OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Copper(II) chlorate

Copper(II) chlorate is a chemical compound of the transition metal copper and the chlorate anion with basic formula Cu(ClO$_3$)$_2$. Copper chlorate is an oxidiser. It commonly forms the tetrahydrate, Cu(ClO$_3$)$_2$·4H$_2$O.

## Production

Copper chlorate can be made by combining a hot one molar solution of copper sulfate, with barium chlorate, which results in the precipitation of barium sulfate. When the solution is filtered, cooled and evaporated under a vacuum blue crystals form.
    CuSO$_4$ + Ba(ClO$_3$)$_2$ → Cu(ClO$_3$)$_2$ + BaSO$_4$(s)

## Properties

In 1902, A. Meusser investigated solubility of copper chlorate and found that it melted and started decomposing above 73 °C, giving off chlorine.
Copper chlorate decomposes when heated, giving off a yellow gas, which contains chlorine, oxygen and chlorine dioxide. A green solid is left that is a basic copper salt.
    2 Cu(ClO$_3$)$_2$ → 2 CuO + Cl$_2$ + 3 O$_2$ + 2 ClO$_2$
Sulfur is highly reactive with copper chlorate, and it is important not to cross contaminate these chemicals, for example in pyrotechnic making.

## Structure

Copper(II) chlorate commonly crystallizes as a tetrahydrate, though a hexahydrate is also known. Tetraaquacopper(II) chlorate, Cu(ClO$_3$)$_2$·4H$_2$O, has an orthorhombic crystal structure. Each copper atom is octahedrally coordinated, surrounded by four oxygen atoms of water, and two oxygen atoms from chlorate groups, which are opposite each other. Water is closer to the copper than chlorate, 1.944 Å compared to 2.396 Å, exhibiting the Jahn-Teller effect. The chlorate groups take the shape of a distorted tetrahedron. At 298 K (25 °C), the chlorine-oxygen distances in each chlorate ion are 1.498, 1.488 and 1.468 Å, with the longest being the oxygen next to copper. The ∠O-Cu-O (angle subtended at copper by oxygen atoms) is 105.2°, 108.3°, and 106.8°. At lower temperatures (233 K, −40 °C), the water molecules and copper-chlorate distance shrink.

## Use

François-Marie Chertier used tetraamminecopper(II) chlorate to colour flames blue in 1843. This material was abbreviated TACC with formula Cu(NH$_3$)$_4$(ClO$_3$)$_2$. TACC explodes on impact.
The substance became known as Chertier's copper for use in blue coloured pyrotechnics. However its deliquescence causes a problem. Mixtures with other metal salts can yield violet or lilac colours also.
It has also been used to colour copper brown.
# Archetype (textual criticism)

In textual criticism, an archetype is a text that originates a textual tradition. By using a stemmatic approach, the textual critic tries to trace the oldest surviving manuscript and show the relationship it has to its ancestors. This makes it possible to compare changes made in different traditions branching off from the archetype, and develop an edition that reconstructs the text of the archetype as closely as possible.
An archetype should not be confused with the autograph, which is the first handwritten manuscript by an author. The archetype is also commonly mistaken to be the original text, although many would argue that it is impossible to locate an original text within a tradition where there may not be surviving evidence, and because the author and editors may have constructed several drafts and editions throughout the process, from the moment of birth of the author's idea until the publication of an edition of the work. On the other hand, an archetype could be the original, in the sense that it is not a copy, but the concrete surviving, unmodified text.
# Yuya Yamagishi

Yuya Yamagishi (山岸 祐也, Yamagishi Yūya, born August 29, 1993) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Nagoya Grampus.

## Club statistics

Updated to 11 April 2024.
| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Total | Total |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Japan | Japan | Japan | League | League | Emperor's Cup | Emperor's Cup | J.League Cup | J.League Cup | Total | Total |
| 2015 | Ryutsu Keizai University | – | – | – | 2 | 0 | – | – | 2 | 0 |
| 2016 | Thespakusatsu Gunma | J2 League | 33 | 5 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 34 | 5 |
| 2017 | Thespakusatsu Gunma | J2 League | 36 | 3 | 2 | 1 | – | – | 36 | 3 |
| 2018 | FC Gifu | J2 League | 31 | 4 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 32 | 4 |
| 2019 | FC Gifu | J2 League | 22 | 4 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 22 | 4 |
| 2019 | Montedio Yamagata | J2 League | 14 | 4 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 14 | 4 |
| 2020 | Montedio Yamagata | J2 League | 23 | 6 | – | – | – | – | 23 | 6 |
| 2020 | Avispa Fukuoka | J2 League | 17 | 3 | – | – | – | – | 17 | 3 |
| 2021 | Avispa Fukuoka | J1 League | 29 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 33 | 8 |
| 2022 | Avispa Fukuoka | J1 League | 34 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 39 | 12 |
| 2023 | Avispa Fukuoka | J1 League | 34 | 10 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 2 | 47 | 15 |
| 2024 | Nagoya Grampus | J1 League | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| Total | Total | Total | 279 | 55 | 12 | 8 | 16 | 4 | 305 | 66 |

