OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# APOS Theory

In mathematics education, APOS Theory is a model of how mathematical concepts are learned. APOS Theory was developed by Ed Dubinsky and others and is based on Jean Piaget's notion of reflective abstraction. APOS stands for Actions, Processes, Objects, Schemas, the four main mental structures involved in the theory. APOS Theory takes a constructivist view towards mathematical learning. Implementations of APOS Theory in classrooms typically use the ACE Teaching Cycle, a pedagogical strategy with three chronological components: activities, classroom discussion, and exercises. Implementations also often use mathematical programming languages, most commonly ISETL.

## Mental structures and mechanisms

APOS Theory emphasizes four mental structures: Actions, Processes, Objects, and Schemas.
* Actions are specific manipulations or transformations done to already understood mathematical objects. Actions are external, meaning that each step of the transformation needs to be performed explicitly and guided by external instructions. For example, someone who can only think about functions by substituting a number into an expression has an action understanding of functions.
* Processes are actions that have been fully internalized. Someone who has internalized an action into a process can do the action without external instruction, can skip steps, and can imagine performing the process in the abstract without specific inputs being present. The shift from an action understanding to a process understanding is called interiorization. For example, someone with a process understanding of a function is able to think about a function as taking in unspecified inputs and applying a transformation to them to produce an output, and someone who has a process understanding of an n-tuple is able to mentally consider the concept of an n-tuple for unspecified n.
* Objects are cognitive objects coming from the ability to conceptualize the totality of a process and understanding how to put additional structure on that totality. The shift from a process understanding to an object understanding is called encapsulation. Someone with an object understanding of functions is able to form a set of functions and define additional structure on that set, such as operations or a topology. Encapsulation is considered the most difficult step in APOS-based instruction.
* Schemas are collections of actions, processes, and objects, and other schemas, and the interactions between them, and the ability to understand in what situations it applies. For example, for someone who understands the theory of vector spaces, the mental structure of a vector space is a schema.
The mental structures are not necessarily gone through in a linear progression.
# Johanna Wood

Johanna Julene Wood CNZM (born 25 December 1960) is a New Zealand sports administrator; she is president of New Zealand Football.

## Biography

Wood was born and grew up in Wellington. She moved to Palmerston North to study German language at Massey University, and met her future husband, a dairy farmer. Wood has a Master of Educational Studies and a PhD in education. On graduating, she lived on the family dairy farm at Hiwinui while beginning her teaching career. Her last position before retiring was principal of Queen Elizabeth College in Palmerston North, a position she held for nine years.
In 2010 Wood was elected chair of the Central Football Federation, covering Manawatū, Hawke’s Bay, and Taranaki.
Wood was elected to the FIFA Council during the OFC Extraordinary Congress in Auckland on 9 March 2019, to serve from 2019 to 2023. Wood is the first New Zealander elected to the FIFA Council since Charlie Dempsey, who served from 1996 to 2000.
She is also president of New Zealand Football, and the first woman to hold the position. In 2022 she was re-elected for a second term.

### Awards and recognition

In 2021, Wood was awarded the Sport New Zealand Leadership Award at the Halberg Awards. In the 2024 New Year Honours, Wood was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit (CNZM), for services to football governance.
# Concert for Aliens

"Concert for Aliens" (stylized in all lowercase) is a song by Machine Gun Kelly. It was released as the second single from his fifth studio album Tickets to My Downfall. It peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart in 2020.

## Background

The song debuted live on the nationally televised show Good Morning America on July 20, 2020, when Machine Gun Kelly (Colson Baker) and drummer Travis Barker performed the track. The following day, Baker posted the clip to social media and confirmed that the song would be the second single from his upcoming fifth studio album Tickets to My Downfall. Multiple music videos were released for the song. On August 5, an animated video was released, featuring Baker and Barker trying to escape from aliens, which eventually transitions to them playing a concert for the aliens. A second video, directed by Mod Sun, was released on August 13, 2020. The video, make of live action footage, alternates between footage of Baker and Barker performing the song in front of a crowd of aliens, and footage of Baker dressed up and acting silly in a variety of costumes, including a game show host, an actor, a sailor, an emo teenager, and a stereotypical "villain" type character. The video received 250,000 views in the first three hours of availability alone.

## Themes and composition

Publications generally described the song as pop-punk. Pitchfork called it a faithful homage to Blink-182's Enema of the State. Despite the song's upbeat sound and humorous video, Baker noted that the song was meant to have a serious message, serving as a metaphor for the chaos and civil unrest present in the year 2020, with the song lyrics making allusions to the end of the world.

