OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Frenuloplasty of prepuce of penis

A frenuloplasty of prepuce of penis (also known as a release of frenulum) is a frenuloplasty of the frenulum of prepuce of penis.
An abnormally short or sensitive frenulum of the penis can make some types of sexual activity uncomfortable or even painful. This may be a complication of circumcision or a naturally occurring event. When it is a naturally occurring event, a short frenulum can restrict normal retraction of the foreskin during erection (a condition known as frenulum breve). The goal of treatment is to allow normal retraction of the foreskin. Circumcision may relieve this condition but is not indicated solely for treating frenulum breve.

## Procedure

The procedure usually involves the removal of the frenulum or the creation of an incision in the frenulum that is then stretched to lengthen it and stitched closed. The incision can be z-shaped, y-shaped or a single horizontal cut. Once healed, the procedure effectively elongates the frenulum, allowing normal function. Under normal circumstances the incision heals completely in around six to eight weeks, after which time normal sexual activity can resume. Other methods of treatment include horizontal stitches in the frenulum which over the course of a week cut through the tight skin, elongating it. This is generally more painful than the standard procedure, but heals faster.
Another reason for the treatment is to correct a rare complication of a frenulum breve which presents as scars on the frenulum, these scars cause pain and make normal sex very difficult and are caused by the rubbing of the frenulum whilst engaging in sexual activity. These scars only affect those with frenulum breve. The frenuloplasty can be conducted under both general or local anesthesia.

## Risks

One study suggests around 15–20% of men require additional circumcision after a frenuloplasty, because not all symptoms indicating the surgery improved. The British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) estimates this number to be lower at 2–10%. Frenuloplasty might avoid the need for circumcision even when a clinician felt circumcision to be indicated at presentation.
A swelling of the penis occurs in 10–50% of patients after operation, usually lasting a few days. Reduced sensation in the glans penis is reported in 2–10% of patients. Below 2% of patients experience an infection of the incision requiring antibiotics or further treatment.

## Gallery

* A removed frenulum preputii penis
* Before and after frenuloplasty
* Healing of frenuloplasty
* Before and after frenoloplasty
# RNAS St Merryn (HMS Vulture)

Royal Naval Air Station St Merryn, commonly referred to as RNAS St Merryn, (HMS Vulture, later HMS Curlew) is a former military airbase of the Royal Navy located 7.35 miles (11.83 km) northeast of Newquay, Cornwall and 11.8 miles (19.0 km) northwest of Bodmin, Cornwall, England.

## History

RNAS St Merryn was constructed during World War 2 with the stone for the runway being quarried from nearby Stepper Point and brought by sea.
There were air raids on St Merryn Airfield and the nearby RAF St Eval on 9 October 1940 resulting in some damage at both locations. Two days later on 11 October there was another air raid on St Merryn. There were no casualties but some damage was caused on the airfield and to nearby houses.

## Units

The following units were here at some point:
* 17th Carrier Air Group
* 21st Carrier Air Group
* No. 82 Gliding School RAF
* 709 Naval Air Squadron
* 715 Naval Air Squadron
* 719 Naval Air Squadron
* 725 Naval Air Squadron
* 736 Naval Air Squadron
* 741 Naval Air Squadron
* 748 Naval Air Squadron
* 750 Naval Air Squadron
* 762 Naval Air Squadron
* 774 Naval Air Squadron
* 787 Naval Air Squadron
* 792 Naval Air Squadron
* 794 Naval Air Squadron
* 796 Naval Air Squadron
* 800 Naval Air Squadron
* 801 Naval Air Squadron
* 802 Naval Air Squadron
* 804 Naval Air Squadron
* 807 Naval Air Squadron
* 808 Naval Air Squadron
* 809 Naval Air Squadron
* 810 Naval Air Squadron
* 813 Naval Air Squadron
* 817 Naval Air Squadron
* 819 Naval Air Squadron
* 820 Naval Air Squadron
* 825 Naval Air Squadron
* 826 Naval Air Squadron
* 828 Naval Air Squadron
* 829 Naval Air Squadron
* 836 Naval Air Squadron
* 837 Naval Air Squadron
* 860 Naval Air Squadron
* 879 Naval Air Squadron
* 880 Naval Air Squadron
* 882 Naval Air Squadron
* 883 Naval Air Squadron
* 884 Naval Air Squadron
* 885 Naval Air Squadron
* 886 Naval Air Squadron
* 887 Naval Air Squadron
* 888 Naval Air Squadron
* 891 Naval Air Squadron
* 893 Naval Air Squadron
* 895 Naval Air Squadron
* 897 Naval Air Squadron
* 1831 Naval Air Squadron
* 1832 Naval Air Squadron
* 1833 Naval Air Squadron

