OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Manuel Ribeiro Pardal

Manuel Ribeiro Pardal (died 1671), also known as Manuel Rivero Pardal or Pardel, was a 17th-century Portuguese privateer in Spanish service during the late 1660s and early 1670s.

## Biography

Pardal was originally hired by the Spanish to attack English bases in the Caribbean following Captain Henry Morgan's raid on Puerto Bello in 1668. Although it was anticipated that he would take on Morgan himself, Pardal instead attacked the turtle-hunting settlement on Little Cayman in 1669. Flying under false colors with a fleet of five ships, Pardal's 200-man force landed on the beach, burned homes and turtle sloops and captured the Jamaican ship Hopewell. Before leaving for Cuba, Pardal reportedly took two sloops and several prisoners with him.
While in Cuba, he encountered Dutch pirate Bernard Speirdyke and later captured his ship. Upon Pardal's return to Cartagena, Colombia, in 1671, a festival was held in his honor, and he was appointed "Admiral of the Corsairs" by the governor. During that same year, he sailed with his flagship, the San Pedro, and a captured a French frigate, seizing another sloop and attacking remote villages on the northern Jamaican coastline. According to popular lore, he wrote a poem issuing a challenge to Captain Henry Morgan, which was written on sailcloth and hung on a tree at Point Negril:
    "I come to seek General Morgan with two shippes of twenty guns and, having seen this, I crave he would come out upon ye coast to seeke mee, that hee might see ye valour of ye Spanish."
The authorities in Jamaica became alarmed, to the extent that Governor Thomas Modyford authorized Captain Morgan to defend Port Royal against Pardal. However, Morgan instead used that an excuse to assemble a fleet to launch his now-famous raid on Panama, despite the peace agreement between England and Spain following the signing of the Treaty of Madrid.
Pardal was eventually killed, and his flagship San Pedro y Fama captured, off the north coast of Cuba, in battle against Captain John Morris, a lieutenant of Captain Morgan.
# Schoenus submarginalis

Schoenus submarginalis is a species of sedge endemic to the mountains of the Western and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa.

## Description

The key diagnostic character of S. submarginalis are its relatively narrow (<1.2 mm) and short (<4.2 mm) spikelets. In addition, S. submarginalis has small reddish-purple streaks adjacent to its glume margins.
Schoenus exilis, Schoenus ligulatus and Schoenus quartziticus also have narrow spikelets, but these species do not hyaline glume margins with adjacent reddish-purple streaks. In addition, these three species tend to have either linear-lanceolate or narrow lanceolate spikelets, compared to the wider spikelets of S. submarginalis.
Schoenus submarginalis is most similar to Schoenus bolusii, but the two species differ in their leaf sheaths. The sheaths of S. submarginalis are firm, whereas those of S. bolusii are membranaceous with reddish-purple-streaking patterns. Schoenus submarginalis tends to be a slightly taller plant (305-475 mm) compared to S. bolusii (249-310 mm).
Similar to other sedges, plants in this group are very difficult to identify. It appears that part of this problem is caused by the tendency of the southern African Schoenus to form hybrids with each other. It is not clear whether Schoenus submarginalis forms hybrids with other southern African Schoenus species.
* Bases of flowering stems (culms)
* Flowering heads (inflorescences)
* Spikelet (black scale bar represents 1 mm)
* Nutlet (black scale bar represents 1 mm)
* Ligule of Schoenus submarginalis (black scale bar represents 1 mm)

## Taxonomy

Schoenus submarginalis is a species in family Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae. Other notable genera in tribe Schoeneae include Lepidosperma, Oreobolus, Costularia, Tetraria and Gahnia. The most closely related species to S. submarginalis are other southern African Schoenus species, specifically, species in the S. cuspidatus and allies group.
Southern African Schoenus were once classified as Tetraria; however, based on molecular and morphological differences, we now know that the two groups are evolutionary distinct. To ensure that this group of sedges is monophyletic (i.e. the genus only has closely related species), several species of Epischoenus and the southern African Tetraria were transferred into Schoenus. In the field, the southern African Schoenus can be distinguished from Tetraria species by their lack of stem leaves and the absence of reticulate sheaths at the bases of the flowering stems.

## Distribution and habitat

Schoenus submarginalis is a species of sedge found in mountainous regions of the Western Cape and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa. Its distribution ranges from Aynsberg in the west to the Baviaanskloof area in the east, growing at elevations over 600 m on coarse substrates.

