# List of birds of Tunisia

This is a list of the bird species recorded in Tunisia. The avifauna of Tunisia include a total of 421 species.
This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Accidental species are included in the total species count for Tunisia.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories, but not all species fall into one of these categories. Those that do not are commonly occurring native species.
* (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Tunisia
* (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Tunisia as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
* (Ex) Extirpated - a species that no longer occurs in Tunisia although populations exist elsewhere

## Ostriches

Order: Struthioniformes Family: Struthionidae
The ostrich is a flightless bird native to Africa. It is the largest living species of bird. It is distinctive in its appearance, with a long neck and legs and the ability to run at high speeds.
* Common ostrich, Struthio camelus (reintroduced)
** North African ostrich, Struthio camelus camelus (reintroduced)

## Ducks, geese, and waterfowl

Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
* Graylag goose, Anser anser
* Greater white-fronted goose, Anser albifrons
* Taiga bean-goose, Anser fabalis (A)
* Brant, Branta bernicla (A)
* Barnacle goose, Branta leucopsis (A)
* Mute swan, Cygnus olor (A)
* Whooper swan, Cygnus cygnus (A)
* Egyptian goose, Alopochen aegyptiacus (A)
* Ruddy shelduck, Tadorna ferruginea
* Common shelduck, Tadorna tadorna
* Garganey, Spatula querquedula
* Blue-winged teal, Spatula discors (A)
* Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata
* Gadwall, Mareca strepera
* Eurasian wigeon, Mareca penelope
* Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos
* Northern pintail, Anas acuta
* Green-winged teal, Anas crecca
* Marbled teal, Marmaronetta angustirostris
* Red-crested pochard, Netta rufina
* Common pochard, Aythya ferina
* Ferruginous duck, Aythya nyroca
* Tufted duck, Aythya fuligula
* Greater scaup, Aythya marila (A)
* Common eider, Somateria mollissima (A)
* Common scoter, Melanitta nigra (A)
* Common goldeneye, Bucephala clangula (A)
* Smew, Mergellus albellus (A)
* Common merganser, Mergus merganser (A)
* Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator
* Ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis (I)
* White-headed duck, Oxyura leucocephala

## Pheasants, grouse, and allies

Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
* Common quail, Coturnix coturnix
* Barbary partridge, Alectoris barbara

## Flamingos

Order: Phoenicopteriformes Family: Phoenicopteridae
Flamingos are gregarious wading birds, usually 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 m) tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down.
* Greater flamingo, Phoenicopterus roseus
* Lesser flamingo, Phoeniconaias minor (A)

## Grebes

Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.
* Little grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis
* Horned grebe, Podiceps auritus (A)
* Red-necked grebe, Podiceps grisegena (A)
* Great crested grebe, Podiceps cristatus
* Eared grebe, Podiceps nigricollis

## Pigeons and doves

Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
* Rock pigeon, Columba livia
* Stock dove, Columba oenas
* Common wood-pigeon, Columba palumbus
* European turtle-dove, Streptopelia turtur
* Eurasian collared-dove, Streptopelia decaocto
* Laughing dove, Streptopelia senegalensis

## Sandgrouse

Order: Pterocliformes Family: Pteroclidae
Sandgrouse have small, pigeon like heads and necks, but sturdy compact bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight. Flocks fly to watering holes at dawn and dusk. Their legs are feathered down to the toes.
* Pin-tailed sandgrouse, Pterocles alchata
* Spotted sandgrouse, Pterocles senegallus
* Black-bellied sandgrouse, Pterocles orientalis
* Crowned sandgrouse, Pterocles coronatus

## Bustards

Order: Otidiformes Family: Otididae
Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays.
* Great bustard, Otis tarda (Ex)
* Houbara bustard, Chlamydotis undulata
* Little bustard, Tetrax tetrax (A)

## Cuckoos

Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.
* Great spotted cuckoo, Clamator glandarius
* Common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus

## Nightjars and allies

Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.
* Red-necked nightjar, Caprimulgus ruficollis
* Eurasian nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus
* Egyptian nightjar, Caprimulgus aegyptius

