OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Raymond Turpin

Raymond Alexander Turpin, born 5 November 1895 in Pontoise, died May 24, 1988, in Paris, was a French pediatrician and geneticist. In the late 1950s, his team discovered the chromosomal abnormality, trisomy 21, responsible for Down syndrome.

## Early years

Turpin was admitted to the Faculty of Medicine of Paris in 1914, and in 1915 he was mobilized as a military medical assistant. Three years later, he was seriously affected by poison gas, and was subsequently awarded the Croix de Guerre. After the war, he resumed his medical studies, interning at Hôpitaux de Paris in 1921. As part of the Pasteur Institute, he participated, with Albert Calmette and Benjamin Weill-Hallé, in the first trials of the BCG vaccine, to prevent TB, and continued the collaboration until 1933.
He also worked in pathology and pediatrics, including childhood tetany. In 1929, tetany was the topic of his medical thesis, for which he won the Thesis Prize of the Faculty of Medicine. In this work, he highlighted a specific electromyographic sign of tetany. After being named head of the laboratory and clinical director, he became Doctor of the Paris Hospitals in 1929.

## Down syndrome to trisomy 21

From 1931, Turpin and his team researched Down syndrome. He studied the clinical presentation of the disease in affected individuals, their ancestors, descendants and siblings. In 1937, he wrote: "The assumption that mongolism is connected with a chromosomal abnormality is acceptable (...) like the Bar mutation, due to a chromosomal abnormality in the (fly) drosophila." In 1956, several teams established that the number of human chromosomes is 46, and it became possible to count the number of chromosomes in a sample in the laboratory.
From 1956 to 1958, Turpin - with students Jérôme Lejeune and Marthe Gautier - studied the number and appearance of chromosomes in the cells of children with and without Down syndrome, and in 1958 they found that children with Down syndrome possess 47 chromosomes: they carry three copies (trisomy) of one chromosome instead of the usual two (disomy). This chromosome was designated chromosome 21 in 1960.
Turpin discovered, in 1959, the first structural chromosomal abnormality translocation, the second of the two main types of chromosomal abnormalities.
In 1947, Turpin founded the French Genetics Society, of which he became president in 1954. He was appointed professor at the Faculty of Medicine of Paris, first in therapeutics (1947-1956), and then in infant health and medicine. He was elected president of the French Society of Pediatrics in 1960 and participated in the creation of the first chair of genetics in 1965 which was initially entrusted to Jérôme Lejeune. He was also elected member of the French Academy of Sciences, Académie Nationale de Médecine and the Académie nationale de pharmacie.
# Cyperus michelianus

Cyperus michelianus is a species of sedge that is native to parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. It grows in wet habitats such as river margins and paddy fields.
# 1995 in the Netherlands

Events in the year 1995 in the Netherlands.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Beatrix
* Prime Minister: Wim Kok

## Events

* 18 to 23 July – The 1995 World Fencing Championships were held in The Hague.
* 1 to 11 August – The 18th World Scout Jamboree was held in Dronten.

## Births

* 1 January – Kelly Vollebregt, handball player
* 9 January – Loiza Lamers, model
* 17 January – Jim van der Zee, singer
* 22 January – Jessie Jazz Vuijk, model and beauty pageant titleholder
* 25 January – Mark Caljouw, badminton player
* 1 February – Oliver Heldens, DJ and electronic music producer
* 2 February – Mikal Tseggai, politician
* 3 February – Stijn Derkx, footballer
* 3 February – Bram Verhofstad, artistic gymnast
* 6 February – Nyck de Vries, racing driver
* 6 February – Jorrit Hendrix, footballer
* 18 February – Nathan Aké, footballer
* 2 March – Marije van Hunenstijn, sprinter
* 10 March – Sanne Vloet, model
* 28 March – Hamza Boukhari, footballer
* 21 March - Chadwick Tromp, baseball player
* 9 April – Demi Vermeulen, Paralympic equestrian
* 12 April – Melissa Venema, trumpeter
* 28 April – Derk Telnekes, darts player
* 1 May – Milan Vissie, footballer
* 7 June – Bas Veenstra, basketball player
* 1 July – Julius van Sauers, basketball player
* 2 July – Vinnie Vermeer, footballer
* 13 July – Glenn Bijl, footballer
* 15 July – Stef Krul, racing cyclist
* 19 July – Tom Noordhoff, footballer
* 19 July – Romee Strijd, model
* 21 July – Melissa Wijfje, speed skater
* 27 July – Cees Bol, cyclist
* 18 August – Teuntje Beekhuis, cyclist
* 20 August – Julian Jordan, musician
* 29 August – Dante Klein, DJ and record producer
* 2 October – Anne van Dam, golf player
* 3 October – Snelle, rapper and singer
* 4 October – Ralf Mackenbach, singer, dancer and musical artist
* 9 October – Kenny Tete, footballer
* 22 October – Arno Kamminga, swimmer
* 26 October – Celeste Plak, volleyball player
* 7 November – Justin Mylo, DJ, record producer and musician
* 12 November – Davina Michelle, singer and Youtuber
* 22 November – Jeremy Mooiman, politician
* 25 November – Denzel Comenentia, athlete specializing in hammer throw and shot put

