OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# List of kings of Cyrene

Cyrene or Cyrenaica was a Greek colony on the North African coast, in what is now northeastern Libya, founded by Dorian settlers from Thera (modern Santorini) in the 7th century BC. Kings of Cyrene received a recurring posthumous hero cult like that of the Dorian kings of Sparta.

## Kings of Cyrene (Battiad dynasty), 632–440 BC

* Battus I 630–600 BC
* Arcesilaus I 600–583 BC
* Battus II 583–560 BC
* Arcesilaus II 560–550 BC
* Learchus 550 BC (disputed)
* Battus III 550–530 BC
* Arcesilaus III 530–515 BC
* Battus IV 515–465 BC
* Arcesilaus IV 465–440 BC
In 440 BC, Cyrene became a republic, under Persian suzerainty (as had been the latter kings from Arcesilaus III). Cyrene was conquered by Alexander the Great in 331 BC and fell to the portion of Ptolemy I in the division of Alexander's empire. In 276 BC it reasserted its independence.

## Kings of Cyrene, 276–246 BC

* Magas 276–250 BC
* Berenice II (Queen) 258–246 BC, alongside a series of her co-rulers: Magas, Demetrius and a republican government
* Demetrius the Fair 250–249 BC
* Republican government 249–246 BC
In 249 BC Cyrene again became a republic, but was restored to Ptolemaic control in 246 BC by Ptolemy III who married to Berenice II, Queen of Cyrene. From 163 BC, Cyrene occasionally had its own rulers from the Ptolemaic dynasty.

## Kings of Cyrene, 163–30 BC

* Ptolemy VIII Physcon 163–116 BC
* Ptolemy Apion 116–96 BC
* Roman Republic 96–37 BC (officially annexed as a province in 74 BC)
* Ptolemaic Kingdom 37–34 BC
* Cleopatra Selene II (Queen) 34–30 BC
In 96 BC, the city became part of the Roman Republic, but it was restored to the Ptolemies by Mark Antony in 37 BC. In 34 BC Cleopatra VII and Antony's daughter, Cleopatra Selene II, was made Queen of Cyrene, but the city returned to Rome following Augustus' conquest of Egypt in 30 BC.
# Changüí

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Changüí is a style of Cuban music which originated in the early 19th century in the eastern region of Guantánamo Province, specifically Baracoa. It arose in the sugar cane refineries and in the rural communities populated by slaves. Changüí combines the structure and elements of Spain's canción and the Spanish guitar with African rhythms and percussion instruments of African origin. Changüí is considered a predecessor of son montuno (the ancestor of modern salsa), which has enjoyed tremendous popularity in Cuba throughout the 20th century.
Changüí is related to the other regional genres of nengón and kiribá and is descended from nengón. Technically, the changüi ensemble consists of: marímbula, bongos, tres, güiro (or guayo) and one or more singers. Changüi does not use the Cuban key pattern (or guide pattern) known as clave. The tres typically plays offbeat guajeos (ostinatos), while the guayo plays on the beat.

## Gallery

* Grupo Changüí de Guantánamo at the National Folk Festival in Havana, 1962.
* The Afro-Cuban marímbula, the "bass" used in changüí.
* Changüí offbeat guajeo written in cut-time. (Play)
* Sheet music for a changüí ensemble.
# Alan Hamlin

Alan Patrick Hamlin (born 25 March 1951) is a British economist and political theorist.
Hamlin attended Bristol Grammar School 1962-69 and earned a bachelor's degree in economics at the University of Wales, followed by a DPhil at the University of York. Hamlin was appointed to a Lectureship in Economics at the University of Southampton in 1976 and was promoted to a Professorship in Economics at Southampton where he was also served as Head of the Department of Economics, Dean of Social Sciences, and Dean of Law Arts and Social Sciences. Hamlin was a Visiting Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, 1989-90 and held visiting appointments in America and in Australia. Hamlin was appointed to a Professorship in Political Theory at the University of Manchester in 2006, where he also served as Head of the Department of Politics, and was granted emeritus status in 2013. Hamlin was lead editor of the journal Constitutional Political Economy from 2001 to 2012, served as a Member of the Competition Commission from 2001 - 2010, and was elected a fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in 2011. Hamlin's publications include 'Ethics Economics and the State' (1986), 'The Good Polity'(1989, with Philip Pettit), 'Democratic Devices and Desires' (2000, with Geoffrey Brennan), 'Beyond Conventional Economics' (2006 with Giuseppe Eusepi).
# Bill Ferrar

