# List of birds of Saudi Arabia

This is a list of the bird species recorded in Saudi Arabia. The avifauna of Saudi Arabia include a total of 562 species, of which 12 have been introduced by humans. 25 species are globally threatened.
This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Saudi Arabia.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories.
* (A) Accidental – a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Saudi Arabia
* (I) Introduced – a species introduced to Saudi Arabia as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
* (Ex) Extirpated – a species that no longer occurs in Saudi Arabia although populations exist elsewhere
* (X) Extinct - a species or subspecies that no longer exists

## Ostriches

Order: Struthioniformes Family: Struthionidae
The ostrich is a flightless bird native to Africa. It is the largest living species of bird. It is distinctive in its appearance, with a long neck and legs and the ability to run at high speeds.
* Common ostrich, Struthio camelus reintroduced
** North African ostrich, Struthio camelus camelus (I)
** Arabian ostrich, Struthio camelus syriacus (X)

## Ducks, geese, and waterfowl

Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
* Fulvous whistling-duck, Dendrocygna bicolor (A)
* Lesser whistling-duck, Dendrocygna javanica (A)
* Graylag goose, Anser anser
* Greater white-fronted goose, Anser albifrons
* Lesser white-fronted goose, Anser erythropus (A)
* Mute swan, Cygnus olor (A)
* Tundra swan, Cygnus columbianus
* Whooper swan, Cygnus cygnus (A)
* Knob-billed duck, Sarkidiornis melanotos (A)
* Egyptian goose, Alopochen aegyptiaca (A)
* Ruddy shelduck, Tadorna ferruginea
* Common shelduck, Tadorna tadorna
* Cotton pygmy-goose, Nettapus coromandelianus (A)
* Garganey, Spatula querquedula
* Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata
* Gadwall, Mareca strepera
* Eurasian wigeon, Mareca penelope
* Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos
* Northern pintail, Anas acuta
* Green-winged teal, Anas crecca
* Marbled teal, Marmaronetta angustirostris (A)
* Red-crested pochard, Netta rufina (A)
* Common pochard, Aythya ferina
* Ferruginous duck, Aythya nyroca
* Tufted duck, Aythya fuligula
* Smew, Mergellus albellus (A)
* Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator (A)
* White-headed duck, Oxyura leucocephala

## Guineafowl

Order: Galliformes Family: Numididae
Guineafowl are a group of African, seed-eating, ground-nesting birds which resemble partridges, but with featherless heads and spangled grey plumage.
* Helmeted guineafowl, Numida meleagris

## Pheasants, grouse, and allies

Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
* See-see partridge, Ammoperdix griseogularis (A)
* Sand partridge, Ammoperdix heyi
* Common quail, Coturnix coturnix
* Harlequin quail, Coturnix delegorguei (A)
* Chukar, Alectoris chukar
* Philby's partridge, Alectoris philbyi
* Arabian partridge, Alectoris melanocephala
* Black francolin, Francolinus francolinus (I) (Ex)
* Gray francolin, Ortygornis pondicerianus

## Flamingos

Order: Phoenicopteriformes Family: Phoenicopteridae
Flamingos are gregarious wading birds, usually 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 m) tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down.
* Greater flamingo, Phoenicopterus roseus
* Lesser flamingo, Phoeniconaias minor (A)

## Grebes

Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.
* Little grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis
* Horned grebe, Podiceps auritus (A)
* Red-necked grebe, Podiceps grisegena (A)
* Great crested grebe, Podiceps cristatus
* Eared grebe, Podiceps nigricollis

## Pigeons and doves

Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
* Rock pigeon, Columba livia
* Stock dove, Columba oenas
* Common wood-pigeon, Columba palumbus (A)
* Rameron pigeon, Columba arquatrix
* European turtle-dove, Streptopelia turtur
* Dusky turtle-dove, Streptopelia lugens
* Oriental turtle-dove, Streptopelia orientalis (A)
* Eurasian collared-dove, Streptopelia decaocto
* African collared-dove, Streptopelia roseogrisea
* Red-eyed dove, Streptopelia semitorquata
* Laughing dove, Spilopelia senegalensis
* Namaqua dove, Oena capensis
* Bruce's green-pigeon, Treron waalia