## Images

* Growth form
* Flowering head (inflorescence)
* Flowering heads
* Flowering heads
* Flowering heads
# Asplenium dimorphum

Asplenium dimorphum, the Norfolk Island spleenwort, is a species of fern in the family Aspleniaceae, endemic to Norfolk Island.

## Taxonomy

A global phylogeny of Asplenium published in 2020 divided the genus into eleven clades, which were given informal names pending further taxonomic study. A. dimorphum belongs to the "Neottopteris clade", members of which generally have somewhat leathery leaf tissue. Its closest relative in the phylogeny was A. difforme.
# Asuka Ōgame

Asuka Ōgame (大亀 あすか, Ōgame Asuka, born December 18, 1987) is a Japanese voice actress from Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. She is affiliated with Sigma Seven.

## Biography

Ōgame stated that she became a voice actress when she saw the stage where the voice actors appeared, felt fresh and attractive, and knew the diversity of the profession of voice actors. She passed the 2nd Sigma Seven public audition held in 2007 while attending Sogo Gakuen Human Academy (Asuka Nishi, Mai Fuchigami and Atsushi Tamaru) and made her debut in 2009. She played the role of Mayshen Trinden in her debut work, Chrome Shelled Regios. A debut support project titled "Ganbare Mayshen" was held on a related site.
Ōgame mainly voices female characters. In 2009, she played the role of Maki Hoshikawa as the main heroine of the video game Tokimeki Memorial 4.
She also actively engages in music activities, such as singing an opening theme under the name of Erio Tōwa in Ground Control to Psychoelectric Girl and singing the theme song for "Tansu Mobile Phone Atsume Thai \ (^ o ^) /", sponsored by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.
Since October 2014, she has also been active as a professional member of the Japan Professional Mahjong Association. She left the organization in April 2022.
On March 21, 2020, Ōgame confirmed that she is married to Nobuhiko Okamoto after Shūkan Bunshun reported he had an extramarital affair with an unnamed woman.

## Filmography
### Television animation
#### 2009

* Chrome Shelled Regios - Mayshen Torinden
* Heaven's Lost Property - Daedalus

#### 2010

* Chu-Bra!! - Akemi; Shimada
* Hanamaru Kindergarten - Daigo; Maika
* Kiss×sis - Mikazuki Kiryū
* Omamori Himari - Lizlet L. Chelsie
* Heaven's Lost Property ~Forte~ - Daedalus

#### 2011

* Denpa Onna to Seishun Otoko - Erio Tōwa
* Rio: Rainbow Gate! - Yang-Yang
* Ro-Kyu-Bu! - Satsuki Kakizono

#### 2012

* Kono Naka ni Hitori, Imōto ga Iru! - Mana Tendō
* Kokoro Connect - Rina Yaegashi
* Medaka Box - Aria Ariake
* Saki Achiga-hen episode of Side-A - Himeko Tsuruta

#### 2013

* Vividred Operation - Momo Isshiki
* Photo Kano - Rina Yunoki

#### 2014

* Dragonar Academy - Lukka Saarinen

#### 2015

* Kōfuku Graffiti - Kirin Morino

#### 2016

* Girls Beyond the Wasteland - Class representative

### Original video animation
#### 2010

* Tokimeki Memorial 4 Original Animation: Hajimari no Finder - Maki Hoshikawa

#### 2011

* Baby Princess 3D Paradise 0 - Asahi Amatsuka

#### 2012

* Moe Can Change! - Sarari
* A Town Where You Live - Student

#### 2013

* OVA no Naka ni Hitori, Imōto ga Iru! - Mana Tendō

### Video games
#### 2009

* Tokimeki Memorial 4 - Maki Hoshikawa

#### 2010

* Abyss of the Sacrifice - Jitka

#### 2011

* Dead End: Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dead End - Grete
* Yome Collection - Erio Tōwa

#### 2012

* Atelier Ayesha ~Tasogare no Daichi no Renkinjutsushi~ - Nanaca Grunden

#### 2014

* Dengeki Bunko: Fighting Climax - Erio Tōwa
* Granblue Fantasy - Sara

#### 2016

* Girls Beyond the Wasteland - Class representative

#### 2017

* School Girl/Zombie Hunter - Sayuri Akiba

#### 2023

* Blue Archive - Momiji Akiizumi
# Anna Simms Banks

Anna Simms Banks (1862–1923) was an American educator and political figure born in Brandenburg, Kentucky. On March 3, 1920, Anna became the first African-American female elected as a delegate at the 7th Congressional District Republican Convention in Kentucky, a time when women in Kentucky could vote for president but did not have full suffrage. Banks was appointed a member of the Rules Committee. She taught in Louisville and later died in Winchester, Kentucky.

