OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Market-preserving federalism

Market-preserving federalism is a special type of federalism that limits the degree to which a country's political system can encroach upon its markets. Weingast notes that there is a fundamental dilemma facing a government attempting to build and protect markets: the government must be strong enough to protect property rights and enforce contracts, but weak enough to credibly commit the state to honoring such rules.
Market-preserving federalism is a means by which some countries address the fundamental dilemma of government. By decentralizing the authority to make economic policies, market-preserving federalism reduces the ability of both the central government to act arbitrarily (it has given up these powers) and the subnational governments (they face competition with one another for scarce capital and labor).
Montinola, Qian, and Weingast argue that this form of federalism was critical for the success of China's reforms in the early 1980s.

## Conditions for market-preserving federalism

Montinola, Qian, and Weingast identify a set of five conditions that represent an ideal type of institutional arrangement for market-preserving federalism (italics in original).
(F1) There exists a hierarchy of governments with a delineated scope of authority (for example, between the national and subnational governments) so that each government is autonomous in its own sphere of authority.
(F2) The subnational governments have primary authority over the economy within their jurisdictions.
(F3) The national government has the authority to police the common market and to ensure the mobility of goods and factors across subgovernmental jurisdictions.
(F4) Revenue sharing among governments is limited and borrowing by governments is constrained so that all governments face hard budget constraints.
(F5) The allocation of authority and responsibility has an institutionalized degree of durability so that it cannot be altered by the national government either unilaterally or under the pressures from subnational governments.
While condition F1 is the defining feature of federalism, conditions two through five are required to ensure federalism's market-preserving qualities. Federal systems that fail to satisfy these five conditions generally do not sustain markets and economic development; for example, Argentina, India, and Mexico.
# South African mullet

The South African mullet (Chelon richardsonii), also called a harder mullet or simply harder, is a species of mullet. It is found in South African coastal waters from Walvis Bay (Namibia) to KwaZulu-Natal, and grows to a maximum length of 40.5 cm (15.9 in). The person the specific name honours was not recorded by Andrew Smith when he described this species but it is most likely to be John Richardson (1787-1865), the Scottish naturalist, surgeon and Arctic explorer.
It is also found inland in the waters of the Olifants River (Western Cape).

## Local delicacy in South Africa

Mullet fish caught in the sea and estuaries of the West Coast region are processed by salting and air-drying into bokkoms by small local factories around Velddrif and Laaiplek.
# Etsouali

Etsouali is a small town in Ngo District in the Plateaux Department of the Republic of the Congo.
It lies in the Léfini Faunal Reserve, north of Moembe and around 180 kilometres north of Brazzaville on the N2 road.

## History

On 12 March 1992, a Twin Otter of the Lina Congo airline crashed during a thunderstorm near Etsouali during a flight from Maya Maya Airport in Brazzaville. The crash killed three crew members, but the five passengers survived.
# Ethan Cooper

Ethan Cooper (born June 11, 1995) is an American former professional football guard. He played college football at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. He signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2017.

## Early life

Cooper attended Central Dauphin East High School. He grew up a fan of the Philadelphia Eagles.

## College career

Cooper attended Indiana University of Pennsylvania and played for the Crimson Hawks football team. He was recruited as a defensive player but was moved to the offensive line as a freshman. Coming into his senior season, Cooper made the switch from left guard to right tackle. After the season he was named a Division II All-American. He finished his career with 37 consecutive starts on the offensive line.

## Professional career

Cooper was rated as the 19th-best offensive guard in the 2017 NFL draft by ESPN. Cooper worked out for five NFL teams the Atlanta Falcons, Houston Texans, Jacksonville Jaguars, Philadelphia Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers. He also attended a pro-day at Temple University. NFL.com projected him to be selected in the sixth or seventh round of the draft, and Cooper was invited to the NFL combine. Despite this, he went undrafted.
Cooper signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent on April 29, 2017. He was waived on September 2, 2017.
On October 11, 2017, Cooper was signed to the New York Giants' practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Giants on January 1, 2018. He was waived by the Giants on July 12, 2018.
On July 13, 2018, Cooper was claimed off waivers by the Green Bay Packers. He was waived on August 6, 2018.
On August 7, 2018, Cooper was claimed off waivers by the Kansas City Chiefs. He was waived on September 1, 2018.
# Ramalingam Pathmarajah

