# Charles Sargeant Jagger

Charles Sargeant Jagger MC ARA (17 December 1885 – 16 November 1934) was a British sculptor who, following active service in the First World War, sculpted many works on the theme of war. He is best known for his war memorials, especially the Royal Artillery Memorial at Hyde Park Corner and the Great Western Railway War Memorial in Paddington Railway Station. He also designed several other monuments around Britain and other parts of the world.

## Biography

Charles Sargeant Jagger was the son of a colliery manager, and was educated at Sheffield Royal Grammar School. At age 14 he became an apprentice metal engraver with the Sheffield firm Mappin & Webb.
He studied at the Sheffield School of Art before moving to London to study sculpture at the Royal College of Art (1908–11) under Édouard Lantéri. Jagger worked as Lanteri's assistant, and also as instructor in modelling at the Lambeth School of Art. He counted among his friends William Reid Dick and William McMillan. Jagger's early works dealt with classical and literary themes and were influenced by the New Sculpture movement in the focus on medievalism and on surface qualities. His student work won him a travelling scholarship that made it possible for him to spend several months in Rome and Venice. In 1914 he won the British Prix de Rome.
Both his elder sister, Edith, and his younger brother, David, were painters.

## Military service

When war broke out in 1914, Jagger gave up his Rome scholarship to join the army. At first, Jagger joined the Artists' Rifles, and in 1915 he was commissioned in the Worcestershire Regiment. Jagger served in Gallipoli and on the Western Front, and was wounded three times. He was awarded the Military Cross for gallantry.

## Work as a sculptor

Jagger's style tended towards realism, especially his portrayal of soldiers. The fashion at the time was for idealism and modernism in sculpture, but Jagger's figures were rugged and workman-like, earning him a reputation for 'realist' sculpture. Although Jagger was commissioned as a sculptor of a variety of monuments, it is for his war memorials that he is chiefly remembered.
Whilst convalescing from war wounds in 1919, he began work on No Man's Land, a low relief which is today part of the Tate Collection. It depicts a "listening post", a technique of trench warfare in which a soldier would hide among the corpses, broken stretchers and barbed wire of No Man's Land, in order to listen for the enemy.
His Royal Artillery Memorial (1921–25) at Hyde Park Corner in London is one of his best-known works. It features a giant sculpture of a howitzer surrounded by four bronze soldiers and stone relief scenes, and is dedicated to casualties in the British Royal Regiment of Artillery in World War I. When Jagger was commissioned to work on the Royal Artillery Memorial, he remarked to the Daily Express the "experience in the trenches persuaded me of the necessity for frankness and truth".
Monumental works of the period used symbolic figures rather than actual depictions of soldiers. Furthermore, during the war years, a government edict had banned images of dead British soldiers. Jagger defied both these conventions by creating realistic bronze figures of three standing soldiers and the body of a dead soldier laid out and shrouded by a greatcoat. The Gunner became the inspiration for a hero in the children's fantasy novel Stoneheart by Charlie Fletcher.
Jagger was made an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1926.
After the demand for war memorials had subsided, Jagger continued to receive important commissions and his works were increasingly influenced by Art Deco. Some of his works include allegorical stone figures at Imperial Chemical House, London (1928) and The Kelham Rood (1929).
In 1931 Jagger was commissioned by architect Edwin Lutyens to design a sculpture of Christ the King for the designs for Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral. The sculpture was never executed because Lutyens' design was extremely costly and funding for the building work ran out. A model of Lutyens' unrealised building is displayed in the Walker Art Gallery. Jagger was also commissioned to provide sculptures of elephants and imperial lions for Lutyens' government buildings in New Delhi, India.
Jagger produced many smaller works, such as busts, statuettes, reliefs, and exhibited them at the Royal Academy in 1913–34, his work continued to be exhibited posthumously, including at the Glasgow Empire Exhibition in 1938.
Charles Sargeant Jagger died suddenly from pneumonia on 16 November 1934. He was in the process of finishing a statue of George V for New Delhi at his death, and work on it was completed by William Reid Dick. A documentary about Jagger's work and featuring this statue of George V was in the process of being filmed by Pathe. This was edited into a short two-minute filmic obituary which was released under the title An Unfinished Symphony in Stone.
A touring memorial exhibition was organised by two of his chief patrons in 1935–36 (Freda, Lady Forres and Henry Mond, 2nd Baron Melchett). Two years later a second touring exhibition was arranged called Art of the Jagger Family, which featured sculptures by Charles Sargeant Jagger together with portraits by his brother, David (also highly successful), and landscapes and flower subjects by his sister, Edith. Thereafter his reputation declined until 1985–86 when a large retrospective exhibition entitled War and Peace Sculpture was held at the Imperial War Museum, with the Mappin Art Gallery, Sheffield.
A blue plaque was unveiled in his home village, Kilnhurst by the Rotherham District Civic Society in October 2018. A similar plaque was unveiled in 2000 at his London home, 67 Albert Bridge Road, Battersea.

