# Jinju

Jinju (Korean: 진주; Korean pronunciation:) is a city in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It was the location of the first (1592) and second (1593) Sieges of Jinju by Japanese forces during the Imjin War. The Republic of Korea Air Force Education and Training Command is located in the eastern part of the city. There are cultural-historical tourist attractions in Jinju such as Jinju Fortress, the Jinju National Museum, and the Nam-gang Prehistoric Site Museum.

## History

Jinju was an ancient city of Goryeonggaya in the Gaya Era. This city was called 'Geoyeolseong' of Baekje during the Three Kingdom Era, and was called 'Geoyeolju', 'Cheongju', and 'Gangju' during the Unified Silla Era. Name of this city was changed into 'Jinju' for the first time in 940, the 23rd year of King Taejo of the Goryeo Dynasty. It became 'Jinju-mok', one of 12 moks (local administrative units in Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty) in the 2nd year of King Seongjong (983).
The second siege of Jinju during the Japanese invasion of Korea ended in the massacre of the entire garrison and a substantial portion of the population. Korean accounts mention that the death toll at Jinju was 60,000. According to Japanese accounts, they had sent 20,000 heads back to Japan after their victory.
In the 33rd year of King Gojong of the Joseon Dynasty (1896), administrative district of the nation was reorganized with 13 provinces. At that time Jinju began to belong to Gyeongsangnam-do, and became capital town of Gyeongsangnam-do. And provincial governor started to reside in Jinju. On April 1, 1925, Busan replaced Jinju as provincial capital.
On August 15, 1948, the government of the Republic of Korea was established and 'the local self-government system' was started. At that time, Jinju-bu was raised to Jinju-si (city) and started to have mayor of the city. On January 1, 1995, in accordance with 'the Law pertaining to the establishment of Urban-Rural Integrated City', Jinju-si and Jinyang-gun became extinct and were merged into one integrated Jinju-si (city).

## Culture and festivals

There are cultural events held in Jinju every year. Among these are the Jinju Namgang Lantern Festival which is held in October for approximately ten days. This nationally designated cultural tourism festival, found only in Jinju, features a spectacle of lanterns floating on the Nam River to commemorate the patriotic spirit of the 70,000 militia corps and government troops who died for their country defending Jinju from the Japanese forces during the Imjin War (1592–1598). Other major festivals include: the Nongae Festival, the Korea Drama Festival, the Gaecheon Arts Festival and the Jinju National Bullfighting Contest.
The Nongae Festival, held in May each year commemorates and celebrates the sacrifice of the patriotic gisaeng (professional Korean entertainer) Nongae's suicide-assassination of a Japanese general together with the 70,000 Koreans who lost their lives in the battle of Jinju Castle during the Imjin War. The festival features an emotional reenactment of Nongae's suicidal drowning of a Japanese general from uiam bawi (righteous rock) below Chokseongnu (Jinju castle pavilion) on the banks of the Nam River.
Gaecheon Arts Festival is annually held from October 3 to 10 and the entire city turns to the streets for celebration at Korea's first provincial culture art festival, which awakens the artistic spirit of the Korean people. The festival falls around Gaecheonjeol (National Foundation Day) and is widely regarded as one of Korea's finest.
The Jinju National Bullfighting Contest is recognized as Korea's oldest bullfighting event and spectators can witness a test of strength at this bullfighting contest held at a purpose-built traditional Korean sports arena near Jinyang lake.
The 2023 Asian Weightlifting Championships was held in Jinju.

## Population

At just over a third of a million, Jinju is a relatively small city by Korean standards. The annual growth of the population is 0.4% since 1995. People between the ages of 20 and 29 represent 17.5% of the city's total population, and justify the city's long-standing reputation as an educational city. The senior population (65 years or older), representing 7.6% of the city's total population, is higher than the provincial average (6.8%).

## Local personality

Gang Se-hwang (son of Kang Hyeon), a high ranking government official and representative painter, calligrapher and art critic, was born here in 1713.

## Jinju cuisine

Jinju has a number of distinctive local delicacies which reflect the tastes of Jinju people. Perhaps most celebrated is Jinju bibimbap, which distinguishes itself from the common Korean rice and vegetable dish by its use of yukhoe, made with raw beef and generous amounts of sesame oil. Also famous is Namgang (Nam River) grilled eel (minmul jangeo), which is caught locally and served in any one of the numerous restaurants overlooking the Nam River. Enjoying their food spicy, Jinjuites have also perfected a spicey pepper (ttaengcho) version of the popular Korean side dish pajeon (scallion pancake) known by its colloquial name jijimi. This is best enjoyed with a bowl of local rice wine makkeolli.
Cheonhwang Sikdang, founded here in 1927, is among the oldest active restaurants in South Korea.

## Silk industry

Since ancient days, silk processed in Jinju has been known for its superior quality, which is a result of the combination of natural resources (such as clean water of Mt. Jirisan and so on) and human resources. Silk factories in Jinju annually produce around 70% of the nation's production. Jinju silk has a soft, refined feeling and elegant colors because of superior dyeing techniques.