## Current use

The site is now used for farming and a small amount of aircraft flying.
# Kunminia

Kunminia is a genus of cynodont synapsids from the Early Jurassic (Sinemurian) Lufeng Formation of China.
# Tetsurō Sagawa

Tetsurō Sagawa (瑳川 哲朗, Sagawa Tetsurō, January 22, 1937 – February 17, 2021) was a Japanese actor and voice actor from Tateyama, Chiba. He was a graduate of Waseda University.

## Filmography
### Film

* Dai Ninjutsu Eiga: Watari (Nagato Fujibayashi)
* Fūrinkazan (Nobutomo Akiyama)
* Onmitsu Dōshin Ōedo Sōsamō (Jūzō Isaka)

### Television drama

* Haru no Sakamichi (xxxx) (Kiyomasa Katō)
* Kashin (xxxx) (Shōichirō Shiraishi)
* Kitaro ga Mita Gyokusai - Mizuki Shigeru no Senso (xxxx) (Brigadier)
* Meiji no Gunzō: Umi ni Karin wo (xxxx) (Tarō Katsura)
* Ryōran Genroku (xxxx) (Tadakiyo Sakai)
* Sangokushi Jirochō (xxxx) (Taisei)
* Sanshimai (xxxx) (Isami Kondō)
* Ultraman Ace (1972–73) (Captain Goro Ryu)
* Tokugawa Ieyasu (1983) (Toshiie Maeda)
* Sanada Taiheiki (1985–86) (Tadayo Sakai)

### Variety programs

* Waratte Iitomo Telephone Shocking (March 6, 1986)

### Television animation

* Alexander Senki (Plato)
* Sangokushi (Guan Yu)
* Sangokushi II: Amakakeru Otokotachi (Guan Yu)

### OVA

* Legend of the Galactic Heroes: Rasen Meikyū (Alfred Rosas)
* Shinkai Teigunkan (Shintetsu Hinata)

### Theatrical animation

* Golgo 13 (Duke Togo/Golgo 13)

### Dubbing roles

* Annie: A Royal Adventure! (Daddy Warbucks (George Hearn))
* Blood Work (2007 TV Tokyo edition) (Terry McCaleb (Clint Eastwood))
* A Bridge Too Far (1978 NTV edition) (Roy Urquhart (Sean Connery))
* Chinatown (J.J. "Jake" Gittes (Jack Nicholson))
* Django (1974 TBS edition) (Django (Franco Nero))
* Entrapment (Robert "Mac" MacDougal (Sean Connery))
* Escape to Victory (Captain John Colby (Michael Caine))
* Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1985 TV Asahi edition) (Wyatt Earp (Burt Lancaster))
* Just Cause (Paul Armstrong (Sean Connery))
* Lawrence of Arabia (General Allenby (Jack Hawkins))
* Mars Attacks! (2000 TV Tokyo edition) (President James Dale, Art Land (Jack Nicholson))
* Million Dollar Baby (2006 TV Tokyo edition) (Frankie Dunn (Clint Eastwood))
* Mister Roberts (1974 TV Asahi edition) (Douglas A. 'Doug' Roberts (Henry Fonda))
* Once Upon a Time in the West (Frank (Henry Fonda))
* Rising Sun (Captain John Connor (Sean Connery))
* Space: 1999 (Commander John Koenig (Martin Landau))
* There Was a Crooked Man... (Woodward Lopeman (Henry Fonda))
* Unforgiven (1996 TV Asahi edition) (William "Will" Munny (Clint Eastwood))
* All's Fair (1977 Asahi Broadcasting Corporation edition) (Richard C. Barrington ( Richard Crenna))
# Moina Mathers

Moina Mathers, born Mina Bergson (28 February 1865 – 25 July 1928), was an artist and occultist at the turn of the 20th century. She was the sister of French philosopher Henri Bergson, the first man of Jewish descent to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1927. She is, however, more known for her marriage to the English occultist, Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, one of the founders of the organisation Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and, after his death in 1918, for being the head of a successor organisation, called the Rosicrucian Order of Alpha et Omega.

