# List of the Cenozoic life of Virginia

This list of the Cenozoic life of Virginia contains the various prehistoric life-forms whose fossilized remains have been reported from within the US state of Virginia and are between 66 million and 10,000 years of age.

## A

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* F
* G
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* †Abdounia
** †Abdounia beaugei
** †Abdounia minutissima
** †Abdounia recticona
* Abies
* †Abra
** †Abra aequalis
* Acanthocybium
** †Acanthocybium proosti
* Accipiter
** Living adult (center) and chick (lower right) Accipiter striatus, or sharp-shinned hawks †Accipiter striatus
* †Achilleodinium
** †Achilleodinium bioformoides
* Acipenser
* Acmaea
* Acteocina
** †Acteocina canaliculata
** †Acteocina candei
* Acteon
** †Acteon novellus
* †Actinocyclus
** †Actinocyclus ellipticus
* †Actinoptychus
** †Actinoptychus marylandicus
** †Actinoptychus virginicus
* A living Actitis macularius, or spotted sandpiper Actitis – or unidentified comparable form
** †Actitis macularia
* †Adeorbis
* Aegolius
** †Aegolius acadicus
* Aequipecten
** †Aequipecten eboreus
* Aetobatus
** †Aetobatus arcuatus
** †Aetobatus irregularis
* Aetomylaeus
* Agelaius
** †Agelaius phoeniceus
* Fossilized skull of the Miocene baleen whale Aglaocetus †Aglaocetus
** †Aglaocetus patulus – type locality for species
* †Aglyptorhynchus
** †Aglyptorhynchus venablesi
* Albula
** †Albula eppsi
* Alca
** †Alca torda – or unidentified comparable form
* Alces – or unidentified comparable form
** †Alces alces
* Aligena
** †Aligena aequata
* Fossilized skeleton of the Eocene pig-nosed turtle Allaeochelys †Allaeochelys
* Alnus
* †Alopecias
** †Alopecias grandis – type locality for species
* Alopias
* Aluterus
* †Ambystoma
* Amia
* Amiantis – tentative report
* Ammonia
** †Ammonia limbatobeccarii
** †Ammonia sobrina
** †Ammonia tepida
* †Amonia
** †Amonia limbatobeccarii
** †Amonia limbatobeccarrii
** †Amonia sobrina
** †Amonia tepida
* †Ampelopsis
* Assemblage of fossilized skeletons of the softshell turtle Amyda Amyda – or unidentified comparable form
** †Amyda pennata
* Anachis
** †Anachis avara
** †Anachis camax – or unidentified comparable form
** †Anachis harrisii
* Anadara
** †Anadara arata
** †Anadara callicestosa
** †Anadara lienosa
** †Anadara ovalis
** Shell of an Anadara transversa, or transverse ark clam †Anadara transversa
* †Anapteris
** †Anapteris regalis
* Anas
** †Anas crecca
** †Anas discors
** †Anas platyrhynchos – or unidentified comparable form
* Anguilla
** †Anguilla bostoniensis – or unidentified comparable form
* †Anguispira
** Illustration of the shell of a living Anguispira alternata land snail, or flamed tigersnail †Anguispira alternata
* Angulus
** †Angulus agilis
** †Angulus texanus
* Anisodonta – tentative report
* Anomia
** †Anomia lisbonensis
** †Anomia ruffini
** †Anomia simplex
* †Anomotodon
** †Anomotodon novus
* A living Anoxypristis cuspidata, or knifetooth sawfish Anoxypristis
** †Anoxypristis macrodens
* †Anthus – or unidentified comparable form
** †Anthus spinoletta
* Aporrhais
** †Aporrhais potomacensis
* †Araloselachus
** †Araloselachus cuspidata
* Arbacia
** †Arbacia improcera
* †Archaeohippus
* †Archaeomanta
** †Archaeomanta melenhorsti
* Architectonica
** †Architectonica ianthinae
* Restoration of an Arctodus, or short-faced bear, with a human to scale †Arctodus
** †Arctodus simus
* Argobuccinum
* Argopecten
** †Argopecten gibbus
* Arius – tentative report
* Arossia
** †Arossia glyptopoma
** †Arossia newmani
* †Ashleychelys
** †Ashleychelys palmeri
* Asio
** A living Asio flammeus, or Short-eared owl †Asio flammeus – or unidentified comparable form
* †Aspideretoides
** †Aspideretoides virginianus – type locality for species
* Astarte
** †Astarte castanea
** †Astarte cobhamensis
** †Astarte coheni
** †Astarte concentrica
** †Astarte deltoidea
** †Astarte exaltata
** †Astarte obruta
** †Astarte perplana
** †Astarte rappahannockensis
** †Astarte undulata
** †Astarte vaginulata
* Astrangia
** †Astrangia danae
* †Astroscopus
* Astyris
** †Astyris communis
** †Astyris lunata
* Multiple views of a fossilized shell of the volute sea snail Athleta Athleta
** †Athleta haleanus – or unidentified comparable form
** †Athleta petrosa
** †Athleta tuomeyi
* †Atractodon
** †Atractodon stonei

## B

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* Balaena
** †Balaena ricei – type locality for species
* Balaenoptera
* Fossilized vertebrae of the Pliocene baleen whale Balaenotus †Balaenotus
* Balanophyllia
** †Balanophyllia conradi – type locality for species
** †Balanophyllia elaborata
* Balanus
** †Balanus improvisus
* †Balbocerosoma
* Barbatia
** †Barbatia carolinensis – tentative report
* Barnea
** †Barnea costata
** †Barnea truncata
* Bartramia
** †Bartramia longicauda
* †Basilotritus
** †Basilotritus wardii
* Bathytormus
** †Bathytormus alaeformis
* †Beckettia – tentative report
* Betula
* Bicorbula
** †Bicorbula idonea
* Bison
** †Bison bison
* Bittiolum
** †Bittiolum alternatum
* Blarina
** †Blarina brevicauda
* Life restoration of the Pliocene toothed whale Bohaskaia †Bohaskaia – type locality for genus
** †Bohaskaia monodontoides – type locality for species
* †Bolcyrus – or unidentified comparable form
** †Bolcyrus formosissimus
* Bolivina
* Bombycilla
** †Bombycilla cedrorum
* Bonasa
** †Bonasa umbellus
** †Bonasa umbrellus
* †Bootherium
** Fossilized skeleton of the Pleistocene-Holocene bovid Bootherium bombifrons, or Harlan's musk ox. †Bootherium bombifrons
* Boreotrophon
** †Boreotrophon tetricus
* Bornia
** †Bornia longipes
** †Bornia triangulata
* Bos
** †Bos taurus
* Bostrycapulus
** †Bostrycapulus aculeatus
* Botaurus
** †Botaurus lentiginosus
* Brachidontes
** †Brachidontes potomacensis
* Brachiodontes
* Branta
** †Branta bernicla
* †Brevirostrodelphis
** †Brevirostrodelphis dividum
* †Brevoortia
* †Brychaetus
** †Brychaetus muelleri
* Bubo
** A living Bubo virginianus, or great horned owl †Bubo virginianus
* Buccella
** †Buccella depressa
* †Buccinifusus
** †Buccinifusus parilis
* Buccinofusus
** †Buccinofusus parilis
* Buccinum
** †Buccinum undatum
* Bucephala
** †Bucephala albeola
* A living Anaxyrus fowleri (formerly Bufo fowleri), or Fowler's toad Bufo
** †Bufo woodhousei
* Buliminella
** †Buliminella elegantissima – or unidentified comparable form
* †Bulliopsis
** †Bulliopsis quadrata
* †Burnhamia
** †Burnhamia daviesi
* Busycon
** †Busycon carica
** †Busycon caricum
** Shell in multiple views of a Busycon contrarium whelk †Busycon contrarium
** †Busycon coronatum
** †Busycon incile
** †Busycon maximum
** †Busycon maximus
* Busycotypus
** †Busycotypus canaliculatus
** †Busycotypus coronatum
** †Busycotypus incile
** †Busycotypus rugosum
* Buteo
** A living Buteo jamaicensis, or red-tailed hawk †Buteo jamaicensis
** †Buteo lineatus
** †Buteo platypterus

