OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ministry of Border Affairs (Myanmar)

The Ministry of Border Affairs (Burmese: နယ်စပ်ရေးရာ ဝန်ကြီးဌာန, abbreviated MBA), formerly Ministry of Progress of Border Areas, National Races and Development Affairs is a ministry in the Government of Myanmar which is responsible for the development of border areas and national races. According to the Constitution of Myanmar, the Union Minister of Border Affairs is a member of National Defence and Security Council.

## Departments

* Union Minister Office
* Department for Development for Border Areas and National Races
* Education and Training Department

## List of Union Ministers (Mar 2011 - Present)

* Thein Htay (30 March 2011 – 13 February 2013)
* Thet Naing Win (February 2013 – 13 August 2015)
* Kyaw Swe (13 August 2015 – 30 March 2016)
* Ye Aung (30 March 2016 – 1 February 2021)
* Tun Tun Naung (1 February 2021 – present)
# NGC 392

NGC 392 is a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on September 12, 1784, by William Herschel. It was described by Dreyer as "faint, very small, round, much brighter middle, between 2 stars."
One supernova has been observed in NGC 392: SN 2020orw (type Ia, mag. 17.4).
# Cerro Carnerero Formation

The Cerro Carnerero Formation is a geological formation of the Golfo San Jorge Basin in Chubut Province, Patagonia, Argentina.

## Description

The claystones and tuffs of the approximately 440 metres (1,440 ft) thick formation, belonging to the Lonco Trapial Group, were deposited in a fluvial environment.
The formation dates back to the Middle Jurassic (Toarcian stage) and has preserved fossils of Cladophlebis oblonga, and Amygdalodon patagonicus.
The fossiliferous beds rest on Liassic beds with Harpoceras subplanatum, and below the Middle to Upper Jurassic Porphyritic Series. Called the "Cerro Carnerero" beds, Rauhut, 2008, assigned the Cerro Carnerero to the Toarcian to Bajocian.

### Lithology

The formation comprises sandy tuffs and bluish gray claystones, which form part of a continental sedimentary series mixed with porphyritic conglomerates with partly encrusted round pebbles, and bluish gray clays with sandy intercalations and clays in lesser amounts.

## Fossil content
### Vertebrate fauna

Dinosaurs :
| Taxa | Presence | Notes | Images |
| Genus: Amygdalodon A. patagonicus | Chubut Province | "Partial skeleton" | |

### Arthropods

* Estheria sp.
# Barbara Hulme

Barbara Hulme (née Poulter; 1930–2020) was a botanist, credited with being the first to produce experimental hybrids in the genus Atriplex (also known as saltbush or orache), a genus of wild flower common on seaside strandlines. The Canadian botanist Pierre Michel Taschereau would later name the Atriplex X hulmeana hybrid after her.

## Early life and education

Born in York, Barbara attended Tang Hall Junior School in the Heworth area of the city, before gaining a scholarship to attend Queen Anne Grammar School.

## University and research

Barbara studied botany at the University of Edinburgh from 1948 where she achieved a first class degree. She stayed on to study for a PhD, which she gained in 1957. Her thesis was entitled "Studies on some British species of Atriplex L", in which she clarified the classification of four british Atriplex species, performed cultivation studies including hybridization, and revealed that many of the traits used for classification are genetically determined but can be influenced by environmental factors. She also assisted botanist Peter Hadland Davis in his study of the flora of Turkey.

## Marriage and later life

It was also during her time at Edinburgh that she met her future husband Ken Hulme, who was then working as a foreman at the Royal Botanical Gardens Edinburgh. The couple married in 1955 and moved first to Birmingham, where Barbara finished writing up her thesis, and then to the Wirral in 1957, where Ken had become the first Director at Ness Gardens, University of Liverpool. After the birth of her three children, Barbara's life revolved around caring for them and other family members but her interest in plants stayed with her for the rest of her life, and many of her holidays with Ken, including a trip to China to attend a symposium about botanic gardens, revolved around plants and gardens.
# Karl Rosenkranz

Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz (April 23, 1805 – July 14, 1879) was a German philosopher and pedagogue.

## Life

Born in Magdeburg, he read philosophy at Berlin, Halle and the University of Königsberg, devoting himself mainly to the doctrines of Hegel and Schleiermacher. After holding the chair of philosophy at Halle for two years, he became, in 1833, professor at Königsberg. In his last years he was blind.
He died in Königsberg.

