OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Phytophthora plurivora

Phytophthora plurivora is a very aggressive soil-borne plant pathogen, with worldwide distribution and a wide variety of hosts.
It belongs to the class of oomycetes and is often described as a ‘fungal-like’ organism since they form a heterotrophic mycelium as the ‘true fungi’, but in contrast, their cell wall lacks chitin and is composed only of cellulose and glucans.
Its name derives from Greek Phytophthora φυτόν (phytón), “plant” and φθορά (phthorá), “destruction”; “the plant-destroyer” and plurivora from Latin (pluri = many, -vora = feeding).

## Origins

Phytophthora plurivora was first described by Sawada (1927) as P. citricola (isolated from citrus in Taiwan) based just on morphological and physiological characters. After a more accurate work T. Jung and T.I. Burgess, based not just on morphological and physiological characters, but also on phylogenetic analyses, proposed that the isolates of P. citricola showed a high diversity and were then subdivided into four new groups, among them the new species P. plurivora sp. nov. P. citricola and P. plurivora differ in length and breadth ratio of sporangia, colony growth patterns and optimal temperature. P. plurivora shows homothallic, paragynous antheridia and semipapillate sporangia resembling lemons.
It is assumed that P. plurivora was imported from overseas on living plant stock and could spread in Europe because of perfect climate conditions and ubiquitous presence of host plants.

## Biology

P. plurivora can be found in the soil and in plant tissues, can take different shapes and can move in water, since it has motile zoospores. During periods of harsh environmental conditions, the organisms become dormant chlamydospores. When environmental conditions are suitable, the chlamydospores germinate, producing mycelia (or hyphae) and sporangia. The sporangia ripen and release zoospores, which infect plant roots by entering the root behind the root tip. Zoospores need water to swim through the soil, therefore infection is most likely in moist soils. Mycelia grow throughout the root absorbing carbohydrates and nutrients, destroying the structure of the root tissues, "rotting" the root, and preventing the plant from absorbing water and nutrients, in some cases, leading to the death of the plants. Since it is a hemibiotrophic organism it parasitizes living tissues for a period and can continue its life cycle on dead tissues. Sporangia and chlamydospores form on the mycelia of the infected root, and the cycle of infection continues to the next plant.

## Impact on ecosystems

Phytophthora species have been responsible for damaging several ecosystems. Recent studies are showing P. plurivora as the main organism promoting disease and for declining beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees in European forests, raising attention of main authorities in the area. The number of declining trees is rising over last years. It is still unclear how to effectively manage or control this aggressive pathogen in forest ecosystems.
# Falls City Limestone

The Falls City Limestone is a geologic formation in Nebraska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.
# Falls City Formation

The Falls City Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.
# Favosites

Favosites is an extinct genus of tabulate coral characterized by polygonal closely packed corallites (giving it the common name "honeycomb coral"). The walls between corallites are pierced by pores known as mural pores which allowed transfer of nutrients between polyps. Favosites, like many corals, thrived in warm sunlit seas, feeding by filtering microscopic plankton with their stinging tentacles and often forming part of reef complexes. The genus had a worldwide distribution from the Late Ordovician to Late Permian.

## Distribution

Favosites had a vast distribution, and its fossils can be found on every continent (except Antarctica).

## Species

The following species of Favosites have been described:
* F. abnormis
* F. adaverensis
* F. afghanicus
* F. antiquus
* F. bowerbanki
* F. burkhanensis
* F. desolatus
* F. exilis
* F. fallax
* F. favosiformis
* F. favosus
* F. fusiforme
* F. goldfussi (Lecompte, 1939), from the Emsian, Eifelian and Givetian of the Holy Cross Mountains, is known to be parasitized by Chaetosalpinx.
* F. gothlandicus
* F. hisingeri
* F. ingens
* F. intricatus
* F. issensis
* F. jaaniensis
* F. kalevi
* F. lichenarioides
* F. mirandus
* F. multicarinatus
* F. oculiporoides
* F. permica
* F. petropolitana
* F. praemaximus
* F. privatus
* F. serratus
* F. sphaericus (Počta, 1902) from the lower Blue Fiord and Disappointment Bay formations of Devonian Canada.
* F. subfavosus
* F. subforbesi

## Gallery

* Sagittal cross-section of Favosites, showing communication pores between the corallites. Upper Ordovician of southern Indiana
* Favosites goldfussi fossil at Natural History Museum, Wiesbaden
# Fedaiellidae

Fedaiellidae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neritimorpha.

