OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Musa Hotak

Musa Hotak is an Afghan military leader and politician from Maidan Shar of Wardak Province. He and his brother Ghulan Mohammed Hotak played prominent roles in the resistance to the Soviet occupation. They were not original members of the Taliban, but joined it when it was gaining power during the civil war that followed the overthrow of the communist regime.
Musa Hotak is reported to have been the Taliban deputy planning minister.
On June 14, 2004 Islam Online described Musa Hotak as one of the weaker warlords, with only 100 fighters. Its report attributes Hotak's recent surrender of his weapons, and the demobilization of his fighters, because he: "...had little choice, since the forces under his command were not very powerful and because Wardak’s proximity to Kabul places it both under the spotlight and within the reach of government security forces."
Musa Hotak was a member of the Afghan Constitutional Loya Jirga in 2003, He ran for office in the Loya Jirga in 2005, once the Constitution had been ratified.
# Izazul Mulk

Izazul Mulk (born; 28 June 1967) is a Pakistani politician from Lower Dir District, belonging to Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, who served as a member of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly. He also served as a member of various committees.

## Political career

Izazul Mulk was elected as the member of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly on ticket of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan from PK-95 (Lower Dir-II) in by-polls election held in May 2015, after the seat became vacant in March 2015 when the party's leader, Siraj ul Haq, was elected as senator. He received 20,288 votes and defeated Bahadar Khan, a candidate of the Awami National Party (ANP).
He ran for a seat of the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as a candidate of JI from PK-16 Lower Dir-IV in the 2018 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial election, but was unsuccessful. He received 16,301 votes and was defeated by Bahadar Khan, a candidate of the ANP.
# Hard to Say

"Hard to Say" is the title of 1981 song written and performed by the American singer-songwriter Dan Fogelberg. It first appeared on Fogelberg's album The Innocent Age.
Fogelberg wrote the song while recovering from surgery. The song features backing vocals by singer Glenn Frey of the Eagles. The song became Fogelberg's third Top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart when it peaked at No. 7 in October 1981. It also spent three weeks at No. 2 on the Billboard adult contemporary chart. It became his greatest hit in Canada, where it peaked at No. 16 Pop and No. 1 AC.
# Trihedral Neolithic

Trihedral Neolithic is a name given by archaeologists to a style (or industry) of striking spheroid and trihedral (i.e., composed of three planes) flint tools from the archaeological site of Joub Jannine II in the Beqaa Valley, Lebanon. The style appears to represent a highly specialized Neolithic industry. Little comment has been made of this industry.
# Artyom Pogosov

Artyom Raufovich Pogosov (Russian: Артём Рауфович Погосов; born 1 August 1999) is a Russian football player who plays as an attacking midfielder for Volgar Astrakhan. He also has been deployed as a winger on either side.

## Club career

He made his debut in the Russian Football National League for Volgar Astrakhan on 1 August 2020 in a game against Krasnodar-2, he started the game and scored a goal on his FNL debut.
# Tsukemen

Tsukemen (Japanese: つけ麺, English: "dipping noodles") is a ramen dish in Japanese cuisine consisting of noodles that are eaten after being dipped in a separate bowl of soup or broth. The dish was invented in 1961 by Kazuo Yamagishi, a restaurateur in Tokyo, Japan. Since then, the dish has become popular throughout Japan, as well as overseas in the United States.
Tsukemen is a Japanese noodle ramen dish in Japanese cuisine consisting of separate servings of noodles and soup or broth, whereby the noodles are dipped in the soup. Soba and udon are some types of noodles used in the dish. The noodles are typically served cold, while the soup is typically served hot, which serves to season and moisten the noodles. The noodles can also be served at room temperature. Additional ingredients used in the dish are typically served atop or on the side within the dish of noodles. Some additional ingredients used include nori, chashu, menma, tamagoyaki and boiled eggs.
The soup serves as a dipping sauce, and is typically much stronger and intense in flavor compared to standard ramen broth. Dashi, a soup in Japanese cuisine, can be used, which is prepared using a soup base or stock that is also named "dashi." Some restaurants add hot water to dilute the soup at the conclusion of the meal, decreasing its strength and making it more palatable as a soup to finish the meal.