## Family life

Banks was born in Brandenburg, Kentucky, to mother Isabelle, a domestic servant, and father Marquis Simms, a barber She was a schoolteacher in Louisville and on July 10, 1906, married William Webb Banks a correspondent for both white and African-American newspapers who was politically active about the issue of civil rights for African Americans.

## Political life

Anna traveled to New York City and Washington D.C. in 1913 while accompanying her husband during his duties as Kentucky Commissioner to the Emancipation Exposition and was exposed to contemporary political culture.
She later helped organize African-American hospital workers in Winchester.
After being elected as a delegate at the 7th Congressional District Republican Convention in Kentucky, Simms announced: "We are just beginning to open our eyes in politics, but before long we are going to make ourselves felt, and you can depend on Annie Simms Banks, of Winchester, to do her part for the grand old party".
Banks died three years later of pneumonia in Winchester, Kentucky, and her obituary called her a "prominent race leader". Her husband died two years later and was buried next to her.
# Plateumaris rustica

Plateumaris rustica is a species of leaf beetle native to Europe.
# Widukind Lenz

Widukind Lenz (4 February 1919, Eichenau, Bavaria – 25 February 1995) was a distinguished German pediatrician, medical geneticist and dysmorphologist who was among the first to recognize the thalidomide syndrome in 1961 and alert the world to the dangers of limb and other malformations due to the mother's exposure to this drug during pregnancy.
In the ensuing years, Lenz did much important work on the thalidomide syndrome. He also did work of value in clinical genetics and cytogenetics. He described a number of malformation syndromes, several of which bear his name today. He was an editor of the journal Human Genetics and published a textbook of medical genetics.
Lenz studied medicine from 1937 to 1943. Besides his studies he was a group leader in Hitlerjugend, a member of National Socialist German Students' League (the Nazi students' union) and became an active member of the SA. A possible shift to the SS 1941 was vetoed by his SA foremen. From 1944 till 1948 Lenz worked as a physician in Luftwaffe hospitals during World War II and then in a prisoner-of-war camp in England.
After stints in biochemistry in Göttingen and medicine in Kiel, he became physician-in-chief of the Eppendorfer Kinderklinik in 1952 and was named to the chair of pediatrics at the University of Hamburg in 1961. Lenz became director of the Institute of Human Genetics in Münster in 1965.
Widukind Lenz was the son of Fritz Lenz, also a geneticist, but one of an entirely different stripe. Fritz Lenz espoused eugenics and influenced the racial hygiene policies of the Third Reich. Widukind Lenz died respected as an eminent physician and a humanitarian.
He was the younger brother of mathematician Hanfried Lenz.
# Amba Mariam

Amba Mariam (Amharic: ዐምባ ማሪያም) is a village in central Ethiopia. Formerly known as Magdala or Magdalena (መቅደላ Magdalenā or Mäqdäla) during the reign of Emperor Tewodros II (1855–1868). Located in the Debub Wollo Zone of the Amhara Region, Amba Mariam has a longitude and latitude of 11°12′N 39°17′E﻿ / ﻿11.200°N 39.283°E﻿ / 11.200; 39.283.
Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this town has an estimated total population of 1,899, of whom 988 were males and 911 were females. The 1994 census reported this town had a total population of 1,091, of whom 520 were males and 571 were females. It is one of three towns in Tenta woreda.

