# Caernarfonshire

Caernarfonshire (/kərˈnɑːrvənʃər/; Welsh: Sir Gaernarfon, Welsh pronunciation:), sometimes spelled Caernarvonshire or Carnarvonshire, was one of the thirteen historic counties of Wales, in the north-west of Wales.

## Geography

The county was bounded to the north by the Irish Sea, to the east by Denbighshire, to the south by Cardigan Bay and Merionethshire, and to the west by Caernarfon Bay and the Menai Strait, which had separated it from Anglesey.
The county had a largely mountainous terrain. A large part of the Snowdonian Range lay in the centre and south-east of the former county, which included Snowdon itself, the highest mountain in Wales at 1,085 m (3,560 ft). The south-west of the county was formed by the Llŷn peninsula, with Bardsey Island lying off its western end. The north of the county, between the mountains and Menai Strait, had much more subdued relief. The east of the county was part of Vale of Conwy, with the River Conwy forming much of the eastern boundary. Llandudno and Creuddyn formed a small peninsula to the north-east across the Conwy estuary.
The counties included the city of Bangor and the towns and villages of Betws-y-Coed, Caernarfon, Conwy, Llandudno, Porthmadog and Pwllheli.

## History
### Creation

The county was originally created under the terms of the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 following Edward I of England's conquest of the Principality of Wales and included the cantrefi of: Llŷn, Arfon, Arllechwedd and the commote of Eifionydd (the northern portion of Dunoding).
The county was divided into ten hundreds based on the existing Welsh commotes: Cymydmaen (anglicised as Commitmaen), Creuddyn, Dinllaen, Eifionydd (Evionydd), Cafflogion (Gaflogion), Llechwedd Isaf (...Isav), Llechwedd Uchaf (...Uchav), Nant Conwy (Nant-Conway), Is Gwyrfai (Isgorvai) and Uwch Gwyrfai (Uchgorvai).

### 19th and 20th centuries

During the 19th century the population increased steadily, from 46,000 in the 1801 census, to 81,093 in 1841, and up to 137,000 in the 1901 census (figures given for the registration county).

### Governance

Under the Local Government Act 1888, an elected Carnarvonshire County Council took over functions from the county's quarter sessions. The administrative county covered by the county council had identical borders to the geographic county.
The county and the town after which it was named were officially spelled "Carnarvon" until 1926. At a meeting on 10 November 1925 the borough council resolved to ask the county council to change the spelling to "Caernarvon". The county council gave permission for the change of spelling for the name of the borough with effect from 14 January 1926, and at the same time decided to ask the government to also change the spelling of the county's name to Caernarvon. The government confirmed the change in the spelling of the county's name with effect from 1 July 1926.
The county council was based at County Hall, Caernarfon.
The county contained five ancient boroughs. Two of these (Caernarfon and Pwllheli) were reformed in 1835 by the Municipal Corporations Act. Criccieth established a special body of commissioners in 1873. Conwy (then called Conway in English) was reformed to become a municipal borough in 1877. The remaining borough, the City of Bangor was not reformed until 1883.
Under the Public Health Act 1848 and the Local Government Act 1858 a number of towns were created local board districts or local government districts respectively, with local boards to govern their areas. Other towns became improvement commissioners' districts by private act of parliament. In 1872 these, along with the municipal boroughs, became urban sanitary districts. At the same time the remainder of the county was divided into rural sanitary districts, some of which crossed county boundaries. The Local Government Act 1894 redesignated these as urban and rural districts. A county review order in 1934 made changes to the county's districts.
| Sanitary district 1872–1894 | County district 1894–1934 | Changes 1934–1974 |
| City of Bangor (municipal borough) | City of Bangor (municipal borough) | Absorbed part of Ogwen RD 1934 |
| Bangor RSD (part) | Ogwen RD | Lost territory to Bangor MB, Nant Conway RD 1934 |
| Bethesda ICD (1854), LGD (1863) | Bethesda UD | None |
| Carnarvon municipal borough | Renamed Caernarvon in 1926 | None |
| Carnarvon RSD (part) | Gwyrfai RD | Absorbed part of Glaslyn RD 1934 |
| Conway municipal borough | Conway municipal borough | Municipal borough created 1877. Absorbed part of Conway RD. |
| Conway RSD | Conway RD | Abolished 1934 |
| Criccieth ICD (1873) | Criccieth UD | Absorbed part of Glaslyn RD 1934 |
| Festiniog RSD | Glaslyn RD | Abolished 1934 |
| Llandudno ICD (1874) | Llandudno UD | Absorbed part of Conway RD 1934 |
| Llanfairfechan LGD (1872) | Llanfairfechan UD | None |
| Llanrwst RSD (part) | Geirionydd RD | Formed Nant Conway RD by amalgamation with parts of Conway RD, Ogwen RD |
| Llanrwst RSD (part) | 1898: Bettws-y-Coed UD | None |
| Penmaenmawr LGD (1866) | Penmaenmawr UD | None |
| Pwllheli municipal borough | Pwllheli municipal borough | None |
| Pwllheli RSD | Lleyn RD | Absorbed part of Glaslyn RD 1934 |
| Ynyscynhaiarn LBD (1858) | Ynyscynhaiarn UD renamed Porthmadog UD 1915 | Absorbed part of Glaslyn RD 1934 |
The civil parish of Llysfaen was a detached exclave of the county. On 1 April 1923 Llysfaen was transferred to the county of Denbighshire.
Under the Local Government Act 1972 the administrative county of Caernarvonshire was abolished on 1 April 1974. It was largely split between the three districts of Aberconwy, Arfon and Dwyfor of Gwynedd (along with Merionethshire and Anglesey). Until 1974, Caernarvonshire was divided into civil parishes for the purpose of local government; these in large part equated to ecclesiastical parishes (see the table below), most of which still exist as part of the Church in Wales.

