OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# In dubio pro reo

The principle of in dubio pro reo (Latin for "[when] in doubt, rule for the accused") means that a defendant may not be convicted by the court when doubts about their guilt remain.
The rule of lenity is the doctrine that ambiguity should be resolved in favour of the more lenient punishment.
To resolve all doubts in favour of the accused is in consonance with the principle of presumption of innocence.

## Origin

The main principle in the sentence was part of Aristotle's interpretation of the law and shaped the Roman law: Favorabiliores rei potius quam actores habentur (Digest of Justinian I, D.50.17.125), meaning "The condition of the defendant is to be favored rather than that of the plaintiff." However, the phrase was not spelled out word for word until the Milanese jurist Egidio Bossi (1487–1546) related it in his treatises.

## National peculiarities

In German law, the principle is not codified but has constitutional status and is derived from Article 103(2) of the Basic Law, Article 6 of the ECHR, and Section 261 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The common use of the phrase in the German legal tradition was documented in 1631 by Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld.
In Canadian law, the leading case establishing how to decide criminal cases where the guilt of the accused depends on contradictory witness accounts is R. v. W.(D.) (1991).
# Madison Kilpatrick

Madison "Matt" Kilpatrick (October 1829 – December 1, 1910) was an American politician.

## Biography

Kilpatrick was born into slavery in Alabama, in October 1829. He married his wife Bettie Bradford in 1863, after he and his owner moved to Louisiana. He later moved to Austin County, Texas, eventually moving onto a 400-acre farm in Hempstead for the remainder of his life. He had 7 children with his wife, and owned a blacksmith shop.
A Republican, he served as the first treasurer of Waller County, being elected in 1873 and December 1876. He died on December 1, 1910, aged 81, in Waller County, and was buried in Oakwood Cemetery in Hempstead. A commemorative plaque was installed in Hempstead in 1973.
# Another Ticket

Another Ticket is the seventh solo studio album by Eric Clapton. Recorded and produced by Tom Dowd at the Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas with Albert Lee, it was Clapton's last studio album for RSO Records before the label shut down in 1983 as it was absorbed by Polydor Records. It received moderate reviews and achieved modest commercial success peaking at No. 18 in the UK charts.

## Release

It was his last album for RSO Records. Another Ticket was recorded at the Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas and features fellow guitarist and country legend, Albert Lee. The album was originally released as a gramophone record, accompanied by a music cassette. In 1990 the album was released on compact disc format and was made available for digital music download in 1996.

## Chart performance

The studio album was successful in the charts, reaching the Top 40 in seven countries, three of which, it peaked in the Top 10. In New Zealand, the release reached its highest position on No. 3. In Norway and in the United States, Another Ticket reached Nos. 5 and 7, respectively. In the United Kingdom, the release placed itself at No. 18. In Germany and Sweden, the album reached No. 26. In the Netherlands, Another Ticket peaked at No. 38.

## Reception

In a retrospective review for AllMusic, William Ruhlmann feels that the album is "star-crossed", "not too shabby", and while it "wasn't great Clapton" it should have got more notice than it did. Rolling Stone journalist John Piccarella notes: "Rita Mae” [...] is the only song on side two that’s not about dying. It's about murder. As an artist often criticized for mellowing out, Eric Clapton has succeeded in making very popular music from an authentic and deeply tragic blues sensibility. He addresses both the heart and the charts in the same way: with a bullet."

## Songs

Record World said of the title track that "light keyboard melodies back Clapton's little tenor and the production is superb."

## Track listing

All tracks written by Eric Clapton, except where noted.

## Personnel

* Eric Clapton – guitars, vocals
* Gary Brooker – keyboards, backing vocals
* Chris Stainton – keyboards
* Albert Lee – guitars, backing vocals
* Dave Markee – bass
* Henry Spinetti – drums, percussion

## Production

* Tom Dowd – producer, engineer
* Michael Carnevale – engineer at Compass Point Studios.
* Kendal Stubbs – assistant engineer at Compass Point Studios.
* Bob Castle – assistant engineer at Criteria Studios.
* Jon Walls – assistant engineer at AIR Studios.
* Mike Fuller – mastering at Criteria Studios.
* Rob O'Connor – art direction, design
* Steve Sandon – photography
* Alan Dempsey – hand lettering

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Gold | 50,000$^^$ |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000$^^$ |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# John Gamon

John A. Gamon is a Canadian-American scientist currently working in Nebraska. His work using terrestrial vegetation spectral signatures to discern plant productivity and biodiversity has had a significant impact in the discipline of remote sensing, having published 95 papers and receiving 7,613 citations as of 2017. Gamon pioneered the use of the relationship between leaf xanthophyll cycle pigment content and spectral reflectance to improve satellite monitoring of photosynthesis. Gamon's seminal work resulted in the development of the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI). He trained under Nobel Peace Prize laureate Christopher Field.

