OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Liberation (pharmacology)

Release (Liberation) is the first step in the process by which medication enters the body and liberates the active ingredient that has been administered. The pharmaceutical drug must separate from the vehicle or the excipient that it was mixed with during manufacture. Some authors split the process of liberation into three steps: disintegration, disaggregation and dissolution. A limiting factor in the adsorption of pharmaceutical drugs is the degree to which they are ionized, as cell membranes are relatively impermeable to ionized molecules.
The characteristics of a medication's excipient play a fundamental role in creating a suitable environment for the correct absorption of a drug. This can mean that the same dose of a drug in different forms can have different bioequivalence, as they yield different plasma concentrations and therefore have different therapeutic effects. Dosage forms with modified release (such as delayed or extended release) allow this difference to be usefully applied.

## Dissolution

In a typical situation, a pill taken orally will pass through the oesophagus and into the stomach. As the stomach has an aqueous environment, it is the first place where the pill can dissolve. The rate of dissolution is a key element in controlling the duration of a drug's effect. For this reason, different forms of the same medication can have the same active ingredients but different dissolution rates. If a drug is administered in a form that is not rapidly dissolved, the drug will be absorbed more gradually over time and its action will have a longer duration. A consequence of this is that patients will comply more closely to a prescribed course of treatment, if the medication does not have to be taken as frequently. In addition, a slow release system will maintain drug concentrations within a therapeutically acceptable range for longer than quicker releasing delivery systems as these result in more pronounced peaks in plasma concentration.
The dissolution rate is described by the Noyes–Whitney equation:
${\frac {dW}{dt}}={\frac {DA(C_{s}-C)}{L}}$
Where:
* ${\frac {dW}{dt}}$ is the dissolution rate.
* A is the solid's surface area.
* C is the concentration of the solid in the bulk dissolution medium.
* $C_{s}$ is the concentration of the solid in the diffusion layer surrounding the solid.
* D is the diffusion coefficient.
* L is the thickness of the diffusion layer.
As the solution is already in a dissolved state, it does not have to go through a dissolution stage before absorption begins.

## Ionization

Cell membranes present a greater barrier to the movement of ionized molecules than non-ionized liposoluble substances. This is particularly important for substances that are weakly amphoteric. The stomach's acidic pH and the subsequent alkalization in the intestine modifies the degree of ionization of acids and weak bases depending on a substance's pKa. The pKa is the pH at which a substance is present at an equilibrium between ionized and non-ionized molecules. The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation is used to calculate pKa.
# Jerome Propheter

Jerome Propheter (born 4 June 1990) is a German footballer who plays as a defender for Mittelrheinliga club FC Teutonia Weiden.

## Club career
### FC Junkersdorf

In 2008, Propheter joined local club FC Jukersdorf. He left them in 2011.

### Viktoria Köln

In 2011, he joined Regionalliga West and home city side, Viktoria Köln. He made his debut on 19 August 2012 in 4-2 home win over FC Schalke 04 II. Propheter scored his first ever goal in 0-3 away win over Borussia Mönchengladbach II on 22 September 2012, scoring in the 74th minute.

### Arminia Bielefeld

On 1 July 2013, Propheter successfully joined 3. Liga side Arminia Bielefeld on a free transfer. His debut came over a year later in August 2014, coming on for Julian Börner in the 85th minute against MSV Duisburg.

### Rot-Weiss Essen

On 18 January 2014, Propheter completed a loan move to Rot-Weiss Essen that lasted 5 months. His debut several days later 2-3 home loss to SC Wiedenbrück 2000. His first goal came in a 4-0 win over SSVg Velbert. On 30 June 2014, he returned to Arminia Bielefeld.

### Alemannia Aachen

On 1 July 2015, Propheter signed for Regionalliga West side Alemannia Aachen.
# Roluperidone

Roluperidone (former developmental code names MIN-101, CYR-101, MT-210) is a 5-HT$_{2A}$ and σ$_2$ receptor antagonist under development by Minerva Neurosciences for the treatment of schizophrenia. One of its metabolites also has some affinity for the H$_1$ receptor. Pre-clinical findings provide evidence of the effect of roluperidone on brain-derived neurotrophic factor ("BDNF"), which has been associated with neurogenesis, neuroplasticity, neuroprotection, synapse regulation, learning and memory.
As of May 2018, the drug was in phase III clinical trials. In May 2020, the shares of Minerva Neurosciences plummeted 67% after the trial "failed to meet its primary endpoint of reduction in negative symptoms, and key secondary endpoints of improvement in personal and social performance measurements." However, in August 2022 Minerva submitted a New Drug Application (NDA) to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the approval of roluperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia. The NDA submission in 2022 followed successful completion of a phase III clinical trial which was published in early 2022. Minerva believed that the findings of this second trial supported the claim that the drug was an effective agent for the treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. However, in October 2022, FDA sent Minerva a refusal to file letter pertaining to the New Drug Application for roluperidone for treating negative symptoms in schizophrenia patients.