## C

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* †Cacharias
* Cadulus
** †Cadulus thallus
* Caecum
** †Caecum cooperi
* Caestocorbula
** †Caestocorbula fossata
* †Calasoma
* †Calippus
** †Calippus regulus – or unidentified comparable form
* A living Calliostoma top sea snail Calliostoma
** †Calliostoma bellum
** †Calliostoma philanthropus
** †Calliostoma philothropus
** †Calliostoma virginicum
* †Callippus
** †Callippus regulus – or unidentified comparable form
* Callista
** †Callista perovata
* Callocardia
** †Callocardia catharia
* Calonectris
** †Calonectris kurodai – type locality for species
* †Calophos
** †Calophos plicatile
* †Calorhadia
** †Calorhadia bella
** †Calorhadia opulenta
** †Calorhadia semen
* †Calyptraphorus
** †Calyptraphorus trinodiferus
** †Calyptraphorus velatus
* Cambarus Cambarus
** †Cambarus bartonii – or unidentified comparable form
** †Cambarus longulus – or unidentified comparable form
* †Campanuyla
* Canachites
** †Canachites canadensis
* †Canarium
** †Canarium parksii
* Cancellaria
* Cancer
** †Cancer irroratus
* Canis
** Modern mounted skeleton of Canis lupus, the grey wolf, to scale with a fossilized skeleton of the Pleistocene wolf Canis dirus, or dire wolf †Canis dirus
** †Canis latrans
** †Canis lupus – or unidentified comparable form
* Cantharus
** †Cantharus marylandicus
* Canthon
* Capella
** †Capella gallinago
* Carcharhinus
* Carcharias
** †Carcharias hopei
** †Carcharias teretidens
* Carcharodon
** Fossilized tooth of the Miocene-Pliocene shark Cosmopolitodus hastalis, or broad-toothed mako †Carcharodon hastalis
* Carditamera
** †Carditamera arata
* †Caricella
* †Carinorbis
** †Carinorbis dalli
* †Carolinapecten
** †Carolinapecten eboreus
** †Carolinapecten urbannaensis
* †Carolinochelys
** †Carolinochelys wilsoni
* Carphophis
** †Carphophis amoenus
* Carya
* Caryocorbula
** †Caryocorbula caribaea
** †Caryocorbula conradi
** †Caryocorbula contracta
** †Caryocorbula deusseni
* Castor
** †Castor canadensis
* Mounted fossilized skeleton of the Pliocene-Pleistocene giant beaver Castoroides †Castoroides
** †Castoroides ohioensis
* Catharus
* †Catinella
* Catoptrophorus
** †Catoptrophorus semipalmatus
* †Catostomus
* Celtis
** †Celtis occidentalis
* Cerithiopsis
** †Cerithiopsis greenii
* Certhia
** †Certhia familiaris
* †Cervalces – tentative report
** †Cervalces scotti
* Cervus
** †Cervus elaphus
* Cetorhinus
* Life restoration of the Miocene-Pliocene whale Cetotherium †Cetotherium
** †Cetotherium crassangulum – type locality for species
* Chaetura
** †Chaetura pelagica
* Chama
** †Chama congregata
* †Charadrisu
** †Charadrisu vociferus
* Charadrius
** †Charadrius vociferus
* Chelydra
** A living Chelydra serpentina, or common snapping turtle †Chelydra serpentina
* †Chesacardium
** †Chesacardium acutilaqueatum
** †Chesacardium laqueatum
* †Chesaconcavus
** †Chesaconcavus myosulcatus
** †Chesaconcavus proteus
** †Chesaconcavus rossi
** †Chesaconcavus santamaria
* †Chesapactern
** †Chesapactern madisonius
* †Chesapecten
** †Chesapecten clintonius
** †Chesapecten coccymelus
** †Chesapecten edgecombensis
** Shells of the Pliocene scallop Chesapecten jeffersonius †Chesapecten jeffersonius
** †Chesapecten madisonianis
** †Chesapecten madisonius
** †Chesapecten middlesexensis
** †Chesapecten nefrens
** †Chesapecten santamaria
* Chione
** †Chione cancellata
** †Chione cribraria
* Chlamys
** †Chlamys brookvillensis
** †Chlamys choctavensis
** †Chlamys decemaria
** †Chlamys johnsoni
** †Chlamys santamaria
** †Chlamys seabeensis
** †Chlamys vaunwythei – or unidentified comparable form
** †Chlamys wahtubbeana
* †Chordeiles
** A living Chordeiles minor, or common nighthawk †Chordeiles minor
* Cibicides
** †Cibicides lobatulus
* Cingula
** †Cingula norfolkensis
* Circulus
** †Circulus liratus
* Cirsotrema
* Cistothorus
** †Cistothorus platensis – or unidentified comparable form
* Clavus – report made of unidentified related form or using admittedly obsolete nomenclature
** †Clavus eburnea
* †Cleistosphaeridium
** †Cleistosphaeridium placacanthum
* Clethrionomys
** †Clethrionomys gapperi
* Clidiophora
** †Clidiophora crassidens
* A living Cliona sponge Cliona
* Coccyzus
* †Cochliolepsis
* Colaptes
** †Colaptes auratus
* Colinus
** †Colinus virginianus
* Coluber
** †Coluber constrictor
* †Columella
** †Columella simplex
* Shells in differing orientations of Colus whelk sea snails Colus
** †Colus pygmaeus
* Condylura
** †Condylura cristata
** †Condylura crystata
* †Conradostrea
** †Conradostrea sculpturata
* Contopus
** †Contopus virens
* †Contropus
** †Contropus virens
* Conus
** †Conus adversarius
** †Conus deluvianus
** †Conus diluvianus
** †Conus marylandicus
* Shell of a Corbula basket clam Corbula
** †Corbula extenuata
** †Corbula inaequalis
** †Corbula subengota
** †Corbula texana
* †Coronia
* †Corrundinium
* Corvus
** †Corvus brachyrhynchos
* †Corynorynchus
* †Costaglycymeris
** †Costaglycymeris mixoni
** †Costaglycymeris subovata
** †Costaglycymeris virginiae
* Cotonopsis
** †Cotonopsis lafresnayi
* †Coturnipes – or unidentified comparable form
** †Coturnipes cooperi
* †Coupatezia
** †Coupatezia woatersi
* Crassatella
** †Crassatella aquiana – type locality for species
* Crassinella
** †Crassinella lunulata
** †Crassinella minor
* Crassostrea
** †Crassostrea virginica
* Crepidula
** †Crepidula convexa
** †Crepidula dumosa
** †Crepidula fornicata
** †Crepidula plana
** †Crepidula radiata
** †Crepidula spinosium
* Fossil of the Early Cretaceous-Eocene shark Cretolamna †Cretolamna
** †Cretolamna appendiculata
* Cribrilina
** †Cribrilina punctata
* †Cribroperidinium
* Crocodylus
** †Crocodylus antiquus – type locality for species
* Crotalus
** †Crotalus adamanteus – or unidentified comparable form
** †Crotalus horridus
* Crucibulum
** †Crucibulum constrictum
** †Crucibulum costata
** †Crucibulum ramosum
** †Crucibulum striatum
* Cryptobranchus
** A living Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, or hellbender salamander †Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
* †Cryptogramma
** †Cryptogramma acrosticoides
* Cryptosula
** †Cryptosula pallasiana
* Cryptotis
** †Cryptotis parva
* Ctena
** †Ctena speciosa
* †Cubitostrea
** †Cubitostrea divaricata
** †Cubitostrea sellaeformis
* Shell of a Cucullaea, or false ark shell Cucullaea
** †Cucullaea gigantea
** †Cucullaea transversa
* Cumingia
** †Cumingia tellinoides
* †Cuneocorbula
** †Cuneocorbula subengonata
* Cupuladria
** †Cupuladria biporosa
** †Cupuladria owenii
* Cyanocitta
** †Cyanocitta cristata
* Cyclocardia
** †Cyclocardia borealis
** †Cyclocardia granulata
* Fossilized skeleton of the Eocene bony fish Cyclopoma †Cyclopoma
** †Cyclopoma folmeri – type locality for species
* Cyclostremiscus
** †Cyclostremiscus obliquestriatus
* Cylichna
** †Cylichna cylindricus
** †Cylichna cylindrus
** †Cylichna venusta
* †Cylindracanthus
** †Cylindracanthus rectus
* †Cymatogonia
** †Cymatogonia amblyoceros
* Cymatosyrinx
** †Cymatosyrinx lunata
* Fossilized cranium of the Miocene bear-dog Cynelos †Cynelos
** †Cynelos idoneus – or unidentified comparable form
* Cynoscion
* Cyrtopleura
** †Cyrtopleura arcuata
** †Cyrtopleura costata

