OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Joy of Science

The Joy of Science is a popular video and audio course series, consisting of 60 lectures, each 30 minutes long, presented by Robert Hazen of the George Mason University and the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The course, first introduced in 2001, is part of The Great Courses series, and is produced and distributed by The Teaching Company, located in Chantilly, Virginia, in the United States.

## Background

As the Clarence B. Robinson Professor at George Mason University, Robert Hazen developed innovative courses to promote scientific literacy in both scientists and non-scientists. In a collaboration with physicist James Trefil, he wrote three undergraduate textbooks: The Sciences: An Integrated Approach (1993), The Physical Sciences: An Integrated Approach (1995), and Physics Matters: An Introduction to Conceptual Physics (2004). Hazen used these as the basis for a 60-lecture video and audio course called The Joy of Science.

## Description

| No. | Title | No. | Title | No. | Title |
| 01 | The Nature of Science | 21 | Introduction to Chemistry | 41 | The Atmospheric Cycle |
| 02 | The Scientific Method | 22 | The Chemistry of Carbon | 42 | The Rock Cycle |
| 03 | The Ordered Universe | 23 | States of Matter and Changes of State | 43 | What Is Life? |
| 04 | Celestrial and Terrestrial Mechanics | 24 | Phase Transformations and Chemical Reactions | 44 | Strategies of Life |
| 05 | Newton's Laws of Motion | 25 | Properties of Materials | 45 | Life's Molecular Building Blocks |
| 06 | Universal Gravitation | 26 | Semiconductors and Modern Microelectronics | 46 | Proteins |
| 07 | The Nature of Energy | 27 | Isotopes and Radioactivity | 47 | Cells–The Chemical Factories of Life |
| 08 | The First Law of Thermodynamics | 28 | Nuclear Fission and Fusion Reactions | 48 | Gregor Mendel, Founder of Genetics |
| 09 | The Second Law of Thermodynamics | 29 | Astronomy | 49 | The Discovery of DNA |
| 10 | Entropy | 30 | The Life Cycle of Stars | 50 | The Genetic Code |
| 11 | Magnetism and Static Electricity | 31 | Edwin Hubble and the Discovery of Galaxies | 51 | Reading the Genetic Code |
| 12 | Electricity | 32 | The Big Bang | 52 | Genetic Engineering |
| 13 | Electromagnetism | 33 | The Ultimate Structure of Matter | 53 | Cancer and Other Genetic Diseases |
| 14 | The Electromagnetic Spectrum, Part I | 34 | The Nebular Hypothesis | 54 | The Chemical Evolution of Life |
| 15 | The Electromagnetic Spectrum, Part II | 35 | The Solar System | 55 | Biological Evolution – A Unifying Theme of Biology |
| 16 | Relativity | 36 | The Earth as a Planet | 56 | The Fact of Evolution – The Fossil Record |
| 17 | Atoms | 37 | The Dynamic Earth | 57 | Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection |
| 18 | The Bohr Atom | 38 | The Plate Tectonics Revolution | 58 | Ecosystems and the Law of Unintended Consequences |
| 19 | The Quantum World | 39 | Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Plate Motions Today | 59 | The Ozone Hole, Acid Rain, and the Greenhouse Effect |
| 20 | The Periodic Table of Elements | 40 | Earth Cycles–Water | 60 | Science, the Endless Frontier |
# Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament

The dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament is a fibrous bundle connecting the dorsal surfaces of the cuboid and navicular bones.
* This ligament-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Okumura

Okumura (written: 奥村) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Chiyo Okumura (born 1947), popular Japanese Pop singer and former fashion model
* Haruhiko Okumura, Japanese engineer
* Okumura Hatsune (born 1990), Japanese singer-songwriter
* Okumura Masanobu (1686–1764), Japanese print designer, book publisher, and painter
* Miyuki Okumura (奥村 心雪), Japanese graphic designer
* Rosie Okumura, American voice actor, content creator, and musician
* Shigeo Okumura (born 1972), Japanese professional wrestler currently working in Mexico
* Shohaku Okumura (born 1948), Japanese Soto Zen priest, founder of the Sanshin Zen Community in Bloomington, Indiana
* Takeshi Okumura (born 1952), Japanese professional pool player
* Tenzo Okumura (born 1944), Japanese politician of the Democratic Party of Japan, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet
* Togyu Okumura (1889–1990), famous Japanese modern painter of the nihonga style of watercolour painting
* Okumura Toshinobu (奥村 利信), Japanese ukiyo-e artist
* Tsunao Okumura (1903–1972), the president of Nomura Securities between 1948 and 1959
* Yoshihiro Okumura (born 1983), international swimmer, competing in the freestyle

