# List of Russian steam locomotive classes

This List of Russian steam locomotive classes includes those built both before and during the Soviet era. They are to the gauge of 5 ft (1,524 mm) unless otherwise stated. Some locomotives originally used in Poland during the period of the Russian Empire were built to 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge and later converted to 5 ft gauge. Class letters are shown in Cyrillic characters, followed by romanized characters in the next column. For more information, see Romanization of Russian. The main source for this list is Le Fleming and Price's Russian Steam Locomotives.

## Locomotive built before 1925

| Class (Cyrillic) | Class (Romanized) | Type | Manufacturer | Quantity | Years built | Notes |
| — | Cherepanov steam locomotive | 2-2-0 | Yefim and Miron Cherepanov | | 1833–1834 | The first Russian-built steam locomotive. Track gauge was 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm). |
| Д | D (ru) | 0-4-2 2-4-0 4-4-0 | | | 1856–1906 | Class for various four-coupled locomotives |
| Т | T (ru) | 0-6-0 2-6-0 | | | 1857-1915 | Class for various six-coupled locomotives |
| Ъ | " (ru) | 0-4-4 2-4-2 2-6-2 4-6-0 4-6-2 2-8-2 | | | 1864–1914 | Class for various passenger tank locomotives |
| Ф | F (ru) | 0-6-0+0-6-0 | Avonside, Sharp, Stewart and Company, Yorkshire Engine Company, Kolomna | 45 | 1872–1883 | Fairlie locomotives |
| Ч | Ch (ru) | 0-8-0 | Malsevsky, Kolomna, Bryansk, Nevsky, Putilov, Kharkiv, Henschel & Sohn | | 1878–1911 | Class for various eight-coupled locomotives |
| О | O | 0-8-0 | Kolomna, Bryansk, Votkinsk, Nevski, Putilov, Sigl, StEG, Henschel, BMAG, Luhansk, Krasnoye Sormovo, Kharkiv | 9129 | 1890–1928 | osnovnoy tip (basic type); Variants with different valve gear and wheel diameters |
| П | P (ru) | 4-4-0 | SACM, Belfort, South Eastern Railways' Odessa Works, Putilov, Kolomna | 169 | 1891–1905 | Four-cylinder tandem compound |
| Н | N (ru) | 2-6-0 | Alexandrov, Kolomna, Union, Bryansk, Luhansk, Krasnoye Sormovo, Nevski, Putilov, Votkinsk, Kharkiv | 1082 | 1892–1914 | Variants with different valve gear and wheel diameters |
| А | A (ru) | 4-6-0 | Kolomna, Hanomag, Henschel, Krasnoye Sormovo, Lokomotivfabrik Luhansk, Kharkiv Locomotive Factory, Bryansk | 533 | 1892–1907 | Variants with different valve gear |
| Е$^Ф$ | Ye$^F$ (ru) | 2-10-0 | Baldwin | 2 | 1895 | Four-cylinder Vauclain compound |
| Х | Kh | 2-8-0 | Baldwin | 235 | 1895–1900 | Four-cylinder Vauclain compound |
| В | V (ru) | 4-6-0 | Baldwin | 88 | 1895–1899 | Four-cylinder Vauclain compound |
| Я | Ya (ru) | 2-6-0 | Nevski, Putilov | 150 | 1896–1903 | |
| Ц | Ts (ru) | 2-8-0 | Henschel, Hanomag, Bryansk, Fives-Lille, Société Franco-Belge, SACM-Mühlhausen, Kharkiv | 214 | 1896–1904 | |
| Ж | Zh (ru) | 4-6-0 | Henschel, Kolomna, Nevski, Kharkiv | 210 | 1896–1909 | |
