OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University

Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University (Thai: คณะสังคมศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่) was established together with the university, Faculty of humanities, and Faculty of Science on 18th of June 1964. The faculty has arranged undergraduate and graduate (Masters and PhDs) programs in both Thai and international programs.

## History

Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University is located at the foothill of Doi Suthep, between Suthep and Huay Kaew Road, which is far from Chiang Mai city around 4 kilometers. The cabinet, in 1960, has agreed to the foundation of Chiang Mai University. According to the suggestion of the advisory committee, Faculty of Social Sciences, with only 75 students and 15 lecturers, is one of three faculties which have been established at that time. This faculty was educationally set up as a broad discipline instead of Faculty of Law which could scarcely find qualified personnel in that decade. In the early phase, there were five departments in the faculty including Department of Geography (the first Geography Department in Thailand), Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Department of Economics, Departments of Accountancy and Business Administration, and Department of Political Science. Several departments, however, have been departed from Faculty of Social Sciences as new faculties in last two decades. Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, nowadays, composes of four departments including Geography, Sociology and Anthropology, Women's Studies, and Social Sciences and Development.

## Curriculum and Programs

The faculty, currently, offers various bachelor, master, and doctoral degrees in both Thai and international programs as detailed in the below table.

## Center of Research and Academic Services

The Center of Research and Academic Services collaborates with various centers and projects under faculty administration to support research, academic services, international exchange programs, and personnel activities. The faculty sets five research clusters based on research expertise, including 1) environment-disaster, forecasting technology and spatial/human impacts; 2) development/social changes, city, food security, health, labour and migration; 3) cultural studies, religion, ethnicity and Lanna studies; 4) women's and gender studies; and 5) regional studies (China, India, ASEAN, border studies, and transnationalism).

### University-level Office

* Chiang Mai University Research Ethics Committee (CMUREC)
* Indian Studies Center, Chiang Mai University (ISCCMU)

### Faculty-level Center

* Regional Center for Social Science and Sustainable Development (RCSD)
* Geoinformatics and Space Technology Centre Northern Region (GISTNORTH)
* Chiang Mai University - Sustainable Land Use and Natural Resource Management Academic Center (CMU-SLUSE)
* Biodiversity and Indigenous Knowledge Research Center for Sustainable Development (BIRD)
* Regional Center for Climate and Environmental Studies: RCCES
* Center for Ethnic Studies and Development (CESD)
* Women's Studies Center (WSC)
* China-Southeast Asia Studies Center (CSC)
# Superoptimization

Superoptimization is the process where a compiler automatically finds the optimal sequence for a loop-free sequence of instructions. Real-world compilers generally cannot produce genuinely optimal code, and while most standard compiler optimizations only improve code partly, a superoptimizer's goal is to find the optimal sequence, the canonical form. Superoptimizers can be used to improve conventional optimizers by highlighting missed opportunities so a human can write additional rules.

## History

The term superoptimization was first coined by Alexia Massalin in the 1987 paper Superoptimizer: A Look at the Smallest Program. The label "program optimization" has been given to a field that does not aspire to optimize but only to improve. This misnomer forced Massalin to call her system a superoptimizer, which is actually an optimizer to find an optimal program.
In 1992, the GNU Superoptimizer (GSO) was developed to integrate into the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). Later work further developed and extended these ideas.

## Techniques

Traditionally, superoptimizing is performed via exhaustive brute-force search in the space of valid instruction sequences. This is a costly method, and largely impractical for general-purpose compilers. Yet, it has been shown to be useful in optimizing performance-critical inner loops. It is also possible to use a SMT solver to approach the problem, vastly improving the search efficiency (although inputs more complex than a basic block remains out of reach).
In 2001, goal-directed superoptimizing was demonstrated in the Denali project by Compaq research. In 2006, answer set declarative programming was applied to superoptimization in the Total Optimisation using Answer Set Technology (TOAST) project at the University of Bath.
Superoptimization can be used to automatically generate general-purpose peephole optimizers.