Ramalingam Pathmarajah (born 14 February 1948) is a Malaysian field hockey player. He competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1976 Summer Olympics.
# Michael Griffin

Michael Griffin may refer to:

## Sports

* Michael Griffin II (born 1998), American gridiron football player
* Michael Griffin (American football) (born 1985), football player
* Michael Griffin (footballer) (1887–?), English footballer
* Mike Griffin (outfielder) (1865–1908), American baseball center fielder
* Mike Griffin (pitcher) (born 1957), American baseball pitcher
* Mike Griffin (basketball), American college basketball coach

## Others

* Michael D. Griffin (born 1949), former NASA administrator 2005–09 and Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering
* Michael F. Griffin (born 1962), American murderer of David Gunn
* Michael Griffin (Irish priest) (1892–1920), Irish Roman Catholic priest shot dead during the Anglo-Irish War
* Michael Griffin (Wisconsin politician) (1842–1899), American politician
* Michael Griffin (Indiana politician) (active from 2022), American politician from Indiana
* Michael Griffin (escape artist) (born 1961), American escape artist, magician and illusionist
* Michael Griffin (surgeon), British surgeon and clinical researcher
# Zagorka Cup

The Zagorka Cup is a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It is currently part of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour. It was held in Sofia, Bulgaria in 2009.

## Past finals
### Singles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| 2010 | Not Held | Not Held | Not Held |
| 2009 | Ivo Minář | Florian Mayer | 6–4, 6–3 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| 2010 | Not Held | Not Held | Not Held |
| 2009 | Dominik Hrbatý David Škoch | James Auckland Peter Luczak | 6–2, 6–4 |
# Open Delle Puglie

The Open delle Puglie is a WTA 125-level professional women's tennis tournament. It takes place on outdoor clay courts, in the month of September at the Circolo Tennis Bari in the city of Bari in Italy during the second week of US Open.

## Results
### Singles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| 2024 | Anca Todoni | Panna Udvardy | 6–4, 6–0 |
| 2023 | Tamara Zidanšek | Rebecca Šramková | 3–6, 7–5, 6–1 |
| 2022 | Julia Grabher | Nuria Brancaccio | 6–4, 6–2 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| 2024 | Anna Danilina Irina Khromacheva | Angelica Moratelli Renata Zarazúa | 6–1, 6–3 |
| 2023 | Katarzyna Kawa Anna Sisková | Valentini Grammatikopoulou Elixane Lechemia | 6–1, 6–2 |
| 2022 | Elisabetta Cocciaretto Olga Danilović | Andrea Gámiz Eva Vedder | 6–2, 6–3 |
# Jonathan Miramontes

Jonathan Miramontes (born October 17, 1988, in Guadalajara, Jalisco) is a former Mexican professional footballer who last played for Sonora of Ascenso MX.
# Beleutoceras

Beleutoceras is a genus belonging to the Nomismoceratidae family. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
# N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid

N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid (ACA) is a modulator of various ion channels in the heart. ACA is an effective reversible inhibitor of calcium-activated chloride channels and, to a lesser extent, cAMP-activated chloride channels, without affecting L-type calcium channels. Calcium-activated chloride channels are believed to be involved in developing arrhythmia.

## Arrhythmia

Arrhythmia is a cardiac disease which is characterized by an irregular heartbeat. Some forms of arrhythmia are dangerous and life-threatening, while others are comparably minor. Heart cells (cardiac myocytes) contract due to an increase in the charge across the membrane (depolarization), which generates an action potential. Irregular contractions can cause arrhythmia to occur.