## Distribution

Fossils of the genus Fedaiella are found in the marine strata of the Quaternary of Japan, the Paleocene of Poland and the Triassic of Italy.
# Feilden Formation

The Feilden Formation is a geologic formation in Nunavut. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.
# Flagstaff Formation

The Flagstaff Formation is a geologic formation in Utah. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.
# Flickiidae

Flickiidae is a family of dwarf ammonites with little ornament and very simples sutures known from small pyritic specimens found in middle Cretaceous deposits. Inclusion in the Acanthoceratoidea is tentative.

## Taxonomy

Flickiidae has been divided into two subfamilies, the Flickiinae, which is equivalent to the Flickiidae of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L, 1957 and the Salaziceratinae which contains Salaziceras, moved from the Lyelliceratidae and Neosaynoceras, moved from the Acanthoceratidae.
Genera now in the Flickiinae:
    Flickia Pervenquiere, 1907 - Shell smooth, moderately evolute, rather compressed, venter narrowly arched, suture smooth, undulatory. U Alb -L Cenom. N Afr, Madag, Texas.
    Ficheuria Pervenquiere, 1907 - Shell very involute, globular, umbilical shoulder tending to be angular. Suture similar to that of Flickia. U Alb. -L Cenom. of North Africa.
    Adkinsia Boes, 1928 - Shell rather more involute and inflated than Flickia but less than Ficheuria; first lateral lobe narrower than on either. L Cenom, Texas.
Genera placed in the Salaziceratinae:
    Salaziceras Breistroffer, 1936 - Described as small, moderately involute, inflated, with more or less straight, course, rounded ribs that arise from prominent umbilical bullae and sutures with simplified saddles. More closely resembles other Lyelliceratid genera except for the suture. U Albian, France.
    Neosynoceras Breistroffer, 1947 - A dwarf, involute, globular form with sharp umbilical, ventrolateral, and siphonal (mid ventral) tubercles. L Cenomanian.
# Foreman Formation

The Foreman Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Jurassic period.
# Fort Apache Formation

The Fort Apache Formation is a geologic formation in Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.
# Fort Preston Sand

The Fort Preston Sand is a geologic formation in Florida. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.
# Freda Sandstone

The Freda Sandstone is a geologic formation in Michigan. It dates back to the Proterozoic. Lithologically, the Freda Sandstone is a lithic, red-brown, cyclic sequence of sandstones, mudstones and shales (conglomerates are rare).
* Earth sciences portal
* Michigan portal
* Paleontology portal
# Friars Formation

The Friars Formation is a geologic formation in San Diego County, California.

## Geology

It is the uppermost unit of the La Jolla Group. The rocks are nonmarine and lagoonal sandstone and claystone, named for exposures along the north side of Mission Valley near Friars Road.
It reaches a maximum thickness of 50 metres (160 ft) between Mission Valley and Carmel Valley.

### Fossils

It preserves fossils dating back to the middle and late Eocene epoch of the Paleogene period, during the Cenozoic Era.
# Frodospira cochleata

Frodospira cochleata is a species of extinct sea snail in the family Lophospiridae. Fossil specimens from 422.9 and 421.3 million years ago have been found in Sweden at Grogarnsberget, Hemse, and Sandarve kulle, in a hill about a kilometer north of Fardhem Church. A species of epifaunal filter feeder, it had a slender, turriculate shell consisting of twelve to thirteen whorls.
# Fürstenau Formation

The Fürstenau Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.
# Fusiturricula panola

Fusiturricula panola is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Drilliidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 27.2 mm, its diameter 8.5 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species has been found as a fossil in Pliocene strata of the Bowden Formation (Jamaica); age range:3.6 to 2.588 Ma
# Fusiturricula springvaleensis

Fusiturricula springvaleensis is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.