## Education

Jinju is an educational city and home to Gyeongsang National University and Chinju National University of Education, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology. It is also home to International University of Korea, catering mostly to foreign students. It also has a number of community colleges that serve the local area. Jinju's high schools offer high quality education and have a wide catchment area, reaching beyond the city limits to attract students from surrounding towns such as Sacheon, Hadong, and Sancheong.
Universities
| Public | Private |
| Gyeongsang National University | International University of Korea |
| Chinju National University of Education | Yonam Institute of Technology |
| Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology | Jinju Health College |
| Korea Polytechnic VII—Jinju Campus | |

## Economy and business

Jinju was named as one of several 'enterprise cities' by the South Korean government which had supported Jinju as a hub of bio-industrial technological innovation since December 2000. The government provided 5 billion won in support from 2000 to 2004 for biological and chemical material industries. There are 618 manufacturing companies (11,806 employees), 1 local industrial complex and 4 rural industrial complexes as part of an integrated urban and rural city. Jinju Hyeoksin Dosi (New Innovation City) established by President Roh Moo-hyun with headquarters of vast LH Corporation (State-run Land & Housing corp Toji Jutaek gongsa) and Namdong Thermal Power. Namdong Thermal Power is one of 5 thermal power subsidiaries: Nambu (Southern) Thermal in Busan, Dongseo Thermal in Ulsan, Seobu (Western) in Taean, Jungbu (Central) in Boryeong, Chungnam of Korea Monopoly Utility Co. of the giant Kepco in Naju of Gwangju metro head office.

## Transportation

The main highway in Jinju is National Highway 10 or Namhae Expressway.
The closest airports to Jinju are Sacheon Airport (domestic) and Gimhae International Airport.
Jinju is served by passenger rail service at Jinju Station along the Gyeongjeon Line.

## Climate

Climate data for Jinju (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1969–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.5 (63.5) | 23.3 (73.9) | 24.0 (75.2) | 29.0 (84.2) | 37.0 (98.6) | 35.1 (95.2) | 38.9 (102.0) | 37.5 (99.5) | 35.8 (96.4) | 30.2 (86.4) | 27.0 (80.6) | 19.6 (67.3) | 38.9 (102.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) | 9.6 (49.3) | 14.2 (57.6) | 19.9 (67.8) | 24.6 (76.3) | 27.4 (81.3) | 29.6 (85.3) | 30.6 (87.1) | 26.9 (80.4) | 22.3 (72.1) | 15.6 (60.1) | 9.2 (48.6) | 19.8 (67.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) | 2.6 (36.7) | 7.3 (45.1) | 12.9 (55.2) | 18.0 (64.4) | 21.8 (71.2) | 25.3 (77.5) | 25.9 (78.6) | 21.4 (70.5) | 15.0 (59.0) | 8.2 (46.8) | 2.1 (35.8) | 13.4 (56.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.5 (22.1) | −3.7 (25.3) | 0.6 (33.1) | 6.0 (42.8) | 11.6 (52.9) | 17.2 (63.0) | 21.9 (71.4) | 22.2 (72.0) | 16.7 (62.1) | 8.9 (48.0) | 2.0 (35.6) | −3.8 (25.2) | 7.8 (46.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −15.9 (3.4) | −14.3 (6.3) | −10.4 (13.3) | −4.2 (24.4) | 1.6 (34.9) | 8.0 (46.4) | 13.3 (55.9) | 12.1 (53.8) | 5.9 (42.6) | −2.7 (27.1) | −8.0 (17.6) | −13.9 (7.0) | −15.9 (3.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 28.0 (1.10) | 45.6 (1.80) | 77.6 (3.06) | 126.4 (4.98) | 137.3 (5.41) | 174.3 (6.86) | 312.2 (12.29) | 296.8 (11.69) | 180.7 (7.11) | 68.3 (2.69) | 44.7 (1.76) | 26.1 (1.03) | 1,518 (59.76) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 4.5 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 8.9 | 9.2 | 10.5 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 9.8 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 4.3 | 98.7 |
| Average snowy days | 2.8 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 7.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 58.1 | 56.5 | 58.9 | 61.5 | 66.5 | 73.4 | 80.1 | 78.4 | 75.6 | 71.1 | 67.9 | 61.4 | 67.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 194.6 | 191.0 | 210.5 | 215.0 | 225.8 | 169.4 | 155.0 | 173.7 | 167.3 | 210.7 | 184.6 | 194.9 | 2,292.5 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 61.3 | 59.3 | 52.9 | 52.7 | 48.0 | 36.7 | 34.1 | 39.9 | 42.8 | 56.8 | 56.2 | 62.4 | 49.1 |
| Source: Korea Meteorological Administration (snow and percent sunshine 1981–2010) ||||||||||||||

## Twin towns – sister cities

Jinju is twinned with:
* Eugene, Oregon, United States (1961)
* Kitami, Japan (1985)
* Winnipeg, Canada (1992)
* Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (2016)

### Friendship cities

* Kyoto, Japan (1999)
* Matsue, Japan (1999)
* Omsk, Russia (2007)
* Zhengzhou, Henan, China (2000)

## Gallery

* Jinju Fortress
* Jinju Namgang Yudeung Festival
* Jinju geommu
* Jinju pogurakmu
* Jinju at night

## Notable people

* Non-Gae — notable gisaeng who jumped off a cliff into a river with Keyamura Rokusake resulting in both of their deaths. (Originally from Jangsu County, North Jeolla Province)
* Yoo Yeon-seok — actor.
* Kang Ho-dong — host, comedian, former Korean traditional wrestler.
* Go A-ra — actress, model.
* Jung So-min — actress.
* ASTRO Rocky (Park Min-hyuk, 박민혁) — idol.
* Ateez Seonghwa (Park Seong-hwa, 박성화) — idol.
* Ateez San (Choi San, 최산) — idol, born in Jinju, raised in Namhae.
* GreatGuys Horyeong (Jeong Yeong-ki, 정영기) — idol.