# Porcelain tile

Porcelain tiles or ceramic tiles are either tiles made of porcelain, or relatively tough ceramic tiles made with a variety of materials and methods, that are suitable for use as floor tiles, or for walls. They have a low water absorption rate, generally less than 0.5 percent. The clay used to build porcelain tiles is generally denser than ceramic tiles. They can either be glazed or unglazed. Porcelain tiles are one type of vitrified tiles and are sometimes referred to as porcelain vitrified tiles.
Historically, porcelain was not the usual material for tiles, which were much more often made of earthenware (terracotta) or stoneware. The first porcelain tiles were made in China, and were largely used for decorating walls, such as in the 15th-century Porcelain Tower of Nanjing (now largely destroyed); the use of porcelain tile as wall decoration long remained typical. In Europe, palaces also occasionally featured a few rooms with walls decorated in porcelain plaques, often with forms in high relief. These were manufactured by Capodimonte porcelain and Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro, among others. Historically, porcelain was too expensive for most tiling purposes, but it is now much cheaper (especially in the form of bone china), and is now widely used.

## Production

Large-scale production of porcelain tile is undertaken in many countries, with the major producers being China, Italy, Morbi India, Spain and Turkey. Many countries also undertake small-scale production, such as Australia and Brazil.
The wear rating of the tile can be graded from zero to five according to the ISO 10545-7 (also ASTM C1027) test for surface abrasion resistance of glazed tile, and this can be used to determine suitability for various end-use conditions.

## Polished porcelain tiles

The dense, hard surface of porcelain has made polishing a viable alternative to a glazed surface. This means that a tile can be fired, then a polish cut into the surface, creating a shine without a glaze.

## Use

Porcelain is much harder than ordinary ceramic tiles and is often selected, despite its higher price, for its hard-wearing nature. Porcelain can be used in both wet and dry areas such as bathrooms, showers, and kitchens.

## Disadvantages

Porcelain is denser and therefore heavier to handle than other ceramic tiles. For this reason, it is generally more expensive. Being harder, it is more difficult to cut and drill and requires specialist tools, which can hamper fitting and increase costs. Polished porcelain may need sealing, where ordinary glazed tiles do not. The glazed surface is coated with less than two microns' thickness of glaze.

## Installation

The installation of ceramic of porcelain tiles generally involves the following steps:
* Planning and preparation
* Surface preparation, including tile cutting
* Applying adhesive
* Laying tiles
* Grouting
* Finishing touches
* Cleaning, sealing and maintenance

### Cutting

There are several ways to cut a porcelain tile. Power tools like an angle grinder, tile cutter, tile nipper, and drill bit can be used to do this. However, the most effective way is to use a wet tile saw because of its versatility and cutting capacity.

### Adhesives

Specialized cement is necessary for installation of porcelain tiles, and in the US specifications, are set by the Tile Council of America and supported by the Tile Contractors Association. Porcelain, being denser and heavier than ordinary ceramic tiles, needs a stronger adhesive to hold the weight on walls. Therefore, typical ready-mix adhesives are not recommended for porcelain.

### Tile profiles and trims

Ceramic tile trims and profiles are specialized edging or transitional pieces that are used in conjunction with ceramic tiles. They serve several purposes:
* Edge protection: Profiles protect the edges of tiles from chipping and wear.
* Transition: They provide a smooth transition between different surface materials or tile heights.
* Aesthetic enhancement: Profiles add a finished look, contributing to the overall design of the tiled area.
Transition profiles are used when there are two different types of flooring or tiles that meet in the middle. A transition profile can help create a smooth and seamless transition between the two. Tile trims are used to cover the edges of tiles, creating a finished look and protecting them from damage.
Profiles and trims are generally installed at the same time that the tiles are laid down.

### Sealing

When porcelain is first made, it is not absorbent, but the polishing process for making the unglazed surface shiny cuts into the surface, leaving it more porous and prone to absorbing stains, in the same way as natural stone tiles. Unless they have a suitable, long-lasting treatment applied by the manufacturer (for example, nanotech treatment), polished porcelain tiles may need sealing to make the maintenance of paving easier. Porcelain sealants are either solvent-based or water-based, which is cheaper but does not last.

## Vitrification

Porcelain tiles can be vitrified to reduce their porosity and increase their strength. Vitrified porcelain tiles are created by combining clay with other elements such as quartz, silica, or feldspar under incredibly high temperatures. The vitrification process creates porcelain tiles that contain a glass substrate. The glass substrate gives the tiles a sleek appearance, provides added strength, and makes the tiles water and scratch-resistant. Vitrified porcelain tiles do not need to be re-sealed or glazed.