## Calcium-activated chloride channels

The calcium-activated chloride channel is present in cardiac myocytes of many species, such as rabbit and pig, but their presence in human cardiac myocytes is under debate. Some have provided evidence that these channels are present in human atrial cells, while others have failed to find similar results.
The calcium-activated chloride channel is an important component in the early phase of repolarization (bringing the charge across the membrane back to normal) of cardiac muscle cells, contributing to the plateau formation during an action potential. While the heart is at rest, the chloride channel current can be activated, causing an outward flow of chloride, inducing a depolarizing current. This current is generally large enough to generate an action potential, called a delayed after-depolarization. Delayed after-depolarizations can lead to arrhythmias. Since the chloride channel is bound and activated by calcium, this tends to occur more often in cells that are already under calcium stress. The calcium-activated chloride current is also doubled when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, likely due to an increase in calcium release, although the channel could potentially be under a direct control by the sympathetic nervous system.

## Treatment of arrhythmia

Due to the ability of the calcium-activated chloride channel to generate arrhythmias, blockage of the channel may result in antiarrythmogenic action. Blocking the calcium current reduces delayed after-depolarization amplitudes enough to prevent generation of an action potential. ACA has been shown to inhibit the calcium-activated chloride current, but this effect is reversible upon removal of the drug. ACA may also inhibit hyperpolarization of the cell, prolonging the action potential. ACA has potential as an antiarrhythmogenic treatment, as well as a tool to further study chloride channels.
# Aphthar Singh Piara

Aphthar Singh Piara (born 19 July 1973) is a Malaysian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
# Graciela Contreras

Graciela Contreras Barrenechea (1895–1974), also known as Graciela Contreras de Schnake, was a Chilean politician. She was the mayor of Santiago from 1939 to 1940, becoming the first woman to hold the office.

## Biography

Born in Santiago in 1895, Graciela Contreras was the daughter of José María Contreras Vergara and Tránsito Barrenechea Naranjo. On the maternal side, she was the niece of doctor and politician Manuel J. Barrenechea Naranjo [es], and was also the cousin of the father of writer and politician Julio Barrenechea. In 1923 she married Óscar Schnake and they had two children. The couple later divorced. Contreras was a member of the Socialist Party of Chile (PS) since its founding in 1933, specializing in the area of Social Women's Action.
Contreras was appointed mayor of the commune of Santiago by President Pedro Aguirre Cerda, her nomination being supported by the Pro-Emancipation Movement of Chilean Women (MEMCH), a position she assumed on 6 January 1939. With this, she became the first mayor of Santiago – after her, only three women have held that position: María Teresa del Canto (1953–1957), María Eugenia Oyarzún (1975–1976), and Carolina Tohá (2012–2016). She was the second woman to take office as mayor in Chile after Alicia Cañas, and was the only woman mayor of a national capital in the Americas at the time.
She served as mayor until 19 March 1940. During her term she coordinated relief efforts after the Chillán earthquake, expanded playgrounds and sports programs in working-class neighborhoods, opened a hostel for shoeshiners, and was a delegate to the Inter-American Commission of Women, working to increase civil and political rights for women.
# Delphinium carolinianum

Delphinium carolinianum, commonly known as Carolina larkspur, is a species of perennial flowering plant in the buttercup family. It is native to central and eastern North America, where it is found in prairies and rocky glades. It produces blue to white flowers in the spring.
Four subspecies have been named:
* Delphinium carolinianum var. calciphilum - Native to cedar glades of the Southeastern United States
* Delphinium carolinianum var. carolinianum - Widespread in central and eastern North America
* Delphinium carolinianum var. vimineum - Native to coastal areas of the United States and Mexico
* Delphinium carolinianum var. virescens - Native to the Central United States
# Zirkuh District

Zirkuh District (Persian: بخش زیرکوه) is a former administrative division of Qaen County, South Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital was the city of Hajjiabad.

## History

After the 2011 National Census, the district was separated from the county in the establishment of Zirkuh County.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 census, the district's population was 26,203 in 6,189 households. The following census in 2011 counted 29,844 people in 7,583 households.

### Administrative divisions

Zirkuh District Population :
| Administrative Divisions | 2006 | 2011 |
| Petergan RD | 5,865 | 6,375 |
| Shaskuh RD | 8,329 | 9,752 |
| Zirkuh RD | 7,676 | 7,799 |
| Hajjiabad (city) | 4,333 | 5,918 |
| Total | 26,203 | 29,844 |
| RD = Rural District |||
# Session wrestler

Session wrestlers, also known as private wrestlers, fight an opponent as a service, for money, in a private setting. Typically, the service provider is a professional (ring) wrestler, amateur wrestler, boxer, or bodybuilder. Session wrestlers most commonly are women who cater to a male clientele, but there are also men who provide the service, as well as female clients.

