OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Aedeagus

An aedeagus (/iˈdi.ə.ɡəs/ or /i.diˈeɪ.ɡəs/ pl. aedeagi) is a reproductive organ of male arthropods through which they secrete sperm from the testes during copulation with a female. It can be thought of as the insect equivalent of a mammal's penis, though the comparison is fairly loose given the greater complexity of insect reproduction. The term is derived from Ancient Greek αἰδοῖα (aidoia) 'private parts' and ἀγός (agos) 'leader'.
The aedeagus is part of the male's abdomen, which is the hindmost of the three major body sections of an insect. The pair of testes of the insect are connected to the aedeagus through the genital ducts. The aedeagus is part of the male insect's phallus, a complex and often species-specific arrangement of more or less sclerotized (hardened) flaps and hooks which also includes in some species the valvae (clasper), which are paired organs which help the male hold on to the female during copulation. During copulation, the aedeagus connects with the ovipore of a female. The aedeagus can be quite pronounced or de minimis.
The base of the aedeagus may be the partially sclerotized phallotheca, also called the phallosoma or theca. In some species the phallotheca contains a space, called the endosoma (internal holding pouch), into which the tip end of the aedeagus may be withdrawn (retracted). The vas deferens is sometimes drawn into (folded into) the phallotheca together with a seminal vesicle.
In some arthropods, sperm is not passed to the female as liquid with free-swimming spermatozoa, but as capsules called spermatophores in which the actual spermatozoa are enclosed. In addition to the spermatophores, in some species the aedeagus also discharges a spermatophylax, a ball of nutritious secretions, as a nuptial gift to aid the female in producing offspring.
In males of most species of Lepidoptera, the aedeagus has a sheath which is supported by an organ called the juxta, which is located between the aforementioned valvae.
# Neera K. Badhwar

Neera K. Badhwar is an Indian philosopher and Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Oklahoma. She is known for her works on ethics and political philosophy.

## Books

* Friendship: A Philosophical Reader (ed.) (Cornell Univ. Press, 1993).
* Is Virtue Only A Means to Happiness? (The Objectivist Society, 2001), 2nd edition (The Atlas Society, 2015).
* Well-Being: Happiness in a Worthwhile Life (Oxford University Press, 2014).
# Aagt Germonts

Aagt Germonts (c. 1621–?), was a Dutch woman who was accused of witchcraft.
She was married to a farmer in De Weere in Abbekerk district.
She had three children born dead, and when the foetuses were buried without anyone having seen them, she was suspected of witchcraft, or for having murdered them, and was prosecuted. When the graves of her dead children were exhumed by the court, the bodies were found to be dolls. She was sentenced to death for sorcery, but the death sentenced was commuted to pillorying, holding the three dolls in her hands.
The case against her attracted a lot of attention: witch trials were uncommon in the Netherlands, where no person had been executed for sorcery since Anna Muggen in 1608.
Her case was the subject of a treatise, Mis-geboorte of verhael van 't Abbekerker-wijf haare drie miskramen (1661). The contemporary jurists doubted her guilt and her case was taken as an example of the lack of belief in witchcraft.
# Oldenburg (district)

The district of Oldenburg (German: Landkreis Oldenburg, not to be confused with the cities of Oldenburg and Oldenburg in Holstein) is a district in the state of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Diepholz, Vechta, Cloppenburg and Ammerland, the city of Oldenburg, the district of Wesermarsch and the city of Delmenhorst.

## History

The district of Oldenburg was established in 1933. Until 1988 the administrative seat was in the city of Oldenburg. Since then the capital has been in Wildeshausen.

## Geography

The district is located between the metropolitan areas of Oldenburg and Bremen. The Hunte River runs through the district from south to north.