## Biography

Moina, then named Mina, or Minna, was born in Geneva, Switzerland, to an influential Polish-Jewish family from father's and English and Irish from mother's sides, moving to Paris, when she was two years of age. Her father, Michel Bergson, achieved some musical success in composing the operas Louisa de Montfort and Salvator Rosa. He was a native of Warsaw and member of the influential Bereksohn family. Moina Mathers' grandfather, Jacob Levison (born c. 1799) was a surgeon and a dentist. Her grandmother was Katherine Levison, born in London in c. 1800. Her maternal aunt was Minna Preuss, born in Hull, Yorkshire, in 1835, and her mother, Kate, née Levison, was also born in Yorkshire. Her eldest brother, was later Nobel Prize winner Henri Bergson, 1859–1941, joined the faculty of the College of France and is best known for authoring the philosophical work Creative Evolution. He was also the president of the British Society for Psychical Research.
Moina was a talented artist and enrolled at the Slade School of Art at the age of fifteen. The Slade was known for encouraging young women in the Arts, at the turn of the nineteenth century. Moina was awarded a scholarship and four merit certificates for drawing at the School. She became friends with Beatrice Offor, with whom she shared a studio. It was also at the Slade in 1882, that Moina met her future friend Annie Horniman, who would become the major financial sponsor for the Matherses, as struggling artists and occultists, in backing the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.
Moina met her husband, Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, in 1887, while studying at the British Museum, where Samuel was a frequent patron. A year later, her future husband founded the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, one of the most influential organisations in the Western Mystery Tradition. Moina was the first initiate of this Order in March, 1888. Her chosen motto in the Golden Dawn was Vestigia Nulla Retrorsum, meaning "Prudence never retraces its steps." A year later in 1890, she married S. L. Mathers and Mina Bergson became Moina Mathers. In their occult partnership, her husband was described as the "evoker of spirits" and Moina as the clairvoyant "seeress", who often illustrated, as an artist, what her husband "evoked". In March 1899, they performed the rites of the Egyptian goddess Isis, on the stage of the Théâtre La Bodinière in Paris.
In 1918, when her husband died, Moina took over the Alpha et Omega, a successor organisation to the Golden Dawn, as its Imperatrix. She died in 1928 in London.
# Tsukamurella pulmonis

Tsukamurella pulmonis is a Gram-positive and aerobic bacterium from the genus Tsukamurella which has been isolated from the sputum from a patient with lung tuberculosis in Germany.

## Characteristic as secondary metabolites production inducer by actinomycetes

Tsukamurella pulmonis TP-B0596 induced production of anti-fungal 5aTHQs (5-Alkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines) and anti-bacterial Streptoaminals (lipidic [5,5]-Spirohemiaminals) by Streptomyces sp. HEK616. T. pulmonis TP-B0596 was also shown to induce production of secondary metabolites; dracolactams by Micromonospora sp. HEK797, niizalactams by Streptomyces sp. NZ-6, chojalactones by Streptomyces sp. CJ-5, and Alchivemycin A by Streptomyces sp. S-522.
# Swati Sen

Swati Sen is an Indian actress born in Nagpur, Maharashtra, most known for her roles in Udedh Bun, which won the Silver Bear for Best Short Film at the 2008 Berlin International Film Festival, and the National Film Award-winning Antardwand (2010), which won her critical acclaim as well as Best Actress MAMI.

## Early life and education

Swati studied acting at the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune. She got bit by the acting bug at Miranda House College, Delhi, where she was an active member of the Dramatics Club and performed many street plays, full-length plays, stage shows etc.

## Career

She was offered Antardwand when she happened to meet Shruti, the casting director for the film. Shruti then asked Swati to meet Sushil Rajpal, the Director of the film. Rajpal was suitably impressed with her and she was cast and appeared in the movie Antardwand.
Swati Sen had just about entered the Indian film industry and she already won the Best Actress Award for her film, Sushil Rajpal's Antardwand, which has won the National award (Best Film) and MAMI award (Best Actress). Looking at her brilliant performance, Anurag Kashyap and Imtiaz Ali have gone to the extent of calling her amongst the finest actresses around. She is already being compared to powerhouse of performance like Smita Patil, Chitrangada and Tabu.
She was featured in the international music video "calling all crows" by Andrew Mudge for American Radio. She has also been a part of regional films like Sontha Vooru (Telugu). She has played the protagonist Suchorita in the televised version of Rabindranath Tagore's most celebrated Novel "Gora"
She considers Mr. Tripurarai Sharan, Ex-Director FTII as her Guide and Mentor.
Currently she is associated with the Virat Kalodbhav Theater Group, Mumbai.
Married into the prestigious family of Dr. Rajendra Prasad (1st Indian President), Swati and her husband Devaditya Prasad (writer-director, associated with Sudheer Mishra), currently residing in Andheri West, Mumbai.