## Sandgrouse

Order: Pterocliformes Family: Pteroclidae
Sandgrouse have small, pigeon like heads and necks, but sturdy compact bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight. Flocks fly to watering holes at dawn and dusk. Their legs are feathered down to the toes.
* Pin-tailed sandgrouse, Pterocles alchata
* Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse, Pterocles exustus
* Spotted sandgrouse, Pterocles senegallus
* Black-bellied sandgrouse, Pterocles orientalis
* Crowned sandgrouse, Pterocles coronatus
* Lichtenstein's sandgrouse, Pterocles lichtensteinii

## Bustards

Order: Otidiformes Family: Otididae
Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays.
* Great bustard, Otis tarda (A)
* Arabian bustard, Ardeotis arabs
* MacQueen's bustard, Chlamydotis macqueenii
* Little bustard, Tetrax tetrax (A)

## Cuckoos

Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs.
* White-browed coucal, Centropus superciliosus
* Great spotted cuckoo, Clamator glandarius
* Pied cuckoo, Clamator jacobinus
* Dideric cuckoo, Chrysococcyx caprius (A)
* Klaas's cuckoo, Chrysococcyx caprius
* Common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus

## Nightjars and allies

Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.
* Eurasian nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus
* Egyptian nightjar, Caprimulgus aegyptius
* Nubian nightjar, Caprimulgus nubicus
* Montane nightjar, Caprimulgus poliocephalus
* Plain nightjar, Caprimulgus inornatus

## Swifts

Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
* Alpine swift, Apus melba
* Common swift, Apus apus
* Pallid swift, Apus pallidus
* Little swift, Apus affinis
* White-rumped swift, Apus caffer (A)
* African palm-swift, Cypsiurus parvus

## Rails, gallinules, and coots

Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
* Water rail, Rallus aquaticus
* Corn crake, Crex crex
* Spotted crake, Porzana porzana
* Lesser moorhen, Paragallinula angulata (A)
* Eurasian moorhen, Gallinula chloropus
* Eurasian coot, Fulica atra
* Red-knobbed coot, Fulica cristata (A)
* African swamphen, Porphyrio madagascariensis
* Gray-headed swamphen, Porphyrio poliocephalus (A)
* White-breasted waterhen, Amaurornis phoenicurus (A)
* Little crake, Zapornia parva
* Baillon's crake, Zapornia pusilla

## Cranes

Order: Gruiformes Family: Gruidae
Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances".
* Demoiselle crane, Anthropoides virgo
* Common crane, Grus grus

## Thick-knees

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Burhinidae
The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.
* Eurasian thick-knee, Burhinus oedicnemus
* Senegal thick-knee, Burhinus senegalensis (A)
* Spotted thick-knee, Burhinus capensis

## Stilts and avocets

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.
* Black-winged stilt, Himantopus himantopus
* Pied avocet, Recurvirostra avosetta

## Oystercatchers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.
* Eurasian oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus

## Plovers and lapwings

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
* Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola
* European golden-plover, Pluvialis apricaria (A)
* Pacific golden-plover, Pluvialis fulva
* Northern lapwing, Vanellus vanellus
* Spur-winged lapwing, Vanellus spinosus
* Red-wattled lapwing, Vanellus indicus
* Sociable lapwing, Vanellus gregarius
* White-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus
* Lesser sand-plover, Charadrius mongolus
* Greater sand-plover, Charadrius leschenaultii
* Caspian plover, Charadrius asiaticus
* Kittlitz's plover, Charadrius asiaticus (A)
* Kentish plover, Charadrius alexandrinus
* Common ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula
* Little ringed plover, Charadrius dubius
* Eurasian dotterel, Charadrius morinellus