## Coat of arms

* The coat of arms displays:
* The red and yellow stripes from the arms of Oldenburg
* The heraldic cross of the county of Delmenhorst
* The roses in the bottom were used in the arms of the counts of Oldenburg

## Towns and municipalities

| Towns | Samtgemeinden |
| Wildeshausen Free municipalities Dötlingen Ganderkesee Großenkneten Hatten Hude Wardenburg | 1. Harpstedt Beckeln Colnrade Dünsen Groß Ippener Harpstedt$^1$ Kirchseelte Prinzhöfte Winkelsett $^1$seat of the Samtgemeinde |
# Jug (disambiguation)

A jug is a type of container commonly used to hold a liquid.
Jug may also refer to:

## Places

* The Jug, an island in West Virginia, United States
* Jug Rock, a natural geological formation outside of Shoals, Indiana, United States
* Jug II, a city district of Osijek, Croatia
** Jug Sport Hall, an indoor arena in Jug II
* Cepotina, a Serbian Army base also known as Jug

## Slang

* Jugs, a slang term for women's breasts, especially large ones
* Jug, a slang term for prison
* Australian term for an electric kettle, New Zealand term for a kettle

## People

* Jug (nickname)
* Jug Suraiya, Indian journalist, author and columnist
* Jug (surname)

## Other uses

* Jug (album), by jazz saxophonist Gene Ammons
* Jug (dog), a crossbreed between a Jack Russell terrier and a pug
* Jug (instrument), used for rhythmic bass accompaniment
* Jug fishing, a method of fishing that uses lines suspended from floating jugs
* Jug Tavern, a historic structure in Ossining, New York, United States
* Jug wine, a term used for inexpensive table wine
* VK Jug, a water polo club from Dubrovnik, Croatia
* Jug, a nickname for the P-47 Thunderbolt fighter aircraft
# Górki, Opole Voivodeship

Górki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Prószków, within Opole County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.
The name of the village is of Polish origin and comes from the word góra which means "hill".
# Pater (film)

Pater is a 2011 French drama film directed by Alain Cavalier. It premiered In Competition on 17 May at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.

## Plot

Cavalier and Lindon play versions of themselves, starting work on a film in which they will play the president of the republic and a politician who will be prime minister, respectively.
Though improvised conversations, they sketch out both their fictional and actual relationships.
Cavalier's President character calls on Lindon's Prime Minister character to pass a law on the maximum salary at the national level. The project met with strong opposition and the two men can not muster a majority of MPs behind the project. Having the feeling of not being sufficiently supported by the President, Lindon decides to run for president himself.

## Cast

* Vincent Lindon as Vincent Lindon
* Alain Cavalier as Alain Cavalier
* Bernard Bureau as Bernard Bureau

## Production

Pater was shot with a handheld digital camera
Cavalier said "The year of working together changed us [...] I wasn’t in charge the way a director is in charge. And we discovered things gradually. I used to plan the last shot from the start, and thought about that from the beginning. I had studied Greek tragedy, I was influenced by films like Renoir's Partie de campagne and John Huston's Asphalt Jungle. Now I want to forget all that."
The film was made with a skeleton script and cast. "I didn’t write one line of dialogue, just a sketch, nine pages, about how I met Vincent, and how we decided to work together, how I would film." Cavalier said the film is "about the intimacy of power and how it is like the intimacy of making a movie together, without a cast, without a classical team."

## Themes

The New York Times described the film as "an improvised adventure, a game of Let’s Pretend with a political twist, with scenes of the two picnicking in the forest on a gourmet feast, plucking the proper ties and suits from vast closets, and talking of cabbages and kings, as it were — and of how they feel about women."

## Reception
### Critical response

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has 3 reviews, 1 positive and 2 negative.
Variety described it as the "epitome of an in-joke, best appreciated by director Alain Cavalier and his slender cast, Pater is a confounding slog for most anyone else. Curiously tapped for a Cannes competition slot, this sloppily improvised film about filmmaking doesn't bother to make clear whether and how it's a mock-docu account of the shooting of a French prime minister biopic, as Cavalier cavalierly squanders the chance to represent his meta-narrative in stylistically coherent terms."
Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote: "It is a very verbose film - yet with interesting things to say."
The A.V. Club gave it a grade of "D+", saying: "I didn’t get it, and neither did any other American I spoke to, but the French were applauding madly throughout, apparently in response to policy statements. Director and star have an easy rapport, but that’s all I got out of it, I’m afraid."
# Holophragma

Holophragma is an extinct genus of rugose coral known from Ordovician and Silurian rocks in Scandinavia, Russia, Australia and the United States. Two of its species can be found on the northwestern coast of Gotland, where it is one of the most common fossil genera. It was described by Gustaf Lindström in the year 1896. The genus contains two species.

