OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Yung Krall

Yung Krall (Vietnamese: Đặng Mỹ Dung; 1946-2023) is an American former spy born in Vietnam. Her autobiography, A Thousand Tears Falling, recounts her life growing up in the midst of the Vietnam War, as well as her life in America as a spy for the CIA, FBI, and NSA.
She is the mother of actor and comedian Lance Krall.

## Biography

Yung Krall was born Đặng Mỹ Dung in 1946 near Cần Thơ in Vietnam during the French administration of the Indochine colony, and lived there during the Anti-French Resistance War. She was nine years old at the signing of the Geneva Conference, which divided Vietnam into North and South Vietnam. Yung's mother chose to remain in South Vietnam to raise her children while her husband joined the Communist cause in the North with the NLF, eventually becoming Hanoi's ambassador to the U.S.S.R. Krall's father remained in the North for the greater part of her upbringing.
Krall gained employment working for American vendors on a U.S. Navy base near Saigon where she met Lt. John Krall, a U.S. Navy pilot, whom she later married. The two of them moved to the United States.
Using her background as a native Vietnamese, she worked with the CIA and FBI to bring down a communist Vietnamese subgroup and recruit members in the U.S. and Europe. She played a role in the capture and conviction of North Vietnamese spies Ronald Humphrey and David Truong.
# Counterfeit banknote detection pen

A counterfeit banknote detection pen is a pen used to apply an iodine-based ink to banknotes in an attempt to determine their authenticity. The ink reacts with starch in wood-based paper to create a black or blue mark but the paper in a real bill contains no starch, so the pen mark remains unchanged.

## Background

Counterfeit banknote detection pens are used to detect counterfeit Swiss franc, euro and United States banknotes, amongst others. Typically, genuine banknotes are printed on paper based on cotton fibers and do not contain the starches that are reactive with iodine. When the pen is used to mark genuine bills, the mark is yellowish or colourless.
Such pens are most effective against counterfeit notes printed on a standard printer or photocopier paper. The chemical properties of US banknotes printed before 1960 make marking pens useless, resulting in false positives. One example of this complication taking place happened in 2016, in which a 13-year-old student was arrested by police after she attempted to pay for lunch with a red seal Series 1953 $2 bill after the school's counterfeit pen was unable to prove its authenticity.

## Reception

Pen manufacturers claim such pens will detect a great majority of counterfeit bills and are an easy counterfeit detection method that does not require expensive gadgets.

### Critical reception

Critics suggest the effectiveness is much lower. Critics claim that professional counterfeiters use starch-free paper, making the pen unable to detect the majority of counterfeit money in circulation. Magician and skeptic James Randi has written about the ineffectiveness of counterfeit pens on numerous occasions and uses a pen as an example during his lectures. Randi claims to have contacted a United States Secret Service inspector and asked whether the pen works as advertised, to which the inspector replied "it is not dependable." The Secret Service does not include such pens in their guidelines for the public's detection of counterfeit US currency.
US counterfeiters bleach small denominations and print more valuable bills on the resulting blank paper to evade this test, although changes to the currency since 2004 have made this method easier to detect. This is one reason that many currencies use different sized notes for different denominations.

#### False positives

The effectiveness of the pens may be affected by external methods. Simply having a banknote pass through laundry, depending on the soaps and bleaches used, can cause a bill to fail the test when it is otherwise accepted. Additionally, it was discovered that treating a counterfeit note with a dilute solution of vitamin C will cause a false negative: that is, it will respond to the iodine-based ink as though it were made of the same paper as a valid banknote.
# Frank Gillis

Frank J. Gillis (20 August 1914 – 17 September 1999) was an American jazz pianist, ethnomusicologist and bibliographer.