## Honours

Nagoya Grampus
* J.League Cup: 2024
# Maeda Ikutokukai

35°39′43.07″N 139°40′48.52″E﻿ / ﻿35.6619639°N 139.6801444°E﻿ / 35.6619639; 139.6801444 The Maeda Ikutokukai (前田育徳会) is a Japanese public interest corporation (公益法人) established on February 26, 1926, for the management and preservation of the cultural heritage of the Maeda clan, rulers of the Kaga Domain. It is located in Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo. The collection is centered on written materials including ancient documents or Japanese and Chinese books but also contains crafts items such as swords, armour or household items. The writings held by the foundation are known as Sonkeikaku library (尊経閣文庫, Sonkeikaku bunko) which is also used as an alias for Maeda Ikutokukai. This collection of old books, ancient records and documents is open to researchers on request only. The library's name is derived from the personal book collection of the 5th daimyō of Kanazawa Domain, Maeda Tsunanori, known as Sonkeikaku zōsho (尊経閣蔵書), which is distinct from the ancestral collection.
22 National Treasures and 76 Important Cultural Properties of Japan are in possession of Maeda Ikutokukai. As the library does not have the display facilities of a museum, viewing requests are generally denied. However, the Ishikawa Prefectural Museum of Art in Kanazawa contains an exhibition room devoted to the Maeda Ikutokukai collection in which arts and crafts items are permanently on display.
# 1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba Iulia

1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba Iulia is a public higher education and research institution founded in 1991 in Alba Iulia, Romania. It is a state institution, integrated into the national higher education system, which functions based on the Constitution of Romania, the Law of Education, the University Charter, and its own regulations.
The name of the university is derived from the date, 1 December 1918, when the Union of Transylvania with Romania was declared, today recognized in Romania as Great Union Day. Its Latin name, Universitas Apulensis, refers to the historical region known as Dacia Apulensis within Roman Dacia, where the university is located.
The university has five main faculties, each divided into several departments. They are:
* History and Philology
* Economic Sciences
* Sciences and Engineering
* Law and Social Sciences
* Orthodox Theology

## Archaeology and History department

This department functions within the Faculty of History and Philology. The fields of archaeology, history are the main fields that the university was founded on. At present, there are three majors in this department, Archaeology, History, and Museum Science. Within the department is also the Institute of Systematic Archaeology. Well endowed with experts in the auxiliary sciences of archaeology and modern research laboratories and equipment, it is the only centre of its sort in Romania. The Archaeology and History department currently administrates and houses the artefact collections from the archaeological excavations at various sites throughout Alba County, notably Tărtăria, Lumea Nouă, and Piatra Tomii. In 2018, The University of Alba Iulia hosted the SATEE 2018 Scientific Conference.

## Education and admission

The university organizes studies at bachelor, master, and doctorate program level. All programs are fully accredited by the Ministry of Education in Romania and the Bologna principles. The university had a budget of €1.5 million for the Erasmus+ program.

## Students' representation

The Students' Union within UAB is called "Liga Studenților din Universitatea '1 Decembrie 1918' Alba Iulia" (widely known as LSUA) and it is the main representative of the students. Students can become members of the Union by filling in a form and by being approved by the President of LSUA. LSUA's aim is to represent students within UAB and also to offer an alternative to spend students' spare time and conduct different activities, from entertainment to scientific and educational activities.

## Publications

The university publishes the Annales Universitatis Apulensis with several series, each specialised in one specific science such as history and economics.
# Hungkiichthys

Hungkiichthys is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Late Jurassic epoch.
# Bantry railway station

Bantry railway station was on the Cork and Bandon Railway in County Cork, Ireland.

## History

The station opened on 4 July 1881.
On 7 July 1887, an early morning mail train crashed through the buffers, killing the driver and seriously injuring the fireman. The enquiry concluded that the driver had been speeding.
Regular passenger services were withdrawn on 22 October 1892 when a new station, Bantry Town, was opened closer to the town centre.

