# Dividing train

A dividing train is a passenger train that separates into two trains partway along its route, so as to serve two destinations. Inversely, two trains from different origins may be coupled together mid-route to reach a common endpoint. Trains on complex routes may divide or couple multiple times. The general term for coupling two or more trains along their shared route sections is portion working.
For example, the westbound Empire Builder travels from Chicago Union Station to Spokane, Washington, where its cars are divided into two trains: one continues to Portland Union Station and one to King Street Station, Seattle. On the eastbound trip, trains from Portland and Seattle are coupled at Spokane before traveling as one train to Chicago.
Dividing trains are useful where line capacity is limited, allowing multiple trains to use the same path over a congested part of a network. The common sections will often be the busiest parts of the routes.

## Operation

On the initial leg of its journey, the train is driven as normal by a single crew. At a designated station before a junction, the train stops and some of the cars are detached, with passengers or goods still on board. The front part of the train then departs to run the remainder of its route. A second train is then formed from the detached cars, the points are changed at the junction, and a new crew drives the train on a different route to a second destination. Where the train is formed of multiple units – self-contained trainsets with their own propulsion and driving cabs – two or more units work in multiple on the first leg. After detachment, the second crew drives in the trailing unit's front cab.
On the return journey, the two trains may join at the same station where they divided. Special signalling is required at the station to allow a following train to enter the block currently occupied by the train in front in order for the two to couple. The British rail network uses a shunt signal to authorize this type of movement.

### Possible combinations

A variety of portion working combinations is possible. For example:
* Two trains may each depart from separate termini, be coupled together en route, and arrive at their single destination together.
** Vice versa, a pair of trains may depart together from the same terminus, be separated en route, and then continue to separate destinations.
* Two trains may each depart from separate termini, be coupled together, and later separated, en route, and then continue to separate destinations.
* A train may depart from a terminus, be coupled en route to another train departing from the point where the coupling occurs, and then the two trains will continue together to their single destination, thus providing a longer train for a busier portion of the route (or vice versa).
* A train may depart from a terminus, and divide at a station en route, with both portions then continuing to the same destination, but the first running an express stopping pattern, and the second part stopping more frequently. In the reverse of this, the second portion is the faster of the two, catching up the slow train at the point where they join.

### Issues

For portion working to be successful, the operator may need to address many issues. For example:
* Locations for coupling and uncoupling must be designated.
* The best combinations of services must be carefully considered.
* Coupling and uncoupling takes time.
* Portion working can transfer disruption from one section to the wider network.
Dividing trains can sometimes cause issues for unwary travellers, who may board the wrong car and thus arrive at an unexpected destination.

## Examples
### Australia

* Canberra Monaro Express – Sydney Central to Canberra and Cooma dividing at Queanbeyan (1955–73 and 1986–88)
* NSW TrainLink Northern Tablelands Xplorer – Sydney Central to Armidale and Moree dividing at Werris Creek (1941–84 and 1993–present)

### Belgium

* IC trains between Genk and Knokke or Blankenberge (IC 1527–1542) used to be divided in Bruges, the front part went to Knokke (IC 1627–1642) while the rest continued to Blankenberge and the same occurred on the return leg (IC 1505–1520). The consists were either made up with AM96 EMU's (enable passage from set coach to another) or M6 coaches hauled by Class 19 locomotives. In the latter case, cab cars and engines are fitted with automatic couplers to allow quick separation. On periods with high affluence or when facing problems, these IC trains could run entirely to one destination (usually Blankenberghe) and another trainset was provided for the leg between Bruges and Knokke. This dual service ended with the new transport timetable introduced in December 2017. Now, separate trains are used for each destination.
* despite not being advertised as coupling trains, some IC trains between Lille Flandres and Tournai are then coupled with one or two AM96 trainsets going from Tournai or Kortrijk to Namur, therefore allowing to travel directly from Lille to Namur.
* The same happens with IC trains Between Lille Flandres and Mouscron. At Mouscron, they are coupled with AM96 multiple units which then run IC trains between Mouscron and Antwerp Centraal.

