# Antenne Valley

The Antenne Valley is a Natura 2000 special area of conservation located in the Charente-Maritime and Charente regions, in the valley of the Antenne, a tributary on the right bank of the Charente. It covers the entire river and most of its affluents, including the Briou.
It was submitted in March 1999 for 1,173 ha and validated on February 12, 2004, for 1,208 ha.
The valley has been designated a Natura 2000 site, as it is home to seven natural habitats of Community interest, as well as nineteen species of Community interest, some of which have been given priority status: the European mink, bats (chiropterans), and an insect, the rosalia longicorn.

## Location

The Antenne Valley site was proposed for Natura 2000 designation at 1,173 ha, of which 541 ha were in Charente-Maritime and 632 ha in Charente, then increased to 1,208 ha, with 548 ha in Charente-Maritime and 660 ha in Charente. It comprises the entire length of the Antenne from its source at Fontaine-Chalendray and the major streambed from Prignac to Cognac.
The territory of the Antenne Valley is covered by several protected areas: the Natura 2000 site that bears the valley's name borders on two Special Protection Areas (SPAs): that of the Charente moyenne et Seugne's valley (named SPA 05 in the table below) and that of the Néré à Bresdon plain (named SPA 24).
This Natura 2000 area also includes a natural zone of ecological, faunistic, and floristic interest (ZNIEFF) of the same name. It is a first-generation ZNIEFF (type I) covering 709.7 hectares spread over five communes. Several of the ZNIEFFs listed below are located nearby, but are not included in the Natura 2000 classification perimeter.
There are important bird conservation areas (ZICO) nearby (notably in the Charente and Seugne valleys), but not in the Antenne Valley itself.
| Commune | Department | Area (km$^2$) | Classified area | Details |
| Aujac | Charente-Maritime | 8,73 | 0,440 | |
| Aumagne | Charente-Maritime | 20,50 | 0,000 | |
| Authon-Ébéon | Charente-Maritime | 11,65 | 0,116 | |
| Bagnizeau | Charente-Maritime | 9,63 | 0,090 | |
| Blanzac-lès-Matha | Charente-Maritime | 9,42 | 0,090 | |
| Bresdon | Charente-Maritime | 16,67 | 0,000 | ZPS 24 |
| La Brousse | Charente-Maritime | 18,84 | 0,188 | |
| Cherves-Richemont | Charente | 37,94 | 2,660 | ZNIEFF n$^o$ 467 et ZNIEFF n$^o$ 002 |
| Cognac | Charente | 15,50 | 0,010 | ZPS 05 et ZNIEFF n$^o$ 574 |
| Courcerac | Charente-Maritime | 6,20 | 0,370 | |
| Cressé | Charente-Maritime | 10,96 | 0,329 | ZPS 24 |
| Fontaine-Chalendray | Charente-Maritime | 18,86 | 0,033 | |
| Gibourne | Charente-Maritime | 11,00 | 0,000 | |
| Haimps | Charente-Maritime | 18,47 | 0,000 | |
| Javrezac | Charente | 3,66 | 0,220 | |
| Louzac-Saint-André | Charente | 10,04 | 0,300 | ZNIEFF n$^o$ 002 |
| Massac | Charente-Maritime | 9,15 | 0,090 | |
| Matha | Charente-Maritime | 19,08 | 0,190 | |
| Mesnac | Charente | 6,51 | 0,840 | ZNIEFF n$^o$ 467 |
| Migron | Charente-Maritime | 15,06 | 1,350 | ZNIEFF n$^o$ 467 |
| Mons | Charente-Maritime | 15,63 | 0,780 | |
| Prignac | Charente-Maritime | 6,77 | 0,340 | |
| Saint-Ouen-la-Thène | Charente-Maritime | 7,01 | 0,070 | |
| Saint-Sulpice-de-Cognac | Charente | 23,82 | 2,570 | ZNIEFF n$^o$ 467 et ZNIEFF n$^o$ 542 |
| Le Seure | Charente-Maritime | 5,68 | 0,680 | ZNIEFF n$^o$ 467 |
| Siecq | Charente-Maritime | 11,66 | 0,000 | |
| Sonnac | Charente-Maritime | 17,12 | 0,020 | |
| Thors | Charente-Maritime | 5,55 | 0,100 | ZNIEFF n$^o$ 711. |
| Les Touches-de-Périgny | Charente-Maritime | 21,56 | 0,210 | ZPS 24 |
| Total of 29 communes | Total of 29 communes | 392,67 | 12,080 (3,1 %) | |