## Swifts

Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
* Alpine swift, Apus melba
* Common swift, Apus apus
* Pallid swift, Apus pallidus
* Little swift, Apus affinis
* White-rumped swift, Apus caffer (A)

## Rails, gallinules, and coots

Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
* Water rail, Rallus aquaticus
* Corn crake, Crex crex
* Spotted crake, Porzana porzana
* Eurasian moorhen, Gallinula chloropus
* Eurasian coot, Fulica atra
* Red-knobbed coot, Fulica cristata (Ex)
* Allen's gallinule, Porphyrio alleni (A)
* Western swamphen, Porphyrio porphyrio
* Little crake, Zapornia parva
* Baillon's crake, Zapornia pusilla

## Cranes

Order: Gruiformes Family: Gruidae
Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances".
* Demoiselle crane, Anthropoides virgo (Ex)
* Common crane, Grus grus

## Thick-knees

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Burhinidae
The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.
* Eurasian thick-knee, Burhinus oedicnemus

## Stilts and avocets

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.
* Black-winged stilt, Himantopus himantopus
* Pied avocet, Recurvirostra avosetta

## Oystercatchers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.
* Eurasian oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus

## Plovers and lapwings

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
* Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola
* European golden-plover, Pluvialis apricaria
* American golden-plover, Pluvialis dominica (A)
* Pacific golden-plover, Pluvialis fulva (A)
* Northern lapwing, Vanellus vanellus
* Sociable lapwing, Vanellus gregarius (A)
* White-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (A)
* Greater sand-plover, Charadrius leschenaultii (A)
* Kentish plover, Charadrius alexandrinus
* Common ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula
* Little ringed plover, Charadrius dubius
* Eurasian dotterel, Charadrius morinellus

## Sandpipers and allies

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
* Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus
* Slender-billed curlew, Numenius tenuirostris
* Eurasian curlew, Numenius arquata
* Bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica
* Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa
* Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres
* Red knot, Calidris canutus
* Ruff, Calidris pugnax
* Broad-billed sandpiper, Calidris falcinellus
* Stilt sandpiper, Calidris himantopus (A)
* Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea
* Temminck's stint, Calidris temminckii
* Red-necked stint, Calidris ruficollis (A)
* Sanderling, Calidris alba
* Dunlin, Calidris alpina
* Little stint, Calidris minuta
* White-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis (A)
* Buff-breasted sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis (A)
* Jack snipe, Lymnocryptes minimus
* Eurasian woodcock, Scolopax rusticola
* Great snipe, Gallinago media
* Common snipe, Gallinago gallinago
* Pin-tailed snipe, Gallinago stenura (A)
* Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus
* Wilson's phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor (A)
* Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus
* Red phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius (A)
* Common sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos
* Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularius (A)
* Green sandpiper, Tringa ochropus
* Spotted redshank, Tringa erythropus
* Common greenshank, Tringa nebularia
* Lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes (A)
* Marsh sandpiper, Tringa stagnatilis
* Wood sandpiper, Tringa glareola
* Common redshank, Tringa totanus

## Buttonquail

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Turnicidae
The buttonquail are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young.
* Small buttonquail, Turnix sylvatica

## Pratincoles and coursers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae
Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards.
* Cream-colored courser, Cursorius cursor
* Collared pratincole, Glareola pratincola
* Black-winged pratincole, Glareola nordmanni (A)

## Skuas and jaegers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.
* Great skua, Stercorarius skua
* Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus
* Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus

## Auks, murres and puffins

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Alcidae
Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture and some of their habits, however they are not related to the penguins and differ in being able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest.
* Razorbill, Alca torda
* Atlantic puffin, Fratercula arctica

