# Kumanovo dialect

The Kumanovo dialect (Macedonian: Кумановски дијалект, Kumanovski dijalekt) is a member of the eastern subgroup of the Northern group of dialects of Macedonian. It belongs to the so-called Prizren-Timok dialects, also known as Torlakian. The dialect is typical for the northern dialect of Macedonian and is very well known because of the use of some cases, such as the locative case. The Kumanovo dialect is spoken mainly in the city of Kumanovo and the surrounding villages. The dialect is closely related to the neighboring Kriva Palanka dialect. The Kumanovo dialect can be found in literary works, such as the famous play “Lenče Kumanovče” written by Vasil Iljoski in 1928. The Kumanovo dialect is especially popular as a source of humor in the spoken media, whereas the print media tend to favor Western dialect forms for humorous anecdotes and quotations in local news stories. The most significant example where the Kumanovo dialect is used in a humorous way is the festival Tumba Fest.

## Phonological characteristics

* use of A instead of E: трева / treva > трава / trava;
* use of the letter U instead of the letter A as a reflex of Proto-Slavic *ǫ: рака / raka > рука / ruka (hand), пат / pat > пут / put (road);
* the old syllabic L is changed into U/ LU/ LA: волк / volk > вук / vuk (wolf), сонце / sonce > слăнце / sl'nce (sun).
* use of palatal J at the beginning of the word: јазик / jazik > език / ezik (tongue),

## Morphological characteristics

* use of the suffix -V in third-person plural: тие имаа / tie imaa > они имава/имасва / oni imava/imasva (they had);
* use of the suffix E for plural feminine nouns instead of the suffix -I: торби/ torbi > торбе / torbe (bags).
* Use of KUDE instead of KADE (where).
* Use of the forms gu and ga instead of the forms go and i: њега га виде / njega ga vide (I saw him).

### Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns :
| Number | Person | Person | Subject Nominative | Direct Complement Accusative | Direct Complement Accusative | Indirect Complement | Indirect Complement | Indirect Complement |
| Number | Person | Person | Subject Nominative | Direct Complement Accusative | Direct Complement Accusative | no preposition Dative | no preposition Dative | preposition |
| Number | Person | Person | Subject Nominative | full | short | full | short possessive | preposition |
| Singular | First | First | ја | мене | ме | на мене | ми | мене |
| Singular | Second | Second | ти | тебе | те | на тебе | ти | тебе |
| Singular | Third | Masculine | он | њега | га | на њега | му | њега |
| Singular | Third | Feminine | она | њума | гу | на њума | ву | њума |
| Singular | Third | Neuter | оно | њега | га | на њега | му | њега |
| Plural | First | First | ми | нас | нѐ | на нас | ни | нас |
| Plural | Second | Second | ви | вас | ве | на вас | ви | вас |
| Plural | Third | Third | они | њима | ги | на њима | ги | њима |

## Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns :
| Number | Person | Person | Masculine | Masculine | Feminine | Feminine | Neuter | Neuter | Plural | Plural | Short form |
| Number | Person | Person | nominative | oblique | nominative | oblique | nominative | oblique | nominative | oblique | Short form |
| Singular | First | First | мој | моега | моја | моју | мое | мое | мои | мои | ми |
| Singular | Second | Second | твој | твоега | твоја | твоју | твое | твое | твои | твои | ти |
| Singular | Third | Masculine | његов | његовога | његова | његову | његово | његово | његови | његови | му |
| Singular | Third | Feminine | њојан | њојнога | њојна | њојну | њојно | њојно | њојни | њојни | ву |
| Singular | Third | Neuter | његов | његовога | његова | његову | његово | његово | његови | његови | му |
| Plural | First | First | наш | нашега | наша | нашу | наше | наше | наши | наши | ни |
| Plural | Second | Second | ваш | вашега | ваша | вашу | ваше | ваше | ваши | ваши | ви |
| Plural | Third | Third | њини | њинога | њина | њину | њино | њино | њини | њини | им |

### Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns :
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural |
| Nominative | тăј, овăј, онăј | тај, овај, онај | тој, овој, оној | тија, овија, онија |
| Oblique | тога, овога, онога | туј, овуј, онуј | тој, овој, оној | тија, овија, онија |

### Nominal inflection

Nominal inflection :
| Gender | Nominative | Oblique |
| Masculine (sg.) | муж | мужа |
| Masculine (pl.) | мужи | мужи |
| Feminine (sg.) | жена | жену |
| Feminine (pl.) | жене | жене |
| Neuter (sg.) | дете | дете |
| Neuter (pl.) | деца | деца |

### Adjectival inflection

Adjectival inflection: добар ('good') :
| Gender | Nominative | Oblique |
| Masculine (sg.) | добар | доброга |
| Masculine (pl.) | добри | добри |
| Feminine (sg.) | добра | добру |
| Feminine (pl.) | добри | добри |
| Neuter (sg.) | добро | добро |
| Neuter (pl.) | добри | добри |

## Examples of the dialect

* A song that is very well known in North Macedonia and typical for the Kumanovo dialect:
    Три невесте тикве брале, бре
    три невесте тикве брале, бре
    три невесте тикве брале, бре, бре, бре
    тикве брале, бре.
    Куде брале туј заспале, бре
    куде брале туј заспале, бре
    куде брале туј заспале, бре, бре, бре
    туј заспале, бре.

### Phrases

* Кумановци не се претопуев лăко, на свој дијалект зборив куде и да су
** Kumanovci ne se pretopuev lăko, na svoj dijalekt zboriv kude i da su ("The people from Kumanovo cannot be assimilated easily, they speak their own dialect wherever they are")
* Полăко ќе научиш англиски да пишуеш и читаш неголи кумановски
** Polăko ḱe naučiš angliski da pišueš i čitaš negoli kumanovski ("You will learn to write and read English more easily than the Kumanovo dialect")