OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Muddy Creek Formation

The Muddy Creek Formation is a geologic formation in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

## Distribution and General Expression

The following description is from USGS Bulletin 798 by C. R. Longwell in 1928:
   In all the large intermontane valleys adjacent to the Muddy Mountains and neighboring ranges there are thick clays or silts and associated deposits that have been relatively little disturbed by crustal deformation. As a rule they form belts from a fraction of a mile to several miles wide on each side of present stream valleys, above which the clay outcrops rise to a maximum height of approximately 600 feet. Adjacent to the high lands they feather out, lapping up on the older rocks. Between the Muddy and Virgin Mountains the area occupied by the clays is from 9 to 12 miles wide. South of St. Thomas this large area is divided into two nearly equal belts by Virgin River, and to the north the clays are cut by the converging Muddy and Virgin Valleys, each of which leaves a comparatively narrow strip of the deposits bordering the mountains. Between the streams the clays occupy a large triangular area extending more than 15 miles to the Mormon Mountains. In California Wash, the clay exposures extend a maximum of more than 10 miles to the ranges on the west, and they form wide belts bordering Meadow Valley Wash and the upper part of Muddy Creek. They have invaded St. Thomas Gap in places, and in the broad Grand Wash Valley they are exposed wherever the surface waste has been sufficiently dissected. In a word, the intermontane areas occupied by clays are nearly equal to the areas of the mountain ranges. However, these broad belts do not show continuous clay outcrops, for the clays are largely covered by a veneer of varying thickness formed from more recent waste that was used in building aggradation levels at several altitudes. The clays are conspicuous beneath the waste in the sides of the large valleys and small washes and in extensive badland tracts where the later capping has been stripped away.
   Owing to many interbedded layers of sandstone more or less firmly cemented, the clays tend to stand in steep fronts along wash courses. The edges of the sandy layers are visible in all sections, standing out as narrow shelves or forming a horizontal banding almost concealed by clay carried from above and plastered on the slope by infrequent rains. In detail the carved surfaces have an intricate but typical pattern, many times repeated. Steep slopes are dissected into long parallel spurs, and these subdivide repeatedly into steep spurs of many orders, all with rounded upper surfaces and separated by V-shaped trenches. From a distance the spurs resemble irregular columns. In places they are interrupted by persistent shelves formed on sandstone layers of unusual resistance, below which the typical patterns reappear.

## Gallery

* Unconformable contact between Muddy Creek Formation and Horse Spring Formation in Kaolin Wash.
* Tilted Muddy Creek Formation clays southwest of the ghost town of St. Thomas
* Terrace capping of gravel resting on Muddy Creek beds.
# Münder Marl Formation

The Münder Marl Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Jurassic period.
# Namurian Series

The Namurian Series is a geologic formation in England. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.
# Esat Mala

Esat Reshat Mala (born 18 October 1998) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Albanian club Vllaznia Shkodër.

## Club career
### Ballkani

Mala spent the first part of the 2017–18 season in the First Football League of Kosovo representing Ballkani. In the meantime, he also trained with Partizani B squad. He made 12 appearances and scored 8 goals, also giving 10 assists during his spell at the club K.F.C Ballkani.

### Partizani Tirana

On 27 December 2017, Partizani Tirana announced the acquisition of Mala, on a 2+1⁄2 years contract. He made his competitive debut on 4 February 2018 by playing in the second half of a 2–1 home win over Kamza. He quickly won his place in the starting lineup under Sulejman Starova, winning the league's player of the month award in March. Mala finished the season with 17 league appearances, including one cup appearance, as Partizani finished 5th in the league. Following the end of the season, he was named as one of the talents of the season by the association Sporti na bashkon.

## International career

On 28 May 2018. Mala made his debut with Albania U21 in a friendly match against Bosnia and Herzegovina U21 after being named in the starting line-up.