## Gulls, terns, and skimmers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
* Black-legged kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla
* Sabine's gull, Xema sabini (A)
* Slender-billed gull, Chroicocephalus genei
* Gray-hooded gull, Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (A)
* Black-headed gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus
* Little gull, Hydrocoloeus minutus
* Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (A)
* Mediterranean gull, Ichthyaetus melanocephalus
* Pallas's gull, Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus (A)
* Audouin's gull, Ichthyaetus audouinii
* Common gull, Larus canus
* Herring gull, Larus argentatus (A)
* Yellow-legged gull, Larus michahellis
* Caspian gull, Larus cachinnans
* Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus
* Glaucous gull, Larus hyperboreus (A)
* Great black-backed gull, Larus marinus (A)
* Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus (A)
* Little tern, Sternula albifrons
* Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica
* Caspian tern, Hydroprogne caspia
* Black tern, Chlidonias niger
* White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus
* Whiskered tern, Chlidonias hybrida
* Roseate tern, Sterna dougallii (A)
* Common tern, Sterna hirundo
* Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis
* Lesser crested tern, Thalasseus bengalensis
* West African crested tern, Thalasseus albididorsalis (A)

## Loons

Order: Gaviiformes Family: Gaviidae
Loons, known as divers in Europe, are a group of aquatic birds found in many parts of North America and northern Europe. They are the size of a large duck or small goose, which they somewhat resemble when swimming, but to which they are completely unrelated.
* Red-throated loon, Gavia stellata (A)
* Arctic loon, Gavia arctica (A)

## Southern storm-petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae
The southern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
* Wilson's storm-petrel, Oceanites oceanicus

## Northern storm-petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae
The northern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
* European storm-petrel, Hydrobates pelagicus
* Leach's storm-petrel, Hydrobates leucorhous (A)

## Shearwaters and petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
* Cory's shearwater, Calonectris diomedea
* Sooty shearwater, Ardenna griseus (A)
* Manx shearwater, Puffinus puffinus
* Yelkouan shearwater, Puffinus yelkouan
* Balearic shearwater, Puffinus mauretanicus

## Storks

Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.
* Black stork, Ciconia nigra
* Abdim's stork, Ciconia abdimii (A)
* White stork, Ciconia ciconia
* Yellow-billed stork, Mycteria ibis (A)

## Boobies and gannets

Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
* Northern gannet, Morus bassanus

## Cormorants and shags

Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful.
* Pygmy cormorant, Microcarbo pygmeus (A)
* Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo
* European shag, Gulosus aristotelis

## Pelicans

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.
* Great white pelican, Pelecanus onocrotalus (A)

## Herons, egrets, and bitterns

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
* Great bittern, Botaurus stellaris
* Little bittern, Ixobrychus minutus
* Gray heron, Ardea cinerea
* Purple heron, Ardea purpurea
* Great egret, Ardea alba
* Little egret, Egretta garzetta
* Western reef-heron, Egretta gularis
* Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis
* Squacco heron, Ardeola ralloides
* Black-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax

## Ibises and spoonbills

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae
Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.
* Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus
* Eurasian spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia

## Osprey

Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae
The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.
* Osprey, Pandion haliaetus

## Hawks, eagles, and kites

Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
* Black-winged kite, Elanus caeruleus
* Bearded vulture, Gypaetus barbatus (A)
* Egyptian vulture, Neophron percnopterus
* European honey-buzzard, Pernis apivorus
* Lappet-faced vulture, Torgos tracheliotos (Ex)
* Eurasian griffon, Gyps fulvus
* Bateleur, Terathopius ecaudatus (A)
* Short-toed snake-eagle, Circaetus gallicus
* Lesser spotted eagle, Clanga pomarina
* Greater spotted eagle, Clanga clanga
* Wahlberg's eagle, Hieraaetus wahlbergi (A)
* Booted eagle, Hieraaetus pennatus
* Tawny eagle, Aquila rapax
* Steppe eagle, Aquila nipalensis
* Imperial eagle, Aquila heliaca (A)
* Golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos
* Bonelli's eagle, Aquila fasciata
* Dark chanting-goshawk, Melierax metabates (A)
* Eurasian marsh-harrier, Circus aeruginos
* Hen harrier, Circus cyaneus
* Pallid harrier, Circus macrourus
* Montagu's harrier, Circus pygargus
* Levant sparrowhawk, Accipiter brevipes
* Eurasian sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus
* Northern goshawk, Accipiter gentilis (A)
* Red kite, Milvus milvus
* Black kite, Milvus migrans
* White-tailed eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla
* Rough-legged hawk, Buteo lagopus (A)
* Common buzzard, Buteo buteo
* Long-legged buzzard, Buteo rufinus