## Philosophy

Throughout his long professorial career, and in all his numerous publications he remained, in spite of occasional deviations on particular points, loyal to the Hegelian tradition as a whole. In the great division of the Hegelian school, he, in company with Michelet and others, formed the "centre," midway between Erdmann and Gabler on the one hand, and the "extreme left" represented by Strauss, Feuerbach and Bruno Bauer.

## Selected works
### Philosophical

* Kritik der Schleiermacherschen Glaubenslehre (1836)
* Psychologie oder Wissenschaft vom subjektiven Geist (1837; 3rd edition, 1863)
* Kritische Erläuterungen des Hegelschen Systems (1840)
* Vorlesungen über Schelling (1842)
* Hegels Leben (1844)
* System der Wissenschaft (1850)
* Meine Reform der Hegelschen Philosophie (1852)
* Ästhetik des Häßlichen (Königsberg 1853). English: Aesthetics of Ugliness. A Critical Edition. Bloomsbury 2015.
* Wissenschaft der logischen Idee (1858–59), with a supplement (Epilegomena, 1862)
* Diderot's Leben und Werke (1866)
* Hegels Naturphilosophie und die Bearbeitung derselben durch Vera (1868)
* Hegel als deutscher Nationalphilosoph (1870)
* Erläuterungen zu Hegels Encyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften (1871).
Between 1838 and 1840, Rosenkranz published an edition of the works of Kant in conjunction with F. W. Schubert, to which he appended a history of the Kantian doctrine.
# Hutchins Hapgood

Hutchins Harry Hapgood (1869–1944) was an American journalist, author, and anarchist.

## Life and career

Hapgood was born to Charles Hutchins Hapgood (1836–1917) and Fanny Louise (Powers) Hapgood (1846–1922) and grew up in Alton, Illinois, where his father was a wealthy manufacturer of farming equipment. He is the younger brother of the journalist and diplomat Norman Hapgood. After a year at the University of Michigan, he transferred to Harvard University, where he took a B.A. in 1892 and earned his master's degree in 1897. Two of the intervening years were spent studying sociology and philosophy at the universities of Berlin and Freiburg, Germany. At first, he became a teacher of English composition at Harvard and the University of Chicago, but was eventually inspired by his older brother, Norman to pursue a career in journalism.
He obtained his first employment with the New York Commercial Advertiser (later known as the New York Globe). His mentor there was Lincoln Steffens, the muckraking reporter. On June 22, 1899, he married Neith Boyce, Steffens' assistant and a journalist in her own right. They had two children, a boy and girl. In 1904, when the Advertiser was revamped as the Globe, he went back to Chicago for a time and became the drama critic for the Chicago Evening Post. Returning to New York, he spent much of his career as an editorial writer for the New York Evening Post, the Press, and the Globe.

## Works

* Paul Jones (1901) OCLC 613148935
* The Spirit of the Ghetto: Studies of the Jewish Quarter in New York (1902, reissued by Belknap Press, 1983. ISBN 0-674-83266-3)
* The Autobiography of a Thief (1903)
* The Spirit of Labor (1907, reissued by the University of Illinois Press, 2004. ISBN 0-252-07187-5)
* Types from City Streets (1910, reissued by Garret Press, 1970. ISBN 0-512-00759-4)
* An Anarchist Woman (Novel, 1909)
* The Story of a Lover (1919, published anonymously)
* A Victorian in the Modern World (Autobiography, 1939, reissued by the University of Washington Press, 1972: ISBN 0-295-95183-4)
# Older Sister

Older Sister (Russian: Старшая сестра, romanized: Starshaya sestra) is a Soviet feature film, shot in 1966, Georgy Natanson on the play by Aleksandr Volodin My older sister.

## Plot

In Leningrad, two orphaned sisters, Nadya and Lida Ryazayeva, live with their uncle, Ukhov. Nadya works at a construction site while studying at a technical school, and Lida is a high school student. The narrative begins with philosophical debates about happiness, contrasting Lida's belief in the joy of labor for others with her personal dissatisfaction. Complications arise when a misunderstanding involving Nadya and a man named Ogorodnikov brings conflict and embarrassment. Meanwhile, Lida, encouraged by Nadya’s unwavering belief in her talent, attempts to enter a theatrical school but fails. Nadya unexpectedly impresses the selection committee with her knowledge of Stanislavski's work, earning a place herself. Despite this, she agrees with her uncle's practical advice to focus on her job and studies, shelving her theatrical aspirations for her sister’s well-being.
Years pass, and Lida, now sick after a skiing trip organized by her old friend Kirill, rekindles their bond despite his marriage. Their secret relationship strains everyone, particularly Nadya, who clashes with Lida over her choices and confronts Kirill’s wife, Shura, a cheerful and unsuspecting teacher. The tension culminates in emotional breakdowns as Lida accuses Nadya of controlling her life, leading to a heated fallout and Lida's departure. Nadya, wracked with guilt and unable to reconcile her actions, is left questioning what to do next. In the end, Lida chooses to leave Kirill, finding strength in separating herself from the tangled emotions that defined her relationships.