## Career statistics

    As of 9 May 2018
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Partizani Tirana | 2017–18 | Albanian Superliga | 15 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 16 | 0 |
| Partizani Tirana | Total | Total | 15 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 16 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 15 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 16 | 0 |

## Honours
### Individual

* Albanian Superliga Player of the Month: March 2018
* Albanian Superliga Talent of the Season: second place 2017–18
# Nant Hir Formation

The Nant Hir Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.
# Nation River Formation

The Nation River Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
# Neal Ranch Formation

The Neal Ranch Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.
# Shpëtim Babaj

Shpëtim Babaj (Croatian: Špetim Babaj; born on 9 December 1981) is a Kosovo Albanian retired football midfielder. He also holds Croatian citizenship.
# Kitchenware

    For a record label, see Kitchenware Records
Kitchenware refers to the tools, utensils, appliances, dishes, and cookware used in food preparation and the serving of food. Kitchenware can also be used to hold or store food before or after preparation.

## Types

Kitchenware encompasses a wide range of tools. Some of the most common items of kitchenware are:
* Baking dish
* Baking tray
* Cake pan
* Can opener
* Chopping board
* Coffee press
* Colander
* Cooling rack
* Corkscrew
* Cutlery
* Dinnerware
* Eggbeater
* Egg slicer
* Electric mixer
* Fork
* Frying pan
* Garlic press
* Grater
* Glassware
* Grill pan
* Kitchen scissors
* Knives
* Mandolin
* Measuring cups and spoons
* Measuring spoon
* Meat slicer
* Mixing bowls
* Muffin tin
* Pressure cooker
* Pasta server
* Peeler
* Pepper mill
* Pie dish
* Pizza stone
* Plates
* Potato masher
* Potato ricer
* Rolling pin
* Saucepan
* Serving fork
* Serving spoon
* Sheet pan
* Skillet
* Slotted spoon
* Soup spoon
* Spatula
* Spiral vegetable slicer
* Spoon
* Stock pot
* Steamers
* Strainer
* Timer
* Tomato slicer
* Tongs
* Tray
* Whisk
* Wok
* Wooden spoon
# Nevremont Formation

The Nevremont Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
# New Providence Formation

The New Providence Formation is a geologic formation in Kentucky. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period .
# Nohn Formation

The Nohn Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
# Dynamitron

The Dynamitron is an electrostatic particle accelerator invented by Marshal Cleland in 1956 at Washington University in St. Louis and manufactured by IBA Industrial (formerly Radiation Dynamics). It is similar to a Cockcroft-Walton accelerator, using a series capacitor-diode ladder network to generate a high DC voltage on an electrode, which accelerates particles through an evacuated beam tube between the electrode and a target at ground potential. However instead of being powered at one end as in the Cockcroft-Walton, the capacitive ladder is charged in parallel electrostatically by a high frequency oscillating voltage applied between two long half-cylindrical electrodes on either side of the ladder column, which induce voltage in semicircular corona rings attached to each end of the diode rectifier tubes. in combination with an inductor this structure forms a resonant tank circuit for the oscillator providing the voltage, at a frequency of 100 kHz. The alternating voltage across the diodes pumps charge in one direction up the series stack of diodes to the high voltage electrode as in the Cockcroft-Walton circuit. The advantage of this design is that it can produce higher beam currents than the Cockcroft-Walton design, up to hundreds of milliamperes, and the high frequency reduces the ripple on the accelerating voltage. The accelerator stack is inside a tank of pressurized sulfur hexafluoride gas for insulation. It can accelerate either electrons or positive ions, and tandem versions have been built.
The Dynamitron is made in several models with output energies from 0.5 to 5 MeV and beam power from 50 to 200 kW. Its main use is in industrial irradiation applications; the most common are polymer crosslinking for production of heat shrink tubing, and shrink wrap plastic film for food packaging, sterilization, and curing of plastic foam and tire components. Around 200 units are in operation, primarily in the US. A number have been installed in university research settings including the University of Birmingham in the UK and Tohoku University in Japan A modern research application for Dynamitrons is as a high intensity neutron source. They are particularly suited for neutron production via the Lithium (p,n) reaction with potential applications in neutron imaging, activation analysis and Boron Neutron Capture Therapy.
# Héctor Rangel

Héctor Hugo Rangel Zamarron (born 20 August 1980) is a Mexican road bicycle racer. He competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Men's road race and finished 38th.
Rangel won the 106-mile (171-kilometre) 2016 Tour de Tucson in a time of 4 hours 10 minutes and 47.12 seconds.

