OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Treaty of Hartford (1786)

The Treaty of Hartford is an agreement concluded between New York and Massachusetts on December 16, 1786 in Hartford, Connecticut, over the ownership of the land which now comprises Western New York.

## Background

New York and Massachusetts both claimed the same land for different reasons: New York based its claim on various treaties that it concluded with Indian tribes, whereas Massachusetts invoked its colonial charter, which described its boundaries as extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. The area in dispute included all of western New York State west of, approximately, Seneca Lake, extending all the way to the Niagara River and Lake Erie, and north to south from the shore of Lake Ontario to the Pennsylvania border.

## Terms

New York and Massachusetts agreed to divide the rights in question with a treaty signed December 16. The states agreed that all of the land in question, about 6 million acres (24,000 km$^2$), would be recognized as part of New York State. Massachusetts, in return, obtained the right of preemption, the title to all of the land, giving it the exclusive right to extinguish by purchase the possessory rights of the Indian tribes (except for a narrow strip along the Niagara River, the title to which was recognized to belong to New York). The compact also provided that Massachusetts could sell or assign its preemptive rights.

## Aftermath

On April 1, 1788, Massachusetts sold its rights to the entire six million acres (24,000 km$^2$) to Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham for $1,000,000, payable in three equal annual installments, and payable in specie or in certain Massachusetts securities then trading at about 20 cents on the dollar, the money used to repay some of the state's debt from the Revolutionary War. Similar western boundary issues involving these and other states were resolved by the Northwest Ordinance passed by the Congress of the Confederation in July 1787.
# Pyakupur

The Pyakupur (Russian: Пякупур) is a river in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia, the left source river of the Pur. The length of the Pyakupur is 542 km. The area of its basin is 31,400 km$^2$. There are approximately 32,600 lakes in the river basin. The main tributaries: Vyngypur (right) and Purpe (left). The river's peak month of discharge is June. The average discharge of water 290 m$^3$/s.
# Scorn (film)

Scorn is a Canadian dramatic television film directed by Sturla Gunnarsson. It dramatizes the true story of Darren Huenemann, a gay teenager from Victoria, British Columbia, who manipulated his classmates Derik Lord and David Muir into murdering his mother Sharon and grandmother Doris in his grandmothers's Tsawwassen home in 1990.
The film stars Eric Johnson as Huenemann, Brendan Fletcher as Lord, Bill Switzer as Muir, Kelly Rowan as Sharon and Pam Hyatt as Doris, as well as Emily Hampshire, Michael Hogan, Jesse Cadotte, Jerry Wasserman, Bill Dow and Hrothgar Mathews in supporting roles.
The film premiered theatrically at the 2000 Vancouver International Film Festival, and received a followup theatrical screening at the 2001 Victoria Film Festival, before being broadcast by CBC Television on March 18, 2001.

## Production

The film was based in part on Lisa Hobbs Birnie's non-fiction book Such a Good Boy, as well as direct personal interviews of Huenemann by screenwriter Andrew Rai Berzins at Stony Mountain Penitentiary.
Around the time of the film's premiere, Atom Egoyan revealed that he had considered making his own film about Huenemann, but had decided against it because as a former resident of Victoria who personally knew many of the locations tied to the story, he felt like he couldn't distance himself enough from it to view it objectively.
It faced minor controversy for a scene which briefly depicted Huenemann and his boyfriend Matt (Cadotte) in bed together, with their nude buttocks visible but no private parts. The CBC permitted the nude scene to be broadcast, but required Gunnarsson to remove usages of the word "fuck" from the dialogue. Both theatrical screenings were also picketed by Lord's parents, who were still proclaiming their son's innocence of the murder, but no legal injunctions were sought or given against the film's distribution.

## Awards

| Award | Date of Ceremony | Category | Nominees | Result |
| Gemini Awards | October 29, 2001 | Best Television Movie | Christian Bruyère, Laszlo Barna, Maryke McEwen | Won |
| Gemini Awards | October 29, 2001 | Best Actor in a Dramatic Program or Miniseries | Eric Johnson | Nominated |
| Gemini Awards | October 29, 2001 | Best Direction in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series | Sturla Gunnarsson | Nominated |
| Gemini Awards | October 29, 2001 | Best Writing in a Dramatic Program or Miniseries | Andrew Rai Berzins | Nominated |
| Gemini Awards | October 29, 2001 | Best Original Music Score for a Program or Mini-Series | Jonathan Goldsmith | Nominated |
| Gemini Awards | October 29, 2001 | Best Sound Editing in a Dramatic Program or Series | Devan Kraushar, Cam Wagner, Jacqueline Cristianini, Kirby Jinnah | Nominated |
| Writers Guild of Canada | 2001 | WGC Screenwriting Award | Andrew Rai Berzins | Won |
# Waterloo, Queensland

Waterloo is a rural locality in the Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Waterloo had a population of 171 people.