| Р | R (ru) | 2-8-0 | Bryansk, Putilov, SACM-Mühlhausen, Krasnoye Sormovo, Kolomna | 477 | 1899–1914 | Four-cylinder tandem compound |
| Ѳ | Fita (ru) | 0-6-6-0 | Bryansk, Putilov, Kolomna | 463 | 1899–1924 | Mallet locomotives |
| Г | G (ru) | 4-6-0 | Bryansk, Kharkiv | 124 | 1901–1903 | |
| Ш | Sh (ru) | 2-8-0 | Bryansk, Kharkiv | 161 | 1901–1907 | |
| З | Z (ru) | 4-6-0 | Kolomna | 24 | 1902–1906 | |
| І | I (ru) | 2-4-4-0 | Kolomna | 112 | 1903–1905 | Mallet locomotives |
| У | U | 4-6-0 | Putilov | 56 | 1906–1910 | |
| Щ | Shch (ru) | 2-8-0 | Kharkiv, Bryansk, Luhansk, Nevski, Putilov, Krasnoye Sormovo, Kolomna | 2028 | 1906–1924 | Variants with different wheel diameter |
| Б | B (ru) | 4-6-0 | Bryansk, Luhansk | 252 | 1907–1914 | |
| К | K (ru) | 4-6-0 | Kolomna, Putilov, Moscow-Kasaner railway workshops | 145 | 1907–1912 | |
| Ѵ | Izhitsa | 0-8-0 | Kolomna, Bryansk | 56 | 1908–1918 | |
| И | I (ru) | 2-8-0 | Kolomna | 19 | 1909–1910 | |
| С | S (ru) | 2-6-2 | Krasnoye Sormovo, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Nevski | 678 | 1910–1919 | |
| Ы | Y (ru) | 0-8-0 | Kolomna, Votkinsk | 372 | 1910–1920 | |
| К$^У$ | K$^U$ (ru) | 4-6-0 | Kolomna | 39 | 1911–1914 | K usilenny (larger K) |
| У$^У$ | U$^U$ | 4-6-0 | Putilow | 6 | 1912 | U usilenny (larger U) |
| Э | E | 0-10-0 | Luhansk, Krasnoye Sormovo, Kharkiv, Kolomna, Bryansk, Newski | 1528 | 1912–1925 | |
| Ѵ$^С$ originally Ч$^{ВП}$$_с$ | Y$^S$ originally Ch$^{VP}$$_s$ | 0-8-0 | Krasnoye Sormovo | 27 | 1914–1915 | as Standard gauge for the Warsaw–Vienna line. |
| С$^В$ | S$^V$ (ru) | 2-6-2 | Kolomna | 15 | 1914–1915 | Built to standard gauge for Warsaw-Vienna line in 1915. Later converted to 5 ft gauge for Moscow-Kursk line. |
| Л from 1947: Л$^П$ | L from 1947: L$^P$ | 4-6-2 | Putilov | 66 | 1914–1926 | |
| Е$^С$ | Ye$^S$ | 2-10-0 | ALCO | 106 | 1915–1916 | $^S$ for Schenectady |
| Е$^Ф$ | Ye$^F$ | 2-10-0 | Baldwin | 242 | 1915 | $^F$ for Philadelphia; 250 shipped, 8 lost at sea |
| Е$^К$ | Ye$^K$ | 2-10-0 | CLC | 50 | 1915–1916 | $^K$ for Kingston |
| Е$^Л$ | Ye$^L$ | 2-10-0 | ALCO, Baldwin | al least 554 | 1916–1919 | $^L$ for chief engineer A. I. Lipez |
| Э$^Ш$ | E$^{Sh}$ | 0-10-0 | NoHAB | 500 | 1920–1924 | Two with Uniflow steam engine designated Э$^М$$_Ш$ (E$^M$$_{Sh}$) |
| Э$^Г$ | E$^G$ | 0-10-0 | AEG, Borsig, Hanomag, SMF, Henschel, Hohenzollern, Humboldt, Jung, Karlsruhe, Krauss, Krupp, LHW, O&K, Rheinmetall, BMAG, Vulcan, Wolf, Maffei, Esslingen | 700 | 1921–1923 | 1 rebuilt to condensing locomotive in 1933 and designated Э$^{ГК}$ (E$^{GK}$) |
| Х$^М$ | Kh$^M$ | 2-8-0 | H.K. Porter | | 1915-1916 | Designated as sub-class of Х but shares little similarities. |
| Ф | F | 2-10-0 | | | | État Belge type 36 |
| Ь (ru) | ' | 0-4-0 0-4-2 2-4-0 0-6-0 0-6-2 0-6-4 0-8-0 2-10-2 | | | to 1957 | Class for various goods tank locomotives |