## Fictional characters

* Haru Okumura, a character in Persona 5
* Kunikazu Okumura, also a character in Persona 5
* Rin Okumura, main character in Blue Exorcist
* Yukio Okumura, also a character in Blue Exorcist
* Eiji Okumura, a main character in Banana Fish
* Koushuu Okumura, a character in Ace of Diamond
* Yumiko Okumura and Tomichi Okumura, characters in The Walking Dead
# Radiate carpal ligament

The radiate carpal ligament is a group of about seven fibrous bands which diverge in all directions on the palmar surface of the carpal bones. The majority of the bands radiate from the capitate to the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones.
* This ligament-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* e
# Elijah Cresswell

Elijah J. Cresswell (18 July 1889 – 4 November 1931) was a Scottish amateur footballer who played as a forward in the Scottish League for Queen's Park.

## Personal life

Cresswell worked as a claims inspector and as of 1915 was married with two children. In 1915, during the second year of the First World War, he enlisted as a guardsman in the Coldstream Guards.

## Career statistics

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Scottish Cup | Scottish Cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Queen's Park | 1913–14 | Scottish First Division | 19 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 25 | 5 |
| Queen's Park | 1914–15 | Scottish First Division | 17 | 2 | — | — | 4 | 0 | 21 | 2 |
| Queen's Park | 1915–16 | Scottish First Division | 34 | 4 | — | — | 3 | 0 | 37 | 4 |
| Queen's Park | 1916–17 | Scottish First Division | 5 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| Queen's Park | 1917–18 | Scottish First Division | 22 | 2 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 22 | 2 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 97 | 11 | 5 | 2 | 9 | 0 | 111 | 13 |
* ↑ Appearance in Glasgow Merchants Charity Cup
* ↑ 2 appearances in Glasgow Cup, 1 appearance in Glasgow Merchants Charity Cup, 1 appearance in War Fund Shield
* ↑ 2 appearances in Glasgow Merchants Charity Cup, 1 appearance in Glasgow Cup
* ↑ Appearance in Glasgow Cup
# Thomas Babington Macaulay (Nigeria)

Thomas Babington Macaulay (17 January 1826 – 17 January 1878) was a Nigerian priest and educator. He was the first principal and founder of CMS Grammar School, Lagos, and father of Nigerian nationalist Herbert Macaulay.

## Life

Thomas Babington Macaulay was born in Kissy, Sierra Leone, on 17 January 1826 to Yoruba parents who were liberated by the British West Africa Squadron from the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. His father was Ojo-Oriare from Ikirun in old Oyo Province (now Osun State), while his mother was Kilangbe from Ile-Ogbo, also in Oyo Province. Macaulay trained at CMS Training Institute, Islington, and King's College, London. He was a junior associate of Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther, whose second daughter, Abigail, he married in 1854. That same year, Macaulay was ordained by bishop Owen Vidal in Lagos with Thomas King, and were the first Africans admitted to the ministry of the Anglican Church upon their own soil.

## Death

Macaulay died on his birthday (17 January 1878) from smallpox in Lagos and was buried at Ajele Cemetery.
Babington Macaulay Junior Seminary, a co-educational boarding school in Ikorodu, Lagos, is named after him.
# Babetta

The Babetta or Jawa Babetta was a series of mopeds built in Czechoslovakia and commonly marketed under the Jawa name in other countries. It had a 50cc two-stroke engine, a 1-speed or a 2-speed automatic transmission and reached 25–50 km/h (15–30 mph) depending on the model and year. They were produced in Považská Bystrica and later in Kolárovo, Rajec and Veľký Meder.
Originally the Babetta was conceived as a lightweight moped to compete with the VéloSoleX (Solex) moped which was popular during the 1960s. The first Babetta mopeds type 28 (later called the type 228) to see the light of day featured large 19-inch wheels, but these would be swapped out in favour of smaller 16-inch wheels in future models. The model 28 was mass-produced from 1971 until 1973 with an initial batch of 100 units in 1970. The Babetta was notable for its electronic ignition – the first time a transistorized contactless ignition had been used in a moped.
The type 206 was a modified type 28 with smaller 16 inch wheels produced in the years 1971–1972, mainly for Germany. Engine power was reduced to 1 kW and top speed was limited to 25 km/h and at the time no driver's license was required for this Babetta.
A new model: the Babetta 207 was presented in 1972. The type 207 had a more powerful engine on some models, but it otherwise it had the same general design as the type 206. In 1975 the Babetta 207 received an updated tail design with rear suspension along with other minor tweaks.
In 1983 the original models were replaced by the new model 210. It featured a new engine and a 2-speed transmission, which was later swapped in favour of a 1-speed because of its unreliability. There were later many models based on the Babetta 210, some of which were produced until 1997.
In the first half of the 1990s, sales and exports gradually began to decline. By cooperation with a moped production plant in Latvia, originated Babetta 134 Stella (1989–1997). The Latvian company later went bankrupt and Babetta produced all components for the Stella. The last sold model was the Babetta 193 Sting, which was produced in 1999. Only 100 of these mopeds were made.
In 1999, the production of all Babetta models were discontinued. On the remains of the company in Kolárovo was founded a new company: Sting 2000 s.r.o., it has all production documentation for the babetta mopeds and produces spare parts for the Babetta mopeds.
# Francisco Javier Lampillas