## Life and work

Gillis was born in Toronto on 20 August 1914. He grew up in Detroit and began his musical studies learning the violin. It was not until age 17 that he began studying piano. From the mid-1930s into the 1940s, he played in the local Ash Trumpet Club with traditional jazz musicians including Bobby Hackett, Red Nichols, Jack Teagarden and Doc Cenardo. After earning his bachelor's degree from Wayne State University, he studied musicology (specializing in ethnomusicology) at Columbia University in New York City. He went on to earn a Master of Library Science from the University of Minnesota.
During the 1950s and 1960s, Gillis played piano regularly with Doc Evans and can be heard on some Evans albums. After that, he led the Superior Jazz Band. Gillis worked for 25 years in the Archives of Traditional Music at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana. First as Associate Director from 1964 to 1977 and then as Director from 1977 to 1981. During his tenure, he was responsible for the acquisition of a large collection of Shellac Discs, supervised students, gave concerts in Bloomington with the Faculty Five, and taught Jazz and Jazz research at the university.
Gillis was also (co-)author of several musicological bibliographies, he was the President of the Society for Ethnomusicology from 1973 to 1975, and from 1966 until 1970 he was the editor of the journal Ethnomusicology, for which he wrote numerous original bibliographical articles including discographies and filmographies. He also published the documentary album and book, Indiana Ragtime, on which he is featured as a pianist. Additionally, he worked on the publication of jazz trumpeter Lee Collins's memoirs.
He died in Grand Marais, Minnesota on 17 September 1999.

## Publications

* Frank Gillis, Minnesota Music in the Nineteenth Century: A Guide to Sources and Resources (1958)
* Frank Gillis & Alan P. Merriam, Ethnomusicology and Folk Music: An International Bibliography of Dissertations and Theses (1966)
* Frank Gillis & Neil V. Rosenberg, Catalog of Indian Folk Music and Folklore (1970)
* Frank Gillis & Ruth M. Stone, African Music and Oral Data: A Catalog of Field Recordings, 1902–1975 (1976)
* John Edward Hasse & Frank Gillis: Indiana Ragtime. A Documentary Album / The Radiant Rag. Indianapolis, Indiana Historical Society. 1981
* Lee Collins: Oh Didn't He Ramble – The Life Story of Lee Collins as Told to Mary Collins. Edited by Frank J. Gillis and John W. Miner. Urbana, Chicago, London. University of Illinois Press. 1974.
# Carapacha Formation

The Carapacha Formation is a geological formation of the Sierra de Calencó, Carapacha Basin of La Pampa Province, Argentina whose strata date back to the Artinskian to Wuchiapingian of the Permian. The formation comprises two members, the lower Calencó member, named after the eponymous mountain range, and the Urre-Lauquen member, named after the Urre-Lauquen Lake bordering the range to the north.
The members are separated by an unconformity and represent a lacustrine (Calencó) and fluvial-dominated depositional environment. Ichnofossils of several groups of Permian reptiles and amphibians as well as flora have been retrieved from the formation. Traces on especially the Glossopteris leaves have been interpreted as suction tracks by arthropods.

## Description

The Carapacha Basin is considered to be a continental half-graben of Permian age located in southern La Pampa province, central Argentina, between approximately 37° 30' to 38° 40' S and 65° 40' to 66° 20' W. The basin filling is about 630 metres (2,070 ft) thick and entirely composed of the Carapacha Formation. The base of the formation cannot be observed and is covered and intruded by Permian-Triassic volcanic rocks of the Choiyoi Group.
The Carapacha Formation comprises red and gray arkosic or lithic sandstones, mudstones and rare conglomerates. The formation has been subdivided into two members, separated by an unconformity; the lower Calencó Member and the upper Urre-Lauquen Member. The lower member was deposited in a lacustrine environment, while braided fluvial environments dominate the upper member.

## Fossil content

The following fossils were reported from the formation:
* Ichnofossils
** Batrachichnus salamandroides
** Hyloidichnus bifurcatus
** Characichnos sp.
** cf. Amphisauropus sp.
** cf. Varanopus sp.
* Flora
** Cordaites sp.
** Dictyopteridium sp.
** Gangamopteris sp.
** Glossopteris sp.
** Neomariopteris sp.
** Paracalamites sp.
** Pecopteris sp.
** Phyllotheca sp.
# Chris Smith (footballer, born 1998)

Christopher David Rawes Smith (born 21 February 1998) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Hemel Hempstead Town.