## Geography and hydrography

The 1,208-hectare site is situated at an altitude that reaches a peak of 50 meters, descending slowly along the course of the river to reach 10 meters at its confluence with the Charente. The difference in altitude is therefore 40 meters, although very slight in the second part of the river, which explains the meanders, multiple arms, and marshes.
The site covers up to 10% of both running and stagnant waters from the river. The Antenne is a small river, 48.3 km long, with an oceanic river regime and good water quality. North of Prignac, only the minor beds of the Antenne and part of its tributaries (the Briou) have been included in the Natura 2000 zone, as the presence of summer droughts is detrimental to its good conservation status.
From Prignac to its confluence with the Charente, the river has numerous secondary branches and a large floodplain, making it one of the best-preserved alluvial sites in the region. On this downstream section, the entire major riverbed is a Natura 2000 zone.
80% of the site that is forested is almost entirely made up of 48% deciduous forest and 32% monoculture forest, almost exclusively populiculture. The alder-wood riparian forest alternates with poplar plantations, reedbeds, and a few flood-meadows.
Cereal crops account for 6% of its surface area, with other surfaces (urbanized areas, roads) accounting for 2%.
Of particular interest are two areas of dry grassland and semi-natural wet meadows, each representing 1% of the surface area.

## Achievements

The Antenne Valley Natura 2000 site is part of the French national list of sites submitted to the creation of the Natura 2000 network, and was included in it under number FR5400473 in March 1999.
The procedure is managed by the Saint-Jean-d'Angély sub-prefecture, with the Rochefort-based Ligue pour la protection des oiseaux (LPO) as operator.
The management committee, or "Copil", responsible for ensuring that the site is properly managed, is made up of representatives of the local authorities, in particular the mayors of the communes concerned, as well as associations of local residents, foresters, fishermen and nature conservationists, among others.
Natura 2000 contracts are signed directly with the French government or with the European Union, for both agri-environmental measures (MAEt) for agricultural land, and Natura 2000 contracts for non-agricultural land (which are not located on agricultural land).

## Habitats of community interest

The Antenne Valley Natura 2000 site is home to seven natural habitats of "Community Interest" as defined in the Habitats Directive (EU Directive 92/43/EEC, Annex I), all of which are of Importance C (less than 2% of existing areas in France).
The alluvial ash forest or residual alluvial forest with common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and black alder (Alnus glutinosa) covers 598 ha, or 52% of the site.
A holm oak (Quercus ilex) forest covers 37.01 ha or 3% of the site in Cherves-Richemont, between the river and the D731 at "Bois d'Ouillat".
The river forms two sites:
* First, on half of its surface, i.e. 5% of the site, the water stagnates in the form of natural eutrophic lakes (water rich in algae and plants);
* and then, for 5% of the site, the river itself, in running water, is an habitat of Community interest.
In the commune of Saint-Sulpice-de-Cognac, abandoned underground stone quarries form an underground cavity site for bats. Colonies of chiropterans use them as hibernation and reproduction sites.
Calcicole grasslands, 6.74 ha of which are included in the Natura 2000 zone, are a group of dry grasslands where limestone outcrops. Grasses, other annual plants, and orchids form a specific habitat. Montpellier's milkvetch (Astragalus monspessulanus) is the rarest of the species.
Lowland hay meadows form the seventh natural habitat of Community interest.

## Species of community interest

The Antenne Valley Natura 2000 site is home to nineteen species of community interest as defined in the Habitats Directive, Annex II.

### Mammals

The European mink (Mustela lutreola) and otter (Lutra lutra) are permanent occupants of the site's banks. This site is of importance "B" for European mink (presence of 2% to 15% of the known population in France) and "C" for otter (less than 2% of the known population in France).
Bats are present throughout the valley, which serves as their hunting ground: barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus), horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) and lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros), greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis), Schreibers' miniopter (Miniopterus schreibersii), vespertilionidae (Myotis emarginatus) and bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteinii). For all these chiropterans, the site is of importance "C", accounting for less than 2% of the known population in France.
The hibernating population count for winter 2007-2008 was 442 individuals (540 in 2008–2009), of seven different species. These included 383 great rhinolophs (409 in 2008–2009), 12 little rhinolophs (19 in 2008–2009), 41 eared vespertilts (98 in 2008–2009), 2 Bechstein's vespertilts (1 in 2008–2009) and 2 barbastelles (also 2 in 2008–2009) (the latter prefer other habitats and are very numerous and visible throughout the valley in summer). We also counted 1 brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus) (9 in 2008–2009) and 1 whiskered bat (Myotis mystacinus) (2 in 2008–2009).
During the summer of 2007, a series of nocturnal outings allowed to identify eleven species, some of which are not counted among the hibernants on the Chaudrolles site, in particular, Daubenton's bat (Myotis daubentonii), Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri), serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus), kuhl's pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii), western barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus) and common noctule (Nyctalus noctula).
The common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) is very present.
The majority of breeding sites remain unknown.

