OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pratap Prabhakar Gauns

Pratap Prabhakar Gauns or Pratap Prabhakar Gawas (born 2 August 1963) is an Indian politician from the state of Goa. He was elected to the Goa Legislative Assembly election as a member of the Indian National Congress party in 2008. He won against BJP candidate Pramod Sawant by a margin of 1534 votes.
During his tenure in Goa Legislative Assembly, he acted as a member of the Estimates Committee, Committee on Delegations, Panel of Presiding Members, and Committee on Public Undertakings.

## Personal life

Pratap Prabhakar Gauns was born on 2 August 1963 to Prabhakar Y. Gauns and Parvati P. Gauns at Navelim village located in Bicholim Tehsil of North Goa district in Goa, India. He comes from the prominent Maratha family of the Gauns. His family traces their roots to the Gauns clan of Marathas. Pratap has passed the Secondary School Certificate Examination from Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Education. Pratap Prabhakar Gauns is married to Geeta Pratap Gauns and the couple has two children.

## Member of Legislative Assembly

During his tenure as a Member of Legislative Assembly, he built a network of all weather roads in Sanquelim, Pale, Amona and Navelim. Development projects like Ravindra Bhavan Sanquelim, Goa Institute of Management, Primary Health Centre Sanquelim, garbage treatment plant, swimming pool Sanquelim, sewage treatment plant in Sanquelim and other projects were undertaken during his tenure.

## Political career

In the 2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election, his brother Gurudas Prabhakar Gauns was elected from the Pale as an Indian National Congress candidate. Gurudas Prabhakar Gauns died in 2008. In 2008 by-elections, Pratap Prabhakar Gauns contested from Indian National Congress and was elected from the Pale against Bharatiya Janata Party candidate Pramod Sawant. The Pale constituency was abolished due to the delimitation of assembly constituencies. In 2012, Pratap Prabhakar Gauns had contested the election from Sanquelim representing Indian National Congress and lost against Pramod Sawant. In 2017, Pratap Prabhakar Gauns stood for the Assembly election from the Nationalist Congress Party and lost to BJP candidate and current Chief Minister Pramod Sawant.
Now, Pratap Prabhakar Gauns is active in the Indian National Congress Party.
# Sarah Lean

Sarah Lean is an English author of children's literature, known for her book A Dog Called Homeless, which received the 2013 Schneider Family Book Award.

## Early life and career

Lean was born in Wells, Somerset, England. Before attending university she held a number of different jobs such as a page-planner, a stencil-maker and a gardener. She earned a first class degree in English at the University of Winchester with the intent to become a primary school teacher, but soon returned to university to complete an MA in Creative and Critical Writing.
She published her first book, A Dog Called Homeless, in 2012. It sold over 15,000 copies, and was awarded the Schneider Family Book Award for Middle School books in 2013.
In 2014, Lean was named a chosen author of World Book Day.
Her books have been described as "inspiring", "compelling", and "touching".
# Helen Nicoll

Helen Nicoll (10 October 1937 – 30 September 2012) was an English author of children's books. She is best known for the Meg and Mog series. In total, she wrote 17 books. She worked with Jan Pienkowski (illustrator) for more than forty years on her books. In 1983, she founded an audiobook company called Cover to Cover. It was bought by BBC Worldwide in 2000.

## Biography

She was educated at Blackwell and then Badminton School in Bristol. For a year she studied the violin at Dartington Hall in Devon.

## Personal life

Helen married Robert Kime, an interior designer and antique dealer, in 1970. They had a daughter and a son.
# Annette Salaman

Annette Amelia "Annie" Salaman (1827 – 10 April 1879) was an English Jewish writer. She was the youngest daughter of Alice and Simeon Kensington Salaman, and sister of painter Julia Goodman, composer Charles Kensington Salaman, author Lady Rachel Simon, and poet Rose Emma Salaman.
In her childhood, during which she was for a time bedridden, Salaman compiled a collection of comforting scriptural texts, which were later published as an illustrated guide to the Bible entitled Footsteps on the Way of Life (1873). She was also the author of "How to Earn a Good Name" (1876) and "Aunt Annette's Stories to Ada" (1876), a series of tales for children.