## Club career
### Ipswich Town

Born in Ipswich, Smith became a schoolboy player with Ipswich Town in 2006 and then became a full academy player with Town in July 2014, signing a two-year scholarship, before he signed a one-year pro deal in July 2016, and then signed another one-year deal for the 2017–18 season. He made his Ipswich Town debut on 22 August 2017 as a second-half substitute in an EFL Cup match at Crystal Palace. He was released by Ipswich at the end of the 2018–19 season.

#### Chelmsford City (loan)

On 21 September 2017, Smith joined Chelmsford City. He was recalled from his loan period in January 2018. After featuring on the bench twice upon his return to Ipswich, Smith returned on loan to Chelmsford until the end of the season. On 13 April 2018, after making 28 appearances in all competitions for Chelmsford, Smith was once again recalled from loan by Ipswich.

#### Aldershot Town (loan)

On 26 July 2018, Smith joined National League side Aldershot Town on a short-term loan deal until December 2018.

### King's Lynn Town

He signed for King's Lynn Town on 19 July 2019, following his release by Ipswich.

### Kettering Town

On 21 June 2021, Smith signed for Kettering Town.

### Hemel Hempstead Town

Ahead of the 2023–24 season, Smith joined Hemel Hempstead Town.

## Personal life

Smith attended Kesgrave High School, later going onto study mechanical engineering at Loughborough University.

## Career statistics

    As of match played 12 December 2020
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | FA Cup | FA Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Ipswich Town | 2017–18 | Championship | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| Ipswich Town | 2018–19 | Championship | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| Ipswich Town | Total | Total | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Chelmsford City (loan) | 2017–18 | National League South | 19 | 0 | 4 | 0 | — | — | 5 | 0 | 28 | 0 |
| Aldershot Town (loan) | 2018–19 | National League | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| King's Lynn Town | 2019–20 | National League North | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 | 17 | 0 |
| King's Lynn Town | 2020–21 | National League | 11 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| King's Lynn Town | Total | Total | 27 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 30 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 51 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 64 | 0 |
* 1 2 Appearance(s) in FA Trophy

## Honours

King's Lynn Town
* National League North: 2019–20
# James McGinn

James McGinn (27 June 1868 – 1932) was a Scottish footballer who played in the Football League for Bolton Wanderers.
# Australian Equality Party (Marriage)

The Australian Equality Party (Marriage) (also AEP; formerly Australian Equality Party until January 2016) was an Australian political party founded by Jason Tuazon-McCheyne. The AEP had a platform that promoted equality and human rights, particularly in relation to the LGBTQ community. The party's goal was to get AEP Leader, Jason Tuazon-McCheyne, elected to the Senate at the 2016 Australian federal election.

## History

The Australian Equality Party was launched on 2 February 2014 by Jason Tuazon-McCheyne and his team at Melbourne's LGBTIQ Pride March in St Kilda. At that time the AEP released its first suite of policies relating to LGBTIQ people at the parade, including marriage equality, health and wellbeing issues for LGBTIQ people and reform for laws regarding LGBTIQ people's rights to adoption.
The AEP was registered with the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) on 9 October 2014. The Convenor of the AEP was Jason Tuazon-McCheyne. On 27 January 2016, the AEC approved a name change to append the word "Marriage" to the party's official name.
In 2014 the AEP was only active in Victoria, focusing on gathering support for its campaign to elect its leader Jason Tuazon-McCheyne as a Senator for the state of Victoria at the 2016 federal election.
In the 2016 federal election AEP fielded two senate candidates in each of Queensland, South Australia and Victoria, and three candidates in Victoria for the House of Representatives. None of these candidates were elected. The party received 0.87%, 0.38% and 0.49% of first preference votes in the three states it contested for Senate seats and 1.59% of first preference votes in its highest-polling House seat, Melbourne Ports.
The party was deregistered voluntarily on 26 March 2018.