## Major results

Source:

### 2006

    6th Overall Vuelta a El Salvador

### 2011

    Vuelta a Bolivia
       1st Stages 1, 3 & 5

### 2012

    1st Stage 1 Vuelta a Guatemala
    1st Stage 5 Vuelta Mexico Telmex
    3rd Road race, National Road Championships
    3rd Overall Ruta del Centro
    9th Time trial, Pan American Road Championships

### 2013

    1st Overall Tucson Bicycle Classic
       1st Stage 1
    2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
    5th Overall Ruta del Centro
       1st Stages 3, 4 & 5

### 2015

    3rd Time trial, National Road Championships
# Issa le Tisserand

Issa le Tisserand (in English: Issa the weaver) is a 1985 Burkinabé film directed by Idrissa Ouedraogo. The film was awarded as the best documentary at the ninth Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO).

## Synopsis

Issa is a traditional weaver in Burkina Faso who loves his trade. However, so as not to lose his clientele and continue making enough to keep his wife, Issa finds himself forced to sell Western clothes. He buys a mask and ready-to-wear clothing and proceeds to make a fortune.
Shot in 1984, a year after Thomas Sankara’s rise to power, the film illustrates the Chief of State’s motto: "Let’s use products from Burkina Faso!" and portraits the disappearance of indigenous craft due to westernization.
# Recorrupted

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 48/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Alternative Press | |
| PopMatters | 2/10 |
| Revolver | |
Recorrupted is the first EP by American deathcore band Whitechapel. The EP was released on November 8, 2011 through Metal Blade Records. It consists of one original song, two of their previously released songs remixed ("This Is Exile" and "Breeding Violence"), an acoustic version of "End of Flesh" and a cover of the Pantera song "Strength Beyond Strength".

## Personnel
### Whitechapel

* Phil Bozeman – vocals
* Ben Savage – lead guitar
* Alex Wade – rhythm guitar
* Zach Householder – third guitar
* Gabe Crisp – bass
* Ben Harclerode – drums

### Production

* Miah Lajeunesse – recording engineering, production
* Mark Lewis – mixing and mastering
* Shawn Carrano and Andrew Roesch – management
* Mike Milford – artwork
# The three Rs

The three Rs are three basic skills taught in schools: reading, writing and arithmetic", Reading, wRiting, and ARithmetic or Reckoning. The phrase appears to have been coined at the beginning of the 19th century.

## Origin and meaning

The skills themselves are alluded to in St. Augustine's Confessions: Latin: ...legere et scribere et numerare discitur 'learning to read, and write, and do arithmetic'.
The phrase is sometimes attributed to a speech given by Sir William Curtis circa 1807: this is disputed. An extended modern version of the three Rs consists of the "functional skills of literacy, numeracy and ICT".
The educationalist Louis P. Bénézet preferred "to read", "to reason", "to recite", adding, "by reciting I did not mean giving back, verbatim, the words of the teacher or of the textbook. I meant speaking the English language."
# Pessosaurus

Pessosaurus is an extinct genus of ichthyosaurs which existed during the Middle Triassic period.
There are two species:
* Pessosaurus polaris Hulke, 1873
* Pessosaurus suevicus Huene, 1916
# Joseph P. Cotton

Joseph Potter Cotton (July 22, 1875 – March 10, 1931) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the United States Under Secretary of State from 1929 until his death in 1931.