## Chemistry
### Synthesis

The Boc protection of 4-aminomethylpiperidine [7144-05-0] (1) gives tert-Butyl 4-aminomethylpiperidine-1-carboxylate hydrochloride [359629-16-6] (2). The free-radical halogenation of ethyl o-toluate [87-24-1] (3) led to ethyl 2-(bromomethyl)benzoate [7115-91-5] (4). The reaction between the two intermediates led to 2-[(1-tert-Butoxycarbonylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]isoindolin-1-one [359629-19-9] (5). Deprotection yielded 2-(Piperidin-4-ylmethyl)-3H-isoindol-1-one;hydrochloride (6). Alkylation of the secondary nitrogen with 2-chloro-4'-fluoroacetophenone [700-35-6] (7) completed the synthesis of Roluperidone (8).
# Ziminia

Ziminia is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Ziminia masiceraeformis (Portschinsky, 1881)

## Distribution

Tajikistan, Bulgaria, Croatia, Italy, Portugal, Switzerland, Israel, Azerbaijan.
# Garret Parkes

Garret Parkes (born 22 July 1991) is a professional surfer from Byron Bay, Australia.
The Association of Surfing Professionals, ASP, gave Garrett a Qualification Series, QS, ranking of 31st in the world in 2014. He had seven QS Heat wins in 2014. He is currently sponsored by the DHD surfing team.
# Glaciered

Glaciered is an upcoming action-adventure video game developed by Japanese indie studio Studio Snowblind and published by Playism. It is scheduled to release in 2025 for Windows via Steam, with a console release a possibility. The game is set 65 million years in the future, where life on Earth's surface has gone extinct due to an ice age called the Everwinter. Birds have evolved into the Tuai, a hyper-intelligent underwater race that combines both avian and dinosaur traits. Now dependent on the icy climate for survival, the main character fights against enemies that threaten to end the Everwinter.

## Gameplay

The game contains real-time underwater combat in the manner of a character action game, with the player character possessing heat and cold abilities.

## Reception

Jordan Devore of Destructoid stated that he had never seen anything like Glaciered, calling it a "a stylish character action game with slick-looking ranged and melee attacks", but set underwater on a frozen-over planet. Saying that he was "hooked on the *idea* of Glaciered", he noted that it "simply looks like something I'd enjoy playing", and that he would be keeping tabs on the game. Rick Lane of PC Gamer had initially believed the game would be similar to Abzû, saying it started out "beautiful, charming and relaxing", but was subsequently surprised by its action elements, which he likened to Bayonetta. Calling the game's premise "delightfully absurd", he praised the fights with giant creatures, saying "it's utterly daft and I am extremely here for it".
Digitally Downloaded remarked that the game had "the potential to break the mould of this genre of Japanese indie action adventures". Jasmine Beverungen of GamePro stated that the game combined aspects of exploration games with fast-paced combat and appealed to her interest in games with a dark, apocalyptic atmosphere, and that she wanted to know more about the setting.
# Choi Jae-rim

Choi Jae-rim (Korean: 최재림; born on April 29, 1985) is a South Korean musical actor. His popularity rose sharply as he starred as Judas in Jesus Christ Superstar in 2015 and Edgar Allan Poe in 2016. Since then, he has been active in small and medium-sized theaters and large theaters, becoming an "actor of trust" with his explosive voice, accurate diction, intelligent character interpretation and stable acting.

## Career

After serving as a choir following his elder brother in the cathedral, which he has been attending for a long time since his childhood, he started taking vocal music lessons in his second year of high school with his mother's recommendation. Usually, it started quite late considering the entrance examination process for arts and sports, but he entered the department of vocal music at Kyungwon University and graduated with the highest grade. However, when he thought that he was trapped in a frame while singing, he met his successor who was doing musicals while serving in the military and became interested in musicals. After being discharged from the military, he went to enter Park Kalin's Kick Musical Academy to audition for musicals, and sang "This Moment". He was cast as Colin in the musical Rent because he caught the eyes of the staff who were auditioning for Rent in the 2009 season in the same space. Later, in 2010, he appeared in a chorus of men's qualifications and became a famous figure at one point.