## Reception

AllMusic and Digital Journal considered the song a standout on Tickets to My Downfall. Wall of Sound called it an "absolute fucking anthem." Rock Sins called it a song Simple Plan would be grateful to still be able to write. Conversely, Sputnikmusic called the vocals overproduced and that Baker sings in a nasally baritone.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||

## Personnel

Credits adapted from Tidal.
* Machine Gun Kelly – vocals, guitar
* Travis Barker – production
* Nick Long – guitar
* Colin Leonard – master engineering
* Adam Hawkins – mixing

## Release history

| Country | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| Various | August 5, 2020 | Digital download streaming | Bad Boy Interscope | |
| Italy | September 4, 2020 | Contemporary hit radio | Universal | |
# Cyantraniliprole

Cyantraniliprole is an insecticide of the diamide class (IRAC MoA group 28). It shows strong activity and lepidoptera (caterpillars), and since it shows systemic activity it is also active against sucking pests such as aphids and whitefly.
As part of an ongoing court dispute by the Center for Biological Diversity, in November 2022, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ordered the United States Environmental Protection Agency to consider harms to plants and animals under the Endangered Species Act, and to put in place appropriate protections. The draft report by the EPA showed that cyantraniliprole is likely to adversely affect about 41% of endangered or threatened species.
# Emília Došeková

Emília Došeková (14 June 1937 – 19 April 2021) was a Slovak actress, script writer and chanson singer.

## Biography

Emília Došeková was born on 14 June 1937 in Bratislava. She grew up in her mother hometown of Krupina and received education at the grammar school in Šahy. She studied at the Bratislava Conservatory and Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava, graduating in 1958.
From 1958 to 1973 Došeková acted at the Nitra Region Theatre. In 1973 she became an independent artist, which allowed her to focus full time on chanson performances and writing television scripts.
Došeková appeared in over 20 movies. Her debut was the 1962 film Bíla Oblaka ("White Clouds"). Her last film was 2010 comedy Surviving Life. Her other notable role was in 2002 comedy Kruté radosti ("Cruel Joys"). In the 2010, she appeared only in small episodic roles of TV Series Ochrancovia ("Protectors"; 2014) and Tajné životy ("Secret lives"; 2015).
In 2002, the Radio and Television of Slovakia funded and broadcast a documentary about the life of Emília Došeková titled Háčkovaný svet (Crochet World) directed by Fedor Bartko.
Emília Došeková died on 19 April 2021 in Šaľa at the age of 83.
Emília Došeková had two sons.
# Norwegian Booksellers' Prize

The Norwegian Booksellers' Prize (Bokhandlerprisen) is a literature prize awarded annually by the Norwegian Booksellers Association after voting among all who work in Norwegian bookstores.
The prize is awarded for one of the year's books in the fiction / general literature category, including children's and youth books. The prize was initiated in 1948, then did not return until 1961. It was also on a hiatus from 1970 to 1980.

## Prize winners

* 1948 – Sigurd Hoel
* 1961 – Kristian Kristiansen
* 1962 – Vera Henriksen
* 1963 – Terje Stigen
* 1964 – Elisabeth Dored
* 1965 – Johan Borgen
* 1966 – Ebba Haslund
* 1967 – Kristian Kristiansen and Tarjei Vesaas
* 1968 – Odd Eidem and Hans Heiberg
* 1969 – Finn Alnæs and Richard Herrmann
* 1981 – Leif B. Lillegaard
* 1982 – Anne Karin Elstad
* 1983 – Herbjørg Wassmo
* 1984 – Torill Thorstad Hauger
* 1985 – Jo Benkow
* 1986 – Anne-Cath. Vestly
* 1987 – Fredrik Skagen
* 1988 – Bjørg Vik
* 1989 – Gunnar Staalesen
* 1990 – Lars Saabye Christensen
* 1991 – Roy Jacobsen
* 1992 – Karsten Alnæs
* 1993 – Jostein Gaarder
* 1994 – Klaus Hagerup
* 1995 – Anne Holt
* 1996 – Ingvar Ambjørnsen
* 1997 – Karin Fossum
* 1998 – Erik Fosnes Hansen
* 1999 – Erlend Loe
* 2000 – Jo Nesbø
* 2001 – Lars Saabye Christensen
* 2002 – Åsne Seierstad
* 2003 – Per Petterson
* 2004 – Levi Henriksen
* 2005 – Anne B. Ragde
* 2006 – Erik Fosnes Hansen
* 2007 – Jo Nesbø
* 2008 – Tore Renberg
* 2009 – Roy Jacobsen
* 2010 – Jan-Erik Fjell
* 2011 – Jørn Lier Horst
* 2012 – Per Petterson
* 2013 – Cecilie Enger
* 2014 – Lars Mytting
* 2015 – Maja Lunde
* 2016 – Vigdis Hjorth
* 2017 – Helga Flatland
* 2018 – Simon Stranger
* 2019 – Lisa Aisato
* 2020 – Tore Renberg
* 2021 – Abid Raja
* 2022 – Zeshan Shakar
* 2023 – Oliver Lovrenski
* 2024 – Erika Fatland
# Admiralty Court Act 1861