## History

By the early 19th century, Magdala was a mountain stronghold, or amba in the Wollo province of the Amhara people. When Johann Ludwig Krapf camped at its foot on 26 March 1842, it was one of the strongholds of Imam Liban of the Were Himano, a "House" or a sub-group of the Wollo Oromo.
Emperor Tewodros II conquered Magdala on 22 September 1855. He constructed a number of buildings on the top of the mountain, including a church and a palace. In 1862, he imprisoned several European missionaries. Again in January 1864, he imprisoned the British diplomat, Charles Duncan Cameron inside the fortress over a perceived insult from Queen Victoria. The British expedition to Abyssinia, led by Sir Robert Napier, landed at the Gulf of Zula on 4 December and set up a base camp at Zula before advancing on Magdala, which they reached in April 1868. Abandoned by the nobility and his followers, and after his remaining troops engaged the British forces at the Battle of Magdala, Tewodros withdrew into the fortress on Amba Mariam and killed himself with a pistol a few days later as the final assault began.
The British entered the capital, where they rescued the diplomats. Before departing from Abyssinia, Sir Robert allowed his troops to loot and burn Magdala, including its churches. The expedition looted a large number of treasures and religious items such as tabots. These are still held in various museums and libraries in Europe, as well as in private collections. A few items have been returned to Ethiopia, the most important being the crown of Tewodros II, which George V personally presented to the future Emperor Haile Selassie on his visit to England in 1925. Two tabots were returned in 2002 and 2003, from Scotland and England, respectively, prompting occasions of great rejoicing in the country.
As of 2009 little remains of Tewodros's capital; the most visible item being Tewodros's mortar "Sebastopol".
The abandoned fortress was occupied briefly by Lij Iyasu after the defeat of his supporters in the Battle of Segale; troops of the victors subjected him and his followers to an unenthusiastic siege. On 18 July 1917, Iyasu slipped through the siege lines and rallied the peasantry of Wollo to revolt; the rebellion was crushed and many of Iyasu's generals were captured, forcing Iyasu to flee to the Afar Depression.
# Norman Levinson

Norman Levinson (August 11, 1912 in Lynn, Massachusetts – October 10, 1975 in Boston) was an American mathematician. Some of his major contributions were in the study of Fourier transforms, complex analysis, non-linear differential equations, number theory, and signal processing. He worked closely with Norbert Wiener in his early career. He joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1937. In 1954, he was awarded the Bôcher Memorial Prize of the American Mathematical Society and in 1971 the Chauvenet Prize (after winning in 1970 the Lester R. Ford Award) of the Mathematical Association of America for his paper A Motivated Account of an Elementary Proof of the Prime Number Theorem. In 1974 he published a paper proving that more than a third of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function lie on the critical line, a result later improved to two fifths by Conrey.
He received both his bachelor's degree and his master's degree in electrical engineering from MIT in 1934, where he had studied under Norbert Wiener and took almost all of the graduate-level courses in mathematics. He received the MIT Redfield Proctor Traveling Fellowship to study at the University of Cambridge, with the assurance that MIT would reward him with a PhD upon his return regardless of whatever he produced at Cambridge. Within the first four months in Cambridge, he had already produced two papers. In 1935, MIT awarded him with the PhD in mathematics.
His death in 1975 was caused by a brain tumor. He was married since 1938; his widow Zipporah died at age 93 in 2009. He had two daughters and four grandchildren. Norman Levinson's doctoral students include Raymond Redheffer and Harold Shapiro.
# Hrefnesholt

Hrefnesholt is a location in Beowulf where the Geatish king Hæþcyn had taken the Swedish queen. The Swedish king Ongenþeow arrived to save her and killed Hæþcyn. The Geatish force was, however, reinforced by Hygelac, whereupon the Swedes sought refuge in a hillfort, but were stormed by the Geats. Ongenþeow was killed and Hygelac became their new king.
A place by this name, Ramshult (the modern Swedish form), actually exists and it has a hillfort. It is located on the island of Orust, an island which was Geatish territory at this time according to Nordisk familjebok.
# Cremosano

Cremosano (Cremish: Cremusà) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) east of Milan and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of Cremona.
Cremosano borders the following municipalities: Campagnola Cremasca, Casaletto Vaprio, Crema, Trescore Cremasco.
# Hugh Bryan Nisbet

Hugh Bryan Nisbet (31 March 1902 – 21 November 1969) was a Scottish chemist who served as the first Principal of Heriot-Watt University. He had a specialist knowledge of petroleum.