## Biography

Cotton was born in Newport, Rhode Island on July 22, 1875. He earned a bachelor of arts degree from Harvard College in 1896 and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1900. In New York, he worked as a prominent lawyer and in 1907 became a member of the law firm Cravath, Henderson and De Gersdorff. In 1910, he joined with John Coit Spooner in the firm of Spooner & Cotton. In 1915, he went to Washington to work as a federal attorney for the Alaskan Railway Commission. He became a law partner of William Gibbs McAdoo in 1919 and founded the firm of McAdoo, Cotton & Franklin. He also served as the Chief of the US Food Administration's Meat Division where he became friends with President Herbert Hoover who then served as the head of the United States Food Administration.
Cotton was a major policy adviser to Hoover and was appointed as the undersecretary of state on June 7, 1929 when the latter became president. He served as the acting secretary of state, and succeeded in maintaining the dominant influence of the United States, when Henry Stimson went to assist as the chairman of the U.S. delegation to the London Naval Conference 1930.
Cotton was admitted at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore from an infection of the spinal cord where surgeons removed a tumor from his spine. He developed blood poisoning in his right eye, which had to be removed. He underwent two major operations and succumbed to complications from infections on March 10, 1931.
   Mr. Cotton's passing is a great loss to the Government and to our country. He was my friend for over 20 years. He has given much of his life to public service and has never refused a demand of the public interest. His abilities, his character, his devotion to the highest of purposes made him a great citizen.

## Works

* Joseph Potter Cotton (1905). The Constitutional Decisions of John Marshall. ISBN 978-1-58477-050-3. in two volumes Vol. 1, Vol. 2 (New York and London).
* Joseph Potter Cotton (1909). A Preliminary Analysis of the Legal System of Employers Liability in the State of New York. ISBN 9781584770503.
# Ovsiankina effect

In psychology, the Ovsiankina effect describes the innate human urge to finish tasks previously initiated. This tendency to resume an interrupted action is especially prevalent when the action hasn't yet been achieved. The effect is named after Maria Ovsiankina, who conducted research on this behavior.

## Overview

The principle underlying the Ovsiankina effect posits that an interrupted task, even without any explicit reward or incentive, creates a "quasi-need". This drives intrusive thoughts, compelling an individual to resume and possibly complete the task. This may result in cognitive dissonance if the task remains unfinished.
Kurt Lewin's field theory provides an explanation for this behavior, suggesting that an interrupted action constitutes a condition for a strained system. This tension and strain make the task more memorable, a phenomenon better known as the Zeigarnik effect.
While the Zeigarnik effect highlighted the tension and memorability of unfinished tasks, Ovsiankina's research delved deeper into the subsequent behaviors this tension fostered. Specifically, her studies demonstrated that when individuals were interrupted during a task and later given free time, they displayed a strong inclination to return to and complete the task.

### Modern implications

The principles behind the Ovsiankina effect have broad applications across various sectors:
* UX Design: The urge to complete tasks can be harnessed by designers to nudge users into completing tasks or actions on digital platforms.
* Education: Teachers can use this effect to structure lessons, introducing challenges early on and resolving them later to maintain student engagement.
* Advertising and marketing: Advertisements may utilize cliffhangers or unsolved mysteries to make their products or messages more memorable.
* Entertainment: TV shows, book series, and video games frequently employ cliffhangers to keep audiences returning.
* Productivity: Understanding the desire to finish tasks can aid in personal and professional productivity.
* Mental well-being: Recognizing the stress that incomplete tasks can introduce is essential for mental health.
# John A. Peacock

John Andrew Peacock (born 27 March 1956) is a British cosmologist, astronomer, and academic. He has been Professor of Cosmology at the University of Edinburgh since 1998. He was joint-winner of the 2014 Shaw Prize.

## Early life and education

Peacock was born on 27 March 1956 in Shaftesbury, Dorset, England, to Arthur Peacock and Isobel Peacock (née Moir). He studied Natural Sciences at Jesus College, Cambridge, and graduated with a first class Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1977. He then undertook postgraduate research at the University of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory under the supervision of M. S. Longair and J. V. Wall. He completed his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1981 with a doctoral thesis titled "The radio spectra and cosmological evolution of extragalactic radio sources".

## Personal life

In 1982, Peacock married Heather, a nurse and medical educator. Together, they have three children.

