OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Robert H. Hewsen

Robert H. Hewsen (born Hewsenian; May 20, 1934 – November 17, 2018) was an American historian and professor of history at Rowan University. He was an expert on the ancient history of the South Caucasus. Hewsen is the author of Armenia: A Historical Atlas (2001), a major reference book, acclaimed as an important achievement in Armenian studies.

## Biography

Hewsen was born Robert H. Hewsenian in New York City in 1934. His Armenian father came to the U.S. from Smyrna (now Izmir).
He spent seven years in Europe with the US Air Force and studying. He received his B.A. in history from the University of Maryland and his Ph.D. from Georgetown University in 1967. The same year he joined the history department of Rowan University, where he taught Byzantine and Russian history for more than 30 years. After retiring from Rowan University in July 1999, Professor Hewsen lectured at University of Chicago, Columbia University, California State University, Fresno and University of California, Los Angeles.
He was the president of the Society for Armenian Studies in 1988–89. He was also the co-founder and president of the Society for the Study of Caucasia, which was active from 1989 to 1997.

## Works

Hewsen wrote many books and articles on the history of the Caucasus, especially Armenia. His seminal contribution to the field is Armenia: A Historical Atlas (2001). The book received wide critical acclaim. Michael E. Stone said it "has no rival in Armenian studies", calling it a "pioneering and largely definitive work" and the "best atlas of Armenia ever prepared." Merrill D. Peterson wrote that it "may by itself be considered a monument of American scholarship." Nina Garsoian also described it as monumental. Charles King wrote that the book is an "outstanding achievement not only as a geographical reference but also as a guide to the demographic and political history of the entire Caucasus." Adam T. Smith wrote of the Atlas as "an important milestone in the development of Armenian studies."

### Books

* Armenia: A Historical Atlas. University of Chicago Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-226-33228-4.
* Ethno-history and the Armenian influence upon the Caucasian Albanians. Classical Armenian culture: Influence and creativity. Philadelphia: Scholars Press. 1982.
* The Geography of Ananias of Širak (Ašxarhacʻoycʻ): The Long and the Short Recensions. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. 1992. ISBN 3-88226-485-3.

### Book chapters

* Samuelian, Thomas J.; Stone, Michael E., eds. (1984). "The Kingdom of Arc'ax". Medieval Armenian Culture. University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies. Chico, California: Scholars Press.

### Articles

* Hewsen, Robert H. (Spring 1968). "Science in Seventh-Century Armenia: Ananias of Širak". Isis. 59 (1): 32–45. doi:10.1086/350333. S2CID 145014073.
* "The Autumn Glossary". Armenian Review. 13 (3): 90–93. Autumn 1960.
* "The Legend of Akhtamar (A Ballad)". Armenian Review. 12 (2): 64–66. Summer 1959.
* Anatolia and Historical Concepts // The California Institute for Ancient Studies, a Velikovskian site
* North Central Armenia, I: The Principality of Tayk. (Article, perhaps unpublished)
# SN 1998S

SN 1998S was a type IIn supernova that was detected in NGC 3877 in March 1998. At the time of discovery, SN 1998S was the brightest type IIn event observed, although later outshone by SN 2010jl.
It was discovered on 1998 March 2.68 UT in NGC 3877 by Z. Wan at a broadband (unfiltered) optical magnitude of +15.2.
Its spectrum showed prominent H and He emission lines with narrow peaks and broad wings, superimposed on a blue continuum. These narrow lines indicate the presence of a dense circumstellar medium (CSM) in the vicinity of the supernova. The high luminosity of SN1998S is due to the interaction of fast material (ejecta) with previously-expelled slowly-expanding material (CSM), which can more effectively convert kinetic energy of ejecta into radiation energy.
# SN 2006jc

SN 2006jc was a type Ibn supernova that was detected on October 9, 2006 in the galaxy UGC 4904, which is about 77 million light-years away in the constellation Lynx. It was first seen by Japanese amateur astronomer Kōichi Itagaki, American amateur Tim Puckett, and Italian amateur Roberto Gorelli. Two years earlier, on 20 October 2004, the progenitor star produced a supernova impostor that was detected by Itagaki. This outburst was apparently the progenitor star shedding its outer layers. When the star exploded in 2006, the shockwave hit the material blown off in 2004, heating it to millions of degrees and emitting copious amounts of X-rays.
# Mohammad-Ebrahim Khan Ghaffari

Mohammad-Ebrahim Khan Ghaffari (Persian: محمدابراهیم خان غفاری: 1859/60 – November/December 1918) was an Iranian diplomat and minister during the late Qajar era. A member of the Ghaffari family, he was the son of the high-ranking official Farrokh Khan.
# Paulo Henrique Montenegro

Paulo Henrique Araújo de Holanda Montenegro (born April 15, 1985, Mossoró) is a Brazilian singer and songwriter.

## Career

Montenegro has been singing since childhood, having joined a kids' choir in mid school, where he first received vocal training. In 2009 in a partnership with DJ Alahin, he released his first single on iTunes, an original English pop song entitled Gasoline Love, which was written and produced by himself. In 2010 he started collaborating with singer Natalia Damini writing some of her songs, including her first hit Feeling the Love. In 2011, Montenegro started uploading several videos on his YouTube channel, singing in English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese and Korean.
His cover of 'First Love' by Hikaru Utada caught the attention of TV staff in Japan and he was invited to take part in an international singing competition called Nodojiman THE World! (のどじまんTHEワールド!) broadcast from Japan, by the TV Channel Nippon TV in March 2015. Despite not being a native Japanese speaker, he performed two Japanese songs on the show in front of live audience and judges. The first of the two songs was the Rainy Blue by Hideaki Tokunaga and the second song was the aforementioned First Love which he performed in the final round of top 6.

## Personal life

Montenegro is the first child of City Councilwoman Izabel Montenegro and he has been living in Ceará, Brazil for the last 10 years. Besides singing, he also works as a blogger/writer for the website MobileXpert where he writes articles about technology and software and also produces reviews on mobile devices and apps.
# Neomyxus

Neomyxus leuciscus, the acute-jawed mullet, is a species of mullet found in the tropical west and central Pacific Ocean. It is the only species in the genus Neomyxus.

## Taxonomy

Some older publications used the name Neomyxus chaptalli, but the holotype of Mugil chaptalli, MNHN 8100, is actually a specimen of the flathead grey mullet, rendering leuciscus the correct name for the sharp-nosed mullet.
# Carl Theodor Sørensen

Søren Carl Theodor Marius Sørensen (24 July 1893 in Altona, Hamburg, Germany – 12 September 1979 in Copenhagen, Denmark) was a Danish landscape architect who is considered to be one of the greatest landscape architects of the 20th century. A contemporary of Thomas Church, Geoffrey Jellicoe and Luis Barragán he was a leading figure in the first generation of Modernists in landscape design. He is best known for designing the first Adventure playground (in partnership with Hans Dragehjelm) in Emdrup, Copenhagen.

## Career

Sørensen was a prolific author producing eight books, editing two volumes and writing hundreds of articles. Only one short book has been translated into English and another into German and Dutch. His books cover open space in urban life, horticulture, the history of garden art, principles of garden design, as well as education and autobiography.
Sørensen worked with Copenhagen schoolteacher Hans Dragehjelm (1875–1948) on the first ever adventure playground in Emdrup, a district of the Danish capital Copenhagen in 1940. Photos from the time show children playing with bricks, digging in the mud and building dens with wood and nails. In his book Parkipolitik i Sogn og Købstad (Park Politics in the parish and market town), Sørensen stated his belief that "children's playgrounds are the city's most important form of public plantation". He believed children needed sun and open space to play in and hated the trend for dark, shady courtyards as play spaces. He called them skrammellegepladser ("junk playgrounds").
His designs reflected the Modernist movement and include strong geometric shapes and graceful landforms.
He started teaching at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen in 1940 and was professor of landscape architecture there from 1954 to 1963. He was awarded the Eckersberg Medal in 1945 and the Prince Eugen Medal in 1972.