## Barn-owls

Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
* Western barn owl, Tyto alba

## Owls

Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
* Eurasian scops-owl, Otus scops
* Pharaoh eagle-owl, Bubo ascalaphus
* Little owl, Athene noctua
* Tawny owl, Strix aluco (A)
* Maghreb owl, Strix mauritanica
* Long-eared owl, Asio otus
* Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus
* Marsh owl, Asio capensis

## Hoopoes

Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Upupidae
Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head.
* Eurasian hoopoe, Upupa epops

## Kingfishers

Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.
* Common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis

## Bee-eaters

Order: Coraciiformes Family: Meropidae
The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar.
* Blue-cheeked bee-eater, Merops persicus
* European bee-eater, Merops apiaster

## Rollers

Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae
Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.
* European roller, Coracias garrulus

## Woodpeckers

Order: Piciformes Family: Picidae
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.
* Eurasian wryneck, Jynx torquilla
* Great spotted woodpecker, Dendrocopos major
* Lesser spotted woodpecker, Dryobates minor
* Levaillant's woodpecker, Picus vaillantii

## Falcons and caracaras

Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
* Lesser kestrel, Falco naumanni
* Eurasian kestrel, Falco tinnunculus
* Red-footed falcon, Falco vespertinus
* Eleonora's falcon, Falco eleonorae
* Sooty falcon, Falco concolor (A)
* Merlin, Falco columbarius
* Eurasian hobby, Falco subbuteo
* Lanner falcon, Falco biarmicus
* Saker falcon, Falco cherrug
* Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus

## Old World orioles

Order: Passeriformes Family: Oriolidae
The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles.
* Eurasian golden oriole, Oriolus oriolus

## Bushshrikes and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Malaconotidae
Bushshrikes are similar in habits to shrikes, hunting insects and other small prey from a perch on a bush. Although similar in build to the shrikes, these tend to be either colourful species or largely black; some species are quite secretive.
* Black-crowned tchagra, Tchagra senegalus

## Shrikes

Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae
Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.
* Red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio
* Great gray shrike, Lanius excubitor
* Lesser gray shrike, Lanius minor (A)
* Woodchat shrike, Lanius senator

## Crows, jays, and magpies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
* Eurasian jay, Garrulus glandarius
* Maghreb magpie, Pica mauritanica
* Eurasian magpie, Pica pica
* Red-billed chough, Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (A)
* Yellow-billed chough, Pyrrhocorax graculus (A)
* Eurasian jackdaw, Corvus monedula (Ex)
* Rook, Corvus frugilegus (A)
* Carrion crow, Corvus corone (A)
* Hooded crow, Corvus cornix (A)
* Pied crow, Corvus albus (A)
* Brown-necked raven, Corvus ruficollis
* Common raven, Corvus corax

## Tits, chickadees, and titmice

Order: Passeriformes Family: Paridae
The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.
* Coal tit, Periparus ater
* African blue tit, Cyanistes teneriffae
* Great tit, Parus major

## Penduline-tits

Order: Passeriformes Family: Remizidae
The penduline-tits are a group of small passerine birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores.
* Eurasian penduline-tit, Remiz pendulinus

## Larks

Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.
* Greater hoopoe-lark, Alaemon alaudipes
* Thick-billed lark, Ramphocoris clotbey
* Bar-tailed lark, Ammomanes cincturus
* Desert lark, Ammomanes deserti
* Temminck's lark, Eremophila bilopha
* Greater short-toed lark, Calandrella brachydactyla
* Calandra lark, Melanocorypha calandra
* Dupont's lark, Chersophilus duponti
* Mediterranean short-toed lark, Alaudala rufescens
* Wood lark, Lullula arborea
* Eurasian skylark, Alauda arvensis
* Thekla's lark, Galerida theklae
* Crested lark, Galerida cristata