## Description

Members of the genus Holophraga are small shoe- or horn-shaped corals. They usually lived on their side, with their calyx pointing upwards. H. calceoloides has a distinct cardinal septa, while H. mitrata does not.

## Species

* Holophragma calceoloides Lindström, 1866
* Holophragma mitrata Schlotheim, 1820
# King Salmon Formation

The King Salmon Formation is a geologic formation in British Columbia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.
# Bulk Richardson number

The Bulk Richardson Number (BRN) is an approximation of the Gradient Richardson number. The BRN is a dimensionless ratio in meteorology related to the consumption of turbulence divided by the shear production (the generation of turbulence kinetic energy caused by wind shear) of turbulence. It is used to show dynamic stability and the formation of turbulence.
The BRN is used frequently in meteorology due to widely available radiosonde data and numerical weather forecasts that supply wind and temperature measurements at discrete points in space.

## Formula

Below is the formula for the BRN, where g is gravitational acceleration, T$_v$ is absolute virtual temperature, Δθ$_v$ is the virtual potential temperature difference across a layer of thickness, Δz is vertical depth, and ΔU and ΔV are the changes in horizontal wind components across that same layer.
       $R_{B}={\frac {(g/T_{v})\Delta \theta _{v}\Delta z}{(\Delta U)^{2}+(\Delta V)^{2}}}$

## Critical values and interpretation

High values indicate unstable and/or weakly-sheared environments; low values indicate weak instability and/or strong vertical shear. Generally, values in the range of around 10 to 50 suggest environmental conditions favorable for supercell development.
In the limit of layer thickness becoming small, the Bulk Richardson number approaches the Gradient Richardson number, for which a critical Richardson number is roughly Ri$_c$= 0.25. Numbers less than this critical value are dynamically unstable and likely to become or remain turbulent.
The critical value of 0.25 applies only for local gradients, not for finite differences across thick layers. The thicker the layer is the more likely we are to average out large gradients that occur within small sub-regions of the layer of interest. This results in uncertainty of our prediction of the occurrence of turbulence, and now one must use an artificially large value of the critical Richardson number to give reasonable results using our smoothed gradients. This means that the thinner the layer, the closer the value to the theory.
# Order of Vittorio Veneto

The military Order of Vittorio Veneto (Italian: Ordine di Vittorio Veneto) was an Italian order of chivalry that was founded as national order by the fifth President of the Italian Republic, Giuseppe Saragat, in 1968, "to express the gratitude of the nation" to those decorated with the Medal and the War Cross of Military Valor (Medaglia e Croce di Guerra al Valor Militare) who had fought for at least six months in World War I and earlier conflicts.
The Order is awarded in the single degree of Knight.
Being awarded more than 50 years after the War, most of the recipients were retired from employment. For the Knights who did not enjoy an income above their tax allowance, a small annuity was granted in favor of those recipients, payable to the widow or minor children on death. The allowance was also granted to those that fought in the former Austro-Hungarian armed forces who became Italian citizens after annexation.
| Ribbon | Class | Full title |
| | Knight | Cavaliere dell'Ordine di Vittorio Veneto |
The order was bestowed by decree of the President of the Italian Republic, its head, on the recommendation of the Minister of Defence. A Lieutenant General chaired the council, which investigated applications made by eligible parties to the municipality of residence. With the death of the last surviving Knights of Vittorio Veneto in 2008, the order fell into abeyance and, in 2008, it was formally wound-up by repeal of the original legislation. It was revived anyway on 15 March 2010 in spite of being still abeyant.
| Notable recipients | Death date and age |
| Cav. Girolamo Angelini | 22 May 1991 (aged 91) |
| Cav. Giuseppe Arena | 19 March 1978 (aged 85) |
| Cav. Delfino Borroni | 26 October 2008 (aged 110) |
| Cav. Francesco Domenico Chiarello | 27 June 2008 (aged 109) |
| Cav. Pietro Micheletti | 25 March 2005 (aged 105) |
| Cav. Carmine Pavia | 26 October 1974 (aged 87) |
| Cav. Domenico Piroli | 25 January 1972 (aged 72) |
| Cav. Lazare Ponticelli, Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur | 12 March 2008 (aged 110) |
| Cav. Filippo Rizzo | 1 February 1984 (aged 89) |
| Cav. Marcantonio Rositano | 18 February 1977 (aged 88) |
| Cav. Ugo Matteucci | 1982 (aged 85) |
# Orlando Open

The Orlando Open is a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It is currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour. It is held annually in Orlando, Florida, United States since 2019.