## Selected bibliography

* Salaman, Annette A. (1873). Footsteps in the Way of Life. London: Trübner & Co.
* Salaman, Annette A. (1876). Aunt Annette's Stories to Ada. London: Griffith & Farran.
# 1939 St. Louis smog

The 1939 St. Louis smog was a severe smog episode that affected St. Louis, Missouri on November 28, 1939. Visibility was so limited that streetlights remained lit throughout the day and motorists needed their headlights to navigate city streets.

## The problem of pollution control

Smoke pollution had been a problem in St. Louis for many decades prior to the event, due to the large-scale burning of bituminous (soft) coal to provide heat and power for homes, businesses and transport. In 1893, the Council passed an ordinance prohibiting the emission of "thick grey smoke within the corporate limits of St. Louis" but was unable to enforce it because of failed legal action taken against Heitzberg Packing and Provision Company, one of the worst corporate offenders. The effectiveness of laws was also limited by the lack of adequate inspection and enforcement. In 1933, the mayor, Bernard F. Dickmann, created a "citizen smoke committee" and appointed his personal secretary Raymond Tucker to take charge of efforts to improve air quality.
Early efforts relied on education such as teaching people how to build cleaner fires – but this had almost no impact. It was soon realized that real improvement would only come about by switching to a cleaner fuel – gas, oil, coke, or anthracite were all considered but ruled out on cost grounds. The alternative was to wash and size the existing soft coal to make it burn hotter and cleaner, and ensure that all coal sold in St. Louis was of this variety. In February 1937 a smoke ordinance was passed creating a "Division of Smoke Regulation in the Department of Public Safety", forcing larger businesses to burn only clean coal and setting standards for smoke emission and inspection. By 1938 emissions from commercial smokestacks had been reduced by two-thirds.
Despite some improvement, smoke pollution was still a visible problem since the new law did not cover smaller businesses and domestic users – 97% of homes still used coal. The city council was reluctant to pass further legislation that might alienate voters so the mayor's "enforcer", Tucker, was limited to using persuasion through the press and radio broadcasts. One newspaper in particular, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, became notable for its campaign to persuade residents of the benefits of switching to cleaner forms of coal.

## The smog episode and its aftermath

However, on Tuesday, November 28, 1939, a meteorological temperature inversion trapped emissions from coal burning close to the ground, resulting in "the day the sun didn't shine". A cloud of thick black smoke enveloped St. Louis, far worse than any previously seen in the city. The day came to be known as "Black Tuesday". The smog hung about for nine days over the course of the following month. This proved to be the catalyst that forced the council's hand. New cleaner, affordable supplies of coal (semi-anthracite) were quickly secured from Arkansas in time for the next winter. This, together with a new smoke ordinance, improvements to the efficiency of furnaces and the ongoing public education campaign resulted in a significant and permanent improvement in air quality in the city.
# NPO 3 Extra

NPO 3 Extra (formerly NPO 101 and 101 TV) was a Dutch digital theme channel of Dutch public broadcaster BNNVARA, which has been broadcasting since 31 October 2006. The channel could be received via the Internet, as well as digital theme channel via a decoder to the TV. On 10 March 2014, the channel was renamed by NPO 101, before it was called 101 TV.
The channel was mainly aimed at a young audience (13–34 years) and broadcasts programmes for this target group 24 hours a day. The programmes that are broadcast partly repeats of (especially) BNNVARA programmes and other broadcasters, but also new (experimental) programmes who still can not hear or visit an "open channel".
Interaction with the viewers should be an important element in the future types of NPO 101. In this interactive nature of the channel is also the origin of the name: 1-0-1 stands for one-on-one or "een-op-een".
101TV had an agreement with NPO 3FM to broadcast remarkable radio fragments and whole broadcasts GI:EL. In addition, every year Serious Request is also broadcast live.
On 26 March 2018, NPO 101 was renamed by NPO 3 Extra.
It ceased broadcasting on 25 December 2018 to concentrate on web-streaming only. Its frequencies were taken over by NPO Zappelin Extra, which was previously timesharing with NPO 1 Extra.