## Deaths

* 14 February – Ischa Meijer, journalist, television presenter, radio presenter, critic and author (b. 1943)
* 19 February – David Adriaan van Dorp, chemist (b. 1915)
* 25 March – John Hugenholtz, designer of race tracks and cars (b. 1914)
* 27 March – Tony Lovink, diplomat (b. 1902)
* 24 April – Lodewijk Bruckman, painter (b. 1903).
* 26 April – Frieda Belinfante, cellist and conductor (b. 1904)
* 21 May – Annie M. G. Schmidt, writer (b. 1911)
* 10 August – Gijs van Aardenne, politician (b. 1930)

### Full date missing

* Nico de Haas, photographer (b. 1907)
# Mervyn Patrick Wingfield, 9th Viscount Powerscourt

Mervyn Patrick Wingfield, 9th Viscount Powerscourt (22 August 1905 – 1973), was an Anglo-Irish peer.

## Biography

He was the son of The 8th Viscount Powerscourt and Sybil Pleydell-Bouverie. He married Sheila Claude Beddington on 16 December 1932 in Jerusalem. They had three children, a daughter and two sons, Grania Langrishe, the heir 10th Viscount Powerscourt Mervyn Niall Wingfield ((1935-2015) son (the heir 11th Viscount Powerscourt)) Mervyn Anthony Wingfield 1963-) and Guy Wingfield.
The Second World War had a huge impact on the family. The then Mervyn Patrick Wingfield (he succeeded as The 9th Viscount Powerscourt in March 1947) served in the war and was captured by the Germans in Italy. When he came home his health had been compromised and he suffered from shell shock. His wife Sheila (known as Lady Powerscourt from March 1947) had taken the family to Bermuda. They returned home when he did. He came into his inheritance of the Powerscourt Estate in March 1947, when he became Lord Powerscourt. His marriage never recovered from the impact of the war. In 1963, his wife left and, as a result of the financial impact, the family sold the Powerscourt Estate.
He was appointed the first Chief Scout of the Boy Scouts of Ireland (BSI) in 1949.
He was an uncle of the mother of Sarah, Duchess of York.
# Sir Frederick Mills, 1st Baronet

Sir Frederick Mills, 1st Baronet, DL (23 April 1865 – 22 December 1953) was a British iron and steel manufacturer and Conservative Party politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1931 to 1945.
Mills was born in Sunderland. He was educated at Dr Robertson's Private Academy and Durham College of Science, both in Newcastle upon Tyne. He was apprenticed at Palmers of Jarrow and then became an official of the South Durham Steel Company at Stockton-on-Tees. In 1896 he was appointed works manager of the Glasgow Iron Company's steelworks at Wishaw and in 1900 he moved to the Ebbw Vale Steel Iron and Coal Company as a departmental manager. By 1910 he was managing director and in November 1919 he became chairman in succession to Sir Charles Allen. During the First World War he not only directed one of the most important steel companies in Britain, but was also largely responsible for raising the Monmouthshire battalions of the South Wales Borderers. During the peace negotiations, he represented British interests on the Steel Commission. For these services, he was created a baronet, of Ebbw Vale in the county of Monmouthshire, in the 1921 New Year Honours.
After the war the world steel market collapsed and throughout the 1920s the Ebbw Vale Steel, Coal and Iron Company struggled to stay afloat. Mills stood down as chairman, but was persuaded to rejoin the board as managing director. He finally retired in 1929.
He was appointed High Sheriff of Monmouthshire for 1912 and was elected at the 1931 general election as MP for Leyton East, defeating the sitting Labour MP Fenner Brockway by nearly 7,000 votes. He held the seat at the 1935 general election, with his majority cut to 329, and represented the constituency until he retired at the 1945 election at the age of eighty.

## Family

He married Anne Hamilton, daughter of Reverend James Hamilton.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "No. 32178". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1920. p. 2.
* ↑ Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae; by Hew Scott
# Matt Lawton (journalist)

Matt Lawton (born 12 April 1970) is an English sports journalist who is currently the chief sports correspondent for The Times newspaper. He was previously the chief sports reporter for the Daily Mail.

