OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Network simplex algorithm

In mathematical optimization, the network simplex algorithm is a graph theoretic specialization of the simplex algorithm. The algorithm is usually formulated in terms of a minimum-cost flow problem. The network simplex method works very well in practice, typically 200 to 300 times faster than the simplex method applied to general linear program of same dimensions.

## History

For a long time, the existence of a provably efficient network simplex algorithm was one of the major open problems in complexity theory, even though efficient-in-practice versions were available. In 1995 Orlin provided the first polynomial algorithm with runtime of $O(V^{2}E\log(VC))$ where $C$ is maximum cost of any edges. Later Tarjan improved this to $O(VE\log V\log(VC))$ using dynamic trees in 1997. Strongly polynomial dual network simplex algorithms for the same problem, but with a higher dependence on the numbers of edges and vertices in the graph, have been known for longer.

## Overview

The network simplex method is an adaptation of the bounded variable primal simplex algorithm. The basis is represented as a rooted spanning tree of the underlying network, in which variables are represented by arcs, and the simplex multipliers by node potentials. At each iteration, an entering variable is selected by some pricing strategy, based on the dual multipliers (node potentials), and forms a cycle with the arcs of the tree. The leaving variable is the arc of the cycle with the least augmenting flow. The substitution of entering for leaving arc, and the reconstruction of the tree is called a pivot. When no non-basic arc remains eligible to enter, the optimal solution has been reached.

## Applications

The network simplex algorithm can be used to solve many practical problems including,
* Transshipment problem
* Hitchcock transportation problem
* Assignment problem
* Chains and antichains in partially ordered sets
* System of distinct representatives
* Covers and matching in bipartite graphs
* Caterer problem
# Zayzun

Zayzun, also spelled Zeizun or Zeyzoun may refer to the following places in Syria:
* Zayzun, Daraa, a village in southern Syria
* Zayzun, Hama, a village in north-central Syria
* Zeyzoun Dam, a dam near Zayzun, Hama.
# Wasatch Back

40°30′N 111°30′W﻿ / ﻿40.500°N 111.500°W﻿ / 40.500; -111.500
The Wasatch Back is a region in the Rocky Mountains in northern Utah, United States. It includes cities such as Park City, Heber City, and Morgan. The name Wasatch Back differentiates it from the Wasatch Front, which includes Utah's more populous cities such as Salt Lake City, Ogden, Layton, and Provo. The Wasatch Back sits on the eastern side of the Wasatch Range of the Rocky Mountains, while the Wasatch Front sits on the western side. Wasatch is a Ute Indian word that means "mountain pass" or "low pass over high range." The Wasatch Back is a very affluent region. Summit County (home to Park City) is one of the wealthiest counties in the United States.
Originally a mining and agricultural region, the Wasatch Back has experienced rapid residential growth through the 1990s and continuing into the 2000s. Local recreational activities include skiing, snowboarding, snowmobiling, hiking, boating, and horseback riding. Park City is the site of numerous concerts and festivals, including the Sundance Film Festival held every January.

## Communities
### Morgan County
#### Cities

* Morgan (county seat)

#### Census-designated places

* Enterprise
* Mountain Green

#### Unincorporated places

* Croydon
* Littleton
* Milton
* Peterson
* Porterville
* Richville
* Stoddard
* Taggarts
* Whites Crossing

### Summit County
#### Cities

* Coalville (county seat)
* Kamas
* Oakley
* Park City

#### Towns

* Francis
* Henefer

#### Census-designated places

* East Basin
* Echo
* Hoytsville
* Marion
* Peoa
* Samak
* Silver Summit
* Snyderville
* Summit Park
* Wanship
* Woodland

#### Unincorporated communities

* Bountiful Peak Summer Home Area
* Castle Rock
* Christmas Meadow Summer Home Area
* Emory
* Grass Creek
* Monviso
* Rockport
* Uintalands
* Upton

### Wasatch County
#### Cities

* Heber City (county seat)
* Midway

#### Towns

* Charleston
* Daniel
* Hideout
* Independence
* Interlaken
* Wallsburg

#### Census-designated places

* Timber Lakes

#### Unincorporated communities

* Center Creek
* Deer Mountain
* Mayflower
* Soldier Creek Estates
* Soldier Summit
* Wildwood (part)
# Follya (band)