## Sandpipers and allies

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
* Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus
* Eurasian curlew, Numenius arquata
* Bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica
* Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa
* Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres
* Great knot, Calidris tenuirostris (A)
* Red knot, Calidris canutus (A)
* Ruff, Calidris pugnax
* Broad-billed sandpiper, Calidris falcinellus
* Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea
* Temminck's stint, Calidris temminckii
* Long-toed stint, Calidris subminuta (A)
* Sanderling, Calidris alba
* Dunlin, Calidris alpina
* Little stint, Calidris minuta
* Buff-breasted sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis (A)
* Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos (A)
* Jack snipe, Lymnocryptes minimus
* Eurasian woodcock, Scolopax rusticola (A)
* Solitary snipe, Gallinago solitaria (A)
* Great snipe, Gallinago media (A)
* Common snipe, Gallinago gallinago
* Pin-tailed snipe, Gallinago stenura (A)
* Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus
* Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus
* Red phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius (A)
* Common sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos
* Green sandpiper, Tringa ochropus
* Spotted redshank, Tringa erythropus
* Common greenshank, Tringa nebularia
* Marsh sandpiper, Tringa stagnatilis
* Wood sandpiper, Tringa glareola
* Common redshank, Tringa totanus

## Buttonquail

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Turnicidae
The buttonquail are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young.
* Small buttonquail, Turnix sylvatica (A)

## Crab plover

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Dromadidae
The crab plover is related to the waders. It resembles a plover but with very long grey legs and a strong heavy black bill similar to a tern. It has black-and-white plumage, a long neck, partially webbed feet and a bill designed for eating crabs.
* Crab-plover, Dromas ardeola

## Pratincoles and coursers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae
Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards. There are 3 species which occur in Saudi Arabia.
* Cream-colored courser, Cursorius cursor
* Collared pratincole, Glareola pratincola
* Black-winged pratincole, Glareola nordmanni

## Skuas and jaegers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.
* Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus
* Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus
* Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus (A)

## Gulls, terns, and skimmers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
* Black-legged kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla (A)
* Slender-billed gull, Chroicocephalus genei
* Gray-hooded gull, Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (A)
* Black-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus
* Brown-headed gull, Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus (A)
* Little gull, Hydrocoloeus minutus (A)
* Mediterranean gull, Ichthyaetus melanocephalus (A)
* White-eyed gull, Ichthyaetus leucophthalmus
* Sooty gull, Ichthyaetus' hemprichii
* Pallas's gull, Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus
* Common gull, Larus canus
* Herring gull, Larus argentatus
* Yellow-legged gull, Larus michahellis (A)
* Caspian gull, Larus cachinnans
* Armenian gull, Larus armenicus
* Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus
* Brown noddy, Anous stolidus
* Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscata (A)
* Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus
* Little tern, Sternula albifrons
* Saunders's tern, Sternula saundersi
* Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica
* Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia
* Black tern, Chlidonias niger (A)
* White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus
* Whiskered tern, Chlidonias hybrida
* Roseate tern, Sterna dougallii (A)
* Common tern, Sterna hirundo
* Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea (A)
* White-cheeked tern, Sterna repressa
* Great crested tern, Thalasseus bergii
* Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis
* Lesser crested tern, Thalasseus bengalensis

## Tropicbirds

Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
* Red-billed tropicbird, Phaethon aethereus

## Albatrosses

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae
The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus Diomedea have the largest wingspans of any extant birds.
* White-capped albatross, Thalassarche cauta (A)

## Southern storm-petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae
The southern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
* Wilson's storm-petrel, Oceanites oceanicus

## Northern storm-petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae
Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.
* Swinhoe's storm-petrel, Hydrobates monorhis (A)

## Shearwaters and petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
* Jouanin's petrel, Bulweria fallax (A)
* Flesh-footed shearwater, Ardenna carneipes
* Sooty shearwater, Ardenna grisea (A)
* Tropical shearwater, Puffinus bailloni
* Persian shearwater, Puffinus persicus

## Storks

Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.
* African openbill, Anastomus lamelligerus (A)
* Black stork, Ciconia nigra
* Abdim's stork, Ciconia abdimii
* White stork, Ciconia ciconia

