OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hal Lashwood

Harold Francis Lashwood OAM (13 August 1915 – 26 March 1992), professionally known as Hal Lashwood, was an Australian vaudeville performer, dancer, radio and theatre entertainer, television personality, quiz host, unionist and councillor. A well-known performer in radio, he worked opposite Roy Rene in his various "Mo" performances, usually as a straightman. He would later do the same for Syd Heylen on HSV 7's long running TV variety series Sunny Side Up in the 1950s and '60s.

## Biography

He was born Harold Francis Davies in Paddington in Sydney to British-born vaudeville actor John Richard Davies (who used the stage name Joe Lashwood) and Australian Christina Margaret Colreavy. He was a dancer with a theatrical company from the age of sixteen, becoming a speciality dancer and early alumnus with theatre company J. C. Williamson's, then became an actor with a travelling variety show. In 1941 he moved into theatre, appearing on stage in The Man Who Came to Dinner in 1941 and then The Patsy, The Wind and the Rain and The Squall opposite stars John McCallum and Queenie Ashton. He also worked in radio, becoming well known as Mister Lasho on Calling the Stars, Australia's most listened-to program. He married Mollie Jean Mackay, née Crothers, on 10 March 1947, and spent some time in Maitland, where he was fined by the dean of Newcastle for organising a dance on a Sunday.
Lashwood was monitored by the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) due to his links with left-wing groups in the 1950s. In 1951 he became president of the Actors and Announcers Equity Association of Australia, a position he held until 1976. In 1955 he contested the federal election as an independent candidate for the safe Liberal seat of Wentworth, campaigning on the issue of increased Australian content on television. In the late 1950s he compered Shower of Stars, The Quiz Kids and Beat the Brains, and hosted his own variety shows, Hal Lashwood's Alabama Jubilee and Hal Lashwood's Minstrels. In 1963 he was appointed the inaugural chairman of the Australian National Television Council.
In 1973 Lashwood was the first appointment to the board of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation by the Whitlam Labor government. When his term ended in 1976, he was not re-appointed by the Fraser government. In 1977 he won a seat on Waverley Council for the Labor Party, a seat he held until 1987. He served three years as deputy mayor. He was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 1982. Lashwood died from cancer in 1992 at Darlinghurst.
# Henri Schouteden

Henri Schouteden (9 July 1881 in Brussels – 15 November 1972 in Brussels) was a Belgian zoologist, ornithologist and entomologist who undertook numerous expeditions into the Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi.

## Works

(All in French)
* Schouteden, H. (1912). "Rhopaloceres recuillis dans l’Uelle par M.Castelain". Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 55: 362–364.
* Schouteden, H. (1912). "Rhopaloceres recuillis dans le Haut-Ituri par le Dr Bayer". Revue de Zoologie Africaine. 1: 389–396.
* Schouteden, H. (1919). "La faune des Acraides du Congo Belge". Revue de Zoologie Africaine. 6: 145–162.
* Schouteden, H. (1926). "Contribution a l’etude des Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres du Katanga (collections Overlaet, etc.)". Revue de Zoologie Africaine. 14: 217–236.
* Schouteden, H. (1927). "Contribution a l’etude des Lepidopteres Rhopaloceres du Katanga (collections Overlaet, etc.). 2me partie. Nymphalidae et Acraeidae". Revue de Zoologie Africaine. 14: 283–309.
* Schouteden, H. (1934). "Charaxes Overlaeti nov. sp". Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine. 26: 122–124.

## Species named in honor of Schouteden

Species named for Schouteden include a worm lizard Monopeltis schoutedeni, a chameleon Trioceros schoutedeni, a snake Helophis schoutedeni, a shrew Paracrocidura schoutedeni, a butterfly Bebearia schoutedeni, a testate amoeba Hyalosphenia schoutedeni, a pufferfish Tetraodon schoutedeni, among many others. His collection of butterflies from the Belgian Congo is held by the Royal Museum for Central Africa.
* Petrocephalus schoutedeni, is a species of electric fish in the family Mormyridae, found the coastal basins between Sierra Leone and Côte d'Ivoire, part of the Sassandra River. it is also known from the Niandan River, which is an affluent of the Niger River in Guinea and also from the upper Cavally River in Liberia, Guinea and Ghana.