## Publicly available superoptimizers

Several superoptimizers are available for free download.
* For the x86 family of instruction sets:
** GNU superoptimizer (superopt) (GSO) (1992) – also supports many other ISAs
** STOKE, a stochastic optimizer for x86-64 x86 assembly language.
* For ARM:
** Unbounded Superoptimizer, transforming LLVM IR into ARMv7-A assembly
* For embedded systems:
** PIC microcontroller SuperOptimizer (2003)
** A feasibility study by Embecosm (2014) for AVR, based on GSO
* For the JVM:
** Clojure superoptimizer for the Java virtual machine (2012)
* For LLVM IR:
** souper superoptimizer for programs in the LLVM intermediate language.
* For WebAssembly
** slumps provides superoptimization for WASM programs based on souper.
# Robert Tait (Royal Navy officer)

Captain Robert Tait (born 23 January 1793) was a Scottish officer in the Royal Navy.
# Indralath Temple

Indralatha Temple is dedicated to Shiva and is situated in Bangomunda block near Ranipur-Jharial in Balangir district. It was supposed that Indra first worshipped lord Shiva here and erected a temple.

## Architecture

This is an intact brick temple whose Jagamohana and other structures are destroyed. Only the vimana which is of Rekha deula order is existing. The innermost sanctum houses a recent installed Linga, along with old images of Vishnu, Kartikeya and Uma-Maheshwara. The old Shivalinga is displaced to outside by some attack, which proves the existing Shivalinga placed outside the temple (made of sandstone and terracotta).

## Temple at present

The temple is maintained by Archaeological Survey of India. Being a brick temple, the time built can be traced to the 10th-11th century CE during the rule of the Somavamshi dynasty. Images of Nrisimha, Vishnu along with Ganesh, Kartikeya clearly proves that it was a centre for Harihara worship. Every year Shivaratri and other festivals related to Shiva and Vishnu are organised. Daily worship is done by some local priest. Kantabanji is easily accessed by railway from Raipur and Balangir.
The only surviving brick temple of the region has possessed the cult affinity to both Saivite & Vaisnavite which is exhibited in the decoration of the outer wall. The scheme of architecture is assigned to early 10th century AD.
Indralatha Temple(ଇନ୍ଦ୍ରଲାଠ ମନ୍ଦିର) is the tallest brick temple found in Orissa (refer : External links section below) .
# Debbie Collins

Debbie Ugochukwu Collins listen(born 15 April 1992) is a Nigerian model and beauty pageant titleholder who represented Nigeria at Miss World 2016 pageant. She also emerged first runner-up at the 2015 edition of the Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria pageant thus earning her the opportunity to represent Nigeria at Miss Universe 2015. She is an Igbo, from Ebonyi State, located in the southeastern region of Nigeria.

## Pageantry
### Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria 2015

On 24 October 2015, Debbie was voted as the first runner-up of the Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria 2015 while representing Ebonyi State. She represented Nigeria at the Miss Universe 2015 pageant in US.

### Miss World 2016

Debbie represented Nigeria at the Miss World 2016. The Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria pageant did not hold in 2016 and as first runner up in the previous 2015 event, she was selected to represent Nigeria at the Miss World 2016 pageant.
# Nude, Green Leaves and Bust

Nude, Green Leaves and Bust (French: Nu au Plateau de Sculpteur) is a 1932 oil on canvas painting by Pablo Picasso, featuring his mistress Marie-Thérèse Walter.
The painting was in the personal collection of Los Angeles art collectors Sidney and Frances Brody for nearly six decades. It sold at auction for US$106.5 million, the third highest price for a piece of artwork sold at auction at the time.

## Background

Nude, Green Leaves and Bust is one of a series of portraits that Picasso painted of his mistress and muse Marie-Thérèse Walter from 1932. The vibrant blue and lilac canvas is more than 5 feet (1.5 m) tall.
At the time, Picasso was in an exclusive contractual relationship with noted impressionist and post-impressionist French-Jewish art dealer Paul Rosenberg, who bought the painting direct from his friend. With the increasing tones of an approaching war, in the late 1930s Rosenberg started to distribute works from his 2,000+ piece collection around the world, and used the 1939 New York World's Fair as the excuse to ship the painting outside France. After the 1940 Nazi invasion of France, on reaching New York via Lisbon in September 1940, Rosenberg opened a new branch of his noted gallery on East 57th street and put the painting back on display.
From there it was bought by the Brodys in 1951, and was publicly exhibited only once in 1961, to commemorate Picasso's 80th birthday.