## Geography

The northwest of the locality is in the Littabella National Park which extends into neighbouring Rosedale and Monduran. A small part of southwest of the locality is in the Monduran State Forest which extends into Monduran.

## History

Waterloo State School opened circa 1937 and closed in 1955. It was on Walterloo Hall Road (24°44′48″S 152°00′23″E﻿ / ﻿24.7467°S 152.0063°E﻿ / -24.7467; 152.0063﻿ (Waterloo State School (former))).

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Waterloo had a population of 145 people.
In the 2021 census, Waterloo had a population of 171 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Waterloo. The nearest government primary schools are Yandaran State School in neighbouring Yandaran to the east and Winfield State School in Winfield to the north. The nearest government secondary schools are Rosedale State School in neighbouring Rosedale to the north-west, Bundaberg North State High School in Bundaberg North to the south-east, and Gin Gin State High School in Gin Gin to the south.
# Brian Young (Royal Navy officer)

Captain Brian Gilmore Young, DSO (25 September 1930 – 24 December 2009) was a British Royal Navy officer, naval aviator and Falklands War veteran.

## Naval career

He joined the Royal Navy in 1944 as a cadet, first at Eaton Hall, Chester, then at Dartmouth. He served as a midshipman and sub-lieutenant in the battleship King George V, the light carrier Theseus and the sloop Wren.
Young learned to fly in the United States, serving from 1954 to 1958 with 803 and 804 Naval Air Squadrons, flying Hawker Sea Hawk jet fighters from the carriers Albion, Centaur, Bulwark and Ark Royal, and participating in ground attacks in Egypt during the Suez War.

## Falklands War

Young was captain of the destroyer Antrim and commander of the ships detached to recover South Georgia, known as Operation Paraquet.
# Karmrashen, Aragatsotn

40°26′10″N 43°56′43″E﻿ / ﻿40.43611°N 43.94528°E﻿ / 40.43611; 43.94528
Karmrashen (Armenian: Կարմրաշեն) is a village in the Talin Municipality of the Aragatsotn Province of Armenia. The village is home to the Saint Astvatsatsin Church of 1865, a rock cut shrine, ruins of a fortress, and several khachkars.

## History

In World War I, during the Battle of Sardarabad, Karmrashen (then called Kirmizlu) was a site of military activity. It was passed through by Armenian forces on 27-28 May 1918 to rapidly penetrate into Sogyutlu.

## Demographics

In 2001, Karmrashen had a de jure population of 634, consisting of 308 males and 326 females. However, its de facto population was lower, laying at 582, consisting of 267 males and 315 females.
# Tiffany Tshilumba

Tiffany Tshilumba (born 28 October 1996) is a Luxembourgish sprinter. She competed in the 60 metres event at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships. Her father is originally from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
# Sumit Ganguly

Sumit Ganguly is an American political scientist. He is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and a professor of political science at Indiana University and currently holds that University's Rabindranath Tagore Chair in Indian Cultures and Civilizations, focusing on comparative politics in South Asia.
Ganguly completed his undergraduate degree at Berea College in 1977, his master's degree from Miami University in 1978, and his Ph.D. in political science at the University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign in 1984. Prior to being appointed at Indiana University, he taught at Michigan State University, Hunter College, Columbia University, and the University of Texas at Austin.
Ganguly was a founding editor of the journals India Review and Asian Security.