## Past finals
### Singles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| 2022 | Wu Yibing | Jason Kubler | 6–7$^{(5–7)}$, 6–4, 3–1 ret. |
| 2021 (2) | Christopher Eubanks | Nicolás Mejía | 2–6, 7–6$^{(7–3)}$, 6–4 |
| 2021 (1) | Jenson Brooksby | Denis Kudla | 6–3, 6–3 |
| 2020 | Brandon Nakashima | Prajnesh Gunneswaran | 6–3, 6–4 |
| 2019 | Marcos Giron | Darian King | 6–4, 6–4 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| 2022 | Chung Yun-seong Michail Pervolarakis | Malek Jaziri Kaichi Uchida | 6–7$^{(5–7)}$, 7–6$^{(7–3)}$, [16–14] |
| 2021 (2) | Christian Harrison Peter Polansky | JC Aragone Nicolás Barrientos | 6–2, 6–3 |
| 2021 (1) | Mitchell Krueger Jack Sock | Christian Harrison Dennis Novikov | 4–6, 7–5, [13–11] |
| 2020 | Andrey Golubev Aleksandr Nedovyesov | Mitchell Krueger Jackson Withrow | 7–5, 6–4 |
| 2019 | Romain Arneodo Andrei Vasilevski | Gonçalo Oliveira Andrea Vavassori | 7–6$^{(7–2)}$, 2–6, [15–13] |
# Ayeyarwady Region Hluttaw

Ayerwadi Region Hluttaw (Burmese: ဧရာဝတီတိုင်းဒေသကြီးလွှတ်တော်) is the legislature of the Burmese region of Ayerwadi Region. It is a unicameral body, consisting of 72 members, including 54 elected members and 18 military representatives. As of February 2016, the Hluttaw was led by speaker Aung Kyaw Khaing of the National League for Democracy (NLD).
As of the 2015 general election, the National League for Democracy (NLD) won the most contested seats in the legislature, based on the most recent election results.

## General Election results (Nov. 2015)

| Party | Seats | +/– |
| National League for Democracy (NLD) | 51 | 50 |
| Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) | 3 | 44 |
| National Unity Party (NUP) | 0 | 6 |
| Military Appointed | 18 | |
| Total | 72 | |
# Bago Region Hluttaw

Bago Region Hluttaw (Burmese: ပဲခူးတိုင်းဒေသကြီးလွှတ်တော်) is the legislature of the Burmese region of Bago Region. It is a unicameral body, consisting of 76 members, including 57 elected members and 19 military representatives. As of February 2016, the Hluttaw was led by speaker Khin Maung Yin of the National League for Democracy (NLD).
As of the 2015 general election, the National League for Democracy (NLD) won the most contested seats in the legislature, based on the most recent election results.

## General Election results (Nov. 2015)

| Party | Seats | +/– |
| National League for Democracy (NLD) | 55 | 54 |
| Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) | 2 | 50 |
| National Unity Party (NUP) | 0 | 3 |
| Kayin People's Party (KPP) | 0 | 1 |
| Military appointed | 19 | |
| Total | 76 | |
# Waing Lamin Aung

Waing Lamin Aung (Burmese: ဝိုင်းလမင်းအောင်; born 1999, also spelt Wine Lamin Aung) is a traditional Burmese classical, country, and dhamma singer. A child singer, he competed in Starlet's Sky, a children's singing competition broadcast on Myawaddy TV. He was mentored by renowned classical vocalist Min Naung. In 2015, he received the Yangon City FM Award for Bestselling Traditional Burmese Male Vocalist for his album, May You Be Fulfilled (ပြည့်စုံနိုင်ပါစေ). He graduated from Basic Education High School No. 2 Kamayut, after transferring from Basic Education High School No. 3 Botataung in the ninth grade. As of February 2020, he attended the National University of Arts and Culture, Yangon, studying music.