## Auction

Frances Brody died in November 2009. On May 4, 2010, the painting was sold at Christie's in New York City, which won the rights to auction the collection against London-based Sotheby's. The collection as a whole was valued at over $150 million, while the work was originally expected to earn $80 million at auction.
Eight bidders were at the auction house, while the winning bid was taken via telephone for $95 million. Including the buyer's premium, the price reached $106.5 million. When inflation is ignored, the painting broke the record price for an artwork sold at auction until it was surpassed by the selling of The Scream on May 2, 2012, for $120 million.
# Heliangara ericydes

Heliangara ericydes is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1916 and is found in Sri Lanka.
Its wingspan is about 10 mm. The forewings are bright deep purple, becoming coppery bronze on the dorsal half from the base to beyond the middle, and the hindwings are blackish.
# List of most distant supernovae

List of most distant supernovae contains selected examples of supernovae so far discovered.

## Most distant supernovae

Most distant :
| Type | Name | Distance | Notes |
| Supernova | SN 1000+0216 | z=3.8993 | |
| Type Ia supernova | SN UDS10Wil (SN Wilson) | z=1.914 | |
| Type Ia supernova | SN SCP-0401 (Mingus) | z=1.71 | First observed in 2004, it was not until 2013 that it could be identified as a Type-Ia SN. |
| Type Ia supernova | SN 1997ff | z=1.7 | Its distance was determined in 2001. |
| Type Ia supernova | Supernova Primo | z=1.55 | |
# Camp shirt

A camp shirt, variously known as a cabin shirt, Cuban collar shirt, cabana shirt, and lounge shirt, is a loose, straight-cut, woven, short-sleeved button-front shirt or blouse with a simple placket front opening and a "camp collar"–a one-piece collar (no band collar) that can be worn open and spread or closed at the neck with a button and loop. It usually has a straight hemmed bottom falling at hip level, not intended to be tucked into trousers.
While camp shirts are generally made from plain, single-color fabrics, variants include duo-tone bowling shirts and print patterned aloha shirts.
# SN 1972E

SN 1972E was a supernova in the galaxy NGC 5253 that was discovered 13 May 1972 with an apparent B magnitude of about 8.5, shortly after it had reached its maximum brightness. In terms of apparent brightness, it was the second-brightest supernova of any kind (fainter only than SN 1987A) of the 20th century. It was observed for nearly 700 days, and it became the prototype object for the development of theoretical understanding of Type Ia supernovae.

## Background

The supernova was discovered by Charles Kowal, about 56 arc seconds west and 85 arc seconds south of the center of NGC 5253. The position in the periphery of the galaxy aided observation, minimizing interference by background objects. Well-positioned for Southern Hemisphere observers, it was quite observable from Northern Hemisphere observatories as well. Attempts made to observe it in X-rays with Uhuru and OSO 7 and to detect gamma rays from it via Cherenkov radiation showers gave at best equivocal results.
Photometric and spectroscopic measurements were made in the visible and near infrared by many observers, extending to about 700 days after maximum light. Interstellar absorption lines of ionized calcium due to gas both in our galaxy and NGC 5253 were observed, allowing an estimate of the interstellar extinction.
The extended length of the observed light curve found a remarkably uniform 0.01 magnitudes per day decline starting about 60 days after discovery. Translated into other units, this is almost exactly a 77-day half-life, which is the half-life of $^{56}$Co. In the standard model for Type Ia supernovae, approximately a solar mass of $^{56}$Ni is formed and ejected from a white dwarf which accretes mass from a binary companion and is raised over the Chandrasekhar limit and explodes. This $^{56}$Ni decays with a half-life of about 6 days to $^{56}$Co, and the decay of the cobalt provides the energy radiated away by the supernova remnant. The model also produces an estimate for the luminosity of such a supernova. The observations of SN1972e, both peak brightness and fade rate, were in general agreement with these predictions, and led to rapid acceptance of this degenerate-explosion model.
# SN 2005gj