## Frigatebirds

Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white, or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have colored inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
* Lesser frigatebird, Fregata ariel (A)
* Great frigatebird, Fregata minor (A)

## Boobies and gannets

Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
* Masked booby, Sula dactylatra
* Brown booby, Sula leucogaster
* Red-footed booby, Sula sula (A)

## Cormorants and shags

Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful.
* Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo
* Socotra cormorant, Phalacrocorax nigrogularis

## Pelicans

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.
* Great white pelican, Pelecanus onocrotalus
* Pink-backed pelican, Pelecanus rufescens

## Hammerkop

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Scopidae
The hammerkop is a medium-sized bird with a long shaggy crest. The shape of its head with a curved bill and crest at the back is reminiscent of a hammer, hence its name. Its plumage is drab-brown all over.
* Hamerkop, Scopus umbretta

## Herons, egrets, and bitterns

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
* Great bittern, Botaurus stellaris
* Yellow bittern, Ixobrychus sinensis (A)
* Little bittern, Ixobrychus minutus
* Gray heron, Ardea cinerea
* Black-headed heron, Ardea melanocephala (A)
* Goliath heron, Ardea goliath
* Purple heron, Ardea purpurea
* Great egret, Ardea alba
* Intermediate egret, Ardea intermedia (A)
* Little egret, Egretta garzetta
* Western reef-heron, Egretta gularis
* Black heron, Egretta ardesiaca (A)
* Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis
* Squacco heron, Ardeola ralloides
* Indian pond-heron, Ardeola grayii (A)
* Striated heron, Butorides striata
* Black-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax

## Ibises and spoonbills

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae
Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.
* Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus
* African sacred ibis, Threskiornis aethiopicus (A)
* Northern bald ibis, Geronticus eremita (A)
* Eurasian spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia
* African spoonbill, Platalea alba (A)

## Osprey

Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae
The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.
* Osprey, Pandion haliaetus

## Hawks, eagles, and kites

Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
* Black-winged kite, Elanus caeruleus (A)
* Bearded vulture, Gypaetus barbatus
* Egyptian vulture, Neophron percnopterus
* European honey-buzzard, Pernis apivorus
* Oriental honey-buzzard, Pernis ptilorhynchus
* Cinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus (A)
* Lappet-faced vulture, Torgos tracheliotos
* Rüppell's vulture, Gyps rueppelli (A)
* Eurasian griffon, Gyps fulvus
* Bateleur, Terathopius ecaudatus
* Short-toed snake-eagle, Circaetus gallicus
* Lesser spotted eagle, Clanga pomarina (A)
* Greater spotted eagle, Clanga clanga
* Booted eagle, Hieraaetus pennatus
* Tawny eagle, Aquila rapax
* Steppe eagle, Aquila nipalensis
* Imperial eagle, Aquila heliaca
* Golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos
* Verreaux's eagle, Aquila verreauxii
* Bonelli's eagle, Aquila fasciata
* Dark chanting-goshawk, Melierax metabates
* Gabar goshawk, Micronisus gabar
* Eurasian marsh-harrier, Circus aeruginosus
* Hen harrier, Circus cyaneus
* Pallid harrier, Circus macrourus
* Montagu's harrier, Circus pygargus
* Shikra, Accipiter badius
* Levant sparrowhawk, Accipiter brevipes (A)
* Eurasian sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus
* Northern goshawk, Accipiter gentilis (A)
* Black kite, Milvus migrans
* White-tailed eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla (A)
* Pallas's fish-eagle, Haliaeetus leucoryphus (A)
* Common buzzard, Buteo buteo
* Long-legged buzzard, Buteo rufinus

## Barn owls

Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
* Western barn owl, Tyto alba

## Owls

Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
* Indian scops-owl, Otus bakkamoena
* Arabian scops-owl, Otus pamelae
* Eurasian scops-owl, Otus scops
* Pallid scops-owl, Otus brucei
* Eurasian eagle-owl, Bubo bubo
* Pharaoh eagle-owl, Bubo ascalaphus
* Arabian eagle-owl, Bubo milesi
* Little owl, Athene noctua
* Desert owl, Strix hadorami
* Omani owl, Strix butleri (A)
* Long-eared owl, Asio otus (A)
* Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus

## Hoopoes

Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Upupidae
Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head.
* Eurasian hoopoe, Upupa epops

## Hornbills

Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Bucerotidae
Hornbills are a group of birds whose bill is shaped like a cow's horn, but without a twist, sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible. Frequently, the bill is brightly coloured.
* African gray hornbill, Tockus nasutus

## Kingfishers

Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.
* Common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis
* White-throated kingfisher, Halcyon smyrnensis
* Gray-headed kingfisher, Halcyon leucocephala
* Collared kingfisher, Todiramphus chloris
* Pied kingfisher, Ceryle rudis

## Bee-eaters

Order: Coraciiformes Family: Meropidae
The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar.
* Somali bee-eater, Merops revoilii
* White-throated bee-eater, Merops albicollis
* Arabian green bee-eater, Merops cyanophrys
* Blue-cheeked bee-eater, Merops persicus
* European bee-eater, Merops apiaster

## Rollers

Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae
Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.
* European roller, Coracias garrulus
* Abyssinian roller, Coracias abyssinica
* Indian roller, Coracias benghalensis

## Woodpeckers

Order: Piciformes Family: Picidae
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.
* Eurasian wryneck, Jynx torquilla
* Arabian woodpecker, Dendrocoptes dorae

## Falcons and caracaras

Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
* Lesser kestrel, Falco naumanni
* Eurasian kestrel, Falco tinnunculus
* Red-footed falcon, Falco vespertinus
* Amur falcon, Falco amurensis
* Eleonora's falcon, Falco eleonorae
* Sooty falcon, Falco concolor
* Merlin, Falco columbarius
* Eurasian hobby, Falco subbuteo
* Lanner falcon, Falco biarmicus
* Saker falcon, Falco cherrug
* Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus

## Old World parrots

Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae
Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. In size they range from 8 cm (3.1 in) to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.
* Alexandrine parakeet, Psittacula eupatria (I)
* Rose-ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri (I)

## Old World orioles

Order: Passeriformes Family: Oriolidae
The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles.
* Eurasian golden oriole, Oriolus oriolus

## Bushshrikes and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Malaconotidae
Bushshrikes are similar in habits to shrikes, hunting insects and other small prey from a perch on a bush. Although similar in build to the shrikes, these tend to be either colourful species or largely black; some species are quite secretive.
* Black-crowned tchagra, Tchagra senegala

## Monarch flycatchers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Monarchidae
The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching. .
* African paradise-flycatcher, Terpsiphone viridis

## Shrikes

Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae
Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.
* Red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio
* Red-tailed shrike, Lanius phoenicuroides
* Isabelline shrike, Lanius isabellinus
* Brown shrike, Lanius cristatus (A)
* Long-tailed shrike, Lanius schach (A)
* Bay-backed shrike, Lanius vittatus (A)
* Great gray shrike, Lanius excubitor
* Lesser gray shrike, Lanius minor
* Masked shrike, Lanius nubicus
* Woodchat shrike, Lanius senator

## Crows, jays, and magpies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
* Asir magpie, Pica asirensis
* Eurasian magpie, Pica pica
* Red-billed chough, Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
* Eurasian jackdaw, Corvus monedula (A)
* House crow, Corvus splendens
* Rook, Corvus frugilegus
* Hooded crow, Corvus cornix
* Pied crow, Corvus albus (A)
* Brown-necked raven, Corvus ruficollis
* Fan-tailed raven, Corvus rhipidurus
* Common raven, Corvus corax (A)

## Penduline-tits

Order: Passeriformes Family: Remizidae
The penduline-tits are a group of small passerine birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores.
* Eurasian penduline-tit, Remiz pendulinus (A)