## Discography

* May You Be Fulfilled (ပြည့်စုံနိုင်ပါစေ) (2015)

## Awards

* 2015 - Yangon City FM Award for Bestselling Traditional Burmese Male Vocalist
# Nijazi Ramadani

Nijazi Ramadani (born February 14, 1964) is a Kosovar Albanian poet, novelist and literary critic.

## Early life

Ramadani was born on February 14, 1964 in Kokaj, Kosovo, then SFR Yugoslavia. He completed high school in Gjilan. He then graduated from the University of Pristina's Faculty of Education where he completed a degree in Mathematics and Information Technology.

## Work and activity

Ramadani edited the periodical Ushtima e maleve, which was described by the Yugoslav authorities as hostile and irredentist. Due to this, and his political alignment with the national movement, Ramadani was arrested and imprisoned in 1981.
He began his poetic writings during the 1980s. He was among the best-known modern representatives of contemporary verse in Kosovo.
Ramadani is known as a literary creator, where his literary creativity is mainly focused on the treatment of national motives, respectively the topic of patriotism.
His main interests lie in literary, journalistic, cultural and political writings, which he occasionally publishes in Albanian dailies and periodicals. He has written for the daily Rilindja, the literary magazines Jeta e Re, Pionieri, Flaka in Skopje, Haemus in Bucharest, and Athina in Athens, along with the Albanian newspapers Shekulli, Koha onna, Bujku and Euro-Rilindja among others. Since 2000, he was worked for the Kosovan daily Epoka e Re and his articles have appeared in papers such as Express, Infopress and the news agency Kosova press. He worked as editor-in-chief at the temporary "Ushtima e maleve" (2001–2002), and the editorial offices of Radio-Albana (in Kumanovo) and Ajo Rinia as a journalist. Some of his works have been translated into other languages.
He is the author of ten books on literature, theater, visual arts and literary criticism, fiction, short stories, novels and drama. He is a member of Kosova Writers Association. He lives and continues to work in Gjilan.

## Notable works

* Albanian geography (Albanian: "Dheshkronjë arbri"), poetry, 1995, publisher: Jeta e Re, Pristina
* Kosovo and self-determination (Albanian: "Kosova dhe vetëvendosja"), 1998, publisher:editing "Rrjedha"(as co-author)
* Time image (Albanian: "Imazh kohe" poetry), 2008, publishing house Rrjedha, Gjilan
* Other accept of theater(Albanian: "Qasje tjeter në teater"), 2008, editing-(publisher): (Albanian: "Rrjedha")
* Alive image (Albanian: "Imazh i gjallë"), drama-comedy 2013, publisher: Rrjedha, Pristina (MKRS)
* Frozen image (Albanian: "Imazh i ngrirë"), roman, 2010, publisher: Rrjedha, Pristina
* Kokaj monograph 1842–2012 (Albanian: "Monografia për Kokajt"), monograph 2012, publisher: (Albanian: "Rrjedha"), Gjilan
* NIJAZI RAMADANI|- Shtegtim në histori I Gjilani lëvizja dhe rezistenca kombëtare në juglindje të Kosovës 1941 - edit Rrjedha 2020^
* THJERRËZ, poetry, publisher: "Rrjedha", 2019 Gjilan
# Trottolino

Trottolino is the title character of an Italian humorous comics magazine.

## Background

Trottolino was created in 1952 by Giorgio Rebuffi under the pen name "O'Layne" and was the title character of a comics magazine published between 1952 and 1990. It was the first comics magazine published by Renato Bianconi, a former collaborator of publisher Alpe; released without any marketing hype, it got an immediate commercial success and launched the career of Bianconi as a publisher.
The comics magazine, similar in its digest-sized format to Topolino, featured the adventures of an anthropomorphic squirrel. His sidekick in many stories was the anthropomorphic duck Papy Papero, a character created by Luciano Bottaro who was also the leading character of independent stories and later of a western-themed spin-off comic book series, Papys Bill. The magazine also included comics featuring different characters created by the same Rebuffi, Nicola Del Principe (who later also cured, for several decades, the stories of Trottolino), Giovan Battista Carpi, Luciano Gatto, Tiberio Colantuoni. From 1982 until the end of publications, it stopped the release of original comics and just republished old stories.
Several spin-off magazines were published, notably between 1959 and 1978 Super Trottolino and between 1980 and 1983 Gran Trottolino; they substantially were collections of old stories already published in the main publication.