Dr William Leonard Ferrar FRSE (21 October 1893 – 22 January 1990) was an English mathematician. He focused on interpolation theory and number theory.

## Early life

Ferrar was born on 21 October 1893 in St Pauls, Bristol, the son of Maria Susannah Ferrar and her husband George William Persons Ferrar, a lamplighter.
He attended Bristol Grammar School. In 1912, he gained a place at The Queen's College in Oxford, winning the Junior Mathematical Scholarship in 1914. His studies were interrupted by the First World War during which he first spent as a telephonist in the artillery then as an Intelligence Officer in France.
He returned to Oxford in 1919 and graduated MA in 1920, and later received a doctorate (DSc).

## Career

He spent his first 4 years working in Bangor then was invited to the University of Edinburgh by Edmund Whittaker as a lecturer in mathematics. There he worked with Edward Copson and Alec Aitken, and wrote papers on convergent series, interpolation theory, and number theory.
In 1925, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Edmund Whittaker, Edward Copson, Sir Charles Galton Darwin and David Gibb.
In the autumn of 1925, he took up a new role at the University of Oxford.
From its creation until 1933, he was the editor at the University of the Quarterly Journal of Mathematics in which he published many papers. In 1937, he became the bursar of Hertford College, Oxford which he was employed at for 22 years. After being the bursar in 1959, he became the Principal of the college. In 1947, he belated applied for a doctorate and received a DSc.

## Publications

* A Textbook of Convergence (1938)
* Algebra: a Textbook of Determinants, Matrices and Quadratic Forms (1941, 2nd ed. 1957)
* Finite Matrices (1951)
* Mathematics for Science (1965)
* Integral Calculus (1966)
* Calculus for Beginners (1967)
* Advanced Mathematics for Science (1969)
* Differential Calculus
* Higher Algebra for Schools (1945)
* Higher Algebra

## Artistic recognition

His portrait was painted by Ruskin Spear in 1965.

## Family

He was married to Edna Ferrar (1898-1986). Their son was Michael Ferrar.

## Death

He died in Oxford on 22 January 1990. He is buried in Wolvercote Cemetery.
Academic offices :
| Preceded byNeville Richard Murphy | Principal of Hertford College, Oxford 1959–1964 | Succeeded byRobert Hall |
# Charles H. Clark

Charles H. Clark (June 11, 1818 – November 20, 1873) was the mayor of Rochester, New York from 1858 to 1859.
Clark was born in Saybrook, Conn., June 11, 1818. He taught in the academy in Clinton, Conn., for a year after graduating from Yale College in 1841; and then studied law, first in Saybrook, and subsequently in Rochester, N. Y. He was admitted to the bar in October 1845, and was for many years a successful lawyer in Rochester. In 1858 he was mayor of the city, and in June 1863, was appointed Colonel of the 54th Regiment of the N. Y. State National Guard. He died in Rochester, November 20, 1870, aged 52, having been affected for nearly a year with an organic disease of the heart which was apparently complicated with a disease of the brain. He married, March 8, 1848, Miss Maria B. Viele, of Saratoga County, N. Y., who with his two sons is survived him.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Yale Obituary Record.
# Beloit and Madison Railroad

The Beloit and Madison Railroad was a railroad company in the state of Wisconsin. It was incorporated in 1852 and opened its first line in 1854. Upon completion, the railroad was leased by the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the company merged into the Chicago and North Western Railway in 1871.

