# List of surgical procedures

Many surgical procedure names can be broken into parts to indicate the meaning. For example, in gastrectomy, "ectomy" is a suffix meaning the removal of a part of the body. "Gastro-" means stomach. Thus, gastrectomy refers to the surgical removal of the stomach (or sections thereof). "Otomy" means cutting into a part of the body; a gastrotomy would be cutting into, but not necessarily removing, the stomach. In addition, "pharyngo" means pharynx, "laryngo" means larynx, "esophag" means esophagus. Thus, "pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy" refers to the surgical removal of the three.
The field of minimally invasive surgery has spawned another set of words, such as arthroscopic or laparoscopic surgery. These take the same form as above; an arthroscope is a device which allows the inside of the joint to be seen.

## List of common surgery terms
### Prefixes

* mono- : one, from the Greek μόνος, monos, "only, single"
* angio- : related to a blood vessel, from the Greek αγγήϊον angḗïon, "vessel", "container", "pot"
* arthr- : related to a joint, from the Greek άρθρον, árthron, "joint"
* bi- : two, from the Latin prefix *bi, meaning "two".
* colono- : related to large intestine colon, from the latin cōlon, "clause [of a poem]", itself from the Greek κωλον, cōlon, "clause, member, part"
* colpo- : related to the vagina, from the Ancient Greek κόλπος, cólpos, meaning "hollow space", but also a synonym for "womb"
* cysto- : related to the bladder, from the Greek κύστις, cústis, "bladder, pouch"
* encephal- : related to the brain, from the Ancient Greek εγκέφαλος, enchéphalos itself from εν, en, "in", and κεφαλή, kephalḗ, meaning 'head'.
* gastr- : related to stomach, from the Greek γαστήρ, gastḗr, "stomach"
* hepat- : related to the liver, from the latin hēpatītis, from the latin hēpar, Greek loanword, originally ηπαρ, hēpar, meaning "liver"
* hyster- : related to the uterus, from Neo-Latin hysteria, itself ultimately from the Greek ύστέρα, hústéra, meaning "womb, uterus"
* lamino- : related to the lamina (posterior aspect of vertebra)
* lapar- : related to the abdominal cavity
** Etymology actually refers to soft, fleshy part of abdominal wall. The term celio- is generally considered more accurate and more commonly used in America.
* lobo- : related to a lobe (of the brain or lungs), from the latin lobo, ablative declension of lobus, itself from the Greek λοβός, lobós, "lobe", "pea-pod"
* mammo- and masto-: related to the breasts, from the latin mammas, "breast", and Greek μάσταζ mástaz, "chewer"
* myo- : related to muscle tissue, from the Greek μυς, mús, from μύσκυλος múskulos, "little mouse", so called because the Greeks believed that muscles looked like little mice.
* nephro- : related to the kidney from the Greek νεφρόν, nephrón, accusative declension of νεφρός, kidney
* oophor- : related to the ovary, from ωοφόρος, oophóros, meaning "egg-bearing"
* orchid- : related to the testicles, from the latin orchis, itself from the Greek όρχις, órchis, meaning "testicle" or sometimes "orchid" so called because the Greeks believed orchid roots looked like testicles.
* rhino- : related to the nose, from the Greek ρινός rinós, genitive declension of ρίς rís, "nose"
* thoraco- : related to the chest
* vas- : related to a duct, usually the vas deferens, from the latin vas, meaning "vessel", or "vein"