### Canada

| Route | From | Dividing at | Destination |
| Montreal–Senneterre train | Montreal Central Station | Hervey-Jonction station | Senneterre station |
| Montreal–Jonquière train | Montreal Central Station | Hervey-Jonction station | Jonquière station |

### Germany

* There are several dividing regional and high-speed trains all over Germany. ICE trains from Munich often split at Hanover into sections for Bremen and for Hamburg. ICE from Berlin split at Hamm into sections for Cologne and for Düsseldorf.
* Munich S-Bahn: Line S1 serves both Freising and Munich Airport by splitting at Neufahrn bei Freising station
* Hanover Stadtbahn: In the evenings and on Sundays the lines 2 and 8 of Hanover's light rail system work with dividing trains. Trains start in Alte Heide as line 2 and divide at Peiner Straße stop. One part continues as line 8 to Messe Nord, the other as line 2 to Rethen. In the other direction, trains reconnect at Bothmerstraße station and run as line 2 to Alte Heide.
* Hamburg S-Bahn: The trains on the line S1 of Hamburg's S-Bahn system usually split at Ohlsdorf into sections for Hamburg Airport and for Poppenbüttel.
* Since 2014, the Regional-Express services RE 1 Mannheim–Saarbrücken–Trier–Koblenz and RE 11 Luxembourg City–Trier–Koblenz operate jointly with trains dividing in Trier main station. The RE 1 part is operated by the German DB Regio South-West with a Stadler FLIRT single-deck EMU as part of the Süwex network, while the RE 11 part is operated by the Luxembourgish Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois with a double-deck Stadler KISS EMU. This is probably the only situation where a single-deck and a double-deck train of two countries' national railways divide
* Since 2018, the Regional-Express service RE 7 Hamburg–Elmshorn–Neumünster–Kiel/Flensburg is split at Neumünster with the front train continuing to Kiel, the rear to Flensburg.

### Japan

There are several dividing train services in Japan, and each route has its own name.
| Route | From | Dividing at | Destination | Remarks |
| Komachi | Tokyo Station | Morioka Station | Akita Station | Shinkansen high-speed train services |
| Hayabusa | Tokyo Station | Morioka Station | Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto Station | Shinkansen high-speed train services |
| Sunrise Izumo | Tokyo Station | Okayama Station | Izumoshi Station | Overnight sleeper services |
| Sunrise Seto | Tokyo Station | Okayama Station | Takamatsu Station | Overnight sleeper services |
| Narita Express | Narita Airport | Tokyo Station | Yokohama, Ōfuna | Airport rail link |
| Narita Express | Narita Airport | Tokyo Station | Shinjuku, Ōmiya, Takao | Airport rail link |

### United Kingdom

The practice of portion working has been followed for a long time on the third rail network of lines in the South East of England, and has been more widely practised in continental Europe. Elsewhere in the United Kingdom, the practice has been less common, because of a general reluctance to design the necessary modern signalling systems, and because of legal constraints on competition between operators.
Dividing trains operate on several lines on the British railway network, mainly (although not exclusively) in the south of the country. To ensure consistent journey times, the front part of a dividing train usually becomes the rear of the returning service when it reunites.
In addition, some services detach carriages part-way along the route, and pick them back up on the return journey. This may be because a portion of the line has short platforms at a number of its stations, or because demand is much higher on one section than another.
| Route | From | Dividing at | Destination | Remarks |
| Arun Valley line | London Victoria | Horsham | Front part non-stop to Barnham, then semi-fast or all-stations to Portsmouth Harbour | On Sundays calls at all stations to Barnham and divides there. |
| Arun Valley line | London Victoria | Horsham | Rear all stations to Bognor Regis | On Sundays calls at all stations to Barnham and divides there. |
| Caledonian Sleeper (Lowland) | London Euston | Carstairs | Front part to Edinburgh Waverley | |
| Caledonian Sleeper (Lowland) | London Euston | Carstairs | Rear part to Glasgow Central | |
| Caledonian Sleeper (Highland) | London Euston | Edinburgh Waverley | Front part to Inverness | |
| Caledonian Sleeper (Highland) | London Euston | Edinburgh Waverley | Middle part to Aberdeen | |
| Caledonian Sleeper (Highland) | London Euston | Edinburgh Waverley | Rear part to Fort William | |
| Cambrian Coast Line | Birmingham New Street | Machynlleth | Front part to Aberystwyth | Both parts call at Dovey Junction, but use separate platforms there, and therefore must divide one stop earlier. |
| Cambrian Coast Line | Birmingham New Street | Machynlleth | Rear part to Pwllheli | Both parts call at Dovey Junction, but use separate platforms there, and therefore must divide one stop earlier. |
| Caterham line Tattenham Corner line | London Bridge | Purley | Front part to Caterham | Colloquially known as the "Cat & Tat". Was the most common service pattern on the branches from Purley before resignalling work made them an extension of the Brighton Main Line local tracks. |
| Caterham line Tattenham Corner line | London Bridge | Purley | Rear part to Tattenham Corner | Colloquially known as the "Cat & Tat". Was the most common service pattern on the branches from Purley before resignalling work made them an extension of the Brighton Main Line local tracks. |
| Chatham Main Line | London Victoria | Faversham | Front part to Ramsgate | |
| Chatham Main Line | London Victoria | Faversham | Rear part to Dover Priory | |
| East Coastway Line | London Victoria | Eastbourne | Front terminates at Eastbourne | |
| East Coastway Line | London Victoria | Eastbourne | Rear part to Ore | |
| South West Main Line | London Waterloo | Bournemouth | Front part to Weymouth | Most Dorset stations beyond Bournemouth have short platforms. During peak hours, trains divide at Southampton Central, with the front portion running fast to Bournemouth, then most or all stations to Weymouth. The rear part calls at most or all stations to Bournemouth or Poole. |
| South West Main Line | London Waterloo | Bournemouth | Rear part terminates at Bournemouth, or runs separately to Poole | Most Dorset stations beyond Bournemouth have short platforms. During peak hours, trains divide at Southampton Central, with the front portion running fast to Bournemouth, then most or all stations to Weymouth. The rear part calls at most or all stations to Bournemouth or Poole. |
| South West Main Line | London Waterloo | Eastleigh | Front 5 carriages to Poole | Sunday service |
| South West Main Line | London Waterloo | Eastleigh | Rear 5 carriages to Portsmouth Harbour | Sunday service |
| West of England Main Line | London Waterloo | Salisbury | Front part to Exeter St Davids | |
| West of England Main Line | London Waterloo | Salisbury | Rear part terminates at Salisbury | |