## Published works
### Books

* The Crisis in Kashmir: Portents of War, Hopes of Peace, Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 9780521655668
* Conflict Unending: India–Pakistan Tensions since 1947, Columbia University Press, 2002. ISBN 9780231507400
* The Kashmir Question: Retrospect and Prospect, Routledge, 2004. ISBN 9781135756574
* Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons (with Devin T. Hagerty), University of Washington, 2006. ISBN 978-0-295-98635-7
* Indian Foreign Policy, Oxford University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780198080367. Revised 2015: ISBN 9780198082217
* Deadly Impasse: India–Pakistan Relations at the Dawn of a New Century, Cambridge University Press, 2016. ISBN 9780521763615
* Ascending India and Its State Capacity: Extraction, Violence, and Legitimacy (with William R. Thompson), Yale University Press, 2017. ISBN 9780300224993
* The Future of ISIS: Regional and International Implications (with Feisal al-Istrabadi), Brookings Institution Press, 2018. ISBN 9780815732174

### Edited works

* India as an Emerging Power, Routledge, 2004. ISBN 9781135761769
* US-Indian Strategic Cooperation into the 21st Century: More than Words (coedited with Andrew Scobell and Brian Shoup), Routledge, 2006. ISBN 9780415702157
* South Asia, New York University Press, 2006. ISBN 9780814731765
* India and Counterinsurgency: Lessons Learned, Routledge, 2009, ISBN 9781134008094
* Asian Rivalries: Conflict, Escalation, and Limitations on Two-level Games (co-edited with William R. Thompson), Stanford University Press, 2011. ISBN 9780804775960

## Awards

Ganguly was awarded the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman (Distinguished Overseas Indian) award by the President of India in 2009.
# I've Lived Before

I've Lived Before is a 1956 American fantasy drama film directed by Richard Bartlett and starring Jock Mahoney, Leigh Snowden, Ann Harding, John McIntire, and Raymond Bailey. The film was released by Universal Pictures in September 1956.

## Cast

* Jock Mahoney as John Bolan / Lt. Peter Stevens
* Leigh Snowden as Lois Gordon
* Ann Harding as Mrs. Jane Stone
* John McIntire as Dr. Thomas Bryant
* Raymond Bailey as Joseph Hackett, Federal Airways
* Jerry Paris as Russell Smith, Copilot
* Simon Scott as Robert Allen, Attorney
* April Kent as Grace Hoydt, Stewardess
* Vernon Rich as Dave Anderson Federal's Lawyer
* Phil Harvey as Dr. Miller
* Brad Morrow as Johnny Bolan (12 years old)
* Beatrice Gray as Spectator (uncredited)
* James Seay as Fred Bolan (uncredited)
* Marjorie Stapp as Spectator (uncredited)
* Lorna Thayer as Mrs. Fred Bolan (uncredited)
* Madelon Mitchel as Daisy, Mrs. Stone's maid (uncredited)
# Neha Kaul

Neha Kaul is an Indian actress. She started her career with the TV show Zindagi Ka Har Rang...Gulaal and then played the role of Naina in Love Marriage Ya Arranged Marriage. In 2013, she played the role of Nazneen in Ek Thhi Naayka. In 2015, she played the role of Bhagwati in Tu Mera Hero.
She is popularly known for playing the role of Shogata Kant in the TV show Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant airing on Life OK.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Ref |
| 2011 | Tanu Weds Manu | Ayushi, Raja's sister | |
| 2014 | Hate Story 2 | Mandar's wife | |

## Television

| Year | Serial | Role |
| 2010–2011 | Zindagi Ka Har Rang...Gulaal | Sudha |
| 2010–2011 | Godh Bharaai | Avni |
| 2012–2013: | Love Marriage Ya Arranged Marriage | Naina Ghelot |
| 2013 | Ek Thhi Naayka | Nazneen |
| 2014 | Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev | Devi Indumati |
| 2014 | Savdhaan India | Simmi |
| 2014–2015 | Tu Mera Hero | Bhagwati Agarwal |
| 2016 | Dahleez | Leela |
| 2016–2017 | Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant | Shogata Amrish Kant / Shogata Devendra Bangdu (Shogu) |
| 2018 | Bitti Business Wali | Alankrita |
| 2023–present | Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare | Sona |
# Ajoba

Ajoba is a 2014 Indian Marathi-language film directed by Sujay Dahake and written by Gauri Bapat. Allegedly based on true events, it tells the story of a leopard’s remarkable 29 days journey from Malshej Ghat to Mumbai. Ajoba was rescued from a well and a tracking device was fixed on his neck, before being released back into the wild. He made his way to Mumbai over the Sahyadris, a distance of 120 kilometres (75 mi).