## History

The Beloit and Madison Railroad was incorporated on February 18, 1852, to construct a railway line from Beloit to Madison via Janesville. At the southern end the line would connect with the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, which would build a branch from its main line at Belvidere north to Beloit. The two companies shared several members of the board and the same company president. Service over the Galena and Chicago Union's branch to Beloit began on November 14, 1853. The Beloit and Madison opened its line between Beloit and Afton on August 15, 1854, and then to Footville on December 18, bypassing Janesville. The line was built using strap rail previously used on the Michigan Southern Railroad and Galena and Chicago Union.
The Galena and Chicago Union leased the Beloit and Madison Railroad in 1854, once the line was in operation. The Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad, a forerunner of the Milwaukee Road, crossed the Beloit and Madison's line at Hanover in 1857. In 1858, amid the Panic of 1857, Galena and Chicago Union trains began using the Milwaukee and Mississippi's line to reach Janesville. In 1860, the company extended its line north from Footville to Magnolia. The company was reorganized on September 18, 1862, but kept the name Beloit and Madison Railroad and remained under lease to the Galena and Chicago Union.
The Galena and Chicago Union consolidated with the Chicago and North Western Railway on June 2, 1864. The Beloit and Madison extended its line to Madison on September 7, 1864. The Beloit and Madison company was merged into the Chicago and North Western on January 10, 1871.

## Route

As built, the Beloit and Madison's main line extended 48.8 miles (78.5 km) from Beloit to Madison via Afton. The southern portion of line became less important in 1886 with the opening of the "Evansville Cut-off" between Evansville (on the Beloit–Madison line) and Janesville. This shortened the route between Madison and Chicago. The Chicago and North Western abandoned the section between Evansville and Beloit, known as the Footville Subdivision, in 1979. The line north of Evansville is operated by the Wisconsin and Southern Railroad as part of the Reedsburg Subdivision.
# Rana Afzaal Hussain

Rana Afzaal Hussain (Urdu: رانا افضال حسین; 2 July 1947 – 26 August 2024) was a Pakistani politician who was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 2008 to May 2018, and a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from April 2024 till his death.

## Life and career

Hussain was born on 2 July 1947.
He ran for the seat of the National Assembly of Pakistan as an independent candidate from NA-131 (Sheikhupura-I) in 2002 Pakistani general election but was unsuccessful. He received 3,075 votes and lost the seat to Zulfiqar Ahmad Dhillon, a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q).
Hussain was elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) from NA-131 (Sheikhupura-I) in by-election held in June 2008. He received 119,180 votes and defeated Zulfiqar Ahmed Dhillon, a candidate of PML-Q. The seat became vacant after Rana Tanveer Hussain who won the 2008 election, vacated it to retain the seat in NA-132.
He was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency NA-131 (Sheikhupura-I) in 2013 Pakistani general election. He received 73,742 votes and defeated an independent candidate, Umar Aftab Dhillon. In the same election, he also ran for the seat of the National Assembly as an independent candidate from Constituency NA-132 (Sheikhupura-II) but was unsuccessful. He received 1,231 votes and lost the seat to Rana Tanveer Hussain.
He contested the 2018 Pakistani general election as a candidate of PML-N from NA-119 (Sheikhupura-I), but was unsuccessful. He received 94,122 votes and was defeated by Rahat Amanullah, a candidate of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI).
He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-N from PP-139 Sheikhupura-IV in an April 2024 by-election. He received 45,679 votes and defeated Ijaz Hussain, a PTI-supported candidate of Sunni Ittehad Council (SIC).

## Death

Hussain died from a heart attack on 26 August 2024, at the age of 77. His funeral was held in Muridke and he was buried in Nangal Kaswala, his native village.
# MAX (Calgary)

MAX is a bus rapid transit network operated by Calgary Transit in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. MAX forms a part of Calgary Transit's rapid transit network, along with the CTrain light rail system.
The MAX system opened in November 2018 with three routes: MAX Orange, MAX Teal, and MAX Purple. The MAX Yellow line opened in December 2019. MAX routes are distinguished from Calgary's existing express bus network, branded as "BRT", by the use of dedicated transitway on three lines, heated shelters, real-time information, and elevated sidewalks.