## Filmography

* 2007: It's Breaking News - Sangeeta
* 2007: Woh Subah Kidhar Nikal Gayi
* 2008: Udedh Bun (short) - Beloved
* 2009: Andheri (short) - Anita - the maid
* 2009: Sonta vooru (Telugu)
* 2010: Antardwand - Janki
* 2012: Gora (Hindi) - Sucharita
# University Cup all-time team records

This is a list of U Sports University Cup all-time records, updated through the 2024 tournament.
| School | Current Conference | Games | Wins | Losses | Ties | Winning pct. | Championships |
| Acadia | AUS | 20 | 9 | 11 | 0 | .450 | 2 |
| Alberta | Canada West | 113 | 76 | 35 | 2 | .681 | 16 |
| Brandon | N/A | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | .000 | 0 |
| British Columbia | Canada West | 9 | 3 | 6 | 0 | .333 | 0 |
| Brock | OUA | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | .000 | 0 |
| Calgary | Canada West | 25 | 7 | 18 | 0 | .280 | 0 |
| Carleton | OUA | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | .000 | 0 |
| Concordia | OUA | 25 | 9 | 14 | 2 | .400 | 0 |
| Dalhousie | AUS | 9 | 4 | 4 | 1 | .500 | 0 |
| Guelph | OUA | 21 | 7 | 13 | 1 | .357 | 1 |
| Lakehead | OUA | 11 | 3 | 8 | 0 | .273 | 0 |
| Laurentian | N/A | 14 | 5 | 9 | 0 | .357 | 0 |
| Laval | N/A | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | .000 | 0 |
| Lethbridge | N/A | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | .667 | 1 |
| Loyola | N/A | 10 | 1 | 9 | 0 | .100 | 0 |
| Manitoba | Canada West | 14 | 5 | 9 | 0 | .357 | 1 |
| McGill | OUA | 21 | 10 | 11 | 0 | .476 | 1 |
| McMaster | N/A | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 1 |
| Moncton | AUS | 33 | 19 | 13 | 1 | .591 | 4 |
| Montreal | N/A | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | .000 | 0 |
| New Brunswick | AUS | 58 | 45 | 13 | 0 | .776 | 10 |
| Ottawa | OUA | 6 | 2 | 4 | 0 | .333 | 0 |
| Prince Edward Island | AUS | 9 | 2 | 7 | 0 | .222 | 0 |
| Quebec–Chicoutimi | N/A | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | .500 | 0 |
| Quebec–Trois-Rivières | OUA | 52 | 28 | 24 | 0 | .538 | 5 |
| Queen's | OUA | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0 | .250 | 0 |
| Regina | Canada West | 9 | 2 | 7 | 0 | .222 | 0 |
| Saint Dunstan's | N/A | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | .500 | 0 |
| Saint Mary's | AUS | 38 | 19 | 19 | 0 | .500 | 1 |
| Saskatchewan | Canada West | 51 | 23 | 28 | 0 | .451 | 1 |
| Sherbrooke | N/A | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | .000 | 0 |
| Sir George Williams | N/A | 13 | 3 | 10 | 0 | .231 | 0 |
| St. Francis Xavier | AUS | 41 | 22 | 19 | 0 | .537 | 1 |
| St. Thomas | N/A | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | .000 | 0 |
| Toronto | OUA | 46 | 35 | 11 | 0 | .761 | 10 |
| Toronto Metropolitan | OUA | 6 | 2 | 4 | 0 | .333 | 0 |
| Waterloo | OUA | 7 | 4 | 3 | 0 | .571 | 1 |
| Western Ontario | OUA | 25 | 11 | 14 | 0 | .440 | 1 |
| Wilfrid Laurier | OUA | 15 | 5 | 10 | 0 | .333 | 0 |
| Windsor | OUA | 8 | 1 | 7 | 0 | .125 | 0 |
| York | OUA | 21 | 10 | 11 | 0 | .476 | 3 |
Note: teams in italics no longer compete in U Sports.