## D

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* †Dallarca
** †Dallarca carolinensis
** †Dallarca elevata
** †Dallarca idonea
** †Dallarca virginiae
* Dasyatis
* Dasypus
** Fossilized mandible in multiple views of the Pleistocene Dasypus bellus, or beautiful armadillo †Dasypus bellus – or unidentified comparable form
* †Deflandrea
** †Deflandrea phosphoritica
* †Delphineis
** †Delphineis angustata
** †Delphineis biseriata
** †Delphineis novaecaesaraea
** †Delphineis penelliptica
* Dendrocopos
** †Dendrocopos pubescens
** †Dendrocopos villosus
* †Dendrogapus – or unidentified comparable form
** †Dendrogapus canadensis
* †Dendroica – or unidentified comparable form
** A living Setophaga coronata, or yellow-rumped warbler †Dendroica coronata
* Dentalium
** †Dentalium alternatum
** †Dentalium attenuatum
** †Dentalium carolinense
** †Dentalium carolinensis
* †Denticulopsis
** †Denticulopsis hustedtii
* Dentimargo
** †Dentimargo aureocinctus
* Desmognathus
* Diadophis
* Dicaelus
* †Diemichtylus
** †Diemichtylus viridescens
* Dinocardium
** †Dinocardium robustum
* Diodora
** †Diodora auroraensis – or unidentified comparable form
** †Diodora redimicula
* †Diorocetus
** †Diorocetus hiatus
* Mounted fossilized skeleton of the Paleocene-Miocene crocodilian Diplocynodon †Diplocynodon
** †Diplocynodon hantoniensis
* Diplodonta
** †Diplodonta acclinis
** †Diplodonta hopkinsensis
** †Diplodonta leana
** †Diplodonta punctata
** †Diplodonta ungulina
* Discinisca
** †Discinisca lugubris
* †Discoaster
* Discoporella
** †Discoporella umbellata
* Discus
** A living Discus catskillensis land snail, or angular disc †Discus catskillensis
* Divalinga
** †Divalinga quadrisulcata
* †Dolicholatirus
* †Dolichonyx – or unidentified comparable form
** †Dolichonyx oryzivorus
* †Dollochelys – tentative report
* Donax
** †Donax parvula
** †Donax variabilis
* Dosinia
** †Dosinia acetabulm
** †Dosinia acetabulum
** †Dosinia discus
* †Dosiniopsis
** †Dosiniopsis lenticularis
* Dryocopus
** A living Dryocopus pileatus, or pileated woodpecker †Dryocopus pileatus

## E

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* †Eburneopecten
** †Eburneopecten dalli
** †Eburneopecten scintillatus – or unidentified comparable form
* Echinocardium
** †Echinocardium orthonotum
* Echinorhinus
** †Echinorhinus priscus
* †Ecphora
** †Ecphora gardnerae
** †Ecphora kochi
** †Ecphora quadricostata
** †Ecphora tampaensis
* †Ectopistes
** Taxidermied male Ectopistes migratorius, or passenger pigeon †Ectopistes migratorius
* †Egertonia
** †Egertonia isodonta
* Elaphe
** †Elaphe guttata – or unidentified comparable form
** †Elaphe obsoleta – or unidentified comparable form
* Electra
** †Electra monostachys
* Elphidium
** †Elphidium articulatum
** †Elphidium brooklynense
** †Elphidium clavatum
** †Elphidium discoidale
** †Elphidium excavatum
** †Elphidium galvestonense
** †Elphidium gunteri
** †Elphidium incertum
** †Elphidium latispatium
** †Elphidium subarticum
** †Elphidium tumidum
* †Elytrocysta
* †Empidonax
* Ensis
** †Ensis directus
** †Ensis ensiformis
* Life restoration of two of the Miocene baleen whale Eobalaenoptera pursued by the giant shark Carcharocles megalodon †Eobalaenoptera – type locality for genus
** †Eobalaenoptera harrisoni – type locality for species
* Eontia
** †Eontia ponderosa
* †Eopleurotoma – or unidentified comparable form
** †Eopleurotoma harrisi
** †Eopleurotoma potomacensis
* †Eosphargis
** †Eosphargis gigas
** †Eosphargis insularis
* †Eosuchus
** †Eosuchus lerichei
** †Eosuchus minor
* Epitonium
** †Epitonium angulatum
** †Epitonium championi
** †Epitonium humphreysii
** †Epitonium multistriatum
** †Epitonium potomacense
** †Epitonium rupicola
** †Epitonium virginianum
* Eptesicus
** †Eptesicus fuscus
* Equus
** †Equus complicatus
** †Equus fraternus
* Eremophila
** †Eremophila alpestris
* Erethizon
** †Erethizon dorsatum
* Erolia
** †Erolia minutilla
* †Erycinella
** †Erycinella ovalis
* Eschrichtius
** †Eschrichtius leptocentrus – type locality for species
** A living Eschrichtius robustus, or gray whale †Eschrichtius robustus
* Esox
** †Esox americanus – or unidentified comparable form
* †Esthonyx – or unidentified comparable form
* Eucrassatella
* Eulima
** †Eulima dalli
** †Eulima rectiuscula
* †Euloxa
** †Euloxa latisulcata
* Eumeces
** †Eumeces laticeps – or unidentified comparable form
* Eupleura
** †Eupleura caudata
* Life restoration of the Miocene whale Eurhinodelphis (above) †Eurhinodelphis
** †Eurhinodelphis longirostris
* Euspira
** †Euspira heros
** †Euspira marylandica
* Eutamias
** †Eutamias minimus
* Euvola