## Theater
### Musical

Musical appearances :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2009 | Rent | Colin | Debut work |
| 2009–2010 | Hairspray | Seeweed | |
| 2010 | The Fortress | Jeong Myeong-su | |
| 2011 | Spring Awakening | Georg | |
| 2011 | Next to Normal | Gabe | |
| 2012 | The Visitor | Guest / Hunter / Bar owner | |
| 2012 | Assassins | Lee Harvey Oswald / The Balladeer | |

## Filmography
### Television series

Television series appearances :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2022 | Green Mothers' Club | Jung Jae-woong | Small screen debut |
| 2023 | Lies Hidden in My Garden | Kim Yoon-beom | |
| 2024 | A Virtuous Business | Kwon Seong-soo | |

### Television shows

Television shows appearances :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Ref. |
| 2010 | Qualifications of Men | Music judge | | |
# 2012 Texas Democratic presidential primary

The 2012 Texas Democratic presidential primary was held on May 29, 2012. Incumbent president Barack Obama, who was running for the nomination without any major opposition, won the primary with 88.18% of the vote. The primary was officially non-binding. From April to June 2012, the state and district conventions awarded all of Texas' 260 pledged delegates to the 2012 Democratic National Convention, with an additional 27 unpledged delegates.
Texas Democratic primary, 2012 :
| Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Delegates |
| Barack Obama | 520,410 | 88.18% | 287 |
| John Wolfe Jr. | 29,879 | 5.06% | 0 |
| Darcy Richardson | 25,430 | 4.31% | 0 |
| Bob Ely | 14,445 | 2.45% | 0 |
| Total: | 590,164 | 100.0% | 287 |
| Key: | Withdrew prior to contest |
# Ward Swingle

Ward Lamar Swingle (September 21, 1927 – January 19, 2015) was an American vocalist and jazz musician who founded The Swingle Singers in France in 1962.

## Life and career

Born in Mobile, Alabama, Swingle studied music, particularly jazz, from a very young age. He learned clarinet, oboe and the piano as a child. He played in Mobile-area big bands before finishing high school. Swingle continued his music studies at the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music, from which he graduated summa cum laude in 1950. He also met a French-born violin student, Françoise Demorest, and the couple married in 1952.
Swingle then moved to France in 1951 on a Fulbright scholarship, where he studied piano with Walter Gieseking and also worked as a rehearsal pianist for Les Ballets de Paris. In 1959, he was a founding member of Les Double Six of Paris, which specialised in scat singing of jazz standards. Swingle subsequently applied the scat singing idea to the works of Johann Sebastian Bach. This concept was the foundation for The Swingle Singers, which became fully established by 1962. The Swingle Singers released their albums Jazz Sebastian Bach and Bach's Greatest Hits in 1963. Their early recordings won five Grammy Awards.
Swingle disbanded the original Swingle Singers in 1973. He moved to London and formed an English group, which variously had the names Swingle II and the New Swingle Singers. With the new group, he expanded the earlier group's repertoire to include classical and avant-garde works along with the scat and jazz vocal arrangements.
In 1984, Swingle returned to live in America. Though he remained musical advisor for his London-based group, he devoted most of his time to workshops, guest conducting and the dissemination of his printed arrangements through his publishing company, Swingle Music. His pioneering ideas in new choral techniques produced invitations to conduct the Stockholm and Netherlands Chamber Choirs, the Dale Warland Singers, the Sydney Philharmonia Motet Choir, the BBC Northern Singers and the MENC National Honors Choir at Kennedy Center. In the 2000s he gave a long series of workshops and seminars at universities in both Europe and North America.
In March 1994, Swingle and his wife moved back to France, where he continued his work in arranging, composing and guest conducting. In 1997 he wrote an autobiography and treatise entitled Swingle Singing, in which he defined 'Swingle Singing' techniques with illustrations from his arrangements and compositions.
On February 20, 2004, Swingle was named "Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres" (Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters) by the French Minister of Culture and Information.
Swingle died in Eastbourne, England, on 19 January 2015. His widow, their three children, and three grandchildren survived him. Françoise Swingle died in 2017.
# Catherine Allsop Griswold

Catherine Allsop Griswold was a corsetmaker whose 31 apparel-related patents played a role in the Dress Reform Movement of 1876. Griswold had the most patents held by any woman in the United States of America at the time. Among Griswold’s apparel-related patents, was the skirt-supporting corset.
Griswold created more than 30 corset designs to better serve wearers from as early as 1866. 19 of the patents were related to improving the comfortability of corsets for women by adjusting the mechanical design.
One of her most notable innovations was a corset that had skirt-supporting ribbons, which helped distribute the weight of heavier skirts over the entirety of a woman’s body and allowed for women to be less fatigued and have a greater range of movement.
When Griswold was resident in New York, the Worcester Corset Company manufactured her designs.
In 1893, Griswold's skirt-supporting corset won an award when it was featured at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, where it appeared along with other dress-reform items including a bust supporter by Olivia Flynt and another reform corset by Emmeline Philbrook.
A Madam Griswold's corset from 1876 is held by Metropolitan Museum of Art.
# Gene Bates

Gene Bates (born 4 July 1981) is an Australian cyclist, last riding for the Drapac Porsche Cycling. Bates is currently the sporting director for UCI Women's team Liv AlUla Jayco and has been since 2014.

## Career

Bates began his professional career in 2006 with the Italian team LPR Brakes. In 2003 Bates won the Australian Under 23 road championship, and he joined Crédit Agricole for a period as a stagiaire. This did not lead to a professional contract so he served a further period as a stagiaire for Saeco the following year. In the 2006 Tour Down Under he finished 5th overall. He also put in a strong showing at the Tour de Langkawi, finishing second in a stage behind Laurent Mangel.
After cycling professionally, worked as assistant team manager for Jayco–AIS in 2011. Bates was appointed as head cycling coach at the end of 2011 until 2013 for the Tasmanian Institute of Sport, and for 2012 and 2013 Bates was endurance coach for Cycling Australia's junior track team. From the start of 2014, Orica–AIS recruited Gene Bates as their DS as the team founding sports director Dave McPartland took up a role with the men's side of Orica–GreenEDGE.

## Major results

Sources:

### 2001

    1st Youth classification Tour Down Under

### 2003

    1st Road race, National Under-23 Road Championships
    1st Youth classification Tour Down Under
    1st Sprint classification Oberösterreich Rundfahrt
       1st Stage 2
    1st Giro delle Due Province
    7th Coppa della Pace
    8th GP Citta di Felino

### 2004

    1st Parma La Spezia
    10th Overall Tour Down Under

### 2005

    1st Mountain classification Tour Down Under
    1st Piccola Sanremo
    2nd Coppa della Pace
    2nd Giro del Belvedere
    7th Trofeo G. Bianchin

### 2006

    3rd Gran Piemonte
    5th Overall Tour Down Under

### 2007

    2nd GP Marmo
    7th Overall Tour Down Under
    8th Overall Tour of Britain

### 2009

    3rd Halle–Ingooigem
# Xanthomelanodes arcuatus

Xanthomelanodes arcuatus is a species of bristle fly in the family Tachinidae. Hosts for the larval form of this tachinid include species in the genus Pselliopus, such as Pselliopus barberi and Pselliopus cinctus.

## Distribution

Canada, United States, Mexico.
# Demente (TV series)

Demente is a Chilean telenovela created by Pablo Illanes for Mega. It aired from March 15, 2021 to November 23, 2021. It stars Paz Bascuñán, Benjamín Vicuña, and Francisco Pérez-Bannen.
The series revolves around the tragedy of a family faced with a crime that will change and destroy their lives.

## Cast

* Paz Bascuñán as Teresa Betancourt Sarmiento
* Benjamín Vicuña as Joaquín Acevedo Soto
* Francisco Pérez-Bannen as Comisario Gonzalo Leiva
* Íngrid Cruz as Inspector Javiera Cáceres
* Andrés Velasco as Dante Covarrubias Otero / Jorge
* Patricia Rivadeneira as Flavia Betancourt Sarmiento
* Gonzalo Valenzuela as Emiliano Betancourt Sarmiento
* Alejandra Araya as Bianca Rosseti
* Paulo Brunetti as Álvaro Infante Castro
* Lorena Capetillo as Gaby Ortúzar
* Constanza Mackenna as Fernanda Cerutti
* María José Bello as Patricia Aguirre
* Rodrigo Soto as Oscar Saldaña
* Fernanda Ramirez as Maira Sánchez
* Victoria de Gregorio as Miranda Covarrubias Betancourt
* Paulina Moreno as Melissa Rodríguez Ulloa / Caro
* Manuel Castro Volpato as Pascal Mackenna
* Alondra Valenzuela as Laura Acevedo Betancourt
* Rafael García-Huidobro as Mateo Acevedo Betancourt / Nachito
* Hellen Mrugalski as María José "Coty" Betancourt Rosseti
* Aída Caballero as Viviana "Vivi" Betancourt Rosseti
* Josefa Espinoza as Ana María Leiva Aguirre
* Ágatha del Valle as Sofía Leiva Aguirre