SN 2005gj was a supernova located approximately 864 million light years (265 million parsecs) away from Earth. It was discovered on September 27, 2005, by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Nearby Supernova Factory. 2005gj was noted because it had qualities of both type Ia and type IIn supernovae, and because hydrogen emission lines were found in its spectrum (see hydrogen spectral series). These hydrogen lines, which were found on the spectrum at redshift z=0.0613, are thought to be indicative of interactions with a circumstellar medium (CSM; a donut-shaped, nebula-like ring of matter around a star) by the supernova's ejected matter or white dwarf progenitor. Such emission lines are extremely rare in Type Ia supernovae – only one other Type Ia, SN 2002ic, has been observed to exhibit the same properties. However, 2005gj's CSM interaction was much stronger and more clearly observed than 2002ic's. The mass-loss history 2005gj's hydrogen lines suggest has been cited as evidence that luminous blue variable (LBV) hypergiants can be progenitors of thermonuclear supernovae.
2005gj was also noted for its overluminosity. With a light curve that maximised 14–47 days after the initial observation, it was three times more luminous than SN 1991T (which was, at the time of its 1991 discovery, the brightest Ia supernova on record), 1.5 times more luminous than SN 2002ic, and close to 100 times more luminous than previously thought possible. Scientists Denis Leahy and Rachid Ouyed from the University of Calgary contend that the incidence of a quark nova, a very luminous process involving the degeneration of neutrons into their constituent quarks, could explain the unusual magnitude of the luminosity.
# Veeranganai

Veeranganai (/viːrɑːŋɡəˈnaɪ/ transl. Warrior woman) is a 1964 Indian Tamil-language historical action film directed by A. S. A. Sami. The film stars Gemini Ganesan and Padmini. It was released on 22 August 1964.

## Plot

Lakshmi Devi is a princess whose kingdom is threatened by a tyrant from another kingdom.

## Cast

* Gemini Ganesan
* Padmini
* Ragini
* Sukumari
* R. S. Manohar
* S. A. Ashokan
* Balaji
* Sathyapal

## Production

The female lead character Lakshmi Devi is a fictionalised version of Rani Lakshmi Bai, while the Chinese-looking antagonist is an allusion to the Sino-Indian War.

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Vedha.

## Release and reception

Veeranganai was released on 22 August 1964. The Indian Express wrote that the film "really does not lack valour. In fact it has much of it, rather too much, thanks to stock shots and well-taken fencing sequences. Minus these, it is somewhat damp and at time, childish. Nevertheless, in its class, the film is better than many others". Kalki also reviewed the film.
# Thomas Grace (missionary)

Thomas Samuel Grace (16 February 1815 – 30 April 1879) was an English Anglican missionary in New Zealand. He was a member of the Church Missionary Society. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, England on 16 February 1815. Prior to being engaged by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in 1844, Grace had success in business and was later ordained at St Bee's College.$^{:259}$ He and his wife Grace sailed to New Zealand in 1850, initially to establish a new station at Taupo, but instead to replace William Williams at Tūranga in Poverty Bay from 1850 until 1853, during the latter's trip to Britain. Te Kooti attended the boarding school at Tūranga during the time Grace was in charge of the mission.
He was appointed to Taupō. In 1865 the Pai Mārire ransacked his house. Grace fled from Taupō to Ōpōtiki and was caught up in the Völkner Incident. He was arrested and put on trial by the Pai Mārire party. He was rescued from captivity two weeks later by a British man-of-war, HMS Eclipse, after an attempt by the Pai Mārire to exchange him for Tauranga chief Hori Tupaea, who was in prison. In the 1870s he rebuilt the mission station at Taupō.
His son Lawrence Marshall Grace was Member of Parliament for Tauranga in the 1880s.