## Current research

Gamon studies the "breathing of the planet"—the exchanges of carbon and water vapour between the biosphere and the atmosphere that affect ecosystem productivity and help regulate our atmosphere and climate. Of particular interest are the effects of disturbance (fires, succession, weather events and climate change) on these basic processes. Additional research questions involve the detection of plant physiology, ecosystem function, species composition, and biodiversity using non-contact sampling methods. Much of this work is done with optical monitoring (remote sensing and automated field methods), and entails the development of new monitoring methods and related informatics tools.
To encourage wider usage of these methods, Gamon co-founded SpecNet, (Spectral Network), a network of collaborating sites and investigators using optical sampling methods (particularly spectral reflectance) to study ecological questions. Gamon conducts fieldwork in a range of ecosystems from the Arctic to the Tropics.
Gamon plays Renaissance and folk violin, and is professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and an Emeritus Professor at the University of Alberta.
# Jorge Vargas (footballer, born 1976)

Jorge Vargas (born 8 February 1976 in Santiago de Chile) is a Chilean football manager and former football defender.

## Club career

Vargas debuted in his country's first division in 1995 while playing for Huachipato on loan from Universidad Católica. After returning from his loan spell Vargas received little playing time for Universidad Católica and was consequently loaned out during the 1997 season to Coquimbo Unido, where he began to make a name for himself with his solid play. His play did not go unnoticed by Universidad Católica as he returned to the club and began to feature regularly. By 1999 Vargas established himself as the symbol and most prominent member of the club appearing in 38 matches and netting three goals. Vargas started drawing interest from Italian clubs and by the end of 1999 was sold to Reggina.
With Reggina in the Italian Serie A, Vargas enjoyed the most successful part of his career. In four years he appeared in 97 league matches scoring three goals. For the 2003–04 season, Vargas joined Empoli but could not help the club avoid relegation. After his negative experience with Empoli, Vargas signed with A.S Livorno, where he recaptured the form that made him a standout for Reggina. In two years at the Tuscan club, Vargas appeared in 55 league matches.
After his successful Serie A career, Vargas signed on with top Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg for the 2006–07 season. He appeared in 26 league matches helping the club to the Austrian Bundesliga crown.
On 29 July 2008, Vargas joined the recently relegated Italian Serie B side Empoli.
On 25 November 2009, Vargas joined Spezia Calcio of Italian Serie C2.

## Managerial career

In 2016, he began his managerial career at the youth categories of Reggina. After managing ASD Aurora Reggio and working as the assistant of Roberto Donadoni for Shenzhen F.C., in 2021 he became the manager of Vigor Lamezia in the Eccellenza Calabria. After leaving Vigor Lamezia by the end of the season, on 30 June 2022 he was unveiled as the new head coach of Serie C club Pro Patria. After guiding Pro Patria to a mid-table placement, in April 2023 Vargas announced his departure from the club.

## National team

Vargas made his international debut for Chile on 28 April 1999. He cemented a starting role during his country's 4th-place finish during 1999 Copa América. During the latter months of 2006 and early 2007, Vargas was captain of the Chile national team. In July 2007 he was penalized by the Chilean Football Federation with a 20-match ban for his role in the unruly celebrations for qualifying for the second round of 2007 Copa América, in which several members of the team in a drunken state caused problems at the teams camp. Vargas to this day denies his role.
Vargas has represented Chile 52 times, scoring a lone goal versus Uruguay from the penalty spot.
# 1999–2000 SV Werder Bremen season

During the 1999–2000 season, SV Werder Bremen played in the 1. Bundesliga, the highest tier of the German football league system.

## Season summary

Having barely escaped relegation last season, Bremen rose to 9th in the final table - 6 points off Champions League qualification. The club also qualified for the UEFA Cup again, giving them the chance to improve on that season's run to the quarter-finals. The team also reached the DFB-Pokal final for the second season running, but lost to Bayern Munich.