## Larks

Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.
* Greater hoopoe-lark, Alaemon alaudipes
* Thick-billed lark, Ramphocoris clotbey
* Bar-tailed lark, Ammomanes cincturus
* Desert lark, Ammomanes deserti
* Black-crowned sparrow-lark, Eremopterix nigriceps
* Horsfield's bushlark, Mirafra javanica
* Temminck's lark, Eremophila bilopha
* Rufous-capped lark, Calandrella eremica
* Greater short-toed lark, Calandrella brachydactyla
* Bimaculated lark, Melanocorypha bimaculata
* Calandra lark, Melanocorypha calandra (A)
* Arabian lark, Eremalauda eremodites
* Mediterranean short-toed lark, Alaudala rufescens
* Turkestan short-toed lark, Alaudala heinei
* Wood lark, Lullula arborea (A)
* Eurasian skylark, Alauda arvensis
* Oriental skylark, Alauda gulgula
* Crested lark, Galerida cristata

## Bearded reedling

Order: Passeriformes Family: Panuridae
This species, the only one in its family, is found in reed beds throughout temperate Europe and Asia.
* Bearded reedling, Panurus biarmicus (A)

## Cisticolas and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Cisticolidae
The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub.
* Graceful prinia, Prinia gracilis
* Delicate prinia, Prinia lepida
* Zitting cisticola, Cisticola juncidis

## Reed warblers and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Acrocephalidae
The members of this family are usually rather large for "warblers". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.
* Thick-billed warbler, Arundinax aedon (A)
* Booted warbler, Iduna caligata (A)
* Sykes's warbler, Iduna rama
* Eastern olivaceous warbler, Iduna pallida
* Upcher's warbler, Hippolais languida
* Olive-tree warbler, Hippolais olivetorum (A)
* Icterine warbler, Hippolais icterina
* Moustached warbler, Acrocephalus melanopogon
* Sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus
* Blyth's reed warbler, Acrocephalus dumetorum (A)
* Marsh warbler, Acrocephalus palustris
* Common reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus
* Basra reed warbler, Acrocephalus griseldis
* Great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus
* Clamorous reed warbler, Acrocephalus stentoreus

## Grassbirds and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Locustellidae
Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over.
* River warbler, Locustella fluviatilis (A)
* Savi's warbler, Locustella luscinioides
* Common grasshopper-warbler, Locustella naevia

## Swallows

Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
* Plain martin, Riparia paludicola (A)
* Gray-throated martin, Riparia chinensis
* Bank swallow, Riparia riparia
* Banded martin, Neophedina cincta (A)
* Eurasian crag-martin, Ptyonoprogne rupestris
* Rock martin, Ptyonoprogne fuligula
* Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica
* White-throated swallow, Hirundo albigularis (A)
* Wire-tailed swallow, Hirundo smithii (A)
* Red-rumped swallow, Cecropis daurica
* Common house-martin, Delichon urbica

## Bulbuls

Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae
Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.
* Red-vented bulbul, Pycnonotus cafer (I)
* Red-whiskered bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus (I)
* White-spectacled bulbul, Pycnonotus xanthopygos
* White-eared bulbul, Pycnonotus leucotis

## Leaf warblers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Phylloscopidae
Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with greyish-green to greyish-brown colours.
* Wood warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix
* Eastern Bonelli's warbler, Phylloscopus orientalis (A)
* Yellow-browed warbler, Phylloscopus inornatus
* Hume's warbler, Phylloscopus fuscatus (A)
* Dusky warbler, Phylloscopus fuscatus (A)
* Plain leaf warbler, Phylloscopus neglectus
* Willow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus
* Mountain chiffchaff, Phylloscopus sindianus (A)
* Common chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita
* Brown woodland-warbler, Phylloscopus umbrovirens
* Green warbler, Phylloscopus nitidus (A)
* Greenish warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides (A)
* Arctic warbler, Phylloscopus borealis (A)

## Bush warblers and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Scotocercidae
The members of this family are found throughout Africa, Asia, and Polynesia. Their taxonomy is in flux, and some authorities place some genera in other families.
* Scrub warbler, Scotocerca inquieta