## Sources

* D. Grace, A Driven Man – Missionary Thomas Samuel Grace 1815-1879: His Life and Letters, Wellington : Ngaio Press, 2004
# Hagen Site

The Hagen Site, also designated by the Smithsonian trinomial 24DW1, is an archaeological site near Glendive in Dawson County, Montana. The site, excavated in the 1930s, is theorized to represent a rare instance of a settlement from early in the period in which the Crow and Hidatsa Native American tribes separated from one another. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.

## Site description

The Hagen Site is located on a terrace on the north bank of the Yellowstone River north of Glendive. It is bounded on the east and north by a generally dry arroyo. The site's human-built features include a pit that has been interpreted as an earth lodge site, cache pits, and hearths. During excavation of a portion of the site in the 1930s, more than 20,000 artifacts were recovered from the site, including large numbers of ceramic fragments, stone tools, animal bones, and fragmentary human remains.
The site was discovered in 1936 by Oscar Lewis, an area resident and amateur archaeologist, and is named for the landowner. It was examined that year by a team funded by the federal National Youth Administration program. It underwent more substantive excavations in the following two years, by teams organized by the state and funded by the Works Progress Administration. These excavations recorded the locations of artifacts in a horizontal but not vertical orientation, a deficiency that has caused later difficulties in using the collection for analysis and comparison.
Finds at the site give some indication of a sedentary horticultural use, consistent with Hidatsa practice, but the site is not anywhere near other known Hidatsa sites, which are primarily on the Missouri River watershed further east in North Dakota. The ceramics at the site bear some resemblance to Crow artifacts, but there is ongoing debate about exactly what constitutes Crow pottery, and the lack of stratigraphic information from the Hagen collection complicates resolution of the question. Despite this problem, the site has been recognized as of unquestioned importance in the region since early analyses were published.
# University of 17 November

The University of 17 November (Czech: Universita 17. listopadu, abbreviated USL)) was a university in Czechoslovakia that existed between 1961 and 1974. It was designed for students from formerly colonized countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The name of the school referred to the 17 November 1939 Massacre of Czech university students by the Gestapo.
Modeled after the example of Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University in USSR and the Herder Institute at the Karl Marx University in East Germany, the aim of the university was to influence the development of future elites in the developing world in line with the ideological views of the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia.
The university was based in Prague but, in line with its aim to expose the students to the socialist society, teaching took place also in Záhrádky, Dobruška, Holešov, Poděbrady, Mariánské Lázně, Senec and Herľany. Following the federalization of Czechoslovakia, the USL opened a second central campus in Bratislava in 1961. Until 1966, the university had three departments - linguistics, social science and sciences. In 1966 the sciences department was discontinued. The university had only two rectors over the course of its existence, both lawyers: Jaroslav Martinic (1961–1969) and Otakar Taufer (1969–1974) The teaching languages were mainly English and French.
The university admitted around 600 students annually from over 60 countries. Most of the students lacked the means to support themselves through their education. Therefore the USL charged no tuition fees and the students were provided with dormitory accommodation, regular meals, as well as a monthly allowance to cover their living costs.
The University was abolished in 1974. The key reasons were high costs, the conflicts between students from different regions and ethnicities as well as between foreign students and local and the high share of alumni, that remained in Czechoslovakia instead of returning home after graduation, which was at odds with the stated aims of the university. The linguistic department was preserved and moved to the Charles University

## Literature

* HOLEČKOVÁ, Marta Edith. Příběh zapomenuté univerzity. Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Arts 2019. ISBN 978-80-7308-921-4 (print), ISBN 978-80-7308-922-1 (online: pdf) (in Czech)
# Kintarō Yokoyama

Kintarō Yokoyama (横山 金太郎 Yokoyama Kintarō, b. Dec. 14, 1868-d. Sept. 25, 1945) was mayor of Hiroshima from 1935 to 1939.
| Preceded bySadaji Itō | Mayor of Hiroshima February 1935 – February 1939 | Succeeded byWakami Fujita |