## Record by conference

As of 2024
| Conference | Games | Wins | Losses | Ties | Winning pct. | Championships |
| AUS | 212 | 121 | 89 | 2 | .575 | 18 |
| Canada West | 204 | 113 | 89 | 2 | .559 | 19 |
| OUA | 250 | 118 | 130 | 2 | .476 | 22 |
| GPAC | 28 | 3 | 25 | 0 | .107 | 0 |
| OIAA | 17 | 7 | 10 | 0 | .412 | 0 |
| OSLC | 17 | 3 | 14 | 0 | .176 | 0 |
| QUAA | 49 | 20 | 27 | 2 | .429 | 1 |
Defunct conferences in italics Note: AUS totals include results while known as 'MIAA', 'AIAA' and 'AUAA'. Note: Canada West totals include results while known as 'WCIAU'. Note: OUA totals include results while known as 'OUAA', 'QOAA' and 'CIAU'.
# Ceratitida

Ceratitida is an order that contains almost all ammonoid cephalopod genera from the Triassic as well as ancestral forms from the Upper Permian, the exception being the phylloceratids which gave rise to the great diversity of post-Triassic ammonites.
Ceratitids overwhelmingly produced planospirally coiled discoidal shells that may be evolute with inner whorls exposed or involute with only the outer whorl showing. In a few later forms the shell became subglobular, in others, trochoidal or uncoiled. Sutures are typically ceratitic, with smooth saddles and serrate or digitized lobes. In a few the sutures are goniatitic while in others they are ammonitic.

## Taxonomy

* Ceratitida
** Ceratitoidea
** Choristoceratoidea
** Clydonitoidea
** Danubitoidea
** Dinaritoidea
** Lobitoidea
** Meekoceratoidea
** Megaphyllitoidea
** Nathorstitoidea
** Noritoidea
** Otoceratoidea
** Pinacoceratoidea
** Ptychitoidea
** Sageceratoidea
** Tropitoidea
** Xenodiscoidea
Only eight superfamilies are shown in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L,(1957), the Otocerataceae, Noritaceae, Ceratitaceae, Arcestaceae, Clydonitaceae, Lobitaceae, Ptychitaceae, and Tropitaceae, in text sequence. The other 10 have been added since, derived from within the original eight.
# Thomas Ryan (businessman)

Thomas M. Ryan is an American businessperson. He was the president and chief executive officer of CVS/Caremark Corporation from 1998 to 2011.

## Biography
### Early life

He received a degree in Pharmacy from the University of Rhode Island.

### Career

He began working for CVS in 1978 as an in-store pharmacist. He was its CEO from 1998 to 2011. While CEO of CVS Caremark in 2009, he earned a total compensation of $16,231,292, which included a base salary of $1,400,000, a cash bonus of $3,512,526, stocks granted of $6,425,007, and options granted of $4,625,000.
Ryan has sat on the boards of the Melville Corporation, Ryanair, TriCon Global Restaurants, Reebok, FleetBoston Financial, Citizens Bank Of Rhode Island, Yum! Brands, Bank of America, and Vantiv and currently serves on the board of Five Below He is an operating partner of Advent International.
Currently, Ryan is the lead director of PJT Partners.

### Philanthropy

He sits on the board of trustees of his alma mater, the University of Rhode Island. The 7,657-seat Ryan Center arena on the campus of the University of Rhode Island is named for Ryan, who was the arena's principal donor. In November 2013, Ryan and his wife Cathy donated $15 million to URI, establishing the George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience. The Ryan Institute focuses on research, translational medicine, and community outreach related to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. It complements the university's Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program (INP), which includes M.S., Ph.D., and Certificate degree programs in Neuroscience as well as an undergraduate program.
# Ceraurinus

Ceraurinus is an extinct genus of trilobite in the order Phacopida. It contains one species, C. serratus.
# Chlamys asper

Chlamys asper is an extinct species of saltwater scallop, a fossil marine bivalve mollusc in the family Pectinidae, the scallops. This species was described by Sowerby in 1847 under the name Pecten asper. The fossils date from the period of the Pliocene to Pleistocene in Malaysia and Miocene in Indonesia.
# Claudia Roth (paleobiologist)

Claudia Roth is a research scientist in the field of paleobiology. She is associated with Institute of Sciences of Evolution, Lille University of Science and Technology, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France and the Institute of Geosciences-Palaeontology, University of Mainz, Germany. Roth and Legendre have both contributed as a team to the Paleobiology Database, an online closed scientific database.

## Publications

* Correlation of carnassial tooth size and body weight in recent carnivores (mammalia) in association with Serge Legendre. Subjects: Animal Taxonomy; Palaeontology; Paleobiology. Taylor & Francis, Volume 1, Issue 1, p. 85-98.
# Clypeaster

Clypeaster, common name "cake urchins" or "sea biscuits", is a genus of echinoderms belonging to the family Clypeasteridae.