Francisco Javier Lampillas or Xavier Llampillas, born as Francisco Javier Cerdá (1731–1810) was a Spanish Jesuit, scholar and author.

## Biography

Francisco Javier Lampillas was born in Mataró, Spain. He entered the Jesuit order in 1748. Following the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Spanish Empire in 1767, he was forced to flee to Italy. He became professor of theology in Ferrara. In Italy, he became involved in erudite, yet in retrospect petty, arguments about whether Spanish literature was a decadent, corrupting influence on Italian literature. His main writings were long tracts arguing mainly against the erudite Italian clerics and historians, Girolamo Tiraboschi and Saverio Bettinelli, who attributed any decline in Italian literature to corruption by Spanish influences. He published his six volumes of Saggio storico-apologetico della Letteratura Spagnola in Genoa, in 1778-1781. Both Tiraboschi and Bettinelli responded to Lampillas who, in turn, published their works along with his counter-response as the seventh volume of his essays (Rome, 1781). Lampillas's nationalistic stance was immediately popular in Spain and his work was soon translated into Spanish by Josefa de Amar y Borbón and published in Zaragoza, 1782-1789, with further commentaries, with the title Ensayo histórico-apologético de la literatura española contra las opiniones preocupadas de algunos escritores modernos italianos. Lampillas's work constitutes a well-reasoned, if rather polemical, defense of Spanish prose, poetry and theater, from Roman times to the Spanish Golden Age. Lampillas died in Sestri Levante, Italy.
# Normative (disambiguation)

Normative in academic disciplines means relating to an ideal standard or model, and in particular a normative statement (or norm see below) is a statement that affirms how things should or ought to be, that is how to value them.
Normative disciplines include:
* Normative economics, a branch of economics that incorporates value judgments
* Normative jurisprudence, a branch of legal theory,
and in philosophy, see:
* Normative ethics, a branch of philosophical ethics concerned with morality
* Norm (philosophy)
Normative may also refer to:
* Normative assessment, in education, a type of test or evaluation
* Normative mineralogy, a geochemical mineralogy calculation
* Normative grammar, grammar aimed at laying down grammatical norms
# Black Rain

Black Rain may refer to:

## Phenomena

* Black rain, rain polluted with dark particulates; such as those from wildfires, volcanic eruptions and explosions, and nuclear fallout.

## Film and television

* Black Rain (1977 film) or The Last Wave, an Australian film directed by Peter Weir
* Black Rain (1989 American film), a film directed by Ridley Scott
* Black Rain (1989 Japanese film), a film directed by Shohei Imamura based on Masuji Ibuse's novel (see below)
* Black rain, a fictional atmospheric phenomenon in season 4 of the TV series The 100

## Music

* Black Rain (band), an American electro-industrial group
** Black Rain (EP), by Black Rain, 1992
** Black Rain (Live EP), by Black Rain 1993
* Black Rain (Dark Lotus album), 2004
* Black Rain (Ozzy Osbourne album), 2007, or the title song
* "Black Rain" (Creeper song), 2017
* "Black Rain" (Soundgarden song), 2010
* "Black Rain", a song by Blink-182 from Nine, 2019
* "Black Rain", a song by Keane from Strangeland, 2012

## Other uses

* Black Rain (novel), a 1965 novel by Masuji Ibuse
* Blackra1n, an application for jailbreaking iPods and iPhones
* Operation Black Rain, a 2008 operation by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
# Kostylev