## Overview

Some clients partake in private wrestling or boxing matches for the athletic challenge, but for most clients, engaging a private wrestler is a form of sexual fantasy, fulfilling a desire for domination and submission. The sessions usually includes wrestling or fighting in which the provider is stronger or more skilled than their opponent. The fantasy may also have an intellectual or emotional component, with the client trying to (or pretending to try to) take control, but failing. Session wrestling rarely involves sex, or sex acts, though it may include nudity. The sessions also frequently involve muscle worship.
The nature of the session is usually discussed and agreed to in the matchmaking stage. Also, discussed at this stage is the fee, location, rules, duration, and attire. The matches are commonly categorized into several types:
* Fantasy matches involve the acting out of a specific fantasy the client may have. This may include specific holds, attire, locations or roleplaying. Frequently the activities are agreed to in advance. The client typically makes no effort to win the match. Opponents are in this for the sexual overtone aspects of fantasy sessions.
* Semi-competitive matches allow the client to provide some resistance, but not to take enough initiative to try to win the match. The service provider may also "wrestle down" to the level of the client to make the match more interesting. The physical contact and holds are more important than who wins the match. This style of match may also allow the client to test the strength or skills of the provider without the intensity or injury risk of a competitive match.
* Competitive matches are an all-out attempt (though without attempting to injure) to win by both parties. A match of this type usually requires a proper facility with mats and sufficient space (or a ring). Many female session providers avoid these matches due to the relatively high risk of injury.

## Mixed wrestling

Mixed wrestling is a private session wrestling match between a woman and a man. Many female bodybuilders take part in mixed wrestling matches. Commonly, these are fantasy matches taking place in apartments or hotel/motel rooms; the male opponent makes little effort to fight back, preferring to let the woman pin him down to enjoy the sexual fantasy of the experience. Often the woman wears very little to no clothes.
# Janet Barnett

Janet Heine Barnett is a professor of mathematics at Colorado State University–Pueblo, interested in set theory, mathematical logic, the history of mathematics, women in mathematics, and mathematics education.

## Education and career

Barnett is originally from Pueblo, Colorado. She did her undergraduate studies at Colorado State University, entering as an engineering student but switching to a double major in mathematics and humanities. She graduated in 1981, served in the Peace Corps teaching mathematics in Bambari in the Central African Republic from 1982 to 1984, and in doing so discovered her love for teaching mathematics.
She completed her doctorate in 1990, at the University of Colorado Boulder. Her dissertation, Random Reals, Cohen Reals and Variants of Martin's Axioms, concerned set theory; it was supervised by Richard Laver. In the same year she joined the CSU Pueblo faculty.

## Recognition

In 2015, Barnett won the Burton W. Jones Award for Distinguished College or University Teaching of the Mathematical Association of America. In 2017, she won one of the Deborah and Franklin Haimo Awards for Distinguished College or University Teaching of Mathematics, for excellence in teaching reaching beyond her own campus. The award recognized in particular her work in integrating the history of mathematics, and its original source documents, into the teaching of mathematics, and her mentorship of mathematics schoolteachers.
# Somoholitidae

Somoholitidae is one of six families of the Somoholitoidea superfamily. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
# Driss Lahrichi

Driss Lahrichi (born 2 December 1997) is a Moroccan swimmer. He competed in the men's 100 metre backstroke event at the 2016 Summer Olympics. In 2019, he represented Morocco at the 2019 African Games held in Rabat, Morocco.
# Sayed Samat

Sayed Samat (born 12 September 1949) is a Malaysian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
# FIBA U15 Oceania Cup

The FIBA U15 Oceania Cup, formerly known as the FIBA Oceania Under-15 Championship, is an international boys' basketball tournament in the FIBA Oceania zone, inaugurated in 2009. The current champions are Australia.
Before 2017, the competition was known as the FIBA Oceania Under-16 Championship, which was a qualifier for the FIBA Under-17 World Cup. Now it's an under-15 competition for Oceania teams to qualify for the FIBA Under-16 Asia Cup (from which they can qualify for the World Cup).