## Sources

* Osborn, H. (1952). A Brief History of Entomology Including Time of Demosthenes and Aristotle to Modern Times with over Five Hundred Portraits. Columbus, Ohio: The Spahr & Glenn Company. 303 pp.
# Troski

Troski is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Naruszewo, within Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
# Ovidiu

Ovidiu (Romanian pronunciation:, historical name: Canara, Turkish: Kanara) is a town situated a few kilometres north of Constanța in Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, Romania. Ovidiu is quite small, with a population of 13,968 as of 2021, and many wealthy inhabitants of Constanța retire there. It officially became a town in 1989, as a result of the Romanian rural systematization program.
In 1930, the town was renamed Ovidiu after the Roman poet Ovid (Latin: Ovidius). He was supposedly buried on a nearby small island (also called Ovidiu) in the Siutghiol Lake.

## Administration

The town of Ovidiu administers the villages of Poiana (historical names: Cocoșul - until 1964, Turkish: Horozlar - until 1926) and Culmea. The latter was established in 2011 by legally separating from Ovidiu two territorially distinct communities, Social Group Culmea and Social Group Nazarcea.

## Sport

The stadium of FCV Farul Constanța is located in Ovidiu.

## Demographics

At the 2021 census Ovidiu had a population of 13,968 with a majority of Romanians (72.07%) and minorities of Tatars (2.14%), Roma (1.25%), Turks (1.15%), Lipovans (0.07%), Hungarians (0.05%), Bulgarians (0.03%), others (0.13%) and unknown (23.11%).
At the 2011 census Ovidiu had a population of 13,847 with a majority of Romanians (81.01%) and minorities of Tatars (3.02%), Turks (2.51%), Roma (1.83%), Lipovans (0.06%), Greeks (0.04%), Germans (0.03%), others (0.13%) and unknown (11.37%).

## Natives

* Marius Leca

## Gallery

* The Ovidiu island in the Siutghiol Lake
# Cute cat theory of digital activism

The cute cat theory of digital activism is a theory concerning Internet activism, Web censorship, and "cute cats" (a term used for any low-value, but popular online activity) developed by Ethan Zuckerman in 2008. It posits that most people are not interested in activism; instead, they want to use the web for mundane activities, including surfing for pornography and lolcats ("cute cats"). The tools that they develop for that (such as Facebook, Flickr, Blogger, Twitter, and similar platforms) are very useful to social movement activists because they may lack resources to develop dedicated tools themselves. This, in turn, makes the activists more immune to reprisals by governments than if they were using a dedicated activism platform, because shutting down a popular public platform provokes a larger public outcry than shutting down an obscure one.

## The Internet and censorship

Zuckerman states that "Web 1.0 was invented to allow physicists to share research papers. Web 2.0 was created to allow people to share pictures of cute cats." Zuckerman says that if a tool has "cute cat" purposes, and is widely used for low-value purposes, it can be and likely is used for online activism, too.
If the government chooses to shut down such generic tools, it will hurt people's ability to "look at cute cats online", spreading dissent and encouraging the activists' cause.

## Chinese model

According to Zuckerman, internet censorship in the People's Republic of China, which relies on its own, self-censored, Web 2.0 sites, is able to circumvent the cute-cat problem because the government is able to provide people with access to cute-cat content on domestic, self-censored sites while blocking access to Western sites, which are less popular in China than in many other places worldwide.
"Sufficiently usable read/write platforms will attract porn and activists. If there's no porn, the tool doesn't work. If there are no activists, it doesn't work well," Zuckerman has stated.
# Duolbasgaissa Formation

The Duolbasgaissa Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period.
# Casa Colorada

Casa Colorada (English: Red House) is a colonial house located in Santiago, Chile. It was built in 1769, by Joseph de la Vega for Mateo de Toro Zambrano, and currently houses the Museo de Santiago (English: Museum of Santiago). The house has a clay-tiled roof, balconied windows, and deep-red walls, and consists of two storeys.
Visitors walk through the homes two large patios to get the Museo de Santiago, which occupies five of Casa Colorada's rooms. The museum explores Santiago's history from the Pre-Columbian era to contemporary times.
# Ascending chain condition

In mathematics, the ascending chain condition (ACC) and descending chain condition (DCC) are finiteness properties satisfied by some algebraic structures, most importantly ideals in certain commutative rings. These conditions played an important role in the development of the structure theory of commutative rings in the works of David Hilbert, Emmy Noether, and Emil Artin. The conditions themselves can be stated in an abstract form, so that they make sense for any partially ordered set. This point of view is useful in abstract algebraic dimension theory due to Gabriel and Rentschler.

