OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Stradella, Lombardy

Stradella (Lombard: Stradéla) is a town and comune (municipality) of the Oltrepò Pavese in the Province of Pavia in the northern Italian region of Lombardy. It is situated in the Padan Plain, about 5 km (3 mi) south of the river Po and has a population of 10,922.

## History

Stradella, together with what is now the almost disinhabited locality of Montalino, was under the suzerainty of the bishop of Pavia in the early Middle Ages (being the most important center of the fief in the 11th century). Montalino and Pavia were repeatedly ravaged in the course of the Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines, particularly in 1373 by John Hawkwood's troops.
The bishop's seigniory ended in 1797 with the abolition of feudalism. It obtained the status of town in 1865. Stradella received the honorary title of city with a royal decree on May 25, 1865.

## Musical tradition

The city was once an important centre for the production of accordions and still hosts a museum dedicated to this instrument. Mariano Dallapé [it] was the first accordion builder in Stradella, his business was continued by his sons and further descendants. Later famous names include the brothers Crosio Fratelli.

## Personalities

Stradella was the birthplace of Agostino Depretis.

## Sport

Football:
* Stradellina, Promozione, group G
* Oratorio Stradella, Terza Categoria, group C
Basketball:
* Pallacanestro Stradella, Promozione
# Július Balász

Július Balász, also Baláž (5 October 1901 – 29 October 1970) was a Czechoslovak swimmer. He competed in the men's 100 metre freestyle event and the diving at the 1924 Summer Olympics and the diving at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
Balász was Jewish. His family was originally from Rajec, a small town in Upper Hungary. At the end of the 19th century they moved to Budapest for work, where Július was later born. He started to train swimming under Béla Komjádi, founder of modern water polo. After World War I his family moved back to Slovakia. Balász moved in 1920 to Brno to study at a local trade academy. There, he joined Jewish sport clubs Makabi Brno and Bar Kochba Brno. He focused on swimming, water polo and diving. In 1935 he competed at the Maccabiah Games in Tel Aviv, where he won a gold medal in 3-meter springboard diving, and helped his Czechoslovak Jewish teammates win a gold medal in water polo.
During World War II, Balász was incarcerated in Theresienstadt and Auschwitz concentration camps. After the war, he changed his surname to Baláž.
# Zacisze, Masovian Voivodeship

Zacisze is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Korczew, within Siedlce County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
# Zagroba

Zagroba is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bielsk, within Płock County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-east of Bielsk, 17 km (11 mi) north-east of Płock, and 88 km (55 mi) north-west of Warsaw.
# Cuterebra rufiventris

Cuterebra rufiventris is a species of fly that attack rodents and similar animals. It is found in Brazil and Peru.
# Lamé's theorem

Lamé's Theorem is the result of Gabriel Lamé's analysis of the complexity of the Euclidean algorithm. Using Fibonacci numbers, he proved in 1844 that when looking for the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers a and b, the algorithm finishes in at most 5k steps, where k is the number of digits (decimal) of b.

## Statement

The number of division steps in the Euclidean algorithm with entries $u\,\!$ and $v\,\!$ is less than $5$ times the number of decimal digits of $\min(u,v)\,\!$.