## F

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* Falco
** A living Falco sparverius, or American kestrel †Falco sparverius
* Felis
** †Felis domesticus
* Ficus
** †Ficus affinis
* †Fisherichthys – type locality for genus
** †Fisherichthys folmeri – type locality for species
* Flabellum
* Fossarus
** †Fossarus lura
** †Fossarus lyra
* Fusinus
** †Fusinus exilis

## G

* A
* B
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* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
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* U
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* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* Gadus
* A living Galeocerdo cuvier, or tiger shark Galeocerdo
** †Galeocerdo aduncus
** †Galeocerdo contortus
** †Galeocerdo latidens
* Galeodea
* Galeorhinus
** †Galeorhinus ypresiensis
* Galerita
** †Galerita bicolor – or unidentified comparable form
* Gallinula
** †Gallinula chloropus
* Gari
* Gastrochaena
* Gastrocopta
** †Gastrocopta armifera
** †Gastrocopta contracta
* Gavia
* Fossilized skull of the Miocene crocodile relative Gavialosuchus †Gavialosuchus
** †Gavialosuchus antiquus
* Gemma
** †Gemma magna
** †Gemma purpurea
* Genota – or unidentified comparable form
** †Genota bellistriata
* Geomys
* Geukensia
** †Geukensia demissa
* Gibbula – tentative report
** †Gibbula glandula
* A living Ginglymostoma nurse shark Ginglymostoma
** †Ginglymostoma africanam
** †Ginglymostoma serra
** †Ginglymostoma subafricanum
* †Glaphyrocysta
* Glaucomys
** †Glaucomys sabrinus
* Globigerina
** †Globigerina apertura
* †Globoquadrina
** †Globoquadrina hirsuta
* Globulina
* Glossus
** †Glossus fraterna
** †Glossus fraternas
** †Glossus marylandica
** †Glossus santamaria
* †Glottidia
** †Glottidia inexpectans
* Fossilized shell of a Glycymeris, or bittersweet clam Glycymeris
** †Glycymeris americana
** †Glycymeris idonea
** †Glycymeris lisbonensis
** †Glycymeris trigonella
** †Glycymeris tumulus – or unidentified comparable form
* †Goniothecium
** †Goniothecium rogersii
* Gouldia
** †Gouldia metastriata
* Granulina
** †Granulina ovuliformis
* Grus
** A living Grus americana, or whooping crane †Grus americana
* †Gryphaeostrea

## H

* A
* B
* C
* D
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* F
* G
* H
* I
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* M
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* O
* P
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* X
* Y
* Z
* †Hadrodelphis – or unidentified comparable form
** †Hadrodelphis calvertense
* †Haldea
* †Halicetus – tentative report
** †Halicetus ignotus
* Halichoerus
** A living Halichoerus grypus, or grey seal †Halichoerus grypus
* Hanzawaia
** †Hanzawaia concentrica
* Hastula
** †Hastula simplex
* Haynesina
** †Haynesina germanica
* Helicodiscus
** †Helicodiscus inermis
** †Helicodiscus jacksoni
** †Helicodiscus parallelus
* Hemimactra
** †Hemimactra confraga
** †Hemimactra solidissima
* A living Hemipristis weasel shark Hemipristis
** †Hemipristis serra
* Hendersonia
** †Hendersonia occulia
** †Hendersonia occulta
* †Heteraulacacysta
* Heterodontus
** †Heterodontus lerichei
* †Heterotorpedo
** †Heterotorpedo fowleri
* Hexanchus
* Hiatella
** †Hiatella arctica
* Hipponix
** †Hipponix pygmaeus
* Hippoporidra
** †Hippoporidra calcarea
* Hippoporina
** †Hippoporina porosa
* Fossilized skull of the Eocene tapir-like mammal Homogalax †Homogalax – or unidentified related form
* Hydrobia
** †Hydrobia truncata
* Hydroides
** †Hydroides dianthus
** †Hydroides diantthus
* Hyla
** †Hyla crucifer – or unidentified comparable form
* Hylocichla
* †Hyopsodus – or unidentified comparable form
* †Hypolophodon
** †Hypolophodon sylvestris
* †Hyposaurus – or unidentified comparable form
* †Hystrichokolpoma

## I

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* †Icterus – or unidentified comparable form
** A living Icterus spurius, or orchard oriole †Icterus spurius
* Ilyanassa
** †Ilyanassa arata
** †Ilyanassa granifera
** †Ilyanassa obsoleta
** †Ilyanassa procina
** †Ilyanassa trivittata
* †Iodes
** †Iodes multireticulata
* Ischadium
** †Ischadium recurvum
* Isistius
** †Isistius trituratus
* †Isognomen
* †Isognommen
* Isognomon
** †Isognomon maxilliata
** †Isognomon maxilliatus
* A living Istiophorus , or sailfish Istiophorus
* Isurus

## J

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
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* R
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* T
* U
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* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* †Jacquhermania
** †Jacquhermania duponti
* Junco
** A living Junco hyemalis, or dark-eyed junco †Junco hyemalis

## K

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
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* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* Kalolophus
** †Kalolophus antillarum
* †Kapalmerella
** †Kapalmerella mortoni
* Life restoration of the Oligocene-Miocene dolphin Kentriodon †Kentriodon
** †Kentriodon pernix
* Kuphus
** †Kuphus calamus
** †Kuphus fistula
* Kurtziella
** †Kurtziella cerina

## L

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* †Laevihastula
** †Laevihastula simplex
* Lagena
* Living Lagopus muta, or rock ptarmigan †Lagopus
** †Lagopus mutus – or unidentified comparable form
* Lamna
** †Lamna obliqua
* Lampropeltis
** †Lampropeltis doliata
* Larus
** †Larus hyperboreus
* Lasiurus
** †Lasiurus borealis
* Latirus
** †Latirus marylandicus
* Lepisosteus
* †Leptomactra
** †Leptomactra delumbis
* †Leptophoca
** †Leptophoca lenis
** †Leptophoca proxima – or unidentified comparable form
* †Leptoxis
** †Leptoxis carinata
* Lepus
** A living Lepus americanus, or snowshoe hare †Lepus americanus
* †Levifusus
** †Levifusus trabeatus
* Libinia
** †Libinia dubia
** †Libinia emarginata
* †Limosa – or unidentified comparable form
* Linga
** †Linga amiantus
* †Lingulodinium
** †Lingulodinium machaerophorum
* †Lirodiscus
** †Lirodiscus virginianus
* †Lirofusus – or unidentified comparable form
* Lirophora
** †Lirophora alveata
** †Lirophora dalli
** †Lirophora latilirata
** †Lirophora vredenburgi
* †Lirosoma
** †Lirosoma sulcata
** †Lirosoma sulcosa
* Litiopa
** †Litiopa marylandica
* Littoraria
** †Littoraria irrorata
* Lontra
** Pair of living Lontra canadensis, or North American river otter †Lontra canadensis
* Lophius
** †Lophius sagittidens
* †Lophocysta – tentative report
* Lophodytes
** †Lophodytes cucullatus
* Lopholatilus
* Loxia
* Lucina
** †Lucina aquiana – type locality for species
** †Lucina divaricata
** †Lucina pomilia
** †Lucina squamata
* Lucinisca
** †Lucinisca cribarius
* Lucinoma
** †Lucinoma contracta
* Lunatia
** †Lunatia interna
* †Lutianus
* Lydiphnis
** †Lydiphnis novicastri
* Lymnaea
** †Lymnaea catascopium
* Lynx
** A living Lynx rufus, or bobcat †Lynx rufus – or unidentified comparable form
* Lyonsia
** †Lyonsia hyalina