## Definition

A partially ordered set (poset) P is said to satisfy the ascending chain condition (ACC) if no infinite strictly ascending sequence
    $a_{1}<a_{2}<a_{3}<\cdots$
of elements of P exists. Equivalently, every weakly ascending sequence
    $a_{1}\leq a_{2}\leq a_{3}\leq \cdots ,$
of elements of P eventually stabilizes, meaning that there exists a positive integer n such that
    $a_{n}=a_{n+1}=a_{n+2}=\cdots .$
Similarly, P is said to satisfy the descending chain condition (DCC) if there is no infinite strictly descending chain of elements of P. Equivalently, every weakly descending sequence
    $a_{1}\geq a_{2}\geq a_{3}\geq \cdots$
of elements of P eventually stabilizes.

### Comments

* Assuming the axiom of dependent choice, the descending chain condition on (possibly infinite) poset P is equivalent to P being well-founded: every nonempty subset of P has a minimal element (also called the minimal condition or minimum condition). A totally ordered set that is well-founded is a well-ordered set.
* Similarly, the ascending chain condition is equivalent to P being converse well-founded (again, assuming dependent choice): every nonempty subset of P has a maximal element (the maximal condition or maximum condition).
* Every finite poset satisfies both the ascending and descending chain conditions, and thus is both well-founded and converse well-founded.

## Example

Consider the ring
    $\mathbb {Z} =\{\dots ,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,\dots \}$
of integers. Each ideal of $\mathbb {Z}$ consists of all multiples of some number $n$. For example, the ideal
    $I=\{\dots ,-18,-12,-6,0,6,12,18,\dots \}$
consists of all multiples of $6$. Let
    $J=\{\dots ,-6,-4,-2,0,2,4,6,\dots \}$
be the ideal consisting of all multiples of $2$. The ideal $I$ is contained inside the ideal $J$, since every multiple of $6$ is also a multiple of $2$. In turn, the ideal $J$ is contained in the ideal $\mathbb {Z}$, since every multiple of $2$ is a multiple of $1$. However, at this point there is no larger ideal; we have "topped out" at $\mathbb {Z}$.
In general, if $I_{1},I_{2},I_{3},\dots$ are ideals of $\mathbb {Z}$ such that $I_{1}$ is contained in $I_{2}$, $I_{2}$ is contained in $I_{3}$, and so on, then there is some $n$ for which all $I_{n}=I_{n+1}=I_{n+2}=\cdots$. That is, after some point all the ideals are equal to each other. Therefore, the ideals of $\mathbb {Z}$ satisfy the ascending chain condition, where ideals are ordered by set inclusion. Hence $\mathbb {Z}$ is a Noetherian ring.
# Trynosy

Trynosy is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wąsewo, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) north-west of Ostrów Mazowiecka and 91 km (57 mi) north-east of Warsaw.
# Paulus van Liender

Paulus van Liender (1731, Utrecht – 1797, Haarlem), was an 18th-century landscape painter and draughtsman from the Dutch Republic.

## Biography

According to the RKD he was a pupil of Cornelis Pronk, and the nephew of Jacob van Liender and the brother of Pieter van Liender. He was a board member of the Haarlem Tekenacademie set up in the home of Pieter Teyler van der Hulst, and in 1774 he became steller van het model, which meant he was allowed to direct the live model to assume various positions during drawing sessions of the academy. He worked with the landscape painter Jan de Beijer. His pupils were Franciscus Andreas Milatz, Hermanus Petrus Schouten, and Jacob Elias van Varelen. Whereas his drawings were initially purely topographical, and easily to be confused with those of his brother, he later developed a more romantic style, focussing on ruins and eventually mainly on large forest trees.
# Thomas-Morse MB-4

The Thomas-Morse MB-4 was a prototype American mailplane of the 1920s. It was of unusual design, being a biplane with twin fuselages housing the crew of two and a central nacelle which carried the aircraft's twin engines in a push-pull configuration.

