# Ancient Macedonian calendar

The Ancient Macedonian calendar is a lunisolar calendar that was in use in ancient Macedon in the 1st millennium BCE. It consisted of 12 synodic lunar months (i.e. 354 days per year), which needed intercalary months to stay in step with the seasons. By the time the calendar was being used across the Hellenistic world, seven total embolimoi (intercalary months) were being added in each 19 year Metonic cycle. The names of the ancient Macedonian Calendar remained in use in Syria even into the Christian era.

## Names

The names of the Macedonian months, just like most of the names of Greek months, are derived from feasts and related celebrations in honor of various Greek gods. Most of them combine a Macedonian dialectal form with a clear Greek etymology (e.g Δῐός from Zeus; Περίτιος from Heracles Peritas ("Guardian") ; Ξανδικός / Ξανθικός from Xanthos, "the blond" (probably a reference to Heracles); Άρτεμίσιος from Artemis etc.) with the possible exception of one, which is also attested in other Greek calendars.

## Description

The Macedonian calendar was in essence the Babylonian calendar with the substitution of Macedonian names for the Babylonian ones, and as such it paralleled the Hebrew calendar which is also lunisolar, and was used during the Parthian Empire too. An example of 6th century CE inscriptions from Decapolis, Jordan, bearing the Solar Macedonian calendar, starts from the month Audynaeus. The solar type was merged later with the Julian calendar. In Roman Macedonia, both calendars were used. The Roman one is attested in inscriptions with the name Kalandôn gen. καλανδῶν calendae and the Macedonian Hellenikei dat. Ἑλληνικῇ Hellenic. Finally an inscription from Kassandreia of about c. 306–298 BCE bearing a month Ἀθηναιῶν Athenaion suggests that some cities may have used their own months even after the 4th century BCE Macedonian expansion.
| Order | Greek name(s) | Transliteration | Approximate modern month | Remarks |
| 1 | Δίος | Dios (Zeus) | October | |
| 2 | Ἀπελλαῖος | Apellaiios | November | Also a Dorian month – Apellaiōn was a Tenian month |
| 3 | Αὐδυναῖος or Αὐδναῖος | Audunaios or Audnaios | December | Also a Cretan month |
| 4 | Περίτιος | Peritios | January | And festival of the month; Peritia |
| 5 | Δύστρος | Dystros | February | |
| 6 | Ξανδικός or Ξανθικός | Xandikos or Xanthikos | March | And festival of the month; Xanthika, purifying the army, Hesych |
| ‡ | Ξανδικός Ἐμβόλιμος | Xandikos Embolimos | ‡ | intercalated 6 times over a 19 year cycle |
| 7 | Ἀρτεμίσιος or Ἀρταμίτιος | Artemisios or Artamitios | April | Also a Spartan, Rhodian, and Epidaurian month – Artemisiōn was an Ionic month |
| 8 | Δαίσιος | Daisios | May | |
| 9 | Πάνημος or Πάναμος | Panēmos or Panamos | June | Also an Epidaurian, Miletian, Samian, and Corinthian month |
| 10 | Λώιος | Lōios | July | Ὀμολώιος (Homolōios) was an Aetolian, Boeotian, and Thessalian month |
| 11 | Γορπιαῖος | Gorpiaios | August | |
| 12 | Ὑπερβερεταῖος | Hyperberetaios | September | Hyperberetos was a Cretan month |
| ‡ | Ὑπερβερεταῖος Ἑμβόλιμος | Hyperberetaios Embolimos | ‡ | Intercalated only once over a 19 year cycle |
    ‡ Months marked with a double-dagger include the word embolimos; they were only used occasionally for intercalation during each 19 year calendar cycle, in the manner described in the remarks.

## Year numbering

Years were usually counted from the re-conquest of Seleucus I Nicator of Babylon, which became "year 1". This is equivalent to 312 BCE / 311 BCE in the Anno Domini year count of the modern Gregorian calendar. This practice spread outside the Seleucid Empire and found use in Antigonid Macedonia, Ptolemaic Egypt, and other major Hellenistic states descended from Alexander's conquests as well. Years can be abbreviated SE, S.E., or occasionally AG (Anno Graecorum).