## Summary
### Under-16 era

| Edition | Year | Hosts | Final | Final | Final | Third place game | Third place game | Third place game |
| Edition | Year | Hosts | Champions | Score | Runners-up | Third place | Score | Fourth place |
| 1 | 2009 Details | Brisbane | Australia | 2–1 74–45 / 67–69 / 65–55 | New Zealand | No other teams competed | No other teams competed | No other teams competed |
| 2 | 2011 Details | Canberra | Australia | 3–0 87–51 / 86–48 / 71–48 | New Zealand | No other teams competed | No other teams competed | No other teams competed |
| 3 | 2013 Details | Melbourne | Australia | 2–1 79–56 / 79–68 / 59–66 | New Zealand | No other teams competed | No other teams competed | No other teams competed |
| 4 | 2015 Details | Wellington | Australia | 91–86 | New Zealand | Tahiti | 79–56 | New Caledonia |

### Under-15 era

| Edition | Year | Hosts | Final | Final | Final | Third place game | Third place game | Third place game |
| Edition | Year | Hosts | Champions | Score | Runners-up | Third place | Score | Fourth place |
| 1 | 2018 Details | Port Moresby | Australia | 61–58 | New Zealand | Samoa | 74–52 | Guam |
| 2 | 2020 | Port Moresby | Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania | Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania | Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania | Not played | Not played | Not played |
| 3 | 2022 Details | Mangilao | Australia | 85–74 | New Zealand | Guam | 78–69 | Samoa |
| 3 | 2024 Details | Canberra | Australia | 96–68 | New Zealand | Samoa | 113–76 | Tonga |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Australia | 7 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
| 2 | New Zealand | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 3 | Samoa | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 4 | Guam | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Tahiti | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (5 entries) | Totals (5 entries) | 7 | 7 | 4 | 18 |

## Participation details

| Nation | 2009 | 2011 | 2013 | 2015 | 2018 | 2022 | 2024 | Total |
| Australia | | | | | | | | 7 |
| Cook Islands | | | | | | | 8 | 1 |
| Fiji | | | | | 5 | | 7 | 2 |
| Guam | | | | | 4 | | 5 | 3 |
| Micronesia | | | | | | 5 | | 1 |
| New Caledonia | | | | 4 | | | 9 | 2 |
| New Zealand | | | | | | | | 7 |
| Northern Mariana Islands | | | | | | 7 | | 1 |
| Papua New Guinea | | | | | 6 | 6 | | 2 |
| Samoa | | | | | | 4 | | 3 |
| Tahiti | | | | | | | 6 | 2 |
| Tonga | | | | | | | 4 | 1 |
| No. of teams | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | |
# Carlos Schvartzman

Carlos Schvartzman (born November 4, 1947) is a Paraguayan pianist, guitarist, composer, arranger and orchestrator of jazz and contemporary music. He was born and raised in Asunción, the capital of Paraguay. He has also been involved in pop music, writing orchestral arrangements for soloists, vocal groups, music for TV, advertising jingles, and occasionally a classic style music with modern harmony of the 20th century. He participated as a conductor, arranger and composer for international song festivals (such as Viña del Mar, during the 70s). He is regarded as one of the most notable musicians in the country.
Schvartzman was born in Asunción, into a family of Ukrainian-Jewish background.
# Ferganoceratidae

Ferganoceratidae is one of six families of the Neoglyphioceratoidea superfamily. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are shelled cephalopods related to squids, belemnites, octopuses, and cuttlefish, and more distantly to the nautiloids.
# Mahdi Ouatine

Mahdi/Mehdi Ouatine (born 26 September 1987) is a Moroccan amateur boxer who qualified for the 2008 Olympics by winning the 1st AIBA African 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in the featherweight division. He lost his Olympic debut 1:10 to Mongolian Zorigtbaataryn Enkhzorig.