## Proof

Let $u>v$ be two positive integers. Applying to them the Euclidean algorithm provides two sequences $(q_{1},\ldots ,q_{n})$ and $(v_{2},\ldots ,v_{n})$ of positive integers such that, setting $v_{0}=u,$ $v_{1}=v$ and $v_{n+1}=0,$ one has
    $v_{i-1}=q_{i}v_{i}+v_{i+1}$
for $i=1,\ldots ,n,$ and
    $u>v>v_{2}>\cdots >v_{n}>0.$
The number n is called the number of steps of the Euclidean algorithm, since it is the number of Euclidean divisions that are performed.
The Fibonacci numbers are defined by $F_{0}=0,$ $F_{1}=1,$ and
    $F_{n+1}=F_{n}+F_{n-1}$
for $n>0.$
The above relations show that $v_{n}\geq 1=F_{2},$ and $v_{n-1}\geq 2=F_{3}.$ By induction,
    ${\begin{aligned}v_{n-i-1}&=q_{n-i}v_{n-i}+v_{n-i+1}\\&\geq v_{n-i}+v_{n-i+1}\\&\geq F_{i+2}+F_{i+1}=F_{i+3}.\end{aligned}}$
So, if the Euclidean algorithm requires n steps, one has $v\geq F_{n+1}.$
One has $F_{k}\geq \varphi ^{k-2}$ for every integer $k>2$, where φ=(1+√5)/2 {\textstyle \varphi ={\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}} is the Golden ratio. This can be proved by induction, starting with $F_{2}=\varphi ^{0}=1,$ $F_{3}=2>\varphi ,$ and continuing by using that $\varphi ^{2}=\varphi +1:$
    ${\begin{aligned}F_{k+1}&=F_{k}+F_{k-1}\\&\geq \varphi ^{k-2}+\varphi ^{k-3}\\&=\varphi ^{k-3}(1+\varphi )\\&=\varphi ^{k-1}.\end{aligned}}$
So, if n is the number of steps of the Euclidean algorithm, one has
    $v\geq \varphi ^{n-1},$
and thus
    $n-1\leq {\frac {\log _{10}v}{\log _{10}\varphi }}<5\log _{10}v,$
using 1/log$_{10}$⁡φ <5.{\textstyle {\frac {1}{\log _{10}\varphi }}<5.}
If k is the number of decimal digits of $v$, one has $v<10^{k}$ and $\log _{10}v<k.$ So,
    $n-1<5k,$
and, as both members of the inequality are integers,
    $n\leq 5k,$
which is exactly what Lamé's theorem asserts.
As a side result of this proof, one gets that the pairs of integers $(u,v)$ that give the maximum number of steps of the Euclidean algorithm (for a given size of $v$) are the pairs of consecutive Fibonacci numbers.
# Choe Jong-gil

Choe Jong-gil (Korean: 최종길; April 28, 1931 – October 19, 1973), sometimes romanized as Tsche Chong-kil, was a professor at the Law College of Seoul National University.
He was born in Gongju on April 28, 1931.
He died on October 19, 1973 in Seoul. For years, the government denied any involvement in his death, but in 2002 the Presidential Truth Commission announced the results of its investigation: during interrogation by the KCIA he fell, or was thrown, from a seventh story window; he is also believed to have been tortured. In 2006 the government was ordered to pay 184 million won in damages; an intelligence agent who had accused him of spying for North Korea was ordered to pay an additional 20 million.
# Milhamoth ha-Shem

Milhamoth ha-Shem (Hebrew:מלחמות השם) or Milhamoth Adonai (Wars of the Lord) is the title of several Hebrew polemical texts. The phrase is taken from the Book of the Wars of the Lord referenced in Numbers 21:14–15.

## Milhamoth ha-Shem of Salmon ben Jeroham, 10th century

Salmon ben Jeroham's The Book of the Wars of the Lord is a Karaite refutation of Saadia Gaon from the late 900s.

## Milhamoth ha-Shem of Jacob ben Reuben, 12th century

The Milhamoth ha-Shem of Jacob ben Reuben, is a 12th-century Jewish apologia against conversion by Christians, consisting of questions and answers from selected texts of Gospel of Matthew, including Matt. 1:1–16, 3:13–17, 4:1–11, 5:33–40, 11:25–27, 12:1–8, 26:36–39, 28:16–20. It served as a precedent for the full Hebrew translation and interspersed commentary on Matthew found in Ibn Shaprut's Touchstone c. 1385.

## Milhamoth ha-Shem of Abraham, son of Maimonides, 13th century

Abraham Maimonides's Wars of the Lord is a treatise defending his father Maimonides against slander.

## Milhamoth ha-Shem of Nachmanides, 13th century

Nachmanides's Wars of the Lord is a Halakhic treatise attacking Zerahiah ha-Levi's commentary on Alfasi. The treatise goes in great detail on the piece of Talmud at hand.

## Milhamoth ha-Shem of Levi ben Gershom, 14th century

The Wars of the Lord of Gersonides (1288–1344) is a religious, astronomical and philosophical treatise.

## Milhamoth ha-Shem of Abner of Burgos (Alfonso of Valladolid), 14th century.

Abner of Burgos (ca1260-ca1347) was a convert to Christianity who wrote polemical works in Hebrew between 1320 and 1340. This text is Hebrew anti-Jewish polemic that is now lost but quotations of it survive in the Latin writing of the fifteenth-century convert Paul of Burgos (Scrutinium Scripturarum) and the polemicist Alonso de Espina (Fortalitium fidei). It served as a template for Abner's later work ʾMoreh Zedek, which now survives in a Castilian translation as Mostrador de justicia and much material from the Sefer is repeated there. Abner translated the work into Castilian himself at the behest of Blanca, Lady of Las Huelgas in Burgos around the year 1320, and a copy of this translation was seen by traveller Ambrosio de Morales in Valladolid in the 16th century.