## Cisticolas and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Cisticolidae
The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub.
* Zitting cisticola, Cisticola juncidis

## Reed warblers and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Acrocephalidae
The members of this family are usually rather large for "warblers". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.
* Eastern olivaceous warbler, Iduna pallida
* Western olivaceous warbler, Iduna opaca
* Melodious warbler, Hippolais polyglotta
* Icterine warbler, Hippolais icterina
* Aquatic warbler, Acrocephalus paludicola
* Moustached warbler, Acrocephalus melanopogon
* Sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus
* Marsh warbler, Acrocephalus palustris
* Common reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus
* Great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus

## Grassbirds and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Locustellidae
Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over.
* Savi's warbler, Locustella luscinioides
* Common grasshopper-warbler, Locustella naevia

## Swallows

Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
* Bank swallow, Riparia riparia
* Eurasian crag-martin, Ptyonoprogne rupestris
* Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica
* Red-rumped swallow, Cecropis daurica
* Common house-martin, Delichon urbicum

## Bulbuls

Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae
Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.
* Common bulbul, Pycnonotus barbatus

## Leaf warblers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Phylloscopidae
Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with grayish-green to grayish-brown colors.
* Wood warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix
* Western Bonelli's warbler, Phylloscopus bonelli
* Eastern Bonelli's warbler, Phylloscopus orientalis (A)
* Pallas's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus
* Willow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus
* Common chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita
* Iberian chiffchaff, Phylloscopus ibericus

## Bush warblers and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Scotocercidae
The members of this family are found throughout Africa, Asia, and Polynesia. Their taxonomy is in flux, and some authorities place some genera in other families.
* Scrub warbler, Scotocerca inquieta
* Cetti's warbler, Cettia cetti

## Long-tailed tits

Order: Passeriformes Family: Aegithalidae
Long-tailed tits are a group of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They make woven bag nests in trees. Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects.
* Long-tailed tit, Aegithalos caudatus

## Sylviid warblers, parrotbills, and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Sylviidae
The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs.
* Eurasian blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla
* Garden warbler, Sylvia borin
* Lesser whitethroat, Curruca curruca (A)
* Western Orphean warbler, Curruca hortensis
* African desert warbler, Curruca deserti
* Tristram's warbler, Curruca deserticola
* Sardinian warbler, Curruca melanocephala
* Moltoni's warbler, Curruca subalpina (A)
* Western subalpine warbler, Curruca iberiae
* Eastern subalpine warbler, Curruca cantillans (A)
* Greater whitethroat, Curruca communis
* Spectacled warbler, Curruca conspicillata
* Marmora's warbler, Curruca sarda
* Dartford warbler, Curruca undata

## Laughingthrushes and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Leiothrichidae
The members of this family are diverse in size and colouration, though those of genus Turdoides tend to be brown or greyish. The family is found in Africa, India, and southeast Asia.
* Fulvous chatterer, Argya fulva

## Kinglets

Order: Passeriformes Family: Regulidae
The kinglets, also called crests, are a small group of birds often included in the Old World warblers, but frequently given family status because they also resemble the titmice.
* Goldcrest, Regulus regulus
* Common firecrest, Regulus ignicapillus

## Treecreepers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Certhiidae
Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees.
* Short-toed treecreeper, Certhia brachydactyla

## Wrens

Order: Passeriformes Family: Troglodytidae
The wrens are mainly small and inconspicuous except for their loud songs. These birds have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous.
* Eurasian wren, Troglodytes troglodytes

## Dippers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Cinclidae
Dippers are a group of perching birds whose habitat includes aquatic environments in the Americas, Europe and Asia. They are named for their bobbing or dipping movements.
* White-throated dipper, Cinclus cinclus (A)

## Starlings

Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
* European starling, Sturnus vulgaris
* Spotless starling, Sturnus unicolor
* Rosy starling, Pastor roseus (A)