## Selected works

Jagger's major commissions include the following:
London, United Kingdom :
| Work | Date | Image | Description | Location | Notes |
| No Man's Land | 1919–20 | | Bronze relief of a soldier hiding among the dead bodies, broken stretchers and barbed wire of No Man's Land at 'listening post'. | Victoria & Albert Museum | Original plaster had a verse: "O, little mighty band that stood for England That with our bodies for a living shield Guarded her slow awakening" (removed in the bronze). On loan from the Tate Collection |
| Great Western Railway War Memorial | 1922 | | Bronze statue of a soldier reading a letter from home | Platform 1, Paddington Station | To commemorate the founding of the Army Post Office Corps in 1882, its successor the Royal Engineers (Postal & Courier Services), commissioned Jill Tweed and Mike Smith to sculpt a life-size statue of Jagger's Great Western Railway War Memorial. The statue entitled Letter from Home was unveiled at Inglis Barracks, Mill Hill, London on 16 July 1982 by Queen Elizabeth II. In 2007 the statue was moved to RAF Northolt. |
| Royal Artillery Memorial | 1925 | | Four bronze figures on Portland stone plinth | Hyde Park Corner | |
| Ernest Henry Shackleton | 1927–32 | | Bronze figure mounted in wall alcove | Royal Geographical Society | The Ernest H. Shackleton Monument (The Victorian Web) |
| The Builder, Marine Transport, Agriculture and Chemistry | 1928 | | Portland stone figure groups on 5th floor balustrade | Imperial Chemical House, Millbank | |
| St. George and Britannia | 1928 | | Portland stone figures on entrance gate | Thames House, Millbank | |
| The Kelham Rood | 1929 | | Bronze Crucifixion triptych group of Christ, Mary and Mary Magdalen | St John the Divine, Kennington | Originally sculpted for the chapel at Kelham Hall, Nottinghamshire |
| The Scandal Relief | 1930 | | Bronze Art Deco relief of embracing figures with accompanying fire basket | Victoria & Albert Museum | Private commission from Henry Mond, 2nd Baron Melchett for the interior of Mulberry House, Smith Square, Westminster purchased by the museum for £106,000 |
| United Kingdom outside London ||||||
| Work | Date | Image | Description | Location | Notes |
| Torfrida | c.1911 | Torfrida | Praying female figure | Clifton Park Museum, Rotherham | Torfrida (The Victorian Web) |
| Guildhall Square Cenotaph | 1921 | | Two stone statues of machine gunners (Vickers and Lewis guns) | Guildhall Square, Portsmouth | |
| Sculpture of a Sentry | 1921 | | Bronze soldier wearing greatcoat and helmet, holding a bayonet | Watts Warehouse (now the Britannia Hotel), Manchester | A maquette of the Manchester Sentry can also be seen at the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool |
| Bedford War Memorial | 1921 | | Stone figure of the Anglo Saxon Lady Athelflaed, ruler of Mercia, vanquishing a dragon | Bedford | The monument stands on the Embankment opposite Rothsay Gardens |
| Hoylake and West Kirby War Memorial | 1922 | | Two 3m bronze figures against an 11.5m granite obelisk - hooded woman and infantry soldier holding a bayonet rifle | Grange Hill, Hoylake, Merseyside | The soldier's bayonet has been removed due to previous vandalism, but is reinstated annually for the Armistice Day Memorial Service. |