## Routes

| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Durrus Road | Cork and Bandon Railway Drimoleague-Bantry | Terminus |
# Parkes Airport

Parkes Airport (IATA: PKE, ICAO: YPKS) is an airport located 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) northeast of Parkes, New South Wales, Australia. Approximately 32,000 passengers used scheduled service at the airport in 2011. The Parkes Shire Council currently maintains the airport.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Rex Airlines | Sydney |
# Griseargiolestes bucki

Griseargiolestes bucki is a species of Australian damselfly in the family Argiolestidae, commonly known as a turquoise flatwing. It is endemic to the Barrington Tops area of New South Wales, where it inhabits streams, bogs and seepages.
Griseargiolestes bucki is a medium-sized damselfly, black-green metallic in colour with pale markings, and slightly pruinescent. Like other members of the family Argiolestidae, it rests with its wings outspread.
Griseargiolestes bucki appears similar to Griseargiolestes albescens, which is found in coastal areas of north-eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland.

## Gallery

* Tip of female tail
* Tip of male tail
* Female wings
* Male wings
# Ge Manqi

Ge Manqi (Chinese: 葛曼棋; pinyin: Gě Mànqí; born on 13 October 1997) is a Chinese sprinter. In the Beijing IAAF Challenge on 18 May 2016, Ge Manqi, along with Yuan Qiqi, Wei Yongli and Liang Xiaojing secured first place in the women's 4 × 100 metres relay. She achieved a time of 11.48 seconds in the 100m event during the 2016 National Track Championships in Chongqing, qualifying her for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.
# Hyperlioceras

Hyperlioceras is an extinct genus of cephalopod included in the ammonitid family Graphoceratidae that lived during the Bajocian stage of the Middle Jurassic. The type species is Hyperlioceras discites (Waagen, 18567)

## Morphology

The shell of Hyperlioceras is very compressed and involute, with a tall persistent keel and a deep umbilicus.

## Biostratigraphic significance

The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) has defined the base of the Bajocian Stage of the Jurassic as the lowest occurrence of the genus Hyperlioceras, at 170.3 ± 1.4 million years ago, which defines base of the Hyperlioceras discites Zone. This point also marks the end of the preceding Aalenian Stage. The upper boundary of the Bajocian is indicated by the lowest occurrence of the ammonite Parkinsonia (G.) convergens, at about 167.7 Ma, which defines base of Zigzagiceras zigzag Zone.

## Distribution

Luxembourg, Saudi Arabia, Spain and the United Kingdom.

## Synonyms

Source:
* Braunsella Buckman, 1904
* Braunsina Buckman, 1902
* Darellia
* Darellina Buckman, 1904
* Deltoidoceras Buckman, 1902
* Deltotoceras Buckman, 1904
* Dissoroceras Buckman, 1902
* Hugia Buckman, 1904
* Hyperlioceras (Toxolioceras)
* Lopadoceras Buckman, 1904
* Reynesella
* Reynesia Buckman, 1902
* Toxolioceras
# All Saints College, Thiruvananthapuram

All Saints' College is an undergraduate and postgraduate women's college located in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. It was established in the year 1964. It is a Christian minority educational institution run by the Congregation of Carmelite Religious - CCR. The college is affiliated with Kerala University. This college offers different courses in arts, commerce and science. Prof.( Dr.) Reshmi R Prasad is the principal of the college since June 2021.

## Departments
### Science

* Physics
* Chemistry
* Mathematics and Statistics
* Botany
* Zoology
* Environmental Science

### Arts and commerce

* Malayalam
* English
* Hindi
* History and Politics
* Economics
* Physical Education
* French
* Commerce

## Accreditation

The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).

## Notable alumni

* Arya Rajendran, Mayor of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
* Parvathy Thiruvothu, actress
* Nyla Usha, actress, radio jockey
* Annie, actress
* Parvathi T., actress, activist
* Judit Cleetus, Sports Player
* Sreelakshmi, actress
* Manju Pillai, actress
# Marcus Pomponius Matho

Marcus Pomponius Matho was a Roman politician in the third century BC.

## Career

Matho himself was consul in 231 BC, together with Gaius Papirius Maso as his colleague. In that year, he went to war against a revolt in the Roman province of Sardinia, failing to stop it. In 217 BC, he served as Praetor. In 204 BC, he died serving in the capacity of Augur.

## Family

He was a member of gens Pomponia. His brother Manius Pomponius Matho, held the consulship in 233 BC.
# Politburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

The Politburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was in session from 1927 to 1930.

## Composition
### Members

Members of the Politburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) :
| Name | Cyrillic | 14th POL | 16th POL | Birth | Death | PM | Ethnicity | Gender |
| Nikolai Bukharin | Никола́й Буха́рин | Old | Relieved | 1888 | 1938 | 1906 | Russian | Male |
| Mikhail Kalinin | Михаил Калинин | Old | Reelected | 1875 | 1946 | 1898 | Russian | Male |
| Vyacheslav Molotov | Вячеслав Молотов | Old | Reelected | 1890 | 1986 | 1906 | Russian | Male |
| Jānis Rudzutaks | Ян Рудзутак | Old | Reelected | 1887 | 1938 | 1906 | Latvian | Male |
| Alexei Rykov | Алексей Рыков | Old | Reelected | 1881 | 1938 | 1899 | Russian | Male |
| Joseph Stalin | Ио́сиф Ста́лин | Old | Reelected | 1878 | 1953 | 1898 | Georgian | Male |
| Mikhail Tomsky | Михаил Томский | Old | Not | 1880 | 1936 | 1904 | Russian | Male |
| Kliment Voroshilov | Климент Ворошилов | Old | Reelected | 1881 | 1969 | 1903 | Russian | Male |

### Candidates

Candidate Members of the Politburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) :
| Name | Cyrillic | 14th POL | 16th POL | Birth | Death | PM | Ethnicity | Gender |
| Andrey Andreyev | Андрей Андреев | Candidate | Candidate | 1895 | 1971 | 1914 | Russian | Male |
| Karl Bauman | Карл Бауман | By-election | Not | 1892 | 1937 | 1907 | Latvian | Male |
| Vlas Chubar | Влас Чубар | Candidate | Candidate | 1891 | 1939 | 1907 | Ukrainian | Male |
| Lazar Kaganovich | Лазарь Каганович | Candidate | Member | 1893 | 1991 | 1911 | Ukrainian Jew | Male |
| Sergey Kirov | Серге́й Ки́ров | Candidate | Member | 1886 | 1934 | 1904 | Russian | Male |
| Stanislav Kosior | Станислав Косиор | Candidate | Member | 1889 | 1939 | 1907 | Polish | Male |
| Anastas Mikoyan | Анастас Микоян | Candidate | Candidate | 1895 | 1978 | 1915 | Armenian | Male |
| Grigory Petrovsky | Григо́рій Петро́вський | Candidate | Candidate | 1878 | 1958 | 1898 | Ukrainian | Male |
| Sergei Syrtsov | Сергей Сырцов | New | Candidate | 1893 | 1937 | 1913 | Russian | Male |
| Nikolai Uglanov | Николай Угланов | Candidate | Relieved | 1886 | 1937 | 1907 | Russian | Male |
# Vatican conspiracy theories

Vatican conspiracy theories are conspiracy theories that concern the Pope or the Roman Catholic Church. A majority of the theories allege that the Church and its representatives are secretly controlling secular society with a satanic agenda for global domination.

## Death of Pope John Paul I

Pope John Paul I died in September 1978, only a month after his election to the papacy. The timing of his death and the Vatican's alleged difficulties with ceremonial and legal death procedures have fostered several conspiracy theories. British author David Yallop wrote extensively about unsolved crimes and conspiracy theories, and in his 1984 book In God's Name suggested that John Paul I died because he was about to uncover financial scandals allegedly involving the Vatican. John Cornwell responded to Yallop's charges in 1987 with A Thief In The Night, in which he analyzed the various allegations and denied the conspiracy. According to Eugene Kennedy, writing for The New York Times, Cornwell's book "helps to purge the air of paranoia and of conspiracy theories, showing how the truth, carefully excavated by an able journalist in a refreshing volume, does make us free."

## Pope John Paul II's 1981 attempted assassination

Various theories have been brought forward in regards to the attempt by Mehmet Ali Ağca to kill Pope John Paul II. Those theories have involved the Grey Wolves, the Bulgarian Secret Service, and others.

## Know Nothings

The Know Nothings were an anti-Catholic political group in the United States in the 1840s and '50s who claimed that the Irish and other Roman Catholic immigrants to the United States would be controlled by the Pope for anti-American purposes.

## Secret archives

There are several theories about the contents of the Vatican Apostolic Archives: some theories claim that they contain secret information about the Priory of Sion, proof that Jesus had a wife and descendants, secret information about the third secret of the Fatima, the real Spear of Destiny, secret information about the Holy Grail and/or the Ark of the Covenant, a supposedly-real Chronovisor machine, and many other secrets. There are also theories that claim that the Vatican has information about the Illuminati, and even secretly contains the world's largest collection of porn.