Kostylev (Russian: Костылев, from костыль meaning crutch) is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Kostyleva. It may refer to
* Aleksei Kostylev (1914–1989), Russian football player
* Gennadi Kostylev (born 1940), Russian football coach and a former player
* Leonid Kostylev (born 1989), Russian boxer
* Nikolay Kostylev (1938–1993), Russian weightlifter
* Artem Kostylev (born 1995), Software developer
* Nikolay Kostylev (born 1995), musician and producer. Member of Russian group IC3PEAK
# Thomas Drain

Thomas Drain (born 26th of June 1879 Ayrshire) was a Scottish footballer who played in the Football League for Woolwich Arsenal, Bradford City and Leeds City. His son William Thomas Drain also had a strong professional football career in Scotland and Australia.
# God's Money (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
| The A.V. Club | (favourable) link |
| Chart | link |
| Pitchfork Media | (8.6/10) link |
| Tiny Mix Tapes | link |
God's Money is the third studio album by American experimental music band Gang Gang Dance, released in 2005 on The Social Registry. It received positive reviews from critics.

## Track listing

* "God's Money I (Percussion)" – 1:58
* "Glory in Itself/Egyptian" – 5:28
* "Egowar" – 8:50
* "Untitled (Piano)" – 3:19
* "God's Money V" – 3:39
* "Before My Voice Fails" – 5:21
* "God's Money VII" – 3:16
* "Nomad for Love (Cannibal)" – 4:50
* "God's Money IX" – 2:19
# Woodsia ilvensis

Woodsia ilvensis, commonly known as oblong woodsia, is a fern found in North America and northern Eurasia. Also known as rusty woodsia or rusty cliff fern, it is typically found on sunny, exposed cliffs and rocky slopes and on thin, dry, acidic soils.

## Description

The leaves are typically 6 inches long and 1 inch wide, with stiff, erected pointed tips and cut into 12 nearly opposite stemless leaflets. The underside of the leaves are covered in white woolly fibres, which later turn rusty brown.

## Taxonomy

The plant was first identified as a separate species from specimens collected in Scotland in Bolton's 1785 publication Filices Britannica. Bolton distinguished between Acrostichum ilvense and Acrostichum alpina, now Woodsia ilvensis and Woodsia alpina respectively, which had previously been conflated. The genus Woodsia was established in 1810 by Robert Brown, who named it after the English botanist Joseph Woods. "Ilvensis" is the genitive form of the Latin name for the island of Elba.
Woodsia ilvensis is one of the parents of the hybrid × Woodsimatium abbeae, the other being Physematium scopulinum.

## Distribution

Its distribution is circumpolar. It is most abundant in Scandinavia, the Ural and Altai mountains and the eastern United States. It is also found in Japan, Alaska, Canada, coastal Greenland and various European locations including the Alps.
It is considered "Threatened" or "Endangered" in the states of Illinois, Iowa, and Maryland and "Presumed Extirpated" in Ohio. Also found in West Virginia and North Carolina, it is the most common Woodsia species in the US.
Its UK distribution is confined to Angus and the Moffat Hills in Scotland, north Wales and Teesdale and the Lake District in England. There are fewer than 90 wild clumps in the whole of the UK, where it is on the edge of its natural range and is considered to be "Endangered". For this reason it became a protected species in the UK in 1975 under the Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act.

## Victorian collectors and modern conservation

Oblong woodsia came under severe threat from Victorian fern collectors in the mid 19th century in Scotland, especially in the Moffat Hills. These hills once had the most extensive UK populations of the species but there now remain only a few small colonies whose future is under threat. This period of collecting became known as pteridomania (or "fern-fever"). The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh plan to use cultivated specimens and a spore bank to restore depleted wild populations.
# Davie Glen

David Glen MM (31 March 1881 – 9 April 1917) was a Scottish amateur footballer, best remembered for his time in the Northern League with Brechin City, for whom he played as a centre forward and was club captain. He also played in the Scottish League for Dundee and was described as "a gentlemanly player, feared by all his opponents for his robust style of play".

## Personal life

In December 1914, four months after Britain's entry into the First World War, Glen enlisted in the Royal Scots. He was posted to the Western Front in August 1915 and was lightly wounded in the stomach and hands in June 1916. He won the Military Medal for bravery and was recommended for the Distinguished Conduct Medal on a number of occasions. On 9 April 1917, Glen was serving as a sergeant when he was killed near Arras during the First Battle of the Scarpe. He was buried in Cabaret-Rouge British Cemetery, Souchez.