## M

* A
* B
* C
* D
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* F
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* H
* I
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* K
* L
* M
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* O
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* X
* Y
* Z
* Macoma
** Shell of a Limecola balthica, or Baltic clam †Macoma balthica
** †Macoma calcarea
** †Macoma constricta
** †Macoma tenta
* Macrocallista
** †Macrocallista reposta
** †Macrocallista subimpressa
* Mactrodesma
** †Mactrodesma subponderosa
* †Mactropsis
** †Mactropsis olssoni
* Makaira
** †Makaira nigricans – or unidentified comparable form
* †Mammut
** †Mammut americaneum
** †Mammut americanum
* †Mammuthus
** †Mammuthus columbi
** Life restorations of a Mammut americanum, or American mastodon (right), and a Mammuthus primigenius, or wooly mammoth (left) †Mammuthus primigenius
* Marevalvata
** †Marevalvata tricarinata
* †Margaritaria
** †Margaritaria abrupta
* Marginella
** †Marginella bella
** †Marginella denticulata
* †Mariacolpus
** †Mariacolpus plebeia
* †Mariafusus
** †Mariafusus marylandica
* Marmota
** A living Marmota monax, or groundhog †Marmota monax
* †Marvacrassatella
** †Marvacrassatella cyclopterus
** †Marvacrassatella marylandica
** †Marvacrassatella surryensis
** †Marvacrassatella turgidula
** †Marvacrassatella undulata
** †Marvacrassatella undulatus
** †Marvacrassatella urbannaensis
** †Marvacrassatella urbannensis
* Massilina
* Masticophis
** †Masticophis flagellum
* †Mclelannia
** †Mclelannia aenigma
* Megaceryle
** †Megaceryle alcyon
* Mounted fossilized skeleton of the Miocene-Pleistocene ground sloth Megalonyx †Megalonyx
** †Megalonyx jeffersonii
* Megalops
* Megaptera
** †Megaptera expansa
* Melanerpes
** †Melanerpes carolinus
** †Melanerpes erythrocephalus
* Meleagris
** †Meleagris gallopavo
* Mellita
** †Mellita aclinensis
** †Mellita aclinus
* Melospiza
** †Melospiza melodia
* Membranipora
** †Membranipora tenuis
* Membraniporella
** †Membraniporella petasus – or unidentified comparable form
* Mephitis
** †Mephitis mephitis
* Mercenaria
** †Mercenaria campechiensis
** †Mercenaria capax
** †Mercenaria corrugata
** †Mercenaria cuneata
** †Mercenaria druidi
** †Mercenaria inflata
** Collection of Mercenaria mercenaria, also known as hard clams or quahogs †Mercenaria mercenaria
** †Mercenaria tetrica
* Mergus
* †Meridiania
** †Meridiania conyexa
* †Merychippus
* †Mesocetus
** †Mesocetus pusillus
** †Mesocetus siphunculus – type locality for species
* Mesoplodon
** †Mesoplodon longirostris – or unidentified comparable form
* †Mesorhytis – tentative report
** †Mesorhytis pomonkensis
* Mounted fossilized skeleton of the Miocene-Pleistocene manatee relative Metaxytherium †Metaxytherium
** †Metaxytherium crataegense
** †Metaxytherium cratagense
* †Metopocetus – type locality for genus
** †Metopocetus durinasus – type locality for species
* Microporella
** †Microporella ciliata
* Microtus
** †Microtus chrotorrhinus
** †Microtus ochrogaster
** †Microtus pennsylvanicus
** A living Microtus pinetorum, or woodland vole †Microtus pinetorum
** †Microtus xanthognathus
** †Microtus zanthognathus
* Mictomys
** †Mictomys borealis
* Miltha
** †Miltha aquiana
* †Miocepphus
** †Miocepphus blowi – type locality for species
** †Miocepphus bohaskai
** †Miocepphus mcclungi
* Mitrella
** †Mitrella communius
* Modiolus
** †Modiolus ducateli
** †Modiolus squamosus
* Mola
* Molothrus
** A living Molothrus ater, or brown-headed cowbird †Molothrus ater
* †Monotherium
** †Monotherium wymani
* Morus
** †Morus bassanus
* †Moxostoma
* Mulinia
** †Mulinia congesta
** †Mulinia congregata
** †Mulinia lateralis
* †Multiporina
** †Multiporina cornuta
* Musculus
** †Musculus lateralis
** †Musculus virginica
* Mustela
** †Mustela americana
** †Mustela nivalis
** †Mustela richardsonii
* †Mya
** †Mya arenaria
** †Mya wilsoni – tentative report
* Myliobatis
** †Myliobatis dixoni
** †Myliobatis latidens
** †Myliobatis striatus
* Fossilized skeleton of the Pliocene-Holocene peccary Mylohyus †Mylohyus
** †Mylohyus fossilis
* Myochama
* Myotis
** †Myotis grisescens
** †Myotis keenii
** †Myotis lucifugus
* Myriophyllum
* Myrtea – tentative report
** †Myrtea curta – or unidentified comparable form
** †Myrtea uhleri
* Mytilus
** †Mytilus edulis

## N

* A
* B
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* F
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* H
* I
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* M
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* O
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* †Nannaria
* †Nanogyra
** †Nanogyra virgula
* Napaeozapus
** †Napaeozapus insignis
* †Napeozapus
** †Napeozapus insignis
* A living Nassarius, or nassa mud snail Nassarius
** †Nassarius marylandica
** †Nassarius peralta
* Naticarius
* Natrix
* Nebrius
** †Nebrius thielensis
* Negaprion
* Nemocardium
* Neofiber
** †Neofiber leonardi
* †Neopanope
** †Neopanope texana
* Neogale
** †Neogale frenata
** †Neogale vison
* Neotoma
** Close-up of a Neotoma floridana, or eastern woodrat †Neotoma floridana
* Nerodia
** †Nerodia sipedon
* Neverita
** †Neverita duplicatus
* †Ninoziphius
** †Ninoziphius platyrostris – or unidentified comparable form
* †Nipa – or unidentified comparable form
** †Nipa burtini
* Niso
* †Nocomis
** A living Nocomis raneyi, or bull chub †Nocomis raneyi – or unidentified comparable form
* Noetia
** †Noetia incile
* Nonion
* Nonionella
** †Nonionella atlantica
* Notidanus
** †Notidanus primigenius
* Notophthalmus
** †Notophthalmus viridescens – or unidentified comparable form
* Notorhynchus
* Close-up portrait of a living Notorynchus cepedianus, or broadnose sevengill shark Notorynchus
** †Notorynchus cepidianus
* †Noturus
* Nucula
** †Nucula ovula
** †Nucula proxima
** †Nucula taphria
* Nuculana
** †Nuculana acuta
** †Nuculana cliftonensis
** †Nuculana coelatella
** †Nuculana cultelliformis
** †Nuculana improcera
* †Nyssa
** †Nyssa sylavtica