## Education

Lawton was educated at Loughborough University and City, University of London.

## Career

Lawton started his career at the Western Daily Press in 1993 before joining the Daily Express and then The Daily Telegraph. He moved to the Daily Mail in 2002 and was chief football correspondent and executive sport editor before becoming chief sports reporter. In September 2019 he joined The Times.
Lawton was named Sports News Reporter of the Year at the British Sports Journalism Awards in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017, Sports Journalist of the Year at the British Press Awards in 2015, and Sports Journalist of the Year at the British Journalism Awards in 2016 and 2020.
In 2021, with little else to do, Lawton began covering the Brentford Fans Civil War, including an article in which he revealed that a Brentford fan had received ‘excrement’ through the post after being accused of grassing on banned supporters.
# Joachim Gnilka

Joachim Gnilka (8 December 1928 in Leobschütz/Silesia – 15 January 2018 in Munich) was a German Roman Catholic theologian, New Testament scholar, exegete, and professor.

## Biography

Gnilka studied Catholic theology, Christian philosophy, and Oriental languages in Eichstätt, Würzburg, and Rome from 1947 to 1953. From 1953 to 1956 he served as chaplain in Würzburg. In 1955, Gnilka earned a Doctorate of Theology (Th.D.). In 1959, he earned a habilitation, and from 1959 to 1962 was Privatdozent (associate professor, senior lecturer) at the University of Würzburg. From 1962 to 1975, he was professor of New Testament at the University of Münster. From 1975 to 1997, he was professor at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. From 1973 to 1988, Gnilka was a member of the Pontifical Biblical Commission, and from 1986 to 1997 a member of the International Theological Commission.
His commentary on the Gospel of Matthew, Das Mattheusevangelium, was extensively quoted by Pope Benedict XVI in his 2007 book Jesus of Nazareth: From the Baptism in the Jordan to the Transfiguration.
# Melquíades Álvarez (swimmer)

Melquíades Javier Álvarez Caraballo (born 10 August 1988) is a Spanish swimmer who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics.
# Phalaris paradoxa

Phalaris paradoxa is a species of grass in genus Phalaris. Common names include awned canary-grass and hood canarygrass.
The spikelets are very different from those of other members of this genus. The spikelet glumes each have a hook.
It is native to Africa, Asia, and Europe, and it has been introduced widely. Its distribution within the United States includes Arizona, California, Hawaii, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Washington.
# Sandrine Favre

Sandrine Favre (born 5 September 1988) is a French ski mountaineer.

## Selected results

* 2010:
** 5th, World Championship, relay, together with Laëtitia Roux and Valentine Fabre
* 2011:
** 2nd, World Championship, relay, together with Laëtitia Roux and Émilie Favre
** 10th, World Championship, sprint
** 8th, Pierra Menta, together with Émilie Favre
# Bugaj, Opole Voivodeship

Bugaj is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rudniki, within Olesno County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.
# Alexander Nazarov

Alexander Nazarov (25 May 1925 – 7 February 1945) was a Soviet army officer and Hero of the Soviet Union. He fought against Nazi Germany. He was a recipient of the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Star.
He destroyed 15 tanks with AT grenades. He died by shrapnel near Seelow Heights .
* This biographical Hero of the Soviet Union article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Papadoplaka

Papadoplaka (Greek: Παπαδόπλακα) is a natural reef islet off the southern coast of the Greek island of Crete in the Libyan Sea. The reef is in front of Kommos and close to Gortyn which was the ancient capital of Crete. The name can be loosely translated as the priest's rock. It is administered within Heraklion regional unit.

## Minoan era

Papadoplaka was more substantial in Minoan times, due to lower sea levels, and is likely to have offered safe harbour for ships in that part of the bay. J. W. Shaw believes that Papadoplaka is likely to have been linked with the coast via a partially submerged sandy shore. This would make a Minoan harbor at Kommos similar to the harbor at Amnisos.
# Eluned Parrott

Eluned Parrott is a Welsh Liberal Democrat politician. She was an Assembly Member (AM) of the National Assembly for Wales between 2011 and 2016. She is a Commissioner of the National Infrastructure Commission for Wales.