## Description

The shell grows to a length of 44 mm, its diameter 15 mm.

## Distribution

This extinct species was found in Miocene strata of Trinidad and Tobago and in Pliocene strata of Venezuela; age range: 5.332 to 2.588 Ma.
# Galanarla

Galanarla is an extinct genus of quadrupedal kangaroos of Australia.
# Galepus

Galepus is an extinct genus of anomodont therapsids.
# Oliver Wainwright

Oliver Wainwright (born July 1984) is a British architecture and design critic. He has written for the British newspapers The Guardian and The Times and is the Features Editor for the industry magazine Building Design. He trained and worked as an architect before becoming a journalist
Oliver Wainwright attended Benton Park School in Leeds before going on to study architecture at the University of Cambridge, graduating with a double first, before the Royal College of Art.
As well as being a writer and journalist, Wainwright has collaborated on design projects with the Architecture Foundation and the National Building Museum, and has lectured at several British architecture schools. He is the son of former Guardian journalist Martin Wainwright.
Wainwright has praised the work of architect firm Stanton Williams and defended the company's design of the Sainsbury Laboratory after it won the 2012 RIBA Stirling Prize, despite its superficially prefabricated style. He has criticised the design of the Liverpool Museum, highlighting problems of being over budget and in his opinion too close to the Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City, at the time a UNESCO World Heritage Site. He described the restaurant in the Walkie Talkie tower at 20 Fenchurch Street as "like being in an airport terminal".
# Gamuza Formation

The Gamuza Formation is a geologic formation in Mexico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ediacaran period.
# Garlton Hills Volcanics

The Garlton Hills Volcanics is a geologic formation in Scotland. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.
# Gazella atlantica

Gazella atlantica, the Atlantic gazelle, is an extinct species of gazelle that lived in Northwest Africa during the Late Pleistocene.

## Taxonomy

The Atlantic gazelle was described in 1870 from late Quaternary cave deposits at Jebel Thaya in Algeria. Fossils are relatively common across Algeria and Morocco. The Atlantic gazelle is closely related to Gazella tingitana, another extinct gazelle from the Late Pleistocene of North Africa.

## Description

The Atlantic gazelle was a small species of antelope, estimated at around 20 kg (44 lb). It would have been roughly comparable in size to the Speke's gazelle, which is generally considered the smallest living gazelle.

## Paleoecology

Fossils of the Atlantic gazelle have been found alongside those of wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) and hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus) suggesting a habitat preference for open grasslands.
In a published paper, anthropologist Richard G. Klein suggested that the Atlantic gazelle may have persisted into the Holocene as recently as 4,000 BP (along with Camelus thomasi and Megaceroides). However, these claims cannot be substantiated, and the latest fossils of this species are dated to between 100 and 37 ka (100,000 - 37,000 years).
# Geinitzia (insect)

Geinitzia is an extinct genus of flying insects belonging to the order Reculida and family Geinitziidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Permian to the Jurassic and have been found in China, Germany, Kyrgyzstan, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Russia.

## Species

A number of species have been described in Geinitzia.
    G. annosa
    G. aristovi
    G. asiatica
    G. carpentieri
    G. dorni
    G. ima
    G. latrunculorum
    G. minor
    G. perlaesa
    G. reticulata
    G. sagulensis
    G. schlieffeni
    G. subita
    G. superaucta
    G. varia
# Gerastos

Gerastos is a genus of proetid trilobite in the family Proetidae that lived between the Pragian and Eifelian of the Lower-Middle Devonian, spanning approximately 21 million years.
It was described by Goldfuss in 1843.

## Distribution

Gerastos has been found in the Devonian of Belgium, Germany, the Czech Republic and Morocco.

## Description

Gerastos has holochroal eyes situated to the side of its enlarged glabella region of the cephalon. The surface of the cephalon can be smooth or covered with pustules.
Length rarely exceeds 3 cm.
# Gilbert Formation

The Gilbert Formation is a geologic formation in Kentucky. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period .
# Globidrillia ula

Globidrillia ula is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 5 mm, its diameter 1.5 mm.