## Cast

* Urmila Matondkar as Ms. Purva Rao
* Hrishikesh Joshi as Dnyanoba Sawant
* Dilip Prabhavalkar as Prabhakar Sarnaik
* Shrikant Yadav as Mr. Shinde
* Om Bhutkar as Shiva Kamble
* Neha Mahajan as Sushma
* Shashank Shende as Mr. Jadhav
* Suhas Shirsat as Mr. Ganpule
* Anita Date-Kelkar as Mugdha
* Chinmay Kulkarni as Nilesh
* Yashpal Sharma
* Ganesh Mayekar
# Pāpaʻaloa, Hawaii

Pāpaʻaloa (also spelled Papaaloa) is an unincorporated community on the island of Hawaiʻi in Hawaiʻi County, Hawaii, United States. It lies along Hawaii Route 19 north of Hilo, the county seat of Hawaiʻi County. Its elevation is about 300 feet above sea level (about 90 m) Because the community has borne multiple names, the Board on Geographic Names officially designated it "Papaaloa" in 1914 and 1954 before assigning the current name in 2001. It has a post office with the ZIP code 96780.
Three streams flow around or through Pāpaʻaloa, Hawaii. Kihalani Stream borders the northwest side, Kaiwilahilah Stream is in the middle, and Ha'akoa Stream borders the southeast side.
# Malki Iskar

The Malki Iskar (Bulgarian: Малки Искър, meaning Lesser Iskar) is a 85 km-long river in western Bulgaria, a right tributary of the river Iskar. It is the largest tributary of the Iskar.

## Geography

The river takes its source under the name Ravna reka at an altitude of 1,573 m, about 300 m northwest of the summit of Murgana (1,639 m) in the Etropole Mountain of the Balkan Mountains. Until the town of Etropole the river flows in northwestern direction in a deep forested valley. In the southern neighbourhoods of the town the Malki Iskar turns to the northeast, flows through the Etropole Valley and enters in a gorge after the village of Laga. At the village of Malki Iskar it turns to the northeast, flows through the Dzhurkovo Valley and downstream of the village of Vidrare it turns westwards and enter another gorge. It again changes direction to the north at Kalugerovo, its valley widens and flows into the Iskar at an altitude of 146 m near the town of Roman.
Its drainage basin covers a territory of 1,284 km$^2$ or 14.9% of Iskar's total. It drains the entire northeastern regions of Sofia Province. It largest tributary is the Bebresh (46 km).
The Malki Iskar has rain-snow feed with high water in April–June and low water in August–October. The average annual discharge at the village of Svode is 9.1 m$^3$/s.

## Settlements and economy

The river flows in Sofia and Vratsa Provinces. There are ten settlements along its course: the town of Etropole and the villages of Laga and Malki Iskar in Etropole Municipality, and the villages of Dzhurovo, Vidrare, Kalugerovo and Svode in Pravets Municipality, and the village of Sredni Rat and Karash and the town of Roman in Roman Municipality. In its upper course a 38.4 km stretch of the second class II-37 road Yablanitsa–Pazardzhik–Dospat follows the river from the vicinity of its source close to the Zlatitsa Pass to Dzhurovo. Along its lower course is a 28.4 km stretch of the third class III-308 road Osikovska Lakavitsa–Roman, between Kalugerovo and Roman. Significant part of its waters are utilised for industrial needs, especially the large Elatsite copper mine, which made the river prone to pollution until a treatment plant was put into operation in 2009. To a lesser extend, the waters are used for irrigation, mainly along the lower course of Malki Iskar.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980, p. 302
* ↑ Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980, p. 34
* ↑ "A Map of the Republican Road Network of Bulgaria". Official Site of the Road Infrastructure Agency. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
# Charity rally

A charity rally is a charitable event in which participants usually drive, ride or otherwise participate in through the medium of motorised wheeled transportation in an event to raise money for a charitable cause.

## Fundraising Model

Fundraising models differ from event to event, however the purpose of a charity rally from the organiser's perspective is to organise an event that will generate funds or direct donations which can then be donated to charitable causes.
A pure charity rally involves participants raising money for charity, which is paid directly to the nominated charitable organisation. Controversy exists over some other forms of charity rallies, whereby organisers fund their costs, and sometimes their lifestyle, from charitable donations, while holding out their organised rally to be a charitable one. Purists consider this to be a form of charity fraud.

## Aid Model

In other forms of charity rallies, teams have to compete in a motorsport event and deliver goods, services and other direct aid to the communities they visit during the rally. Rallies such as the Budapest-Bamako and the Mongolia charity rally follow this model. Different schools of thought exist with respect to the type of aid model that a charity rally should support.