Follya, previously known as Dear Jack, is an Italian pop rock band formed in 2012.
They ended up second in the thirteenth edition of the Italian talent show Amici di Maria De Filippi and debuted in 2014 with the album Domani è un altro film (prima parte), which peaked at number 1 of the FIMI's album chart and was certified double platinum in Italy. They participated twice at the Sanremo Music Festival in 2015, with the song "Il mondo esplode tranne noi", and in 2016, with the song "Mezzo respiro".
In 2015, lead singer Alessio Bernabei left the band to pursue a solo career, and was replaced by Leiner Reflessi (2015-2017) and by guitarist Lorenzo Cantarini (since 2017).
In 2022, the band reunited under the front man Alessio Bernabei, without Cantarini, and changed their name to Follya.

## Members

* Alessio Bernabei – vocals (2012-2015) (2022-now)
* Francesco Pierozzi – guitar (2012-present)
* Alessandro Presti – bass guitar (2013-present)
* Riccardo Ruiu – drums (2013-present)

### Former members

* Lorenzo Cantarini – vocals (2017-2022), guitar (2013-2022)
* Leiner Riflessi – vocals (2015-2017)

## Discography
### Studio albums

- As Dear Jack -
* Domani è un altro film (prima parte) (2014)
* Domani è un altro film (seconda parte) (2015)
* Mezzo respiro (2016)
* Non è un caso se... (2018)
- As Follya -
* FOLLYA (2023)
# John Muir (South African naturalist)

John Muir (18 June 1874, Castle Douglas, Scotland – 3 August 1947, Riversdale, Cape Province) was a medical doctor, naturalist and cultural historian.

## Education and career

John Muir spent the years 1890-1892 studying Arts and Medicine at the University of St Andrews. He enrolled at the University of Edinburgh in 1892, obtaining a M.B. and C.M. in 1896, and an M.D. in 1902. In 1896 he came to Cape Colony and practised at Worcester, Strydenburg, Sterkstroom and Albertinia before settling in Riversdale. He collected plants extensively in the area as well as seeds found along the coastline. He retired in 1923 to devote himself to these interests as well as the study of shells. He donated his collection of driftseeds to Stellenbosch University in 1929 for which he was awarded an honorary D.Sc. As the recipient of a Carnegie Travelling Grant, he went abroad to study other collections of ocean-borne fruits and seeds. He presented his herbarium to the National Herbarium, Pretoria. At this time he developed an interest in folklore and historical objects and published a number of papers on the subject, besides contributing vernacular names of birds, plants and shells to the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal. He donated his collection of shells to the South African Museum, some particularly minute species exciting a large amount of interest. Besides his botanical writings, he contributed a number of articles to popular scientific and socio-historical publications, a fair portion of these written in Afrikaans. He is commemorated in the genus Muiria N.E.Br. and in many species such as Leucospermum muirii Phillips, Erica muirii L.Bol., Leucadendron muirii Phillips and Conophytum muirii N.E.Br. His wife, born Susanna Steyn, is also remembered in Protea susannae Phillips and Thesium susannae A.W.Hill, while Muiria hortenseae N.E.Br. was named for his daughter, but is now lumped as a synonym of Gibbaeum hortenseae (N.E.Br.) Thiede & Klak. Vol. 17 of Flowering Plants of South Africa is dedicated to him.

## Publications

* The Flora of Riversdale, South Africa Mem. Bot. Surv. S.Afr. No.13 of 1929
* Seed-drift of South Africa Mem. Bot. Surv. S.Afr. No.16 of 1937
* Gewone Plantname in Riversdal
# Rufus Riddlesbarger

Rufus Riddlesbarger (18 September 1893 – 1968) was an American entrepreneur who marketed a line of contraceptive diaphragms in the 1930s. Under the Lanteen Laboratories brand, Riddlesbarger operated a chain of clinics in Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan, which were promoted through radio advertising.

## Career

Riddlesbarger is believed to have been an Army Air Corps pilot during World War I. He later worked for the U.S. Post Office, flying air mail starting in 1920, but was grounded in 1921 for failing to promptly report a forced landing, resulting in delay to the mail. Riddlesbarger invented a diaphragm that was successfully marketed through his firm, Lanteen Laboratories, using storefront clinics called "Medical Bureaus of Birth Control Information" and a variety of media, including radio, direct mailings to doctors, and in packages of sanitary napkins. One of Riddlesbarger's clinic operators, Adele Gordon, was, with her husband John, unsuccessfully prosecuted in 1935 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin for selling birth control devices. Lanteen Laboratories had been organized in 1928, with 90% of its stock owned by Riddlesbarger. Lanteen sold a comprehensive line of products, including contraceptive jellies, douches, tampons and suppositories.

