# Capistrano Formation

The Capistrano Formation is a geologic formation in coastal southern Orange County, California. It preserves fossils dating back to the late Miocene to early Pliocene, with the Oso Member representing a near-shore environment. Fifty-nine species and varieties of foraminifera are recognized from the Capistrano Formation alongside a diverse array of marine mammals including up to five species of walrus.

## Geography

The Capistrano Formation, named for the town of San Juan Capistrano, is located in southern California, specifically the northern extent of the Peninsular Ranges, which stretch from the Los Angeles Basin to Baja California. It crops out along the coast from Dana Point to San Clemente, and inland for seven miles.

## Geology and Stratigraphy

The Capistrano Formation is a heterogenous marine formation that can be differentiated into two distinct but adjacent units. One of these units is the Oso Member, which is composed of arkosic sandstone and preserves a nearshore environment. This unit shows outcrops across Orange County, which are recognizable as medium to coarse grained, white to tan rock. The second member primarily consists of siltstone, preserves an environment that would have been located further out at sea in deeper waters and has not yet been named. At the southwestern border of the Oso Member the two units connect.
Depending on the locality, the Oso Member of the Capistrano Formation either conformably overlies the Puente Formation (specifically Soquel Member), while in other areas it unconformably overlies the Monterey Formation and is succeeded by the Niguel Formation. The Oso Member has been dated to the early late Hemphillian (6.6 to 5.8 Ma) based on the presence of Dinohippus interpolatus and absence of older or younger taxa, but the formation as a whole extends into the Pliocene, rendering the Oso Member coeval with only the lower strata of the unnamed siltstone member. Foraminifers and microfossils have also previously been used to date the formation, which indicate an early Pliocene age (5.6 to 4.9 Ma) for its upper boundary.

## Paleoenvironment

The two units of the Capistrano Formation preserve environments of difference distance from the shore. The Oso Member preserves a near-shore environment, thought to be submarine delta deposits situated in a shallow embayment of the Pacific Ocean. The presence of marlin fossils could indicate that parts of the formation deposited at bathyal depths, between 200 and 2.000 meters deep, and Fierstine argues that the preservation of the material suggests that it was not subject to extensive postmortem transportation. He also argues that the presence of this fish suggests warm water temperatures during the Miocene, with Marlins typically preferring average surface temperatures of 24 °C. Barboza and colleagues meanwhile argue that this alone is not sufficient evidence for depth, citing the preservation of marlin fossils in much shallower waters including one specimen found in deposits of the supralittoral zone. The proximity to the shore is apparent due to the presence of terrestrial fauna.

## Paleofauna
### Chondrichthyes

| Name | Species | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
| Cosmopolitodus | C. hastalis | Oso Member | | also known as the broad-toothed mako | Cosmopolitodus hastalis tooth |
| Myliobatis | M. sp. | Oso Member | | a species of ray | |
| Otodus | O. megalodon | Oso Member Siltstone Member | teeth | | Megalodon restoration |

### Osteichthyes

| Name | Species | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
| Acipenseridae indet. | | Oso Member | | a type of sturgeon | |
| Makaira | M. nigricans | Oso Member | a nearly complete skull | an early specimen of the extant blue marlin | Blue marlin |
| Oncorhynchus | O. rastrosus | Oso Member | | the sabertoothed salmon | Oncorhynchus rastrosus |

### Reptilia

| Name | Member | Material |
| Crocodilia indet. | Oso Member | A tooth and an osteoderm |
| Dermochelyidae indet. | Oso Member | |
| Testudinidae indet. | Oso Member | |

### Aves

| Name | Species | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
| Mancallinae indet. | | Oso Member | | a type of flightless auk | |
| Uria | U. sp. | | | | |

### Mammalia
#### Afrotheria

| Name | Species | Member | Notes | Image |
| Desmostylus | D. sp. | Oso Member | | Desmostylus |
| Hydrodamalis | H. cuestae | Oso Member | a close relative of Steller's Sea Cow | |
| Proboscidea indet. | | Oso Member | | |

#### Artiodactyla

| Name | Species | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
| Antilocapridae indet. | | Oso Member | | | |
| cf. Balaenoptera | cf. Balaenoptera sp. | Oso Member | | | |
| Camelidae indet. | | Oso Member | | | |
| Delphinidae indet. | | Oso Member | | | |
| Herpetocetus | | Oso Member | | a cetotheriid whale | Herpetocetus bramblei |
| Parapontoporia | P. pacifica | Oso Member | a skull with associated petrotympanic | a relative of the Chinese river dolphin | Parapontoporia sternbergi (left), a related species |
| Physeteroidea Species A | | Oso Member | | | |
| Physeteroidea Species B | | Oso Member | | | |
| Tayassuidae indet. | | Oso Member | | | |

#### Carnivora

| Name | Species | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
| Borophagus | | Oso Member | | a large genus of canid | Borophagus skull |
| Mustelidae indet. | | Oso Member | | | |
| Gomphotaria | G. pugnax | Oso Member | | a species of walrus | Gomphotaria pugnax life restoration |
| Osodobenus | O. eodon | Oso Member | three skulls representing an adult male, adult female and juvenile specimen | the first known walrus with tusks | |
| Pontolis | cf. P. magnus P. kohnoi | Oso Member | | a giant early walrus | Pontolis magnus mandible |
| Thalassoleon | T. mexicanus | Siltstone Member | multiple skulls and postcranial material | a basal eared seal | Thalassoleon mexicanus skull |
| Titanotaria | T. orangensis | Oso Member | skull and postcranial material of multiple individuals | a basal walrus | Lateral view of Titanotaria orangensis |

#### Lagomorpha

| Name | Species | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
| Leporidae indet. | | Oso Member | | | |

#### Perissodactyla

| Name | Species | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
| Dinohippus | D. interpolatus | Oso Member | isolated teeth | | |
| Rhinocerotidae indet. | | Oso Member | | | |