OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Legendre sieve

In mathematics, the Legendre sieve, named after Adrien-Marie Legendre, is the simplest method in modern sieve theory. It applies the concept of the Sieve of Eratosthenes to find upper or lower bounds on the number of primes within a given set of integers. Because it is a simple extension of Eratosthenes' idea, it is sometimes called the Legendre–Eratosthenes sieve.

## Legendre's identity

The central idea of the method is expressed by the following identity, sometimes called the Legendre identity:
    $S(A,P)=\sum _{a\in A}\sum _{d\mid a;\,d\mid P}\mu (d)=\sum _{d\mid P}\mu (d)|A_{d}|,$
where A is a set of integers, P is a product of distinct primes, $\mu$ is the Möbius function, and $A_{d}$ is the set of integers in A divisible by d, and S(A, P) is defined to be:
    $S(A,P)=|\{n:n\in A,\gcd(n,P)=1\}|$
i.e. S(A, P) is the count of numbers in A with no factors common with P.
Note that in the most typical case, A is all integers less than or equal to some real number X, P is the product of all primes less than or equal to some integer z < X, and then the Legendre identity becomes:
    ${\begin{aligned}S(A,P)=&\sum _{d\mid P}\mu (d)\left\lfloor {\frac {X}{d}}\right\rfloor \\[6pt]=&\lfloor X\rfloor -\sum _{p_{1}\leq z}\left\lfloor {\frac {X}{p_{1}}}\right\rfloor +\sum _{p_{1}<p_{2}\leq z}\left\lfloor {\frac {X}{p_{1}p_{2}}}\right\rfloor \\[4pt]&-\sum _{p_{1}<p_{2}<p_{3}\leq z}\left\lfloor {\frac {X}{p_{1}p_{2}p_{3}}}\right\rfloor +\cdots +\mu (P)\left\lfloor {\frac {X}{P}}\right\rfloor \end{aligned}}$
(where $\lfloor X\rfloor$ denotes the floor function). In this example the fact that the Legendre identity is derived from the Sieve of Eratosthenes is clear: the first term is the number of integers below X, the second term removes the multiples of all primes, the third term adds back the multiples of two primes (which were miscounted by being "crossed out twice") but also adds back the multiples of three primes once too many, and so on until all $2^{\pi (z)}$ (where $\pi (z)$ denotes the number of primes below z) combinations of primes have been covered.
Once S(A, P) has been calculated for this special case, it can be used to bound $\pi (X)$ using the expression
    $S(A,P)\geq \pi (X)-\pi (z)+1,\,$
which follows immediately from the definition of S(A, P).

## Limitations

The Legendre sieve has a problem with fractional parts of terms accumulating into a large error, which means the sieve only gives very weak bounds in most cases. For this reason it is almost never used in practice, having been superseded by other techniques such as the Brun sieve and Selberg sieve. However, since these more powerful sieves are extensions of the basic ideas of the Legendre sieve, it is useful to first understand how this sieve works.
# George Dickie (philosopher)

George Thomas Dickie (12 August 1926 – March 24, 2020) was an American philosopher. He was a Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at University of Illinois at Chicago. His specialities included aesthetics, philosophy of art, and Eighteenth Century theories of taste.

## Education and career

He received a BA from Florida State University in 1949 and a PhD from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1959. He was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1978.
He served as President of the Illinois Philosophy Association (1990–91) and President of the American Society for Aesthetics (1993–94).

## Work

He was an influential philosopher of art working in the analytical tradition. His institutional theory of art inspired both supporters who produced variations on the theory as well as detractors.
One of his more influential works is The Century of Taste (1996), an inquiry into several eighteenth-century philosophers' treatments of the subject. The bulk of the work is devoted to championing David Hume's treatment of the subject over that of Immanuel Kant. A review of the work can be found in The Philosophical Review, 107:3 (July, 1998).