## Ranch

The proceeds from Riddlesbarger's venture went to purchase a ranch in southern Arizona which he named Lanteen Ranch, now listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Kinjockity Ranch. Riddlesbarger commissioned Phoenix architect Edward C. Morgan to design the Pueblo Revival house and guest house, and the interior was decorated by designer and sculptor Raymond Phillips Sanderson. Riddlesbarger, through the Lanteen Arabian Foundation, bred Arabian horses at the ranch, most notably owning Antez, a famous sire originally owned by Will Keith Kellogg. Antez sired Palominos while with Riddlesbarger. Bamboo Harvester, who played Mister Ed in the eponymous television show, was a grandson of Antez.

## Legal problems

Although he intended to live at the ranch full-time, Riddlesbarger sold the ranch in 1946 and moved to Tucson. He had lost a substantial judgment in tax court over Lanteen's purchase of the ranch lands and subsequent payment of the ranch to him as a dividend. He was unsuccessfully prosecuted in 1948 for statutory rape for an alleged affair with a house servant, and left the United States shortly thereafter. A final divorce decree was granted in favor of his former wife Fay Riddlesbarger in 1948, apparently concluding proceedings that began in 1931 that had been accompanied by allegations of coercion, but further appeals continued into 1952, reaching the Illinois Supreme Court. Rufus had two daughters with Fay.

## Africa

In the 1950s Riddlesbarger settled in east Africa in what was then Tanganyika, where he was involved in more litigation. During that time he established Manyara Ranch near Esilalei in the northern part of what is now Tanzania. Following two more marriages, he died in Addis Ababa in 1968.
# Paul Lambert (disambiguation)

Paul Lambert (born 1969) is a Scottish football manager and former player.
Paul Lambert may also refer:
* Paul Lambert (water polo) (1908–1996), French water polo player
* Paul Lambert (actor) (1922–1997), American character actor
* Paul Lambert (basketball) (1934–1978), American college basketball coach
* Paul Lambert (cooperator) (1912–1977), Belgian co-operator and economist
* Paul Lambert (1876–?), Belgian Olympic equestrian, 1900
* Paul Lambert (journalist) (1958/59–2020), British media and television producer
* Paul Lambert (Nebraska politician) (born 1950), Nebraska state senator
* Paul Lambert (Royal Navy officer) (born 1954), Royal Navy admiral
* Paul Lambert (TV personality) (born 1970), best known as "Engineer Ed" in the children's television show Fun Junction Depot
* Paul Lambert (Canadian football) (born 1975), Canadian football offensive guard
* Paul Lambert (Emmerdale), a fictional character in the British soap opera Emmerdale
* Paul Lambert (bishop) (born 1950), suffragan bishop of Dallas
* Paul Lambert (special effects artist), visual effects supervisor at DNEG
* Paul C. Lambert (born 1928), United States Ambassador to Ecuador
* Lambert (pianist) (born 1983), masked neo-classical musician born Paul Lambert
# Skage Church

Skage Church (Norwegian: Skage kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Overhalla Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the village of Hunn. It is the church for the Skage parish which is part of the Namdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nidaros. The white, wooden, Neo-Gothic church was built in a long church style in 1903 using plans drawn up by the architect Ole Scheistrøen. The church seats about 330 people.

## History

The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1432, but the church was not new that year. The original stave church on this site was built a few meters south of the present church, probably during the 12th century. The church historically was called Hunn Church, after the farm on which it was located. Around the 15th century, the name was changed to Skage Church, after the more prominent neighboring farm. During the middle of the 1600s, the small stave church was remodeled with a small addition to the west to increase the capacity of the building. In 1726, the old church was torn down and a new log building was constructed on the same site. In 1903, the old church was torn down and a new church was constructed a few meters to the north of the old site. The new church was consecrated on 16 December 1903.
# David Schiel

David Schiel is a marine ecologist and biologist from New Zealand. He studied at the University of Auckland and was awarded a PhD in 1980. The title of his doctoral thesis was A demographic and experimental evaluation of plant and herbivore interactions in subtidal algal stands. He is currently a Distinguished Professor of University of Canterbury.
# Decarcerate PA

Decarcerate PA is a grassroots, all-volunteer coalition that was established to challenge mass incarceration in Pennsylvania.