## Distribution

This extinct species was found in Pliocene strata of Jamaica, age range: 3.6 to 2.588 Ma.
# Glossanodon

Glossanodon is a genus of fishes in the family Argentinidae.

## Extant species

There are currently 15 recognized extant species in this genus:
* Glossanodon australis Kobyliansky, 1998 (Southern herring smelt)
* Glossanodon danieli Parin & Shcherbachev, 1982
* Glossanodon elongatus Kobyliansky, 1998
* Glossanodon kotakamaru Endo & Nashida, 2010 (Kotaka’s argentine)
* Glossanodon leioglossus (Valenciennes, 1848) (Small-toothed argentine)
* Glossanodon lineatus (Matsubara, 1943)
* Glossanodon melanomanus Kobyliansky, 1998
* Glossanodon microcephalus Endo & Nashida, 2012
* Glossanodon mildredae Cohen & Atsaides, 1969
* Glossanodon nazca Parin & Shcherbachev, 1982
* Glossanodon polli Cohen, 1958
* Glossanodon pseudolineatus Kobyliansky, 1998 (Saddled herring smelt)
* Glossanodon pygmaeus Cohen, 1958 (Pygmy argentine)
* Glossanodon semifasciatus (Kishinouye, 1904) (Deep-sea smelt)
* Glossanodon struhsakeri Cohen, 1970 (Struhsaker's deep-sea smelt)

## Fossil species

From the fossil record, two species are known, originally described as Proargentina inclinata (Danilt'chenko 1960) and P. nebulosa (Danilt'chenko 1962) from the Early Oligocene and Early Eocene Dabakhana Svita Formation of Georgia respectively. Jerzmanska assigned Proargentina synonymous with Glossanodon in 1968.
# Glyphis hastalis

Glyphis hastalis is a species of extinct river shark from Great Britain. Modern relatives include the Ganges shark and speartooth shark.
# Glyptolepis baltica

Glyptolepis baltica is an extinct species of lobe-finned fishes belonging to the family Holoptychiidae.
It is found in Estonia.
# Gober Chalk

The Gober Chalk is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.
# Golconda Formation

The Golconda Formation is a geologic formation in Kentucky. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period. In Indiana, the Golconda, it is called the Golconda Limestone and is part of the Stephensport Group.
# Mass provisioning

Mass provisioning is a form of parental investment in which an adult insect, most commonly a hymenopteran such as a bee or wasp, stocks all the food for each of her offspring in a small chamber (a "cell") before she lays the egg. This behavior is common in both solitary and eusocial bees, though essentially absent in eusocial wasps.

## Diversity

In bees, stored provisions typically consist of masses of mixed pollen and nectar, though a few species store floral oils. In a few cases, such as stingless bees and some sweat bees, the number of cells in a single nest can number in the hundreds to thousands, but more typically a nest contains either a single cell, or a small number (fewer than 10).
In predatory wasps, the food is typically in the form of paralyzed or dead prey items; after digging the nest they quickly catch one or a few prey animals, bring them to the nest and lay eggs on them, seal the nest and leave. Some wasp lineages (e.g. Crabronidae) show variation, with some species practicing mass provisioning, while related species may bring back prey after the egg has hatched, and then seal the nest (such "delayed provisioning" is considered to be a stage in the evolution of progressive provisioning and thus of parental care in insects), or re-open the nest and add more prey items as the larva grows, which is genuine progressive provisioning.
In 1958, Howard E. Evans published a study of the nesting behaviour of Sphecini digger wasps, showing a range of ways of stocking their nests. In Prionyx, several Nearctic and Palaearctic species catch a grasshopper, and then dig a nest for it, so there is one prey per nest. The nest consists of a single cell, and the egg is laid touching the coxa of a hind leg. In contrast, a Neotropical species, P. spinolae, digs the nest first, creating multiple cells, and stocks each cell with 5–10 grasshoppers; the egg is laid on the underside of the thorax.
No eusocial wasp species carries out mass provisioning in the strict sense, though the vespid wasp genus Brachygastra stores provisions of honey in its nests; the honey is used to supplement larval feeding (larvae are still fed masticated prey items, for protein), and also eaten by adults.
The best-known examples from outside the Hymenoptera are dung beetles, which typically provision with either leaves or dung. Once the provisions are in place and the egg is laid, the cell is sealed, to protect the developing brood.