### United States

| Route | From | Dividing at | Destination | Remarks |
| Amtrak routes |||||
| Empire Builder | Chicago | Spokane | Seattle | |
| Empire Builder | Chicago | Spokane | Portland | |
| Lake Shore Limited | Chicago | Albany–Rensselaer | Boston South Station | |
| Lake Shore Limited | Chicago | Albany–Rensselaer | New York | |
| Texas Eagle | Los Angeles | San Antonio | Chicago | The division occurs only for the Sunset Limited's three weekly round trips. The Texas Eagle runs an additional four round trips per week between San Antonio and Chicago alone. |
| Sunset Limited | Los Angeles | San Antonio | New Orleans | The division occurs only for the Sunset Limited's three weekly round trips. The Texas Eagle runs an additional four round trips per week between San Antonio and Chicago alone. |
| Former Amtrak routes |||||
| James Whitcomb Riley | Chicago | Charlottesville | Washington, D.C. | 1971–1976 |
| James Whitcomb Riley | Chicago | Charlottesville | Newport News | 1971–1976 |
| Floridian | Chicago | Jacksonville | St. Petersburg | 1971–1979 |
| Floridian | Chicago | Jacksonville | Miami | 1971–1979 |
| National Limited | Kansas City | Harrisburg (pre-1978); Philadelphia (post-1978) | New York | 1971–1979 |
| National Limited | Kansas City | Harrisburg (pre-1978); Philadelphia (post-1978) | Washington, D.C. | 1971–1979 |
| Lone Star | Chicago | Fort Worth | Dallas | 1975–1976, 1977–1979 |
| Lone Star | Chicago | Fort Worth | Houston | 1975–1976, 1977–1979 |
| Inter-American | Chicago | Temple | Houston | 1979–1981 |
| Inter-American | Chicago | Temple | Laredo | 1979–1981 |
| Pioneer | Chicago | Ogden; Denver (post-1991) | Seattle | 1980–1997 |
| San Francisco Zephyr and California Zephyr | Chicago | Ogden; Denver (post-1991) | Oakland | 1980–1997 |
| Desert Wind | Chicago | Ogden; Denver (post-1991) | Los Angeles | 1980–1997 |
| River Cities | New Orleans | Carbondale | Kansas City | 1984–1993 |
| City of New Orleans | New Orleans | Carbondale | Chicago | 1984–1993 |
| Gulf Breeze | New York | Birmingham | Mobile | 1989–1995 |
| Crescent | New York | Birmingham | New Orleans | 1989–1995 |