## Ratings

| Season | Episodes | First aired | First aired | Last aired | Last aired |
| Season | Episodes | Date | Rating (in points) | Date | Rating (in points) |
| 1 | 140 | March 15, 2021 (2021-03-15) | 11.3 | November 23, 2021 (2021-11-23) | 21.7 |
# Khurshed Nariman

Khurshed Framji Nariman (1883 – 1948), also known as Veer Nariman, was one of the second generation of Parsi stalwarts in the Indian National Congress. He remained Mayor of Bombay from 1935 for a year.

## Life

After studying B.A. and L.L.B., he started his career as a lawyer, and soon his political career as a youth leader, and later with Bombay Municipality, widely supported by Vallabhbhai Patel. He came into the public eye in 1928 as an independent and courageous politician for his sensational protest against the British engineer, George Buchanan involved in the Bombay 'Backbay Reclamation' scandal. He was cited for libel, but exposed the scandalous financial arrangements in this scheme.
Nariman was later elected president of the Bombay Provincial Congress Committee and then mayor of Bombay. His Whither congress? 'Spiritual idealism' or 'political realism' some random thoughts on the Poona conference and after, published in 1933, was unpopular among members of the party.
In 1930 he was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and organised and led the civil disobedience movement (Salt March) in Bombay and also led Bombay province contingent at the All India Congress Committee (AICC). He remained Mayor of Bombay from 1935 to 1936. However, following the provincial elections of 1937 in the Bombay Presidency in which Congress secured majority, he was passed over in the selection of the chief minister in favour of B. G. Kher. He complained of a communal bias to the party high command, but no investigation was taken up by Jawaharlal Nehru. Gandhi responded to a separate appeal, but could find no proof for Nariman's complaints.
He was expelled from the Congress party due to his vociferous but unsubstantiated charges. His attempts to reestablish himself in the freedom movement through the All India Forward Bloc (founded in 1939 by Subhas Chandra Bose) failed.
Bombay's Nariman Point is named after him. He lived at Readymoney Mansion near Horniman Circle (then Elphinstone Circle) in Mumbai, the road is now called Veer Nariman Road, after him.

## Works

* Harvey-Nariman Libel Case: With a Brief History of the Development Department... S. M. Surveyor, 1927.
* "Whither congress?": 'Spiritual idealism' or 'political realism,' some random thoughts on the Poona conference and after. D. R. Dewoolkar, 1933.
* What Next?. Bombay Book Depot, 1934.

## Legacy

* Nariman Point, a business district in South Mumbai is named after Khurshed Nariman.
# Frances Dorothy Cartwright

Frances Dorothy Cartwright (1780–1863) was an English poet and biographer.

## Life

Frances Cartwright was the youngest child of the Rev. Edmund Cartwright, inventor of the power-loom, by his first wife, Alice Whitaker. She was born 28 October 1780 at Marnham, Nottinghamshire or Goadby Marwood, Leicestershire. Her sister Elizabeth, under the pseudonym Mrs Markham, wrote A History of England ; another sister, Mary Strickland, wrote a biography of their father in 1843; and their brother Edmund, who became a clergyman, wrote a Parochial Topography of the Rape of Bramber (1830). ("Rape" here is an obscure word meaning a county subdivision; that of Bamber centres on the River Adur.)
Frances's mother died on 12 September 1785, and after her father married again she was adopted by her uncle, the reforming politician John Cartwright, and sent to school at Richmond, to the west of London. She started writing small poems in 1802. In 1823, influenced by Spanish activists against King Ferdinand VII who had been hosted by her uncle (see Trienio Liberal), she learnt Spanish and translated a few of Rafael del Riego's poems into English.
On the death of her uncle in 1824 she prepared her first published work, The Life and Correspondence of Major Cartwright, published in 1826. An uncritical account, it had no competitors until 1972. She retired with Major Cartwright's widow to live at Worthing, and published her poems there anonymously, in a little volume, Poems, chiefly Devotional, dated 13 November 1835. Her translations of Riego's poems appeared, with her initials, in the poet's Obras Póstumas Poéticas (1844). She died at Brighton on 13 January 1863, aged 83.
# I Heard Her Call My Name: A Memoir of Transition

I Heard Her Call My Name: A Memoir of Transition is a 2024 memoir written by Lucy Sante. The memoir follows Sante's process of gender transition and coming out as a trans woman at age 67.