United followed in early 2021, before he signed for Stellenbosch in June 2021, initially joining their reserve side before joining their first team in August. He made his senior debut on 4 December 2021, starting in a back three against Mamelodi Sundowns as Stellenbosch drew 1–1.

## International career

Mcaba was part of the South African under-17 team for the 2018 COSAFA Under-17 Championship, in which South Africa lost the final 1–0 to Angola. He was named in a senior South Africa squad for the first time in March 2022 for fixtures against Guinea and France. He made his debut for South Africa as a second-half substitute in the 0–0 draw with Guinea.
# Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

The Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology was the flagship peer-reviewed scientific journal of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. It was published from 1904–2022. Its former name was Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. Its section D (Radio Science, 1964–1965; Radio Propagation, 1959–1963) was continued as the Radio Science journal. The final editor-in-chief was Ron B. Goldfarb. Volume 126 was the last issue.
# Kvitnu

Kvitnu is a Ukrainian label of electronic music.

## History

Kvitnu is a Ukrainian record label founded by Dmytro Fedorenko (Kotra) in 2006. Its mission is to showcase experimental electronic music from Ukraine and discover innovative sounds from around the world. Kvitnu focuses on high-energy releases, characterized by intense sonic landscapes, and presents them in unique, eco-friendly cardboard packaging designed by Zavoloka.
Along with releases activity, Kvitnu acts as an organizing structure, searching and bringing out new names in Ukrainian experimental scene, by making regular live-events, festivals and presentations in different cities and venues. The brightest examples of our producing activity are Kvitnu Fest and international Detali Zvuku festival. But together with festivals Kvitnu runs series of smaller events called Kvitnu_live and MicroFormat, where we already invited Scorn, Pan Sonic, Extrawelt, Alexei Borisov, and many other artists.
In 2011 Kvitnu became a winner in three nominations of the Qwartz Electronic Music Awards 7 in Paris – as The Best label, The Best Artist (Sturqen) and Discovery Category (Peste by Sturqen). Also v4w.enko was nominated in Discovery category with his work “Harmonic Ratio”. In 2013, Vitor Joaquim and Dunaewsky69 are respectively nominated for those categories : Experimentation with the album "Filament" et Best Album/EP with the EP "Termination Voice".
# Hteik Su Phaya Htwe

Princess Margret Hteik Su Phaya Htwe (Burmese: ထိပ်စုဖုရားထွေး; 20 August 1927 – 21 June 2003) was a pioneer Burmese athlete, bodybuilder, swimmer and a former beauty queen. She was the youngest daughter of Princess Myat Phaya Galay, the fourth daughter of the last king of Burma Thibaw Min and Supayalat.

## Early life and education

Hteik Su Phaya Htwe was born on 20 August 1927 in Rangoon, British Burma; her father was Ko Ko Naing, a former monk and her mother was Princess Myat Phaya Galay, the fourth daughter of King Thibaw and Queen Supayalat. She attended the St. Joseph Convent in Moulmein and Myoma Girls National High School in Rangoon.

## Career

After the war, she and her older brother Prince Taw Phaya Gyi opened a gymnasium. In 1946, she was selected in Burma national team for swimming competition. In 1947, she finished as the second in the Burma's first Miss Burma competition. After retirement from sports, she served as the administrator of the National Stadium and as the organizer of the Yangon Division National Fitness Council of the Ministry of Health. She also served as the chief athlete officer for Rangoon Division.

## Personal life

In 1962, she married her cousin Taw Phaya Myat Gyi, eldest son of Taw Phaya and Hteik Su Gyi Phaya. They had a son, Aung Naing. She died on 21 June 2003 at the age of 75.
# Augustine Mahlonoko

Augustine Mahlonoko (born 17 August 2001) is a South African professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Moroka Swallows. He is a graduate of the Orlando Pirates academy and became the club's youngest ever debutant in August 2018 before being released two years later.