## Thrushes and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
* Mistle thrush, Turdus viscivorus
* Song thrush, Turdus philomelos
* Redwing, Turdus iliacus
* Eurasian blackbird, Turdus merula
* Fieldfare, Turdus pilaris
* Ring ouzel, Turdus torquatus

## Old World flycatchers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae
Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.
* Spotted flycatcher, Muscicapa striata
* Rufous-tailed scrub-robin, Cercotrichas galactotes
* European robin, Erithacus rubecula
* Common nightingale, Luscinia megarhynchos
* Bluethroat, Luscinia svecica
* Red-breasted flycatcher, Ficedula parva
* Semicollared flycatcher, Ficedula semitorquata
* European pied flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca
* Atlas flycatcher, Ficedula speculigera
* Collared flycatcher, Ficedula albicollis
* Moussier's redstart, Phoenicurus moussieri
* Common redstart, Phoenicurus phoenicurus
* Black redstart, Phoenicurus ochruros
* Rufous-tailed rock-thrush, Monticola saxatilis
* Blue rock-thrush, Monticola solitarius
* Whinchat, Saxicola rubetra
* European stonechat, Saxicola rubicola
* Northern wheatear, Oenanthe oenanthe
* Isabelline wheatear, Oenanthe isabellina
* Desert wheatear, Oenanthe deserti
* Western black-eared wheatear, Oenanthe hispanica
* Eastern black-eared wheatear, Oenanthe melanoleuca
* Pied wheatear, Oenanthe pleschanka (A)
* Red-rumped wheatear, Oenanthe moesta
* Black wheatear, Oenanthe leucura
* White-crowned wheatear, Oenanthe leucopyga
* Mourning wheatear, Oenanthe lugens

## Accentors

Order: Passeriformes Family: Prunellidae
The accentors are in the only bird family, Prunellidae, which is completely endemic to the Palearctic. They are small, fairly drab species superficially similar to sparrows.
* Alpine accentor, Prunella collaris
* Dunnock, Prunella modularis

## Old World sparrows

Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.
* House sparrow, Passer domesticus
* Italian sparrow, Passer italiae (A)
* Spanish sparrow, Passer hispaniolensis
* Desert sparrow, Passer simplex
* Eurasian tree sparrow, Passer montanus
* Rock sparrow, Petronia petronia
* White-winged snowfinch, Montifringilla nivalis (A)

## Wagtails and pipits

Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.
* Gray wagtail, Motacilla cinerea
* Western yellow wagtail, Motacilla flava
* Citrine wagtail, Motacilla citreola (A)
* White wagtail, Motacilla alba
* Richard's pipit, Anthus richardi (A)
* Tawny pipit, Anthus campestris
* Meadow pipit, Anthus pratensis
* Tree pipit, Anthus trivialis
* Red-throated pipit, Anthus cervinus
* Water pipit, Anthus spinoletta
* Rock pipit, Anthus petrosus (A)
* American pipit, Anthus rubescens (A)

## Finches, euphonias, and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae
Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.
* Common chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs
* Brambling, Fringilla montifringilla
* Hawfinch, Coccothraustes coccothraustes
* Eurasian bullfinch, Pyrrhula pyrrhula
* Trumpeter finch, Bucanetes githaginea
* European greenfinch, Chloris chloris
* Eurasian linnet, Linaria cannabina
* Red crossbill, Loxia curvirostra
* European goldfinch, Carduelis carduelis
* European serin, Serinus serinus
* Eurasian siskin, Spinus spinus

## Longspurs and snow buntings

Order: Passeriformes Family: Calcariidae
The Calcariidae are a family of birds that had been traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas.
* Snow bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis (A)

## Old World buntings

Order: Passeriformes Family: Emberizidae
The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns.
* Black-headed bunting, Emberiza melanocephala (A)
* Corn bunting, Emberiza calandra
* Rock bunting, Emberiza cia
* Cirl bunting, Emberiza cirlus
* Yellowhammer, Emberiza citrinella (A)
* Cinereous bunting, Emberiza cineracea
* Ortolan bunting, Emberiza hortulana
* House bunting, Emberiza sahari
* Reed bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus