# Left May languages

The Left May or Arai languages are a small language family of half a dozen closely related but not mutually intelligible languages in the centre of New Guinea, in the watershed of the Left May River. There are only about 2,000 speakers in all. Foley (2018) classifies them separately as an independent language family, while Usher (2020) links them with the Amto–Musan languages.
The Left May languages are spoken at the extreme western end of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.
Ama is the best documented Left May language.

## Languages

The languages are:
    Iteri (Rocky Peak), Nakwi, Ama, Nimo, Owiniga, and (possibly) Bo.

## Classification

Foley (2018) provides the following classification.

### Left May family

* western branch: Ama; Nimo; Iteri, Bo
* eastern branch: Owiniga
Iteri and Bo are closely related to each other.
Usher (2020) does not recognize a primary western branch, and distinguishes more languages.

### Arai River family

* Ama
* Nimo–Nakwi
** Nakwi
** Nimo
* Owiniga
* West Arai River
** Bo
** Iteri – Rocky Peak
*** Iteri
*** Rocky Peak

## External relationships

Malcolm Ross (2005) linked the Left May languages to Laycock's Kwomtari–Baibai languages in a Left May – Kwomtari family, based on similarities in the pronouns of Rocky Peak. However, he had not corrected for Laycock's errors in classification, and it is not clear if the links are with the Kwomtari or Fas languages.
Timothy Usher links the Left May languages to their neighbors, the Amto–Musan languages and the Pyu language in as Arai–Samaia stock. However, Foley (2018) attributes lexical similarities between the Left May and Amto-Musan families to contact, rather than genetic relationship.
Foley (2018) notes that typologically, the Left May languages are highly different from the other language families of the Sepik-Ramu basin, instead resembling the Trans-New Guinea somewhat more closely. For example, Left May and Trans-New Guinea languages typically all have ergative case markers, which most languages of the Sepik-Ramu basin do not have except for a few such as the isolate Taiap. Nevertheless, Left May and Trans-New Guinea speakers have historically been hostile towards each other (unlike their close trade relationships with Amto-Musan speakers), so there has been no recent contact scenarios to speak of. These typological similarities could be due to chance, ancient contact, or perhaps even a deep genetic relationship.

## Vocabulary comparison

The following basic vocabulary words are from Conrad & Dye (1975) and various SIL resources, as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. kʌmi, ʔɛmi, ʔami for “head”) or not (e.g. dɛbo, ʔinʌ̀, fɛřæ for “skin”).
    glossAmaBoIteri (Rocky Peak dialect)IteriNimoOwiniga head kamu; 'kaːmũkʌmiʔɛmiʔami; ʔa'm̀ikɛmɛ; 'kɛmɛh hair kamusowa; 'kaːmũsuɒkʌmsiyaʔɛmisuamiʔamiso; ʔami'sò'kamo; kɛmo ear i'ɒː; ʔiakɔʔoæuɔ; ʔɔiso; is̯o; i'só eye mʝɒː; mʌřamʌǏoᵽogwamɔ; moh'mǒro; mořo nose amu; 'aːmũkiʔɩmodʋimuřʔimʌtɛmɛři; tə'mʌ́li tooth iːkiʔeɩimɛři; i'mʌli tongue isauna; i'saːunɔ̃lɛsɛlɛtɛisaːbe; isaːpeisɩ; ise leg 'ɸeʌufeřǽ louse ʔani; ʌ'nĩːkaʔɔæamiᶗ; ʔamiyoeni; kemo; tařap̶úmwaino dog aǏuou; ʌʝɔ'wɔːunařisosoʔʔau; ʔauhbɛlɩ; bɛři pig ᵽu; ʍuːᵽuᵽuhwusuᵽukebaře; kebáře bird o; oːwɔwowařiwʌ; 'ẃəlibe; mbɛh; ya egg oː iː; ʔuiwɔiʔabotɩnowoii; sáːviyabene; mɛřɛfi; mɛřɛri; pe'dana blood 'nãːkɒ; nakʌʔkwowowoʔiwʌke; takona bone miː; mĩːmutukmotoᵽʋmotomimiři; nom skin au; 'tɔːnɔ̃tʌpɔdɛbonaeabu; ʔi'nʌ̀fɛřæ; fɛřai; numə'řài; sepe breast nanʌ; 'nãːnɔ̃nɔnʋnounɔ'náinoh; nano tree ãː; ʔąkaʔaąʔa; ʔaa; ʔaː man nʌ̃'kɒː; nʌkanʌkʌnonaunɔː; nɔno 'sámonəgaina; 'nɛ́ka; nʌga; nʌgaina woman mwi; nə̃'nĩː; nʌkʌǏaǏakwauwa; ʔwanią; nià 'sámo'níboh; nini sun o'ʝɒː'húanotabeřa; mbɛ'lah moon ʌ'mũːʔi'ḿʌ'fonai; fořai water i'wɒː; ʔiwaʔuʔuuwi; ʔwibi; ʔmi fire taː; tahtayɛyʋtasa; sah stone tɛmʌkiʔ; tʌmʌ̃'kiːtʌpʌkitʌbemasɩtə'pái; tʌpeisia; si'yà; sya road, path mʝɒː; mʌǏakeři; kʌřiʔæliwiʌřiáři; ařiImaǥamář; meřeb̶i; mɛ'řiƀi name 'siːʌʝɔ eat napʌna; tə'nɔ̃ːsanoʔwɛnopano; 'yʌ́no 'sánoepepeki; siyunò; tauna one siasʌ; 'siːʌsɔsɔsɔsʋsosusæsæsiʌesʌ; 'síyasəya'liƀuh; yəvyaro; yʌřu two tiwe; 'tiːweitisʌtisolisæʔtiː; tiĩsi'máƀi; simʌbi; siməbi