## Life

He was born in Edinburgh on 31 March 1902 the son of Robina Currie (née Cockburn, 1870-1949) and Hugh Bryan Nisbet (1870-1954), a clerk. The family lived at 3 Maurice Place, off Blackford Avenue, in south Edinburgh. He attended George Heriot's School then studied science at the University of Edinburgh graduating with a BSc, and continuing as a postgraduate to gain his first doctorate (PhD).
In 1921 he began as a Demonstrator in Chemistry at Heriot-Watt College. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Institute of Chemistry in 1926.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1940. His proposers were Thomas Slater Price, James Cameron Smail, James Pickering Kendall, William Ogilvy Kermack and James Sandilands. He served as Vice President to the Society 1955 to 1958.
In 1950 he became Principal of Heriot Watt College and when it received university status in 1966 he became its first Principal and Vice Chancellor. He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the New Years Honours list of 1963.
He died at home in Edinburgh on 21 November 1969. He is buried with his parents in Morningside Cemetery, Edinburgh. The grave is toppled and lies in the south-west section. A memorial service was held in his memory in Greyfriars Kirk.

## Family

In 1929 he was married to Emily Murray Donmall (1900-1967). Following her death,in 1968 he married Flora Pellow (née Bigsby)(1908-1998).

## Artistic recognition

His portrait by Alan Sutherland is held by Heriot-Watt University.
# Order of St. George (Hanover)

The Order of St. George (German: Sankt Georgs-Orden), was founded by Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover, on 23 April 1839. In the statutes establishing the order it was designated as the House Order of the Crown of Hanover. The order is of a single grade and limited to 16 members, excluding members of the royal family.

## Insignia

The badge is an eight-pointed Maltese Cross, surmounted by a gold crown. The arms are covered in blue enamel with gold trim and balls on the tips of the cross. Between the arms are golden lions. A round medallion in the center and depicts St. George on horseback in a duel with a green dragon. The back has the cypher of the founder of the order EAR (Ernestus Augustus Rex).
The star of the order is of brilliant silver with eight arms. In the center is the scene of Saint George and the dragon he slew, surrounded by a red enamel ring with the Latin motto of the order "Nunquam retrorsum" in gold.
The ribbon of the order is dark crimson.

## Gallery

* George V of Hannover wearing the insignia of the order
* George V of Hannover wearing the insignia of the order
# Egon Hartmann

Egon Hartmann (24 August 1919 – 6 December 2009) was a German architect and city planner who won prizes for his city planning concepts for both East and West Berlin.

## Early life and education

Egon Hartmann was born on 24 August 1919 in Reichenberg (Liberec), Czechoslovakia. After graduating from the Staatsgewerbeschule technical high school in 1938, he moved to Berlin to work for the architect Henry König. However, he was drafted into the army in January 1939 and was among the troops that entered Prague during the invasion of Czechoslovakia in March 1939. While injured and on medical leave from the army, he started studying at Bauhaus University, Weimar in winter 1942/43. In late 1944, he was severely wounded in the Courland Pocket, and lost his lower jaw, which made him undergo 48 surgeries and caused him problems for the rest of his life. He resumed his studies in Weimar in 1946, graduating in 1948. In 1962, he obtained a doctoral degree from TH Darmstadt with a thesis about the city development of Mainz, supervised by Max Guther [de] and Karl Gruber [de].

## Career as architect and city planner

From 1950 to 1954, Hartmann worked for the city and town planning office of Thuringia, becoming its chief architect in 1951. During this time he designed a high-rise government office building in Erfurt now used by the Landtag of Thuringia. This was the first high-rise building in East Germany outside of East Berlin.
In 1951, he won the contest to design the Stalinallee in Berlin. However, Richard Paulick was appointed lead planner, and eventually, only block B was based on Hartmann's designs. His overall plan, while reminiscent of Stalin-era designs for Moscow, is very similar to plans from 1915 for the Straße des 18. Oktober [de] boulevard in Leipzig that leads to the Monument to the Battle of the Nations. In 1954, he did not return from a vacation in Austria, but went to West Germany and took up a position as city planner in Mainz, where he worked among other things on a concept for the post-war reconstruction of the city. In 1958, he won a second prize in a West German competition to plan the reconstruction of Berlin, the same prize level as Hans Scharoun and beating Le Corbusier, whose entry was not ranked. Having been sidelined and with his urban planning initiatives not supported in Mainz, Hartmann moved to Munich in 1959, where he became city director of constructions in 1964 and worked until his retirement in 1976. He was one of the main planners of the Neuperlach satellite district.

## Later life and death

After his retirement at age 57, Hartmann concentrated on his interests in the arts, creating drawings and sculptures. He also designed fountains, including the Reichenberger Brunnen fountain in Augsburg, the twin town of his hometown Liberec (Reichenberg), and a glass fountain in Bad Reichenhall. Hartmann died in Munich on 6 December 2009.