## Books

* Aesthetics: An Introduction (Pegasus, 1971)
* Art and the Aesthetic: An Institutional Analysis (Cornell University Press, 1974)
* The Art Circle (Haven Publications, 1984)
* Evaluating Art (Temple University Press, 1988)
* The Century of Taste (Oxford University Press, 1996)
* Introduction to Aesthetics: An Analytic Approach (Oxford University Press, 1997)
* Art and Value (Blackwell, 2001)
# Kwik Way

The original Kwik Way fast food restaurant chain, based in Oakland, California, began at 63rd & E 14th in 1952. Owned by partners Lehman & Mahoney, they followed with a Kwik Way at 22nd & Telegraph, in 1954, followed with a 3rd restaurant, the Grand Lake Drive In, at 500 Lake Park in 1956. All three restaurants were identical in operation in their heyday, and run under common ownership. When partners Lehman & Mahoney retired from active management, each restaurant sold to the then current managers, thereby forever ending the famous Oakland chain. Only one location remains: The Grand Lake Drive In became Kwik Way, a revival of name only. That restaurant near the Grand Lake Theater was later owned by Alex and Charles Hahn, and has been cleaned up and relaunched by Gary Rizzo. That venture closed three years later. In September 2019, the Ecumenical Association for Housing announced plans to develop 50 units of affordable housing on the site, which it purchased the year before.
Not to be confused with the long gone original Kwik Way, the later restaurants became notorious. "Complaints have included greasy food, bad service, unsanitary conditions, and complaints from neighbors about the late-night crowd it attracted. But the kicker came in 1981 when an unsuspecting customer discovered a fried dead mouse in her order." Her claims, however, were never substantiated. Kwik Way gave its name to one of Oakland's only Hardcore bands Kwik Way and was featured in the Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen award-winning music video for their tune "Two Triple Cheese, Side Order of Fries".
Famous Oaklander Frank Oz used to "live on it", but fitting with Kwik Way's reputation, he also said, "I can't believe I didn't die from it. I don't know how I survived because that's where we went."
The last remaining Kwik Way was in negotiations for being turned into a Fatburger and a McDonald's in 2005 which was met with protest. The negotiations fizzled.
# World War Foreign Debts Commission Act

World War Foreign Debts Commission Act is a United States statute authorized February 9, 1922 endorsing a commission, working under Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, to negotiate repayment agreements with Great Britain and France in the aftermath of World War I.
The Commission placed the Allied debt principal to the United States at $11 billion; payments were to be made in graduated 62 annual installments; however, the accrued interest on these payments over a period of 62 years would have increased the debt to approximately $22 billion, although the U.S. did agree to lowered interest rates. Great Britain's debt was reduced 19.7% to $4.6 billion with the interest rate reduced from 5% to 3% for the first ten years of payment to be raised to 3½% thereafter. France's debt was reduced by 52.8% to $4 billion, without any interest for the first five years of payment. It was then to be increased gradually to 3½%.
# The Gallerist

The Gallerist is a 2015 worker placement strategy board game published by Eagle-Gryphon Games and designed by Vital Lacerda.

## Awards

* 2015 Cardboard Republic Tactician Laurel Winner
# Camerata (crinoid)

The Camerata or camerate crinoids are an extinct subclass of Paleozoic stalked crinoids. They were some of the earliest crinoids to originate during the Early Ordovician, reached their maximum diversity during the Mississippian, and became extinct during the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Camerates are the sister group of Pentacrinoidea, which contains all other crinoids (including living species). The two largest camerate subgroups are the orders Diplobathrida and Monobathrida.
Anatomically, they are distinguished by:
* fused junctions between the plates of the cup
* brachial plates incorporated into the cup
* tegmen forming a rigid roof over the mouth
* no less than ten and sometimes a very large number of free arms, often pinnulate

## Subdivisions

* Order Cladida?
* Adelphicrinus
* Eknomocrinus
* Cnemecrinus
* Quechuacrinus
* Reteocrinus
* Eucamerata
** Rosfacrinus
** Order Diplobathrida
** Order Monobathrida
# Catapodium

Catapodium is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in the grass family.