## O

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
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* T
* U
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* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* Ochotona
* Ocypode
* Odobenus
** †Odobenus rosmarus
* Odocoileus
** †Odocoileus virginianus
* Odontaspis
** †Odontaspis macrota
** †Odontaspis winkleri
* Illustration of a fossilized partial skull of the Paleocene-Eocene pseudo-toothed bird Odontopteryx †Odontopteryx – tentative report
* Odostomia
* Oliva
** †Oliva canaliculata
** †Oliva carolinae
** †Oliva sayana
* Olivella
** †Olivella mutica
* Ondatra
** †Ondatra zibethicus
* Onthophagus
** †Onthophagus janus – or unidentified comparable form
* †Ontocetus – type locality for genus
** †Ontocetus emmonsi – type locality for species
* †Operculodinium
* Opheodrys
* †Opsanus
* Orthoyoldia
** †Orthoyoldia psammotaea
* Life restoration of the Miocene sperm whale Orycterocetus †Orycterocetus
** †Orycterocetus crocodilinus – type locality for species
* †Osteopygis
** †Osteopygis roundsi – type locality for species
* †Ostracion
** †Ostracion meretrix
* Ostrea
** †Ostrea alepidota
** †Ostrea compressirostra
** †Ostrea raveneliana
** †Ostrea sinuosa
* †Otodus
** Diagram illustrating the largest (grey) and most conservative (red) size estimates of the Miocene-Pliocene shark Carcharocles megalodon (sometimes Carcharodon or Otodus megalodon) with a whale shark (violet), great white shark (green), and anachronistic human (black) to scale †Otodus megalodon
* Otus
** †Otus asio
* †Oxyrhina
** †Oxyrhina retroflexa
* †Oxyura
** †Oxyura jamaicensis

## P

* A
* B
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* F
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* I
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* L
* M
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* O
* P
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* T
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* Z
* †Pachecoa
** †Pachecoa decisa – or unidentified comparable form
** †Pachecoa ellipsis
* †Pachygaleus
** †Pachygaleus lefevrei
* †Palaeocystodinium
** †Palaeocystodinium golzowense
* †Palaeogaleus
** †Palaeogaleus vincenti
* †Palaeohypotodus
** †Palaeohypotodus ratoti
* Restoration of the Cretaceous-Eocene sea snake Palaeophis †Palaeophis
** †Palaeophis casei
** †Palaeophis grandis
** †Palaeophis toliapicus
** †Palaeophis virginianus – type locality for species
* †Palaeorhincodon
** †Palaeorhincodon wardi
* †Palaeosinopa – or unidentified comparable form
* Pandora
** †Pandora arenosa
** †Pandora gouldiana
** †Pandora trilineata
* Panopea
** †Panopea elongata
** †Panopea goldfussi
** †Panopea goldfussii
** †Panopea reflexa
* Panopeus
** †Panopeus herbstii
* Panthera
** A living Panthera leo, or lion †Panthera leo
* Paraconcavus
** †Paraconcavus neusensis
** †Paraconcavus prebrevicalcar
* †Paralbula
** †Paralbula marylandica
* †Paramya
** †Paramya subovata
* Parascalops
** †Parascalops breweri
* Life restoration of the Miocene baleen whale Parietobalaena and calf †Parietobalaena
** †Parietobalaena palmeri
* †Parophisaurus
** †Parophisaurus mccloskeyi – type locality for species
* Parus
** †Parus bicolor
* Parvanachis
** †Parvanachis obesa
* Parvilucina
** †Parvilucina crenulata
** †Parvilucina multilineatus
** †Parvilucina multistriata
* Passerella
** A living Passerella iliaca, or fox sparrow †Passerella iliaca
* Pecten
** †Pecten humphreysii
** †Pecten marylandica
** †Pecten perplanus
** †Pecten seabeensis
* †Pedalion
** †Pedalion maxillatum
* Pedioecetes
** †Pedioecetes phasianellus
* Pekania
** †Pekania pennanti – or unidentified comparable form
* Life restoration of the Oligocene-Pleistocene false-toothed bird Pelagornis †Pelagornis
* †Pelocetus
** †Pelocetus calvertensis
* †Pentadinium
** †Pentadinium goniferum
** †Pentadinium laticinctum
* †Peradectes
** †Peradectes guottai – type locality for species
* †Perimyotis
** †Perimyotis subflavus
* Periploma
** †Periploma leanum
* Perisoreus
** A living Perisoreus canadensis, or grey jay †Perisoreus canadensis
* †Perisorus
** †Perisorus canadensis
* Peristernia
** †Peristernia filicata
* Peromyscus
** †Peromyscus leucopus
** †Peromyscus maniculatus
* Petaloconchus
** †Petaloconchus graniferus
** †Petaloconchus virginica
* †Petriathyris
* Petricola
** †Petricola pholadiformis
* Petrochelidon
** †Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
* †Petrocheliodon
** †Petrocheliodon pyrrhonota
* †Phalacrocoras
** †Phalacrocoras auritus
* Phalacrocorax
** A living Phalacrocorax auritus, or double-crested cormorant †Phalacrocorax auritus
* †Phenacomya
** †Phenacomya petrosa
* Phenacomys
** †Phenacomys intermedius
** †Phenacomys ungava – or unidentified comparable form
* †Phocageneus – type locality for genus
** †Phocageneus venustus – type locality for species
* Pholadomya
** †Pholadomya marylandica
* Pholas
** †Pholas petrosa – tentative report
* Phyllodus
** †Phyllodus toliapicus
* Physa
** †Physa heterostropha
* †Physogaleus
** †Physogaleus contortus
** †Physogaleus secundas
* †Phytolacca
** †Phytolacca decandra
* Pica
** †Pica pica
* Picea
* †Pinguinus
** Taxidermied specimen of Pinguinus impennis, or the great auk †Pinguinus impennis
* Pinicola – or unidentified comparable form
** †Pinicola enucleator
* †Pinquinus
** †Pinquinus impennis
* Pinus
* †Pipestrellus
** †Pipestrellus subflavus
* Pipistrellus
** †Pipistrellus subflavus
* Piranga
* Pisania
** †Pisania nux
* Pisidium
** †Pisidium dubium
* †Pisodus
** †Pisodus oweni
* Pitar
** †Pitar eversus
** †Pitar morrhuanus
** †Pitar ovatus
** †Pitar pyga
* Placopecten
** †Placopecten clintonius
** †Placopecten princepoides
* †Plagiarca
** †Plagiarca rhomboidella
* Restoration of a herd of alarmed Miocene-Pleistocene peccaries of the genus Platygonus. Charles R. Knight (1922). †Platygonus
** †Platygonus compressus
** †Platygonus vetus
* Plecotus
** †Plecotus townsendii – or unidentified comparable form
* †Pleiorytis
** †Pleiorytis centenaria
* Pleuromeris
** †Pleuromeris tridentata
* Plicatula
** †Plicatula filamentosa
** †Plicatula gibbosa
* Pluvialis
** †Pluvialis dominica
* Podiceps
** A living Podiceps auritus, or horned grebe †Podiceps auritus
* Podilymbus
** †Podilymbus podiceps
* Pogonias
** †Pogonias multidentatus – type locality for species
* Polinices
** †Polinices aratus
* Polydora
* Polygonum
* †Pomatiopsis
** †Pomatiopsis lapidaria
* †Pooecetes
** †Pooecetes gramineus
* Poroeponides
** †Poroeponides lateralis
** †Poroeponides repanda – or unidentified comparable form
* Porzana
** †Porzana carolina
* †Potamogeton
* †Premontria
** †Premontria degremonti
* †Prionodon
** †Prionodon egertoni
* Prionotus
* †Priscoficus
** †Priscoficus arguta
* Pristis
** †Pristis brachyodon – type locality for species
** †Pristis luthami
* †Procamelus – or unidentified comparable form
* †Procolpochelys
** †Procolpochelys charlestonensis
** †Procolpochelys grandaeva
* Procyon
** †Procyon lotor
* †Prolates
** †Prolates dormaalensis
* †Pronum
** †Pronum roscidum
* †Propristis
** †Propristis schweinfurthi
* †Prosthennops – report made of unidentified related form or using admittedly obsolete nomenclature
** †Prosthennops xiphidonticus
* †Protautoga
** †Protautoga conidens
* †Protelphidium
** †Protelphidium tisburyense
* Prunum
** †Prunum limatulum
** †Prunum roscidum
* Psammechinus
** †Psammechinus philanthopus
** †Psammechinus philanthropus
* Hypothetical restoration of the Oligocene-Pliocene sea turtle Psephophorus †Psephophorus
* Pseudochama
** †Pseudochama corticosa
** †Pseudochama corticosta
* Pseudoliva
** †Pseudoliva santander
** †Pseudoliva vetusta
* Pseudopolymorphina
** †Pseudopolymorphina novangliae – or unidentified comparable form
* Pseudotorinia
** †Pseudotorinia nupera
** †Pseudotorinia nuperum
* Pteria
** †Pteria colymbus
** †Pteria limula – tentative report
* Pteromeris
** †Pteromeris tridentata
* Pteromylaeus
* †Ptychosalpinx
** †Ptychosalpinx fossulata
** †Ptychosalpinx laqueata
** †Ptychosalpinx multirugata
** †Ptychosalpinx tuomeyi
* Pulvinites
** †Pulvinites lawrencei
* †Puppigerus
** †Puppigerus camperi
* Pycnodonte
* Fossilized skeleton of the Late Cretaceous-Eocene bony fish Pycnodus Pycnodus
* †Pyropsis