The Admiralty Court Act 1861 is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The act addresses the jurisdiction and practices of the High Court of Admiralty. The act received royal assent on 17 May 1861 and came into force on 1 June 1861.

## Provisions

The provisions of the act include:
* Allowed for claims for damage, cargo loss and rebuilding or repairing any ship to be taken to the Court.
* Extending the provision of the Merchant Shipping Act 1854 in regards to salvage.
* Extending the jurisdiction of the Court over ships in English or Welsh ports, British ships and ships in British waters.

## Amendments

Section 16 of the Admiralty Court Act 1861 was repealed by the Administration of Justice Act 1964 by an amendment introduced in the House of Lords. The Lord Chancellor at the time, Baron Gardiner, said that "the section had not been invoked for a very long time" and that both the president of the Probate Division and the Admiralty Registrar had "been consulted and agree that Section 16 is now obsolete".
# Runcorn RLC

Runcorn RLC are a rugby league club based in Runcorn, Cheshire, England. They play in the North West Men's League.

## History

The first rugby league club in the town was Runcorn RFC which joined the Northern Union in 1895, just several days after it was founded. But the club folded in 1918.
Huyton RLFC moved to Runcorn FC's Canal Street in 1985 and became known as Runcorn Highfield. The club lasted in Runcorn until 1991 when it was renamed Highfield and moved to St Helens before being wound up in 1996.
The present club was founded in 2005 as Runcorn Vikings, joining the Rugby League Conference North West division. In 2006, they played in the Cheshire Division, which was effectively the old North West Division renamed to reflect where most of the teams were based.
In the 2007 season, Runcorn dropped the Vikings moniker. For 2007 there were separate North West and Cheshire Divisions, with Runcorn remaining in the Cheshire Division until 2009.
Runcorn RLC stepped up to the Rugby League Conference North West Premier in 2009. Runcorn withdrew from the North West Premier Division in 2010.
The club joined the North West Men's League Division 4 in 2015.
# Addy

Addy may refer to:
* Addy (surname)
* Addy, Washington, US, an unincorporated community
* Addy Awards, advertising competition
* Zack Addy, fictional character in the television series Bones
* Addy Walker, a doll from the American Girl series
* Adderall, a drug for ADHD and narcolepsy
* Adamantite, an imaginary rock or mineral of impenetrable hardness
# Wincentów, Radom County

Wincentów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pionki, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
# Will Hoebee

Will Hoebee (29 June 1947 – 10 June 2012) was a Dutch record producer and songwriter. In late 1981, he married José Hoebee (singer of the girl group Luv'). Benny Neyman, Saskia & Serge, Gheorghe Zamfir, David Soul and Nana Mouskouri were among the acts he produced.

## Debut

Hoebee was born in Hilversum, Netherlands. After graduating from high school, he found a job at the mailing service of the AVRO (a Dutch public broadcasting organisation) where he met many celebrities. He later worked at NRU (now: NOS) record library. At this time, he was approached by Herman Stok and Hans Kemna to produce various radio shows for public broadcaster NOS. In 1970, he entered the radio promotion division of Ariola Records. Two years later, he was hired by Phonogram Records where he stayed until the early 1980s.