### Parishes

Chapelries are listed in italics.
| Hundred | Parishes |
| Commitmaen | Aberdaron (Capel Anelog) • Bodferin/Bodverin • Bryncroes • Llandegwning • Llanengan (Ynys Tudwal Fach/St Tudwal's Island) • Llanfaelrhys • Llangwnnadl/Llangwnadle • Mellteyrn/Meyllteyrn • Penllech • Y Rhiw |
| Creuddyn | Eglwysrhos$^C$ • Llandudno$^C$ (Glanwydden) • Llangystennin$^C$ • Llysfaen$^{1C}$ |
| Dinlaen | Abererch • Boduan/Bodvean • Ceidio • Edern/Edeyrn • Llandudwen • Llaniestyn • Llannor • Nefyn/Nevin • Pistyll • Tudweiliog/Tydweiliog |
| Eifionydd/Evionydd | Beddgelert/Bethgelert (Capel Nanhwynan • Capel Nanmor) • Cricieth/Criccieth • Dol-ben-maen • Llanarmon • Llanfihangel-y-Pennant • Llangybi • Llanystumdwy • Penmorfa • Treflys • Ynyscynhaiarn |
| Gafflogian | Botwnnog/Bottwnog • Carnguwch/Carngiwch • Denio (Penllech) • Llanbedrog • Llanfihangel Bachellaeth • Llangian • Penrhos |
| Isaf/Isav | Caerhun/Caerhen$^C$ • Conwy/Conway$^C$ • Gyffin$^C$ • Llanbedr-y-Cennin$^C$ • Llangelynnin$^C$ |
| Isgwrfai/ Isgorvai | Betws Garmon/Bettws Garmon • Llanbeblig (Caernarfon/Carnarvon) • Llanberis • Llanddeiniolen (Dinas Dinorwig) • Llanfaglan • Llanfair-Is-Gaer • Llanrug |
| Nant-Conwy / Nantconway | Betws-y-coed/Bettws-y-coed$^C$ (Capel Curig) • Dolwyddelan$^C$ • Llanrhychwyn$^C$ • Penmachno$^C$ • Trefriw$^C$ |
| Uchaf/Uchav | Abergwyngregyn/Abergwyngregin • Dwygyfylchi$^C$ • Llandygai/Llandegai • Llanfair-Fechan$^C$ • Llanllechid |
| Uwch-gwyrfai / Uchgorvai | Bangor (Glasinfryn • Pentir) • Clynnog Fawr/Clynnog Vawr • Llanaelhaiarn • Llandwrog (Betws Gwenriw) • Llanllyfni • Llanwnda |
$^1$an exclave in Denbighshire
Most of these parishes ended up in Gwynedd, but those marked C ended up in Conwy.
The name Caernarfonshire (this time spelled with an f not a v, following the change of spelling of the town's name from Caernarvon to Caernarfon in 1975) was very briefly revived as part of the name of an administrative area in 1996, when the county of Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire was created. It was, however, renamed Gwynedd almost immediately. Since then Caernarfonshire has been divided between the unitary authorities of Gwynedd to the west and Conwy to the east.

### Coat of arms

Caernarvonshire County Council received a grant of armorial bearings from the College of Arms in 1949. The shield was a combination of the arms of two great native Princes of Wales. The gold and red quarters bearing lions were the arms of Llewelyn the Last – now used as the arms of the Principality of Wales. Across this was placed a green fess or horizontal band, on which were three gold eagles, from the arms of Owain Gwynedd. According to the poet Michael Drayton, the eagles formed the device on the banner of the Caernarvonshire soldiers at the Battle of Agincourt. The crest above the shield was a generic castle, representing Caernarfon, Conwy and Criccieth Castles. Behind the castle was the badge of the heir apparent: three ostrich feathers. The supporters were Welsh dragons with fish tails to show that Caernarvonshire was a Welsh maritime county. The supporter stood on a compartment of rocks for the rugged coast and mountains of the county. The motto Cadernid Gwynedd was adopted by the county council. This was derived from the Mabinogion, and can be translated as "The Strength of Gwynedd".

## Legacy
### Flag

The Flag of Caernarfonshire was registered with the Flag Institute in March 2012. The pattern of three gold eagles on a green background is a design with a long association with the county, having reputedly been flown by Caernarfonshire soldiers at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.

## Places of interest

* Bangor Cathedral
* Ynys Enlli / Bardsey Island (grid reference SH1221);
* Caernarfon Castle (grid reference SH4762);
* Conwy Castle (grid reference SH7877);
* Criccieth Castle (grid reference SH5000837754);
* Great Orme Tramway (grid reference SH7883);
* Gwydir Castle, nr. Llanrwst (grid reference SH7961);
* Penrhyn Castle (grid reference SH6071);
* Swallow Falls, Betws-y-Coed (grid reference SH7657);
* Snowdon Mountain Railway, Llanberis (grid reference SH5859);
* Ty Mawr Wybrnant (grid reference SH7752).