OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thomas Chevalier

Thomas Chevalier, FRS, FSA (1767–1824) was an English surgeon and medical writer who rose to become Surgeon Extraordinary to the King and Professor of Anatomy and Surgery to the Royal College of Physicians.

## Life

Thomas Chevalier was born in London on 3 November 1767. His paternal grandfather was a French Protestant, resident at Orleans, and escaped from France in an open boat on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. On the death of his mother in 1770 Chevalier was brought up by her brother, Thomas Sturgis, a general practitioner in South Audley Street, London. He studied anatomy under Matthew Baillie, and appears to have obtained a university degree of MA (probably at Cambridge, where the name of Thomas Chevallier is recorded as AB of Pembroke College, 1792).
He became a member of the London Corporation of Surgeons, and in 1797 defended it in a pamphlet written to promote the movement for transforming the corporation into a college. In this pamphlet Chevalier gives a learned sketch of the history of surgery. He was appointed surgeon to the Westminster Dispensary and lecturer on surgery. In 1801 he published an Introduction to a Course of Lectures on the Operations of Surgery, and in 1804 a Treatise on Gunshot Wounds, which had obtained the prize of the College of Surgeons in 1803, and which reached a third edition in 1806. It also secured him the appointment of Surgeon Extraordinary to the Prince of Wales, and a present of a diamond ring from the Czar of Russia. In 1821 Chevalier delivered an able Hunterian Oration (published in 4to, 1823); he also gave excellent courses of lectures at the College of Surgeons, as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, in 1823, on the General Structure of the Human Body and the Anatomy and Functions of the Skin; these were also published in the same year.
Chevalier was highly esteemed, not only as a surgeon and anatomist, but as a man of linguistic and theological erudition. He translated into English Bossuet's Universal History, 1810, and Pascal's Thoughts, 1803, and made numerous contributions to periodical literature. He wrote the preface to Bagster's polyglot Bible, and compiled the collection of texts and various readings. His last publication was Remarks on Suicide, 1824, in which he urges that suicide is often one of the earliest symptoms of insanity, as shown by the history of those who have failed in the attempt, and he recommends verdicts of "suicide during insanity" in the majority of cases.
He died suddenly on 9 June 1824. He had been an active member (for many years deacon) of the Keppel Street (Russell Square) Baptist chapel.
# James Hunter Lane

James Hunter Lane, sometimes called Hunter Lane, (1806/7 – 23 June 1853) was a Scottish physician, surgeon and medical writer.

## Biography

Lane was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, in 1829, and graduated M.D. at Edinburgh University in 1830. He was honorary physician to the Cholera Hospital, Liverpool, during 1831-2, and physician to the Lock Hospital of the Infirmary there in 1833. In 1834 he collaborated with James Manby Gully in a translation of ‘A Systematic Treatise on Comptarative Physiology,' by Professor Frederic Tiedemann of Heidelberg, 2vols. 8vo. In 1840 he was appointed senior physician of the Lancaster Infirmary, and in the same year brought out his ‘Compendium of Materia Medica and Pharmacy, adapted to the London Pharmacopœia, embodying all the new French, American, and Indian Medicines, an also comprising a summary of Practical Toxicology,' a work of considerable value in its day. He was shortly afterwards elected president of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh. For the last few years of his life Lane resided at 58 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, and had an excellent London practice. He died at Brighton on 23 June 1853.
Besides the works mentioned, Lane contributed numerous articles to the medical papers, and for some time edited the ‘Liverpool Medical Gazette' and the ‘Monthly Archives of the Medical Science.' He is said also (Med. Direct. 1853) to have written an ‘Epitome of Practical Chemistry,'
# Henry Spencer Smith

Henry Spencer Smith (12 September 1812 – 29 November 1901) was an English surgeon.