## A successful record producer

In the mid 1970s, Hoebee started his collaboration with producer/songwriter Peter Koelewijn. They co-wrote the Dutch Top 5 hit single "Patrick Mon Chéri" performed by Kiki & Pearly in 1975. French pop singer Sheila covered that year this song that went gold in France and sold 800.000 copies. Soon after, Hoebee produced the Dutch version of Austin Roberts signature song "Rocky" that hit the number one spot in the Netherlands and was performed by Don Mercedes. In 1977, he founded with Koelewijn the "Born Free" label (a Phonogram subsidiary). Saskia & Serge and Rob de Nijs were part of the roster of this short-lived record company.
In 1979, Will met Luv' singer José Andreoli. They got married in late 1981 and celebrated their wedding reception in David Soul's villa in Los Angeles. Their son Tim was born on 14 October 1985. Will supervised some of his wife's recordings (including the Top 20 hit "So Long, Marianne" (in duet with TV host Ron Brandsteder in 1984) and the album "Herinnering" with Bonnie Saint Claire with Dutch cover versions of ABBA songs in 1985). Then he was involved in the production of the Dutch version of the children's musical Abbacadabra.
Moreover, he produced famous Dutch artists, like André van Duin, Bonnie St. Claire or Benny Neyman (with whom he scored the #1 hit "Waarom fluister ik je naam nog" in the Netherlands) but also international performers (such as Gheorghe Zamfir , Vicky Leandros, Nana Mouskouri and David Soul.). During the 1980s, Hoebee was an A&R manager at the CNR label and later at Koch records.

## Later career

He slowed down his career in the music business in the 1990s. In 2004, he took part in a music internet portal "muziekmaken.nl" (nowadays defunct) in which José wrote a weekly column. He also produced a TV talent show (Tijd Voor Talent) hosted by his wife and aired on a Dutch local channel "VSM TV". In 2009, he recorded with Piet Souer a new rendering of a Phil Spector classic hit (Be My Baby) performed by former BZN member Anny Schilder and José Hoebee. He died in a hospital in Hasselt on 10 June 2012 of cancer.
# SuperNova Early Warning System

The SuperNova Early Warning System (SNEWS) is a network of neutrino detectors designed to give early warning to astronomers in the event of a supernova in the Milky Way, our home galaxy, or in a nearby galaxy such as the Large Magellanic Cloud or the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy.
As of March 2021 SNEWS has not issued any supernova alerts. This is unsurprising, as supernovae appear to be rare: the most recent known supernova remnant in the Milky Way was around the turn of the 20th century, and the most recent Milky Way supernova confirmed to have been observed was Kepler's Supernova in 1604.

## SNEWS 2.0

In June 2019 a "SNEWS 2.0" workshop was held at Laurentian University of Sudbury in Canada, focused on plans for an update of SNEWS. As the result, an upgraded system was devised under the name "SNEWS 2.0".

## Neutrino detection

Powerful bursts of electron neutrinos (ν$_e$) with typical energies of the order of 10 MeV and duration of the order of 10 seconds are produced in the core of a red giant star as it collapses on itself via the "neutronization" reaction, i.e. fusion of protons and electrons into neutrons and neutrinos: p + e$^−$ → n + ν$_e$. It is expected that the neutrinos are emitted well before the light from the supernova peaks, so in principle neutrino detectors could give warning to astronomers that a supernova has occurred and may soon be visible. The neutrino pulse from supernova 1987A arrived 3 hours before the associated photons – but SNEWS was not yet active and it was not recognised as a supernova event until after the photons arrived.
Directional precision of approximately 5° is expected. SNEWS is not able to give warning of a type Ia supernova, as they are not expected to produce significant numbers of neutrinos. Type Ia supernovae, caused by a runaway nuclear fusion reaction in a white dwarf star, are thought to account for roughly one-third of all supernovae.
There are currently seven neutrino detector members of SNEWS: Borexino, Daya Bay, KamLAND, HALO, IceCube, LVD, and Super-Kamiokande. SNEWS began operation prior to 2004, with three members (Super-Kamiokande, LVD, and SNO). The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory is no longer active as it is being upgraded to its successor program SNO+.
The detectors send reports of a possible supernova to a computer at Brookhaven National Laboratory to identify a supernova. If the SNEWS computer identifies signals from two detectors within 10 seconds, the computer will send a supernova alert to observatories around the world to study the supernova. The SNEWS mailing list is open-subscription, and the general public is allowed to sign up; however, the SNEWS collaboration encourages amateur astronomers to instead use Sky and Telescope magazine's AstroAlert service, which is linked to SNEWS.
# Veronus of Lembeek

Veronus of Lembeek (French: Véron de Lembecq, Dutch: Veroon van Lembeek) is a medieval folk saint, venerated in his adopted hometown of Lembeek, near Halle and close to the Belgian language boundary. According to tradition, Veronus chose to lived a humble life despite being a great-grandson of Charlemagne, and acquired a reputation for holiness before his death on 31 January 863.