## Background

Eluned was born in Abergavenny. She studied at St Peter's Collegiate School, in Wolverhampton. Parrott gained a degree in music from Cardiff University, and has a postgraduate diploma in marketing from the Chartered Institute of Marketing.
Before becoming an A.M., she worked as a community engagement manager for Cardiff University, leading a team that organises educational outreach and community events for the public. She has lived in the South Wales Central region since 1993; ten years in Cardiff Central and Cardiff West constituencies, and then eight years in the Vale of Glamorgan.
Parrott lives with her husband and two children in Rhoose, in the Vale of Glamorgan.

## Political career

Parrott contested the Vale of Glamorgan seat at the 2010 general election. She polled 15.2 per cent of the vote, the highest Welsh Liberal Democrat vote share in the seat for decades.

### National Assembly for Wales

She became the first Welsh Liberal Democrat to be elected to the South Wales Central Assembly region in 2011 after the first candidate, John Dixon, failed to be reinstated following his suspension. He had been suspended on the grounds of being a member of the Care Council for Wales. In July 2011 she was given the Enterprise, Transport, Europe and Business portfolios by the Welsh leader Kirsty Williams. As a result, in the Welsh Assembly she sat on the Enterprise and Business Committee and Constitutional and Legislative Affairs Committee.
Parrott was not re-elected at the 2016 National Assembly for Wales election.

### Post-Assembly career

Parrott is a Commissioner of the National Infrastructure Commission for Wales.
# Draft Constitution of the People's Republic of Japan

The Draft Constitution of People's Republic of Japan (日本人民共和国憲法草案, Nihon Jinmin Kyōwakoku Kenpō Sōan) was a draft constitution released by the Japanese Communist Party on 28 June 1946. This draft was published during debates on the new Japanese Constitution following the end of World War II.
The characteristics of the draft are the abolition of the Japanese Imperial system, the adoption of republicanism and democratic centralism, and the introduction of socialist policies.
# Heckmondwike bus station

Heckmondwike bus station (also known as Heckmondwike Hub) is a bus station in Heckmondwike, England.

## History

Plans to build a bus station in Heckmondwike were first considered in 2008, however, the project was delayed due to owners refusing to vacate offices on the proposed site, and the subsequent recession and budget cuts. Revised plans were approved by the council in April 2014. Work on the bus station finally began in October 2014, on a site that had previously been vacant for some time. The bus station opened on 25 April 2015.

## Facilities

The bus station has four stands, live departure information, sheltered bicycle parking, and covered waiting areas.

## Redevelopment

Plans to improve the bus station were announced in August 2020. The work will include adding two extra bus departure stands, baby changing facilities, an accessible toilet and a fully enclosed, indoor waiting facility. Construction began in June 2024, with the project due to take a year to complete.
# Justices Protection Act 1848

The Justices Protection Act 1848 (11 & 12 Vict. c. 44) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that gave justices of the peace in England and Wales immunity from civil actions arising from their adjudication.
The act was sponsored and drafted by John Jervis and was one of the so-called Jervis Acts of 1848.

## Background

Prior to the act, justices of the peace (magistrates) were hampered in their functions by the risk of prosecution or civil action for decisions they had taken in the execution of their official functions. An individual disgruntled at a decision could mount a de facto challenge by bringing a civil claim against a justice and even achieve a rehearing of his case. Claims against justices for damages, through writs of certiorari, for exceeding their jurisdiction were particularly common. The courts did, however, take any opportunity to interpret the law narrowly so as to exclude the challenges, as for example in the Bumboat case, and Sheridan has doubted whether there was really an extensive problem.
Sir John Jervis was Attorney General and shared the widespread view that the law as to justices was archaic and in need in reform. Further, Justices were becoming increasingly important with the rise of criminal legislation. The act was one of the three Jervis Acts, the other two being the Summary Jurisdiction Act 1848 (11 & 12 Vict. c. 43) and Indictable Offences Act 1848.

## The act

The long title of the act was:
   An Act to protect Justices of the Peace from Vexatious Actions for Acts done by them in Execution of their Office.
The act, for the first time in England and Wales, drew a distinction between unlawful acts of justices within their jurisdiction and acts unlawful because performed outside the justice's jurisdiction. Claims could only be brought for actions within jurisdiction if there was an allegation that the action was malicious and without reasonable and probable cause.

## Repeal

The act was repealed by the Justices of the Peace Act 1979 which introduced similar protection. The law is now contained in sections 31–33 of the Courts Act 2003.

## Related legislation

The Constables Protection Act 1750 (24 Geo. 2. c. 44) already gave constables "and other officers" protection from being sued for carrying out the orders of the courts.
# Tyrant (Spiderbaby Grafix)

Tyrant is a comic book series published by Spiderbaby Grafix about a Tyrannosaurus rex, written by Steve Bissette.