## Biography

Smith was born in London on 12 September 1812. He was the younger son of George Spencer Smith, an estate agent, by Martha his wife. After education at Enfield he entered St. Bartholomew's Hospital in 1832, being apprenticed to Frederic Carpenter Skey, with whom he lived, and whose house surgeon he afterwards became. He was admitted M.R.C.S. in 1837, and in 1843 he was chosen one of the 150 persons upon whom the newly established degree of F.R.C.S. England, was conferred without examination; of this band he was the last survivor.
He proceeded to Paris in 1837, studying medicine there for six months, and from 1839 to 1841 he studied science in Berlin. On his return to England he was appointed surgeon to the Royal General Dispensary in Aldersgate Street, and he also lectured on surgery at Samuel Lane's school of medicine in Grosvenor Place. When St. Mary's Hospital was founded in 1851 Spencer Smith became senior assistant surgeon. Three years later, when the medical school of St. Mary's Hospital was instituted, he was chosen dean, and filled the office until 1860; for seventeen years he lectured on systematic surgery. He received from both colleagues and students valuable presentations on his resignation. He was member of the council of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (1867–75), and of the court of examiners (1872–7). He was secretary of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London (1855–88). Caring little for private practice, Smith gave both time and thought to the welfare of the newly founded St. Mary's Hospital and its medical school. He died at his house, 92 Oxford Terrace, W., on 29 November 1901. His library, rich in medical works of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as well as in editions of Thomas a Kempis and of Izaak Walton's The Compleat Angler, was sold by Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge on 14, 15, and 16 Nov. 1878, and on 17 and 18 June 1897. He married (1) Elizabeth Mortlock, daughter of John Sturges, by whom he had a son and a daughter; and (2) Louisa Theophila, daughter of the Rev. Gibson Lucas.
Smith translated from the German, for the Sydenham Society, Dr. Theodor Schwann's 'Microscopical Researches into the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants' (1847) and Dr. M. J. Schleiden's 'Contributions to Phytogenesis' (in the same volume). These translations gave an impetus in this country to the microscopic study of the tissues.
# Crown of Augustus II the Strong

The Crown of Augustus II was intended for his coronation as a King of Poland. The crown was made in 1697 by Freiburg's goldsmith Johann Friedrich Klemm. It was not used, however. The Augustus II's crown is kept in Dresden Armory (Rüstkammer) in Dresden, Germany.

## History

Due to a double election of François Louis, Prince of Conti and the Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony (elected King of Poland as Augustus II) in 1697, the two claimants to the Polish throne had serious troubles with obtaining approval of the nobility for their coronation. The most difficult situation was of Elector of Saxony, who had no support of the primate Michał Stefan Radziejowski and most of the senators holding the custody of the Wawel Castle Crown Treasury. Therefore, expecting obstacles in obtaining the royal insignia, he ordered to prepare replacements before his arrival to Kraków. On the eve of the ceremony, some of the gathered decided to find a way to obtain the original regalia. Two monks Aleksander Wyhowski, prior of Czerwińsk and Mikołaj Wyżycki, prior of the Holy Cross made a hole in the castle's wall and got to the vault from which they stole the crown, scepter, sword and orb. The Dresden regalia become unnecessary, Augustus II the Strong, however, treated them as a private insignia.
Crown of Augustus II the Strong is made of gilded silver and decorated with colorful enamel and semi-precious stones.
# Richard Anthony Stafford

Richard Anthony Stafford (1801 – 15 January 1854) was an English surgeon.