### Invertebrates

The site is home to a rare invertebrate, for instance, the rosalia longicorn (Rosalia alpina), which is more or less adapted to this type of environment in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is recognized as a high-priority species, because it is "in danger of extinction on the European territory of the member states and for whose conservation the European Union bears particular responsibility".
Also present are the southern damselfly (Coenagrion mercuriale), the orange-spotted emerald (Oxygastra curtisii), Graslin's gomphe (Gomphus graslinii), the great capricorn (Cerambyx cerdo) and the european stag beetle (Lucanus cervus). The large copper (Lycaena dispar) has not been found and is thought to have disappeared.
* Rosalia longicorn
* Southern damselfly
* Orange-spotted emerald
* Gomphus graslinii
* Great capricorn beetle
* Female european stag beetle
* Large copper
* Large blue
* Marsh fritillary
For these species, the site is of importance "C" (presence of less than 2% of the known population in France).
Since the inventory carried out for the submission of the site's dossier, the Large blue (Phengaris arion) has been found at two sites in two communes, and the marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) at one site.

### Fish

The european bullhead (Cottus gobio), brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri) and european river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) are the three species of Community Interest present on the site. For these three species, the site is of importance "C" (presence of less than 2% of the known population in France).
* European bullhead
* Brook lamprey
The Antenne is also classified as a 1st category river for trout fishing.

## Other species
### Mammals

Genette and common polecat are also found on the site.

### Birds

The official list includes five migratory diurnal birds of prey: the black kite (Milvus migrans), the european honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus), the marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus), the hen harrier (Circus cyaneus) and the short-toed eagle (Circaetus gallicus), which specializes in snake hunting.
* Common crane
* Black-crowned night heron
* Common kingfisher
* Red-backed shrike
The European nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus), a nocturnal butterfly hunter, two wading birds, the black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), and the common crane (Grus grus), as well as the kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) and a passerine bird, the red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio), complete the list.
Studies by Charente-Nature (France nature environnement association) also confirm the presence of numerous other species, including diurnal birds of prey: common buzzard (Buteo buteo), eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and eurasian hobby (Falco subbuteo), which returns in late spring, and nocturnal raptors: tawny owl (Strix aluco), barn owl (Tyto alba) and long-eared owl (Asio otus).
Other species include eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis) and red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa), wood pigeons (Columba palumbus) and turtle doves (Streptopelia turtur). The grey cuckooshrike (Cuculus canorus), barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) and american black swift (Apus apus) return in spring, as does the hoopoe (Upupa epops). eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) are common, as are woodpeckers such as the green woodpecker (Picus viridis), the antbird (Jynx torquilla) and the great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major).
Among the most common water birds we find the great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), white stork (Ciconia ciconia), mute swan (Cygnus olor), little egret (Egretta garzetta), grey heron (Ardea cinerea) and purple heron (Ardea purpurea), moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), little grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), common snipe (Gallinago gallinago), summering common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos), and dense colonies of passing western cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis).
The ducks in this area are surface species such as the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), the green-winged teal (Anas crecca) or divers such as the tufted duck (Aythya fuligula).

### Reptiles

Two species of lizards, the european green lizard (Lacerta viridis) and the wall lizard (Podarcis muralis), as well as two snakes, the green whip snake (Hierophis viridiflavus) and the Aesculapian snake (Elaphe longissima) are present.

### Amphibians

Amphibians are very present, with the remarkable sympatric speciation of the two French tree frogs.
These include the southern tree frog (Hyla meridionalis), the european tree frog (Hyla arborea), the common nightingale (Alytes obstetricans), the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita), the edible frog (Rana esculenta), the marsh frog (Rana ridibunda), the agile frog (Rana dalmatina) and the red-legged frog (Rana temporaria).
The marbled newt (Triturus marmoratus) is also found on the site.