## History

Tsukemen was invented in 1961 by Kazuo Yamagishi (1935–2015), who owned Taishoken restaurant, a well-known ramen restaurant in Tokyo, Japan. In 1961, Yamagishi added the dish to his restaurant's fare using the name "special morisoba", which consisted of "cold soba noodles with soup for dipping." At the time, it was priced at 40 yen, and the dish soon became very popular at Taishoken restaurants. As of 2015, over 100 Taishoken restaurants exist in Japan.
In recent years (circa 2000–present), tsukemen has become a very popular dish in Tokyo and throughout Japan, and several restaurants now exist in the country that purvey it exclusively.
Tsukemen is also served in restaurants in the United States and in other countries. In recent years (circa 2013–present), Tsukemen has become a popular dish in some ramen shops in Los Angeles. Conversely, in other areas of the U.S., such as Chicago, the dish is uncommon and rarely served in restaurants.

## Gallery

* Various tsukemen preparations
* Tsukemen with nori-topped noodles
* Tsukemen with a sheet of nori atop the noodles
* Close-up view of a soup for tsukemen
* Tsukemen topped with fried pork cutlet, half of a soft-boiled egg and greens, in Singapore
* Tsukemen with additional foods on the side
* Tsukemen noodles being dipped
# Palaeospheniscus gracilis

Palaeospheniscus gracilis is a species of the extinct penguin genus Palaeospheniscus. It is the smallest species of its genus, with a height of 40 to 60 centimetres (16 to 24 in). Average individuals, thus, were about the size of the Galapagos penguin.

## Description

This species was long believed to have first been found in Early Oligocene deposits. However, it seems that the type specimen, a tarsometatarsus, was recovered not from Early Oligocene rocks, but was found on top of them, having been displaced there from a later stratum. The location where the bone was found seems to have been near Cabeza Blanca. At any rate, all later specimens were found in the Early Miocene Gaiman Formation; those that have locality data are from the area around Trelew and Gaiman in Chubut Province, Argentina.
Some recent researchers have suggested that this species should be considered a synonym of Palaeospheniscus bergi.
# Memory cells (motor cortex)

Memory cells are found in the primary motor cortex (M1), a region located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe of the brain. Their behavior is described by Bizzi et al. as:
* In a baseline epoch (no force field on the end effector), they have one preferred direction
* In a force perturbation epoch, they show a change in the preferred direction
* In a subsequent washout epoch (no force field on the end effector), the change in preferred direction persists.
# Iñaki Goikoetxea

Iñaki Goikoetxea Beristain (born 6 May 1982 in Deba, Gipuzkoa) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a striker, and is a current manager.
# Ricardo Diéz

Ricardo Diéz, born as Emetério Seledônio Díez (11 February 1900 – 27 April 1971), was a Uruguayan football coach who mainly worked in Brazil.

## Career

In 1937 Diéz won with provincial Grêmio Foot-Ball Santanense from Santana do Livramento the Campeonato Gaúcho, the only major title in the club's history. In 1942 he also led Internacional, where he was the first foreign coach, to the state title. He is credited at the club for the discovery of the later national team player Nena. In 1941 he was Campeonato Pernambucano runner-up with Sport Recife, where he has been often attributed with the discovery of World Cup 1950 star striker Ademir de Menezes.
Diez, who smoked filterless cigarettes of the Continental brand, is best known for his times with Atlético Mineiro, which he coached on various stints between 1950 and 1960, winning the Campeonato Mineiro in 1949 and 1954. In 1950 he guided Atlético on its successful trip to Central Europe during the northern winter, which became part of the club's folklore and led to its nickname Campeões do Gelo, the "Ice Champions". In total he guided the club in 168 matches, a statistic only outdone by three other coaches, amongst them Telê Santana.
Back to Pernambuco, he became third in the State Championship of 1957 with Náutico, and in 1960 he led Santa Cruz FC to the second place behind Náutico.
Beyond this Diéz also coached other clubs from Minas Gerais: América Mineiro, in 1946, Cruzeiro in 1953, Democrata FC (Sete Lagoas, in 1965, EC Siderúrgica, in 1947, Valeriodoce in 1962 and 1963, and Paraense EC, as well as Santos in São Paulo and Bahia in the state of the same name.