## Routes

| Line | Opening date | Terminus | Terminus | Stations | Connecting rapid transit |
| MAX Orange | November 19, 2018 | Brentwood | Saddletowne | 21 | Red Line Blue Line |
| MAX Yellow | December 23, 2019 | Woodpark Bv | City Centre | 14 | Red Line Blue Line MAX Teal MAX Purple |
| MAX Teal | December 10, 2012 (as Route 306) November 19, 2018 (as MAX Teal) | Westbrook | Douglas Glen | 17 | Red Line Blue Line MAX Yellow |
| MAX Purple | November 19, 2018 | City Centre | East Hills | 11 | Red Line Blue Line MAX Yellow |

### BRT routes

In addition to the MAX network, Calgary Transit operates four separate routes branded as "BRT". They are not considered to be part of Calgary's rapid transit network, and do not use dedicated transitway, heated shelter, real-time information, or elevated sidewalks.
| Line | Opening date | Terminus | Terminus | Connecting rapid transit |
| 300 BRT Airport/City Centre | July 27, 2011 | City Centre | Airport | Red Line Blue Line MAX Orange MAX Yellow MAX Purple |
| 301 BRT North/Downtown | August 30, 2004 | City Centre | North Pointe | Red Line Blue Line MAX Orange MAX Yellow MAX Purple |
| 302 BRT Southeast | August 3, 2009 | City Centre | South Health Campus | Red Line Blue Line MAX Yellow MAX Teal MAX Purple |

## Fares

MAX services use the same fare structure as the rest of the Calgary Transit system. As of July 2024, a single adult fare is $3.70, or $2.50 for youth. Day, monthly, low-income, and university passes are also available.

## Transitways
### Southwest Transitway

The Southwest Transitway is a bus-only corridor along 14 Street SW, between 75 Avenue SW and Southland Drive. It has three stations along its length, used by MAX Yellow. MAX Teal also uses a portion of the Transitway. Both routes operate in mixed traffic and shoulder lanes for the rest of their routing.

### 17 Avenue SE Transitway

The 17 Avenue SE Transitway is a bus-only corridor along 17 Avenue SE, between 9 Avenue SE and Hubalta Road SE It has six stations along its length, used by MAX Purple.
# Maltby Strong

Maltby Strong (November 24, 1796 – August 5, 1878) was an American physician, businessman, and mayor of Rochester, New York.
Strong, fourth son of Rev. Joseph Strong and Sophia (Woodbridge) Strong, was born in Heath, Mass., November 24, 1796, his father being then settled over the church in that town. He graduated from Yale College in 1819. (Two of his elder brothers were graduated Yale in 1812 and 1815.) After leaving college he attended a course of lectures at the Yale Medical School, and then entered the office of his brother, Dr. Woodbridge Strong, of Boston, as a student, and attended two courses of lectures at Harvard University. In 1822, he accompanied Dr. Nathan Smith, the head of the Yale Medical School to Brunswick, Me., as private pupil and surgical assistant in a course of lectures, and while there received the degree of M.D. from Bowdoin College. He then began the practice of medicine in South Hadley, and pursued it with success for several years. In 1831 he removed to Rochester, N. Y., where he continued to practice his profession. In 1832 he engaged in the business of milling flour in connection with his eldest brother, Hon. Joseph Strong. This business, and other employments, such as the purchase and sale of real estate, engrossed his attention for some years, to the exclusion of his profession; but he subsequently resumed practice, and did not finally relinquish it until about ten years before his death. In 1854 he was elected Mayor of the city, and held the office for one term. He was intelligently interested in all public affairs, and especially in the improvement of the educational privileges of Rochester.
He was married, September 9, 1835, to Eliza B., daughter of Joseph E. Sprague, of Salem, Mass., who survived him, without children. He died in Rochester, August 5, 1878, in his 82nd year.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Yale Obituary Record.
# Sonohyan-utaki