## Etymology

The genus name Clypeaster is derived from the Latin “clypeus” (meaning round shield) and “aster” (meaning star), with reference to the shape of these organisms.

## List of species

* Clypeaster aloysioi (Brito, 1959)
* Clypeaster amplificatus Koehler, 1922
* Clypeaster annandalei Koehler, 1922
* Clypeaster australasiae (Gray, 1851)
* Clypeaster chesheri Serafy, 1970
* Clypeaster cyclopilus H.L. Clark, 1941
* Clypeaster durandi (Cherbonnier, 1959b)
* Clypeaster elongatus H.L. Clark, 1948
* Clypeaster euclastus H.L. Clark, 1941
* Clypeaster europacificus H.L. Clark, 1914
* Clypeaster eurychorius H.L. Clark, 1924
* Clypeaster euryptealus H.L. Clark, 1925
* Clypeaster fervens Koehler, 1922
* Clypeaster humilis (Leske, 1778)
* Clypeaster isolatus Serafy, 1971
* Clypeaster japonicus Döderlein, 1885
* Clypeaster kieri Pawson & Phelan, 1979
* Clypeaster lamprus H.L. Clark, 1914
* Clypeaster latissimus (Lamarck, 1816)
* Clypeaster leptostracon A. Agassiz & H.L. Clark, 1907
* Clypeaster luetkeni Mortensen, 1948
* Clypeaster lytopetalus A. Agassiz & H.L. Clark, 1907
* Clypeaster microstomus Lambert, 1912 †
* Clypeaster miniaceus H.L. Clark, 1925
* Clypeaster minihagali Deraniyagala, 1956 †
* Clypeaster nummus Mortensen, 1948
* Clypeaster ochrus H.L. Clark, 1914
* Clypeaster ohshimensis Ikeda, 1935
* Clypeaster oliveirai Krau, 1952
* Clypeaster pallidus H.L. Clark, 1914
* Clypeaster pateriformis Mortensen, 1948
* Clypeaster prostratus (Ravenel, 1845)
* Clypeaster rangianus Desmoulins, 1835
* Clypeaster rarispinus de Meijere, 1903
* Clypeaster ravenelii (A. Agassiz, 1869)
* Clypeaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Clypeaster rotundus (A. Agassiz, 1863)
* Clypeaster speciosus Verrill, 1870
* Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray, 1825)
* Clypeaster telurus H.L. Clark, 1914
* Clypeaster tumidus (Tension-Woods, 1878)
* Clypeaster virescens Döderlein, 1885

## Gallery

* Clypeaster reticulatus
* Fossil of Clypeaster bowersi the San Diego Natural History Museum, California
* Fossil of Clypeaster insignis at the San Diego County Fair, California
* Fossil of Clypeaster portentosus at the Museo Arqueológico Municipal de Cartagena
* Clypeaster rosaceus (aboral and internal views), by Ernst Haeckel in Kunstformen der Natur (1904).
* Clypeaster japonicus.
# Coelopleurus

Coelopleurus is an extant genus of echinoids with fossil records dating back to the Eocene, with remains found in Europe and North America.

## Characteristics

These abyssal sea urchins are characterized by their surprisingly bright color pattern, usually red and white. Even more surprisingly, their tests (skeletons) are brightly colored, too, even after drying, or sometimes fossilization.

## Species

According to World Register of Marine Species:
* Coelopleurus australis H.L. Clark, 1916
* Coelopleurus carolinensis Cooke, 1941a †
* Coelopleurus castroi Maury, 1930 †
* Coelopleurus exquisitus Coppard & Schultz, 2006
* Coelopleurus floridanus Agassiz, 1872
* Coelopleurus granulatus Mortensen, 1934
* Coelopleurus interruptus Döderlein, 1910
* Coelopleurus longicollis Agassiz & H.L. Clark, 1908
* Coelopleurus maculatus Agassiz & H.L. Clark, 1907
* Coelopleurus maillardi (Michelin, 1862)
* Coelopleurus melitensis Zammit-Maempel, 1969 †
* Coelopleurus singularis Nisiyama, 1966
* Coelopleurus undulatus Mortensen, 1934a
* Coelopleurus vittatus Koehler, 1927
Fossil species:
* †Coelopleurus elegans (Bell), from the Pleistocene of the Jizo-do formation of Japan