## Honours

Grêmio Santanense
* Campeonato Gaúcho: 1937
Internacional
* Campeonato Gaúcho: 1942
Atlético Mineiro
* Campeonato Mineiro: 1949, 1954
# Mayday (April song)

Mayday is the third single album by South Korean girl group April. It was their second comeback in 2017, after releasing their third mini album Prelude in January.

## Background and release

On 7 March 2017, it was reported that April had recently started filming a new Mnet reality program set to be broadcast in April 2017. It was also reported that the group is also preparing for a mid-April comeback with plan for the new album to be promoted along with the new show. On 14 March, it was confirmed that the reality program titled "A-IF-Ril" would start airing on 4 April for a total of five episodes.
On 4 April, the group released the surprise tennis court themed MV for their single "Sting" (Korean: 따끔), through the first episode of their reality program "A-IF-Ril".
On 12 April, DSP Media announced that the group's comeback would be postponed until after finishing the filming of their reality program "A-IF-Ril" – the new release goal was set for mid-May.
On 8 May, the group started their second reality program of the year, titled "April Secret" on Naver TV.
On 15 May, DSP Media announced that the group's comeback was set for 29 May with their second single album titled Mayday. On 29 May, the tennis court themed MV for their single "Sting" (Korean: 따끔) was re-released under the title "Lovesick", together with the single's title track "Mayday" and its retro themed MV, followed by a special choreography MV of "Mayday", on 1 June. On June 22, April performed a special stage of "Sting/Lovesick" on Mnet's M Countdown.
# Chamberlinian monopolistic competition

In Chamberlinian monopolistic competition every one of the firms have some monopoly power, but entry drives monopoly profits to zero. The concept gets its name from Edward Chamberlin.

## Background

One example where Chamberlinian monopolistic competition can be experienced is the book market. A publisher has a factual monopoly over certain titles via intellectual property rights. A book is an experience good and finding perfect legal substitutes on the market while the publisher's rights are in effect is impossible. This however doesn't lead to high monopoly profits on any particular titles while close substitutes are available. A best-seller cookbook for Asian cuisine still competes with other cookbooks about Asian cuisine as well as the whole cookbook genre.
Chamberlain's approach to monopoly theory is often compared to Joan Robinson's 1933 book The Economics of Imperfect Competition, where she coined the term "monopsony." Monopsony is used to describe the buyer converse of a seller monopoly. Monopsony is commonly applied to buyers of labour, where the employer has wage setting power that allows it to exercise Pigouvian exploitation and pay workers less than their marginal productivity. Robinson used monopsony to describe the wage gap between women and men workers of equal productivity.
# Brian Donovan (journalist)

Brian Donovan (March 11, 1941 – June 20, 2018) was an American journalist for Newsday who won the Pulitzer Prize twice, in 1970 and in 1995. He was inducted into the Press Club of Long Island's Hall of Fame.

## Biography

Donovan was born on March 11, 1941, in Syracuse, New York, and had one sibling. His parents were William Donovan, a commercial insurance agent, and Marion Donovan. He earned his bachelor's degree in journalism from the S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications of Syracuse University. Donovan was married to Ellen Kanner, with whom he had two children.

## Career

He first worked for three years at the Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, and was then hired by Newsday in 1967. He retired from Newsday in 2002 to focus on a book, "Hard Driving" about NASCAR driver Wendell Scott.
# Waterview, Maryland

Waterview is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Wicomico County, Maryland, United States. Its population was 40 as of the 2010 census. It is part of the Salisbury, Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area.
# Serpentine (video game)

Serpentine is a maze video game written by David Snider for the Apple II and published by Broderbund in 1982. Serpentine's gameplay and visuals are similar to the Konami arcade game, Jungler, released the previous year. It was ported to the Commodore 64 and Atari 8-bit computers. A VIC-20 version was licensed to Creative Software.