## Background

Decarcerate PA is a democratic organization which operates using a committee structure, with each committee dedicated to separate tasks. Its platform (No New Prisons, Decarceration, Community Reinvestment) has received the support of roughly one hundred other organizations.
Since 2011, the coalition has been involved challenging the construction of two new prisons outside of Philadelphia in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, at the site of State Correctional Institution - Graterford.
In 2013, Decarcerate PA organized a 113-mile march from Philadelphia to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the state capital, to protest a decision by Pennsylvania Governor Tom Corbett and the Pennsylvania Legislature to increase prison funding and decrease funding in public education and social services.
# Cunningham's spiny-tailed skink

Cunningham's spiny-tailed skink (Egernia cunninghami), also known commonly as Cunningham's skink, is a species of large skink, a lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is native to southeastern Australia.

## Etymology

Both the specific name, cunninghami, and the common names are in honour of English botanist and explorer Allan Cunningham.

## Description

E. cunninghami can reach up to 40 cm (16 inches) in total length (including tail), and may be confused with the blue-tongued lizards (genus Tiliqua).
Cunningham's spiny-tailed skink has a distinctive keel on each scale, which gives it a slightly spiny appearance. It is extremely variable in colour, ranging from dark brown to black, with or without blotchy patches, speckles, or narrow bands.

## Habitat

E. cunninghami prefers to live communally in the crevices of rocky outcrops or hollow logs.

## Diet

Cunningham's spiny-tailed skink is primarily herbivorous.

## Conservation status

There is currently research being done on the isolated population of Cunningham's skink that inhabits the southern Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia. This population is considered vulnerable due to the fragmented (disjunct) distribution of the "colonies". There is evidence that at least one of these colonies has totally disappeared. It is more common within suitable habitat along the southeastern coast and ranges of Australia.

## Reproduction

Like some other reptiles, E. cunninghami is viviparous, giving birth to six or more live young in a litter.

## Inbreeding avoidance

Habitat fragmentation can affect a species population by disrupting core processes. One such process is inbreeding avoidance (avoiding inbreeding depression). The impact of habitat alteration (deforestation) on inbreeding was studied in the rock-dwelling Australian lizard Egernia cunninghami. Such populations in deforested areas experience potentially inbreeding-enhancing factors such as reduced dispersal and increased relatedness. However, active avoidance of close kin as mates was observed, as indicated by the substantially lower relatedness in actual breeding pairs compared to potential ones expected if there were random mating. This finding, as well as heterozygous excesses in immature lizards from disturbed (as well as undisturbed) habitats indicated that it maintains outbreeding in the face of increased accumulation of relatives.

## Gallery

* Egernia cunninghami basking on fallen log.
* Two Cunningham's spiny-tailed skinks resting on granite boulders, the spiny keel of the scales can be seen on the tail.
* Cunningham's spiny-tailed skink in southern Australian Capital Territory.
* Three E. cunninghami, Cabbage Bay, near Sydney, New South Wales.
# Vítor Ladeiras

Vítor Hugo Correia Ladeiras (born 10 April 1992) is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Club career

Born in Sintra, Lisbon District, Ladeiras spent eight years in C.F. Estrela da Amadora's youth system after joining at the age of 10. He started his senior career with neighbouring Real SC, in the fourth division.
In June 2013, Ladeiras signed for Singaporean club Tampines Rovers FC following a short trial, being joined in the adventure by his countrymen Diogo Caramelo and André Martins. He scored his only goal as a professional on 20 September, playing the full 90 minutes and closing a 3–1 home win against Tanjong Pagar United FC.
# Nan Marie Jokerst

Nan Marie Jokerst is an American professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Duke University known for her work integrating optoelectronics with semiconductor substrates in order to create portable environmental and medical sensors. She is a Fellow of the Optical Society and Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
Since 2004, Jokerst has been J. A. Jones Distinguished Professor at Duke University. Jokerst previously served as faculty in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology as the Joseph M. Pettit Professor of Optoelectronics.