## Business Model

Ultimately, the choice of aid model follows the organisation's business model. A business model from which the organisers make no profit, either from the entry fee or the funds raised by teams, is the most valuable model for the community. This is a model used by Charity Rallies, a volunteer based rally run by a UK registered charity, with teams paying a £300 entry fee to cover administration costs for the Mongolia charity rally (with the excess being donated to charity), and the teams raising £1,500 for charity, in 2009 and 2010.
Another form of business model involves the events themselves being run by a profit making company, whereby the entry fee supports the organisers who make a profit from organising the event, while teams who take part in the event raise money for charity. The Mongol Rally has a business model like this, with a £650 entry fee being raised for the organisers, and the teams raising an extra £1,000 for nominated charities, in 2009.
# Patrick Kidd

Patrick Kidd is an English journalist, author and blogger specialising in sport generally, and cricket and rowing in particular.

## Education and career

Kidd attended Colchester Royal Grammar School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he read classics. While at Cambridge, he was a member of the P. G. Wodehouse Society and the Horatian Society.
He is currently the diary editor, and was previously a sports writer, for The Times, where he has been working since 2001. He has also written for The Spectator, Wisden Cricketers' Almanack and The Wisden Cricketer. He is also a regular radio and television pundit.
The Times hosted his blog Line and Length, "A very English cricket blog". He also wrote a light-hearted personal blog, The Questing Vole, about politics, history, culture and sport, in which he described himself as "a 1920s eccentric trapped in the body of a 21st-century journalist. Not a very fetching body, either." The blog takes its name from the opening of Scoop, Evelyn Waugh's satire on journalism.
Kidd's first book, Best of Enemies: Whingeing Poms Versus Arrogant Aussies, was released in early 2009. A second book, The Worst of Rugby, was published later that year. He edited an anthology of the first 50 years of the Times Diary. A collection of his parliamentary sketch-writing, The Weak Are A Long Time In Politics, was published in 2019.

## Personal life

He is one of three children - with siblings, Tom and Rosie. As a child, his family lived on Mersea Island, off the coast of Essex in a semi-detached villa.
Kidd now lives in Eltham, London with his wife and two children, and serves as a church warden at All Saints, Blackheath, a Church of England parish church in Blackheath in London.

## Published books

* The Best of Enemies: Whingeing Poms Versus Arrogant Aussies, Know the Score Books, 2009 (ISBN 1848187033)
* The Worst of Rugby: Violence and Foul Play in a Hooligans' Game Played by Gentlemen, Pitch Publishing Ltd., 2009 (ISBN 1905411421)
* The Times Diary at 50: The Antidote to the News, Times Books, 2016 (ISBN 978-0008205522)
* The Weak Are A Long Time In Politics, Biteback Publishing, 2019 (ISBN 9781785905339)
# Matthias Nicoll

Matthias Nicoll (1630 – December 22, 1687), a.k.a. Nicolls, was the sixth mayor of New York City from 1672 to 1673. He is the patriarch of the Nicoll family, which settled and owned much of Long Island, New York. Numerous place names on the island now bear the Nicoll name.

## Early life

Nicoll was born in 1627 and was the son of a minister. He lived in Islip, Northamptonshire, and practiced law there.

## Life in America

In 1664, he came to the North America with Richard Nicolls. It is not known if the two were related, although some sources say he was Richard's nephew. Matthias was Richard's secretary and was present to the first surrender of the Dutch New Amsterdam to the English. He was clerk of the court in the new English colony and served various judge roles. He was a member of the Convention at Hempstead, New York, in 1664–1665 that established the laws for the new colony.
In 1670, he bought land in present Plandome Manor, New York/Plandome, New York, and he is said to have named it for the Latin 'planus domus' meaning 'plain' or 'peaceful' home.

### Political career

In 1672 he was appointed New York City mayor, and served for two years. He was speaker of the General Assembly under Thomas Dongan in 1684 which guaranteed religious freedom to Christians.

## Personal life

He and his wife were buried in front of the manor home, although the exact spot is not now known because it was vandalized. A plaque on Plandome Road marks the general area.
One of his children, William Nicoll, would sell the Plandome Manor in 1718, then over 1000 acres, and move to his own estate of 100 square miles (260 km$^2$) on the Great South Bay in present-day Islip, New York. The Suffolk estate Islip was named after their ancestral home in England.
The manor house itself was torn down in 1998 by its new owner.