## Club career
### Orlando Pirates

Mahlonoko began his footballing career with Orlando Pirates where he excelled for the club's academy and captained their MultiChoice Diski Challenge side. In 2018, he won the club's Development Player of the Season award and was part of the u-21 side which traveled to Brazil for the Project X tournament. His performances during the tournament impressed first-team coach Milutin Sredojević who subsequently included him in the club's pre-season tour of Zambia. His rapid rise to prominence continued and on 3 August, despite not having played a single match for the club's reserve side, he was promoted to the first team permanently ahead of the 2018–19 PSL campaign. He made his debut the following day, coming on as a late substitute in a 1–1 draw with Highlands Park. Upon entering the field of play, Mahlonoko broke the record set by Lyle Foster the season before for the youngest player to debut for Orlando Pirates, doing so at the age of 16 years and 352 days. The following season, he was demoted to the club's reserve team before being released from his contract in July 2020.

### Baroka

He joined Baroka on a three-year contract in September 2020.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of match played 20 July 2020
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup$^1$ | Cup$^1$ | League Cup$^2$ | League Cup$^2$ | Continental$^3$ | Continental$^3$ | Other$^4$ | Other$^4$ | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Orlando Pirates | 2018–19 | PSL | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| Orlando Pirates | 2019–20 | PSL | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
$^1$ Includes Nedbank Cup matches. $^2$ Includes Telkom Knockout matches. $^3$ Includes CAF Champions League matches. $^4$ Includes MTN 8 matches.

## Honours and achievements
### Individual

* Orlando Pirates Development Player of the Year: 2018

### Records
#### Orlando Pirates

* Youngest player: 16 years and 352 days
# Belah Viaduct

The Belah Viaduct was a railway viaduct on the South Durham and Lancashire Union Railway, crossing the River Belah, in Cumbria, England, about 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the village of Barras and 4 miles (6.4 km) east north east of Kirkby Stephen. It was completed in 1860 and was demolished in 1963.
The viaduct was designed by Thomas Bouch and the ironwork was supplied and erected by Gilkes Wilson; both Bouch and Gilkes Wilson were also responsible for the later Tay Bridge. It had 'double' Warren truss girders on cast iron columns, and was constructed at a cost of £31,630. The foundation stone was laid in November 1857.
The first locomotive crossed the viaduct in November 1860, and the line opened on 7 August 1861.
It was 347 yards (317 m) long, 24 feet (7.3 m) wide, with 16 spans, and at 196 feet (60 m) it was the highest bridge in England when it was built (but 4 feet (1.2 m) lower than the Crumlin Viaduct in Wales).
Post-WWII, weight limitations on the aging viaduct and its limited maintenance led to a ban on double heading across both Belah and Deepdale Viaducts. As two light locomotives were still needed to haul trains up the inclines of the Tebay line, one worked as a banker at the rear. This also caused problems if the breakdown crane from Darlington was needed. This 45 ton crane itself had a weight of 156 tons. Hauling it across the viaducts required it to be spaced from the locomotive by at least three empty wagons, to distribute the load.
In 1956 the viaduct was completely repainted, which "might have implied to some that BR valued the line as a long-term proposition", but the closure of the line was announced in 1959 and the final passenger train ran on 20 January 1962. The iron structure of the viaduct was demolished in the summer of 1963. The stone abutments at either side of the Belah valley still remain.

## Commemorative verses

Charles Davis wrote a verse about the viaduct, which was buried in the central column of the eighth pier on 6 September 1859 and found during demolition. The lines quoted in Dow's Dictionary of Railway Quotations are:
    See! now Beelah's beauteous sights begin!
    Whose curling stream shall ever flow within,
    And underneath this splendid monster Bridge,
    Shall floods henceforth descend from every Ridge;
    And thousands wonder at the glorious sight,
    When trains will run aloft both day and night;
    For ages past, no human tongue could tell
    Of such a structure o'er thy monster gill.
    Time will roll on, and mortals may increase
    When those who see it now, we hope will rest in peace.
Dow's Dictionary includes another verse, cited only as having been quoted in The Railway Magazine vol XLVI, 1920:
    To future ages these lines will tell
    Who built the structure o'er the dell.
    Gilkes Wilson, with his eighty men,
    Raised Belah's Viaduct o'er the glen.
# The Punisher: The Ultimate Payback!