## Design and development

The MB-4 was designed to meet a June 1919 specification from the United States Post Office Department for a two- or three-engined mailplane, required to carry 1,500 lb (682 kg) of mail on a single engine. Thomas-Morse chose to use as much as possible of its existing Thomas-Morse MB-3 fighter in order to reduce costs, using two engineless MB-3 fuselages to carry the crew and cargo, with the pilot in a cockpit in the nose of the port fuselage and the co-pilot/mechanic in a similar cockpit in the nose of the starboard fuselage, while cargo was carried behind the crew in each fuselage. Two 300 hp (224 kW) Wright-Hisso H V8 engines were mounted in a central nacelle between the two main fuselages in a push-pull configuration, with fuel tanks mounted between the engines.
The MB-4's three-bay biplane wings were all new, with ailerons on the upper wing. It had a conventional tailwheel undercarriage and had two separate tail assemblies, which were standard MB-3 empennages. Dual controls were fitted, with the pilot able to disconnect the co-pilot's controls, but there were no means of communication between the two cockpits.

## Operational history

The MB-4 made its maiden flight in February 1920. While the aircraft had reasonable speed for the time, it was otherwise poor, with one fuselage tending to take-off before the other, while the engines caused severe vibration which overloaded the aircraft's structure. It was described as the "worst thing on wings" by Jerome Fried, the general plant superintendent of Thomas-Morse.
One aircraft was tested by the US Post Office, but was not used for mail services, and was scrapped in 1921. At least one MB.4 (and possibly 3) was delivered to the United States Army Air Service where it was stored before being scrapped.
The MB-4 was a failure, having extremely poor flying characteristics and being described as the "worst thing on wings", and saw no service other than the trials by the manufacturer, US Army and the US Post Office.

## Specifications

Data from General Dynamics Aircraft and their Predecessors
General characteristics
* Crew: 2
* Length: 25 ft 5 in (7.74 m)
* Wingspan: 45 ft 6 in (13.87 m)
* Height: 11 ft (3.4 m)
* Wing area: 645 sq ft (59.9 m$^2$)
* Empty weight: 3,554 lb (1,612 kg)
* Gross weight: 5,564 lb (2,524 kg)
* Powerplant: 2 × Wright-Hisso H water-cooled V8 engines, 300 hp (220 kW) each
Performance
* Maximum speed: 122 mph (196 km/h, 106 kn)
* Stall speed: 53 mph (85 km/h, 46 kn)
* Range: 600 mi (970 km, 520 nmi)
* Time to altitude: 9,000 ft (2,745 m) in 10 min
# Duplin Formation

The Duplin Formation is a geologic formation in North and South Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period, Pliocene epoch.
# Chilean National Zoo

The Chilean National Zoo (Zoológico Nacional de Chile) is a 4.8-hectare (12-acre) zoo that was founded in 1925 in Santiago, Chile. Located at the foot of San Cristóbal Hill in what is known as the Santiago Metropolitan Park (Parque Metropolitano de Santiago), the zoo is home to thousands of animals representing 158 species. Unique exhibits feature Chilean native animals and birds including rare and endangered species.
The Chilean National Zoo has a dual focus: to conserve and research species held at the zoo, and to educate and provide activities for the visiting public.

## History

The history of the national zoo dates back to the 19th century. In 1882, the country's first zoo was inaugurated in Quinta Normal by professor Julio Bernard, followed twenty years later by another zoo in Concepción featuring native animals, founded by professor and entomologist Carlos Reed.
In 1921, Carlos Reed began a campaign with the Intendant of Santiago, Alberto Mackenna, to obtain financing and land for what would be the National Zoological Garden. On September 1, 1925, the then President of Chile, Arturo Alessandri Palma, issued Supreme Decree No. 4273, allocating 4.8 hectares of San Cristóbal Hill to building the zoo.
A number of species held at the Quinta Normal zoo were brought across to the new zoo along with 70 other animals from zoos in Mendoza and Buenos Aires via the Transandine Railway. Among the species forming a part of the new zoo were a camel, Somali sheep, two boas, a ñata cow with an inherited abnormality, macaws, and a baboon. The zoo's installations were built in less than two months with the collaboration of architect Teodoro Panuzzis.
The National Zoo was officially opened by the Vice President of Chile, Luis Barros Borgoño, on December 12, 1925. The first director of the zoo was Carlos Reed. On May 21 2016, Franco L.Ferrada jumped in the lion enclosure to commit suicide. The lions were shot and killed by the zoo officials.