## Species list

The genus comprises the following species:
* Catapodium demnatense (Murb.) Maire & Weiller - Morocco
* Catapodium mamoraeum (Maire) Maire & Weiller - Morocco
* Catapodium marinum (L.) C.E.Hubb. - Eurasia + North Africa from Ireland + Canary Islands to Turkey
* Catapodium rigidum (L.) C.E.Hubb. - Eurasia + North Africa from Ireland + Canary Islands to Crimea + Iran + Arabian Peninsula

### Taxa formerly included

See Aeluropus Agropyropsis Castellia Catabrosa Cutandia Desmazeria Eragrostiella Festuca Micropyrum Tripogon Vulpia Wangenheimia:
* Catapodium aquaticum - Catabrosa aquatica
* Catapodium bifarium - Eragrostiella bifaria
* Catapodium coromandelianum - Eragrostiella bifaria
* Catapodium filiforme - Tripogon filiformis
* Catapodium fusiforme - Tripogon bromoides
* Catapodium halleri - Micropyrum tenellum
* Catapodium lolium - Agropyropsis lolium
* Catapodium montanum - Vulpia unilateralis
* Catapodium nepalense - Eragrostiella nardoides
* Catapodium patens - Micropyrum patens
* Catapodium pauciflorum - Wangenheimia lima
* Catapodium pungens - Aeluropus macrostachyus
* Catapodium rigescens - Cutandia rigescens
* Catapodium salzmannii - Festuca salzmannii
* Catapodium siculum - Desmazeria sicula
* Catapodium tenellum - Micropyrum tenellum
* Catapodium tuberculosum - Castellia tuberculosa
* Catapodium unilaterale - Vulpia unilateralis
# Wensleydale sheep

The Wensleydale is a British breed of domestic sheep. It is named for the Wensleydale region of North Yorkshire, in the north of England, where it was bred in the early nineteenth century by cross-breeding a Dishley Leicester ram with local long-woolled sheep of a breed that is now extinct. It has a blue-grey face and long purled wool, and is among the heaviest of British sheep breeds. It is an endangered breed, and is categorised as "at risk" by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust. It is often used as a ram breed to cross with other breeds to obtain market lambs, and for its high-quality wool.

## History

The mating of a Leicester ram with a Teeswater ewe in 1838 made the famous ram 'BLUE CAP' who was the first sire of the Wensleydale breed.
Today this breed is established throughout the United Kingdom and extends into mainland Europe, this breed is also being established in the United States of America.
The Wensleydale contributed to the development of the Blue-faced Leicester.$^{:765}$

## Characteristics

... grey black face, ears and legs. The ears are slightly elongated and stand upright. They are naturally polled and have a tuft of long wool on top of the head which is not typically shorn (for aesthetic purposes).The wool that falls between the ears and across the face is known as the topping.
Rams weigh about 278 pounds (126 kg) and ewes about 200 pounds (90 kg).
# Tango Company

Tango Company is a female riot police company under the Hong Kong Police Force. It's tasked on crowd control during public activities.

## History

Founded in June 1992, It was initially established to relieve women and children in the Vietnamese refugee camps.

### Known Operations

During and after the Vietnam War, Tango Company assisted to deport 143,700 Vietnamese refugees entered into Hong Kong.

## Organisation

TC officers can be mobilized by district commanders.
# Joel Arimany

Joel Arimany Sala (born 28 May 1998) is a Spanish footballer who plays for UE Figueres as a forward.

## Club career

Born in Quart, Girona, Catalonia, Arimany was a Girona FC youth graduate. In July 2015, after being called up by first team manager Pablo Machín for the pre-season, he was linked to Málaga CF, but nothing came of it.
On 11 August 2015, Arimany signed a new four-year deal with the Blanquivermells. On 24 October, without even appearing with the reserves, Arimany made his main squad debut, coming on as a late substitute for Felipe Sanchón in a 0–0 home draw against Real Zaragoza in the Segunda División.
On 20 July 2016, Arimany was loaned to Málaga, returning to youth football. Upon returning, he was assigned to the B-team in Segunda División B before returning to Málaga on 27 August 2018; he was assigned to the reserves also in the third division.
On 8 January 2020, after a short stint at UE Olot, Arimany moved to another reserve team, Deportivo Aragón still in division three.
# Brian Kelley (writer)

Brian Kelley is an American television writer. He has written for SNL, Newsradio, Clerks, Futurama, Joey and The Simpsons.

## Biography

Kelley graduated with honors from Connecticut's Darien High School, and in 1990 he entered Harvard University as a physics major. He became a television writer four years later.