| Brimington War Memorial | 1921 | | Marble Britannia figure, winged helmet, sword and shield; shield decorated with lion, scales and wreath | Church of St Michael and All Angels, Brimington, Derbyshire | The figure originally stood on a plinth which was later stolen |
| Monument to Charles Pelham, Lord Worsley | 1914 | | Marble relief of Lord Worsley kneeling at prayer | All Saints Church, Brocklesby, Lincolnshire | Monument is in the 17th century style to complement the adjacent Pelham family tomb of 1629 |
| Christ the King | 1931 | | Maquette for Lutyens' model of his proposal for Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral | Liverpool | Commissioned by Sir Edwin Lutyens and intended for the top of the west front; not executed, but several posthumous metal casts exist. Lutyens' model is at the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool |
| Worldwide ||||||
| Work | Date | Image | Description | Location | Notes |
| Anglo-Belgian Memorial | 1923 | | Sculptures of a British and Belgian soldier side by side with reliefs either side | Brussels, Belgium | Casts of the reliefs are held at the Imperial War Museum, London |
| Nieuport Memorial | 1928 | | Three stone lions standing guard around a cenotaph | Nieuwpoort, Belgium | Memorial commemorates 566 soldiers from the Antwerp Expedition of October 1914 and subsequent battles in the area in July 1917. |
| Cambrai Memorial | 1928 | | Two stone reliefs depicting soldiers fighting and carrying the wounded in the trenches | Louverval Military Cemetery, Cambrai, France | Memorial commemorates over 7000 servicemen of the United Kingdom and South Africa who died in the Battle of Cambrai in November and December 1917 |
| Port Tewfik Memorial | 1926 | | Two crouching tiger sculptures guarded the memorial | Originally at Port Tewfik (or Port Taufiq), Suez Canal, Egypt | Jagger's work was destroyed in the Israeli-Egyptian fighting (date uncertain); the memorial was relocated to the Heliopolis War Cemetery. |
| Shrine of Remembrance | 1927–34 | | Two bronze soldiers - Driver holding a horse bridle, and British infantry soldier standing guard with rifle and bayonet. | Melbourne, Australia | The "Wipers" figure is a re-casting of the soldier from the Hoylake and West Kirby memorial, and the "Driver" is a re-casting from the Royal Artillery Memorial in London. |
| Viceroy's House and the Jaipur Column | 1929 | | Mughal-style Elephants in the outer walls; bas-reliefs on the Jaipur Column | New Delhi, India | Commissioned by Sir Edwin Lutyens |
| Lord Reading statue | 1920s | | Statue of Lord Reading, Viceroy of India (1921-1926). | Reading, England | One of the statues commissioned from Jagger by Lutyens for New Delhi, later moved to Eldon Square gardens in Reading in 1971. |
| Lord Hardinge statue | 1928 | | Statue of Lord Hardinge of Penshurst, Viceroy of India (1910-1916). | New Delhi, India | One of the statues commissioned from Jagger by Lutyens for New Delhi, later moved to Coronation Park. |
| George V statue | 1936 | | Large statue of King George V wearing his robes for the Delhi Durbar of 1911 | New Delhi, India | Unfinished at the time of Jagger's death in 1934, this statue was completed by William Reid Dick and was originally erected in 1936 under a Lutyens-designed canopy at the India Gate arch. It was moved in 1968 to Coronation Park. |