## Milhamoth ha-Shem of Yiḥyeh Qafeḥ, 1931

The seminal work composed by Yiḥyeh Qafeḥ (Hebrew: רבי יחיא בן שלמה קאפח‎), Chief Rabbi of Sana'a, Yemen and protagonist of the Dor Deah movement in Orthodox Judaism. Qafeḥ's Milḥamot HaShem (1931), which he began to write in 1914, argues that the Zohar is not authentic.
# Alberto Mansion

The Alberto Mansion is a historic house in Biñan, Laguna, Philippines.

## History

The house was built around the 1800s and was owned by Jose Alberto Alonzo. The house is noted for its connection to the family of José Rizal. Alonzo is the father of Rizal's mother Teodora Alonso Realonda. Biñan is where Realonda would spend her teenage years and where she would meet Rizal's father Francisco Mercado who lived in a house nearby. The property would later be passed down through several generations.
The house also had other tenants such as Cipriano Alberto, who was Biñan mayor in 1790 and 1802; his son Lorenzo, who was also mayor in 1844; and grandson Jose, who was the Philippines' representative to the Spanish cortes.
In 2009 or 2010, the house was reportedly sold to Gerry Acuzar by Gerardo Alberto, a fifth-generation descendant of the Jose Alberto Alonzo. Acuzar is the owner of Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar, a resort in Bagac, Bataan known for incorporating heritage structures from other parts of the country. The Alonzo clan allowed for the house's full relocation to the Bataan resort but the move was opposed by the city government of Biñan. The Biñan government also offered to buy the property for ₱20 million but the owner reportedly declined the offer of the local government.
The Biñan city government also issued an ordinance in 2011 declaring the Alberto Mansion a heritage site. On October 21, 2012, the roof of the building collapsed, which is suspected to be as a result of dismantling the interior for transfer to the Acuzar resort in Bataan. The Biñan council also sought for the National Historical Commission of the Philippines to declare the building a National Historical Landmark to allow for its expropriation. Along with the Biñan local government, the United Artists for Cultural Conservation and Development, City of Biñan Inc. (UACCD) has advocated for the restoration of the house.
The expropriation process was delayed as the house owners negotiated with the Biñan government. The city government later alleged that owners were also having talks to another party to have the property leased for a Jollibee fast food outlet. The Biñan government then filed a expropriation case in May 2017. The expropriation was granted by the local court in the same year. The house was later restored; to as close as the original design as possible by the same construction firm which developed the Acuzar resort.

## Architecture and design

The Alberto Mansion is a two-storey building with an area of 1,197 square meters (12,880 sq ft). The building is an example of a Bahay na Bato. According to the Biñan city government the structure was around 10 percent of the original prior to the 2012 roof collapse. It is situated in front of the Sentrong Pangkultura ng Biñan, which is also the former Biñan Municipal Hall.
# Marcin Kuchciński

Marcin Andrzej Kuchciński (born December 31, 1976, in Olsztyn) is a Polish local government official, manager and volleyball player, since 2015 member of the Voivodeship executive board of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in the years 2018–2023 and served as vice-marshal, and from 2023 Marshal of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.