## Cast

* Tatyana Doronina as Nadya, older sister
* Natalya Tenyakova as Lydia, younger sister
* Mikhail Zharov as Dmitry Petrovich Ukhov (uncle Mitya)
* Vitaly Solomin as Kirill
* Leonid Kuravlyov as Volodya
* Valentina Sharykina as Shura
* Yevgeniy Yevstigneyev as Ogorodnikov
* Oleg Basilashvili as Oleg Medynsky
* Inna Churikova as Nelly
* Viktor Ilichyov as entrant
# George Cunningham (footballer)

George Bruce Cunningham was a Scottish amateur footballer who played as a forward in the Scottish League for Queen's Park.

## Personal life

As of 1911, Cunningham was working as a clerk in a hide leather factory in Glasgow. Cunningham served as a private in the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers during the First World War.

## Career statistics

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Scottish Cup | Scottish Cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Queen's Park | 1912–13 | Scottish First Division | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Queen's Park | 1913–14 | Scottish First Division | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
* ↑ Appearance in Glasgow Merchants Charity Cup
# 1888 Trinity Blue and White football team

The 1888 Trinity Blue and White football team represented Trinity College (today known as Duke University) in the 1888 college football season. The game against North Carolina was the first "scientific" game in the state.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result |
| November 29 | | vs. North Carolina | Base Ball ParkRaleigh, NC (rivalry) | W 16–0 |
| March 8, 1889 | | vs. North Carolina | Athletic GroundsRaleigh, NC | W 25–17 |
| March 29, 1889 | 3:30 p.m. | vs. Wake Forest | Athletic GroundsRaleigh, NC | L 0–32 |
# Chislic

Chislic (or sometimes chislick) is a dish consisting of skewered cubes of red meat, usually mutton or lamb, although game meats such as venison and even beef steak can be used. Most commonly associated with the state of South Dakota, chislic was declared the official state "nosh" of South Dakota in March 2018.

## Etymology

The word chislic is arguably derived from the Turkic word shashlik or shashlyk, itself rooted in shish kebab, the Turkish term for skewered meats. Chislic may have been introduced into the United States by John Hoellwarth, who immigrated from the Crimea to Hutchinson County, South Dakota, in the 1870s.
The dish may have been introduced to South Dakota by Hoellwarth, but is highly unlikely to have been the introduction to the US. Both Greek and Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire came to the US in the 17th,18th and 19th centuries, and even Martin the Armenian, a tobacco farmer in the original Jamestown colony. They would have brought their common food preparation ideas with them.

## Preparation

Chislic consists of deep-fried cubes of mutton, lamb, beef or venison prepared rare to medium-rare, sprinkled with garlic salt or other seasoned salt, and served with toothpicks. The dish is typically served hot, accompanied by soda crackers. Regional variations exist: in Pierre, the meat is battered; in Sioux Falls, it is lightly dusted with flour before deep-frying and may be served with hot sauce; near Watertown, ranch dressing may be served on the side; while Lawry's Seasoned Salt is preferred near Redfield.
# Boreostemma

Boreostemma is an extinct genus of glyptodonts from northern South America. Fossils assigned to the genus were first described as belonging to Asterostemma from southern South America, but have been placed in the new genus Boreostemma by Carlini et al. in 2008. The type species is B. pliocena. Fossils of Boreostemma have been found in the Honda Group of Colombia, in Peru and Venezuela.

## Etymology

The genus name Boreostemma is a combination of stemma, taken from Asterostemma, and boreo is derived from borealis, meaning "northern", to distinguish the northern South American genus from the southern Asterostemma.

## Taxonomy

Boreostemma has been placed as closely related to the later Glyptodon and Glyptotherium. Cladogram after Barasoain et al. 2022:

### Species

Four species have been described in the genus Boreostemma. Unspecified Boreostemma fossils were found in the Ipururo Formation of the department of Ucayali, Amazonian Peru. Asterostemma contains the type species A. depressa and several nomina dubia. The genus has been found in the Early Miocene (Santacrucian in the SALMA classification) Santa Cruz Formation of the province of Santa Cruz, Argentina and in the Solimões Formation in the state of Acre, Amazonian Brazil.