The Punisher: The Ultimate Payback!, released in 1991 by Acclaim Entertainment, is the Game Boy version of the 1990 NES game The Punisher. It follows the Marvel Comics vigilante Frank Castle, also known as the Punisher. Updates after the NES version include cameo appearances of Spider-Man and the final boss was switched from Kingpin to Jigsaw.

## Plot

As in the NES version, the Punisher's origin has been slightly altered from that of the comic books, so he is a former police detective instead of a US Marine. The game follows Frank Castle after the death of his wife and children at the hands of the mafia, and he became a vigilante who hunts and kills every criminal he believes deserves it.
The game begins with Spider-Man telling Punisher that a drug lord is hiding in a mall and that he has to get him. Frank Castle shoots villains while protecting the innocent. Spider-Man appears between the action to offer advice on how to beat upcoming levels and swings in to rescue hostages once their captors have been shot.
At the end of the game when Jigsaw realizes that The Punisher is going to kill him, Castle says, "Penance is good for the soul, but punishment is good for the guilty".

## Gameplay

The player controls Frank Castle (the Punisher) from an over-the-shoulder third-person perspective through various New York City locations, shooting thugs and battling enemies such as Hitman, Colonel Kliegg, Sijo Kanaka, and Assassin as bosses. The final boss is Jigsaw. Power-ups can be obtained by shooting them onscreen and include extra ammunition, a med kit, kevlar, a machine gun, a bazooka, and grenades.

## Reception

Blair Farrell of Comic Gamers Assemble criticized the game for removing the player's ability to move the Punisher across the screen but understood it was due to the size of the screen. He stated that the game is relatively short and difficult, and that Spider-Man's appearances did not make sense for the character considering that he would never aid the Punisher in killing his enemies. He said the game is overall very inferior to the NES version but has the advantage of separate soundtracks for each level.
Other reviewers have criticized the game for having very light player assistance and few health drops but that it is still relatively entertaining. Others commented on straying from the source comics.
# Sanada Yukitaka

Sanada Yukitaka (真田 幸隆, c. 1512 – June 8, 1574) was a Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku period. He is known as one of the "Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen". He was the father of Sanada Nobutsuna and Sanada Masayuki and grandfather of the legendary samurai warrior Sanada Yukimura of whom served Toyotomi clan.
Yukitaka was one of three "Danjo" generals to be named Danjōchū (Danjō stands for a formal title, Danjōchū; 弾正忠) by Shingen, along with Kōsaka Masanobu and Hoshina Masatoshi.
In 1541, Takeda Nobutora, Suwa clan and Murakami Yoshikiyo cooperatively attacked Unno clan and their relatives at the Battle of Unnodaira. Unno clan including Sanada clan left Shinano province, and participants divided captured territory. But after this battle, Takeda Shingen expelled his father Takeda Nobutora and became new leader of Takeda clan. A few years later, he became a vassal of Takeda Shingen.
Under Takeda Shingen, Sanada Yukitaka participated in the Battle of Odaihara in 1546 and the sieges of Toishi in 1550 and 1551, After the Battle of Toishi, Yukitaka and Sanada clan restored their old territory.
Throughout his life, Yukitaka contributed to the expansion of the domain of the Takeda clan.
# Ty Bronna