## Gameplay

The player controls (rides, by game description) a multi-segmented blue 'good' serpent in a maze with the objective of eating all computer-controlled 'evil' (red or orange or green) serpents. Eating the tail segments of serpents makes them shorter, and a red or orange serpent turns green when shorter than the player. Hitting a green serpent headfirst eliminates it, and causes the player's serpent to grow an additional segment. Hitting a red or orange serpent headfirst causes the player's serpent to die. A frog appears at random intervals and gives any serpent eating it an additional segment. Once all opponents have been eliminated, the player's serpent automatically returns to a protected area.
As the game progresses, opposing serpents are faster and longer, increasing the difficulty, and each advancing level the existing players serpent gets slower. If the player's serpent dies, the replacement regains its original speed, but loses any additional segments gained by the previous incarnation.
One unique aspect of the game is how extra lives are gained. The playing serpent will lay an egg (losing a segment in the process) and, if the egg is still on screen when the player re-enters the protected area at the end of a level, the egg hatches into another serpent, which hurries to the protected area. Enemy serpents will also lay eggs; if one hatches, a new two-segment opponent appears. It is possible to lose the last segment to an egg, resulting in the death of that serpent, but this can only happen to the player's serpent. If a frog happens to appear while an egg is on the map, it will head towards the egg and eat it as well. This will occur even at the end of a level when the player's serpent is operating on autopilot, making the choice of position where the last enemy serpent is killed tactically important.
Most versions of the game include 20 different mazes, but the Atari cartridge version only has 5.

## Reception

Serpentine ranked #13 for most popular game of 1982 according to Softalk magazine.
Softline in 1982 called Serpentine "devilishly addicting, being endowed with the qualities that make arcade games worth the bother". Michael Cranford reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "in my opinion, Serpentine is far better than the sum of its inspirations". The Commodore 64 Home Companion in 1984 said that "it's easy to get hooked on this one". InfoWorld's Essential Guide to Atari Computers cited it as among the best Broderbund arcade games.
Karl Westerholm reviewed Serpentine in Space Gamer No. 65. Westerholm commented that "Serpentine is unquestionably a game worth owning, and if there are any weaknesses or bugs, I have yet to find them. I definitely recommend this game, as it promises to provide fun and excitement for a very long time".
# Stanwellia tuna

Stanwellia tuna is a species of mygalomorph spider endemic to New Zealand.

## Taxonomy

This species was described as Aparua tuna in 1968 by Ray Forster from a single male specimen collected on Ruapuke Island. It was transferred into the Stanwellia genus in 1983. The holotype is stored at Otago Museum.

## Description

The male is recorded at 9.5mm in length. The carapace is yellow, but darker around the eyes. The legs are orange brown. The abdomen is cream with a chevron pattern dorsally.

## Distribution

This species is only known from Ruapuke Island, New Zealand.

## Conservation status

Under the New Zealand Threat Classification System, this species is listed as "Naturally Uncommon" with the qualifiers of "Island Endemic" and "One Location".
# John Edward Daniel

John Edward Daniel (1902–1962) was a Welsh theologian and college lecturer who became chairman of the Welsh political party Plaid Cymru.

## Life

Daniel was born in Bangor, Gwynedd, on 26 June 1902 and was educated at the Friars School, Bangor. He then won a scholarship to the University of Oxford, matriculating as a member of Jesus College, Oxford, in 1919. He obtained a first-class degree in literae humaniores in 1923 and a further first-class degree in divinity in 1925. He was then appointed to a fellowship at the Bala-Bangor Theological College, and became a professor on 28 July 1926, following the death of Thomas Rees. He taught Christian doctrine and the philosophy of religion and was regarded as one of the most able theologians of his generation. However, his publications were few: Dysgeidiaeth yr Apostol Paul (1933) and some journal articles. Although he was never ordained, he was an able preacher.
He was a prominent Welsh nationalist and member of Plaid Cymru. He contributed to its newspaper (Y Ddraig Goch) and stood unsuccessfully as a candidate in three general elections and a by-election in 1945. He was vice-chairman from 1931 to 1935, and succeeded Saunders Lewis as chairman in 1939 (holding the position until August 1943). In 1946, Daniel was appointed as an inspector of schools, with special responsibility for classics and religious education. He died as the result of a road accident near Halkyn, Flintshire, on 11 February 1962.
# Owen Prys

Owen Prys (25 September 1857 – 12 December 1934) was a Calvinistic Methodist minister and first Principal of the United Theological College in Aberystwyth in Wales (1906–27) and Moderator of the Presbyterian Church of Wales in 1910. The Welsh scholar Sir Ifor Williams described him as one of the most powerful preachers of the 20th-century.