## Locomotives built after 1925

| Class (Cyrillic) | Class (Romanized) | Type | Manufacturer | Quantity | Years built | Notes |
| С$^У$ | S$^U$ | 2-6-2 | Bryansk, Krasnoye Sormovo, Kolomna, Luhansk, Kharkiv | 2270 | 1925–1941 | 36 with higher axleload designated С$^{УТ}$ (S$^{UT}$); 210 with draught fan designated С$^{УМ}$ (S$^{UM}$) |
| С$^У$ | S$^U$ | 2-6-2 | Krasnoye Sormovo | 411 | 1947–1951 | 2 with mechanical stokers designated С$^{УР}$ (S$^{UR}$) |
| М | M (ru) | 4-8-0 | Luhansk, Putilov | 100 | 1926–1930 | Rebuilt from 1932 as 2-cylinder designated М$^Р$ (M$^R$) |
| Э$^У$ | E$^U$ | 0-10-0 | Kolomna, Luhansk, Krasnoye Sormovo, Bryansk, Kharkiv | 2535 | 1926–1931 | |
| Т$^A$ | T$^A$ (ru) | 2-10-4 | ALCO | 5 | 1931 | Experimental locomotives |
| Т$^Б$ | T$^B$ (ru) | 2-10-2 | Baldwin | 5 | 1931 | Experimental locomotives |
| ФД20 | FD20 | 2-10-2 | Voroshilovgrad | 2927 | 1931–1940 | FD after Felix Dzerzhinsky; 2 Condensing locomotives designated ФД$^К$ (FD$^K$) |
| ИС20 from 1962: ФД$^П$20 | IS20 from 1962: FD$^P$20 | 2-8-4 | Kolomna, Voroshilovgrad | 638 | 1932–1941 | IS after Joseph Stalin |
| Э$^М$ | E$^M$ | 0-10-0 | Voroshilovgrad, Krasnoye Sormovo, Bryansk, Kharkiv | 2325 | 1932–1935 | 18 converted to condensing locomotives and designated Э$^{МК}$ (E$^{MK}$) between 1937 and 1940 |
| Я | Ya | 4-8-2+2-8-4 | Beyer, Peacock & Company | 1 | 1932 | Experimental Garratt locomotive – the biggest Garratt locomotive ever built. |
| Э$^Р$ | E$^R$ | 0-10-0 | Murom workshops | (1) | (1933) | Rebuilt from Э$^М$ (E$^M$) |
| Э$^Р$ | E$^R$ | 0-10-0 | Voroshilovgrad, Bryansk | 305 | 1934–1936 | |
| Э$^Р$ | E$^R$ | 0-10-0 | Kolomna | 22 | 1943–1944 | |
| Э$^Р$ | E$^R$ | 0-10-0 | Reșița, MÁVAG, Malaxa, ČKD, Cegielski, Škoda | 2716 | 1946–1955 | |
| АА20 | AA20 | 4-14-4 | Voroshilovgrad | 1 | 1934 | Experimental locomotive; AA after Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev |
| СО | SO (ru) | 2-10-0 | Kharkiv, Bryansk, Ulan-Ude, Krasnoyarsk, Voroshilovgrad | 2523 | 1934–1951 | SO after Grigory (Sergo) Ordzhonikidze; 2 condensing locomotives designated СО$^К$ (SO$^K$) |
| 9П | 9P (ru) | 0-6-0 | Kolomna, Novocherkassk, Murom workshops | 2688 | 1935–1957 | |
| СО19 also СО$^К$ | SO19 also SO$^K$ | 2-10-0 | Kharkiv, Bryansk, Ulan-Ude, Voroshilovgrad | 1436 | 1936–1942 | Condensing locomotives |
| В5 | V5 (ru) | 0-4-4 | Kolomna | 1 | 1937 | Experimental locomotive with high pressure boiler |