## Biography

Whether Veronus was or not a historical person, his life is mainly known from a hagiography by Olbert de Gembloux [fr]. Gembloux's text is believed to have been written around 1020 CE at the request of Reginar IV, Count of Mons following the rediscovery of the saint's burial in 1004 and the transfer of his relics to Mons in 1012.
In that narrative, Veronus was a member of the Carolingian dynasty, perhaps a son of Louis the German. At age 16, however, he left the royal court to live a life of humble work, in imitation of Jesus. He thus became employed in a farm in Lembeek. He performed various miracles, including creating a wellspring by planting a stick in the ground, and accurately predicting details of his burial to his sister, known as Saint Verona and revered in Leefdaal.

## Tradition

Veronus is invoked against headaches, typhus, rheumatism, fever, contagious diseases, and ulcers. He is liturgically commemorated on 31 January, the date of his death. Since the 15th century, he has also been honored by a procession in Lembeek on Easter Monday.
Veronus is also one of numerous saints associated with beer, and the patron saint of Belgian brewers. One claim is that lambic originates from Lembeek and specifically from the miraculous wellspring created by Veronus. A pub in Peterborough, Ontario is named after him, the St. Veronus Café and Tap Room.
Veronus is reputed to be buried in the local church [nl] of Lembeek, which is named after him and was largely rebuilt in the late 19th century. The church is named after Veronus and contains his 16th-century tomb effigy. Relics of Veronus are also held in Mons.
# Aytua

Aytua (Catalan: Aituà) is a former commune in Pyrénées-Orientales (France).

## Geography

Aytua is located east of the commune of Escaro and northwest of Thorrent, another former commune.

## History

Originally independent, since 20 March 1822, it is linked with Escaro.

## Politics and administration
### Mayors

| Mayor | Term start | Term end |
| Joseph Parent Raulet | ? | June 1815 |
| Sébastien Parent | June 1815 | ? |

## Sites of interest

* Saint-Christine chapel, from the 16th century.
# N1-Acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine

N$^1$-Acetyl-N$^2$-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMFK) is a metabolite of melatonin and an antioxidant.
# HMS Mermaid (1761)

HMS Mermaid was a Mermaid-class sixth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. She was first commissioned in April 1761 under Captain George Watson and built in Blaydes Yard in Kingston-Upon-Hull.
Sometime in May, 1777 she captured "Elizabeth". On 5 June, 1777 she recaptured "2 Betsys" off Cape Negro, Nova Scotia. On 30 July, 1777 she captured "Hero" off Cape Sable. On 29 August, 1777 she recaptured "Fanny" off the Seal Islands. Sometime in September, 1777 recaptured "Sophia" off Barrington. On 1 March, 1778 she captured schooner Rebecca off St. Georges Bank. On 8 July 1778, the 50 gun Sagittaire and the 64-gun Fantasque forced HMS Mermaid to beach herself at Cape Henhlopen.
# Haizhu Tram

The Haizhu Island Circular New Tram (Chinese: 海珠环岛新型有轨电车), Line THZ1, or YoungTram is a tram system mainly serving the Haizhu District of Guangzhou, between Canton Tower East and Wanshengwei. It is an at-grade tram system. The whole line (except Party Pier station) began operation on 31 December 2014. Party Pier station was added on 21 October 2015.
The Haizhu Tram is the first of the planned lines operated by Guangzhou Trams to open.

## Length and stations

The entire track of the first section of the Haizhu Tram, with a length of 6.9 km and all stations are laid at-grade.
| Station No. | Station name | Station name | Connections | Distance km | Distance km | Location |
| Station No. | English | Chinese | Connections | Distance km | Distance km | Location |
| THZ102 | Canton Tower East (Closed until June 2025) | 广州塔东 | | 0.66 | 0.66 | Haizhu |
| THZ103 | Liede Bridge South | 猎德大桥南 | | 0.90 | 1.56 | Haizhu |
| THZ104 | Party Pier | 琶醍 | | 0.44 | 2.00 | Haizhu |
| THZ105 | Nanfeng | 南风 | | 0.96 | 2.96 | Haizhu |
| THZ106 | Canton Fair Complex West | 会展西 | | 0.78 | 3.74 | Haizhu |
| THZ107 | Canton Fair Complex Middle | 会展中 | | 0.65 | 4.39 | Haizhu |
| THZ108 | Canton Fair Complex East | 会展东 | | 0.64 | 5.03 | Haizhu |
| THZ109 | Pazhou Bridge South | 琶洲大桥南 | | 0.68 | 5.71 | Haizhu |
| THZ110 | Pazhou Pagoda | 琶洲塔 | | 0.70 | 6.41 | Haizhu |
| THZ111 | Wanshengwei | 万胜围 | 4  8 | 1.19 | 7.60 | Haizhu |