#### B. pliocena

The type species B. pliocena was described in 2008 by Carlini et al. based on 30 osteoderms palate fragment with M6-7 alveoli. Fossils have been described from the type locality along the road to Tío Gregorio in the Codore Formation at the Lagerstätte of Urumaco.

#### B. gigantea

B. gigantea was described as Asterostemma gigantea in 1997 by Carlini et al. based on a partial skeleton. Fossils have been recovered at the Duke Localities 32, 108, 113, 114 and 121W in the La Victoria Formation of the Honda Group at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte La Venta.

#### B. acostae

B. acostae was described as Asterostemma acostae in 1983 by Carlos Villarroel based on a carapace fragment with 44 plates. Fossils have been found in the Cerbatana Member, and the Chunchullo Sandstone of the La Victoria Formation, of the Honda Group at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte La Venta.

#### B. venezolensis

B. venezolensis was described as Asterostemma venezolensis in 1947 by George Gaylord Simpson, based on most of the carapace and the anterior end of the lower jaw, including teeth. Fossils have been uncovered from the Santa Inés Formation along the banks of the Güere River in the state of Anzoátegui in Venezuela.

## Gallery

* Carapace of Boreostemma
* Reconstruction
# Leirinmore

Leirinmore (Scottish Gaelic: An Leithrinn Mhòr) is a crofting township in the parish of Durness on the northern coastline of Scotland, in Sutherland, Scottish Highlands. It is in the Scottish council area of Highland. Smoo Cave is located close to Leirinmore.
# Empis rava

Empis rava is a species of fly in the family Empididae. It is included in the subgenus Leptempis. It is found in the Palearctic.
# Eight Ones

EO, or Eight Ones, is an 8-bit EBCDIC character code represented as all ones (binary 1111 1111, hexadecimal FF).

## As a control code

Eight Ones, as an EBCDIC control code, is used for synchronisation purposes, such as a time and media filler. In Advanced Function Presentation code page definition resource headers, setting at least the first two bytes of the field for the eight-byte code page resource name (which is encoded in code page 500) to Eight Ones (0xFF) constitutes a "null name", which is treated as unset.

### Mapping

When translated from the EBCDIC character set to code pages with a C1 control code set, Eight Ones is typically mapped to hexadecimal code 0x9F, in order to provide a unique character mapping in both directions. Prior to 1986, however, the C1 control code 0x9F was usually mapped to EBCDIC 0xE1, which was frequently used as a numeric (figure) space in code pages at the time (including the pre-1986 version of code page 37). The Unix dd utility follows the earlier convention, mapping the C1 code 0x9F to EBCDIC 0xE1, and mapping 0xFF (Eight Ones) to 0xFF.

## As a graphical character

While Eight Ones is treated as a control code by IBM EBCDIC infrastructure, EBCDIC code pages from Fujitsu Siemens used on the BS2000 system frequently use it for a graphical character, most often the tilde. In these cases, the C1 control code 0x9F is mapped to a different location in the EBCDIC code page, most commonly 0x5F.
# Bepen Bhana

Bepen Bhana (1971–2023) was an Indian-New Zealand visual artist and graphic designer, known for his photorealistic painting and examination of cultural appropriation in mass media.

## Biography

Bhana was born in Auckland in 1971, his father having migrated to New Zealand in 1949. At home the family spoke Gujarati and decorated the house with Hindu deities, and Bhana learned English by watching television.
He studied at Elam School of Fine Arts gaining a doctorate, and taught at Manukau Institute of Technology and Whitecliffe College of Arts and Design.
In 2016 Bhana held the Parehuia McCahon House Artists' Residency, where he created the works in his Frankie goes to Bollywood series.
He died in Auckland in 2023 at age 51 while working on a second doctorate studying Sajid Khan.

## Art practice

Bhana's work used humorous references to popular, often nostalgic, culture to explore exoticisation and commodification of South Asian aesthetics and traditions.
Figures represented in his work included Basil Brush in 2012's Boom! Boom! Deluxe and The Brady Bunch in 2016's The Curry Bunch. Bhana responded to Beyoncé's appropriation of Hindi bridal fashion in Coldplay's video for "Hymn for the weekend" with the exhibition Hey Bey.
Postcards from the edge (2013) and Frankie goes to Bollywood (2016) used the techniques and subjects of Bollywood painted billboard advertising, combining them with New Zealand landscapes, first at postcard size and then as large-scale diptychs.
In Frankie goes to Bollywood the paintings have titles in Te Reo Māori and Hindi, avoiding English and prioritising audiences familiar with the actors or landscapes depicted. Balamohan Shingade suggests that the paintings push past the goal of representation in Western media, instead showing that "Indians already set their own standards and ideals, and inspire their own audiences". Ruth De Souza describes them as a necessary interrogation of the neoliberal Tourism New Zealand depiction of India.
# Luxembourg Sandstone