## Leadership

The leader of the AEP was Jason Tuazon-McCheyne, a civil celebrant in Victoria. Tuazon-McCheyne is married to his husband Adrian, they have a son and live in Melbourne's north west.
Deputy Leader Jacqueline Tomlins is a writer, campaigner and activist and has been involved in a variety of LGBTIQ related campaigns, particularly around marriage equality and a legal challenge in the High Court of Australia to a ban on recognition of overseas same-sex marriages in Australia.
# Empis calcarata

Empis calcarata is a species of fly in the family Empididae. It is included in the subgenus Euempis. It is found in the Palearctic.
# Curriki

Curriki is an online, free, open education service. Curriki is structured as a nonprofit organization to provide open educational resources primarily in support of K-12 education. Curricula and instructional materials are available at the Curriki website to teachers, professional educators, students, lifelong learners, and parents. The majority of the resources on the Curriki site fall under a Creative Commons license. Educational materials are provided by the Curriki community and are peer-reviewed for quality and adherence to standards.
The name Curriki is a portmanteau of the words "curriculum" and "wiki".
Curriki's model is to develop curricula through community contributors, and to deliver curricula and open educational resources globally. Anyone with access to the Internet can contribute and use the material found on Curriki to teach themselves or others. Since the materials, which include digital textbooks, learning videos, and interactive resources, are provided in open source, they can be adapted as needed to particular requirements inside or outside of the classroom.

## History

Curriki was founded by Sun Microsystems in March 2004 as the Global Education & Learning Community (GELC). In 2006, Sun spun GELC off as an independent 501(c)(3) nonprofit to focus on building a repository of curricula and to create an online community for this repository. The organization changed its name to Curriki in 2006.
Curriki has over 350,000 educator, parent, and student members, and has garnered over 8.5 million visits from around the world. Curriki has received a number of awards, and has also given out a number of awards over the past several years; a partial list can be found at the Curriki website. Kim Jones co-founded Curriki with Scott McNealy, a founder of Sun Microsystems.
In September 2017, Curriki partnered with AT&T in order to come up with interactive math assessments tools, with which students would be given real-time feedback.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Pratt, Mary. "Online community lets educators, students share educational resources for free". ComputerWorld. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
* ↑ Vance, Ashlee. "Ping - In School Systems, Slow Progress for Open-Source Textbooks - NYTimes.com". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
* ↑ Vance, Ashlee (31 July 2010). "$200 Textbook vs. Free. You Do the Math". NY Times. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
* ↑ Park, Jane. "CC Talks With: Curriki's Christine Mytko: Open Education and Policy". Creative Commons. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
* ↑ "Web Site Offers Global Collaboration on Educational Resources". news.findlaw.com. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
* ↑ "Curriki Launches Real-Time Math Assessments for Students in Grades 8-12 -- THE Journal". THE Journal. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
# Pink Ukraine

Pink Ukraine (Ukrainian: Малиновий Клин, Russian: Малиновый Клин) is a region in Kuban with a significant Ukrainian population.

## History
### Settlement

Ukrainians first began settling in the region at the end of the 18th century following the dissolution of the Cossack Hetmanate, mainly of Zaporizhzhian Cossacks and peasants. As the 7th Russo-Turkish war brewed, the Russian Empire needed military power, and General Grigory Potemkin helped re-create Cossack hosts to fight alongside Russian soldiers against the Ottomans, most notably the Black Sea Cossack Host. These Cossack soldiers later founded at least 40 towns in the Kuban region, and many resettled there.

### Kuban Republic

The Kuban Rada was formed by Cossack delegates of the regional congress of representatives from the settlements of Kuban following the February Revolution of 1917. In November of the same year, it elected its own regional government from among the members, then declared the creation of the Kuban People's Republic on January 28, 1918. this state was centered around the city of Yekaterinodar, and dissolved by 1920.