## COVID conspiracy theory

A 2022 film called Watch The Water alleged that the Catholic Church created COVID-19 and that the virus was actually a modified form of snake venom designed to turn people into demonic hybrids by altering their DNA. The film received over 640,000 views within two days of its release and the claims became a trending topic on Twitter.
# Augustino Paulo Sulle

Augustino Paulo Sulle (born 13 October 1997) is a Tanzanian long-distance runner. In 2019, he competed in the men's marathon at the 2019 World Athletics Championships held in Doha, Qatar. He did not finish his race.
# Ibexaspis

Ibexaspis is a genus of trilobites in the order Phacopida (family Pliomeridae), that existed during the lower Ordovician in what is now the United States. It was described by Pribyl and Vanek in 1985, and the type species is Ibexaspis quattuor, which was originally described under the genus Protopliomerops as the subspecies P. quattuor brevis by Young in 1973. The type locality was the Fillmore Formation in Utah.
# Richard Chambers (rower)

Richard Scott Chambers (born 10 June 1985) is a British rower, and is the brother of fellow rower Peter Chambers. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London he was part of the British crew that won the silver medal in the lightweight men's four.

## Biography

Richard began rowing at the age of 14, at Coleraine Academical Institution, under the coaching of Bobby Platt. He later left Coleraine Inst and joined Bann Rowing Club Coleraine at the age of 16, and went on to represent Ireland in the junior pair at the 2003 Home Internationals in Cork with Stephen Feeney, under the coaching of Simon Hamilton (Bann Rowing Club).
He attended Oxford Brookes University reading Construction Management and rowed for the university boat club, coached by Peter Haining and Richard Spratley. It was there that he progressed into the Great Britain Rowing team.
In 2005, Richard attended the World Under-23 Rowing Championships held in Amsterdam, where he took silver in the Lightweight Men's Quadruple Scull. The following year he won a gold medal and a world best-time in the under-23 Lightweight Men's Pair event with Chris Bartley at Hazewinkel (Belgium). He attended his first senior World Rowing Championships later on that summer (held at Dorney Lake) in the Lightweight Men's Pair.
In 2007 he rowed in the lightweight men's four, alongside James Clarke, Paul Mattick and James Lindsay-Fynn. Together they won the 2007 Rowing World Cup Series, and went on to take the gold medal at the World Rowing Championships in Munich-Oberschleissheim. The following year the same quartet represented Great Britain at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, where they finished in fifth place.
At the 2010 World Rowing Championships at Lake Karapiro, New Zealand, he won the gold medal in the lightweight men's four, together with Paul Mattick, Rob Williams and Chris Bartley. He was part of the British squad that topped the medal table at the 2011 World Rowing Championships in Bled, where he won a bronze medal as part of the lightweight coxless four with Chris Bartley, Paul Mattick and Rob Williams. He competed at the 2013 World Rowing Championships in Chungju, where he won a bronze medal as part of the lightweight double sculls with his brother Peter.
He competed at the 2014 World Rowing Championships in Bosbaan, Amsterdam, where he won a bronze medal as part of the lightweight coxless four with Mark Aldred, Chris Bartley and his brother Richard.
He was part of the British team that topped the medal table at the 2015 World Rowing Championships at Lac d'Aiguebelette in France, where he won a silver medal as part of the lightweight double scull with Will Fletcher.
# 1966 Hualien earthquake

The 1966 Hualien earthquake occurred on March 13 at 00:31 local time of Taiwan. The epicenter was located in the offshore area between Yonaguni Island, Japan and Hualien, Taiwan.
The intensity in Yonaguni reached shindo 5. Two people were reported dead in Yonaguni, Japan, and four in Taiwan. Building damage was reported. A tsunami with a run-up height of 50 cm (20 in) was observed.
This earthquake released a seismic moment of 4.86×10$^{20}$ Nm. The magnitude of this earthquake was put at M$_s$ 8.0, M$_w$ 7.79, M$_{JMA}$ 7.8, or M$_L$ 7.8. This earthquake had a strike-slip faulting focal mechanism.
The fault plane solutions of this earthquake suggested that there is a sliver of crust off the east coast of Taiwan other than the Philippine Sea plate. The map of shallow earthquakes shows that the Philippines are encircled by a zone of seismicity. There is a difference between the slip direction on the east coast of the Philippines and the relative motion between the Philippine Sea plate and the Eurasian plate. Together with other evidences, it has been suggested that most of the Philippines might belong to a minor plate other than the Eurasian plate.