The Luxembourg Sandstone (French: Grès de Luxembourg) is a geologic formation in Luxembourg. It exists along the eastern margin of the Paris Basin. Sandstone units continuous with the Luxembourg Sandstone also occur in France. It is Early Jurassic in age. It predominantly outcrops in a belt extending through south-central Luxembourg. It up to 100 metres thick and predominantly consists of carbonaceous poorly cemented sandstone and sandy limestone

## Fossil content

Among others, the following fossils were reported from the formation:

### Reptiles

* Ichthyosaurus communis
* Temnodontosaurus sp.
* Neotheropoda indet.
* Plesiosauria indet.
* cf. Theropoda indet.

### Fish

* Halonodon luxembourgensis
* Hybodontidae indet.

### Gastropods

* Pleurotomaria cognata
* P. hennocquii
* P. hettangiensis
* P. wanderbachi
* Ptychomphalus caepa
* P. wehenkeli
* Scurriopsis (Hennocquia) hettangiensis
* Scurriopsis (Scurriopsis) schmidti
* Trochotoma clypeus
# Marne de Flize

The Marne de Flize is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Toarcian stage of the Jurassic period.

## Description

The finely bedded blue-grey shales contain limestone lenses up to one metre in thickness La Croisette. The Marne de Flize is referred to the early Toarcian (Tenuicostatum and Serpentinum zones according to Mouterde, 1980). It is therefore coeval with the Posidonia Shale of southern Germany.

## Fossil content

The following fossils were reported from the formation:

### Vertebrates
#### Reptiles

* cf. Dorygnathus sp.
* Ichthyosauria indet.

#### Fish

* Osteichthyes indet.

### Invertebrates

* Crustacea indet.
* Bivalvia indet.
* Teuthidea indet.

#### Ammonites

* Dactylioceras sp.
* Harpoceras sp.

### Flora

* Plantae indet.
# Mexcala Formation

The Mexcala Formation is a Late Cretaceous (late Turonian to late Maastrichtian) geologic formation in Guerrero state, southern Mexico.

## Fossil content

Fossil ornithopod tracks assigned to Hadrosauridae indet. and sauropod tracks have been reported from the formation.
Other fossils from the formation include:

### Ammonites

* Barroisiceras (Texanites) dentatocarinatum
* Coilopoceras colleti
* C. requienianum
* Forresteria (Forresteria) alluaudi
* Peroniceras aff. tricarinatum
* P. cf. subtricarinatum
* Pseudotissotia galliennei
* Barroisiceras cf. alstadenense
* Barroisiceras sp.
* Peroniceras sp.
# Moin Formation

The Moin Formation is a geologic formation in Costa Rica. It preserves fossils dating back to the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene period.

## Fossil content

* Cataetyx stringeri
* Engina moinensis
# Nicely Formation

The Nicely Formation is a geologic formation in the Crook, Grant, and Harney Counties in Oregon. It preserves radiolaria and ichthyosaur fossils dating back to the Pliensbachian stage of the Early Jurassic period.

## Fossil content

Among others, the following fossils have been reported from the formation:
* Ichthyosauria indet.
# Ellen Litman

Ellen Litman (born 1973) is an American novelist. She received the Rona Jaffe Foundation Writers' Award in 2006.

## Formative years

Born in Moscow, Russia, Litman emigrated with her parents in 1992 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She was educated at the University of Pittsburgh and earned a B.S. in Information Science.
For six years she worked as a software developer in Baltimore, Maryland and Boston, Massachusetts.

## Literary career

During the fall of 1998, Litman began to formally study writing. She earned her Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing in 2004 from Syracuse University. That same year, Litman was also chosen by the Wisconsin Institute for Creative Writing for one of its six fellowships, which ran between August and May in Madison, Wisconsin of that year. One of three fiction writers selected, she received a $25,000 stipend to support her writing.
In September 2006, newspapers reported that Litman was one of six emerging writers to receive the Rona Jaffe Foundation's Writers' Award, a $15,000 prize which is given annually to "women writers who demonstrate excellence and promise in the early stages of their careers."
As of 2023, Litman is an associate professor and associate director of the Creative Writing Program at the University of Connecticut.

## Works

* The Last Chicken in America: A Novel in Stories, (New York: W.W. Norton, 2007)
* Mannequin Girl: A Novel, (W. W. Norton & Company, 2014)