## Logos and identities

* 101 TV logo used from 2006 until 2014
* NPO 101 logo used from 2014 until 2018
* Logo from 26 March until 25 December 2018
# Wu Yuang

Wu Yuang (Chinese: 吳宇昂; born 18 March 1998), also known as Yu Ang Wu, is a Chinese sprinter. He was the 2017 National Games of China gold medalist in the 4 × 400 metres, and he is the current Chinese record holder in that event with a time of 3:03.55.

## Biography

Wu was raised in the Jiangxi province of China and began competing in 2011. His success at the national U18 level led him to become a medal contender for the 2015 World U18 Championships in Athletics, achieving a 400 m personal best of 47.60 as just a third-grade senior high student. At the 2015 championships in Cali, Wu advanced past the first round of the 400 m but placed fourth in his semifinal and did not make the finals.
The following year in the 400 m at the World U20 Championships, Wu again qualified for the semifinals and ran a faster time, but did not make the finals again.
At the 2017 National Games of China, Wu won his first Games gold medal as part of the men's relay. He finished 3rd individually in the 400m, a feat he would later repeat in 2021.
It wasn't until 2018 that Wu would achieve his first international medal in the mixed 4 × 400 m relay at the 2018 Asian Games, not to be realized until 2019 by virtue of Kemi Adekoya's positive drugs test causing the Bahraini team's disqualification. Wu also competed on the men's relay at the same event, placing 6th.
In 2019, Wu was selected as part of the Chinese team in the men's 4 × 400 m relay at the Asian Athletics Championships. The team placed 2nd to Japan, and their time of 3:03.55 still stands as the Chinese record in that event. Later in the season, the same team was unable to replicate their success at the 2019 World Relays, finishing 8th overall.

## Statistics
### Personal bests

| Event | Mark | Competition | Venue | Date |
| 400 metres | 45.83 | National Grand Prix | Taiyuan, China | 10 May 2017 |
| 200 metres | 21.68 (±0.0) | Cerritos Open | Norwalk, California | 23 February 2019 |
# Mountain View State School

The Mountain View State School was a juvenile rehabilitation facility operated by the Texas Youth Council in Gatesville, Texas. The building and land that once housed the school now house the Patrick O'Daniel Unit (formerly Mountain View Unit), a Texas Department of Criminal Justice women's prison.

## History

The Mountain View School for Boys opened on September 5, 1962. Mountain View, designed to handle chronic and serious juvenile delinquents previously housed in the Gatesville State School, had a capacity of 480 boys. In the early 1970s Mountain View began to be designated as a secure treatment facility for juvenile delinquents who were considered to be dangerous.
In 1971 a class-action lawsuit was filed against the Texas Youth Council (TYC), operator of the school, on behalf of the children in TYC facilities. Charles Derrick, a man later designated as the ombudsman of the court case, revealed that the school was actually being used as a punitive institution for children; children who did not follow orders at other Texas Youth Council institutions were forced to go to Mountain View for punishment.
In 1974 federal judge William Wayne Justice ruled on Morales v. Turman. He ordered TYC to close the Gatesville State School and the Mountain View State School and to redesign the agency's juvenile corrections system. The Mountain View school closed in 1975, and its boys were sent to other facilities. The Texas Department of Corrections bought the land and buildings. The facility re-opened as Mountain View Unit, a women's prison. The Mountain View Unit opened in July 1975.