## Writing credits
### The Simpsons episodes

* "Treehouse of Horror XIII" ("The Fright to Creep and Scare Harms") (Date November 3, 2002)
* "A Star Is Born Again" (Date March 2, 2003)
* "Margical History Tour" (Date February 8, 2004)
* "Lisa the Drama Queen" (Date January 25, 2009)
* "Postcards from the Wedge" (Date March 14, 2010)
* "Moms I'd Like to Forget" (Date January 9, 2011)
* "Treehouse of Horror XXIII" (With David Mandel) (Date October 7, 2012)
* "Homer Goes to Prep School" (Date January 6, 2013)
* "Specs and the City" (Date January 26, 2014)
* "Brick Like Me" (Date May 4, 2014)
* "The Princess Guide" (Date March 1, 2015)
* "The Marge-ian Chronicles" (Date March 13, 2016)
* "The Serfsons" (Date October 1, 2017)
* "Lisa Gets the Blues" (With David Silverman) (Date April 22, 2018)
* "101 Mitigations" (With Dan Vebber) (Date March 3, 2019)
* "Woo-Hoo Dunnit?" (Date May 5, 2019)
* "Livin' la Pura Vida" (Date November 17, 2019)
* "Wad Goals" (Date February 21, 2021)
* "The Longest Marge" (Date January 2, 2022)
* "The Very Hungry Caterpillars" (Date April 30, 2023)
* "Clan of the Cave Mom" (Date March 24, 2024)

### Futurama episodes

* "Love's Labours Lost in Space"

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Nominated work | Episode | Award | Result |
| 2012 | The Simpsons | "Treehouse of Horror XXIII" | Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Writing in Animation | Nominated |
| 2014 | The Simpsons | "Brick Like Me" | Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Writing in Animation | Won |
| 2017 | The Simpsons | "The Serfsons" | Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Writing in Animation | Nominated |
| 2019 | The Simpsons | "Livin La Pura Vida" | Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Writing in Animation | Nominated |
# William Lynch (Lynch law)

William Lynch (1742 – 1820) was an American military officer from Pittsylvania County, Virginia. He claimed to be the source of the terms "lynch law" and "lynching".

## Lynch's Law

The term "Lynch's Law" was used as early as 1782 by a prominent Virginian named Charles Lynch to describe his actions in suppressing a suspected Loyalist uprising in 1780 during the American Revolutionary War.
The suspects were given a summary trial at an informal court; sentences handed down included whipping, property seizure, coerced pledges of allegiance, and conscription into the military. Charles Lynch's extralegal actions were legitimized by the Virginia General Assembly in 1782.
In 1811, Captain William Lynch claimed that the phrase "Lynch's Law", already famous, actually came from a 1780 compact signed by him and his neighbours in Pittsylvania County, Virginia, to uphold their own brand of law independent of legal authority. The obscurity of the Pittsylvania County compact, compared to the well-known actions of Charles Lynch, casts doubt on it being the source of the phrase. According to the American National Biography:
   What was purported to be the text of the Pittsylvania agreement was later printed in the Southern Literary Messenger (2 [May 1836]: 389). However, the Pittsylvania County alliance, if it was formed at all, was so obscure compared to the well-known suppression of the uprising in southwestern Virginia that Charles Lynch's use of the phrase makes it seem most probable that it was derived from his actions, not from William Lynch's.
The compact published in the Southern Literary Messenger that proposed William Lynch as the originator of "lynch law" may have been a hoax perpetrated by Edgar Allan Poe.
# Omid Kamkar Lotfi

Omid Lotfi Kamkar is an Iranian setar and daf player. He is a classical Persian ensemble musician and he tours the world with The Kamkars, an Iranian Kurdish group composed of Omid, his seven uncles, and his mother. He has also toured with his musician father, Mohammad Reza Lotfi.
Omid was born in the city of Tehran, Iran, in 1977, and studied music at the early age of five under the supervision of his family The kamkars. His focus at first was on the contemporary Iranian music, but later at the age of 20 he studied the traditional repertoire, the Radif.
Omid was deeply inspired by his uncle Ardavan Kamkar and his father Mohammad Reza Lotfi. Omid started his performing career in 1993 at Vahdat Auditorium of Iran. He has performed regularly in Iran and throughout the world.
Besides his musical career, Omid has had a lifelong passion for vipassana meditation. Since 1997, he has practiced vipassana meditation under the instructions of S. N. Goenka.
As a member of The Kamkars, Omid has given numerous concerts in Iran and abroad.
# Kelvin Grove Teachers College

Kelvin Grove Teachers' College was established in 1961 to provide courses in primary and secondary teacher education from its predecessor the Queensland Teachers' Training College.

## History

The Brisbane School of Arts was formed in 1849 and it was not until the 1880s that it took an interest in formal education.
The Queensland Teachers' Training College was established in 1914 with 25 enrolments. In 1918 Jeanette Anne Gilbert joined the staff and unusually she was allowed a year's leave to obtain a Diploma of Education at the University of Melbourne.
In 1923 the college moved to the "old" Trades Hall on the corner of Edward and Turbot Streets in Brisbane, where it remained until January 1942. The following month, the College moved to the campus of the North Brisbane Intermediate School at Kelvin Grove, when it had an enrolment of 676 students, most in its primary teaching course. At that time the student population also included 72 mature-aged students recruited to meet the shortage of teachers due to war-time exigencies.
The College subsequently underwent a series of name changes, initially to the Senior Teachers' Training College (1944), and then to the Queensland Teachers' College (1950), Kelvin Grove Teachers' College (1961), Kelvin Grove College of Teacher Education (1974), Kelvin Grove College of Advanced Education (1976), Kelvin Grove Campus of the Brisbane College of Advanced Education (1982), and Kelvin Grove Campus of the Queensland University of Technology (1990).

## Notable alumni

* Fran Bailey
* Major General Michael Fairweather, AM
* Jeanette Anne Gilbert taught here from 1918 to 1944.
* Alan Jones
* Laurie Lawrence, former Australian Olympic swimming coach and Rugby Union international.
# Ruminal tympany

Ruminal tympany, also known as ruminal bloat, is a disease of ruminant animals, characterized by an excessive volume of gas in the rumen. Ruminal tympany may be primary, known as frothy bloat, or secondary, known as free-gas bloat.
In the rumen, food eaten by the ruminant is fermented by microbes. This fermentation process continually produces gas, the majority of which is expelled from the rumen by eructation (burping). Ruminal tympany occurs when this gas becomes trapped in the rumen.
In frothy bloat (primary ruminal tympany), the gas produced by fermentation is trapped within the fermenting material in the rumen, causing a build up of foam which cannot be released by burping. In cattle, the disease may be triggered after an animal eats a large amount of easily fermenting plants, such as legumes, alfalfa, red clover, or white clover. Some legumes, such as sainfoin, birdsfoot trefoil and cicer milkvetch are not associated with causing bloat in cattle. In feedlot cattle, a diet containing a high proportion of cereal grain can lead to primary ruminal tympany. The main signs of bloat in cattle are distension of the left side of the abdomen, dyspnea (difficulty breathing) and severe distress. If gas continues to accumulate, the right side of the abdomen may also become distended, with death occurring in cattle within 3–4 hours after symptoms begin.
In free-gas bloat (secondary ruminal tympany), gas builds up in the rumen and cannot escape, due to blockage of the esophagus.

## Treatment

* Removal of gases through trocar or cannula
* Use stomach tube and remove the ruminal digesta
* Medi oral (antifoaming agent) 10ml+250ml warm water and drench to the animal. If antifoaming agent not available, vegetable oil can be used, 400–500ml per large animal
* Sodium bicarbonate
* Nux vomica
* Antihistamine is used to avoid lameness. One particular sign in acidosis is lameness. Because lactic acid accumulates in the coronary band, it causes irritation; histamine is released which causes lameness, so antihistamine is used to avoid it.

## Cultural depictions

* Thomas Hardy's novel Far from the Madding Crowd depicts a flock of sheep suffering from bloat, which are saved by shepherd Gabriel Oak using a trocar to release the gas.
* In the second chapter of James Herriot's book All Creatures Great and Small), an anxious James waits to meet his new boss, and is haunted by an urban legend of a new vet who ruined his career when he blew up a farmer's shed by lighting a match while gas was being released from a bloated cow. This same accident was portrayed in the TV series of the same name, but with Farmer Skerry striking a match to light his cigarette as James' colleague Tristan releases the gas. Here, the scene was played for humor instead of as a disaster.
* In the neo-Western television drama Yellowstone, a herd of cattle are killed after ingesting bales of alfalfa in the episode 'Only Devils Left'.
# Scotinosphaera facciolae

Scotinosphaera facciolae is a species of algae belonging to the family Scotinosphaeraceae.
The species inhabits freshwater environments.