Ty Bronna is a large detached house on St Fagan's Road in the Cardiff suburb of Fairwater. It was designed by C. F. A. Voysey for Hastings Watson, a timber merchant, and built between 1903 and 1906. The house has been listed Grade II since May 1975. It is the only listed building designed by Voysey in Wales.
The house sits on a hillside surrounded by trees above the St Fagans Road, the former stables to the south of the house were also designed by Voysey, built in 1904, and are Grade II listed. The RCAHMW report on Ty Bronna praises Voysey as having "...exploited the slope by placing the entrance at the short west end so that he could open up a five-arched veranda almost the full width of the south front which faced the view over the valley of the River Ely". The house is three storeys in height, capped by a hipped roof, battered buttresses rise from the ground to the eaves. It has a bowed east window with a recessed veranda and was restored in 2002.
Since 2001, the Church Army has provided accommodation at Ty Bronna for 16–21 year-olds who find themselves without a home and to support them towards independent living.
# Uptonia

Uptonia is an extinct ammonite from the Lower Jurassic that's included in the eoderoceratoidean family Polymorphitidae.
The shell of Uptonia is evolute with rounded simple ribs that form strong chevrons as they cross the venter on the outer rim, and which are free of tubercles. Some grew to be fairly large. The suture is ammonitic, complex, with large lateral lobes

## Distribution

Fossils of Uptonia have been found in Argentina, Canada (British Columbia), France, Germany, Greenland, Hungary, the Russian Federation, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.
# Henry Plotkin

Henry Charles Plotkin (11 December 1940 – 15 December 2021) was a British evolutionary psychologist who applied Darwinian principles to the understanding of the mind, behavior, culture and knowledge.

## Early life and education

Born in Johannesburg, South Africa, Plotkin completed his undergraduate studies at the University of the Witwatersrand. In 1964, he relocated to the United Kingdom and earned a doctorate in physiological psychology from University College London in 1968.

## Academic career

From 1965 to 1972, Plotkin worked as a research scientist at the Medical Research Council. He spent two years (1970–1972) as a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University. Upon returning to the UK, he joined University College London as a lecturer. He was promoted to Reader in 1988 and became a professor in 1993. He was head of the Psychology Department at UCL from 1993 to 1998 and was named Emeritus Professor in 2005.
His doctoral students include Kevin Lala and Cecilia Heyes.

## Contributions

* Evolutionary Psychology: Plotkin's work helped establish the field of evolutionary psychology with accessible overviews like "Evolution in Mind" that explained how natural selection shaped the human mind. Plotkin applied evolutionary principles to psychological topics like learning, intelligence, and memory.
* Cultural Evolution: Plotkin wrote extensively on evolution and culture. In "The Imagined World Made Real," Plotkin brought an evolutionary approach to analyzing culture, arguing it evolves through Darwinian mechanisms. This helped start the study of cultural evolution and gene-culture coevolution as scientific disciplines.
* Behavior's Role in Evolution: Plotkin's book "The Role of Behavior in Evolution" underscored how behavior is not just an evolutionary outcome, but a key driver shaping trajectories. This work influenced later research emphasizing animal agency in evolution through niche construction.
* Evolutionary Epistemology: Plotkin pioneered the field of evolutionary epistemology, which analyzes the growth of knowledge from a Darwinian perspective. In his "Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge", he proposed modeling the mind as a Darwin machine that accumulates knowledge via evolutionary processes of variation, selection, and retention.
# Mohinder Singh Amar

Mohinder Singh Amar (born 15 January 1954) is a Malaysian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
# Graham John Bower

Sir Graham John Bower KCMG (1848–1933), was an Irish colonial official of the British Empire.
Bower was born in Ireland. After service in the Royal Navy, he was made Imperial secretary to the High Commissioner for Southern Africa, Sir Hercules Robinson. In September 1898, he was appointed Colonial Secretary of the Colony of Mauritius.
# Bamuza Sono

Eric Scara Bamuza Sono (born 21 March 1980) is a South African former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Career

Born in Johannesburg, Sono spent his entire professional career with Jomo Cosmos. He also earned 4 international caps for the South Africa national team in 2007.