## Education

* BS in Mathematics, Creighton University, 1982
* BS in Physics, Creighton University, 1982
* MSEE in Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1984
* PhD in Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1989

## Awards

* NSF Presidential Young Investigator Award, 1990
* IEEE Third Millennium Medal, 2000
* Fellow of the Optical Society, 2001
* IEEE Education Society Harris B. Rigas Medal, 2002
* IEEE Fellow, 2003
* Alumni in Academia Award for the University of Southern California Viterbi School of Engineering, 2006
# Farid Aslani

Farid Aslani (Persian: فرید اصلانی, born July 4, 1988) is an Iranian professional basketball player. He is 6' (183 cm), plays as a Point guard. He has played for Iranian Basketball Clubs including Azad University Tehran, Mahram Tehran, Palayesh Naft Abadan, Petrochimi Bandar Imam, Zob Ahan Isfahan. He also competed in the 2018 FIBA Asia Champions Cup, and his brilliance in these competitions made him more popular among the fans of the Iran Basketball League. He is especially popular among league fans in southern Iran due to his long and colorful presence in the Naft Abadan and Petrochimi.
# Tiger Stadium (West Alabama)

Tiger Stadium is a 7,000-capacity stadium located in Livingston, Alabama. It is home to the University of West Alabama West Alabama Tigers football team.
The stadium was built in 1952 to fill the need for an on-campus stadium - until 1952 the Tigers played home games at Livingston High School. It is built on a patch of land known as Crawdad Creek.
# Derek the Sheep

Derek the Sheep is a fictional character and comic strip in the British comic The Beano. He first appeared in issue 3214, dated 21 February 2004. The strip is set on a farm and was about Derek's endless problems with the other animals.
Derek the Sheep was created by Gary Northfield and appeared occasionally in the comic, however, since the Beano re-vamp Derek has not been seen, but appeared regularly in monthly BeanoMAX until June 2011. Gary Northfield both writes and draws for the character.
Derek has been published in France by Actes Sud/Editions De L'an2 and a collection the first thirteen strips was published in bookform from Bloomsbury Publishing in September 2008. The character is known as Norbert Le Mouton in French.
Three further collections were published by Bog Eyed Books in 2018; named: Let's Bee Friends, The First Sheep in Space and Danger is my middle name.

## Characters

* Derek the Sheep
* Lenny the Sheep: He is Derek's friend. Appeared less in the last couple of years
* Cecil the Bee: Another one of Derek's friends.
* Doris the Bee: Cecil's sister. Has a crush on Derek. Normally quite sweet-natured, but dangerous when angry.
* Nobby the Hedgehog
* Kevin the Rabbit: Generally took over as the second character in the last couple of years.
* Big Baz: Derek's worst enemy.
* Mad Nigel: Derek's second worst enemy. Hasn't been seen since the last part of Sold Out, when he was given to the zoo in place of zebras.
* Rodney the Bull:
* Bernard the Goat:
* Bingo the Goat: Seen only in the strip "Sold Out".
* Farmer Jack: Mentioned quite a lot, but rarely seen.
* Alan the Horse:
* Benny the Sheep: Derek's nephew, who always said "Beep!".
* Dave Carrot, who was Derek's companion when he became stranded on an island.
* Bert Worm, mentioned on the weblog, although never seen in the comic.
* Alan Chicken: A chicken who has wonky legs, who has also only been mentioned on the weblog.
* Gnasher, Dennis the Menace's dog, has appeared in the 2007 Beano Annual episode.
* Walter The Softy also appeared in that story.
* Vera Cow: The only girl on the farm, during the last few years.
* Barry Chicken: Derek doesn't like him.
# La Chapelle-Huon

La Chapelle-Huon (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Sarthe department in the Pays de la Loire region in north-western France. Its inhabitants are called Capellhuonnais and Capellhuonnaises.

## Name

La Chapelle-Huon (Latin: Capella Hugonis) is named after one of its ancient lords, named Hugo. His name appears for the first time in 1233 under the name of Capella Parrochia Hugonie.

## Geography

La Chapelle-Huon is located 7.5 km from Saint-Calais and 44 miles from Le Mans, and once depended on the deanery of Saint-Calais, the Archdeaconry of Montfort, and the diocese of Le Mans. It is in the department of Sarthe, which is since 1790 the eastern part of the former province of Maine. This town is bounded on the north by Saint-Gervais-de-Vic, on the east by Savigny-sur-Braye, south by Besse-sur-Braye, and west by Cogners. Egg-shaped, it extends the SSO NO. The village forms several small streets north of the church, and a row of houses to the west.