## Honours

In 2006, Peacock was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE). In 2007, he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). In 2014, he was jointly awarded the Shaw Prize for Astronomy 'for their contributions to the measurements of features in the large-scale structure of galaxies used to constrain the cosmological model including baryon acoustic oscillations and redshift-space distortions'. His co-recipients were Daniel Eisenstein and Shaun Cole.
# August Wilhelm Graf von Kanitz

Graf August Karl Wilhelm von Kanitz (29 October 1783 – 22 May 1852) was a Prussian lieutenant general and was also the minister of war from 26 April to 16 June 1848 (without party affiliation) in the Camphausen-Hansemann government.
Kanitz became an officer-cadet in 1798, and an ensign one year later. In 1801 he was made a second lieutenant. In 1806 he took part in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt. In 1810 he was promoted to first lieutenant and to Stabskapitän in 1811. In 1812 Kanitz received the Pour le Mérite award. In 1813-14 he took part in the War of the Sixth Coalition. In 1813 he was made a major. Two years later he was assigned to be adjutant to Frederick William III of Prussia. In 1819 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and in 1825 to colonel. From 1832 Von Kanitz was commander of the 1. Landwehrbrigade, after 1840 commanded the 1st Division and after 1841 the 15th Division. Between 1841 and 1848 Von Kanitz was the interim commander in Cologne. In 1843 he became a lieutenant general and in 1848 was made a general officer commanding (Kommandierender General) on an interim basis.
Camphausen had originally planned to make Colonel Hans Adolf Erdmann von Auerswald his Minister of War. However, as part of an early power struggle over the right to decide on military matters, King Frederick William IV refused to appoint him and instead chose Kanitz. His predecessor as War Minister was Karl von Reyher, he was succeeded by General Ludwig Freiherr Roth von Schreckenstein.
Von Kanitz was a Freemason and belonged to the Grand Lodge "Zu den drei Weltkugeln" in Berlin.
# Takitarō Minakami

Takitarō Minakami (水上 滝太郎, Minakami Takitarō, 6 December 1887 – 23 March 1940) was the pen-name of Abe Shōzō, a Japanese novelist and literary critic active during the Shōwa period of Japan.

## Early life

Minakami was born in the upscale Azabu district of Tokyo. His father, Abe Taizo, was the founder of Meiji Life Insurance Company. In 1891 the family moved to Matsuzaka-cho in Shiba Ward of Tokyo. Minakami attended Keiō High School and played on the school's baseball club. While attending Keio University, he was inspired by the works of Kyōka Izumi and by a newly appointed professor, Kafū Nagai, who was also the founder of the literary magazine Mita Bungaku, launched in 1910. While at Keiō University, Minakami developed a friendship with the playwright, script writer, and director of the Bungakuza Theater, Mantarō Kubota.

## Literary career

While still a student at Keio University he began his literary career by contributing poems and short stories to Mita Bungaku and to the mainstream literary magazine Subaru. He established his own literary circle, Rei-no-kai, by gathering his aspiring writer friends at his home. His debut story, Yamanote no Ko ("Child from Yamanote") was the story of these gatherings, and was published in 1911 in Mita Bungaku. His choice of a pen-name came from a character in one of Izumi Kyoka's stories.
After a period overseas, studying economics in the United States, and touring 16 countries around the world, Minakami returned to Japan in 1916 to accept a position in his father's insurance company. However, he did not give up his literary aspirations, and this job provided him with an insight into the lives of white-collar workers, albeit from the rather lofty position of director of one of Japan's largest insurance companies.
Minakami wrote numerous novels in the 1920s and 1930s depicting the lives of common, urban people. His works include a novel Osaka no yado ("An Inn in Osaka", 1925–1926) and Kaigara Tsuihō (1918–1940), a collection of essays.
After Keio University dropped its financial support for Mita Bungaku literary magazine in 1925, he (along with Kubota Mantaro) contributed greatly to its re-launch and supported it throughout the 1930s.
Minakami continued to enjoy baseball even after he became a writer by arranging games between the Mita Bungaku amateur baseball team and a team led by rival author Ton Satomi.
Minakami died of a brain hemorrhage in 1940. His grave is at the Tama Reien, in Fuchū, Tokyo.
# Pohronský Bukovec

Pohronský Bukovec (Hungarian: Bukóc) is a village and municipality in Banská Bystrica District in the Banská Bystrica Region of central Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1563.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 530 metres and covers an area of 14.771 km$^2$. It had a population of 105 people on 31 December 2013.