## Q

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* A living Quercus, or oak tree Quercus
* Quinqueloculina
** †Quinqueloculina compta
** †Quinqueloculina jugosa
** †Quinqueloculina lamarckiana
** †Quinqueloculina lamarkiana
** †Quinqueloculina microcosta
** †Quinqueloculina peyana
** †Quinqueloculina poeyana
** †Quinqueloculina seminula

## R

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* Raeta
** †Raeta plicatella
* Raja
* Rallus
** †Rallus limicola
* †Rana
** †Rana catesbiana – lapsus calami of Rana catesbeiana
** †Rana clamitans – or unidentified comparable form
** †Rana palustris
** †Rana pipiens
** †Rana sylvatica – or unidentified comparable form
* Rangia
** †Rangia clathrodon
** †Rangia cuneata
* Rangifer
** A living Rangifer tarandus, or reindeer †Rangifer tarandus
* Ranzania
** †Ranzania grahami – type locality for species
** †Ranzania tenneyorum – type locality for species
* †Raphoneis
** †Raphoneis amphiceros
** †Raphoneis lancettula
** †Raphoneis scutula
* †Rebeccapecten
** †Rebeccapecten berryae
* Reticulofenestra
* †Retinella
** †Retinella electrina
** †Retinella virginica
* Retusa
** †Retusa obtusa
* †Rhabdosteus
* †Rhaphoneis
** †Rhaphoneis gemmifera
** †Rhaphoneis parilis
* †Rhegnopsis
** †Rhegnopsis palaeatlantica – type locality for species
* Rhinobatos
** †Rhinobatos bruxelliensis
* A school of living Rhinoptera, or cownose rays Rhinoptera
** †Rhinoptera sherboni
* Rosalina
** †Rosalina columbiensis
** †Rosalina floridana
* Rostellaria
* †Rudiscala

## S

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
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* L
* M
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* P
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* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* Saccella
** †Saccella catasarca – or unidentified comparable form
** †Saccella concentrica
** †Saccella parva
* †Samlandia
* †Sanganoma
* †Sarda
** †Sarda delheidi
* Sayornis
** A living Sayornis phoebe, or eastern phoebe †Sayornis phoebe
* †Scala
** †Scala virginiana – type locality for species
* †Scalaspira – report made of unidentified related form or using admittedly obsolete nomenclature
** †Scalaspira strumosa
* Scalopus
** †Scalopus aquaticus
* Scaphella
* Scaphiopus
** †Scaphiopus holbrooki
* Sceloporus
** †Sceloporus undulatus
* †Sceptrum
** †Sceptrum marylandicum
* Fossilized skull of the Miocene toothed whale Schizodelphis †Schizodelphis
** †Schizodelphis barnesi
** †Schizodelphis sulcatus
* Schizoporella
** †Schizoporella errata
* Sciaenops
** †Sciaenops ocellatus
* †Sciaenurus – or unidentified comparable form
** †Sciaenurus bowerbanki
* Sciuropterus
** †Sciuropterus volans
* Sciurus
** A living Sciurus carolinensis, or eastern gray squirrel †Sciurus carolinensis
* Scolopax
** †Scolopax minor
* Scomberomorus
** †Scomberomorus bleekeri
* †Scombrinus
* Scyliorhinus
** †Scyliorhinus gilberti
* Seila
** †Seila adamsii
* †Seiurus
* Semele
** †Semele bellastriata
** †Semele purpurascens – or unidentified comparable form
** †Semele subovata
* †Semotilus
** †Semotilus corporalis – or unidentified comparable form
* Serpulorbis
** †Serpulorbis granifera
** †Serpulorbis granulifera
* Fossilized teeth of the Cretaceous-Eocene shark Serratolamna †Serratolamna
** †Serratolamna aschersoni
** †Serratolamna lerichei
* †Sialia – or unidentified comparable form
** †Sialia sialis
* Sinum
** †Sinum fragilis
* †Siphonocetus
** †Siphonocetus priscus – type locality for species
* Sitta
** †Sitta canadensis
* †Solarium
* Solemya
** †Solemya velum
* Solen
* Solenosteira
** †Solenosteira cancellaria
* Sorex
** †Sorex arcticus
** †Sorex cinereus
** †Sorex dispar
** †Sorex fumeus
** †Sorex hoyi
** A living Sorex palustris, or American water shrew †Sorex palustris
* †Spatangus
** †Spatangus glenni
* Spermophilus
** †Spermophilus tridecemlineatus
* Sphaerium
** †Sphaerium striatinum
* †Sphaeroidinellopsis
** †Sphaeroidinellopsis subdehiscens
* Sphenia
** †Sphenia dubia
* Sphyraena
** †Sphyraena bognorensis
* †Sphyrapicus
** †Sphyrapicus varius
* A living Sphyrna hammerhead shark Sphyrna
* Spilogale
** †Spilogale putorius
* †Spirodon
** †Spirodon carinata
* Spisula
** †Spisula modicella
** †Spisula parilis
** †Spisula praetenuis
** †Spisula rappahannockensis
* Life restoration of the Oligocene-Miocene shark-toothed dolphin Squalodon †Squalodon
** †Squalodon calvertensis
** †Squalodon protervus – or unidentified comparable form
** †Squalodon whitmorei – type locality for species
* Squalus
** †Squalus crenatidens
* Squatina
** †Squatina prima
* †Stenotrema
** †Stenotrema fraternum
** †Stenotrema hirsutum
* †Stephanopyxis
** †Stephanopyxis grunowii
* Stewartia
** †Stewartia anodonta
* Storeria
* †Strepsidura
** †Strepsidura perlatus
* †Streptochetus – or unidentified comparable form
** †Streptochetus potomacensis
* Striarca
** †Striarca centenaria
** †Striarca centernaria
* Fossilized teeth of the Paleocene-Miocene sandshark Striatolamia †Striatolamia
** †Striatolamia macrota
* Strioterebrum
** †Strioterebrum carolinensis
** †Strioterebrum concava
** †Strioterebrum dislocatum
* Strobilops
** †Strobilops labyrinthica
* Strombiformis
* Sturnella – or unidentified comparable form
* †Sullivanichthys – type locality for genus
** †Sullivanichthys mccloskeyi – type locality for species
* †Sumbos
** †Sumbos cavifrons
* Surculites
* Sveltia – or unidentified comparable form
* †Syllomus
** †Syllomus aegyptiacus – type locality for species
** †Syllomus crispatus
* Sylvilagus
** A living Sylvilagus transitionalis, or New England cottontail †Sylvilagus transitionalis
* Symplocos
** †Symplocos grimsleyi
* Synaptomys
** †Synaptomys cooperi
** †Synaptomys corealis