## Animal welfare

In 1996, the New York Times accused the zoo of "deplorable conditions" including undersized, concrete living enclosures and possible mistreatment resulting in dozens of animal deaths.

## Installations

The zoo's population continues to grow, with a jaguar and a group of lemurs joining the over 1,000 animals of 158 species already on display in 2010. Large enclosures feature a wide variety of Chile's indigenous wildlife, including guanacos, llamas, rhea birds, condors, Humboldt penguins, and the endangered pudú. Also on display is Darwin's frog, a rare frog native to Chile known for its unique method of reproducing. The zoo also holds a large number of foreign species such as lions, giraffes, kangaroos, elephants, emus, and formerly polar bears. 24% of the mammals on display at the zoo are native to Chile, as are 37% of the birds.
More than 50 people work in the enclosure including veterinarians, caretakers, educational guides, cleaners, and administrative personnel.
# Alice M. King

Alice Marie Martin King (May 13, 1930 – December 7, 2008) was an American children's rights advocate and former First Lady of New Mexico as the wife of three-term Governor Bruce King. The longest-serving first lady in New Mexico's history, Alice King helped to create the New Mexico Children, Youth, and Families Department, a cabinet-level state agency, and modernize the New Mexico's Children's Code, a series of laws designed to protect at-risk children and regulate the juvenile justice system. King also established the first official Office of the First Lady in 1990s, with offices in the New Mexico State Capitol. She became the first woman to be inducted into the New Mexico Women's Hall of Fame.
# Clas Gille

Clas Thorulf Gille (1 May 1888 – 26 August 1952) was a Swedish pole vaulter who competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

## Career

Gille was selected to represent Sweden in his home Olympics in 1912 in Stockholm. He competed in the pole jump event (as it was known as at the time) and finished in 12th place.
The following year, he won the British AAA Championships pole jump title at the British 1913 AAA Championships.
Gille was a top European pole vaulter of the 1910s. He won the Baltic Games in 1914, the Swedish Games in 1916 and four national titles in 1910, 1913–14 and 1916. Besides pole vaulting, he competed nationally in the high jump, long jump, and alpine ski jumping. After retiring from competitions, he worked as an athletics coach from 1918 to 1927 and as an athletic grounds supervisor. He died after being hit by a motorcycle.
# Nemotelus abdominalis

Nemotelus abdominalis is a species of soldier fly in the family Stratiomyidae.

## Distribution

Canada, United States.
# Trzylatków Mały

Trzylatków Mały is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Błędów, within Grójec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south-west of Grójec and 50 km (31 mi) south-west of Warsaw.
# San Diego State University College of Sciences

The San Diego State University College of Sciences is a college of San Diego State University (SDSU). Comprising eight departments and various specialties, the college offers bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees, as well as curricula for pre-professional students in medicine, veterinary medicine and dentistry.

## Academics
### Departments

The College of Sciences includes several academic departments:
* Astronomy
* Biology
* Chemistry & Biochemistry
* Computer Science
* Geological Sciences
* Mathematics & Statistics
* Physics
* Psychology

#### Institutes and Research Centers

* Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center
* Center for Research in Mathematics and Science Education
* Coastal & Marine Institute Laboratory
* Global Change Research Group
* SDSU Visualization Center

#### Biological Field Stations

* Field Station Programs
** Santa Margarita Ecological Reserve
** Sky Oaks Field Station
** Fortuna Mountain Research Reserve
** Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve

#### Biotechnology

* Center for Bio/Pharmaceutical and Biodevice Development
    The Center for Bio/Pharmaceutical and Biodevice Development at San Diego State University provides education and training through distance learning that enhance the professional excellence and career opportunities of scientists in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device industries#
* Special Programs:
** The SDSU BioScience Center
** Biomedical Quality Systems

## Mount Laguna Observatory

* Mount Laguna Observatory
** An astronomical observatory located in the Cleveland National Forest, owned and operated by SDSU
*** SDSU is the only institution in the California State University system that offers a complete academic program in Astronomy, including the awarding of graduate degrees.
# Ector Chalk

The Ector Chalk is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.