## Biography

Son of Andrzej and Emilia. He was raised in Olsztyn, where he graduated from Primary School No. 2 and the 4th Maria Skłodowska-Curie General Secondary School. In 2000, he graduated from the University of Warmia and Mazury with a degree in environmental protection and inland fishing. He played in the AZS Olsztyn volleyball club. He worked for a dozen or so years in private companies. He was the director of the Investor Acquisition Department in the Warmia-Masuria Special Economic Zone and vice-president of the management board for investment implementation in the joint-stock company Metromex. He also sat on the supervisory board of the TBS Administrator company, and in 2018 also on the Investment Council of the Warmia-Masuria Province.
He became involved in political activity within the Civic Platform, in 2016 he took over the leadership of its Olsztyn structures. In 2007 (after the resignation of another councilor), 2010 and 2014 he was a member of the Olsztyn city council on its behalf; he headed the Sports and Recreation Committee. In October 2015, the voivode began the procedure of terminating his mandate after it was revealed that – contrary to the information provided in the statement – he did not live in the city, but in Kieźliny (and after the council itself refused to dismiss him). On November 2, 2015, he was elected to the executive board of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship of the 5th term. In 2018, he obtained the mandate of a councilor of the Warmian-Masurian Regional Assembly of the 6th term. On December 4, 2018, he was elected vice-marshal of the voivodeship, responsible for, among other things, infrastructure, geodesy, health care, public procurement, administration and office service, and voivodeship roads. In 2019, he unsuccessfully ran from the last place on the Civic Coalition list in the elections to the Sejm in the Olsztyn district. On November 7, 2023, the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship Sejmik elected him to the office of the voivodeship marshal; he replaced Gustaw Marek Brzezin in this function.
In 2024, he was elected as a member of the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship Sejmik for the 7th term. On May 14 of the same year, the councilors again entrusted him with the functions of the marshal.
# Ballymun Concrete News

The Ballymun Concrete News was officially launched in October 2001, the Concrete News was a one-man-operated free newspaper that circulated to 20,000 homes on the Northside of Dublin City. Designed to spread only good news stories about Ballymun, the paper ceased trading in 2006 due to poor advertising revenue, which according to editor and owner Seamus Kelly was exacerbated by the delay in the delivery of the promised new local shopping centre.
# Valerie Greaves (hedge layer)

Valerie Greaves (April 1927 – 24 December 2013) co-founded the National Hedgelaying Society (NHLS) in 1978. She was the first woman to compete in hedge laying competitions in England, including at Eccleshall in 1976 and Fernie Hunt in 1981 She was the author of Hedgelaying Explained (1985).

## Personal life

Valerie Ann Greaves was born in 1927. She grew up on a 100-acre farm, which she was running by the age of 15. She joined the Young Farmers' Club and served on its committee. She became a schoolteacher, working at a middle school in Redditch, and later returned to farming in the Birmingham area.

## Hedgelaying

About her hedge laying she said, "I was brought up on a farm and was only a child when I first laid a hedge." When she rented a field for her horses that was "not stockproof" she couldn't afford to have a fence built, so laid a hedge herself. She earned an ATB Proficiency Certificate in hedge laying and travelled the "length of England studying regional styles."
In 1976 Greaves was the first woman to compete in the Eccleshall hedge laying competition, where the organisers "hastily rearranged the prize schedule to include a special prize for women hedge layers." In the same year she was also the only woman to compete at a hedge laying contest at No-Man-Heath, Coleshill. She was the first woman to compete in the Fernie Hunt hedge-cutting competition in November 1981 winning a 'special effort' award. She also saw success in national championships.

### National Hedgelaying Society (NHLS)

Together with Fred Whitefoot and Clive Matthew, Greaves co-founded the National Hedgelaying Society (NHLS) on 11 November 1978, to try to ensure that the skills of hedge-laying, developed over centuries, were not lost. By the 1980s she was the secretary of the organisation, through which she published Hedgelaying Explained in 1985. By 1991 she was no longer laying hedges herself, but acted as NHLS's publicity officer. By 1998 she had become the society's vice-president, and was called to speak at a parliamentary select committee about hedge protection, dating, removal and planting on behalf of the NHLS.
# Clinton Cemetery

Clinton Cemetery is a cemetery in Irvington, Essex County, New Jersey. The non-sectarian lot-owner owned cemetery comprises 10.5 acres (4.2 ha) near Union Avenue and Lyons Avenue; the Elizabeth River lies at its western boundary. There have been approximately 11,000 burials.

## History

Clinton Cemetery Association was founded on Feb 28, 1844. At the time Irvington was beginning to form as Camptown, an unincorporated village in the no-longer extant Clinton Township. In 1852 Camptown's name was changed to Irvington. An 1889 report of the Department of Health of the State of New Jersey found with respect to the township of Clinton: "There are two cemeteries, or burial-places, in the township – Clinton cemetery, in the village and upon the banks of Elizabeth river, and Newark potter's field, down in the salt meadow section". Purchases of ground between 1856 and 1928 expanded the cemetery to its present size.
In 2010, Clinton Cemetery was the site of two sexual assaults conducted by the same man several months apart; the offender was captured by police in the cemetery on the second occasion.