## T

* A
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* F
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* H
* I
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* L
* M
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* O
* P
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* X
* Y
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* Tagelus
** †Tagelus plebeius
* Tamias
** †Tamias striatus
* †Tamiasciurius
** †Tamiasciurius hudsonicus
* Tamiasciurus
** †Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
** †Tamiasciurus tenuidens – or unidentified comparable form
* A living Tapirus, or tapir Tapirus
** †Tapirus veroensis
* Tautoga
** †Tautoga onitis
* †Tectatodinium
** †Tectatodinium pellitum
* Tectonatica
** †Tectonatica pusilla
* Teinostoma
** †Teinostoma harrisi
** †Teinostoma umbilicatum
* Shell of a Tellina, or tellin Tellina
** †Tellina declivis
** †Tellina leana
** †Tellina propetenella
** †Tellina virginiana – type locality for species
** †Tellina williamsi
* †Teratichthys
** †Teratichthys antiquitatus
* Terebra
* Teredo
** †Teredo virginiana
* Terrapene
** †Terrapene carolina
* Textularia
* †Thalassiphora
** †Thalassiphora pelagica
* Thamnophis
** †Thamnophis sirtalis
* Fossilized skeleton of the Oligocene-Miocene gavial relative Thecachampsa †Thecachampsa
** †Thecachampsa antiqua
** †Thecachampsa antiquua
* †Thinocetus – type locality for genus
** †Thinocetus arthritus – type locality for species
* †Thoracosaurus
** †Thoracosaurus neocesariensis
* Thracia
* †Thuja
** †Thuja occidentalis
* A school of living Thunnus, or tunas Thunnus
* Tilia
* Tinospora
** †Tinospora folmerii
* Torcula
** †Torcula variabilis
* †Tornatellaea
* Toxostoma
** †Toxostoma rufum
* Transennella
** †Transennella carolinensis
* †Tretosphys
* Triakis
** †Triakis wardi
* Trigonostoma
* Tringa – or unidentified comparable form
** †Tringa solitaria
* †Triodopsis
** †Triodopsis albolabris
** †Triodopsis burchi
** †Triodopsis juxtidens
** A living Triodopsis tridentata land snail, or northern threetooth †Triodopsis tridentata
** †Triodopsis vulgata
* Triphora
* †Triphotrocha
** †Triphotrocha comprinata – or unidentified comparable form
* Trochita
** †Trochita aperta
** †Trochita trochiformis
* Trochocyathus
** †Trochocyathus mitratus
* Trox
* †Tsuga
** †Tsuga canadensis – or unidentified comparable form
* Tucetona
** †Tucetona pectinata
* Tudicla – or unidentified comparable form
* †Turbinolia
** †Turbinolia acuticostata
* †Turbiosphaera – tentative report
* Turbonilla
** †Turbonilla interrupta
** †Turbonilla potomacensis
* †Turborotalia – report made of unidentified related form or using admittedly obsolete nomenclature
** †Turborotalia acostaensis
* Turdus
** †Turdus migratorius
* Fossilized shells of the Late Jurassic-modern tower snail Turritella Turritella
** †Turritella alticostata
** †Turritella humerosa
** †Turritella invariabilis
** †Turritella nasuta
** †Turritella pilsbryi
** †Turritella potomacensis
** †Turritella praecincta
** †Turritella subvariabilis

## U

* A
* B
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* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
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* U
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* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* Uria
** A pair of living Uria aalge, or common murre †Uria aalge
* Urosalpinx
** †Urosalpinx cinera
** †Urosalpinx cinerea
** †Urosalpinx phrikina
** †Urosalpinx rusticus
** †Urosalpinx subrusticus
** †Urosalpinx trossulus
* Ursus
** †Ursus americanus

## V

* A
* B
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* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
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* L
* M
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* O
* P
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* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* Vallonia
** †Vallonia costata
* Valvata
* Venericardia
** †Venericardia densata
** †Venericardia planicosta
** †Venericardia potapacoensis
** †Venericardia regia
* Vermetus
* Vertigo
** †Vertigo gouldi
** †Vertigo tridentata
* Vitis
* Vitrinella
** †Vitrinella virginiensis
* †Vokesinotus
** †Vokesinotus lepidotus
* Fossilized skeleton of the Eocene bony fish Voltaconger †Voltaconger
** †Voltaconger latispinus
* Voluta
** †Voluta mutabilis
* Volutifusus
** †Volutifusus obtusa
* Vulpes

## W

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
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* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
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* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* †Wetherellia
** †Wetherellia marylandica
* †Wetzeliella

## X

* A
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* D
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* F
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* H
* I
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* L
* M
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* O
* P
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* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* Xenophora
* Fossilized skeleton of the Miocene whale Xiphiacetus †Xiphiacetus
** †Xiphiacetus bossi – type locality for species
** †Xiphiacetus cristatus – type locality for species

## Y

* A
* B
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* D
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* F
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* H
* I
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* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
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* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* Yoldia
** †Yoldia laevis
** Illustration of the shell of a Yoldia limatula, or file yoldia †Yoldia limatula
** †Yoldia potomacensis

## Z

* A
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* D
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* F
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* I
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* M
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* O
* P
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* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* Zapus
** †Zapus hudsonius
* †Zarhachis
* Zonotrichia
** A living Zonotrichia albicollis, or white-throated sparrow †Zonotrichia albicollis