# Michael Rostovtzeff

Mikhail Ivanovich Rostovtzeff, or Rostovtsev (Russian: Михаи́л Ива́нович Росто́вцев; November 10 [O.S. October 29] 1870 – October 20, 1952), was a Russian historian whose career straddled the 19th and 20th centuries and who produced important works on ancient Roman and Greek history. He was a member of the Russian Academy of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.

## Career

Rostovtzeff was the son of a Latin teacher. Upon completing his studies at the universities of Kiev and St. Petersburg, Rostovtsev served as an assistant and then as a full Professor of Latin at the University of St. Petersburg 1898–1918. In 1918, following the Russian Revolution, he emigrated first to Sweden, then to England, and finally in 1920 to the United States. There he accepted a chair at the University of Wisconsin–Madison before moving to Yale University in 1925 where he taught until his retirement in 1944. He oversaw all archaeological activities of the latter institution in general and the excavations of Dura-Europos in particular. He is believed to have coined the term "caravan city".
While working in Russia, Rostovtzeff became an authority on the ancient history of South Russia and Ukraine. He summed up his knowledge on the subject in Iranians and Greeks in South Russia (1922) and Skythien und der Bosporus (1925). His most important archaeological findings at Yale were described in Dura-Europos and Its Art (1938).
Glen Bowersock described Rostovtzeff's views as having been largely formed by the age of thirty, developing mainly only in the quality of execution in later life, and making him "the last of the nineteenth-century ancient historians". Rostovtzeff was known as a proud and slightly overpowering man who did not fit in easily. In later life, he suffered from depression.

## The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire

Rostovtzeff was notable for his theories, notably, of the cause of the collapse of the Roman Empire, which he expounded in detail in his The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire (1926). Scarred by his experience of fleeing from the Russian Revolution, he attributed the collapse of the Roman Empire to an alliance between the rural proletariat and the military in the third century A.D. Despite not being a Marxist himself, Rostovtzeff used terms such as proletariat, bourgeoisie and capitalism freely in his work and the importation of those terms into a description of the ancient world, where they did not necessarily apply, caused criticism.
Rostovtzeff's theory was quickly understood as one based on the author's own experiences and equally quickly rejected by the academic community. Bowersock later described the book as "the marriage of pre-1918 scholarly training and taste with post-1918 personal experience and reflection." At the same time, however, the detailed scholarship involved in the production of the work impressed his contemporaries and he was one of the first to merge archaeological evidence with literary sources.

## Selected publications
### Articles

* Rostovtzeff, M. (1919). "Queen Dynamis of Bosporus". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 39: 88–109. doi:10.2307/624874. JSTOR 624874. S2CID 163237568.
* Rostovtzeff, M. (1919). "Ancient decorative wall-painting". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 39: 144–163. doi:10.2307/624878. JSTOR 624878. S2CID 163721898.
* Rostovtzeff, M. (1920). "The Sumerian Treasure of Astrabad". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 6 (1): 4–27. doi:10.1177/030751332000600102. S2CID 192222914.
* "The Contribution of Russia to Learning". The Quarterly Review. 233: 272–287. April 1920.

### Books

* Studien zur Geschichte des römischen Kolonates. 1910.
* Античная декоративная живопись на Юге России. 2 volumes 1913/1914.
** French transation with additional comments: La peinture décorative antique en Russie Méridionale. Paris: De Boccard, 2004.
* The Birth of the Roman Empire. 1918.
* Iranians and Greeks in South Russia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922.
* A large estate in Egypt in the third century B.C. A study in economic history. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1922.
* Skythien und der Bosporus. 1925.
* The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. 1926. (Revised edition in German 1931, and further revised edition in Italian 1933) (Second edition, revised by P.M. Fraser, Oxford, 1957)
* A History of the Ancient World: Volume I The Orient and Greece. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1926.
* A History of the Ancient World: Volume II Rome. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927.
* Mystic Italy. New York: Henry Holt, 1927. (Brown University, the Colver lectures series)
* Caravan Cities. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1932. (First published in book form as O Blijnem Vostoke. Paris, 1931.)
* Dura-Europos and Its Art. 1938.
* The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1941. (2nd edition 1953)