## Biography

Stafford was third son of Egerton Stafford, rector of Chalcombe and of Thenford in Northamptonshire, was born at Cropredy, Oxfordshire, in 1801. Through his mother he was one of the next of kin to William of Wykeham. Stafford was educated privately, and was then apprenticed to two noted practitioners of Cirencester, Lawrence and Warner, the former being father of the great surgeon, Sir William Lawrence. He came to London in 1820, and entered St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Here he soon attracted the notice of John Abernethy, who appointed him his house-surgeon for 1823–4. He was admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1824. He then went abroad and spent a year in Paris. He returned to London in 1826, and commenced to practise as a surgeon. The Jacksonian prize was awarded to him in this year for his essay ‘On Spina Bifida, and Injuries and Diseases of the Spine and the Medulla Spinalis.’ He was elected senior surgeon to the St. Marylebone infirmary in 1831, and was subsequently appointed surgeon-extraordinary to H.R.H. the duke of Cambridge. At the Royal College of Surgeons of England he was elected one of the first fellows in 1843, and he was made a member of its council in 1848, though he was soon obliged to retire on account of ill-health. He was elected Hunterian orator for 1851, and prepared an oration which was printed in the same year. He was too ill to deliver it, and he died unmarried on 15 January 1854, at 28 Old Burlington Street.
There is a half-length portrait of Stafford, painted by William Salter and engraved by John Cochran. A copy of the engraving is prefixed to Pettigrew's memoir.
Stafford was a skilful surgeon, whose work was always conducted upon the legitimate basis of an accurate anatomical knowledge. He was a voluminous writer upon subjects of professional interest. He published
* ‘A Series of Observations on Strictures of the Urethra,’ London, 8vo, 1828.
* ‘Further Observations on Lancetted Stylettes,’ London, 8vo, 1829; 3rd edit. 1836.
* ‘A Treatise on Injuries … of the Spine, founded on the Jacksonian Prize Essay for 1826,’ London, 8vo, 1832.
* ‘On Perforation of Strictures of the Urethra,’ London, 8vo, 1834.
* ‘An Essay on the Treatment of some Affections of the Prostate Gland,’ London, 8vo, 1840; 2nd edit. 1845.
* ‘On Treatment of Hæmorrhoids,’ 8vo, 1853.
# John Stevenson (surgeon)

John Stevenson (1778–1846?) was an English surgeon.

## Biography

Stevenson was the son of Joseph and Deborah Stevenson. He was baptised at Kegworth on the borders of Leicestershire and Derbyshire, on 13 March 1778. He was educated privately, and was apprenticed to his father, a surgeon, at the age of sixteen. Three years later he was sent to the united hospitals (St. Thomas's and Guy's) in the Borough, where he stayed until 1800. It is probable that his medical studies were much interrupted by ill-health, for he was not admitted a member of the College of Surgeons of England until 20 November 1807. On account of his ill-health he determined to devote himself to the ophthalmic side of surgery. After studying for some time under John Cunningham Saunders, the oculist, he settled in or near Nottingham. The death of Saunders in 1810 led Stevenson to return to London, where he commenced to practise.
In 1813 he was oculist and aurist to the Princess of Wales, and to Leopold, duke of Saxe-Coburg; he was then living in Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury. He delivered the anniversary oration at the Medical Society of London in March 1817, taking as his subject the treatment of gutta serena. He founded in 1830, at 13 Little Portland Street, Cavendish Square, ‘The Royal Infirmary for Cataract,’ and he was soon afterwards appointed oculist and aurist to William IV. In 1841 he became oculist and aurist to Leopold I, king of the Belgians, and in 1844 he was living in Conduit Street and at Norwood Park, Middlesex. All trace of him is lost after this year.
Stevenson undertook to operate upon cases of cataract at an earlier period than was thought advisable by other surgeons, and his infirmary was founded with the express design of carrying out his mode of treatment.
His works are:
* ‘On the Morbid Sensibility of the Eye, commonly called Weakness of Sight,’ London, 1810, 8vo; reprinted at Hartford, America, 1815; 3rd edit., London, 1819; 4th edit. 1841.
* ‘A Practical Treatise on Cataract,’ London 1813, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1814; a new edit. 1824, and again in 1834; 5th edit. 1839, 12mo; 7th edit. 1843.
* ‘On the Nature of … Gutta Serena,’ London, 1821, 8vo; an expansion of his anniversary address delivered at the Medical Society in 1817.
* ‘Deafness, its Causes, Prevention, and Cure,’ London 1828, 8vo; 7th edit. 1842.
* ‘On Throat Deafness,’ London, 12mo; 4th edit. 1843.
# Ed Faron

Edward Anthony Faron (born November 9, 1947) is an American author and a breeder of pit bulls for dog fighting. He is generally regarded in the United States as the Godfather of dog fighting.
Ed Faron was born in Ohio and trained dogs after returning from serving in the Vietnam War in 1970. He started breeding pit bull dogs in 1987. In 1995 he co-authored the book The Complete Gamedog: A Guide to Breeding and Raising the American Pit Bull Terrier. In 1996 Ed Faron moved to Millers Creek, North Carolina to create Wildside Kennels.
In 2008 Ed Faron was indicted for a running a dog fighting operation called Wildside Kennels, which was based in Wilkes County, North Carolina. In 2009, he pleaded guilty to dog fighting and received a 10-month prison sentence plus probation time. Faron had previously been convicted for dog fighting in 1989.
127 pit bulls were seized in the 2008 raid, to be euthanized.
# Sally McRorie

Sally Elaine McRorie is an American psychologist and painter. She is the provost and executive vice president for academic affairs at Florida State University and president of the National Association of Schools of Art and Design.