| 2-3-2К | 2-3-2K | 4-6-4 | Kolomna | 2 | 1937–1938 | Experimental locomotives |
| 2-3-2В | 2-3-2V | 4-6-4 | Voroshilovgrad | 1 | 1938 | Experimental locomotive |
| СО18 also СО$^В$ | SO18 also SO$^V$ | 2-10-0 | Kharkiv, Bryansk, Voroshilovgrad | 489 | 1939–1946 | |
| ФД21 | FD21 | 2-10-2 | Voroshilovgrad, Ulan-Ude | 286 | 1940–1942 | as ФД20 (FD20), with 21 t axleload |
| Л$^К$ | L$^K$ (ru) | 2-10-0 | Voroshilovgrad | 1 | 1941 | Experimental locomotive |
| ИС21 from 1962: ФД$^П$21 | IS21 from 1962: FD$^P$21 | 2-8-4 | Voroshilovgrad | 11 | 1941–1942 | as ИС20 (IS20), but with 21 t axleload |
| ФД$^Р$18 | FD$^R$18 | 2-10-4 | Ulan-Ude | (85) | (1943–1944) | Converted from ФД (FD); 18 t axleload; |
| Ш$^А$ | Sh$^A$ | 2-8-0 | ALCO, Baldwin | 194 | 1943 | USATC S160 Class; 200 shipped, 6 lost at sea |
| Е$^А$ | Ye$^A$ | 2-10-0 | ALCO, Baldwin | 1622 | 1944–1946 | |
| Е$^М$ | Ye$^M$ | 2-10-0 | Baldwin | 425 | 1944–1947 | 13 with feedwater heater Е$^{МВ}$ (E$^{MV}$) |
| Л originally П | L originally P | 2-10-0 | Kolomna, Voroshilovgrad, Bryansk | 4199 | 1945–1955 | |
| 23 also УУ | 23 (ru) also UU | 2-10-4 | Ulan-Ude | 1 | 1949 | Experimental locomotive |
| ОР23 | OR23 | 2-10-4 | Voroshilovgrad | 1 | 1949 | OR after October Revolution Locomotive Works; Experimental locomotive |
| П34 | P34 | 2-6-6-2 | Kolomna | 1 | 1949 | Experimental Mallet locomotive |
| П36 | P36 | 4-8-4 | Kolomna | 251 | 1950–1956 | |
| ЛВ originally ОР18 | LV originally OR18 | 2-10-2 | Voroshilovgrad | 522 | 1952–1956 | |
| ОР21 | OR21 (ru) | 2-10-2 | Voroshilovgrad | 3 | 1953–1954 | Experimental locomotives |
| П38 | P38 | 2-8-8-4 | Kolomna | 4 | 1954–1955 | Experimental Mallet locomotive |
| 9П$^м$ | 9P$^M$ (ru) | 0-6-0 | Murom workshops | 500 | 1955–1957 | |

## Captured locomotives

| Class (Cyrillic) | Class (Romanized) | Type | Manufacturer | Quantity | Years built | Notes | Image |
| ТЭ | TE | 1'E h2 | Various | ~2700 | 1942-1945 | Deutsche Reichsbahn Kriegsloks. Some standard gauge, used in the Baltic and border republics. 100 transferred to Hungarian State Railways in 1963. | |

## Locomotive builders

Reference
* Kolomna, Moscow, founded 1862
* Nevsky, Saint Petersburg, first locomotive 1870
* Briansk, Moscow, founded 1873
* Kirov Plant (or Putilov), Saint Petersburg, first locomotive 1894
* Kharkov Locomotive Factory, first locomotive 1897
* Sormovo Factory, Nizhny Novgorod, first locomotive 1898