### Flora

Orchis odorant (Anacamptis coriophora subsp. fragrans), a subspecies of the orchis punaise, orchis pourpre (Orchis purpurea), homme-pendu (Orchis anthropophora), Guillon's biscutella (Biscutella guillonii) and Montpellier's astragalus (Astragalus monspessulanus) -the latter is protected in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region- are typical of limestone terraces. Guillon's biscutella is highly specific to the site.
* Astragalus monspessulanus
* Muscari comosum and man orchid
* Lady orchid
* Snake's head fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris)
In the wetlands, the most noteworthy plants are the white asphodel (Asphodelus albus) and the meadow fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris), a heritage plant that was inventoried throughout the Charente department from 2005 to 2007 by Charente-Nature.

## Conservation actions
### Stream maintenance

The restoration of the structures is accompanied by the installation of fish ladder and canoe crossings.
From downstream to upstream, the Buisson dam on Javrezac was rehabilitated at the end of 2008, with the return of an oxbow lake.
In 2009, work is planned at the Angeliers mill on the border between Javrezac and Richemont, and at the Basses-rues, Boussac and Bricoine mills in Cherves-Richemont, with the installation of weirs, the re-opening of arms and the construction of fish passes and canoe passages.
The structures and causeway of the Préziers mill, owned by the Communauté de communes de Cognac, have already been restored.

### Riparian restoration

The regeneration of riparian zones is action E2 of the DOCOB, carried out in partnership between:
* SYMBA (syndicat mixte pour l'étude de la gestion et de l'aménagement du bassin de l'Antenne),
* the Chamber of Agriculture,
* the Adour-Garonne water agency.
Following a diagnostic study of the entire drainage basin, a "multi-year restoration and maintenance program" (PPRE) was set up. The first planting took place in 2007 along 400 m of riverbank, using a wide range of local species: high ash, black alder, acer campestre, elm, black elder, bloody dogwood, hazel, privet, and viburnum.
In all, 6200 m of riverbank were to be planted, and 3300 m completed. This is in addition to 27,986 m of brush clearing, 23560 m of pruning, and 7200 m of tree trimming.

### Maintaining limestone grasslands

The commune of Saint-Sulpice-de-Cognac has signed a Natura 2000 contract. Working in partnership with volunteers from Charente Nature and the Société Française d'Orchidophilie (French Orchid Society), since 2006, it has been carrying out appropriate biennial maintenance of the calciform lawn (with the agreement of the owners). The aim is to keep the site open and favourable to rare species such as the sweet-smelling orchid (Anacamptis coriophora subsp. fragrans), Montpellier's milk-vetch and Astragalus monspessulanus.

### Mink conservation

To avoid harming mink, coypu control is carried out solely by trapping with cages fitted with an escape hatch for mink. Exhaust hatch kits to bring trap cages into compliance are supplied free of charge to trappers. Chemical control using poisoned bait is prohibited.
Another risk for mink is being run over by vehicles when crossing roads. Collisions are to be prevented by the gradual installation of benches under bridges, enabling the mink to cross the road without climbing onto the carriageway. In fact, if mink can't continue on the bank, they don't go into the water, but climb back up to cross the road, something otters do less frequently.

### Natura 2000 Chart

A Natura 2000 charter is signed on a parcel-by-parcel basis for a five-year period, and enables the landowner to contractually commit to good management practices in return for an exemption from the communal share of the Taxe sur le Foncier Non-Bâti (TFNB) on the parcel.
General recommendations include a commitment not to destroy community habitats and species, not to make any additions to the site (in particular fillings), and to allow site coordinators access to the site. Contractors and service providers must be informed of the contents of the charter. Phytosanitary treatments are forbidden without special authorization from the technical committee. Work must be carried out on recommended dates (mowing after June 15 or July 25, for example).
There are charters for "rivers and streams", "low-lying floodplains", "spontaneous alluvial woodlands", "production woodlands", "mixed woodlands", "thermophilic holm oak woodlands", "riparian forests", "hedgerow maintenance and restoration", "hay meadows", "calciferous grasslands", "underground cavities and bat breeding sites".
Other sheets are aimed at local authorities and businesses: "maintenance of hiking trails", "maintenance of roadsides and paths", "maintenance of structures", "maintenance of energy and communication networks". They were all adopted on February 25, 2009.

## Diffusion

This has been achieved through "InfoSite" newsletters, edited by the LPO and distributed to local communities and on the Internet.
A website was under development, due to go online at the end of 2009.