## Biography

Born in 1857 the son of Absalom and Ann Prys of the Factory, Pen-llwyn, near Aberystwyth, he studied at the National School in Pen-llwyn under his uncle after which he was for a period a pupil-teacher at the local British School. In 1876 he attended the Normal College in Bangor following which he was headmaster of the Board School at Goginan until 1893. At Bangor he had studied music and mathematics, but after leaving college he was influenced by Thomas Carlyle and William Ellery Channing and developed an interest in Theology. In 1883 he went to Peterhouse, Cambridge, but on winning a £100 scholarship he transferred to Trinity College, Cambridge from where he graduated in 1886 with first class honours in the Moral Sciences Tripos. He remained for a further year at Cambridge and in 1887 was appointed lecturer at Owen's College in Manchester as assistant to Robert Adamson. He then spent a year in Germany, spending most of his time there at the University of Leipzig.
Prys began to preach in 1883 and quickly came to notice for the enthusiasm, depth and intelligence of his sermons. In 1890 he was appointed a tutor at Trevecka College and in 1891 was ordained and appointed Principal; the college moved to Aberystwyth in 1906 as the United Theological College and amalgamated with Bala College in 1922 with Prys remaining as Principal through all these changes until his retirement in 1927 when he was succeeded by Howel Harris Hughes. He taught Divinity, Philosophy of Religion and Christian Ethics with a devout fervour. He married Elizabeth Parry, the eldest daughter of John Parry of Tal-y-bryn, Bwlch, Brecknock in 1893 and with her had two daughters. In 1904 he delivered the ‘Davies Lecture’ at Cardiff on ‘The Doctrine of Man.’ He was elected Moderator of the General Assembly in 1910 and of the South Wales Association in 1917. In 1922 he was given the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity by the University of Wales. He was again elected Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Wales for the 1935 bi-centenary celebrations of the denomination but died in December 1934 before he could take up that office.
His papers are held by the National Library of Wales.
# Adlappa

Adlappa is a monotypic genus of grasshoppers belonging to the family Acrididae. The only species is Adlappa erythroptera.
It is a pale green color with prominent spots on the fore-wings and hind femur, with pale reddish wings. Adult females are around 44mm in length and males are 28mm in length.
It is usually found in the eucalyptus woodland of north Australian savannas.
# Garland, Tennessee

Garland is a town in Tipton County, Tennessee. The population was 310 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

Garland is located at 35°34′38″N 89°45′21″W﻿ / ﻿35.57722°N 89.75583°W﻿ / 35.57722; -89.75583 (35.577189, -89.755768).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.6 square miles (1.6 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 309 people, 120 households, and 95 families residing in the town. The population density was 551.2 inhabitants per square mile (212.8/km$^2$). There were 127 housing units at an average density of 226.6 per square mile (87.5/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 98.06% White, 0.32% African American, 1.29% Native American, and 0.32% from two or more races.
There were 120 households, out of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.8% were married couples living together, 15.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.8% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 2.94.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.9% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.7 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $47,083, and the median income for a family was $49,063. Males had a median income of $32,917 versus $23,173 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,069. About 5.4% of families and 9.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under eighteen and 17.9% of those 65 or over.

## History

The village of Garland was named in honor of Dr. John Crawley Garland (1832-1884), a physician who practiced in there.

## Emergency Services
### Law Enforcement

Law enforcement in Garland is the responsibility of the Tipton County Sheriff's Office, Tennessee Highway Patrol, and Tipton County Constable's Office.

### Fire and EMS

Since 1985, the town has operated the Garland Volunteer Fire Department, which, operates 5 apparatus out of Station 21 located on the corner of Garland-Detroit Road and Garland Drive. The sitting Fire Chief is Chief Wayne Wolfe. It responds to both fire and medical calls.