## First team squad

    Squad at end of season
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 1 | GK | GER | Frank Rost |
| 3 | MF | SUI | Raphael Wicky |
| 4 | MF | GER | Dirk Flock |
| 5 | MF | GER | Dieter Eilts |
| 6 | MF | GER | Frank Baumann |
| 7 | MF | UKR | Yuriy Maksymov |
| 8 | DF | GER | Bernhard Trares |
| 9 | FW | YUG | Rade Bogdanović |
| 10 | FW | PER | Claudio Pizarro |
| 11 | DF | POL | Jacek Chańko |
| 12 | GK | GER | Stefan Brasas |
| 13 | DF | GER | Andree Wiedener |
| 15 | DF | GER | Dieter Frey |
| 16 | GK | GER | Pascal Borel |
| 17 | MF | GER | Marco Bode |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 18 | MF | AUT | Andi Herzog |
| 19 | DF | UKR | Viktor Skrypnyk |
| 22 | MF | GER | Torsten Frings |
| 23 | MF | GER | Christoph Dabrowski |
| 25 | MF | GER | Sören Seidel |
| 26 | MF | GER | Timo Schultz |
| 27 | MF | GER | Alexander Nouri |
| 28 | MF | NAM | Razundara Tjikuzu |
| 29 | DF | GER | Matthias Plump |
| 32 | FW | BRA | Ailton |
| 33 | DF | GER | Mike Barten |
| 35 | DF | CAN | Paul Stalteri |
| 36 | DF | BRA | Julio Cesar |
| 38 | DF | GER | Björn Schierenbeck |
| 39 | MF | GER | Danny Fütterer |

### Left club during season

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 2 | MF | NED | Lodewijk Roembiak (on loan to FC Aarau) |
| 20 | FW | GER | Dirk Weetendorf (to Eintracht Braunschweig) |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 24 | MF | GER | Sven Benken (to Hansa Rostock) |
| 30 | DF | POL | Paweł Wojtala (to Legia Warsaw) |
# Friedrich, Prince of Schwarzenberg (soldier)

Friedrich, Prince of Schwarzenberg (Czech: kníže Bedřich Schwarzenberg; 30 September 1800 – 6 March 1870) had an adventurous career as a soldier, and described his wanderings and campaigns in several interesting works, of which the best known is his Wanderungen eines Lanzknechtes (1844–1845).

## Early life

Born into an illustrious House of Schwarzenberg, he was the eldest son of the famous Field Marshal Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg and his wife Countess Maria Anna von Hohenfeld (1768–1848), widowed Princess Esterhazy.

## Biography

He took part as an Austrian officer in the campaigns of Galicia 1846, Italy 1848 and Hungary 1848, and as an amateur in the French conquest of Algeria, the Carlist Wars in Spain and the Swiss civil war of the Sonderbund. He became a major-general in the Austrian army in 1849, and died after many years of well-filled leisure in 1870.
Friedrich was briefly engaged to Princess Elisa Radziwill, but the engagement was called off.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Friedrich, Prince of Schwarzenberg (soldier) :

## Sources

* ADB:Schwarzenberg, Friedrich Fürst zu (österreichischer General)
* This biographical article related to the military of Austria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This biographical article related to the military of the Czech Republic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Dureji

Dureji (Urdu: دریجی) is a town and union council of Hub District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. It is located at 25°53'9N 67°18'1E with an altitude of 219 metres.
# Fire rake

A fire rake is a wildland fire fighting tool. A fire rake has a wooden or fiberglass handle with a rake head consisting of four to six sharp, serrated, triangular steel blades. It is used to rake a fire break with the sharp teeth, enabling it to reach fire in undergrowth in addition to loose surface debris. It is also used to break apart vegetation for access by other implements. A McLeod, which is sometimes called a rake hoe, is a similar tool whose rake portion looks more like a steel rake but with sharp edges on the teeth. The teeth of the more traditional fire rake which resemble the teeth of a great white shark allow it to penetrate deeper into the undergrowth when necessary. The preference for one implement over the other is somewhat subjective.
A fire fighter will rake burning material back into the (black) area already burned, moving the fire away from the fuel ahead of it to create a fire break. The burning material is left to burn itself out away from the edge of the fire line, or another fire fighter with a fire flapper will smother it if required. The tool will cut through any undergrowth that may be burning and overturn some soil, further assisting in creating a fire break, thus smothering fire. This can reduce the temperature of burning materials below their threshold of ignition.
Tractor-drawn fire rakes were developed in the 1950s to aid in the working of fire breaks.
# Tridacna crocea