## Social behaviour

While mass provisioning is typical of some eusocial lineages, such as some sweat bees and all stingless bees, many other eusocial insects, such as ants and honey bees, instead practise progressive provisioning, where the larvae are fed directly and continually during their development; as such, both highly eusocial and primitively eusocial lineages can perform either type of provisioning.
# Gosfordia

Gosfordia is an extinct genus of prehistoric lungfish known from the Triassic of Australia.
# Goughs Canyon Formation

The Goughs Canyon Formation is a geologic formation in southeastern Humboldt County, Nevada.
It preserves fossils dating back to the Mississippian stage of the Carboniferous period.
# Grant Lake Formation

The Grant Lake Formation is a geologic formation in Ohio and Kentucky. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.
# Space Invaders (Player One song)

"Space Invaders" is a song by Australian songwriters Russell Dunlop and Bruce Brown, recording under the band name Player 1 (commonly stylised as Player) in 1979. The song is based on the hugely successful 1978 video game Space Invaders. It was a novelty hit in Australia, peaking at No. 3 on the Kent Music Report charts, and ending up as the seventh best selling single in Australia for 1980. It spent 28 weeks on the Australian charts. The song approached Platinum status in Australia as of October 1980. The single was very popular in South Africa and received much airplay. It also reached No. 20 in the New Zealand charts.

## History

The arcade game of the same name, Space Invaders, was released by Japanese company Taito in 1978 and had become a global phenomenon by 1979. The Warner Music office in Sydney had its own arcade cabinet of the game, which prompted the idea of a song cashing in on the game's popularity. They took the project to Sydney producer duo Russell Dunlop and Bruce Brown, who took inspiration from the Space Invaders game to create the song's bassline. According to Brown: "We actually went out with a machine before we did the record and recorded all the sound effects of it and had a little fiddle around with it".
Dunlop and Brown also released an album as Player One, Game Over. Dunlop recalled: "We sat down and wrote a bunch of space songs, but instead of sticking to the concept of the hit, we wandered off into the 'clever' musical genre with fancy time signatures, radical chord progressions and so on. The reply came back for the States that this was intended for 13- to 14-year-olds: 'You've lost us.'"
The song was released internationally but failed to chart outside Australia. The single and album were released in the US under the band name Playback, which Brown and Dunlop had used for other projects, to avoid confusion with the US band Player. The US version of the album was titled Space Invaders.

## Legacy

"Space Invaders" was influential in the history of electronic dance music: a bootleg mashup called "On And On" used the original recording of "Space Invaders," and the bassline was re-used by Jesse Saunders for what is commonly held to be the first Chicago house record, also called "On and On" (1984).

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (1980) | Peak position |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 3 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 20 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1980) | Position |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 7 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | Platinum | 100,000$^^$ |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# Graylock Formation

The Graylock Formation is a geologic formation in Oregon. It preserves fossils dating back to the Jurassic period.
# Greenfield Formation

The Greenfield Formation is a geologic formation in Ohio. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.
# Gregg Ranch Formation

The Gregg Ranch Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.
# Grès armoricain

The Grès armoricain is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the ordovician period.
# Grès de May

The Grès de May is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.
# Gres de Sanite Godeleine

The Gres de Sanite Godeleine is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
# Gres du Glauzy

The Grès du Glauzy is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.
# Grès verts Dauphinois

The Grès verts Dauphinois is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.
# Grès du Mont de Besneville Formation

The Grès du Mont de Besneville Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.
# Grundflötz Formation

The Grundflötz Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.
# Gullane Formation

The Gullane Formation is a geological formation in Scotland. It preserves fossils dating back to the Visean stage (early Carboniferous period).
# Hailey Shales Formation

The Hailey Shales Formation is a geologic formation in Wyoming. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.Plesiopleurodon was found in this formation.