## Personal life

His grandfather Eric Bhamuza Sono and father Jomo Sono were also footballers. In March 2019 it was reported that his house was at risk of repossession due to non-payment of mortgage payments, and in February 2021 it was reported that he was in arrears to the City of Johannesburg Council. In May 2020 he was accused by Sherwyn Naicker of "ruining his reputation" whilst Naicker played at Jomo Cosmos.
# Eolorica

Eolorica is a fossilized loriciferan from the mid-Cambrian Deadwood Formation of Saskatchewan, Canada, preserved as a Small Carbonaceous Fossil.
# Ware Formation

The Ware Formation (Spanish: Formación Ware) is a fossiliferous geological formation of the Cocinetas Basin in the northernmost department of La Guajira. The formation consists of fine lithic to quartzitic sandstones, mudstones, pebbly conglomerates with sedimentary and metamorphic rock fragments, fossiliferous packstones and sandy to conglomeratic beds with high fossil content. The Ware Formation dates to the Neogene and Quaternary periods; Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene epochs, typically Pliocene (3.5 to 2.8 Ma), Uquian, Chapadmalalan and Montehermosan in the SALMA classification, and has a maximum thickness of 25 metres (82 ft).

## Etymology

The formation was defined in 2015 by Moreno et al., and given the name Ware, meaning "friend" in Wayuunaiki, the language of the local indigenous Wayuu, meaning "friend". The name has been given to pay tribute to the friendship between Colombia and Venezuela.

## Description
### Lithologies

The Ware Formation consists of fine lithic to quartzitic sandstones, mudstones, pebbly conglomerates with sedimentary and metamorphic rock fragments, fossiliferous packstones and sandy to conglomeratic beds with high fossil content.

### Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Ware Formation overlies the Castilletes Formation and is overlain by Quaternary alluvium. The age has been estimated to be Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene (5.2 to 1.22 Ma), Uquian, Chapadmalalan and Montehermosan in the SALMA classification, with a narrow definition in the Pliocene (3.5 to 2.8 Ma). The marine invertebrate fauna of the Ware Formation shows a greater similarity with modern assemblages offshore of the Guajira Peninsula than with those of the underlying units. The base of the Ware Formation was deposited in a fluvio-deltaic environment, whereas the marine invertebrate assemblage at the top of the unit contains taxa typical of exposed open-ocean shoreface and nearshore settings, but with proximity to coral reef habitats. The Ware Formation correlates with the San Gregorio Formation in the Venezuelan Falcón Basin.

### Fossil content

| Group | Fossils |
| Mammals | Camelidae, Glyptodontidae, Pampatheriidae, Proterotheriidae, Toxodontidae, Caviidae, Erethizontidae |
| Mammals | Tardigrada gen. et sp. indet. |
| Mammals | Mylodontidae gen. et sp. indet. |
| Mammals | Lestodontini gen. et sp. nov. |
| Mammals | Scelidotheriinae gen. et sp. indet., ?Hyperleptus sp. |
| Mammals | Megalonychidae gen. et sp. nov. |
| Mammals | Pliomegatherium lelongi |
| Mammals | Nothrotherium sp. |
| Mammals | Chapalmalania sp. |
| Mammals | Hydrochoeropsis wayuu |
| Reptiles | Crocodylus sp., Crocodylidae indet., Alligatoridae, Podocnemididae |
| Fish | Characidae, Cynodontidae, Serrasalmidae, Cichlidae, Sciaenidae, Doradidae, Pimelodidae, Carcharhinidae, Sphyrnidae, Myliobatidae, Pristidae |
| Invertebrates | Argopecten sp., Euvola sp., Nodipecten sp., Crassostrea sp., Plicatula sp., Spondylus sp., Anodontia sp., Codakia sp., Bulla sp., Laevicardium sp., Trachycardium sp., Macrocallista sp. |