## Publication history

There were four issues published in the mid 90s.
A new Tyrant page appeared in Sundays and Bissette has discussed a proposal he prepared involving a Tyrant revival.

## Plot

The comic book series focuses on a t-rex's struggles to survive, from even before it emerges from the shell.

## Awards

* 1995: Nominated for "Best New Series" Eisner Award.
# Urban Turban

Urban Turban (subtitled Urban Turban - The Singhles Club) is a 2012 studio album by the British band Cornershop. It follows their 2011 album Cornershop and the Double 'O' Groove Of. Like their previous effort, the album consists mostly of collaborations; however, unlike its predecessor, which consisted solely of music with vocalist Bubbley Kaur, Urban Turban includes a variety of collaborators, including SoKo and Amar. The album originated as a project called The Singhles Club, in which the band sent subscribers a new song on a monthly basis via e-mail along with unique cover art. All six tracks from this project appear on the album.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 72/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| NME | |
| Rolling Stone | |
| Spin | |
NME reviewer Chris Parkin said that the album "is more grin-inducing than a piano-playing cat", awarding the album 8/10. BBC Music, though lamenting "the occasional meander" and expressing their need for "a bigger production budget", said that "there's nobody remotely like them and few who seem to actually enjoy being in a band more".
Pitchfork rated the album 7/10, saying the album "feels especially emblematic of a band that's fully liberated itself from any commercial or audience expectations and shifted its experimental ethos into overdrive". They were complimentary of tracks such as Something Makes You Feel Like, calling it "lovely" and complimenting its "restless, bleary-eyed vocal turn by French singer Soko that's offset by an easy-going Sweet Jane groove", but criticised other tracks such as "the annoyingly repetitious French-touch house of Solid Gold and the all-too aptly titled Milkin' It". The A.V. Club were also fairly complimentary, calling the album "creative and fun", but also called it "a little half-baked, and ultimately impersonal", rating it a B−.

## Track listing

All songs credited to Tjinder Singh except where noted. Tracks with a * indicate that it was a part of The Singhles Club.
* "What Did the Hippie Have in His Bag?" (featuring Castle Hill Primary)* - 4:12
* "Who's Gonna Lite It Up?" (featuring Izzy Lindqwister)* - 3:50 (Tjinder Singh and Izzy Lindqwister)
* "Non-Stop Radio" (featuring Celeste)* - 4:14
* "Solid Gold" (featuring Katie)* - 4:26
* "Beacon Radio 303" (featuring Rajwant)* - 3:10 (Tjinder Singh and Rajwant)
* "Milkin' It" (featuring In Light of Aquarius) - 4:29 (Tjinder Singh, Ben Ayres and Richie Deeney)
* "Concrete Concrete" (featuring Kay Kwong)* - 3:49
* "Something Makes You Feel Like" (featuring SoKo) - 4:33 (Tjinder Singh, Ben Ayres and SoKo)
* "Inspector Bamba Singh's Lament" (featuring Amar) - 4:27 (Tjinder Singh and Amar)
* "Dedicated" (featuring Lorraine) - 3:45
* "What Did the Hippie Have in His Bag (The High Slung Satchel)" [featuring Castle Hill Primary] - 5:16
* First Wog on the Moon - 3:29
# List of drugs: W

This multi-page article lists pharmaceutical drugs alphabetically by name. Many drugs have more than one name and, therefore, the same drug may be listed more than once. Brand names and generic names are differentiated by capitalizing brand names.
See also the list of the top 100 bestselling branded drugs, ranked by sales.
Abbreviations are used in the list as follows:
* INN = International Nonproprietary Name
* BAN = British Approved Name
* USAN = United States Adopted Name
* Two-letter codes for countries
Lists of drugs 1–9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
* Wainua
* Wainua (Autoinjector)
* Wainzua
* Wakix
* Wampocap
* warfarin (INN)
* Wartec
* Waylivra
* Wegovy
* Wehdryl
* Welchol
* Welireg
* Wellbutrin Sr
* Wellbutrin Xl
* Wellbutrin
* Wellcovorin
* Wera
* Wesmycin
* Westadone
* Westcort
* Westhroid
* Wezenla
* Wezlana
* Wigraine
* Wigrettes
* Wilate
* Wilpo
* Wilzin
* Winlevi
* Winpred
* Winrevair
* Winstrol
* Wixela Inhub
* Wolfina
* Women's Rogaine
* Wyamine Sulfate
* Wyamycin E
* Wyamycin S
* Wyamycin
* Wycillin
* Wydase
* Wygesic
* Wymox
* Wynzora
* Wyost
* Wytensin