### Russification

Up until the early 20th century, many of the settlers considered themselves "Little Russians" (Ukrainian: малороси), another name for Ukrainians. Many also often preserved their ancestors' language and cultural traditions. According to censuses in the 1930s, around 62% of the population in the Krasnodar Territory self-identified as Ukrainian, but this share significantly dropped during the Holodomor.
In the present day, around 82% of the population in Krasnodar Krai self-identify as "Russians", even though their dialect still somewhat resembles the dialects around the Dnipro river.

## Demographics
### 1897 Census

Based on the 1897 Russian Census for Kuban Oblast, there are a total of 1,918,881 people at the time. Here are the following results based on ethnicity:
| No. | Ethnicity | Tamansky otdel | Yeysky otdel | Yekaterinodarsky otdel | Kavkazsky otdel | Batalpashinsky otdel | Maykopsky otdel | Labinsky otdel | Total |
| 1 | Ukrainians | 75.2% | 73.9% | 51.8% | 45.8% | 27.1% | 31.3% | 18.9% | 47.4% |
| 2 | Russians | 17.1% | 23.6% | 34.2% | 51.1% | 41.9% | 31.3% | 75.2% | 42.6% |
| 3 | Circassians Kabardians | ... | ... | 8,1% | ... | 5.7% | 4.9% | ... | 2.0% |
| 4 | Karachays Tatars | ... | ... | ... | ... | 12.5% | ... | ... | 1.4% |
| 5 | Volga Germans | ... | ... | ... | 1.6% | 2.0% | ... | 1.9% | 1.1% |
| 6 | Greeks | 4.0% | ... | 1.4% | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1.1% |
| 7 | Armenians | ... | ... | 1.1% | ... | ... | ... | 1.7% | ... |
| 8 | Abkhazians Abazins | ... | ... | ... | ... | 3.9% | 2.1% | ... | ... |
| 9 | Nogais | ... | ... | ... | ... | 2.7% | ... | ... | ... |

### 1926 Census

The demographic data for Kuban Okrug in the 1926 Soviet census is as follows:
| No. | Ethnicity | Population | % |
| 1 | Ukrainians | 915,450 | 62.2 % |
| 2 | Russians | 498,120 | 33.8% |
| 3 | Armenians | 21,023 | 1.4% |
| 4 | Belorussians | 8,434 | 0.6% |
| 5 | Volga Germans | 7,255 | 0.5% |
| 6 | Others | 22,266 | 1.5% |
| | Total | 1,472,548 | 100.0% |
# Christine Worobec

Christine D. Worobec (born 1955) is an American social and cultural historian. She is a Distinguished Research Professor Emerita of Northern Illinois University, with pioneering interests in Russian and Ukrainian women's history, family history, and rural history.

## Career

Worobec earned her BA (1977), MA (1978), and PhD (1984) degrees in history at the University of Toronto.
During 1984-1999 she was employed at Kent State University and she has worked at Northern Illinois University since 1999.
Worobec has collaborated on the reference work Women and Gender in Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Eurasia: A Comprehensive Bibliography, and the edited essay collection Russia’s Women: Accommodation, Resistance, Transformation.
Her current research project examines Orthodox pilgrimages in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus since 1700.

## Monographs

* Peasant Russia: Family and Community in Post-Emancipation Russia (1991)
* Possessed: Women, Witches, and Demons (2001)

## Awards

* American Association for Ukrainian Studies' 2017 Article Prize
* 2017 ASEEES Distinguished Contributions Award
* 2008 AWSS Outstanding Achievement Award for her service as president, vice president, and board member of the AWSS
* Her 1991 and 2001 monographs won the Heldt Prize.
# Palo Duro Records

Palo Duro Records is an independent record label established in 2001 to focus primarily on Texas-based singer-songwriters and bands. The label specializes in musical styles from the Americana, country music, alternative country and Texas music genres.
Artists featured on the roster include The Derailers, Jon Christopher Davis, Trent Summar & The New Row Mob, Ed Burleson, Brian Burns, Eleven Hundred Springs, Morrison-Williams, Two Tons of Steel, Walt Wilkins, Tommy Alverson and Dale Watson. The label has also launched a music series, Texas Unplugged, which features original acoustic recordings by a variety of artists.