## Sylviid warblers, parrotbills, and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Sylviidae
The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs.
* Eurasian blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla
* Garden warbler, Sylvia borin
* Asian desert warbler, Curruca nana
* Barred warbler, Curruca nisoria
* Lesser whitethroat, Curruca curruca
* Yemen warbler, Curruca buryi
* Arabian warbler, Curruca leucomelaena
* Eastern Orphean warbler, Curruca crassirostris
* Cyprus warbler, Curruca melanothorax (A)
* Menetries's warbler, Curruca mystacea
* Rüppell's warbler, Curruca ruppeli
* Eastern subalpine warbler, Curruca cantillans
* Sardinian warbler, Curruca melanocephala (A)
* Greater whitethroat, Curruca communis
* Spectacled warbler, Curruca conspicillata (A)

## White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Zosteropidae
The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye. There is 1 species which occurs in Saudi Arabia.
* Abyssinian white-eye, Zosterops abyssinicus

## Laughingthrushes and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Leiothrichidae
The laughingthrushes are somewhat diverse in size and colouration, but are characterised by soft fluffy plumage.
* Arabian babbler, Argya squamiceps

## Starlings

Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
* European starling, Sturnus vulgaris
* Wattled starling, Creatophora cinerea (A)
* Rosy starling, Pastor roseus
* Indian pied starling, Gracupica contra (I)
* Common myna, Acridotheres tristis (I)
* Bank myna, Acridotheres ginginianus (I)
* Violet-backed starling, Cinnyricinclus leucogaster
* Tristram's starling, Onychognathus tristramii

## Thrushes and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
* Mistle thrush, Turdus viscivorus
* Song thrush, Turdus philomelos
* Redwing, Turdus iliacus
* Eurasian blackbird, Turdus merula
* Yemen thrush, Turdus menachensis
* Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris
* Ring ouzel, Turdus torquatus
* Black-throated thrush, Turdus atrogularis
* Dusky thrush, Turdus naumanni (A)

## Old World flycatchers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae
Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.
* Spotted flycatcher, Muscicapa striata
* Gambaga flycatcher, Muscicapa gambagae
* Black scrub-robin, Cercotrichas podobe
* Rufous-tailed scrub-robin, Cercotrichas galactotes
* European robin, Erithacus rubecula
* White-throated robin, Irania gutturalis
* Thrush nightingale, Luscinia luscinia
* Common nightingale, Luscinia megarhynchos (A)
* Bluethroat, Luscinia svecica
* Red-breasted flycatcher, Ficedula parva
* Semicollared flycatcher, Ficedula semitorquata
* European pied flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca (A)
* Collared flycatcher, Ficedula albicollis
* Rufous-backed redstart, Phoenicurus erythronota (A)
* Common redstart, Phoenicurus phoenicurus
* White-winged redstart, Phoenicurus erythrogaster (A)
* Black redstart, Phoenicurus ochruros
* Little rock-thrush, Monticola rufocinereus
* Rufous-tailed rock-thrush, Monticola saxatilis
* Blue rock-thrush, Monticola solitarius
* Whinchat, Saxicola rubetra
* European stonechat, Saxicola rubicola
* Siberian stonechat, Saxicola maurus
* African stonechat, Saxicola torquatus
* Pied bushchat, Saxicola caprata
* Northern wheatear, Oenanthe oenanthe
* Red-breasted wheatear, Oenanthe bottae
* Isabelline wheatear, Oenanthe isabellina
* Hooded wheatear, Oenanthe monacha
* Desert wheatear, Oenanthe deserti
* Pied wheatear, Oenanthe pleschanka
* Eastern black-eared wheatear, Oenanthe melanoleuca
* Cyprus wheatear, Oenanthe cypriaca
* Red-rumped wheatear, Oenanthe moesta (A)
* Blackstart, Cercomela melanura
* Variable wheatear, Oenanthe picata (A)
* Hume's wheatear, Oenanthe albonigra (A)
* White-crowned wheatear, Oenanthe leucopyga
* Arabian wheatear, Oenanthe lugentoides
* Finsch's wheatear, Oenanthe finschii
* Mourning wheatear, Oenanthe lugens
* Kurdish wheatear, Oenanthe xanthoprymna (A)
* Persian wheatear, Oenanthe chrysopygia