## Early life and education

McRorie was raised in North Carolina and spent her summers on the beaches of Emerald Isle, North Carolina. She attended JH Rose High School where she received a Gold Key as a top-rated artist at the Sholastic Art Awards. Upon graduating from high school, she enrolled at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke and graduated in 1976. Following her undergraduate degree, McRorie spent one year teaching elementary school before being accepted into East Tennessee State University's Art Master's degree program. McRorie completed her education upon earning her PhD at the University of Kansas in 1985.

## Career

Upon graduating from the University of Kansas, McRorie found work as an art educator at Purdue University's Department of Creative Arts. In 1988, after two years at the institution, she was the recipient of two honors from the Art Education Association of Indiana: Indiana Higher Education Art Educator of the Year and Indiana Art Educator of the Year. As an assistant professor in the department, McRorie received the Mary J. Rouse Award from the National Art Education Association as "a young art educator who has demonstrated excellence in teaching, scholarship and leadership."
McRorie eventually left Purdue in 1994 to become the Co-director of Florida Institute for Art Education and Chair and Professor of Art Education at Florida State University (FSU). While serving as chairwoman of Florida State University's art education department, she was promoted to dean of FSU's School of Visual Arts and Dance in 2002. In this role, she oversaw the establishment of the College of Visual Arts, Theatre and Dance, with the inclusion of the School of Theatre and the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art. From 2004 until 2012, McRorie was appointed Dean of the College of Fine Arts where she oversaw the college's 100 faculty member and 250 staff. In her final year as Dean, she was named vice president for Faculty Development and Advancement by Florida State University Provost and Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs Garnett S. Stokes. As vice president, McRorie was expected to oversee faculty development activities, the promotion and tenure process, and all curricular matters in consultation with the Faculty Senate.
Following the departure of Eric J. Barron, McRorie was named interim provost through the conclusion of the presidential search process. She was eventually selected as the university's provost and executive vice president for academic affairs following a national search. During the COVID-19 pandemic, McRorie was selected to leadership positions of two academic boards: president of the National Association of Schools of Art and Design and as chair of the Faculty Advisory Board for the University Press of Florida.

## Personal life

McRorie married Jerry Lee Hagaman in 1978 and the two divorced in 1992.
# Lubiana

Lubiana may refer to:
* Ljubljana
* Lubiana, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
* Łubiana
# Conservative Party of Delaware

The Conservative Party of Delaware is a ballot qualified political party in the US State of Delaware. Despite having no formal organization and leadership, the party managed to become a designated minor political party in 2021 due to 0.10% of all Delaware voters having list their political party as "Conservative". It was revived in 2024 by Libertarian activist Will McVay.

## History
### 2009-2024

In 2009, the Conservative Party had a website with a mailing address in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It was affiliated with the Conservative Party USA and had no formal leadership.

### Revival and 2024 campaign

Will McVay managed to re-organize the Conservative Party in 2024. The party nominated Vermin Supreme of the Pirate Party for President of the United States and comedian Jonathan Realz for Vice President of the United States. It also gave it's ballot line to Jon Roe, a candidate for District two in the Delaware State Senate. Roe is the only third-party candidate for the Delaware legislature in 2024.

## Presidential nominees

| Year | Nominees | Nominees | Performance | Performance | Performance | Performance | Performance | Ref |
| Year | President | Vice President | Votes | Percentage | ±% | Electoral votes | Ballot access | Ref |
| 2024 | Vermin Supreme | Jonathan Realz | 914 | 0.18% | N/A | 0 | DE | |
# Stacy (zouk singer)

Stacy is a zouk singer from Martinique and Guyana who sings in French and Creole.