Sonohyan-utaki (園比屋武御嶽, Okinawan: スヌファンウタキ Sunufan-utaki) is a sacred grove of trees and plants (utaki) of the traditional indigenous Ryukyuan religion. It is located on the grounds of Shuri Castle in Naha, Okinawa, a few paces away from the Shureimon castle gate. The utaki, or more specifically its stone gate (石門, ishimon), is one of a number of sites which together comprise the UNESCO World Heritage Site officially described as Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, and has been designated an Important Cultural Property by the Japanese national government.
While the gates were once opened only for the king, today they are always closed, and so the gates have in a way become a sacred space themselves, representative of the actual sacred space behind them. Many travellers and locals come to pray at the gates.
The stone gate was first built in 1519, during the reign of Ryukyuan king Shō Shin, though the space had been recognized as a sacred utaki prior to that. Whenever the king left the castle on a journey, he would first stop at Sonohyan-utaki to pray for safe travels. The site also played an important role in the initiation of the High Priestess (聞得大君, kikoe-ōgimi) of the native religion.
The gate is said to be a prime example of traditional Okinawan architecture, and shows many signs of Chinese influence, along with a Japanese-influenced gable in the karahafu style. It was severely damaged in the 1945 battle of Okinawa, but was restored in 1957, and officially designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000, along with a number of other sites across Okinawa Island. The utaki, i.e. the sacred grove itself, was once much larger than it is today, an elementary school and other buildings having encroached upon the space.
# Tonguefish

Tonguefishes are flatfish in the family Cynoglossidae. They are distinguished by the presence of a long hook on the snout overhanging the mouth, and the absence of pectoral fins. Their eyes are both on the left side of their bodies, which also lack a pelvic fin. This family has three genera with a total of more than 140 species. The largest reaches a length of 66 cm (26 in), though most species only reach half that size or less. They are found in tropical and subtropical oceans, mainly in shallow waters and estuaries, though some species are found in deep sea floors, and even a few in rivers.
Symphurus thermophilus lives congregating around "ponds" of sulphur at hydrothermal vents on the seafloor. No other flatfish is known from hydrothermal vents. Scientists are unsure of the mechanism that allows the fish to survive and even thrive in such a hostile environment.
# Malotwana Siding

Malotwana Siding is a village in Kgatleng District of Botswana. It is located 10 km north of Mochudi and the population was 354 in the 2001 census. There is currently one school, Boiteko primary school. Most of the people who live in this village are mere subsistent farmers.
# Holing cane

Holing cane was a process by which slave labor gangs planted sugar cane on plantations.
Field slaves were generally divided into three gangs based on their ability to work. The lead gang was responsible for digging cane holes; the second gang would plant the cane cuttings, and the third gang—typically composed of the least able-bodied workers and the very young—would be required to weed the fields, catch rats, and serve as gofers.
The process began with white field supervisors marking off the cane field in a checkerboard of 4-to-5-foot (1.2 to 1.5 m) squares. Within each square the lead gang would dig a hole approximately 6 to 9 inches (150 to 230 mm) deep and 2 to 3 feet (0.61 to 0.91 m) long. This back-breaking labor was often complicated by wet weather or parched soil, and a network of cut canes and roots from the previous year's planting.
The secondary gang would set cuttings of the previous year's cane in the holes and cover them with a mixture of manure and soil. The manure mixture was carried by hand in baskets to avoid damage to the plantings. The cuttings would be arranged in rows to allow the prevailing winds to disperse moisture in and around the cane, reducing the chances of fungal diseases, which ruined many crops each year (see List of sugarcane diseases).
Cane holing was such brutal work that many plantation owners contracted with jobbing gangs to plant the crop in order to protect their capital investment in their own enslaved workforce.