## Demographics

In 1964-1965 the school on average held 316 boys. In the early 1970s Mountain View began to be a secure treatment facility for juvenile delinquents who were considered to be dangerous. In 1973 its average population was 70.
A Federal Bureau of Investigation inquiry in 1972 found that, of the 385 students, 68% were being incarcerated in a juvenile detention center for the first time. Of the population 48% were African American, 33% were White American, and 19% were Hispanic American. Most of the students were considered to be poor. 68% of Mountain View students had divorced parents. The majority of Mountain View students were behind in their educations, by scholastic achievement levels, by six to seven years.
The average intelligence quotient of a Mountain View inmate was 86; The averages of black students, White students, and Hispanic students were 79, 89, and 83, respectively. Clarence Stephens, a caseworker, said that 30-40 of the Mountain View inmates had intelligence quotients of less than 70; according to Stephens some students had IQs of 54. Kenneth Wooden, author of Weeping in the Playtime of Others: America's Incarcerated Children, said that most standards would consider those IQs to be indicators of mild retardation. The Texas Youth Council's pre-entrance diagnostic testing considered 293 boys within the agency's system to be "emotionally disturbed." 158 of those boys attended Mountain View, making up 25% of the state school's population.
# Bolivian chinchilla rat

The Bolivian chinchilla rat (Abrocoma boliviensis) is a species of chinchilla rat in the family Abrocomidae. It is found only in Manuel María Caballero Province, Bolivia. Its natural habitat is the rocky areas of cloud forests in Bolivia's interior.

## Habitat and ecology

The Bolivian chinchilla rat lives in the cloud forests of Bolivia, and may specialize in the rocky areas within the cloud forest. It is a herbivore, and lives in burrows. Young are born precocial after a relatively long gestation period.

## Threats

   "Listed as Critically Endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 100 km², all individuals are in a single location, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its cloud forest habitat."
Major threats to the Bolivian chinchilla rat include the clearing of its cloud forest habitat for cattle pasture and habitat fragmentation. It was historically trapped for its fur.
# Mark Zachares

Mark Zachares is a Republican politician and lobbyist who served as Congressional aide to Rep. Don Young (R-AK). He pleaded guilty on April 24, 2007 to accepting tens of thousands of dollars in gifts from lobbyist Jack Abramoff in return for using his position in Congress to advance Abramoff's interests.

## Career

Zachares became acquainted with Jack Abramoff while serving as Secretary of the Department of Labor and Immigration for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands ("the CNMI"); Abramoff was a lobbyist for business interests of the U.S. territory. The Anchorage Daily News described their relationship:
   Abramoff was the commonwealth's lobbyist. According to the Saipan Tribune, he was paid at least $11 million from 1994 to 2001 to prevent Congress from interfering with local regulation of wage rates and immigration - the two issues under Zachares' authority. "Beginning in the mid-1990s, Zachares came to have extensive contact with Abramoff during Zachares' tenure as an official of the CNMI, and Zachares and Abramoff became personal and professional acquaintances", the charging document said.
Zachares received $10,000 from Abramoff's false charity, Capital Athletic Foundation in two payments. The first came while he was secretary, the second after leaving the job. Starting after the 2000 election and a number of months afterwards, Abramoff attempted to convince the White House to hire Mark Zachares as the head of the Interior Department's Office of Insular Affairs. In 2002, Abramoff helped Zachares secure a job as legal counsel to the Oversight & Investigations subcommittee of the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, then became staff director for the Coast Guard & Maritime subcommittee—both overseen by Rep. Don Young, who served on the committee that oversees insular affairs, the House Resources Committee.
It was alleged that
   While doing favors for Abramoff from his positions on Young's committee, Zachares was rewarded with all kinds of favors, from being invited on a $160,000 golf trip to Scotland to use of Abramoff's luxury box seats at the MCI Center in Washington where the Wizards of the NBA and Capitals of the NHL play, $30,000 worth of sporting and event tickets from Abramoff, free meals and drinks at Signatures Restaurant, and free rounds of golf at Woodmore Country Club, where Abramoff was a member.
Zachares, as part of his plea bargain, agreed to cooperate with federal prosecutors, who, in exchange, would not prosecute Zachares' wife, Cynthia.
The scandal was portrayed in the 2010 movie Casino Jack and the United States of Money.
# Alfred Burne

Alfred Higgins Burne DSO (1886–1959) was a soldier and military historian. He invented the concept of Inherent Military Probability; in battles and campaigns where there is some doubt over what action was taken, Burne believed that the action taken would be one which a trained staff officer of the twentieth century would take.