Tridacna crocea, the boring clam, crocus clam, crocea clam or saffron-coloured clam, is a species of bivalve in the family Cardiidae. It is native to the Indo-Pacific region. It is occasionally found in the aquarium trade where it is often simply referred to as crocea.

## Description

The boring clam is the smallest clam in the subfamily Tridacninae and grows to a maximum shell size of 15 cm (6 in). It has two, thick valves joined by a hinge which is typically between a third and less than a half of the width of the shell. Typically shells are slightly to moderately elongate, and the animal is strongly inflated, especially near the hinge. The upper valve has six to ten flattish folds which interlock at the margin with similar folds on the lower valve so that they can clamp together and the shell can close tightly. The lower valve has slits through which the byssal threads emerge which secure the animal to the seabed. This clam burrows into the substrate and this process tends to wear away the outer surface of the valves and smooth them off. They also may become distorted by burrowing into substrates of uneven hardness.
The colour of the valves is generally greyish-white, sometimes with a hint of pink-orange, yellow or orange colour -this colouration can form a band near the top margin, especially on the interior surface. The mantle, the soft body wall which covers the animal's internal organs, projects from between the valves when they are open and is brightly coloured. It can be various shades of blue, green, purple, gold, orange or brown, often patterned with spots, stripes or squiggles. It has many small protrusions on the exposed surface and a line of simple eyes near the margin. The inhalent siphon, through which water is drawn into the shell, is surrounded by many small tentacles and the exhalent siphon is often long and tubular.

## Distribution and habitat

The boring clam is native to the Indo-Pacific. Its range extends from Malaysia, Vietnam and Japan to Indonesia, the Philippines, Palau, New Guinea, Australia, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. At one time it was known from Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands but it may now be locally extinct in these locations. Its typical habitat is embedded in massive corals.
# Gloria Schoemann

Gloria Schoemann (1910–2006) was a Mexican film editor. Schoemann was very prolific, working on more than two hundred films during her career.

## Selected filmography

* I Danced with Don Porfirio (1942)
* Another Dawn (1943)
* The War of the Pastries (1944)
* The Mulatta of Cordoba (1945)
* Lightning in the South (1943)
* Adam, Eve and the Devil (1945)
* Cantaclaro (1946)
* Love Makes Them Crazy (1946)
* Gran Casino (1946)
* Pepita Jiménez (1946)
* The Associate (1946)
* Enamorada (1946)
* Don't Marry My Wife (1947)
* Voices of Spring (1947)
* Flor de caña (1948)
* The Unloved Woman (1949)
* Lola Casanova (1949)
* Immaculate (1950)
* Black Angustias (1950)
* Between Your Love and Heaven (1950)
* Get Your Sandwiches Here (1951)
* Maria Islands (1951)
* Radio Patrol (1951)
* Forever Yours (1952)
* When the Fog Lifts (1952)
* The Trace of Some Lips (1952)
* Captain Scarlett (1953)
* Untouched (1954)
* Father Against Son (1955)
* The Murderer X (1955)
* Arm in Arm Down the Street (1956)
* Where the Circle Ends (1956)
* The Medallion Crime (1956)
* Every Child a Cross to Bear (1957)
* The Boxer (1958)
* So Loved Our Fathers (1964)
# Yahya Goba

Yahya Goba is a Yemeni-American who grew up in the suburbs of Buffalo, New York. In 2002, he was arrested and charged as part of the War on Terror together with the other members of the "Lackawanna Six", based on the fact that he and a group of friends had attended an Afghan training camp together a year earlier.