## Hypocolius

Order: Passeriformes Family: Hypocoliidae
The hypocolius is a small Middle Eastern species. They are mainly a uniform grey colour except the males have a black triangular mask around their eyes.
* Hypocolius, Hypocolius ampelinus

## Sunbirds and spiderhunters

Order: Passeriformes Family: Nectariniidae
The sunbirds and spiderhunters are very small passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed.
* Nile Valley sunbird, Hedydipna metallica
* Palestine sunbird, Cinnyris oseus
* Shining sunbird, Cinnyris habessinicus
* Purple sunbird, Cinnyris asiaticus (A)

## Weavers and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Ploceidae
The weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season.
* Rüppell's weaver, Ploceus galbula
* Streaked weaver, Ploceus manyar (I)
* Baya weaver, Ploceus philippinus (I)

## Waxbills and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.
* Arabian waxbill, Estrilda rufibarba
* Zebra waxbill, Amandava subflava
* Red avadavat, Amandava amandava (I)
* Indian silverbill, Euodice malabarica
* African silverbill, Euodice cantans
* Scaly-breasted munia, Lonchura punctulata (I)

## Old World sparrows

Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.
* House sparrow, Passer domesticus
* Spanish sparrow, Passer hispaniolensis
* Dead Sea sparrow, Passer moabiticus
* Arabian golden sparrow, Passer euchlorus
* Yellow-throated sparrow, Gymnoris xanthocollis
* Sahel bush sparrow, Gymnoris dentata
* Pale rockfinch, Carpospiza brachydactyla

## Wagtails and pipits

Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.
* Gray wagtail, Motacilla cinerea
* Western yellow wagtail, Motacilla flava
* Eastern yellow wagtail, Motacilla tschutschensis (A)
* Citrine wagtail, Motacilla citreola
* White wagtail, Motacilla alba
* Richard's pipit, Anthus richardi
* African pipit, Anthus cinnamomeus
* Long-billed pipit, Anthus similis
* Tawny pipit, Anthus campestris
* Meadow pipit, Anthus pratensis
* Tree pipit, Anthus trivialis
* Olive-backed pipit, Anthus hodgsoni (A)
* Red-throated pipit, Anthus cervinus
* Water pipit, Anthus spinoletta

## Finches, euphonias, and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae
Finches are seed-eating passerine birds that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.
* Common chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs
* Brambling, Fringilla montifringilla (A)
* Hawfinch, Coccothraustes coccothraustes (A)
* Common rosefinch, Carpodacus erythrinus
* Sinai rosefinch, Carpodacus synoicus
* Trumpeter finch, Bucanetes githaginea
* Mongolian finch, Bucanetes githaginea (A)
* Desert finch, Rhodospiza obsoleta
* Arabian grosbeak, Rhynchostruthus percivali
* European greenfinch, Chloris chloris
* Olive-rumped serin, Crithagra rothschildi
* Yemen serin, Crithagra menachensis
* Eurasian linnet, Linaria cannabina
* Yemen linnet, Linaria yemenensis
* European goldfinch, Carduelis carduelis
* Fire-fronted serin, Serinus pusillus (A)
* Eurasian siskin, Spinus spinus

## Old World buntings

Order: Passeriformes Family: Emberizidae
The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns.
* Black-headed bunting, Emberiza melanocephala
* Red-headed bunting, Emberiza bruniceps (A)
* Corn bunting, Emberiza calandra
* Rock bunting, Emberiza cia
* Pine bunting, Emberiza leucocephalos (A)
* Cinereous bunting, Emberiza cineracea
* Ortolan bunting, Emberiza hortulana
* Cretzschmar's bunting, Emberiza caesia
* Cinnamon-breasted bunting, Emberiza tahapisi
* Striolated bunting, Emberiza striolata
* Reed bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus
* Yellow-breasted bunting, Emberiza aureola (A)
* Little bunting, Emberiza pusilla (A)
* Rustic bunting, Emberiza rustica (A)