## Notable burials

* More than 500 veterans, including two from the American Revolutionary War and many from the American Civil War.
* Four mayors of Irvington: John V. Cleve, James Mortland, Edward Folsom, William L. Glorieux
* Amos J. Cummings (1838–1902), United States Representative from New York
* Cyrus Durand Chapman (1856–1918), American artist, inventor, architect, first director Bureau of Engraving and Printing
* Joseph E. Haynes (1826–1897), 20th Mayor of Newark, New Jersey, 1884–1894.
# College of Law and Business

The College of Law and Business (Hebrew: המרכז האקדמי למשפט ועסקים) is a private college in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat Gan, Israel. It was established in 1995 by members of the law faculty of Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The president is Yoram Balsher.

## Program for English speakers

In 2013, it became the first Israeli academic institution to offer an undergraduate law degree (LL.B.) that is taught some in English. The Council of Higher Education of Israel (CHEI) mandates that the law of the land has to be taught in the language of the land. In October 2017, the College of Law and Business will open a business degree track that is taught in English. The college also offer a dual track option where students can study in fours years both an LL.B. and a BA in business.

## Social impact of CLB legal clinics

The faculty of law runs six legal clinics, including immigration law, environmental law which was instrumental in the petition filed with the Supreme Court regarding the natural gas resources in Israel, prisoner rights clinic which stopped the privatization of the prisons in Israel and recently petitioned the Israeli high courts to increase the living space for prisoners and the government oversight clinic, which filed a petition to stop the government's move to a bi-annual budget instead of an annual budget.
According to the 2016 Israeli Bar Association exam results, The College of Law and Business submitted the second-largest number of students to the Israeli bar exam.

## International academic relations

The College has academic ties with academic institutions around the world. Each summer CLB students are given the opportunity to attend internships, seminars and workshops at Harvard university, Oxford University, Kassel University, Paris's ICC, and others. In February 2017, two of the English speaking students won the international moot mediation competition at the International Chamber of Commerce.
# Uda Genji

The Uda Genji (宇多源氏) were the successful and powerful line of the Japanese Minamoto clan that were descended from Emperor Uda (宇多天皇).

## Overview

Many of the famous Minamoto warriors, including Sasaki clan (佐々木氏), also known as Daimyō Kyōgoku clan (京極氏); Sasaki Nariyori (佐々木成頼), the founder of the Ōmi Genji clan (近江源氏); and Sasaki Yoshikiyo (佐々木義清), the founder of the Izumo Genji clan (出雲源氏) belong to this line. The family is named after Emperor Uda, grandfather of Minamoto no Masazane (源雅信), patriarch of the Uda Genji (宇多源氏).
Emperor Uda was father of Imperial Prince Atsumi (敦實親王 Atsumi Shinnō) (892-966) - father of Minamoto no Masazane (源雅信) (920-993), founder of the Uda Genji, from whom the Uda Genji is descended.

## Cadet branches

Many samurai families of Ōmi and Izumo Province belong to this line and had used "Minamoto" clan name in official records, including Sasaki clan, Rokkaku clan, Kyōgoku clan, Kutsugi clan, Kuroda clan, Oki clan, Enya clan, Toda clan, Takaoka clan, Koshi clan, Sase clan, Nogi clan, etc. The Shinto shrine connected closely with the clan is known as the Sasaki Shrine (沙沙貴神社 Sasaki Jinja).
# Richard Rudolf Walzer

Richard Rudolf Walzer, FBA (14 July 1900 in Berlin – 16 April 1975 in Oxford) was a German-born British scholar of Greek philosophy and of Arabic philosophy.
Education: Werner-Siemens-Realgymnasium, Berlin-Schöneberg; Frederick William University of Berlin.

## Career

* Assistant (1927), Privatdocent in Classics (1932), Frederick William University of Berlin, 1927–1933
* Lecturer in Greek Philosophy, University of Rome, 1933–1938
* Lecturer in Mediaeval Philosophy (Arabic and Hebrew) (1942), Senior Lecturer in Arabic and Greek Philosophy (1950), Oriel College, Oxford, 1942–1962
* Honorary Professor, University of Hamburg, 1952
* Member, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, 1953–1954
* Fellow, Reader in Arabic and Greek Philosophy St Catherine's College, Oxford, 1962–1970
* He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1956.