## Life

When Kamal Derwish moved back to Lackawanna in 2000, he lived with his uncle until Goba volunteered to split an apartment with him. Derwish then began holding regular get-togethers at the apartment, where a group of upwards to 25 young Muslim men would get together to discuss religion and eat pizza. Goba and Jaber Elbaneh tended to "compete" for the attention and favour of Derwish, who spoke of his travels abroad and ostensible history fighting in Palestine. He applied for a new passport, noting that his old one had been destroyed after being thrown in the washing machine in a shirt pocket. Authorities believe and have averred that he was trying to erase incriminating visa stamps marking his overseas visits.
# Mediterranean Futsal Cup

The Mediterranean Futsal Cup was an international futsal tournament for national teams from the countries in the Mediterranean Region.

## Results

| Year | Hosts | Final | Final | Final | Third place match | Third place match | Third place match |
| Year | Hosts | Champions | Score | Runners-up | Third Place | Score | Fourth Place |
| 2010 Details | Tripoli | Croatia | 3–1 | Libya | Slovenia | 4–2 | France |

## Ranking

| Rank | Team | Champions | Runners-up | Third Place | Fourth Place |
| 1 | Croatia | 1 (2010) | | | |
| 2 | Libya | | 1 (2010) | | |
| 3 | Slovenia | | | 1 (2010) | |
| 4 | France | | | | 1 (2010) |
# Putahataha Island

Putahataha Island is a small island in the Bay of Islands of New Zealand, located about 17 kilometres (11 mi) northeast of Russell.
The island sits about 75 metres (246 ft) off the shoreline of Cape Brett. It is largely a rocky outcrop with little vegetation.
Putahataha is a popular diving spot teeming with aquatic life and featuring an underwater cavern.
# Capricorn plate

The Capricorn plate is a proposed minor tectonic plate lying beneath the Indian Ocean basin in the southern and eastern hemispheres.
The original theory of plate tectonics, as accepted by the scientific community in the 1960s, assumed fully rigid plates and relatively narrow, distinct plate boundaries. However, research in the late 20th and early 21st centuries suggests that certain plate junctions are diffuse across several dozen or even hundreds of kilometres.
The Capricorn plate is a relatively rigid piece of oceanic crust along the far western edge of the former Indo-Australian plate. The Capricorn plate was once joined with the Indian plate and the Australian plate to form the Indo-Australian plate, but recent studies suggest that the Capricorn plate began separating from the Indian and Australian plates between 18 million years ago and 8 million years ago along a wide, diffuse boundary.
# Sansang of Goguryeo

King Sansang (died 227, r. 196–227 ) was the 10th ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was the third son of the eighth king Sindae and the younger brother of the ninth king Gogukcheon, who died without an heir.

## Family

* Father: King Sindae (신대왕; 新大王)
* Consort and their respective issue(s):
* Queen, of the U clan (왕후 우씨; 王后 于氏); daughter of U So (우소; 于素) – No issue.
* A woman from Jutong village (주통촌)
** Prince Uwigeo (우위거; 憂位居)

## Background and rise to the throne

Upon Gogukcheon's death, his queen Lady U supported Sansang's claim and had him placed on the throne. She then became Sansang's queen. This indicates that the custom of Levirate marriage was still practiced in Goguryeo, but also demonstrated Lady U's power in court.
Balgi, older brother to Sansang, led a rebel force attacking the capital, gaining military support of Chinese faction. Sansang had his younger brother Gyesu repel the attack, and Balgi committed suicide.
Goguryeo was invaded by warlord Gongsun Kang in 204 after the older brother of the Goguryeo King Sansang of Goguryeo, Balgi, went to Gongsun Kang and requested 30,000 soldiers to invade Goguryeo so that Balgi could become king. Around this time, Kang established the Daifang Commandery by separating the southern half from the Lelang commandery. Although Goguryeo defeated the first invasion and killed Balgi, in 209, Kang invaded Goguryeo again seized some of its territory and weakened Goguryeo.
Pressure from Liaodong forced Goguryeo to move their capital in the Hun River valley to the Yalu River valley near Hwando. In 217, he granted refuge to a thousand families from the Liaodong region.

## Successor

In the eleventh lunar month of 208, the king chased a sacrificial boar to the village of Jutongchon, where he met a young woman and spent the day with her. The queen heard of this and sent royal forces, failing to kill her owing to her assertion that she conceived. The woman gave birth to a son and became a royal concubine. The son was made crown prince in 213 and later became King Dongcheon.
Sansang died during 227, the 31st year of his reign, and was buried in Sansang-neung.

## In Popular Culture

* Portrayed by Kang Young-seok in the 2024 TVING original series Queen Woo.