## Biography

She grew up in the grew up in the Volga-plage and Baie des Tourelles neighbourhoods in Fort-de-France, Martinique. Her father is also a zouk singer.

### Career

Her first single recorded with Dj Creeks MX, Et sans toi was a hit, charting at number 1 in the French West Indies and Guyana in 2014; its official video has been viewed over 10 million times on YouTube.
She has made appearances on television including France 24, in the programme Le Paris des Arts en Martinique and at the Olympia Hall.
Stacy was nominated for Best New International Act at the BET awards in 2020. At the Soul Train Music Awards later that year, she performed in Creole as Soul Cypher, where guests show their talent by freestyling over an instrumental track.
Stacy has recently moved from releasing singles to creating an album with her new label, Aztec Musique, the same label who signed Edith Lefel. As of March 2022, her track Fwisson has had nearly four million views on YouTube. It inspired a number of lipsync videos; Stacy has said in an interview that she is pleased to see her work and language resonate and become better known in this way, defying an expectation that Creole language music cannot be exported from the Caribbean.

### Album

2020 Sous ma plume (Aztec Musique)
# ABCA12

ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 12 also known as ATP-binding cassette transporter 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCA12 gene.
ABCA12 belongs to a group of genes called the ATP-binding cassette family, which makes proteins that transport molecules across cell membranes. The ABCA12 gene is active in some types of skin cells and in several other tissues, such as testis, placenta, lung, stomach, and fetal brain and liver. This protein appears to be essential for normal development of the skin, which provides a barrier between the body and its surrounding environment. It transports epidermoside, a glucosylceramide, out of the keratinocytes of the stratum corneum of the epidermis.
The ABCA12 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 2 between positions 34 and 35, from base pair 215,621,772 to base pair 215,828,656.

## Clinical significance
### Harlequin-type ichthyosis

Several mutations in the ABCA12 gene are known to cause harlequin-type ichthyosis. Most of these mutations are predicted to lead to an absence of ABCA12 protein or the production of an extremely small version of the protein that cannot transport lipids properly. A loss of functional ABCA12 protein causes numerous problems with the development of the epidermis before and after birth. Abnormalities in lipid transport prevent the skin from forming an effective barrier and result in the hard, thick scales characteristic of harlequin ichthyosis.

### Lamellar ichthyosis type 2

Mutations in the ABCA12 gene also cause another severe skin disorder, lamellar ichthyosis type 2. People with this disorder have red, scaly, plate-like skin covering most of their bodies. The ABCA12 mutations that cause this disorder substitute one amino acid (a building block of proteins) for another amino acid in the ABCA12 protein. These mutations almost always occur in an important functional region of the protein (the region that binds to ATP, a molecule that supplies energy for chemical reactions). Changes in the structure of the ABCA12 protein likely disrupt its ability to transport lipids, which affects the development of skin before and after birth.
# Paul Moder

Paul Moder (1 October 1896 in Neheim – 8 February 1942) was a German NSDAP politician, a captain in the Freikorps and the SS and Police Leader in Warsaw from November 1939 to July 1941. Transferred to the Waffen SS, he served with the SS-Totenkopf Division and died in action on the eastern front at the Demyansk Pocket.
# Empis grisea

Empis grisea is a species of fly in the family Empididae. It is included in the subgenus Leptempis. It is found in the Palearctic.
# New Conservative Group

The New Conservative Group (also known as the New Conservatives) was a short-lived Australian political party registered in the Australian Capital Territory. It was founded in November 1991 by Robyn Nolan, a former Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly, who had resigned from that party the previous month. Nolan had not long before been told that she would not be given a winnable position on the Liberal ticket for the forthcoming 1992 election after a round of bloodletting caused by Liberal leader Trevor Kaine reasserting control over the party.
Nolan had an interest in continuing in the Assembly, however, and founded the New Conservative Group as an alternative conservative party to enable her to do this. The party subsequently ran a four-person ticket at the 1992 election. Despite Nolan's status as a sitting MP, the party polled badly, finishing ninth overall with only 1.2% of the vote. In the aftermath of the poor election performance, and failure to even hold their only seat in the Assembly, the party disbanded, with Nolan and the other candidates bowing out of politics before the 1995 election.