## Career statistics

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National Cup | National Cup | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Dundee | 1906–07 | Scottish First Division | 4 | 0 | — | — | 4 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |

## Honours

Brechin City
* Forfarshire Cup: 1909–10
# Lincang Boshang Airport

Lincang Boshang Airport (IATA: LNJ, ICAO: ZPLC) is an airport serving the city of Lincang in Yunnan province, China. The airport started operation on March 25, 2001. The airport is 22.5 km from the center of the city in the town of Boshang.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| China Eastern Airlines | Beijing–Daxing, Chengdu–Tianfu, Kunming |
# The Mexican Suitcase

The Mexican Suitcase is a 2011 documentary film directed by Trisha Ziff. It tells the story of over 4000 film negatives created during the Spanish Civil War by photographers David Seymour, Gerda Taro, and Robert Capa. The film follows the journey of the photographs from their disappearance at the beginning of World War II to their rediscovery in 2007. Interviews also cover political and personal stories from the era. According to Documentary magazine:
   The Mexican Suitcase brings together three narratives: the suitcase, the exile story and how people in Spain today address their own past, 30 years after transition. The Mexican Suitcase addresses the power of memory, and asks, “Who owns our histories?”
Time wrote, "Ziff weaves in personal, often painful accounts of biographies of those who had survived the war by fleeing Spain, many unable to forget even to this day."
Film Journal International said, “…for even the most casual students of photography, journalism and history, this beautiful and soulful film is nevertheless required viewing.”
The film was invited by the International Documentary Association to qualify for Academy Awards consideration by participating in DocuWeeks 2011, where it was called "fascinating on multiple levels."
# Rising Production

RISNGPRO Holdings Co. Ltd. (株式会社ライジングプロ・ホールディングス, Kabushiki gaisha Raijingupuro Hōrudingusu), operating as Rising Production, is a Japanese talent agency. It largely works with musical talent, but has branched out in recent years to include actors and comedians. The company came into prominence after the widespread successes of musical acts Namie Amuro, MAX, Speed and Da Pump in the mid to late 1990s.

## History

Rising Production was founded by Tetsuo Taira (平 哲夫, Taira Tetsuo) in Minato, Tokyo in July 1985, with Japanese idol Yōko Oginome being the agency's first talent. Oginome's success led to Taira becoming a producer under the pseudonym "Jonny Taira" (ジョニー平, Jonī Taira). In the fall of 1986, 12-year-old Kaori Sakagami signed with Rising Production after being invited to an Oginome concert in Nagasaki Prefecture. In 1991, the agency signed up-and-coming talent Alisa Mizuki.
In 1992, Rising Production formed a partnership with the Okinawa Actors School, which debuted the music group Super Monkey's that year. Super Monkey's would later evolve into two separate acts: Namie Amuro and MAX. Speed, Da Pump, Rina Chinen, Daichi Miura, and Folder 5 were also products of the partnership.
In 2001, Taira was arrested for tax evasion. During this time, Rising Production changed its name to Freegate Promotion (フリーゲートプロモーション, Furīgēto Puromōshon) on September 1. A year later during Taira's trial, the company renamed itself to Vision Factory (ヴィジョンファクトリー, Vijon Fakutorī). Taira served a 30-month prison sentence before returning to the company. In 2003, the agency ended its partnership with the Okinawa Actors School.
In the fall of 2006, Vision Factory opened the website Vision Cast and the record label Rising Records.
On December 11, 2014, the agency announced it would revert to its original name Rising Production.
Rising Production has hosted several charity events to help victims of disasters such as the Great East Japan earthquake in 2011, Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013, and the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes.

## Representative list of notable present and past clients
### Music
#### Solo

* Akina
* Namie Amuro
* Asuka
* Rina Chinen
* Yumiko Fukuhara
* Kenichi Fujikawa
* Amika Hattan
* Asuka Hinoi
* Hitoe
* Eriko Imai
* Issa
* Ryoko Kuninaka
* Daichi Miura
* Alisa Mizuki
* Nobutoshi Nakamura
* Mariya Nishiuchi
* Yōko Oginome
* Olivia
* Kaori Sakagami
* Hiroko Shimabukuro
* Keita Tachibana
* Airi Taira
* Nana Tanimura
* Takako Uehara

#### Bands and groups

* Ai-Sachi
* AN-J
* Asian2
* Aya & Chika from D&D
* D-Loop
* D&D
* Da Pump
* Earth
* Fairies
* Flame
* Folder
* Folder 5
* Fuwafuwa
* Hinoi Team
* Hipp's
* Lead
* MAX
* Nakanomori Band
* Ota Crew
* Rockamenco
* Speed
* Tourbillon
* Vanilla Mood
* W-inds
* Zero

### Others

* Nao Asahi (Former Idoling!!!)
* Manami Higa (actress)
* Yukari Taki (actress)