### Suffixes

* -centesis : surgical puncture
* -tripsy : crushing or breaking up
* -desis : fusion of two parts into one, stabilization
* -ectomy : surgical removal (see List of -ectomies). The term 'resection' is also used, especially when referring to a tumor.
* -opsy : looking at
* -oscopy : viewing of, normally with a scope
* -ostomy or -stomy : surgically creating a hole (a new "mouth" or "stoma", from the Greek στόμα (stóma), meaning "body", see List of -ostomies)
* -otomy or -tomy : surgical incision (see List of -otomies)
* -pexy : to fix or secure
* -plasty : to modify or reshape (sometimes entails replacement with a prosthesis), from the Ancient Greek πλάστος, plástos, meaning "molded".
* -rrhaphy : to strengthen, usually with suture
| Category | Plasty | Ectomy | Stomy | Otomy | Other |
| Central nervous system | | Decompressive craniectomy · Hemispherectomy · Anterior temporal lobectomy · Hypophysectomy · Amygdalohippocampectomy | Ventriculostomy | Craniotomy · Pallidotomy · Thalamotomy · Lobotomy · Bilateral cingulotomy · Cordotomy · Rhizotomy | Neurosurgery · Psychosurgery · Brain biopsy |
| Peripheral nervous system | | Ganglionectomy · Sympathectomy/Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy · Neurectomy | | Axotomy · Vagotomy | Nerve biopsy |
| Endocrine | | Hypophysectomy · Thyroidectomy · Parathyroidectomy · Adrenalectomy · Pinealectomy | | | |
| Eye | Punctoplasty · Trabeculoplasty | Photorefractive keratectomy · Trabeculectomy · Iridectomy · Vitrectomy | Dacryocystorhinostomy | Radial keratotomy · Mini Asymmetric Radial Keratotomy (M.A.R.K.) | Corneal transplantation |
| Ears | Otoplasty | Stapedectomy · Mastoidectomy · Auriculectomy | | Myringotomy | |
| Respiratory | Rhinoplasty · Septoplasty | Rhinectomy · Laryngectomy · Pneumonectomy | Tracheostomy | Sinusotomy · Pneumotomy · Cricothyroidotomy · Cricothyrotomy · Bronchotomy · Thoracotomy · Thyrotomy · Tracheotomy · lateral rhinotomy | Pleurodesis · Lung transplantation |
| Cardiovascular | Angioplasty · Valvuloplasty | Pericardiectomy · Endarterectomy | | Cardiotomy · Pericardiotomy | Heart transplantation |
| Lymphatic | | Tonsillectomy · Adenoidectomy · Thymectomy · Splenectomy · Lymphadenectomy | | | Thymus transplantation · Spleen transplantation · Splenopexy · Lymph node biopsy |
| GI/mouth | Uvulopalatoplasty · Palatoplasty | Gingivectomy · Glossectomy · Esophagectomy · Gastrectomy · Appendectomy · Proctocolectomy · Colectomy · Hepatectomy · Cholecystectomy · Pancreatectomy/Pancreaticoduodenectomy | Gastrostomy (Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy) · Gastroduodenostomy · Gastroenterostomy · Ileostomy · Jejunostomy · Colostomy · Cholecystostomy · Hepatoportoenterostomy · Sigmoidostomy | Uvulotomy · Myotomy (Heller myotomy · Pyloromyotomy) · Anal sphincterotomy · Lateral internal sphincterotomy | Vertical banded gastroplasty · Gastropexy · Colon resection · Nissen fundoplication · Hernia repair · Omentopexy · Liver biopsy |
| Urinary | Urethroplasty · Pyeloplasty | Nephrectomy · Cystectomy | Nephrostomy · Ureterostomy · Cystostomy (Suprapubic cystostomy) · Urostomy | Nephrotomy | Nephropexy · Urethropexy · Lithotripsy · Kidney transplantation · Renal biopsy |
| Male reproductive | Phalloplasty · Scrotoplasty | Vasectomy · Penectomy · Orchidectomy · Prostatectomy · Posthectomy · Gonadectomy | Vasovasostomy · Vasoepididymostomy | Meatotomy | Circumcision · Foreskin restoration · Orchiopexy · Prostate biopsy |
| Female reproductive | Vaginoplasty · Vulvoplasty · Clitoroplasty · Labiaplasty · Tuboplasty · Fimbrioplasty | Cervicectomy · Clitoridectomy · Oophorectomy · Salpingoophorectomy · Salpingectomy · Hysterectomy · Vaginectomy · Vestibulectomy · Vulvectomy | Salpingostomy | Amniotomy · Clitoridotomy · Hysterotomy · Hymenotomy · Episiotomy · Symphysiotomy | Tubal ligation · Tubal reversal · Colporrhaphy · Cesarean section · Hymenorrhaphy · Endometrial biopsy |
| Bone, cartilage, and joint | bone: Acromioplasty · Khyphoplasty · Mentoplasty · Acromioplasty joint: Arthroplasty · Rotationplasty | bone: Ostectomy (Arytenoidectomy · Femoral head ostectomy · Vertebrectomy · Coccygectomy · Astragalectomy) · Corpectomy · Facetectomy · Laminectomy (Hemilaminectomy) joint: Synovectomy · Discectomy | | bone: Osteotomy joint: Arthrotomy · Laminotomy · Foraminotomy | bone: Epiphysiodesis joint: Arthrodesis · Arthroscopy · Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction |
| Muscle or soft tissue | | Bursectomy · amputation (Hemicorporectomy, Hemipelvectomy) | | Myotomy · Tenotomy · Fasciotomy | Muscle biopsy · Amputation · Tendon transfer |
| Breast | Mammoplasty | Lumpectomy · Mastectomy | | | Breast implant · Mastopexy · Breast reconstruction · Breast reduction plasty |
| Skin | V-plasty · VY-plasty · W-plasty · Z-plasty | | | Escharotomy | Skin biopsy |
| Other/ungrouped | Abdominoplasty · Hernioplasty · Frenuloplasty · Z-plasty | Diverticulectomy · Frenectomy · Hemorrhoidectomy · Mastoidectomy · Thrombectomy · Embolectomy · Ganglionectomy · Lobectomy · Myomectomy · Panniculectomy | Ureterosigmoidostomy | Fistulotomy · Laparotomy · Myringotomy · Sphincterotomy · Commissurotomy | Abdominal surgery · Inguinal hernia surgery · Biopsy · Brostrom procedure · Cauterization · Grafting · Hypnosurgery · Laparoscopy · NOTES · Nuss procedure · Radiosurgery · |