## Career

Alfred Burne was educated at Winchester College and RMA Woolwich, before being commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1906. He was awarded the DSO during the First World War and, during the Second World War, was Commandant of the 121st Officer Cadet Training Unit. He retired as a Lieutenant-Colonel.
He was Military Editor of Chambers Encyclopedia from 1938 to 1957 and became an authority on the history of land warfare. He was a contributor to the Dictionary of National Biography.
Burne lived in Kensington and his funeral was held at St Mary Abbots there.

## Inherent Military Probability

Burne introduced the concept of Inherent Military Probability (IMP) to the study of military history. He himself defined it thus :
   My method here is to start with what appear to be undisputed facts, then to place myself in the shoes of each commander in turn, and to ask myself in each case what I would have done. This I call working on Inherent Military Probability. I then compare the resulting action with the existing record in order to see whether it discloses any incompatibility with the existing facts. If not, I then go on to the next debatable or obscure point in the battle and repeat the operation
More succinctly, John Keegan defined IMP as
   The solution of an obscurity by an estimate of what a trained soldier would have done in the circumstances
# William Moyer

Bill Moyer (September 17, 1933 – October 21, 2002) was a United States social change activist who was a principal organizer in the 1966 Chicago Open Housing Movement. He was an author, and a founding member of the Movement for a New Society.

## Chicago Open Housing Movement

Initially trained as an engineer, Moyer was introduced to the philosophy and practice of nonviolence by Quaker friends, and completed a degree in social work. He became involved in campaigns for civil rights and open housing integration, working and organizing in the early and mid-1960s with the Chicago branch of the Quaker-based American Friends Service Committee along with Kale Williams, civil rights activist Bernard Lafayette, and others. Then, in 1966, he joined with James Bevel, Martin Luther King Jr. and the other leaders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) during the Chicago Movement.
James Bevel, who strategized and directed that action, credits Moyer with influencing him to center the Chicago Movement on open housing.

## Further social movements

Over the next decade, Moyer was involved in the SCLC's 1969 Poor People's Campaign in Washington, D.C., nonviolent blockades of arms shipments to Bangladesh (1971) and to Vietnam (1972), support for the American Indian Movement occupation at Wounded Knee, South Dakota (1973), and a nuclear power plant blockade at Seabrook, New Hampshire (1977).
It was during the nonviolent blockade of the Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant, which involved the arrest of 1,414 individuals (most charges were later dropped), that Moyer recognised the need for social change activists to understand the dynamics behind movement success. In particular, the need to openly address the contradiction that activists often perceive the normal signs of campaign progress as signs of failure.
Moyer developed the Movement Action Plan (MAP) to achieve this end. Since its development it has been used to train hundreds of activists, most notably in the United States, Australia, Canada and Europe.
After the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989, Moyer participated in many workshops in Eastern Europe about nonviolence and social change. In the mid-1980s, he moved to San Francisco, California, where he began to explore Transpersonal psychology and continued his participation in the Friends meeting there. He also developed a workshop called "Creating Peaceful Relationships" based on his realizations regarding dominator cultures.
Moyer's book Doing Democracy (New Society Publishers), co-authored by JoAnn McAllister, Mary Lou Finley and Steven Soifer, summarises his theories of social change with case studies from the Civil Rights Movement, anti-nuclear, gay and lesbian, breast cancer and Global Justice movements.