## Major Projects

* Eidsvold Værk (garden), Norway
* The Kampmann Garden
* Vitus Berings Park I, Horsens
* Vitus Berings Park II, Horsens
* De Geometriske Haver, Herning (1983)
* Klokkergården
* Høstrup Park
* The Church Plaza, Kalundborg
* Bellahøj Open-air Theatre, Copenhagen
* Aarhus University Park
* The Mølleå Canal, Åbenrå
* Kogenhus Memorial Park, Viborg
* The Golden Chain Garden in Middelfart
* The Sonja Poll Garden (designed for his daughter in 1970), Holte
* The Oval Gardens (allotment gardens), Nærum
* Aarhus University Park
* Aarhus University Park
* Aarhus University Park
* Aarhus University Park (the lakes)
* Egeskov Castle Park
* The Oval Allotment Gardens in Nærum.
# Berta Bridal

Berta is an Israeli fashion house known for its expertise in luxury bridal fashion and evening wear. Founded by the sole designer of the brand, Berta Balilti.

## History

Berta Balilti studied fashion at the Shenkar College of Engineering and Design in Tel Aviv prior to launching her brand in 2004.
Her studio is now in Ashdod, Israel.
Berta has been recognized by The New York Times as one of the designers who caused a shift in the bridal fashion world to a more sexy and bold style, and is covered by magazines and publications such as The Knot Worldwide, BRIDES, Style Me Pretty, Vogue, and Wedding Chicks.

## Collections

Berta's collection presentations have included:
* The F/W16 bridal collection presented at The Plaza Hotel during the October 2015 bridal fashion week in New York.
* The Berta S/S17 collection presented at Harvard Club of New York in April 2016.
* The F/W20 runway at the World Trade center in October 2019

## In popular culture

Britney Spears, Priyanka Chopra, Sharon Stone and Carrie Underwood have worn Berta evening to various events. Kylie Jenner and Kourtney Kardashian were also featured in Berta as part of the launch of the Stormi collection and a cover photoshoot to Vogue Arabia. Ariana Grande wore a mini Berta on her music video of "Don't call me angel". Sofia Vergara wore a Berta gown for the AGT 2021 finals.
# Gabriela Osvaldová

Gabriela Osvaldová (born 25 July 1953 in Prague), also known as Gábina Osvaldová, is a Czech actress and lyricist, best known for her work in Marecek, Pass Me the Pen! (1976). She has been a judge on the reality competition show Česko hledá SuperStar since 2004.
# Nadym (river)

The Nadym (Russian: Нады́м) is a river in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia. The length of the Nadym is 545 kilometers (339 mi). The area of its basin is 64,000 square kilometers (25,000 sq mi).
It is known for having a very rickety pontoon bridge for summer use while winter roads go over the ice. A new fixed bridge for combined road and rail use is to be finished by the end of 2015.

## Course

The river originates in Lake Numto, in the Siberian Uvaly and flows into the Kara Sea through the Gulf of Ob. Its mouth is very near to the mouth of the Ob. It freezes up in October and stays under the ice until late May. The Levaya Khetta is one of the biggest tributaries of the Nadym. The town of Nadym is located on the river Nadym.
# Tara (Irtysh)

The Tara (Russian: Тара) is a river in the Novosibirsk and the Omsk Oblasts in Russia. It is a right tributary of the Irtysh in the Ob's basin. The length of the river is 806 kilometres (501 miles). The area of its basin is 18,300 square kilometres (7,100 square miles). The Tara freezes up in late October or November and is frozen until late April or early May.
# Aley (river)

The Aley (Russian: Алей) is a river in Altai Krai, Russia. It is a left tributary of the Ob. It is 858 kilometres (533 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 21,100 square kilometres (8,100 sq mi). Some of the towns along the river are Rubtsovsk, Gorkovskoye and Aleysk.

## Course

The river flows along the Ob Plateau in its middle and lower course.
# Hunter Kampmoyer

Hunter Kampmoyer (born February 6, 1998) is an American professional football tight end. He played college football at Oregon.

## College career

Kampmoyer was a member of the Oregon Ducks for five seasons, redshirting his true freshman season. He finished his collegiate career with 20 receptions for 224 yards and four touchdowns in 45 games played.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables :
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press |
| 6 ft 4+3⁄8 in (1.94 m) | 243 lb (110 kg) | 31+3⁄8 in (0.80 m) | 9+1⁄8 in (0.23 m) | 4.83 s | 1.71 s | 2.84 s | 4.56 s | 7.28 s | 31.0 in (0.79 m) | 9 ft 5 in (2.87 m) | 21 reps |
| All values from Pro Day ||||||||||||

### Los Angeles Chargers

Kampmoyer was signed by the Los Angeles Chargers as an undrafted free agent on May 1, 2021. He was waived during final roster cuts on August 31, 2021, but was signed to the team's practice squad the next day. Kampmoyer was elevated to the active roster on January 2, 2022, for the team's Week 17 game against the Denver Broncos and made his NFL debut in the game. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Chargers on January 11, 2022.
On August 30, 2022, Kampmoyer was waived by the Chargers and signed to the practice squad the next day. He signed a reserve/future contract on January 17, 2023.
On August 29, 2023, Kampmoyer was waived by the Chargers and re-signed to the practice squad. His contract expired at the end of the season and he did not sign a reserve/future contract, thus becoming a free agent.

### Denver Broncos

On August 2, 2024, Kampmoyer signed with the Denver Broncos. On August 27, the Broncos waived him.
# Lebed (river)

The Lebed (Russian: Лебедь; Altay: Куу, Kuu) is a river in Siberia in eastern Russia, a right tributary of the Biya. Its source is in the Abakan Range (a northern continuation of the Altai Mountains), and it flows through the Altai Republic. It is 175 kilometres (109 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 4,500 square kilometres (1,700 sq mi).
# Venus Anadyomene (Titian)

Venus Anadyomene is an oil painting by Titian, dating to around 1520. It depicts Venus rising from the sea and wringing her hair, with a shell visible at the bottom left, taken from a description of Venus by Greek poet Hesiod in which she was born fully-grown from a shell. The shell is smaller than usual in scenes of the birth of Venus, such as Botticelli's, and is just intended to identify the subject rather than be a boat-like vessel for Venus, as in Sandro Botticelli's The Birth of Venus and other depictions.
The voluptuousness of the Venus presented, and her sideways glance, also owes much to the Crouching Venus and Cnidian Venus types of antique sculpture. The wringing of her hair is a direct imitation of Apelles's lost masterwork of the same title. Titian deliberately included this detail to prove that he could rival the art of antiquity in which the goddess was also washing her hair—a fact mentioned in Pliny's Natural History.
The painting is in good condition and achieved public ownership in 2003 when it was purchased from Francis Egerton, 7th Duke of Sutherland. It was once owned by Christina of Sweden, and passed via the Orleans Collection to 6th Duke of Sutherland, who lent it and 26 other paintings to the National Gallery of Scotland in 1945. On the death of the childless Duke in 2000, the work was acquired from his cousin, the 7th Duke, for more than £11m in 2003, with the aid of the National Art Collections Fund. Also contributing to the purchase were the Wolfson Foundation, the Heritage Lottery Fund (£7.6m), and the Scottish Executive (£2.5m). To facilitate the sale, £2.4m of the picture's value was offset against inheritance tax. The market value has been estimated at £20m. After the sale, the 7th Duke said, "To all intents and purposes nothing has changed, except the painting will now belong to the nation."
It soon afterwards formed the centrepiece of an exhibition in 2004 and the anniversary exhibition "Saved!" for the National Art Collections Fund.
# Lambda Virginis

Lambda Virginis (λ Virginis, abbreviated Lambda Vir, λ Vir) is a binary star system in the zodiac constellation of Virgo. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.5, it is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements, the system is about 173 light-years away from the Sun. Its two components are designated Lambda Virginis A (formally named Khambalia /kæmˈbeɪliə/) and B.

## Nomenclature

λ Virginis (Latinised to Lambda Virginis) is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of the two components as Lambda Virginis A and B derives from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).
The system occurs in the lunar station that was given the name χαμβαλια (khambalia) in a Coptic manuscript list of lunar stations, which Crum concluded were either in "debased" Greek or in a few cases Coptic equivalents of Greek names. Given that the Greeks are not known to have used lunar stations, the origin of the names is unknown. Allen's source translates the name as "the crooked-clawed", and identifies it with the Greek word γαμψωλή gampsôlê, which Liddell & Scott identify as a variant of γαμψότης gampsotês "crookedness, of talons". (Coptic has no /ɡ/ sound, and so often substitutes k for g in Greek words, though not usually kh.)
In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name Khambalia for the component Lambda Virginis A on 5 September 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.
In China, 亢宿 (Kàng Xiù), meaning Neck, refers to an asterism consisting of this system, Kappa Virginis, Iota Virginis and Phi Virginis. Consequently, Lambda Virginis itself is known as 亢宿四 (Kàngsusì, English: the Fourth Star of Neck.)

## Properties

Lambda Virginis is a double-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 206.7 days and an eccentricity of 0.0610. The semi-major axis has an angular size of 0.02 arcseconds, which, at the distance of this system, is equivalent to a physical span of 1.050±0.007 AU. The orbit is inclined by an angle of 110° to the line of sight from the Earth. Tidal theory predicts that eventually the orbit of the stars will circularize and their rotation rates will become synchronized with their orbital motion. However, this will occur over a time scale of more than 1.2 billion years, whereas their estimated age is 935 million years.
The combined spectra of the two components has a stellar classification of A1V, which matches an A-type main-sequence star. They have magnitudes of +5.0 and +5.6. Both components are Am stars, indicating they appear chemically peculiar. The primary appears to be rotating around 3.5 times faster than the secondary.
# Goebbels und Geduldig

Goebbels und Geduldig is a 2002 German war comedy television film about Joseph Goebbels and Nazi Germany, directed by Kai Wessel, written by Peter F. Steinbach [de], and starring Ulrich Mühe in the two titular roles.

## Plot

Harry Geduldig is a Jewish lookalike of Goebbels, who has been held captive and a secret by Heinrich Himmler ever since the Nazis' rise to power in 1933. In 1944, Goebbels finds out about this and intends to liquidate his double. When the two men meet in person, Geduldig manages to escape and is from now on considered the real Goebbels by his entourage. Meanwhile the real Goebbels is held captive by Geduldig's prison wards and thought to be his own Jewish double.

## Cast

* Ulrich Mühe: Joseph Goebbels / Harry Geduldig
* Eva Mattes: Magda Goebbels
* Götz Otto: Brenneisen
* Dagmar Manzel: Grete Zipfel
* Dieter Pfaff: Eugen Haase
* Katharina Thalbach: Hertha Haase
* Katja Riemann: Eva Braun
* Jürgen Schornagel: Adolf Hitler
* Tilo Prückner: Heinrich Hoffmann
* Tobias Schenke: Prisoner in Concentration Camp

## Production

Due to its controversial nature as a Nazi satire, the film was in development for seven years, throughout which the script went through a number of substantial changes (18 different scripts were written). Even though the film was in fact finished in 2000, it was widely tested on international film festivals for two years to see how foreign and especially Jewish audiences would react to it, before it was eventually broadcast on ARD in 2002 after the broadcast had been announced and rescheduled several times.

## Reception

German reviewers praised especially the performance of Mühe in his double role. The German Lexikon des internationalen Films praised the cleverly written satire script and its "enlightening wit".
# Plantation Group text messages

In November 2024, shortly following the 2024 United States presidential election, numerous Black Americans began receiving anonymous text messages referencing slavery and assigning them to a "plantation group" indexed by a letter or number. The messages appear to have been mass-generated by a computer program and contain slight textual variations, frequently addressing the recipient by their first name and containing other personal information. Some messages also included the N word, while a variant targeted Latino Americans and LGBTQ people with threats of deportation, or re-education camps, rather than slavery.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation condemned the texts and announced an official inquiry into their source. The origin of the texts is unknown, with some of them apparently being routed through Poland using anonymizing software. Although some of the messages mentioned Donald Trump, who won the election, a spokesman for the Trump campaign denied any connection. A conservative talk host who received one of the texts claimed, without evidence, that they were the work of a leftist group attempting to make Trump look bad. U.S. states reporting the messages included Alabama, California, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee.